Handbook Part 2 - International Mycological Association

8th International 

Mycological 

Congress 

21 – 25 August, 

2006 

Cairns Convention Centre 

Queensland, Australia 

First in the Southern Hemisphere 

Congress Handbook & 

Abstracts Book 2

SPONSORS 

The Organising Committee of the 8th International Mycological Congress would like to sincerely thank the following 

sponsors and exhibitors for their generous support. 

EXHIBITORS 

Cambridge University Press 

CBS 

Fungal Diversity Press 

Schering-Plough Pty Limited 

Taylor and Francis 

HOSTED BY

CONTENTS PAGE 

Welcome 

General Information 

Program Overview 

Social Program 

Program Overview 

Monday 

Program & Abstracts 

Tuesday 


Wednesday 


Thursday 


Friday 


Poster Program 

Monday Poster Session 1: Phylogeny, Systematics & Evolution 

Poster Session 9: 

Mycorrhizae 

Tuesday Poster Session 2: From Genomics to Proteomics 

Poster Session 6: Food Mycology and Mycotoxins 

Wednesday Poster Session 3: Plant and Fungal Pathogens 


Animal Pathogens 

Thursday Poster Session 4: Cell Biology and Physiology 


Population Genetics 

Friday Poster Session 5: Biodiversity and Conservation 


Industrial Mycology 

Adverts 

Appendix i 

Author List - Oral Appendix 11 

Author List - Poster 

Appendix iii 

Cairns Convention Centre Floorplan

WELCOME TO IMC8 CAIRNS 2006 

On behalf of the organising committee, it is our pleasure 

to welcome you to the first International Mycological 

Congress to be held in the southern hemisphere, IMC8 in 

Cairns, Australia. 

It has been a challenge to design and bring to fruition a 

congress that can meet the high standards set by 

previous Congresses. We hope to provide you with a 

congress experience that is stimulating, rewarding and 

enjoyable. 

We have developed an outstanding program, thanks to 

our national and international scientific program 

organising committee, and to your scientific input and 

participation. There are nine pre-congress workshops to 

choose from, and within the congress program, there is 

an invited internationally recognised plenary speaker 

each day. The daily program encompasses five 

concurrent sessions of scientific symposia that include a 

combination of invited speakers and presenters chosen 

from submitted abstracts, and an extensive range of 

scientific poster presentations for your perusal. We trust 

that there will be something of interest to all mycologists 

in our large and varied scientific program. 

We invite you to attend the social events. On Monday 

evening, the Mycological Society of America and the 

British Mycological Society host a reception on the 

waterfront at the Cairns Hilton Hotel. Everyone is invited 

to attend. 

Building on a previous successful IMC convention, please 

join us for a ‘Wines of the World’ evening on Tuesday 

night. You bring a bottle of wine to share with your friends 

and colleagues, and in an atmosphere of joviality, we 

challenge you to approach as many people as possible 

to taste and judge your wine. Prizes go to the best and 

worst wines of the world! This is a great networking 

experience/opportunity? and a great way to make new 

friends. 

The Congress dinner will be held on Thursday evening at 

‘The Tanks’. This will be a unique Cairns dining experience, 

within the Botanic Gardens precinct. 

During the Congress, ‘The Clamp Connection Café/Bar’ 

will be open to meet your ‘between break’ beverage 

and snack needs. Feel free to take advantage of this 

relaxed space to catch up with colleagues and friends, 

and to develop new research collaborations and 

partnerships. 

A number of mycology-orientated tours and forays have 

been organised, and we encourage you to take the 

opportunity to explore Cairns and ints hinterland on these 

tours. 

We promise you an outstanding scientific program and a 

memorable social experience in Australia. The Congress 

will be the biggest mycology meeting ever held in 

Australia. It will provide a forum for the sharing of 

information on all aspects of mycology and foster 

constructive interaction between participants from all 

over the world. 

With its combined World Heritage-listed attractions of the 

Great Barrier Reef and the Wet Tropic Rainforests, Cairns 

has a lot to offer. We hope that you are able to take 

some time to visit the area and discover the natural 

wonders of tropical northern Australia. 

Thank you for coming, we trust you find your visit 

enjoyable and rewarding. 

Wieland Meyer 

Ceri Pearce 

Chair 

Vice-Chair 

IMC8 Organizing Committee 

IMC8 2006 ORGANISING COMMITTEE 

Wieland Meyer, Chair 

Sydney University, Australia 

Ceri Pearce, Vice-Chair 

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia 

David Ellis, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Australia 

Paul Gadek, James Cook University, Australia 

Cheryl Grgurinovic, AQIS, Australia 

Keven Hyde, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 

Eric McKenzie, Landcare Research, New Zealand 

John Pitt, CSIRO, Australia 

Geoff Ridley, 

New Zealand Forest Research Institute, New Zealand 

Roger Shivas, 

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia 

Brett Summerell, Royal Botanic Gardens, Australia 

MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC 

ADVISORY COMMITTEE 

Teun Boekhout, CBS, The Netherlands, 

Peter K. Buchanan, Landcare Research, New Zealand, 

Alvano Fonseca, University Nova Lisboa, Portugal, 

Jens Frisvad, Biocentrum-DTU, Denmark, 

Barbara Howlett, University of Melbourne, Australia 

M. Kakishima, University of Tsukuba, Japan, 

Cletus Kurtzman, USDA, USA, 

Lene Lange, Novozymes A/S, Denmark, 

Francois Lutzoni, Duke University, USA, 

Rosely Zancope-Oliveira, FIOCRUZ, Brazil, 

Gioconda San-Blas, IVIC, Venezuela, 

Richard Summerbell, CBS, The Netherlands, 

Akira Suzuki, Chiba University, Japan, 

John Taylor, UC Berkeley, USA, 

Brenda Wingfield, FABI, South Africa, 

Mike Wingfield, FABI, South Africa, 

Members of the Local Scientific Committee 

Wieland Meyer 

John Pitt 

Brett Summerell 

Cheryl Grgurinovic 

Jack Simpson 

Secretariat 

Ms Lesley K Woods 

SAPMEA Conventions 

200 Greenhill Rd EASTWOOD SA 5063 

Australia 

Phone: +61-8-82746055 

Fax: +61-8-82746000 

e-mail: imc8@sapmea.asn.au 

webpage: www.sapmea.asn.au/imc8 

Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to present as accurately as 

possible all the information contained in this brochure. The Organising 

Committee, SAPMEA Incorporated and its Agents act only to procure 

and arrange these activities and do not accept responsibility for any 

act or omission on the part of the service providers. No liability is 

accepted for any inaccuracy or misdescription, nor for delay or 

damage, including personal injury or death, howsoever caused 

resulting from or arising out of reliance upon any general or specific 

information published in this brochure. In the event of unforeseen 

circumstances, the Organising Committee reserves the right to 

change any or all of these details. 

Abstracts appear as they have been submitted by the authors. The 

IMC8 Organising and Scientific Committee take no responsibility for 

any errors.

GENERAL INFORMATION 

The following information is offered to make your 

attendance at IMC8 2006 as pleasant and as trouble-free 

as possible. If you require help, please call at the 

registration Desk and we will do everything we can to 

assist you. 

Registration and Information Desk 

The Registration Desk will be located in the main foyer of 

the Cairns Convention Centre. It will be open at the 

following times: 

Sunday 20th August 14:00-18:00 

Monday 21st August 07:00-17:30 

Tuesday 22nd August 07:30-17:30 

Wednesday 23rd August 07:30-18:00 

Thursday 24th August 07:30-17:30 

Friday 25th August 07:30-18:00 

Accommodation Contacts 

Map ref 

B Hilton Cairns 07 4050 2000 

C Sofitel Reef Casino Cairns 07 4060 8888 

D Holiday Inn Cairns 07 4050 6070 

E Oasis Resort Cairns 07 4080 1888 

F Pacific International Cairns 07 4051 7888 

G Tradewinds Esplanade Hotel 07 4053 0300 

H Heritage Cairns 07 4051 1211 

Rydges Esplanade Resort 07 4031 2211 

I Rydges Plaza Cairns 07 4046 0300 

J Club Crocodile Hides Hotel 07 4051 1266 

K Cairns Holiday Lodge 07 4051 4611 

L 181 The Esplanade 07 4052 6888 

M Cairns Aquarius Apartments 07 4051 8444 

O Inn Cairns Boutique Apartments 07 4041 2350 

Mantra Trilogy Resort 07 4080 8000 

P Mid City Luxury Suites 07 4051 5050 

Oaks City Quays & Piermonde Cairns 07 4042 6400 

Q City Terraces Apartments 07 4051 8955 

R Il Centro Luxury Apartments 07 4031 6699 

S Il Palazzo Boutique Apartment 07 4041 2155 

T Southern Cross Atrium Apartments 07 4031 4000 

U Gilligan’s Backpackers Hotel & Resort 07 4041 6566 

Accreditation 

A Certificate of Attendance will be provided indicating 

your attendance at the Congress. Individuals may then 

claim CPD points from their respective organisations. 

Name Tags 

For security purposes your name tag must be worn at all 

times. Entry to all sessions, exhibition and Welcome 

Reception is by name tag only. 

Banking 

Normal banking hours are Monday - Thursday 9:30am- 

4:00pm and Fridays 9:30-5:00pm, excluding public 

holidays. 24 Hour Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) can 

be found throughout the City and Shopping Centres and 

in the Sofitel Reef Casino Cairns. 

Coat Check/Bag Store 

The Cairns Convention Centre does not have a facility. 

When checking out of your hotel for your return journey 

home, please make arrangements for your bags to be 

stored at the hotel. 

Childcare 

Please note, no official arrangements have been made 

for childcare during the congress. Your chosen 

accommodation may be able to assist you further with 

babysitting services during your stay. 

Public Internet Facilities 

Inbox Cafe- 119 Abbott St, Cairns 

Reff Highspeed Netcafe- shp 2/31 Shields st, Cairns 

The Call Station- 123 Abbott st, Cairns 

Gilligan's - Grafton St 

Global Gossip Cairns- 125 Abbott st, Cairns 

Wireless facilities are available at the Convention Centre 

Goods and Services Tax (GST) / Tourist Refund Scheme (TRS) 

GST is included in all prices, unless otherwise stated. You 

can claim a refund of the GST and wine equalisation tax 

(WEX) that you pay on goods you buy in Australia. The 

refund only applies to goods you take with you as hand 

luggage or wear on to the aircraft when you leave the 

country. (the goods can be used in Australia before 

departure). To qualify for the TRS, you must: spend $300 or 

more in the one store and get a single tax invoice; buy 

goods no more than 30 days before departure; wear or 

carry the goods on board and present them along with 

your tax invoice, passport and boarding pass to a TRS 

facility. Claims are only available up to 30 minutes prior to 

the scheduled departure of your flight. 

Medical Services 

If you require medical assistance, please contact the 

Registration Desk staff. 

Messages 

Message sent to the secretariat will be placed on a 

notice board near the Registration Desk. The secretariat 

will not locate the individual delegate. 

Mobile Phones 

Please respect the presenter and other members of the 

audience by ensuring your mobile phone is switched off 

or to silent while you are in sessions. 

Parking 

Cairns Convention Centre has a public Car park below. 

Entry is via Sheridan Street. $3 coin operated boomgate. 

Carpark is open from 7am-until program concludes. 

Parking metres are around the CBD area. You have to 

pay from approx 8.30am - 5.00pm. 

In the pier marketplace carpark, which is located on 

Esplanade, you still have to pay until 10pm. Cairns 

Central Shopping Centre is Free of Charge + along wharf 

St, you can park your car for $2 per day or undercover at 

the Casino for $5 per day. 

Shopping 

There is a shopping facilities within a 5 min walk of the 

Cairns Convention Centre: either Cairns Central 

Shopping Centre on McLeod Street or the Mall located 

on Cnr Shields & Lake Street. General Shops i.e Cairns 

Central are open approx 9.30am - 5.30pm 

Supermarkets are open to approx 9pm on weekdays and 

5.30pm weekends. 

Post Offices 

Orchard Plaza - Abbott St 

Cairns Central Shopping Centre 

Grafton St (2 min walk) 

Pharmacies 

Cairns Central Chemart Pharmacy 

Terry White Cairns Central Shopping Centre 

Pharmacy - Shop 1/86 Lake St, Cairns 

Chemist Warehouse - 50 McLeod St, Cairns 

Esplanade Day & Night Pharmacy - Shop 10/85 The Esplanade

Refreshments 

Morning tea and afternoon tea are included in your 

registration fee and are provided during the 

programmed breaks in the exhibition and outside patio 

areas. 

Lunches: are not included in the registration. Tickets can 

be bought for lunches at AU$15.00 per person per day, 

order by 5pm the day prior. Pre purchase was required 

and your tickets will be in your registration pack. 

Supper Meals: a light Meal will be available on a ticket 

basis AU$22.00 each, for Monday and Tuesday. Pre 

purchase was required and your tickets will be in your 

registration pack. 

Clamp Connection Café/Bar:12 noon-close of conference 

each day! The Café offers you an opportunity to spend time 

talking with representatives from exhibition stands, viewing 

poster displays, and networking with colleagues and new 

friends. Refreshment, beer, wine, soft drinks, tea and coffee 

will be available on a cash basis. 

Speakers Preparation Room – Meeting Room 9 

All Presenters must check in to ensure your audio visual 

needs are confirmed, and also that you have arrived at 

the congress in time to present. 

Special Dietary Requirements 

Delegates who have specified their special dietary 

requirement on their registration form should identify 

themselves to the service staff at the Convention Centre. 

Telephones 

Public Telephones, coin operated, are located in the 

Sheridan St foyer. 

Tipping 

Tipping is not expected in Australia but is appreciated for 

particularly good service. 

Telephone Directory 

Emergency Services 000 

(fire/police/ambulance) 

Registration Desk 

Tel: 07 4042 4300 Fax: 07 4042 4302 

Taxi Services 

Black and White Taxi - 13 10 08 

Taxi phone is located outside the main entrance of 

the centre. 

Airlines 

Qantas 131 313 

Virgin Blue 136 789 

Jetstar 131 538 

Air New Zealand 132476 

Cathay Pacific 131747 

Japan Airlines (07)3229-9916 

SOCIAL PROGRAM 

Welcome reception - Sunday 20 August - 

Cairns Convention Centre - 1800–1930 

Renew old acquaintances and join fellow delegates for 

informal drinks and canapés in the exhibition area for 

IMC8. 

Cost included in registration. Entry is via name tag or 

ticket. 

Dress: Casual. 

BMS/MSA joint Reception - Monday 21 August - 

Cairns Hilton- 2000-2100 

The British Mycological Society and the Mycological 

Society of America are jointly hosting a reception 

following the Honorary Lecture. 

Included in registration. 

Dress: Casual. Delegates will make their own way to the 

venue. 

Wines of the World - Wednesday 23 August - 

Hall 2 – 1900-2200 hours 

Bring a bottle of wine along to the Convention Centre 

and share with your colleagues. 

Tickets: AU$22 per person. 

Dress: Casual. Delegates will make their own way to the 

venue. 

Congress Dinner - Thursday 24 August – The Tanks - 

1900–2400 hours 

The premier social occasion of the congress will be an 

event not to be missed!. Not included in registration. 

Tickets: AU$120 per person includes three course meal 

and beverages. 

Dress: Smart casual. Delegates will be collected from 

their hotels from 1830 and shuttle busses will return 

guests from 2230. 

Partners program 

A Partners program has been developed as an 

introduction to Cairns and its attractions. Included in the 

program is the Welcome Reception on Sunday. On 

Monday the day will start with a morning tea at the 

Cairns Convention Centre at 0930 followed by a City 

Sights Tour and concluding with a lunch back at the 

Cairns Convention Centre. 

Posters 

The Posters will be judged by a panel and prizes 

awarded. 

Registration Cancellation & Refund Policy 

Cancellations received on or before Friday 7 July 2006 

received a refund of registration fees, less an 

administrative charge of AUD$100.00. Cancellations after 

this date are not refunded. 

Travel and Touring 

There will be a Visitor Information booth situated in Hall 2 

to assist you with any tours and travel enquiries that you 

might have. 

Posters 

The Posters will be judged by a panel and prizes 

awarded. 

Registration Cancellation & Refund Policy 

Cancellations received on or before Friday 7 July 2006 

received a refund of registration fees, less an 

administrative charge of AUD$100.00. Cancellations after 

this date are not refunded

Workshops and Tours 

Wednesday - 16 th – Friday 18 th August 

0900-1800 - Workshop 1 (by Invitation only): Ceratocystis and Ophistoma 

Moreton Bay Research Station, Brisbane 

Chair: Mike Wingfield (South Africa) / Keith Seifert (Canada) 

Friday 18 th August 

0730-1800 - Cairns Hinterland Lichen Tour 

Friday 18 August to Saturday 19 August 2006, and Sunday 20th August at James Cook University 

0730-1800 - Daintree Rainforest Photo Tour 

0900-1800 - Workshop 2: Filamentous Fungi in the Clinical Laboratory 

James Cook University, Cairns 

Chair: Richard Summerbell (The Netherlands) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 3: Insect Pathogens in the Tropics 

James Cook University 

Chair: Nigel Hywel-Jones (Thailand) 

Saturday 19 th August 

0730-1800 - Cairns Hinterland Lichen Tour cont… 

Friday 18 August to Saturday 19 August 2006, and Sunday 20th August at James Cook University 

0900-1800 - Workshop 4: Food Mycology and Mycotoxins 


Chairs: John Pitt (Australia) / Ailsa Hocking (Australia) / Brett Summerell (Australia) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 5: Rust Taxonomy 


Chair: Yoshitaka Ono (Japan) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 9: Hypogeous Fungi 


Chairs: Teresa Lebel (Australia) / Sandra Abell (Australia) 

Sunday 20 th August 

0900-1700 - Cairns Hinterland Lichen Tour – details above 


Pick up from your hotels and transfer to James Cook University. 

0900-1800 - Workshop 4: Food Mycology and Mycotoxins cont… 


Chairs: John Pitt (Australia) / Ailsa Hocking (Australia) / Brett Summerell (Australia) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 6: Smut Taxonomy Workshop 


Chairs: Kálmán Vánky (Germany) / Roger Shivas (Australia) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 7: AnaSat2: From Spore to Culture 


Chairs: Pedro Crous (The Netherlands) / Keith Seifert (Canada) 

0900-1800 - Workshop 8: Compendium of Rust Fungi 


Chairs: Reinhard Berndt (Switzerland) / Yoshitaka Ono (Japan)

Monday 21 st August 2006 

Time Activity 

07:00 

Registration Foyer 

08:30 

Opening Ceremony Halls A & B 

09:15 Plenary 1: Franz Oberwinkler (Germany) Fungal Tree of Life Halls A & B 

10:15 

10:45 Symposium 1 Halls A & B 

Phylogenetic Biology of 

Fungal and Fungal-like Phyla 

Symposium 2 Hall C 

Do Plant Pathogens have a 

specific Armory? 

Coffee Break – Hall 2 

Symposium 3 MR 1 & 2 

Insect Associated Fungi 

Symposium 4 Hall D 

Fungal Cell Biology 

Symposium 5 MR 3 - 5 

Ecology and Diversity of Penicillium 

and Aspergillus in Australia 

12:45 

13:30 

15:00 

Rytas Vilgalys (USA) 

Joseph Spatafora (USA) 

15:30 Symposium 6 MR 1 & 2 

Molecular Taxonomy of Yeast 

Barbara Howlett (Australia) 

Thierry Rouxel (France) 

Diana Six (USA) 

Meredith Blackwell (USA) 

Lunch [pre purchase] – Hall 2 

Reinhard Fischer (Germany) 

John Pitt (Australia) 

Ailsa Hocking (Australia) 

Poster Session 1: Phylogeny, Systematics & Evolution Poster Session 9: Mycorrhizae 


Transcriptome Analyses of 

Fungal Pathogens during 

Infection 



Diversity of Microfungi in 

Neotropica 


The Fungal Septum and 

associated Organelles 

Symposium 10 Halls A & B 

Population Genetics of Fungi 

17:30 

19:00 

20:00 

Cletus Kurtzman (USA) 

Andre Lachance (Canada) 

Yue Wang (Singapore) 

Marc-Henri Lebrun (France) 

Jose Dianese (Brazil) 

José Hernandez (Argentina) 

Katsu Kitamoto (Japan) 

Gregory Jedd (Singapore) 

Jeremy Burdon (Australia) 

Linda Kohn (Canada) 

Poster Session / Supper [pre purchase] / “Clamp Connection Café/Bar” – cash basis bar for drinks and coffee – Hall 2 

Honorary Lecture: David Hawksworth (Spain) Mycology and Mycologists Halls A & B 

Joint Reception of the British Mycological Society and the Mycological Society of America Cairns Hilton

Tuesday 22 nd August 2006 

Time Activity 

07:30 Registration Foyer 

08:00 Symposium 11 Hall D 

Ascomycete 

Phylogenetics 


Proteome Analysis 


Mycorrhizal Ecology 


Propagation Strategies of 

Fungi 


Emerging and Reemerging 

Pathogenic Fungi 

10:00 

10:30 

11:30 

12:00 

Kevin Hyde (Hong Kong) 

Joseph Spatafora (USA) 


Fungal Phylogenomics 

Jim Kronstad (Canada) 

Scott E. Baker (USA) 

Tom Bruns (USA) 

John Kilronomos (Canada) 


Akira Suzuki (Japan) 

Felix Baerlocher (Canada) 

Plenary 2: John Taylor (USA) Species Concepts in Fungi Halls A & B 


Hester Vismer (South Africa) 

Sue Coloe (Australia) 

Poster Session 2: From Genomics to Proteomics Poster Session 6: Food Mycology and Mycotoxins 


Signal Transduction during 

Pathogenesis 


Veterinary Mycology 


Substrate Colonisation 

and Succession in Wood 

Inhabiting Fungi 


Fungi of Monsoon Asia: - Linking 

Diversity and Ecosystem 

Function 

Teun Boekhout (Netherlands) 

Bernard Dujon (France) 

Jinh-Rong Xu (USA) 

Marty Dickman (USA) 

Kishio Hatai (Japan) 

Mark Krockenberger (Australia) 

15:30 Coffee Break – Hall 2 

16.00 Symposium 21 Halls A & B 

DNA Barcoding for Fungi 


Polyketides, Non- 

Ribosomal Peptides, and 

Terpenes as fungal signal 

molecules 


Adhesion of Fungi to Plant or 

Animal Hosts 

Jan Stenlid (Sweden) 

Lynne Boddy (UK) 


Protein Secretion in 

Fungal Biotechnology 

Morten Christensen (Denmark) 

Seiji Tokumasu (Japan) 


Evolution of Symbioses 

Richard Summerbell 

(The Netherlands) 

Andre Levesque (Canada) 

Jens Frisvard (Denmark) 

Barry Scott (New Zealand) 

Nick Talbot (UK) 

Ester Segal (Israel) 

David Archer (UK) 

Merja Penttila (Finland) 

Dominik Begerow (Germany) 

Martin Grube (Austria) 

18:00 Supper [pre purchase] / “Clamp Connection Café/Bar” – cash basis bar for drinks and coffee – Hall 2 

18:30 Hall 2 

Poster Session 

Roundtable 1 Halls A & B 

Is it Time for a Mycological Code of Nomenclature? 

Pedro Crous, David Minter, Amy Rossman, Franz Oberwinkler, 

John Taylor, Tsuyoshi Hosoya 

20:00 MSJ Editorial Meeting MR8 

20:30 Evening Free

Wednesday 23 rd August 2006 

Time Activity 


08:00 Discussion Group MR 1 & 2 

Lichen-Fungal Genome Sequencing Project 

Australasian Mycological Society AGM 

Hall C 

Discussion Group MR 3 - 5 

Fungal Genome Sequencing Programs at the 

DOE Joint Genome Institute 

Paul Dyer (UK) 

09:30 Break 

10.00 

11:00 


Lichen Symbiosis: 

Extraterrestrial Life, Evolution 

and Penguin Rookery 

Scott Baker (USA) 

Plenary 3: James Galagan (USA) Comparative Fungal Genomics Halls A & B 


Chytridiomycete Fungi 



Enzymes and Infection 

Mechanisms 


Fungal Physiology 

Symposium 30 Hal 

Asia-Pacific Fungal 

Biodiversity 

13.30 

14.00 

Francois Lutzoni (USA) 

Magdalena Pavlich (Peru) 

Gordon Beakes (UK) 

Peter McGee (Australia) 

Michel Monod (Switzerland) 

Matt Templeton (New Zealand) 


Helena Nevalainen (Australia) 

Ken Hammel (USA) 

Poster Session 3: Plant and Fungal Pathogens Poster Session 10: Animal Pathogens 


15:30 Symposium 31 MR 3 - 5 

Systematics and Ecology of 

Dimorphic Basidiomycetes 


Bioinformatics and 

Databases 


Antifungal Resistance 


Importance of Small Non- 

Coding RNAs in Fungi 

Gareth Jones (Thailand) 

Sitti Aisyah Alias (Thailand) 

Symposium 35 Halls A & 

Gondwanan Fungi 

Alvaro Fonseca (Portugal) 

Jose Paulo Sampaio (Portugal) 

Vincent Robert (Netherlands) 

Peter Dawyndt (Belgium) 

Richard Cannon (New Zealand) 

Dominique Sanglard 

(Switzerland) 

Carlo Cogoni (Italy) 

Rodolfo Aramayo (USA) 

17:30 “Clamp Connection Café/Bar” – cash basis bar for drinks and coffee – Hall 2 

18:00 Hall 2 

20:00 


Roundtable 2 Hall C 

Access and benefit sharing in relation to the 

Biodiversity Convention 

Lene Lange (Denmark) 

Wines of the World Hall 2 

Tom May (Australia) 

Peter Buchanan (New 

Zealand) 

17:45-19:00 Meeting of the International 

Association Lichenology 

MR1&2

Thursday 24 th August 2006 

Time Activity 


08:00 General Meeting of the MR 1 & 2 

International Commission for the 

Taxonomy of Fungi 

Keith Seifert (Canada) 


Genomes and Fitness 

Gareth Griffith (UK) 

Simon Avery (UK) 

10:00 Break 

Proffered Session 1 MR 3 - 5 

Phylogeny 1 

Heide-Marie Daniel (Belgium) 

10:15 Plenary 4: Regine Kahmann (Germany) Mating in Fungi Halls A & B 


11:45 Symposium 36 MR 1 & 2 

Straminopiles: Why and 

How? 


Advanced Cellular 

Imaging and 

Micromanipulation 


Fungal Pigments and 

Virulence 


Biosynthetic Gene 

Clusters for Fungal 

Secondary Metabolites 

Proffered Session 2 Hall D 

Medical Mycology 

Sharon Chen (Australia) 


Biosecurity 

13:45 

14:30 

Daiske Honda (Japan) 


Nick Read (UK) 

Rosa Morinho-Perez (Mexico) 

Josh Nosanchuck (USA) 

Beatriz L. Gomez (UK) 


Nancy Keller (USA) 

Marc Stadler (Germany) 

Geoff Ridley (New Zealand) 

Ceri Pearce (Australia) 

Poster Session 4: Cell Biology and Physiology Poster Session 8: Population Genetics 


15:30 Symposium 41 MR 1 & 2 

Evolution, Ecology and 

Systematics of Endophytic 

Fungi - Horozontally 

Transmitted Endophytes 

17:30 

19:00- 

23:30 

Elizabeth Arnold (USA) 

Gerard Verkley 



Phylogeography 

Greg Mueller (USA) 

Thorsten Lumbsch (USA 


Biocontrol 

Augusto Schrank (Brazil) 

Naresh Magan (UK) 



Cees van den Hondel 

(Netherlands) 


Poster Session / “Clamp Connection Café/Bar” – cash basis bar for drinks and coffee – Hall 2 

Conference Dinner The Tanks 


Worldwide Movement of Fungal 

Forest Pathogens 

Brenda Wingfield (South Africa) 

Matteo Garbelotto (USA)

Friday 25 th August 2006 

Time Activity 


08:00 Conference Room 1 

International Mycological Association (IMA) 

Board Meeting 

Proffered Session 3 Hall C 

Phylogeny 2 

Clement Tsui (Australia) 


10:30 Symposium 46 Hall C 

Anything Specific about 

Human Pathogens? 


Biodiversity of Microfungi - 

A Phylogenetic Approach 


Molecular Plant Mycorrhizal 

Interaction 


From Mycological Diversity to Phylogeny 

Kálmán Vánky (Germany) 


Marine Fungi 


Mycetozoan Biodiversity 

12:30 

13:30 

Alex Adrianopoulos 

(Australia) 

James Fraser (Australia) 


Finding the Missing Taxa: 

the Search for Fungi in 

Under-explored Habitats 

Andrew Miller (USA) 

Amy Rossman (USA) 

Mark Tibbett (Australia) 

Paola Bonfante (Italy) 


Ka-Lai Pang (Hong Kong) 

Mohamed Abdel-Wahab 

(Egypt) 

Steven Stephenson (USA) 

David Orlovich (New Zealand) 

Poster Session 5: Biodiversity and Conservation Poster Session 7: Industrial Mycology 


Fungi and Eucalypts 


Epidemiology of Fungal 

Pathogens 


Fusarium - New Advances 

in Taxonomy, Biology and 

Detection 


Conservation and Utilization of 

Fungal Biodiversity through 

Genetic Resource Centres 

Wendy Untereiner (Canada) 

James Scott (Canada) 

Eric McKenzie (New Zealand) 

David Ellis (Australia) 

Wieland Meyer (Australia) 

Rosely Zancope-Olivera (Brazil) 

Brett Summerell (Australia) 


16:30 Coffee Break / “Clamp Connection” closes – Hall 2 

Pedro Crous (Netherlands) 

Akira Nakagiri (Japan) 

17:00 Plenary 5: Mike Wingfield (South Africa) Forest Fungi in a Changing World Halls A & B 

18:00 

Closing Ceremony Halls A & B

Thursday 

Thursday 24 th August 2006 

Time Activity 


08:00 General Meeting of the MR 1 & 2 

International Commission for the 

Taxonomy of Fungi 



Genomes and Fitness 

Gareth Griffith (UK) 

Simon Avery (UK) 

10:00 Break 

Proffered Session 1 MR 3 - 5 

Phylogeny 1 

Heide-Marie Daniel (Belgium) 

10:15 Plenary 4: Regine Kahmann (Germany) Mating in Fungi Halls A & B 


11:45 Symposium 36 MR 1 & 2 

Straminopiles: Why and 

How? 


Advanced Cellular 

Imaging and 

Micromanipulation 


Fungal Pigments and 

Virulence 


Biosynthetic Gene 

Clusters for Fungal 

Secondary Metabolites 


Medical Mycology 



Biosecurity 

13:45 

14:30 




Rosa Morinho-Perez (Mexico) 

Josh Nosanchuck (USA) 



Nancy Keller (USA) 


Geoff Ridley (New Zealand) 

Ceri Pearce (Australia) 

Poster Session 4: Cell Biology and Physiology Poster Session 8: Population Genetics 


15:30 Symposium 41 MR 1 & 2 

Evolution, Ecology and 

Systematics of Endophytic 

Fungi - Horozontally 

Transmitted Endophytes 

17:30 

19:00- 

23:30 

Elizabeth Arnold (USA) 

Gerard Verkley 



Phylogeography 

Greg Mueller (USA) 

Thorsten Lumbsch (USA 


Biocontrol 

Augusto Schrank (Brazil) 





(Netherlands) 


Poster Session / “Clamp Connection Café/Bar” – cash basis bar for drinks and coffee – Hall 2 

Conference Dinner The Tanks 


Worldwide Movement of Fungal 

Forest Pathogens 


Matteo Garbelotto (USA)

Thursday 24 th August Program 

0730-0930 Meeting Room 1&2 

General Meeting of the International Commission for the Taxonomy of Fungi 

Chair: Keith Seifert 

0800-1000 Hall C 

Symposium 42: Genomes and Fitness 

Chairs: Gareth W. Griffith (UK) / Simon V. Avery (UK) 

The indeterminate growth patterns and diverse reproductive strategies of filamentous fungi make assessment of fitness 

less straightforward than for some other groups such as animals, though for yeasts fitness is generally equated with rate 

of cell division . Genomic information now available for many of the best-studied fungi now raises the possibility that 

the effects of individual genes on organismal fitness can be explored in a way not possible for less tractable 

experimental higher organisms. 

0800-0830 IS3 - 0853 

Functional genomics of pathogenicity in Magnaporthe grisea 

Nicholas J. Talbot (UK) 

0830-0900 IS1 - 0774 

Competition experiments using tagged heterozygous deletant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in a grape juice 

environment 

Gareth W. Griffith (UK) 

0900-0930 IS2 - 0739 

Functions determining yeast fitness during stress, derived from genome-wide haploinsufficiency tests 

Simon V. Avery (UK) 

0930-0945 PS1 - 0657 

Fitness effects of interspecific gene transfer in Ophiostoma 

Clive Brasier (UK) 

0945-1000 PS2 - 0792 

Exploring the mobility of DNA transposons in the Dutch elm disease fungi 

Guillaume F Bouvet (Canada) 

0800-1000 Meeting Room 3-5 

Proffered Session 1: Phylogeny I 

Chair: Heide-Marie Daniel (Belgium) 

Molecular phylogenies will be discussed in the context of morphological and other data, including the ecology and 

geographical distribution of taxa in this session. A common topic of the presentations will be the utilisation of 

phylogenies to evaluate data for their suitability to build natural classifications and to assess fungal diversity. A strong 

emphasis is laid on basidiomycetous taxa. 

0800-0820 PS1 - 0756 

Demystifying Dothideomycetes - combining ultrastructure and molecular tools to study phylogenetic relationships 

of fungi 

Uwe K Simon (Germany) 

0820-0840 PS2 - 0453 

The molecular phylogeny of the genus entoloma 

Delia Co (The Netherlands) 

0840-0900 PS3 - 0429 

Rust of Salix species in North America caused by Melampsora epitea s. lat. 

JA Smith (USA) 

0900-0920 PS4 - 0173 

Partial harmony: agreement between morphological and molecular data for the sequestrate cortinarioid fungi 

Anthony A Francis (Australia) 

0920-0940 PS5 - 0512 

Phylogeny of Armillaria species based on combined DNA sequence and phenotypic data 

Martin PA Coetzee (South Africa) 

0940-1000 PS6 - 0379 

A polythetic approach to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Hypoxyloideae 


247

0800-1000 Hall D 

Proffered Session 2: Medical Mycology 

Chair: Sharon Chen (Australia) 

This session welcomes attendees to a series of presentations on fungal pathogens in humans ranging from Aspergillus 

in high-risk patients to emerging infections caused by novel black yeasts and dermatophytes. The epidemiologic, 

clinical and molecular taxonomic aspects are addressed. 

0800-0825 PS1 - 0054 

Evaluation of the Effects of Incubation Temperature and pH on the Antifungal susceptibility Test Against Candida 

albicans PTCC 5027 Strain 

Hossein Zarrinfar (Iran) 

0825-0850 PS2 - 0068 

Aspergillosis in High Risk Patients 

Basiri Jahromi (Iran) 

0850-0910 PS3 - 0266 

Isolation of Ochroconis gallopava from Hot Springs in Japan and its pathogenicity. 

Ayako Sano (Japan) 

0910-0935 PS4 - 0593 

Genetic diversity and detection of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis 

Montarop Sudhadham (The Netherlands) 

0935-1000 PS5 - 0069 

Outbreak of Tinea Corporis Gladiatorum in Tehran 

Basiri Jahromi (Iran) 

1015-1115 - 0762 

Plenary 4: Mating in Fungi 

Regine Kahmann (Germany) 


Symposium 36: Straminopiles: Why and How? 

Chairs: Daiske Honda (Japan) / Gordon Beakes (UK) 

The biflagellate ‘stramenopile’ fungi belong to the same lineage of organisms as the brown pigmented algae. The 

two main fungal lineages are the Thraustochytrids and Oomycetes. This symposium will explore some of recent insights 

into the biology and evolutionary origins of these organisms. As well as being significant pathogens in the marine 

environment, they have the ability to produce sought after unsaturated fatty acids and play key roles in litter 

colonisation and recycling in many marine and freshwater ecosystems. This session will explore some of these aspects 

in both the main stramenopile lineages. 

1145-1150 

Introductory overview of stramenopile fungi 


1150-1215 IS1 - 0772 

Evolution and phylogeny of the Labyrinthulomycetes inferred from protein-coding genes 


1215-1225 IS2 - 0481 

Taxonomical reinvestigation of the genus Schizochytrium (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycetes) 

Rinka Yokoyama (Japan) 

1225-1255 IS3 - 0473 

The Viral impact on thraustochytrids 

Yoshitake Takao (Japan) 

1255-1315 IS4 - 0284 

The diversity of oomycete pathogens of nematodes and its implications to our understanding of oomycete 

phylogeny 


1315-1330 PS1 - 0280 

Molecular phylogeny and comparative ultrastructural morphology of marine oomycete endoparasites 

Satoshi Sekimoto (Japan) 

1330-1345 PS2 - 0671 

Study Of Mechanism Of Zoospore Release In Stramenopiles Through Videoclips 

Anagha Kurne (India) 

248


Symposium 37: Advanced Cellular Imaging and Micromanipulation 

Chair: Nick Read (UK) / Rosa Mouriño-Pérez (Mexico) 

In recent years, there has been a renaissance in the use of imaging and micromanipulation techniques in cell biology. 

Major innovations and developments in microscope technologies (e.g. confocal microsocopy, 2-photon microscopy), 

live-cell imaging, fluorescent probes (e.g. GFP), electron microscopy (e.g. field emission EM, electron tomography), 

and cellular micromanipulation techniques (e.g. laser tweezers, laser microdissection) are having a big impact in 

fungal biology. This Symposium aims to highlight some of the most recent examples of these exciting new 

developments in cellular imaging and micromanipulation. 

1145-1205 IS1 - 0833 

In Vivo Imaging of the Dynamics of the Microtubular Cytoskeleton of Neurospora crassa Wild Type, ropy-1, ropy-3 

and nkin 

Rosa Mouriño-Pérez (Mexico) 

1205-1225 IS2 - 0486 

Visualization of the endocytic pathway and endosomal structures in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae 

Yujiro Higuchi (Japan) 

1225-1245 IS3 - 0727 

NETWORK structure and dynamics of fungal mycelia 

Dan Bebber (UK) 

1245-1305 PS1 - 

Advanced microscopic imaging coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterise fungal metal and 

mineral transformations 

Geoff Gadd (UK) 

1305-1320 PS2 - 

Optical tweezer micromanipulation of filamentous fungi 


1145-1345 Hall C 

Symposium 38: Fungal Pigments and Virulence 

Chairs: Josh Nosanchuk (USA) / Beatriz L. Gomez (UK) 

Melanins pigments are enigmatic compounds that are produced by organisms in all biological kingdoms, including a 

wide variety of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and helminthes. Melanin synthesis has been associated with virulence for 

a variety of pathogenic microbes and this phenomenon has been extensively examined in fungal pathogens. Dr. 

Beatriz Gomez- Giraldo will describe the identification of melanin in Candida albicans and other pathogenic fungi. 

The third major talk will be by Dr. Josh Nosanchuk who will discuss the clinical significance of fungal melanization. The 

purpose of this symposium is to provide broad insights into the role of melanins in fungal pathogenesis. 

1145-1215 IS1 - 1006 

Clinical impact of fungal melanization 

Josh Nosanchuk (USA) 

1215-1245 IS2 - 1009 

The darker side of Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 


1245-1315 PS1 - 0803 

Production and utilization of fungal pigment in textile dyeing 

Karuppan Perumal (India) 

1315-1345 PS2 - 0340 

Peroxisomal acetyl-CoA is essential for appressorial melanization, and virulence in Magnaporthe. 

Naweed Naqvi (Singapore) 

1145-1345 Halls A&B 

Symposium 39: Biosynthetic Gene Clusters for Fungal Secondary Metabolites 

Chairs: Nancy Keller (USA) / Marc Stadler (Germany) 

Secondary metabolites (extrolites) are of utmost importance in higher fungi. They constitute essential features of high 

ecological, pathological, and taxonomic significance and exert great detrimental as well as beneficial influence on 

human civilization. Only recently has it become possible to study their biogenesis at the molecular level, due to the 

availability of molecular methods and the templates provided by genomic approaches. While most of the research 

has so far been done on industrial & agriculturally important fungi (in particular, pharmaceutical and mycotoxin - 

producing ascomycetes), it now appears feasible to study large taxonomic groups in an attempt to evaluate 

evolutionary aspects of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In the symposium, different chemical types of metabolites 

(e.g. polyketides, alkaloids) and different producer organisms will be presented to provide an overview on our current 

understanding of fungal secondary metabolitsm and future perspectives in the study of these compounds. 

249

1145-1215 IS1 – 0725 

The sirodesmin biosynthetic gene cluster of the plant pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans 

Barbara Howlett (Australia) 

1215-1245 IS2 - 0240 

Terrequinone biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans 

Dirk Hoffmeister (Germany) 

1245-1315 IS3 - 0401 

Fumonisin mycotoxin biosynthesis, genetics and genomics in Fusarium verticillioides 

Robert Butchko (USA) 

1315-1330 PS1 – 0436 

Evolution of polyketide synthase genes in lichenized Ascomycetes 

Thorsten Lumbsch (USA) 

1330-1345 

Summary, Future Views and Discussion 

Nancy Keller 

1145-1345 

Symposium 40: Biosecurity 

Chairs: Geoff Ridley (New Zealand) / Ceri Pearce (Australia) 

Biosecurity is a major issue around the world but particularly for island nations such as Australia and New Zealand. In 

New Zealand Biosecurity has been defined as “the exclusion, eradication or effective management of risks posed by 

pests and diseases to the economy, environment and human health”. This symposium will cover one countries 

experience in implementing Biosecurity system. It will also look at the tools available to assist in the identification of 

potential invasive fungi, and finally how an invasive, disease causing fungus was eradicated. 

1145-1215 IS1 - 0917 

The importance of mycology in Biosecurity: The New Zealand experience 

Mike Ormsby (New Zealand) 

1215-1245 IS2 - 0796 

Biosecurity: latest developments in systems and tools for fungal diagnostics 

Mary Palm (USA) 

1245-1315 IS3 - 0961 

A major exotic disease outbreak, emergency response and eradication: banana black Sigatoka, Tully, Australia, 

2001 

Peter Whittle (Australia) 

1315-1330 PS1 - 0484 

The utility and limitations of positive and negative controls for PCR detection of quarantine pathogens 

Morag Glen (Australia) 

1330-1345 PS2 - 0634 

DISSEMINATION of aerial and soilborne Phytophthoras by human vectors 

Joan Webber (UK) 

1430-1530 

Poster Session 4: Cell Biology and Physiology Hall 2 

Poster Session 8: Population Genetics 

Mezzanine Level 


Symposium 41: Evolution, Ecology and Systematics of Endophytic Fungi - Horizontally Transmitted Endophytes 

Chairs: A. Elizabeth Arnold (USA) / Gerard J. M. Verkley (The Netherlands) 

Fungal endophytes - fungi inhabiting apparently healthy plant tissues - are known from all plants, and represent a 

major component of fungal diversity at a global scale. Most studies of fungal endophyte evolution and ecology 

have focused on the clavicipitaceous endophytes of grasses, whose vertical transmission, systemic growth, low 

within-host diversity, and benefits to hosts have made them a model system for the study of symbiosis. However, the 

horizontally transmitted endophytes that occur in all major lineages of plants — inhabiting tissues such as roots, 

xylem, bark, foliage, and reproductive structures — are ubiquitous in terrestrial communities and are yet largely 

unknown in terms of their phylogenetic affinities, host distributions, and ecological roles. In this symposium, we seek 

to bring together researchers whose focus on the systematics, ecology, and evolution of horizontally transmitted 

endophytes will synthesize our current understanding of these poorly known symbioses, and define major questions 

for future research. 

1530-1600 IS1 - 0605 

Host Specificity among endophytes in transient plant communities 

George Carroll (USA) 

250

1600-1630 IS2 - 0691 

Foliar endophytes versus leaf litter saprobes: annual cycle of an ascomycete community associated with oak 

leaves 

Gerard J. M. Verkley (The Netherlands) 

1630-1700 IS3 - 0813 

Endophytes: Lifestyle and Phylogenetic Diversity 

Rajesh Jeewon (China) 

1700-1715 PS1 – 0411 

Endophytic fungi in non-mycorrhizal oak roots 

Erhard Halmschlager (Austria) 

1715-1730 PS2 - 0639 

Metabolic and taxonomic approaches to investigating the effects of plant function on communities of root and 

nodule-associated fungi 

Samuel Skinner (Canada) 


Symposium 56: Phylogeography 

Chairs: Gregory Mueller (USA) / H. Thorsten Lumbsch (USA) 

The study of processes controlling geographic distributions of lineages using molecular tools is a relatively new and 

emerging field in mycology. While it was previously generally believed that fungi have wide distribution patterns and 

have largely unstructured populations, recent studies have shown that this not the case. Phylogeographical 

approaches offer a powerful tool to understand the current distributions of fungi and their historical development. In 

this symposium phylogeographical studies on a wide variety of fungal organisms, including smuts, higher 

basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes, including lichen-forming fungi, will be discussed. The symposium includes 

examples of parasitic, symbiotic and saprophytic systems. Various molecular markers, such as microsatellites or DNA 

sequence data of variable gene regions are employed in the different studies. 

1530-1600 IS1 - 0370 

Phylogeography of Serpula lacrymans reveals global migration events and multiple transitions to an indoor 

lifestyle 

Havard Kauserud (Norway) 

1600-1630 IS2 - 0921 

Biogeography of the Hysterangiales 

Kentaro Hosaka (USA) 

1630-1700 IS3 - 0613 

Hitchhiking through the botanic realm: Ustilaginales in time and space 

Dominik Bergerow (Germany) 

1700-1715 PS1 - 0304 

A phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach to delimit Antarctic and bipolar species of the genus Usnea, 

Neuropogon 

Nora Wirtz (Germany) 

1715-1730 PS2 - 0437 

Migration in space and time for 14 worldwide populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola 

Soren Banke (Switzerland) 

1530-1730 Hall D 

Symposium 43: Biocontrol 

Chairs: Augusto Schrank (Brasil) / Naresh Magan (UK) 

This Symposium will focus on same of the main areas of the biocontrol using filamentous fungi and yeasts. The use of 

living organisms to control pests and diseases has attracted increasing interest as a reliable alternative to chemical 

control. In particular, the use of fungi in a commercial scale has proven to be effective and economically feasible in 

different countries. Filamentous fungi and yeasts have been proposed as biological control agents (BCAs) for a variety 

of organisms as insects, ticks, phytopathogenic fungi, mycotoxin producers, nematodes. The main difficulty to the 

large-scale use of fungi as BCAs is the longer time required for effective pest control in comparison to that of 

chemicals. Much of the current research efforts is applied to improve the knowledge on the host infection 

mechanisms and to develop optimized formulations. In addition, many groups are involved in discovery of new 

isolates, a pivotal step towards a more general and efficient application of the biocontrol. 

1530-1550 IS1 - 0822 

Production and formulation of antagonists for improved competitiveness and biocontrol” 


1550-1610 IS2 - 0842 

Screening of biocontrol agents of fungal leaf diseases 

Jürgen Köhl (The Netherlands) 

251

1610-1630 IS3 - 0987 

Strategies to improve Metarhizium control of arthropod pests 

Tariq Butt (UK) 

1630-1650 PS1 - 0184 

Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium catenulatum associated with Helicobasidium mompa and Rosellinia necatrix 

Naoyuki Matsumoto (Japan) 

1650-1710 PS2 - 0718 

Effect of antagonistic fruit-borne yeasts on pathogenic and saprophytic fungi 

Matthias Sipiczki (Hungary) 

1710-1730 PS3 - 0154 

Nematicidal Metabolites From Fungi 

Guohong Li (China) 

1530-1730 Hall C 

Symposium 44: Industrial Mycology 

Chairs: Cees van den Hondel (The Netherlands) / Lene Lange (Denmark) 

In future, knowledge-based bioeconomy will play a significant role globally. The basis of bioeconomy is the 

development of biological solutions (both processes and products) to important problems, hereby providing 

sustainable alternatives to fossil energy and the wealth of petrochemistry products now dominating. And for this to 

come thru fungal research and development is absolutely central: Fungi for biological production by fermentation. 

Fungal products in new types of biorefineries. Fungi as pool for discoveries of new active molecules (proteins, peptides, 

and metabolites). And fungal enzymes for modification of natural substrates; and fungi and fungal products for 

upgrading Waste to Value. The IMC8 session on industrial mycology will be presenting selected highlights, illustrating 

the methodologies, the potentials and the diversity of fungi for industrial use. 

1530-1600 IS1 - 0026 

Diversity of Xylanase and Plant Cell Wall Esterases in Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Fungi 

Bhupinder Chadha (India) 

1600-1630 IS2 - 1007 

New Fungal discoveries –of industrial relevance for biofuel and biopharma 


1630-1700 IS3 

Fungal Cell wall biosynthesis and discovery of antifungals 

Cees van den Hondel (The Netherlands) 

1530-1730 Halls A&B 

Symposium 45: Worldwide Movement of Fungal Forest Pathogens 

Chairs: Brenda Wingfield (South Africa) / Matteo Garbelotto (USA) 

The movement of fungal pathogens globally is a source of concern for both plantation as well as native forest systems. 

The threat of forest pathogens is a very complex one, in some circumstances these pathogens are apparently native 

and have been able to adapt and cause disease on an introduced host. In other situations fungal pathogens have 

been introduced into regions where they did not previously occur. Movement of such pathogens has been severely 

exacerbated with the increase in foreign trade internationally. In this symposium we highlight the current status of a 

number of internationally important forest pathogens and have invited talks from speakers in both the Northern and 

Southern hemispheres to give a truly global perspective. 

1530-1555 IS1 - 0569 

Cryphonectria canker of Eucalyptus: A little-known disease caused by an assemblage of fungi of extreme 

quarantine relevance 


1555-1620 IS2 – 0585 

Global Distribution and Evolution Of The Pine Pitch Canker Fungus, Fusarium circinatum 

Emma Steenkamp (South Africa) 

1620-1645 IS3 – 0638 

Microsatellite analysis documents worldwide and regional spread routes of the sudden oak death pathogen 

Matteo Garbelotto (USA) 

1645-1710 IS4 – 0270 

Invasion of an exotic root pathogen of forest trees: the case of Heterobasidion annosum 

Paolo Gonthier (Italy) 

1710-1720 PS1 – 0320 

Movement of the devastating Eucalytpus leaf and shoot pathogen Phaeophleospora destructans, throughout Asia 

Treena Burgess (Australia) 

1720-1730 PS2 – 0452 

Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii and Swiss needle cast disease in New Zealand 

Jeffrey Stone (USA) 

1730-1830 


1900-2330 The Tanks 

Congress Dinner 

252

ORAL ABSTRACTS THURSDAY AUGUST 23 

0800-1000 

SYMPOSIUM 42 - Genomes and Fitness 

S42IS1 - 0774 

Competition of heterozygous deletant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains in a grape juice environment 

G.W. Griffith1, E.J.M Cross1, H.M. Davey1, D. Delneri 2, D.C. Hoyle2, D.B. Kell 2, S.G. Oliver 2 

1University of Wales Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom, 2 University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 

The existence of a complete set of 6000 single-gene deletant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents 

an important tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of gene function. The presence of unique barcodes and a 

selective marker in each deletion cassette allows parallel analysis of strains by microarray hybridisation. Strain 

abundance can thus be quantified as a means of assessing the contribution of individual genes to fitness under a 

range of environmental conditions. Using a pool of diploid heterozygous deletants, it was possible to identify strains 

which were either haploinsufficient or haploproficient (i.e. decreased or increased fitness respectively when one 

rather than both gene copies were present) under different fermentation conditions. 

‘Competition’ experiments were conducted for up to 30 generations, in either continuous or semi-batch fermentor 

systems, using red /white juices and in the presence and absence of competitor organisms. Changes in fitness 

identified in grape juice were compared to responses in synthetic nutrient limited media. Whilst fruit juices are 

generally N-limited, there was incomplete overlap between the strains showing altered fitness in juice vs. N-limited 

media. Comparison of continuous and semi batch fermentations suggested that growth rate in exponential phase 

was not the only determinant of fitness. 

S42IS2 - 0739 

Functions determining yeast fitness during stress, derived from genome wide haploinsufficiency tests 

S.V. Avery1, E. Lodwig1, S.L. Holland1, T. Sideri1, I. Clarke 2, K. Gkargkas2, D.C. Hoyle 2, D. Delneri 2, S.G. Oliver 2 

1University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 2 University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 

We have performed microarray-based competitive growth assays of >6,000 heterozygous S. cerevisiae deletion strains 

in the presence of different toxic metals and pro-oxidants. The heterozygous collection encompasses mutants in 

essential gene functions which, combined with the sensitivity of the assay system, should help to give new insight to 

the mechanism(s) of cellular metal or oxidant toxicity. Strains were grown together for >20 generations in C-limited 

continuous culture and samples taken at intervals to determine relative strain growth rates, according to the 

abundances of amplified strain-specific oligonucleotide tags. Media were supplemented with either Cu(NO3)2, 

Cd(NO3)2, CrO3, H2O2 or diamide, supplied at concentrations that extended doubling time by ~10%. Strains were 

identified that gave a significant haplo-insufficient or -proficient phenotype in the various treatments. The 

corresponding genes of interest were distributed among a range of functional groupings, though certain functions 

were significantly enriched in our data. For example, protein synthesis and protein degradation functions were found 

to be important determinants of Cr resistance. We have confirmed phenotypes for individual strains and are using 

independent approaches to test new hypotheses developing from this study. 

S42IS3 - 0853 

Functional genomics of pathogenicity in Magnaporthe grisea 

N.J. Talbot, T.A. Richards, D.M. Soanes, M.J. Gilbert, R.A. Wilson, G.K. Bhambra, Z.Y. Wang, Z. Caracuel-Rios 

University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom 

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea causes one of the most serious diseases of cultivated rice. The availability 

of a full genome sequence for M. grisea (Dean et al., 2005) has allowed the first opportunity to define the gene 

inventory associated with a fungal phytopathogen. M. grisea has a more complex secreted proteome than closely 

related non-pathogenic fungi and also contains a high number of putative G-protein coupled receptor-encoding 

genes. This indicates that the fungus possesses an enhanced capacity to respond to distinct environmental signals 

and the ability to secrete large numbers of distinct proteins during pathogenesis. Consistent with this idea, we recently 

identified a mutant of M. grisea that is impaired in polarised exocytosis (Gilbert et al., 2006). This mutant, ?Mgapt2, is 

non-pathogenic and also fails to induce a hypersensitive reaction in an incompatible response, suggesting that it is 

unable to secrete fungal proteins during plant infection that may act as pathogenicity determinants or cultivarspecific 

elicitors of plant defence responses (avirulence gene products). MgApt2 is a Golgi-associated P-type ATPase 

that belongs to the aminophospholipid translocase family. We are using a multi-disciplinary approach, involving high 

throughput gene functional analysis, proteomics, cell biology and analytical biochemistry, to investigate the biology 

of plant infection by M. grisea and to exploit the genomic resources that are now available for its study. Comparative 

genomic analysis of M. grisea with phytopathogenic and free-living fungal species is central to this process and allows 

us to explore the evolutionary relatedness of the gene inventories of M. grisea with other pathogenic species. 

References 

Dean, R.A. et al. (2005) The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Nature 434 :980-86 

Gilbert, M.J., Thornton, C.R., Wakley, G.E., Talbot, N.J. (2006) A P-type ATPase required for rice blast disease and 

induction of host defence Nature 440: 535-539 

253

S42PS1 - 0657 

Fitness effects of interspecific gene transfer in Ophiostoma 

C. M. Brasier, M. Paoletti, K. W. Buck, A. Et-Touil, L. Bernier, S. A. Kirk 

1 Forest Research Agency, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2 Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, 3 Imperial 

College, London, United Kingdom, 4 Universite Laval, Sainte Foy,Quebec, Canada, 5Universite Laval, Sainte 

Foy,Quebec, Canada, 6Forest Research Agency, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom 

Interspecific gene transfer offers the potential for rapid evolution of fungi. This potential may be highest under 

conditions of episodic selection. The anciently divergent elm pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi, O. novo-ulmi and O. himalulmi 

probably evolved in separate bio-geographic areas of Asia. Laboratory crosses are possible between them; and 

a degree of natural hybridisation is now occurring through recent intermixing of these species by man. F1 progeny of 

experimental crosses between the three species exhibit strongly negatively skewed distributions for critical fitness 

characters such as pathogenicity, growth rate and fecundity, indicating incongruity between the parental genomes. 

AFLP data indicate that genomes of hybrid progeny are not skewed towards the parental types. 

Where O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi are intermixing in nature, O. novo- ulmi is rapidly replacing O. ulmi. Rare hybrids also 

occur. Some surviving O. novo-ulmi isolates carry introgressed O. ulmi DNA, and their pathogenicity (fitness) is 

negatively correlated with the amount of O. ulmi DNA present (AFLP data). Transfer of major genes from O. ulmi to O. 

novo-ulmi has also occurred, probably as a result of back-crosses between the introgressants and O. novo-ulmi. Genes 

transferred include O. ulmi pathogenicity, cerato-ulmin ‘toxin’, mating type and vegetative compatibility genes. 

Combined surveys and laboratory studies show (a) a negative effect on fitness of the acquisition of O. ulmi toxin or 

pathogenicity genes by O. novo-ulmi and subsequent loss of these genes from O. novo-ulmi populations via selection; 

(b) a strong fitness advantage conferred by acquisition of O. ulmi mating type and vegetative compatibility genes 

and the subsequent widespread fixation of these genes in O. novo-ulmi populations. 

In broad terms, O. novo-ulmi appears to accept ‘useful’ O. ulmi DNA that allows it to survive and to discard 

’unwanted’ O. ulmi DNA that confers reduced fitness. This phenomenon has considerable implications for the 

adaptation of invasive fungi to new or disturbed environments. It is probably the first demonstration of interspecific 

transfer of major regulatory genes in a eukaryote. 

S42PS2 - 0792 

Exploring the mobility of DNA transposons in the Dutch elm disease fungi 

G. Bouvet, V. Jacobi, L. Bernier 

CRBF, Québec QC, Canada 

We have cloned and sequenced the first DNA transposons in the Dutch elm disease (DED) pathogens Ophiostoma 

ulmi and O. novo-ulmi in order to unravel their genomic implications in the evolution of these ascomycete fungi. Two 

closely related transposons, named Ophi1 and Ophi2, were found to contain potential spots for positive selection. 

One of this spots corresponded to the first alpha helix of the Helix-Turn-Helix domain (HTH-psq), implicated in TIR 

specificity of the transposase and mobility of the transposon. Mobility of fungal transposons can be investigated from 

two perspectives : mobility inside the host genome or between different host strains or species. We thus conducted 

experiments in which different stresses, such as thermal shocks, UV irradiations and inoculations to elm tissue, were 

applied to DED strains carrying transposons. Southern analyses were carried out to assess whether the transposons had 

moved or not within the host genome. We also analyzed a natural O. ulmi x O. novo-ulmi hybrid and found out that it 

could serve as genetic bridge to allow DNA transposons to jump between species. 

254

0800-1000 

PROFFERED SESSION 1 - Phylogeny 1 

PS1PS1 - 0756 

Demystifying Dothideomycetes – combining ultrastructure and molecular tools to study phylogenetic 

relationships of fungi 

UK Simon1, R Bauer1, D Begerow1, D Rioux 2, M Simard 2 

1 Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 2 Natural Resources Canada, 

Canadian Forest Service – Quebec Region, Quebec, Canada 

The Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) is a major group of fungi that includes numerous phytopathogenous species and 

some human and animal pathogens with an enormous variety of life-styles. Despite their economic and scientific 

importance many taxonomic questions within this group remain unsolved at almost all taxonomic levels from 

circumscription of orders to species delimitation. With the extraordinary interaction of Cymadothea trifolii, an 

extracellular obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen, and its Trifolium host plants as a starting point we examine if the 

combination of ultrastructural and molecular data can deepen our understanding of phylogenetic relationships within 

the Dothideomycetes. 

First, observations of the cellular interaction of high-pressure frozen and low-temperature embedded samples of C. 

trifolii in Trifolium leaves are presented including results from immunocytochemical experiments with respect to 

differential host cell wall degradation. These findings are compared with ultrastructural observations from other plantpathogen 

interactions occurring in the Dothideomycetes. Finally, new nuSSU rDNA sequence data for C. trifolii are 

integrated into phylogenetic analyses based upon a representative sampling of 120 Dothideomycetes. 

C. trifolii obtains nutrients from its Trifolium hosts by means of a complex interaction structure. Remaining outside host 

cells, the pathogen forms an intricate interaction apparatus in its own cells. Opposite this structure, the host 

plasmalemma is triggered to produce a so-called bubble. In an extremely small area (ca. 400 nm wide) between 

interaction apparatus and host bubble, the host cell wall is partially degraded: The pectin matrix is dissolved by fungal 

enzymes, while cellulose and xyloglucan remain intact. Electron microscopic studies of other plant-pathogenic 

Dothideomycetes have revealed a large variety of cellular interactions, but no structures resembling the one 

produced by C. trifolii. NuSSU rDNA phylogenetic analyses show that C. trifolii clusters with the Mycosphaerella 

punctiformis group. 

The cellular interaction between C. trifolii and its Trifolium hosts is at present unique among the ascomycetes. 

Furthermore, it is so far the only extracellular biotrophic fungus for which a highly localized differential host cell wall 

degradation could be shown. Other fungi placed in the Dothideomycetes exhibit intracellular hyphae or haustorialike 

structures. Subcuticulous or intercellular pathogens with no obvious interaction structures are also present. Previous 

studies about the Exobasidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) have demonstrated that cellular interactions in plant 

pathogenic fungi are a valuable tool for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships of such fungi, which has 

been proven by molecular data. It is our objective to achieve the same for the Dothideomycetes. This should be a 

point worthwhile to discuss with all scientists interested in the systematics of fungi. 

PS1PS2 - 0453 

The molecular phylogeny of the genus entoloma 

DLV Co, ME Noordeloos 

National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands 

Entoloma is a large genus characterised by pinkish, variously angular spores and large diversity in fruitbody 

characteristics. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Entoloma were investigated using sequence data from partial 

sequences of three genes: RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (nRPB2), 28S ribosomal RNA (nLSU) and 

mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA genes(mtSSU). Sequenced were representatives of sections according to 

Noordeloos’ classification of European Entoloma, species with ambiguous affinities, as well as new, yet unclassified 

species. Results significantly support that nearly all Entoloma subgenera as currently delimited are not monophyletic, 

with the possible exception of Pouzarella. Subgenus Entoloma forms a basal grade to the rest the genus except for 

section Pseudonolanea, some of which proves to be truly part of subgenus Nolanea. Members of subgenus 

Inocephalus are separated into six distinct clades, reflecting the heterogeneity allowed by the circumscription of this 

subgenus. Subgenus Alboleptonia is separated into four clades, indicating that the character of pale fruiting bodies 

has been over-emphasised. Despite the polyphyly of Entoloma subgenera, some clades still recognisably correspond 

to subgenera Nolanea, Claudopus, as well as sections of the subgenera Leptonia, Entoloma and Inocephalus. This 

study indicates the need for the re-evaluation of the infrageneric taxonomy of Entoloma and the characters used to 

construct it. 

255

PS1PS3 - 0429 

Rust of Salix species in North America caused by Melampsora epitea s. lat. 

J.A. Smith, R.A. Blanchette 

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States 

Melampsora epitea s. lat. is the causal agent of rust disease of willows (Salix spp.) throughout North America. Despite 

abundant evidence for host-level speciation within the M. epitea species complex, the current taxonomic literature 

maintains M. epitea as the collective taxon for all willow rusts in North America. Here, we describe studies on the 

phylogeography, population genetics and co-evolution of these fungi in North America. Investigations include the 

characterization and sequencing of ITS-rDNA, morphological analyses and AFLP profiles of rust isolates from a broad 

range of host species, including a comprehensive comparison of Arctic and alpine species in Salix section Chamaetia. 

The results show distinctive host species-delineations and in general, geography is less meaningful in phylogenetic 

comparisons. Several new putative species are characterized, including a rust causing severe damage and mortality 

to an endangered species Salix arizonica. The results presented indicate that the Salix-Melampsora pathosystem in 

North America is highly diverse and further co-evolutionary studies aimed at comparing host and pathogen 

phylogenies and host specialization are warranted. 

PS1PS4 - 0173 

Partial harmony: agreement between morphological and molecular data for the sequestrate cortinarioid 

fungi 

A.A. Francis 1, N.L. Bougher 2, P.A. O’Brien 1 

1 Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 2 Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, 

Western Australia, Australia 

Analyses of macroscopic and microscopic fruit body morphology and ITS nuc-rDNA sequences are commonly 

applied techniques for assessing the diversity of cortinarioid sequestrate fungi. Do these methods provide 

comparable assessments of diversity and relatedness for these fungi? We present the results of combined and 

separate analyses of morphological and molecular datasets based on examination of 300 herbarium collections of 

Australian cortinarioid sequestrate fungi. Analyses were, of necessity, based on a low number of morphological 

characters and variable-quality field descriptions. In general however, groups of species defined on the basis of the 

morphological dataset coincided with groups determined from the ITS and combined datasets. Certain taxa 

consistently grouped together in all analyses of all datasets; while others were allied with different fungi when different 

datasets were considered. The agreement between morphology and ITS data for a given taxon appears dependant 

on which characters defined that taxon. These observations support the contention that, for these fungi, certain 

characters, including peridial and spore characteristics as they are commonly defined, are polyphyletic – as has been 

indicated for agaricoid Cortinarius species. Such polyphyletic characters, while useful diagnostically, may be of 

limited use phylogenetically or may require more detailed characterisation before the relationships between 

analogous characters can be confidently traced. 

PS1PS5 - 0512 

Phylogeny of Armillaria species based on combined DNA sequence and phenotypic data 

MPA Coetzee1, BD Wingfield1, L Maphosa1, E Mwenje2, MJ Wingfield1 

1 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 2 National University of Science 

and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 

Species of Armillaria cause root rot on a wide variety of trees and plants valuable to the forestry, agricultural and 

horticultural industries, world-wide. The importance of these fungi as pathogens has justified numerous studies to 

elucidate their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships. Past studies have typically been based on single gene 

analyses and have produced incongruent phylogenies. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the phylogenetic 

relationships among a global collection of Armillaria spp. using phenotypic and DNA sequence data, combined to 

form a super-matrix. Data were obtained from previous publications or, when not available elsewhere, determined 

as part of this study. Analyses were based on Bayesian phylogenetic tree search methods. Marasmius alliaceus was 

used as outgroup taxon. The phylogram generated from the analysis, separated isolates into two groups with high 

posterior probabilities. The one group included all isolates representing species from the Northern hemisphere and the 

other those from the Southern hemisphere. The only exception to this grouping was for isolates of A. hinnulea, which 

grouped apart from the two clusters. Within the Northern hemisphere collections, A. mellea and A. tabescens 

grouped together by virtue of a shared deeper node. High intra- and inter-specific character variation was observed 

for this species group, suggesting that they are ancestral to remainder of the species from the Northern hemisphere. 

Species in the Southern hemisphere group were separated by branches much longer than those observed for the 

Northern hemisphere taxa. This suggests that their time of divergence from a common ancestor is much older than 

those species occurring in the Northern hemisphere. Results of this study, therefore, support the view that Armillaria 

spp. from the Southern hemisphere form an ancient group and that they are ancestral to species from the Northern 

hemisphere. 

256

PS1PS6 - 0379 

A polythetic approach to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Hypoxyloideae 

M Stadler 1, J Fournie r2, T Læssøe 3, Y Asakawa 4, DN Quang 4 

1 InterMed Discovery GmbH, Dortmund, Germany, 2 Las Muros, Rimont, France, 3 Univ. Copenhagen, Inst. of Biology, 

Dept. Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4Tokushima Bunri University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 

Tokushima, Japan 

The Hypoxyloideae (Xylariaceae with Nodulisporium-like anamorphs) have been revealed to be a rather homogenous 

group by a combination of morphological studies on their teleomorphs and anamorphs, HPLC profiling using diode 

array and mass spectrometric detection, and analyses of their ribosomal gene sequences [1-4]. The distribution of 

chemical types of pigments was also found basically in agreement with the current concept based on an 

independent study using morphological and molecular data (?-actin and ?-tubulin sequences) that recently resulted 

in the recognition of Annulohypoxylon [5]. This work also emphasised the status of Daldinia as a monophyletic group 

that eventually arose from Hypoxylon-like ancestors. 

Currently, we are focussing on the affinities of some small taxon groups, such as Pyrenomyxa and Phylacia, whose 

teleomorphs show deviations from the “Xylariaceae prototype” [5], or on tropical problem taxa in the Hypoxyloideae. 

According to unpublished results, some tropical members of Hypoxylon with massive stromata appear more closely 

related to Daldinia, and we also established their affinities to certain anamorphic endophytic Nodulisporium spp. 

A polyphasic approach appears suited best for evaluation of the biological diversity of, e.g., some highly variable 

species complexes of Daldinia and Hypoxylon in the tropics, since old type specimens collected in the 18th and 19th 

century can be related to recently collected ones by comparing their specific secondary metabolite fingerprints; the 

recently collected ones may subsequently be used for studies in their anamorphic and molecular characteristics. 

Despite HPLC fingerprinting alone cannot solve all imminent questions in the phylogeny and taxonomy of these fungi, 

this technique constitutes an important complementary tool to provide additional informative characters. Soon, HPLC 

profiling of cultures in conjunction with molecular and morphological data may even shed some further light on the 

phylogeny of the order Xylariales. 

[1] M. Stadler et al. (2004) Mycol. Res. 108: 239-256 

[2] D. N. Quang et al. (2005) Phytochemistry 65: 797-809. 

[3] V. Hellwig et al. (2005) Mycol. Progr. 4: 39-54. 

[4] D. Triebel et al. (2005) Nova Hedw. 80(1-2): 25-43. 

[5] H.-M. Hsieh et al. (2005) Mycologia 97: 844-865 

[6] M. Stadler et al.. (2005) Mycologia 97(5): 1129-1139 

0800-1000 

PROFFERED SESSION 2 - Medical Mycology 

PS2PS1 - 0054 

Evaluation of the effects of incubation temperature and pH on the antifungal susceptibility test against 

candida albicans PTCC 5027 Strain 

H. Zarrinkafsh 1 , M.H. Yadegari 2 , M. Riazipoor 3, Z. Farahnejad 2 , F.Katiraee 2 , Z. Nasrollahi 2 

1 Department of Patobiology Yazd medical sciences University; 2 Department of Mycology Tarbiat Modares University; 

3 Department of Microbiology Baghiatallah University,Iran 

Candidiasis, as an opportunistic infection, is created by the Candida species.Although Candida albicans is classified 

in the body as endogen flora, it plays an important role in creating Candida related diseases. Candida infections 

particularly in pregnant women, diabetic mellitus and the patients using multiple antibiotics and contraceptive drugs, 

demonstrates high resistance against the conventional medication. On the other hand, the recurrent Candida 

infections disintegrates the long-term process of treatment in majority of the patients. At the present research, which 

is aiming at determining the optimum conditions in the Antifungal susceptibility testing for Fluconazole, Clotrimazole 

and ketoconazole before the retreatment of the patients. Strain of Candida albicans PTCC 5027 (Persian type culture 

collection) and powder of Fluconazole, Clotrimazole and ketoconazole, were used at two pH 7.2 and 5.5, and at two 

temperature 35ºC and 27ºC. The Microdilution broth test technique was performed to do this. The RPMI 1640 medium 

within the 96 well microplates was used to determine the MIC50 , MIC90 and MFC this drugs. The obtained MIC50, 

MIC90 and MFC at these conditions (T=35ºC and pH=7.2) for Fluconazole were 0. 25 to 1 µg/ml, 1 to 4 µg/ml and 256 

to ?1024 respectively, and for Clotrimazole were 0.125 to 1 µg/ml, 1 to 8 µg/ml, 128 to 512 µg/ml respectively,and for 

ketoconazole were 0. 25 to 1 µg/ml, 1 to 4 µg/ml, 64 to ?512 µg/ml, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that 

the temperature of 35ºC and pH 7.2 in comparison to the other conditions, produced better treatment outcomes. 

257

PS2PS2 - 0068 

Aspergillosis in high risk patients 

Shahindokht Bassiri Jahromi, Ali Asghar Khaksar 

Medical Mycology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran 

Aspergillus is the first cause of infectious death after transplantation and remains a major complication in curses of 

leukemia treatment. Despite considerable progress in the management of infections remains an important cause of 

morbidity and mortality, mainly after transplantation. 

A case control study of 24 patients with aspergillosis was done to identify significant risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. 

Diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of fungi in direct preparation and culture techniques. 

The patients were immunocompetent or of anatomic structure of the infected site. Among patients with solid organ 

transplantation, renal transplant patients, hematologic malignancy and chronic granolomatous disease were at the 

highest risk of developing invasive aspergillosis (IA). Fever unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotics was the earleast 

and most common in this study. 

The major advances in the management of invasine fungal infections (IFI) have come from the understanding of the 

risk factors for the development of IFI, from the development of new biological markers of IFI and also from welldesigned 

therapeutic trails. However, much remains to be done to decrease the rise of mortality due to IFI in high risk 

patients. A high degree of awareness and efforts for an early diagnosis may participate to improve the poor prognosis. 

PS2PS3 - 0266 

Isolation of Ochroconis gallopava from Hot Springs in Japan and its pathogenicity. 

A Sano, K Yarita, Y Murata, A Takayama, T Yaguchi, Y Takahashi, K Kamei, K Nishimura 

Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicoses, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 

Ochroconis gallopava is a species of dematiaceous fungi recognized as a causative agent of emerging fungal 

zoonosis. More than 30 human cases including 3 cases from Japan have been reported. The pathogen has caused 

outbreaks in poultry and wild birds, and a few cases in domestic cats. Environmental isolates of O. gallopava have 

also been found under low-pH and thermal conditions, such as in coal waste piles, hot springs, sewage from nuclear 

power plants, and broiler-house litter. 

The present study tried to isolate O. gallopava from hot spring environments in Japan and studied their pathogenicity 

in mice because our country is famous for volcanoes and hot springs. 

Twelve samples of hot spring water corrected from the northern to the southwestern areas of Japan were examined. 

The pHs of hot springs were approximately 5.6, and the temperatures at the collecting moment were 41-42oC. Five 

hundreds milliliter of the hot spring water was filtrated with a 0.22 micrometer-pore-sized filter. The filter was cultured at 

42oC on potato dextrose agar plates for 2 weeks. Brownish colonies were picked up and studied mycologically and 

molecular biologically. The D1/D2 domain of large subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences was compared with the 

GenBank database. O. gallopava isolates from the hot spring environments were examined in their virulence by 

intravenous injection into mice (5 x 105 conidia /10 g body weight) treated with or without corticosteroid. The 

behavioral changes, mortality, recovery rate of fungal cells from six organs (brain heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney), 

and histopathological observations were recorded up to 28 days after inoculation. 

Four isolates of O. gallopava were obtained from 2 hot springs located at Kanto area (middle part of Japan). Colonies 

of the 4 isolates were floccose, and dark olive green on the surface and dark brown in the reverse. The isolates 

uniformly showed an excellent growth at 42oC and could grow up to 48oC. All the isolates abundantly produced twocelled 

clavate conidia attached to denticles on conidiophores. Some mice showed rotating movement and sedation 

after 4 days inoculation irrespective of the isolates. The mortalities in mice were 20 to 100% unrelated to the treatment 

of corticosteroid. The target organs were the brain, kidney and liver which showed mycelial growth with or without 

cellular reaction. 

This study demonstrated the first isolations of O. gallopava from the environments in Japan. Japanese people like hot 

springs for treatments of chronic diseases, however, not only such patients but also healthy subjects should be aware 

of the fungus because it caused fatal infections in non-corticosteroid treated mice. The species may cause infections 

in poultry and wild birds similar to highly pathogenic avian flu and SARS in Japan. 

258

PS2PS4 - 0593 

Genetic diversity and detection of the neurotropic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. 

M. Sudhadham1, G. S. de Hoog 1, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende 1, S. Prakitsin 2 

1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utecht, Netherlands, 2 Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 

The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is an uncommon etiologic agent of fatal infections of the central nervous 

system in otherwise healthy, mainly adolescent patients in East Asia. The route of infection is still a mystery. The steam 

bath apparently provides a novel environmental opportunity for this fungus, but it is uncommonly distributed by air or 

steam and thus inhalative infection from the steam bath is unlikely. Rapid screening of a diversity of environments is 

therefore essential. Two preponderant ITS rDNA genotypes are known. It is our aim to enhance detection of the 

genotypes in natural and human-dominated environments. 

Strains were isolated by pre-incubation in Raulin’s solution, and subsequently on Erythritol-Chloramphenicol Agar 

(ECA) at 40°C. Strains were purified with Tween 0.1%. For phenetic identification, assimilation of nitrate was tested. 

Genotype-specific assays were developed using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), by Single-Strand 

Confirmation Polymorphism (SSCP), by restriction analysis (RFLP) and by applying selective primers. 

Growth at 40°C and absence of assimilation of nitrate separate Exophiala dermatitidis and E. phaeomuriformis from 

all other black yeasts. An RFLP assay for detection of the preponderant genotypes and a genotype with a 30 bp Indel 

in ITS1 was developed. Digestion with Taq I revealed two different types, by which the genotypes I and II could be 

recognized easily. A third genotype was recognized by a small band shift. Genotype detection was enhanced by the 

use of specific primers and SSCP. With AFLP a further subdivision of genotypes was possible. 

RFLP combined with simple phenetic data enabled precise recognition of E. dermatitidis down to the genotype level. 

Specific PCR assay enable detection without culturing. In combination the methods will enhance large-scale 

screening of clinical and environmental samples 

PS2PS5 - 0069 

Outbreak of Tinea Corporis Gladiatorum in Tehran 

Shahindokht Bassiri Jahromi, Ali Asghar Khaksar 

Medical Mycology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran 

In recent years, skin diseases in wrestling have finally received the attention it deserves. Outbreaks of tinea corporis are 

often associated with sports such as wrestling that involve extensive bodily contact. Tinea corporis gladiatorum, 

caused in most by Triclophyton tonsurans, infect wrestlers at alarming rates. The management of skin infections in 

wrestlers and other athletes in sports involving skin-to-skin contact is challenging, from making an accurate diagnosis 

to determining eligibility for play. To control the outbreak, we conducted an epidemiologic investigation. The purpose 

of this article is to determine the prevalence of tinea corporis gladiatorum in wrestlers club in Tehran. 

A study of dermatophytosis among wrestlers was carried out during the period March 2001 to December 2005 in 612 

mycologically proven cases of dermatophytosis in wrestlers in Tehran. The wrestler mycologically examination 

consisting of direct microscopic observation and culture of pathologic material. Diagnosis was based on the macroand 

microscopic characteristics of the colonies. 

Trichophyton tonsurans was the predominant dermatophyte,accounting for >90% of all tinea corporis gladiatorum 

isolates in each of the 5 years analysed.Tinea corporis gladiatorum was found to be more frequent in 10-30 age groups 

(94.6%).The wrestlers with corporis gladiatorum were mostly from wrestler clubs in south and south-east of 

Tehran.Transmission of tinea corporis is primarily through skin-to- skin contact. 

The rapid identification and treatment of tinea corporis gladiatorum is vital to minimize disruption in team practices 

and competition, are paramount. . Because infection with dermatophytes can disqualify a wrestler from competing 

in matches, vigilant surveillance and rapid initiation of therapy can reduce the suspension of a team’s practice and 

competition. 

1015-1115 – 0762 

PLENARY 4 

Mating in fungi 

Regina Kahmann 

Germany 

In my lecture I will give a brief overview of the conserved mating systems present in diverse groups of fungi and 

describe how these loci determine cell identity and promote outbreeding. Special emphasis will be given to the 

bipolar and tetrapolar mating systems of the Basidiomycetes where multiple specificities arise through recombination. 

The developmental pathways which are regulated by the mating type genes will be outlined using the smut fungus 

Ustilago maydis as prime example. In this organism the b mating type genes control morphogenesis and pathogenic 

development. In their active form the b proteins exist as heterodimeric transcription factors that trigger a regulatory 

cascade comprising about 250 genes. Many of these genes have unknown functions and this percentage is 

especially high among genes whose products are predicted to be secreted. I will present evidence that some of these 

novel proteins have essential functions during pathogenesis. 

259

1145-1345 

SYMPOSIUM 36 - Straminopiles: Why and How? 

Introductory overview of stramenopile fungi 

Daiske Honda 

Japan 

S36IS1 - 0772 

Evolution and phylogeny of the Labyrinthulomycetes inferred from protein-coding genes 

Clement K.M. Tsui1, Wyth Marshall 1, Rinka Yokoyama 2, Daiske Honda 2, J. Casey Lippmeier 3, Kelly D. Craven 4, Mary 

L. Berbee1 

1Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, 2 Department of Biology, 

Konan University, Kobe, Japan, 3 Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, MD 21045, United States, 4 Center for 

Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, 

United States 

The Labyrinthulomycetes are fungus-like protists including Thraustochytrids, Aplanochytrids and Labyrinthulids. They are 

common marine heterotrophs and parasites, but with huge significance in biotechnology. Previous phylogenies based 

on SSU rDNA suggested that most Labyrinthulomycete genera were not monophyletic. We are applying phylogenies 

from genes for elongation factor 1a, b-tubulin, and actin, to re-evaluate the relationships among these genera using 

parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Our results from analyses of protein coding genes from twenty-two taxa 

were congruent with rDNA phylogenies in showing that Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium were not monophyletic. 

Although morphological characters did not necessarily predict phylogeny, taxa sharing similar biochemical features 

did appear to be monophyletic. We also generated actin, and b-tubulin sequences from two species of Bicosoecida 

(heterotrophic stramenopiles) to explore their phylogenetic relationships with the Labyrinthulomycetes and other 

eukaryotes. Results from analysis of amino acid sequence alignments showed that the Labyrinthulomycetes formed a 

strongly supported monophyletic sister group to the Bicosoecida, within the stramenopiles. As expected, the 

stramenopiles clustered with the alveolates in a monophyletic clade. 

S36IS2 - 0481 

Taxonomical reinvestigation of the genus Schizochytrium (Thraustochytriaceae, Labyrinthulomycetes) 

Rinka Yokoyama1, Liew Kon Wui 2, Baharuddin Salleh 2, Daiske Honda 3 

1 Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Higashnada, Okamoto, 8-9-1, Japan, 2 School of 

Biological Sciences University Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia, 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science 

and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Higashnada, Okamoto, 8-9-1, Japan 

The members of the family Thraustochytriaceae have wide distribution and high abundance in the marine 

environment, so that it has been suggested that they play the important ecological role as the decomposers. In 

addition, they are also known to produce large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as 

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), which are considered as the important industrial 

resources for microbial PUFA production. However, the molecular phylogenetic works clearly showed that the genera 

in the Thraustochytriaceae did not form monophyletic groups. It has been strongly suggested that the taxonomical 

rearrangement might be necessary. In this study, we examined the taxonomy of the genus Schizochytrium, based on 

the morphological observations, comparison of chemotaxonomic features, and molecular phylogenetic analyses. 

First, the Schizochytrium strains were selected from originally established strains of thraustochytrids based on the key 

character of this genus, that is, the forming cell clusters via successive binary divisions. Constructed phylogenetic tree 

of 18S rRNA gene sequences of selected strains and reported thraustochytrid organisms strongly suggested that all the 

examined Schizochytrium strains separated into three distinct monophyletic groups. The members of the first group 

with type species, S. aggregatum, possess comparatively high ratio of arachidonic acid in the PUFAs and no 

accumulation of the xanthophylls in the carotenoid pigments. The second group with S. limacinum is characterized 

by accumulation of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, and high ratio (ca. 80%) of DHA in the PUFAs. The third group 

with S. minutum showed the different profile, which is distinguished by only the canthaxanthin as the xanthophyll 

pigment and n-3 DPA in the PUFAs. Especially, n-3 DPA is highly specific in not only the genus Schizochytrium but also 

all the labyrinthulomycete organisms. These agreements of the molecular phylogeny and chemotaxonomic 

characters strongly suggested that three phylogenetic groups are the natural groups, therefore, we proposed the 

genus Schizochytrium should be separated into three genera. 

260

S36IS3 - 0473 

The Viral impact on thraustochytrids 

Yoshitake Takao 1, Yuji Tomaru1, Yukari Sasakura 2, Keisuke Yamane 2, Keizo Nagasaki 1, Daiske Honda 2 

1 National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan, 2-17-5 

Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan, 2 Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto,Higashinada, Japan 

Thraustochytrids are cosmopolitan stramenopile “fungi”. They are distributed in saline lakes, marine, estuarine and 

deep sea waters. The biovolume of thraustochytrids in coastal waters could reach ~43 % of the bacterial biovolume. 

Their wide distribution and high abundance are of much ecological interest. In addition, thraustochytrids are known 

to produce large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic 

acid, which are considered important as food resources for higher organisms in marine systems. Because of these 

distinctive features, the ecological importance of thraustochytrids in the coastal ecosystems has recently been 

recognized; however, either their natural dynamics or ecological roles in situ have scarcely been understood. Viruses 

and virus-like particles (VLPs) are the most abundant bioactive agents in marine environments; now, viral infection is 

recognized as one of the important factors in controlling the biomass and clonal composition of bacterial and algal 

populations. While, there are few reports concerning viruses infecting heterotrophic protists. In this study, we measured 

the dynamics of viruses by MPN assays using 12 thraustochytrid stains as hosts, established and characterized viral 

strains isolated from the western coast of Japan to discuss the ecological relationships between thraustochytrids and 

their infectious viruses. 

Based on the characteristics of viral strains isolated through the survey, we revealed they are most likely divided into 

two groups: one is a small icosahedral single-stranded RNA virus (Schizochytrium single-stranded RNA virus: SssRNAV 

[ø25nm]); the other is a large roundish (but not icosahedral) double-stranded DNA virus (Thraustochytrids DNA virus: 

ThDNAV [ø140nm]). These two virus groups showed significantly different dynamics through the field survey conducted 

in Hiroshima Bay, Japan in 2004-2005: SssRNAV showed a temporary increase in abundance following H. akashiwo 

blooms; in contrast, ThDNAV remained at a relatively low concentration showing no drastic changes in abundance 

through the survey. Considering the dynamics of each virus group should reflect the changes in abundance of its host, 

there are at least two thraustochytrid groups coexisting in Hiroshima Bay that are ecologically different showing 

dissimilar fluctuation patterns; one that utilizes on dying and dead algal cells and the other mainly functioning as a 

decomposer for organic matters of land origin. It may be that the two host groups are dominant in the coastal 

environments, and each of them is affected by a distinct type of virus; i.e., either SssRNAV or ThDNAV. 

S36IS4 - 0284 

The diversity of oomycete pathogens of nematodes and its implications to our understanding of oomycete 

phylogeny. 

G.W. Beakes, S.L. Glockling 

1 University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, 2 University of Susex, Brighton, United 

Kingdom 

Most of the biflagellate holocarpic parasites of nematodes were traditionally classified in the Lagenidiales. However, 

in his recent revision of oomycete systematics, Dick transferred most to a new order, the Myzocytiopsidales which also 

encompassed a number of holocarpic marine parasites of crustacea. We have recently described the morphological 

and ultrastructural development of a number of these holocarpic parasites of nematodes encompassing the genera, 

Myzocytiopsis, Chlamydomyzium and Haptoglossa. We are also trying to use molecular markers to place these 

organisms within context of the oomcyete phylogenetic tree, although it has proved a challenge to obtain such data 

for these obligate parasites. 

These apparently similar holocarpic organisms show varied types of zoosporogenesis, with some species showing 

dictyuchoid and achlyoid aplanospore discharge, whilst others have either intra- and extra sporangial differentiation 

of zoospores. Combined with significant differences in fine-structure between species, the evidence points to the 

conclusion that the Myzocytiopsidales cannot be considered a natural assemblage. Families and species within this 

order will undoubtedly need to be assigned elsewhere. It is also apparent that the systematics of these holocarpic 

parasites needs to be based on both molecular and ultrastructural characters and that light microscopic morphology 

alone is insufficient. 

It does seem likely that these holocarpic parasites will prove pivotal to our understanding of the evolution of the 

oomycetes. Mycelial saprotrophic or biotrophic groups within the Saprolegniaceae and Peronosporaceae probably 

evolved from such holocarpic parasitic ancestors. 

261

S36PS1 - 0280 

Molecular Phylogeny and Comparative Ultrastructural Morphology of Marine Oomycete Endoparasites 

S Sekimoto 1, GW Beakes 2, D Honda 1 

1 Konan University, Kobe City, Japan, 2 University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom 

The class oomycetes is a member of the Chromistan lineage, which includes labyrinthulids, bicosoecid flagellates and 

heterokont algae etc. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have given us an understanding of how the main 

orders are related and has revealed a basal cluster consisting almost exclusively of marine endoparasites, which 

branch both before both Saprolegnian and Peronosporalean clades. These marine endoparasites therefore seem to 

hold the key to unraveling the mysteries of both the phylogenetic origin and evolutionally development of oomycetes. 

We will summarize our ongoing comparative studies on the ultrastructural morphology of three of these little studied 

marine oomycete endoparasites (Olpidiopsis spp, Haliphthoros sp, and Eurychasma dicksonii) as part of our approach 

to deducing the origins of oomycete fungi. Key phylogenetic features we have observed include the short double gyr 

transitional helix in the flagellar transitional region of the zoospore of Haliphthoros sp., K-body-like structure in the 

zoospores of Olpidiopsis sp., and central vacuolation and centrifugal generation of zoospore initials in E. dicksonii. 

These features are shared with many Saprolegnian oomycetes suggesting a closer phylogenetic affinity to these than 

with Peronosporalean oomycetes. Recent observations of E. dicksonii, which is located at the most basal position of 

oomycetes, show complex patterns of sporogenesis, including two distinct patterns of zoosporogenesis. Typical 

oogenesis has not been observed in any of these marine species and it is generally stated that they lack sexual 

reproduction, but it may be that sexual reproduction could be non orgamous. It is clear that zoosporogenesis and 

zoospore-release mechanisms are significant features reflecting the phylogeny. The complicated patterns of 

zoosporogenesis seen in Eurychasma indicates considerable morphological complexity and diversity in these earlybranched 

marine holocarpic endoparasites. Much more morphological and molecular data on other unexplored 

marine holocarpic species is needed to resolve the mystery of the origins and early evolution of the oomycetes. 

S36PS2 - 0671 

Study Of Mechanism Of Zoospore Release In Stramenopiles Through Videoclips 

R.V. Gandhe, Anagha Kurne, K.R. Gandhe 

P.G.Research Centre, Modern College, Pune, Maharashtra, India 

Zoosporic Fungi are those fungi, which develop motile zoospores in different types of zoosporangia and release them 

in surrounding water with well-organized mechanism. This mechanism remarkably differs in different genera and 

classified and confirmed accordingly. Therefore, zoospore release has a special significance in the study of Zoosporic 

Fungi. In the present paper, we have confirmed 5 different genera, Achlya, Saprolegnia, Dictyuchus, Aphanomyces, 

Olpidiopsis of the order Saprolegniales from Stramenopiles through videoclips by observing the development of 

zoospores and the mechanism of their release through the zoosporangia with Olympus Microscope, CH 20 I and CCD 

camera attachment from the live aquatic cultures. 

1145-1345 

SYMPOSIUM 37 - Advanced cellular imaging and micromanipulation 

S37IS1 - 0833 

In Vivo imaging of the dynamics of the microtubular cytoskeleton of neurospo4ra crassa wild type, ropy- 

1, ropy-3 and nkin 

R. R. Mouriño-Pérez 1, R. W. Roberson 2 

1 Departamento de Microbiología. CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, 2 School of Life Sciences. Arizona State 

University, Tempe, Arizona, United States 

By light and electron microscopy techniques, the organization and behavior of microtubules (MTs) were examined in 

hyphae of Neurospora crassa wild type strain and ropy-1 (dynein), ropy-3 (dynactin) and nkin (kinesin) mutants. In wildtype 

N. crassa, cytoplasmic MTs were abundant and mainly arranged longitudinally along the hyphal tube. Straight 

segments were rare; most MTs showed a distinct helical curvature with a long pitch and a tendency to intertwine with 

one another to form a loosely braided network throughout the cytoplasm. Microbutules in the nkin mutant showed a 

very similar behavior than the wild type, although the hyphal growth rate was slower. In both ropy-1 and ropy-3 

mutants, there was a marked decrease in the number of MTs throughout the distorted hyphal. This decrease was 

especially evident in the apical region. In the ropy mutants, MTs were generally shorter than in the wild type and 

showed a greater tendency to form bundles. Overall, the MT cytoskeleton of the ropy mutants appeared scant and 

disorganized. In the 3-D images, the helical character of MTs was evident but pitch and orientation relative to the 

growing axis fluctuated widely. As hyphae elongated, the MTs moved forward in a helical pattern that was more 

readily apparent in the mutants because of the fewer number of MTs. FRAP studies were performed to evaluate MT 

assembly dynamics at the growing tip. Microtubule nucleation was observed at the apical plasma membrane of 

young hyphal branches. In conclusion, the kinesin, dynein or dynactin deficiencies of the nkin and ropy mutants cause 

a perturbation in MTs organization, as previously described, but also in MT dynamic instability with serious negative 

consequences on hyphal growth rate. 

262

S37IS2 - 0486 

Visualization of the endocytic pathway and endosomal structures in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus 

oryzae 

Y Higuchi, T Nakahama, JY Shoji, M Arioka, K Kitamoto 

Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Endocytosis is an important process for cellular activities. However, in filamentous fungi, the existence of endocytosis 

has been so far elusive. In this study, we used AoUapC-EGFP, the fusion protein of a putative uric acid-xanthine 

permease with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, to examine 

whether the endocytic process occurs or not. Upon the addition of ammonium into the medium the fusion protein was 

internalized from the plasma membrane. The internalization of AoUapC-EGFP was completely blocked by sodium 

azide, cold, and cytochalasin A treatments, suggesting that the internalization possesses the general features of 

endocytosis. These results demonstrate the occurrence of endocytosis in filamentous fungi. Moreover, we discovered 

the endosomal compartments that appeared upon the induction of endocytosis. The endosomal compartments 

displayed intermittent and bidirectional movement longitudinally along the hyphae, in a microtubule-dependent 

manner. Effects of the deletion of the motor proteins will be also included in the presentation. 

S37IS3 - 0727 

Network structyure and dynamics of fungal mycelia 

D P Bebber 1, J Hynes 2, P R Darrah 1, L Boddy 2, M D Fricker 1 

1. University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 

2. University of Cardiff, Wales, UK 

Many physical phenomena, from road systems to the internet, can be modelled as networks. Network analyses have 

revealed important properties of, and commonalities among, diverse experimental structures. The fungal mycelium is 

a transport network that competes in a complex and changing environment. The architecture of the network 

continuously adapts to local nutritional or environmental cues, damage or predation, through growth, branching, 

fusion and regression. We investigate whether mycelial network architecture optimizes resource capture, exploration, 

translocation, or defence. 

We use image analysis techniques to digitize the growing mycelia of cord-forming saprotrophic fungi, and to assign 

transport capacities and physical resiliences to the cords (Fig. 1). These models are then analysed using a variety of 

network-based statistics. We compare modelled transport capacity and routing with real values derived from 

scintillation imaging of radiolabelled mycelia, and compare in silico attack with responses of real mycelia to 

experimental attack by fungivorous collembola. 

As the mycelium grows, some cords thicken to increase transport capacity, such that the network’s effective diameter 

remains static even as its physical size increases. We term this property a ‘physiological small world’ effect. Differential 

cord thickening also increases the resilience of the network to attack, by protecting a central core component at the 

expense of weaker peripheral cords. The network responds to actual physical damage by increasing redundancy in 

transport routes. 

Our analyses have revealed that the fungal mycelium is a self-organised network that balances transport and 

defence. Further investigation of variation in mycelial structure among fungal species may reveal trade-offs between 

properties such as exploration and resilience, and suggest adaptations to different ecological niches. Network theory 

provides a new and exciting way of understanding fungal biology and ecology. 

S37PS1 

Advanced microscopic imaging coupled with x-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterise fungal metal 

and mineral transformations 

Geoffrey M. Gadd 1, John Charnock 2, Andrew D. Bowen 1 and Marina Fomina 1 

1 Division of Environmental and Applied Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, College of Life Sciences, University of 

Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK 2 SRS Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD, UK 

In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based techniques were used to study metal-mineral transformations 

by fungi, especially the formation of mycogenic minerals, while X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to 

determine the speciation of metals within biomass. It was found that fungal-mineral interactions at the microscale 

level could be successfully studied using different SEM approaches which preserved living fungal microstructures and 

the microenvironment where the precipitation of mycogenic minerals occurred. Environmental scanning electron 

microscopy (ESEM) in the wet mode was the best method for observing such interactions in their natural 

microenvironment; X-ray element mapping demonstrated sequestration and localization of metals. Cryo-SEM allowed 

the observation of both interior and exterior morphology and appeared to preserve the complex structure of 

ectomycorrhizal roots better than other microscopic techniques. The amorphous state or poor crystallinity of metal 

complexes within the biomass and relatively low metal concentrations makes the determination of the metal 

speciation a challenging problem but this can be overcome by using synchrotron-based element-specific XAS 

techniques. Here, we exposed fungi and ectomycorrhizas to a variety of copper-, zinc- and lead-containing minerals. 

XAS revealed that oxygen ligands (phosphate, carboxylate) played a major role in toxic metal coordination within 

fungal biomass during the accumulation of mobilized toxic metals. The use of state-of-the-art SEM techniques and 

XAS has provided new information about the role of fungi in metal-mineral transformations and their importance in 

“geomycological” processes. 

263

S37PS2 

Optical tweezer micromanipulation of filamentous fungi 

Nick Read 

United Kingdom 

No abstract available. 

1145-1345 

SYMPOSIUM 38 - Fungal Pigments and Virulence 

S38IS1 – 1006 

Clinical impact of fungal melanisation 

Josh Nosanchuk 

USA 

Host and microbial melanins are high molecular weight pigments that can bind diverse compounds, including 

antimicrobial drugs. For some microbes melanin appears to contribute to virulence by reducing their susceptibility to 

host defense mechanisms and by altering host immune responses. Microbial melanization can interfere with the 

activity of antimicrobial drugs in vitro, and may potentially result in clinical resistance, particularly for certain antifungal 

drugs. Awareness of the effect of melanin on microbial susceptibility to drugs and host defenses may be an important 

consideration in the selection and development of antimicrobial therapy. 

S38IS2 – 1009 

The darker side of Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 

Beatriz L. Gomez 1, Rachael Morris-Jones 2, Marta E. Uran 3, Luz E. Cano 3, Josh Nosanchuk4, Frank Odds5, Chris 

Kibbler1 

1 University College London, 2 King’s College London, 3 Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, 

Colombia, 4 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, 5 University of Aberdeen, UK 

Melanins are a ubiquitous class of biological pigments, and melanization in many human fungal pathogens is 

emerging as an important contributor to virulence. Both conidia and yeast cells of the thermally dimorphic fungal 

pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), produce melanin or 

melanin-like compounds in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that P. brasiliensis synthesizes and polymerizes 

melanin during infection and generates antibodies, principally IgG but not IgM, against conidia and yeast melanins, 

as detected in sera and BALs such as reported previously in other fungi. The murine anti-P. brasiliensis melanin MAbs 

obtained by our group and the significance of antibody response in vivo will be useful in the study of P. brasiliensis 

melanization, particularly in regard to passive immunization for prolonged survival of infected mice and/or modulation 

of the immune response against P. brasiliensis infection. 

Ongoing work has now shown that C. albicans yeast cells can produce melanin-like material in vitro and in vivo and 

they also have the enzymatic machinery required for melanization. Melanin particles were isolated after the digestion 

of fungal cultures using enzymes, denaturant and hot concentrated acid. The particles were confirmed as melanin by 

scanning and transmission electron microscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Novel anti-melanin 

monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were then generated against melanin and these were then used to further investigate 

the role of melanin in tissue infections in each fungal species investigated. Minimum inhibitory and minimum lethal 

concentrations of antifungal drugs were determined for melanin-containing and melanin-deficient strains, showing 

that melanin may play a role in resistance to killing by drugs in vitro. We are currently investigating any potential role 

of melanogenesis in C. albicans in the pathogenesis of infection. 

S38PS1 - 0803 

Production and utilization of fungal pigment in textile dyeing 

Karuppan Perumal, Ethiraj Sumathi, Subramanian Chanrasekarentheran 

University of Madras ( Shri AMM Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre), Tamil Nadu, India 

Colour is essential part of nature. Recently due to the hazardous nature of synthetic dyes, there is an increasing interest 

in using micro organisms as colour source. Five color (orange red, red, orange, yellow and brown) producing fungi 

Amanita muscaria, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor, Boletus edulis (yellow) and Armillaria tabescens 

(orange color) were collected, identified, optimized for their pigment yield and pure mycelial cultures were 

established. The fungal pigment was extracted (250 gm / 1000 ml) by suitable solvents (water, ethanol). The pigment 

subjected to UV- spectral analysis, estimation of protein content and anti-microbial assay. The extracted pigments 

were applied on cotton yarns using various mordant, which resulted in various shades such as yellow, orange and 

brown color. The dyed yarns did not alter colour on solar drying and repeated washing in tap water. Among the seven 

different substrates (saw dust, maize, wheat sorghum, paddy husk and pearl millet), maize grains was the best 

substrate for spawn development of Ganoderma lucidum whereas a combination of sorghum and paddy husk had 

given a better spawn growth for Coriolus versicolor. 

Invitro cultivation of Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum were explored by utilizing sugar cane bagasse, wood 

shavings, saw dust, paddy husk, banana leaves, dried moringa stems and paddy straw. Among these raw materials, 

sugarcane bagasse was suitable for production of Ganoderma lucidum fruit body within a period of 35 days. Fifteen 

bags of 1.5 kg each have been prepared using 20 kg of sugarcane bagasse which in turn had a yield of 100 to 200 

gm per bag. The bio-efficiency of fruit body production was found to be 20 to 30%. Fruit body was subjected to 

pigment extraction using hot water and obtained brown pigment powder by lyphilisation process (4%). 

264

S38PS2 - 0340 

Peroxisomal acetyl-CoA is essential for appressorial melanization, and virulence in Magnaporthe 

M Ramos-Pamplona, NI Naqvi 

Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore 

The long-chain fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation primarily in the peroxisomes and the resultant acetyl-CoA 

molecules (and the chain-shortened fatty acids) are exported via the cytosol to the mitochondria for further 

breakdown and usage. In a forward genetics approach, we identified a loss-of-function mutation in the Magnaporthe 

grisea PEROXIN6 locus. Disruption of PEX6 function led to total nonpathogenicity. Further characterization revealed 

that Mgpex6-delete strain lacks functional peroxisomes and is incapable of beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, 

and that the peroxisomal acetyl-CoA is essential for the host invasion step of the rice-blast disease. The Mgpex6delete 

lacked appressorial melanin and could not elaborate penetration hyphae, and was thus rendered nonpathogenic. 

Interestingly, the vegetative hyphae and conidia showed normal pigmentation. A peroxisome-associated carnitine 

acetyltransferase (CrAT1) activity was identified as being essential for the appressorial function in Magnaporthe. 

CrAT1-minus appressoria showed reduced melanization, but were surprisingly incapable of elaborating penetration 

pegs. Exogenous addition of excess glucose during infection stage caused partial remediation of the pathogenicity 

defects in the CrAT1delete strain. Moreover, Mgpex6delete and CrAT1delete mycelia showed weakened cell wall 

biosynthesis in a glucose-deficient environment leading to appressorial dysfunction in these mutants. Thus, our 

characterization of a peroxisome biogenesis mutant and an acetyl-CoA transport mutant suggests that peroxisomal 

beta-oxidation contributes metabolites for melanin and cell wall synthesis during appressorium-mediated host 

penetration. 

These results will be discussed along with our recent data that suggests a possible involvement of Tyrosinases in the 

pigmentation of vegetative hyphae in Magnaporthe. 

1145-1345 

SYMPOSIUM 39 - Biosynthetic Gene Clusters for Fungal Secondary Metabolites 

S39IS1 - 0725 

The sirodesmin biosynthetic gene cluster of the plant pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans 

BJ Howlett 1, CE Elliott1, EM Fox 1, DM Gardiner 2, AJ Cozijnsen1 

1the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 CSIRO Plant Industry, St Lucia Queensland, Australia 

Genes responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are typically clustered in filamentous fungi. We have 

cloned a cluster of 18 genes involved in the biosynthesis of an epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) toxin, sirodesmin, from 

Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes blackleg disease of canola. We are analyzing regulation of sirodesmin 

biosynthesis and its role in disease. Silencing of a Zinc binuclear cluster (Zn2Cys6) gene in the cluster leads to loss of 

sirodesmin production and decreased transcription of the biosynthetic enzymes. Screening of random insertional 

mutants for loss of sirodesmin production has led to identification of genes outside the cluster that regulate sirodesmin 

production. One of these controls biosynthesis of amino acids, which are precursors of sirodesmin. 

We are using sirodesmin-deficient mutants to determine the role of sirodesmin in blackleg disease. A mutant in a 

peptide synthetase, a key enzyme within the cluster, like the mutants in transcriptional regulators described above, 

does not produce sirodesmin. This mutant makes similar sized lesions on cotyledons to those made by the wild type 

isolate. However, it colonises stem tissue less effectively than the wild type. A promoter fusion of peptide synthetase 

with Green Fluorescent Protein has been used to track sirodesmin biosynthesis during growth in planta. Transcription 

of this gene is first detected in hyphae ten days after inoculation of cotyledons. At later stages the gene is transcribed 

at high levels in pycnidia and during growth in the stem. These findings implicate sirodesmin as a virulence 

determinant in the late stages of infection of canola when stem cankering occurs. 

S39IS2 - 0240 

Terrequinone biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans 

Dirk Hoffmeister 

Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany 

The asterriquinones are a prominent class of fungal secondary metabolites. As they exhibit valuable pharmacological 

activities, such as antidiabetic or antiviral properties, they have potential in drug lead development. LaeA, a global 

transcription regulator for secondary metabolism in Aspergilli, was employed for microarray-based screening of the 

Aspergillus nidulans genome to identify actively transcribed natural product genes. Follow-up investigations included 

gene inactivation, and analytical methods (HPLC, LC/MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques). 

Among the genetic loci found during our screen the genes responsible for biosynthesis of terrequinone A, a member 

of the asterriquinone class of compounds, were identified, and confirmed by gene inactivations. This is the first report 

for an asterriquinone gene cluster. Based on these results a generic biosynthetic blueprint for fungal quinoid natural 

products has emerged. As A. nidulans was not known before to produce asterriquinones, we have demonstrated that 

LaeA represents a powerful mining tool even if the compound is unknown from a given species or if 

chemical/structural information is unavailable. 

265

S39IS3 - 0401 

Fumonisin mycotoxin biosynthesis, genetics and genomics in Fusarium verticillioides. 

R.A.E. Butchko, D.W. Brown, R.H. Proctor 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States 

Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of seedling disease, stalk rot and ear rot of maize and can produce the 

mycotoxins fumonisins. Fumonisins are polyketide derived molecules synthesized through a multi-step biosynthetic 

pathway by enzymes encoded by a coregulated cluster of genes on chromosome I. Fumonisins are toxic to both 

humans and animals and have most recently been described as teratogenic, causing neural tube defects in mice. 

In an effort to reduce or eliminate fumonisin contamination of maize, we are employing genomic resources to 

elucidate the genetic regulation of fumonisin production. Genomic resources have recently become available for F. 

verticillioides and include libraries of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), microarrays and whole genome sequence. In 

conjunction with The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), we have constructed a dense EST library representing as 

many as 11,000 unique genes in F. verticillioides. This EST library has been utilized to create microarray chips containing 

oligonucleotide probes for all unique sequences identified from the libraries. Comparison of ESTs generated from 

different culture conditions has allowed us to identify differentially expressed genes with potential roles in regulating 

fumonisin biosynthesis. Detailed analysis of ESTs from different culture conditions has revealed previously unidentified 

genes in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster. In 2005, a 4X coverage of the Fusarium verticillioides genome 

generated at Syngenta and assembled at the Broad Institute was made publicly available. The intersection of whole 

genome sequence, EST libraries and microarrays is allowing us to more comprehensively define genes and describe 

their expression at the transcription level. We have combined whole genome sequence to determine the physical 

location of genes identified from EST analysis with expression data determined from microarray analysis which has 

allowed us to categorize genes spatially in the genome and their expression temporally. 

S39PS1 - 0436 

Evolution of polyketide synthase genes in lichenized Ascomycetes 

I. Schmitt, H.T. Lumbsch 

The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States 

Fungi synthesize a great variety of secondary metabolites, many of which belong to the structural group of 

polyketides. Especially lichens, symbiotic fungi living together with green algae or cyanobacteria, produce a large 

number of polyketides, including several substance classes that are rarely found elsewhere in nature. Difficulties 

associated with the cultivation of some symbiotic and parasitic fungi have recently sparked an interest in studying the 

biosynthetic genes of these organisms. The central steps in the polyketide pathway are catalysed by the large enzyme 

class of polyketide synthases (PKSs). Fungi and - much more infrequently - bacteria possess iterative type I PKSs, 

monomodular enzymes, which harbour all active sites necessary to catalyse formation of the polyketide. The keto 

synthase (KS) domain is the most conserved region of the gene and can be used for phylogenetic comparisons of 

PKSs from a variety of fungal and bacterial genomes. Some fungal genomes contain large numbers of PKS genes, 

suggesting that gene duplications and horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and fungi are among the 

evolutionary forces, which have shaped today’s diversity of PKS genes in fungi. 

In the current study we use KS sequences from bacteria, lichenized and non-lichenized Ascomycota to assess the 

possible impact of horizontal gene transfer on the evolution of PKS genes in these organisms. Both directions of transfer, 

from bacteria to fungi and vice versa have been suggested. Here we use a combined Bayesian/maximum likelihood 

approach to assess the direction of transfer in a statistical framework. Our results suggest that it is not possible to 

determine the direction of transfer with significant support for every node in the phylogenetic estimate. Inference of 

the direction of transfer is only possible for a few nodes, if uncertainties of the phylogenetic tree and its branch lengths 

are accounted for. This shows that great care must be taken with studies claiming horizontal gene transfer without 

rigorous statistical testing. 

1145-1345 

SYMPOSIUM 40 - Biosecurity 

S40IS1 - 0917 

The Importance of Mycology in Biosecurity: The NZ Experience 

M D Ormsby 

Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand 

Biosecurity, the “exclusion, eradication or effective management of risks posed by pests and diseases to the 

economy, environment and human health” as it is defined in New Zealand, is an area of increasing importance 

internationally with increasing trade. More recent international trading agreements such as the WTO Agreement on 

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade (SPS Agreement 1994) have focused the management of biosecurity on “technically 

justified” measures, ensuring that science and research remain the basis of decisions in these areas. 

This presentation discusses the importance of mycology in international biosecurity, using a number of past examples 

were significant fungal-based diseases impacted on a countries economy and environment as illustrations. The 

presentation then moves to New Zealand’s biosecurity programme, using more recent experiences with Phytophthora 

plant diseases to illustrate how New Zealand responds or intends to respond to such threats through risk management 

and science research. The presentation concludes by looking at the current gaps in mycological research and 

potential benefits of international co-ordination in both research and risk management. 

266

S40IS2 - 0796 

Biosecurity: latest developments in systems and tools for fungal identification and disease diagnostics 

M.E. Palm 

USDA/APHIS, Beltsville, MD, United States 

Early detection, accurate identification and rapid response are key components of an effective plant disease 

management system for agricultural biosecurity. The detection and accurate identification of a fungal pathogen 

rely on a strong base of systematic knowledge and the resulting identification tools. Tools include access to published 

and interactive web-based keys, distance diagnostics capabilities, and an array of molecular and biochemical tests. 

An effective system also relies on a network of people that include early detectors, trained diagnosticians, and 

specialized mycologists. The U.S. utilizes a network of personnel for detection and identification of exotic pathogens 

at its borders. More recently a biosecurity network has been established to identify pathogens within the US. This 

network utilizes state departments of agriculture and diagnosticians from land-grant universities, which form the 

National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN), in conjunction with scientists in federal laboratories. In both networks 

distance diagnostics can be useful to make a preliminary and sometimes a final identification, if the fungus is 

particularly distinctive. In most cases morphological tools are used for a final identification. Increasingly molecular 

and biochemical tests are being developed and utilized for targeted pathogens and many of these are being 

adapted for rapid determinations in the field. For some groups of fungal pathogens, such as some ascomycetes and 

ascomycetous anamorphs, the knowledge base on which to make an accurate identification is lacking. For some 

groups of fungi an adequate knowledge base exists but rapid access to that information is lacking. Many fungal 

species have yet to be discovered and thus it is not surprising that a number of recently emerging pathogens must be 

studied and described as new species. Because these species were not known previously it is impossible to predict 

their origin and potential damaging effects. Support for systematics is essential to provide the basis for developing 

tools and tests for accurate identification of fungi. 

S40IS3 - 0961 

A major exotic disease outbreak, emergency response and eradication: banana black Sigatoka, Tully, 

Australia, 2001. 

PJL Whittle 

Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 

Australia’s geographical isolation has assisted its plant industries to remain free of many serious pests and diseases. 

Strong quarantine measures have been used to support this status. In the past decade, this approach has evolved 

substantially towards a cohesive national biosecurity system that supports international phytosanitary standards, 

structured around the shared responsibilities of governments and industries. A good example of the functioning of this 

system is provided by the response to an incursion of black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet) in Tully in April 

2001. The ‘hothouse’ of this response provided many lessons for the continued development of Australia’s plant 

biosecurity system. 

Freedom from black Sigatoka is a benefit the Australian banana industry values greatly. Fungicide and labour inputs 

are far lower than would be required if this disease was present. The industry, producing 300 000T per year worth over 

$300 million, is based primarily in tropical far north Queensland. Black Sigatoka is endemic nearby in the Torres Strait 

and Papua New Guinea. Since 1981, as part of a specific black Sigatoka biosecurity program, nine outbreaks were 

detected and eradicated on Cape York Peninsula in remote areas and in one case in an isolated commercial 

plantation. Detection of black Sigatoka in Tully, the heart of the 9 000 ha industry, came as a great shock. Industry’s 

concern about the expected yield losses and control costs was exacerbated by strict market access restrictions that 

were placed immediately on fruit from a 50 km radius around infected areas. An emergency response was mounted, 

based on an incursion management plan and the national system for managing exotic pest incursions. Initially, 

infected fields were destroyed, with voluntary compensation paid by the industry. As this became unaffordable, the 

approach changed to a zero-disease standard to be achieved by removal of diseased leaf tissue, a compulsory areawide 

fungicide program and intensive surveillance. Over 13 000 feral and unmanaged residential plants were killed. 

Industry and community participation was exceptional, although regulatory enforcement was available when 

required. A PCR-based molecular diagnostic assay was developed and was of great assistance. Disease was found 

in 25 sites in over 8 900 diagnostic samples. Efforts were assisted by the occurrence of two dry years. Eradication was 

completed in May 2002. Area freedom surveillance was conducted, with over 6 300 samples examined leading to a 

declaration of pest freedom in March 2005. Full market access was restored and early warning surveillance resumed. 

This paper will use the response to black Sigatoka in Tully and other examples to illustrate the functioning of the 

emergency plant pest response system in Australia. 

267

S40PS1 - 0484 

The utility and limitations of positive and negative controls for PCR detection of quarantine pathogens. 

M Glen 1, AC Alfenas 2, EAV Zauza 2, SRH Langrell 1 

1 CSIRO ensis FBP, Hobart, Australia, 2 Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil 

Species-specific PCR test methods are increasingly being developed for the detection of plant pathogens of 

quarantine importance. The possibility of false negatives, and their significance for bio-security measures, is an ongoing 

concern with the application of this technology, particularly as PCR is commonly prone to failure due to enzyme 

inhibition or operator error. Incorporation of Internal Amplification Controls (IACs) can increase confidence in negative 

test results by demonstrating the success of each PCR reaction, but IACs alone may be insufficient to prevent false 

negative results. Here we describe the development of IACs for PCR detection of Puccinia psidii, a pathogen with 

potential devastating consequences for Australian biodiversity if introduced, and discuss the need for additional 

controls. 

IAC plasmids were constructed by cloning PCR products generated using ‘hybrid’ primers. The 5’ end of each ‘hybrid’ 

primer comprised a P. psidii-specific primer with an additional 3’ portion complementary to an appropriate region of 

plasmid pUC18. 

A 1200bp fragment was successfully amplified from recombinant plasmids p04L1-6 and p04L2-4 using the P. psidii 

nested PCR diagnostic primers P1/P6 and P2/P4. PCR product was detectable from an IAC template concentration 

of 0.1 fg/Ìl, but the addition of plant or fungal DNA necessitated an increase in IAC concentration to 1 fg/Ìl. A high 

concentration of P. psidii template DNA competitively inhibited the amplification of the larger product from the IAC. 

The inclusion of an IAC can increase confidence in negative test results, but may also be misleading. In addition to 

the inclusion of IAC, DNA amplification quality should be demonstrated by amplification with non-specific primers as 

degradation of DNA before or after extraction or accidental loss of DNA during the purification process will give a false 

negative that is not detected by the addition of an extraneous IAC. The advantages of exogenous rather than 

endogenous IACs for P. psidii is also discussed. In addition to positive controls, the requirements for appropriate 

negative controls are discussed. 

Perhaps this could be widened to include reasons for the inhibition, as t5his is what we are continually trying to avoid 

with PCR for such purposes. Standardisation of DNBA extraction and post extraction clean up is an issue. Rember, more 

and more folk are accepting that a test method is more than just the primers, but also a complimentary, relevant DNA 

extraction procedure (and to that end a sampling approach….). 

S40PS2 - 0634 

Dissemination of aerial and soilborne Phytophthoras by human vectors 

J F Webber, J Rose 

Forest Research, Farnham, United Kingdom 

Two new invasive Phytophthora pathogens, Phytophthora kernoviae and P. ramorum, have recently established in the 

UK. They are most prevalent in the south west of England in woodland areas where they cause intense episodes of 

dieback on wild rhododendrons (Rhododendron ponticum), but also cause lethal stem cankers on a range of 

broadleaf trees. As both these Phytophthoras are aerial pathogens their deciduous sporangia, produced on foliage 

of infected rhododendron and other foliar hosts, are dispersed by wind and rain splash on a local basis. However, 

patterns of disease spread suggest that vertebrate vectors may also aid the spread of these pathogens over longer 

distances. Infected rhododendron leaves are quickly shed and incorporated into the dense litter layer and people 

and animals frequently walk through these contaminated areas. To assess the likelihood of walkers picking up 

infested soil or litter on their feet, a study was set up to analyse how frequently Phytophthora could be isolated from 

the soil or litter attached to people’s boots, particularly those walking in known P. kernoviae/P. ramorum woodlands 

and gardens. The study started in July 2004 and has continued through 2005 and 2006. As the aim of the study was 

to determine (1) which species and (2) how frequently viable Phytophthora inoculum was moved by human vectors, 

so baiting methods were employed for isolation and detection. Several different species of Phytophthora have been 

isolated, and more than 30% of samples collected from walker’s boots were contaminated with Phytophthora. The 

most commonly occurring species was P. citricola, but 10-15% of the samples contained either P. ramorum or P. 

kernoviae. Other Phytophthoras found include P. ilicis (another aerial Phytophthora), and also P. cambivora, P. 

cryptogea, P. gonapodyides and a single finding of P. hibernalis. It has yet to be established if the amount of 

Phytophthora inoculum carried on boots can initiate a new infection focus in an area remote from the source of 

Phytophthora inoculum, but it is clear from this study that human vectors could provide significant pathways for 

disease spread for quarantine pathogens such as P. ramorum and P. kernoviae as well as other aerial and soilborne 

Phytophthoras. 

268

POSTER ABSTRACTS S4 

POSTER SESSION 4: CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 

PS4-386-0019 

Becoming less protected;germination of highly stress-resistant ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus 

includes unique cellular features. 

J. Dijksterhuis 1, R.A. Samson1, H.A.B. Wösten 2, E. Golovina 3, F.A. Hoekstra 3, L. Lugones 2 

1 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2 Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3 

Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands 

Ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus are the most resilient eucaryotic structures described to date. They survive 

heat (above 85 ºC), high pressure, and drought. Besides, they show constitutive dormancy and are triggered to 

germinate by a heat treatment at 85 ºC. This contribution addresses activation of the spores to germination and the 

changes inside the cell during early germination. Upon heat activation changes in the cell wall were observed with 

different techniques. For example, fluorescence microscopy indicated a change in the permeability of the cell wall. 

Electron paramagnetic resonance studies showed that the viscosity inside the cells is extremely high. Early 

germination was characterised by low respiration, trehalose degradation and glucose release, but high viscosity 

remained. Then, a sudden ejection of the inner cell through the outer, very thick, ascospore cell wall was observed. 

The latter process was dubbed prosilition. Cryo-planing and scanning electron microscopy exhibited a connection 

between the ejected cell and the emptied outer cell wall. Prosilition is thought to be important for renormalisation of 

the spore while respiration increased strongly and cell viscosity dropped to a normal level. 

Activation by high temperature was associated with the release of large amounts of a small protein from the cell 

(wall). This protein was estimated as being the single dominant protein of ascospores and responsible for 5% or more 

of the amount of protein of these cells. After terminal amino acid characterisation, we constructed a degenerative 

primer and after (RACE)-PCR, the sequence of a small protein (called PLAY) was obtained and it contained one short 

intron. The genome of Talaromyces macrosporus contained one copy of this gene and its expression as judged by 

Northern blotting was strictly related to the formation of fruit bodies (that contain ascospores). Further research will be 

done to evaluate its role in dormancy and heat-resistance. 

Knowledge on the behaviour of these highly stress-resistant cell is related to protection mechanisms of biological 

compounds and the identification of novel cell wall components (proteins). Furthermore, the ascospore is still a 

relatively scarcely studied, but abundantly present fungal structure and its study might reveal new basic principles of 

fungal biology. 

PS4-388-0033 

Extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi 

Raj K. Salar 

Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa - 125 055, Haryana, India 

Thermophilic fungi comprise a small ecological group defined solely on temperature requirement for growth, ranging 

between 200C to > 500C. There are about 40 known species of fungi, which have been characterized. Many bacteria 

and Archaea from thermal habitats have been explored for the industry, and have provided it with the thermoactive 

enzymes. In contrast fungal enzymes are much more acid tolerant than the bacterial enzyme which is an important 

factor for many industries. In the present investigation 29 species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi belonging 

to 14 genera were isolated from north Indian soils. These species were screened for their growth characteristics and 

ability to produce extracellular amylase, exo-glucanase, endo-glucanase, b-glucosidase, lipase, and xylanase. Of 

these 29, 4 species (Chaetomium thermophile, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Malbranchea sulfurea and Scytalidium 

thermophilum) were selected to study enzyme production using different substrates. M. sulfurea exhibited maximum 

amylase activity (0.22+0.005 U ml-1). Wheat straw (WS) and alkali treated wheat straw (AWS) was used to compare 

the production of exo-glucanase, endo-glucanase, and b-glucosidase. S. thermophilum produced highest exoglucanase 

activity, 259.4+0.5 IU ml-1 and 148+5.7 IU ml-1 on WS and AWS respectively. Highest endo-glucanase activity 

was also shown by S. thermophilum being 230.2+1.7 IU ml-1 and 175.1+1.5 IU ml-1 on WS and AWS respectively. 

However, b-glucosidase production was highest in the culture filtrates of C. thermophile. Similarly maximum lipase 

activity was observed in the culture filtrates of M. sulfurea (92.0+8.1 IU ml-1). Maximum xylanase activity was shown by 

C. thermophile and M. sulfurea on xylose containing media being 0.82+0.14 IU ml-1 and 0.81+0.11 IU ml-1 respectively. 

In the present investigation, it was realized ‘Do fungal growth profiles correlate with enzyme characteristics?’ This 

question is of interest both from academic and industrial point of view and can be enlighted with thermorelated 

studies. 

269

PS4-389-0042 

Mechanical disruption of Candida cells for protein estimation and enzymatic activity 

F.I. Okungbowa 1, M.O. Okungbowa 2 

1 University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, 2 University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria 

The outermost covering of a cell is broken down to release protoplasmic components for examination or analyses. 

Such cell lysis procedures are employed in studies related to molecular basis of disease, host-pathogen interaction, 

biotechnology, enzymology, among others. Due to the complexity of their cell wall composition, some effort is usually 

required to disrupt the cell wall of yeasts. Candida species are medically important yeasts which cause opportunistic 

infections in man. Studies on Candida are often based on molecular approach and enzyme production which require 

protein extraction from disrupted cells. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of three cell lysis methods 

with respect to amount of recoverable crude protein and enzymatic activity. 

Using Glass beads, Sonicator and French pressure cell press separately, cells of ten clinical Candida strains harvested 

from cultures with same growth conditions (broth cultures in Yeast Peptone Dextrose incubated for 48 hours under 

aeration at 30 degrees Centigrade) were lysed, following standard protocols. The efficacy of each method was 

determined by the protein concentration and the activity of an endoproteinase (Protease A) in each lysate. 

Protein concentration values for French press were higher than for Sonicator and Glass beads (mean = 5.6, 4.0 and 

0.6µg/ml, respectively). Enzymatic activity for French press and Sonicator methods were comparable and about 

seven-fold that of Glass beads method. 

It is clear that Glass beads method which is the cheapest and most commonly used is the least efficient. The results 

have indicated that French pressure cell press is the most efficient of the three methods. French press is an expensive 

equipment to acquire but has a high efficiency in extracting crude protein. The Sonicator, if properly used might be 

as efficient as the French press. 

PS4-390-0051 

Saprotrophic fungi transform organic phosphorus from spruce litter needles 

O.K. Koukol 1, F.N. Novak 2, R.H. Hrabal 3, M.V: Vosatka 1 

1 Institute of Botany, ASCR, Pruhonice, Czech Republic, 2 Institute of Soil Biology, ASCR, Ceske Budejovice, Czech 

Republic, 3 NMR laboratory, ICT, Prague, Czech Republic 

Phosphorus (P) transformation from spruce (Picea abies) litter needles and their decomposition were simulated in 

systems with single strains of autochthonous saprotrophic fungi and their mixtures. Needle colonizing basidiomycetes 

were represented with one strain of Setulipes (Marasmius) androsaceus; ascomycetes were represented with strains of 

Chalara longipes, Ceuthospora pinastri, Mollisia minutella, Scleroconidioma sphagnicola and unknown ascomycete 

NK11. Systems were incubated for 5.5 months after inoculation. Fungal colonization of litter needles was confirmed 

after reisolation test. P transformation was determined by solution 31P NMR analysis of alkaline extracts from needles. 

The degree of litter decomposition was estimated from the decrease of C/N ratio. Fungal colonization resulted in 

production of phosphonates, diphosphates and polyphosphates in the majority of fungal strains accompanied by 

synchronous loss of the phosphate monoesters from needles. All these changes may be directly attributed to the 

fungal activity as sample needles collected from the systems and placed on agar media produced mycelia of 

inoculated strains. However, no regular pattern was observed for studied strains. Ascomycetous strains were generally 

less effective in phosphonates and polyphosphates production and C/N decrease than the strain of S. androsaceus, 

causing substantial C/N decrease from 25.8 to 11.3. S. androsaceus dominated in competition being reisolated with 

the highest frequency from mixture systems followed by S. sphagnicola. These results confirmed our previous findings 

about competition of these fungal strains paired on agar plates with low nutrient agar media. S. androsaceus was 

able to replace other litter colonizers. On the other hand, mycelium of S. sphagnicola stayed viable although being 

completely replaced suggesting its ability to withstand stress caused by competition. Competition among fungal 

strains inhibited the decomposing activity as the C/N in mixture systems reached 21.8 and production of 

phosphonates and polyphospates decreased. We suggest that production of polyphosphates by S. androsaceus may 

substantially contribute to the P cycle in forest ecosystem as this fungus belongs to the most frequent decomposers of 

coniferous litter needles. 

270

PS4-391-0052 

Biochemical screening of some members of Xylariaceae 

A.S. Kshirsagar, R.V. Gandhe, R.D. Wakharkar, S.M. Rhatwal 

Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerece, Pune, Maharashtra, India 

The Xylariaceae is a large and well-known family of the Ascomycotina. Its members are world wide in their distribution 

however in general this family is well represented in tropics. The family has been extensively investigated with regards 

to secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites produced in liquid culture have been used as an aid to establish 

a satisfactory systematic arrangement. 

In India, Western Ghats of Maharashtra is a very rich area for the members of Xylariaceae. The reported work deals 

with species of Hypoxylon, Xyalria and Nemania collected around Monsoon season from various localities of the 

forests. These were identified with the help of traditional morphological characters using relevant literature. Xylaria is 

found to be the dominant genera in India. The identified species were subjected to culture on malt extract agar 

medium for obtaining progressive cultures that lead to production of secondary metabolites in liquid medium. 

Succinic acid derivatives are the most frequently isolated metabolites till today. The screening of metabolites was 

based upon chromatographic techniques for separation of major compounds and spectroscopic analysis for 

structure determination and identification of the isolated metabolites. Since majority members of Xylariaceae are 

wood habitants, selected enzymatic activities were also investigated. The details of methodology of extraction, 

separation, purification and identification of compounds will be discussed during the poster presentation. 

271

PS4-393-0076 

Effect of the Medium pH and Cultivation Period on Mycelial Biomass, Polysaccharide and Ligninolytic 

Enzymes Production by Ganoderma lucidum 

J Vukojevic, M Stajic, S Duletic-Lausevic 

Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia 

The fruiting bodies and mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum contain polysaccharide, which have immunomodulating 

effects and some of them inhibit the growth of several cancer cells. In chemical structure the polysaccharide are 

highly branched 1,3-b-D-glucans which degree of branching is in correlation with their immunomodulating effects. The 

aims of this research were determination of the optimal medium initial pH for biomass, polysaccharide, and ligninolytic 

enzymes production, as well as the study of dynamic of their synthesis. 

The effect of medium initial pH to the biomass, extracellular and intracellular polysaccharide, and ligninolytic enzymes 

production by Ganoderma lucidum was investigated at the different initial pH (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0) 

of the synthetic medium after 7 and 14 days of cultivation. The influence of cultivation period was studied at the 

optimal pH for biomass production and measurements were done from the 4th to the 13th day of cultivation. The 

mycelial biomass was measured after separation by centrifugation and drying. Content of extracellular 

polysaccharide was determined by precipitation of crude supernatant by 95% ethanol at 4∞C during the night, 

separation by centrifugation, and drying at 50∞C. Amount of intracellular polysaccharide was studied by macerating 

and cooking of dry, frozen mycelium in distilled water at 100∞C for one hour and then the method was the same as 

for extracellular polysaccharide. Laccase, Mn-depending peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase activities were 

determined spectrophotometrically. 

The maximal biomass production was recorded at pH 4.5 after 7 days (8.80 gl-1 of the medium) and pH 5.0 after 14 

days of cultivation (20.60 gl-1 of the medium). The maximal production of extracellular polysaccharide was obtained 

at pH 7.0 (2.48 mgml-1 of supernatant) and pH 3.0 (5.20 mgml-1 of supernatant), while pick of intracellular 

polysaccharide synthesis was at pH 7.0 (69.44 mgg-1 of dry weight) and pH 5.5 (69.93 mgg-1 of dry weight) on the 7th 

and on the 14th day of cultivation, respectively. The ligninolytic enzymes were not produced at any pH of the medium, 

which can be explained by fact that composition of used medium was not suitable for the enzymes production by 

analysed G. lucidum strain. 

The maximum of biomass production was obtained on the 11th (23.40 gl-1 of the medium), of extracellular 

polysaccharide on the 7th (1.60 mgml-1 of supernatant), and of intracellular polysaccharide on the 6th (52.84 mgg-1 

of dry weight) and on the 10th day (55.46 mgg-1 of dry weight) of cultivation. 

PS4-394-0077 

Structural features in haloalkalitolerant ascomycete Heleococcum alkalinum Bilanenko et Ivanova 

responsible for its adaptation to extreme growth conditions 

M. V. Kozlova 

Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 

Heleococcum alkalinum Bilanenko et Ivanova (Hypocreales) is recently described haloalkalitolerant ascomycete 

which was isolated from saline soda soils (pH 10-11) of Central Asia and Africa. 

It was cultivated on alkaline agar media (pH 10-10,5) which is found to be most suitable for the species. 

Morphological, cytological and ultrastructural studies revealed some unusual particular features which were found to 

be of adaptation to extreme conditions. 

Most interesting structures were special vacuoles present predominantly in conidia, phialides and aerial mycelium. 

Such vacuoles differ significantly from usual vacuoles by the tonoplast structure. They were found to play an important 

role in osmoregulation under extreme growth conditions accumulating Cl- in cultures grown on media, containing 400 

mM NaCl. The vacuoles in conidia fused into one single vacuole and increased in size in response to osmotic shock 

and recover their structure in isotonic solution. Such a way they were defined to be main salt-accumulating organs in 

H. alkalinum. 

Chondriom structure was also observed to change according to variations of environmental conditions. We observed 

gradual fragmentation of mitochondria in response to osmotic shock (increase of NaCl concentration to 1-4M in 

surrounding solution). Although stained by rhodamine, all the chondriom maintained high fluorescence intensity. 

Moreover, even in 4M NaCl no plasmolysis was observed. So we suppose that such chondriom behavior is also an 

adaptive reaction. 

In cultures grown on standard medium (malt extract agar) where a lot of modified mycelium was observed, most part 

of chondriom fell to fluoresce. TEM data revealed that most of mitochondria in that case were of abnormal size or 

structure, which demonstrate its functional faults. 

In addition, ascomal centrum development in H. alkalinum greatly differed from other species, which is also thought 

to be caused by extreme growth conditions. 

More common features were observed along with that mentioned above. sThe list includes thick cell walls in 

ascospores and multilayered ascomal peridium with thick cell walls containing large amounts of brown pigment. 

272

PS4-395-0086 

Purification and characterization of an extracellular serine protease serving as the potential pathogenic 

factor in Clonostachys rosea 

Xiaowei Huang, Jun Li, Keqin Zhang 

Laboratory for conservation and utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China 

The fungus Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum) is a common saprophyte in the soil and it has been reported 

to be toxic to nematodes such as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Since the nematode cuticle is a flexible exoskeleton 

composed primarily of proteins, the involvement of protease in the infection should be reasonable. In our study, an 

extracellular protease (PrC) was purified to homogeneity from an isolate of C. rosea by the methods of precipitation 

with ammonium sulfate, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography 

successively. The nematicidal activity of PrC was confirmed the fact that 80±5% of nematodes could be immobilized 

and degraded after treating with PrC for 48h. The purified protease had a molecular mass of 33kDa and displayed 

optimal activity at 60 ?, pH 9-10. Furthermore, the protease PrC hydrolyzed a broad range of substrates including 

casein, gelatin and the purified nematode cuticle. The sequencing of N-terminal amino acid residues revealed the 

protease of PrC should belong to serine protease family, which was consistent with the analysis of the protease 

inhibitors. The multiple sequences alignments demonstrated that the purified PrC shared 32-80% homology with the 

known cuticle-degrading protease from nematophagous or entomopathogenic fungi Vercillium lecanii, Trichoderma 

harizianum, Metarhizium anisopliae, Athobotrys. oligospora, Pochonia chamydosporia, Lecanicillium psalliotae, 

Paecilomyces lilacinus, implying PrC play a role in the infection against nematodes. Compared with the other serine 

proteases, it was worth noticing that either biochemical characterizations or amino acid sequences of PrC showed 

high similarity to VCP1, P32 pSP3, and Ver112, which were isolated from egg-parasitic or endoparasitic fungi P. 

chlamydosporia, P. suchlasporia, P. lilacinus and L. psalliotae, respectively. However, PII and Aoz1, another tow serine 

proteases isolated from nematode-trapping fungus A. oligospora, had the lower pI and higher molecular mass in 

biochemical properties. The homologeous analysis based on amino acid sequences suggested that all of the serine 

proteases mentioned above should be divided by two main clusters; but PII and Aoz1, by contrast with those from 

egg-parasitic or endoparasitic fungi including PrC, were placed in the different subfamily. 

PS4-396-0087 

Water availability and metabolomic profiles of Epicoccum nigrum and Sarophorum palmicola grown in 

solid substrate fermentation systems 

N Magan, D Aldred, J Penn 

Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom 

There has been interest in using environmental screening procedures for enhancing the metabolomic production 

profiles by fungi which are of pharmaceutical interest. Surprisingly few attempts have been made to examine the 

ecological context of isolated species to improve the potential for maximising metabolomic profiles and specific 

metabolites based on a more effective eco-environmental approach. 

This study examined two ecologically distinct species, Epicoccum nigrum and Sarophorum palmicola, in solid 

substrate fermentation systems over a range of water availability conditions (water activity, aw). Total secondary 

metabolite profiles were obtained by HPLC + diode array detection after 14 days incubation on cereal-based 

substrates in relation to four aw treatments. 

Temporal studies (24 d, E. nigrum and 18 d, S. palmicola) showed that metabolite production profiles varied markedly 

between the two fungi. For E. nigrum, metabolite production generally increased with reduction in aw, and was 

optimal in the range 0.99 – 0.97. In contrast to this, for S. palmicola, metabolite production was restricted to the highest 

aw level used, 0.998, and declined to zero at 0.99 aw. Statistical analysis revealed that time, aw and their interactions 

were significant in all cases (p

PS4-397-0106 

Diversity of agarics on elephant dung 

P. Manimohan, K. A. Thomas, V. S. Nisha 

University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala State, India 

Compared to other groups of fungi, basidiomycetes, with the exception of the “Coprini” and a few related genera, 

are rather rarely seen on dung. This is because dung, being an ephemeral substratum in most cases, cannot support 

long-life-cycled and large-fruit-bodied basidiomycetes. Elephant dung is an exception here because of the following 

reasons: droppings are comparatively more massive, are composed mostly of lignocelluloses, and it takes almost a 

year before they are fully disintegrated. These features of elephant dung favour colonization and development of 

agarics. In the literature, however, only very few agarics have been reported to grow on elephant dung. During our 

studies spanning past several years, we have found several agarics growing on elephant dung. An exclusive account 

of the agarics (except the “Coprini”) associated with elephant dung is presented here. Agarics were collected from 

dung of both wild and domesticated elephants. Conventional mycological techniques for examination of agaric 

specimens were used in the study. Nineteen species belonging to twelve genera representing six agaric families were 

found associated with elephant dung and are documented here along with a key to the species. The agarics are: 

Macrocybe gigantea, Entoloma anamikum, Volvariella volvacea, Stropharia bicolor, Stropharia rugosoannulata, 

Psilocybe subaeruginascens, Psilocybe subcubensis, Psilocybe pegleriana, Psilocybe coprophila, aff. Panaeolina 

rhombisperma, Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus antillarum, Panaeolus rickenii, Bolbitius coprophilus, Agrocybe 

guruvayoorensis, Pholiotina indica, Conocybe volvata, Conocybe brunneoaurantiaca and Conocybe 

pseudopubescens. The following five species encountered in the present study are known to grow only on elephant 

dung: Agrocybe guruvayoorensis, Conocybe volvata, Conocybe pseudopubescens, Pholiotina indica, Stropharia 

bicolor. The most remarkable outcome of the present study is the recognition that elephant dung, a restricted and 

transient ecological niche, is capable of supporting such a large number of agarics. As far as we know, this is the first 

comprehensive account in the whole world on agarics associated with elephant dung. 

PS4-397a-0116 

A Qualitative Investigation On Tea Processing Houses Air Fungal Pollution In The North Of Iran , Gilan 

Province Estern Region 

leila Modiri, Arash Chaichi-Nosraty, Mohammad Faezi Ghasemi, Ali Reza Khosravi, Ali Reza Massiha, Shiva Roofigary 

Haghighat 

Islamic Azad University, Lahijan/Gilan, Iran 

Fungi Are Obiquitous And Infact Account For At Least 25% Of The Earth’s Biomass So Abundant In Many Area Or 

Spaces Serving Optimum Temprature And Humidity . 

Exposure To Air Borne Fungi Mmay Be Associated With Health Hazards Rangeing Non – Specific Irritation To Inflamative 

Infections And Tends To Become A Significant Health Risk To An Increasing Number Of Workers In Various Occupations 

Throughout The Nations . 

Thus , The Potential Problematic Outcomes Have Led To A New Legal Industry With Vastating Impact On The Immune 

Insurance Versus Discomforts , Based On A Standard Classification Establishment For Indoor Climate Hygiene . 

Realy , Should Be Noted That The Importance Taxa Identified Is Much More Imporatant That The Absolute Number Of 

Colony – Forming Units , Allowing Comparison Among Indoor Versus Outdoor Genera Reflecting Distinct Conditions . 

In This Respects Totally 31 Typical Common Tea Processing Houses Dust Bioaerosols Were Sampelified And 1235 Mold 

Colonies Were Isolated Due To Direct Microscopy And Culture - Based Inspective Conventional Mycologic Methods , 

During May To August 2005 . Finaly 20 Different Genera Of Habitate Fungi Were Collected And Confirmed From 207 

Conducted Plates . Of Defined Geographic Location , This Is The Largest Study Of Airborne Indoor Fungal Species With 

A Rutine Procol To Date . 

There Are No Ageement Of Any Standardized Protocol To Evaluate Distinctive Indoor Fungi Populations And Resulting 

Health Complications So Significance Of Hygiene Reports Seem Dubtfully . 

To Clarify Indoor Mold Measurments , Colonization Versus Contamination , Upon Hygien Survay Highlighting Scenarios 

And Covering Substantial Damages Associated To Fungi , Further Researches Is Needed For New Legal Verification . 

274

PS4-398-0143 

Stachylina in India: occurrence and relationships with temperature and hydrogen-ion concentration of the 

waters 

J. K. Misra 

Sri J. N. P. G. College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 

Bioinventoring of Harpellales (Trichomycetes) was undertaken to fill the lacuna in our knowledge of these fungi from 

India. 

Bloodworms (Chironomus sp, Chironomidae) were regularly collected for a year (Jan-Dec. 2004) from stagnant water 

bodies in and around Lucknow by scooping the muddy water using iron strainer. Temperature and pH of the water 

were recorded at the time of collection of bloodworms. The bloodworms were dissected in a drop of distilled water 

under binocular stereomicroscope and peritrophic membranes were examined under phase contrast microscope in 

water mount for the presence of the thalli of Stachylina on them. 

Stachylina chironomidarum and St. grandispora were observed. St. chironomidarum was not common in occurrence 

while St. grandispora was found throughout the year, of course, in varying percentages as shown in table below. St. 

grandispora exhibited enough variations in the number and size of the trichospores. 

Per cent occurrence of Stachylina grandispora in the Bloodworms collected in different months from stagnant water 

bodies in and around Lucknow (Jan. 2004-Dec. 2004) 

Month Water temperature PH Number of Bloodworms % occurrence of Stachylina 

in Celcius. collected grandispora 

January 19 8.00 09 45 

February 23 8.00 10 59 

March 29 9.00 08 55 

April 30 9.10 13 36 

May 32 9.00 09 34 

June 32 9.20 13 45 

July 27 9.00 12 46 

August 29 9.00 04 38 

September 29 8.00 07 35 

October 26 8.00 09 70 

November 18 8.00 07 29 

December 11 8.00 06 23 

The correlation coefficient (r) analysis of the present set of data is not significant but the relationships do exist. 

PS4-399-0218 

Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes in the Forest Soil Environment: Occurrence, Distribution and Role in Soil 

Organic Matter Transformation 

P Baldrian, J Snajdr, V Valásková 

Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Praha 4, Czech Republic 

Ligninolytic oxidases and peroxidases of saprotrophic fungi are the enzymes responsible for the transformation of lignin 

– the second most abundant biopolymer. In forest soil, ligninolytic enzymes contribute to the degradation of lignin in 

decaying leaf litter and to the transformation of humic substances with a similar chemical structure. The aim of this 

work was to quantify the activity of ligninolytic enzymes found in oak forest soil with respect to their spatial distribution 

and temporal variability, to find its producers, litter decomposing fungi (LDF), and to identify the role of the enzymes 

in the transformation of soil organic matter. 

Enzyme activity was measured in environmental samples from oak (Quercus petraea) forest and linked with fungal 

occurrence and biomass and the production of other extracellular enzymes. The species producing ligninolytic 

enzymes were isolated from the studied soil and tested for their ability to perform degradation of freshly fallen leaves 

and to transform humic substances isolated from the site. 

Laccase and Mn-peroxidase (MnP) but not lignin peroxidase were found in the studied soil with laccase activity being 

by far higher. Activity of both enzymes decreased with the soil depth and showed a patchy pattern of horizontal 

distribution with “hotspots”. These were in case of laccase often associated with the occurrence of LDF fruit bodies. 

During the growth of LDF isolates on oak leaves, laccase was again the major enzyme and it was produced mainly in 

the initial phases of decay. Ligninolytic enzymes also contributed to the transformation of humic compounds. Their 

production was usually induced by humic acids, but humic and fulvic acids also competitively inhibited laccase 

activity. 

Laccase and MnP play important roles in the turnover of carbon in the soil environment during the transformation of 

lignin in the fresh biomass (fallen litter) and nutrients liberation from the recalcitrant humic material. 

275

PS4-400-0223 

Gene expression during the switch from saprotrophic to pathogenic phases of growth in the root and butt 

rot fungi Heterobasidion annosum 

K Lundén, F Asiegbu 

Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden 

The tree pathogen Heterobasidion annosum can prevail in dead roots and spread from dead tissue to living trees. We 

therefore examined whether a shift in gene expression occurs during the switch from saprotrophic to pathogenic 

growth. We used a macro-array differential gene analysis to identify genes that were either induced or suppressed 

during either stages of growth of the fungus. Macro-arrays containing a selected number of clones from cDNA library 

of H.annosum and H. parviporum representing a functionally diverse range of genes were investigated. Dead pine 

seedlings were inoculated with H. annosum and transferred to water agar plates containing living pine seedlings, the 

hyphae were then sampled from various stages of interaction before and after contact with the pine host. Total RNA 

was isolated, amplified to aRNA and used as probes for differential screening of the macro-array membranes. Signal 

intensity values for differentially expressed genes was documented with Quantity one (Bio-RAD) and the data was 

statistically analysed to identify significantly differentially expressed genes. A clear shift did occur in gene expression 

between saprotrophic and pathogenic growth. Several clones with homologues to known pathogenicity factors were 

differentially expressed, among them a clone with a pathogenicity MAP Kinase homologue. 

PS4-401-0234 

Hybridization and heteroploidy as sources of biodiversity in filamentous fungi. 

B. Kullman, B. Greve, G. Severin 

1 Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia, 2 University Münster, Münster, Germany 

In fungi, a form of an interspecific hybrid is a dikaryon from parents belonging to different species. In sexual interaction, 

the male and female structures interact to generate a dikaryotic condition. Hybrids may maintain the dikaryotic state, 

or they may undergo karyogamy and normal meiosis to reconstitute the euploid state, or they may undergo abnormal 

meiosis to yield a heteroploid hybrid. Data about heteroploidy are controversial. We have started to compile a Fungal 

Genome Size Database http://www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize/, which at present consists of more than 1000 records. 

Employing electrophoretic karyotyping and studying mostly asexual fungi, it has been found that variability in genome 

size of a fungal species is a rule rather than an exception (Beadle 2003). At the same time, using cytofluorometric 

investigation of sexual fungi the stability of genome size among different strain and species was demonstrated. 

What happens to the size of a hybrid genome during meiosis can be seen by analyzing DNA content of a spore print 

of a single fruit body. 

Our studies using flow cytometry have revealed that spore prints of Pleurotus, Lentinula, Phellinus and Cystoderma 

species may represent spore populations with two different genome sizes. Divergence was even more evident in a 

spore print of an industrially cultivated strain of P. ostreatus (Kullman 2002). Fruit bodies of Pleurotus ? Lentinula strains 

obtained by artificial mating produced two distinct spore populations whose genome sizes were comparable to those 

of their parental strains (Kullman et al. 2005). 

We studied 26 specimens of P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and L. edodes. Genome sizes of P. pulmonarius and L. edodes 

differ but specimens of P. ostreatus may produce two distinct spore populations whose genome sizes were 

comparable to P. pulmonarius and L. edodes. Fruit body of P. ostreatus may contain nuclei of two distinct species. 

Such a fungus is a hybrid possibly supporting the opinion of the ongoing speciation in that complex. 

Our results seem to confirm that parental genomes of different sizes segregate in meiosis. A fungus having divergent 

spore populations had characteristics intermediate between P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius. We presume that 

divergence that arises from spore print reflects the fate of a hybrid genome in meiosis (Kullman 2000 

http://www.ut.ee/ial5/fce/folia.html, 2002). 

Our Fungal Genome Size Database demonstrates that the intraspecific variety of P. ostreatus genome remains within 

the same limits according to literature data and our results. The difference in chromosome number and genome size 

appears as aneuploidy and heteroploidy. 

The research was supported partly from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) research grant A/98/07170 

and by the grant No. 4989 of the Estonian Science Foundation. 

276

PS4-402-0238 

Lectin Accumulation in Edible Wild Mushrooms in Northeastern Thailand 

Sureelak Rodtong, Yubon Pikul-ngoen 

School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand 

Fungal lectins, the diverse multivalent carbohydrate-binding proteins of non-immune origin, have been becoming 

more interest due to the discovery of some of the lectins exhibiting antitumor activity as well as other potential 

activities such as mitogenic, immunoenhancing, and vasorelaxing activities. Some lectins derived from plants, are 

currently employed in a number of biomedical and clinical research. In Thailand, the great diversity of edible wild 

mushroom species has been reported. These mushrooms could provide an alternative source of lectins. In this study, 

the accumulation of lectins in fruit bodies of edible wild mushrooms found in Northeastern Thailand, was investigated. 

Some edible mushroom lectins may have cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells. 

Fresh fruit bodies of edible wild mushrooms were collected from their natural habitats and from local markets in 

Northeastern Thailand. The mushroom specimens were classified and identified using conventional methods based on 

their morphological characteristics, then dried, and ground into powder. Crude lectins were extracted from the 

powder, and detected their unique properties by hemagglutination assay using red blood cells from various animals 

(goose, guinea pig, mouse, rabbit, rat, and sheep). The extracts accumulating high lectin titers were selected to test 

for their temperature stability and cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines, human epidermoid carcinoma (KB) 

and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa). 

From the 2-year collection of edible wild mushroom specimens, a total of 88 specimens with high morphological 

variation and belonging to the family Russulaceae, the dominant family found, were selected for crude lectin 

extraction. Sixty one specimens exhibited the incidence of lectin accumulation in their fruit bodies. The lectin extracts 

predominantly agglutinated rabbit and goose red blood cells, and performed their unique lectin properties 

depending on the mushroom strains. Crude extracts of six edible mushrooms in the genus Russula displaying their high 

lectin titres, were stable at 4 and 30ºC for 24 h, and at 60-70ºC for 30 min. Three of the six extracts still contained almost 

50% of lectin properties after exposing to 90ºC for 30 min. The six extracts exhibited different cytotoxic activities against 

KB and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 16 to 170 and 16 to 700 mg/ml respectively. IC50 values less than 

30 mg/ml were designated as cytotoxicity. 

Specific strains of edible wild mushrooms in the family Russulaceae, particularly in the genus Russula, found in 

Northeastern Thailand, accumulated lectins in their fruit bodies. Some of the lectins showed their stability at high 

temperature, and could remain after cooking. Some also had cytotoxic activities against cancer, KB and HeLa, cell 

lines, which will be useful for further investigation. 

PS4-403-0239 

Estimation of fungal genome size using DAPI- image cytometry 

B. Kullman, W. Teterin 

1 Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia, 2Rostock University, Rostock, Germany 

In providing quantitative data of nuclear DNA for the purpose of fungal taxonomy, photometric cytometry (PC) have 

played an important role. Fluorescence microscopy combined with computerised image analysis, i.e. image 

cytometry (IC), offers an alternative tool for assessing genome size. These techniques allow direct visualization of 

hyphae and simultaneous measurement of nuclear fluorescence intensity. We developed a simple method for 

quantitative evaluation of nuclear DNA in fungi using DAPI-IC. The intensity of signals from individual nuclei was 

quantitatively measured in digitized images. This simple IC performed on fruitbodies or on pure culture preparations 

enables to detect the amount of nuclear DNA in fungal cells. 

Staining Protocol . A slice of a fruitbody or a hypha of a pure culture were fixed in Carnoy’s solution and stored at 4 

°C until used, or at least for 1 h. To stain DNA, the fixed material was slightly dried and incubated with 0.5% Pepsin pH 

1.8 for 7 min at room temperature by slow shaking. Next, the fourfold volume of DAPI at 2˜g ml-1 TRIS buffer was 

added, and the sample was incubated for 45 min by slow shaking. Then the slices were placed in a drop of glycerin 

on glass slides, minced and rinsed gently with a shaving blade and squashed under the cover slips. The slides were 

stored at -20 °C. For one experiment, the slides of all specimens were prepared and analysed during one 

measurement session. 

Processing with Image Pro Plus 4.5 (manufactured by Media Cybernetics, USA) 

Hyphal nuclei were observed under 40x and 20x Olypmus LCPlan FL objectives and the images of the nuclei in the 

areas with low background noise were saved on the hard disk of the computer as TIFF files. Image-Pro Plus 4.5 was 

used to grab and process the images with local background determination: i.e. the nucleus was segmented 

determining the light intensity of the reference background from the narrow zone surrounding the nucleus using the 

cursor. Only a few nuclei in the centre of the image were measured because of the uneven illumination of the field of 

view. A rounded AOI with a stable size was used for selecting each nucleus separately throughout one measurement 

session. A total of 30-50 nuclei per slide were measured. If the parameter Integrated Optical Density (IOD) is selected 

with the Automatic Bright Objects option of the count/size command, then IOD is equal to Integrated Intensity of the 

nucleus to be measured. 

Proposed method. Image processing protocol, selection of the parameters and data collection: Menu Process?Color 

Channel?Extract: Color Model - RGB, Generate channel – B - OK. Menu Measure?Calibration, select Intensity: click 

New, Free Form, Options: Image, define a 3x3 neighborhood template, use the cursor as crosshairs to determine the 

Current Value of light intensity of the background for calibrating the input value ? OK, select Change to calibrate 0 

intensity for the y axis, Calibration always positive - OK. Menu Edit?New AO ?Select Ellipse AOI for measuring a nucleus 

- OK. Menu Edit>AOI: Add AOI with appropriate size, Save. Menu Measur?Count /Size, select Automatic Bright Objects, 

Measure Objects, Accumulate Counts, Display objects. Menu Measur e?Data Collector ?Layout: Count Size – 

selection: IOD; ?Data List?Collect Now after Count in Count /Size menu; ? Export?Select Excel (DDE)?Export Now. The 

research was supported from DAAD and by the ESF grant No. 4989. 

277

PS4-404-0243 

Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes following harvest of the Lentinula 

edodes fruiting body 

Yuichi Sakamoto, Keiko Nakade, Toshitsugu Sato 

Iwate Biotechnology Research center, Kitakami, Iwate, Japan 

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is a very popular edible, cultivated mushroom in Japan. There are post-storage 

problems with shiitake mushrooms, such as browning of the gills in the fruiting body or cell wall lysis, which can result in 

loss of fresh food quality and consequent loss of value. Lentinan is a cell wall component of beta-1, 3-linked-D-glucan 

with beta-1, 6 branches, which was isolated as an anti-tumor active-substance from L. edodes. Lentinan content 

decreases following harvest as a result of increased glucanase activity. To reveal physiological aspect of browning of 

fruiting body and cell wall lysis during post harvest preservation, we identified differentially expressed cDNAs during 

post-harvest preservation, by PCR-subtraction. Then we quantified transcriptional levels of the genes that were 

identified by PCR-subtraction. 

Transcriptional profile of between fruiting bodies of day 0 (fresh) and day 3 following harvest were compared by PCR 

subtraction (PCR-SelectTM cDNA Subtraction kit; Clontech Japan). For the forward subtraction experiment, RNA from 

day 3 fruiting bodies was used as a “tester”, and RNA from day 0 fruiting bodies as a “driver”. The reverse subtraction 

experiment was performed oppositely. Transcriptional levels of the genes identified by PCR subtraction were 

quantified by real-time PCR. Full length cDNA of several genes identified by PCR-subtraction were cloned by 3’ and 

5’ RACE PCR (SMART RACETM cDNA amplification kit, Clontech; GeneRacerTM kit, Invitrogen, respectively). 

We identified laccase and tyrosinase encoding genes (lcc4 and tyr, respectivery) in the forward subtraction. The lcc4 

was a novel laccase-encoding gene in L. edodes. Transcription of lcc4 and tyr increased during post-harvest 

preservation, and these genes would be involved in browning of the fruiting body. We also identified several cell wall 

degradation-related enzyme-encoding genes, such as mixed-linked glucanase (mlg1), chitinases (chi1, chi29), chitin 

deacetylase (chd1). It is revealed that transcriptional levels of these genes increased after harvesting, by real-time 

PCR. Glucanase and chitinase activity increased following harvest as results of increased transcription of these cell 

wall degradation-related enzyme-encoding genes. Increase of transcriptional levels of these genes would cause cell 

wall lysis and lentinan degradation during post-harvest preservation. We identified many other genes, such as MAP 

kinase and sugar transporter-encoding genes, and sequenced many unidentified genes. In the reverse subtraction, 

we identified several proteases, peptidases, proteasome-related proteins, and heat shock proteins. These genes 

would be involved in physiological changes during fruiting body senescence following harvest. 

PS4-405-0247 

The role of primary germ tube for the morphogenesis of Blumeria graminis 

N. Yamaoka, I. Matsumoto 

Lab. of Plant Pathology, Matsuyama, Japan 

The conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), following contact with the host surface, first form a short germ 

tube, called the primary germ tube (PGT), and then second, an elongating germ tube emerges. It differentiates into 

the appressorial germ tube (AGT), and then the AGT elongates and swells. It forms a hooked, appressorial lobe that 

penetrates the epidermal cell wall of the host. In a series of infections, the positive role of PGT for morphogenesis of 

the fungus is unclear except for the possibility reported by Carver and Ingerson that the growth of a long germ tube, 

with the potential to differentiate an appressorium, seems to be dependent on the perception of a suitable host 

surface through contact with the PGT. Therefore, the aim of the present studies is to further clarify the role of PGT for 

morphogenesis of the fungus. 

The cuticle of barley coleoptile surface was removed with cellulose acetate and then conidia of Blumeria graminis 

were inoculated. The morphogenesis of the fungus such as PGT elongation or AGT emergence was observed at each 

time after inoculation. 

When the conidia of Bgh were inoculated onto the coleoptile surface whose cuticle was removed with cellulose 

acetate, the emergence of the AGT was delayed. 

This delay was related with the length of PGT, that is, on the cuticleless coleoptile surface, the PGT tended to continue 

elongating without stopping. 

If there were gaps on the coleoptile surface such as a cell border on the more hydrophilic substratum like cuticle 

removed coleoptile surface, the PGT stopped elongating there and after that AGT seemed to emerge. 

Then, we investigated that whether PGT elongation has stopped or not when AGT began to emerge. First, we 

recorded the length of PGT by taking the photograph of PGT when the AGT began to emerge. And then, we took the 

photograph of the PGT again after the AGT became APP and compared the length of PGTs of the first photograph 

with the second one. From these observations, it is clarified that PGT elongation has stopped when AGT began to 

emerge. 

Stop of the PGT elongation is necessary for the trigger of AGT emergence. 

278

PS4-406-0257 

A homothallic mutant induced by UV irradiation in Lentinula edodes 

Norihiro Shimomura 1, Shigeyuki Murakami 2, Teruyuki Matsumoto 1, Nitaro Maekawa1, Kozaburo Hasebe 2 

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami, Tottori, Japan, 2 The Tottori Mycological Institute, Kokoge, 

Tottori, Japan 

Shiitake, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, is the major edible mushroom in Asia. The mating system of this fungus, 

leading to the formation of a dikaryon that can produce fruit bodies, is known to be bifactorial heterothallism 

(tetrapolality) controlled by two unlinked multialletic incompatibility factors, A and B. Mutants of A and B factors 

(Amut and Bmut) are useful for elucidating the structure and function of mating type genes. Particularly, an Amut 

Bmut double mutant is expected to have helpful properties that facilitate the recovery and analysis of developmental 

mutants. In previous studies, B mutants of this fungus had been obtained. However, no Amut Bmut double mutant has 

been isolated so far. To recover an Amut Bmut double mutant, basidiospores of the common Bmut dikaryon (A1B1mut 

x A2B1mut) were treated with UV irradiation. Of a total of 5000 monosporous isolates, a single basidiospore isolate was 

found to produce the hyphae bearing clamp connections without mating. The mutant could form fruit bodies on a 

sawdust medium, and all of the single basidiospore isolates from the mutant grew into colonies which were dikaryotic 

in appearance. These homothallic behaviors of the mutant were stably expressed for four generations. Microscopical 

observations of basidiospores treated with DAPI revealed that the mutant produced DAPI-negative, uninucleate or 

binucleate basidiospores. When basidiospores of the mutant were incubated on a thin film of malt extract agar 

medium, about half of basidiospores showed no sign of germination; the other half were able to germinate. During 

the germination and following hyphal elongation, a clamp connection was not observed at the first septum in two 

cells hypha, but clearly detected in a subsequent multicellular one which contained two nuclei in each cell. The 

clamp connections of the mutant were morphologically variable, viz., pseudo-, abnormal- and true-clamps. The 

germilings of the mutant were characterized by abnormal swelling and branching. To examine genetic relatedness 

among basidiospore isolates of the mutant, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted. 

AFLP profiles among the basidiospore isolates were identical, indicating that the mutant produced isogenic 

basidiospores. These results suggest that the mutant recovered in this study is mutated in both A and B incompatibility 

factors. 

PS4-407-0274 

Growth parameters, morphological and genetic variability of the medicinal mushroom Flammulina 

velutipes (Curt. : Fr.) Sing. 

S.M. Badalyan 1, K.W. Hughes 2, C.Z. Sakeyan 1, E. Helmbrecht 2 

1 Yerevan State University,Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Yerevan, Armenia, 2 University of 

Tennessee, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Knoxville, United States 

Recent advances in biotechnology have increased the interest in fungal organisms for developing new biotechproducts 

and functional food additives. The F. velutipes contains different groups of bioactive compounds and 

enzymes with medicinal properties. 

Mycelial micro-, macromorphological and genetic variability, as well as growth parameters, laccase activity test, 

pigmentation and telemorph formation of 31 collections of Flammulina velutipes have been investigated on maltextract 

and potato-glucose agar media. The strains were isolated from fruiting bodies collected in different 

geographical regions and wood substrates. 

Two morphotypes (A, B) and 3 subtypes (A1, A2, A-B) of mycelial colonies with different growth parameters were 

described in F. velutipes collections. Two forms with different intensity of agar pigmentation correlated with described 

morphotypes were observed. All strains of F. velutipes, except one, formed normal fruiting bodies on tested media. 

Correlations between morphotypes and growth characteristics with substrate nature and geographical origination of 

strains have been revealed. However, in order to evaluate species-specific media responses for described 

morphotypes further research with more strains is required. Mycelial macromorphology and growth parameters were 

more variable than described microstructures (form, shape of clamp-cells, crystals, oidia). Mycelia of tested F. 

velutipes strains were laccase positive. Significant correlation between the mycelial morphotypes and genetic 

variability of F. velutipes strains has not been revealed. Genes for morphological and cultural variability may be 

unlinked to genes for the nuclear ribosomal repeat. 

Collections of putative F. velutipes were confirmed by nuclear rDNA-ITS sequencing to be F. velutipes with the 

exception of four collections identified as an unknown biotype, F. elastica and F. rossica. High genetic diversity was 

observed in Armenian collections of F. velutipes when compared to collections from Eurasia. At least 16 haplotypes 

were recovered in Armenian collections. This sequence diversity may be a consequence of the survival of an ancient 

genetic variation in the Caucasus and Armenia during glaciation period, while in Europe, the genetic variation was 

extirpated. A subset of Armenian genetic diversity of F. velutipes is found in Europe. 

Revealed macro-, micromorphological and growth characteristics of mycelium will assist in further biotechnological 

cultivation of F. velutipes. High genetic variability of Armenian collections may be used for improvement of strains to 

obtain novel biotech-products and health-enhancing functional food additives from this valuable medicinal 

mushroom. 

Research was supported in part by NATO (#980764), DAAD (#548.104401.174) and NSF PEET (DEB-9521526) grants. 

279

PS4-408-0306 

An investigation into the production of fungal extracellular mucilaginous material (ECMM) with relation to 

stress conditions 

D Vesentini 2, DJ Dickinson 1, RJ Murphy 1 

1 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Ensis - Wood Processing, Rotorua, New Zealand 

Wood rotting basidiomycetes have been shown to produce copious amounts of extracellular mucilaginous materials 

(ECMM), however little specific evidence exists on the roles of ECMM in wood decay fungi. This is mostly nonquantitative 

and relates to general concepts such as attachment to the substrate and entrapment of decay agents. 

Two basidiomycete fungi, the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor and the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum, 

have been used as model organisms to investigate the role of ECMM in their responses to a number of physiological 

factors relevant to wood decay. It was postulated that ECMM would have a protective role for the fungal mycelium 

serving to isolate sensitive hyphae, and in particular hyphal tips, from adverse environmental conditions. 

Under conditions of stress induced by physiological conditions and by the presence of toxic chemicals, the amount 

of ECMM produced as a proportion of the total biomass by the test organism increased. This was always associated 

with a decrease in the overall total amount of biomass produced. A shift was observed in the carbohydrate 

composition and other components, such as the amount of protein in the ECMM, under the range of conditions 

tested. 

Under stress conditions, the mycelia of both fungi became more highly branched. This response was interpreted as 

being the underlying mechanism delivering the increased proportion of ECMM observed under the various conditions, 

since the hyphal tips are known to be the active sites for ECMM production. 

In vitro experiments were also conducted on the ability of copper sulphate to diffuse through ECMM. These 

demonstrated that ECMM significantly reduced the diffusion rate of copper sulphate and provided support for the 

hypothesis that ECMM can protect hyphae from toxins. 

The results of these studies have demonstrated that two wood decay basidiomycete fungi produce increased 

amounts of ECMM under stress conditions and that this is associated with a change to a more highly branched colony 

morphology. Qualitative changes also occurred in ECMM under a range of growth conditions, which indicated that 

ECMM is a very dynamic material, which can adapt according to the conditions experienced by the fungi. Such 

compositional variations may reflect in the roles fulfilled by ECMM during fungal growth. The results are discussed with 

regard to the possible physiological roles of ECMM during wood decay and the potential of ECMM to bind toxic or 

potentially toxic substances, hence reducing their accumulation in fungal hyphae. 

PS4-409-0307 

Mode(s) of action of chitosan: 1. The effect on fungal cell membranes 

T Singh 1, D Vesentini 1, A Osman 2, AP Singh 1 

1 Ensis - Wood Processing, Rotorua, New Zealand, 2 Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand 

Chitosan is an abundantly occurring biopolymer obtained from the N-deacetylation of chitin. In recent years, chitosan 

has been the focus of research not only because of its adjuvant and elicitation properties, but also because of its 

ability to control fungal growth. Special interest has been shown in the use of chitosan for the control of wood 

degrading fungi. However, little specific evidence is available to elucidate the modes of action of chitosan and the 

mechanisms through which its antifungal activity is mediated. 

The present study postulated that chitosan toxicity exerts an effect on membrane permeability and on the 

architecture of the mycelium. The two wood degrading fungi Sphaeropsis sapinea and Trichoderma harzianum were 

used as a model to investigate the effect of chitosan on membranes and their functionality and also on hyphal 

growth. 

The focus of our work was to investigate common stress responses at cellular level, such as the production of reactive 

oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular K+ leakage. Increased production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide was 

observed especially during the initial stages of growth. Treatment with catalase caused an increase in radial growth 

of both species, even in the presence of chitosan, suggesting that the onset of oxidative stress might be partly 

responsible for the growth reduction observed due to chitosan treatment. Increasing concentrations of chitosan also 

caused an increase in K+ from fungal cell. Taken together these observations suggest that the plasma membrane 

could be the primary target of chitosan action. 

Examination of the hyphae using light and electron microscopy techniques showed that chitosan induced alterations 

in hyphal morphology and ultrastructure. Increasing concentrations of chitosan induced excessive branching in fungal 

hyphae. Electron microscopy also revealed morphological and ultrastructural changes in the membranes. 

The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the potential mechanisms mediating the efficacy of 

chitosan as an antifungal agent. The benefits to the wood preservation industry that the use of chitosan can bring as 

a “biopreservative” are also discussed. 

280

PS4-410-0308 

Mode(s) of action of chitosan: 2. The effect on fungal cell wall deposition 

D Vesentini 1, D Steward 2, AP Singh 1 

1 Ensis - Wood Processing, Rotorua, New Zealand, 2 Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand 

Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from the N-deacetylation of chitin. The efficacy of chitosan as an adjuvant and a 

plant elicitor are well documented and interesting results have been obtained in the use of chitosan for controlling 

fungal growth. However, little specific evidence is available to elucidate the mechanisms through which its activity is 

mediated. 

In the present study, two wood-inhabiting species, Sphaeropsis sapinea and Trichoderma harzianum, have been used 

as a model to investigate the effect of chitosan on the cell wall deposition. We postulated that increasing 

concentrations of chitosan would cause an increase in chitin deposition, which would reflect changes occurring at 

morphological and ultrastructural level within the cell wall. 

The study employed three different techniques in order to quantify chitin in the fungal mycelium. A colorimetric 

method for the detection of D-glucosamine was compared with two methods using GC-MS pyroGC-MS. All methods 

provided evidence of an increase in the chitin content in the mycelium in the presence of increasing concentrations 

of chitosan in the growth medium, suggesting that chitosan treatment enhanced deposition of cell wall. The effect of 

the presence of chitosan on the reliability of the three methods was also evaluated. 

Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine whether such increase in the amount of chitin was due to 

increased cell wall thickness or to a more compact cell wall architecture. 

The implications of these results are discussed with a view to analyzing the mechanisms associated with growth 

inhibitory effects of chitosan on fungal hyphae. The benefits related to the use of chitosan as an environmentally 

benign substitute for traditional hazardous chemical wood preservatives are also discussed. 

PS4-411-0312 

An F-actin depleted zone is present at the hyphal tip of invasive hyphae of the ascomycete Neurospora 

crassa 

S Suei, A Garrill 

University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 

F-actin is thought to be a key player in tip growth in both fungi and oomycete hyphae. In these evolutionarily distant, 

yet morphologically similar groups of organisms it has been hypothesized to play a number of roles in morphogenesis 

including the control of tip yielding and vesicle delivery to the tip. F-actin is typically seen at a high concentration at 

the tip, although there have also been some indications of F-actin depleted areas in the tip of some species of fungi. 

We have recently reported that, in the oomycetes, this F-actin depleted zone is associated with invasive hyphae. As 

the hyphal growth form is suspected to have arisen by convergent evolution in oomycetes and fungi this raises the 

question of whether an F-actin depleted zone is also a feature of fungal hyphae. In view of the above we have carried 

out an investigation of the distribution of F-actin, the F-actin severing protein cofilin and vesicles in invasive and noninvasive 

hyphae of the ascomycete Neurospora crassa. 

Both non-invasive and invasive hyphae were grown on scratched cellophane overlaying 2% agar containing Vogel’s 

minimal medium with 1.5% (w/v) sucrose. The invasive hyphae were overlaid with 2% low melting point agar. After 

growth recovery hyphae were chemically fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.5% methylglyoxal and stained with 

an anti-actin or anti-cofilin antibody. Live hyphae were also exposed to the membrane sensitive dye FM-4-64 for 

visualisation of vesicles and the Spitzenkörper. Stained hyphae were observed using epifluorescent and confocal 

microscopes. 

We found that 86% of non-invasive hyphae had a tip high concentration of F-actin, this compares to only 9% of 

invasive hyphae. The remaining 91% of the invasive hyphae had no obvious tip high concentration of F-actin staining; 

instead they had an F-actin depleted zone in this region. The membrane stain FM4-64 revealed a slightly larger 

accumulation of vesicles at the tips of invasive hyphae relative to non-invasive hyphae, although this difference is 

unlikely to be sufficient to account for the exclusion of F-actin from the tip. An anti-cofilin antibody localised to the F- 

actin depleted zone of invasive hyphae. 

We suggest that the F-actin depleted zone may play a role in the regulation of tip yielding to turgor pressure, thus 

increasing the protrusive force that might be necessary for invasive growth. The rearrangement of the cytoskeleton to 

create this depleted zone may come about through the action of the F-actin severing protein cofilin. 

281

PS4-412-0342 

Respiration properties of Pythium species from cool-temperate forest soil 

B. S. Tan, M. Senda, K. Kageyama 

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan 

The final goal of this research aims to investigate a prospect of Pythium species to use as an indicator for an estimation 

of soil microbe respiration. In this study, we examined respiration properties of Pythium species from cool-temperate 

forest soil. 

Pythium spinosum, P. sylvaticum, and Pythium group HS isolates collected from cool-temperate forest soil in Japan 

were used. The isolates were cultured on Schmitthenner’s agar medium and incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C. The 

concentration of CO2 in culture container was measured at 0, 8, 16 and 24 h after incubation. To examine the 

relationship between mycelial growth and respiration, the isolates were cultured in Schmitthenner’s broth medium at 

25°C. The concentration of CO2 was measured 48, 72 and 96 h after incubation. Dry weight of mycelium was 

measured as mycelial growth. Respiration rate was calculated as released CO2 per g dry weight of mycelia. 

Results and Discussion 

The respiration activity of Pythium species changed in response to temperature. P. spinosum showed the highest 

respiration activity at more than 20°C. On the other hand, the HS group tended to release more volume of CO2 at 

15°C than P. sylvaticum and P. spinosum. At less than 10°C, there was no difference in the volume of released CO2 

among the investigated species, in which the respiration activities were low. 

The volume of released CO2 was positively correlated with the mycelial weight, regardless of species. Although P. 

spinosum tended to release more volume of CO2 than P. sylvaticum and the HS group, the rate of released CO2 per 

mycelial weight was greatest in the HS group. 

The results suggested that the response to temperature differed among Pythium species and that the volume of 

released CO2 could be estimated based on the inoculum density. The HS group that was predominant in cooltemperate 

forest soil might have adapted to cool environment. 

PS4-413-0391 

A strictly aquatic fungus can biotransform 1-naphthol 

G. Krauss 1, D. Schlosser 2, G.-J. Krauss 3 

1 UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental 

Microbiology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany, 2 UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig- 

Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoser-Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, 

Germany, 3 Martin- Luther- University Halle- Wittenberg, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Div. Ecological 

and Plant Biochemistry, Kurt- Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany 

Aquatic hyphomycetes are specifically adapted to aquatic environments, which initiate the decomposition of 

organic matter arising from the riparian vegetation in streams and lakes. Knowledge about their potential to degrade 

xenobiotic compounds is limited to a few examples [1, 2]. 

Besides bacteria, environmentally ubiquitous filamentous fungi and yeasts were implicated to degrade aromatic 

hydrocarbons in natural ecosystems. 

1-Naphthol is a toxic microbial degradation metabolite of the widely used broad-spectrum insecticide carbaryl (1- 

naphthyl-N-methyl carbamate) and was found to contaminate surface waters and sediments at carbamate 

pesticide production sites. 

The strictly aquatic fungus Heliscus lugdunensis, isolated from a high polluted habitat [2], metabolized approximately 

74% of 1-naphthol within 5 days. The identification and quantification of degradation products using GC-MS, LC-MS, 

and HPLC revealed that approximately 12% of the parent compound was converted into 1naphthylsulfate, 3% was 

transformed into 1-methoxy-naphthalene, and less than 1% was converted into 1,4naphthoquinone. 

The work was done to broaden the knowledge about the potential of exclusively aquatic fungi to affect the 

environmental fate of pollutants of xenobiotic origin in freshwater environments and the biochemical reactions 

involved. 

[1] Krauss, G., Schlosser, D., Krauss, G.-J. (2005) Aquatic fungi in heavy metal and organically polluted habitats. In: 

Biodiversity of Fungi: Their Role in Human Life. (S.K. DESHMUKH and RAI, M.K., eds.). Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH., 

USA and Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli, India, pp. 221-249 

[2] Junghanns, C., Moeder, M., Krauss, G. Martin, C., Schlosser, D. (2005) Degradation of the xenoestrogen 

nonylphenol by aquatic fungi and their laccases. Microbiology (SGM), 151, 45-57 

282

PS4-414-0400 

Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Mycena epipterygia Decomposing Pine Needles 

J.B. Boberg, R.D. Finlay, J. Stenlid, B.D. Lindahl 

Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to many forest ecosystems have increased but their effects on litter decomposition are 

not fully understood. It has for long been a dogma that decomposer systems are C-limited, since additions of labile 

carbohydrates increases respiration. Many studies suggest that litter degrading microorganisms are often limited by 

low N availability. However, additions of N have often been observed to have no or negative effects on 

decomposition, particularly the decomposition rate of more recalcitrant material seen in a longer time perspective. 

Underlying these contradicting results are methodological problems associated with field experiments with complex 

microbial communities and food webs. Additions of labile C or N may lead to drastic changes in the microbial 

community. The relationship between microbial growth and decomposition rates is also difficult to monitor in field 

experiments. Detailed laboratory studies of decomposition under controlled conditions and with known decomposer 

organisms may potentially shed light over the contradicting observations made from field conditions. 

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of the litter decomposing fungus Mycena epipterygia to alter its C- 

use efficiency (C biomass/C assimilated) in response to increased N and C availability. The fungus was grown 

axenically on Scots pine needles and the effects of added glucose or ammonium on C-use efficiency were studied 

by measuring the respiration and fungal biomass production over a 38 day period. Respiration was measured using 

an Infra Red Gas Analyser (IRGA) and chitin analysis was used to estimate fungal biomass production. 

Preliminary results indicate that N addition immediately increases respiration from pine needles in early stages of 

decomposition. However, addition of glucose also increased respiration, but after a one week lag phase. The results 

of the calculated C-use efficiency will be discussed in relation to the decomposition responses observed after N 

addition. 

PS4-415-0404 

Selenium induces manganese peroxidase production by the white-rot fungus LSK-27 

Tunc Catal, Candan Tamerler, Hakan Bermek 

Istanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey 

Most white-rot fungi species secrete lignin-modifying enzymes such as manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase, and 

lignin peroxidase during their secondary metabolism which is generally triggered by nitrogen and/or carbon 

deprivation. Various specific mechanisms for induction of enzyme production were previously reported in detail. 

However, to our knowledge, the effects of selenium as an inducer for ligninolytic enzyme production in white-rot fungi 

has never been studied. We demonstrated that selenium either induced or repressed MnP production in white-rot 

fungus LSK-27, in a dose-dependent manner. While the higher concentrations of selenium repressed the MnP 

production, lower selenium concentrations stimulated it by about 3 fold. Interestingly, smaller selenium concentrations 

caused a decrease in the extracellular glutathione levels. These preliminary results indicate that selenium might 

protect the organism from the oxidative stress, in a manner similar to that in higher eukaryotes. 

PS4-416-0419 

The H+-ATPase LmPMA1 is involved in pathogenicity of Leptosphaeria maculans on oilseed rape 

E. REMY, M. MEYER, F. BLAISE, M. H. BALESDENT, T. ROUXEL 

INRA-PMDV, Versailles, France 

Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker, is the major pathogen of oilseed rape all over the world. 

In order to decipher the fungus infection strategies, and in parallel to the current genome initiative (see Balesdent et 

al. communication), a collection of 3000 Agrobacterium-mediated transformants has recently been generated and 

characterized in our laboratory. Here, we describe the phenotypic and functional characterization of one nonpathogenic 

mutant, m210. M210 is morphologically similar to the wild type isolate in vitro and shows no growth or 

sporulation defect. It induces a typical hypersensibility reaction on susceptible oilseed rape leaves and is totally 

inefficient to colonize the stem. Formal genetic studies performed on a progeny of 54 isolates showed an exact cosegregation 

between the m210 phenotype and the selection marker, thus confirming the efficient tagging of the 

mutant. T-DNA border sequencing allowed us to localize its insertion within the promoter of one gene, 274 bp upstream 

the start codon. The insertion results in the deletion of 7 bp of the promoter region. This gene is homologous to the 

highly conserved fungal gene PMA1, which encodes the predominant and essential plasma membrane H+-ATPase. 

The basic function of this protein in fungal cells is to create an electrochemical proton gradient, which drives the 

uptake of nutrients by secondary active transport systems and regulates the intracellular pH. The Leptosphaeria 

maculans H+-ATPase possesses all the characteristics common to other fungal H+-ATPases (conserved catalytic and 

transmembrane domains). Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that LmPMA1 is expressed at a high level and in a 

constitutive way in vitro (germinating conidia, mycelia) and in planta. In m210, the T-DNA insertion induced a 50% 

reduced expression of LmPMA1 in in vitro growing mycelium but not in germinating conidia, compared to the wild 

type. We suggest that the separation of transcriptional regulation boxes from the gene start by the T-DNA insertion led 

to a deregulation of the expression in m210. In fungi, the expression of the H+-ATPase is under the control of 

environmental pH and morphogenic development. We are actually investigating the influence of these two factors 

on LmPMA1 expression, both in the wild type and mutant strains. 

283

PS4-417-0435 

Characterization of Cdk-related kinases from Blastocladiella emersonii during its life cycle 

K. F. Ribichich, S. L. Gomes 

Departamento de Bioquímica - Instituto de Química - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil 

Cyclin-dependent kinases are key enzymes responsible for the control of the cell cycle progression. While in fungi, only 

one Cdk, named Cdk1, has been described as directly involved in the control of cell cycle transitions, in animals at 

least two Cdks have been indicated and members from two distinct groups could be involved in cell cycle control in 

plants. One characteristic of chytridiomycetes is their growth as a coenocyte without citokynesis until their entry in the 

sporulation phase, or briefly thereafter. Although cell cycle control mechanisms seem to be conserved in eukaryotes, 

mechanisms and control points of the transition from a nucleated cell to a multinucleated cell that is finally divided 

into cellular compartments remain obscure. As a first step towards understanding the role of the cell cycle in the life 

cycle of the chytridiomycete B. emersonii, we report the identification of two putative Cdk or Cdk-related kinase (Crk) 

cDNAs and their characterization by sequence analysis and mRNA levels. The deduced protein sequences from the 

isolated cDNAs present the conserved motifs of Cdks, but the characteristic PSTAIRE motif in their cyclin-binding 

domain is divergent. Both Crk genes showed pre-translational regulation, but with different mRNA profiles along the 

fungus life cycle. Post-translational regulation is a characteristic of Cdks, with one plant group described as 

transcriptionally regulated. Cdk associated activity was also investigated in immunoprecipitates obtained with 

polyclonal antiserum produced against one of the Crks and in co-precipitates with p13Suc1, a high-affinity Cdk 

regulatory subunit that associates with active enzyme complex. Both patterns of histone H1 phosphorylation showed 

kinase activity throughout the life cycle with a reduction at the end of sporulation, which accompanied the mRNA 

profile. Moreover, both activities were inhibited with purvalanol A, a selective and potent Cdk inhibitor. This is the first 

report of putative Cdks of a chytridiomycete, which appear to be different in sequence and expression from those 

described for other fungi. 

PS4-418-0449 

Genes involved in sclerotial differentiation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 

R. J. Weld 1, C. C. Eady 2, H. J. Ridgway 1 

1 National Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection Technologies, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, 2 New 

Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a ubiquitous, necrotrophic, ascomycetous fungus that infects over 400 plant species 

including many economically important crop species. During its lifecycle this highly successful pathogen can form 

hardy resting structures called sclerotia that allow it to over-winter in the soil. The questions we are interested in 

answering are: What molecular pathways co-ordinate sclerotium formation? And are such mechanisms homologous 

to conidiogenesis regulation pathways in unrelated filamentous fungi? A starting point for this work has been, firstly, to 

identify genes differentially expressed during sclerotial initiation and secondly, to find Sclerotinia genes that are 

homologous to genes known to regulate conidiogenesis in other fungi. We are currently using expression knock-down 

to test the effect of these genes on sclerotial morphogenesis. 

AFLP differential display was used to compare genes expressed during sclerotium formation in a wild type strain with 

gene expression in a non-sclerotial UV mutant. Candidate genes homologous to known conidiation regulatory genes 

were identified from the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome sequence 

(http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/sclerotinia_sclerotiorum/). Northern blots were used for analysis of 

expression during sclerotial initiation. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and RNAi are being used to specifically 

disrupt expression of the candidate genes. 

AFLP and Northern analysis identified several genes that are specifically expressed during sclerotial morphogenesis. 

These genes include genes putatively involved in sugar transport and secondary metabolism. One of the genes 

identified by AFLP (800AT) has sequence similarity to the fluffy (fl) gene which is the major regulator of conidiation in 

Neurospora crassa. 800AT amino acid sequence was 28% identical to fl (over 50% of the protein). There was 62% 

identity between the fl DNA binding domain and the corresponding domain on 800AT including residues important for 

DNA binding. We are currently using RNAi-induced silencing to examine the effect of loss of expression of the putative 

fl homologue on sclerotial morphogenesis. 

The development of a transformation system based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens has provided the ideal tool for 

creation of gene knock-outs and knock-downs in S. sclerotiorum. We have identified a candidate gene with 

sequence similarity to the N. crassa fluffy gene. This novel gene contains the DNA binding domain, basic region and 

middle homology region typical of a GAL4-type transcription factor and is differentially expressed during sclerotial 

formation. As some types of sclerotia are considered to be evolutionarily derived from conidiogenous tissue, we 

anticipate considerable homology between regulation of conidiogenesis and sclerotia formation at a molecular 

level. 

284

PS4-419-0461 

Pleiomorphic vacuoles in Aspergillus oryzae and their possible involvement in nutrient recycling 

JY Shoji, M Arioka, K Kitamoto 

Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 

Vacuoles in filamentous fungi are highly pleiomorphic and some of them, e.g. tubular vacuoles are implicated in intraand 

intercellular transport. We established Aspergillus oryzae strains that express the functional fusion protein of 

enhanced green fluorescent protein with AoVam3p (EGFP-AoVam3p), a putative vacuolar t-SNARE, and carried out 

microscopic observations. FM4-64 and CMAC staining confirmed that EGFP-AoVam3p localized on the membrane of 

the pleiomorphic vacuolar networks, including large spherical vacuoles, tubular vacuoles, and putative late 

endosomes/prevacuolar compartments. The vacuoles changed their shape and size over time, as revealed by timelapse 

imaging of EGFP-AoVam3p with a confocal microscope. In addition, EGFP-AoVam3p-expressing strains led to 

the discovery of several new aspects of fungal vacuoles, which have not been discovered so far with conventional 

staining methods, during different developmental stages. In old hyphae, EGFP fluorescence was present in the entire 

lumen of large vacuoles, which occupied most of the cell, indicating that degradation of cytosolic materials had 

occurred in such hyphae via an autophagic process. Since these vacuoles were often interconnected with tubular 

vacuoles, the cellular components of old hyphae may be recycled to more active regions of the mycelium via the 

tubular vacuoles. In hyphae that were not in contact with nutrients, such as aerial hyphae and hyphae that grew on 

a glass surface, vacuoles were composed of small punctate structures and tubular elements that often formed 

reticular-like networks. This observation suggests that the tubular vacuoles may be involved in nutrient transport to 

these hyphae. 

PS4-420-0476 

The Coprinus cinereus eln6 gene involved in stipe elongation during fruit body maturation encodes a 

putative glycosyl transferase. 

H Muraguchi 1, T Murayama 1, T Kamada 2, S. O Yanagi 1 

1 Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan, 2 Okayama University, Okayama, Japan 

The stipe cells of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus exhibit rapid elongation during fruit body development, providing 

an excellent opportunity to study molecular mechanisms underlying fungal cell morphogenesis. 

We isolated an elongationless mutant that is defective in elongation of the fruit-body stipe of C. cinereus. Microscopic 

observations revealed that the stipe cells in the mutant not only fail to elongate normally, but also exhibit crooked 

form even before elongation. Linkage analysis using RAPD markers mapped the gene responsible for the 

elongationless phenotype, eln6, on chromosome XIII. We constructed a BAC library of the Okayama-7 strain using a 

vector carrying the C. cinereus trp1 gene as a selectable marker, and then assigned BAC clones to specific regions 

of the published genome sequences by fingerprinting, the BACFinder program and BAC end-sequencing. We 

transformed an eln6-1 mutant strain carrying the trp1 auxotrphic marker with BACs assigned onto chromosome XIII, 

and identified a BAC clone that complements the eln6-1 mutation. 

We identified the eln6 gene in the BAC clone by testing the eln6 activity of PCR amplified fragments from the BAC 

clone with the trp1 marker gene. The eln6 gene is predicted to encode a putative membrane protein of 881 amino 

acids with a glycosyl transferase domain. The eln6-1 mutant gene has substitution of 2 base pairs which truncates the 

C-terminal region including the glycosyl transferase domain, suggesting a loss of function of the Eln6 protein. Eln6 

exhibits a strong similarity to Eln3, which has been identified by analysis of another elongationless mutant of C. cinereus 

and shown to be a putative membrane protein with a general glycosyltransferase domain. These results suggest that 

Eln6, together with Eln3, is involved in production of a cell wall component(s) that is essential for the stipe cells to 

elongate. 

PS4-421-0491 

Isolation and in vitro cultivation of the fastidious insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps unilateralis 

K. Tasanatai, P. Wongsa, K. Kocharin, N.L. Hywel-Jones 

BIOTEC, Pathumthani, Thailand 

Cordyceps unilateralis is an ant pathogenic fungus with a world-wide distribution which is common in Thai forests. Of 

120+ species of Cordyceps recorded from Thailand this has proved the most difficult to get in culture. A method for 

the isolation and in vitro growth of this fungus was, therefore, developed. 

Ascospores from infected ant cadavers were used as starting materials and their secondary conidia were allowed to 

germinate first on Potato Dextrose Agar. These secondary conidia were induced to develop further growth by 

transferring them to Grace’s Insect Tissue Culture Medium. Then, the formation of mycelia was stimulated by using 

Potato Dextrose Broth. As a result, the in vivo life cycle of C. unilateralis from the steps of secondary spore germination, 

blastospore formation and mycelium growth was successfully completed in vitro. 

These three steps of development facilitated the efficient isolation and cultivation of C. unilateralis in the laboratory 

allowing us to secure 150+ isolates of Cordyceps unilateralis. In addition, the effect of nutritional factors on blastospore 

and mycelial growth was investigated. Glucose was found to be the most important factor for blastospore formation 

while yeast extract could be used as a nitrogen source. Addition of salt solutions to the basic Grace’s medium was 

found to be essential for blastospore formation. 

285

PS4-422-0497 

The search for polyketide synthase genes producing beta-orsellinic acid and methylphloroacetophenone 

as precursors for beta-orcinol depsidones and usnic acids in the lichen Chondropsis semiviridis 

Y.H. Chooi1, D.M. Stalker 1, S.H.J.J. Louwhoff 2, A.C Lawrie 1 

1 Biotechnology & Environmental Biology Dept., RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia, 2 Royal Botanic Gardens 

Melbourne, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 

Unique aromatic polyketide compounds produced solely by lichens have shown diverse biological activities. The aim 

of this study is to identify the polyketide synthase (PKS) genes responsible for the production of the hypothetical 

precursor of beta-orcinol depsides and depsidones, and usnic acids in lichens. All three groups of compounds are 

predicted to arise from a common precursor (a C4-methylated C8 polyketide chain), which is later cyclised into betaorsellinic 

acid or methylphloroacetophenone. It is likely that these PKS gene products are of the non-reducing type 

and possess a methyltransferase (MT) domain. Using a phylogenetic approach combining PCR and Southern 

hybridisation, we attempted to identify the potential genes for the precursors in Chondropsis semiveridis (F.Muell. ex 

Nyl.), where beta-orcinol depsidones (i.e. succinoprotocetraric acid and fumarprotocetraric acid) and usnic acid is 

detected in the thallus by HPLC. Degenerate primers biased to the non-reducing (NR) clade III PKSs based on Kroken 

et al. (2003) were designed to amplify the ketosynthase (KS) domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. 

semiviridis has two such KS domains (KSc3 and KSc4), both showing >70% amino acid identities to various non-reducing 

type PKS in that clade. Southern hybridisation of the genomic DNA with the KS domains showed two bands for KSc3 

and a single band for KSc4. The region corresponding to a 4 kb BamHI-HindIII band that hybridized with KSc4 was 

excised from gels and subcloned. Sequencing of positive clone, p52KS, revealed a 2.3 kb 5’ fragment of a PKS gene 

and a partial fragment of a putative esterase gene located 1.5kb upstream with an opposite direction of transcription. 

The downstream sequence of the KS domain was obtained by a domain-hopping strategy. Two 400 bp fragments 

amplified using degenerate primers targeting the MT domains of NR PKSs were cloned and sequenced. The reverse 

primer was designed from a MT fragment showing similar BLASTx matches and was used to obtain a 4.5 kb PCR 

product between the KS and MT domain. BLASTx search of the combined 6.3 kb partial PKS sequence indicated that 

citrinin PKS from Monascus purpureus (pksCT) was the closest PKS homolog and that both shared the same domain 

orientation. The relative location of the putative esterase and PKS genes suggests that they both form part of a betaorcinol 

depside or depsidone gene cluster, as they fit the enzymatic steps required. Additional experimental data, 

including heterologous expression of the genes, is needed to support the prediction. 

PS4-423-0498 

Identification of mating genes in the Aspergillus oryzae genome: studies towards understanding their role 

in its life cycle 

Nanase Yamamoto1, Praveen Rao Juvvadi1, Jun-ichi Maruyama 1, David B Archer 2, Katsuhiko Kitamoto 1 

1 Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2 School of Biology, University of Nottingham, 

Nottingham, United Kingdom 

Aspergillus species exhibit both asexual and sexual modes of propagation with homothallic or heterothallic patterns 

of breeding. While in A. nidulans, a homothallic species, sexuality is well known and sex in A. fumigatus is beginning to 

be understood, not much is known on the closely related species, A. oryzae, which is considered to propagate 

“asexually”. In contrast to A. nidulans with both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 loci, typical of its homothallic nature, the genome 

of A. oryzae RIB40 strain revealed the existence of only MAT1-1 gene encoding a protein with alpha-box motif, 

prompting a consideration on its sexual identity. Interestingly, PCR analysis in several industrial strains of A. oryzae using 

MAT1-2 gene specific primers revealed the presence of MAT1-2 gene encoding a protein with HMG-box motif, 

confirming the existence of opposite mating type strains in A. oryzae. Moreover, the presence of genes encoding the 

alpha-pheromone (AoppgA) and its receptor (AogprA), which are indispensable for sexual response, in addition to 

genes encoding the proteases (Kex1, Kex2 and Ste13) required for processing of alpha-pheromone implicated 

probable sexual pathway in A. oryzae. While RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of AoppgA and AogprA genes, 

their expression was upregulated upon carbon source depletion suggesting that recognition of alpha-pheromone by 

its receptor might play an important role during carbon starvation. The AoPpgA protein with 103 aa contained a 

putative secretory signal sequence, and two repeats of ~10 amino acids each followed by Kex2-processing site as in 

other fungal alpha-pheromones. Processing and secretion of AoPpgA in A. oryzae was confirmed by the expression 

AoppgA-egfp fusion construct under the control of amyB promoter. EGFP fluorescence was detected at the septa 

and in the vacuoles, which is usually observed when a secretory protein fused with EGFP is expressed in A. oryzae. 

Coomassie staining and Western blotting using GFP-antibody suggested the secretion of the processed forms of 

AoPpgA into growth medium. The AogprA encoded a protein belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family 

and the AoGprA-EGFP fusion localized at the plasma membranes. To further characterize the function of alphapheromone 

and its receptor, the AoppgA and AogprA disruptants were generated. Phenotypic analysis of the 

¢AoppgA and ¢AogprA strains showed reduced conidiation in comparison to the wild type. The results obtained thus 

far suggest that the AoppgA and AogprA genes may have other functions in A. oryzae. 

286

PS4-424-0532 

Isolation and screening of biologically active metabolites of selected marine fungi from Malaysia 

Nazura Zainuddin, Choon Weng Lee, Siti Aisyah Alias 

University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 

Many marine fungi have been screened for their biologically active secondary metabolites and vast numbers of new 

biologically active substances have been discovered. This study was conducted to isolate marine fungi on decaying 

wood of mangrove trees, Nypa fruiticans and driftwood from coastal areas and to screen marine fungi producing 

antimicrobial activities against bacteria and yeasts in Malaysia. Studies on diversity of marine fungi were carried out 

at Morib, Kuala Selangor and Langkawi Island from 2003 to 2004. One hundred fifty two marine fungi were successfully 

isolated and cultured at the Herbarium, University of Malaya and these isolations were screened for antimicrobial 

activities using plug assay. In the plug assay, three yeasts and four bacteria namely, Candida albicans, 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and 

Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organisms. In this study only 66 marine fungi showed positive activity against 

bacteria and yeasts. The diameter of inhibition zones range from 9-20 mm for the plug assay. Results indicated that 64 

marine fungi exhibited antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, 63 marine fungi against S. aureus, 11 species against K. 

aerogenes and 5 species against E. coli. Whereas, the number of marine fungi exhibiting antifungal activity against C. 

albicans, S. cerevisiae, and S. pombe are 6, 12 and 14, respectively. Only seven marine fungi inhibited the growth of 

both bacteria and yeasts. Five species of marine fungi selected for further screening were Caryosporella rhizophorae, 

Fasciatispora nypae, Melaspilea mangrovei, Leptosphaeria sp. and Asco sp. 19(NF). A disc diffusion assay using ethyl 

acetate extracts from 20 days old cultures was also carried out to confirm the plug assay results. The diameter of 

inhibition zones range from 9-16mm for disc diffusion assay. Time-course studies were also carried out to estimate the 

rate of secondary production. Two different conditions were employed: static/stationary and shake at 250 rpm. In 

general, activities against yeasts were more prominent in stationary incubation and most of the extract cultured 

showed activity after 15 days. Whereas in shake incubation, C. rhizophorae showed good activity against bacteria 

after 10 days. The result confirms our earlier observations from the plug assay. Cytotoxicity studies and chemical 

characterization of these extracts are planned. 

PS4-425-0542 

Zoosporangium development and zoospore release of Halophytophthora kandeliae 

FL Chan, SY Hsieh, GF Yuan 

Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan 

Halophytophthora species were mainly isolated from intertidal fallen leaves in subtropical and tropical mangrove 

forest. Currently fifteen species and two varieties are known, and species delimitation is based mainly on the 

morphology of zoosporangium, and on the characters of vesicle, plug and operculum. However, the great diversity in 

the morphology of zoosporangia and in the mode of zoospore release suggested this genus could be polyphyletic. To 

clarify this taxonomic problem, detailed studies of zoosporangium development in different species are necessary, 

which may provide useful information in taxonomic composition of this genus. A species, Halophytophthora 

kandeliae, distinguished from other Halophytophthora species primarily by its regularly obovate sporangia and by 

forming spherical, persistent vesicle, was examined for the development of zoosporangia and the process of the 

zoospore release by using LM, SEM and TEM. Our results showed the presence of operculum which opened through 

the predetermined line at the apex region of zoosporangium wall. Spherical vesicle was formed from crescent-shaped 

translucent matrix beneath the apex of zoosporangium. Cytoplasm cleavage and then zoospores developing 

occurred after part of zoosporangial cytoplasm ejected into spherical vesicle. The wall (or membrane?) of vesicle 

became gradually digested during zoospore developing, and then ruptured to release mature zoospore. The results 

revealed one of the several modes of zoospore release in Halophytophthora species, which are unique only in H. 

kandeliae. 

287

PS4-426-0546 

The relative importance of different groups saprophytic and mycorrhizal fungi revealed by a flux model of 

dead plant matter and belowground assimilate allocation in Norway spruce forests. 

A Dahlberg 1, R Hyvönen 2 

1 Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 

Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

Fluxes over time rather than the amount at a given point of dead plant material (DPM) or allocation of assimilate 

belowground in forest ecosystems are important, not only for terrestrial carbon exchange but also for forest biodiversity 

and for fungal diversity. The majority of forest organisms are saprophytic and integrated in food-webs emanating from 

either DPM or mycorrhizal systems. Fungi carry out the predominant part of decomposition in boreal forests. In these 

forests, threatened species are largely confined to virgin forest conditions or to coarse woody fractions of DPM. Yet, 

little attention has been paid to the relative importance for forest organisms of coarse and fine dead wood in relation 

to other DPM such as needles, leaves and fine-roots from the trees as well as DPM from the field- and bottom-layer. 

The relative activity of ericod- and ectomycorrhiza in boreal forests is similarly incompletely known. This type of 

analyses need to be temporal as the magnitude of fluxes of DPM and assimilate allocated belowground vary during 

forest succession. 

Here we present a model of the relative contribution of different fractions of above and belowground DPM from trees, 

field- and bottom-layer and the amount of assimilate allocated belowground from trees and field-layer. The analysis 

compare managed and virgin Norway spruce forests during a forest generation. We have acquired and compiled 

data of above and belowground growth and production of DPM of trees, field-and bottom-layer and modelled the 

inflow of various fractions of DPM as well as the root-production as a measure of belowground assimilate allocation 

during a forest generation. In order to display the importance of different DPM fractions over time for saprotrophic 

organisms, we calculated the heterotrophic respiration rather than showing the inflow and standing mass of DPM. 

Using this model we show that heterotrophic respiration originating from dead fine-roots and needles largely exceed 

that from wood. We also show the potential amount of assimilate allocated to the communities of ericaceous and 

ectomycorrhizal fungi, respectively, over time and at conditions with different soil fertility. 

PS4-427-0563 

The litter-decomposing fungus Mycena epipterygia produces a novel hybrid enzyme of lignin and phenoloxidizing 

peroxidases 

KT Steffen 1, E Walter 2, R Ullrich 2, V Hintikka 3, M Hofrichter 2 

1 Dep. of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2 Unit of Environmental 

Biotechnology, International Graduateschool Zittau, Zittau, Germany, 3 Dep. of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, 

Helsinki, Finland 

The genus Mycena represents a diverse group of about 500 species of agaric mushrooms, which worldwide colonize 

soil-litter and plant debris in forests. An agar-plate screening, including 19 Mycena spp. (30 different strains) from 

Middle Europe and Scandinavia, was performed to select strains producing extracellular oxidoreductases such as 

laccase, manganese peroxidase and/or other peroxidases. Only two strains did not show any oxidative activity and 

24 strains were able oxidize the indicator substrate ABTS [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate). All ABTS 

oxidizing strains secreted laccase but significant peroxidase activities were only found in three strains of Mycena 

epipterygia. This litter-decomposing fungus, colloquially called Yellowleg Bonnet, is a widespread and common 

mushroom, which lives on dead leaves and needles. It prefers to fruit on or under conifers and produces fruiting 

bodies, which are small and slimy-capped typical agarics. The production of peroxidases by M. epipterygia was 

studied in surface and agitated cultures using a complex N-rich medium based on soy bean meal. Highest peroxidase 

levels were detected in stirred-tank bioreactors (10 liter), reaching up to 800 Units l-1 8 days after inoculation. In classic 

N-depleted and other synthetic media mostly used to obtain ligninolytic activities (KIRK, CZAPEK DOX), the fungus 

secreted only very low peroxidase activities. After several concentration and purification steps, a classic manganese 

peroxidase and a novel heme peroxidase were isolated from the culture liquid. The latter enzyme oxidized both 

phenolic substrates such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol as well as the non-phenolic aromatic compounds as veratryl alcohol 

(VA) and ?-O-4 lignin model dimers. Thus this Mycena peroxidase is the first VA oxidizing peroxidase of a litterdecomposing 

fungus and it combines properties of classic phenol-oxidizing peroxidases (e.g. horseradish peroxidase, 

Coprinus cinereus peroxidase) and lignin peroxidase from ligninolytic white-rot fungi. On the other hand, the enzyme 

is not capable of oxidizing Mn(II) ions as fungal manganese or versatile peroxidases do, and hence it may represent 

a novel hybrid form of ligninolytic biocatalysts. Biochemical characterization of the enzyme is currently under 

investigation. Preliminary tests indicate that Mycena peroxidase is a comparatively large (~ 52 kDa) and heavily 

glycosylated heme protein. 

288

PS4-428-0568 

Proteolytic activity of several Coprinoid mushrooms 

S.M. Badalyan 1, U. Kües 2, H.K. Avetisyan 1 

1 Yerevan State University, Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Yerevan, Armenia, 2 Georg-August- 

University of Göttingen, Institute of Forest Botany, Section Molecular Wood Biotechnology, Göttingen, Germany 

Many fungi including basidiomycetes mushrooms produce extra-cellular proteolytic enzymes of great commercial 

importance. Several of these fungi can be used in food and medicinal industry to obtain milk-coagulating, proteolytic, 

thrombolytic and fibrinolytic biotech-products. Enzymatic complexes with caseinolytic, milk-coagulating, fibrinolytic 

and thrombolytic activities produced by Coprinoid mushrooms have been reported before by Denisova (1990). 

Physiological and enzymatic activities of Coprinoid mushrooms are however still insufficiently studied. 

Different levels of milk-coagulating abilities in Coprinellus micaceus, C. disseminatus, C. xanthothrix, Coprinopsis 

cinerea, C. radiata, and C. strossmayeri were detected in our studies. During mycelial cultivation, proteolytic enzymes 

are secreted into cultural broth. Proteolytic enzymes also accumulate in fruiting body tissues. Proteolytic activities of 

maltextract culture liquids and of mycelium of various species were investigated for their proteolytic activity on 

defatted milk by coagulation and peptonization tests after 5 days of incubation. 

Tested culture liquids showed different degrees of proteolytic activities but there was no significant correlation to 

fungal cultivation times. However, the doze/effect correlation was noted. Strong proteolytic activity was revealed in 

culture liquids from C. micaceus, C. xanthothrix and C. cinerea starting from the first day of incubation whereas 

mycelial extracts of these species were inactive. A weaker activity compared to culture liquid samples was detected. 

In contrast, in mycelial extracts of C. radiat‡, C. disseminatus and C. strossmayeri proteolytic activities were detected 

that were however weaker than the activities in the culture liquids. 

This work is supported by grants from the NATO (#980764) and the DAAD (#548.104401.174) grants and by the 

Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU). 

PS4-429-0573 

The histidine kinase Dic1p regulates HOG1-MAPK involved in glycerol accumulation of Cochliobolus 

heterostrophus. 

A. Yoshimi, K. Izumitsu, C. Tanaka 

Laboratory of Environmental Mycoscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 

In Southern corn leaf bright fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus, the histidine kinase Dic1p is involved in resistance to 

dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides. We previously reported that the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil and 

the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione misled to activation of Hog1-type MAPKs in some phytopathogenic fungi 

including C. heterostrophus. To elucidate the relationships and functions of C. heterostrophus BmHog1p (Hog1-type 

MAPK) and the histidine kinase Dic1p, the phosphorylations of BmHog1p and glycerol-accumulation were analyzed 

in the wild-type, the dic1 deficient and the Bmhog1 deficient strains. In the wild-type strain, the phosphorylated 

BmHog1p was detected after exposure to both iprodione and fludioxonil, even at concentration of 1 µg/ml. In the 

dic1 strain, no phosphorylated BmHog1p was detected after exposure to 1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml of the fungicides. 

Similarly, in response to osmotic stress (0.4 M KCl), a phosphorylated BmHog1p was also not found in the dic1 strain, 

whereas the band representing the active BmHog1p was clearly detected in the wild-type strain. The treatments with 

iprodione and the osmotic stress caused intracellular glycerol accumulation in the wild-type strain but not in dic1 and 

Bmhog1 strains. These observations suggested that the Dic1 histidine kinase positively regulates Hog1-type MAPK, 

resulting glycerol accumulation for osmotic adaptation of C. heterostrophus. 

289

PS4-430-0581 

Interspecific interactions between saprotrophic basidiomycetes: effect on gene expression and chemical 

activity of mycelia. 

C. A. Eyre, L Boddy, H. J. Rogers 

Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom 

Basidiomycete saprotrophs are the major agents of decomposition in woodland ecosystems. Their high abundance 

frequently leads to interactions, both between and within species, as they come into contact and compete for space 

and resources. Very little is known about which genes and metabolic pathways are involved in these interactions, and 

how they influence their outcome. This project aims to identify differentially expressed genes and chemicals 

produced during interactions. 

A subtractive cDNA library was constructed for the interaction between Trametes versicolor and Stereum 

gausapatum. By using subtractive hybridisation (SSH) only those genes that are unique to interactions have been 

isolated. cDNA microarrays of this library were used to identify genes that are up and down regulated during the 

interaction. Further experiments using these arrays studied interactions between T. versicolor and other species, which 

have different outcomes to find if different genes are active in different circumstances. 

The other vein of the project looks at the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by these interacting fungi 

using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and GC-MS, diffusible chemical production using HPLC and enzyme activity 

using histochemical staining techniques. 

The arrays have shown many genes to be up-regulated during the interactions with some differences observed during 

the interactions between different species. The expression of a number of these genes is being verified using RT-PCR. 

Full analysis will be complete by the time of the conference. 

GC-MS work has identified several compounds unique to interactions, including several sesquiterpenes. Previous 

studies have found them to be important as insect attractants and antifeedants. 

Histochemical staining showed increased production of peroxide and superoxide in interaction zones of interspecific 

interactions when compared with the rest of the colony and self-pairings. 

This work is one of the first studies to look at the molecular basis of interactions between basidiomycetes using 

subtractive hybridisation. The arrays present the opportunity for probing with many different species interactions and 

have the potential to shed light on the mechanisms driving these interactions. We also have 8000 clones we hope will 

be sequenced in the very near future. This transcriptomics work, together with the metabolomics has given us a well 

rounded picture of what’s going on during these interactions and presents some exciting results. There is great 

potential to build on these results and extend the work further and expand the approaches to include proteomics to 

give a systems biology perspective on these important interactions. 

PS4-431-0588 

Characterization And Frequency Of Mating Type Genes In Cercospora 

M Groenewald, J.Z. Groenewald, P.W. Crous 

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

The genus Cercospora consists of numerous important plant pathogens. Approximately 600 Cercospora species are 

currently recognized, with a further 281 morphologically indistinguishable species placed in the C. apii sensu lato 

complex. Known teleomorphs of Cercospora belong to the genus Mycosphaerella, but for most Cercospora species 

the teleomorph is unknown. During this study, degenerate primers designed from homologous areas in related species 

were used to amplify part of the mating type genes of C. beticola from sugar beet, C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina from 

maize, and C. apii and C. apiicola from celery. Chromosome walking was used to sequence the full length mating 

type genes of these Cercospora species. The nucleotide and protein sequences were compared to that of other 

fungal mating type sequences and it was found that the structural organization of the Cercospora mating type genes 

are similar to that of other ascomycetes. The full length Cercospora sequences were used to develop primers for the 

amplification and sequencing of homologous portions of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2 genes of additional Cercospora 

species. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences revealed little variation among the species belonging to the C. 

apii complex, whereas the mating type genes of C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina were found to be dissimilar. The 

presence of the mating type genes was determined for field populations of C. apii, C. apiicola, C. beticola, C. zeaemaydis 

and C. zeina. The two mating types were found to be present in approximately equal proportions in 

populations of C. beticola, C. zeae-maydis and C. zeina, suggesting that these species are heterothallic and that the 

sexual cycle could be active. This, however, was not the case for the two species occurring on celery, as all isolates 

of C. apii were found to contain MAT1-1-1 and all isolates of C. apiicola to contain MAT1-2-1. This study represents the 

first characterization of mating type genes for species of the genus Cercospora and only the third for the genus 

Mycosphaerella. 

290

PS4-432-0600 

Enzymatic activity of endophytic fungi on leaf decomposition 

Itthayakorn Promputtha 1, Kevin D. Hyde 2, John F. Peberdy 3, Saisamorn Lumyong 1 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2 Centre for Research in 

Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, 

3 University of Nottingham Institute for Enterprise and Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, Jubilee 

Campus, Nottingham NG8 1BB, United Kingdom 

Fungal endophytes and saprobes on leaves of Magnolia liliifera were investigated. Nine endophytes were existed as 

saprobes during leaves decomposition. The phylogenetic examination was also confirmed that each counterpart of 

endophytes and saprobes taxa are same species. Probably endophytes change lifestyles on host senescence and 

colonized as saprobes. It would be interesting (1) to verify the pattern of degrading enzyme production during the leaf 

decay, (2) to determine the ability of enzyme production in liquid medium compare among endophytes and 

saprobes which are same species. Fresh senescent leaves of M. liliifera were treated as the test group and divided into 

2 groups, and incubated in trays covered with gauze. The trays were placed outdoors and sprayed with sterile water 

every day. The leaves were collected over a period of 88 days and assays for cellulase, xylanase, mannanase, 

polygalacturonase and laccase. Sterilised leaves were used as control. (2) Nine endophytes and 9 saprobes were 

culture in liquid basal medium supplemented with carbon source suitable to each enzyme production. Enzyme 

activity was assay from crude extract. A succession in enzyme production starting with xylanase, followed by 

mannanase and finally cellulase was observed. Mannanase had the highest activity. All endophytes and saprobes 

had high capability to produce mannanase in liquid medium. Seven endophytes did produce xylanase, 3 endophytes 

did produce cellulase, 5 endophytes produced polygalacturonase and 1 endophyte produced laccase. The ability 

of endophytes to produce carbohydrases may reflect their role in nature in degrading dead leaves. Endophytes within 

M. liliifera leaves have the ability to produce carbohydrases and existed as saprobes follow leaves senescence. 

PS4-433-0601 

How do endolithic lichens dissolve carbonates? 

M. Tretiach1, P. Crisafulli 1, S. E. Favero-Longo 2, M. Mathieu 3, P. Modenesi 3, R. Piervittori 2, O. Salvadori 4 

1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 2 Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale-CEBIOVEM, Università 

di Torino, Torino, Italy, 3 DIP.TE.RIS., Università di Genova, Genova, Italy, 4 Soprintendenza Speciale per il Polo Museale 

Veneziano, Venezia, Italy 

Endolithic lichens are a peculiar group of organisms that live embedded in the substratum. They actively dissolve the 

carbonates by means of an unknown metabolic mechanism, purportedly related to the release of respiratory CO2 

and/or the secretion of specific organic acids, e.g. oxalic acid. In this contribution some new findings are reported, 

clearly supporting the hypothesis that a more sophisticated mechanism, i.e. the secretion of specific enzymes that 

modify the complex CO2/H2CO3/CaCO3 equilibria, is involved in the substratum dissolution. Nine species, selected 

among the most common endolithic lichens of north-eastern Italy and characterized by different ecology, 

geographic distribution and photobiont (Acrocordia conoidea, Caloplaca alociza, Clauzadea immersa, Petractis 

clausa, Protoblastenia calva, Rinodina immersa, Verrucaria baldensis, V. hochstetteri, V. marmorea), were studied in 

detail. FT-IR analyses demonstrated that, in opposition to epilithic calcicolous lichens, none of the studied endolithic 

lichens accumulate Ca oxalates in detectable quantity. Calcite is the most common biomineralisation product: 

dissolved near the most active parts of the lichen thallus, it re- precipitates in the lithocortex. Histological, biochemical 

and biomolecular techniques applied to thalli still immersed in the substratum, or free from it showed that all the 

studied species produce specific carbonic anhydrases (CA), that are thus reported for the first time from lichenised 

ascomycetes. These enzymes are particularly frequent in the lithocortex and in the oil-hyphae of the pseudomedulla. 

CA are important for several fundamental metabolic processes, from CO2 transport to acid-base balance, because 

they catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2. CA might play a significant role in the substratum dissolution, because 

their secretion in the sites of active growth would significantly intensify the chemical activity of respiratory CO2, 

whereas their presence in the hyphae would favour lipogenetic processes, explaining the high content in 

triacilglycerols typical of endolithic lichens. To verify these hypotheses, experiments are now extended to axenic 

cultures of selected apomycobionts in order to study in vitro the interactions between hyphae and calcite crystals, 

and to verify the secretion of CA or organic acids. 

291

PS4-434-0602 

Endolithic lichens on carbonatic rocks: biodeterioration or bioprotection? 

M. Tretiach 1, P. Crisafulli 1, P. Modenesi 2, R. Piervittori 3, S. Furlani 4, F. Cucchi 4 

1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy, 2 DIP.TE.RIS., Università di Genova, Genova, Italy, 3 

Dipartimento di Biologia vegetale-CEBIOVEM, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy, 4 Dipartimento di di Scienze Geologiche 

Ambientali e Marine, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

Calcareous outcrops represent c. 70% of the exposed stone surfaces of the Earth. In Europe c. 60% of them are 

colonized by organisms, the most common being the so-called endolithic lichens, that live embedded in the 

substratum, and actively dissolve the carbonates by means of a poorly known metabolic mechanism. It is not clear 

whether a rock surface that is covered by endolithic lichens weathers at a slower or a faster rate than an identical but 

organism-free surface. According to some authors, the mean lowering rate of the former typology would be orders of 

magnitude greater than bare surfaces. Others, on the contrary, state that especially in longer terms, the presence or 

absence of organisms would have made little difference to overall rates of rock weathering. Unfortunately, no 

quantitative data are available for a sound comparison. In order to clarify the bioweathering vs. bioprotective role of 

these organisms, an extensive series of field measurements were recently undertaken by the authors with the main aim 

of quantifying the lowering of limestone surfaces in a wide array of different environmental conditions. In situ 

measurements are being carried out with a traversing-microerosion meter (t-MEM; estimated precision: 1 µm) in 

eighteen sites selected along two elevation gradients from 0 to 2500 m, along the line Trieste Karst – Mt. Canin (southeastern 

Alps), and in the Maiella Massif (Central Italy). In each site 6 measuring stations were selected on horizontal, 

smooth limestone surfaces colonized by endolithic lichens. Two further stations consisted of not colonized rock 

surfaces exposed by mechanical break and cutting, and re-exposed horizontally. One sample of the lichens 

colonizing each measuring station was taken for identification, and thin and polished sections were prepared to 

describe petrography and the most typical bioweathering phenomena caused by endolithic lichens. The first results 

of this research will be thoroughly discussed on the basis of a 20-years-old series of similar observations carried out in 

the calcareous areas of north-eastern Italy. 

PS4-436-0673 

Highest thermostable xylanase produce from newly isolates Thermomyces lanuginosus strains 

Khwanchai Khucharoenphaisan, Vichien Kitpreechavanich 

Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 

Xylanases have significant current and potential uses for several industries including paper and pulp, food, and 

biofuel. High productivity and thermostability were desirable for the application in this enzyme. Eighty-eight isolates of 

Thermomyces lanuginosus were isolated from samples collected from various ecological systems at different 

geographical regions of Thailand. All strains could produce cellulase-free xylanases with diversified ability on 

productivity and thermostability. This paper describes the highest thermostability of-xylanase produced by newly 

isolate of T. lanuginosus strain THKU-49 and effect of ionic strength on thermostabilty. Purified xylanase from this strain 

showed high thermostable xylanase having half-life 1,266 minutes at 70 0 C, pH 6.0 that was higher than other reported 

in same species. The enzyme was unstable at pH 5.0 and lost all activity after 30 min incubation without present of 

substrate at 70oC. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were determined to be temperature 70oC and 

pH 6.0, respectively. The Vmax, Km and thermal inactivation values were 1,225 mmol/min/mg proteins, 9.1 mg/ml and 

26kJ/mole, respectively. The molecular weight of b-xylanase protein estimated by SDS-PAGE was 24.9 kDa. Type and 

ionic strength of buffer had the effect on thermostability of the purified enzyme. The enzyme in 3-400 mM phosphate 

buffer (pH 6.0) was stable than in citrate buffer at the same concentration. The highest half-life of the enzyme was 

found at 3 mM. When buffer concentration increased, the half-life was significantly decreased. The effect of ionic 

strength on thermostability was more significant at higher or lower than pH 6.0. 

292

PS4-437-0680 

The enticing odour of fungi – A safety thread, tying insect-fungal associations? 

G. Holighaus, S. Schütz 

Institute for Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Göttingen, Germany 

Insect-fungus associations are diverse from mutualism to symbiosis. In wood inhabiting beetles, a continuum of 

associations from dispersal to true “gardening” can be found. Both involved organisms evolved morphological 

adaptations which guarantee dispersal of the fungus. We analysed fungal odours in an insect-fungus symbiosis and 

we found a strong influence on insect behaviour triggered by volatile metabolites of the ectosymbiont. The large 

timberworm (Hylecoetus dermestoides L., Lymexylidae) is a beetle whose larvae are xylomycetophagous in various 

tree species. In our chemoecological studies we examined the odour of suitable and infested wood trunks by 

gaschromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of volatile organic compounds released by bark and wooden 

tissue. Their perceivability by the insect antenna was simultaneously examined by electroantennographic recording 

(GC/MS-EAD) and behavioural activity of perceivable components was tested in field trap experiments. A single 

compound turned out to be highly attractive to females on host-search flight. The odour analysis of several fungal 

species associated with H. dermestoides yielded the origin of this particular isoprenoid. It is produced in high amounts 

by the ectosymbiotic fungus of H. dermestoides, the ascomycetous yeast Ascoidea hylecoeti (Batra & Francke- 

Grosmann), both growing in the larval galleries of wooden trunks and on artificial culture media. The larval stage only 

feeds on this fungal ectosymbiont. Specific genitalian fungus pouches of the very short-living females assure the 

transfer of exclusive A. hylecoeti to their offspring. The fact that female imagines, searching for egg deposition sites 

are strongly attracted to the odour of their own symbiont is remarkable. Two explanations are discussed: 

1. Wood trunks are sparsely distributed but suitable hosts for several years. The fungal isoprenoid compound serves as 

an attractive semiochemical for the insect (like an aggregation pheromone) for the following generation. 

2. The attraction to an A. hylecoeti specific compound is a persisting ancestral relict which was necessary for 

evolutionary development of the mycetome carrying the fungal symbiont of H. dermestoides. 

Furthermore a functional role in symbiosis, the perpetuation of the insect-fungus dependence is imaginable, but 

remains speculative. 

As shown in our example, chemoecological methods can provide remarkable insights into insect-fungal associations. 

Function of fungi might be identified by this chemotaxonomic data. Evolutionary studies on the spectrum of 

interaction in this system seems promising. 

PS4-439-0746 

Cloning and characterization of mating related genes in medicinal Ganoderma lucidum 

H. Y. Wu, S. S. Tzean 

National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 

Ganoderma lucidum is a tetrapolar mushroom of medicinal value. In this study, we attempt to elucidate the genes 

possibly involved in mating behavior via molecular approaches. A set of mating homologous genes identified in 

Coprinus cinnereus and Schizophyllum commune genome was used to blast against the previously constructed, 

assembled, and annotated genomic shotgun and cDNA EST library of G. lucidum. At least four genes: a1, a2, b1, b2 

encompass homeodomain protein HD1 and HD2 in A1 mating locus; 20 pheromone precursor and 19 pheromone 

receptor genes in B mating locus were accessed. The a1, a2 genes in A1 mating type have been cloned and their 

full-length cDNA resolved, each with 1428 bp and 1680 bp respectively. The homeodomain HD1 encompassed a 

putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain PKRRR and exhibited 48% similarity to the HD1 of Pleurotus djamor; 

HD2 encompassed a NLS domain, RRSRCRKE, and exhibited 39% similarity to the HD2 of Pleurotus djamor. Two binary 

vectors PCG1-a1 and PCG1-a2, harboring a1 or a2 gene insert and driven by glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate 

dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter with the marker hygromycin resistance gene were constructed and scheduled to 

transform monokaryotic compatible mating strain by electroporation to resolve their function. 

PS4-440-0837 

Nitrogen enrichment promotes phosphatase activity in Cladonia portentosa 

E.J. Hogan 1, P.D. Crittenden 1, L.J. Sheppard 2, A. Crossley 2, I.D. Leith 1, P. Ancion 1 

1 University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 2 CEH Edinburgh, Penicuik, United Kingdom 

The common heathland lichen Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. expresses both acid phosphomonoesterase 

(PMEase) and phosphodiesterase (PDEase) activity. A capacity to utilise the organic fraction of phosphorus available 

in atmospheric deposits may confer an ecological advantage to C. portentosa growing under nutrient-limiting 

conditions. Nitrogen enrichment of oligotrophic habitats can lead to increased plant demand for phosphorus. 

Previous studies on C. portentosa have demonstrated a strong covariance between thallus nitrogen and phosphorus 

concentrations when samples from sites across the UK subject to different N deposition loads were compared. 

Therefore we investigated the relationship between N enrichment and phosphomonoesterase activity in the apices 

(top 10 mm) of this common heathland lichen. Under field conditions at Whim Bog, Central Scotland, C. portentosa 

cushions were subject to either NO3- or NH4+ treatments at 8 (control), 16, 32 and 64 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The effect of 

artificially elevated deposition of both P and K was also investigated. There was a significant increase in PMEase 

activity with increasing N deposition (as either NO3- or NH4+) suggesting that as N supply increases, C. portentosa has 

the capacity to allocate an increasing quantity of N to phosphatase synthesis. This enhanced enzyme activity might 

explain the observed relationship between thallus N and P concentrations. Phosphomonoesterase activity was not 

stimulated in treatments receiving P and K in addition to N; this was interpreted as an effect of increased availability 

of inorganic P. It was concluded that N enrichment promotes phosphatase synthesis and phosphorus capture in C. 

portentosa thus maintaining N:P stoichiometry. 

293

PS4-441-0886 

Fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways during Magnaporthe pathogenesis 

M Ramos-Pamplona, NI Naqvi 

Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore 

Lipid metabolism is a key pathway during development in different organisms. In mammals, beta-oxidation of fatty 

acids takes place in both the peroxisome and the mitochondria, unlike in yeasts where it is an exclusive peroxisomal 

function. Recently, in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans, in addition to the peroxisomal component, 

mitochondrial beta-oxidation has been shown to be required for complete fatty acid catabolism. We used mutation 

analysis to characterize the function of specific beta-oxidation enzymes associated with the mitochondria (MgECHA) 

and the peroxisomes (MgFOX2). The inability of either single mutant to grow on fatty acid medium demonstrates that 

both the peroxisome and the mitochondria contribute to lipid metabolism. Both deletion strains are defective in the 

penetration of the host epidermis. Exogenous addition of high concentrations of glucose restores normal appressorial 

morphology and partially restores host penetration. Taken together this suggests that both mitochondrial and 

peroxisomal beta-oxidation function during early pathogenesis. The breakdown of lipid bodies provides the necessary 

input for primary and secondary metabolism before host penetration. Preliminary data on the specific contributions of 

mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation during pathogenesis shall be presented. 

PS4-442-0904 

Characterization of disruption mutant of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene plcA in the 

model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans 

Eun Jin Lee, Jae Won Kim, Chang-Won Lee 

Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea, South 

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5- 

bisphosphate into two well-established second messenger molecules, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. 

Thus, PLCs perform essential roles in the signal transduction pathways triggered by diverse environmental cues such as 

growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters and antigens. In the model filamentous fungus A. nidulans, the genome 

sequencing has revealed the presence of four putative PLC genes: plcA gene (chromosome VIII) encoding AN0664.2; 

plcB (VI) for AN2947.2; plcC (I) for AN6382.2; and plcD (II) for AN3636.2. 

In this study, plcA gene encoding the putative PLC AN0664.2 was disrupted by marker replacement and the disruptant 

was characterized with respect to their growth properties to get an insight into the physiological function of the gene 

product in the fungus. 

The spores of mutants disrupted in plcA gene showed normal swelling but marked impairment and delay in germ tube 

emergence at 25?. They remained as swollen spores without germ tubes until 16 hrs after incubation in culture 

medium, while the spores of RMS010 wild type strain had germ tubes 5-10 times as long as the swollen spore diameter 

under the same conditions. The defect was much less conspicuous at higher temperatures. When the spores of wild 

type and deletion mutant strains were allowed to germinate at 37 0 and then incubated at 25 0 , hyphal growth of the 

dirsuptant was slower than that of RMS010 strain, but the difference was much less dramatic. 

The phenotypes shown in deletion mutant suggests that one of the roles of plcA in A. nidulans is in the redirection from 

the initial spherical growth (swelling) to polarized growth i.e. germ tube emergence. 

PS4-443-0905 

At what age becomes Cliostomum corrugatum adult? 

H Lättman, A Brand, J Hedlund, M Krikorev, N Olsson, F Rönnmark, J E Mattsson 

Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden 

The objective was to investigate at what the age specimen of Cliostomum corrugatum become fertile in order to 

estimate the time span between the meiosis events. The species has its main distribution in Europe but has also been 

found on the west coast of British Columbia and is red listed, e.g., in Sweden (nearly threatened), Denmark, Germany 

and England. In the province of Östergötland, southern Sweden it is most frequent on old Quercus robur trees in open 

oak forest or meadows. I may also be found on other deciduous trees as Ulmus and Fraxinus species. It is mainly 

groving on the flat terminal parts of the rough bark of the tree trunks and not on the sides of the cracks. 

Cliostomum corrugatum does not grow on young oak trees. The smallest tree trunk diameter with Cliostomum 

corrugatum was is 0.65 m, a tree of at least 100 years of age. On two localities in Östergötland all oaks were studied 

and the size of the trees and the size of the largest thallus of Cliostomum corrugatum were recorded. Out of this data 

the size of how small a tree can possibly be for hosting Cliostomum corrugatum. This estimate was compared with the 

size of the smallest thalli with apothecia and the size of trees on which these appeared. With knowledge of the 

peripheral secondary growth of oaks it was possible to estimate the age of the youngest fertile Cliostomum 

corrugatum to about 30 years. Thus, equal to the time span between two meiosis events. . 

294

PS4-444-0906 

Analysis of cellobiohydrolase, pectinase, and xylanase in Trichoderma fungi using chromogenic media 

MW HYUN 1, JH YOON 1, SB HONG 2, SJ KO 2, SH KIM 1 

1 Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea, South, 2 National Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 

Suwon, Kyungki-do, Korea, South 

Trichoderma is one of well-known fungal groups that produce useful enzymes for agricultural and industrial 

application. Many Trichoderma fungi have been isolated in Korea for several decades. But their ability of producing 

enzymes has not been evaluated yet. This work was carried out to evaluate 145 Korean isolates of thirty-four 

Trichoderma species for their ability of degrading cellobiose, pectin, and xylan using chromogenic media. Tests with 

4 different chromogenic-dyes, congo-red, phenol red, remazol brilliant blue and tryphan blue showed that congo-red 

was the most useful dye in the clear detection of cellobiohydrolase, pectinase, and xylanase, and the optimum pH 

condition of the congo red chromogenic media was pH 7.0. The activity of cellobiohydrolase in Trichoderma was 

generally strong in all the Trichoderma isolates tested. T. reesei, T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, and T. aureoviride 

showed the higher ability of producing cellobiohydrolase than other tested species. Pectinase activity was detected 

in 57 Trichoderma isolates. T. reesei, T. harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, T. aureoviride, T. cf. virens and T. longibrachiatum 

showed strong pectinase activity. In xylanase assay 45 Trichoderma isolates showed activity. Strong xylanase activity 

was detected from T. reesei, T. harzianum, T. minutisporum, T. virens and T. longibrachiatum. Overall, it was found that 

T. reesei and T. harzianum are the most active enzyme producing species in the 34 

Trichoderma species tested. 

PS4-445-0910 

Expression patterns of a gene involved in secondary metabolism from the endophyte, Epichloë festucae 

K.J. May, M. Bryant, X. Zhang, B. Ambrose, B. Scott 

Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand 

Fungal endophytic species of the genera Epichloë form mutualistic symbioses with cool season grasses of the family 

Pooideae. Epichloë festucae produces a variety of secondary metabolites including lolitrem alkaloids, specifically 

lolitrem B, a deterrent against grazing animals. The gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of lolitrems (ltm genes) has 

been isolated and characterised from E. festucae with ten genes identified as part of the cluster (Young et al., 2005, 

Young et al., 2006). Expression of these genes has not been observed in axenic cultures of E. festucae isolates grown 

on potato dextrose agar but are highly expressed in planta. To gain an understanding of where and when these genes 

are expressed in planta, several PltmM-gusA constructs were prepared and transformed into E. festucae. Associations 

between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and these transformants were established and GUS expression 

analysed. The minimum promoter length required to drive gusA expression was 800 bases. In vegetative tillers, reporter 

gene analysis indicated that the ltm genes were being expressed at all times in all aerial parts of the plant and in 

epiphyllous hyphae. Spikelets from reproductive tillers were analysed for reporter gene expression at both pre-anthesis 

and post-anthesis developmental stages. At pre-anthesis, reporter gene expression was observed largely in the rachis, 

rachilla, glumes, lemma, palea and, occasionally, the anthers. In post-anthesis spikelets, reporter gene expression was 

observed almost solely in the gynoecium. Germinating seeds and seedlings were examined for reporter gene 

expression. Staining was observed in germinating seeds 24 hours post-germination but not in seedlings older than 2 

days and younger than 6 days post-germination. After day 6, hyphae exhibited gene expression from the mesocotyl 

to the tip of the emerging plumule. 

References Young, C. A., Bryant, M. K., Christensen, M. J., Tapper, B. A., Bryan G. T. and Scott, B. 2005. Molecular cloning 

and genetic analysis of a symbiosis-expressed gene cluster for lolitrem biosynthesis from a mutualistic endophyte of 

perennial ryegrass. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 274: 13-29. Young, C. A., Felitti, S., Shields, K., Spangenberg, G., 

Johnson, R. D., Bryan G. T., Saikia, S and Scott, B. 2006. A complex gene cluster for indole-diterpene biosynthesis in the 

grass endophyte Neotyphodium lolii. Fungal Genetics and Biology: In Press. 

PS4-446-0911 

Pathogenic Fungi on Horse Chestnut Trees– Volatile Organic Compounds as a Tool to Study Ecological 

Interactions 

A. B. Johne, G. Holighaus, B. Weissbecker, S Schuetz 

Institute for Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany 

Leaves of the Common Horse Chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum and the Red Horse Chestnut Aesculus x carnea are 

attacked by the pathogenic fungi Guignardia aesculi (Botryosphaeriaceae) and Erysiphe flexuosa (Erysiphaceae). 

Leaves infected by the endoparasite G. aesculi show necroses, start rolling in, and die with progressive development 

of fungus. The mycelium of the ectoparasitic powdery mildew E. flexuosa covers the leaf surface and stalks with a 

greyish white coating. In contrast to G. aesculi, infection of E. flexuosa does not cause serious necroses on leaves. 

The degree of infection by the pathogens on leaves of A. hippocastanum and A. x carnea was examined in field 

studies throughout the year. The infection increased during the season and both diseases could grow in parallel at the 

same leaves. In autumn E. flexuosa could cover the whole leaf surface on examined trees. Even on necroses of G. 

aesculi the mycelium of the powdery mildew was visible. 

Pattern of volatile organic compounds emitted by healthy leaves and leaves infected by one or both fungi were 

identified using gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS). Compared to healthy leaves, 

pathogenic infection induced the release of additional volatile organic compounds. There were no differences in 

induced compounds emitted from the different horse chestnut tree hybrids. Leaves infected by the pathogens 

released fungi related volatile compounds as 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone and 3-octanol. The composition of these C8- 

compounds was depending on species infecting the leaves. Another volatile compound in the headspace of 

infected leaves was benzyl alcohol. The origin of this compound, i.e. fungal volatile, plant response or fungus-fungus 

competition has to be examined in further studies. 

295

PS4-447-0912 

The Enticing Odour Of Fungi – The role of Volatile Organic Compounds for a xylomycetophagous beetle 

and its fungal associates 

G. Holighaus, S. Schuetz 

Institute for Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany 

In galleries of wood inhabiting and fungal-feeding beetles a typical pattern of associated fungi can be found. 

Whereas some fungi are strongly bound to their insect symbiont and maybe transported actively in special pouches 

or organs, others can be transported by sticking on the surface of beetles. The latter relationship seems to be mainly 

mutualistic but is still subject of considerable debate. 

As a first step to enlighten the fungus-insect-association we examined volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by 

different fungi found in galleries of the large timber worm (Hylecoetus dermestoides L., Lymexylidae), a 

xylomycetophagous beetle. The main fungal symbiont, Ascoidea hylecoeti (Batra & Francke-Grosmann) is 

transported actively in specific fungal pouches of the female to ensure infestation of galleries inhabited by the larva. 

Several other fungal species can be found in the galleries regularly (Ophiostoma bacillisporum & Ceratocystis torulosa, 

Butin & Zimmermann), others rarely occur (e.g. Graphium penicilloides, Corda). We examined the odour of wood 

tissue and artificial media infested with several of fungi. Volatile chemical compounds produced by each fungus were 

determined and tested for perceivability by the insect antenna by coupled electroantennographic recording 

(GC/MS-EAD). Their behavioural activity was tested in field trap experiments. The strength of attraction to different 

compounds and their occurrence in the different fungi species is discussed. These chemotaxonomic data are used to 

approach the diversity of associations in this insect-fungus community. 

PS4-448-0941 

Comparison of physiological characteristics between environmental and clinical isolates of human 

pathogenic Pythium insidiosum 

Jidapa Supabandhu1, Sybren de Hoog2, Nongnuch Vanittanakom1 

1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2 Centraalbyreau 

voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, a life-threatening infection in mammals. Human pythiosis is 

generally acquired through zoospore attachment, while standing in swampy areas or fields. Recently, we have 

isolated Pythium insidiosum from irrigation water in the provinces in northern region of Thailand. In this study, 

physiological characteristics of Pythium insidiosum environmental- and human-isolates were determined. The 

investigation has been performed with 19 environmental isolates and 10 human isolates of Pythium insidiosum. All 

isolates showed broad, sparsely septate hyaline hyphae with perpendicular branching. They produced filamentous 

sporangia in induction medium. Seventy-six percent of natural isolates and sixty percent of clinical isolates showed 

peak growth rate at 30 0 C. Twenty-four percent of natural isolates and forty percent of clinical isolates reached peak 

growth rate at 37 0 C. Immunogenic profiles of both environmental and clinical isolates were determined using 

immunoblotting analysis. Most common reactive bands of both environmental and clinical isolates have been 

indicated at the molecular weights ranging from 35-38 kDa. Immunoblot reactivity of two closely related water molds 

was examined. Pythium grandisporangium showed very weak reactive bands, while Pythium cystogenes displayed 

no immunoreactivity against rabbit antiserum immunized with antigens of Pythium insidiosum. The growth 

characteristics and immunoblotting patterns of environmental isolates are similar to those observed in clinical isolates. 

From these results, it has been suggested that Pythium insidiosum living in irrigation water is likely to be the potential 

causative agent of pythiosis in high-risk group of people, especially farmers and persons who work continuously in 

agricultural areas. 

POSTER SESSION 8 POPULATION GENETICS 

PS8-449-0037 

Intersterility Groups Of Pleurotus In Iran 

M. R. Asef 

Department of Botany, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran 

Oyster mushroom genus Pleurotus are among the most commonly known groups of saprophyte, edible and medicinal 

fungi. A taxonomic confusion has always been associated with the genus Pleurotus in last years. In Iran, Pleurotus 

species are widely distributed throughout the country and are a well known edible mushroom and cause of wood 

decay. The taxonomical position of Iranian populations of Pleurotus and compatibility reactions has never been 

clearly understood. In this study, Haploid and dikarion cultures were paired in all of the possible ”haploid-haploid” and 

“haploid-dikarion” combinations. Sexual compatibility was determined based on presence or absence of clamp 

connections. From the results of pairing tests, isolates were grouped into five intersterility groups. Isolates of intersterility 

groups were paired with tester strains and results showed that Iranian intersterility groups are compatible with P. 

ostreatus, P. cornucopiae and P. pulmonarius, P. calyptratus, and P. eryngii species. Morphological characteristics 

used to distinguish species of the P. ostreatus Complex, were not useful when applied to corresponding mating 

compatible groups from Iran. 

296

PS8-450-0048 

Population diversity of Fusarium proliferatum, as the major causal agent of rice bakanae disease in 

Mazandaran province, using vegetative compatibility groups 

S.A. Alian 1, H. Aminian 1, M. Javan-Nikkhah 3, V. Khosravi 3 

1 Department of Plant Protection, Aboureyhan Campus, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran-Pakdasht, Iran, 

2 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Tehran-Karaj, Iran, 

3 Department of Plant Protection, Deputy of Rice Research Institute, Amol, Iran 

Fifty three isolates of Fusarium species belonging to section Liseola were established from bakanae infected rice plants 

from different localities in Mazandaran province during 2004. Genetic diversity of F. proliferatum as the major causal 

agent of rice bakanae disease in Mazandaran province was investigated. Nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were 

generated from 35 isolates in order to study vegetative compatibility among these isolates. Five hundred seventy four 

nit mutants were obtained using PDC and MMC culture media containing 3% Potassium Chlorate. Nit mutants were 

divided into three phenotypic classes (nit1, nit3, and NitM) based on their growth on the medium containing different 

nitrogen sources. Of the obtained nit mutants, 91/81%, 5/57%, and 2/61% were nit1, NitM, and nit3, respectively. Nit 

mutants obtained from six isolates were nit1, only. These isolates were discarded. Nit mutants were used to force 

heterokaryon to determine distribution of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). We placed 29 strains into 26 

vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Of the 26 VCGs identified, 23 (VP4-26) were represented each by a single 

isolate and remaining 6 belonged to three (VP1-3) multimember , each containing two strains, VCGs. VP3 is limited to 

strains from the same field. VP1 and VP2 each contained strains from two fields in different localities. All multimember 

VCGs were placed in special limited area indicating more similarity of this area’s population than other areas. 

PS8-451-0064 

GLOBAL migration patterns in the fungal wheat pathogen Phaeosphaeria nodorum 

E.H. Stukenbrock, S. Banke, B.A. McDonald 

Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland 

The global migration patterns of the fungal wheat pathogen Phaeosphaeria nodorum were analysed using twelve 

microsatellite loci. Analysis of 693 isolates from nine populations indicated that the population structure of P. nodorum 

is characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and a low degree of subdivision between continents. To determine 

whether genetic similarity of populations was a result of recent divergence or extensive gene flow, the microsatellite 

data were analysed using an isolation with migration model. We found that the continental P. nodorum populations 

diverged recently, but that enough migration occurred to reduce population differentiation. The migration patterns 

of the pathogen indicate that immigrants originated mainly from populations in Europe, China and North America. 

PS8-452-0065 

ORIGIN and divergence of the fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola; from wild grasses to 

domesticated wheat 

E.H. Stukenbrock, S. Banke, B.A. McDonald 

plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland 

The Fertile Crescent represents the center of origin and earliest known domestication for many agricultural crops. 

During the transition from wild grasses to domesticated cereals, many host-specialized pathogen species are likely to 

have emerged. A potential ancestral species of the wheat-adapted pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola was 

identified on wild grasses collected in Northwest Iran. Isolates of this wild grass pathogen from five locations in Iran 

were compared to 123 M. graminicola isolates from four geographical populations. ITS sequencing revealed a close 

phylogenetic relationship between the two pathogen species. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of M. 

graminicola we used information from six DNA loci encompassing 392 SNPs. Coalescence analyses suggested a 

relatively recent origin of M. graminicola, during the same time frame as the domestication of wheat in the Middle 

East 11,000 years ago. Our estimates of gene flow are consistent with an extensive expansion of M. graminicola 

throughout the world, with no evidence that gene flow occurs between pathogen populations on wheat and wild 

grasses at the present time. 

297

PS8-453-0075 

Population genetics of the basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius based on haploid-dikaryotic life 

cycle 

A.V. Shnyreva 

Department of Mycology and Algology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 

Fungal populations are shaped through the process of sexual and asexual reproduction, growth and interactions 

between individuals. Population analysis of the basidiomyceteous fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius collected in three 

regions of Central Russia – Moscow, Voronezh, and Tver – was performed. Since P. pulmonarius is characterised by a 

haploid-diploid life cycle, genetic analysis was carried out on dikaryons (diploids) and homokaryons (haploids) 

simultaneously. Both homokaryotic and dikaryotic strains (parents – offspring) can be easily reproduced on standard 

media, either agar plates or liquids. In other words, the diploid parent and its haploid progeny can be analysed in the 

same experiment, and the fungus complete life cycle (‘from spore to spore’) can be reproduced in the laboratory. 

Most of the basidiomycete fungi are known to form panmictic populations resulting from the haploid progeny 

hybridisation. Bifactorial multiallelic sexual compatibility system is presumed to provide high level of panmixia. 

However, this reproduction mode also implies 25% of self-matings that could result in the relatively high inbreeding rate 

in natural populations. 

To estimate the outbreeding rate and mechanisms which shape the P. pulmonarius populations, we employed the 

analysis based on mating type factors distribution and molecular markers (allozymes, RAPD). To define interbreeding 

fungal populations, crosses between homokaryons were performed. Besides, genetic exchange in basidiomycetes is 

not only limited to the sexual cycle. Genetic recombination is shown to occur in heterokaryon-homokaryon mating 

(he-ho-mating), i.e. a heterokaryon is capable to contribute fertilising nuclei to the haploid homokaryon resulting in 

novel heterokaryon. Reproductive barriers themselves prevent hybridising between haploid (homokaryotic) mycelia 

differed at mating type loci that is resulted eventually in developing intersterility groups. Intersterility groups limit gene 

flow between sympatric populations. 

Somatic incompatibility between genetic individuals (genets) in P. pulmonarius was performed as a distinct 

antagonistic response (‘barrage’) that prevented free exchange of nuclei and cytoplasm, while anastomosis 

between genetically identical clones were resulted in perfect fusion. Somatic clones were propagated only on the 

same substrate (log). They were identical at allozyme loci and RAPD profiles. 

The mean genetic diversity for all populations studied was high (I = 0.824). Genetic differentiation among P. 

pulmonarius populations was supported by F-statistics (FST = 0.750). The low level of inbreeding (FIS = 0.018) suggests 

that the P. pulmonarius populations are panmictic, and the main reproduction mode involves basidiospore dispersing 

at long distances. However, gene flow between geographic localities is restricted. Geographically isolated 

populations and intersterility groups were clearly differentiated within the species. 

The research was supported by RFBR grant. 

PS8-454-0187 

Variability in the IGS1 region of Rhodocollybia laulaha 

Matthew Keirle 1, Peter Avis 2 

1 The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, 2 The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States 

In order to investigate microevolutionary processes particular to the macrofungi, a population-level study of the 

Hawaiian endemic mushroom Rhodocollybia laulaha is being conducted. The first goal is to identify nuclear markers 

that provide substantial resolution to discern patterns within the R. laulaha populations of the Hawaiian Islands. The 

IGS1 (nuclear ribosomal inter-generic spacer) region can be useful as a genetic marker that tracks genets within 

fungal populations and should be a good candidate marker for discerning intra-population level pattern. For the 

current project, IGS1 sequence data was generated for 11 collections of R. laulaha. Additionally, multiple clones of 

the IGS1 region were sequenced for four of those 11 collections to compare intra-collection variation (between 

paralogous copies of the IGS1 in a single genome) and inter-collection variation (between the IGS1 regions of 

different mushrooms in the same species). Of 510 base pairs aligned, only 32 sites were variable (22 substitutions and 

10 indels). The observed variation could be due to the presence of various alleles for the IGS1 and/or variations 

between paralogous copies. Issues associated with PCR-mediated recombination, PCR-Taq error, and inefficiency of 

concerted evolution will be discussed as possible agents leading to this variation. 

298

PS8-455-0208 

Genetic Variations of Tricholoma crassum in some Areas of Thailand by lsozyme Electrophoresis and PCR- 

RFLP Method 

Malinee Tantiyaporn, Nattaporn Veinggham 

King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 

Trichloma crassum is an large and good edible species that found growing abundantly throughout Thailand. 

One hundred and thirty-eight monokarytic isolates of T. crassum from five provinces in Thailand i.e. Ubonratchathani, 

Sakonnakorn, Mahasarakham, Srisaket, and Nakornratchasima were analysed for isozyme variablility on 

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with 11 enzymes systems : isocitrate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, 

acid phosphatase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose – 6 – 

phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, laccase and esterase. Eight of the 

systems showed polymorphism. Cluster analysis based on isozyme variability using the NTSYSpc 2.00 and UPGMA 

methods revealed two clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.67. The first cluster consisted of monokaryotic isolates from 

Nakornratchasima, Mahasalakham, and 8 samples of Ubonratchathani. The second cluster consisted of the isolates 

from Sakonnakhorn, Srisaket and 30 samples of Ubonratchathani. 

The genetic variations of 9 additional samples of T. crassum from four additional provinces i.e. Roiyed, Burerum, 

Patumthani and Nakhon Pathom were studied by the technique of PCR - RFLP. Two pairs of primers, ITS1-ITS4 and O1- 

LR12R were used respectively for PCR amplification on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and IGS (intergenic spacer) 

regions of the nuclear ribosomal gene, following by digesting with Hindlll, DdeI, HaeIII, EcoRI and Hinfl. Data analyses 

of the PCR - RFLP products based on the similarity index and the UPGMA method in WinBoot program revealed three 

clusters which were related to their geographic origins except the samples from Burerum which showed genetic 

variation from the same areas at the similarity coefficient of 0.8 and were grouped into the third cluster. 

PS8-456-0235 

Geographic variation in the genetic structure of Australian populations of Melampsora lini: implications for 

regional coevolutionary dynamics. 

LG Barrett, PH Thrall, JJ Burdon 

CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia 

Coevolutionary processes occur within heterogenous environments and encompass a range of different spatial 

scales. Here we use a range of molecular, experimental and field approaches to demonstrate how broad scale 

patterns of environmental heterogeneity, phylogenetic divergence and regional adaptation influence 

coevolutionary processes in the Linum-marginale-Melampsora lini plant pathogen interaction. Using pathogen isolates 

collected from 35 locations across southern Australia, we show that there are two broadly distributed lineages of 

Melampsora lini in Australia, and reveal a potential hybrid origin of one of the lineages. In addition, we demonstrate 

marked variation between these lineages in terms of geographic distribution, pathogenicity and life-history 

characteristics. We also report on geographic variation in disease epidemiology and host resistance structure for two 

regions dominated by each of the respective pathogen lineages. These results highlight the importance of integrating 

molecular, ecological and epidemiological approaches to studies of coevolution. 

PS8-457-0264 

Phylogeographical analysis of some species in the Umbilicariaceae based on the nrDNA ITS and partial 

LSU sequences 

Shou-Yu Guo, Jiang-Chun Wei 

Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

Beijing, China 

One of the intriguing and understudied questions in the biogeography of macrofungi and macrolichens is the 

relationships between putative eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct species. Results from the studies on 

the boreal disjunct distributions of some macrolichens demonstrate that the disjunct distribution of macrolichens is 

usually only seen at species or lower taxonomic levels. The results, however, are greatly influenced by authors’ species 

concepts and interpretations of morphological characters. Thus, the phylogeny analysis of putative disjunct lichen 

species is necessary to rigorously test the eastern Asian-eastern North American affinity hypothesis. Here we examine 

relationships of four species within two genera, Lasallia and Umbilicaria chosen as examples of disjunct and vicarious 

distribution patterns. Nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and partial LSU sequences data were used to construct phylognies for 

such species. Sequences were aligned with DNAMAN4.0 and transferred to PAUP* 4.0b8a. The most parsimony tree was 

obtained using the heuristic search with TBR branch swapping and up to 1000 random–addition sequence replications. 

Clade stability of most parsimonious trees was estimated by 1000 bootstrap replicates using the same parameter set up 

in the initial heuristic search. MEGA version 2.1 was applied to construct the neighbor-joining (NJ) trees for different data 

sets according to Kimura’s two-parameter model. The genetic distance was also calculated with MEGA based on 

number of nucleotide difference, positions with gaps and missing data were excluded. All of three tested putative 

disjunct species pairs were supported. U. muehlenbergii and L. pennsylvanica are conspecific disjuncts, while U. 

esculenta from China and U. mammulata from eastern North America are allospecific disjunct. Morphological similar 

material of U. esculenta and U. mammulata formed a monophyletic group, which is sister to the clade formed by U. 

muehlenbergii and U. subglabra. These two species share a most recent common ancestor. The ancestor may occur 

in some areas near the Arctic region and Bering Strait. After the isolation of Eurasian North American continents, 

divergence following geographical isolation from a common ancestor followed two different paths, with changing in 

morphology and ITS sequence. In Eurasia, it dispersed along mountains in eastern Asia to south, and in North America, 

it spread to south along the Appalachia Mountain. Genetic difference between geographic isolated populations of 

species in Umbilicariaceae from China and North America can be demonstrated by using sequence data of ITS region 

in the nuclear ribosome RNA gene, and supported by the data of partial LSU region. 

299

PS8-458-0267 

Population Biology Of The Sapstain Fungus, Ophiostoma ips, Reflects Global Movement Of Its Bark Beetle 

Vectors 

X.D. Zhou 1, T. Burgess 2, Z.W. de beer 3, F. Lieutier 4, A. Yart 5, K. Klepzig 6, A. Carnegie 7, J.M. Portales 8, B.D. Wingfield 

9, M.J. Wingfield 10 

1 Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2 Department of 

Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 3 Department of Microbiology and Plant 

Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 4 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, 

Université d’Orléans, Rue de Chartres, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orleans Cedex 2, Orléans, France, 5 Institut National de la 

Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Pathologie Forestiere, Champenoux, F-54280, Champenoux, France, 6 USDA Forest 

Service, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, 71360, LA, United States, 7 Forest Research 

Development Division, State Forest of NSW, NSW, Australia, 8 Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática (IES), Agencia de 

Medio Ambiente (AMA), Carretera de Varona km. 31/2, Capdevila, Boyeros, A.P.8029, C.P. 10800, Ciudad de La 

Habana, Cuba, 9 Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 10 Forestry and Agricultural 

Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 

Bark beetles commonly infest conifers and live in a close association with fungi, especially Ophiostoma species and 

their anamorphs. Ophiostoma ips is a common fungal associate of various bark beetle species in their native ranges 

and has been introduced into non-native pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we consider the 

population biology of O. ips in native and non-native areas to characterize host specificity, reproductive behavior, the 

potential origin, and spread patterns of this fungus, together with its insect vectors. Ten pairs of Single Short Repeat 

(SSR) markers were used to examine the structure of seven populations of O. ips including four native populations from 

Cuba, France, Morocco and USA, and three introduced populations from Australia, Chile and South Africa. The SSR 

markers across 10 loci examined resolved a total of 41 alleles and 93 genotypes across all populations. Higher genetic 

diversity was found in the native populations than in the introduced populations. Most alleles were present in all native 

populations although allele frequencies among populations varied. There was no evidence of specificity of the 

fungus to particular bark beetle vectors and hosts. Although O. ips is homothallic, recombination occurred in the four 

native populations surveyed. Genetic relatedness of the fungal isolates both from native and exotic environments 

confirmed the origins of the fungus and its insect vectors. Most alleles observed in the native European population 

were also found in the native North American population, and this could be due to multiple introductions of European 

vectors to North America. The higher genetic diversity in the North American population than in the European 

population suggests that North America would be the most probable source region of O. ips. 

PS8-459-0275 

Phylogeography, cryptic speciation and hybridization in the cellar fungus Coniophora puteana 

I Bjorvand Svegården 1, N Hallenberg 3, C DeCock 2, H Kauserud 1 

1 Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 2 Mycothèque de l’Université Catholique de Louvain, 

Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 3 Systematic Botany, Botanical Institute, Göteborg 

University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Fungi often have complex and unpredictable population structures and phylogeographic patterns due to their highly 

variable life history characteristics. The occurrence of unknown biological mating barriers adds an extra layer of 

complexity to the analysis of genetic variation in fungi. In this study, we explored the genetic variation and 

phylogeographic structure in a global sample of the cellar fungus Coniophora putana, which is an important 

destroyer of wooden constructions indoor. DNA sequences were obtained from three independent nuclear DNA loci 

(beta tubulin, nrDNA ITS and translation elongation factor). The genealogies revealed the occurrence of three 

separate lineages in the morphotaxon C. puteana, apparently representing three cryptic species (PS1-PS3). One of 

the lineages (PS3) seems to be restricted to North America while the other two have wider distributions, occurring on 

different continents. In these two lineages (PS1 and PS2), there was little correspondence between genetic and 

geographic separation, apparently reflecting high gene flow at intercontinental scales. Our data demonstrate that 

the three lineages reproduce mainly by outcrossing. All three lineages occur in sympatry in North America and our 

data indicate that hybridization and subsequent intralocus recombination, leading to mosaic sequences, have 

occurred among two of the lineages in this region (PS1 and PS3). We hypothesize that these two lineages evolved in 

allopatry earlier, succeeded by a more recent reoccurrence in sympatry, enabling reticulate evolution. Thus, 

biological barriers to gene flow have apparently not yet evolved between two of the lineages. This study supports the 

view that cryptic speciation is a very common phenomenon in fungi. 

300

PS8-460-0276 

Serpula lacrymans as a model species to study micro-evolutionary processes 

H Kauserud 1, N Högberg 3, IB Svegården 1, O Schmidt 2, Ø Stensrud 1, T Schumacher 1 

1 Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 2 Wood Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 

3 Department of Forest Mycology & Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

In this project, we use the dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans as a model species to investigate topics within the fields of 

fungal phylogeography, population genetics and evolution. 

Serpula lacrymans causes damages in buildings in temperate regions worldwide and has been found in natural forest 

environments as well. S. lacrymans includes two varieties; one mainly occurring in forests in Northern California (var. 

shastensis) and one variety including isolates in buildings and more exceptional in nature from all continents (var. 

lacrymans). Although the two varieties are able to mate in culture, we obtained support that they act as two 

biological species in nature. 

Data obtained through microsatellite analyses, AFLP and DNA sequencing indicate that var. lacrymans has a wide 

natural distribution in North East Asia and that this region could represent the source population from where the fungus 

invaded human-made habitats. It seems as the fungus has colonized the human domain independently in Asia and 

Europe. The extreme genetic homogeneity in the indoor European population indicates that this population 

established through a recent founder event. Long distance dispersal events have happened to North and South 

America and Oceania, most likely from Europe. 

Very few vegetative incompatibility (vic) alleles have been transmitted out from the source population, entailing that 

genets from the indoor population of S. lacrymans in Europe often cannot recognize self from non-self due to shared 

vic genotypes. Identical vic genotypes are found in Europe, North America and Oceania, reflecting recent 

transcontinental dispersal events to these regions. We found little evidence for strong frequency dependent selection 

being in act on the vic loci, as has been hypothesized. 

Although little genetic variation was detected with microsatellites and AFLPs in the indoor population of S. lacrymans, 

high levels of sequence variation was found in a gene (MIP), previously shown to be linked to one of the two mating 

(MAT) loci. This observation indicates that strong frequency dependent selection is acting on the MAT alleles in the 

indoor S. lacrymans population. 

PS8-461-0288 

Intraespecific variability assessment in Clavulina coralloides complex, inferred from ITS region and 

morphological data 

I Olariaga 1, B M Jugo 2, I Salcedo 1 

1 Universidad del País Vasco/EHU. Dpto. Biología Vegetal & Ecología, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain, 2 

Universidad del País Vasco/EHU. Dpto. Genetica, Antropología Física & Fisiología Animal, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Basque 

Country, Spain 

Clavulina J. Schröt (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) is a widespread genus, characterized by its clavariod 

basidiomata, and microscopically, by its basidia with stichic nuclear division (Maire 1902, Donk 1933), often 2-spored 

and sometimes septate (Corner 1950). The stichic nuclear division is shared with Cantharellaceae and Hydnaceae, 

forming the Cantharelloid clade (Pine et al. 1999; Hibbett & Thorn 2001). 

Despite the genus having about 32 species in the world (Kirk et al. 2001), only 3 or 4 species are considered to occur 

in Europe (Maas Gesteranus 1976, Breitenbach & Kranzlin 1986, Corfixen et al. 1997), namely C. amethystina (Bull.: Fr.) 

Donk, C. cinerea (Bull.: Fr.) J. Schröt., C. coralloides (L.: Fr.) J. Schröt. (= C. cristata), C. rugosa (Bull.: Fr.) J. Schröt. on the 

basis of the colour, branching and presence or absence of cristate apexes. Such characters are, however, variable, 

the reason which lead Corner (1950) to accept 23 form and varieties in this group. Indeed, basidiomata differing in 

the cited characters can be often found growing from an apparently single mycelium. Furthermore, the parasitic 

fungus species Helmintosphaeria clavariarum (Desm.) Fuckel can cause a change in some of the cited features, 

increasing the variability. Martin et al. (2003) suggested that C. rugosa could have an abnormally developed form, 

infected by phytoplasms, as proved in Ramaria. Thus, the identification of the European species being difficult, the 

aim of this work is to assess the enormous variability of the C. coralloides complex, in order to provide a better 

understanding of the taxonomy of the group. Molecular and morphological data have been used. 

About 250 European collections of Clavulina kept in the following Herbaria, ARAN-Fungi, BC, BCC, BIO-Fungi, GDAC, 

LISU, LOU-Fungi, MA-Fungi, and UPS, were examined. 

The amplification of ITS region of 25 collections was carried out, using ITS1, ITS1F, ITS4 and ITS4B primers (White et al. 

1990, Gardes & Bruns 1993). Purified PCR products were directly sequenced in both directions on an ABI 310 DNA 

Sequence Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) automated sequencer, following the ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator Cycle 

Sequencing Ready Reaction DNA Sequencing Kit protocol. The forward and reverse sequence readings for each DNA 

sample were assembled using the BIO EDIT version 5.0.9 program. A number of sequences were retried from the 

GenBank. 

Phylogenetic analyses on the resulting ITS alignment were conducted with the software PAUP. 

301

PS8-462-0346 

Geographical distribution of intraspecific groups of Umbelopsis ramanniana and the genetic variations of 

nLSU rDNA in their local populations 

Y Ogawa1, Y Yamazaki 1, D Hirose 2, S Tokumasu 2 

1 College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan, 2 Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University 

of Tsukuba, Sanada, Nagano, Japan 

Umbelopsis ramanniana (A. Möller) W. Gams is one of the most ubiquitous species in this genus and its sporangiospore 

shape is remarkably variable. The worldwide distribution and divergent shapes of the sporangiospore of this species 

imply some intraspecific groups with the genetic variations exist. We have showed that the isolates of U. ramanniana 

collected in Europe split into at least three intraspecific groups based on sequences of nr DNA ITS regions (Ogawa et 

al. 2005). However, we could not make clear the geographical distribution of these intraspecific groups because of 

a small number of the examined strains. In the present study, we will discuss the geographical distribution of the 

intraspecific groups of U. ramanniana and their genetic variations of nLSU rDNA in their local populations. 

Thirty-six strains of U. ramanniana were isolated from leaf litter of confers (Pinus and Picae) collected in Europe, and 

northern, central, and southern Japan. The single-sporangiospore or single-sporangium isolates grown at room 

temperature on Miura agar medium were used for the experiments. The nLSU rDNA including D1/D2 regions of these 

strains were amplified by using HotStarTaq Master Mix (Qiagen) and a primer set of NL1 and NL4 designed for nLSU 

rDNA (O’Donnell 1993). After purifying PCR products, the DNA sequences were determined directly with the dye 

terminator method. The variations of the sequences among strains were analyzed using neighbour-joining analysis. 

The neighbour-joining analysis showed that the examined strains split into three intraspecific groups with some 

subgroups although the bootstrap values were not so high. Group I comprised 6 subgroups, Group II 2 subgroups, and 

Group III 5 subgroups. Interestingly, most of subgroups consisted of the strains isolated from the same sampling area. 

For example, of 6 subgroups in Group I, one subgroup included only the strains isolated in southern Japan, the two 

subgroups only the strains in Europe, and other three groups only the strains in northern Japan. Furthermore, in some 

cases, the shape of the sporangiospore differed subtly among subgroups. These facts suggest that the local 

populations of U. ramanniana with genetical variations distribute corresponding to environments. 

PS8-464-0384 

Genetic variation in the SSU intron and the dispersal and migration history in Sweden of Cliostomum 

corrugatum. 

H Lättman, J-E Mattsson, S Ekman 

1 Physics, matematics and biology, Linköping, Sweden, 2 School of Life Sciences, Södertörn, Sweden, 3 Department 

of Biology, Bergen, Norway 

The aim with this study is to determine genetic variation, dispersal potential and the migration history to Sweden since 

the last glaciation of the rare lichen Cliostomum corrugatum, a crustose epiphytic lichen with a grey greenish thallus, 

conspicuous light yellow to light brown apothecia and black pycnidia. Collections were made in January and 

February in 2005 at five sites in Östergötland, Sweden. The most frequent common habitat for Cliostomum corrugatum 

is on Quercus and sometimes also on other deciduous trees for example Ulmus and Fraxinus. On the tree trunk it is the 

rough bark it prefers and the flat terminal parts of the bark structure and not on the sides of the cracks. The main 

distribution of Cliostomum corrugatum is in Europe but a satellite population has been found on the west coast of 

North American in British Columbia. It is red listed in Sweden, with the status near threatened.Three sequences SSU 

intron, IGS and ITS were studied and the two latter appear to lack genetic variation. A total of 85 sequences with a 

length of 614 base pairs were studied of a rRNA SSU intron. Eleven haplotypes were detected, two was common 46 

and 30 in numbers respectively and was present on all five localities the other nine were detected only once each. 

The two common haplotypes are in the centre of a rooted net work and the rare in the periphery. Cliostomum 

corrugatum does not seem to have problem with its dispersal. The limiting factor seems to be the occurrence big oaks. 

In the studied area the smallest tree trunk diameter that Cliostomum corrugatum was found on is 0,65 metre. The tree 

with the largest diameter in the research area is 1,65 metre. A tree that is 0,65 metre in diameter is at least 100 years 

old. Oaks of this age are scarce and this is one of the reasons for the rareness of Cliostomum corrugatum. When 

Cliostomum corrugatum colonized Sweden after the last ice age, all eleven haplotypes may already have existed. 

However, it is possible, that some haplotypes evolved after the migration to Östergötland. 

302

PS8-465-0394 

Use of 18S rDNA and TGGE to study aquatic hyphomycetes in polluted surface and groundwater 

M. Solé 1, G. Krauss 2 

1 UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental 

Microbiology, Permoser-Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany, 2 UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the 

Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Theodor-Lieser-Str.4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany 

Aquatic hyphomycetes initiate the degradation of organic material in rivers and ponds and are therefore efficient 

contributors to the food web of aquatic ecosystems. Surprisingly, the litter is also colonised and degraded in aquatic 

habitats contaminated by heavy metals or organic xenobiotic compounds. The ecology and biodiversity of aquatic 

fungi is therefore of considerable interest and hence the composition and the dynamics of natural fungal communities 

in polluted environments require further investigation. 

We studied communities of aquatic hyphomycetes on alder leaves exposed in three surface water and two 

groundwater habitats representing a pollution gradient due to sulphate, nitrate and heavy metals. Communities were 

characterized with molecular and morphology-based methods. The genetic marker NS1/GC-fung was used for nested 

PCR amplification followed by Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE). Generally, the molecular approach 

revealed fewer phylotypes in surface waters than the morphology-based method. The opposite was found in 

groundwater. Extremely low numbers of conidia and ergosterol concentrations were found in groundwater and in the 

highly polluted surface water habitat H4. In the latter, after two weeks of leaf immersion only 1.6 conidia and 0.04 

“micro” g ergosterol per mg dry leaf mass, as opposed to 927 conidia and 0.11 “micro” g ergosterol per mg dry leaf 

mass in the moderately polluted surface water habitats H8 and H9 were observed. 

Our data based on a methodologically combined approach show that harsh ecological conditions might delay 

substantially the ecological key process of fungal leaf decomposition by changing fungal biodiversity. 

PS8-466-0403 

Congruence found among recombination rates and population ages for different populations of 

Mycosphaerella graminicola 

S Banke 

Biological Inst., Copenhagen, Denmark 

I wanted to test the simple hypothesis: that more recombination events are likely to be fixed in an older population 

than in a younger population assuming similar population structure and environmental condition. Intragenic 

recombination rates were estimated for 5 worldwide populations using 6 DNA sequence loci, in which intragenic 

recombination was observed. We used information about population structure from earlier studies done on M. 

graminicola to determine the age and demographic history of the five populations. The findings mostly support the 

hypothesis of recombination rate reflecting population age. One local population of a relatively young age showed 

a high recombination rate. High levels of directional gene flow from the ancestral population can be responsible for 

carrying on the signal of recombination to newer populations in some cases. 

PS8-467-0414 

Population Genetic Studies Of Symbionts In Lichens With Different Propagation Modes 

S Wornik, M Grube 

Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria 

Symbiotic associations of fungi with algae are regarded as an important key innovation in the evolutionary radiation 

of ascomycetes. However, there is still a gap of knowledge concerning the symbiont selectivity patterns, especially at 

the intraspecific scale. 

In our population genetic study we focus on two species of Physconia with a comparatively high symbiont selectivity 

and different propagation strategy. One species (P. distorta) is generally producing ascospores that sample algae 

from a “pool” in the environment, while the other species (P. grisea) propagates both symbionts jointly by special 

structures, the soredia. In both cases we observe a wide distribution of some haplotypes of lichen symbionts. 

By comparing populations of the mycobiont and the associated photobiont we find diverse patterns between the 

studied lichen species with different propagation modes. We show that the intraspecific variation of the symbionts of 

the sexually reproducing lichen is similar across various altitudinal levels, whereas the highest gene diversity of the 

asexually reproducing lichen is found between 200-400m. The photobiont diversity is comparable in both species and 

photobiont switches between them seem to be frequent. The vegetatively reproducing mycobiont however shows 

the lowest diversity of all investigated symbionts. We will compare these patterns also with findings in other lichen 

species, and address the question whether photobiont selectivity could play a role in speciation. 

303

PS8-468-0434 

Evolution of microsatellites in the mitochondrial genome of Rhynchosporium secalis 

S Torriani 1, S Banke 3, C Linde 2, BA MacDonald 1 

1 Institute of Integrative Biology, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2 School of Botany and Zoology, Canberra, Australia, 3 


The aim of this project was to investigate the evolution of microsatellites in a mitochondrial genome, more specific to 

test hypothesis that the microsatellites evolve faster than the variable nucleotide regions and therefore could add to 

the diversity of the genome. 

Two variable microsatellite regions in the genome of Rhynchosporium secalis were identified. The microsatellite 

repeats consisted of 2 and 7 base-pair repeat respectively. For the two loci, four and three alleles were identified 

among 60 worldwide isolates of R. secalis. Variable flanking regions of the microsatellite and other variable regions of 

the mitochondrial genome were sequenced in order to infer a phylogeny representing the mitochondrial genome. 

No phylogenetic conflict was observed among the regions sequenced. All the sequence loci were therefore treated 

as one DNA sequence locus. A haplotype network was generated from the combined sequence data and a total of 

11 haplotypes was found. Only one missing haplotype was identified in the network, suggesting a good representation 

of the diversity found in the mitochondrial genome. After mapping the microsatellites onto the haplotype network, we 

found that one microsatellite increased the diversity in the haplotype network. The other microsatellite was responsible 

for a conflict by introducing homoplasy in the network, suggesting that the same microsatellite repeat number might 

have arisen twice. We conclude that the microsatellites found in the mitochondrial genome of R. secalis will be useful 

to analyse populations of R. secalis. It also suggests that the mutation rates for the microsatellites are higher than the 

nucleotide substitution rates in the mitochondrial genome. 

PS8-469-0439 

Population expansion-migration scenarios explain the demographic history of the fungal pathogen 


S Banke 


The following hypothesis was tested in this project: a population that evolve with a new host is likely to show high levels 

of population expansion over time, where as population recently founded by gene flow show no population 

expansion and a more disruptive phylogenetic network pattern. 

Five global populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola were chosen for this study and information from 6 DNA 

sequence loci and four microsatellite loci was used to estimate the different population genetic parameters and infer 

haplotype networks. Haplotype networks from recently founded populations showed more disruptive networks, where 

as the populations that potentially had evolved with the new host showed star like networks. Two different models 

were used to estimate mainly population expansion and migration, the first model allowed for recombination and 

estimated directional gene flow as well as possible growth for each population. The second model did not allow for 

any recombination, but estimated divergence time, migration and population expansion between two populations 

at the time. Both models supported the same scenarios where significant population expansion where seen in the 

populations evolving with the host and no expansion in the recently founded populations. The migration estimates 

helped to explain this pattern as most migration where coming from the populations evolving with the host to the 

recently founded populations. We conclude that population expansion might play an important role in shaping the 

population structure of a pathogen evolving on a new host, given that the new host is successful 

PS8-470-0444 

Origin And Expansion Of Rhynchosporium Secalis, A Fungal Leaf Pathogen Of Barley 

CC Linde 1, BA McDonald 2, PL Zaffarano 1 

1 School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2 Plant Pathology, 

Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland 

Rhynchosporium secalis is a Deuteromycetous fungus with a proposed teleomorph in the Discomycetes. However, the 

teleomorph has never been found and its existence is solely based on observed moderate levels of neutral genetic 

diversity and frequency-dependent-selection on mating types as measured in some populations. It is a pathogen that 

infects cultivated barley and other Hordeum relatives as well as eg couch grass (Agropyron repens), a common grass 

species native to Eurasia. Because of its common association with cultivated barley, a coevolutionary relationship 

between Hordeum species and R. secalis is assumed, which suggest a Middle Eastern origin for R. secalis. However, 

neutral genetic variation in R. secalis, as obtained with RFLPs and 15 microsatellite loci, consistently reveal a significant 

lower number of alleles and lower levels of gene and genotypic diversity in R. secalis populations originating from 

cultivated barley in the Middle East, as well as from the non-cultivated Hordeum spontaneum populations from the 

Middle East, the progenitor of cultivated barley. This suggests that R. secalis did not co-evolve with barley, but coevolved 

with another host and only encountered barley when it was introduced as an agricultural crop. 

304

PS8-471-0509 

Genotypic diversity of Armillaria fuscipes in South African Pine plantations 

MPA Coetzee, BD Wingfield, MJ Wingfield 

Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa 

Armillaria fuscipes (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) is the causal agent of Armillaria root rot on various 

economically important Pinus species planted in South Africa. The taxonomy of this fungus has been well established 

in the country but its population structure in pine plantations has not been considered. The aim of this study was to 

ascertain the genetic diversity of A. fuscipes in P. elliottii and P. patula plantations of South Africa. Isolates were 

collected from plantations in the Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces. RFLP analyses of the IGS-1 region were 

performed on the fungal isolates to confirm their identity. The genotypes of the isolates were assessed using vegetative 

incompatibility tests. These tests were conducted by crossing all the isolates with one another in all possible 

combinations on malt extract agar. Genetically identical isolates were identified by the absence of a demarcation 

line between the crossed isolates. AFLP analyses were employed to further assess the genetic diversity of the isolates. 

Banding patterns for these analyses were obtained using a variety of primer sets. RFLP profiles typical of A. fuscipes 

were obtained for all isolates. Isolates collected within discrete infection centres were found to represent single clones 

of A. fuscipes. Those from different centres were typically of different genotypes. Preliminary AFLP analysis yielded a 

low number of polymorphic bands, indicating that the genetic diversity among the isolates is very low. The current 

view, based on the small number of genotypes observed in this study, is that A. fuscipes spreads by means of 

vegetative growth or transfer of mycelium on infected wood, within infection centres. This knowledge should 

contribute to the management of this pathogen in South African pine plantations. 

PS8-472-0520 

Genetic diversity of Fusarium thapsinum isolates from different hosts in Australia 

T PETROVIC, A R BENTLEY, J F LESLIE, E C Y LIEW, B A SUMMERELL, L W BURGESS 

1 UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND NATURAL RESOURCES, SYDNEY, NSW, AUSTRALIA, 2 

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, MANHATTAN, KANSAS, UNITED STATES, 3BOTANIC 

GARDENS AND DOMAIN TRUST, SYDNEY, NSW, AUSTRALIA 

Recent studies indicate that Fusarium thapsinum is associated with grain sorghum, grass weeds and native grasses in 

Australia. The presence of F. thapsinum in grasses in non-agricultural ecosystems such as grasslands and woodlands 

could be due to the coevolution of the fungus with some native grasses or its spread from one system to another. 

We tested the hypothesis that the genetic pattern of F. thapsinum isolates is correlated to host, and agricultural/nonagricultural 

ecosystem. 

Seventy-one isolates of F. thapsinum were recovered from grain sorghum, grass weeds and native grasses in New 

South Wales or far north Queensland, Australia (Table 1). 

Male/female fertility of each F. thapsinum isolate was determined by sexual compatibility tests with tester strains of 

Gibberella thapsina (teleomorph). Genetic patterns were based on AFLP analysis with three primer pairs, EcoRI- 

GG/MseI-CT, EcoRI-AA/MseI-AT and EcoRI-TG/MseI-TT. 

All isolates of F. thapsinum were male fertile but three isolates were also female fertile (Table 1). 

Table 1 Mating types and male/female ratios of F. thapsinum isolates from different hosts and locations 

AFLP analysis generated 138 markers, of which 97 were polymorphic. All isolates of F. thapsinum were clustered 

together within the range of 81-99% based on the UPGMA cluster analysis on the basis of DICE coefficient. 

In general, isolates did not cluster according to their hosts or ecosystems. Nevertheless, the highest genotypic similarity 

was among isolates of F. thapsinum from the same grain sorghum plant (>96%) or grain sorghum plants from one 

location (>97%). 

Isolates of F. thapsinum from grain sorghum, grass weeds and native grasses showed similar biological traits (Table 1) 

and were not genetically clustered separately according to the ecosystem. Sexual compatibility of isolates as males 

and females indicated that there is no reproductive isolation among isolates from different hosts or ecosystems. 

Isolates from grain sorghum and grass weeds in agricultural ecosystems were shown to be genetically similar to those 

from native grasses in non-agricultural ecosystems, with relatively high genetic similarity of 81%. 

Therefore, the hypothesis that the genetic pattern of F. thapsinum isolates is correlated to host, and agricultural/nonagricultural 

ecosystem is rejected. 

Ria Johansen, Hien Phan Tien, Jillian Walsh and Shireen Quazi kindly provided isolates of F. thapsinum from grasses. The 

senior author acknowledges the support of the Thomas Lawrence Pawlett Postgraduate Scholarship. 

305

PS8-473-0526 

Genetic diversity and substrate preferences in Hypogymnia physodes, in northern Europe 

J.E. Mattsson 1, A.C. Hansson 1, L. Lindblom 2 

1 Södertörns högskola, Huddinge, Sweden, 2 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 

Genetic variation in lichens has mainly been examined in rare or threatened species or species with an otherwise 

fragmented geographical distribution. The main objectives have often been to compare the diversity between 

populations in relation to nature conservation issues. In addition, most studied species are sexual reproductive and, 

hence, produce small spores which may disperse over long distances. More common species have usually been 

neglected, although they are more easily collected, both because collecting results in a comparatively small 

disturbance of the populations and because they occur in a larger selection of habitats. Here we present a study on 

the genetic variation in the lichenized ascomycete Hypogymnia physodes in Northern Europe based on nrDNA data. 

The species was selected as it probably is the most common lichen in the area, it is corticolous, found on almost all 

woody plants in most habitats, and has a predominantly asexual dispersal mode. The material was collected in 

Estonia, Finland, and Sweden as a part of a larger project aiming at identifying localities with high biodiversity of 

interest for nature conservation projects. 

We examined the correlations between genetic diversity and substrate ecology as well as spatial distances. 

An important result is the large genetic variation within a mainly asexual lichen species. The results also show genetic 

similarity between specimens from similar substrates. 

PS8-474-0528 

Patterns of genetic diversity of Pseudevernia furfuracea compared with chemistry, morphology and 

substrate ecology 

A. Robeck 1, J.E. Mattsson 1, L. Lindblom 2 

1 Södertörns högskola, Huddinge, Sweden, 2 University of Bergen, Bergen, Sweden 

Common lichen species have usually been neglected in studies of genetic variation, although collecting of these 

results in a comparatively small disturbance of the populations, they occur in a larger variety of habitats, and thus, are 

more easily collected. Instead genetic variation in lichens has mainly been examined in rare or threatened species or 

species with a fragmented geographical distribution. This is reasonable as the main objectives usually have been to 

examine the diversity between populations in relation to nature conservation issues. In addition, most studied species 

are sexual reproductive and, hence, produce small spores which may disperse over long distances. Studies of 

asexually reproducing and common lichens are rare. Based on nrDNA sequence data this study aims at describing 

the genetic variation in the lichenized ascomycete Pseudevernia furfuracea in Northern Europe and to compare this 

variation with morphology, secondary metabolite chemistry, and substrate ecology. 

This isidiate species is one of the most common lichens in the area, it is corticolous, found on almost all woody plants 

in most habitats, and has a predominantly asexual dispersal mode. Apothecia are very rare, less than 1 % of the 

herbarium material is labelled as fertile. The specimens for the study were collected in Northern Europe as a part of a 

larger project aiming at identifying localities with high biodiversity of interest for nature conservation projects. 

The genetic variation within this mainly asexual lichen is compared with variation in morphology, secondary 

metabolite chemistry, and substrate ecology. 

PS8-475-0551 

Development of microsatellite markers to study the population biology of the wood-inhabiting fungus, O. 

quercus 

J.W. GROBBELAAR1, M.J. WINGFIELD1, P. BLOOMER1, H. SOLHEIM2, B.D. WINGFIELD1 

1 FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA, 2 

NORWEGIAN FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, SKOGFORSK, AS, NORWAY 

The Ophiostoma piceae complex encompasses a suite of taxa that inhabit the wood of conifers and angiosperms. 

They are generally known as sap stain fungi and have a worldwide distribution but are thought to be native to the 

Northern Hemisphere. Well known species in the complex are O. piceae and O. quercus that are morphologically 

similar and were treated as a single taxon for many years. They are now known to typically occur on either hardwoods 

(O. quercus) or conifers (O. piceae). Phylogenetic studies have shown that these two species can be separated 

based on DNA sequence comparisons as well as on mating compatibility. It has been suggested that Ophiostoma. 

quercus is native to Europe and was introduced into the Southern Hemisphere and North America. However, previous 

studies have found that O. quercus is extensively distributed throughout South Africa on native and exotic hardwoods. 

In addition it has been reported from other Southern Hemisphere countries. The extensive distribution of O. quercus in 

the Southern Hemisphere has resulted in uncertainty concerning its centre of origin. The aim of this study was to 

develop microsatellite markers that can be used to consider the population biology of O. quercus isolates from 

hardwood trees from various parts of the world. Polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed using an 

enrichment protocol, FIASCO. Sequences obtained from this enrichment revealed 22 microsatellites including a 

mixture of di, tri, tetra and hexanucleotide repeats. Primers were designed flanking these microsatellites and tested for 

polymorphisms. The polymorphic primers will be used in population genetic studies to provide new information on the 

genetic diversity and movement across populations of O. quercus. 

306

PS8-476-0640 

Phylogeographic patterns of Armillaria ostoyae in the western United States 

J.W. Hanna1, N.B. Klopfenstein1, M.-S. Kim1, G.I. McDonald1, J.A. Moore2 

1 USDA Forest Service - RMRS, Moscow, Idaho, United States, 2 University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States 

Throughout its circumboreal distribution, Armillaria ostoyae is a principle cause of Armillaria root disease of conifers. 

While A. ostoyae is generally thought of as highly pathogenic, it can exhibit diverse pathogenicity, virulence, and 

ecological behavior. Also, previous research has noted distinct differences in A. ostoyae epidemiology among coastal 

and interior regions of western North America. Although genetic variability has been observed within A. ostoyae, this 

variation has not been studied in depth. The aim of this study was to identify genetic differences among diploid genets 

of A. ostoyae from the western USA, and examine intraspecific and interspecific phylogeographic relationships based 

on gene trees derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). A total of 77 genets of A. ostoyae (73 genets from western 

USA and one genet each from Mexico, Finland, Russia, and eastern USA, respectively) were examined in this study. 

Direct-PCR was used to obtain sequences of rDNA regions (i.e., large subunit, internal transcribed spacer, 5.8S, and 

intergenic spacer) from each Armillaria genet, and extra procedures were used to decipher many heterogeneous 

rDNA-sequence types. Sequence analysis using Bayesian inference methods defined three phylogenetic groups. Two 

phylogeographic groups were associated with the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions of the USA. 

Additional analysis of A. ostoyae from outside the western USA indicates the presence of a circumboreal group with 

representation in Utah, USA. Individual genets containing heterogeneous rDNA-sequence types from multiple groups 

were common in some geographic regions. Intragenomic variation in rDNA-sequence types is perhaps derived from 

common evolutionary ancestry and/or intraspecific hybridization. Hypothetically, groups may have physically 

converged after long-term geographic isolation. Subsequent hybridization events may have influenced evolution and 

contributed to variation in ecological behavior of Armillaria species. 

PS8-477-0662 

Investigating the genetic diversity of Puccinia boroniae in Western Australia. 

S. A. Driessen 2, P. A. O’Brien 1, G. E. St. J Hardy 1 

1 Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia, 2 NSW DPI, Narrabri, NSW, Australia 

Puccinia boroniae is an economically important pathogen in commercial Boronia plantations in Western Australia. To 

address the question of whether one or more species of P. boroniae are present, an initial study was conducted. 

Genetic diversity among field specimens collected from commercial Boronia plantations was assessed by analysis of 

the polymorphism within the intergenic spacer 2 (IGS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes. 

The IGS2 region of 22 P. boroniae specimens was amplified with primers CNS1 and NP. PCR products were 

subsequently digested with a selection of restriction enzymes and analysed by gel electrophoresis. Five representative 

samples were purified, cloned into pCII-TOPO vector, the cloned fragments sequenced and aligned. 

Two different RFLP profiles were generated. Most specimens, sampled from a range of Boronia species and collected 

from plantations at different geographical locations, produced a homologous RFLP profile (Group 1). Three 

specimens (Group 2), obtained over three sampling periods from Boronia megastigma at a single plantation, 

produced a different profile. A single specimen also collected from this same plantation, but isolated from B. 

heterophylla belonged to Group 1. 

Comparison of sequence data generated from representative specimens from each profile group showed that single 

point mutations at endonuclease recognition sites were responsible for the changes in profile. Sequence alignment 

also highlighted several insertion/deletion events common to the Group 2 specimens. 

Variation between single telia of P. boroniae collected from individual B. megastigma plants at the plantation 

exhibiting the Group 2 profile was examined by PCR-RFLP analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 

region. A single homologous profile was observed. 

Overall, no segregation of P. boroniae according to host specificity was concluded, though the data suggested the 

possible presence of a subspecies (race) of P. boroniae, that is isolated geographically and possibly host (cultivar) 

specific. Further investigations involving pathogenicity trials are required. The low level of diversity observed in this 

study may also be a reflection of the influence of human distribution on the pathogen, as the rust is rarely observed 

in wild populations. 

An interesting aspect of the study was the presence of a new spore stage (pycnial stage) recorded only at the 

plantation at which the Group 2 specimens were sampled from. The lifecycle role of this spore stage is unconfirmed 

at present. 

307

PS8-478-0880 

Diversity of Gibberella zeae populations isolated from wheat in Argentina 

M. L. Ramirez 1, M. M. Reynoso 1, M. C. Farnochi1, A. Torres 1, S. N. Chulze 1, J. F. Leslie 2 

1 Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina, 2 Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 

United States 

Argentina produces ~ 16 millon tons of wheat. The main pathogen associated with Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in 

wheat in Argentina is Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum). Over the last 50 years, epidemics of varying 

degrees of severity occurred on wheat in Argentina. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity 

of G. zeae populations isolated from wheat in Argentina by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). We 

collected wheat spikes during a severe FHB epidemic (harvest season 2001/02) from various wheat production areas 

in Argentina. Gibberella zeae was isolated from 50 spikes with FHB symptoms from each of several fields planted to a 

wheat line (Pro Inta Granar) that is highly susceptible to scab. The disease severity was estimated as > 70% at all 

locations. All of the G. zeae strains identified by morphology formed perithecia homothallically on carrot agar. We 

used three specific primer pair combinations Eco+AA/Mse+AT, Eco+CC/Mse+CG, and Eco+TG/Mse+TT in an AFLP 

analysis to resolve 216 loci from130 isolates. Of the 216 loci scored, 200 were polymorphic. Populations of G. zeae 

causing FHB on wheat from Argentina include isolates that cluster with phylogenetic lineage 7. The high level of 

genetic diversity, as measured by AFLP, is consistent with the high level of VCG diversity previously reported from these 

same populations. 

PS8-479-0896 

Differences in conjugation patterns and sporidia production between populations of Microbotryum 

violaceum var. dioica 

Å Granberg, B E Giles, U Carlsson-Granér 

Dep of Ecology & Environmental science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 

Mating system is one of the essential factors structuring genetic variation in a species. Consequently mating also 

influences the conditions for coevolution between species. Mating system traits might also be subject to selection if 

they are variable and result in fitness differences. Here we studied the pathogenic sterilizing fungus Microbotryum 

violaceum, infecting the host Silene dioica, to look for variation among populations in mating system traits. M. 

violaceum is obligately sexual in that the dikaryotic infection hypha that allow the fungus to become systemic in new 

hosts can only be formed after gametes unite. In meiosis M. violaceum produces tetrads in which the cells, two of 

each mating type, either conjugate or produce sporidial cells that multiply like yeast. Mating can occur between any 

cell of opposite mating-type, allowing both outcrossing and selfing, but recent studies have shown that automixis in 

the form of intra-tetrad mating is the predominant mating-system. However, a theoretical model predicts variation 

between populations in the amount of automixis and a hypothesis has been put forward that involves two different 

conjugation strategies; intra-tetrad mating giving a time advantage contra production of many sporidia giving a 

numerical advantage of infectious dikaryons. 

By germinating teliospores in two different nutrient levels (mating behaviour in M. violaceum has previously been 

shown to be significantly affected by nutrient level) and studying them under a microscope we asked: Do populations 

of M. violaceum var. dioica differ in proportion of automixis, sporidia production and production of infectious 

dikaryons, and is there any correlation between these traits? 

Our results show an interaction between populations and nutrient levels for these traits which might result in altered 

trajectories for genetic distribution and selection, depending on the conditions under which germination and infection 

most commonly occur in nature. We also found a negative correlation between rates of automixis and sporidia 

production, as predicted, but only under high nutrients. However, we also found a strong positive correlation between 

the extent of automixis and proportion of conjugating sporidia in both nutrient levels. We thus suggest that it is actually 

not the automixis rate per se that are responsible for the reduction in sporidia production, but the overall conjugation 

propensity. Under high nutrients, this seems to compensate for the negative effect of increased automixis on sporidia 

production, since our results also show that the ecologically more important production rate of infectious dikaryons is 

not affected by increased rates of automixis. 

PS8-480-0930 

Phylogeny And Population Structure Of Ceratocystis fimbriata From Different Hosts In Colombia 

M. Marín1, B.L. Castro4, B.D. Wingfield3, M.J. Wingfield2 

1 National University of Colombia - Medellín-, Medellín, Colombia, 2 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 

Pretoria, South Africa, 3 Department of Genetics, Pretoria, South Africa, 4 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café 

(CENICAFE), Chinchiná, Colombia 

Ceratocystis canker caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato is one of the most destructive diseases of coffee, cocoa 

and citrus in Colombia. In this study, the pathogenicity, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of C. fimbriata 

isolates obtained from seven different hosts in Colombia, were considered. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence 

data for the ITS region of the ribosomal rRNA operon, Mat-2 HMG Box and partial b-tubulin gene, showed that all isolates 

resided in one of two distinct genetic lineages, previously reported for this fungus in Colombia. These lineages were 

independent of the host from which isolates were obtained. Pathogenicity tests on coffee, cocoa and citrus plants using 

isolates from these hosts, showed that the fungi could infect and cause disease on all three hosts inoculated. There was, 

thus, no indication of host specialization amongst the strains tested. A population biology study using microsatellite 

markers confirmed the existence of the two distinct lineages for C. fimbriata in Colombia. Furthermore, a high population 

differentiation was shown to exist between these populations. Genetic variability amongst isolates within these lineages 

was high and linkage disequilibrium analysis suggested a moderate level of sexual out-crossing within each population. 

Analysis of isolates collected from a single coffee plantation showed that they all belonged to the same genetic lineage. 

No differences could be detected between isolates originating from soil or symptomatic plants. Knowledge gained from 

this study, should be useful in designing control strategies against Ceratocystis canker, and especially in breeding 

programs aimed at developing host resistance to the disease in Colombia. 

308

PS8-481-0931 

Genetic and Phenotypic Variability Of Phytophthora infestans From Colombia 

M. Marín 1, L.E. Lagos 2, S. Jaramillo 1, N. Raigosa 1, M.C. Amaya 1 

1 National University of Colombia -Medellín-, Medellín, Colombia, 2 University of Nariño, Pasto, Colombia 

Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive pathogens of solanaceous crops in Colombia. The aim of this 

study was to characterize the level of genetic and phenotypic variability of 35 P. infestans isolates obtained from 

several hosts (potato, tomato, tree tomato and pear melon) and regions of this Andean country. Mitochondrial 

haplotypes (mtHap) were defined using specific primers and those groups were further analysed using RAPD markers, 

metalaxyl resistance and mating type. Results showed existence of two mtHap (Ia and IIa). The mtHap Ia included 

isolates obtained on tree tomato from the south of the country, while isolates from potato and tomato, belonged to 

mtHap IIa. A third mtHap group was found in isolates from pear melon and tomato, but could not be defined based 

on previous reports. Mating type analysis showed that all the isolates studied belong to the type A1 and a wide range 

of variation was found with regard to the sensibility of isolates to Metalaxyl, with some isolates growing above 300 mg/L 

of a.i. RAPD analysis showed a moderated level of variation among isolates from each mtHap (h=0,16), which 

suggests an important participation of asexual recombination events in life cycle of this oomycete. Interestingly, 

isolates from tree tomato resided in two related clades, with a DICE similarity index of 0.83. Results from this study 

suggest that control strategies for late blight of Solanaceous plants in Colombia, should take into account intralineage 

variability, which has been excluded from the population studies of P. infestans. 

PS8-482-0935 

Morphological and genetic methods to differentiate strains of Phoma clematidina on Clematis in New 

Zealand 

N Waipara, H Kitchen, R Beever, H Harman, B Massey, S Parkes, P Wilkie 

Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand 

A mycological survey of native and exotic Clematis (Ranunculaceae) species throughout New Zealand identified 

Phoma clematidina as a relatively common leaf inhabitant and minor pathogen of some species. A pathogenic 

strain of P. clematidina from USA was previously introduced for the biocontrol of Clematis vitalba, due to the endemic 

strains being mildly to non-pathogenic on the target host. Diagnostic techniques to differentiate the endemic strains 

from the exotic biocontrol strain were explored to help determine which strains were present on the different Clematis 

species surveyed. Isolates were characterised using cultural and morphological characteristics, substrate utilisation 

and biochemical properties. Genetic methods were also used to characterise the fungus. DNA was extracted from 

75 isolates that were selected for sequencing studies. The universal primers ITS1 and 4 were used to amplify ITS 1 and 

2 regions of the rDNA. Preliminary in vitro inoculation assays were undertaken to determine relative pathogenicity 

between isolates. Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains were identified. Symptoms ranged from 

asymptomatic colonisation of plant tissues through to necrotic leaf lesions. The survey identified that other 

endophytic, saprophytic and pathogenic fungi were also associated with Clematis in New Zealand and included 

species of Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Microsphaeropsis, Phyllosticta and Phomopsis. 

1530-1730 

SYMPOSIUM 41 - Evolution, Ecology and Systematics of Endophytic Fungi - Horizontally Transmitted Endophytes 

S41IS1 - 0691 

Foliar endophytes versus leaf litter saprobes: annual cycle of an ascomycete community associated with 

oak leaves 

G. J. M. Verkley, I. van Kempen 

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands 

The competitive strategies employed by fungi associated with living and dead leaves in deciduous forest ecosystems 

are still poorly understood, and fungal life-cycles in forests need to be studied more closely. Our aims was to determine 

the species composition of the ascomycete community associated with green leaves and litter of Quercus robur 

(English oak) individuals in a Dutch oak forest, and to investigate the fungal life-cycles involved. Over a period of two 

years, we isolated endophytes monthly from healthy leaves, monitored fungal sporulation in lesions on attached 

leaves and on leaf litter. Isolates were identified morphologically and by sequencing the ITS region of the rDNA. 

In total 44 ascomycete taxa were found, 34 of which were isolated as endophytes from leaf fragments. On average, 

64.5% of fragments were colonized by ascomycetes, with monthly colonization frequencies reaching as high as 100% 

at the end of each summer. The most frequently isolated taxa were Mycosphaerella punctiformis (44%), Tubakia dryina 

(24 %), Fusicoccum quercus (6 %), Naevala minutissima (6 %), and Tubakia sp. (5 %). These taxa accounted for 83% of 

all endophyte isolates. Of 18 taxa sporulating on fallen leaves in their first year of decay, 10 (56%) were also isolated 

from green leaves. 

The pattern of isolation of the predominant endophyte species M. punctiformis indicates that, after infection in spring 

by ascospores from overwintered leaves, hyphal colonization of the living leaf tissues occurs. The inoperculate 

discomycetes Naevala minutissima and Brunnipila (Dasyscyphus) fuscescens also infect leaves via ascospores from 

apothecia that develop in summer on the overwintered leaves, but their colonization frequencies rise relatively late in 

the growing season. The high colonization frequencies seen throughout the growing season with Tubakia dryina and 

Tubakia sp. can only be explained by an early colonization arising from twigs. Our results indicate that the dominant 

taxa employ different strategies to compete for the available foliar tissues. Several species that are generally 

regarded as ‘saprobes’, show an endophytic phase in their life-cycle. By colonizing the living tissue at an early stage, 

these ‘sapro-endophytes’ have an advantage over purely saprobic species, which are able to invade leaves only 

when the tissues die. 

309

S41IS2 - 0605 

Host specificity among endophytes in transient plant communities 

G.C. Carroll 

University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States 

Horizontally transmitted endophytes are ubiquitous hitchhikers on the plants of the world. While the interior of a leaf 

may seem a stable habitat, populations of host plants themselves come and go. How do populations of host-specific 

endophytes maintain themselves in the face of vegetational change? 

Answers to this question lie in an understanding of endophyte life cycles, host plant succession, and the distributions 

of both hosts and endophytes. Such information is spottily available for just a few groups of endophytes, including 

Rhabdocline parkeri on Douglas fir, Xylariaceous endophytes on a huge variety of hosts, and species of Phyllosticta. 

Rhabdocline parkeri occurs only on Douglas fir, but successful infection depends strongly on genotype compatibility 

between host and endophyte. Genotypic diversity of Rhabdocline in very young host stands is low. However, within 

15 years that diversity has increased by orders of magnitude, presumably as a result of migration and sexual 

reproduction by the endophyte. 

Xylariaceous endophytes apparently show no host specificity. For example, Nemania serpens occurs infrequently in 

most of the trees and under-story species in an old growth Douglas fir forest in Oregon. However, the sexual phase is 

found only on Acer macrophyllum, an early successional species in a Douglas fir forest. As Acer macrophyllum gives 

way to Douglas fir, dispersed endophyte infections serve to preserve Nemania in the habitat until its preferred host 

becomes available again. Transmission from Douglas fir needles to Acer wood occurs, at least under laboratory 

conditions. The Nodulisporium state has never been seen on coniferous needles directly collected from the wild, and 

it is unknown whether conidia can serve to disperse the endophyte among non-preferred hosts. It is also unknown 

how long the endophyte can persist in the absence of Acer mcarophyllum. 

Phyllosticta is one of the quintessential groups of endophytic fungi. The genus is prevalent on conifers, on liliaceous 

plants, and on evergreen angiosperms worldwide. The group is particularly speciose in semiarid tropical/sub-tropical 

habitats. Host-specificity ranges from non-existent to highly precise. DNA sequence data reveals that most isolates 

from moist forests in warm climates are Phyllostica capitalensis, whatever the host. This fungus must be the 

coelomycetous equivalent of Cladosporium sphaerospermum. Conversely, isolates from areas of seasonal limited 

rainfall are likely to prove host specific, but not absolutely so. Long-term vegetational change may leave endophytic 

Phyllosticta strains stranded on non-host plants, a situation likely to foster speciation. 

S41IS3 - 0813 

Endophytes: lifestyle and phylogenetic diversity 

R Jeewon* 1, KD Hyde 1, I Promputtha 2, SY Yeung 1 

1 Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 2 Faculty of Science, 

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 

Fungal endophytes and saprobes generally play an important ecological role within plant tissues, decayed plant 

material and pine needles. Several reports based solely on morphological observations have postulated that there is 

an intimate link between endophytes and saprobes. This study aims to provide valuable insight as to whether some 

endophytic fungi change their ecological strategies and become saprotrophs upon host decay. Ribosomal DNA 

based sequence analyses from 99 isolates (endophytes, mycelia sterilia and saprobes) recovered from Magnolia 

liliifera suggest there are specific taxa that possibly exist as endophytes and saprobes. Isolates of Colletotrichum, 

Fusarium, Guignardia and Phomopsis have high sequence similarities and are phylogenetically related to their 

saprotrophic counterparts. This provides evidence to suggest that some endophytic species change to a saprotrophic 

lifestyle. In addition, fungal diversity on pine needles was investigated based on morphological comparison coupled 

with a molecular approach based on DGGE and phylogenetics. Morphological and culture dependent studies 

showed that about 80% of fungi were anamorphic. PCR-DGGE analyses recovered 40 different fungal operational 

taxonomic units (OTU). Phylogenies indicate that 32 are Loculoascomycetes, 4 are phylogenetically related to 

mitosporic Letiomycetes, 2 are members of the Trichocomaceae and another 2 belong to the Hypocreales and 

Lecanorales respectively. A number of these fungi have not necessarily been recovered from morphological and 

cultural methodologies as well as from previous endophytic studies reported elsewhere. These taxa, which are 

morphologically and culturally undetectable undoubtedly play vital roles in living and partially decayed needles. 

These findings have important scientific implications in biodiversity and ecological studies. 

310

S41PS1 - 0411 

Endophytic fungi in non-mycorrhizal oak roots 

E. Halmschlager 1, T. Kowalski 2 

1 Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, 

BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, 2 Department of Forest Pathology, 

Faculty of Forestry, Kraków, Poland 

Endophytic fungi are well studied on above-ground portions of plants. However, only little is known on the endophytic 

colonization of plant roots and detailed investigations of healthy roots exist only for a few hosts. This study aimed to 

investigate the endophytic mycobiota in non-mycorrhizal roots of Q. petraea and Q. robur. 

A detailed survey was conducted at two sites in eastern Austria. Sites were chosen to reflect differences in altitude, 

humus and soil type and pH within the natural range of oak in Austria. The investigated oak stands differed in age and 

species composition, with Q. petraea dominating at site 1 and Q. robur at site 2. At both sites roots were sampled from 

3 healthy-looking and 6 declining oak trees. Excavation and sampling of roots was carried out from eight soil profile pits 

as well as from additionally collected soil cores. For fungal isolation, a subsample of 680 very fine (3 cm) were taken, giving a total of 1357 root samples. After 

surface sterilization with ethanol (96%) and sodium hypochlorite (4% avail. chlorine), a 5-10 mm segment was cut from 

the middle of each 8 cm long root section, separated into cortex and central cylinder, and plated out on MEA (2%). 

Overall fungal colonization of non-mycorrhizal oak roots was 97.7%. However, colonization frequency of the cortex was 

nearly twice that of the central cylinder. In total, the species assemblage comprised 119 fungal taxa. Species 

composition varied greatly between sites: At site 1, Cystodendron sp. (which likely represents a new species), a 

Cadophora–like species and Crypto-sporiopsis radicicola were the dominant species. Other frequently recorded 

species were Mollisia cf. cinerea and Phialocephala fortinii. At site 2, fungal community was dominated by 

Cadophora fastigiata, which was recovered from almost 50% of the root segments, with Cylindrocarpon destructans 

as the other major component. Cryptosporiopsis melanogena and Phoma cf. radicina were also frequently (>10%) 

isolated at this site. 

The number of endophytic species isolated from roots was considerably higher compared to that obtained from 

above-ground lignified parts of oak. Variation of both species composition and frequency of species were much 

higher between sites than between oak species at the same site. Thus, between-site differences in edaphic and 

climatic conditions had a greater impact in determining the species community than the hosts. The endophytic 

microfungal community comprised primarily common soil fungi. However, saprobic rhizosphere fungi, fungal root 

pathogens, dark septate endophytes and fungi that form mycorrhizal associations were also obtained. Some of the 

frequently isolated species were found to form endophytic root associations with other perennial hosts. 

S41PS2 - 0639 

Metabolic and taxonomic approaches to investigating the effects of plant function on communities of root 

and nodule-associated fungi. 

SJ Skinner, RS Currah 

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 

The monitoring of biodiversity, including that of various fungal communities, is a growing priority. This study compares 

two methods that describe fungal communities, and thus may be used to evaluate their biodiversity. In addition, this 

work tests the hypothesis that the communities of endophytic fungi in equivalent tissues of functionally different plants 

in the same environment will be unique. This hypothesis has implications for studies using plant biodiversity as a proxy 

for endophytic fungal biodiversity. 

Nodulated roots of Alnus incana, and a comparable, related, and cohabiting non nitrogen-fixing Betula papyrifera 

were collected from four ecologically similar sites in western Canada. Standardized homogenates prepared from 

surface-sterilized root tips and nodules from three samples per site were streaked on selective media to identify and 

enumerate culturable fungi. This homogenate was also pipetted into Biolog © microtitre plates to obtain substrate 

utilization profiles of the associated fungal communities. 

Preliminary analyses show that while the substrate utilization profiles of all sample types overlap, there is more variability 

between those of root samples than those of nodule samples. Preliminary community composition data support these 

findings: fungal communities associated with nodules showed less interpopulation variability and were more distinct 

taxonomically compared to those associated with the roots of either plant species. 

These preliminary observations show that the two approaches to describing fungal communities yield similar patterns, 

thus either approach may be sufficient for biodiversity inventories. These results suggest that plant functioning alone 

may not be sufficient to shift communities of root endophytic fungi, although nodules appear to have a localized 

influence. 

311

1530-1730 

SYMPOSIUM 56 - Phylogeography 

S56IS1 - 0370 

Phylogeography of Serpula lacrymans reveals global migration events and multiple transitions to an indoor 

lifestyle 

H. Kauserud1, I. B. Svegaarden1, H. Knudsen 3, Ø. Stensrud 1, N. Högberg 2 

1 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 2 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 3 University of 

Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

The dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans (Basidiomycota) is the most feared destroyer of wooden buildings and 

constructions in temperate regions. It has a widespread distribution in buildings in temperate regions (Eurasia and 

North America), and causes also deteriorations in buildings in New Zealand and cooler regions of Australia. For a long 

time it has been an enigma from where the dry rot fungus first spread and colonized the human domain. In this study, 

a comprehensive sample of S. lacrymans has been assembled, including material from newly discovered localities in 

nature. 

An extensive molecular dataset has been generated, including microsatellites, AFLPs and sequence data from three 

nuclear loci. In accordance with earlier studies, all our analyses demonstrate that S. lacrymans consists of two highly 

differentiated lineages; one mainly occurring in nature in Northern California (var. shastensis); and another group 

including isolates from all continents both occurring in nature and buildings (var. lacrymans). The analyses indicate 

that var. shastensis is genetically most similar to the ancestral lineage of the two forms. Var. shastensis has been found 

exclusively in high altitude mountainous regions and is possibly adapted to areas with high snow cover. In contrast to 

var. lacrymans, var. shastensis has never been detected indoors, and an important ecological transition has 

happened between the two lineages, enabling the switch to a largely indoor life style in var. lacrymans. 

Our results demonstrate that var. lacrymans has an unrecognized widespread natural distribution in North East Asia. 

Var. lacrymans is genetically most variable in this region, indicating that North East Asia most likely represents the 

ultimate source population for var. lacrymans. The fungus has apparently colonized the human domain independently 

in Asia and Europe. The extreme genetic homogeneity in the indoor European population indicates that this 

population established through a recent founder event. Long distance dispersal events have happened to North and 

South America and Oceania, most likely from Europe. This study shows that a complex phylogeographic structure is 

observed in S. lacrymans caused by the interplay between natural migration and distribution patterns and more 

recent human mediated dispersal events. 

S56IS2 - 0921 

Biogeography of the Hysterangiales 

K Hosaka 

The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

Hysterangiales is an order of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycota that forms truffle-like fruiting bodies. It is distributed 

globally, both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, but each species is restricted to well-defined areas of 

endemism. Truffle-like fungi are mostly assumed to be incapable of long distance dispersal as their spores are only 

spread via small animal mycophagy. Based on both the high occurrence of endemism and limited spore dispersal, 

we hypothesized that the distribution of the order may be strongly influenced by vicariance. Multigene phylogenies 

resolved three major clades within the order that are composed exclusively of the Southern Hemisphere taxa, and 

they form a basal paraphyly, strongly supporting an origin of the Hysterangiales in the Southern Hemisphere. The results 

of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an east Gondwanan, i.e. Australian, origin of 

the order. Although the topologies of some more terminal clades are consistent with vicariance (e.g., a sister 

relationship of New Zealand and New Caledonian taxa), some areas (e.g., Australia) are in several different subclades 

of the order, which is in conflict with a strict vicariant scenario. Therefore the importance of long distance dispersal, 

though probably a rare event, could not be discarded. Although a Cretaceous or younger origin of the order remains 

as a possibility, overall patterns indicate a Paleozoic origin of the Hysterangiales, which is much older than the oldest 

fossils of mushroom-forming fungi. This also indicates that the Hysterangiales could exist prior to the origin of the 

currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This 

inconsistency between the estimated age of the Hysterangiales and the fossil record of its extant hosts suggest that 

either the three ectomycorrhizal clades of the Hysterangiales represent parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal 

symbiosis or that the Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. We will have 

thorough discussion of several biogeographical hypotheses on the Hysterangiales, including dispersal vs. vicariance, 

host-tracking vs. host-shifting, and the age estimate of the order. 

312

S56IS3 - 0613 

Hitchhiking through the botanic realm: Ustilaginales in time and space 

D. Begerow, M. Stoll, R. Bauer 

University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 

Smut fungi have been of great interest for a long time for they include economically important plant pathogens. The 

phylogeny of the group has been under discussion and the combination of ultrastructural and molecular data 

provided insight in the evolution of the heterogeneous group. The hirachic level of the group has been updated 

several times and the former Ustilaginales are now treated as Ustilaginomycotina and include several new orders. 

These studies have also revealed the enormous influence of host plants in the evolution of these parasites. 

Our analyses of ultrastructural characters such as septal pores and interaction interfaces in combination with multiple 

gene molecular phylogenies resulted in new interpretations of the evolutionary trends in smut fungi. The exclusion of 

Microbotryum from the Ustilaginomycotina highlights a number of convergences of many important fungal traits in 

two subphyla. The crucial phylogenetic position of Entorrhiza is discussed based on additional characters, and our 

data implicate a new understanding of Basidiomycota. The combination of host and parasite phylogenies resulted in 

a better understanding of the evolution of Ustilaginales. The relevance of ecological niches and adaptations to host 

ecology could be demonstrated with our new data. The distribution of cospeciation and horizontal transfers are 

analysed to understand the coevolution of basidiomycetous plant parasites. 

S56PS1 - 0304 

A phylogenetic and phylogeographic approach to delimit Antarctic and bipolar species of the genus 

Usnea, Neuropogon 

N Wirtz, C Printzen, HT Lumbsch 

1Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany, 2 Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany, 3 The 

Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States 

Species of the lichen genus Usnea subgenus Neuropogon have their centre of distribution in polar regions of the 

Southern Hemisphere. Their morphological and chemical variability is poorly understood and several asexual taxa with 

uncertain relationships to fertile taxa occur in the group. The species concept of the group is uncertain. We combined 

a phylogenetic circumscription of Neuropogon species and the phylogeographic context for species delimitation and 

recent distribution of species. The importance of morphological and chemical variability within and between species 

was also investigated. Besides South American and Antarctic species also bipolar lineages exist. We examined 

potential causes of this distribution, in particular the question if there is genetic exchange between both polar regions 

and between South America and Antarctica. A dataset of more than 300 specimens and three gene fragments (ITS, 

IGS and RPB1) was used. The phylogenetic analyses revealed three related groups of mainly asexual lineages 

arranged around three fertile Usnea species. A phylogenetic species recognition method detected several cryptic 

species within these three groups and a bipolar lineage in two of the complexes, which were formerly described as a 

single species, Usnea sphacelata. The dataset of each group is used separately in a phylogeographic context 

performing nested clade analysis to infer species boundaries and population history on an intra-interspecific interface. 

The concordance of genetic deviation and geographical distance is overall small. All Northern Hemisphere 

populations are genetically very homogeneous compared to their Southern Hemisphere counterparts, which points 

to recent long-distance dispersal. There is broad evidence for cryptic speciation in South America and post-glacial 

recolonisation of Antarctica as well as periodic gene flow from South America into Antarctica. To support species 

delimitations the association of morphological and chemical characters with the position of haplotypes on 

hierarchically nested haplotype networks was reviewed using contingency tests and ANOVAs. In almost all cases 

phylogenetic and phylogeographical conclusions are significantly corroborated by these data. 

S56PS2 - 0437 

Migration in space and time for 14 worldwide populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola 

S Banke 


We wanted to test if using different marker systems would allow us to differentiate gene flow events over time, 

DNA sequences from six nuclear loci and data from three microsatellites were collected from fourteen globally 

distributed populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola. Haplotype networks were 

constructed for the six sequence loci and population subdivision was assessed using Hudson’s permutation test. 

Several migration models all based the coalescence theory were used to estimate migration among populations 

within and among continents for both the DNA sequence loci and the microsatellite loci. While subdivision was 

detected among the six regional populations, directional gene flow indicated possible spread of the pathogen 

among regional populations. The European and Israeli populations contributed the majority of historical immigrants to 

the New World. Migration estimates for microsatellite loci were used to infer more recent migration events among 

specific New World populations. 

We conclude that it is possible differentiate gene flow over time, and that gene flow plays an important factor in 

determining the demographic history of M. graminicola. 

313

1530-1730 

SYMPOSIUM 43 - Biocontrol 

S43IS1 - 0822 

Production and formulation of antagonists for improved competitiveness and biocontrol 

N Magan 

Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedford, United Kingdom 

A prerequisite for the successful development/commercialisation of biocontrol agents (BCAs) is the production and 

formulation of products which have the necessary physiological quality, shelf-life and consistency of performance 

when use in terrestrial ecosystems. Thus a major hurdle to success has been the production of quality inocula with the 

necessary ecological competence. The objective of our approach has been to examined the use of physiological 

manipulation of the growth of fungal BCAs to channel or synthesise useful endogenous reserves which are implicated 

in improved environmental stress tolerance combined with conserved biocontrol capacity. Increased accumulation 

of trehalose has implications for desiccation tolerance, while compatible solute accumulation (glycerol, erythritol, 

arabitol or mannitol in fungi) can improve tolerance to water and temperature stress. Examples will be chosen from 

studies on biocontrol fungi including Candida sake, Pichia anomala, Epicoccum nigrum and Ulocladium atrum. 

Studies were conducted with physiologically modified conditions to enhance synthesis of useful compounds. These 

were analysed by HPLC. The potential for conservation of these useful compounds was examined using isotonic 

solutions. Subsequent studies involved formulation of BCAs using fluidised bed drying to produce inocula. The 

performance of formulations were compared against fresh cells. 

Studies showed that this approach significantly increased the quality and environmental tolerance of inocula. Isotonic 

solutions could conserve concentrations of endogenous reserves inside cells prior to formulation using fluidised bed 

drying. Modified conidia have been shown to have better virulence against insect pests; and formulations of yeasts 

have been shown to be as effective as fresh cells for controlling spoilage fungi and mycotoxins in moist cereals. 

The potential for application of this approach will be discussed. 

S43IS2 - 0842 

Screening of biocontrol agents against fungal leaf diseases 

J. Köhl 

Plant Research International, Wageningen, Netherlands 

Fungal leaf diseases can potentially be controlled by antagonists preventing infections or reducing the formation of 

primary or secondary inoculum. Antagonism often is based on nutrient competition, antibiotic production or 

hyperparasitism. Candidate antagonists can be isolated from the habitat of the pathogen. For the choice of a control 

strategy and the selection of suitable antagonists, the whole life cycle of the pathogen should be considered. 

Potential antagonists may be found on the host plant interfering with the pathogen during its pathogenic stage, as 

well as on crop residues. Pathogen populations often depend on such crop residues for survival and multiplication in 

the absence of the host. 

The antagonistic efficacy of candidates can be evaluated in bio-assays under controlled conditions and has to be 

confirmed under field conditions. For the development of a commercial biocontrol agent many selection criteria 

besides antagonistic efficacy have to be considered in such screening programmes. Important ecological criteria are 

the adaptation of antagonist candidates to the specific environmental characteristics of the phyllosphere such as 

rapid changes of water availability and UV-irradiation. Important economical criteria are amongst others the 

possibility of cheap production of antagonist inocula and a long shelf life of the antagonist in the formulated 

biocontrol agent. Considering legal registration of biocontrol agents, important criteria are possible toxin production 

by the antagonist candidates and other potential health risks for users and consumers. 

Results from screening programmes aimed at the selection of antagonists of Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) or Venturia 

inaequalis (apple scab) will be discussed. The antagonist Ulocladium atrum, efficient against B. cinerea in crops such 

as grapevine, tomatoes and ornamentals under commercial growing conditions, shows many characteristics which 

explain the good performance in the phyllosphere, e.g. spore survival on leaf surfaces, rapid spore germination during 

short wetness periods in a broad temperature range and survival of germ tubes during repeated interruptions of leaf 

wetness periods. Antagonists of V. inaequalis reducing the formation of overwintering pseudothecia or suppressing 

conidiation on apple leaves during summer are currently screened in bio-assays or using DGGE as a molecular tool 

for fingerprinting microbial populations in apple leaves in relation to V. inaequalis development. All candidate 

antagonists have to pass a pre-screening and must produce a minimum number of spores (economical feasibility) 

and grow at 5° and at low water potential (ecological competence). Candidates growing at 36 °C or belonging to 

fungal genera with known potential to produce mycotoxins are excluded from the further screening. 

For the selection of antagonists suppressing conidiation of V. inaequalis, 160 fungal isolated were obtained from apple 

leaves infected by the pathogen. 

From these isolates, 80 passed the pre-screening. In bio-assays on apple seedlings, 12 isolates reduced the pathogen 

sporulation significantly. These 12 isolates are currently mass-produced and formulated. Those which will be suitable 

for commercial production will be tested under orchard conditions. 

314

S43IS3 - 0987 

Strategies to improve Metarhizium control of arthropod pests 

T Butt 

Dept Biological Sciences, University Wales Swansea, Swansea, United Kingdom 

Several strains of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae are being developed for the control of arthropod 

pests (e.g. ticks, mites, weevils). They provide an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides which are 

being withdrawn or to which pests have developed resistance. However, M. anisopliae, like other fungal biological 

control agents, often acts slowly and gives inconsistent results in the field. Considerable progress has been made in 

recent years to improve the efficacy of M. anisopliae. For example, markers have been developed which can quickly 

tell if the pathogen has become attenuated (i.e. become unstable or declined in virulence). The markers offer costeffective 

tools to monitor the quality of the fungus during mass production. Another area where progress has been 

made is the use of M. anisopliae with low dose chemicals. This approach gives immediate crop protection and at the 

same gives the pathogen more time to kill its host. The level of control is often the same as that of the pesticide used 

at the recommended rate. 

S43PS1 - 0184 

Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium catenulatum associated with Helicobasidium mompa and Rosellinia 

necatrix 

N. Matsumoto1, C.-M. Tian 2, Y. T. Hoshino1, N. Ohtaka3, J.-S. Lee 4, H. Nakamura 5 

1 Natl. Inst. Agro-Environmental Sci., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 2 Beijin Forestry University, Beijin, China, 3 Ibaraki 

Agricultural Center, Iwama, Ibaraki, Japan, 4 National Horticultural Research Institute, Suwon, Korea, South, 5 Natl. Inst. 

Fruit Tree Sci., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 

Helicobasidium mompa and Rosellinia necatrix are soilborne plant pathogens. Their mycelia persist in the soil and 

spread from plant to plant on the root surface. Such a growth habit of both pathogens produces intense interactions 

with other microorganisms, including potential antagonists such as Trichoderma. On isolation of the pathogens from 

diseased roots, we collected isolates of Trichoderma as primary contaminants. Gliocladium catenulatum was 

occasionally present in Trichoderma cultures as a secondary contaminant. We examined the antagonism of both 

types of contaminants to H. mompa and R. necatrix to determine whether they were potential biocontrol agents or 

simply present concomitantly on the surface of the pathogens. 

Of 50 isolates of primary contaminants each from H. mompa and R. necatrix, 36 and 34 isolates were identified as 

Trichoderma, respectively. The pathogens had different species composition. Species of Trichoderma from H. mompa 

consisted of T. harzianum (44.4%), T. koningii (16.7%), T. hamataum (13.9%), T. atroviride (8.3%), T. viride (2.8%), and 

unidentified species (13.9%). Species composition of Trichoderma from R. necatrix was simple, consisting of three 

predominant species, i.e., T. atroviride (38.2%), T. harzianum (29.4%), and T. hamatum (23.5%), besides unidentified 

species (8.9%). 

The antagonism of the Trichoderma isolates was invariably evident on Lupinus luteus plants grown in a commercial, 

weathered lapillus potting medium (Kanuma soil) delaying disease development by two days as compared to control 

plots without Trichoderma. The antagonism of Trichoderma was, however, obscure when plants were grown in unsterile 

field soi. There was no obvious difference in the origin of Trichoderma isolates or between species. G. catanulatum did 

not affect the Trichoderma-R. necatrix interaction but reduced disease severity of carrots incubated in vermiculite to 

estimate virulence of H. mompa isolates. Dual cultures with H. mompa revealed the antagonism of G. catenulatum, 

inciting swelling of cell walls and granulation of cytoplasm in H. mompa. Mycelial mat of H. mompa became indented 

where conidial suspension of G. catenulatum was dribbled. Its antagonism was, however, suppressed by mixing 10 % 

of unsterile soil with vermiculite. 

In conclusion, Trichoderma spp. and G. catenulatum are potential antagonists. However, under field conditions, they 

may simply present as contaminants of H. mompa and R. necatrix and are not useful as biocontrol agents. Since these 

pathogens produce persistent mycelia abundantly in soil, they are likely to have other specialized mycoparasites 

which antagonize H. mompa and R. necatrix under field conditions. 

315

S43PS2 - 0718 

Effect of antagonistic fruit-borne yeasts on pathogenic and saprophytic fungi 

M Sipiczki 2, H Csoma 1 

1 Department of Genetics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, 2 Research Group for Microbial 

Developmental Genetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary 

Infection of grapes by Botrytis cinerea causes bunch rot which is usually a destructive process (sour or grey rot) resulting 

in loss of the whole crop. Under specific climatic conditions characteristic of a few wine region of the world, the 

Botrytis-infected berries undergo a beneficial process called noble rot. Wines made from the nobly rotten grapes are 

among the world’s most famous sweet and dessert wines. During the development of noble rot, a broad spectrum of 

additional moulds, yeasts and bacteria also colonise the berries that may interact in the competition for substrates 

and nutrients. The purpose of this study was to identify yeasts among the secondary colonists that have antifungal 

activities. 

Yeasts were isolated from nobly rotten (“botrytized”) berries, subjected to taxonomic identification by molecular 

methods (e.g. PCR-RFLP of the ITS region of the rDNA, sequencing of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA, 

electrophoretic karyotyping, etc.) and tested for antifungal antagonism. The mechanism of the antifungal activity was 

studied on conidia and on growing hyphae. To test the potential of the antagonistic yeasts for post-harvest 

bioprotection, apples were cut and dipped first in the suspension of yeast cells and then in the suspension of B. cinerea 

or Penicillium expansum conidia. 

The majority of yeasts isolated from the botrytized berries had no detectable effect on the test organisms (B. cinerea 

and various species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor and Rhizomucor). Antifungal activity was found in isolates 

belonging to Metschnikowia, Aureobasidium and Cryptococcus. The Metschnikowia isolates studied in more detail 

released a diffusible substance into the environment that inhibited the germination of conidia and the growth of the 

mycelium. Growth inhibition was usually associated with lysis of hyphae at the growing tips. With the exception of 

Candida zemplinina, all the non-antagonistic yeasts isolated from the grapes were resistant. The most active 

Metschnikowia strains drastically reduced but not inhibited completely the growth of moulds on apples. 

Certain yeasts growing on/in nobly rotten grapes have strong antifungal activity and can be used for post-harvest 

bioprotection of fruits. 

S43PS3 - 0154 

Nematicidal Metabolites From Fungi 

Guohong Li, Keqin Zhang 

Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Kunming, China 

Nematodes attack a wide variety of organism and parasitic nematodes are a major challenge to humans and 

agriculture. Recently, the side-effect on the environment or human health of many synthetic pesticides has led to a 

drastic reduction of efficient commercial nematicides which make the search of new natural nematicidals necessary 

and important. The pool of natural products is an important source for searching potent nematicides. Fungi have a 

profuse secondary metabolism and are a major source of biologically active natural products. In the past years, 

nematicidal compounds had been reported for many fungal products. Here, we investigate the kinds of nematodetoxic 

fungi, the structure and nematicidal activity of compounds isolated from nematode-toxic fungi. So far, about 240 

species fungi of 126 genera which mainly belong to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Deuteromycota have been 

reported to possess nematididal activity by producing toxic compounds against nematode, and according to reports, 

about 165 compounds including 96 novel compounds with nematicidal activity have been isolated from 87 strains of 

nematode-toxic fungi. Their diversiform structures mainly belong to alkaloid, quinone, isoepoxydon, peptide, 

macrolide, terpenoid, fatty acid, diketopiperazine, aphthalene, simple aromatics and other kinds of compounds. 

These compounds have nematicidal activities towards different nematodes, and most of them have selective 

nematicidal activities. Up to now, no major commercial product based on the compounds isolated from fungi has 

been developed, but some exciting results have been obtained, e.g. new peptide omphalotin has been obtained 

from the fungus Omphalotus olearius and it’s nematicidal activity is similar with the commercially available nematicide 

ivermectin, which indicates that it is possible to search the potent active compounds from fungi to exploit novel 

nematicides. 

316

1530-1730 

SYMPOSIUM 44 - Industrial Mycology 

S44IS1 - 0026 

Diversity of Xylanase and plant cell wall esterases in thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi 

Bhupinder S. Chadhaa , Sonia K. Ghatoraa, Harvinder S. Sainia, Mahalingeshwara K. Bhat.b and Craig B. Faulds b 

aDepartment of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar- 143005, India. 

bInstitute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK. 

This paper reports the functional diversity of xylanases and plant cell wall esterases in thermophilic and thermotolerant 

fungi. The multiple isoforms of xylanases and plant cell wall esterases were resolved by IEF and each of the eluted 

fractions was studied for the expression of diverse xylanase and esterases. In all 85 distinct xylanases and 84 esterases 

were resolved on the basis of their pI from 14 different strains of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi (Absidia 

corymbifera, Acrophialophora nainiana, Aspergillus caespitosus, Aspergillus terreus, Chaetomium thermophilum, 

Chrysosporium lucknowense, Emericella nidulans var. lata, Humicola fuscoatra, Humicola insolens, Malbranchea flava, 

Melanocarpus sp., Penicillium lagena, Thermoascus aurantiacus and Thermomyces lanuginosus). The xylanases were 

characterized for functionally diverse substrate specificity and catalytic activities against various substituted and 

unsubstituted xylan types (oat spelt xylan, OSX; larch wood xylan, LWX; rye arabinoxylan, RAX; wheat arabinoxylan, 

WAX) and debranched arabinan, DA). The xylanases active at alkaline pH were also identified and their pulp 

bleaching potential was studied. These fungi were also studied for the presence of diverse plant cell wall esterases. 

These esterases on the basis of their differential activity towards p-nitrophenyl esters (p-nitrophenyl acetate, p- 

nitrophenyl butyrate, p-nitrophenyl ferulate) were classified as acetyl esterases and esterases Type I, II and III. Few 

unusual esterases with high affinity towards p-nitrophenyl butyrate as compared to p-nitrophenyl acetate and active 

under alkaline conditions were also identified. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 

Fig. 1. Zymogram of PAGE gel representing xylanases produced by Ab. corymbifera (1), Ac. nainiana (2), A. caespitosus (3), 

A. terreus (4), C. thermophilum (5), C. lucknowense (6), E. nidulans var. lata (7), H. insolens (8), H. fuscoatra (9), Melanocarpus 

sp. (10), M. flava (11), P. lagena (12), T. aurantiacus (13) and T. lanuginosus strain D2W3 (14). 

317

S44IS2 - 1007 

New Fungal discoveries – of industrial relevance for biofuel and biopharma 

Lene Lange 

Molecular Biotechnology, Novozymes A/S, Smoermosevej 25, DK2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. 

Use of Transposon assisted signal trapping (TAST) for screening of cDNA libraries has given many new hits of potential 

use in biomass conversion of e.g. left over agricultural products as wheat straw, corn, bagasse etc. Due to the TAST 

technology it is now possible to selectively go for the secreted proteins and also discover types of proteins for which 

we do not have high through put assays available. Progress and potentials will be illustrated by biofuel relevant 

examples. 

The TAST technology has provided basis not only for enzyme discovery but also for peptide discovery in areas where 

only limited data are available. Of special interest is the recent discovery of a Cyanovirin-like compound. The first 

Cyanovirin was discovered several years ago and shown to have potentials as anti HIV/aids drug. However, 

Cyanovirin, being intracellular, was found to be difficult to produce large scale. We found a fungal variant of 

Cyanovirin and named Citrinovirin. The producing organism is Penicillium citrinum and it was here surprisingly found to 

be part of the secretome, having a signal peptide. Later also Cyanovirin-like compounds were found from other 

filamentous fungi (details will be presented). 

Among fungal discoveries the Statin´s are one of the most significant discoveries since Penicillin, as Statin´s are the 

globally most significant type of drugs for cholesterol lowering in man. In collaboration between three research 

groups, Danish Technical University (Jens Frisvad and Thomas Ostenfeldt Larsen) and the Danish Hospital KAS Gentofte 

(Steen Stender), and Novozymes R&D a new type of Statin´s have been discovered. Data will be presented on its 

structure, derivatives and biological activity. 

However, to enable commercial exploitation it is not sufficient to discover novel, interesting, and biologically active 

molecules. It is also important that they can be expressed in large scale in high yields. Several attempts have been 

made to express proteins from plants in filamentous fungi, which would allow the discovery pool for fungal large-scale 

produced products to be expanded significantly. Many such attempts of expression have surprisingly failed. A recent 

study has given new understanding of problems encountered with regard to heterologue expression of plant genes 

in filamentous fungi. Data will be presented. 

S44IS3 

Fungal cell wall biosynthesis and discovery of antifungals 


The Netherlands 


1530-1730 

SYMPOSIUM 45 - Worldwide Movement of Fungal Forest Pathogens 

S45IS1 - 0569 

Cryphonectria canker of Eucalyptus: A little-known disease caused by an assemblage of fungi of extreme 

quarantine relevance 

M Gryzenhout 1, BD Wingfield 2, MJ Wingfield1 

1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of 

Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2 Department of Genetics, Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), 

University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 

Cryphonectria canker causes one of the most serious diseases of Eucalyptus in plantations grown in the tropics and 

sub-tropics. Its impact has thus been responsible for shaping the nature of Eucalyptus forestry industry in many 

countries. DNA-based phylogenetic inferences have, in recent years, made it possible to review the taxonomy of the 

pathogen responsible for Cryphonectria canker of Eucalyptus. This substantially changed our understanding of the 

disease, its causal agent and its likely origin. Cryphonectria canker of Eucalyptus is now known to be caused not by 

a species of Cryphonectria but by a suite of species residing in the genus Chrysoporthe, which has been newly 

described to accommodate them. These fungi including C. cubensis, C. austroafricana and C. doradensis all have 

unique biological characteristics and they have clearly originated in different parts of the world. Interestingly, their 

hosts of origin are not species of Eucalyptus, but rather various tree species, not only the Myrtaceae, but more broadly 

in the Myrtales. Chrysoporthe cubensis, the best-known of the species is common in South East Asia and in South 

America and probably represents two different but closely related species. These fungi are all serious pathogens, 

some of which have already moved inter-continentally. They represent pathogens of great economic importance in 

countries where they are already known. Perhaps more importantly, in terms of quarantine, they appear to represent 

a highly threatening assemblage of fungi, which until very recently have virtually been overlooked. 

318

S45IS2 - 0585 

Global distribution and evolution of the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum 

ET Steenkamp 1, J Wright 1, RJ Ganley 2, E Iturritxa3, R Ahumada 4, BD Wingfield 1, WFO Marasas 5, MJ Wingfield 1 

1Tree Protection Cooperative Programme, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of 

Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2 New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd., Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand, 

3 Neiker, Granja Modelo de Arkaute, Apartado 46, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain, 4 Camino a Coronel KM. 15S/N, 

PO Box 70, Conception, Chile, 5 Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC), Medical 

Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, South Africa 

Fusarium circinatum is an important pathogen of Pinus spp. that represents a significant threat to native and 

commercial forests, worldwide. This fungus causes large resinous cankers accompanied by pitch-soaked wood, 

crown die-back and stunted growth of established trees. The fungus can also be a very serious pathogen of nursery 

plants, where the symptoms of infection include root and root collar rot. Introduction of F. circinatum to new locations 

may be facilitated by insect vectors, although the majority of new introductions have probably resulted from trade in 

seed. Pitch canker is known in the USA, Mexico, Chile, Haiti, South Africa, Spain, and Japan, with unconfirmed reports 

from Italy, Iraq, South Korea and China. The primary objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the 

global distribution and spread of F. circinatum by studying its overall evolution and population biology. We, therefore, 

conducted a phylogenetic analysis that included representatives of F. circinatum populations from California, Florida, 

Mexico, Chile, Spain and South Africa. After DNA extraction, several housekeeping genes and non-coding regions 

were PCR-amplified and sequenced. These sequences were then aligned and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. 

Results revealed the presence of many nucleotide polymorphisms between the six populations, with fewer differences 

within populations. These data also allowed us to identify sequence signatures that differentiate some of the 

populations from others. Our preliminary data further suggest that isolates representing the Chilean isolates are more 

closely related to isolates from Mexico than to those representing the other populations examined. Ultimately the 

results of this study will provide valuable insight into the origin of the pitch canker fungus and its global spread. 

S45IS3 - 0638 

Microsatellite analysis documents worldwide and regional spread routes of the sudden oak death 

pathogen 

M Garbelotto, K Ivors, S Prospero, A Vettraino, N Rosensweig 

University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States 

Sudden oak death is an emergent forest disease, caused by a recently described Phytophthora species. In this study, 

we use genetic analysis to elucidate the genetic structure of the pathogen in its known worldwide range, with the aim 

of understanding its spread routes and its reproductive biology. Analysis of twelve polymorphic simple sequence 

repeats identified in the genome sequence of P. ramorum, causal agent of ‘sudden oak death’, revealed three 

distinct clades among 151 isolates. Genotypic diversity was significantly higher in nurseries (91% of total) than in forests 

(18% of total). US forest and European nursery isolates clustered into two well supported and separate clades, while 

one isolate from a US nursery belonged to a third novel clade. Multilocus analysis determined populations in US forests 

reproduce clonally and are likely descendants of a single introduced individual. The genetic structure of populations 

from European nurseries displayed higher complexity, including multiple, closely related genotypes. All three clades 

were identified in some US nurseries, including genotypes that perfectly matched the US wild and the EU nursery 

genotypes, emphasizing the role of commercial plant trade in the movement of this pathogen. The combined 

microsatellite, sequencing and morphological analyses suggest the three clades represent distinct evolutionary 

lineages, all exotic to the US and probably Europe and of unknown origin. Analysis of over 200 additional isolates, using 

two hypervariable tetra-repeat microsatellite loci allowed for genotyping of asexually generated individuals. Results 

indicated different genotypes arise and dominate locally. In one case, evidence of replacement of old genotypes by 

newer ones was obtained. At times, genotyping allowed to substantiate possible spread routes for the pathogen. Our 

study documents the local adaptation of an introduced pathogen through the creation of novel genotypes via the 

accumulation of favorable mutations and/or somatic recombination 

319

S45IS4 - 0270 

Invasion of an exotic root pathogen of forest trees: the case of Heterobasidion annosum. 

P Gonthier 1, R Linzer 2, G Nicolotti 1, M Garbelotto 2 

1 University of Torino, Dept. of Exploitation and Protection of the Agricultural and Forestry Resources, Grugliasco, Italy, 

2 University of California at Berkeley, Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, CA, United 

States 

Heterobasidion species are important root pathogens with circumboreal distribution. H. annosum was found to be 

associated with mortality of stone pine (Pinus pinea) in a Estate near Rome (Italy). This work reports on: i) how it was 

discovered that tree mortality was caused by a North American population of Heterobasidion probably introduced 

with infected wood during WWII, ii) the spreading of this exotic population, and iii) preliminary results on its interaction 

with an autochthonous Heterobasidion species. 

Fruiting bodies collected in a mortality center in the Estate showed the presence of a mitochondrial insertion reported 

from North America, but known to be absent in Europe. This finding prompted us to sequence portions of the insertion 

and of three additional loci from the above fruiting bodies and 97 individuals of worldwide distribution. Maximum 

parsimony analysis was performed. Site history investigations were also conducted. 

Using a systematic approach, Heterobasidion airspora was sampled in 15 forests along 280 km of coast approximately 

centered around Rome. Single-spore cultures were analyzed through PCR markers developed to differentiate 

European and North American mitochondria and nuclei. 

Maximum parsimony analysis of the sequences showed that Heterobasidion fruiting bodies collected in the mortality 

center clustered within H. annosum individuals from eastern North America. 

The exotic Heterobasidion species was found in all pinewoods within the 100 km range of expansion. In these forests, 

the exotic species was largely and significantly dominant, representing 98% to 100% of the total Heterobasidion 

inoculum. In a forest at the southernmost edge of expansion of the exotic population, both species were equally 

present. In this forest, the 2% of spores were nuclear-mitochondrial chimeras. The native Heterobasidion species was 

absent or present with low frequencies in the remaining forests located both within and outside the range of 

expansion of the exotic population. 

Mortality centers are larger in the Estate than in surrounding forests, and this suggests the place where the introduction 

is likely to have occurred. The Estate has been closed to the public for centuries, but was occupied by US Army in 1944. 

The introduction could be linked to transport of infected woody military equipments. Data suggests a strong 

invasiveness of this exotic pathogen, displaying a potential rate of spread of 1,3 km/yr. Data also suggests that 

hybridization between the exotic and the native Heterobasidion species is occurring, but could be detectable only in 

forests where the two species are significantly present. 

S45PS1 - 0320 

Movement of the devastating Eucalytpus leaf and shoot pathogen Phaeophleospora destructans, 

throughout Asia 

TI Burgess 1, V Andjic 1, GEStJ Hardy1, B Dell1, D Xu 3, MJ Wingfield 2 

1 Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia, 2 University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, 3 Research Institute 

for Tropical Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 

Phaeophleospora destructans was first described in 1996 from north Sumatra, Indonesia, where it causes a severe leaf 

and shoot blight on Eucalyptus grandis in nurseries and young plantations. Since then it has been reported in nurseries 

and plantations in Vietnam and Thailand, with its host range extending to include E. camaldulensis and E. urophylla. 

Phaeophleospora destructans has also been reported from native E. urophylla in East Timor, presenting the possibility 

it may be native pathogen there. During surveys of nurseries in Southern China in 2004/2005, P. destructans was found 

to be widespread, including areas where there are no plantations, strongly suggesting that the pathogen is being 

transported throughout the region on infected germplasm. The ITS, beta-tubulin and elongation factor 1-alpha gene 

regions of three P. destructans isolates from each of Sumatra, Vietnam, Thailand and Southern China were sequenced 

and found to be identical. Microsatellite markers were developed for P. destructans using the FIASCO (fast isolation 

by AFLP of sequences containing repeats) enrichment technique and although 7 repeat-rich gene regions were 

identified, none of them were variable among the representative isolates tested. It appears that P. destructans in 

nurseries and plantations in Asia has very low genetic diversity. This could suggest a recent host jump from another 

species onto Eucalyptus or the introduction and movement of a very limited gene pool from Sumatra to the rest of 

Asia. Phaeophleospora destructans is currently absent from Australia but its devastating nature could potentially 

impact on biodiversity of native vegetation and productivity of Eucalyptus plantations and is thus considered a major 

biosecurity threat. The apparently low genetic diversity of the pathogen should reduce the risk of the impact that it 

could have on native ecosystems if introduced to Australia, butt plantations of susceptible trees would be at risk. A 

new initiative has recently been launched to test the susceptibility of native Australian eucalypt species to P. 

destructans. 

320

S45PS2 - 0452 

Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii and Swiss needle cast disease in New Zealand 

J. K. Stone 1, I. A. Hood 2, T. Ramsfield 2, J. L. Kerrigan1, D. Kriticos 2 

1Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, 2 Scion Research, Rotorua, New Zealand 

Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, the causal agent of Swiss needle cast disease of Douglas-fir, has been present in New 

Zealand since the mid 1950s, where the disease has been responsible for substantial growth losses in plantations on 

both the North and South Islands. In northwestern North America, where the pathogen is native, the disease has been 

considered insignificant. However, since about 1990 an epidemic of increasing severity has been observed in 

Douglas-fir plantations near the Oregon coast. Based on measurements made since 1996, growth losses of 20 – 50% 

have been attributed to Swiss needle cast on about 150,000 ha of forest lands. Pathogen abundance and disease 

severity in western Oregon are correlated with mean daily winter temperatures and spring moisture. A model for 

prediction of disease severity based on these factors accounted for 77% and 78% of the variation in one- and twoyear-old 

needles, respectively, for western Oregon sites. A similar disease prediction model is being developed to 

test the relationship between P. gaeumannii abundance and climate factors in New Zealand. The distribution of P. 

gaeumannii and severity of Swiss needle cast disease was surveyed in 16 Douglas-fir plantations throughout New 

Zealand in 2005. Retention of foliage was assessed in the field and samples of one- and two-year old needles were 

collected for assessment of P. gaeumannii abundance. These data will be used to derive a disease prediction model 

for Swiss needle cast in New Zealand that can be used to guide further research, perform climate change scenario 

analyses, and eventually to provide short and long term disease risk predictions and management cost/benefit 

analyses. 

It has been presumed that spread of P. gaeumannii in New Zealand originated from a single introduction of the 

pathogen on the North Island in the early 1950s. This hypothesis is being tested using microsatellite markers developed 

for P. gaeumannii in North America. A preliminary comparison between P. gaeumannii populations from the North 

and South islands with North American populations indicates that the two New Zealand populations are related to 

widely separated populations in North America, and therefore may represent different introduction events. A more 

complete microsatellite analysis of the New Zealand P. gaeumannii population is being conducted using 1400 single 

spore isolates collected from 16 sites. 

321

322

Friday 

Friday 25 th August 2006 

Time Activity 


08:00 Conference Room 1 

International Mycological Association (IMA) 

Board Meeting 

Proffered Session 3 Hall C 

Phylogeny 2 



10:30 Symposium 46 Hall C 

Anything Specific about 

Human Pathogens? 

Symposium 47 Halls A &B 

Biodiversity of Microfungi - 

A Phylogenetic Approach 


Molecular Plant Mycorrhizal 

Interaction 


From Mycological Diversity to Phylogeny 

Kálmán Vánky (Germany) 


Marine Fungi 


Mycetozoan Biodiversity 

12:30 

13:30 

Alex Adrianopoulos 

(Australia) 



Finding the Missing Taxa: 

the Search for Fungi in 

Under-explored Habitats 

Andrew Miller (USA) 

Amy Rossman (USA) 

Mark Tibbett (Australia) 



Ka-Lai Pang (Hong Kong) 

Mohamed Abdel-Wahab 

(Egypt) 


David Orlovich (New Zealand) 

Poster Session 5: Biodiversity and Conservation Poster Session 7: Industrial Mycology 


Fungi and Eucalypts 


Epidemiology of Fungal 

Pathogens 

Symposium 54 Halls A &B 

Fusarium - New Advances 

in Taxonomy, Biology and 

Detection 


Conservation and Utilization of 

Fungal Biodiversity through 

Genetic Resource Centres 



Eric McKenzie (New Zealand) 



Rosely Zancope-Olivera (Brazil) 

Brett Summerell (Australia) 


16:30 Coffee Break / “Clamp Connection” closes – Hall 2 

Pedro Crous (Netherlands) 


17:00 Plenary 5: Mike Wingfield (South Africa) Forest Fungi in a Changing World Halls A & B 

18:00 

Closing Ceremony Halls A & B

Friday 25 th August Program 

0800-1000 Conference Room 1 

International Mycological Association (IMA) Board Meeting 

0800-1000 Hall C 

Proffered Session 3: Phylogeny 2 

Chair: Clement Tsui (Australia) 

This session includes expertise having substantial knowledge in rusts,lichenized fungi, ectomycorrhizae, oomycetes, 

and etc., and provides a forum for phylogenetic studies that advance our understanding of fungal evolution. They will 

present latest classification scheme of different taxonomic groups inferred from phylogenetic trees constructed by 

various molecular sequence data. Also they will provide findings on or insights into evolutionary processes that led to 

current distribution of species. 

0800-0820 PS1 - 0038 

Lichen-forming pyrenomycetes are highly polyphyletic and not related to Sordariomycetes 

H Thorsten Lumbsch (USA) 

0820-0840 PS2 - 0305 

Tackling phylogenetics in the large and diverse group of rusts of the family Pucciniaceae 

Marlien M van der Merwe (Australia) 

0840-0900 PS3 - 0622 

Evolution of downy mildews 

Markus Göker (Germany) 

0900-0915 PS4 - 0504 

The phylogenetic studies on the genus Cornumyces (Oomycetes) based on the nucleotide sequences of the 

nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA and the mitochondrially- encoded cox2 genes 

Shigeki Inaba (Japan) 

0915-0930 PS5 - 0413 

High level of gene flow and origin from native soil characterize Scandinavian populations of the soil borne fungus 

Penicillium scabrosum 

Soren Banke (Switzerland) 

0930-0945 PS6 - 0192 

Phylogenetic classification and geographical patterns of species distribution in the ectomycorrhizal genus 

Cortinarius 

Sigisfredo Garnica (Germany) 

0945-1000 PS7 - 0390 

A phylogenetic approach to accommodate Ramichloridium orphans 

Mahdi Arzanlou (The Netherlands) 

0800-1000 Hall D 

Proffered Session 4: From Mycological Diversity to Phylogeny 

Chair: Kálmán Vánky (Germany) 

Within this session, selected aspects of mycodiversity and phylogeny will be presented. Such aspects are the diversity 

of the yeasts associated with flowers in Cuba, as well as the great number and diversity of smut fungi in Australia, of 

which the half is endemic. Phylogenetic aspects of the broad diversity of mycorrhizal associations involving members 

of the recently described heterobasidiomycetous order Sebacinales will be presented, as well as the molecular 

phylogeny of Verticillium fungicola and related taxa. 

0800-0825 PS1 - 0382 

Yeasts associated with flowers in Cuba 

Heide Daniel (Belgium) 

0825-0850 PS2 - 0624 

NMR spectroscopy: a tool for rapid yeast characterisation and screening 

Uwe Himmelreich (Germany) 

0850-0915 PS3 - 0117 

Australian smut fungi (Ustilaginomycetes), as surprising and diverse as the continent itself 

Kálmán Vánky 

0915-0940 PS4 - 0217 

The expanding realm of the Sebacinales: basidiomycetes involved in a uniquely wide spectrum of mycorrhizal 

associations 

Michael Weiß (Germany) 

0940-1000 PS5 - 0093 

Molecular phylogeny of Verticillium fungicola reveals its affinity with the genus Lecanicillium 

Rasoul Zare (Iran) 

323

1030-1230 Hall C 

Symposium 46: Anything Specific about Human Pathogens? 

Chair: Alex Andrianopoulos (Australia) / James Fraser (Australia) 

An examination of the molecular mechanisms which govern growth and morphogenesis in human fungal pathogens 

and how these mechanisms impinge on pathogenicity. 

1000-1030 IS1 – 0907 

The Cryptococcus neoformans mating-type locus: Evolutionary insights from related species. 


1030-1100 IS2 – 1000 

Expression profiles of Aspergillus fumigatus under human neutrophil attack and environmental stress 

Gregory S. May (USA) 

1100-1130 IS3 – 0998 

Comparative genomic analysis of hypoxic stress response in Aspergillus fumigatus and A. nidulans 

Kap-Hoon Han (South Korea) 

1130-1200 PS1 – 0668 

Identification of novel small molecule compounds that differentially inhibit the yeast form of Penicillium marneffei 

Richard Kao (Hong Kong) 

1200-1230 PS2 - 0784 

Microarray analysis reveals genes responsible for the high virulence of the Cryptococcus gattii VGIIa Vancouver 

Island outbreak strain 

Popchai Ngamskulrungroj (Australia) 

1030-1230 Halls A&B 

Symposium 47: Biodiversity of Microfungi - A Phylogenetic Approach 

Chairs: Andrew N. Miller (USA) / Amy Y Rossman (USA) 

With the tremendous advance in our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of fungi, it is now possible to 

examine the biodiversity of microfungi by evaluating the completeness of taxon sampling within each taxonomic 

group. There also appears to be a number of putative new phylogenetic lineages being discovered which lie outside 

traditional groups. In this symposium, experts in major groups of ascomycetous microfungi will present the latest 

knowledge on the phylogenetics of their respective groups. Experts are encouraged to discuss the completeness of 

taxon sampling and the possibility of uncovering new phylogenetic lineages within each taxonomic group. 

1000-1030 IS1 - 0775 

Phylogeny and Biodiversity of the Hypocreales and Diaporthales 

Amy Y. Rossman (USA) 

1030-1100 IS2 - 0767 

Phylogenetic relationships within the Helminthosphaeriaceae and Chaetosphaeriales 

Sabine M. Huhndorf (USA) 

1100-1130 IS3 - 0798 

Phylogeny and Biodiversity of the Freshwater Euascomycetes 

Carol A. Shearer (USA) 

1130-1200 PS1 – 0649 

Geomyces pannorum, a cosmopolitan soil fungus: phylogenetic relationships and species concepts 

Sarah Hambleton (Canada) 

1200-1230 PS2 - 0744 

Unusual new species, exciting relationships – expecting the unexpected among woody decay pyrenomycetes 

from New Zealand 

Toni Atkinson (New Zealand) 

1030-1230 Hall D 

Symposium 48: Molecular Plant Mycorrhizal Interaction 

Chairs: Mark Tibbett (Australia) / Paola Bonfante (Italy) 

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is an intimate association, usually mutualistic, between plants and fungi. Most terrestrial plants 

form one or more type of mycorrhizal symbiosis on or in their roots, and the fungi make up an important component 

of the ecology and biology of most soils. The symbionts engage in bilateral nutrient exchange where the plant 

receives mineral nutrients and the fungus obtains carbohydrates. Mycorrhizal research has entered the mainstream of 

biology, thanks mostly to DNA technologies and genomics, which are giving us new abilities to discover symbiont 

communication, development and diversity, and to reveal the contribution of symbiotic partners to the functioning of 

mycorrhizal associations. The aim of the symposium is to provide major insights derived from cellular, biochemical and 

molecular studies of mycorrhizal development, with focus primarily on arbuscular and ecto-mycorrhizas. 

1000-1030 IS1 - 0754 

Molecular signaling at early stages of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 

Natalia Requena (Germany) 

324

1030-1100 IS2 - 0690 

Transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and Betula pendula during formaton of ectomycorrhizal root tissue 

Anders Tunlid (Sweden) 

1100-1130 IS3 - 0706 

Acquisition and long distance translocation of phosphorus in the symbiotic phase of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 

Tatsu Ezawa (Japan) 

1130-1200 PS1 - 0517 

Pre-penetration apparatus: an arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific cell response in root epidermis 


1200-1230 PS2 - 0023 

Molecular identification of fungal endophytes in australian myco-heterotrophic orchids 

John Dearnaley (Australia) 


Symposium 49: Marine Fungi 

Chairs: Ka-Lai Pang (China) 

Marine mycological research has spanned over a century. E.S. Barghoon and D.H. Linder are founders of marine 

mycology as their publication in 1944 has triggered significant interests in the field. Early research has focused on the 

morphological diversity of marine fungi on various substrata at different localities and since, more than 500 higher 

marine fungi have been described. Recent work has employed molecular techniques to tackle various taxonomic 

and ecological questions concerning phylogenetic relationships between taxa and molecular diversity on different 

substrata. On the applied aspects, marine fungi have been screened for bioactive compounds for medical uses and 

wood-modifying enzymes for bioremediation of organic pollutants. In this symposium, advancement in these areas 

over the years will be reviewed. 

1000-1030 IS1 - 0121 

Biodiversity of marine filamentous fungi and their phylogenetic relationships 

Jariya Sakayaroj (Thailand) 

1030-1100 IS2 - 0199 

Documentation of marine fungal diversity: classical vs. molecular techniques 

Ka-Lai Pang (China) 

1100-1130 IS3 - 0058 

Recognition of a caribbean marine fungus as a new genus by classical and molecular characters 

Peter Mantle 

1130-1200 PS1 – 0027 

Metabolic profiles support species concept of two marine Dendryphiella species 

Thomas E dela-Cruz (Germany) 

1200-1230 PS2 - 0128 

Morphological and molecular observations of Manglicola guatemalensis, a poorly known ascomycete 

Satinee Suetrong (Thailand) 


Symposium 50: Mycetozoan Biodiversity 

Chairs: Steven Stephenson (USA) / David Orlovich (New Zealand) 

The mycetozoans (slime molds) consist of three phylogenetically distinct groups of eukaryotic, phagotrophic 

bacterivores once considered to be related to the true fungi and still almost invariably studied by mycologists. 

Although usually present and sometimes abundant in terrestrial ecosystems, only recently have efforts been made to 

assess global patterns of biodiversity for these organisms and the factors possibly responsible for these patterns. The 

papers presented in this symposium will report the results obtained from studies of the three groups of slime molds 

(myxomycetes, dictyostelids and protostelids) carried out throughout the world. 

1000-1030 IS1 - 0155 

Global diversity of cellular slime molds 

John C. Landolt (USA) 

1030-1100 IS2 - 0142 

A global perspective on myxomycete biodiversity 


1100-1130 IS3 - 0294 

Global distribution of the protostelids with particular emphasis on the deep Southern Hemisphere 

Frederick W. Spiegel (USA) 

1130-1145 PS1 - 0146 

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds of Australia 


1145-1200 PS2 - 0144 

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds from caves 

John Landolt (USA) 

325

1330-1430 

Poster Session 5: Biodiversity and Conservation Exhibition Level 

Poster Session 7: Industrial Mycology 

Mezzanine Level 

1430-1630 Hall D 

Symposium 51: Finding the Missing Taxa: The Search for Fungi in Under-explored Habitats 

Chairs: Wendy Untereiner (Canada) / James Scott (Canada) 

Estimates of the number of fungi vary widely, but it is now accepted generally that as many as 95% of fungal taxa are 

undiscovered and undescribed. While the highest proportions of new species are likely to be found in the tropics, it is 

evident that habitats supporting new fungi are worldwide in distribution. Unexplored habitats include marine and 

terrestrial plants, lichens, and insects but rocks, man-made structures, and vertebrates are also proving to be rich 

sources of new species. This symposium will examine research on a number of previously unstudied habitats harboring 

novel fungi as well as substrates yielding new species because of the application of techniques that favor the 

detection of rare or uncultured taxa. 

1430-1500 IS1 - 0707 

Fungi associated with marine wrack 

David Malloch (Canada) 

1500-1530 IS2 - 0799 

Lessons learned from fungi associated with alcoholic beverage production 


1530-1600 IS3 - 0719 

Vertebrate-associated and keratin-degrading fungi from northern Canada 


1600-1615 PS1 - 0408 

High throughput fungal culturing from plant litter by dilution-to-extinction 

Gerald Bills (Spain) 

1615-1630 PS2 - 0658 

A novel widespread subphylum of Ascomycota unravelled from soil rDNA sampling 

Terri McLenon (Canada) 

1430-1630 Hall C 

Symposium 52: Fungi and Eucalypts 

Chairs: Eric H.C. McKenzie (New Zealand) / David Ellis (Australia) 

All but a handfull of the 800 species of Eucalyptus are native to Australia, and over 200 of these have been introduced 

to other countries. The eucalypts (blue gums, stringy barks, ironbarks, etc.) dominate most landscapes within Australia. 

They form ectomycorrhizal associations with hundreds of fungal species; the foliage is attacked by many fungi; 

vapourised oils that create the blue haze rising above the Australian bush, also fuel fires that sweep through dry 

ecualypts; and some eucalypts are an environmental niche for the yeast-like fungus that causes cryptococcosis. 

These relationships between fungi and eucalypts will be covered within the symposium. 

1430-1500 IS1 - 0676 

How host specific are Mycosphaerella spp. infecting eucalypts? 

Pedro Crous (The Netherlands) 

1500-1530 IS2 - 0469 

Mycorrhizal fungi and eucalypts - fungal significance in conservation and land management 

Neale Bougher (Australia) 

1530-1600 IS3 - 0708 

Eucalypts as the natural host for the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii 


1600-1615 PS1 - 0322 

A reassessment of Phaeophleospora species on eucalypts 

Vera Andjic (Australia) 

1615-1630 PS2 - 0210 

Fire and Fungi: survival, succession and composition of macro fungal 

community following fire in eucalypt forest in Western Australia 

Richard Robinson (Australia) 

326


Symposium 53: Epidemiology of Fungal Pathogens 

Chairs: Wieland Meyer (Australia) / Rosely Maria Zancopé-Olivera (Brazil) 

In order to be able to response quickly to the emergence of pathogenic fungi and treat effectively fungal infections 

it is important to obtain knowledge of the epidemiology of pathogenic fungal agents. This symposium will review 

trends in the ecology, evolution, epidemiology and population genetics of selected important human 

(Paracoccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, and Candida) and animal fungal pathogens (Batrachochytrium). 

1430-1455 IS1 - 0879 

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: ecological and evolutionary aspects 

Eduardo Bagagli (Brazil) 

1455-1520 IS2 - 1008 

A global molecular epidemiological survey shows that the Vancouver Island outbreak strain is closely related to 

Latin American Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolates 


1520-1545 IS3 - 0860 

Molecular epidemiology of histoplasmosis: an update 

Rosely Marai Zancopé-Oliveira 

1545-1610 IS4 - 0760 

National, population-based surveillance of candidemia in Australia with emphasis on disease acquired outside of 

hospitals 


1610-1635 PS1 - 0527 

Enigmatic amphibian declines and emerging infectious disease: population genetics of the frog killing fungus 

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. 

Jessica Morgan (Australia) 

1430-1630 Halls A&B 

Symposium 54: Fusarium - New Advances in Taxonomy, Biology and Detection 

Chairs: Brett Summerell (Australia) / Keith Seifert (Canada) 

Species of Fusarium cause some of the most economically significant plant diseases, and also produce several of the 

main mycotoxins subject to international regulation. Species concepts in this genus have always been controversial. 

This symposium presents several approaches to the delimitation and identification of Fusarium species using genetic, 

molecular and biochemical approaches, as well as examining the impact of several critical plant diseases. 

1430-1500 IS1 - 0637 

Genetic Diversity in Fusarium from Sorghum and Millet 

John F. Leslie (USA) 

1500-1530 IS2 - 0716 

Development of an oligonucleotide array for detection of Fusarium species by hybridization of PCR products 

André Lévesque (Canada) 

1530-1600 IS3 - 0300 

Secondary metabolome – the bridge between phenetics and phylogenetics in Fusarium 

Ulf Thrane (Denmark) 

1600-1615 PS1 - 0427 

Assays for rapid multiplex detection of toxigenic Fusarium spp. in cereals and derived products applying DNA 

array hybridisation and capillary SNP analysis, respectively 

Arne Holst-Jensen (Norway) 

1615-1630 PS2 - 0311 

Origin and Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) in Australia 

Bo Wang (Australia) 


Symposium 55: Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Biodiversity through Genetic Resource Centres 

Chairs: Pedro Crous (The Netherlands) / Akira Nakagiri (Japan) 

Fungal diversity, its extent and conservation, has in recent years been receiving considerable attention. Based on 

current estimates that suggest that there could be more than 1.5 million species of fungi, the question arises how 

genetic resource centres (GRCs) are approaching the issue of conservation of that portion of fungal biodiversity that 

is presently recognised. A further issue concerns how GRCs are providing ready access to specimens, cultures, DNA 

and associated data. This is important not only for immediate scientific needs, but also in view of future anticipated 

demands of fungal genomics and molecular biology, as well as conservation. 

1430-1500 IS1 - 0773 

The value of herbaria in the DNA age 

Amy Y. Rossman (USA) 

1500-1530 IS2 - 0788 

MycoBank: linking names to genomes 

Vincent Robert (The Netherlands) 

327

1530-1600 IS3 - 0570 

A global network of genetic resource centres to preserve fungal biodiversity 

Joost A Stalpers (The Netherlands) 

1600-1615 PS1 – 0549 

Cooperation between biological resource centers (BRCs) in the CBD era – A challenge of NBRC and BRCs in Asia 


1615-1630 PS2 – 0525 

Conservation and utilization of fungal biodiversity at BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) Thailand 

Somsak Sivichai (Japan) 

1700-1800 - 0750 Halls A&B 

Plenary 5: Emerging fungal diseases threaten world forests 

Mike Wingfield (South Africa) 

1900 Halls A&B 

Closing Ceremony 

328

ORAL ABSTRACTS FRIDAY AUGUST 24 

0800-1000 

PROFFERED SESSION 3 - Phylogeny 2 

PS3PS1 - 9938 

Lichen-forming pyrenomycetes are highly polyphyletic and not related to Sordariomycetes 

H.T. Lumbsch 1, I. Schmitt 1, R. del Prado1, S. Kautz 3, M. Grube 2 

1 Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States, 2 Insitut fuer Botanik, Karl Franzens Univ. Graz, Graz, 

Austria, 3 Fachbereich 9, Univ. Duisburg-Essen, Essen, NRW, Germany 

The lichenized pyrenomycetes are outnumbered by discocarpous taxa, which also include the majority of 

macrolichens, while most pyrenocarpous lichens are crustose. Hence, most phylogenetic studies have concentrated 

on apotheciate lichen fungi, while pyrenocarpous taxa have largely been neglected. While traditional classifications 

of these fungi treated the lichenized forms separately with no or only superficial comparison to non-lichenized 

pyrenomycetes, classifications after the seminal work of Santesson (1952) aimed at integrating the lichen-forming 

pyrenomycetes into the system of ascomycetes. In these morphology-based classifications, lichenized pyrenomycetes 

were usually regarded as closely related to non-lichenized pyrenomycetes or loculoascomycetes. The majority of nonlichenized 

pyrenomycetes form a monophyletic group: Sordariomycetes. Interestingly, so far, none of the lichenized 

pyrenomycetes studied molecularly belongs to Sordariomycetes, which includes the bulk of non-lichenized 

pyrenomycetes. We studied the phylogeny of over 100 ascomycetes and the occurrence of lichenized 

pyrenomycetes in the fungal evolution, including most groups of lichenized pyrenomycetes, using gene sequences of 

three loci (nuLSU, mtSSU, RPB1). The lichenized pyrenomycetes are highly polyphyletic. Pyrenocarpous lichen-forming 

fungi occur in several lineages in each Dothideomycetes, Chaetothyriomycetes, and Lecanoromycetes, Most 

lichenized pyrenomycetes belong to Chaetothyriomycetes (such as Pyrenulales, Strigulaceae, Verrucariales), while 

only two families were shown to belong to Dothideomycetes: Arthopyreniaceae and Trypetheliaceae. Three families 

were shown to belong to Lecanoromycetes: Porinaceae, Protothelenellaceae and Thelenellaceae. 

PS3PS2 - 0305 

Tackling phylogenetics in the large and diverse group of rusts of the family Pucciniaceae 

M.M van der Merwe 1, P.H Thrall 1, J.J Burdon 1, L Ericson 2, W Maier 4, J Walker 3 

1 CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2 Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of 

Umeå,, Umeå, Sweden, 3 Forest Research and Development Branch, State Forests NSW, Beecroft NSW, Australia, 

4 FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 

The rust family Pucciniaceae is by far the most speciose group within the Uredinales, primarily due to high diversity in 

two genera: Puccinia (over 3000 described species) and Uromyces (over 600 species). These genera are separated 

solely on teliospore morphology. The hosts of these rusts are found in a wide range of Angiosperm families but 

prominent among these are the Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Within both Puccinia and Uromyces, life 

histories include autoecious and heteroecious, macrocyclic and microcyclic rusts. While this group includes some of 

the most devastating crop pathogens, we still know little about the phylogenetic relationships and patterns among 

species in this group. Here we present phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from three nuclear genes, 

beta-tubulin1-alpha, large subunit of ribosomal DNA and Translation Elongation Factor 1-alpha. 

Sequences for a broad range of species within the Pucciniaceae were obtained and aligned using MAFFT. Alignments 

were used for the construction of phylogenetic hypothesis using Bayesian and Distance analysis. Host cladograms 

were constructed from the rust phylogenies and these were compared broadly with known phylogenetic relationships 

of the hosts as available from the Angiosperm Phylogeny group. The results reveal the presence of at least two distinct 

clades, possibly indicating two separate radiations that happened in parallel but within two different 

ecological/taxonomical host lineages. This supports the hypothesis that Puccinia radiated with the two large host 

families, Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Importantly, all of the analyses reject the hypotheses that Puccinia and 

Uromyces are monophyletic; species of both genera are found in various positions in both phylogenetic clades. 

Similarly Endophyllum is not a monophyletic genus. This indicates that classical taxonomical characters used for 

generic descriptions in the family Pucciniaceae are not useful for elucidating evolutionary relationships among 

species. While all genes used in this study provide valuable information the beta-tubulin gene was the most 

informative molecular marker and is furthermore a valuable marker at different taxonomical levels within the family 

Pucciniaceae. 

329

PS3PS3 - 0622 

Evolution of downy mildews 

Markus Göker 

University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany 

Plant parasitism has independently evolved as a nutrition strategy in both true fungi and Oomycetes (stramenopiles). 

A large number of species within phytopathogenic Oomycetes, the so-called downy mildews (Peronosporales), could 

not be cultivated so far on any artificial medium and obviously are obligate biotrophic. Other genera like 

Phytophthora and Pythium can be more or less easily cultivated on standard or non-standard media. All three groups 

contain important plant pathogens which may cause severe economic losses. Albeit they seem to be an important 

model system to elucidate the evolution of obligate parasites, phylogenetic relationships between these organisms 

could not be sufficiently clarified so far. 

The talk presents the recent insights into the phylogeny of downy mildews and their relatives based on molecular and 

morphological evidence. The focus will be on the relationships of obligate and facultative parasites, the 

interrelationships within downy mildews, and their ecological interpretation. Character analysis indicates an 

evolutionary scenario of gradually increasing adaptation to plant parasitism in Peronosporales and that at least the 

most important of these adaptive steps occurred only once, including major host shifts within downy mildews. The most 

important taxonomical changes will briefly be presented. 

PS3PS4 - 0504 

The Phylogenetic Studies on the Genus Cornumyces (Oomycetes) Based on the Nucleotide Sequences of 

the Nuclear Large Subunit Ribosomal RNA and the Mitochondrially- Encoded Cox2 Genes 

S. Inaba, S. Harayama 

NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology, Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecure, Japan 

The taxonomical position of the genus Cornumyces (Oomycetes) was inferred from analyses of the nuclear 28S rDNA 

and the mitochondrially- encoded cox2 sequences. 

The genus Cornumyces was erected by Dick (2001) for holocarpic oomycetous species infecting other oomycetes 

and plants, but its taxonomical position has still not been firmly established yet. Cornumyces pygmaeus (Zopf) M.W. 

Dick, former Lagenidium pygmaeum Zopf (Lagenidiales), is the only saprotrophic species of the genus associated with 

plant pollen. 

In our floristic studies on Japanese Oomycetes, a species belonging to Cornumyces was identified in two soil samples 

obtained in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The species was isolated from pine pollens used as baits in a mixture of the 

soil samples and sterilized distilled water. In pine pollens, it formed thalli that were ellipsoidal, non-septate, and nonbranched. 

Sexual reproduction was also observed. The morphological characteristics were identical with those of C. 

pygmaeus. We tried to isolate them by using the direct plating method, and were able to obtain two axenic strains 

on peptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYG) and yeast extract-peptone-soluble starch (YpSs) agar plates. Sequence 

analysis of the 28S rDNA region showed that they clustered with leptomitaleous species such as Leptomitus lacteus 

and Apodachlya brachynema. On the other hand, a phylogenetic tree based on the cox2 sequences indicated that 

they formed a cluster that was separated from all other oomycetous species examined. 

In addition, we obtained an unknown oomycetous strain from a soil sample by using a piece of snake skin as bait. 

Nucleotide sequence of the 28S rDNA was almost identical with that of Cornumyces strains isolated from pine pollens. 

In the cox2 region, however, 5.4 % differences were observed between the sequences of two Cornumyces strains 

isolated from different substrates. These results show that the strain from snake skin may be a new saprotrophic species 

of Cornumyces. 

PS3PS5 - 0413 

High level of gene flow and origin from native soil characterize Scandinavian populations of the soil borne 

fungus Penicillium scabrosum 

S Banke 1, S Rosendahl 2 

1 Biological Inst., Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Biological Institute, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

We investigated the population structure of the common soil borne fungus P.scabrosum and the dispersal among 

native and cultivated soils. Five DNA sequence loci were used to infer the population genetic history of 6 populations 

of P. scabrosum from Denmark and Sweden. Intergenic recombination among the 5 sequence loci were found using 

phylogenetic tests and clear indications of block structures was seen, when testing for compatibility among the 

variable sites. High levels of gene flow were found among all populations, indicating an efficient dispersal a asexual 

conidia up to 50 km. 

Recombination was most frequent in the Danish populations isolated from native alkaline soil, the recombination 

events might be of older origin, as no known sexual structure is known for P. scabrosum. Fewer recombination events 

were observed in younger populations from cultivated soil, the findings of these recombination events could due to 

the high level of directional migration from the native soils. 

330

PS3PS6 - 0192 

Phylogenetic classification and geographical patterns of species distribution in the ectomycorrhizal genus 

Cortinarius 

S. Garnica, M. Weiss, F. Oberwinkler 

University of Tuebingen, Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Tuebingen, Germany 

We inferred the phylogenetic relationships in the genus Cortinarius in a global scope integrating morphological and 

chemical traits of the basidiomes, as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses. Microscopical structures of the 

basidiomes were studied by light microscopy and basidiospore surface was examined by scanning electron 

microscopy. For a representative sampling of species of Cortinarius, internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2, including 

the 5.8S) and the D1/D2 (LSU) regions of the nuclear rDNA were sequenced and analyzed. To infer patterns of genetic 

and morphological infraspecific variation, we sequenced collections of the same species from different geographical 

origins. Additionally, we sequenced the domains A-C of the gene coding for the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II 

(RPB1) from selected species of each lineage. Several major clades appeared highly supported in the combined 

gene analysis. Major evolutionary trends and the character evolution of some specific Cortinarius lineages are 

discussed as well as aspects of global geographical patterns of species distribution. 

PS3PS7 - 0390 

A phylogenetic approach to accommodate Ramichloridium orphans 

M. Arzanlou, J.Z. Groenewald, P.W. Crous 

Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

The anamorph genus Ramichloridium presently accommodates a wide range of species with erect, dark, 

differentiated to slightly differentiated conidiophores and predominantly one-celled conidia. It comprises species with 

diverse life styles, including saprobes, human and plant pathogens. In the present study a Mycosphaerella species with 

a Ramichloridium-like anamorph was found associated with leaf spots on banana. In an attempt to describe this and 

other collections, a phylogenetic study was undertaken using all Ramichloridium species for which cultures are 

available at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. The phylogeny derived from the ITS and 18S (SSU) rDNA 

sequences revealed Ramichloridium to be polyphyletic; five statistically supported clades could be distinguished. 

Several species (incl. R. musae, R. pini, R. cerophilum, R. verrucosum and R. apiculatum) formed a clade that resided 

in Mycosphaerella. The human-pathogenic R. mackenziei and R. basitonum grouped with other human-pathogenic 

taxa in the Capronia clade, together with the saprobic R. anceps and R. fasciculatum. Ramichloridium obovoideum, 

though morphologically similar to R. mackenziei, clustered with Carpoligna in the Sordariales. Ramichloridium 

ellipticum, R. schulzeri var. flexuosum and R. schulzeri var. schulzeri formed another distinct clade, related to the 

Pezizales. R. epichloes and R. subulatum represent the final clade, which was related to the Venturiaceae. Although 

previous morphological treatments distinguished two sections based on the nature of the conidial apparatus, it is clear 

from these findings that several un-described genera reside in what is currently seen as Ramichloridium. 

331

0800-1000 

PROFFERED SESSION 4 

PS4PS1 - 0382 

Yeasts associated with flowers in Cuba 

HM Daniel 1, AF Jiménez 2, P Evrard 1, C Decock 1 

1 Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 2Instituto de Ecologia y Sistemática, 

Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba 

Cuba is home to the largest remaining tracts of forest in the Caribbean and 15% of its area is under conservational 

management. The island harbours more than 6500 vascular plant species of which 50 percent are endemic [1]. 

Ecological studies from other regions than Cuba showed that the yeast communities associated with plants are 

determined by insect vectors and are specific and stable for a variety of habitats [2, 3]. To seek data on the global 

distribution of yeasts and to detect new species, a survey was undertaken to establish a baseline of flower-associated 

yeasts in Cuba. 

Yeasts were collected from flowers of about 100 plant species in six of the 14 Cuban provinces between 2001-2004. 

From 168 samples, 195 yeast strains were isolated, representing 67 species including six potential new species and eight 

currently undescribed species that are known from other locations. Isolations from the same localities resulted more 

frequently in the same yeast species than isolations from the same plant species in different localities. With about 50% 

of the strains belonging to the Debaryomyces/ Lodderomyces clade and 20% to the Stephanoascus/ Metschnikowia 

clade [4], some species and phylogenetic groups were detected at higher frequencies than others, indicating their 

association with the investigated substrates. The detection of new and undescribed species was concentrated in the 

above two clades, demonstrating that the currently known species in these groups represent only a fraction of their 

diversity in the studied habitat. 

Species accumulation curves were used to relate the number of detected species with the number of samples as a 

measure of the species density. They were calculated using a sample-based rarefaction function [5]. The curves for 

the four major collection areas and for all Cuban samples did not reach an asymptote. Extrapolated species 

accumulation curves revealed different levels of expected yeast diversity in the four sampling areas ranging from 

approx. 50 to 260 species. The species accumulation curves can be used as indicators in which areas the sampling 

should be continued to detect most of the existing species or, in general terms, to assess the completeness of a 

diversity survey. The resulting potential species density of an ecosystem is a crucial basis for conservational decisions. 

[1] Center for applied biodiversity science: http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/caribbean/bio 

diversity.xml [2] Starmer WT, Schmedicke RA, Lachance MA (2003) FEMS Yeast Research 3: 441-448. [3] Lachance MA, 

Bowles JM, Starmer WT (2003) FEMS Yeast Research 4: 105-111. [4] Kurtzman CP & Robnett CJ (1998) Antonie van 

Leeuwenhoek 73: 331-371.[5] Colwell RK, Mao CX, Chang J (2004) Ecology 85: 2717-2727. 

332

PS4PS2 - 0624 

NMR spectroscopy: a tool for rapid yeast characterisation and screening 

Uwe Himmelreich (Germany) 

Screening and identification of large numbers of yeast is essential for industrial, environmental and clinical 

applications. Increasing numbers of taxa and characters for their distinction are demanding on data management. 

Utilization of digitized data is of advantage for the characterization and identification of yeast. 

NMR spectroscopy of whole cells has proven to be a rapid and robust technique to assess the phenotype of yeast [1]. 

These digital data allow the simultaneous determination of a large range of chemicals, the screening for particular 

metabolites and rapid assessment of the metabolom. The aim of this study was: 

(1) to evaluate a hierarchical statistical classification strategy for a broad and extendable NMR-based identification and 

(2) to evaluate NMR for screening of unknown, environmental yeast isolates. 

A total of 1274 yeast isolates included the species Candida albicans, C.dubliniensis, C.glabrata, C.parapsilosis, 

C.tropicalis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Cryptococcus neoformans, C.gattii, C.laurentius, C.humicolus, Issatchenkia 

orientalis, Pichia guillerimondii, Yarrowia lipolytica and others. 

NMR spectroscopy was performed on cell suspensions. A hierarchical identification system for clinical isolates was 

developed based on pair-wise classifiers [1, 2] that considered the taxonomic levels shown in Fig.1. This system was 

tested against pair-wise classifiers comparing all possible species combination seen in Fig.1 (requiring the 

development of an unfeasibly large number of 55 classifiers for the 11 taxa). 

Fig.1: Hierarchical classification of the species utilized for the training set. 

Similar accuracies were achieved when the conventional pair-wise classification (97% agreement with molecular 

identification) was compared with the hierarchical classification shown in Fig.1 (13 pair-wise classifiers, 95% agreement 

with molecular identification). The hierarchical system was also tested against species not included in the test set, but 

belonging to one of the “higher” taxonomic levels. In 90% of these cases, the respective isolates were assigned to the 

correct taxon, proving that this approach allows correct classification of species that were not part of the training 

process. 

Further exploiting the potential of NMR, spectra of physiologically identical isolates of the genus Metschnikowia were 

compared by cluster analysis. Two well-separated clusters indicated the existence of distinct taxa, which were later 

confirmed by molecular tests, indicating the value of NMR spectroscopy for rapid screening in microbiology. 

Statistical classification of NMR spectra is a suitable technique for rapid, robust and potentially automated 

characterisation and identification of yeasts that are otherwise difficult to distinguish. 

[1] Himmelreich et al. Appl Environ Microbiol (2003) 69:4566-4574. 

[2] Somorjai et al. in Artificial Intelligence Meth. & Tools for Syst. Biol. (2004) 5:67-85. 

333

PS4PS3 - 0117 

Australian Smut Fungi (Ustilaginomycetes), As Surprising And Diverse As The Continent Itself 

K. Vánky, R.G. Shivas 

1 Herbarium Ustilaginales Vánky (HUV), Tuebingen, Germany, 2 Queensland Department of Primary Industries and 

Fisheries, Plant Pathology Herbarium, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia 

About half of the 290 known species of Australian smut fungi are endemic. The great ecological and morphological 

diversity of these endemic species is demonstrated by illustrating and considering some selected examples, including 

Websdanea lyginiae (on Lyginia), as well as some of the 20 known Restiosporium species that parasitise members of 

the ‘southern rushes’ (Restionaceae), which are represented in Australia by over 170 species. Two of the four known 

species of Yelsemia, Y. arthropodii (on Arthropodium, Liliaceae) and Y. lowrieana (on Byblis, Byblidaceae) are also 

endemic in Australia, as well as the unispecific Fulvisporium (on Stipa, Poaceae) and Pseudotracya (on Ottelia, 

Hydrocharitaceae). The type species of the genus Heterotolyposporium, H. lepidospermae (on Lepidosperma, 

Cyperaceae) is known only from Australia, as is the type species of the genus Entylomaster, E. typhonii (on Typhonium, 

Araceae). Farysporium endortrichum (on Gahnia, Cyperaceae) is known only from Australia and New Zealand. The 

diversity of the Australian smut fungi is further illustrated by consideration of endemic species in the genera Entorrhiza 

(E. globigena, E. seminarii), Dermatosorus (D. schoenoplecti), Macalpinomyces (M. eriachnes), Moreaua (M. 

gymnoschoenii), Urocystis (U. chorizandrae), Sporisorium (S. paraneurachnis), and Ustilago (U. xerochloae, U. triodiae, 

and U. lituana). 

PS4PS5 - 0217 

The expanding realm of the Sebacinales: basidiomycetes involved in a uniquely wide spectrum of 

mycorrhizal associations 

M Weiß1, S Setaro1, M-A Selosse 2, F Oberwinkler 1 

1 Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, 2 Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France 

Within the basidiomycetes, the vast majority of known mycorrhizal species are homobasidiomycetes. It was therefore 

surprising that during the past years molecular and ultrastructural studies revealed a broad diversity of mycorrhizal 

associations involving members of the recently described heterobasidiomycetous order Sebacinales. It became 

evident that members of this order are involved in a wide spectrum of mycorrhizal types: ectomycorrhizas, orchid 

mycorrhizas (with autotrophic, mixotrophic or myco-heterotrophic orchids), mycorrhizas involving ericalean hosts, and 

also in associations with liverworts of the derived group of the Jungermanniales, which resemble mycorrhizas at the 

cellular level (jungermannioid ‘mycorrhizas‘). A comparably broad diversity of mycorrhizal associations is known from 

no other fungal group. 

Sebacinales have recently also gained increasing interest because there is clear evidence from in vitro experiments 

with Piriformospora indica, an anomorphic member of the Sebacinales, that the interaction of fungi of this group with 

plant roots enhances growth, seed production and resistance against fungal pathogens in a phylogenetically wide 

range of host plants. 

Sebacinales are phylogenetically divided in two distinct subgroups (informally designated as subgroups A and B), 

which correlates with the distribution of mycorrhizal types in which their members are involved. Ectomycorrhizal fungi 

(and, correspondingly, mycobionts of mixotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids) have only been detected in 

group A, whereas fungi involved in ericoid or cavendishioid mycorrhizas (a recently described mycorrhizal type found 

in certain epiphytic or hemiepiphytic Ericaceae) or in associations with liverworts as well as mycobionts of autotrophic 

orchids have only been found in group B. Basidiome-forming members are known only from group A. Teleomorphic 

individuals of group B have all been assigned to the Sebacina vermifera species complex. 

We give an overview over the present knowledge concerning morphology and phylogenetic placement of the 

Sebacinales, present the results of new molecular phylogenetic analyses based on a comprehensive dataset of 

sebacinalean nuclear DNA sequences coding for the large ribosomal subunit (nrLSU), which includes many 

environmental sequences, and discuss conclusions from our molecular analysis related to ecology and evolution of 

the Sebacinales. 

PS4PS6 -0093 

Molecular phylogeny of Verticillium fungicola reveals its affinity with the genus Lecanicillium 

R. Zare, W. Gams 

1 Dept. of Botany, Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute and Dept. of Plant Pathology, Science and Research 

Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Verticillium section Albo-erecta was characterised by well-differentiated, erect conidiophores with verticillate 

arrangement of the phialides and mainly comprising fungicolous species. It was typified with V. fungicola (Gams & 

van Zaayen 1982). A large number of isolates around this species have been studied morphologically and molecularly 

(sequences of ITS regions and the small subunit ribosomal DNA). The isolates were also examined for their optimum 

growth temperature at eight different temperatures with three-degree intervals. According to ITS sequences, V. 

fungicola is close to the genus Lecanicillium W. Gams & Zare. Lecanicillium was characterized by having prostrate 

conidiophores including mainly entomogenous and also fungicolous species formerly classified under Verticillium. The 

value of temperature differences to separate the three varieties, fungicola, flavidum and aleophilum, is re-examined 

and compared with molecular findings which suggests raising the varieties to species level. The three varieties are 

indistinguishable based on their morphology, but they can sharply be separated based on maximum and optimum 

temperatures in addition to the ITS region. Other species formerly accommodated in sect. Albo-erecta are unrelated 

and require different generic classification. 

334

1030-1230 

SYMPOSIUM 46 - Anything specific about human pathogens 

S46ISI - 0907 

The Cryptococcus neoformans mating-type locus: evolutionary insights from related species. 

J. A. Fraser1, K. M. Findley 2, C. Hall2, F. S. Dietrich 2, J. Heitman 2 

1 University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 2 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North 

Carolina, Australia 

Introduction: Sexual identity is governed by sex chromosomes in plants and animals, and mating-type loci (MAT) in 

fungi. In the basidiomycete yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, the MAT locus orchestrates production of basidiospores, 

the proposed infectious particle. Unlike most fungi where the MAT locus is 100 kb in length and encodes over 25 genes. 

Methods: We have isolated the MAT locus from several isolates of the most closely related species, Cryptococcus 

gattii, and other related species, including Tsuchiyaea wingfieldii, Bullera dendrophila and Cryptococcus 

heveanensis. Comparative analyses between these species have provided insight into the evolutionary events that 

fashioned this large, highly unusual region in C. neoformans. 

Results: We hypothesise that the evolution of this structure began with sequential rounds of gene acquisition into two 

unlinked sex-determining regions, forming independent gene clusters involved in pheromone production/sensing and 

meiosis/karyogamy that later fused via chromosomal translocation. The MAT locus has since been subjected to intraand 

interallelic gene conversion and inversions that suppress recombination, preventing the formation of hybrid 

mating-type alleles that would lead to sterility or self-fertility. These processes have resulted in multiple examples of 

pseudogenisation and gene loss, including the transition from each locus containing two homeodomain-containing 

sex-determining genes to only one. 

Discussion: Together, these events resemble those that shaped mammalian and plant sex chromosomes, illustrating 

convergent evolution in chromosomal sex-determining structures in the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms. 

S46IS2 - 1000 

Expression profiles of aspergillus fumigatus under human neutrophil attack and environmental stress 

G. S. May 1, S. H. Kim 2, C. Kim Nguyen 1 and W. C. Nierman 2 

1. The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 2. The Institute for Genomic Research, 

Rockville, MD, USA 

The innate immune system has a central role in combating infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Macrophages 

and neutrophils are two cell types of the innate immune system that are very important in preventing and eliminating 

A. fumigatus infections. Macrophages are the first line of defense, engulfing and killing inhaled conidia and possibly 

early germinating conidia before they can establish hyphal growth. Neutrophils attack and kill hyphae that invade 

tissue. The importance of neutrophils in combating and resolving infections caused by A. fumigatus is underscored by 

two observations. First, invasive aspergillosis disease is rare in people that have normal numbers of neutrophils, thus it 

is a disease primarily of a neutropenic host. Resolution of invasive aspergillosis disease strongly correlates with recovery 

of neutrophil numbers in patients that acquired disease while neutropenic. While these simple observations have been 

known for some time, we still know little about the interaction between A. fumigatus, and macrophages and 

neutrophils. We hypothesize that A. fumigatus responds to host cells of the innate immune system, macrophages and 

neutrophils, with specific transcriptional responses to defend against attack by these immune cell types, ultimately 

contributing to fungal virulence. 

To begin to study the relationship of the interaction between neutrophils and A. fumigatus and virulence, we have 

undertaken a study of the global patterns of gene expression in A. fumigatus hyphae in the presence of human 

neutrophils in culture. We have identified the mRNAs with the most or least relative abundance when compared to 

hyphae in cell culture medium lacking neutrophils over a 60 minute time course. There are 532 A. fumigatus genes 

including 20 transcriptional regulators whose mRNAs are more abundant or less abundant by a factor of two fold or 

more, 428 more and 104 less. We have explored the expression pattern of these A. fumigatus genes under conditions 

variably related to virulence including H2O2 oxidative stress, osmotic stress, anaerobic stress, and glucose to sorbitol 

carbon source shift. Our analysis of the pattern of expression of these genes reveals information on the conditions 

imposed by the neutrophils on A. fumigatus hyphae and on the survival strategy of the fungus in responding to these 

killing conditions. Interestingly, some of the same mRNAs that are increased in response to the presence of human 

neutrophils are increased in response to one or more of the stress conditions. We have also examined these changes 

in mRNA levels in sakA and mpkC, MAP kinase gene deletion mutants, and determined that some of these changes 

are MAP kinase dependent. Overall these studies are providing a comprehensive view of the MAP kinase dependent 

changes in mRNA levels in response to specific stress conditions and human neutrophils. 

335

S46IS3 - 0998 

Comparative genomic analysis of hypoxic stress response in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus 

nidulans 

Kap-Hoon Han 1, Anthony Borneman 2, 

1 South Korea, 2 Yale University, CT, United States 

Aspergillus fumigatus is known as the primary causative agent of aspergillosis, which is an opportunistic fungal disease 

mainly localized in the respiratory system of human. Although the patients suffered from the invasive aspergilosis as 

well as the allergic diseases are getting increased, molecular mechanism of A. fumigatus infection has not been well 

elucidated yet. Currently, A. fumigatus has no known sexual development process, while Aspergillus nidulans, which is 

a very close relative of A. fumigatus, undergo complete sexual development process. Furthermore, in A. nidulans, 

hypoxic condition is the one of most important environmental factor of which the fungus preferentially generate 

fruiting bodies. The hypoxic condition is also important to A. fumigatus because of the environment of host cell is 

usually maintained as hypoxic condition. To study relationship between hypoxic stress condition and fungal virulence, 

comparative DNA microarray experiment was performed using A. fumigatus and A. nidulans microarray chips which 

were provided by pathogenic fungi genome resource center (PFGRC). As a result, we identified 4,332 reliable genes 

and, among them, isolated 362 hypoxic condition specific up- or down-regulated genes in A. fumigatus genome. 

Northern analysis was performed for validating the microarray analysis. Comparison between A. nidulans gene set 

provided information of shared and distinct pathway of hypoxic stress response and sexual development process. 

Duplicated analysis using A. fumigatus microarray ver. 2 chipset and relation of hypoxic stress and sexual development 

pathway will also be discussed. This work was supported by grant from KOSEF (R1-2006-000-11204-0) and KRF (KRF-2005- 

070-C00123). 

S46PS1 - 0668 

Identification of novel small molecule compounds that differentially inhibit the yeast form of Penicillium 

marneffei 

R.Y. Kao, S.W. Lee, J.C.S. Madar, K.Y. Yuen 

1 Department of Microbiology and Centre of Infection & Immunity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 

2 Department of Computing Science, Capilano College, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 

The emergence of Penicillium marneffei as a significant fungal pathogen particularly among human 

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals living in Southeast Asia and southern part of China (including Hong 

Kong) poses a clear and immediate threat to these already heavily burdened regional public health systems. P. 

marneffei is the only thermally dimorphic species in its genus. It has been well speculated that thermal dimorphism of 

fungal pathogens is closely linked to their virulence. Our recent acquisition of a validated high quality diverse 

chemical library (50,240 small molecules with drug-like properties) and automated robotic platforms for highthroughput 

screening (HTS) enabled us to tackle virulence and dimorphism in P. marneffei using chemical geneticsthe 

use of high-throughput screening (HTS) technologies to identify biologically active small molecules that will 

interfere with particular cellular processes/biological pathways/gene products in an organism. 

Construction of an EGFP-expressing P. marneffei strain: Yeast cells of P. marneffei were grown at 37 oC to 2x108 CFU/ml 

in RPMI 1640 media. Cells were harvested and transformed with EGFP gene. P. marneffei transformants with plasmid 

gGFP integrated stably into the genome were selected on hygromycin B containing media. 

Small-molecule compounds interfering with the growth of P. marneffei in vitro: EGFP-expressing strain of P. marneffei 

(104 cells/well) were cultured in RPMI 1640 at 37 oC in 5% CO2 in 384 well microtitre plates. 50,240 small-molecule 

compounds from the chemical library were transferred to each assay well using fully automated robotic platforms. The 

growth of the P. marneffei was monitored by GFP fluorescence 

We have identified small molecule compounds that would specifically inhibit the 37 ºC growing yeast form of P. 

marneffei but not the 25 ºC growing mould form. The whole set of screening data will be presented and the 

compounds that selectively inhibited the yeast form at low micromolar concentrations without apparent inhibitory 

activity against mould form will be highlighted. 

We are exploring novel strategies that can be employed to dissect complicated biological pathways involved in 

fungal pathogenesis. Compounds that interfere with specific growth phases of the fungus were successfully identified. 

The establishment of the first model of forward chemical genetics in P. marneffei will open new possibilities for the 

investigation of the pathogenesis of other model pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Cadida albican. 

336

S46PS2 - 0784 

Microarray analysis reveals genes responsible for the high virulence of the Cryptococcus gattii VGIIa 

Vancouver Island outbreak strain 

P Ngamskulrungroj1, 2 ,3, 4, JR Perfect 1, W Meyer 2 

1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, 2 Molecular Mycology 

Research Laboratory, WMI, CIDM, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 3 Western Clinical School, Faculty 

of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 4 Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 

Bangkok, Thailand 

C. gattii, previously known as Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, which 

causes meningo-encephalitis in immunocompetent hosts. A specific major molecular type of this species, VGII, is 

responsible for an ongoing outbreak of cryptococcosis amongst humans and a range of animal species on 

Vancouver Island, Western Canada. Molecular typing has identified two subtypes, VGIIa and VGIIb, causing the 

outbreak with VGIIa being the vast majority of all isolates. All isolates are MATalpha. PCR-fingerprinting, AFLP and MLST 

studies have shown that both subtypes relate to isolates from a number of places around the world. Previous studies 

have shown that the VGIIa isolate, R265, is more virulent than VGIIb isolate, R272, in murine model and appears to be 

a parental strain for R265. In order to identify genes responsible for the greater virulence composite in R265 compared 

to R272, we used microarray analysis to compare the transcriptome of R265 and R272. 

R265 and R272 were grown in minimal broth at 37ºC for 1 hour. RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) and 

purified by Qiagen RNeasy mini kit. RNA from both strains, grown in 8 different conditions (Growth in YPD broth at 30ºC, 

37 ºC and 39 ºC; in 0.1%glucose YNB at 37 ºC; in 0.1%glucose YNB without amino acid and ammonium sulfate at 37 

ºC; in RPMI with 54mM MOPS pH7.3 at 37 ºC; in RPMI with 29mM NaHCO3 and 25mM MOPS pH 7.3 at 37 ºC and in RPMI 

with 54mM MOPS and 0.75M NaCl pH7.3 at 37 ºC) was pooled together and used as the reference pool. Reference 

and experimental RNA from each strain, direct-labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 respectively, were hybridized onto a 70 mer 

oligonucleotide DNA microarray of strain JEC21 (serotype D) and genes of the mating types loci, a and alpha, from 

all serotypes. The experiments were independently performed in triplicates. Data acquisition was performed using the 

Axon GenePix Pro 4000A interface. Data were analyzed with GeneSpring GX version 7.3.1 using a p value < 0.05. 

108 genes were up-regulated in R265 compare to R272. Several genes involved in putative virulence factors (e.g. LAC1, 

LAC2, CAP64, MPK1) and those involved in cell wall synthesis and iron absorption were induced in the virulent strain, R265. 

In contrast, 94 genes were suppressed in R265, these included genes involving in mitosis and ergosterol biosynthesis. 

The results show that the transcriptome is different between two wild-type strains with dramatic differences in 

virulence. Genes responsible for major virulence factors such as capsule production, melanin synthesis and growth at 

high temperature, were up-regulated in R265 vs. R272. These findings correlate with previous studies revealing the 

higher virulence of the VGIIa isolate compared to VGIIb isolate. On the other hand, the reason for down-regulation 

of genes involving in cell division without any evidence of in vitro growth rate differences between strains is unclear. 

With this set of regulated genes, it will now be necessary to determine if there are differences in gene expression 

impact of selected genes on the virulence composite. 

1030-1230 

SYMPOSIUM 47 - Biodiversity of Microfungi - A Phylogenetic Approach 

S47IS1 - 0775 

Phylogeny and biodiversity of the Hypocreales and Diaporthales 

A.Y. Rossman, L.A. Castlebury, G.J. Samuels 

Systematic Botany & Mycology Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States 

Over the past decade much progress has been made in understanding the phylogeny of the two major 

pyrenomycete orders, the Hypocreales and Diaporthales. Families have been accurately outlined and genera 

defined within each order. In both orders some genera and species exist that do not fall into any known family. Are 

these monotypic lineages or simply representative of unsampled groups? With increased sampling species or genera 

that were initially considered aberrant have clustered with related species and genera that are now regarded as 

families. However, discovery of synapomorphies has been difficult as obvious morphological characters are shown 

not to be phylogenetically informative. Multigene phylogenies combining nuclear ribosomal genes with protein 

genes are especially useful in resolving these relationships. Both the Hypocreales and Diaporthales are rich in asexual 

states with some lineages composed almost entirely of asexually reproducing species. Within genera the number of 

species has increased greatly especially when the asexual states are included as in such well-studied groups as 

Bionectria-Clonostachys, Calonectria-Cylindrocladium, Hypocrea-Trichoderma and Gnomonia-Discula. In most cases 

the sexual state is conserved morphologically with the greatest variability expressed in the asexual state. Conscientious 

collecting has revealed connections between sexual and asexual states suggesting that many supposed exclusively 

asexual species have rarely produced or cryptic sexual states. Field work combined with sequence data has revealed 

many previously undescribed species.. In general the more a group is studied the greater the number of species 

discovered. For most genera among these little sampled microfungi the asymptote of the discovery curve has not yet 

been reached. In addition sequence data of species complexes reveal the existence of previously unrecognized, 

morphologically cryptic species. These new species, once freed from the yoke of morphological constraint, sometimes 

turn out to have useful biological properties not manifested by the oppressor name. These well-defined species of 

Trichoderma have been shown to be useful such as in the biological control of cacao pathogens. New species and 

new lineages within phylogenetically complex species are being discovered as endophytes in the trunks of woody 

tropical crops. This research demonstrates that accurately defining genera and species in such economically 

important orders of fungi such as the Diaporthales and Hypocreales is the first step in controlling the diseases they 

cause or using them in biological control. 

337

S47IS2 - 0767 

Phylogenetic relationships within the Helminthosphaeriaceae and Chaetosphaeriales 

S. M. Huhndorf 1, A. N. Miller 2, J. Fournier 3 

1 The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, United States, 2 Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL, United States, 3 Las 

Muros, Rimont, France 

A number of taxa currently or previously placed in the Sordariales possess morphological characters similar to those 

found in members of the Helminthosphaeriaceae and Chaetosphaeriales. In an effort to better understand 

relationships among these taxa, a dataset of one or more genes was analyzed to determine their phylogenetic 

affinities. Portions of the nuclear 28S large-subunit or beta-tubulin gene, or both, were sequenced for numerous 

Sordarialean taxa, as well as several unnamed taxa. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses indicate many of these taxa 

form a well supported clade that can be recognized as the family Helminthosphaeriaceae. The ascomatal vestiture 

was found to be an important morphological character uniting taxa within the group. Several other taxa were placed 

outside this clade, but within an overall monophyletic group that contained the Helminthosphaeriaceae which is 

recognized as the Chaetosphaeriales sensu lato. These taxa possess a disparate array of morphological characters. 

The Chaetosphaeriales sensu lato may represent a series of evolutionary events where there was a large, rapid 

radiation of taxa with numerous morphological characters that presently provide only cryptic information about 

relationships. 

S47IS3 - 0798 

Phylogeny and Biodiversity of the Freshwater Euascomycetes 

CA Shearer1, J Campbell 2, HA Raja1, A Ferrer1, L Marvanová 3, AN Miller 4 

1 Dept. of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States, 2 Dept. of Coastal Sciences, University of 

Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, United States, 3 Masaryk University, Czech Collection of Microorganisms, 

Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, 4 Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, 

United States 

Freshwater Euascomycetes have been studied intensively only over the past 30 years and current studies continue to 

yield many more taxa. Numerous new species, genera and lineages have been discovered. Currently, 530 meiosporic 

species of Euascomycetes have been reported from fresh water. These species are distributed among 20 of 

approximately 55 extant orders of 

Euascomycetes. Among these 20 orders, freshwater species are, for the most part, concentrated in relatively few 

orders: Helotiales (101 spp.), Pleosporales (94 spp.), Sordariales (82 spp.), Melanommatales (33 spp.), Halosphaeriales 

(29 spp.), Eurotiales (25 spp.) and Jahnulales (18 spp.). Thus it appears that only certain evolutionary lines within the 

Euascomycetes flourished in freshwater habitats. We predict that more species in these lineages will be discovered 

over time. A large number of taxa, approximately 70, are considered incertae sedis and cannot be accommodated 

in any existing orders or families. There are also a number of singletons (collected only once) that differ in morphology 

from known taxa of Euascomycetes. Whether or not these singletons are rare species of known lineages or represent 

new lineages has not yet been determined. Several interesting examples of singletons that we now know to be new 

lineages already exist. Jahnula aquatica was first described in 1936. This genus remained monotypic until 1999 when 

five new species were described from submerged wood. Currently, Jahnula represents a new lineage based on 

molecular and morphological data, and the clade contains three genera and 13 species. Ceriospora caudae-suis, a 

species described from a lake in 1951, was placed in the genus Ceriospora with reservation. Little was known of this 

species until collections from North America revealed it to be one of the most common freshwater species in the USA. 

Phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data indicated that this species is a member of a newly discovered 

lineage of freshwater euascomycetes, the Annulatascaceae. Few teleomorph/anamorph connections have been 

made for freshwater meiosporic and mitosporic euascomycetes. Use of phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence 

data, however, has facilitated reconciliation of freshwater mitosporic and meiosporic taxa. Estimated phylogenetic 

relationships among freshwater, terrestrial and marine euascomycetes, including both mitosporic and meiosporic 

taxa, will be presented for major lineages of freshwater euascomycetes 

338

S47PS1 - 0649 

Geomyces pannorum, a cosmopolitan soil fungus: phylogenetic relationships and species concepts 

S Hambelton, L Sigler 

University of Alberta Microfungus Collection and Herbarium, Edmonton, Canada 

The anamorph genus Geomyces Traaen is commonly isolated from soil and air samples, but has been reported also 

from feathers, from biofilms (degrading soil-buried polyester polyurethane), and from cutaneous material (though 

whether it causes superficial skin or nail infections is in dispute). The four species originally described by Traaen, differing 

primarily in colony colour, were placed in synonymy with Chrysosporium pannorum (= Sporotrichum pannorum Link). 

The genus was later recognized as distinct based on the formation of chains of arthroconidia on erect conidiophores 

rather than on development of aleurioconidia on short pedicels or directly on the sides of hyphae as occurs in 

Chrysosporium. Because Traaen did not designate a type species, G. auratus was chosen as lectotype species. Three 

additional species have since been described in the genus, but some authors have considered two of these as 

varieties of G. pannorum. 

To assess conspecificity of strains of G. pannorum deposited in the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures (CCFC), 

and infer their phylogenetic affinities, partial nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences were determined and subjected to 

parsimony analyses. For morphological comparisons, strains were grown on oat agar (OA). Data for the type strains of 

G. auratus, G. asperulatus, and G. pulvereus, as well as strains of the teleomorphic Pseudogymnoascus roseus 

(Myxotrichaceae) (anamorph G. vinaceus), were included. 

All isolates, except for G. pulvereus, were resolved in three strongly supported clades. Genotype groupings correlated 

with morphological colony types on OA. A majority of strains grouped in one large clade, comprising several subclades 

including one corresponding to P. roseus. Clade 2 comprised a single culture from wheat field soil and several 

sequences from biofilms. Clade 3 included the type strains of G. asperulatus and G. auratus and some strains identified 

as G. pannorum. 

Considerable plasticity in colonial phenotype has been noted among isolates of the G. pannorum complex and there 

has been debate about whether observed variation merits species distinction. Our results suggest that Traaen’s 

recognition of four species based on colour may be valid. Detailed studies of conidiogenesis may uncover additional 

morphological characters that can be used to recognize the phylogenetic taxa revealed by ITS sequence analysis. 

Small subunit rDNA sequences confirm previous results that G. pannorum and P. roseus are allied to the Leotiomycetes, 

while G. pulvereus was found to be related to the Onygenales. 

S47PS1 - 0744 

Unusual new species, exciting relationships – expecting the unexpected among woody decay 

pyrenomycetes from New Zealand 

T.J. Atkinson, D.A. Orlovich 

Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand 

New Zealand’s woody decay pyrenomycete flora has been little studied. The cosmopolitan Lasiosphaeriaceae, 

largest and least studied family within the Sordariales, has long been noted for its morphological diversity and the 

artificiality of its grouping. This first systematic study of the Lasiosphaeriaceae in New Zealand uses morphology and 

phylogenetics to elucidate relationships within the New Zealand flora and facilitate comparisons with temperate 

relatives worldwide. In the course of this, attractive new species found within the Chaetosphaeriaceae highlight 

convergent evolution in these previously unified families. Traditional morphological characters such as ascospore 

shape and peridial wall structure provide convoluted and frequently conflicting evidence in the light of phylogenetics. 

The new species and species complexes illustrated suggest a high level of microfungal endemism exists on these 

relatively isolated islands. 

339

1030-1230 

SYMPOSIUM 48 - Molecular Plant Mycorrhizal Interaction 

S48IS1 - 0754 

Molecular signaling at early stages of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 

Natalia Requena, Esther Serrano, Ocon Aurora, Breuninger Magdalene, Kuhn Hannah 

University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany 

Plant roots release molecules that activate arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and initiate the recognition process in 

the symbiotic fungus. In the absence of those signals, AM fungi are not longer able to grow asymbiotically and retract 

their protoplast back to the mother spore. GIN1 a novel AM fungal two-domain protein exclusively expressed during 

this early developmental stage, is shown here to be post-translationally modified by mycorrhizal lipids. The protein, with 

a self-splicing domain at the C-terminus, homologue to Hint domain of animal hedgehog proteins, is able to undergo 

self-splicing. Hint domain of metazoan proteins is responsible for the autoproteolytic activity of these proteins, releasing 

the mature N-terminal domain after attaching a cholesterol moiety at its carboxy end. This cholesterol modification 

determines the proper localization of the mature protein. We hypothesized that the Hint domain of GIN1 would also 

be able to induce self-splicing and to release the N-terminus modified with a sterol adduct. Indeed, in vitro analyses 

showed that Gin1-C is able to undergo splicing after addition of small nucleophiles such as DTT as also shown for 

hedgehog proteins. To determine which molecule would provoke the splicing in vivo, splicing assays with cholesterol 

or lipid extracts from spores, external mycelium and mycorrhizal roots were performed. Interestingly, only sterol extracts 

from mycorrhizal roots were able to induce splicing. We have nail it down to find out that several plant isoflavonoids, 

are able to induce the splicing of the fungal protein. The N-terminus of GIN1 shares similarity with the GTP binding 

protein family (IAN) evolutionary conserved from plants to humans. They are related to the control of local host 

defense against pathogens. In vitro experiments with recombinant GIN1-N showed that the protein has ATPase activity 

rather than GTPase. Localization experiments showed that GIN1 localizes to microsomal membranes and more 

specifically to the cell membrane. Our hypothesis is that GIN1 undergoes splicing at the cell membrane induced by 

a plant sterol. This, together with its intrinsic ATPase activity, would help Gin1-N to interact with other proteins to control 

fungal cell growth and initiate the developmental switch to the symbiotic modus. 

S48IS2 - 0690 

Transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and Betula pendula during formation of ectomycorrhizal root 

tissue 

A Tunlid, T Johansson, A Le Quéré, D.P. Wright, A Schutzendubel, D Ahren, B Canbäck, B Rajashekar, S Erland, J Hedh, 

B Söderström 

Lund University, Lund, Sweden 

Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) are formed by mutualistic interactions between fungi and the roots of woody plants. During 

symbiosis the two organisms exchange carbon and nutrients in a specific tissue that is formed following the contact 

between a compatible fungus and plant. The ECM root tissue is characterized by distinct morphological and 

developmental stages, such as preinfection and adhesion, mantle and Hartig net formation. To gain some insights into 

the genes and pathways that are expressed during these stages, the transcriptional responses of Paxillus involutus and 

Betula pendula during formation of the ectomycorrhizal root tissue have been analyzed using cDNA microarrays. The 

basidiomycete P. involutus is a common fungus in temperate ecosystems and forms ECM with a number of different 

hosts including birch (B. pendula). The cDNA array contained cDNA probes obtained from a nonredundant set of 

expressed sequence tags (ESTs) produced from cDNA libraries of the ECM tissue, saprophytically grown mycelium or 

of axenically grown plant roots. Analysis of the array data showed that in comparison with nonsymbiotic conditions, 

251 fungal (from a total of 1075) and 138 plant (1074 in total) genes were differentially regulated during the formation 

of the ECM tissue. During mantle and Hartig net development, there were several plant genes upregulated that are 

normally involved in defense responses during pathogenic fungal interactions. These responses were at later stages of 

ECM development, repressed. Other birch genes that show differential regulations involved several homologs that 

usually are implicated in water permeability (aquaporins) and water stress tolerance (dehydrins). Among fungal genes 

differentially upregulated during stages of mantle and Hartig net formation were homologs putatively involved in 

respiration. In fully developed ECM tissue, there was an upregulation of fungal genes related to protein synthesis and 

the cytoskeleton machinery. 

The cDNAarray has also been used to examine the transcriptional responses that could be related to variation in host 

specificity in strains of P. involutus. Gene expression patterns were compared in three strains including Nau which is not 

compatible with birch and poplar, and the two compatible strains Maj and ATCC 200175. A set of 37 genes out of the 

1075 fungal probes on the microarray were differentially expressed in the two compatible strains as compared to in 

the non-compatible strain following the contact with birch roots. An evolutionary analysis of these symbiotic regulated 

genes showed that two of them have evolved at an enhanced rate in Nau. These two genes displayed sequence 

similarities to a concanamycin-induced protein (cipC1) and a metallochaperone (cchA), respectively. The sequence 

divergence of cipC1 and cchA can be explained by a decreased selection pressure and functional constraints of 

these proteins in Nau as compared to in the compatible strains. 

340

S48IS3 - 0706 

Acquisition and long distance translocation of phosphorus in the symbiotic phase of arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi 

T Ezawa 1, Y Kuga 2, R Ohtomo 3 

1 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 2 Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan, 3 Nat. Inst. Livestock & Grassland Sci., 

Tochigi, Japan 

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with the majority of land plants and improve the growth 

of host plant through enhanced uptake of phosphate (Pi). In the symbiotic phase, the fungi construct an extraradical 

hyphal network which has greater contact area with soil solution. The greater efficiency in Pi acquisition in the 

associations is not achieved only through the extension of hyphal network but also through the coordination of gene 

expression in the both symbionts, such as up-/down-regulation of the high-affinity Pi transporter genes in the 

fungus/host and up-regulation of the secreted acid phosphatase gene of the host. Pi taken up from the soil solution 

to the fungal cell is converted into inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of Pi linked by high-energy 

bonds and a translocation form of Pi in the fungi. The synthesis and accumulation of polyP in the hyphae occur quite 

rapidly, but the biochemical and molecular processes are largely unknown. A bacterial enzyme, polyphosphate 

kinase, responsible for polyP synthesis has been well characterized: the enzyme synthesizes polyP using ATP as a 

phosphoryl donor. Recently, similar activity has been detected in the membrane fraction of AM fungi. It is suggested 

that polyP is accumulated in acidic compartments such as vacuoles. There are at least two types of acidic 

compartments in the fungi: one is tubular vacuole and another is spherical (rather small) vacuole. Although the 

involvement of these organelles in the polyP accumulation and translocation has not been clarified yet, biochemical 

and cytochemical approaches are being undergone. 

S48PS1 - 0517 

Pre-penetration apparatus: an arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific cell response in root epidermis 

A Genre 1, M Chabaud 2, T Timmers 2, D Barker 2, P Bonfante 1 

1 Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin and IPP-CNR, Torino, Italy, 2 Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, 

INRA-CNRS, Castanet Tolosan, France 

Although very little is known about the nature of the molecular dialogue mediating partner recognition during the 

arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interaction, genetic studies on legumes (Pisum, Medicago, Lotus) have revealed that a 

small number of plant genes are essential for root penetration (Parniske, 2004). 

Cytological studies have shown that, in the majority of cases, hyphae grow across the epidermal cell lumen 

surrounded by an apoplastic compartment and an invagination of the plant plasma membrane (Bonfante, 2001). This 

is a crucial checkpoint step in the plant/fungal interaction involving direct cell-to-cell contact and is probably 

essential in order to avoid defensive responses of the plant prior to root colonization (Novero et al., 2002). 

Making use of GFP-labelling of intracellular components and a technique for targeted AM inoculation of in vitro 

transformed M. truncatula roots (Chabaud et al., 2002) we were able to visualize the assembly of a novel 

cytoskeletal/ER-containing apparatus in epidermal cells following hyphal contact and appressorium formation but 

prior to cell penetration. Our findings show that this so-called Pre-Penetration Apparatus (PPA) defines the path of 

subsequent hyphal infection and is most likely responsible for organizing the interface compartment (Genre et al., 

2005). We have also shown that PPA assembly requires functional DMI2 and DMI3 genes. Mutation of these essential 

“endosymbiosis” genes blocks both rhizobial and AM infection. Finally, expression of MtENOD11 (an early nodulin gene 

expressed in both AM and rhizobium-colonized roots) has been detected specifically in epidermal cells prior to and 

during PPA development. 

In striking contrast, contact with fungal pathogens such as Phoma medicaginis or Colletotrichum trifolii induces only a 

localized aggregation of cytoplasm and organelles, but no organization of PPA-like structures, thus underlining the 

specificity of the host root response to AM fungi. In conclusion, our studies show that the host plant plays an active role 

in preparing and directing AM fungal penetration across the root epidermis, thus providing a cellular explanation for 

the known genetic control exerted by plants in endosymbiotic associations. 

References: Bonfante P. (2001). In: Hock B, editor. Mycota IX: Fungal associations. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p 45 

Chabaud M., Venard C, Defaux-Petras A, Bécard G and Barker DG. (2002). New Phytol. 156, 265–273. 

Genre A, Chabaud M, Timmers T, Bonfante P, and Barker DG. (2005). The Plant Cell, Vol. 17, 3489–3499. 

Novero, M., Faccio, A., Genre, A., Stougaard, J., Webb, K.J., Mulder, L., Parniske, M., and Bonfante, P. (2002). New 

Phytol. 154, 741–749. 

Parniske M. (2004). Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 414–421. 

341

S48PS2 - 0023 

Molecular identification of fungal endophytes in australian myco-heterotrophic orchids 

JDW Dearnaley 

The University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 

All orchids rely on fungal endophytes for seed germination and growth. Conservation of rare orchid species requires 

identification of these associated fungi, both for ex situ growth and reintroduction to the wild. The fungal endophytes 

of Australian myco-heterotrophic orchids have remained unidentified to date as they have been difficult to isolate 

into pure culture. In this study, direct PCR of colonised orchid roots, cloning and sequencing of fungal ITS regions have 

been used to identify the fungal endophytes of three species of Australian myco-heterotrophic orchid, namely 

Dipodium variegatum, Dipodium hamiltonianum and Erythrorchis cassythoides. 

Genomic DNA was extracted from colonized roots of the three orchids from sites in Queensland and New South Wales, 

Australia. Fungal DNA was amplified with ITS1F and ITS4 primers and transformed into E. coli. Recombinant plasmids 

were isolated and fungal ITS inserts sequenced using the T7 primer. Sequences were compared with fungal ITS 

sequences in Genbank using BLAST searches. 

The fungal community of Dipodium variegatum included Russula, Verticillium and Trichoderma spp. The fungal 

community of Dipodium hamiltonianum consisted of Russula, Gymnomyces and Penicillium spp. Analysis of the fungal 

endophytes of Erythrorchis cassythoides suggests that the orchid is colonized by both ectomycorrhizal fungi such as 

Russula, Coltricia and Sebacina as well as the saprotrophic Gymnopus. 

These results suggest that like North American myco-heterotrophic orchids, Australian myco-heterotrophic orchids are 

commonly colonised by members of the Russulaceae. Conservation strategies for these orchids will require growth of 

these fungi under laboratory conditions and, as there are such techniques now available, this is a realistic proposition. 

As these fungi are ectomycorrhizal and the three orchid species typically grow at the base of Eucalyptus, the orchids 

may be indirect parasites on the trees but this remains to be proven. The involvement of Gymnomyces spp as 

endophytes in D. hamiltonianum may be one reason why this orchid is becoming rare as the fruit bodies of this species 

are much sort after food of fungivorous marsupials which may act as dispersal agents for fungal spores. The 

occurrence of both ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi as endophytes in Erythrorchis suggests that the orchid 

may be able to survive the death of its host tree by switching from a parasitic mode of nutrition to a saprophytic one. 

1030-1230 

SYMPOSIUM 49 - Marine Fungi 

S49IS1 - 0121 

Biodiversity of marine filamentous fungi and their phylogenetic relationships 

J. Sakayaroj, E.B.G. Jones 

BIOTEC, Pathum Thani, Thailand 

Although marine fungi and lichens were reported as early as the 1840’s it was not until the studies of Sparrow (1937) 

on marine chytrids and Barghoorn and Linder (1944) on wood inhabiting marine ascomycetes that marine mycology 

took off. Early investigations focused on their documentation, description and taxonomy. Over the past 100 years 

progress has been remarkable with over 500 filamentous species documented, and new taxa are still being described. 

Early studies were based on morphological observations, but when this proved inadequate scanning and transmission 

electron microscopy was used to determine ascospore appendage ontogeny and this resolved a number of 

taxonomic problems. However, the advent of molecular techniques has resolved the phylogenetic relationships of 

many marine ascomycetes, especially in the orders Halosphaeriales and Lulworthiales. Different regions of rRNA gene, 

including SSU, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU, have been sequenced. Our talk will focus on recent developments in resolving 

the phylogeny of the genera Haligena, Halosarpheia, Halosphaeria, Lignincola, Marinospora, Remispora and recently 

described genera: Morakotiella, Pseudolignincola, Sablecola, Thalespora (Halosphaeriales). We will focus on the 

question of stability of certain morphological characters within the Halosphaeriales when superimposed on to a 

phylogenetic tree. The stability of morphological characters in the classification of the Halosphaeriales will be 

discussed, for example ascospore appendage development types have evolved many times within the order and is 

not stable. The taxonomic position of Swampomyces, Torpedospora (Hypocreomycetidae Incertae Sedis, 

Sordariomycetes) remains unresolved at this time. Sequence data has also enabled the referral of a number of marine 

bitunicate ascomycetes to orders: Aigialus, Julella, Paraliomyces and Verruculina. The teleomorphs of selected marine 

anamorphic fungi have been confirmed: Dendryphiella arenaria, D. salina, Orbimyces spectabilis, Sigmoidea luteola 

and Zalerion maritimum. 

342

S49IS2 - 0199 

Documentation of marine fungal diversity: classical vs. molecular techniques 

L. K. Pang 1, M. A. Abdel-Wahab 2 

1 BIOTEC, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok, Thailand, 2 South Valley University, 

Sohag, Egypt 

Marine fungi comprise an ecological group of primarily filamentous ascomycetes, their anamorphs and yeasts. 

Traditionally, documentation of marine fungi involves collection of substrata from the environment, incubation of 

samples and identification of fruiting structures using microscopic techniques. This practice has been useful in 

recording over 510 filamentous obligate marine fungi. Morphological tools, however, fail to record fungi that do not 

sporulate in culture or on substrata. Culture-independent techniques, which are largely molecular, implement the 

shortcoming of classical techniques to accurately assess diversity as both fruiting and vegetative structures contain 

DNA. Molecular methods basically involve extraction of total environmental DNA, amplification of target genes using 

fungal-specific primers and separation of DNA fragments. Common techniques include denaturing (temperature) 

gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE/TGGE), gene cloning, single-strand-conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and 

terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) for community profiling and/or identification of taxa in the 

community. A greater fungal diversity has been found in studies incorporating molecular techniques but both 

morphological and molecular approaches should be used to assess diversity accurately. A summary of classical and 

molecular tools for the documentation of marine fungi will be reviewed. 

S49IS3 - 0058 

Recognition of a Caribbean Marine Fungus as a New Genus by Classical and Molecular Characters 

P.G. Mantle 

Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 

Isolation of an unusual fungus from inter-tidal, mangrove-associated, sediment provided a source of novel secondary 

metabolites, including an aza-anthraquinone and caffeine (recognised for the first time as a natural fungal product), 

in static and shaken-culture fermentation. However, its intense black and apparently sterile mycelium confounded all 

attempts at identification. Through a persistent international European collaboration during 10 years, multi-cellular 

spores have at last been observed within cultures on very weak agar media, for example potato carrot agar made 

from fresh young vegetables, and nucleic acid sequences (ITS, and 18S and 28S rDNA) have been obtained. The latter 

together show, by reference to appropriate databases, that the fungus can not be placed in any current genus. 

The present purpose is to report and illustrate the mycological, molecular, cultural and metabolite findings and show 

their putative influence on taxonomy of some other marine fungi. Characters that fit the fungus for the ecological nice 

in which it was found will be considered, and attempts at recognition of this and similar isolates in other tropical marine 

environments will be encouraged. 

Particular interest in the fungus arose because of its metabolite profile that was highlighted in a multi-isolate screen for 

biosynthetic potential amongst new fungi isolated from a tropical marine environment. Micro-cultures were made in 

200Ìl Czapek Dox broth enriched with yeast extract and fed with various radio-labelled primary precursors of 

secondary metabolism. Autoradiography of extracts resolved by TLC revealed metabolites derived from key 

precursors. 

In submerged shaken fermentation the fungus grows as small, granular, spherical pellets. Agar cultures are robust in 

resisting desiccation. 

The discovery of this fungus reiterates that marine exploration can still reveal novel biodiversity and to yield novel 

biosynthetic potential, the products of which are currently being explored further. 

S49PS1 - 0027 

Metabolic profiles support species concept of two marine Dendryphiella species: D. arenaria and D. salina 

T. E. dela Cruz 1, I. S. Druzhinina 2, C. P. Kubicek 2, B. E. Schulz 1 

1 Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, 2 Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria 

Two species of Dendryphiella are known to be of marine origin, D. arenaria and D. salina. These species are usually 

identified based on differences in their spore morphology and colony appearance. We were interested in determining 

to what extent the species can be differentiated on the basis of their metabolic profiles. The Dendryphiella strains were 

isolated from various substrates collected along coastal areas in subtropical (Gulf of Mexico) and temperate (North 

Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, English Channel) waters. Production of enzymes using cultural methods and API 

ZYM assay, as well as BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays (PM) were used to assess the ability of Dendryphiella strains to 

utilize different substrata. Secondary metabolic profiles of the crude extracts of Dendryphiella strains grown on salted 

Malt Extract – Peptone – Yeast Extract agar medium were also determined. The Dendryphiella species from different 

geographical locations exhibited similar enzyme and secondary metabolic profiles, but differed significantly in their 

carbon utilization profiles. Not only the two species, but also two populations of D. arenaria could be differentiated 

with this PM. 

343

S49PS2 - 0128 

Morphological and molecular observations of Manglicola guatemalensis, a poorly known ascomycete 

Satinee Suetrong, Jariya Sakayaroj, Souwalak Phongpaichit, E.B. Gareth Jones 

1 Biotec Central Research Unit, Phathumthani, Thailand, 2 Department of Microbiology, Prince of Songkhla University, 

Songkla, Thailand 

Two collections of the poorly known ascomycete Manglicola guatemalensis from Trang and Trat (Koh Chang National 

Park) Provinces, Thailand, were made in 2005 on the palm Nypa fruticans. This fungus is only known from two previous 

collections (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1971; Hyde, 1988). This paper reports on the morphological characteristics and 

molecular phylogeny of this unique marine bitunicate ascomycete. Manglicola guatemalensis has large clavate to 

obtusely fusiform ascomata, wide ostiole surrounded by long hyaline hairs, bitunicate asci, deliquescing early to 

release, unequally one-septate ascospores, constricted at the septum, apical cell larger, chestnut-brown and a small 

light brown basal cell. Ascospores germinate readily, always from the basal smaller cell, which yield 8 isolates. Four 

strains (from the different locations) were selected for the phylogenetic study. Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1971) 

concluded that M. guatemalensis belonged in the Pleosporaceae / Venturiaceae, while Huhndorf (1992) erected a 

new family, the Hypsostromataceae, for the genera Hypsostroma and Manglicola. Different regions of the rRNA gene 

including SSU, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSU were sequenced. SSU sequences positioned M. guatemalensis in the Jahnulales 

clade, but with weak bootstrap support (58%) based on the maximum parsimony analysis. Common features with the 

Jahnulales include: stipitate ascomata, bitunicate asci, reticulate pseudo-paraphyses, bicelled brown ascospores. 

Ascospores of M. guatemalensis superficially resemble Katumotoa bambusicola, assigned by Harada et al (2005) to 

the Pleosporales. Manglicola guatemalensis differs from other bitunicate ascomycetes by large ascomata (1250 mm 

X 425-500 mm) wide ostiole surrounded by long hyaline, straight hairs, large unequally bicelled ascospores and its 

mangrove habitat growing on Rhizophora mangle and the frond base of N. fruticans. No clear phylogenetic resolution 

can be advanced for the ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, as few are available for phylogenetic comparison. 

1030-1230 

SYMPOSIUM 50 - Mycetozoan Biodiversity 

S50IS1 - 0155 

Global diversity of cellular slime molds 

J. C. Landolt 1, S. L. Stephenson 2, J. C. Cavender 3 

1 Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, United States, 2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States, 

3 Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States 

In his 1984 monograph, Kenneth Raper listed approximately 50 described species of cellular slime molds (or 

dictyostelids) that were assigned to three genera (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium and Acytostelium). In 1989, just a 

few years later, H. Hagiwara added a several more taxa to the group in his treatment of Japanese dictyostelids. Since 

then, the number of dictyostelid taxa described in the literature has doubled, and additional forms likely to represent 

new taxa are currently under analysis. The explanations for this expansion of dictyostelid biodiversity include such 

things as a greater intensity of sampling in survey efforts by a number of researchers, sampling of habitats and 

environments not previously surveyed, and an increasing body of evidence that some dictyostelid isolates previously 

assigned to a species as a variation of a type are now, by virtue of being represented by additional isolates, 

considered to deserve treatment as separate, distinct taxa. The utilization of molecular characters as well as 

morphological ones has also contributed to supporting an increase in apparent variation in the group. This report will 

attempt to summarize what is known about the biodiversity of dictyostelids throughout the world. 

S50IS2 - 0142 

A global perspective on myxomycete biodiversity 

S. L. Stephenson 

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States 

The myxomycetes (also called plasmodial slime molds or myxogastrids) are the largest and best known of the 

eumycetozoans. Members of the group have been known from their fruiting bodies since at least the middle of the 

seventeenth century. There are approximately 875 recognized species of myxomycetes, many of which have been 

described in the past half century. The majority of species are probably cosmopolitan, but a few species seem to be 

confined to the tropics or subtropics and some others have been collected only in temperate regions of the world. 

Myxomycetes appear to be particularly abundant in temperate forests, but at least some species apparently occur 

in any terrestrial ecosystem with plants (and thus plant detritus) present. Field-based studies carried out in many 

different regions of the world over the past two decades have generated a considerable body of information that 

has provided evidence for a number of ecological patterns not reported previously for myxomycetes while also 

continuing to substantiate patterns or general observations that have long been suspected. Among the more 

important of these are that (1) temperature and moisture are the two most important factors determining the 

distribution and occurrence of myxomycetes in nature, (2) certain species of myxomycetes are invariably associated 

with particular microhabitats such coarse woody debris or the bark surface of living trees, (3) species-rich temperate 

deciduous forests are characterized by a level of myxomycete biodiversity that is as high or even higher than that of 

tropical forests, (4) in tropical forests, distinct assemblages of myxomycetes are associated with microhabitats such as 

aerial litter and the inflorescences of large herbaceous plants that have no counterparts in temperate forests, (5) the 

assemblage of myxomycetes found in deserts is more diverse than realized previously, and (6) in spite of the fact that 

the spores of myxomycetes would appear to have a high potential for dispersal, some species are much more 

common in one region of the world than another, even when climate and vegetation of the two regions being 

compared are fairly comparable. Although our knowledge of the biogeography, ecology and global distribution of 

myxomycetes has increased considerably, there is still a need for additional research. 

344

S50IS3 - 0294 

Global distribution of the protostelids with particular emphasis on the deep Southern Hemisphere 

F.W. Spiegel, J.D. Shadwick, S.L. Stephenson 

Department of Biological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States 

An effort is under way to document the global biodiversity of the slime mold taxon Eumycetozoa (myxomycetes, 

dictyostelids, and protostelids). As part of this project, we have been collecting and cataloguing protostelids from 

many areas of the world that have not previously been assessed, examining old collection records, both published 

and unpublished, and including them in an interactive database that will allow researchers access to the global 

distribution of this poorly known group. Not only will the database provide distributional information on the taxa of 

protostelids, it will also link with identification aids such as keys and photomicrographs and with information on the 

present ideas of their classification and nomenclatural status. One goal of the project is to test the competing 

hypotheses about the global patterns of the distribution of eukaryotic microorganisms. One hypothesis suggests that 

because of their small size and the ease with which they could be transported, species should be found equally 

abundantly in any habitat where they occur. The alternate hypothesis is that ubiquity is not the case and that species 

will have distinctly different distribution patterns from each other. The fact that all but one of the described species of 

protostelids have been found in Hawaii, the most isolated archipelago on Earth, might be seen as evidence for the 

ubiquity hypothesis. However, when the South Island of New Zealand and Argentine Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego 

are compared, there are differences that suggest that similar habitats do not support similar protostelid biotas. When 

the southern regions are compared with Northern Hemisphere sites at similar latitudes, again there appears to be little 

support for the general hypothesis of ubiquity of species. We predict that further work will tend to weaken support for 

the ubiquity hypothesis, at least with respect to the protostelids. 

S50PS1- 0146 


S.L. Stephenson 3, M E Slay 2, J C Landbolt 1 

1 Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA 

2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA 

3 The Nature Conservancy, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA 

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds associated with caves in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Missouri, New York, 

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia in the United States along with Puerto Rico and San Salvador in 

the Bahamas were investigated during the period of 1990–2005. Samples of soil material collected from more than 100 

caves were examined using standard methods for isolating dictyostelids. At least 17 species were recovered, along 

with a number of isolates that could not be identified completely. Four cosmopolitan species (Dictyostelium 

sphaerocephalum, D. mucoroides, D. giganteum and Polysphondylium violaceum) and one species (D. rosarium) with 

a more restricted distribution were each recorded from >25 different caves, but three other species were present in 

>20 caves. The data generated from this study were supplemented with all known published and unpublished records 

of dictyostelids from caves in an effort to summarize what is known about their occurrence in this habitat. Based on 

these data, dictyostelids would seem to be consistently present in the assemblages of microorganisms found in caves, 

with 102 of the 123 (83%) caves known to have been examined for the presence of dictyostelids yielding at least one 

species. In West Virginia, the region for which the most data exist, dictyostelids were recovered from 95% of the 61 

caves investigated. Most records of dictyostelids in caves are from temperate North America, but these organisms 

also were recovered from 11 of 13 (85%) caves surveyed in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. 

S50PS2 - 0144 

Dictyostelid cellular slime molds from caves 

S.L. Stephenson 2, J C Cavender 3, J C Landbolt 1 

1 Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, USA 

2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA 

3 Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA 

In his 1984 monograph, Kenneth Raper listed approximately 50 described species of cellular slime molds (or 

dictyostelids) that were assigned to three genera (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium and Acytostelium). In 1989, just a 

few years later, H. Hagiwara added a several more taxa to the group in his treatment of Japanese dictyostelids. Since 

then, the number of dictyostelid taxa described in the literature has doubled, and additional forms likely to represent 

new taxa are currently under analysis. The explanations for this expansion of dictyostelid biodiversity include such 

things as a greater intensity of sampling in survey efforts by a number of researchers, sampling of habitats and 

environments not previously surveyed, and an increasing body of evidence that some dictyostelid isolates previously 

assigned to a species as a variation of a type are now, by virtue of being represented by additional isolates, 

considered to deserve treatment as separate, distinct taxa. The utilization of molecular characters as well as 

morphological ones has also contributed to supporting an increase in apparent variation in the group. This report will 

attempt to summarize what is known about the biodiversity of dictyostelids throughout the world. 

345

POSTER ABSTRACTS S5 

1330-1430 

POSTER SESSION 5: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 

PS5-483-0024 

Myxomycetes from Delta Region in Egypt 

Ahmed Abdel-Raheem 

South Valley University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Sohag, 82524, Egypt 

The results of the second inventory of myxomycetes in Egypt are reported. The first was in Upper Egypt and the second 

is in North Egypt (Delta region). The substrates were wood, bark of living and dead tree and leaf litter. 26 species 

belonging to 19 genera of myxomycetes were identified. Wood was the best substrate for myxomycetes colonization. 

The most common species were Tubifera ferruginosa, Physarella oblonga, Arcyria cinerea and Trichia favogina. Brief 

description and classification of species are provided. 

PS5-484-0029 

Diversity of endophytic pestalotiopsis from podocarpaceae, theaceae and taxaceae in Southern China 

JG Wei, T Xu, LD Guo 

Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 

Diversity of endophytic fungi on a specific group of plants have been reported frequently and diversity of a specific 

endophytic fungi have been reported few. We conducted a survey on the diversity of endophytic Pestalotiopsis 

species in southern China from 2001 to 2003. In total we isolated 24 species of endophytic Pestalotiopsis from 10 plant 

species belonging to Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and Taxaceae, in Nanning, Guangxi province; Kunming, Yunnan 

province and Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. Species diversity of the endophytic Pestalotiopsis was illustrated at 

different levels. Among the species identified, 17, 16 and 4 species were obtained from Podocarpaceae, Theaceae 

and Taxaceae respectively; the Shannon-Wiener indexes in the three host families were 2.22, 2.28 and 1.06, 

respectively. Species diversity varied between individual host species, for example 15 Pestalotiopsis species were 

isolated from Podocarpus macrophyllus, 7 species from Camellia sasanqua, 5 species each from C. nitidissima and 

Podocarpus nagi, 4 species each from Camellia japonica and C. sinensis; and 2 species from each of Camellia 

reticulate, C. oleifera, Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki, Taxus yunnanensis and T. chinensis var. mairei. Colonization 

frequencies of endophytic Pestalotiopsis species changed with host plants and their age and even organs. Generally 

the endophytes were more frequently obtained from twigs than from leaves of host plants. However, the colonization 

frequency of the endophytes was not proportional to the species diversity. Host recurrence of endophytic 

Pestalotiopsis varied with different species, P. neglecta and P. photiniae were isolated from plants in all the three 

families, but P. karstenii was isolated from only Camellia japonica and C. sasanqua of Theaceae. A phylogenetic tree 

was generated using ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences of 44 Pestalotiopsis strains. Endophytic and pathogenic 

Pestalotiopsis strains from different host plants, and from different families, which were identified as the same 

Pestalotiopsis species always clustered together in a strongly supported branch. The present work supports the 

conclusion that Pestalotiopsis species are not generally specific to host plants. 

PS5-485-0031 

Identification of fungal associates of some deciduous tree species in Azerbaijan 

D.N. Aghayeva 1, T.C. Harrington 2 

1 Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, AZ1073, Azerbaijan, 2 Department of Plant 

Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States 

Natural forests in Azerbaijan are most commonly mixtures of deciduous plant species at elevations of 400-1600m. 

Diseases caused by fungi are thought to be major threats to these forest ecosystems. To assess the potential risk of 

disease to forest trees in Azerbaijan, we have begun to analyze the presence of pathogenic fungi and their impact 

on hardwood forests. Dutch elm disease has had considerable impact on elms (Ulmus spp.) in Azerbaijan during the 

last 50 years. The causal agent was thought to be O. novo-ulmi, but this has not been confirmed. Sweet chestnut 

(Castanea sativa), oaks (Quercus spp.) and walnut (Juglans regia) also have shown some signs of decline in the last 

few years. The aim of this study was to identify the most common fungal associates of these hosts. Fungi were isolated 

from both natural forests and plantations and characterized based on morphology and rDNA sequences. The 

identified fungi included Armillaria mellea and Cryphonectria parasitica, which represent new reports for Azerbaijan. 

The identified Cryphonectria parasitica is a serious pathogen of sweet chestnut. We have also confirmed that Dutch 

elm disease in Azerbaijan is caused by O. novo-ulmi. Other fungi identified are considered saprophytes or weak 

pathogens, including Nectria haematococca, Phoma pinodella, and Sporothrix sp.. Collection of more fungal 

isolates, especially agents that could be threats to the natural forests and plantations are planned. 

346

PS5-486-0036 

Mycotest for ecological evaluation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems 

V.A. Terekhova 

Moscow State University Ecological Soil Science Institute, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, 

Russia 

The micromycetes as the essential part of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems should be included in the list of biotic 

parameters for the ecological control. This proposal is based on experimental evidences by means of 

mycodiagnostics of the environmental quality. Earlier we have determined the list of the mycobiotic characteristics 

which can be recommended as rather informative parameters to discriminate the different zones (homeostasis, stress, 

resistance, repression) in some terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In spite of their variability some important 

mycological parameters (the number of the colony formation units, fungal biomass, species and interspecies 

biodiversity, morphological and physiological features of colony, rate of organic matter destruction etc.) use in soil 

and water bioindication. But the bioindication in situ is only one part of the biodiagnostics. It is necessary to prove the 

health of ecosystems with the result of laboratory biotests. There are several biotest-systems which are recommended 

for ecological control and standardization of natural and manmade media and substrates, but almost all of them are 

based on hydrobionts (Daphnia magna, Paramecium caudatum, Scenedesmus quadricauda etc. excluding tests for 

agricultural and fish-breeding purposes) and they are used for tests of water extracts from the samples. We suggest 

checking the toxicity in the laboratory experiment with the mycotest method on the spore germination of Fusarium 

oxysporum, which is enough sensitive to model toxicants during the first time (18-ours) of growing. The stable 

suppression of Fusarium oxysporum conidia germination (LD50) was observed already by concentration 0.5 ppm 

K2Cr2O7 (we use it as a toxicant of comparison). This fact and other features of this test-organism (i.e. fast-growing 

colony, thin-walls conidia, simple preparing of spores suspension etc.) allow us to recommend this method for 

ecological control of toxicity of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. As pedobiont Fusarium oxysporum can reflect 

not only the ecotoxicity of the soluble components in water extracts, but also the solid phase of soils and substrates. 

PS5-487-0040 

Diversity and host specificity of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi in a temperate deciduous forest canopy 

M Unterseher, K Finstermeier, A Reiher, P Otto 

University of Leipzig, Department of Systematic Botany, Leipzig, Saxonia, Germany 

The diversity and ecology of fungal endophytes in leaves of trees can be considered as scarcely studied, as only a 

few wooden plants fulfill economic criteria enough after which studies of endophytes are planned more often than 

not. Endophytic diversity and patterns of occurrences is widely unknown despite the knowledge that endophytes 

influence organismical interactions in many ways. 

We used the Leipzig Canopy Crane research facility to sample leaves of different tree species in a temperate, mixed 

deciduous forest canopy between 10-30 m in height for the occurrence of endophytic fungi in spring and autumn 

2005. After surface sterilisation, the leaves were cut into small fragments which were placed on Malt Extract Agar. 

Emerging colonies were isolated. By means of morphology and DNA sequencing they were identified at generic or 

species level. 

The number of colony forming units (CFU) from the spring samples was lower with 216 fungi than that of autumn leaves 

(417 CFU). Preliminary results revealed the abundant and widespread fungi Aureobasidium pullulans (teleomorph 

Discosphaerina fagi), Alternaria sp., Aspergillus spp., and Cladosporium spp. as beeing endophyic in young spring 

leaves. Interestingly, genera such as Xylaria, Phoma, and Valsa, identified as fruit body-forming lignicolous fungi in 

previous studies in the canopy at the same crane site also could be isolated from various leaves. This indicates that 

leaf-endophytic fungi probably follow the source-sink directions from inside the wood into the tree’s buddings. 

Analyses are ongoing to depict patterns of occurrence in different host trees, in sun and shaded leaves, and in the 

upper and lower canopy layer. 

The initial studies could be regarded as a starting point to bringing more light into the diversity and ecology of 

endophytic fungi in temperate deciduous forests and how they affect organismical interactions. 

347

PS5-488-0060 

Ecology of the rare tooth fungi Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus in Britain 

ME Crockatt, D Parfitt, J Hynes, PM Wald, L Boddy, HJ Rogers 

1 Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, 2 English Nature, UK, United Kingdom, 3 Forestry Commission, UK, United 

Kingdom 

Hericium coralloides, H. cirrhatum, H. erinaceum are on the provisional Red Data List of British Fungi. H. erinaceum is 

also protected by UK law. These rare wood-decay basidiomycetes are found predominantly in southern England 

where they grow mainly on beech in ancient woodland. Little is known of their ecology. They are readily cultured in 

vivo, and H. erinaceum is cultivated for food in several countries. Why are they so scarce in the wild? Arrival and 

establishment in a suitable substrate and subsequent growth and competition within that resource are likely to be key 

to their rarity. These questions were investigated using spore trapping, molecular methods to locate species within 

wood, and competition between the target species and likely competitors. 

To assess spore travel from a sporulating fruit body, homokaryotic mycelium on agar was used as bait. Dishes were 

placed 0-10m from the fruit body for 4-24 hours. Heterokaryotisation was determined by presence or absence of 

clamps. Over 99% of homokaryotic cultures were heterokaryotised. Spore trapping methods were successful, and 

refined methods will be used in future to determine the extent of aerial dispersal. 

Primers that distinguished H. cirrhatum (HER2F/HER3R) from other species, and primers which distinguished H. 

coralloides and H. erinaceum (HER2F/HER2R) from other species, were developed. Logs in which H. cirrhatum had 

been previously inoculated were sampled and analysed using molecular methods and traditional isolation from wood 

onto agar. Molecular methods often confirmed suspected presence of H. cirrhatum where isolation from wood onto 

agar failed. Molecular methods provide an invaluable tool for assessing presence of fungi in the mycelial form – 

sampling from likely sites could show if the species really are rare, or if it is just the fruit bodies that are scarce. The 

approach will also be used to determine whether or not these fungi are latently present within functional sapwood. 

H. coralloides, H. cirrhatum and H. erinaceum were paired against 20 other wood decay species from beech on malt 

extract agar at 20°C, and against 17 species in wood blocks. All three species achieved deadlock or replaced over 

half the competitors. Results from agar and wood were similar. These fungi are, therefore, relatively combative, and 

this seems unlikely to be a factor resulting in their rarity. 

PS5-489-0061 

Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycota) from the Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, State of Pará, Brazilian 

Amazonia – preliminary results 

T.B. Gibertoni 1, A.S. Martins-Junior 2, H.M.P. Sotão 2 

1 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, 

State of Pará, Brazil 

Aphyllophoraceous fungi are considered the major wood decomposers and play crucial role in nutrient cycling in 

arboreous and shrubby ecosystems. They are an artificial group of 23 families, the most important being 

Polyporaceae, Corticiaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Their diversity is expected to be high in high-diversity 

ecosystems but since few researches have been undertaken in the Brazilian Amazonia, few Aphyllophorales have 

been registered until now. 

The Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã (National Forest of Caxiuanã) is a 330.00ha reserve managed by the Brazilian 

Institute of the Environment and Renewable Resources (IBAMA) and is located in the Amazonian State of Pará. Part 

of its area (33.000ha) is a scientific station (Ferreira Penna Scientific Station - ECFPn), 400km far from Belém, the capital 

of Pará. It has been about 15 years the ECFPn is being inventoried but still few Aphyllophorales have been reported. 

In the reserve, the typical Amazonian ecosystems can be found and its flora is reported as being one of the richer and 

denser in the Amazonian basin. 

This research was based on material deposed at the herbarium (MG) of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, in Belém, 

and in one recent field trip undertaken on January 2006 to the ECFPn. More 3 field trips are expected to have place 

in the reserve and material previously deposed at MG is still being identified, which expect us to have increased the 

list below and improved the knowledge about the diversity of Aphyllophorales in Amazonia. The following 

Aphyllophorales have been identified until now: *Amauroderma exile, *A. partitum, A. praetervisum, A. sprucei, 

Ganoderma australe, G. stipitatum (Ganodermataceae); *Hymenochaete damicornis, *H. leonina, H. luteo-badia, 

Phellinus baccharidis, *P. calcitratus, P. extensus, P. fastuosus, P. gilvus, *P. shaferi, *P. undulatus, *Phylloporia 

spathulata (Hymenochaetaceae); *Scytinostroma duriusculum, S. portentosum (Lachnocladiaceae); Earliella 

scabrosa, Hexagonia papyracea, Lentinus crinitus, *Perenniporia martiusii, Polyporus dictyopus, P. guianensis, P. 

leprieurii, P. tenuiculus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Rigidoporus microporus, *Rigidoporus biokoensis, Trametes modesta, 

Trichaptum sector (Polyporaceae); Schizophyllum commune (Schizophyllaceae); Caripia montagnei, *Cotylidia 

auratiaca, *Cymatoderma caperatum, C. dendriticum, Inflatostereum glabrum, Stereum ostrea (stereoid fungi). 

Species marked with an * are new records for the State of Pará. 

348

PS5-490-0079 

Xylariaceous fungi in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Thailand 

Surang Thienhirun, Sureelak Rodtong 

1 Forest Management and Forest Products Research Office, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand, 2 School of 

Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 

Doi Suthep-Pui National Park located in the NorthernThailand, covers an area of 2,625 square kilometers. Doi Suthep, 

Doi Buakha and Doi Pui are the three main peaks in the park. The highest peak, Doi Pui, rises to 1,685 meters above 

mean sea levels. Because of the high altitude, the weather on the upper slopes of the mountains is cool and pleasant 

all year even in hot season. There are two basic types of forest on the mountain: Deciduous forest below about 1,000 

m elevation and evergreen forest above. The deciduous is further divided into two kinds, deciduous dipterocarp-oak 

Forest in the driest areas and mixed evergreen deciduous forest along streams and gullies. Common species of trees 

are the families Dipterocarpaceae, Fagaceae and Magnoliaceae. This study is aimed to investigate the diversity and 

distribution of xylariaceous fungi in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park. The fungi can be broadly grouped according to their 

lifestyles into three groups phytopathogens, saprotrophs, and endophytes, and also have an excellent track record 

for the production of secondary metabolites, many of which have proved to be novel. 

The field survey for investigating the xylariaceous fungi was carried out in San Ku, Monthathan Waterfall, and the trial 

to Mong Village in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park in 2005. Fungal specimens were collected, then identified and 

classified according to their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of teleomorph stage and cultural 

characteristics. 

Interesting data on species diversity and distribution of xylariaceous fungi were found in deciduous dipterocarp-oak 

Forest and mixed evergreen deciduous forest in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park in the Northern Thailand. These fungi 

were wood inhabitants, and collected from a variety of their habitats, particularly on logs, fallen branches and 

bamboo. A total of 25 taxa belonging to 6 genera: Xylaria, Hypoxylon, Nemania, Biscogniauxia, Jumillera and 

Astrocystis were recorded. Thirteen taxa could be identified. Twelve taxa have not been named yet, and are likely to 

be new. Hypoxylon is numerically the most important genus, and also exhibited the greatest distribution. 

From this investigation, Hypoxylon leptascum and H. leptascum var. macrosporum are recorded a second time in 

Thailand. The first record is in Phu Hin Rongkra National Park in the Northern. These fungi have been found in the high 

area more than1,200 meters above the sea level. This study revealed the diversity of xylariaceous fungi found in Doi 

Suthep-Pui National Park. 

PS5-491-0083 

Filamentous fungi from coastal Arctic environment 

S Sonjak 1, JC Frisvad 2, N Gunde-Cimerman 1 

1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2 Technical University of 

Denmark, Biocentrum-DTU, Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Lyngby, Denmark 

The Arctic and Antarctic regions have been investigated over the last decade mainly for the presence of 

psychrophilic Bacteria, Archaea and occasionally for algae. Rare scientific studies have shown as well sporadic 

presence of different fungi in permafrost layers, polar soil, vegetation, water, snow, and glacier ice. In all cases fungi 

were isolated using non-selective, “mesophilic” media. 

In our study of fungal frequency and diversity in coastal Arctic environment, we have used different isolation media 

with lowered water activity, due to high NaCl or sugar concentrations, and low incubation temperatures. Isolates were 

identified using morphological characteristics and secondary metabolite profiles as detected by TLC and HPLC. 

We have discovered high CFU numbers of filamentous fungi and melanized and non-melanized yeasts in different 

niches in the coastal Arctic environment. The CFU ranged from 1000-3000 l-1 in seawater, 6000-7000 l-1 in melted sea 

ice and up to 13.000 l-1 in melted glacial ice. The prevailing genus of isolated filamentous fungi was Penicillium with 

32 identified species, followed by Eurotium with six and Aspergillus with four. 

Ice formation results in decrease of biologically available water, thus water activity (aw) is the dominant external 

factor influencing microbial activity in extremely cold environments. Preventing the osmotic stress we were able to 

isolate high CFU numbers of filamentous fungi from Arctic seawater, sea ice, snow in the tidal range, and glacial ice. 

Studies of psychro-tolerant and xero-tolerant fungi are important, since they enables on one hand the unraveling of 

biodiversity in natural environments, delimited by strong physicochemical interactions, and on the other hand give an 

insight into the natural occurrence of fungi, primarily known as contaminants of food, preserved at low temperatures. 

349

PS5-492-0096 

Endophytic Species Of Neotyphodium On Some Gramineous Species In Iran 

Bahram Sharifnabi 1, Saeede Dehghanpour Farashah 1, G. Reza Balali 2, Aghafakhr Mirlohi 1 

1 Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, 2 Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran 

Some members of the family Clavicipitaceae are endophytic and have mutualistic relationship with the plant family 

Poaceae. Their relationship is beneficial for both host and fungus. In the present investigation, endophytic fungi were 

isolated from seed and leaf sheath of hosts Festuca arundinacea, Festuca ovina, Festuca pratensis, Bromus 

tomentellus, Melica persica and Lolium prenne. Morphological charecters were checked on different culture media. 

Most of the isolates obtained from wild barley belonged to section Albo-lanosa of the genus Acremonium and 

Neotyphodium. Sensitivity of the isolates to benomyl was tested and it was found that media containing benomyl 

enhanced sporulation of non-sporulating isolates. In antibiosis test, it was found that most of isolates were effective 

against the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris australiensis and only two isolates of FoGn and MpFn were effective 

against Pythium aphanidermatum. Based on morphological characters, the genus Neotyphodium on F. 

arundinaceae, F. pratensis, F. ovina, B. tomentellus, M. persica and L. prenne and the N. coenophialum on F. 

arundinacea and N. festucae on F. ovina and N. lolii on L. prenne and N. cf. bromicola on B. tomentellus were 

identified and this is the first report of these fungi from Iran. 

PS5-493-0110 

Changes in microfungal communities during decomposition of leaf litter 

T Osono 

Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 

Changes in microfungal communities were studied on decomposing leaf litter of dogwood (Swida controversa) and 

beech (Fagus crenata) using a litterbag method in a cool temperate forest in Japan. The two litter species differed in 

chemical quality and consequently in mass loss rate: dogwood had low lignin content (20% w/w) and lost more than 

90% of its original mass during 18 months of decomposition, whereas beech had high lignin content (44% w/w) and 

lost only 20% of its original mass during that period. The purpose of this study was to examine how the difference in litter 

quality affected the pattern of microfungal succession. A total of 57 and 56 microfungal species were recorded during 

decomposition of dogwood and beech leaves, respectively, and species rank-frequency curves of communities were 

relatively similar between dogwood and beech. The number of species reached a maximum level after 9-11 months 

of decomposition for both litter species, but the maximum number of species was greater for dogwood than for 

beech. Cluster analysis indicated five successional groups on dogwood and three successional groups on beech; the 

groups on each litter species differed in colonization time during decomposition. Similarity (Pianka’s similarity index) of 

the species composition between sampling occasions indicated that the microfungal community on dogwood 

continued to change throughout the 18 months, whereas the microfungal community on beech remained relatively 

constant. Niche analysis indicated that niche breadth and niche overlap of main microfungal species in terms of 

colonization time were greater on dogwood and than on beech. The higher litter quality in dogwood probably 

contributed to the coexistence of more microfungal species, a more rapid changes in species composition, and 

greater species packing in the community than in beech. This difference in the pattern of microfungal succession was 

possibly associated with the faster decomposition of dogwood leaf litter. 

PS5-495-0122 

Fungal succession on fallen leaves of an evergreen oak in Japan 

T. Shirouzu, S. Tokumasu 

Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ueda, Nagano, Japan 

Fungal successions have been studied on fallen leaves of conifers and deciduous broadleaf trees in the temperate 

and sub-arctic zones in the northern hemisphere. In Japan, these on fallen leaves of pines, firs and beeches have also 

been studied. However, we have not had enough information on the fungal succession on fallen leaves of evergreen 

oaks that had covered the southern part of Japan extensively, though their forests now are scattered. 

To study the fungal succession associated with the decay of an evergreen oak leaves, we tried to examine fungal 

communities on the leaves at different decomposition stages. An evergreen oak, Quercus myrsinaefolia was chosen 

for it is a dominant evergreen oak in the northern evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan. 

The study site was selected in Meiji Shrine Forest located in central Tokyo (35°40’N, 139°41’E). The living and fallen 

leaves of Q. myrsinaefolia were collected at each season (four times). Collected fallen leaves were divided into three 

decomposition stages based on their colour and texture. Ten typical leaves were chosen from each stage, and two 

disks per one leaf were obtained with a 7mm cork borer (20 disks in total for one stage). The disks were washed with 

sterilized surfactant solution, then with water in series. These were cultured on corn meal agar plates, and observed 

regularly with a light microscope. Frequencies and constancies of individual fungi were calculated for each 

decomposition stage. 

Results and discussion Clear differences were not observed in the species composition of high frequency and high 

constancy fungi among three decay stages, but their frequency values were fluctuated with the decay stage or the 

season. Based on the fluctuation patterns of frequency values of these species, we could recognize the following 

successional pattern. Phyllosphere fungi such as Tubakia sp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colonized mature 

leaves in the canopy. Most of them disappeared quickly from freshly fallen leaves and some litter inhabiting 

hyphomycetes such as Subramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus and Rhinocladiella intermedia rapidly colonized such 

leaves and continued high frequency until the later stage of decay. On the contrary, some hyphomycetes such as 

Chaetopsina fulva and Chaetospermum camelliae appeared at high frequency on freshly fallen leaves at limited 

seasons. Finally soil fungi represented by some mucoralean species, Gongronella butleri and Backusella circina 

occurred mainly on heavily decayed leaves. 

350

PS5-496-0123 

Wood-fungi diversity, dead wood relations and habitat management in oak-dominated forest 

B Nordén, M Ryberg 

Dep. of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

To reduce the serious taxonomic bias in conservation research, fungi should be given more attention. Most studies of 

wood-fungi have concerned polypores in boreal forests. Our results concern ascomycetes and basidiomycetes in the 

more diverse temperate broadleaved oak-dominated forest, one of the most heavily degraded biomes in the world. 

Diversity was studied in relation to 1) type and amount of dead wood in semi-natural stands, and 2) forest 

management. Twenty-five stands in southern Sweden were surveyed and 103 ascomycetes and 425 basidiomycetes 

were found. 

Fungi on logs have been studied repeatedly, but dead wood also occurs on living trees, in stumps, and in fallen 

branches. We studied attached, standing (including stumps) and downed dead wood with a diameter exceeding 1 

cm. The sites contained on average 14.3 m3/ha coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter >10 cm). Fine woody debris 

(FWD; diameter 1–10 cm) made up another 12.2 m3/ha. Total dead wood volume was dominated by downed (66%) 

and standing dead wood (22%), while attached dead wood and stumps amounted to smaller fractions (6% each). 

Species density was higher for FWD than for CWD for both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, but species richness was 

higher on CWD than FWD for basidiomycetes. Of the ascomycetes, 75% were found exclusively on FWD. Thus, FWD is 

important for diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in this forest type, but CWD must also be provided for many species of 

basidiomycetes. Stumps of oak supported some rare species, e.g. the red-listed polypore Perenniporia medulla-panis. 

Attached dead oak branches supported a specialised fungal flora, e.g. the red-listed polypore Pachykytospora 

tuberculosa and the new ascomycete Moristroma quercinum. 

Partial cutting which restores a semi-open forest structure has been proposed as a management method for 

biodiversity in forests with big oaks, and for forestry (e.g. biofuel production). To test the effects on fungal diversity, 25- 

30% of the basal area was harvested. Species richness of basidiomycetes declined more in experimental plots than in 

reference plots, but no effect was found for ascomycetes. Species richness on FWD was reduced, but we found no 

effect on CWD. Species composition did not change as a result of partial cutting, but the number of Red List species 

decreased from ten to four. The high biodiversity and sensitivity to forest management in wood-fungi, should be taken 

into account in management decisions concerning oak-dominated woodland. 

PS5-497-0133 

Endophytes of a peat swamp palm: Licuala longecalycata 

U. Pinruan, A. Pinnoi, K.D. Hyde, R. Jeewon, E.B.G. Jones 

U. Pinuran, Pathum Thani, Thailand 

Studies are in progress to document saprobic and endophytic fungi of several palms growing in a peat swamp forest 

in Narathiwat southern Thailand. Senescent palm material (leaves, petioles, rachides) was collected from three 

habitats (aerial, on ground surface, submerged) in the peat swamp and the saprobic fungi documented and 

isolated. For endophytic fungi, discs approximately 5 mm were cut from healthy leaf tissue, surface-sterilized and 

plated on artificial media. One hundred and sixty eight saprobic fungi were recorded, with Annulatascus velatispora, 

Diaporthe setulae, Massarina bipolaris, Microthyrium sp., and Phaeoisaria clematidis as the most common species. 

One hundred and forty seven endophytic strains were characterised with xylariaceous fungi the dominant group (15% 

of the total with 22 strains). Only 3 saprobic xylariaceous fungi were recorded (Anthostomella, Astrocystis, 

Stilbohypoxylon) while no Xylaria species has been collected on any of the peat swamp palm samples investigated 

over a three year period. Isolation of endophytes from Licuala spinosa, collected at Kuan Kang forest, Trang Province, 

yielded 1289 strains characterised as 197 morphotypes of which 75 were xylariaceous. The question arises, why are 

Xylaria species so common as endophytes, yet none have been collected on decaying palm material? Sequence 

analyses from 28S and ITS were analysed phylogenetically using Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Markov Chain Monte 

Carlo (MCMC) analysis (Mr Bayes). Preliminary Phylogenetic results show that strain BCC16517 clustered in the 

Clavicipitaceae; strain BCC16504 is related to a Hypoxylon sp., strain BCC13183 groups with Astrocystis, Nemania and 

Rosellinia. Sterile Xylaria strains currently producing sterile stromata are being induced to sporulate on palm material 

under laboratory conditions. The results are discussed in relation to observations made by other researchers. 

351

PS5-498-0139 

Non-target impacts of an introduced Trichoderma biocontrol agent on soil microbes 

S L Dodd, K L McLean, A Stewart 

1 Crop and Food Research NZ, Lincoln/Canterbury, New Zealand, 2 National Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection 

Technologies, Lincoln University/Canterbury, New Zealand 

Fungal biocontrol agents (BCA), such as Trichoderma species, are used to control many plant diseases yet may pose 

risks to native non-target species. For example, non-target effects including mycoparasitism of beneficial soil fungi 

such as mycorrhizae, reduction in plant root colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi, disorders in commercial mushrooms, 

plant nodulation by Rhizobium spp., and changes in plant growth have all been associated with fungal biological 

control agents such as Trichoderma spp. This study is using Trichoderma as a model system to investigate non-target 

impacts of fungal BCA’s on natural microbial populations to provide government authorities with information 

regarding the risks associated with BCA introductions. This information will then be used to guide the development of 

best-practice protocols for further BCA introductions in New Zealand. Non-target impacts of Trichoderma BCAs are 

being measured in a number of ways in this study. Firstly, changes to soil microbial communities following BCA 

introduction are being determined using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Particular emphasis was 

placed on impact on the diversity of the natural populations of Trichoderma species. To do this, Trichoderma genusspecific 

primers were designed targeting the ITS1 and ITS2 rDNA sequence regions. As the primers needed to be 

degenerate in nature, the PCR products produced were not suitable for direct DGGE analysis and so a semi-nested 

product that only included the ITS1 region was analysed. DGGE conditions are being developed to separate out the 

species known to exist in New Zealand soils. The technique will be employed to monitor changes in species diversity 

over time following the introduction of a commercial Trichoderma BCA preparation into the soil to determine the scale 

of the impact and if the native populations recover over time. Secondly, BCA impact on populations of mycorrhizal 

fungi are being monitored using well-established mycorrhizal indices, and finally the interaction between BCA cultures 

and beneficial microbes is being measured using challenge inoculations in the laboratory. 

PS5-500-0145 

Distribution and ecology of dictyostelids in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (eastern North America) 


1 Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, United States, 2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 

United States, 3 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States 

The Great Smoky Mountains National Park encompasses an area of 2080 km2 in eastern Tennessee and western North 

Carolina between 35° 28’ and 35° 47’ N latitude. Elevations range from approximately 270 to 2000 m above sea level, 

and the topography and vegetation are as diverse as any region of eastern North America. During the period of 1998 

to 2004, soil/litter samples for isolation of dictyostelid cellular slime molds were collected throughout the Park. 

Collecting sites included examples of all major forest types along with the more common types of non-forest 

vegetation. More than 2300 clones of dictyostelids were recovered from 412 samples. These clones included 

representatives of 20 described species together with at least 10 species new to science. This total is higher than those 

reported for other temperate regions of the world. In general, both numbers of species and numbers of clones/g of 

sample material decreased with increasing elevation, and several species displayed a distinct preference for either 

the low or high end of the elevation gradient. The relatively high number of new species recovered from samples 

collected at high elevations is an important new finding for dictyostelid ecology and distribution. 

PS5-501-0146 



1 Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, United States, 2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 

United States, 3 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States 

The continent of Australia, with a total extent of approximately 7,682,300 km2, covers about 5% of the earth’s land 

area. Most of the continent is low, flat and dry; deserts and dry grasslands are the predominant vegetation types. 

During the 2001 to 2004 field seasons, samples for isolation of dictyostelid cellular slime molds were collected at a 

number of localities in Queensland, the Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The 

majority of these samples were collected form the soil/litter layer on the ground, but some additional samples were 

obtained from the layer of organic matter (“canopy soil”) associated with the bases of vascular epiphytes on the 

trunks and branches of trees in the tropical forests of northern Queensland. Some of these samples were collected at 

heights of more than 20 meters about the forest floor. Many of the forms recovered from these samples could be 

assigned to described taxa, including such cosmopolitan species as Dictyostelium mucoroides, Polysphondylium 

pallidum, P. violaceum, and D. giganteum. However, a significant number of others appear to represent species new 

to science. The large number of apparently undescribed forms suggests that the dictyostelid biota of Australia is 

relatively distinct when compared to that of any other continent. 

352

PS5-502-0150 

Pathogenic Wood-decaying Fungi in China 

Yucheng Dai 

Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China 

Pathogenic wood-decaying fungi in China were surveyed during last 10 years, and the wood destroying species were 

in particular investigated. 90 pathogenic Basidiomycetes were found in natural forests, forest plantations and garden 

forests, and among them 30 species were recorded for the first time on living trees from China. Among them 

Fomitiporia bananaensis Y.C. Dai, F. tibetica Y.C. Dai & M. Zang, F. torreyae Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, Inonotus compositus 

H. C. Wang, Phellinus himalayensis Y.C. Dai, Polyporus subvarius C.J. Yu & Y.C. Dai were recently found from China. 

Most of these wood-destroying fungi are polypores in the Aphyllophorales, and the majority were found in temperate 

and boreal forests. Although most polypores are restricted to particular species or genera of trees, some polypores 

can attack many hosts, e.g., Ganoderma pseudoferreum lives on over 20 trees of different angiosperms, and 

Fomitopsis pinicola occurs on many gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. 80 species cause a white rot, and 10 cause 

a brown rot. White rot species are distributed in almost all the Chinese forests, and they infect trees of both conifer and 

hardwoods. However, brown rot species occur primarily on coniferous trees, and they were found mostly in temperate 

and boreal forests. Limited investigations were made in southern China and only 18 species were found in the 

subtropical forests of China. Since tree species diversity is greater in southern China, it is likely that greater numbers of 

wood-decaying fungi would be found in this area. Additional surveys and basidiocarp identification is needed in this 

arera of China to obtain a more precise assessment of the major wood decay fungi that may be found. 

PS5-503-0157 

Fungi on Nypa fruticans - a mangrove palm 

V.V. Sarma 1, K.D. Hyde 2 

1 Shri A.M.M. Murugappa Chettiar Research Centre (MCRC), Tharamani, Chennai-600 113, Tamil Nadu, India, 2 Centre 

for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, 

Hong Kong S.A.R., China 

In the present paper the fungi occurring on mangrove palm - Nypa fruticans are discussed. Totally 90 filamentous fungi 

occur on N. fruticans including 69 ascomycetes and 20 anamorphic fungi in addition to a microscopic basidiomycete 

(Halocyphina villosa). N. fruticans can be considered as an amphibious palm that can grow both in saline and fresh 

waters but always near the coasts. We have investigated the mycota occurring on N. fruticans in Brunei and found 

that both marine and terrestrial fungi occur along the salinity gradient up to freshwater areas. However, the number 

of marine fungi seems to be more than the terrestrial fungi. Aniptodera, Linocarpon and Astrosphaeriella are the most 

common genera on this palm. While the former genus is a typical aquatic fungus the latter two commonly occur on 

other palms. Linocarpon appendiculatum, L. bipolaris, Neolinocarpon globosicarpa and Oxydothis nypae frequently 

occur on fronds, while Linocarpon bipolaris, Astrosphaeriella striatispora, Trichocladium nypae and Linocarpon 

appendiculatum occur more frequently on leaves. Some novelties on this host are members belonging to 

Annulatascaceae that have been reported recently. Two different studies on the vertical distribution of fungi on this 

host showed that the diversity is rich in submerged parts followed by intertidal parts when compared to aerial parts. 

This is in contrast to Rhizophora where diversity was more on the intertidal parts than completely submerged parts. 

Although most of the work done on this host has been from South East Asia, several mangrove formations within old 

tropics are yet to be investigated. N. fruticans is a threatened species and is lost in several hitherto known mangrove 

formations. The fact that 90 fungal species occur on this host of which more than 40 are host specific has relevance 

to global estimates of fungi and ecological significance. These aspects will also be discussed. 

PS5-504-0158 

Contribution to the knowledge of the biodiversity of wood-inhabiting Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycetes) in 

the Caucasus hotspot 

Masoomeh Ghobadnejhad 1, Nils Hallenberg 2 

1University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2 University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden 

Wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes play an outstanding role in nature, considering the fact that they are the main 

organisms with the capability of decomposing wood to its primary constituents. Little is known about their occurrence 

in the Caucasus. This area encompasses the countries Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, part of SW Russia, NE Turkey and 

part of NW Iran and is one of the most diverse regions in the world in the respect to both fauna and flora; and is 

regarded as a remarkable collection of many relict and endangered species. Some recent reports on the Biodiversity 

of Caucasus hotspot have compiled valuable data on the biodiversity of plant and animal communities. There have 

also been sparse studies on macrofungi in different parts of this region, but there is still no comprehensive study or even 

preliminary estimation about the total number of wood decaying basidiomycetes in the Caucasus as a whole. 

Consequently this study aims to first, introduce our ongoing survey on this group of fungi in the Caucasus area and 

then, summarizes the results of previous studies in the region, with special view on its Iranian part. There have been 

several works on wood inhabiting fungi in the North Iran in the Hyrcanian province and a recent study is going on in 

Arasbaran forests, NW Iran. 

According to this survey, it was shown that altogether a total number of about 600 wood-decaying Aphyllophorales 

have been recorded in the Caucasus region. Some ecological notes on these fungi are presented together with notes 

on their distribution in the Caucasus 

353

PS5-505-0161 

Collection of wild edible fungi in Nepal 

Morten Christensen 1 , Helle O. Larsen 1, Sanjeeb Bhattarai 2, Shiva Devkota 2 

1 The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 ComForM, Institute of Forestry, Pokhara, Nepal 

A total of 235 species of wild fungi are confirmed to be used for food in Nepal. The collection is very frequent between 

2000-4000m, where the vegetation is dominated by conifers and almost all households in these areas collect. In the 

lower part of the country collection of wild fungi is also common but confined to certain ethnic groups. 

National forest and Community forest are the most frequently visited places for collection of wild fungi, whereas 

private land is less important. 

The ethnic groups Thakalis, Sherpas, Tamangs and Newars are found to be relatively more dedicated to the collection 

of wild edible mushrooms than Brahmins and Chhetris. However, traditions are changing and often all ethnic groups 

in an area collect. 

Wood inhabiting fungi such as Latioporus sulphureus, Griffola frondosa and Lentinus spp. are among the favourites in 

most areas. Mycorrhizal fungi like Lactarius spp., Russula spp., Amanita spp., Suillus spp. and Scleroderma spp. are 

frequently collected in temperate and subtropical pine forest and Russula spp., Cantharellus spp., Boletus spp. and 

Laccaria spp. are most frequently collected in subtropical broadleaved forest. Termitomyces spp. living in symbiosis 

with termites are very often collected in subtropical areas of the country. 

Poisoning caused by mushroom is common and it is estimated that at least 15-30 persons die every year. Most of the 

cases seem to be caused by poisonous species of Amanita. 

PS5-506-0163 

Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycota) from the Reserva Biológica do Lago Piratuba, State of Amapá, Brazilian 

Amazonia – preliminary results. 

H.M.P. Sotão 1, T.B. Gibertoni 2 

1 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil, 2 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, State of 

Pernambuco, Brazil 

Aphyllophoraceous fungi are considered the major wood decomposers and play crucial role in nutrient cycling in 

arboreous and shrubby ecosystems. They are an artificial group of 23 families, the most important being 

Polyporaceae, Corticiaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Their diversity is expected to be high in high-diversity 

ecosystems but since few researches have been undertaken in the Brazilian Amazonia, few Aphyllophorales have 

been registered until now. 

The Reserva Biológica do Lago Piratuba (Biological Reserve of Piratuba Lake – Rebio Lago Piratuba) is a 395.000ha 

reserve managed by the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Resources (IBAMA) and is located in 

the Amazonian State of Amapá (49º40’ - 50º30’W, 1º50’ - 1º27’N), 200km far from Macapá, the capital of Amapá. In 

this reserve, mangroves, periodically flooded prairies and tropical forest can be found. 

The field trips to Rebio Lago Piratuba was undertaken on April/May and August 2004 and the following 

Aphyllophorales have been identified until now: Ganoderma australe (previously reported as G. applanatum), G. 

stipitatum (previously reported as G. lucidum) (Ganodermataceae); *Cyclomyces iodinus, *Hymenochaete luteobadia, 

*Phellinus calcitratus, P. gilvus (Hymenochaetaceae); *Coriolopsis rigida, Earliella scabrosa, *Fomes fasciatus, 

Fomitopsis nivosa (previously reported as Tyromyces chioneus), Gloeophyllum striatum, Hexagonia hydnoides, *H. 

papyracea, Lentinus crinitus, *Polyporus guianensis, *P. leprieurii, *P. tenuiculus, *P. tricholoma, Pycnoporus sanguineus, 

*Trametes modesta, Trichaptum byssogenum, *T. sector (Polyporaceae); Schizophyllum commune 

(Schizophyllaceae); *Caripia montagnei, Cymatoderma dendriticum, *Lopharia cinerascens (stereoid fungi). Species 

marked with an * are new records for the State of Amapá. 

PS5-507-0169 

Does Abandonment of a Wooded Meadow Affect Diversity and Community Structure of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi? 

T Suvi 1, L Tedersoo1, E Larsson 2, U Kõljalg 1 

1 Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, 2 Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden 

Wooded meadows are seminatural, regularly mown, plant species rich ecosystems, which have declined >100-fold in 

North Europe, naturally developing into thickets. Ectomycorrhizal fungi provide mineral nutrition to dominant trees in 

wooded meadows. We hypothesized that abandonment of a wooded meadow affects below ground communities 

and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sequencing of root tips and extrapolation were used to identify the fungi and 

to compare biodiversity patterns. We distinguished 172 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Cenococcum geophilum 

dominated, followed by Lactarius pubescens, Inocybe maculata and Boletus luridus. Thelephora/Tomentella was the 

dominant genus, followed by Sebacina, Inocybe, Russula/Lactarius, Cortinarius and Hebeloma/Alnicola. The areabased 

rarefaction curve and species richness estimates did not level off, indicating still too small sample size. The 

abandoned and managed wooded meadow plots shared only 18.6% of species, while O-horizon and A-horizon 

shared 53.5% of species. Only species richness per root fragment was higher in the abandoned wooded meadow. 

Species richness per plot, per sample and per fragment, as well as plot-based Jackknife2 richness estimate and 

Shannon-Wiener diversity index were higher in O-horizon than A-horizon. Detrended correspondence analysis 

revealed strong management effect, but negligible horizon and geographical effects on the fungal community 

composition. The frequency of Boletus spp., hypogeous fruiting fungi and melanized fungi was higher and the 

frequency of Sebacinaceae spp. was lower in managed wooded meadow plots. Differences in fungal communities 

were not explained by soil pH, P, Ca, Mg, K and total organic concentrations, suggesting that additional complex 

environmental variables are responsible for differentiation of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community. Tagamõisa 

wooded meadow comprises distinct mycoflora. More studies are needed to reveal if other wooded meadows support 

similar fungal communities. 

354

PS5-508-0197 

Marine-derived Fungi Isolated from Corals from Brazilian Coast for Bioprospection 

M. da Silva, M.R.Z. Passarini, F. L. Thompson, A.E. Migotto, L.D. Sette 

1 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/INCQS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 2 Universidade Estadual de Campinas/DRM-CPQBA, 

Campinas, SP, Brazil, 3Universidade de São Paulo/CEBIMAR, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil 

Marine-derived fungi represent a valuable source for the search of active metabolites of industrial interest, including 

compounds with potential application on pharmaceutical industry. They also have drawn attention for their capacity 

of degrading several pollutants. The fungal tolerance to higher concentrations of salt might be considered an 

advantage for bioremediation processes in marine environment. Therefore, corals collected from the sea town São 

Sebastião on the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, identified as Mussismilia hispida, Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa 

variabilis and Zoanthus solanderi, were taken to the laboratory and were grinded and homogenized. Decimal serial 

dilutions up to 10-2 were performed with sterile water and aliquots were plated on marine agar and malt agar. 

Isolation of fungal colonies was conducted from the second day up to the fifteenth day incubation. The isolated fungi 

were separated into groups and were morphologically characterized. There were a total of 188 filamentous fungi 

represented by several species of Penicillium, including P. citrinum, P. turbatum, P. purpurescens, P. montanense, P. 

corylophilum, P. mineoluteum, P. cyaneus and P. sublateridium, species of Aspergillus, including A. sydowii, A. 

versicolor and A. niger, some representatives of Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium spp., Trihcoderma spp., Peacilomyces sp. 

and various unidentified dematiaceous and other hyaline fungi. These fungi are being tested regarding their potential 

to biodegrade toxic compounds, such as textile dye and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The selected fungi will 

be characterized by polyphasic approach, including molecular methods, in order to have a more accurate 

identification and will be deposited in the Brazilian Collection of Environmental and Industrial Microorganisms (CBMAI). 

PS5-509-0198 

Fungi Isolated from Sediment from Northern Region of Brazil and their Ability to Degrade Industrial Dyes 

C.R.S. Nascimento, L.R. Bergsten, D.P. Magalhães, M.M. Nishikawa, M. da Silva 

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/INCQS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 

The contamination generated by the textile industry has become a great problem confronted by the industrialized 

world of today. There are technologies for wastewater treatment, however they are very expensive and not very 

effective, becoming commercially less attractive. The biological treatment of textile effluents is an alternative more 

attractive due to its low cost, besides being more environmentally friendly. Fungi have been studied regarding their 

ability of bioremediating areas contaminated by several different toxic compounds, including textile dyes. Sediment 

samples from Manaus (Amazonas State) and Serra da Capivara (Piauí State), regions with a very rich biodiversity, were 

collected. Sediment samples were suspended in sterile water and added to enrichment media, after incubation culture 

samples were transferred to culture media containing different dyes at different concentrations. Following incubation, 

culture samples from flasks with visible decolorization were plated in agar media supplemented with dye subsequent to 

incubation the colonies surrounded by decolorized zones were isolated. The isolated fungi were tested in liquid media 

with 200 ppm of dye and degradation was measured spectrophotometrically. Several fungi were isolated and tested, 

among them Fusarium sp. and Penicillium citrinum were able to degrade efficiently the tested dye. The lignin-degrading 

fungus, Lenitinula edodes, was also evaluated and after 7 days incubation the dye degradation was complete. 

Toxicological assay, using the microcrustaceans Daphnia pulex, were also conducted and demonstrated the lower 

toxicity of the culture media with dye following treatment with these fungi. The methodology for selecting fungi from 

sediment samples was very efficient and the selected fungi are promising for bioremediating areas contaminated by 

dye effluents due to their efficiency for dye degradation and reduction of dye toxicity. 

PS5-510-0209 

Small mammal mycophagy within Phytophthora cinnamomi-affected heathland at Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. 

K.M Annett, B.A Wilson 

Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia 

The tripartite relationship between plants, fungi and mycophagous mammals appears particularly vulnerable to 

disturbance. Understanding possible effects of disturbance factors may be crucial for the management of 

mycophagous small mammal species inhabiting such areas. 

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne pathogen that kills susceptible vegetation. In Australia, the effects of the 

pathogen on native vegetation have seen it listed as one of 11 key threatening processes to biodiversity under the 

EPBC Act, 1999. While the effects of the pathogen on vegetation, and to some extent fauna, have been widely 

studied, little is known of the effects on fungal communities. 

A study assessing the effects of the plant pathogen P. cinnamomi on fauna and ecosystem function in heathland at 

Anglesea has included analysis of small mammal diets. In this study, scats of two small mammal species inhabiting the 

area were examined to survey fungal species diversity. 

Scats of Rattus fuscipes (bush rat) and Antechinus minimus (swamp antechinus) were collected during live-trapping 

sessions conducted from 2002-2004. R. fuscipes is a well-known mycophagous species, however this is the first 

investigation into the occurrence of fungi in the diet of the predominantly insectivorous A. minimus. 

Fungal species diversity was compared between seasons and over consecutive years. A total of 104 fungal spore 

types were recorded from scats of R. fuscipes, including the rare sequestrate species Richoniella macrospora. Thirtyseven 

spore types were recorded from scats of A. minimus, with four of these being unique to this species. The number 

of species recorded in this investigation is comparable to previous analyses in P. cinnamomi affected areas, thus 

inferring that Phytophthora-affected heathlands still appear to support a wide diversity of fungal species. This study 

emphasises that analysis of scats of ground-dwelling insectivores such as A. minimus can be a valuable contribution 

to studies of fungal diversity of a given area. 

355

PS5-511-0222 

Fungi of Azores: Corticiaceae s. l. 

I. Melo 1, E. Béltrán-Tejera 2, J. Cardoso 1, M. Dueñas 3, J. L. Rodríguez-Armas 2, I. Salcedo 4, M. T. Tellería 3 

1Jardim Botanico (MNHN), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, 2 Dpt. Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Fac. 

Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain, 3 Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Madrid, Spain, 

4 Dpt. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Fac. Ciencia y Tecnologia, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain 

With 480 km in length, the Azores archipelago is formed by nine main islands, with different dimensions, topography 

and altitudes, running in a NW-SE direction and rising from the submarine Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They are truly volcanic, 

of terciary origin, without connection to any major land masses. Its geographic position, in the middle of the Atlantic, 

1250 km away from the nearest continent, allowed the flora and fauna that colonized these islands to evolve 

isolatedly, originating species and subspecies different from the continental ones. Since its discovery and consequent 

colonization by European settlers during the 15th century, the wildlife was severely affected by human activity, 

specially the flora, with the naturalisation and spread of many exotic species that grow exuberantly, benefiting from 

the mild and humid climate of the islands. 

Very little is known about the mycology of the Azores, the earliest references are found in DROUET (Mém. Soc. Acad. 

Dép. Aube 3: 81-233. 1866), that listed 41 taxa of lichens and 2 ascomycetes. In 1977, DENNIS et al. (Kew Bull. 32: 85- 

136), published a revision of the main contributions, with the addition of new registers to the Azorian mycological 

catalogue, including the 29 species of corticia until now referred for the archipelago. 

800 samples of fungi were collected during a 9 day mycological foray at the end of the winter of 2005, in 3 Azorian 

islands of the central group, Faial, Pico and Terceira, in 23 localities situated at different altitudes. Part of the material 

was studied following classical methods and is kept in MA and LISU. 

Until now, 100 species of corticia have been identified, 71 being new to the Azores. Most are cosmopolitan, but some 

are particularly interesting as Dentocorticium sasae (Boidin, Cand.& Gilles) Boidin, Lanquet. & Duhem, known only from 

France, Resinicium friabile Hjortstam & Melo, a South American species described from Brazil, Tubulicium vermiferum 

ssp. raphidosporum Boidin & Gilles, found in central Africa and Sri Lanka (Asia), Tubulicium vermiculare (Wakef.) Boidin 

& Gilles, known from New Zealand and Reunion Island (Africa), Conohypha terricola (Burt) Jülich and Tubulicrinis 

sceptriferus (H.S. Jacks. & Weresub) Donk, North American species in Europe registered only in Germany (Bavaria) and 

Vararia hauerslevii Boidin, very rare, with distribution restricted to northern Europe. 

Considering the recent origin of the islands, the winter season and the short period of time of the foray, the number of 

identified species is relatively high, including fungi from different geographic areas. The main part of the material has 

not been studied yet, so it is expected that in the near future new species will be described, as happens with flora and 

fauna. 

PS5-512-0227 

Study on diversity of Aspergillus and Penicillium isolated From the mangrove forests of Vietnam and their 

potential application 

Hang Mai Thi, Hoa Phan Thi, Hien Nguyen Thi 

Ha Noi University of Education, Vietnam, Ha Noi, Vietnam 

Aspergillus and Penicilium are cosmopolitan filamentous fungi. They play a very important part in Ecology and Industry. 

In Vietnam, so far several studies on Aspergillus and Penicllium of terrestrial land have been reported. However, the 

presence of these fungi in mangrove forests has not been studied. This work has been done in order to reveal the 

diversity of these two groups in mangrove forests and explore the gene pool from those fungi for practical use as well. 

Aspergillus species were identified by methods of Klich M. A., 2002 and Raper & Fennell, 1965; Penicillium species were 

identified by Pitt, J. I., 2001 and Rapper and Thom, 1949. Molecular sequencing of D1, D2 region methods were also 

applied for identification of several species. Hydrolytic enzyme and antibiotic activities were detected by using agar 

Block diffusion methods. From several mangrove forests in Vietnam, 75 strains of Aspergillus and 25 strains of Penicillium 

were isolated. The identification of those Aspergillus was done by conventional method and revealed that they 

belong to 25 species of 13 common Aspergillus species groups (A. niger, A. flavus; A. ornatus; A. ochraceus; 

A.versicolor; A. ustus ; A. candidus; A. fumigatus; A.cremeus; A. sparsus ; A. terreus and A.wentii. Penicilium species 

were identified to belong to 12 species of common Penicillium (P. spinulosom Thom, P. islandicum Sopp, P. 

echinulatum Fassat, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, P. viridicatum Westling, P. crustosum Thom, P. expansum Link, P. 

chrysogenum Thom, P. corylophulum Dierckx, P. janthinellum Biourge, P. oxalicum Curie and Thom, P. spinulosom 

Thom). 

Interestingly, many unusual phenotypes of those studied species have been observed in comparison with the 

description of corresponding species in the references (in Raper & Fennell, 1965; Klich M. A., 2002, Rapper and Thom 

1948, Pitt J. I. 2001). There were at least 25 strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium having a lot of mutations on conidia 

bearing structures. 

Many mangrove Penicillium and Aspergillus species showed high capacity of hydrolytic enzyme and antibiotic 

productions. Notable one strain which was identified as A. niger var .awamori GM 57 could produce high amount of 

acidic xylanase and cellulase on Corn cob (xylanase of 5745I/g and cellulose of 84IU/g) showing potential application 

of this strain for industrial production. 

356

PS5-513-0236 

A United Database of fungal fpecimens in Japan 

Tsuyoshi Hosoya 1, Yoshimichi Doi 1, Makoto Kakishima 2, Tsutomu Hattori 3, Yousuke Degawa , Ken Katumoto 5, Nitaro 

Maekawa 6, Mitsuya Tsuda 7, Toshimitsu Fukiharu 8, Gen Okada 9, Tomohiko Kiyuna 10, Junta Sugiyama 11 

1 The National Science Museum, Ibaraki, Japan, 2 University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 3 Forestry and Forest Products 

Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan, 4 Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural Hisotory, Kanagawa, Japan, 5 

Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan, 6 The Tottori University, Tottori, Japan, 7 The Kyoto University Museum, Kyoto, 

Japan, 8 Natural History Museum & Institute, Chiba, Chiba, Japan, 9 RIKEN BioResource Center, Saitama, Japan, 10 

TechnoSuruga Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan, 11 TechnoSuruga Co., Ltd., Tokyo Office, Tokyo, 

Due to regional broadening in the South and North, Japan embraces a wide diversity of organisms. Fungi are no 

exception. In spite of a relatively long history of mycobiota inventories in Japan begun in early 1900s, much information 

remains to be added to the fungal inventory in Japan. Inventories require the mass accumulation of information, and 

advances in information technology and database software have contributed greatly to progress in this regard. GBIF 

(Global Biodiversity Information Facility), an international project, has provided a good opportunity to integrate 

information of specimens kept in the major mycological herbaria in Japan since 2002. The authors here present the 

outlines of the 4 years program to generate a united database of fungal specimens in some herbaria in Japan. 

The following fungal herbaria and a culture collection participated and provided their data to the program: 

Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History (KPM), The Kyoto University Museum, Forest and Forest Products 

Research Institute (TFM), Tottori Mycological Institute (TMI), The National Science Museum (TNS), Plant Pathology 

Herbarium, Tsukuba University (TSH), Yamaguchi University (YAM), and Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN 

BioResource Center (JCM). 

Currently some 32,000 records of fungal specimens have been cumulated. 78% of the specimens are basidiomycetes, 

followed by ascomycetes (13%), anamorphic fungi (6.3%), and others. The database can be accessed through the 

TNS homepage (http://svrsh2.kahaku.go.jp/fungal/). The record includes more than 6,000 species distributed among 

1,400 genera. The majority are basidiomycetes (about 4,600 species) and ascomycetes (about 1,300 species). In 

addition, records of selected specimens with culture are linked to culture collection (JCM) database. The top 10 

genera in the number of the specimens are: Puccinia, Ustilago, Amanita, Coleosporium, Hypoxylon, Russula, Coriolus 

(Trametes), Uromyces, Melampsora, and Lactarius in the order of number of specimens. 

Analysing taxa diversity, basidiomycetes exceeds ascomycetes. However, the number of known ascomycetes is 

about twice of that of basidiomycetes based on literature data in Japan. The composition of the specimens in the 

herbarium does not reflect Japan’s naturally occurring biodiversity, and increasing collections diversity is required. By 

analysing the data, localities rarely visited and taxonomic groups poorly represented became clear. Strategic 

collection to cover the locality for collection will be possible. Herbaria with historical specimens in the Northern part of 

Japan have not yet been incorporated, and further collaboration is desired. 

PS5-514-0242 

Some noteworthy species of Tylopilus (Boletaceae) from northern Queensland, Australia 

T.W. Osmundson 1, R.E. Halling 2 

1 Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, 2 New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, United States 

Tylopilus is a large, possibly polyphyletic genus of boletes typically distinguished by having pinkish-brown to vinaceous 

spore deposits. As part of a broad-scale (geographically and taxonomically) study of Tylopilus, we conducted a 

preliminary field study of the genus in early 2006 in northern Queensland (NQ), Australia, an area with expected high 

species richness that has been the subject of little research in terms of bolete diversity. Here, we present a study of 

three species that stand out in terms of their geographical distributions or morphological characters. 

Tylopilus ballouii, originally described from the eastern U.S.A., appears to be a widely distributed species documented 

from both temperate and tropical regions. We encountered two distinct morphotypes in sclerophyll forests and 

rainforests containing ectomycorrhizal genera Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Allocasuarina: one having large, favoloid 

pores, the other having more typical small, round pores; we compare both morphotypes with North and Central 

American material using morphological and molecular data, and present a preliminary biogeographic hypothesis 

regarding the history of this species. 

Xanthoconium separans is a distinctive species having a bright yellow brown spore deposit and turning bright 

turquoise in the pileus and stipe when dilute hydroxides are applied. In NQ, we encountered a taxon 

macromorphologically indistinguishable from X. separans with the exception of possessing a Tylopilus-like, pinkishbrown 

mature hymenophore. Here, we present a detailed comparison between this taxon (Tylopilus separans, nom. 

prov.) and X. separans, providing a commentary on the utility of spore deposit color as a diagnostic character at the 

generic level in the Boletaceae. 

Tylopilus queenslandianus is a species morphologically similar to T. chromapes. We collected new material of T. 

queenslandianus from the type locality, and compare this taxon to T. chromapes and the morphologically similar 

Central American T. cartagoensis using morphological and molecular data. 

357

PS5-515-0248 

Wood-Decay fungi in CWD in logged and unlogged wet sclerophyll forests in Southern Tasmania 

AJM Hopkins 1, Z-Q Yuan 1, SJ Grove 2, TJ Wardlaw 2, M Yee 1, CL Mohammed 3 

1 CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2 Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 

Australia, 3 CSIRO/ensis, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is regarded as a critical habitat for biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Communities of 

wood-decay fungi may constitute the prime agents of wood decay and hence the drivers of ecological succession 

within CWD, but are poorly understood in Australia, where the biodiversity associated with CWD has not been as well 

studied as in some northern temperate regions. 

This study took place in the cool temperate wet eucalypt forests in southern Tasmania. It examined the wood-decay 

fungi in large (>85cm) and small (30-60cm) diameter Eucalyptus obliqua logs in mature, unlogged forests and in forests 

that were regenerating following clearfelling 20-30 years previously. 

Selected logs, all of an intermediate decay stage, were cross-cut at three standard points along their length. Where 

decayed wood was found, samples were taken and incubated on specialised media to isolate the associated wooddecay 

fungi. The identity of these isolates was then determined using a combination of morphological characters and 

sequencing data based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of rDNA. Relationships among fungal community 

composition, forest type and log size were examined. 

A total of 135 species of wood-decay fungi were isolated from the 36 logs examined. Several of these fungi are 

thought to be new species. Significant differences in fungal community composition were found between logs in 

mature versus regenerating forests. Further differences were also found between logs of different sizes. 

The findings from this research will assist in the development and deployment of strategies for the sustainable 

management of CWD and its dependent biodiversity in wet eucalypt forests in Tasmania. 

PS5-516-0250 

Decayed wood, wood-inhabiting fungi and saproxylic beetles in living eucalyptus obliqua trees in 

Southern Tasmania 

AJM Hopkins 1, KS Harrison 1, SJ Grove 2, TJ Wardlaw 2, CL Mohammed 3 

1 CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2 Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 

Australia, 3 CSIRO/ensis, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

Southern Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forests dominated by Eucalyptus obliqua are managed on a notional rotation 

length of 80 to 100 years. Over time, this may reduce the proportion of old living trees within the production forest 

landscape. This project explored the extent to which such a change might impact on wood-inhabiting fungi and 

saproxylic (dead-wood dependent) beetles, as important but often overlooked components of forest biodiversity. 

Six living E. obliqua trees in each of three age-classes (69, 105 and >150 years old) were felled and cut into sections. 

The decay profile of each section was recorded, and fungal cultures derived from samples of each visible decay type. 

A parallel study sampled saproxylic beetles from the same sections, using emergence traps and hand searching. 

Ninety-one species of wood-inhabiting fungi were isolated from the 18 trees. The fungal assemblages in trees in the 

oldest age-class were very different from those found in those in the younger two age-classes; more than half of all 

species were only found in these older trees. Trees in the oldest age-class also contained greater volumes and 

proportions of decayed wood habitat. One hundred and sixty saproxylic beetle species were collected. The number 

of individuals and species increased with tree age, with significantly higher numbers of species found in trees in the 

oldest age-class. Assemblage composition of saproxylic beetles also changed with tree age class. 

This research suggests there is a need for forest managers to consider instigating measures that allow for some trees in 

the production forest landscape to live long enough to develop decayed wood habitat and hence to provide 

important habitat for sustaining an important component of forest biodiversity. 

PS5-517-0252 

Fungal Diversity On Leaf Litter 

RAJU.K. CHALANNAVAR 

AMC COLLEGE,BANGALORE UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE,KARNATAKA, India 

The present investigations deals with mycoflora colonizing the leaf litter of Citrus aurantium L. Achras sapota l. 

Swetenia mahagoni L. and Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. The fungi were grouped as ‘Dominant’,’Common’ ‘Frequent’, 

‘Occasional’, and ‘Rare’, depending on their percentage frequency only a few fungi appeared to be ‘Dominant’ on 

each plant species and nearly half the number of species occurred sporadically. Each plant had its own characteristic 

‘Dominant’ mycoflora, which include mostly host specific forms. Many species were found to be common to all the 

four plant species, but the frequency and percentage occurrence of these species was different on four litter types. 

358

PS5-518-0265 

On The Diversity of Isaria species from Thailand 

JJ Luangsa-ard 

BIOTEC, Pathum Thani, Thailand 

All species of the resurrected genus Isaria previously belonged to Section Isarioidea of Paecilomyces sensu lato. Isaria 

is an entomogenous genus with colonies appearing in bright colors: white, yellow, orange or red. The conidiophores 

could be mono- or synnematous, consisting of verticillate branches, bearing dense whorl of phialides. On the insect 

host the phialides, though flask-shaped, do not always possess the long neck they have in culture. Conidia are 

produced in long divergent chains, usually one-celled, smooth or ornamented and hyaline or pale pink in color. The 

perfect state is never seen in culture but associations with the Cordyceps teleomorph have been seen in nature. Of 

the ten species recently placed in the genus, seven have been collected in Thai forests. These are Isaria tenuipes, 

Isaria javanica, Isaria cicadae, Isaria fumosorosea, Isaria amoenerosea, Isaria farinosa, and Isaria ghanensis. Four of 

these, I. tenuipes, I. javanica, I. amoenerosea and I. farinosa are most commonly encountered. Recent molecular 

studies based on ITS rDNA have shown, however, that strains identified as such are mixed with other species within the 

genus, suggesting of morphological phenotypic simplicity or species complexity. 

PS5-519-0271 

Studies On Litter Fungi: Fungal Colonization Of Ficus benjamina L. and Gliricidia maculata HBK 

RAJU.K. CHALANNAVAR 

AMC COLLEGE,BANGALORE UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE,KARNATAKA, India 

The pattern of fungal colonization of leaves Ficus benjamina and Gliricidia maculata was investigated by examining 

three categories of leaves (G1, G2 and G3) representing progressive stages of decomposing litter. Greater number of 

species was found on G1 and G2 than on G3 litter. Many species were common to G1 and G2 but only 50% of these 

appeared on G3 litter. Although some species were found on all the three categories of litter their colonization 

efficiency was not the same. No species appeared afresh on G3 litter. That some of the colonizing the leaves from the 

phylloplane stage onwards continues to persist, and new one also appears at different stages of decomposition is 

evident from the data, which suggests the colonization, and persistence is a continuum. 

PS5-520-0282 

Identification of Armillaria (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) species in forest biotops of Central Europe from 

soil substrate 

M. Tomsovsky 1, J. Lochman 2, T. Májek 1, L. Jankovsky1 

1 Mendel Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology, Brno, Czech Republic, 

2 Masaryk university, Department of Biochemistry, Brno, Czech Republic 

The genus Armillaria induces serious root rot disease of European forest stands. There are seven different species in 

Europe which differ in pathogenicity. The purpose of the study was to analyse the distribution of Armillaria from soil 

samples in different forest ecosystems and to identify the fungi at the specific level. The four study sites were chosen 

and five plots were established there. The study plots differed in its tree species composition and treatments of forest 

management. In this study, the DNA–based methods were used for detection of Armillaria in soil. The Armillaria specific 

primer pair (AR1, AR2) based on conserved sequences within the so-called ITS region (ribosomal DNA) was used for 

direct amplification of DNA from soil samples by nested PCR. The individual species were distinguished by RFLPs 

analysis with restriction endonuclease Hinf I. The results confirmed that different species coexist sympatrically in the 

same forest stand and the Armillaria species composition depends on type of forest ecosystem. The work was 

supported by Grant agency of the Czech Republic, project no. 526/05/0086, and by Ministry of Education, Youth and 

Sports, project no. MSM 6215648902. 

359

PS5-521-0285 

Mycocoenological characterization of evergreen oak forests in the Basque Country (North Spain) and its 

relation to biotic and abiotic factors. 

E Sarrionandia, N Rodríguez, I Olariaga, I Salcedo 

Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Bilbao, Bizkaia/Basque Country, Spain 

Macrofungi as heterotrophic organisms depend on green plants for survival, and it is recognized that plant 

communities determine the distribution and composition of macrofungal communities or mycocoenoses. In fact, 

plants conform the habitat and energy resource for fungi. 

The Basque Country is located in the north of Spain and is just on the border between the Mediterranean and 

Eurosiberian region. The northern part of the territory belongs to the Eurosiberian Region and the south part to the 

Mediterranean. In less than 100 km climatic conditions change in the territory, more rainy and mild temperatures in 

the north and less rainy and more extreme temperatures towards the south. 

Evergreen oak forest is the typical mediterranean plant community, but in the Basque Country this community can be 

found in the Eurosiberian region where the soil is badly developed and drains quickly. The evergreen oak forests 

change on the north-south gradient, Lauro nobilis-Quercetum ilicis association in the Eurosiberian region and Spiraeo 

obovatae-Quercetum rotundifoliae in the Mediterranean region. This last association is divided in two subassociations, 

subass. quercetosum rotundifoliae in the transition zone and subass. arbutetosum unedonis in the south part. The aim 

of this study was to analyse the macrofungal communities in evergreen oak forests and also to see how very similar 

plant communites influence the mycocoenoses. 

Four permanent plots of 400 m2 (20 x 20 m) were delimitated in 6 different evergreen oak forests. Seven plots in the 

north, eight plots in the middle or transition zone and eight plots in the south. Each plot was visited every week the first 

year and every fortnight the following four years. During the visits the macrofungal species were recordered and each 

carpophore counted. Phytosociological releves were done in each plot, and different structural and edaphical 

factors were measured. 

Muyltivariate analyses (MDS, CLUSTER, ANOSIM, RELATE, LINTREE) were conducted to see differences in mycocoenoses 

of different plant communities and relate mycocoenosis to phytocoenosis and environmental factors (Primer-E , clark) 

A total of 386 species were found after four years of sampling. Ordenation and classification analyses show a gradient 

in the mycocoenosis in a north south transet which is correlated with the distribution of different plant associations. 

These results show that fungal community is closely related to plant community and different plant association or 

subassociation affect mycocoenoses. Nevertheless, the fact that the ectomycorrhizal community is also correlated 

with the distribution of plant community, and taking into account that ectomycorrhizal plants are the same in all the 

plots, makes us think that other factors apart from plants are responsible for the differences between zones. Indeed, 

these factors could also be responsible for the distribution of plant communities. Canopy, slope, pH and sand 

concentration have been found to explain the variability in the distribution of mycocoenoses in evergreen oak forest. 

PS5-522-0301 

Earthstars of the Hawaiian Islands: the five large Geastrum species. 

D. E. Hemmes1, D. E. Desjardin2 

1 Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States, 

2 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California 94132, United States 

This study is part of an ongoing study of the gasteromycetes of the Hawaiian Islands. As far as the earthstars are 

concerned, eighteen species of Geastrum and the monotypic genus Myriostoma have been located, some within 

dry, leeward coastal and montane regions that only receive periodic rain and others in wet windward coastal and 

montane regions that are constantly moist. There has been a controversy over the identification of some of the larger 

Geastrum species in Hawaii, but with the collection of large number of specimens, including primordia, five distinct 

species with large endoperidia can be identified: Geastrum fimbriatum, G. morganii, G. rufescens, G. triplex, and a 

yet to be described species that is given the provisional name G. “litchi” for its close resemblance to the fruit of the 

litchee tree, Litchi chinensis. The distinctive features used to identify and separate these species, including growth 

habits, adhering debris, and peristome details will be described. A key to all the earthstars found thus far in the 

Hawaiian Islands and their preferred habitats will be included in this presentation. 

360

PS5-523-0309 

Impact of logging on wood decay fungi in fine woody debris in a New Zealand forest 

B.C. Paulus 1, K. McDermott 2, P.R. Johnston 1 

1 Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand, 2 HortResearch, Auckland, New Zealand 

Despite fulfilling important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling, there is a paucity of information on the diversity 

and distribution of wood-decay fungi in New Zealand’s natural ecosystems. Podocarp-broadleaf forests of New 

Zealand’s Urewera Ranges form a mosaic of selectively logged and undisturbed forests and present an opportunity 

to study fungal diversity and distribution across sites of different logging histories. 

Methods: Four sites were selected to survey macrofungal fruiting bodies in fine woody debris. The sites were matched 

for altitude and forest type and included two which had been selectively logged about three decades ago, and two 

which had never been logged. Logged sites did not show any obvious signs of recent disturbance and did not differ 

significantly in the overall number of trees, but had fewer tree species and a denser canopy. Eight subplots per site 

were sampled in spring (October) and autumn (May). Sampling was restricted to macrofungal fruiting bodies on fine 

woody debris. 

A total 428 fungal occurrences were recorded, which represented 136 taxa. Among these, 14 taxa were new records 

for New Zealand. A small number of taxa among ascomycetes and heterobasidiomycetes dominated the observed 

fungal communities. Other basidiomycetes were proportionally underrepresented among common taxa. A high 

percentage of taxa (57 %) were observed from a single specimen. Fungal communities at sites which had been 

selectively logged over 30 years ago had significantly fewer taxa and fewer fungal records compared to sites that 

had never been logged. A higher percentage of taxa appeared restricted to unlogged compared to logged sites. In 

addition, fungal communities at logged sites displayed a higher multivariate variability than those at unlogged sites. 

It is hypothesised that the lower species richness at logged sites may be related to the lower diversity among substrata, 

although other influences such as a decrease in light cannot be excluded. Decreases in species richness and 

increases in variability have been interpreted as indicators of stress in communities of other ecosystems, such as marine 

and benthic environments. Further work is needed to confirm that these measures also represent indicators of stress in 

fungal communities. 

PS5-524-0315 

Factors shaping microfungal communities in litter in Australian wet tropics rainforest 

B.C. Paulus 1, P. Gadek 2, K.D. Hyde 3 

1 Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand, 2 James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, 3 The University of Hong 

Kong, China 

Saprobic microfungi of leaf litter represent an understudied but highly diverse group of fungi. The distribution of 

microfungi in this habitat has not been well characterised, particularly in tropical regions. This study explored the 

diversity and distribution of leaf litter microfungi in selected hosts in the wet tropics of Australia as a preliminary step to 

better understand factors involved in shaping microfungal communities of this region. 

Over a two-year period, microfungi were observed in leaf litter of tree species belonging to four common plant 

families of the region, namely the Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Proteaceae. Sampling was 

undertaken at two sites, which were matched approximately for rainforest type, altitude and rainfall. Fungi were 

studied using two approaches, isolation of cultures by particle filtration and direct observation of fruiting bodies 

following incubation in humid chambers. 

Despite detecting a high variability between samples and a high percentage of singleton species, multivariate 

analyses showed clearly that microfungal communities differed significantly between plant families and also between 

seasons but not between sites. The greatest similarity was observed between microfungal communities on congeneric 

tree species, followed by those on different genera in the same plant family and finally by those on different plant 

families. Species richness differed significantly between some of the tree species and was negatively correlated with 

the concentration of total phenolics as determined for living leaves. Positive correlations were observed for species 

richness with leaf thickness and manganese concentration. 

Host phylogeny was the most important factor seen to shape microfungal communities and, at the sample size used 

in this study, was significant at the level of host family. A degree of host preference among saprobic fungi detected 

in the present study supports previous observations by mycologists that some saprobic fungi can be host specific. 

However, host preference observed in the present study was not restricted only to apparently host specific fungi, but 

was also noted for cosmopolitan species reported previously from a wide range of substrata. One might hypothesise 

that physical and chemical characteristics of decaying leaves contribute to patterns indicating a host preference. 

The great variability between samples points to chance and other factors not measured in our study as important 

influences in shaping microfungal distributions. Further work is required within the framework developed in this study, 

to increase our knowledge on microfungal communities since understanding microfungal distributions and host 

preference will ultimately assist in refining global diversity estimates. 

361

PS5-525-0325 

Environmental Isolation of Entomophthorales from South Australia 

R Handke 

Women’s & Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia 

This report documents the novel isolation of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus species from an environmental niche in 

South Australia. As a result of the incidental isolation of Condiobolus coronatus from local spring water, two high 

altitude bogs were investigated to determine the natural source of Entomophthorales. 

Twenty samples of approximately 5-10 grams of soil and leaf litter were collected from the Adelaide Hills spring water 

property and Wilson’s Bog in the Greater Mount Lofty Park. The isolation technique of Shipton and Zahari (J Med Vet 

Mycol 1987:25,323-327) was used. Briefly 5 g of sample was suspended in 5 ml sterile distilled water, vortexed and 1.5 

ml dispensed onto sterile filter paper placed in the lid of a 9 cm Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Plates were placed 

upside down with the agar surface the focus of discharged spores, incubated at 25 C in natural light. 

Six samples from the spring water property yielded 4 isolations of C. coronatus, one C. thromboides and one 

Basidiobolus ranarum. While Wilson’s Bog yielded one isolation of C. coronatus and one B. ranarum. Isolates were 

identified by typical colonial and microscopic morphology and confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing of the 

internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and part of the small subunit (18S) r RNA. Sequencing was performed by the 

ICPMR laboratory, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, N.S.W. 

Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus species have been isolated from soil, plant detritus and reptile dung. In Australia, 

animal infections have been reported from the Northern Territory, Queensland and northern New South Wales. 

Isolation of or infection acquired in South Australia by Entomophthorales has not been previously reported. In this study 

Condiobolus and Basidiobolus species were isolated from both sites, both high altitude bogs with permanent spring 

water and unique native flora. This suggests that the original isolation did not represent a contaminated site but more 

likely a restricted natural source. Lack of other reports or incidental isolations suggests that these fungi occupy a 

special niche in S.A. Further sampling of other habitats is suggested. 

PS5-526-0336 

Assessment of river environment using Pythium species 

K Kageyama 1, K Hanai 1, T Tanahashi 1, M Senda1, H Suga 2 

1 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Japan, 2 Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Japan 

Although animals and plants have been widely used as an indicator in an environment assessment, studies on the use 

of microorganisms are still limited. Since microorganisms are able to respond fast to environmental changes, it may be 

a good indicator for an environment assessment. Pythium is a worldwide-distributed genus, consists of saprophytes, 

animal and plant pathogens, and mycoparasites. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of Pythium species to be 

used as an indicator for an assessment of river environment. 

Soil samples were collected from Japanese pampas grass colonies in river basins of Nagara, Kiso and Chikugo Rivers 

in Japan. Soil dilution method was applied to isolate Pythium species on Pythium selective medium. 

Twenty species and five groups were isolated from the three rivers. Group HS isolates were subsequently classified into 

six strains, HS1 to HS6, in phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Most of the species 

except for the HS2 strain and P. irregulare did not show any trend in their distribution. The inoculum density for the HS2 

strain was higher in upstream, while P. irregulare was higher in downstream in all of the three rivers. Temperature did 

not influence the distribution of the HS2 strain and P. irregulare, since they showed similar optimum, maximum and 

minimum mycelial growth temperatures. Inoculum densities of the HS2 strain and P. irregulare did not correlate to soil 

texture and pH. The density of the HS2 strain in soil was positively correlated to the area of forest and the degree of 

naturalness. The density of P. irregulare was positively correlated to the area of farmland and negatively to the degree 

of naturalness. The results suggest that in an environmental impact assessment of river, the HS2 strain can be used for 

an evaluation of degree of naturalness, while P. irregulare for an evaluation of the impact level of agricultural activity. 

362

PS5-527-0341 

Pythium species in cool-temperate forest soil 

M Senda, K Kageyama 

River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Japan 

Pythium is a worldwide-distributed genus, contains more than 120 species and consists of saprophytes, animal and 

plant pathogens, and mycoparasites. In this study, we investigated Pythium species inhabiting in cool-temperate 

forest soils in Japan. 

Materials and Methods Soil samples were collected from seven vegetations in Takayama, Japan, in winter and 

summer. Soil dilution method was applied to isolate Pythium species, using Pythium selective medium. Identification 

was performed based on morphological characteristics, phylogenetic and RFLP analyses of the internal transcribed 

spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. 

P. spinosum, P. sylvaticum, a new species, and Pythium group HS forming hyphal swellings with no sexual organ were 

isolated. Group HS isolates were classified into four strains, HS1, HS2, HS3, and HS7, in RFLP analysis of the ITS region 

according to Tanahashi et al. (2004). The HS2 strain was predominant in all vegetations, even though the strain has a 

slower growth than P. spinosum and P. sylvaticum. The predominance of the HS2 strain might reflect its strong 

saprophytic and competitive ability in soil. 

Inoculum density of Pythium species was highest in mixed forest soil, regardless of seasons, followed by evergreen 

coniferous forest soil. On the other hand, the density was low in deciduous coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved 

forest soils, also regardless of seasons. It seems that litter supplement in any season is sufficient for the enhancement 

of saprophytic activity in mixed and evergreen coniferous forest soils. Especially, the HS2 strain that forms no sexual 

organ, which is a resistant survival structure, has an advantage to grow continuously in organic matters in such forest 

soils. 

Inoculum density was higher in upper layer of soil than in lower layer, confirming that Pythium species play a role as a 

decomposer of soil sugars at the earlier stage of organic matter decomposition. 

PS5-528-0345 

Diversity and distribution of polypores in Northern Thailand 

T Hattori 1, C To-anum 2, M Kakishima 3 

1 Forestry and For. Prod. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Japan, 2 Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand, 3 University of 

Tsukuba,Japan 

Hjortstam and Ryvaraden (1982) reported about 100 species of polypores from Northern Thailand based on the 

collections during a short expedition. But there are no other intensive reports from this region and polypore flora is far 

from completed in Northern Thailand. 

We examined polypore specimens collected mainly in and around Chiang Mai Province. Among them, a number of 

species are hitherto unreported from Thailand. Distribution pattern of the collected species was discussed. 

Species collected in lowland forests (alt 0-800 m) are tropical species that are widely distributed in tropical areas of 

Asia. Some species as follows are also common in warm temperate areas of Asia: Microporus affinis, Perenniporia 

ochroleuca, and Phellinus gilvus. Among the collected species in hill forests (alt 800-1500 m), many species are tropical 

elements including those also distributed in temperate areas. Some species as follows are temperate species that are 

unknown from tropical areas: Cyclomyces fusca, Gloeophyllum subferrugineum, and Pyrrhoderma adamantinum. In 

highland forests (1500- m), tropical species such as Lenzites acutus and Nigrofomes melanopus are seen together with 

temperate species such as Antrodiella zonata and Inonotus flavidus that are never found in subtropical and tropical 

areas. Additionally, Ceriporia subreticulata is hitherto known only from highland forests in Thailand, and some of other 

undescribed species found there are also expected to be endemic in highlands of the Southeast Asia. 

In low latitude areas, polypore flora is very different between lowlands and highlands. There are some well-reserved 

mountain forests in Northern Thailand. Polypore diversity should be high in this area with tropical elements, temperate 

elements and endemic species in highland forests. Several undescribed species are also expected both in lowland 

and highland forests. 

PS5-529-0349 

Plant Diseases Herbarium in Thailand 

Srisurang Likhitekaraj, Pornpimon Athipunyakom 

Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 

Thailand Plant Diseases Herbarium, Department of Agriculture was established in 2003 by the collaborative project of 

Thai-Australia Government Sector Linkages Program (TGSLP) and Plant Pathology Research Group, Department of 

Agriculture, Thailand. There are over 1,500 specimens of plant diseases in herbarium collection. About 900 Specimens 

collected during recent surveys of plant diseases in Thailand, and 600 specimens were collected before 2003. Most of 

collection specimens were plant disease infected by fungi, such as leaf spot, rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew, 

sooty mould, etc. The main objectives of the Plant Diseases Herbarium; to be the center for plant diseases specimens 

in Thailand, to be a source of informations of plant diseases in Thailand and to be the basic supporting data for plant 

pest lists and pest risk analysis. 

363

PS5-530-0350 

Fungal diversity of decomposing fruits and seeds in tropical forests in Thailand 

S. Somrithipol, E.B.G. Jones 

BIOTEC Central Research Unit, Pathum Thani, Thailand 

Three fruit types, namely Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Delonix regia, and Chlorospondias axillaris were selected to study 

decomposition rates and fungal colonization by using a litterbag method at 2 sites in an evergreen forest at Khao Yai 

National Park, Thailand. One hundred and one fungi were identified with the majority litter fungi that are usually found 

on decaying plants. Common species to the three fruits were Dictyochaeta sp., Thozetella nivea and Dinemasporium 

lanatum. However, fungal communities differed on the selected fruits. D. turbinatus supported 37 species (dominant 

species: Cryptophialoidea secunda, Dictyochaeta sp. and Thozetella nivea); D. regia 61 taxa (Dictyochaeta sp and 

Phaeoisaria clematidis) with only 25 species on C. axilliaris (Dinemasporium lanatum and Thozetella nivea). The fungal 

communities on decaying D. turbinatus fruit and C. axillaris seeds at the 2 sites were similar but differed on D. regia 

fruit. Furthermore fungi colonizing the fruits and seeds were classified into regular inhabitants, early and late colonizers, 

while some species were inconsistent in their occurrence. Fifteen fungi are new records for Thailand with Cirrenalia 

nigrospora a new species on D. regia fruit. The decomposition study showed that D. turbinatus fruits decayed 

completely within 1 year of exposure (k=4.6), while weight loss of D. regia fruits was 95-97% in 12 months (k=2.98-3.38). 

However, only 10-11% weight loss was recorded for C. axillaris seeds over 12 months (k=0.10-0.11). Dry weight losses 

positively correlated with monthly rainfall and relative humidity, while fruits and seeds with a higher C:N ratio 

decomposed slower than those with lower ratios. 

PS5-531-0392 

Aquatic hyphomycetes – diversity and ecobiochemical response in polluted habitats 

G. Krauss 1, G.-J. Krauss 2 

1 UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Assiciation, Dept. Environmental 

Microbiology, Theodor-Lieser-Str.4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany, 2 Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Dept. 

Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Div. Ecological and Plant Biochemistry, Kurth-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany 

Aquatic hyphomycetes (AQH) (mitosporic fungi) generally dominate leaf decomposition in unpolluted ecosystems. 

An amazing diversity of AQHs was found in highly heavy metal polluted surface and groundwater of a former copper 

mining district of Central Germany [rev. Krauss et al. 2005]. AQH strains isolated from different polluted waters 

emphasize that adaptation to heavy metal exposure is quite specific, and tolerance to one metal does not confer a 

general resistance. 

Together with certain morphological characteristics, biochemical and physiological divergences in heavy metal 

biosorption and their intracellular accumulation, cellular oxidative balance, and fungal thiol metabolism (induction of 

phytochelatin 2 and a novel small metallothionein) suggest that some strains may represent ecotypes, where distinct 

genetic and physiological adaptions to differentially contaminated habitats have been evolved. 

Summarizing, aquatic fungi can play an important ecological role in alleviating environmental pollution in different 

ways. Thus, they also represent promising candidates for natural attenuation and bioremediation purposes. 

Krauss, G., Schlosser, D., Krauss, G.-J. (2005) Aquatic fungi in heavy metal and organically polluted habitats. In: 

Biodiversity of Fungi: Their Role in Human Life. (S.K. Deshmukh and Rai, M.K., eds.). Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH., 

USA and Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Dehli, India, pp. 221-249 

PS5-532-0412 

Conservation of non-lichen forming microfungi 

D.W. Minter 1, A.I. Romero 2, M. Camino Vilaró 3, Yu.Ya. Tykhonenko 4, S. Nanagulyan 5, K.V. Sankaran 7, I. Rong 6 

1CAB International, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Distrito Federal, 

Argentina, 3 Jardín Botánico Nacional, Havana, Cuba, 4 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine, 5 Yerevan 

State University, Yerevan, Armenia, 6 Plant Protection Research Institute, Queenswood, Pretoria, South Africa, 7 Kerala 

Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India 

The conservation community is currently able to provide comprehensive global information on the conservation status 

of just three classes of organisms: mammals, birds and amphibians. Information on trends in extinction risk are only 

available for two: birds and amphibians. In total, these represent only about 1% of the world’s described species (and 

a much smaller proportion of the probable total biodiversity, which would include huge numbers of undescribed fungi 

and invertebrate animals). At present, little can be said about the status or extinction risk trends of the other 99% of 

described species. The IUCN’s Sampled Red List Index project has been developed to address this major gap by 

aiming to provide information on conservation status and extinction risk trends which is more representative of these 

other species groups. To do this, a small number of major groups has been identified as targets. 

Three of those groups constitute the fungal component: the non-lichen-forming microfungi, the lichen-forming fungi, 

and the basidiomycetes (ie macrofungi or mushrooms & toadstools). The present abstract deals with the first of these, 

ie the non-lichen forming microfungi. In collaboration with the IUCN, three independent prototype specialist 

conservation groups are being set up for: 

• non-lichen forming ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi; 

• rusts & smuts; 

• chromistans, chytrids, myxomycetes and zygomycetes. 

Each group will focus attention on conservation of its fungi, and will prepare information on the status of a randomly 

selected sample. Although the groupings are somewhat artificial, they represent a first step towards identifying the 

conservation status and needs of a group of organisms in theory protected under the Rio Convention on Biological 

Diversity, but in reality up to now almost totally sidelined by the conservation movement. For more information, please 

visit the website: http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/iucn_red_list/index.htm. 

364

PS5-533-0421 

Macromycetes of the Prosisko Natural Reserve 

M. Pavlik, J. Pavlikova 

Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia 

The Prosisko National Reserve is situated in the middle of the Slovak Republic nearby the town Zvolen, within an area 

of Zvolenska Slatina village. The main reason for the declaration of that relatively small area for a reserve in 1998 was 

the protection of forest association with concentrated presence of the preglacial herbaceous species Waldsteinia 

ternata ssp magicii. The highest degree of protection is related to this area and any encroachment to the biotic or 

abiotic part of ecosystem is permitted. Fungi – the natural and inevitable part of nature, are very sensitive to changes 

of ecological conditions. There is an opportunity to observe the changes of a fungal species spectrum in connection 

to both various growing conditions and changing forest community. 

The forest stand under study (surface area 20,54 ha, average age 100 years) is created firstly by oak Quercus petraea 

(85%), hornbeam Carpinus betulus (15%) and sporadically by maple, beech, lime, cherry, rowan, hazel, alder and 

hawthorn. 

The research was concentrated to four 50 x 50 metres monitoring plots (MP1 – MP4) situated in the characteristic 

places of the forest stand. 

There were found 154 species of macrofungi including 34 species of ectomycorrhizal, 44 species of terrestrial 

saprophytic, 66 species of wood saprophytic and 10 species of sapro-parasitic ones. The initial results indicate by 

means of the mycorrhizal percentage (Gulden et al. 1992) and through the ratio of mycorrhizal and wood-destroying 

fungi considerable stage of disturbation of the ectotrophic stability of a forest stand (Soukup 1997). 

The presence of macromycetes will be compared to progression of the health condition of trees during next years 

(Pavlik 1999, 2002). 

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA for a financial support of the 

research (grant No. 1/1328/04) 

References: Gulden G., Hoiland K., Bendiksen K., Brandrund T.E., Foss B.E., Jenssen H.B., Laber D., 1992: Macromycetes 

and Air Pollution. Biblioteca Mycologia, band 144. 

Pavlik M, 1999: Mycoflora of the Polluted Beech Stand. In: Jankovsky L., Krejcir R., Antonin V. (eds.): Houby a les. Brno, 

p. 209-214. 

Pavlik M., 2002: The spectrum of macrofungi in beech forests under different air pollution pressure. In: Colman J.F. (ed.): 

Book of Abstracts. The 7-th International Mycological Congress, Oslo, 11-17 August 2002. 

Soukup F., 1997: Activity of wood-decaying basidiomycetes in oak forests of Czech Republic. In: Hlavac P., Reinprecht 

L., Gaper J. (eds.): Drevoznehodnocujuce huby ´97. Technical University in Zvolen, p. 21-26. 

PS5-534-0423 

Worldwide movement of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) anamorphic leaf pathogens: 

monitoring in Ukraine 

T.V. Andrianova 

M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine 

About 34 anamorphic fungi are associated with Aesculus hippocastanum L. These fungi constitute the biggest single 

group causing diseases of this tree. Spread of horse chestnut pests such as the leaf-miner in Europe over recent years 

has stimulated more precise assessments of fungal leaf pathogens. Four types of fungal diseases are known: leaf spot 

and blotch, wilt, scorch, and mould. The occurrence of anamorphic fungi on horse chestnut leaves was monitored in 

Ukraine from 2003 to 2005, and 10 anamorphic fungi were found in different regions. These were Ascochyta 

grandimaculans Kabát & Bubák, Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel teleomorph), 

Passalora aesculina (Ellis & Kellerm.) U. Braun & Crous, Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Geotrichum candidum Link 

(Galactomyces geotrichum (E.E. Butler & L.G. Petersen) Redhead & Malloch teleomorph), Phyllosticta paviaecola 

Brun., Guignardia aesculi (Peck) V.B. Stewart teleomorph with Phyllosticta sphaeropsoidea Ellis & Everh. and 

Leptodothiorella aesculicola (Sacc.) Sivan. synanamorphs, Septoria glabrae Ellis & Everh., S. hippocastani Berk. & 

Broome., Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link . Leaf blotch of Guignardia aesculi and leaf spot of Septoria hippocastani were 

the main pathogens and can almost totally defoliate trees by through premature leaf fall in the northwest, centre and 

southeast of Ukraine. Guignardia aesculi has a wide European-North American distribution, whereas S. hippocastani 

has a Eurasian-North American distribution. Sensitivity to air pollution, salt injury to roots, herbicides and dry winds 

makes horse chestnut susceptible to development and spread of new fungi under climate change conditions. Thus 

Ascochyta grandimaculans has been observed spreading from the Czech Republic and Germany to the 

Carpathians, and another route through Romania was detected in 2005. Cercospora aesculina, collected in 

northeast Ukraine, has moved in from North America having long been predicted to arrive in Europe. Some species or 

anamorphic stages of Colletotrichum, Cylindrosporium, Phyllosticta, Verticillium remain more characteristic for North 

America. 

365

PS5-535-0424 

The Altai mountains as an area of missing and rare anamorphic fungi 

T.V. Andrianova 1, D.W. Minter 2 

1 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine, 2 CAB Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom 

New information from unexplored areas of the world can change views on the distribution and migration of fungal 

species. One such area, in Temperate Asia, is Altai with its unique highlands, different climate and high level of 

biodiversity. About 170 species of anamorphic fungi have been recorded from the Altai Mountains since collecting 

started in the 1920s (Murashkinsky, 1924, 1926; Murashkinsky, Ziling, 1928; Melnik, 1988, 1989, 1997; Shkarupa, 1989, 

1992). A new survey of leaf-inhabiting anamorphic fungi was carried out during 2000 in six main vegetation types of 

North Altai: taiga, mixed forests, tundra, bogs and marshes, steppes, and meadows. Some fungi found had not been 

collected since K.E. Murashkinsky’s early investigations. Disjunctions in world distribution of Pseudocercospora salicina, 

Ramularia primulae, R. ulmariae, Seifertia azaleae, Ascochyta tennerima, A. volubilis, Coniella australiensis, Hainesia 

lythri, Septoria linneae, S. nepetae, S. scabiosicola and S. urticae were filled. In the Altai mixed forests, 

Pseudocercospora saniculae-europaeae and Quasiphloeospora saximontanensis, rare species known from other 

continents and sometimes interpreted as “missed”, were found. Tundra in the highlands and taiga of Abies sibirica 

were sites for Ascochyta volubilis, Phoma phlomidis, Septogloeum veratri, Septoria fulvescens and S. linneae. 

Myxothyrium leptideum, Septoria stellariae, Sporonema punctiforme and other plant pathogens were observed in 

mountain taiga sphagnum bogs. Hyphomycete numbers were highest in steppe ecosystems, where several “missed” 

species were found. These new records throw new light on fungal migration. The records of Phoma cannabis, Septoria 

cannabis, S. urticae, weed pathogens common in Altai, help to reconstruct the migration routes followed during their 

global expansion. 32 species of leaf-inhabiting anamorphic fungi were observed for the first time in Asia, Russian Asia 

and Altai Mountains. New species of Cordana, Robillarda and Septoriella were found and are being described. 

PS5-536-0426 

Micromycetes inhabiting soda solonchaks and halophytic plants in Central Asia 

E.N. Bilanenko, M.L. Georgieva 

Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 

The saline alkaline soils represent unique extreme environments. They contain high to extremely high concentrations 

of soluble salts such as sodium carbonate/bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and offer high pH values. In 

contrast to (halo)alkaliphilic microorganisms of soda lakes, mycological studies of soda soils are very scarce. Almost 

nothing is known about the micromycetes inhabiting soda soils. 

The research was focused on saline alkaline soils surrounding lakes in Central Asia - Kulunda Steppe of Altai, Baikal lake 

region, Aral lake region and Gobi desert in Mongolia, ç 7 - 10,3. Total 81 samples of saline soda soils and 19 samples 

of halophytic plants Anabasis salsa, Atriplex verrucifera, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Salicornia europaea and Suaeda 

spp. were examined. Small pieces of soil (10 mg) as well as parts of plants were placed on Petri dishes with nutritional 

alkaline agar (AA) with soda buffer. Antibiotics rifampicin (2 mg/l) was used. By means of soda buffer pH was 

maintained at 10-10.,5. 

About 200 isolates corresponding to 43 fungal species were isolated on AA from samples. Fungal community was not 

very rich and included predominantly hyaline and dark colored Mycelia sterilia, Acremonium spp., Verticillium spp., 

Tilachlidium spp., Heleococcum alkalinum, Scopulariopsis spp., Lecanicillium spp. and some others dominated there. 

The genus Acremonium was represented by 14 species - A. alkalophilum, A. bactrocephalum, A. biseptum, A. 

charticola, A. kiliense, A. psammosporum, A. pseudozeylanicum, A. roseogriseum, A. roseolum, A. rutilum, A. 

salmoneum, A. strictum, Acremonium anam. Nectria sp., Acremonium sp.. The predominant part of haloalkalitolerant 

fungal community includes anamorphic Hypocreales. One of the dominants was unusual and it was described as a 

new species – Heleococcum alkalinum Bilanenko et Ivanova (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae) with 

Acremonium sect. Nectrioidea anamorph. 

It may be supposed that some species are tend to vegetal substrates, while others to shrimp residues. So, we may 

conclude that the haloalkalitolerant micromycetes form an important part of the hydrolytic community even under 

the extreme pH values and salts concentrations. This vivid demonstration of biodiversity of fungi is really inspiring for 

further researches aimed at discovering new species with uncommon physiological potentialities. They could be 

analyzed as a potential producers of new metabolites and represent a unique model for future investigations of haloalkaliadaptation 

mechanisms. 

366

PS5-538-0467 

Diversity and distribution of foliar fungal endophytes in New Zealand podocarps. 

S.P. Joshee, P.R. Johnston, B.C. Paulus 

Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand 

The diversity and distribution of fungal endophytes in four conifers in the family Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium 

cupressinum, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Podocarpus totara) and an angiosperm 

(Kunzea ericoides, Myrtaceae) occurring close to the sampled trees was studied. The effects of host species, locality 

and season on endophyte assemblages were investigated. Two trees of each host were sampled from each of the 

five sites in both summer and winter. The five sampling sites were distributed across two geographical regions in the 

North Island of New Zealand; four in the Waitakere Ranges near Auckland and one near the Te Urewera National Park, 

west of Gisborne. Endophytes were isolated from 50 leaves or a total of 200 leaf pieces per tree. A total of 4922 

endophyte strains representing 479 morphotypes were recovered in winter and 4045 endophyte strains representing 

495 morphotypes were isolated in summer. Endophyte assemblages were strongly shaped by host species, and to a 

lesser extent by region and season. There was no evidence for family-level specialisation across the Podocarpaceae 

where the mycobiota of each host species was characterised by a small number of dominant fungi. These dominant 

species were usually often observed on some of the other hosts although at low frequencies. The less host restricted 

endophyte species, found on several of the podocarps, occurred at similar levels on Kunzea. Although a few 

endophytes were dominant in summer and others in winter, overall difference in their assemblages between seasons 

was small. We conclude that the most important factor in shaping endophyte assemblages in members of New 

Zealand Podocarpaceae is the host species, followed by geographical separation and by seasonal effects. 

PS5-539-0475 

Seasonality of hypogeous fungi availability – implications of global climate-change 

S E Abell1, P A Gadek 1, C A Pearce 2, B C Congdon 1 

1 James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, 2 Northwatch DPI, Cairns, Australia 

Despite their importance to ecosystem health and function, and their contribution to global biodiversity, fungal 

organisms are generally overlooked in conservation planning initiatives. This is particularly true of ectomycorrhizal 

hypogeous fungi as there is a lack of information available about species distributions and abundance. This paper 

presents the culmination of two years of hypogeous fungi data collection carried out in the Wet Tropics of Far North 

Queensland, Australia. Hypogeous fungi were surveyed, using the time-standardised raking technique, four times per 

year in the early wet, late wet, early dry and late dry seasons. There was significant seasonality of total sporocarp 

numbers per hectare in the first year of data collection (¯2 = 207.298; df =3; P

PS5-541-0496 

Oak (Quercus petraea) leaf litter degradation by litter-decomposing fungi 

KT Steffen 1, T Cajthaml 2, J Snajdr 2, P Baldrian 2 

1 Dep. of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2 Institute of Microbiology, ASCR, 

Prague, Czech Republic 

Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), also known as Durmast oak, is a large broad leaf tree native in Europe and Asia Minor. 

It has also been widely planted in Europe to produce durable long lasting heartwood. Fallen oak leaves are rich in 

tannic acid and phenolic compounds. Thus their decomposition is troublesome e.g. in compost environments. Several 

species of litter-decomposing fungi (LDF) are specialized to degrade oak leaves using a manifold set of cellulolytic 

and ligninolytic enzymes. 

Three oak-litter inhabiting basidiomycetous LDF species, namely Mycena inclinata, Marasmius quercophilus and 

Pholiota lenta, were used in an oak-leaf degradation study. The activities of their major extracellular hydrolases and 

oxidoreductases were recorded during a 12 week decomposition experiment. Analytical pyrolysis was used to 

examine the lignin composition changes. 

Results suggest that the tested fungi used different approaches or sets of enzymes for the degradation of oak leaves 

to gain carbon from them. Rather high amounts of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase were recorded for all three species. They 

differed, however, clearly in the production of other enzymes. M. inclinata produced high amounts of laccase activity, 

P. lenta notable amounts of endo-1,4-glucanase and 1,4-beta-glucosidase, whereas for M. quercophilus equal 

activities of laccase, glucosidase and xylanase were found. Analytical pyrolysis showed a decrease of 

lignin/carbohydrate and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin ratios in decayed oak leaves. M. inclinata and M. quercophilus also 

caused a significant decrease of lignin content accompanied with the accumulation of syringic and vanillic acid, 

which is typical for wood decayed by wood-inhabiting white-rot basidiomycetes. Changes of pyrolysis profiles by P. 

lenta were less pronounced. 

In conclusion, the utilization of oak leaves by LDF as growth substrate is possible with different sets of extracellular 

enzymes. There seems to be a dominance of xylanase among endohydrolases and laccase among ligninolytic 

enzymes. 

PS5-542-0502 

A List of Fungi Recorded in Japan 

K. Katumoto 1, K. Ando 2 

1Yamaguchi University (previous affiliation), Yamaguchi, Japan, 2 National Institute of Technology and Evaluation 

(NITE), Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan 

Four books have so far been published in each of which fungi observed and/or isolated in Japan were listed . The first 

one was “A List of Japanese Fungi Hitherto Known” which was compiled by Shirai in 1905 and described about 1200 

species. The second book, “A List of Japanese Fungi Hitherto Known 2nd ed.” was published by Shirai and Miyake in 

1917 and showed about 3500 species. The third one entitled “A List of Japanese Fungi Hitherto Known, revised and 

enlarged 3rd ed.” edited by Shirai and Hara was published in 1927 and about 4500 species were recorded. The last 

one was “A List of Japanese Fungi Hitherto Known” which was published by Hara in 1954 and about 7000 species were 

included. Now, a new book entitled “A List of Fungi recorded in Japan”, which has been initiated and compiled by 

K. Katumoto and edited by K. Ando, is being planned for publication. In the book, fungi recorded in Japan by 2005 

will be listed. Moreover, books, journals and year in which the fungi were recorded in Japan, as well as their synonyms, 

hosts or substrata and any additional information concerning them will be described in the book. At present, 2396 

genera and 12329 species have been listed up as shown below. 

PROTISTS 12 genera 21 species 

CHROMISTA HYPHOCHYTRIOMYCOTA 1 genera 2 species 

LABYRINTHULOMYCOTA 3 genera 5 species 

OOMYCOTA 53 genera 362 species 

FUNGI CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA 32 genera 138 species 

ZYGOMYCOTA 86 genera 278 species 

ASCOMYCOTA 787 genera 3240 species 

BASIDIOMYCOTA 624 genera 4233 species 

Anamorphic fungi 798 genera 4050 species 

TOTAL 2396 genera 12329 species 

368

PS5-543-0514 

Global and local genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 

Soren Rosendahl 

University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

Arbuscular mycorrhiza is believed to represent an ancient association between plants and fungi, and seems to have 

evolved with the first land plants. Several AMF species are cosmopolitans to be found from the Northern to the 

Southern hemisphere. The fungi are considered to have limited ability to spread between continents, which have 

founded the hypothesis that the fungi were dispersed before the continents detached 200 mill yr ago. This isolation 

should have lead to a considerable genetic diversification among AMF. This hypothesis was studied by analysing 

genetic diversity of three AMF species. Most molecular data available on genetic diversity of AMF represent ribosomal 

genes, which can be difficult to interpret as the AMF may hold a within spore gene diversity. In this study information 

from ribosomal genes were combined with analysis of protein coding genes and intron regions to provide 

reproducible data on genetic diversity. The analyses indicate that in spite of long genetic isolation of the fungi it is 

difficult to separate genetic variation at a local scale from variation at a global scale. This result can partly be 

explained by a long asexual evolution in the fungi. 

PS5-544-0515 

Will conservation based on vascular plants be sufficient for macrofungi and mosses – a Tasmanian study. 

SJM McMullan-Fisher 

University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

Conservation and management decisions are currently based on vascular plant data; usually at the level of 

vegetation type. With little data on the distribution of macrofungi and mosses in Tasmanian vegetation, these 

cryptogams are rarely considered by conservation and management processes. Plants are currently being used as 

an untested, default surrogate management tool for conservation of macrofungi and mosses. To investigate this gap 

in understanding four Tasmanian vascular plant communities were used to assess the congruence of macrofungi and 

moss assemblages. These included wet forest, grassy woodland, coastal heath and alpine heath near Hobart. 

Surveys of vascular plants, macrofungi and mosses were carried out at 32 sites from 1999, 2001-2003. Multivariate 

analyses (ordination and mantel tests based on presence/absence data sets) were used to assess congruence of 

taxon assemblages across vegetation types. 

Ordinations and mantel tests show clear significant relationships within vegetation type between plants, macrofungi 

and mosses. Pearson correlation was the strongest between plants-macrofungi (r = 0.686) and between plants-mosses 

(r = 0.575). Both correlations are significant at p < 0.001. These strong correlations suggest that vegetation types based 

on knowledge of vascular plants may be a successful surrogate for common macrofungi and mosses within these 

communities. Capacity for vascular plants to be a surrogate for macrofungi and mosses when choosing conservation 

priorities will be explored using minimum set analyses. 

PS5-545-0516 

Fungal diversity of the islands on the Yellow Sea of Korea 

CM Kim, HS Jung 

Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, South 

Fungi can live in almost any environment such as soil, sea water, or fresh water and inhabit plants and animals. Fungal 

ecologists try to figure out fungal diversities in different ecosystems using various methods. The Yellow Sea (West Sea) 

of Korea contains a number of small islands and is bounded by China. To study the fungal diversity of sea islands, we 

chose three islands that are at a geographic distance each other, surveyed and collected samples in spring, summer, 

and autumn three times a year. Without using culture-based techniques, we applied several methods including 

molecular cloning and signal molecules screening. From island soils, total genomic DNA was extracted and 

approximately 500 isolates were cloned from each island and used in fingerprinting the fungal community by 

amplified ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA), amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and DNA 

sequencing. We used two kinds of signal molecules (ergosterol and glomalin) to analyze the biomass of island soils and 

compared collected mushrooms with those from Ulleung-do Island that lies on the East Sea of Korea. From the ARISA 

test, each island sample developed a seasonally different amplified pattern, but the ARDRA test didn’t present so 

much differences. The ergosterol concentration was higher in summer than in other seasons and likewise the glomalin 

concentration showed a similar pattern. Each island showed different vegetation, meteorology, and geography, 

which might continuously induce differences of the fungal community structure, community development, and 

species diversity in compact island ecosystems. 

369

PS5-547-0525 

Conservation and utilization of fungal biodiversity at BIOTEC Culture Collection (BCC) Thailand 

S. Sivichai, S. Chunhametha, S. Saidaengkham, W. Potacharoen, K. Kirtikara, M. Tanticharoen 

BIOTEC, Pathumthani, Thailand 

BIOTEC Culture Collection is a specialized collection formally established in 1996 under the National Center for 

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA). 

The principle objective are to provide safe deposition of cultures for researchers, to preserve and maintain 

microorganisms isolated from Thailand for future use, and to manage strain data using a standard system. Another 

major role is to supply cultures and related information for an in-house screening program for drug discovery from 

microorganisms. 

The collection comprises 15,117 isolates of fungi from various sources and habitats: insect pathogenic fungi (3,833), 

freshwater and marine fungi (1,877), rice blast pathogenic fungi (1,148), soil fungi including those isolated from leaf 

litter and humus (975), wood decaying fungi including basidiomycetes (2,033), seed fungi (437), endophytic fungi 

(1853), lichenized fungi (383) and taxa from other sources (2,578). The collection also holds bacteria including 

actinomycetes (2,710) and yeasts (1,081). 

Preservation methods used are freezing at -80oC and -170oC (in a vapor phase of nitrogen), freeze-drying and under 

liquid paraffin. Strain data are managed by using a computer program called Microbial Information Management 

Systems (MIMS). e-BCC is a program connected to MIMS used to publish catalogue of strains through the internet. Online 

catalogue is available at http://bcc.biotec.or.th/ 

PS5-548-0531 

Macrolichen diversity in relation to diversity of woody plants 

J.E. Mattsson, T. Vinter, M. Lönn 

Södertörns högskola, Huddinge, Sweden 

In studies concerning nature conservation issues common lichen species have usually been neglected although 

collecting of these results gives comparatively small disturbance of the populations and is easily done. Instead rare or 

threatened species or species usually have been used as indicators of sites with high biodiversity. 

Here, the macrolichen diversity is compared with the diversity of woody plants and other characteristics of different 

sites in Estonia, Finland and Sweden as a part of a larger project including comparative studies on habitats with 

presumably high species diversity The site selection was based on the occurrence of Daphne mezereum which usually 

occurs in semi-open habitats in transitions zones containing species from the surrounding biotopes. One of the main 

objectives with the study was to develop a fairly rapid method of evaluation of biodiversity using easily identified 

species. As total inventories are time consuming and reflects snapshots of a certain occasion it is beneficial to use 

other methods which may give a little less but sufficient information for many purposes, e.g., estimations on 

biodiversity. The ecological and evolutionary processes that shape diversity and distributions are general and results 

are assumed to be translatable from the target species to other species. The combination of data from a small 

number of species may constitute a useful monitoring protocol for lichens and higher plants. 

In total about 50 lichen species and 25 substrates are included and analyzed in the study. Most of the most common 

lichens are sorediate or isidiate and asexually reproducing and occur on several substrates. The relation between the 

diversity of lichen and woody plants is presented. 

PS5-549-0536 

Assemblages of endophytic fungi on Salicornia europaea 

I OKNAE, A NAKAGIRI 

NITE Biological Resource Center, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan 

Salicornia europaea (Chenopodiaceae) is a halophytic succulent plant widely distributed in salt marshes in the 

northern hemisphere. In Japan, distribution of the plant is geographically split into two locations; eastern coast of 

Hokkkaido and the Inland Sea region. Salicornia europaea is known to have originated from Hokkaido in Japan, and 

it is considered that the plant seeds were transferred with ballast sands from Hokkaido to Inland Sea by the boats 

collectively called “Kitamae-bune” that were mainly used for salt-transportation between the two regions in the 

middle Edo era (18 century). In this study, we investigated assemblages of endophytes of the plant distributing in the 

two such drastically separated areas to reveal ubiquitousness and host-preference of endophytic fungi growing on S. 

europaea. Plant samples were collected near Lakes Notoro and Saroma (ca. 44N, 144E) located along the Sea of 

Okhotsk, and from the sites of salt pan in Okayama and Kagawa Prefectures (ca. 34N, 133E). Fungi were isolated from 

aerial parts of the plant and seeds after surface sterilization using sodium hypochlorite followed by incubation on 

cornmeal seawater agar medium. As a result, Stemphylium spp. were isolated with a colonization frequency (CF) as 

high as 60% from aerial parts of the plant collected near Lake Notoro. Subsequently, other dematiaceous fungi such 

as Alternaria spp. (35% CF) and Pleospora spp. (20%, teleomorphic) were also isolated. From the plant samples 

collected near Lake Saroma, Alternaria spp. (60%) were isolated most frequently, but Stemphylium, Pleospora, and 

Cladosporium spp. did not appear at high frequencies. From the sites in the Inland Sea region, Alternaria (60-100%), 

Pleospora (40-80%), and Stemphylium spp. (15-30%) were isolated frequently. These results indicate that dematiaceous 

fungi were major endophytes on S. europaea. Similar results have been reported in other studies on endophytes of 

chenopodiaceous halophytes in England and Canada. Dematiaceous fungi found from aerial tissues of various 

terrestrial plants have been generally recognized as epiphytes that penetrate tissues as their hosts become old. 

However, the present study revealed that some of the fungi are able to penetrate even fresh tissues of halophytes 

growing in salt marshes and live as their major endophytes worldwide. On the other hand, no fungi were detected 

from the seeds of S. europaea growing at a site in Okayama Pref, which suggests that the endophytes found from 

aerial parts were not likely to be transferred vertically through seeds. Thus, the similar assemblage pattern of the 

endophytes of S. europaea observed at locations that are far apart from each other may be due to the hostpreference 

of the dematiaceous fungi. 

370

PS5-550-0539 

Macrofungal diversity, variation in time and space in tropical lowland forests in the Colombian Amazon 

Carlos Lopez Quintero 1, A. Esperanza Franco Molano 1, Teun Boekhout 2 

1 Laboratorio de Taxonomía de Hongos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, 

2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Knowledge of fungal diversity has increased during the last years in Colombia. However, many of the fungal 

explorations were local inventories, new species descriptions, or new records for the country. In addition, most of these 

studies were carried out in montane forests. 

Here, we made an attempt to study the effect of reforestation time and different landscape units on macrofungal 

communities. For this goal, 4 different plots located in Amacayacu National Park (Colombia), were established. Two 

of them in flooded forests and two in Terra Firme forest. 

The macrofungal survey was performed between August 2003 and October 2005 and comprised six visits. In total 524 

collections were made in all the plots. Approximateely 218 morpho-species belonging to 50 families were identified. 

The family Marasmiaceae was collected most frequently, with Marasmius as the most abundantly collected genus. 

The highest number of species, as well as the highest number of collections, occurred in the flooded forest on the 

Island (n=85), followed by the flooded forest on the mainland (n=83). For those located in Terra Firme forest, the 

number of species was quite similar in both plots (namely, 68 and 65 morpho-species, respectively). The Jaccard index 

showed a conservative similarity of macrofungal composition for the plots located in flooded places, as well as for 

those occurring in Terra Firme forests. This pattern was similar to that observed for the higher plant species. 

The differences observed, either in time of collection as well as between the plots, could be explained by the spatial 

distance between the plots and the effect of environmental processes in time. The former is relevant when the 

distances in the different landscapes are not too big. On the other hand, regional and seasonal differences in rainfall 

and flooding may create a mosaic of substrates and environments affecting the fungal community structure. 

PS5-551-0541 

Macromycetes from the middle Caquetá region (Colombia, Amazon) 

Aída Marcela Vasco-P. 1, Ana Esperanza Franco-Molano 1, Carlos Lopez Quintero1, Teun Boekhout 2 

1 Laboratorio de Taxonomía de Hongos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, 

2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Three hundred and thirty six collections of macromycetes were examined from eight localities in the middle Caquetá 

region in the Colombian Amazon. The collections were made during the following projects: 1. “The role of fungi in the 

regeneration of Colombian Amazon forests” (NWO/WOTRO WB 84-525) in which mixed lowland forests as well as a 

mixed forest dominated by Pseudomonotes tropenbosii (Dipterocarpaceae) were sampled over a four-year period; 

2. “Ethnobiological study of the macromycetes by the Uitoto community of Araracuara region”, which focused on the 

use and handling of fungi by Uitoto natives. Collections were kept in the Herbarium of the University of Antioquia (HUA) 

and the Colombian National Herbarium (COL). The middle Caquetá region comprises approximately one million ha. 

of primary tropical forest, corresponding to the Tropical Rainforest life zone (Bh-T) according to the Holdridge system, 

as well as some areas of regeneration forest resulting from traditional agricultural culture by the natives. 

From all the collections revised, 133 species were identified, from which 14 belong to the Phylum Ascomycota, 

distributed in 11 genera, 5 families and 4 orders, and 119 species belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota, distributed in 

66 genera, 30 families and 18 orders. From these, one corresponds to a new species, 22 are new records from the 

Amazonas department, 23 species are new records from the Caquetá department and 57 species are new records 

from Colombia. The greatest number of genera and species found were from the families Xylariaceae (Ascomycota), 

Tricholomataceae and Coriolaceae (Basidiomycota). 

Decomposing wood is the most commonly used substrate. Ectomycorrizal species, such as Austroboletus sp. nov. 

(Boletaceae), were founded mainly in the mixed forest dominated by Pseudomonotes tropenbosii 

(Dipterocarpaceae). 

PS5-553-0543 

Ethnomicological studies among indigenous Uitoto from Colombia Amazon 

1 A Vasco, 1 A E Franco-Molano, 2 T Boekhout 

1 Laboratorio de Taxonomía de Hongos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Columbia 

2 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands 

In spite of ongoing processes of cultural changes that have affected the indigenous and farmers groups of Colombia, these 

still have knowledge on the traditional use of the natural environment. This has been the result of a continuous 

experimentation allowing them to survive and to adapt to the hazardous and difficult-to-survive environments of the wild. 

The Uitoto indigenous live widely distributed in the Colombian Amazon. For this work we visited three indigenous 

communities settled along the middle Caquetá river, Departments of Caquetá and Amazonas, Colombia. 

For the Uitoto natives, the fungi originated from the body of the God. He ‘drew them out little by little’, ‘placed them 

in nature’, ‘gave names’ and ‘used some of them’. Due to the idea that the fungi may act as illness agents, the total 

of species ‘purified by the creator’ comprises only 11 species, of which eight are used for consumption, and three are 

used in medicine. 

Other fungi, related to the mythical cosmological vision of the Uitoto, exist, such as the ‘true fungus’ (Phellinus sp. and 

Ganoderma sp.) and hallucinogenic fungi, such as Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus antillarum. The Uitoto people 

practice a classification system according to the use of fungi, in which they recognize four groups: edible, medicinal, 

magical and the rest of species that are not used. 

The fungal consumption relates to times of hunting shortage, which usually is the time of heavy rainfall in the wet season, 

during which the carpophores grow abundantly on decomposing wood in the traditional farming zones (i.e. chagras). 

371

PS5-553-0544 

Biodiversity of marine fungi from mangrove areas in Malaysia 

Nazura Zainuddin 1, E. B. Gareth Jones 2, Siti Aisyah Alias 1 

1 University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2 BIOTEC, Central Research Unit, Phylogenetics Laboratory, National 

Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani, Thailand 

Six locations in Malaysia have been studied for marine fungal diversity from 1994 to 2004. The study sites were Kuala 

Selangor, Morib, Port Dickson, Pantai Remis, Langkawi Island (Peninsular Malaysia) and Gaya Island (Sabah) where 

collection was randomly collected from attached and drift decaying wood materials of intertidal mangrove areas. 

This study was conducted to study biodiversity of manglicolous fungi in Malaysian mangrove and to investigate the 

richness of marine fungi in mangrove ecosystem in Malaysia. Two hundred twenty nine species of marine fungi were 

recorded from five thousand one hundred eight total samples collected with only 84.4% of wood colonized by these 

fungi. Ascomycota (192) was abundant in the mangrove ecosystem of Kuala Selangor, Morib, Port Dickson, Pantai 

Remis, Langkawi Island and Gaya Island followed by Deuteromycota (35) and Basidiomycota (2). Species frequently 

encountered were Lignincola leaves Höhnk (17.9), Verruculina enalia Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm (13.9%) Trichocladium 

achrasporum (Meyers & R. T. Moore) Dixon (12.9%), Savoryella lignincola E. B. G. Jones & Eaton (12.4%), Dictyosporum 

pelagicum (Linder) G. C. Hughes (11.9%), Lulworthia grandispora Meyers (11.5%), Halocyphina villosa Kohlm & E. Kohlm 

(11.6%) and Periconia prolifica Anastasiou (10.1%). The average number of fungi per sample was 2.88. Thus, this study 

summarized the diversity of marine fungi collected from Malaysian mangroves. 

PS5-554-0553 

Digital libraries for systematic mycology 

D.W. Minter, P.M. Kirk 

CAB International, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom 

Free and easy access to publications is important in all branches of science. In systematic mycology, many of the most 

important publications are rare, old and present only in larger libraries mainly in Europe and North America. For 

mycologists in most of the rest of the world consulting those works is difficult and time-consuming - a severe 

impediment to any biodiversity work. A new co-operative and collaborative initiative aims to address this problem by 

making specialist bibliographic information (older references, cyrillic literature etc.) and scanned images of key 

publications freely available on the internet. In the first phase, the following items have been prioritized: 

the main catalogues of fungal names (Saccardo’s Sylloge, Zahlbruckner’s Catalogus, Petrak’s Lists, Index of Fungi); 

the volumes containing lists of bibliographic references to mycological works (Lindau & Sydow’s Thesaurus & 

Supplement, Ciferri’s Supplement, Bibliography of Systematic Mycology); 

the sanctioning works (Persoon’s Synopsis, Fries’ Systema etc.); 

Searchable bibliographic references to over 59,000 works. 

By the end of 2006, all of these for the 19th and 20th centuries will be freely available on-line, with significant integration 

between those images and names in Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org). In the second phase, with the 

kind consents of their respective publishers, all except recent issues of Mycotaxon and Annales Mycologici / Sydowia 

will gradually become available, with the aim of digitizing all material of those volumes for which the publishers’ 

consents have been given by the end of 2007. Other works are also being added on an ad-hoc basis, with both 

volumes of Michelia, and significant amounts of Grevillea and of the publications by Spegazzini already available online: 

already over scanned images of over 50,000 pages are available. For more information, please visit the Cyberliber 

(http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/index.htm) and Libri Fungorum (http://www.librifungorum.org) websites. 

PS5-555-0560 

Prescribed Fire And Wood Inhabiting Fungi In A Pinus sylvestris Forest 

J Olsson, BG Jonsson 

1 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, 2 Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden 

Many boreal organisms are more or less associated with fire perturbation. However, specific knowledge on the fire 

dependence among particular species is scarce. This is true for most species groups including wood-inhabiting fungi. 

In Sweden, forest companies and county administrations have started to use fire as a management option in forest 

reserves. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate prescribed burnings and gain information about species responses on 

forest fires. In this study, wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) were examined after a prescribed fire. We 

asked; how does fire affect wood inhabiting fungi and how is the colonization process? The study site consists of two 

30 ha Pinus sylvestris dominated forest sites (500m apart). One area was burned in 2001 while the other was left as a 

reference and control area. In September 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2005, 323 logs were studied, 155 in the fire area and 

168 in the control area. The logs were individually numbered, measured and scored for fungi. The fire negatively 

affected several of the wood-inhabiting species and the total species richness in the fire area decreased from 71 to 

50 during the three first years. Fruit bodies of Hyphdontia hastata, Junghunia luteoalba, Skeletocutis lenis, Tubulicrinis 

spp. decreased or disappeared. A number of species showed a positive response, namely Athelia spp., 

Botryobasidium obtusisporum, Galzinia incrustans and the red-listed Dichmitus squalens (EN). Results so far indicate 

that a number of species benefit form fire and that some species seems to be fire dependent. The study shows that 

prescribed burning seems to play an important role for maintaining species richness of wood inhabiting fungi. 

372

PS7-514-0561 

Poroid Mushrooms For Pulp Production Processes 

Sepiah Muid, Noreha Mahidi 

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching/Sarawak, Malaysia 

Production of pulp from wood is a relatively great energy consuming process and wastes that are produced during 

the production processes become a source of environmental pollutions. In nature, there are numerous types of fungi 

known as wood degraders, which degrade the wood components at different capacity. The lignin-degrading fungi 

that degrade lignin component of wood may or may not attack cellulose. Fungi that are good as lignin degraders 

but poor in utilize cellulose should be benefiting if they are used in pulp production industry. Isolates of 113 poroid 

mushrooms, collected from tropical rainforest were screened to determine their potential use to degrade lignin 

materials from wood in pulp production. Evaluation on the isolates degradation ability began with qualitative 

detection for cellulolytic activity. Of all the tested fungi, 70 isolates showed relatively low or no cellulolytic activity. 

Then, when these fungi were grown on media for the qualitative ligninases detection, 19 isolates showed having 

relatively high rates of the enzymes activity. Quantitative assay on enzymes activities were also determined. The results 

indicated that cellulases activity were in a range of 1.6-6.7X10-2 Uml-1 day-1. Ligninases activity assay in the 19 

isolates indicated the present of laccase activity, in a range of 2.5x10-3 -1.04x10-2 Uml-1day-1; however no activity of 

lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxides were detected. Degradation tests on Acasia mangium wood chips 

showed the reduction of the chips weight after two weeks inoculated with the fungi isolates were 24.3% to 43.8%. 

Amongst the isolates that reduced the chips weight at the high percentage were of Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma 

sp, Pycnoporus coccineus, Haxagonia sp., Phellinus sp., Microporus sp. and Fomes sp 

PS5-556-0574 

Scolytodes unipunctatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae): a new lineage of ambrosia beetles with a unique 

spectrum of nutritional fungi 

M. Kolarik 

Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic 

Ambrosia fungi are strictly entomochoric and mutualist associates of ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). We 

studied mycobiota associated with Scolytodes unipunctatus infesting Cecropia trees in Costa Rica. Isolates were 

examined using morphology and phylogenetically placed using rDNA (ITS region, LSU and SSU rDNA). All principal 

associates belong to ophiostomatoid fungi and are essentially distinguished from the other known ascomycetes. New 

species of the genus Ambrosiella (Ophiostomatales) was found bearing nutrient rich exudates on the tips of the 

vegetative hyphae. The exudates, which are enclosed in a gelatinous capsule, are probably an adaptation to 

ambrosia lifestyle. Another two species belonged to the genus Gondwanomyces (Microascales). The genus was 

originally known from Protea inflorescence from South Africa only, but its distribution and ecological niche can be 

broader. The last fungus phylogenetically close to the genus Graphium (Microascales) posessed only a Scedosporium 

anamorph, while lacking synnematous synanamorph. This species also produces a typical ambrosial growth stage 

(“sprout cells”) and should be probably placed to a new genus, near to Graphium. The finding of a niche with many 

unique fungal taxa is congruent with taxonomical isolation of their insect vector suggesting their coevolution. 

PS5-557-0578 

Geosmithia fungi are highly diverse and consistent associates of bark beetles: a proof from their host 

preference in temperate Europe 

M. Kolarik, S. Pazoutova, A. Kubatova 

1 Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of 

Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 

Geosmithia (Ascomycota) are rather unknown dry-spored Penicillium-like fungi, which occur in galleries of many 

phloeophagous bark beetles. We collected wood samples infested with 22 bark beetle species from temperate 

Europe. Geosmithia isolates from beetles were sorted to 17 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), each with a unique 

RAPD pattern, phenotype and with common evolution of ITS region. The OTUs represent 6 known species and 10 yet 

undescribed taxa. Ninety-two samples infested with subcortical insects were characterized by presence/absence of 

OTUs and the similarity among them was evaluated. Non-random distribution of Geosmithia OTUs was found that 

correlated with the substrate (vector and host plant) but not with the location. Different populations of the same 

beetle species transmit relatively constant Geosmithia spp. communities in large geographic area. OTUs pattern of 

each vector is shaped by the degree of the spatio-temporal isolation of their niches. Thus, Geosmithia assemblages 

on sympatric bark beetle species are highly similar. The similarity decreases within the groups of facultative sympatric 

species and among different species of allopatric bark beetles, a pattern resembling that of ophiostomatoid fungi. 

This suggests that spore type is not important to primary establishment of insect-fungus association. Ancient origin and 

long-term consistency of symbiosis between Geosmithia and bark beetles is suggested. 

373

PS5-558-0594 

Phytophthora species in forest ecosystems of western Nepal 

Anna Maria Vettraino 1, Anna Brown 2, Clive Brasier 2, Emiliano Patrizi 1, Andrea Vannini 1 

1 University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy, 2 Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham-Surrey, United Kingdom 

Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive pathogen in Europe and western North America on many ornamental shrubs 

and forest trees; P. kernoviae sp. nov. is a similar invasive so far confined to the UK. Asia is a centre of diversity for many 

plant genera that are hosts to the two Phytopthoras. The pathogens are hypothesised to have originated in Asia, such 

as Yunnan, Taiwan or the Himalayas, and transferred via commercial movement of plants in the rest of the world. 

To investigate whether the pathogens might be is present in Himalayan forest ecosystems an expedition was 

organised in October 2006 in the Western Nepal. An intensive soil sample survey was conducted during a round trip 

from Kolti (1396m) to Rara Lake (3500m). The geographic co-ordinates of the samples were recorded by GPS and 

used to construct a distribution map. 

47 soil samples were collected in the rhizosphere of 17 target broadleaved and coniferous trees and shrubs. These 

were collected from three distinct ecological zones: temperate forest, sub-tropical forest and sub-tropical agriculture. 

Samples were baited using three different methods and the bait material plated onto a selective medium. Resulting 

colonies were identified on the base of their morphological, behavioural and molecular traits. A total of 39 Pythium 

and 89 Phytophthora isolates were obtained. Three Phytophthora species were present but neither P. ramorum nor P. 

kernoviae were isolated. 

P. citricola was the most frequently isolated species, and was confined to the soil around temperate forest trees 

including Acer, Aesculus, Juglans, Ulmus and Vibernum. A distinct species of Phytophthora, with some similarities to P. 

meadii was associated with the sub-tropical forest vegetation including Lithocarpus, Cupressus, Cornus, Carpinus and 

Castanopsis. This may be a previously unknown species. A third species, P. palmivora was only found in the subtropical 

agricultural zone around Ficus, Persea and Olea. 

Although P. ramorum and P. kernoviae were not found, the distinct zoning of the two possibly endemic forest 

Phytopthoras, P. citricola and the P. meadii-like Phytophthora, may lead to further understanding of the role of the 

genus in forest ecosystems. Whether the P. meadii-like Phytophthora may present a threat to other forest ecosystems 

has yet to be determined. The discovery of P. palmivora in association with native Olea trees in Nepal may have 

significance for proposed commercial cultivation of Olea species in this region and elsewhere. 

PS5-559-0596 

A european red list for larger fungi in progress 

Anders Dahlberg 1, Claudia Perini 2 

1 ArtDatabanken Swedish Species Information Center, Uppsala, Sweden, 2 Department Environmental Sciences, Siena, Italy 

There is good scientific evidence that populations of many fungi are declining in Europe. In order to attract interests 

and to initiate conservation actions A European-level Red List for larger fungi is of pressing importance. The European 

Council for the Conservation of Fungi (ECCF) under the body of the European Mycological Association (EMA) has thus 

started the production of a European Red List for larger fungi according to criteria of IUCN. It is planned to be 

completed by the end of 2008. 

The mycological knowledge in Europe is comparable satisfactory in comparison to other regions of the world despite 

at least 15 000 taxa of larger fungi is known. In fact, at least 27 European countries already have national fungal Red 

Lists. Sufficient information, expertise, infrastructure and interest exist to make production of a European Red List 

practical. 

The red-listing will be an open process largely using internet, based on information of occurrence, ecology and status 

of species from national mycologist, compiled and analysed by an European expert committee and exposed for 

review. The pragmatic approach taken is that all national fungal Red Lists are being compiled and supplemented with 

additional proposed species. This gross list, currently containing more than 5000 taxa, is being processed and reduced 

by experts before request for national information. The poster will present the aims, the plans and the programed 

outcome of the project. 

Red Lists are important instruments in both national and international conservation work as they are catalogues of 

species whose future survival is uncertain and presents an analysis of the relative risk of extinction faced by the species 

inhabiting a certain area, e.g. a country, a continent or the world. 

374

PS5-560-0598 

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus in Austria 

T. Kirisits, H. Konrad 

Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, 

BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria 

The phloem-feeding bark beetle Pityogenes chalcographus is an economically important forest pest in Europe. This 

insect primarily infests Norway spruce (Picea abies) and occasionally other conifers. Most conifer bark beetles live in 

symbiosis with blue-stain fungi, belonging to the ascomycete genera Ophiostoma, Ceratocystiopsis and Ceratocystis 

and to related anamorph genera such as Leptographium and Pesotum. They are also known as the ophiostomatoid 

fungi. Many ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles cause discoloration of the sapwood of conifers and 

some species are pathogenic to their host trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the species spectrum and 

abundance of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with P. chalcographus in Austria. 

Stem sections of Norway spruce colonized by P. chalcographus were collected in 1993 and from 1996-1999 at various 

localities in Austria. Malt extract agar (2 % malt, 1.6 % agar, supplemented with 100 mgl-1 streptomycin sulphate) was 

used as medium for isolations. Fungi were isolated directly from the beetles as well as from the phloem and sapwood 

of beetle-infested trees. Isolations were also made from phloem and sapwood tissues taken from logs that had been 

inoculated with beetles five to six weeks earlier. Additionally, a few isolates were obtained from conidia and 

ascospores taken from fungal structures occurring in the galleries of the insects. Ophiostomatoid fungi were identified 

based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual stages. 

In total 11 ophiostomatoid fungi were found to be associated with P. chalcographus in Austria. Ophiostoma ainoae, 

a Leptographium sp. and a Pesotum sp. were most frequently isolated, and Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Graphium 

fimbriisporum and Ophiostoma piceaperdum were also relatively common. Rare components of the ophiostomatoid 

mycobiota of P. chalcographus included Ceratocystis polonica, Ophiostoma bicolor, O. cucullatum, O. floccosum 

and O. piceae. Ophiostoma penicillatum, previously reported as fungal associate of P. chalcographus was not found 

in this study. The Leptographium species commonly associated with P. chalcographus appears to represent a new 

taxon, based on morphological and rDNA ITS sequence comparisons. The virulent blue-stain fungus, C. polonica was 

only rarely recorded as fungal associate of P. chalcographus. This is in contrast to Ips typographus, the most 

economically important spruce bark beetle species in Europe, which is a common vector of C. polonica. In conlusion, 

P. chalcographus is a consistent vector of a diverse assemblage of ophiostomatoid fungi in Austria, but the associated 

fungi likely display only moderate or low levels of virulence to Norway spruce. 

PS5-561-0611 

Sixteen rust fungi from Northeast of Iran 

Mehdi Sadravi, Yoshitaka Ono, Ming Pei 

1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Gorgan, Iran, Gorgan, Iran, 2 Faculty of 

Education, Ibaraki, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan, 3 Roth Amsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom 

The field survey of the Golestan Province, northeast of Iran, in the past 10 years resulted in the new geographic 

distribution and host records of sixteen rust fungi in Iran: Melampsora coleosporioides Dietel , M. allii- populina Kleb., 

Phragmidium bulbosum( Strauss) Schlechtend , Ph. violaceaum (Schultz) Winter, Ph. rosae-pimpinellifoliae Dietel , Ph. 

tuberculatum Muller, Puccinia absinthii (Hedw.f.)DC. , Pu. allii (DC.) Rud., Pu. coronata Corda f.sp. avenea Erikss. , Pu. 

coronata Corda f.sp. hordei Jin and Steffenson , Pu. graminis Pers.:Perss.f.sp. avenae Eriks. and Henn. , Pu. hordei Otth. 

, Pu. persistens Plow. subsp. triticina ( Erikss.) Urban et Markova , Tranzschelia discolor ( Fuckel ) Tranzschel and Litv. 

, Uromyces striatus Schroet and U. viciae-fabae(Pers.) Schroet. M. coleosporioides and Ph. bulbosum are new for the 

Iranian mycoflora. Pu. coronata f.sp. hordei is new to Iran and probably Asian barley mycoflora. 

375

PS5-562-0635 

Effect of Toxic Metals on Gene Expression of Fungi in Relation with Bioremediation 

R. G. Cuero 1, A. Shnyreva 2, V.A Terekhova 3 

1 Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas, United States, 2 Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 3Moscow 

State University, Moscow, Russia 

Bioremediation of toxic metals such as chromium (Cr6+) and cadmium (Cd2+), radionuclide ion uranium (U2+) is very 

important for a safe environment, human and animal health, and security. Despite scientific efforts, detection of these 

metals at low levels has been difficult. Therefore, the objective of the denoted study was to use soil-borne fungus 

Aspergillus flavus as biosensors of these metals. The interactive effect of the soil-borne Aspergillus flavus with toxic 

metals such as Cr6+, Cd2+ , and radionuclide (U2+ ) ions was studied at the cellular and molecular level. The 

interactive effect was assessed through fungal growth and gene expression. The response of soil-borne fungi to toxic 

heavy metals is important, since this organisms spends great part of its life cycle in the soil, especially in polluted sites 

and presumably participating in soil bioremediation processes. Fungal cultures were independently treated with metal 

ions as salt sulfates including Cr6+, or Cd2+ , or U2+ acetate, at 5 ppm concentration. Fungal cultures were assayed 

for growth and total RNA, after 2, 4 or 8 days incubation. Fungal cultures showed the same ratio between RNA yield 

and fungal growth, 1.8 or 2.5 µg RNA/g of wet mycelium after 4 days and 8 days, respectively, when exposed to Cd2+ 

or Ur2+, while the control (cultures without metals) showed lower ratio. Gene expression in A. flavus culture in response 

to Chromium and Uranium were studied in RT-PCR experiments by using specific primers for aflatoxin production. The 

expression of protein-encoding loci for O-methyltransferase (omt) and calmodulin (cmd) involved in aflatoxin 

production. The metal-treated cultures showed enhanced gene expression, as compared with non-treated cultures. 

The gene expression was more enhanced in older cultures. There was also some homology between PCR products 

amplified and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases that catalyze oxidative reactions, which are common in 

microbial biodegration processes. Fungal cultures without metals showed the lowest gene expression. The metals did 

not affect the fungal growth during the experiments. Uranium maintained the redox potential of the fungal cultures, 

while Chromium reduced the voltage of the culture to negative values.The results suggest possible usage of the A. 

flavus studied as biosensors in bioremediation of toxic and/or radioactive metals. 

The research was supported by NATO grant. 

PS5-563-0636 

Constructing a structural and biochemical database for the Fungi 

G.J. Celio, M. Padamsee, B.T.M. Dentinger, D.J. McLaughlin 

University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States 

As part of the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life project a searchable database of selected subcellular and 

biochemical characters (aftol.umn.edu) has been created as a source of characters for use in phylogenetic analysis 

and character reconstruction. The database provides access to data from a variety of traits by taxon or character 

state. Most data have been derived from publications. Data can be retrieved as NEXUS files. The resolution of 

character states for three traits, septal pore apparatus, nuclear division, and spindle pole body cycle will be 

demonstrated using maximum parsimony on a summary cladogram of known phylogenetic relationships of the Fungi. 

Problems encountered in developing the database include uneven documentation of published data with cultures 

and/or specimens, incompletely illustrated characters, variable fixation quality in ultrastructural studies, and 

determination of homology for characters that change with life cycle stage and developmental state. Mycological 

community input is requested to develop the database to its full potential. 

PS5-564-0643 

Structures of some white polypores. 

PKC Austwick 

Independent worker, Auckland, New Zealand 

The anatomical drawings of EJH Corner established a standard of representation based on living specimens. I was 

privileged to have prepared these hitherto unpublished drawings under his direction, inspiration and encouragement 

between 1950-54. This poster shows some of the microscopical and illustrative techniques he taught me to use in order 

to present fruit-body structure in three dimensions by reconstruction from camera lucida images of individually 

dissected out hyphae. The species studied are now placed in the separate distinct genera of Tyromyces, Oligoporus 

and Skeletocutis largely because of the application of Corner’s principle of hyphal analysis. 

376

PS5-565-0685 

Etnomycology notes of eatable macromycetes in the Ecuador. 

J.P. Gamboa, D. Andi, G. Grefa 

Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 

Ecuador has a natural and ethnic wealth that become mega diverse and an interesting place to develop 

etnobiologist studies. Ethnics inside their customs include in their diet several macromycetes species, those represent 

a basic source for their nutrition. The field work was carried out among the years 2002 - 2005, in the communities of: 

Sierra. - Kichwas - otavaleños; Kichwas - Pintag and Colonists. Amazonía. -Kichwas, Shuaras and Secoyas. Costa. - 

Chachis and Colonists, where collections and informal surveys were made with indigenous and colonizers, describing 

preliminarily the etnomicological wealth of the main species of eatable mushrooms in Ecuador. The main species 

consumed were: Agaricus bisporus and Coprinus comatus (Kich-S/Col.) “Callambas” or “Kiru Callambas”; Colonos 

“Callambas de Finados” (Col.); Cordyceps melolonthae (Kich-A Sec./ Shuar) “Supay Chaqui Ala”, “Huati uncu têti”, 

“Sapi”; Oudemansiella canarii (Kich-A/Sec/Sh) “Chincha ala”, “Imi tëti”, “Huamp”; Pleurotus sajor-caju y P. djamor 

(Kich-A/Sec/Sh/Chac./ Cof./ Col. “Taka ala”, “Ai tëti”, “Shushui esenp”, “Anj kijtiutiu”, “Tutu’ccucho tsina“, “Española 

blanca”; 

Lentinus crinitus y L. badius (Kich-A /Sec/Sh) “Sara ala”, “Taque nuti tëti”, “Untushi”; Auricularia delicata y A. 

fuscosuccinea (Kich-A/Sec/Sh/Chac./ Col.) “Calulu ala”, “Caro tëti”, “Iwianchi kuishi”, “Isk” or “Bulum kijtiutiu” and 

“Orejas de mono”); Polyporus tenuiculus (Kich-A/Sec/Sh/Col.) “Busun ala”, “Po tëti”, “Shushui esenp”, “Pusunera”; 

Schyzophyllum commune (Kich-A) “Aya ala”. Pleurotus and Auricularia are more frequent in “chacras” (sew area 

near the house). The studied species grow in dead woody material with the exception of Agaricus, Coprinus 

(humicolous) and Cordyceps (entomopathogen). Tales are developed about mushrooms ant their relation with the 

rain forest spirits and their fructification; it came with strong rains and rays. This information helps the community to 

classify the mushrooms. Women are the native experts in eatable mushrooms, based in their daily activities; as well as 

men in primary forest. The most common consumption is a kind of craft of leaves called mayto (Kich), cuaisu’u (Sec.), 

ayampaco (Sh.), pando (Chac.) and fried mushrooms or soup of mushrooms (Col.). Therefore, the use of eatable 

mushrooms contributes to the well-being of the community and their environment; and fragile ecosystems damages 

attempt against the ancestral knowledge of native people. 

PS5-566-0686 

A decade of rotten research in the wet sclerophyll forest of Tasmania 

C Mohammed 3, S Grove 2, M Yee 2, A Hopkins 1, K Harrison 1, L Stamm 2, Y Zi Qing 1, G Gates 1, T Wardlaw 2 

1 University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2 Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 3 Ensis Forest 

Biosecurity and Protection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 4 CRC Forestry, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

Intensive forestry inevitably alters forest dynamics such as the processes of fungal and invertebrate succession in living 

trees and dead wood on the forest floor. The extent to which current silvicultural practices alter the elements of 

biodiversity associated with such processes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest is unknown and research is still in its 

infancy. Over the past decade we have sought to provide data with which to evaluate this issue in the wet sclerophyll 

Eucalyptus obliqua dominated forest of southern Tasmania, as well as identify key ecological processes, habitat types, 

and species at risk from certain forest practices. 

In production coupes rotation lengths of around 80 years will eventually lead to the elimination of older trees and large 

diameter logs. Several large field studies have been undertaken to investigate this effect e.g. we destructively 

investigated whether small diameter logs (30-60cm) follow similar decomposition processes to large diameter logs 

(>100cm), and so support similar rot types, fungal and beetle assemblages; we felled living trees in each of three age 

classes (69, 105 and >150 years old) and examined the decay, related fungi and beetles within the main stem. We 

have accumulated a large collection of over 7000 cultures of fungi involved in wood decomposition of logs and 

standing trees. Morphological and molecular techniques are used to group isolates and match them to fruit bodies, 

to directly identify fungi from rotted wood and provide indicator species of late successional processes. 

Our studies have shown the critical importance of retaining large diameter logs and old trees within the forest 

landscape in terms species richness and diversity for both fungi and insects e.g. the findings show that rot patterns and 

fungi in large diameter logs generally differ to those in small diameter logs. Beetle species which are characteristic of 

brown rot in large diameter logs are possibly poor dispersers and this invertebrate community and the fungal 

successional processes which result in this rot may be of particular conservation concern in production forests. 

The research indicates that veteran trees and large diameter logs are important in providing continuity of habitat for 

the re-establishment of certain species following stand level disturbances, whether induced by logging or by wildfire. 

A degree of landscape-level planning in Tasmanian forestry is recommended that would maintain veteran trees and 

large diameter logs in the production forest landscape indefinitely. 

377

PS5-567-0700 

Microorganisms Section of NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) Genebank 

T. Nagai, K. Tomioka, T. Sato, T. Aoki, H. Sawada 

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki/Kannondai2-1-2, Japan 

Microorganisms Section of NIAS Genebank (acronym; MAFF, URL; http://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/), established in 1985, 

contains various filamentous fungi, mushrooms, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and so on. These microorganisms are 

distributed to all over the world. We introduce activities of this section here. 

1. Preservation and Distribution: This section maintains 22,253 microbial strains that are mainly preserved by 

cryopreservation, and is characterized by a wide collection of plant pathogens, e.g., Pyriculalia grisea, Fusarium 

species and edible mushrooms. The numbers of strains deposited and distributed amount to 800-1000 and 700-1,000 a 

year, respectively. 

2. Exploration: This section has explored many areas within Japan [from Okinawa and the Bonin Islands (subtropical) 

to Hokkaido (subarctic)] for useful microorganism resources including phytopathogenic fungi, mushrooms and so on. 

3. Characterization: In 2005, 6,992 characterizational data were accumulated. As kinds of characterization, there are 

phytopathogenicity, DNA sequences, genes, production of enzymes and toxins, salt tolerance, types and others. 

These data are input in a database, and some data were retrieved through the web site. 

4. Publication: To promote utilization of the collections, Microorganism Genetic Resources Manuals are published 

every year. The latest issue (No. 18) is as for Pyriculalia grisea which is important in rice cultivation. The manuals 

including previous ones are available with PDF files on the web site. We also publish annual reports on exploration and 

activities in this section. 

5. International Workshop in NIAS Genebank: Every 3 or 4 years, an international workshop is held, where studies of 

agricultural microorganisms are presented. The latest one was the 2004 Workshop, with the theme of “Diversity and 

Use of Agricultural Microorganisms”, bringing together many researchers from Asia and USA. 

PS5-568-0702 

A Method of Long Term Preservation of Phytophthora and Pythium in Vapour Phase of Liquid Nitrogen 

K. Takeuchi, T. Sato, K. Tomioka, T. Nagai 

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki/Kannondai 2-1-2, Japan 

Oomycetes is known to be difficult to preserve by cryopreservation. We tried to establish a cryopreservation technique 

of several species of Phytophthora and Pythium belonging to Oomycetes using strains which had been deposited in 

Genebank of NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences). Seventeen strains of six species belonging to 

Phytophthora (Ph. cactorum, Ph. Citrophthora, Ph. Infestans, Ph. megasperma var. sojae, Ph. Nicotianae and Ph. 

vignae) and 20 strains of 10 species belonging to Pythium (Py. aphanidermatum, Py. debaryanum, Py. deliense, Py. 

echinulatum, Py. graminicola, Py. hydnosporum, Py. irregulare, Py. splendens, Py. Torulosum and Py. ultimum), which 

had been deposited in Genebank of NIAS (National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences) but not preserved in liquid 

nitrogen, were tested for cryopreservation in vapour phase of liquid nitrogen. Five to ten disks (6 mm in diameter) of 

each strain were cut from mycelial lawn on a hemp seed agar plate were put in a plastic cryo-tube with a 

cryoprotectant consisted of 10% skim milk and 10% glycerol, and then the tubes were set in the freezing containers 

(Mr. Frosty, Nalgen Co. Ltd.) to be kept at 5 ºC for 24 hr. Then the containers with the tubes were then kept at -70 ºC 

for 2-5 days, and the tubes were transferred to vapour phase of liquid nitrogen (ca. -165 ºC). One month or 5 years 

after preservation, the tubes were quickly thawed at 40-50 ºC and then the thawed mycelial disks were tried to be 

cultured on Hemp seed agar plates at 20-25 ºC. Thirteen strains of 5 Phytophthora spp. and 19 strains of Pythium spp. 

were alive even after 5-years storage in the vapour phase. Production activity of sexual organs were confirmed in 

almost all of the revival cultures. The surviving strains after 1-month storage were found to tend to survive even after 5- 

years storage. The present method of cryopreservation was thought to be widely applicable for the genus 

Phytophthora and Pythium. In future, we will improve the present cryopreservation method for Phytophthora and 

Pythium to increase their viability after long term storage, and wil try its application to other genus of Oomycetes such 

as Achlya, Aphanomyces, Dictyuchus, Thraustotheca, Plectospira, Saprolegnia. 

378

PS5-569-0709 

A global strategy for the conservation of fungi 

T.W. May 1, P.K. Buchanan 2, A. Dahlberg 3, C. Perini 4 

1 Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2 Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand, 

3 Swedish Species Information Center, Uppsala, Sweden, 4 Universita di Siena, Siena, Italy 

Fungi are megadiverse, vital for ecosystem functioning and have numerous practical applications, yet their 

conservation lags a long way behind that of plants and animals. In fact, the majority of fungi have yet to be formally 

described, and biology and ecology are well understood for only a minority of named species. The recently re-formed 

IUCN Fungi Specialist Group (www.rbg.vic.gov.au/iucnsscfungi/), with members from all continents, is preparing a 

Global Action Plan for Fungal Conservation, to be published in 2008. A global approach will build on existing initiatives 

to conserve fungi and seek to provide better taxonomic, ecological and geographic coverage in fungal conservation 

awareness and planning. 

Existing fungal conservation initiatives focus on getting public attention through inclusion of individual species 

(predominantly macrofungi) in national or regional RED lists. The ecological requirements of red-listed fungi, commonly 

combined with other red-listed organisms, are increasingly being used to analyze deficiencies of habitats and 

substrates and thereby to identify improved nature management. The Action Plan will provide standardized guidelines 

for the growing use internationally of IUCN threat categories to assess fungi for RED lists. 

Both conservation and appropriate management of fungi and fungal habitats will be explored in the Action Plan. 

Decline of fungi must be detected early, to enable identification of causes and to suggest appropriate adjustments 

to ecosystem management. Hotspots, which are areas of high diversity or sites that contains threatened species, may 

be preserved as mycological reserves. Fungi restricted to rare or threatened hosts are themselves under threat, and 

more effort is needed to catalogue such fungi. For poorly known groups it is also vital to investigate the degree of 

congruence between fungal communities and the plant communities that commonly are the focus of conservation 

activities (and which may or may not provide an effective umbrella for conserving fungi). In situ conservation is the 

most desirable method, but ex situ conservation, such as through culture collections, should also be explored. 

Efforts to conserve fungi must include initiatives to increase understanding of their diversity and ecological significance 

amongst educators, land managers, and those responsible for conservation policy. Iconic fungi (those that are 

beautiful, interesting or weird) are a means to raise the profile of all fungi, including the less conspicuous and more 

diverse microfungi. The complex interdependence of fungi with other organisms, such as in mycorrhizas, is also a useful 

means to engage conservation programs that currently focus almost exclusively on plants or animals. 

PS5-570-0735 

Keratinophilic fungi from Lonar meteorite crater soils (India). 

Shilpa Verekar, Sunil Deshmukh 

Nicholas Piramal Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 

Lonar is the third largest meteorite crater in basaltic rock in the world, with a diameter of 1800 meter. It comes after 

Bosmatvi lake in Ghana, which has a diameter of 10000 meter and New Cubec in Canada with a diameter of 3500 

meter. It has a history that goes back more than 50,000 years, when a meteor struck, near Lonar village in the Buldhana 

District of Maharashtra (19058’N, 76031’E) creating Lonar lake which has salty water in it. 

Thirty two soils samples were collected from 6 sites in the vicinity of Lonar meteorite crater and screened for presence 

of keratinophilic fungi using hair baiting techniques for isolation. Seventeen isolates of keratinophilic fungi were 

recovered and identified by recognition of their cultures, macro- and micromorphological features. Their molecular 

characteristics was studied by sequences of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of rDNA region. Seven species of four genera were isolated 

viz. Apanoascus durus, (4.09 %), Apanoascus punsolae (24.59 %), Auxarthron kuehnii (1.63 %), Chrysosporium indicum 

(10.65 %), C. tropicum (18.85 %), Chrysosporium sp. (1.63 %), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (2.45 %). 

PS5-571-0747 

Cytotoxic assessment of waters harbouring watermoulds 

R. R. Singh 

Botany Dept., Lucknow University, Lucknow, UP, India 

Water bodies are getting polluted unabated in India. The present study aimed to find out if the polluted waters that 

harbour watermoulds have any cytotoxic potentials. 

The water samples were collected from the polluted sites and germinating roots of onion bulbs were treated with 

sampled water for 12, 24 and 48 hrs. Thereafter the roots were fixed in 1:3 acetic-alcohol and after 24 hrs stored in 70% 

alcohol. For cytological studies, these roots were hydrolyzed in 1N HCl and stained with haemotoxylin and squashed 

in 45% acetic acid. The number of dividing, non-dividing and abnormally dividing cells and the types of chromosomal 

abnormalities were scored from the temporary squashes. The data were adequately analyzed. 

The effect of polluted waters was found treatment duration dependant. The mitotic indices decreased with the 

duration of treatments. The progressive increase in the frequency of interphasic cells with duration of treatment 

indicates that substances present in water act as mitotic inhibitors. Cytological examination of dividing cells showed 

that mitotic anomalies were also duration dependant. Various abnormalities include stickiness of chromosomes, 

lagging chromosomes, fragmentation, bridges, and multipolar ana-telophases. Stickiness of chromosomes was 

frequently observed followed by chromosomal breakage at metaphases and bridges at anaphases. 

The induction of such chromosomal aberrations indicates that the polluted waters have cytotoxic potential. These 

waters harbour species of the fungal genera like Achlya, Dictyuchus and Saprolegnia. The occurrence of these fungi 

in such waters indicates their plasticity towards the environment. 

379

PS5-572-0749 

Ecology and conservation of grassland macrofungi 

G.W. Griffith, G.L Easton, K. Roderick 

University of Wales, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom 

Waxcap fungi (Hygrocybe spp.) are widespread and colourful components of nutrient-poor grasslands in Northern 

Europe, and are amongst the most highly visible representatives of the soil biota. Through surveys of the distribution of 

Hygrocybe spp. and of other macrofungal genera (eg Clavariaceae, Geoglossaceae) showing similar patterns of 

occurrence, a picture is emerging of the more important ‘waxcap grassland’ sites in the UK, and of those species in 

greatest need of protection. It is becoming clear that some sites in Northern and Western parts of the UK show 

exceptional diversity with >60 target species being present. Growing recognition of the international importance of 

some of these sites has recently led to their being given legal protection. 

We have monitored the effect of various management regimes on fruiting of Hygrocybe spp. at a number of replicate 

grassland experimental sites. These include restoration experiments where it has been possible to monitor the recovery 

of grassland fungal following cessation of fertiliser and lime additions. 

Fruitbodies of these fungi, subjected to stable isotope analysis were found to be highly enriched for 15N and depleted 

in 13C relative to soil and vegetation. These and other analyses have provided some insight into the nutritional biology 

of these fungi. Flow cytometric and microscopic analysis has also been used to elucidate patterns of spore 

germination and dormancy in a range of species. 

PS5-574-0828 

DIVERSITY OF MICROMYCETES IN LIBRARIAN ECOTOPES. 

L.E. Sergeeva 

Academy of Medicine, St .Petersburg, Russia 

Contamination of the book depositories by fungi and investigation of their regularities remain one of the complicated 

problem we face. Its vital importance has made it the subject of numerous investigations. The experiments were 

executed in four huge depositories of The National Library of Russia (Saint-Petersburg). Three of them have optimum 

thermohydrometric conditions for the preservation of documents but in fourth the conditions were significantly worse 

and there were found mouldy spots on books. In this reseach we used modern methods for recording the 

temperature, humidity, light, total concentration of spores and spesies identification of isolated fungi. 

All investigated places notably differed. Data on 110 species were collected . We present the lists of isolated fungi for 

every investigated depository.The species composition was analyzed in detail. Direct measurement in different 

mycocomunities demonstrated that they are quantitatively and qualitatively diverse. .Mycological analysis 

throughout the year made it possible to study in detail the structure of micromycete community, to determine typical 

dominant ( frequency, more than 50 % ), typical common ( frequency,30 to 50 % ), typical rare (frequency, 10 to 30 

%) and causal (frequency, less than 10 %) species. All these micromycets are potentially dangerous as a destroyers 

of paper and, furthermore, can induce allergic diseases. Ecological peculiarities of fungi were described carelessly. It 

was noted that libraries havs some typical species and we presented lists of isolated micromycetes. The overwhelming 

majority of Penicillium strains isolated from some environments were close to the species P. canescens Sopp and P. 

natatum Westling. Furthermore, the data obtained confirm, the earlier suggestions that the pathways of some 

particular species are similar and there is weaker effect of the outside microflora. 

This study carries out a comparative analyses and provides a general discription of mycocomunities in library. 

PS5-573-0830 

The diversity and distribution of rust fungi of India 

Gaddam Bagyanarayana 

Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India 

India is rich in fungal diversity accounting for nearly 1/3 of the global diversity. Among several groups of Fungi the Rust 

Fungi (Uredinales-Urediniomycetes-Basidiomycota) are an important group of obligate plant pathogens causing . Rust 

fungi show a complex pleomorphic life cycle where a single organism produces different kinds of spore stages. Rust 

fungi show a very wide host range infecting a good majority of vascular plants viz., Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and 

Angiosperms (both Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous plants). Like their lifecycle the taxonomy of rust fungi is 

also complex. 

So far nearly 630 species (both holomorphic and anamorphic taxa) distributed over 70 genera of rust fungi are 

reported from India. The members of angiospermic families viz., Poaceae, Cyperaceae of Monocotyledons and 

Asteraceae, Fabaceae of Dicotyledons provide host substrate to a majority of these taxa. Among the 70 genera the 

genus Puccinia with 340 species is the largest genus followed by Uromyces with 100 species. An account of various 

rust taxa, their distribution and other details will be presented. 

380

PS5-575-0841 

Comparisons between the rust flora of Tibetan East Himalaya and the rust floras of India, Nepal and 

Pakistan 

J.Y. Zhuang 

Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China 

The rust flora of Tibetan East Himalaya is characterized by the predominance of eastern Asian species. One hundred 

twenty-nine species, amounting to 55.4% of the total known species in the region, are in common with the rust species 

of Japan. 

Tibetan East Himalaya adjoins Indian subcontinent and geologically is situated at the suture line connecting Indian 

plate with Eurasian plate. The penetration of Indian-Malaysian floristic component to the Tibetan Himalaya is 

unavoidable. The southern slope of East Himalaya has a climate effected deeply by the monsoon from Indian Ocean 

and an abundant rainfall and a rich vegetation presenting sight of tropical rain forest are suitable for survival of rust 

fungi from India. Seventy-four rust species, amounting to 31.8% of the total known species in Tibetan East Himalaya, 

are in common with the rust species of India. It is worth mentioning that the primeval forest in the south to Medog 

adjacent to India is still inadequately explored. The Indian rust flora is exceedingly luxuriant, containing a number of 

phylogenetically primitive monotypic and small genera such as Arthuria, Chrysocelis, Hiratsukamyces, Masseeëlla, 

Phragmidiella, etc. which are still not known in Tibetan East Himalaya. The distribution of their host plants suggests that 

they are probably present in the tropical forest of the region and yet await the collectors. 

Situated in Central Himalaya, Nepal is relatively similar to East Himalaya in forest vegetation. Comparison between the 

rust flora of Tibetan East Himalaya and that of Napalese Himalaya shows some similarities. There are 61 species in 

common, amounting to 26.2% of Tibetan East Himalayan total. The abundance of East Asian species suggests that the 

Nepalese rust flora is a continuation of the East Himalayan rust flora. 

Pakistan is of generally typical climate of subtropical steppe and desert. The Himalayas, Karakoram Mts. and Pamir 

Plateau occupy the northern part of the country. The rust flora is quite different from that of the other parts of Himalaya. 

There are about 200 known species belonging to some 20 genera. Only 36 rust species in Tibetan East Himalaya, 

amounting to 15.5% of the total, are in common with the rusts of Pakistan. The tropical genera commonly found in East 

Himalaya such as Gerwasia, Hamaspora, Maravalia and Ravenelia are rare or not found in the vast areas of Pakistan 

inland. The connexion between the rust flora of Tibetan East Himalaya and that of Pakistan seems very weak. 

PS5-576-0861 

Metabolic and molecular biodiversity – evidence from a survey of New Caldedonian Fungi and New 

Zealand Xylariaceae 

M Stadler 1, JM Seng 3, S Buchet 2, HG Wetzstein 4 

1 InterMed Discovery GmbH, BioMedizinZentrum, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, 2 BIOtransfer, 41 rue Emile Zola, -, 93100 

Montreuil, France, 3 Laboratoire de Phytopathologie Moléculaire, Université de Paris-Sud , centre d’Orsay, Institut de 

Biotechnologie des Plantes ( IBP ), 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, 4 Bayer HealthCare AG, Div. Animal Health, Research 

& Development, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany 

Much work has been dedicated to fungal biodiversity inventories, using traditional morphology, and meanwhile even 

molecular approaches. The “innovative potential” of tropical fungi with respect to the discovery of novel secondary 

metabolites and other innovative products for application in the Biotech industry was advertised repeatedly. However, 

most of the lead compounds ever derived from fungi have been originally discovered from temperate species! There 

are only few exceptions, such as nodulisporic acid from a group of pantropically distributed endophytes [1]. We have 

attempted to correlate molecular and morphological data on species abundance vs. diversity of secondary 

metabolite production in fungi from tropical and temperate climates and wish to present results of two different 

projects. 

a) A study on the xylariaceous genus Hypoxylon based on HPLC profiling [2] revealed an essentially redundant 

secondary metabolism in many of their species, independent from differences in molecular and morphological traits. 

In contrast, several apparently rare or endemic Hypoxylon spp. from New Zealand and the temperate Northern 

hemisphere were found to contain unprecedented metabolites. Most of the New Zealand fungi studied that produce 

specific metabolites were found from islands or other isolated areas. 

b) During a survey of New Caledonian fungi from different habitats, carried out by a combination of molecular and 

chemical methodology (comparison of ITS nrDNA and dereplication by HPLC profiling), we found that about 35 % of 

the isolates contained several metabolites whose spectral data did not match with the entries of commercial 

secondary metabolite databases, and with a proprietary HPLC-MS library. The ITS nrDNA and HPLC data correlated 

very well; groups of strains with redundant DNA sequences generally showed similar HPLC profiles. It was occasionally 

even possible to predict metabolite production by the molecular data and chemotaxonomic information. Some 

strains from public collections whose sequences were retrieved from GenBank by BLAST searches showed similar HPLC 

profiles as the wild type isolates. 

=> Attaining quality assurance by molecular phylogeny appears ideal to identify redundancies prior to screening, 

especially if and when microscopic/cultural characters do not allow for an effective morphological dereplication. 

[1] J. Polishook et al. (2001) Mycologia 93: 1125–1137. 

[2] V. Hellwig et al. (2005) Mycol Progr 4: 39–54. 

381

PS5-577-0878 

Mycology in a temperate riparian forest canopy – the fungal side of the LAK-Project 

M Unterseher, P Otto, W Morawetz 

University of Leizig, Department of Systematic Botany, Leipzig, Saxonia, Germany 

Despite more than 20 years of intensive canopy research, mycology never played and important role in investigating 

the upper parts of a forest. Using the Leipzig Canopy Crane research facility (LAK) to gain access to the canopy of an 

inner-city floodplain forest, our research is the first of this kind to study fungal organisms that live in different niches 

within tree crowns. 

Dead wood was collected between 10 and 33 metres above the ground to assess the diversity and ecology of 

decomposing ‘canopy fungi’. Parallel to these studies the biodiversity of myxomycetes and allied organims (MMLO) 

was investigated on the same substrate (responsibility Prof. Dr. M. Schnittler, University Greifswald). Recently a third 

group was included in the project: Leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi. 

The mentioned topics are clearly biodiversity-orientated and concentrate on species richness, species turnover within 

the canopy (host and substrate preferences, vertical dispersal from shadow crowns to the upper layers), and ecology 

of the organisms. 

Two spanning results are that the canopy of the investigation site can be viewed now as a convenient habitat for 

wood decaying fungi and MMLO, and that old trees with a large amount of dead branches in their living crowns, in 

particular the species Quercus robur, are crucial for the maintenance of fungal biodiversity in such forest ecosystems. 

PS5-578-0920 

Queensland DPI&F Biosecurity – enhancing North Queensland’s protection against exotic plant diseases 

C.A. Pearce 

DPI&F, Cairns, QLD, Australia 

The Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (DPI&F) Biosecurity group undertakes surveillance and 

response programs for exotic plant pests and diseases in far north Queensland (FNQ), Australia. FNQ has an increased 

risk of exotic pest and disease incursions due to its proximity to south-east Asia and Papua New Guinea, where many 

of the threats are present. Early detection of incursions provides an opportunity to control or eradicate them, and 

lowers the potential impact on Queensland’s primary industries. In collaboration with the Australian Quarantine and 

Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy (NAQS), early warning and response 

surveillance is undertaken on the Cape York Peninsula, Torres Strait Islands and urban centres south to Mackay. A 

target list is used to focus surveillance efforts. The target fungal plant diseases include black Sigatoka and Panama 

disease (tropical Race 4) of banana, powdery mildew and scab disease of citrus, guava rust, grapevine leaf rust, 

downy mildew of maize, sorghum and sugarcane, potato late blight (A2 strain) and sugarcane smut. 

PS5-579-0984 

The rusts of Myrtaceae 

J.A. Simpson, K. Thomas, C. Grgurinovic 

1 Biosecurity Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 2 Biosecurity Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 3 AQIS, Canberra, 

ACT, Australia 

The nomenclature of the species of rust fungi occurring on species of Myrtaceae is reviewed. The Myrtaceae is a large 

monophyletic family comprising 2 subfamilies, 17 tribes, about 130 genera and about 4600 species. 

Three teleomorph and five anamorph species of rusts are accepted: one species of Phakopsora, two species of 

Physopella, two species of Puccinia and three species of Uredo. Each of these taxa can be recognised using only 

morphological characters. 

The known hosts of each of the myrtaceous rusts are recorded. With the exception of Puccinia psidii and two species 

of Uredo each of the rusts is known only from a single host genus. There is no indication there has been a radiation of 

rust taxa on Myrtaceae rather it seems speciation has followed rare host jump events. 

The widespread Central and South American species Puccinia psidii, guava rust, and its uredinial anamorph, is now 

known to occur on species in both subfamilies of Myrtaceae including one of two tribes of the subfamily Psiloxyloideae 

and 7 of the 15 tribes of subfamily Myrtoideae, a total of 20 genera and 71 species. Susceptibility to Puccinia psidii 

seems to be low amongst species of Myrtaceae from the Americas but much more common amongst taxa from Asia, 

Australia and the Pacific. 

Puccinia psidii is now established in Hawaii and represents a significant biosecurity risk to Australasia, the Pacific and 

east Asia where species of Myrtaceae are often a dominant component of the flora and a major determinant of 

biodiversity. 

382

PS5-580-0989 

Land use systems and distribution of Trichoderma species in Embu Region, Kenya 

S. A. Okoth, R. H. Roimen, B Mutsotso, J. O. Owino, P Okoth 

1 University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Kenya Agricultural Institue, Nairobi, Kenya, 3 Department of Resource Surveys 

and Remote Sensing, Nairobi, Kenya, 4 Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility, Nairobi, Kenya 

The distribution of Trichoderma spp in soils of Embu region in relation to land use practices was investigated. The study 

area was chosen because of its significant land use intensification. Soil washing and dilution plate techniques were used 

to recover Trichoderma spp from the soil samples. The fungal isolates were identified and assigned to eight species. 

Greater populations as well as a wider range of species were obtained in soils collected from the natural forests while 

coffee farms were the poorest ones. Land use affected the distribution of Trichoderma. Napier farms had the highest 

abundance of this fungus. The species which showed the highest incidence in all cases was T. harzianum. Plant type 

was a major determinant of the occurrence of this fungus. Trichoderma favored plants with shallow and widespread 

rooting systems, to the deeply rooted perennial coffee and tea trees. The age of the plants also was a driving factor. 

Both inorganic and organic fertilizers are used in the region. There was a negative correlation between amount of 

chemical fertilizers and abundance of the fungus. Organic fertilizers were used exclusively in napier farms that had the 

highest fungal abundance. Soil pH and amount of phosphorus were limiting and influenced the occurrence and 

abundance of this fungus. However carbon and nitrogen were not limiting though they were high in the forests and 

napier farms where the fungus was also abundant. Trichoderma showed tolerance to soil acidity since it was abundant 

in the most acidic soils under napier. Land intensification affected Trichoderma distribution negatively. 

POSTER SESSION 7 INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY 

PS7-581-0044 

Studies on the production of the bioactive secondary metabolite, taxol - an anticancer drug by 

Phyllosticta spp. 

Rangarajulu Senthil Kumaran, John Paul Muthumary 

1 Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai- 602 105, India, 2 Centre for 

Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai- 600 025, India 

Taxol, an important and expensive diterpenoid anticancer drug, which is especially targeted to treat breast and 

ovarian cancers, was originally isolated from the bark of Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia. Taxol is synthesized by Yew 

species is found in extremely low amount. However, a full course of treatment for a patient may require 2 g of taxol, 

administered several times over many months. This amount of taxol would require the felling of 12 or more, large 

Pacific Yews of 100 years old and cost over US$ 10,000 for the drug alone. Presently, all taxol in the world’s market has 

originated from Taxus spp. The supply issue is further complicated by the scarcity of the Yew tree. Although chemical 

synthesis of taxol has been achieved, the process is too expensive for commercialization. Ultimately, in order to lower 

the price of taxol and make it more available, a fermentation process involving micro-organisms would be the most 

desirable and alternate source of supply. In the present study, 12 different species of Phyllosticta (both pathogenic 

and endphytic species), a coelomycetous fungi isolated from South India were screened for the production of taxol 

in MID and PDB medium. The putative fungal taxol along with authentic taxol were analysed by different analytical 

methods viz. Thin Layer Chromatography, UV and IR spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Of 

the 12 species tested, P. tabernaemontanae produced high content of taxol followed by P. melochiea, P. spinarum, 

P. dioscorea and P. citricarpa. The results and significance of the findings are discussed in detail. 

PS7-582-0045 

Effect of photoperiod on the growth and taxol production of Colletotrichum capsici 

Rangarajulu Senthil Kumaran, John Paul Muthumary, Reshmi Sudhakaran 

1 Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai – 602 105, India, 2 

Department of Biotechnology, Vysya College, Salem – 636 103 (TN), India, 3 Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, 

University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai – 600 025, India 

Anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum capsici causing fruit rot in Chill is one of the major worst and baffling disease in 

India. The growth of the fungus in invitro is considered to be very important in the study of disease development and 

control aspects of plant pathology. Present study was undertaken to find out the comparative effect of different 

photoperiods (light, dark and light/dark) on the growth (Radial growth, biomass, total proteins, carbohydrated and 

lipids) of C. capsici on different medium. 

Nowadays, unexploited microbial biodiversity have been applied in the field of new drug discovery. Taxol, an 

important and expensive diterpenoid anticancer drug, which is especially targeted to treat breast and ovarian 

cancers, was originally isolated from the bark of Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia. From the plant source the amount of 

taxol production is found to be very low and the cost of the commercially available taxol drug is highly expensive. 

Ultimately, in order to lower the price of taxol and make it more available, a fermentation process involving microorganisms 

would be the most desirable and alternate source of supply. Apart from pathogenic nature, the fungus also 

serves as an excellent source for the production of novel bioactive compounds. In the present study, productions of 

taxol by the fungus in different photoperiod were also carried out. The results and significance of the findings are 

discussed in detail. 

383

PS7-583-0084 

Differential breakdown of pesticide mixtures by Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium by 

production of hydrolytic enzymes under different soil water potentials in soil microcosms 

N Magan, S Fragoiero 


Bioremedial strategies require fungi to be able to breakdown mixtures of pesticides effectively over a range of 

environmental conditions in soil. This study has addressed this problem under realistic soil conditions and measured the 

relationship between production of the necessary enzymes and rates of degradation of pesticide mixtures in soil 

microcosms under different soil water potentials over periods of 3 months. 

Soil microcosms modified to -0.7 and -2.8 MPa water potential contaminated with a mixture of pesticides (simazine, 

trifluralin and dieldrin, 10 mg kg-1 soil ) were inoculated with T.versicolor and P.chrysosporium grown on wood chips 

and temporal studies used to examine degradation rates at 15ºC for up to 12 weeks. Extracellular enzyme (cellulose, 

dehydrgenase, and laccase) production was quantified in soil. Respiration was also used to compare the effect of 

different treatments. 

The two test isolates successfully grew and produced extracellular enzymes in soil at both water potentials. Respiratory 

activity was enhanced in soil inoculated with the test isolates, and was generally higher in the presence of the 

pesticide mixture, which suggested increased mineralization. Cellulase and dehydrogenase was also higher in 

inoculated soil than in the control especially after 84 days incubation. Laccase was produced at very high levels, only 

when T.versicolor was present. Degradation of the three pesticides by T.versicolor, after 6 weeks, was enhanced by 

46, 57 and 51% respectively for simazine, trifluralin and dieldrin over that in natural soil. P.chrysosporium also significantly 

enhanced degradation rates over controls, especially in the wetter treatment. There was a correlation between some 

enzyme production in soil, degradation rates and other indicator criteria. This 

This study shows that even under quite dry conditions (twice the wilting point of plants) fungal bioremediation of 

mixtures of pesticides occurs mediated by a range of enzyme activities 

PS7-584-0090 

Medium optimization for the production of the secondary metabolite squalestatin S1 by a Phoma sp 

combining orthogonal design and response surface methodology 

N Magan, R Parra, D Aldred 


There has been interest in finding statistical means for optimising the production of high value products by 

economising on the number of experiments that need to be practically carried out. This study was carried out to 

address this issue by using a Phoma species which produces the cholesterol-lowering suite of polyketides 

(squalestatins). 

In the present work, a combined statistical approach of orthogonal design (L27(313), response surface techniques 

and polynomial regression were applied to optimize the composition and concentration of a liquid fermentation 

medium for the production of squalestatin S1 by the Phoma species. Optimal conditions for maximal titres and 

productivity were determined based on thirteen parameters at three different levels. Initially, a screening design 

methodology was used to evaluate the process variables which were relevant to S1 titre and the response surfaces 

applied to find optimal regions for production. 

The sources of carbon and concentration, and their interactions with oily precursors were statistically significant 

factors. The combined orthogonal design and response surface methodology predicted optimal conditions of 273 mg 

l-1 of squalestatin S1. Confirmatory experiments of the optimal medium composition produced titres of 434 mg l-1 in a 

five day fermentation at 25oC. This represented a 60% improvement in the maximum titre predicted, and a two-fold 

higher productivity when compared with reported S1 yields of various fungal species. Surface response curves were 

produced to show the impact of different individual and combined factors and their impacts on S1 production. 

This combined statistical approach enables rapid identification and integration of key medium parameters for 

optimising secondary metabolite production and could be very useful in pharmaceutical screening programmes and 

also in optimising the production of heterologous proteins. 

384

PS7-585-0097 

Production of the biocontrol agent Phlebiopsis gigantea in controlled environmental and nutritional media 

for control of wood decay 

N Magan, S Swanwick, D Aldred 


Heterobasidion annosum, a tree pathogen, is ubiquitous in the environment and causes financial losses for the forestry 

industry. It has been found that the saprophyte, Phlebiopsis gigantea, can reduce losses from H. annosum, by outcompeting 

for woody resources. The natural population of spores of P. gigantea can be augmented by the 

application of a spore suspension, to the stumps, at the time of tree-felling. 

Environmental studies have been carried out to assess the fitness of different isolates of the antagonist relative to the 

pathogen. An index od dominance was established under different environmental regimes. The potential use of the 

antagonist is dependent on the ability to produce a high quality inoculum with ecological competence. Studies were 

conducted in liquid culture, immobilised gels, and solid substrate to evaluate the production of spores. Subsequently, 

fluidised bed drying was used for the first time to make formulations of this biocontrol agent. The effect on viability 

under different environmental conditions was assessed. 

Competitiveness was affected by environmental factors, especially water availability. These indicate that the 

antagonist was effective over a narrow environmental niche which needed to be maintained for efficacy in the field. 

Under different osmotic and matric conditions the efficacy of strains of the antagonist was more sensitive than the 

pathogen, especially under drier conditions. 

Studies have been carried out to examine potential for liquid, immobilised alginate beads and solid substrate 

fermentation systems for optimising production of P.gigantea. Liquid culture studies were variable regardless of 

available nutrients and ecophysiological stresses imposed. However, temporal studies on immobilised beads and solid 

substrate based on Pinus sylvestris sawdust gave >Log10 7 viable oidia g-1 in the best treatments. Scale up, 

preservation studies and analyses of the endogenous reserves of the best treatments are in progress to identify specific 

quality characteristics. 

These studies have shown the best systems to use for the production of this biocontrol agent. The importance of 

speficying the range of conditions over which effective establishment and control can be achieved is important. The 

production of high quality spores which have retained viability and shelf life can be achieved for this biocontrol agent 

based on the knowledge gained in this work. 

PS7-586-0102 

Selection of Ligninolytic Fungi and Application to Bioremediation of Contaminated Water and Soil 

C Novotny1, K Svobodová1, P Erbanová 1, P Schoeberl 2, S Pavko 4, A Rehorek 3, W Fuchs 2 

1 Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic, 2 IFA, Tulln, Austria, 3 Fachhochschule, Koeln am Rhein, Germany, 

4 University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia 

Pollution with persistant organics has become major ecological problem. Ligninolytic fungi (LF), microorganisms of 

choice for bioremediations, are able to efficiently degrade a great number of pollutants using oxidative enzymes with 

relatively low specificity. The work focused on selection of powerful LF degraders, development of remediation 

techniques, and estimation of degradation efficiency with various synthetic dyes. 

Screening of LF strains with high biodegradation capacity was carried out using polymeric and non-polymeric dyes. 

LF column reactors consisting of 3-6 g dry solid material were used for removal of dyes at 0.15-10 g.l-1 in culture media 

and textile industry effluents [1]. Decolorization of dyes was measured colorimetrically and degradation products 

characterized by HPLC-MS. 100-ml Erlenmeyer flasks contain-ing straw-grown LF inoculum were used for 

bioremediation of anthraqui-none-dye-contaminated soil by explorative fungal mycelium [2]. The re-moval of 

pollutants was detected colorimetrically after extraction. 

Selected fungus Irpex lacteus decolorized 94-100% of azo-, anthraquinone-, triphenyl methane-, phthalocyanine- and 

thiazine dyes (150 mg.l-1) within 1 week, degradation rates were in the range of 105-213 Ìg dye.h-1 at a flow rate of 1 

ml.h –1, 22 °C and a forced aeration. Products of degradation of the azo dye Reactive Orange 16 were determined 

by HPLC-MS. Decolorization rates in diluted, pH-adjusted textile industry effluents containing Acid Black, Cassulfon 

Blau, Drimaren Red, Drimaren Blue, Eybl Green, Eybl Red or Remazol Green were 95, 94, 90, 83, 81, 30 and 25% in 2-7 

d, respectively. Besides column reac-tors, rotating disc reactors could also be used for decolorization of dyes. 

LF in the form of immobilized cultures and explorative mycelium could be used for efficient removal of various types 

of synthe-tic dyes from water and soil and for remediation of textile coloring liquids. 

REFERENCES: [1] Kasinath, A., Novotn˘, â., Svobodová, K., Patel, K.C., ·a‰ek, V. (2003) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32, 

167-173; [2] Bhatt, M., Patel, M., Rawal, B., Novotn˘, â., Molitoris, H.P., ·a‰ek, V. (2000) World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 

16, 195-198. 

385

PS7-587-0109 

A qualitative investigation on tea garden air fungal pollution in the north of Iran, Gilan Province Estern Region 

Arash Chaichi Nosraty, Leila Modiri, Alireza Khosravi, Seid Abdol Mirhosseini Moghaddam, Mohammad Reza Majid 

Khsoshkholgh Pahlaviani, Sied Amir Taghi Shokr Gozar, Vahid Koochaki 

Lahijan Azad University, Lahijan, Gilan, Iran 

Fungi Are Obiquitous And Infact Account For At Least 25% Of The Earth’s Biomass So Abundant In Many Area Or 

Spaces Serving Optimum Temprature And Humidity .Fungi Have Long Been Know To Affect Human Life Status In 

Various Efforts Including Soil Habitation, Plant / Animal Parasitism And Food / Drink Decaying, With Possible 

Concomitant Production Of Mycotoxins, Tissue Infections And Immune Stimulation Or Combat .Ecologic Microbiota Of 

Fungi Can Grow In Initial Area Even The Region May Play More Improtant Role Than Climatic Forces Such As Seasonal 

Fluctuations On Fungal Flora .It Must Be Pointed Out That Outdoor Fungi Concentrations Are In Relation To Indoor 

Counts But In Different Genera So The Taxa Identified Is Much More Important Than The Absolute Number Of Colony – 

Forming Units .Occupational And Environmental Health Professionals Are Confronted With Issues Concerning 

Bioaerosol Harmness Regarding Investigation Both Indoor And Outdoor Fungi In Complaint And NonComplaint Area 

.In This Respect Totally 62 Regional Typical Tea Gardens Dust Bioaerosols Were Sampelified And 1005 Mold Colonies 

Were Isolated Due To Driect Microscopy And Culture – Based Inspective Conventional Mycologic Methods , During 

May To August 2005. Finaly 26 Different Genera Of Habitate Fungi Were Collected And Confirmed From 194 

Conducted Plates. Of Defined Geographic Location , This Is The Largest Study Of Air Borne Outdoor Fungal Species 

With Rutine Protocol To Date . Related To Nouniformity Of Any Specific Guide Lines Measuring Outdoor Environmental 

Fungi And Determine Potentially Outcoming Deseases Due To Exposure Making Interpretation Of Existing Data Difficult 

, Air Testing Methodology Must Be Expanded And Evaluated .To Build A Model To Clarify Determinants Of Airborne 

Fungal Populations And Health Assessment In Public Area Within A Defined Geographic Location And Labor, 

Additional Studies Are Needed To Document Any Suspected Relations Prospectivly As Well As Retrospectivly. 

PS7-588-0114 

Ligninolytic enzyme production in Pleurotus ostreatus depending on the medium composition and 

cultivation conditions 

M. Stajic1, J. Vukojevic 1, S.P. Wasser 2, E. Nevo 2, S. Duletic-Lausevic 1 

1 Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, 2 Institute of Evolution 

University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 

Pleurotus ostreatus is an edible and medicinal species that belongs to the group of white rot fungi due to its ability to 

produce extracellular ligninolytic enzymes (laccase, Mn dependent peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and aryl-alcohol 

oxidase), and modify and degrade lignin. P. ostreatus is commercially cultivated on different lignocellulosic materials 

such as sawdust, paper products, and most agricultural wastes that are produced in enormous amounts worldwide. 

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources, and raw plant 

materials under conditions of submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation, on the laccase and peroxidases 

production in P. ostreatus. 

The influence of 7 inorganic (carboxymethyl-cellulose sodium salt, cellulose, glucose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-gluconic 

acid sodium salt, and xylan) and two organic carbon sources (grapevine sawdust and mandarine peels) under 

submerged and solid-state fermentation conditions was studied. Effect of 5 inorganic (ammonium chloride, 

ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium sulfate, and potassium nitrate) and three organic 

(bacteriological peptone, casein acid hydrolysate vitamin free, and corn step liquor) nitrogen sources was studied by 

their addition to the medium with optimal carbon source under optimal cultivation conditions. Enzymes activities were 

determined spectrophotometrically, by syringaldazine for laccase and phenol red for peroxidases. 

Laccase was produced under both studied conditions using all of the investigated carbon and nitrogen sources, while 

significant peroxidases production occurred only in solid-state fermentation. The highest levels of laccase, Mn 

depended peroxidase and versatile peroxidase activities were found in solid-state fermentation of grapevine sawdust 

(378,24 U/l; 4,77 U/l; 6,33 U/l). 

After purification of extracellular crude enzyme mixture of P. ostreatus which was grown under solid-state fermentation 

conditions with grapevine sawdust, three laccase peaks (14 U/l, 124 U/l, 873 U/l) and two peaks of activity against 

phenol red in presence and absence of external Mn2+, respectively (12.6 U/l and 4.4 U/l) were revealed. 

In the medium with the best carbon source for enzymes production (grapevine sawdust) peptone and ammonium 

chloride were the optimal nitrogen sources for laccase synthesis (466.2 U/l and 501 U/l). The peak of activity against 

phenol red in presence of external Mn2+ was found in the medium with peptone and ammonium nitrate (59,1 U/l and 

53,5 U/l), while the peak of activity in absence of external Mn2+ was with casein acid hydrolysate vitamin free and 

potassium nitrate (17,0 U/l and 16,3 U/l). 

386

PS7-590-0118 

Isolation and in vitro cultivation of Auriculoscypha anacardiicola 

T. K. Arun Kumar, E. S. Jisha, P. Manimohan 

University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala State, India 

Auriculoscypha (Basidiomycota, Septobasidiales) is a remarkable genus that seems to be endemic to south-west 

India. It forms part of an interesting fungus-insect-plant co-existence and interaction. It seems to be restricted to the 

bark of a few, mostly anacardiaceous, trees and is invariably associated with a coccid Neogreenia zeylanica. It is a 

monotypic genus and A. anacardiicola is the only known species. Isolation of pure cultures and their in vitro cultivation 

are fundamental steps in the understanding of the biology of any fungus and are all the more important in the case 

of an obligate insect-symbiont like Auriculoscypha. For this reason we decided to attempt isolation and in vitro 

cultivation of Auriculoscypha anacardiicola. This project had three aims to achieve: 1) to isolate a pure culture of A. 

anacardiicola on a solid culture medium; 2) to trace the step-by-step development of a mycelium of A. anacardiicola 

from a germinating basidiospore; 3) to compare the growth-rate and colony characters of cultures of A. 

anacardiicola on six fungal culture media. Conventional mycological methods to isolate and cultivate fungi were 

employed. Isolation of A. anacardiicola proved to be a difficult task but in spite of this a dependable method for the 

isolation and in vitro cultivation was accomplished in this study. Allowing basidiospores from fruit bodies to fall directly 

on tap water agar was the only way by which A. anacardiicola could be isolated in culture. The basidiospores 

germinated in any of the following three ways: by germ tube formation; by formation of secondary ballistospores; by 

formation of secondary blastospores. The mycelium of A. anacardiicola develops, at least under in vitro conditions, 

only from a yeast phase. This yeast phase then passes through a brief pseudomycelial phase before becoming normal 

mycelium. Colonies growing on Malt-Yeast-Peptone agar showed the largest overall mean colony diameter and this 

medium is considered best for A. anacardiicola. Czapek-Dox agar (CDA) is not supportive of growth of A. 

anacardiicola. Of all the six media tested, CDA is distinct in that it is the only medium containing only sucrose as the 

carbon source. It is quite possible that A. anacardiicola lacks enzymes needed for sucrose utilization. 

PS7-591-0140 

The use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to identify key fungi involved in the commercial 

mushroom composting process 

S L Dodd, R C Butler, S B Visnovsky, M I Khan, F A Shah, J W Marshall 

Crop and Food Research NZ, Lincoln/Canterbury, New Zealand 

Good compost for growing the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is the key limiting factor to highly profitable 

production. Compost failure can drastically reduce yields and economy of production and has forced farm closures. 

The key to high yielding compost, and thus economic yields, is the amount and types of carbohydrates and minerals 

present in the finished compost. These components are produced by the controlled development of micro-organisms 

that sequentially break down the straw and nitrogenous material. It is this controlled development of the microbes 

and their breakdown products that provides the potential for final mushrooms yields. 

In this study we used DGGE with fungal specific primers targeting the 18S ribosomal DNA region to profile the fungal 

population of both phase I and phase II composts. Advantages of using this technique are that it is includes nonculturable 

and slower growing fungi, it gives a good indication of the diversity of fungal species present, and the level 

at which diversity is detected (i.e. strains vs species vs genus) can be altered with the primers used. Six known 

important compost fungi were developed as standards for the system. Results from preliminary studies revealed issues 

with sampling and PCR replications to yield consistent and reliable results. A number of trials were subsequently 

conducted to optimise the process and provide more reliable results. Bands of interest were excised from gels, 

sequenced and identified using a Genbank blast search. A number of fungi were identified that had not been 

previously described from mushroom compost. This DGGE method will now be employed to compare composts from 

different farms using different composting processes, as well as, comparing ‘good yielding’ compost with ‘poor 

yielding’ compost to identify key indicator fungi responsible for each of the outcomes. Information gained will be 

used to develop tools to monitor key indicator fungi throughout the composting process to predict when production 

modifications may be necessary to ensure consistently good yielding compost is produced. 

PS7-592-0152 

Bioactivities of Phellinus linteus Extracts Growing in Chinese Herbal Formula Substrates 

Jiay-An Li, Jian-Chyi Chen, Chee-Jen Chen 

Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Young-Kang City, Tainan County, Taiwan 

Phellinus linteus, a well-known orange color mushroom growing on mulberry tree, is scattering around the oriental 

countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. In Korea and Japan, the fungus of the genus Phellinus in the family of 

Hymenochaetaceae has been used as a traditional herb medicine for years in oriental countries, especially common 

use in cancer treatment. Mycelia of the fungus were grown well when cultured on ten different solid media. The 

mycelia growing on different solid media are yellowish in color. The preliminary results indicate that the capability of 

inhibition of tumor cells including fibrosarcoma cell (HT 1080), human breast cancer cell (MCF 7), human cervical cell 

(HeLa), and human colon adenocarcinoma cell (COLO 205) treated with the hot water extracts from SBB, BN, and LW 

media is significantly potential in healthy food. In antibiotic activity, 10mg/mL of P. linteus hot water extract inhibits 

dominantly sportulation of Penicillium citrinum. The thin layer chromatography and high pressure liquid 

chromatography showed that the culture of P. linteus had produced new compounds derived from BN substrate. 

Meanwhile, hot water extract of P. linteus growing in YM substrate obviously proved the anti-inflammatory activity 

according to the assay of inhibiting NO activity of mouse macrophage cell (RAW 264.7) stimulated by 

lipopolysaccharide (LPS 2 ?g/mL). 

387

PS7-593-0196 

An experimental strategy towards directing biosynthesis of communesin alkaloids by a Penicillium sp. in 

submerged fermentation 

L.J. Wigley 1, D.A. Perry 2, P.G. Mantle 1 

1 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Pfizer Global R & D, Groton, CT, United States 

Communesins were discovered as metabolites of several Penicillium isolates in the 1990s, and their complex structures 

shown to have indole and isoprene components. Various biological activities of potential pharmaceutical and 

agrochemical interest were also recognised. The compounds are now regarded as rather typical of P. expansum and 

some related species (Samson & Frisvad, 2004). 

Industrial development for potential product scale-up involved not only optimised pilot-scale fermentations, but also 

more fundamental aspects of biosynthesis and developing potential for generating structural analogues through 

directed biosynthesis. Experiments with 14C-labelled precursors showed biosynthetic involvement of tryptophan, 

acetate, mevalonate and methionine. 14C tryptamine, generated from 14C-tryptophan by phenylalanine 

decarboxylase from Streptomyces faecalis, was also incorporated efficiently into communesins. Some radiolabelled 

tryptophan analogues were synthesised (e.g. 14C-6-fluorotryptophan from 6-fluoroindole and 14C-serine utilising the 

hyper-expressed tryptophan synthetase of an E.coli) and revealed rather high enzyme specificity in communesin 

biosynthesis. However, 5-bromotryptophan and 6-fluorotryptophan could be accepted, but the latter only into a 

mono-fluorinated analogue as shown by mass spectrometry. This indirectly indicated that in the di-indole moiety of 

communesins the indolic precursor that does not become N-methylated is the only one for which a precursor indolic 

analogue can substitute. Consequently, an experimental mutagenic strategy was developed to select a variant 

lacking tryptophan decarboxylase, which might more readily accept a tryptophan analogue. After NTG treatment of 

spores giving 99% kill, 1500 survivors were each grown in 100µl medium in 96-well microtitre plates with carboxy-14Ctryptophan 

and covered by filter paper impregnated with barium hydroxide. Autoradiography revealed 4 colonies 

with low activity in decarboxylating tryptophan, with altered phenotypic characters, and with suppressed 

communesin biosynthesis though reversible by added tryptamine. Prospects will be discussed. 

PS7-594-0225 

Evaluation on the utilization possibility of waste mushroom logs as biomass resource using enzyme analysis 

J.W Lee, B.W Koo, I.G Choi 


Environmentally-friendly biomass has been special attention as a new material of alternative energy. A lot of waste 

mushroom logs after production of oak mushroom are suitable lignocellulosic material for the production of 

bioethanol because the degradation of lignin was caused by the lignin degrading enzymes of Lentinus edodes. In 

order to investigate the ability of waste mushroom logs as biomass, characterization of enzymes of L. edodes related 

to cellulose degradation were examined. 

The measurement of crystallinity in normal woods and mushroom logs during cultivation period was carried out by 

powder High Resolution X-ray Diffractometry. Chemical component analysis of wood powder was measured by TAPPI 

test method. Cellulase activity was determined by endo-1, 4-beta-glucanas, cellobiohydrolase, beta-glucosidas and 

xylanase. Protein was determined by Bradford with bovine serum albumin. Enzyme was purified by FPLC using ion 

exchange and size exclusion chromatography equilibrated with 20mM sodium acetate buffer, and identified by 

LC/MS-MS. Activity of purified enzyme was determined in different pH(6~8) buffer solution and temperature(30~70). 

The crystallinity of waste mushroom logs which after the inoculation was drastically decreased during the cultivation. 

On the cultivation of fungi, lignin contents of normal wood and waste mushroom logs were decreased, however, 

holocellulose contents were increased relatively. The cellulases activity of the waste mushroom logs was higher than 

that of normal woods. Especially, the activity of xylanase which degraded hemicelluloses was three times higher than 

that of normal woods. When the waste mushroom logs were used as carbon source, a new protein band was 

appeared at 35kDa. According to the results of purification and identification of this band by LC/MS-MS, it was very 

homologous to the xylanase from Aspergillus terreus and the highest Xcorr of 1.737 was determined at amino acid of 

RKWI SQGIPIDGIG SQTHLGSGGS WTVKD originated from A. terreus. 

Waste mushroom logs were renewable resources because it had low crystallinity and low lignin contents. Especially, it 

had potential of degradation of hemicelluloses by secreted xylanase from L. edodes, Based on these results, waste 

mushroom logs had enough potential as a material for developing alternative energy. 

388

PS7-595-0226 

Study on using A. niger XP isolated from soy bean waste to produce acidic phytase for animal using 

cassava bagasse waste. 

Hang Mai Thi, Xuan Ngo Thanh 

Ha Noi University of Education, Vietnam, Ha Noi, Vietnam 

Phytase has an important role in current farming systems since they solve both the nutritional and environmental 

problems. At present, all phytases for farming in Vietnam are imported. In order to reduce the import of enzyme , this 

work has been done for obtaining cheap phytase of A. niger XP by SSF using cassava bagasse waste that could reach 

millions of tones per year but caused serious environmental pollution in Vietnam. 

The enzyme activity of the phytase was determined by the method of Shimizu, M.et al.,1992. Both conventional and 

D1, D2 sequencing method were used for identification of the mould producing phytase. TLC and ELISA methods were 

applied for detection of Ochratoxin A production of this strain. In vitro digestion of the feed by A. niger xp was 

performed according to the method of T.Matsui et al.,2000. 

From soybean waste, a strain of Aspergillus which could produce high acidic phytase with two optimum pH (one of 

2.5 and the other of 5.5) and optimum temperature of 55oC was isolated. The A. niger xp phytase could effectively 

release Pi from many substrates used for feed in Vietnam such as corn, soybean, rice bran, commercial feed HI – GRO 

and C20. The enzyme is notable for its stability in the acidic condition and action of pepsin. When 20 unit of enzyme 

was mixed with 10g feed with an addition of 20000 IU pepsin/g at pH=2.0 and incubated for 2h in vitro, its activity was 

remained intact and it could release about 1300 ?mol Pi /g from rice bran. Therefore suggestion that, this enzyme 

could be active when introduced to feed digestion in stomach of animals. This strain was identified to be A. niger 

Tiegh, hereafter it was named as Aspergillus niger XP. 

Aspergillus niger XP was subjected to SSF using cassava bagasse waste for producing of phytase. The effect of 

fermentation condition was investigated and the result obtained showing that It could produce 4.8IU/g ferment 

mashes when subjected to SSF using cassava bagasse waste moisten to 65% with minerals solution (KNO3 3.0 ; K2HPO4 

: 1.0g; MgSO4 0.5 ;KCl: 0.5 FeSO4 : 0.01;H20 :1000 ml) at 34oC, pH = 4,0 for 40h. The ferment mash was determined 

to be free of Ochratoxin A. 

All obtained data show that it is high possible to employ A. niger xp for converting cassava bagasee waste to obtain 

low cost phytase using for enzyme feed in Vietnam. 

PS7-596-0244 

Isolation and characterization of a anticholesterolemic ‚ß-hydroxy-ß-,methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG- 

CoA) reductase inhibitor from Pholiota adiposa 

Jong-Soo LEE 1, DAE-HYOUNG LEE 1, JAE-DUCK NO1, DAE-HYUNG LEE 1, Geon-Sik Seo 3, Soo-Muk Cho 2 

1 Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea, South, 2 Rural Resources Development Institute, National Institute of Agricultural 

Science and Technology, Suwon, Korea, South, 3 Korea National Agricultural College, Kyonggi-do, Korea, South 

For the purpose of development of a new anticholesterolemic drug or nutraceuticals from natural sources, screening 

of a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-producing mushroom and optimal extraction condition of the HMG-CoA 

reductase inhibitor were investigated. The methanol extracts of Pholiota adiposa ASI 24018 showed the highest HMG- 

CoA reudctase inhibitory activity of 55.8%. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor of Pholiota adiposa ASI 24018 was 

maximally extracted when it was treated with methanol at 30? for 12hrs. After purified the HMG-CoA reductase 

inhibitor by systematic solvent extraction, gel column chromatography and RP-HPLC, finally obtained the HMG-CoA 

reductase inhibitor with an activity of IC50 6.8ug. Molecular weight of the purified HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor was 

765.4Da by LC-Mass, NMR and FT-IR spectrophotometry. The purified HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor were soluble in 

hexane, chloroform, methanol and DMSO, wherease it was water-insoluble. It also had a maximum absorption 

spectrum at 274nm. [This study was supported by ARPC(Agriculture R&D Promotion Center) technology Development 

Program for Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea] 

PS7-597-0245 

Isolation and charaterization of a novel antithrombotic compound from mushrooms. 

Jong-Soo Lee1, Dae-Hyoung Lee 1, Jae-Won Lee 1, Soo-Muk Cho 2, Jeong-Sik Park 3 

1 Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea, South, 2 Rural Resources Development Institute, National Institute of Agricultural 

Science and Technology, Suwon, Korea, South, 3 National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, 

Korea, South 

The isolation and characterization of a platelet aggregation inhibitor and fibrinolytic compound were performed on 

various extracts from mushrooms for development of a novel antithrombotic compound. The highest platelet 

aggregation inhibitory activity was 81.2% in the ethanol extract from fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus ASI 74006 and 

also were high in the ethanol extract from fruiting bodies of Fomitella fraxinea. The ethanol extract from the mycelia 

of Agaricus blazei Murill. ASI 1174 showed the strongest fibrinolytic activity as 9.6 unit. However, fibrinolytic activities of 

other mushrooms were low or negligible. Therefore, we finally selected Inonotus obliquus ASI 74006 as producer of a 

potent antithrombotic compound. The maximum platelet aggregation inhibitory activity was found when the mycelia 

of Inonotus obliquus ASI 74006 was extracted with ethanol at 80? for 12 h. The platelet aggregation inhibitor was 

purified by systematic solvent fractionation, ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-10 column chromatography, and reversephase 

HPLC. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor is a novel tripeptide with a molecular mass of 365 Da, having 

a sequence of Trp-Gly-Cys. The purified platelet aggregation inhibitor also showed high platelet aggregation inhibitory 

activity in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. [This study was supported by ARPC(Agriculture R&D Promotion 

Center) technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic 

of Korea] 

389

PS7-598-0249 

Distribution Profiles of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Cultured with 

Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium 

Y.K. Rhee, M.J Kwon, Y.H Pyo, Y.C. Lee 

Korea Food Research Institute, Songnam City, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, South 

This research was conducted to compare the biotransformation of both ginsenoside derivatives and ‚-glucosidase 

activity in korean ginseng cultured with Ganoderma lucidum. Solid fermentation was performed to prepare the 

ginseng media by inoculating the sterilized ginseng radix with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and cultured at 25? for 

30 days. Results revealed that culture caused a marked change in the compositions of ginsenosides and a significant 

reduction in the content of ginsenoside Rb1, compared with the uncultured sterilized ginseng radix. However, the 

content of ginsenoside Rd increased as culture age increased. The extent of decreased ginsenoside Rb1 and 

increased ginsenoside Rd contents varied with Ganoderma lucidum used. Among the various cultured ginseng radix 

prepared, Ganoderma lucidum KFRI 011 biotransformed from Rb1 to Rd and showed the highest level of Rd. The 

percentages of Rd in total ginsenoside increased from an initial ?6.6% to 28.3% after culture by Ganoderma lucidum 

KFRI 0110. In comparison, the percentages of Rd in total ginsenosides found in ginseng radix inoculated with 

Ganoderma lucidum KFRI 0201 ranged from 6.6% to 17.5% after culture. Compound K as biotransformed ginsenoside 

was also identified with FAB-MS, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR. In addition, the increases of the bioconverted ginsenoside content 

and ‚-glucosidase activity during the culture age showed a similar trend. 

PS7-599-0317 

Isolation, Selection, and Optimization for Xylanase Production from Aspergillus niger from Soil in Thailand 

Aree Rittiboon, Rewadee Prebou, Sayanh Somrithpol 

KMITL, Bangkok, Thailand 

Xylanase producing fungi were isolated from soil in Thailand. Thirty strains of fungi different in macroscopic 

morphology were isolated. Among these 30 strains, no. 27 was selected as potential xylan-digesting fungi. The 

xylanase activity of the fungal strain no. 27 was determined comparing with a reference strain, Aspergillus foetidus 

TISTR 3159 by measuring the ratio of the clear zone to that of the colony on the agar plate and determining xylanase 

activity in liquid cultivation. At pH 6, fungi no.27 produced xylanase with the highest ratio of the clear zone to that of 

the colony of 3.57 and the enzyme activity of 33.82 U/ml. The optimum cultural conditions for xylanase production by 

fungi no. 27 were studied. The maximum xylanase production was obtained in a medium containing 30 g/l corn cobs 

as carbon source, 0.3 g/l urea, 0.25 g/l proteose peptone, 0.05 g/l yeast extract and 0.3 g of (N)/l (1.4 g/l) of (NH4 

)2HPO4 as nitrogen sources , 0.2 g/l KH2PO4, 0.3 g/l CaCl2.2H2O, 0.3 g/l MgSO4.7H2O and 2 ml/l Tween 80 at the 

initial pH of 6.0, a rotation speed of 200 rpm, incubation period of 6 days, and the temperature of 30∞C. In the 

presence of selective medium, the maximal xylanase activity was seven times higher than that in standard medium. 

The maximum xylanase and cellulase activity of fungi no. 27 were detected after 5 days of cultivation at 236.53 U/ml 

and 0.22 U/ml, respectively. The maximum xylanase and cellulase of reference stain A. foetidus TISTR 3159 were 

obtained on the 5th day of incubation at 211.90 and 0.28 U/ml respectively. The fungi no.27 was identified as 

Aspergillus niger. 

PS7-600-0319 

Isolation, Selection, and Optimization for Xylanase Production from Aspergillus niger Isolated from Soil in 

Thailand 


KMITL, Bangkok, Thailand 


390

PS7-601-0327 

New cropping system to improve productivity of Gastrodia elata 

J. K. J JUNG, C.D.S. CHOI, C. H. G. CHOI, P. I. J. PARK 

Jeonnam Agriculture research extention service, Gwang Ju, Korea, South 

Gastritroda elata is perennial plant without chlorophyll only absorbed nutrition by rhizomorph of Armillariella spp. In 

Chinese medicine, dried Gastrodia elata used to curing the paralysis, high blood pressure, stress, insomnia, etc. In 

generally, Gastrodia elata cultivating at mountain area or opened upland. But, this culturing system was very low 

productivity because of inappropriate environmental conditions so as temperature, humidity, etc. These experiments 

were conducted to improve the Gastrodia elata productivity by change the cropping system. 

For improve the culturing environment condition, we cultivated in plastic house, which covered with polyvinyl, lagging 

material and shade net, instead of opened upland. Two stairs of culturing bed and irrigation system was established 

in the plastic house. To find the optimum media composition for growing the Gastrodia elata and Armillariella spp., we 

are mixed deciduous tree sawdust and waste cotton to several rates. Bed culturing practice, several medium 

materials such as oak log, deciduous tree sawdust, sand, upland soil and silt loam was arranged different 

combination, and planting the spawn (Armillariella spp.) and young root of Gastrodia elata. All experiment plot 

management same methods and harvest two years later. 

In container cultures, the best media composition for growth of G. elata and Armillariella spp. was planted only 

deciduous tree sawdust medium. Mean weight and number of G. elata was decreased in inverse proportion the 

amount of waste cotton. Because the waste cotton have a high capacity of water holding for a long periods, young 

root of G. elata was decomposed easily. 

In bed culturing at plastic house, the most effective oak log arrange methods was following as the length of oak log 

was 30cm, distance of each oak logs was 20cm. Medium composition was silt loam + oak log + deciduous tree 

sawdust. In this plot, the yield of the Gastrodia elata was 31.3kg/3.3. This yields was improved 3.7 times and the yield 

index of bed culturing method was improved 4.8 times compared to open upland soil culture. 

PS7-602-0328 

Reduction effect the production cost of Flammulina velutipes by re-using of the used media 

C. Chung 

Jeonnam Agriculture research extension services, Gwang Ju, Korea, South 

Mushroom industry is one of the most growing industry in the Korea. F. velutipes began to cultivate in large quantities 

from 1992 in our country. F. velutipes is produced much secondarily by 32,796 metric tons that is 20.9% of internal 

mushroom total output 156,599 metric tons. 

In generally, mushroom cultivation using bottle have a several profits which automation of work, short cultivation 

period and low contamination rate, compare to bed cultivation. In this point, we have a several questions. Is it possible 

the reuse of used-media for culturing Flammulina velutipes? How can I put the used-media? How about quantity or 

quality when mixed the used media? Therefore, the purpose of this experiments were productivity elevation of F. 

velutipes and investigates the curtailment effect of media material expense. 

Strain that use for this experiment is “Paengi 2 ho”(Flammulina velutipes). The material for media formation was used 

needle-leaf tree sawdust, media that finish 1th cultivation of F. velutipes, corncob meal, and rice bran, wheat bran by 

nutrition. We made 14 kinds of media differently and inoculate the F. velutipes and checked the spawn growth speed, 

fruit body quality and quantity. 

Two nutrition agents, which is rice bran and wheat bran, did not affected the incubation period, but the effective stem 

number, quality and quantity of fruit body was better at rice bran than wheat bran. The fruit body quality produced 

at mixed 20% of used media (needle-leaf tree sawdust 60% + used media 20% + rice bran 20%) was similar to control 

plot (needle-leaf tree sawdust 80% + rice bran 20%), and yield was 142.2g that improve 10% more than control plot 

130g. But, according as the used-media mixing amount increases, quality and quantity of fruit body became low 

remarkably. Therefore, the most suitable used-media mixing amount was 20% and quality same, and quantity 

improved 10% and material expense could reduce 27%. 

PS7-603-0330 

The Sexuality of Cordyceps militaris and Production of Cordycepin by Hybridization of Monosprorous strains 

Han-Yu Lee, Ching-Hua Su 

Taipei medical university, Taipei, Taiwan 

Many species in the genus of Cordyceps were used as traditional medicine for several hundred years. Among them, 

Cordyceps militaris was recently developed as functional food in Taiwan. C. militaris was characterizes with the 

production of cordycepin that was found to be functional in antitumor and antivirus. The purpose of the present study 

is to breed a high cordycepin production strain through mating of mono-ascosporoes cultures and the mating types 

of C. militaris were detected in the same time. Ascospores discharged from cultivated stromata were isolated 

individually from the surface of agar plate and grown in PDA slants at 25?. The pigmentation of the monosporous 

strains can be separated into three types as white, light-yellow and deep-yellow. The growth rate was also different 

among these types that indicated the meiotic segregation of the strains. HCl-Giemsa stain revealed that all the strain 

before and after a all possible mating were single nucleated in hyphae and phialoconidia. Flow cytometric analysis 

on the conidia suspension stained by acridine orange indicated that the mating occurred for some mating and the 

intensity of DNA demonstrated in two forms which were suggested to be diploid and haploid strains. To confirm the 

mating type of C. militaris, primers of MAT-1 and MAT-2 were designed for PCR. HPLC were employed to analysis the 

production of cordycepin of the strains before and after mating and high production strains were thereafter selected. 

391

PS7-604-0337 

Isolation of monokaryon from asexual spore of Taiwanofugus camphoratus and breeding of high 

triterpenoid strains. 

Fang-Mo Chang, Ching-Hua Su 

Taipei medical university, Taipei, Taiwan 

Taiwanofugus camphoratus Wu et al. contained high triterpenoids and other physiologically active compounds were 

used as a precious herb in Taiwan. The culture of T. camphoratus was grown in PD agar plate, and the agar-slab 

containing mycelium and asexual spore was spread over agar plates. After 5~8 days, the germinating asexual spore 

was pick up by a aseptic syringe needle under dissect microscope. The germiling of the asexual spores was transferred 

to PD agar plate for further growth. A small portion of the mycelium with small piece of agar-slab was transferred to a 

slide and incubated for another 7-10 days under 25?.After the mycelium was spread over the slide, the agar-slab was 

removed and the mycelium on the slide was stained by HCl-giemsa. It is obvious that the clamp-connection was 

disappeared through the hyphae of the single-asexual-spore isolates and all the septate hypha containing only one 

nucleus. It suggested that the isolates were monokaryons. The mating reaction of isolates are now under investigation. 

To obtain high triterpenoid strains, cultures of dikaryon and monokaryons were grown on cellophane PD agar for 21 

days at 25?. The mycelium part and medium were separately dried. Triterpenoid contain was analyzed by TLC and 

HPLC. The study will continue to detect the triterpenoid contain in monokaryon and their mated dikaryons, thus high 

production strain triterpenoid was able to be selected. 

PS7-605-0358 

Cultivation properties of termite mushroom 

Y Tamai 1, J-Y Cha1, I.G.P Wirawan 2, M Terazawa 1 

1 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, 2 Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 

Termitomyces spp. are widely distributed in the tropics of Asia, Africa and South Pacific. They are well known as highly 

valued edible mushrooms in the regions, but cultivation technology has not been developed yet. They have 

symbiotic relationships with the fungus-growing termites, and mainly decompose the plant material of the nests. The 

termites consume the decomposed materials and fungal biomass. Therefore, the fruit bodies arise only from nests 

deep underground. In the present paper, we introduce a few preliminary cultivation properties of Termitomyces sp.. 

Fruit bodies were collected from Tenganan province in Bali Island, and tested strains were isolated from the tissue and 

maintained as stock culture. Accoding to the morphologic characteristics, these specimens were identified as 

Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) Heim: Pileus 7-10cm wide, grayish brown, campanulate then almost to plane with 

umbonate perforatorium, surface smooth and viscid when moist. Stipe 3-5.5 x 1.3-2.5cm, surface white, attenuated 

towards the apex. Context fleshy, white. Gills white to pinkish gray. Spores 7-9 x 5-6 um, ellipsoid. 

The pseudorrhiza was connected to living termite nest, and many workers, soldiers and larvae were observed inside. 

The host termites were identified as Odontotermes sp.. The white tufts of Termitomyces and grayish green tufts of 

Xylaria were observed on the surface of nests. The C/N ratio and pH of the fungus garden (termite nest) were 22.5- 

33 and 3-5 respectively. 

Mycelial growth speed was very low on the PDA medium. Moderately good growth occurred on Hamada medium, 

and grayish-white colony with little aerial hyphae was presented. For optimum growth, initial pH of the medium was 

adjusted to pH5.0, not changed during the incubation. The optimum temperature was ranged in 25-30C. Light 

irradiation depressed the mycelial growth. Ammonium tartrate and urea were well utilized as nitrogen source in 

synthetic medium. No conspicuous differece in the growth and density of mycelium could be observed between the 

natural additives (wood or grass oriented). 

392

PS7-606-0362 

Using of the Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Substrat Based on Salt Cedar Sawdust, in the Ruminant Feeding 

I Milenkovic 1, M Adamovic 2 

1 Horticulture Consulting, Doo, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 2 Institute for technology nuclear and the other mineral raw 

material, Belgrade, Zimbabwe 

ZERI Sustainable Community Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA has started with serious investigation in the filed of using 

different tree materials, originated from Santa Fe and Rio Grande valley region, for different purposes. One of the most 

important goals of the study was finding solution for the serious ecological problem generated by abundance of the 

population of the salt cedar tree. Likewise, it was initiated investigation and collection of the forest mushroom from the 

region of New Mexico, in order to create specific mycelia collection. The cultivation of lignocellulolitic mushroom 

strains, including Pleurotus ostreatus (wild types) on the specific tree material, mainly on salt cedar tree, already had 

been finalized with positive results. Using spent substrat of P. ostreatus after harvesting period like component in 

ruminant feeding was the main subject of this project. 

The results, which are presented in this article undoubtedly confirm some modification of substrata composition during 

mycelia growth. Most significant modification was observed in the nitrogen content: from 0,39% at the beginning of 

the mushroom life cycle to 0.19% at the end of the fructification period. Thes data clearly illustrate activities of 

mushroom enzyme complex. 

Content of neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose was lower at the end of growing cycle from 2.62 to 3.08% that 

is result of P. ostreatus enzyme complex activity (cellulaze, hemicellulaze, celobiaze, ligninaze, etc.). The enzymes 

influence on better degradation of lignocellulolitic complex. 

Quantity of acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and cellulose (difficult degradable complex) was not 

significantly modified during mushroom growing cycle. Moreover, digestibility of the substrat dry matter after ending 

of mushroom growing cycle was lower (8.94%) by comparing to the digestibility immediately after substrata 

inoculation (10,84%). 

The obtained results show possibilities of utilization of spent P. ostreatus substrat produced by salt cedar sawdust in the 

animal feeding. The hypothesis for using spent substrat like component of silage production with corn was created, 

at the base on this investigation. 

PS7-607-0365 

Moriniafungin, a potent antifungal sordarin derivative produced by the endophytic fungus Morinia 

pestalozzioides 

J COLLADO 1, A BASILIO 1, M JUSTICE2 , G HARRIS 2, G BILLS 1, M DE LA CRUZ 1, MT DÍEZ 1, P HERNÁNDEZ 1, P LIBERATOR 

2, J NIELSEN KAHN 1, F PELÁEZ 1, G PLATAS 1, D SCHMATZ 3, JR TORMO 1, F VICENTE 1 

1 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN BÁSICA, MERCK SHARP & DOHME DE ESPAÑA, S.A., MADRID, SPAIN, 2 INFECTIOUS 

DISEASE RESEARCH, MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES, RAHWAY, NEW JERSEY, UNITED STATES, 3 TSUKUBA RESEARCH 

INSTITUTE, BANYU-MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES, OKUBO, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI, JAPAN 

During a screening of fungal metabolites with antifungal activity, a novel sordarin derivative, moriniafungin, was 

discovered from cultures of an endophytic isolate. The producing fungus was cultured from Sedum sediforme 

collected in Spain and was identified as Morinia pestalozzioides. For the detection and isolation of moriniafungin a 

highly specific bioassay was employed consisting of a panel of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains containing chimeric 

eEF2 for Candida glabrata, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus as well as 

wild type and human eEF2. Moriniafungin exhibited an MIC of 6 µg/ml versus Candida albicans and IC50’s ranging 

from 0.9 to 70 µg/ml against a panel of clinically relevant Candida strains. The compound inhibited in vitro translation 

in the chimeric S. cerevisiae strains at levels consistent with the observed IC50. Moriniafungin showed the broadest 

antifungal spectrum and most potent activity of any natural sordarin analog identified to date. Chemical 

characterization indicated that moriniafungin contains a 2-hydroxysebacic acid residue linked to C-3’ of the 

sordarose residue of sordarin through a 1,3-dioxolan-4-one ring. An additional set of fungal isolates including strains of 

another Morinia species, M. longiappendiculata, and a number of anamorphic Amphisphaeriaceae taxonomically 

related to Morinia were tested for production of moriniafungin in culture. None of these isolates produced the active 

compound when grown in parallel conditions. 

393

PS7-608-0380 

Prospects in use Leccinum sect. Scabra as biomonitors of caesium-137 pollution in wood communities 

D Ivanov 

St.-Petersburg State Agrarian University, St.-Petersburg, Russia 

To determine pollution of fungi by radioactive elements on morphological attributes is impossible. But early to consider 

this opinion as final. Follows to lead additional researches, directed on search of bioindicators, capable to change 

morphological attributes at pollution of wood community by radioactive elements. For designation of such species 

the term biomonitors is offered. 

It is known, that caesium-137 is the basic source of an irradiation in the territories, undergone to radioactive pollution 

of a Chernobyl origin. It is established, that fungi absorb caesium-137 in 10 times more, than isotopes of plutonium 238- 

240 and in 1000 times more, than strontium-90. As a result of selective accumulation concentration of caesium-137 in 

fruit bodies can be in 20 times above, than in the polluted wood laying (O-horizon). 

In work the method of sporocarps mapping on study plots established in pure wood communities and subjected to 

pollution by caesium-137 was used. After comparison of fruit bodies on morphological and microscopic attributes 

measurement of specific activity of caesium-137 was carried out. 

Data obtained to the present time testify that representatives of subsection Scabra Pilat and Dermek, relating to the 

obligate ectomycorrhizal genus Leccinum S.F. Gray, are the biomonitors, capable to change morphological 

attributes, growing in the wood communities polluted by caesium-137. “Atypical” fruit bodies at which has changed 

as one macromorphological attribute are found – leg squamules became lagging behind and large, and set of 

attributes – thin round tube pores became wide and angular, and instead squamules the stipe is covered of flakes fur. 

Thus spores quantity is normal, and microscopic characteristics are in an interval specified for species of subsection 

Scabra. 

The estimation of herbarium samples has shown, that in “atypical” fruit bodies specific activity of caesium-137 in 3,2- 

3,7 times more than in the fruit bodies collected on not polluted trial areas, that in 1,5-1,7 times exceeds an admissible 

level in the dry fungi, making according to sanitary norms accepted in Russia for dry mushrooms 2500 Bk/kg. Specific 

activity in the fruit bodies collected on not polluted trial areas, has made 0,5 admissible levels. 

An explanation of this phenomenon should search in features of a Gene structure of the species of Leccinum, which 

require the further revealing. It is already known, that Leccinum – the first genus among basidiomycetes at which 

representatives the area of ITS1 rDNA is organized with minisatellites participation. In the literature presence of such 

repetitions connect with intraspecific polymorphism. 

This work was supported by grant of St.-Petersburg Government PD061.4-142 

PS7-609-0396 

Bioconversion of trace contaminants by aquatic fungi 

C. Martin 1, M. Moeder 2, G. Krauss 1, D. Schlosser 1 

1UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental 

Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany, 2UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the 

Helmholtz Association, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoser-Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany, 3UFZ Centre for 

Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental Microbiology, 

Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany, 4UFZ Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle in the 

Helmholtz Association, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 

Trace contaminants found in aqueous environments led to increasing concerns regarding their potentially hazardous 

effects on human health and the environment, but the knowledge about their biodegradability by microorganisms of 

aquatic environments is still limited. Technical nonylphenol, a mixture of mainly para-substituted nonylphenol isomers 

with variously branched side chains, is known to act as a xenoestrogen. Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are 

polycyclic musk fragrances used in personal care products and were reported to inhibit multixenobiotic resistance 

transporters in aquatic organisms. Triclosan is an antiseptic compound used in medical and consumer care products, 

with a reported toxicity for fish and certain algae species. Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug known to cause 

several side effects on endocrine functions in humans. Several fungal strains isolated from surface waters, among 

them aquatic hyphomycetes and environmentally ubiquitous micromycetes, were used as model organisms to 

investigate the metabolism of technical nonylphenol, HHCB, AHTN, triclosan, and carbamazepine. Technical 

nonylphenol, HHCB, and AHTN were converted into various products. Fungal oxidation of technical nonylphenol starts 

at the branched nonyl chains, leading to hydroxylated nonylphenol isomers and also to compounds with shortened 

side chains. Biotransformation products of HHCB and AHTN indicate hydroxylation of the parent compounds and also 

further bioconversion reactions. Triclosan partly undergoes methylation of its hydroxyl group. Carbamazepine was 

found to resist fungal attack. Structural modifications of micropollutants caused by fungal biotransformation may 

increase the susceptibility to further degradation by other microorganisms. 

394

PS7-610-0409 

Efficient Immobilization of & Increased Manganese Peroxidase Production by the White-rot Fungus LSK-27 

Hakan Bermek, Tunc Catal, Candan Tamerler 

Istanbul Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey 

LSK-27 is a recently isolated white-rot fungus with prominent lignin-degradation and textile-dye removal capability. The 

organism produces manganese peroxidase (MnP) as part of its lignin-degrading component. Since the fungus 

appears to be a promising organism for industrial applications, improvement of MnP production capacity of white-rot 

fungi is of utmost importance, therefore the effect of immobilization on the enzyme production was investigated. Two 

different immobilization materials, stainless steel sponge and fiber sponge were studied not only to increase MnP 

production but also the organism’s lifetime stability. Extracellular lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels were also 

studied in order to understand the effects of immobilization systems on the morphological stability of the fungus. It was 

found that immobilization on stainless steel sponge increased MnP production by about 3 fold. Moreover, we 

demonstrated that extracellular lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels were decreased when immobilization was 

applied. Thus, stainless steel sponge appears to be a very useful medium for immobilization of white-rot fungus LSK-27, 

and improvement of MnP production. We suggest that this immobilization method might help decrease the oxidative 

stress mainly in terms of membrane stability of the fungus based on the extracellular lipid peroxidation and glutathione 

levels in the culture fluid. 

PS7-611-0468 

Effect of lignin on biomass and the activity profile of principal ligninolytic enzymes in submerged cultures 

of Lentinula edodes 

C Harris-Valle 1, E Valenzuela-Soto 1, M Esqueda 1, MJ Beltrán-García 2, R Gaitán-Hernández 3 

1 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, 2 Universidad Autónoma de 

Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, 3 Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico 

There are a few microorganisms in nature with capacity to grow and degrade efficiently lignin. Lentinula edodes is a 

white rot fungi that depolymerize lignin by a process that involve oxidative and reductive reactions done by lignin 

peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase (Lac) and aryl alcohol oxidase (AAO) enzymes. The aim of 

this work was to contribute in the understanding of complex process of lignin depolymerization by testing the effect 

of lignin in the mycelial biomass production and activity profile of principal ligninolytic enzymes (LiP, MnP, AAO and 

laccase) during incubation of L. edodes, when it is cultivated in synthetic medium with an without glucose. 

Lentinula edodes strain IE-105 was evaluated. The fungus was maintained on potato-dextrose-agar at 4ºC. The 

organism was grown in submerged cultures (4 mL) at 180 rpm in orbit shaker at 25ºC in the dark, using a 20 mL cottonplugged 

flask scintillation vials. Mycelium plugs (1 cm diameter) (cut along the edge of actively growing colony of 10 

days old) were used as inocula. Treatments were carried out adding 0 and 1 mg/mL of alkali lignin with Mw 28,000 to 

media (glucose-peptone 40:10 g/L, pH 4.5). Additionally a liquid medium without glucose (1 g/L peptone and 1 

mg/mL lignin) was prepared. The solution was sterilized at 120º C for 30 min prior to inoculation. Protein concentration 

was determined by the method of Bradford with bovine serum albumin as the standard. All assays were done by 

triplicated. 

Lignin enhanced the mycelial biomass when glucose is present in the culture up to 70 % at 22 days compared with 

control culture. The lignin media without glucose affected the mycelial growth up to 20 % less than control. Lac, LiP, 

AAO and MnP had a lower activity in lignin-glucose media and lignin alone apparently enhanced all enzymes after 

16 days of culture. Extracellular catalase activity (Cat) was measured as oxidative stress sensor. Cat reached the 

maximal activity (0.23 U mg-1 protein) at 20 days in lignin-without glucose media and probably are not involved with 

ligninolytic activity. Carbohydrate source is important to fungal growth, but dissolution of lignin-monomers probably 

might switch the signal controlling growth rate to a faster mode in Basidiomycetes. Therefore we propose that this 

polymer exert an influence, as greater as a simple carbon source, on ligninolytic enzymes activity profile and biomass 

production. Nevertheless, it was not possible to know if lignin can be used as carbon source and if that modification 

affects lignin depolymerization. 

395

PS7-612-0477 

The isolation of NOM degrading fungi 

S Solarska, F Roddick, A Lawrie 

RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 

Natural organic matter (NOM), a complex mixture of brown-coloured carbon compounds derived from the 

decomposition of plant and animal materials, affects drinking water quality and causes problems in water treatment 

and distribution processes. The white rot fungi (WRF) produce oxidative enzymes which can break down NOM and so 

have potential in water treatment, thus reducing the generation of sludge and usage of chemicals as in conventional 

treatment. 

This paper describes the isolation and characterisation of the NOM-degrading activity of some WRF. Their cellulolytic 

and NOM removal capacities were compared with those of a laboratory strain WRF Trametes versicolor, a known 

lignin and NOM degrader. 

Fungi were isolated from several habitats including reservoirs and forests, and with the use of selective enrichment 

cultures using a NOM concentrate. Cellulose and NOM (obtained from the regeneration of the anionic exchange 

resin MIEXTM used in water treatment) plate assays were used to assess the degradative abilities of the different 

isolates. Fungi displaying high cellulose breakdown and NOM removal capacities were further investigated in shake 

flask cultures using fungal pellets. Degradation of NOM was determined by absorbance as colour removal (A446) and 

breakage of aromatic and conjugated bonds (A254). Enzyme assays for Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Manganese 

peroxidase (MnP) and Laccase (Lac) were conducted and changes in the molecular weight of UV-absorbing NOM 

components were determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). 

Twelve fungal isolates were collected from the various habitats, of these three displayed NOM degradation ability. The 

forest isolates Trametes sp and P.cinnabarinus, belonging to the Basidiomycetes, were identified as the most effective 

NOM and cellulose degraders. Removal of NOM from solution recorded as decolourisation correlated well with the 

breakage of conjugated and aromatic bonds and consequent reduction in the molecular weight of larger NOM 

components. Enzyme activities were highest during the periods of greatest NOM degradation with MnP having the 

highest activity for both fungi. Trametes sp demonstrated the best NOM removal ability in both liquid and plate culture 

under the conditions investigated. 

In this study the WRF isolates have shown their potential for the decolourisation and degradation of concentrated 

NOM wastes arising from potable water treatment. The selection and utilization of a suitable isolate for the 

biodegradation of NOM and its subsequent removal from water sources is of interest, paving way for more ‘natural’ 

and potentially more sustainable processes. 

PS7-613-0508 

Putting fungi to work: mycoremediation of chemically treated waste wood. 

B.L. Illman 

USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Lab, Madison, Wisconsin, United States 

Mycoremediation of waste wood treated with the chemical preservatives is an alternative to disposal in landfills. 

Filamentous wood decay fungi have chemical mechanisms that degrade but are not specific to lignocellulose, 

providing the means for degradation of a wide variety of xenobiotics. Novel isolates of Meruliporia incrassata and 

Androdia radiculosa were screened for tolerance to the chemical preservatives chromated copper arsenate (CCA), 

ammonical copper quat (ACQ), creosote or pentachlorophenol (PCP). Tolerant isolates were shown to degrade toxic 

metals and organopollutants and/or degrade wood treated with the toxic materials. High intensity x-ray methods 

were used for the nanoscale chemical analysis of fungal remediation of the environmental toxins. The methods 

provide important information about metal transformation and chemical forms of toxins during remediation, including 

microXANES for the detection of highly reactive oxidation states of chromium and arsenic, 2-dimensional images of a 

solid sample with micrometer resolution, and x-ray microtomography for 3-dimensional analysis and bioimaging of the 

interior of treated wood. 

PS7-514-0561 

Poroid Mushrooms For Pulp Production 

S Muid, N Mahidi 

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching/Sarawak, Malaysia 

Production of pulp from wood is a relatively great energy consuming process and wastes that are produced during 

the production processes become a source of environmental pollutions. In nature, there are numerous types of fungi 

known as wood degraders, which degrade the wood components at different capacity. The lignin-degrading fungi 

that degrade lignin component of wood may or may not attack cellulose. Fungi that are good as lignin degraders 

but poor in utilize cellulose should be benefiting if they are used in pulp production industry. Isolates of 113 poroid 

mushrooms, collected from tropical rainforest were screened to determine their potential use to degrade lignin 

materials from wood in pulp production. Evaluation on the isolates degradation ability began with qualitative 

detection for cellulolytic activity. Of all the tested fungi, 70 isolates showed relatively low or no cellulolytic activity. 

Then, when these fungi were grown on media for the qualitative ligninases detection, 19 isolates showed having 

relatively high rates of the enzymes activity. Quantitative assay on enzymes activities were also determined. The results 

indicated that cellulases activity were in a range of 1.6-6.7X10-2 Uml-1 day-1. Ligninases activity assay in the 19 

isolates indicated the present of laccase activity, in a range of 2.5x10-3 -1.04x10-2 Uml-1day-1; however no activity of 

lignin peroxidase or manganese peroxides were detected. Degradation tests on Acasia mangium wood chips 

showed the reduction of the chips weight after two weeks inoculated with the fungi isolates were 24.3% to 43.8%. 

Amongst the isolates that reduced the chips weight at the high percentage were of Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma 

sp, Pycnoporus coccineus, Haxagonia sp., Phellinus sp., Microporus sp. and Fomes sp 

396

PS7-615-0597 

Evaluation of oyster mushroom growing on woody blocks 

M. Pavlik 

Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia 

The primary role of wood-destroying fungi is to decompose wood, to humificate it and to restore it into an organic 

matter cycle. For forestry practice, it is a primary interest to transform a waste wood in forest stands for useful substrate 

in relatively short time. The oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.)P.Kumm.is a native, commonly widespread 

mushroom in Slovak forests, important like a decomposer of hard and soft wood of various deciduous trees. Its 

fruitbodies are very popular for a gourmet utilization and their medicinal value is well known too. 

The research presented was focused on the observation of beech and aspen wood decomposition by oyster mushroom 

activity under different environment conditions – forest stand, open area exposed to the south and to the north. 

The preliminary results showed through evaluation of biological efficiency B.E. (Stamets 2000) the fastest growing and 

decomposition of wood at the south exposed open area. The values of B.E. reached in aspen wood 10,23% and in 

beech wood 9,33% after two years of the experiment. 

The growing conditions in beech wood seems to be better at the north exposed open area and in the forest stand. 

The better conditions for growing of the oyster mushroom in aspen wood are at the south exposed open area. 

It is necessary to observe the intensity and rate of wood decomposition under various conditions still three years 

(Sharma and Jandalk 1985, Pavlik 2005) for evolving a serious plan of optimal processing of waste wood under 

various conditions. 

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA for a financial support of the 

research (grant No. 1/1328/04) 

References: Pavlik M., 2005: Growing of Pleurotus ostreatus on Woods of Various Deciduous Trees. Acta Edulis Fungi 

2005, Vol. 12, Shanghai Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd., s. 306-312. 

Sharma, A.D. & Jandalk, C.L. 1985. Studies on recycling Pleurotus waste. Mushroom Journal of the Tropics (6)2: 13-15. 

Stamets, P. 2000.Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, California. 

PS7-616-0608 

Bioconversion of agro-wastes by Lentinula edodes: the high potential of viticulture residues 

R Gaitán-Hernández 1, M Esqueda 2, A Gutiérrez 3, M Beltrán-García 3 

1 Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, 2 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., 

Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, 3 Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico 

Lentinula edodes has been traditionally cultivated on hardwood logs in order to obtain fruiting bodies for human 

consumption. However, this cultivation system represents a limiting factor and potential danger to the environment 

due to the slow growth rate and overuse of the oak. Thus, efforts to develop a more efficient, faster, and more reliable 

production system have focused on the use of alternative substrates such as straw of different cereals and vineyard 

pruning. The first are widely used in the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp. In contrast, vineyard pruning, 

which has great potential for the mushrooms productions, is practically never used. Mexico is a leader in the 

production of A. bisporus and Pleurotus spp. mushrooms in Latin America, with a reported production of ca 40,000 

tons for the year 2002. In contrast, only 30 tons of L. edodes are generated per year. The aim of the present study was 

to evaluate the efficiency of bioconversion of some abundant lignocellulosic by-products for shiitake cultivation. 

Four strains of L. edodes were evaluated through solid-state fermentation (SSF) of vineyard pruning (VP), barley straw 

(BS) and wheat straw (WS). Biological efficiency, proximal composition and energy value of the fruiting bodies, as well 

as substrate chemical changes after harvest, were determined. The shortest primordium formation time (28 d), highest 

biological efficiency (93.25%), highest yield (37.46%), and shortest production cycle (6 d) were observed in VP. The 

fruiting bodies obtained from VP had high energy value (379.09 to 392.95 Kcal), high contents of protein (12.37 to 

17.19%), carbohydrates (75.26 to 82.22%), minerals (3.26 to 5.40%), but low contents of fat (1.82 to 2.15); these were 

similar to those reported for the conventional substrate. The substrate chemical composition, due to SSF by L. edodes, 

varied depending on strain, availability of the different fiber fractions, and changes that took place during digestion 

and fungus growth. Initial hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin concentration varied among the substrates. After SSF, 

hemicellulose decreased in all substrates, the cellulose increased on WS and decreased in the rest of the treatments. 

Lignin decreased after SSF on WS, and BS, but its concentration increased on VP. The variability observed in the 

degradation capacity of lignocellulosic components was influenced by the substrate’s nature, environmental factors, 

and genetic factors among strains. The vineyard pruning has great potential for shiitake production due to its low cost, 

short production cycles, and high biological efficiency. 

397

PS7-617-0674 

Selection xylanase and glucanase Produced Aspergillus and Factors Affecting Enzyme Production in Solid 

State Culture 

Vichien Kitpreechavanich, Cholnicha Tongklib 

Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 

A total of 154 isolates of Aspergillus isolated from 42 samples collected from various locations in Thailand were 

screened for ?-xylanase and ?-glucanase production without alfatoxin formation on solid state culture using 5 g of rice 

straw and 5 g of rice bran as raw material supplemented with (w/w), 0.1% CuSO4.5H2O, 5 % KH2PO4, 10% corn steep 

liquor and 0.5 % yeast extract. It was found that isolate ASKU21 that was identified as A. foetidus could produce high 

level of the enzymes. The effect of rice straw and rice bran ratio on enzyme productions was studied. It was found 

that A. foetidus ASKU21, grown on a ratio of rice straw and rice bran at 10:2, produced the highest ß-xylanase and ß- 

glucanase. Factors, cultivation time, moisture content, spore inoculum’s size and corn steep liquor content affecting 

enzyme productions were optimized using response surface method in solid state fermentation using rice straw and 

rice bran ratio at 10:2 as substrate. An inoculum’s size of 5?105 spores/g substrate, initial moisture content of 70%, 

cultivation time of 5 days and 4.8 g/g substrate of corn steep liquor were predicted as the optimized level for ?- 

xylanase and ?-glucanase, yielded 6060 and 3065 U/g solid, respectively. 

PS7-618-0712 

Isolation, Selection and Optimization for Xylanase Production from Aspergillus niger Isolated from Soil in 

Thailand 


King Mongkut’ s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand 

Xylanase producing fungi were isolated from soil in Thailand. Thirty strains of fungi different in macroscopic morphology 

were isolated. Among these 30 strains, The fungus no. 27 was selected as potential xylan-digesting fungi. The xylanase 

activity of the fungal strain no. 27 was determined comparing with a reference strain, Aspergillus foetidus TISTR 3159 

by determined xylanase activity in liquid cultivation. At pH 6, fungi no.27 produced xylanase activity of 33.82 U/ml. 

The optimum cultural conditions for xylanase production by fungi no. 27 were studied. The maximum xylanase 

production was obtained in a medium containing 30 g/l corn cobs as carbon source, 0.3 g/l urea, 0.25 g/l proteose 

peptone, 0.05 g/l yeast extract and 0.3 g of (N)/l (1.4 g/l) of (NH4 )2HPO4 as nitrogen sources , 0.2 g/l KH2PO4, 0.3 g/l 

CaCl2.2H2O, 0.3 g/l MgSO4.7H2O and 2 ml/l Tween 80 at the initial pH of 6.0, a rotation speed of 200 rpm, incubation 

period of 6 days, and the temperature of 30∞C. In the presence of selective medium, the maximal xylanase activity 

was seven times higher than that in standard medium. The maximum xylanase and cellulase activity of fungi no. 27 

were detected after 5 days of cultivation at 236.53 U/ml and 0.22 U/ml, respectively. The maximum xylanase and 

cellulase of reference stain were obtained on the 5th day of incubation at 211.90 and 0.28 U/ml respectively. The fungi 

no.27 was identified as Aspergillus niger. 

398

PS7-619-0714 

Pigmented basidiomycetous yeasts are the perspective source of carotenoids. 

A.M. Yurkov, M.M. Vustin, S.P. Sineoky 

Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia 

Carotenoid pigments are widespread among the different organisms on the Earth. They are frequently found in plants, 

animals and microorganisms. Those compounds are very important due to specific structure of carotenoids i.e. 

presence of double dangling isoprenoid bonds. For many organisms carotenoids function free radicals extinction 

being strong antioxidant. Carotenoids are widely used in agriculture (as pigments for egg yolks), aquaculture (salmon 

fish feeding) and medicine (cancer atherosclerosis therapy). Pigmented yeast fungi are interesting for the 

biotechnology. Normally these yeasts are able to assimilate a wide spectrum of different carbon sources at relatively 

high temperatures and form large biomass. Searching for the new strains producing carotenoid pigments that could 

be perspective in further selection was the aim for this screening. 

About 200 isolates related to different anamorphic and teleomorphic taxa (Cryptococcus, Dioszegia, Rhodotorula, 

Rhodosporidium, Sporobolomyces, and Sporidiobolus) were studied. All the strains were grown in rotary shacking flasks 

in liquid medium (glucose; peptone; yeast extract; potassium monophosphate; potassium diphosphate; magnesium 

sulfate; sodium chloride; ammonium sulfate; calcium chloride). Pigments were extracted from the cell biomass using 

acetone. At the first step the level of carotenoids was measured (evaluated) photometrically. The wavelength was 

optimized to absorbtion maximum of beta-carotene and toruline. For the representative strains showed relatively high 

carotenoids level the HPLC was used. The later results are combined and summarized in following table. 

Taxonomical position of Toruline, Torulorodine, Beta-carotene, 

the studied strains mkg/g mkg/g dry cells dry cells 

Rhodotorula glutinis 101.4 6.1 52.2 

Rhodotorula minuta 38.8 4.6 4.4 

Rhodosporidium sphaerocarpum 25.6 3.7 74.6 

Sporobolomyces roseus 81.6 66 11.8 

Cryptococcus victoriae 5.8 5.2 2.4 

Rhodosporidium diobovatum 124.2 17 4.1 

Cystofilobasidium capitatum 24.9 26.7 89.9 

The specifity of the studied strains was the absence of licopene among the analyzed pigments. In the most cases 

dominating pigments were following: toruline, torulorodine and beta-carotene. The highest level of beta-carotene 

was indicative for the members of Sporidiobolales. Anamorphic Cryptococcus strains belonged to Tremellales and 

Filobasidiales demonstrate low carotene level. The best result obtained for them – 2.4 mkg/g (Cryptococcus victoriae). 

Screening for the yeasts producing compounds of biotechnological interest, for example, carotenoid pigments could 

be very fruitful in the case of different taxa studied. 

. 

399

PS7-621-0734 

Biotechnological Potential of Keratinophilic Fungi and their Secondary Secondary Metabolites 

Sunil Deshmukh, Shilpa Verekar 

Nicholas Piramal Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharastra, India 

Keratinophilic fungi constitute an important ecological group of microbes which are able to colonize and degrade 

structurally very hard and stable animal protein – the keratin. Keratinophilic fungi are distributed in wide range of 

habitats including river streams, school, parks, forests, pastures, etc. These can be differentiated by several traditional 

parameters including microscopic and colony morphology, nutritional requirement, growth temperature, 

pigmentation, hair perforation, and mating reactions etc. Molecular techniques for identifications of these can be an 

added tool. Several of these fungi have known teleomorphs in order Onygenales of Ascomycetes and majority of 

them are the representative of families Arthrodermaceae, Gymnoascaceae, Myxotrichaceae, and Onygenaceae. 

Keratinophilic fungi are of great importance for three main reasons. Firstly, these fungi play a very important role in 

ecosystem functioning and degrade a major portion of soil keratin. Secondly these fungi are potential producer of 

industrially important secondary metabolites. Thirdly, they are very important medically. The need of an extensive 

survey of these group of fungi from unexplored areas and exploitation of their ability to produce secondary 

metabolites is expressed. The need of culture collection of this group of fungi is highlighted. 

PS7-622-0791 

Thermomyces lanuginosus isolated from Thailand: high thermostable xylanase production and 

characterizations 

Vichien Kitpreechavanich 1, Shinji Tokuyama 2, Khwanchai Khuchareanphaisan 1, Parichart Khonzue 1 

1 Kasetsart University, Jatuchak, Bangkok10900, Thailand, 2 Shizuoka University, Ohya, Shizuoka 422-0836, Japan 

Xylanases have significant current and potential uses for paper and pulp, animal feed, food, and biofuel. This paper 

describes isolation of local strains of Thermomyces lanuginose in Thailand and their characters on xylanase production. 

Eighty-seven isolates of T. lanuginosus were isolated from samples collected from various ecological systems at 

different geographical regions of Thailand. All strains could produce cellulase-free xylanases with diversified ability on 

productivity and thermostability. Sixteen strains were found to be produced high ?-xylanase activity in a range of 100- 

134 units/ml when the culture was grown on xylan medium at 45?C for 5 days. There were 4 strains having half-life of 

xylanase activity at 70 oC in pH 6.0 of crude enzyme in a range of 201-266 minutes. Crude enzyme produced by T. 

lanuginosus THKU-49 showed the highest thermostable ??xylanase having half-life at 70 oC 266 minutes with 57 units/ml 

of ?-xylanase activity. The xylanases from T. lanuginosus THKU-2, THKU-9 and THKU-49 were purified to homogeneity with 

specific activity of 430, 360 and 552 unit/mg, respectively. The molecular weight of purified enzymes estimated by SDS- 

PAGE was 24.9 kDa. Optimal temperature for these purified enzymes was the same at 70 oC. Half-life at 70 oC in10 

mM phosphate buffer pH 6.0 of the purified xylanase were 1,160, 283 and 1,226 min, respectively. Comparison of 

xylanase gene sequences of lower and higher thermostable ??xylanase producing T. lanuginosus showed amino acid 

in positions 76, 96 and 145 of xylanase molecule were different. 

A strain T. lanuginosus THKU 56 showed the highest production of insoluble xylan degrading enzyme activity with the 

higher pH and thermal stability when the culture was grown in submerged culture using corncob as substrate. A 

central composite design was used to optimize the fermentation medium with regard to medium component. The 

medium for the production (41 g.l-1 corncob, 24 g.l-1, 5.0 KH2PO4 g.l-1 and Tween 80 0.3 ml l-1) yielded 526.7 units.ml- 

1 within 5 day of cultivation at 50 °C under shaking condition. 

PS7-623-0816 

Decolourising of textile dyes by laccases of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in submerged fermentation 

J Juarez-Hernandez 2, C Sanchez1, AM Montiel-Gonzalez 1, M Bibbins 3, G Diaz-Godinez 1 

1 CICB, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico, 2 Maestria en Ciencias Biologicas, UAT, Tlaxcala, 

Mexico, 3 CIBA-IPN, Tlaxcala, Mexico 

The textile industry releases during manufacturing and usage a complex mixture of polluting recalcitrant chemicals, 

such as phenolic compounds into the water streams. One interesting approach is to promote the biodegradation of 

these man-made compounds in wastewater treatment plants. The use of enzymes for treatment or degradation of 

complex compounds has increased for being highly efficient and selective catalysts in biochemical reaction at 

environmental condition. In this research, the decolourising capability of an extract with laccase activity (EE) of 

Pleurotus ostreatus grown in submerged fermentation was investigated. 

Pleurotus ostreatus was grown in a culture medium containing glucose, yeast extract and trace elements in 

Erlenmeyer flasks (125 ml) containing 50 ml of culture medium. Further cultivation was carried out at 25°C for 19 days 

on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. The culture was filtered and then centrifuged at 20 000 x g for 10 min at 2°C and the 

supernatant collected as the EE. Laccases activity was evaluated using 2-6 dimethoxyphenol as substrate. The dyes 

used were; remazol marine, remazol brilliant blue, dianix marine, dianix black, remazol brilliant red, remazol intense 

red, remazol golden yellow, coomassie brilliant blue, basic red 9, diazine green S, bromophenol blue, methylene blue, 

methylene red, toluidine blue O and bromocresol green. Dye decolourising was assayed using a mixture containing 

950 mL of dye (1 mM in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and 50 ml of EE, which was incubated at 30ºC for 48 h. 

Decolourising was followed by absorbance decrease measured at the highest wave length for each dye. 

Decolourising of remazol marine, coomassie brilliant blue, basic red 9, bromophenol blue, methylene red and 

bromocresol green was observed. It is shown that the EE can be used to decolourising wastewater from the textile 

industry. Experiments to determine the capability of decolourising and biodegradation of different dyes by the EE at 

different conditions of pH and temperatures are underway in our laboratory. 

400

PS7-624-0817 

Increased production of laccases in submerged cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus in the presence of copper 

J Juarez-Hernandez 2, C Sanchez 1, AM Montiel-Gonzalez 1, M Bibbins3, G Diaz-Godinez 1 

1 CICB, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico, 2 Maestria en Ciencias Biologicas, UAT, Tlaxcala, 

Mexico, 3 CIBA-IPN, Tlaxcala, Mexico 

Pleurotus ostreatus is a white-rot fungus that produces laccases, which are ligninolityc enzymes with potential 

applications in the dyes, paper or textile industries. In this research the enhanced production of laccases in 

submerged cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus by adding copper to the culture medium at the beginning of the 

fermentation and at the onset of the exponential phase was evaluated. 

Methods. Liquid media containing glucose, yeast extract and trace elements were prepared. The pH of the media 

was adjusted at 6.0 using NaOH 0.1 M. Pleurotus ostreatus was grown in Erlenmeyer flasks (125 ml) containing 50 ml of 

culture medium at 25°C for 25 days at 120 rpm. All cultures were inoculated with three mycelial plugs (4 mm diam) 

taken of a colony grown on PDA at 25°C for 7 d. The effect of copper in the laccases production was evaluated by 

3 different approaches; (1) adding 0.25 g/l of CuSO4 to the culture medium at the beginning of the fermentation, (2) 

adding 0.25 g/l of CuSO4 to the culture medium at the onset of the exponential phase, (3) without addition of CuSO4. 

Samples were taken each 24 h from the third to the twenty fifth d of growth. Laccase activity was evaluated using 2- 

6 dimethoxyphenol as substrate. 

Results. Laccases production of cultures grown in medium containing CuSO4 was 8000 U/l and 37500 U/l after 312 h 

and 456 h of growth, respectively. Laccases production was 27013 U/l when CuSO4 was added to the medium at the 

onset of the exponential phase (480 h of growth). Without CuSO4, laccase production was 200 U/l after 144 h of 

growth and 1086 U/l during the stationary phase. 

Conclusion. Laccases production in cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus increased 34-fold by adding CuSO4 to the culture 

medium at the beginning of the fermentation and 24-fold when such inducer was added at the onset of the 

exponential phase. Since CuSO4 enhanced laccases production we suggest assay the influence of different inducers 

and culture conditions in the laccases activity. 

PS7-625-0818 

Production of laccases of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state and liquid-state fermentation 

M Tellez-Tellez, C Sanchez, G Diaz-Godinez 

CICB, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico 

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is the growth of microorganisms on or in insoluble substrates in the absence or nearabsence 

of free water. It is a promising technology for the development of several bioprocesses and products and is 

a cheaper alternative technology to liquid-state fermentation (LSF). The aim of this research was to compare the 

production of laccases and biomass of two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state and liquid-state fermentation. 

Two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus were used; 32783 from the ATCC and 3526 from the NRRL collection. A liquid medium 

containing glucose, yeast extract, trace elements and CuSO4 as laccases inductor was prepared. All cultures were 

inoculated with three mycelial plugs (4 mm diam) taken from the peripheral growth zone of a colony grown on PDA 

at 25°C for 7 d. The cultures were incubated at 25°C for 25 days on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. The SSF was carried out 

in Erlenmeyer flask (125 ml) containing polyurethane foam (PUF) cubes (0.5 height x 0.5 width x 0.5 depth) as an inert 

support impregnated with 15 ml of sterile culture medium per each 0.5 g of PUF. Previously, the cubes were washed 

twice with boiled distilled water and oven-dried (at 60°C) for 24 h and then autoclaved at 15 psi for 15 min. An 

enzymatic extract was obtained from the cubes by using a Buckner funnel. The biomass was determined by difference 

of weight of the cubes. The LSF was undertaken in Erlenmeyer flasks (125 ml) containing 15 ml of culture medium. An 

enzymatic extract was obtained by filtration of these cultures. Laccases activity was evaluated using 2-6 

dimethoxyphenol as substrate. 

In both strains, the biomass produced was slightly higher in LSF than in SSF. The production of biomass in LSF was similar 

in both strains, however, in SSF the strain 32783 produced less biomass than the strain 3526. The strain 3526 had similar 

laccases activity in both fermentation systems. The strain 32783 had approximately 10-fold higher laccases activity in 

LSF than in SSF. 

Our results show that under these culture conditions the FML seems to be a suitable system to produce laccases by P. 

ostreatus 32783. 

401

PS7-626-0823 

Chitinases from the biocontrol agent Metarhizium anisopliae 

A SCHRANK, CC STAATS, MS SILVA, CM BARATTO, JT BOLDO, LP PALMA, MH VAINSTEIN 

CENTRO DE BIOTECNOLOGIA, PPGBCM, UFRGS, PORTO ALEGRE, RS, BRAZIL 

In filamentous fungi, chitinases have at least two physiological roles, hyphal growth / morphogenesis and nutrient 

acquisition. In general, fungi produce more than one chitinase and the characterization of chitinase genes and 

enzymes is an important step toward global understanding of their biological role. In entomopathogenic fungi, as M. 

anisopliae, extracellular chitinolytic enzymes are suggested pathogenicity determinants involved in host invasion. 

Cuticle is the major barrier to fungal penetration and is composed by ca 30% chitin. Although all M. anisopliae strains 

analyzed to date are prolific producers of chitinases, the role of these enzymes during host infection is still not fully 

understood. Our group has undertaken the characterization of the chitinolytic system in M. anisopliae, considering 

synthesis and secretion regulation and the role of specific chitinases on the host-infection process. Glycol-chitin gel 

electrophoresis of chitin induced M. anisopliae (strain E6) culture filtrates showed at least five distinct degradation 

bands, suggesting possible different chitinases. We analyzed the effects of different carbon sources on chitinase 

synthesis and secretion. When compared to cultures with chitin as sole nitrogen and carbon source, extracellular 

chitinase activity was progressively reduced when glucose (0.5% to 2%) was added in the culture medium with 0.8% 

chitin. At 0.1% glucose, the extracellular activity was not reduced. In addition, the cell-bound chitinase activity was 

drastically reduced from 0.1% glucose to 2% glucose in the same culture system. We purified and characterized a 

30kDa extracellular chitinase (CHIT30) capable of degrading chitin to completion, producing mainly N- 

acetylglucosamine (NAG) and with an endo-acting activity producing also oligomers from swollen chitin. Having both 

endo- and exochitinase activities CHIT30 is a potential determinant of pathogenicity since, in nature, such a 

mechanism would favor a rapid and complete degradation of chitin microfibrils, producing monomers for nutrition 

and induction of further enzyme synthesis and assisting proteases with cuticle breach. Serum anti-CHIT30 specifically 

detected this chitinase amongst the five isoenzymes shown in glycol-chitin activity gels. The serum was used to show 

that CHIT30 secretion is upregulated by chitin, tick cuticle and low concentrations of NAG (0.25%) and is 

downregulated by both high NAG (1%) and glucose (1%) concentrations. The cloned chi3 gene was assigned to code 

chitinase CHIT30 in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae. We showed that CHIT30 was produced at tick cuticle (Boophilus 

microplus) during fungal infection, suggesting its participation in host penetration. A gene coding for a 42kDa endochitinase 

(chit1 gene) was cloned based on conserved regions of fungal chitinases. The deduced mature protein has 

a predicted molecular mass of 42 kDa that is in close agreement with the 45 kDa determined for the M. anisopliae 

chitinase identified earlier. The recombinant protein in E. coli was characterized as an endochitinase. We have also 

cloned and characterized the complete chi2 gene from strain E6, that codes for a putative chitinase of 42 kDa. We 

are currently constructing overexpressing chi3 and chi2 E6 strains to access their function in Metarhizium. 

Supported by grants from: PADCT, CNPq, CAPES, PIBIC-UFRGS, FAPERGS. 

PS7-627-0825 

Chitinases - Fungal Metabolites 

Rameshaiah G. N., T. Panda 

IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 

Chitinase hydrolyses N- acetyl glucosamine (1-4)-‚- linkages in chitin and chitodextrins. Chitin is available in large 

amounts in the biosphere and it is produced over several thousand tonnes per annum. Chitin is most widely found and 

forms the structural component of cell walls of various fungi and exoskeleton of invertebrates. Chitinases are well 

known due to their ability to degrade chitin containing cell wall of many fungi. This property makes it most valuable in 

the field of pest control, pollution abatement, basic and commercial biology. Recently chitinase emerged as new 

drug target in asthma. The capability of chitinases to degrade chitin makes it promising enzymes in production of 

value added metabolites from chitinous waste. Due to the important application of chitinase there has been a lot of 

research in the recent years for enhanced production of chitinases. The use of fungi for the production of commercial 

metabolites is an age-old process, but it has increased rapidly over last fifty years. Though fungi are morphologically 

complex organisms, differing in structure at different times in their life cycle have two forms of structure filamentous 

and pellets. The research has been done with reference to the synthesis of chitinases but little attention has been given 

on fungal morphology related synthesis of chitinase enzymes. Hence, this investigation is significant in biosynthesis of 

chitinases which are important in industries. 

The chitinases are found in bacteria, plants, fungi, invertebrates and micro organisms. Chitinases produced from 

bacteria and plants are less stable compared to that obtained from fungi during other metabolite production. Thus, 

the present investigation concentrates on the morphology related production of chitinases from micro organism’s viz., 

Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium chlamydosporum and Talaromyceses emersonni. These fungi have been extensively 

used in the commercial production of a wide range of secondary metabolites, and their morphological type is closely 

related to metabolite production. In this work, emphasis is on the estimation of morphological parameters, viz., mean 

hyphal length, mean hyphal growth unit, tip extension rate and mean equivalent diameter relating to chitinases 

production and to develop suitable kinetic mechanism. The large scale production of chitinases is expensive and 

uneconomical to make this enzyme available in sufficient quantities. Hence, there is a wide scope for economically 

viable source of chitinase. The present investigation is being concentrated on effective application of chitinases from 

selective microorganisms. 

402

PS7-628-0845 

Phthalate degradation by mangrove soil fungi 

M.K.M. Wong1, K.L. Pang 1, J.D. Gu 2, L.L.P. Vrijmoed 1 

1 Department of Biology & Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 

SAR, China, 2 Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, 3 S-11 Kadoorie Biological 

Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China 

Phthalate esters are commonly used plasticisers and can be released to the environment. Even low concentration of 

phthalate esters has been reported to be harmful to human endocrine system. Degradation mechanisms and 

pathways of phthalates have been consolidated in bacteria while fungal degradation has not been shown. This study 

reports the first agar plate screening of phthalate-degrading fungi. Twenty fungi were isolated from mangrove 

sediment collected at various locations at Futian Nature Reserve in Shenzhen, China and subsequently inoculated 

onto four different agar media in 25‰ natural seawater: (i) SN (12.5 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 g/L KH2PO4, 0.5 g/L K2HPO4), 

(ii) SNG (SN + 1% glucose), (iii) SNT (SN + 100 mg/L dimethyl phthalate (DMP)), and (iv) SNGT (SN + 1% glucose + 100 

mg/L DMP). After 1 week incubation at 25∞C, colony diameter on various media was measured. Ability of these fungi 

to degrade DMP can be classified into 4 groups: (i) no significant difference in growth between SN/SNT and SNG/SNGT, 

(ii) comparable growth in all media, (iii) reduced growth in SNT and SNGT, and (iv) enhanced growth in SNT and SNGT. 

Among the six fungal isolates with enhanced growth on phthalate-containing media, colony diameter of isolates 

FT405, FT409 and FT502 on SNT was significantly bigger than that on SN, which suggests the ability of these fungi to 

efficiently degrade and utilise DMP as the sole carbon source. Results of the depletion assay to determine the rate of 

DMP utilisation and the intermediate products of DMP degradation by these three fungi will be presented. 

PS7-629-0848 

Screening of wood rot fungi related to biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate and evaluation of its enzymes 

JW Lee, HJ Lee, JY Park, IG Choi 


Dimetyl phthalate (DMP) is one of most abundant phthalate esters, which are exclusively used over the world. 

However, they can easily enter into the environment because the phthalate esters are not covalently bound to the 

PVC resin. There is a big concern about the release into the environment, because the phthalate esters are 

considered as potential carcinogens, teratogens, and mutagens to human beings. To reduce the harmful effects of 

phthalate esters on human body, it is very important to degrade and mineralize DMP from environment. White rot fungi 

have shown useful oxidative ability to various environmental pollutant including chlorinated compounds, phenolic 

compounds, and non-phenolic compounds. This research was performed to screen the wood rot fungi related to 

biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate and to evaluate its enzymes. 

This research was performed to screen the wood rot fungi related to biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate and to 

evaluate its enzymes. Degradation rate was determined using 6 white rot fungi and 6 brown rot fungi. The inhibition of 

mycelial growth by DMP in PDA was determined by the length of mycelium on PDA. PDA was treated with 0, 250, 750 

and 1,250 uM concentrations of DMP. Reverse phase HPLC with C18 column (Zorbax C18 column, Hewlett Packard, 

USA) was used for the determination of degradation rate of DBP. For the investigation of enzymes related to 

biodegradation, activities of ligninases (manganese peroxidase, laccase), cellulases (cellobiohydrolase, ‚- 

glucosidase) and esterase were measured. 

In the resistance test, white rot fungus, Cystidodontia isubellina, showed strong resistance to DMP compared to other 

wood rot fungi degradations. Degradation rate was high in white rot fungi than in brown rot fungi. The highest 

degradation rate of dimethyl phthalate was obtained as 50% at 7-day after addition of dimethyl phthalate by 

Cystidodontia isubellina among white rot fungi. In the shallow stationary culture of Cystidodontia isubellina with high 

degradation rate (50%), the highest manganese peroxidase and laccase activities were determined, while cellulase 

activities were very low. 

According to the relationship of degradation rate and enzyme activity, lignin degradation enzymes secreted by white 

rot fungi might influence the dimethyl phthalate degradation. 

PS7-630-0864 

Biodegradation and adsorption of phenanthrene by fungi isolated from Thailand 

Panan Rerngsamran, Duangdoan Supanchanaburee, Sirirat Visetkoop 

Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 

Phenanthrene is one of organic compounds belonging to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This compound 

has been found contaminated in the environmental. It represents one of the serious threats to the health of the 

humans and ecosystems. The objective of this research is to isolate phenanthrene degrading fungi from decayed 

wood and petroleum contaminated soil. Wood rot fungi as well as soil fungi were isolated from several locations in 

Thailand. A total of 90 isolates were obtained and subjected to screen for their ligninolytic enzymes activity on the 

medium containing guaiacol, phenol red, or azureB to which their structures resemble lignin and PAHs. The results 

showed that 14 out of 90 isolates gave positive results for these indicators. The biodegradation and adsorption of 

phenanthrene by these isolates were determined by growing them in nitrogen limiting media containing 100ppm of 

phenanthrene. The results revealed that 6 isolates could reduce 75-98% of phenanthrene within 7-28 days with 

different types of intermediates, while the other 8 isolates could slightly degrade or could not degrade phenanthrene, 

but were likely to adsorb phenanthrene on their cell wall. Based on morphology, these fungi were classified in the 

Phylum Basidiomycota, Deuteromycota and Zygomycota. They all have potential to be used in phenanthrene 

biodegradation and adsorption in order to reduce phenanthrene contamination from environment. 

403

PS7-631-0869 

Optimization of extraction and determination of polysaccharide in Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia 

Gui-Jun Liu, Hua-An Wen 

Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

Beijing, China 

The objective of the present study was to establish a method for determination and extraction of polysaccharide in 

Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia. 

Three polysaccharide determination methods?3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, anthrone-sulfuric acid method and 

phenol-sulfuric acid method?were studied through precision experiments, sample recovery rate experiments and 

stability experiments. 

The polysaccharide content of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia was detected by anthrone-sulfuric acid method. Onefactor-at-a-time 

approach, Box-Behnken central composite design and SAS software were adopted to investigate the 

effects of different extraction methods on polysaccharide content of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia. 

Anthrone-sulfuric acid method was the best method for determination of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia 

polysaccharide. 

The optimal condition of polysaccharide extraction was: water bath treatment(100?) for two hours and four times 

replication, and weight of mycelium/volume of distilled water =1:20. 

Under the optimal condition, the polysaccharide content of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia was 4.12g/100g. 

This is the first report on the optimization of extraction and determination of 

Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia polysaccharide. A convenient, reliable determination method with satisfying stability 

and repeatability was provided for the study of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia polysaccharide. The results provided 

a basis for further study of Paecilomyces tenuipes mycelia polysaccharide. 

PS7-632-0894 

Isolation and identification of dioctyl phthalate-degrading fungi by enrichment cultures from soil 

C Sanchez 1, M Kertesz 2, G Robson 2 

1 Laboratory of Biotechnology, CICB, Universidad Autonoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico, 2 Faculty of Life Sciences, 

University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 

Phthalate and phthalate esters are plasticizers widely used in the manufacture of plastics which impart flexibility to 

polyvinyl chloride resins. The most commonly used plasticizer is dioctyl phthalate, with a production of around 500 

million kilograms per year in North America alone. Phthalate esters are often discharged by the paper and plastic 

industries during the manufacturing processes into the ecosystem, contributing to environmental pollution. Some of 

these compounds are considered carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens. To date, studies on the environmental 

degradation of these compounds have focused only on the bacterial community. In this study, we used enrichment 

to isolate fungi capable of utilising dioctyl phthalate as a sole carbon source. 

Three culture media (M1, M2 and M3) containing the following composition were prepared; M1) 45 ml of mineral salt 

medium + 5 ml of soil extract, M2) 45 ml of mineral salt medium + 5 ml of soil extract + 1 ml of dioctyl phthalate and 

M3) 50 ml of mineral salt medium + 1 ml of dioctyl phthalate. All the cultures were grown in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks 

incubated at 25oC on an orbital shaker at 200 RPM. The inoculum was prepared by adding 1 ml of a 1% soil solution 

to M1. The first enrichment cultures were prepared by adding 1 ml of inoculum to M1, M2, and M3 and growing for 29 

days. The second enrichment cultures were obtained by transferring 1 ml of culture from the first enrichment cultures 

to fresh M1, M2 and M3 media. Strains were identified by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene followed by interrogation 

of the NCBI database. 

Enrichment by serial transfer of a soil inoculated shake flask containing dioctyl phthalate led to the isolation of three 

strains capable of using this plasticizer as a sole carbon source which were identified by ribosomal sequencing as 

Gloeotinia temulenta, Trichosporon akiyoshidainum and Hypocrea lixii. 

This study demonstrates that a sub-population of indigenous soil fungi are capable of utilising dioctyl phthalate as a 

sole carbon source and these fungi can be successfully isolated by enrichment through serial transfer into phthalatecontaining 

medium. 

404

PS7-633-0916 

Prospective Cultivation Of The Wild Fungus “Lentinula sp” On Oak Sawdust In Mexico 

R. Venegas-Martínez, L. Acosta-Urdapilleta, N. Bautista, F. Medrano, E. Montiel, V. Mora 

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 

Lentinula sp. is an edible species widely distributed in central Mexico, with the potential for both beneficial use in local 

communities and commercial application, and although it grows in isolation in the wild people from the communities 

include it in their diet during the rainy season. The objective of the present research consists of testing its cultivation for 

the future supply of a species that is as much nutritional as medicinal. 

The species was collected in the wild, dried and preserved, separate vegetative and multi-spore cultivations were 

made, these were placed in the bank of germinating fluid. The spawn was cultivated on sterile pine, oak and cedar 

sawdust. The evaluated variables were: biological efficiency; rate of production; length of incubation and 

phenotypical characteristics of the harvested species; bromated analyses were made as well and finally it will be 

determined if the fungus in question is a new species or a new species or a new recording for the State of Morelos. 

The spawn of Lentinula sp. (HEMIM-44) grew suitably on the oak sawdust but no mycelial growth resulted with the pine 

or cedar sawdust. When grown on the oak sawdust carpophores with desirable commercial characteristics were 

obtained after a long incubation. 

The species under study (Lentinula sp.) has affinities qualities to the edible Shiitake fungus (Lentinula edodes) which 

has been introduced into Mexico and has been well accepted by the market for the Lentinula sp. Moreover, this 

fungus, which has a great cultural tradition of consumption in Mexico, could possibly be, in a short time and at low 

cost, a species that is enjoyed as much at local community as at a national level. 

PS7-634-0960 

Domestication of Microorganisms (DOM) – A research programme on safety assessment, production and 

formulation of microorganisms for envirobiotech applications 

Johan Schnürer 

Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

Microorganisms can reduce environmental problems, for example in biocontrol to replace chemical pesticides, in 

plant growth promotion to reduce nutrient leakage, and in bioprophylaxis to prevent toxic compounds from 

contaminating the environment. Many applications require large-scale fermentor production of microbial inoculants, 

followed by formulation steps for long-term stability and to ease application at target sites. Safe use of microorganisms 

requires careful consequence analyses, which for commercial products may be followed by a lengthy registration 

procedure. Presently, growth of novel biotechnological industries that can solve environmental problems by using 

microorganisms is held back by a lack of knowledge about fermentation/formulation technologies. Absence of safety 

assessment systems for microorganisms, suited for decision making by regulatory authorities, is an even more serious 

obstacle for sustainable development. The research programme “Domestication of Microorganisms” (DOM, 

www.mistra.org/program/dom/home) provides microbial solutions to environmental problems through cooperation 

with strategic partners. This is achieved by utilising the metabolic power of the natural microbial diversity through a 

domestication programme, focusing on safety and formulation to stable products with high efficacy. Through 

communication with regulatory authorities at early stages of development, the registration process will be facilitated, 

allowing earlier commercialisation of novel products. Since process and product safety is assessed at an early stage, 

potential risks for humans and the environment can be minimised. In DOM phase I, advanced fermentation and 

formulation equipment was acquired and utilised in research on model microorganisms. During the transition to DOM 

phase II, the focus will be shifted to industrially relevant bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi. Programme activities 

have a solid base of fundamental research on microbial formulation and safety issues. Industrial partner projects and 

Industrial short-term contracts. DOM welcomes international cooperation with both academic and industrial 

partners. 

1430-1630 

SYMPOSIUM 51 - Finding the missing taxa: the search for fungi in under-explored habitats 

S51IS1 - 0707 

Fungi associated with marine wrack 

D. Malloch 

New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada 

Wrack, the combined mass of algae and plants washed up on beaches around the world, is an interesting fungal 

habitat still in need of study. The habitat is simultaneously terrestrial and marine and attracts biological communities 

with origins in both environments. The wrack environment has many features in common with dung, arising suddenly 

and uncolonized and presenting a rich source of nutrients for those organisms able to utilize them. Wrack may 

undergo profound changes as it remains on shore, changing considerably in moisture content and salinity as it is 

exposed to either rain or drought. Temperatures on the beach may fluctuate greatly compared to those in the water. 

Biological communities associated with wrack are diverse but perhaps less complex than more purely terrestrial or 

marine ones. The fungal components appear to be partly marine in origin and partly terrestrial and show the 

expected division into saprotrophism and symbiosis. The mycota of wrack is not uniform from one locality to another 

and is influenced by several factors including geography, season, substrate composition and associated biota. 

405

S51IS2 - 0799 

Lessons learned from fungi associated with alcoholic beverage production 

James Scott 1, Wendy Untereiner 2, Juliet Ewaze 3, Bess Wong 3 

1 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2 Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, 3 Sporometrics 

Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

Colloquially known as “warehouse staining”, the development of dark discoloration on outdoor surfaces such as 

concrete, brick and wood as well as many other construction materials has been associated with the aging of spirits 

since the late 19th century. Many affected building surfaces are sun-exposed, and undergo extreme diurnal 

fluctuations in temperature and moisture availability. We examined a series of developmental stages of specimens 

obtained from a broad geographic range including North America, Barbados, Mexico, Argentina, Scotland, France, 

Denmark and Korea. Using single spore isolation techniques and culture on a whiskey-enriched medium, we 

recovered a number of cultures of highly melanized, slow-growing, thermotolerant, chlamydosporic fungi that appear 

to serve as the “founding colonists” responsible for the warehouse staining phenomenon. Morphological comparisons 

of our specimens to herbarium collections show close resemblances to Torula compniacensis Richon nom. nud., and 

Capnobotryella renispora Sugiyama. Phylogenetic analyses of our isolates based on nuclear ribosomal SSU revealed 

a strongly supported lineage comprising several undescribed taxa allied to the familes Mycosphaerellaceae and 

Amorphothecaceae, closely related to the microcolonial, epilithic genus Friedmanniomyces. Physiological studies 

confirmed the presence and activity of alcohol dehydrogenase; but our measurements of peak concentrations of 

fugitive ethanol vapour emissions from liquor warehouses consistently indicated levels far below the average sustained 

concentration necessary to develop the biomass observed based on a hypothesis of carbon utilization. Apart from 

primary nutrition, we have additionally demonstrated the function of ethanol both as germination activator and as an 

regulator of heat-shock protein expression. We propose a primary role for ambient ethanol vapour in the colonization 

biology of this fungus relating to these latter features that exists independently of the contribution of ethanol to 

nutrition or vector-mediated dispersal. We furthermore suggest that ethanol vapour and perhaps other microbial 

volatile organic compounds may similarly mediate the colonization biology of other fungi in underexplored, 

inhospitable habitats. 

S51IS3 - 0719 

Vertebrate-associated and keratin degrading fungi from northern Canada 

W.A. Untereiner 

Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada 

There have been few studies of the mycobiota of the polar regions and inventories of fungi from the Antarctic and 

Arctic have focussed largely on plant-associated and soil-inhabiting taxa. Little is known about vertebrate-associated 

fungi and species responsible for degrading keratin in polar environments. To assess the abundance of these fungi 

and determine the factors influencing their distribution, we inventoried the microfungi from two under-explored, 

keratin-rich habitats in northern Canada. In the first study, we isolated fungi from soils collected near the dens of arctic 

fox (Alopex lagopus) and from adjacent non-den sites near Churchill, Manitoba. Nearly 100 species representing 40 

genera of ascomycetes were identified, including 10 genera belonging to the Onygenales. Keratinolytic Onygenales 

(species of Arthroderma, Chrysosporium, Ctenomyces, and Gymnoascus) are both more abundant and diverse in soils 

collected from dens, confirming that the fungi present in soils are good indicators of substrate availability. In a second, 

recently initiated study, we investigated the mycoflora of the fur of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Hudson Bay 

lowlands by isolating the fungi present on female bears and their cubs as they emerged from maternity dens. Over 

70% of the 25 genera of ascomycetes isolated from hairs are sterile, and the dominant taxa (over 50% of all isolates) 

are slow growing, dematiaceous taxa resembling meristematic Dothideomycetes. Only a single member of the 

Onygenales was isolated from polar bear hair. 

406

S51PS1 - 0408 

High throughput fungal culturing from plant litter by dilution-to-extinction 

J COLLADO1 , G PLATAS 1, B PAULUS 2, G BILLS 1 

1 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN BÁSICA, MERCK SHARP & DOHME DE ESPAÑA, MADRID, SPAIN, 2 LANDCARE RESEARCH, 

AUKLAND, NEW ZEALAND 

Recent advances in high-throughput methods for bacterial cultivation have improved strain recovery of slow-growing 

and previously uncultured bacteria. Some of the most robust and easily applied high-throughput methods are those 

based on techniques known as “dilution to extinction” or “extinction culturing.” The method consists of low-density 

partitioning of cells or propagules in tubes or microwells and exploits the fact that species diversity observed in 

microbial isolations increases as inoculum density decreases. We adapted bacterial high-throughput culturing 

methods to fungi in order to generate large number of fungal extinction cultures. The efficiency of extinction culturing 

was assessed by comparing it with particle filtration and plating with an automated plate-streaking device. Equal 

volumes of particle suspension from five litter collections of the temperate New Zealand forest tree, Elaeocarpus 

dentatus, were compared. Fungal extinction cultures were prepared by pipetting dilute particle suspensions of litter 

into 48-well tissue culture plates containing 1 ml of agar medium/well. The same particle volumes from the same 

samples were applied to continuous agar surfaces in omnitray plates by automated streaking and yields of fungi 

diversity from both methods were measured. The taxonomic spectrum of isolates was assessed by microscopy and by 

sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. 

Species diversity between the two methods was comparable because the same samples were plated. However, 

extinction culturing significantly increased species richness. Compared with standard plating methods using the 

continuous surfaces of Petri plates, extinction culturing distributes fungal propagules over large partitioned surfaces. 

Intercolony interactions are substantially reduced, permitting longer incubation times, and leading to improved 

colony initiation, discrimination and recovery. The method substantially reduces labour of plating particles 

suspensions, and less effort is needed to evaluate and recover colonies from fungal isolation plates. 

S51PS2 - 0658 

A novel widespread subphylum of Ascomycota unravelled from soil rDNA sampling 

TM McLenon1, CW Schadt 2, L Rizvi1, AP Martin 4, SK Schmidt 4, R Vilgalys 5, JM Moncalvo 3 

1 University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, United States, 3 Royal Ontario 

Museum, Toronto, Canada, 4 University of Colorado, Boulder, United States, 5 Duke University, Durham, United States 

Several recent studies have reported many “unknown” or “unclassified” fungal rDNA sequences from environmental 

samples of diverse origins. These sequences have not been unambiguously classified within a global fungal phylogeny 

and cannot be directly compared with each other because they all consist of short (300 - 600 bp) fragments obtained 

from different portions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA array (rDNA). A study by Schadt et al. (Science 310:1359, 2003) 

indicated that a nLSU-rDNA group detected from tundra soil in Colorado (labeled “Group I”) was unique, possibly at 

the subphyla-class level within the Ascomycota. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to link to this clade 

disparate data sets of “unknown” or “unclassified” fungal rDNA sequences from previously published studies; and (2) 

to determine the phylogenetic placement of this clade within the Ascomycota using combined nSSU-nLSU rDNA data. 

We developed Group I specific primers and used a nested PCR approach to amplify and sequence ca. 3 Kb SSU-ITS1- 

5.8S-ITS2-LSU rDNA fragments from coniferous forest soil. We then used a series of BLAST searches in GenBank to retrieve 

partial SSU, LSU or ITS sequences from other independent studies that were similar to Group I sequences. We finally 

conducted phylogenetic analyses using these sequences and representative members of each major Ascomycota 

lineage. 

Blast searches using various portions of the newly produced 3Kb rDNA fragment as a query sequence retrieved many 

unclassified sequences from a broad range of habitats and geographic origins which were monophyletic with Group 

I sequences in phylogenetic analyses. Analyses of partial rDNA sequences were unable to convincingly classify this 

clade within the Ascomycota. Phylogenetic analyses that includes 3 Kb of Group I rDNA sequence and 

representative members of each major Ascomycota lineage indicate that the Group I clade occupies a unique and 

basal position in the phylogeny, distinct from the three currently recognized Subphyla of Ascomycota, the 

Taphrinomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Pezizomycotina. 

With the use of PCR-based techniques and phylogenetic analyses we have discovered a novel Ascomycota 

subphylum that is widespread in many diverse habitats worldwide. This new subphylum is more closely related to the 

Taphrinomycotina and Saccharomycotina than to the Pezizomycotina. Correspondingly, we speculate that members 

of this new subphylum, like most members of the first two, do not produce conspicuous ascomata or other 

macroscopic structures, and similar to many Taphrinomycotina, are obligate biotrophs or intracellular parasites. This 

could explain why this subphylum has been overlooked in the past. 

407

1430-1630 

SYMPOSIUM 52 - Fungi and Eucalypts 

S52IS1 - 0676 

How host specific are Mycosphaerella spp. infecting eucalypts? 

PW Crous, JZ Groenewald 

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Close to 3000 species of Mycosphaerella have thus far been named, with most descriptions being based on the 

premise of host specificity. Because members of these taxa are notoriously difficult to cultivate, this hypothesis has 

been left almost unchallenged. With the advent of molecular techniques, however, comparisons between sterile or 

slow-growing cultures have become easier to perform. 

The genus Eucalyptus consists of close to 700 species, on which approximately 100 species of Mycosphaerella are 

known to occur. The fact that Mycosphaerella has close to 30-odd associated anamorph genera, of which some are 

very speciose, means that many more species could also represent apparently asexual lineages of Mycosphaerella. 

We suggest that there could be at least as many Mycosphaerella spp. on eucalypts as there are currently recognised 

species of that genus. This would imply that only 14% of the species of Mycosphaerella from eucalypts have been 

described. However, our data also indicate that not all species occurring on Eucalyptus are host-specific, as some 

have also been recorded from obscure, unrelated hosts. In such cases of growth on secondary hosts, Mycosphaerella 

spp. appear to form only a limited number of ascospores, with the sole advantage of onward dispersal in search of 

their ideal host. This phenomenon is explained by means of the “pogo-stick” hypothesis, which suggests that 

Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs can sporulate on atypical hosts as means of amplifying the chance that 

inoculum will locate the corresponding ideal hosts. Fructifications of taxa crossing over ecologically in this way usually 

occur in lesions caused by other Mycosphaerella species that are primary pathogens of the affected specific host. 

This finding suggests, therefore, that in addition to the primarily and secondarily pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic 

species, some isolations would also reveal non-pathogens of that host. 

S52IS2 - 0469 

Mycorrhizal fungi and eucalypts - fungal significance in conservation and land management 

Neale L. Bougher 

Department of Conservation and Land Management, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia 

Many hundreds of species of fungi form mycorrhizal associations with eucalypts in vegetation ranging from tall wet 

forest to semi-arid mallee. The majority are ectomycorrhizal fungi. These include predominantly agaricoid genera such 

as Amanita and Cortinarius, as well as sequestrate, resupinate, and many other forms of fungi. At least three broad 

themes emphasize the significance of these fungi in conservation and land management: (1) Diversity and endemism 

- The fungi can be a significant component of the species biodiversity of a given area of natural eucalypt vegetation. 

Many of the fungal species may be endemic to regions where eucalypts occur. (2) Function - The eucalypt fungi 

undertake ecosystem functions attributed to mycorrhizal associations in general – e.g. distribution of nutrients via 

mycelial networks including capture of nutrients and provision of them to plants and animals. (3) Sensitivity and 

response to environmental change – Individual taxa and communities of eucalypt mycorrhizal fungi respond to and 

recover from natural and human-induced changes in different ways. In certain regions of Australia where extremely 

diminished natural vegetation corresponds with a commitment by local landholders to restore biodiverse native 

vegetation, specific protocols may be applied to help promote the return of local fungi diversity. 

Conservation and management of eucalypt -dominated vegetation is a major issue, particularly in Australia. 

Consideration of eucalypt mycorrhizal fungi to help develop and apply better decisions and practices is impeded by 

a poor knowledge base about the fungi. The challenge now is to build upon the impetus created by some recently 

established public and academic fungi programs in Australia, to coordinate new and classical technologies, and to 

make available an improved fungal knowledge system. 

408

S52IS3 - 0708 

Eucalypts as the natural host for the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii. 

D.H. Ellis 

Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, Australia 

Cryptococcus gattii is an encapsulated basidiomycete yeast-like fungus with a predilection for the respiratory and 

nervous system of humans and animals. The distribution of human infections due to this fungus is geographically 

restricted, non-immunocompromised hosts are usually affected, large mass lesions in lung and/or brain 

(cryptococcomas) are characteristic and morbidity from neurological disease is high. Human disease is endemic in 

Australia, Papua New Guinea, parts of Africa and the Mediterranean region, India, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Columbia, 

Brazil, Paraguay and Southern California. Incidence figures from Australia show a strong rural setting (71% of cases) 

and the incidence in the Aboriginal population was approximately 5 times that of the non-Aboriginal population. This 

increased incidence was not associated with overt immunocompromise and is perhaps consistent with high levels of 

local environmental exposure to C. gattii. Environmental isolations, initially from the Barossa Valley in South Australia 

have established that C. gattii has a specific ecological association with several species of eucalypts; notably 

Eucalyptus camaldulensis, ?E. tereticornis, E. rudis, E. gomphocephala and?E. blakelyi [all VG I type] and E. tetrodonta 

and E. miniata [VG II type from Arnhem Land]. Three of these species (E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. 

gomphocephala) have been exported extensively to several of the countries in which human disease due to C. gattii 

has been reported though the association is not exact. Outside of Australia isolations of C. gattii have been made 

from eucalypts in California, Italy, Spain and India. In a recent ongoing outbreak on Vancouver Island, C. gattti has 

now been recovered from multiple species of native Canadian trees, but not yet from any introduced Eucalyptus 

species examined. This outbreak may be attributable to a recent recombination event that has allowed C. gattii to 

colonise new host trees? so additional environmental niches may yet to be discovered. 

S52PS1 - 0322 

A reassessment of Phaeophleospora species on eucalypts. 

V Andjic 1, PA Barber 1, GEStJ Hardy 1, MJ Wingfield 2, TI Burgess 1 

1 Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia, 2 University of Pretoria, Pertoria, Gauteng, South Africa 

Phaeophleospora destructans is a devastating eucalypt leaf pathogen first described in 1996 from 1-3 years old 

Eucalyptus grandis in Sumatra, Indonesia. Since then it has been recorded from Thailand, East Timor, Vietnam and 

China. ITS sequence data of P. destructans on GenBank shows it to be closely related to the type species of the 

genus Phaeophleospora; P. eugeniae a pathogen of Eugenia uniflora described from Brazil. In order to develop 

molecular markers to study the rapid movement of P. destructans around Asia, several populations were collected 

from various regions and isolates sequenced using four protein gene regions; ITS, elongation factor 1-alpha, betatubulin 

and chitin synthetase. The combined gene tree showed that P. destructans is closely related to P. eucalypti 

but not to P. eugeniae. With the recent redescription of the genus Colletogloeopsis, morphological characters 

between Phaeophleospora and Colletogloeopsis overlap, so what is Phaeophleospora? DNA based phylogenies has 

shown that all sequenced Phaaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts and all Colletogloeopsis spp. fall in a clade 

together with Mycosphaerella nubilosa and far from P. eugeniae. We have acquired the original herbarium material 

for P. delegatensis and P. lilianae, species for which no cultures exist, and have, to date, successfully obtained 

sequence data for P. delegatensis, which also falls into the M. nubilosa clade. These results highlight the need for a 

revision of the genus Phaeophleospora, raising several alternative hypotheses. Do we synonymise Phaeophleospora 

species from eucalypts with Colletogloeopsis or resurrect Kirramyces for long spores species and use Colletogloeopsis 

for short species or synonymise all Colletogloeopsis and Phaeophleospora species from eucalypts, with Kirramyces 

(as it is an older genus than Colletogloeopsis)? 

S52PS2 - 0210 

Fire and Fungi: survival, succession and composition of macro fungal community following fire in eucalypt 

forest in Western Australia. 

R.M. Robinson 1, A. Mellican 2, R.H. Smith 1 

1 Science Division, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Manjimup, WA, Australia, 2 Science Division, 

Department of Conservation and Land Management, Kensington, WA, Australia 

In Western Australia, high intensity fire is used as a management tool to aid regeneration of Eucalypt diversicolor (karri) 

forest following clear-cut harvesting while low intensity prescribed burning is used to achieve community protection 

and biodiversity conservation objectives. Additionally, from 2003-2005 destructive wildfires burnt 14,000 – 126, 000 ha 

of eucalypt forest and woodland annually. The associated change in soil properties and the loss of litter and woody 

substrates has a significant impact on fungal species and fungal community dynamics. A recent study in karri forest 

showed that a distinct mycoflora inhabited recently burnt forests. Species richness was lower on burnt sites but the 

composition of fungal communities on burnt sites differed significantly each year for at least 5 years following fire. 

Species richness increased annually on the burnt sites to be 90% of that recorded on the unburnt sites 5 years after the 

fire. Like plants, many species of macrofungi have adaptive traits that allow them to survive and/or recolonise rapidly 

following fire. Up to 40 species were recognised as producing sporophores in response to fire. For several species, the 

response was immediate and large sporophores developed from subterranean sclerotia within days of fire. Five 

distinct succession groups of post-fire fungi were recognised. Species replacement took place mainly within soilinhabiting 

species, occurring concurrently with the re-introduction of saprotrophic species as the litter built up on site. 

The concept of using fire mosaics to enhance fungal diversity across a landscape is also discussed. 

409

1430-1630 

SUMPOSIUM 53 - Epidemiology of Fungal Pathogens 

S53IS1 - 0879 

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: ecological and evolutionary aspects 

Eduardo Bagagli, Sandra MG Bosco, Raquel C Theodoro, Severino A Macoris, Virginia B Richini 

IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil 

P. brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin 

America. This fungus is thermo-dimorphic growing as yeast forms in the host tissue or when cultured at 35-37ºC, and as 

mycelium in the saprobic condition or when cultured at room temperature (18-23ºC). The teleomorphic or sexual 

(meiospore) stage is still unknown, but molecular taxonomy indicates the pathogen belongs to the family 

Onygenaceae (Ascomycota), recently classified in the newly proposed family Ajellomycetaceae. The habitat of the 

mycelial saprobic phase of P. brasiliensis, which produces the infectious propagula, has not been determined and has 

been a challenge to mycologists. The fungus is rarely isolated from the environment, the disease has a prolonged 

latency period, and outbreaks have not been reported. These facts have prevented the adoption of preventive 

measures to avoid infection. 

The confirmation of natural infection of armadillos with P. brasiliensis, in a high frequency and wide geographic 

distribution, has opened new opportunities for the study and understanding of the ecology of this fungus. Besides 

practical purposes such as mapping the location the fungus in nature, these findings also provide interesting insights 

about the fungus biology. Armadillos belong to the order Xenarthra, family Dasypodidae, which has existed in South 

America, since the Paleocene Era (65 million years ago), when it was separated from North America. Because both 

the armadillo group Dasypodidae and Ajellomycetaceae fungi are ancient organisms that might have been 

cohabiting in the same continental area for at least 10-20 MYA, one may ask whether the armadillo-P.brasiliensis 

association occurred millions of years before humans appeared or, alternatively, if it only has occurred in recent times 

as the result of human action. There are several biological features of P. brasiliensis that seem compatible with a long 

existence evolving connected with animal hosts, such as its dimorphism, a poor saprobic sporulation, a restricted 

occurrence in nature and difficulties in its environmental isolation. Similarly, some features of the disease, such as a 

tendency to induce chronic forms, long latency, relapses, and male-association (it is much more frequent in men than 

women) may also be associated with an ancient relationship with armadillos or other animal hosts. (Financial support: 

Fapesp). 

S53IS2 - 1008 

A global molecular epidemiological survey shows that the Vancouver Island outbreak strain is closely 

related to Latin American Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolates 

Wieland Meyer 1, Lucinana Trills 2, Alexandro Jover-Botella1, Clement Tsui 1, Popchai Ngamskulrungroj 1, Patricia 

Escandón 3, Elizabeth Castañeda3, 

1 Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, CIDM at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millenium Institute, The University 

of Sydney Western Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, 

Brazil, 3Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia 

The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of the VGII genotype worldwide and determine the 

existence of strains that are closely related to the VGII strains responsible for the outbreak in Vancouver. 

Cryptococcus gattii is an basidiomycetous yeast that causes life-threatening disease mainly in immunocompetent 

patients. Four molecular types have been identified: VGI-VGIV. Two subtypes of molecular type VGII have emerged 

in 2000 as a primary pathogen on Vancouver Island, Canada, becoming quickly endemic, with a high attack rate for 

humans and animals: VGIIa, the major and more virulent genotype and VGIIb, the minor and less virulent genotype. 

We compared isolates from Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Greece, Thailand, Uruguay, USA and Venezuela, 

recovered since 1986 with the Vancouver Island outbreak strains via PCR fingerprinting and MLST analysis using 5 

polymorphic loci: URA5, LAC1, ACT1, CAP59 and PLB1. The mating type was determined by PCR for the vast majority 

of those isolates and in vitro mating has been performed using MATa and MATa strains. 

We demonstrated that the subtype VGIIa found in Vancouver is also present in Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Argentina, 

USA, Thailand and Greece. Especially in Colombia and Brazil it has been present long before the Vancouver Island 

outbreak occurred. The subtype VGIIb clustered isolates from Vancouver with the majority of the Australian isolates. 

MLST typing has confirmed the close relationship between isolates from South America and Vancouver Island. An 

additional interesting finding is that all the Vancouver Island outbreak isolates are mating type a, while the vast 

majority of Colombian isolates were mating type a. Brazilian VGIIa isolates are identical with the Vancouver Island 

outbreak strains. Colombian VGIIa isolates are closely related but not identical to the Vancouver Island outbreak 

strains. The Colombian VGIIa isolates are avirulent. Mating experiments have shown that the avirulent Colombian 

MATa strains mate with the virulent VGIIa strain from Brazil and Vancouver. The fact that there are isolates belonging 

to VGIIa recovered as early as in 1986 in South America indicates that this genotype may have been present for a 

long time in the Americas rather than being a result of a recent recombination event between a less virulent genotype 

introduced to North America from Australia and an unknown mating partner as suggested previously. Our results 

suggest that the VGII genotype may have its origins in Latin America and was spread in the environment until its 

introduction to Vancouver Island due to an unknown event. It is highly likely that due to the fact that Vancouver Island 

is outside the usual environmental range of C. gattii the fungus has undergone changes in its expression profile after 

its introduction to North America that has led to a more sufficient generation of infectious propagules, resulting in a 

widespread proliferation of blastospores into the environment, which in turn has let to the Vancouver Island outbreak. 

410

S53IS3 - 0860 

Molecular epidemiology of histoplasmosis: An update 

R. M. Zancopé-Oliveira, P. M. S. Tavares, M. M. Muniz 

Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 

Histoplasmosis, a systemic fungal disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, is an important health problem 

worldwide and a very common infection in endemic regions of North and Latin America. The Ohio and Mississippi 

Valleys in the USA are highly endemic areas, but Latin America presents high frequency of outbreaks being one of the 

most common systemic mycoses presenting variable prevalence rates in endemic areas and is widely distributed all 

over the countries. H. capsulatum usually grows in enriched soils, and the human infection frequently occurs after 

inhalation of dust generated from disturbance of H. capsulatum micro niches. The risk of infection depends on the 

activity performed such as soil excavation, spelunking, construction, renovation, demolition, and cleaning sites 

sheltering the fungus and the period of soil contact. Histoplasmosis represents an occupational and environmental 

health problem, and has long been recognized as a common recreational disease among cavers in North America, 

but recent reports indicate an increase in the number of cases in individuals who engage in other forms of adventure 

tourism and eco-tourism. Also, people in the countryside of some countries are particularly affected, especially miners, 

peasants, and guano collectors. Information about the genetic diversity of H. capsulatum associated to geographic 

distribution would be very useful to public health authorities in designing and implementing prevention and 

intervention strategies based on that information. The epidemiology of histoplasmosis will be reviewed, and the current 

tools used in the molecular epidemiology of this endemic mycosis will be outlined. 

S53IS4 - 0760 

National, population-based surveillance of candidemia in Australia with emphasis on disease acquired 

outside of hospitals 

SCA Chen 1, M Slavin 2, Q Nguyen 3, D Marriott3, EG Playford 4, D Ellis 5, TC Sorrell 1 

1 Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia, 2 Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 3 St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, 

Australia, 4 Princess Alexandra Hospital, sydney, Australia, 5Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia 

Candidemia is a serious fungal infection associated with high mortality, prolonged hospital admission and substantial 

health care costs. Medical practice changes towards more frequent use of home health care have increased the 

number of susceptible patients outside of hospitals, potentially changing the epidemiology of infection in the 

community. As part of a nationwide survey, the epidemiology and etiology of candidemia were recorded and the 

characteristics of infection acquired outside of hospitals clarified. 

The Australian Candidemia Study (ACS) conducted a nationwide, population-based, active laboratory surveillance 

of candidemia from 2001-2004. Clinical data and blood culture isolates were collected. 

A total of 1095 incident episodes of candidemia were identified. Candida species accounted for 3.4% of significant 

blood stream infections. The annual overall, and hospital-specific incidence was 1.81 per 105 population, and 0.21 per 

103 separations, respectively and demonstrated jurisdictional and institutional variation. Inpatient health careassociated 

(IHCA) cases comprised 81.5% episodes, 11.6% cases were outpatient health care-associated (OHCA) and 

6.9% were community-acquired (CA). Predisposing factors included malignancy (37.1%), antimicrobial agents (77%), 

indwelling vascular catheters (72.6%) and major surgery (37.1%). Cases associated with ICU-acquisition comprised 183 

(20%) instances. Co-morbidities and risk factors were similar in IHCA- and OHCA-candidemia. Intravenous drug use 

was a major risk factor for CA cases (23.8%). IHCA candidemia was significantly associated with sepsis at diagnosis 

(p

S53PS1 - 0527 

Enigmatic amphibian declines and emerging infectious disease: population genetics of the frog killing 

fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. 

J.A.T. Morgan, C.J. Briggs, J. Taylor 

1 Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Yeerongpilly, Qld, Australia, 2 University of California Berkeley, 

Berkeley, CA, United States 

Amphibian populations around the globe are declining due to Chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease 

caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. First identified in 1998 on frogs originating from 

Australia and Central America, B. dendrobatidis has now been reported on every continent except Asia and 

Antarctica. Little is known about how the disease has dispersed so rapidly and speculation exists that the fungal 

pathogen may be endemic and that something has triggered its virulence. To address this question we present the 

first population genetic comparison of B. dendrobatidis isolates. Global diversity is low, there is no apparent 

amphibian-host specificity, and populations show limited geographic relatedness which supports the recent spread 

theory. Genetic diversity of B. dendrobatidis populations, isolated from mountain yellow-legged frogs endemic to 

California, predicts at least two introductions and a longer association with some sites than previously predicted. A 

recombination signature was found in two populations suggesting a sexual phase in the life cycle. This provides an 

alternative theory for the rapid spread of the pathogen. In addition to the live trade of amphibians the disease may 

be dispersing via resistant sporangia. 

1430-1630 

SYMPOSIUM 54 - Fusarium - New Advances in Taxonomy, Biology and Detection 

S54IS1 - 0637 

Genetic Diversity in Fusarium from Sorghum and Millet 

J. F. Leslie 

Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States 

Fusarium spp. are amongst the most common fungi isolated from sorghum and millets grown often as subsistence 

crops in marginal environments. For many years the Fusarium isolates from these crops were routinely identified as 

“Fusarium moniliforme” even though relatively few of such isolates were the fungus that is now known as Fusarium 

verticillioides, which is common on maize and produces high levels of fumonisins. Two species described in the last few 

years, Fusarium thapsinum and Fusarium andiyazi account for many of the Fusarium isolates recovered from sorghum 

in the United States and South Africa, and Fusarium pseudonygamai accounts for many of the isolates recovered from 

pearl millet. Genetic variation within these species varies, with F. thapsinum appearing relatively clonal, especially in 

the United States. Fusarium nygamai, an important pathogen in Australia, is less common in the United States and may 

be polyphyletic. In West Africa, many of the Fusarium isolates cannot be readily assigned to a described species and 

their ability to produce toxins such as fumonisins and moniliformin is largely unexplored. These isolates exhibit relatively 

high levels of genetic and genotypic variability as assessed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs). In 

Egypt, Fusarium proliferatum is the most common species recovered and in both Egypt and in West Africa at least one 

clearly differentiated species has been identified although not yet formally described. Finger millet from Uganda has 

an extremely complex Fusarium population, with 25 or more species identifiable. Variation in DNA sequences of 

conserved genes, e.g. tub-2, and in AFLP banding patterns also is high. The high levels of both intragenic and 

intergenic species genetic variation suggests that these crops host many undescribed species. That these species can 

be recovered from native grasses, subsistence agriculture, and commercial agriculture should provide the opportunity 

for the study of their evolution under different cropping and environmental conditions. 

412

S54IS2 - 0716 

Development of an oligonucleotide array for detection of Fusarium species by hybridization of PCR 

products 

C.A. Levesque, T. Barasubiye, K.A. Seifert 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 

Accurate identification of Fusarium species currently presents a challenge to plant pathologists and mycologists. Our 

goal was to develop a sensitive and specific molecular assay to facilitate direct and simultaneous monitoring of 

several Fusarium species without the need for isolation and morphological identification of pure cultures. 

A representative set of 219 Fusarium strains was selected from a total of 876 isolates recovered from soybean roots 

during the spring seasons of 2001 and 2002 from 116 commercial fields in eastern Ontario and Québec, Canada. The 

other sections of the roots from which these isolates were obtained were frozen before DNA extraction. Close to 700 

EF1-alpha sequences were obtained from GenBank, our own isolates, and unpublished sequences provided by K. 

O’Donnell. Using this database and custom designed software, we designed and developed an EF1-alpha 

oligonucleotide array to target the main species of Fusarium. To validate the assay, digoxygenin-labelled amplicons 

from pure cultures and infected soybean roots were hybridized to the DNA array with the specific oligonucleotides. 

Following partial DNA sequencing of the EF1-alpha gene, eleven groups were found among our samples, namely, the 

F. oxysporum complex, the F. solani complex, the F. graminearum complex, F. sporotrichioides, F. tricinctum, the F. 

equiseti complex, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. acuminatum and Fusarium sp. cf. merismoides. We designed 71 

species or clade specific oligonucleotides to target these groups. The novel EF1-alpha DNA array consistently 

identified the species from pure cultures, and no cross-reactions with oligonucleotides designed for other species were 

observed. The assay detected Fusarium species directly in soybean roots, including the Fusarium species implicated 

in soybean sudden death syndrome disease in North America. The results using the DNA array assays were consistent 

with the results from direct isolation from the same roots. 

The EF1-alpha DNA array provides a new tool for direct detection of several species of Fusarium in the environment, 

in particular from roots. We found that Fusarium species were always present in soybean roots as mixtures, which were 

difficult to characterize by root plating. We developed an accurate tool to detect a wide range of species, but the 

significance of the interactions between the species remains to be characterized. 

S54IS3 – 0300 

Secondary metabolome – the bridge between phenetics and phylogenetics in Fusarium 

U Thrane 

Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 

Each Fusarium species produces a specific profile of biologically active metabolites, the secondary metabolome, of 

high importance for its interaction with the environment. These highly functional characters are of great importance 

for the co-evolution of fungal species, and are hence very informative and useful in fungal systematics. Fusarium 

species to produce several harmful mycotoxins, e.g. the trichothecenes, zearalenones, fumonisins, moniliformin, and 

beauvericins and other cyclic peptides. Of the trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) are of major 

concern and are mainly produced by F. culmorum and F. graminearum (sensu lato), often with co-production in small 

quantities of the acetylated derivatives. Other NIV-producers are F. poae, and F. equiseti. Fusarium culmorum, F. 

graminearum and F. equiseti also produce zearalenone and its derivatives, whereas F. poae is a consistent producer 

of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). Another important trichothecene is T-2 toxin, which, together with DAS, is consistently 

produced by F. sporotrichioides, F. sambucinum, F. musarum, F. armeniacum and F. langsethiae, whereas 

trichothecene production has never been detected in common species such as F. avenaceum (moniliformin 

producer), F. tricinctum (moniliformin producer), F. verticillioides (fumonisin producer) and F. proliferatum (fumonisin 

producer). None of these nine species produce zearalenones. 

Most phylogenetic studies are based on nucleotide sequences of housekeeping genes, which convey little, if 

anything, about the function of an organism. Many recently described Fusarium species were initially discovered by 

molecular tools, such as phylogenetic studies, followed by a formal description of the species based on morphological 

characteristics. In some cases additional phenotypic characters (e.g. metabolites) are added to the description, but 

they are seldom integrated into the systematic evaluation of the data justifying the taxonomic proposal. However, 

today more and more species are being sequenced increasing the available information on the genetics behind 

metabolite production. This will illustrated using examples of how bioinformatic studies of toxin genes in several species 

can bridge phenetics and phylogenetics and be the stepping-stones towards a truly holistic approach to Fusarium 

systematics. 

413

S54PS1 - 0427 

Assays for rapid multiplex detection of toxigenic Fusarium spp. in cereals and derived products applying 

DNA array hybridisation and capillary SNP analysis, respectively 

R Kristensen 1, K G Berdal 1, G Gauthier 2, S Hamels 3, J Remacle 3, A Holst-Jensen 1 

1 National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2 Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 3 

Eppendorf Array Technology, Namur, Belgium 

Diagnostic sequence motifs for single species and species groups of toxigenic Fusarium taxa were recently (Kristensen 

et al., 2005) identified from a phylogenetic study based on partial translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF-1·) 

sequences. These sequence motifs were successively used to develop two types of PCR derived multiplex diagnostic 

assays for cereals and derived products, the FusArray and the FuSNaP assay, respectively. Each assay has some 

advantages over the other: The FusArray may easily be automated and allows for semiquantitation of the 

contamination level, but each capture probe motif must include at least two to three specific discriminatory 

nucleotide substitutions. The FuSNaP assay allows for discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but it 

requires more sample handling and is strictly qualitative. For both assays, the first step is a “universal” PCR amplification 

of a part of the TEF-1· from the funga present in the gross DNA extracted from the sample, and the final step is the 

specific analysis of the population of amplification products. The FusArray is a low density DNA array with capture 

probes corresponding to the diagnostic sequence motifs, and the DNA is labelled prior to hybridisation. The present 

version of the FusArray includes probes for discrimination of 14 species and several species groups, it is semiquantitative, 

its limit of detection (LOD) is estimated to less than 16 copies of the haploid genome of the target species 

in the initial PCR reaction, and samples can be analysed within one working day. The FuSNaP assay is based on solid 

phase purification of the amplification products from the initial PCR reaction, followed by multiplex SNaPshot reactions 

with subsets of specific SNP primers, where the primers in each subset can be discriminated by a combination of 

migration (size) and colour (SNP specific labelling). The present version of the FuSNaP assay includes SNaPshot primers 

for 16 species and several species groups and samples can be analysed within two working days. The taxa targeted 

by the assays are primarily producers of trichothecene and moniliformin mycotoxins, but both assays may be 

expanded to target additional taxa. Both assays were validated by analysis of five naturally contaminated cereal 

samples and comparison with data from morphological analyses and chemical toxin analyses of the same samples. 

A high degree of correspondence was observed, the assays are more sensitive than morphological methods and 

exceptions from perfect correspondence were few and may be explained by near LOD infection levels. 

S54PS2 - 0311 

Origin and Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) in Australia 

B. Wang, C. L. Brubaker, J. J. Burdon 

CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia 

Cotton fusarium wilt is attributable to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov). Eight races and 10 vegetative 

compatibility groups (VCGs) have been identified outside Australia. In Australia, cotton fusarium wilt was first 

diagnosed in 1993 and has spread to most major cotton growing regions. Australian Fov behave similarly to Race 6 on 

the differential hosts, but they are vegetatively incompatible with Races 1-8, and have been designated, VCGs 01111 

and 01112. This study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversity of F. oxysporum present in agricultural and 

uncultivated soils and to assess the genetic and phylogenetic relationships between Fov and co-occurring nonpathogenic 

F. oxysporum. Putative Fusarium oxysporum isolates (based on morphological features observed on 

carnation leaf agar and PDA plates) were obtained from soils in cotton fields, refuges in agricultural regions, and 

populations of wild Australian cottons (Gossypium spp.). The isolates were genotyped using AFLPs and for selected 

isolates, four gene regions were sequenced. Based on the AFLP genotypes and gene sequences, five distinct lineages 

were identified, and designated A to E. Three lineages, B, C, D, fall outside F. oxysporum sensu stricto, i.e., they are not 

sister to F. foetens. Lineage B is allied with the Fusarium moniliforme complex. Lineages C and D have no allies 

represented in GenBank. Lineages A and E are sister groups that are collectively sister to F. foetens, i.e., are F. 

oxysporum in the narrow sense. Australian Fov falls into Lineage A, while Races 1 to 8 are allied with Lineage E. The two 

Australian VCGs form distinct subgroups within the Lineage A clade. Within each VCG the level of genetic diversity is 

minimal, nonetheless, 21 VCG 01111 and 7 VCG 01112 haplotypes have been identified. VCG 01112 is largely 

confined to the area in which it was first diagnosed. One haplotype of VCG 01111 dominates all other fields sampled, 

presumably spreading from its site of origin. Collectively the data suggest that Fov arose in Australia from an 

indigenous lineage of F. oxysporum that is genetically and phylogenetically distinct from the lineage of F. oxysporum 

to which all other Fov Races are allied. 

414

1430-1630 

SYMPOSIUM 55 - Conservation and utilization of fungal biodiversity through genetic resource centres 

S55IS1 - 0773 

The value of herbaria in the DNA age 

A.Y. Rossman, D.F. Farr 

Systematic Botany & Mycology Lab, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States 

Biological specimens maintained in today’s herbaria contain the wealth of the ages representing life through time and 

space. If one could release and synthesize the knowledge locked in the millions of specimens collected over the past 

two centuries, the history of life on planet Earth would be revealed. Some progress has been made toward this end. 

For example, data associated with the one million specimens in the U.S. National Fungus Collections are all available 

on-line. Thus, if plant quarantine officials need to know the fungi that have been found on conifers in Siberia and thus 

may be a threat to the U.S. if raw logs are imported from that region, they can easily search on Abies, Picea and Pinus 

from that part of the world to determine potential pathogens. For those who want to know where to collect morels 

and when they will be fruiting, just check for these data on the deposited specimens of Morchella. Need to identify 

a rust fungus on Gladiolus? Search out the rust specimens on Gladiolus to narrow down the possible taxa. Herbarium 

specimens are increasingly useful as a source of DNA for studies that reveal the origin and distribution of pathogens. 

For example, DNA from herbarium specimens was also used to determine the spread of Phytophthora infestans, cause 

of potato late blight, from the Andes to Europe and finally North America. Past scientists have conscientiously 

documented their research with specimens that are extremely useful to modern science in ways they could not have 

imagined. We can never go back in time to determine what population of soybean rust first attacked wild plants in 

China. But we can document today’s science for future investigators who may use these specimens in ways we could 

never imagine. Just as scientists who never heard of an electron microscope or a DNA sequencer placed specimens 

in herbaria for future generations, today’s scientists have the responsibility to document their research with voucher 

specimens deposited in institutional collections. Every sequence in GenBank should be backed by a specimen so that 

workers in the future can verify the source of that sequence. Ideally DNA barcodes will be linked to descriptions, 

illustrations, records of accurate plant host and geographic distribution, all backed by voucher specimens. 

Documented data are required for sound, repeatable science and to provide a legacy for future scientists with their 

instant genome machines. 

S55IS2 - 0788 

MycoBank: linking names to genomes 

V. Robert 

CBS, Utrecht, Netherlands 

Taxon names are crucial to anybody working with biological material as they can be considered as shortcuts to 

access the associated bibliography. While existing species concepts are changing by lumping or splitting, new species 

are daily isolated from unexplored environments and described. The accessibility to this nomenclatural and taxonomic 

information is not always easy because of the diversity and of the lack of availability of some journals. The Index of 

Fungi database, maintained by Paul Kirk at CABI (UK), was a first successful attempt to provide a web based repository 

on fungal nomenclature. In 2000, the CBS yeast strains and species database/website was launched and already 

included a wide range of taxonomically informative data usable in the first online polyphasic identification tool (based 

on the BioloMICs software). In 2005, we created the MycoBank website, a joined effort of CBS and CABI, combining 

the best of both systems and databases. MycoBank is not only an easy searchable nomenclatural database. It also 

allows taxonomists to freely deposit their new species (or any other taxonomic levels) descriptions together with 

associated data. The basic concept is to link the names with the underlying morphological, physiological, metabolic 

and genomic data. We strongly believe that the useful information and analyzes tools incorporated in MycoBank will 

greatly help researchers in many fields (taxonomy, agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, etc). A demonstration of the 

system will be provided together with a preview of the new tools to be associated with MycoBank and that are 

currently under development. 

415

S55IS3 - 0570 

A global network of genetic resource centres to preserve fungal biodiversity 

J.A. Stalpers 1, D. Smith 2, P.W. Crous 1, A. Nakagiri 3 

1 CBS, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2 IMI, International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey, United 

Kingdom, 3 Nite Biological Resource Centre, Chiba, Japan 

Of the known 75.000 species of fungi, 30-40% are culturable with current techniques. Of these, about 18.000 species 

are preserved in the world’s biological resource centres (BRC’s). Estimates of fungal biodiversity range from 0.5 to 10 

million species; 1.5 million being the generally accepted estimate. This leaves us with 1.2% of the biodiversity available 

as living cultures, many only known from a single strain. For most other groups of micro-organisms (bacteria, archea, 

algae, protozoan, viruses, plasmids) the situation is worse. It is obvious that the world presently lacks the required 

number of systematists to adequately document, describe and culture its biodiversity. Even if these fungi were to be 

described, no single collection has the capacity to preserve such numbers. Moreover, the actual number of culture 

collections is declining. It is therefore imperative that world-wide networks get established to preserve fungal 

biodiversity for future generations. 

In recent years the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has considered the possibility 

to establish a Global Biological Resource Centre Network (GBRCN) to facilitate access to genetic resources. 

A GBRCN must consider (a) its organization (e.g. minimum requirements for membership, structure of network), (b) the 

distribution of knowledge and (c) the distribution of material. It has to collaborate with many existing organizations, 

institutes and facilities, for example WFCC, WDCM, GBIF, Catalogue of Life (Species 2000), Index Fungorum, 

Mycobank, GenBank. It has to consider the consequences of international treaties and national legislation, (OECD, 

IATA. CBD) and provisions to prevent intentional and unintentional damage (bioterrorism, pathogens, non-indigenous 

species). 

A GBRCN should provide a means to cope with new challenges like barcoding of micro-organisms and DNA-banks. 

It should form a material and intellectual infrastructure for life sciences and biotechnology. 

S55PS1 - 0549 

Cooperation between biological resource centers (BRCs) in the CBD era – A challenge of NBRC and BRCs 

in Asia 

A Nakagiri 

NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, 

Chiba, Japan 

In the era of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Biological Resource Centers (BRCs) are facing difficulties to 

obtain biological resources from overseas and provide them for users. BRCs are required to collaborate with each 

other, especially with those of foreign countries to overcome this problem. As an example of the challenge to this 

problem, I’d like to introduce activities of NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC, Japan) and its collaboration with 

BRCs in Asian region. 

In 2004, establishment of “Asian Consortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM)” 

was proposed by NITE and agreed by 12 Asian countries. Aiming for practical activities including promotion of 

research, human resource development and network formation, Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) have been 

concluded between NITE and each of the representative institution of Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand and 

China. 

In a program of the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI) (2002-2004), mycologists of NBRC and LIPI (Indonesia) joined 

together in the taxonomic study of fungi in Indonesia. This collaborative study achieved inventory data as well as an 

advance in capacity building of mycology in Indonesia. Fungal strains isolated and identified in this study are 

deposited to both collections of NBRC and LIPI, and are distributed to users according to the Material Transfer 

Agreement (MTA). For enhancement of culture collection activity of both sides, NBRC and BCC (BIOTEC, Thailand) 

are collaborating in the following programs: (1) Exchange of strains. The exchanged strains are deposited into the 

collection of the counterpart, and then become available to users according to the MTA. (2) Cooperative studies of 

taxonomy of fungi, yeasts and bacteria. After identification and taxonomic studies, the strains are deposited to the 

both collections and opened to users in the same way of (1). 

By these collaborations with overseas BRCs, NBRC is now able to transfer biological resources from some Asian 

countries to NBRC collection and provide them for users in the manner following CBD. Moreover, these activities 

certainly contribute to the safe preservation of biological resources by duplicate deposition at different BRCs as well 

as technical transfer and human resource development of both of the partnered BRCs. 

416

S55PS2 - 0525 

SIVICHAI 

1700-1800 

PLENARY 5 – 0750 

Mike Wingfield 

South Africa 

The first recorded examples of epidemic diseases resulting in the destruction of forest ecosystems date back to the 

beginning of the 20th Century. This coincides closely with a time where trade and the movement of wood and wood 

products, particularly between northern hemisphere countries, increased substantially. It was also a time when forestry 

industries were being established in many parts of the world and where germplasm required for the establishment of 

plantations was moved between countries, without control. Diseases such as Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, 

white pine blister rust thus emerged in native woody ecosystems, where they have caused irreparable damage. While 

these classic examples of tree diseases are well-known amongst mycologists and pathologists, it is important to realize 

that the emergence of similar new diseases has continued virtually unabated. New fungal pathogens have not only 

been introduced into new native forest ecosystems but pathogens of non-native plantation trees have been moved 

widely. In the latter case, the impacts have been variable and often times, it has been possible to manage disease 

problems through sylvicultural practices and tree breeding. This is, however, substantially depleting the profitability of 

intensive plantation forestry and in some cases businesses based on this practice are failing. To complicate matters, 

examples of fungal pathogens undergoing anthropogenic host-jumps are emerging. World-wide trends are clearly 

focused on attempts to stem the flow of tree pathogens to new environments. While success is achieved in some 

situations, this is an enormously complex problem and it seems likely that many new fungal diseases will continue to 

threaten world forests and forest industries in the foreseeable future. 

Emerging fungal diseases threaten world forests 

417

418

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Oral Abstract Authors (list is according to presenting author) 

Last name Initial Abstract 

No. 

Prog 

No. 

Title Co-authors Page 

No. 

Abdel-Wahab M A 0199 S49IS2 Documentation of marine fungal 

diversity: classical vs. molecular 

techniques 

Andrianopoulos A 0997 S4IS3 Control of dimorphic switching in 

Penicillium marneffei 

0998 S46IS3 Comparative genomic analysis of 

hypoxic stress response in Aspergillus 

fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans 

Pang L K 343 

13 

Borneman A, Han K-H 336 

Aramayo R S34IS3 Meiotic Silencing in Neurospora 243 

Archer D 0675 S24IS1 Genome-wide analysis of secretion 

stress in Aspergillus niger 

Arzanlou M 0390 P3PS7 A phylogenetic approach to 

accommodate Ramichloridium 

orphans 

Atkinson T J 0744 S47PS2 Unusual new species, exciting 

relationships – expecting the 

unexpected among woody decay 

pyrenomycetes from New Zealand 

Avery S V 0739 S42IS2 Functions determining yeast fitness 

during stress, derived from genome 

wide haploinsufficiency tests 

Avrova A 0523 S7PS1 Transient gene silencing in the 

oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, 

for determination of gene function 

Baerlocher F J 0381 S14IS2 Reproduction and dispersal in 

aquatic hyphomycetes 

Bagagli E 0879 S53IS1 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: 

ecological and evolutionary 

aspects 

Baker S 0988 S121S1 Non-isotope-based quantitative 

proteomics in the absence of 

genomic sequence information 

Banke S 0413 P3PS5 High level of gene flow and origin 

from native soil characterize 

Scandinavian populations of the soil 

borne fungus Penicillium scabrosum 

0437 S56PS2 Migration in space and time for 14 

worldwide populations of 


van Peij N, Lanthaler K, 

Robson G, Stam H, 

Goosen T, van den 

Hondel C, Guillemette 

T 

Groenewald J Z, Crous 

P W 

156 

331 

Orlovich D A 339 

Lodwig E, Holland S L, 

Sideri T, Clarke I, 

Gkargkas K, Hoyle D C, 

Delneri D, Oliver S G 

Grenville-Briggs L, van 

West P, Boevink P, 

Birch PRJ, Whisson SC 

Bosco S MG, Theodoro 

R C, Macoris S A, 

Richini V B 

253 

93 

114 

410 

110 

Rosendahl S 330 

Basiri Jahromi S 0068 P2PS2 Aspergillosis in High Risk Patients Khaksar A S 258 

0069 P2PS5 Outbreak of Tinea Corporis 

Gladiatorum in Tehran 

Beakes G W 0284 S36IS2 The diversity of oomycete 

pathogens of nematodes and its 

implications to our understanding of 

oomycete phylogeny. 

0950 S57IS1 A brief history of nearly everything - 

about chytrids 

Bebber D L 0727 S37IS3 Network structure and dynamics of 

fungal mycelia 

Beltran-Garcia M J 0644 S33PS1 Involvement of catalase activitiy 

and sensitivity to fungicides in 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis 

Berger L 0919 S57IS2 A new killer on the block - 

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: a 

chytrid parasite of amphibians 

313 

Khaksar A S 259 

Glockling S L 261 

Vargas-Prieto F, 

Ravelo-Soto Z, Garcia- 

Torres E, Ogura T, 

Manzo-Sanchez G, 

Esqueda M 

167 

263 

242 

Speare R, Skerratt L 168 

i



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Bergerow D 0613 S56IS3 Hitchhiking through the botanic 

realm: Ustilaginales in time and 

space 

Berndt R 0824 S35PS1 The rust mycobiota of South Africa: 

composition, relationships and 

distribution 

Bills G F 0408 S51PS1 High throughput fungal culturing 

from plant litter by dilution-toextinction 

Binder M B 0296 S1IS4 Molecular systematics and evolution 

of Boletales. 

Blackwell M 1005 S3IS1 Microbial communities in the gut of 

wood-ingesting beetles 

Boddy L 0619 S14IS3 Mycelia foraging strategies of 

saprotrophic cord-forming 

basidiomycetes 

0618 S19IS2 Interspecific mycelial interactions: 

major drivers of colonization and 

succession of wood-inhabiting fungi 

Bonfante P 0517 S48PS1 Pre-penetration apparatus: an 

arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific cell 

response in root epidermis 

P 0654 S25IS3 Endobacteria and arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungi: symbiosis in 

evolution? 

Bougher N L 0469 S52IS2 Mycorrhizal fungi and eucalypts - 

fungal significance in conservation 

and land management 

Bouvet G B 0792 S42PS2 Exploring the mobility of DNA 

transposons in the Dutch elm 

disease fungi. 

Bovers M 0407 S6PS1 Multi-locus sequence typing of the 

Cryptococcus neoformans – 

Cryptococcus gattii species 

complex 

Boyce K J 0812 S17PS1 Conidial germination in the 

dimorphic pathogen Penicillium 

marneffei 

Brasier C M 0657 S42PS1 FITNESS effects of interspecific gene 

transfer in Ophiostoma 

Braus G 0752 S4IS2 Signalosome and development in the 

filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans 

Bruns T D 0441 S25IS1 Quantifying the species composition, 

density, spatial extent, and longevity 

of Rhizopogon spore banks in pine 

forests. 

Burdon J J 0185 S25IS2 Coevolution of plants and pathogens 

in a metapopulation context 

Burgess T I 0320 S45PS1 Movement of the devastating 

Eucalytpus leaf and shoot pathogen 

Phaeophleospora destructans, 

throughout Asia 

Burgess T I 0322 S52PS1 A reassessment of Phaeophleospora 

species on eucalypts. 

Butchko R A E 0401 S39IS3 Fumonisin mycotoxin biosynthesis, 

genetics and genomics in Fusarium 

verticillioides 

Cannon R D 0787 S23IS1 Oral adhesion of Candida albicans 

– a cellular and molecular view 

Stoll M, Bauer R 313 

Collado J, Platas G, 

Paulus B 

Hibbett D S 7 

Genre A, Chabaud M, 

Timmers T, Barker D 

Lumini E, Anca I, 

Ghignone So, 

Bianciotto V 

245 

407 

10 

115 

145 

341 

159 

408 

JacobiI V, Bernier L 354 

Hagen F, Kuramae E, 

Boekhout T 

91 

Andrianopoulos A 141 

Paoletti M, Buck K W, 

Et-Touil A, Bernier L, Kirk 

SA 

Boynton P J, Hynson N 

A, Kennedy P G 

254 

13 

158 

Thrall P H 158 

Andjic V, Hardy GEStJ, 

Dell B, Xu D, 

Wingfield MJ 

Andjic V, Barber PA, 

Hardy GEStJ, 

Wingfield MJ 

320 

409 

Brown D W, Proctor R H 266 

Rodrigues EM, Van der 

Wielen PA, Zhang N, 

Schmid J, Dawes PJD, 

Holmes AR 

154 

ii



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Cannon R D 0783 S33IS2 Overcoming the efflux-mediated 

drug resistance of human fungal 

pathogens 

Carroll G C 0605 S41IS2 Host specificity among endophytes 

in transient plant communities 

Chadha B 0026 S44IS1 Diversity of Xylanase and Plant Cell 

Wall Esterases in thermophilic and 

thermotolerant Fungi 

Lamping E, Holmes AR, 

Niimi K, Niimi M, 

Monk BC 

Chapraisert A 1004 S15IS3 An update on human pythoisis 117 

Chen S C A 0760 S53IS4 National, population-based 

surveillance of candidemia in 

Australia with emphasis on disease 

acquired outside of hospitals 

Chen S-F 0914 S57IS4 Diversity and phylogeny of chytrids in 

Taiwan 

Chouksey R 0115 S20PS1 Effect Of Physico-Chemical 

Parameter On Fungus In Water bodies 

Of Jabalpur (M.P)-India 

Christensen M 0160 S20IS3 Diversity of ecto-mycorrhiza fungi in 

Nepal - relation to forest types and 

management 

Co DLV 0453 P1PS2 The molecular phylogeny of the genus 

Entoloma 

Coetzee MPA 0512 P1PS5 Phylogeny of Armillaria species based 

on combined DNA sequence and 

phenotypic data 

Coloe S 1019 S15IS5 Dermomatophyte demographics 

downunder: Melbouren Australia 

Cooper C R 0584 S12PS2 Protein profiling of the dimorphism in 

the fungal pathogen, Penicillium 

marneffei 

Crittenden P D 0722 S26PS2 Lichen nitrogen and phosphorus 

relationships in the vicinity of a 

penguin rookery 

Crous P W 0676 S52IS1 How host specific are Mycosphaerella 

spp. infecting eucalypts? 

Slavin M, Nguyen Q, 

Marriott D, Playford 

EG, Ellis D, Sorrell TC 

Lin H-D, Chiang T-Y, 

Chien C-Y 

241 

310 

317 

411 

168 

Shukla R, Raipuria N 148 

148 

Noordeloos ME 255 

Wingfield BD, 

Maphosa L, Mwenje E, 

Wingfield MJ 

Chandler J M, Treece 

E R, Kim T D, 

Walker G R 

Theobald M R, Tang Y 

S, Scrimgeour C M 

256 

update 

111 

167 

Groenewald JZ 408 

Daniel H M 0382 P4PS1 Yeasts associated with flowers in Cuba Jiménez AF, Evrard P, 

Decock C 

Dawyndt P 1001 S32IS2 StrainInfo.net bioportal: an application 

of semantic web technologies for 

scaleable workflow management of 

microbial information 

de Beer Z W 0582 S3PS1 A new phylogenetic lineage of 

Ophiostoma spp., discovered on 

termites and termite combs in South 

Africa 

Dearnaley J D W 0023 S48PS2 Molecular identification of fungal 

endophytes in australian mycoheterotrophic 

orchids 

dela Cruz T E 0027 S49PS1 Metabolic profiles support species 

concept of two marine Dendryphiella 

species: D. arenaria and D. salina 

Dianese J C 0757 S8IS4 Microfungi of the Brazilian Cerrado: 

example of Neotropical 

mycodiversity 

Druzhinina I S 0357 S21IS2 An oligonucleotide barcode for 

species identification in Trichoderma 

and Hypocrea 

Dujon B 0986 S16IS1 Comparative genomics of yeasts 

illustrates eukaryotic genome 

evolution 

de Fine Licht HH, 

Aanen DK, Wingfield 

MJ 

Druzhinina I S, Kubicek 

C P, Schulz B E 

332 

238 

11 

342 

343 

Carvalho R C P 75 

Kopchinskiy A G, 

Komon M, Kubicek C P 

150 

138 

iii



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Dunk C W 0480 S13PS1 The ectomycorrhizae of Nothofagus 

cunninghamii and host shifting by 

the exotic fungus Amanita muscaria 

Duong L M 0726 S30IS2 Advances in our understanding of 

fungal diversity - an Asian perspective 

Ellis D 0708 S52IS3 Eucalypts as the natural host for the 

human pathogenic fungus 

Cryptococcus gattii 

Ezawa T 0706 S48IS3 Acquisition and long distance 

translocation of phosphorus in the 

symbiotic phase of arbuscular 


Fischer R 0753 S9IS3 The MTOC-associated protein ApsB 

interacts with the peroxisomal 

Woronin body protein HexA in 

Aspergillus nidulans 

Francis A A 0173 P1PS4 Partial harmony: agreement between 

morphological and molecular data 

for the sequestrate cortinarioid fungi 

Fraser J A 0907 S46ISI The Cryptococcus neoformans 

mating-type locus: evolutionary 

insights from related species 

Frisvad J C 0849 S22IS2 Chemical diversity in Penicillium and 

Aspergillus: do all species produce 

terpene, non ribosomal peptide and 

polyketide secondary metabolites? 

Fukasawa Y F 0159 S19PS2 Small-scale variation in chemical 

property within logs of Japanese 

beech in relation to spatial distribution 

and decay ability of fungi 

Gadd G S37PS1 Advanced microscopic imaging 

coupled with X-ray absorption 

spectroscopy to characterise fungall 

metal and mineral transformations 

iv 

Lebel T, Keane PJ 113 

Hyde K D 173 

409 

Kuga Y, Ohtomo R 341 

Veith D 96 

Bougher N.L., O'Brien P 

A 

Findley K M, Hall C, 

Dietrich F S, Heitman J 

256 

335 

Larsen T O 152 

Osono T, Takeda H 146 

Galagan J 1017 PLEN 3 Comparative Fungal Genomics Update 

Garbelotto M 0638 S45IS3 Microsatellite analysis documents 

worldwide and regional spread routes 

of the sudden oak death pathogen 

Garnica S 0192 P3PS6 Phylogenetic classification and 

geographical patterns of species 

distribution in the ectomycorrhizal 

genus Cortinarius 

Garrill A 0137 S23PS1 Invasive hyphal growth: an F-actin 

depleted zone is associated with 

invasive oomycete hyphae 

Glen M 0484 S40PS1 The utility and limitations of positive 

and negative controls for PCR 

detection of quarantine pathogens 

Ivors K, Prospero S, 

Vettraino A, 

Rosensweig N 

263 

319 

Weiss M, Oberwinkler F 331 

Chitcholtan K, Walker 

S, Yu Y, Christenhusz G 

Alfenas AC, Zauza 

EAV, Langrell SRH 

Göker M 0622 P3PS3 Evolution of downy mildews 330 

Gold S E S17IS2 An earful of corn smut: Dimorphism 

and disease in the Ustilago maydismaize 

interaction 

Gomez B L 1009 S38IS2 The darker side of Candida albicans 

and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 

Gonthier P 0270 S45IS4 Invasion of an exotic root pathogen 

of forest trees: the case of 

Heterobasidion annosum 

Griffith G W 0774 S41IS1 Competition of heterozygous 

deletant Saccharomyces cerevisiae 

strains in a grape juice environment 

Gueidan C 0751 S11IS3 Phylogenetic relationships and 

evolution of lifestyles within the 

Eurotiomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota) 

Linzer R, Nicolotti G, 

Garbelotto M 

Cross E J M, Davey H 

M, Delneri D, Hoyle D 

C, Kell D B, Oliver S G 

Ruibal C, de Hoog GS, 

Lutzoni F 

156 

268 

264 

320 

253 

109



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Gurr S 0993 S23IS2 Sticking, Sensing, Starting Signal 

Relay and Stress in the Cereal 

pathogens Blumeria graminis and 

Magnaporthe grisea 

Gusmao L 0898 S8IS1 Diversity of microfungi of the 

brazilian semi-arid northeastern 

region 

Halling R E 0241 S35PS2 Pacific boletes: implications for 

biogeographic relationships 

Skamnioti P 155 

Neves M A, 

Osmundson T W 

94 

245 

Halmschlager E 0411 S41PS1 Endophytic fungi in non-mycorrhizal 

oak roots 

Hambleton S 0649 S47PS1 Geomyces pannorum, a 

cosmopolitan soil fungus: 

phylogenetic relationships and 

species concepts 

Hammel K E 0768 S29IS2 A role for hydroquinone-driven 

Fenton chemistry in incipient wood 

decay by the brown rot 

basidiomycete Gloeophyllum 

trabeum 

Hansen K H 0440 S11IS1 Phylogenetics in Pezizales 

emphasizing Pyronemataceae 

Kowalski T 311 

Sigler L 339 

Suzuki M R, Hunt C G, 

Houtman C J, 

Dalebroux Z D 

Perry B A, Dranginis A 

W, Pfister D H 

Hawksworth D L 0899 HONLEC Mycology and mycologists 100 

Hernández J R 0983 S8IS2 Rust fungi from Northwest Argentina 94 

Higuchi Y 0486 S37IS2 Visualization of the endocytic 

pathway and endosomal structures 

in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus 

oryzae 

Himmelreich U 0624 PS4PS2 NMR spectroscopy: a tool for rapid 

yeast characterization and 

screening 

Hocking A 0872 S5IS1 Biogeography and ecology of 

Aspergillus in Australia 

Hoffmeister D 0240 S39IS2 Terrequinone biosynthesis in 

Aspergillus nidulans 

Holst-Jensen A 0427 S54PS1 Assays for rapid multiplex detection 

of toxigenic Fusarium spp. in cereals 

and derived products applying DNA 

array hybridisation and capillary SNP 

analysis, respectively 

Horiuchi H 0513 S9PS2 Polarized localization of chitin 

synthases in Aspergillus nidulans 

Nakahama T, Shoji JY, 

Arioka M, Kitamoto K 

Kristensen R, Berdal K 

G, Gauthier G, Hamels 

S, Remacle J 

chinomiya M, 

Takeshita N, Fukuda K, 

Ohta A 

Hosaka K 0921 S56IS2 Biogeography of the Hysterangiales 312 

Howlett B J 0725 S39IS1 The sirodesmin biosynthetic gene 

cluster of the plant pathogen, 

Leptosphaeria maculans 

Huhndorf S M 0767 S47IS2 Phylogenetic relationships within the 

Helminthosphaeriaceae and 

Chaetosphaeriales 

Inaba S 0504 P3PS4 The phylogenetic studies on the 

genus Cornumyces (Oomycetes) 

based on the nucleotide sequences 

of the nuclear large subunit 

ribosomal RNA and the 

mitochondrially- encoded cox2 

genes 

Iturriaga T 0992 S8IS3 Diversity of Discomycetes in 

Venezuela 

0633 S19IS3 Wood inhabiting fungi on 

decomposing logs in three 

Venezuelan forests 

Elliott CE, Fox EM, 

Gardiner DM, 

Cozijnsen AJ 

171 

108 

263 

333 

15 

265 

414 

97 

265 

Miller A N, Fournier J 338 

Harayama S 330 

Mardones M 95 

145 

v



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Jedd G 0729 S9IS1 Woronin bodies: Crystalline 

peroxisomes close the door at the 

septal pore 

Jeewon R 0647 S11PS2 Multigene phylogenies in the 

systematics of Sordariomycetes and 

Loculoascomycetes 

0813 S41IS3 Endophytes: lifestyle and 

phylogenetic diversity 

Johnson L J 0303 S22PS1 An endophyte nonribosomal 

peptide synthetase in siderophore 

biosynthesis is essential for 

mutualistic interactions with grasses 

Johnston P R 0138 S35IS2 Where are New Zealand’s ancient 

fungi? 

Jones E B G 0268 S30IS1 Progress in the documentation of 

Asian fungal diversity 

0121 S49IS1 Biodiversity of marine filamentous 

fungi and their phylogenetic 

relationships 

vi 

Kitamoto K 95 

Cai L, Tang A M C, 

Shenoy B D, Kodsueb 

R, Thongkantha S, 

Hyde K D 

Hyde KD, Promputtha 

I, Yeung SY 

Bryan G, Christensen 

M, Johnson RD, 

Koulman A, Rasmussen 

S 

110 

310 

153 

Peterson K 244 

Alias S A 173 

Sakayaroj J 342 

Kahmann R 0762 PLEN 4 Mating in fungi 259 

0682 S2IS1 The establishment of biotrophy in 

the Ustilago maydis/maize 

pathosystem. 

0763 S7IS4 Microarrays meet pathogenicity: 

gene regulation during the early 

infection phase of Ustilago maydis 

Kao R Y 0668 S46PS1 Identification of novel small 

molecule compounds that 

differentially inhibit the yeast form of 

Penicillium marneffei 

Keller N 0667 S34IS2 RNA interference machinery: use 

and function in the genus 

Aspergillus 

Kjoller R 0591 S21PS1 UNITE – reliable identification of 

ectomycorrhizal fungi - DNA 

barcoding in action 

Klepzig K D 0018 S3PS2 Interactions of fungi and tree killing 

bark beetles: geographic variation 

and interspecific competition. 

Kohl J 0842 S43IS2 Screening of biocontrol agents 

against fungal leaf diseases 

Koide R T 0221 S13IS1 Structuring of Mycorrhizal Fungal 

Communities 

Kojima K K 0908 S33IS3 The antifungal effect on human and 

plant pathogenic fungi by 

regulating stress response signaling 

Kronstad J S17IS1 A SAGE approach to investigate 

cAMP signaling in basidiomcyete 

pathogens 

Kuramae E E 0589 S16IS2 Fungal Phylogenomics: from 

Kingdom to Species 

Kurne A 0671 S36PS2 Study Of Mechanism Of Zoospore 

Release In Stramenopiles Through 

Videoclips 

Kurtzman C P 0179 S6IS1 Phylogeny and systematics of the 

yeast genus Pichia from multigene 

sequence analysis 

Brefort T, Schipper K, 

Mueller O, Macek B, 

Mann M 

Vranes M, Scherer M, 

Kaemper J 

Lee S W, Madar J C S, 

Yuen K Y 

Kõljalg U, Abarenkov 

K, Alexander IJ, 

Anderson I, Eberhardt 

U, Erland S, Larsson E, 

Larsson KH, Nilsson HR, 

Pennanen T, Sen R, 

Taylor AFS, Tedersoo L, 

Ursing BM, Vrålstad T 

Hofstetter RW, Ayres 

MP, Six DL 

8 

93 

336 

243 

151 

12 

314 

Lekberg Y K, Rohr J R 112 

Bahn YB, Takano YT, 

Yoshimi AY, Tanaka CT, 

Cox GC, Okuno TO, 

Heitman JH 

Robert V, Snel B, Weiss M, 

Theelen B, Boekhout T 

Gandhe R V, 

Gandhe K R 

241 

140 

139 

262 

89



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Kwok I S W 0352 S24PS1 Isolation and characterization of 

genes related to growth of Lentinula 

edodes on lignocellulose 

Lacey E S5IS3 Is the novelty of morphological 

species in Trichocomaceae 

reflected in metabolic diversity? 

Lachance M A 0066 S6IS2 Sex, endemism, and gene flow in 

natural yeast populations 

Landolt J C 0155 S50IS1 Global diversity of cellular slime 

molds 

0144 S50PS2 Dictyostelid cellular slime molds from 

caves 

Lane M A 0072 S32IS3 The Global Biodiversity Information 

Facility: data, products and services 

Lange L 1007 S44IS2 Enzyme discovery for industrial 

biotechnology, focusing specifically 

on novel enzymes for biofuel and 

biomass conversion 

Lawrie A C 0564 S13PS3 Distribution And Function Of The 

Mycorrhizal Fungus Associated With 

Caladenia fulva G.W. Carr 

Lebrun M-H 0999 S2IS2 A secondary metabolite is involved 

in recognition of the blast fungus 

Magnaporthe grisea by resistant 

rice cultivars 

Leslie J F 0637 S54IS1 Genetic Diversity in Fusarium from 

Sorghum and Millet 

Levesque C A 0716 S54IS2 Development of an oligonucleotide 

array for detection of Fusarium 

species by hybridization of PCR 

products 

vii 

Chum Winnie W Y, 

Kwan H S 

157 

15 

Lawrie D, Dobson J 90 

Stephenson S L, 

Cavender J C 

344 

345 

239 

318 

Ong M F, Raleigh R E 114 

Leslie J F 412 

Barasubiye T, 

Seifert K A 

Li G 0154 S43PS3 Nematicidal Metabolites From Fungi Zhang Keqin 316 

Libkind D 0780 S31IS2 Mycosporine synthesis in dimorphic 

basidiomycetes - Ecological and 

phylogenetic implications 

Lichtwardt R W 0178 S1IS2 Trichomycetes: major taxonomic 

revisions based on molelcular 

phylogenies 

Lindner 

Czederpiltz 

D L 0641 S19PS3 Community analysis of woodinhabiting 

fungi using fruiting bodies, 

culturing, and rDNA 

Luangsa-ard J J 0265 S30PS2 On the diversity of Isaria species 

from Thailand 

0501 S20PS2 Tracking down beauvericinproduction 

in the genus Isaria using 

molecular phylogenetics 

Lumbsch H T 0038 P3PS1 Lichen-forming pyrenomycetes are 

highly polyphyletic and not related 

to Sordariomycetes 

Machida M M 0985 S16IS3 Genome structure, gene 

redundancy and gene expression of 

A. oryzae 

Magan N 0822 S43IS1 Production and formulation of 

antagonists for improved 

competitiveness and biocontrol 

van Broock M, 

Sampaio J P 

White M M 6 

Allmer J, Banik M, 

Glaeser J, Stenlid J, 

Trummer L, Vasiliauskas R 

Hywel-Jones NL, 

Isaka M 

Schmitt I, del Prado R, 

Kautz S, Grube M 

Malloch D 0707 S51IS1 Fungi associated with marine wrack 405 

Manoch L 0418 S5PS2 Aspergillus and Penicillium 

Teleomorphs from Thailand and 

Application of Talaromyces flavus 

against Plant Pathogenic Fungi in vitro 

Mantle P G 0058 S49IS3 Recognition of a caribbean marine 

fungus as a new genus by classical 

and molecular characters 

Jeamjitt O, Dethoup T, 

Kokaew J 

8 

413 

236 

147 

174 

149 

329 

139 

314 

16 

343



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Matsumoto N 0184 S43PS1 Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium 

catenulatum associated with 

Helicobasidium mompa and 

Rosellinia necatrix 

May G S 1000 S46IS2 Expression profiles of Aspergillus 

fumigatus under human neutrophil 

attack and environmental stress 

McDonald B A 0366 S10IS1 Genetic structure of fungal plant 

pathogens on wild and cultivated 

host populations at the host center 

of origin 

McGee P A 0808 S29IS1 Interactions between endophytic 

fungi and pests and pathogens of 

plants, a physiological view 

viii 

Tian C -M, Hoshino Y T, 

Ohtaka N, Lee J -S, 

Nakamura H 

Banke S, Brunner PC, 

Javan-Nikkah M, Linde 

CC, Stukenbrock EH, 

Torriani S, Zaffarano P 

Istifadah N, Anderson 

C 

McKenzie E H C 0689 S30IS3 Fungal diversity ‘down-under’ 174 

McLenon T 0658 S51PS2 A novel widespread subphylum of 

Ascomycota unravelled from soil 

rDNA sampling 

Mesarich C H 0455 S28PS1 Identification of effector genes in 

the apple scab fungus, Venturia 

inaequalis 

Meyer W 1008 S53IS2 A global molecular epidemiological 

survey shows that the Vancouver 

island outbreak strain is closely 

related to Latin American 

Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolates 

Miadlikowska J 0632 S25PS1 Leaves and lichens are cradles of 

fungal diversification 

Midgely D S57IS3 Chytrid physiology - nutritional 

studies on soil chytrids 

Moncalvo J-M 1015 S35IS3 Divergence time between 

Gondwana mushrooms and their 

northern hemisphere relatives 

Monod M 0922 S28IS1 Secreted proteases from human 

pathogenic fungi 

Morgan J A T 0527 S53PS1 Enigmatic amphibian declines and 

emerging infectious disease: 

population genetics of the frog 

killing fungus Batrachochytrium 

dendrobatidis 

Mostert L 0374 S32PS2 polyphasic identifiction of 

Phaeoacremonium species 

Mouriño-Pérez R R 0833 S37IS1 In vivo Imaging of the Dynamics of 

the Microtubular Cytoskeleton of 

Neurospora crassa Wild Type, ropy- 

1, ropy-3 and nkin. 

Mueller G M 0430 S35IS1 Biogeography and host preference 

of austral members of Laccaria – 

Hydnangium, a model clade of 

ectomycorrhizal fungi 

Muggia L 0292 S26PS1 Evolution of polyketides synthases in 

lichens 

Munchan C 0556 S18PS1 Fungal infection in cultured marine 

fishes caused by Imperfecti fungi 

Munkacsi A B 0332 S10IS2 The impact of the domestication 

and cultivation of maize on the 

origin and evolution of the corn 

smut fungus, Ustilago maydis 

Nakagiri A 0549 S55PS2 Cooperation between biological 

resource centers (BRCs) in the CBD 

era –A challenge of NBRC and BRCs 

in Asia- 

Nakayashiki H 0761 S34IS1 Two dicer-like proteins in 

Magnaporthe oryzae 

Schadt CW, Rizvi L, 

Martin AP, Schmidt SK, 

Vilgalys R, Moncalvo JM 

Plummer K M, 

Templeton M D, 

Bowen J 

A A Elizabeth, 

L François 

315 

335 

97 

170 

407 

169 

410 

159 

168 

245 

168 

Briggs C J, Taylor J 412 

240 

Roberson R W 262 

Hosaka K 244 

Schmitt I, Blaha J, 

Rankl J, Grube M 

167 

Hatai K, Kurata O 143 

May G 98 

Kadotani N, 

Mayama S 

416 

242



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Naqvi N I 0324 S9PS1 Septal seal: certified and secure 

host invasion 

0014 S17PS2 Hard-surface dependent or 

thigmotropic cue regulates the G- 

protein cascade during blastdisease 

initiation 

0340 S38PS2 Peroxisomal acetyl-CoA is essential 

for appressorial melanization, and 

virulence in Magnaporthe 

Nara K 0256 S13IS2 Ectomycorrhizal symbioses and 

vegetation development in the 

primary successional volcanic 

desert on Mount Fuji 

Nehl D B 0670 S29PS2 Rapid, reversible motor response of 

fungi to blue, green and ultraviolet 

light 

Nevalainen H 0834 S24IS3 Expression of a shark antibody using 

Trichoderma reesei as a 

heterologous host 

Ngamskulrungroj P 0784 S46PS2 Microarray analysis reveals genes 

responsible for the high virulence of 

the Cryptococcus gattii VGIIa 

Vancouver Island outbreak strain 

Nguyen B Q 0277 S34PS1 RNA Silencing Approach In The Rice 

Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, 

Using An Opposing Promoter System 

Soundararajan S, Jedd 

G, Ramos-Pamplona 

M, Chua NH 

96 

Liu Hao 141 

Ramos-Pamplona M 265 

Mohammed S, Te'o V, 

Nuttall S 

112 

172 

157 

Perfect JR, Meyer W 337 

Kadotani N, Tosa Y, 

Mayama S, 

Nakayashiki H 

244 

Nilsson R H 0168 S32PS1 Approaching the taxonomic 

affiliation of unidentified sequences 

in public databases – an example 

from the mycorrhizal fungi 

Nosanchuk J 1006 S38IS1 Clinical impact of fungal 

melanization 

Nygren C 0125 S24PS2 Detection of extracellular proteases 

produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi 

ix 

240 

264 

Edqvist J, Taylor AFS 157 

Oberwinkler F 0995 PLEN 1 The Fungal Tree of Life 6 

O'Brien C R 0915 S18IS3 Comparative aspects of aspergillosis 

in dogs, cats and people 

O'Brien H E 0743 S26IS2 Are symbionts less diverse than their 

hosts? Insights from molecular 

systematics 

Oide S O 0672 S22IS1 Biological roles of fungal nonribosomal 

peptide synthetases: 

elemental and diverse 

Ormsby M D 0917 S40IS1 The Importance of Mycology in 

Biosecurity: The NZ Experience 

Osmani S A 0677 S4IS1 New insights into the mitotic 

regulation of the nuclear pore 

complex during the partially open 

mitosis of Aspergillus nidulans 

Osono T 0127 S20IS2 Fungal decomposition of lignin in 

leaf litter: comparison between 

tropical and temperate forest soils 

Padgett D E 0678 S1IS1 The Saprolegniaceae -- new species 

concepts 

Palm M E 0796 S40IS2 Biosecurity: latest developments in 

systems and tools for fungal 

identification and disease 

diagnostics 

Pavlic D 0558 S10PS2 Speciation And Gene Flow In The 

Botryosphaeria parva-B. ribis 

Complex On Native And Introduced 

Hosts In South Africa 

Barrs VR, Beatty JA, 

Lindgard A, Malik R 

143 

Lutzoni F M 166 

Turgeon G 152 

Davies J, Espeso EA, 

Martínez JF, Liu H-L, 

Osmani AH 

Bailey J Craig 6 

Slippers B, Coutinho T, 

Wingfield M J 

266 

12 

148 

267 

99



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Penttila M S24IS2 Genome-wide analysis and 

physiology of protein production 

Perumal K 0803 S38PS1 Production and utilization of fungal 

pigment in textile dyeing 

Peterson S W 0291 S5PS1 Using GCPSR to resolve synonymies 

in Penicillium toxicarium 

0765 S21PS2 Barcoding identification of 

Penicillium species occurring in cork 

bark of Quercus suber trees using 

calmodulin, B-tubulin and ITS and 

LSU rDNA sequences 

Pitt J 0883 S5IS2 The astonishing biodiversity of 

Penicillium in Australia 

Read N S37PS2 Optical tweezer micromaniplulation 

of filamentous fungi 

Sumathi E, 

Chanrasekarentheran S 

156 

264 

16 

Serra R, Venâncio A 151 

15 

264 

Rep M 0851 S12IS2 The mixed xylem sap proteome of 

Fusarium oxysporum-infected 

tomato plants 

Requena N 0754 S48IS1 Molecular signaling at early stages 

of the arbuscular mycorrhizal 

symbiosis 

Riquelme M 0740 S4PS2 Localization and traffic of secretory 

vesicles in living hyphae of 

Neurospora crassa by laser 

scanning confocal microscopy. 

Robbertse B 1003 S121S3 Evolution of the Ascomycotan 

Proteome 

0215 S16PS1 A Phylogenomic Analysis Of The 

Ascomycota 

x 

Houterman P M, Speijer 

D, Dekker H L, van der 

Does H C, Meijer M, de 

Koster C G, 

Cornelissen B J C 

Serrano E, Aurora O, 

Magdalene B, Hannah 

K 

Sanchez-Leon E, 

Bartnicki-Garcia S, 

Freitag M 

Reeves J B, Schoch C 

L, Spatafora J W 

Robert V 0789 S32IS1 Bioinformatics for phylogenomics Kuramae E, Boekhout T 238 

0788 S55IS2 MycoBank: linking names to 

genomes 

Robinson R M 0210 S52PS2 Fire and Fungi: survival, succession 

and composition of macro fungal 

community following fire in eucalypt 

forest in Western Australia. 

Rossman A 0775 S47IS1 Phylogeny and biodiversity of the 

Hypocreales and Diaporthales 

110 

340 

14 

111 

140 

415 

Mellican A, Smith R H 409 

Castlebury L A, 

Samuels G J 

0773 S55IS1 The value of herbaria in the DNA age Farr D F 415 

Balesdent M-H 0705 S2IS3 Are A+T-rich isochores niches for 

pathogenicity genes in the genome 

of Leptosphaeria maculans? 

Sampaio J P 0945 S31PS1 Dimorphic basidiomycetes: new 

perspectives for an old group 

Balesdent M H, 

Profotova B, Fudal I, 

Eckert M, Ross S, 

Gout L, Rouxel T 

Sancho L G 0713 S26IS1 Lichens survive in space de la Torre R, Horneck G, 

Ascaso C, de los Rios A, 

Wierzchos J, Pintado A 

Sanglard D S33IS1 Transcriptional regulation of drug 

resistance genes in yeast pathogens 

Sano A 0266 P2PS3 Isolation of Ochroconis gallopava 

from Hot Springs in Japan and its 

pathogenicity 

0666 S18IS1 Emerging Fungal Infections in 

Animals in Japan. 

Saul N S 0850 S18IS2 “Koala cracks Cryptococcus story 

wide open” The importance of 

molecular typing in understanding 

cryptococcosis in Australia: the WA 

connection 

Yarita K, Murata Y, 

Takayama A, Yaguchi 

T, Takahashi Y, Kamei 

K, Nishimura K 

Carter D C, Meyer W 

M, Malik R M, 

Krockenberger M K 

337 

9 

237 

166 

240 

258 

142 

142



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Schmitt I 0436 S39PS1 Evolution of polyketide synthase 

genes in lichenized Ascomycetes 

Schoch C L 0540 S11IS2 Investigating Dothideomycete 

evolution using multi-gene 

sequence data 

Schrank A 0987 S43IS3 Strategies to improve Metarhizium 

control of arthropod pests 

Schwelm A 0459 S2PS1 Early onset of toxin biosynthesis in a 

forest pathogen 

Scott B 0800 S22IS3 The genetic basis for indolediterpene 

chemical diversity in 

filamentous fungi 

Scott J 0799 S51IS2 Lessons learned from fungi 

associated with alcoholic beverage 

production 

Seifert K A 0606 S21IS1 Canadian barcode of life network 

and COI barcoding of Penicillium 

Sekimoto S 0280 S36IS4 Molecular phylogeny and 

comparative ultrastructural 

morphology of marine oomycete 

endoparasites 

Shearer C A 0798 S47IS3 Phylogeny and biodiversity of 

freshwater euascomycetes 

Simon UK 0756 P1PS1 Demystifying Dothideomycetes - 

combining ultrastructure and 

molecular tools to study 

phylogenetic relationships of fungi 

Sipiczki M 0718 S43PS2 Effect of antagonistic fruit-borne 

yeasts on pathogenic and 

saprophytic fungi 

Sivichai S 0524 S14PS1 Propagation strategies patterns of 

Thai freshwater fung 

Six D L 0659 S3IS2 Temperature driven symbiont 

shifting in a bark beetle-fungus 

ectosymbiosis: a mechanism of 

stability? 

Sjamsuridzal W 0506 S6PS2 Diversity of yeasts from gastropods 

in Gunung Halimun National Park, 

West Java, Indonesia 

Skinner S J 0639 S41PS2 Metabolic and taxonomic 

approaches to investigating the 

effects of plant function on 

communities of root and noduleassociated 

fungi 

Slippers B 0665 S3IS3 Comparison of molecular 

ecological patterns in populations 

of different woodwasp fungal 

mutualists 

Smith J A 0429 P1PS3 Rust of Salix species in North 

America caused by Melampsora 

epitea s. lat. 

Solomon P S 0148 S17IS3 Dissecting the role of signal 

transduction in Stagonospora 

nodorum during infection on wheat 

Solomon P S 0149 S29PS1 Determining the role of the mannitol 

cycle in Stagonospora nodorum 

Spanu P D 0862 S7IS3 Transcriptome dynamics in barley 

powdery mildew: insights into 

development and pathogenicity of 

an obligate biotroph 

xi 

Lumbsch H T 266 

Kohlmeyer J, 

Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 

B, 

Spatafora JW 

108 

Butt TM 315 

Bradshaw RE 9 

Saikia S, Monahan B J, 

Young C A, Takemoto 

D, Parker E J 

Untereiner W, Ewaze 

Jt, Wong B 

Samson R A, de Waard 

J, Houbracken J, 

Lévesque C A, 

Moncalvo J M, 

Hebert P D N 

153 

406 

149 

Beakes GW, Honda D 262 

Campbell J, Raja HA, 

Ferrer A, Marvanová L, 

Miller AN 

Bauer R, Begerow D, 

Rioux D, Simard M 

338 

255 

Csoma H 316 

Boonyene N 115 

Bentz B J 10 

91 

Currah RS 311 

Vasiliauskas R, van der 

Nest MA, Stenlid J, 

Wingfield MJ 

11 

Blanchette R A 256 

Tan K-C, Waters ODC, 

Oliver RP 

Waters ODC, Trengove 

RD, Oliver RP 

Both M, Andras C, 

Stumpf MPH 

140 

172 

92



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Spatafora J W 0433 S1IS5 Assembling the fungal tree of life: 

evolution of the ascomycota 

Spencer-Phillips P T N 0297 S12PS1 The proteome of Peronospora 

viciae: from spore to endophytic 

hyphae 

Spiegel F W 0293 S1IS3 An up to date assessment of the 

place of the mycetozoans among 

the eukaryotes 

0294 S50IS3 Global distribution of the protostelids 

with particular emphasis on the 

deep southern hemisphere 

Stadler M 0379 P1PS5 A polythetic approach to the 

taxonomy and phylogeny of the 

Hypoxyloideae 

Stadler M 0361 S22PS2 Polyketide and cytochalasin 

production during stromatal 

ontogeny of the Hypoxyloideae 

Stalpers J A 0570 S55IS3 A global network of genetic 

resource centres to preserve fungal 

biodiversity 

Steadman J R 0156 S10PS1 Within and between bean field 

phenotypic variation of a fungal 

biotroph – estimation of populations 

Steenkamp E T 0585 S45IS2 Global distribution and evolution of 

the pine pitch canker fungus, 

Fusarium circinatum 

Steffen K 1016 S29IS3 Extracellular enzymes involved in 

litter degradation by 

basidiomycetes 

Stenlid J 0715 S19IS1 Fungal dispersal and succession in 

boreal forests 

Stephenson S L 0142 S50IS2 A global perspective on 

myxomycete biodiversity 

0146 S50PS1 Dictyostelid cellular slime molds of 

Australia 

Stone J K 0452 S45PS2 Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii and 

Swiss needle cast disease in New 

Zealand 

Sudhadham M 0593 P2PS4 Genetic diversity and detection of 

the neurotropic black yeast 

Exophiala dermatitidis 

Suetrong S 0128 S49PS2 Morphological and molecular 

observations of Manglicola 

guatemalensis, a poorly known 

ascomycete 

Sugita T 0771 S6IS3 Molecular taxonomy of the 

medically relevant yeasts 

Malassezia and Trichosporon 

Summerbell R C 0836 S21IS3 DNA barcoding, 'accelerated 

ecology' and the acremonioid fungi 

Suzuki A 0334 S14IS1 Propagation strategy of ammonia 

fungi 

Svegaarden I B 0370 S56IS1 Phylogeography of Serpula 

lacrymans reveals global migration 

events and multiple transitions to an 

indoor lifestyle 

Takamatsu S 0233 S11PS1 Molecular phylogenetic analyses 

reveal adaptive evolution occurred 

in the powdery mildew fungi 

(Ascomycota: Erysiphales) 

xii 

Schoch C L, 

Consortium AFTOL 

Amey R C, Smith R, 

Schleicher T, Lewis M, 

Macdonald H, Neill S 

Lindley L A, 

Silberman J D 

Shadwick J D, 

Stephenson S L 

Fournier J, Læssøe T, 

Asakawa Y, Quang DN 

Asakawa Y, Hashimoto 

T, Quang DN, Fournier 

J 

Smith D, Crous P W, 

Nakagiri A 

Jochua C N, Xue X, 

Eskridge K M, Amane 

M I V 

Wright J, Ganley RJ, 

Iturritxa E, Ahumada R, 

Wingfield BD, Marasas 

WFO, Wingfield MJ 

Hood I A, Ramsfield T, 

Kerrigan J L, Kriticos D 

de Hoog G S, Gerrits 

van den Ende A H G, 

Prakitsin S 

Sakayaroj Jariya, 

Phongpaichit 

Souwalak, Jones E B G 

7 

111 

6 

345 

257 

154 

416 

99 

319 

171 

144 

344 

345 

321 

259 

344 

90 

de Hoog G S 150 

Kauserud H, Knudsen 

H, Stensrud Ø, 

Högberg N 

114 

312 

Sato Y 109 

Takao Y 0473 S36IS3 The viral impact on thraustochytrids Tomaru Y, Sasakura Y, 

Yamane K, Nagasaki 

K, Honda D 

261



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Takashima M 0755 S31IS1 Inter- and intra-species diversity of 

ballistoconidium-forming yeasts and 

related taxa 

Talbot N J 0253 S42IS3 Functional genomics of 

pathogenicity in Magnaporthe 

grisea 

Taylor J W 0819 PLEN 2 Species of fungi: their recognition, 

maintenance and utility 

Templeton M D 0867 S23IS3 Structural basis for rodlet assembly in 

fungal hydrophobins 

0458 S28PS2 Genomic approaches to isolating 

pathogenicity factors from the 

apple black spot pathogen 

Venturia inaequalis 

Thrall P H 0214 S10IS3 The impact of plant population 

structure on disease epidemiology 

and pathogen evolution in the 

Linum marginale – Melampsora lini 

interaction 

Thrane U 0300 S54IS3 Secondary metabolome – the 

bridge between phenetics and 

phylogenetics in Fusarium 

Tokumasu S 0331 S20IS1 Why is the species diversity of fungi 

in tropical monsoon Asia high? 

Trilles L 1011 S15IS4 Emerging Coccidioidomycosis and 

Cryptococcosis gattii in Brazil 

Tsui K M 0772 S36IS1 Evolution and phylogeny of the 

Labyrinthulomycetes inferred from 

protein-coding genes 

Tunlid A 0690 S48IS2 Transcriptional responses of Paxillus 

involutus and Betula pendula during 

formation of ectomycorrhizal root 

tissue 

Untereiner W A 0719 S51IS3 Vertebrate-associated and keratindegrading 

fungi from northern 

Canada 

Unterseher M 0034 S19PS1 Diversity and ecological patterns of 

wood decay fungi in a temperate, 

deciduous forest canopy 

van den Hondel C S44IS3 Fungal Cell wall biosynthesis and 

discovery of antifungals 

van der Merwe M M 0305 P3PS2 Tackling phylogenetics in the large 

and diverse group of rusts in the 

family Pucciniaceae 

van der Nest M A 0571 S14PS2 The effect of selection against 

sexual recombination on the 

diversity of A. areolatum matingtype 

genes 

van Driel K G A 0684 S9IS2 Structure and biochemical 

characterization of septal pore caps 

in basidiomycetes 

van Kan J A L 0687 S28IS2 Licensed to kill: the role of 

phytotoxic proteins and pectinases 

in virulence of Botrytis cinerea 

Richards T A, Soanes D 

M, Gilbert M J, Wilson R 

A, Bhambra G K, 

Wang Z Y, Caracuel- 

Rios Z 

Winefield RD, Kwan 

AHY, Sunde M, 

Haverkamp RG, 

Mackay JP 

Sutherland PW, 

Rikkerink EHA, 

Crowhurst RN, Hill G, 

Cui w, Bowen JK, Rees- 

George J, Jones WT, 

Al-Sammarrai T, 

Plummer KM, Hahn M 

236 

117 

155 

170 

Burdon J J 98 

Marshall W, Yokoyama 

R, Honda D, Lippmeier J 

C, Craven K D, Berbee 

M L 

Johansson T, Le Quéré 

A, Wright D P, 

Schutzendubel A, 

Ahren D, Canbäck B, 

Rajashekar B, Erland S, 

Hedh J, Söderström B 

413 

147 

260 

340 

406 

Otto P 146 

Thrall P H, Burdon J J, 

Ericson L, Maier W, 

Walker J 

Slippers B, Wilkens M, 

Stenlid J, Wingfield MJ, 

Wingfield BD 

van Peer AF, Wösten 

HAB, Verkleij AJ, Müller 

WH, Boekhout T 

329 

115 

96 

169 

xiii



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Vanittanakom N 0951 S15IS2 Penicilliam marneffei infection and 

current knowledge on it s potent 

virulence genes 

Vánky K 0117 P4PS2 Australian smut fungi 

(Ustilaginomycetes), as surprising 

and diverse as the continent itself 

Verkley G J M 0691 S41IS1 Foliar endophytes versus leaf litter 

saprobes: annual cycle of an 

ascomycete community associated 

with oak leaves 

Vilgalys R 0748 S1IS6 Evolution of basal lineages in Fungi: 

deconstructing Chytridiomycota 

and Zygomycota 

Villarreal-Ruiz L 0795 S13IS3 Dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungal 

communities in a Scots pine 

chronosequence L 

Vismer H 0994 S15IS1 Sporothrix schenckii infections in 

South Africa - a clinical, 

epidemiological, ecological and 

molecular taxonomic overview 

Vrålstad T 0425 S18PS2 Molecular detection of 

Aphanomyces astaci from 

Norwegian crayfish plague 

outbreaks in the time span from 

1971 to 2005 

Wachtler V 0189 S4PS1 Fission yeast cytokinesis: two paths 

to one destination 

Wang Y 1013 S7IS2 Transcriptome study of C. albicans 

genes important for infection and 

virulence? 

1014 S28IS3 Key enzymes for iron uptake and 

hyphal morphogenesis in C. 

albicans infection 

Wang P-H 0503 S30PS2 Macrofungal diversity in the 

Cryptomerioid japonica plantations 

in Taiwan 

Wang B 0311 S54PS1 Origin and Diversity of Fusarium 

oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) in 

Australia 

Webber J F 0634 S40PS2 Dissemination of aerial and 

soilborne Phytophthoras by human 

vectors 

Weiß M 0217 P4PS3 The expanding realm of the 

Sebacinales: basidiomycetes 

involved in a uniquely wide 

spectrum of mycorrhizal associations 

Whisson S 0519 S2PS1 Defining the role of the Avr3a 

avirulence gene in Phytophthora 

infestans – potato interactions 

Whittle P 0961 S40IS3 A major exotic disease outbreak, 

emergency response and 

eradication: banana black 

Sigatoka, Tully, Australia, 2001 

Widmer I S26PS3 European phylogeography of the 

epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria 

Wingfield M 0750 PLEN 5 Emerging fungal diseases threaten 

world forests 

116 

Shivas R G 334 

van Kempen I 309 

James T Y, Kauff F, 

Schoch C, Matheny P 

B, Hofstetter V, Cox C, 

Celio G, Longcore J E, 

Hibbett D S, Lutzoni F, 

Mclaughlin D, 

Spatafora J Others 

many 

Knutsen AK, Taugbøl T, 

Håstein T, Holst-Jensen 

A, Dale OB, Kvellestad 

A, Tengs T, Cudjoe K, 

Skaar I 

Karagiannis J, 

Balasubramanian MK 

Wang Y-T, Cheng W-C, 

Lin W-R, Chen M-I, Kao 

M-S, Guu T-Y 

Brubaker C L, Burdon J 

J 

8 

113 

116 

144 

14 

92 

169 

174 

414 

Rose J 268 

Setaro S, Selosse M-A, 

Oberwinkler F 

Armstrong MR, Morales 

J, Moleleki L, Boevink 

P, Birch PRJ 

334 

10 

267 

167 

417 

xiv



No. 

Prog 

No. 


No. 

Wingfield B D 0569 S45IS1 Cryphonectria canker of 

Eucalyptus: A little-known disease 

caused by an assemblage of fungi 

of extreme quarantine relevance 

Wirtz N 0304 S56PS1 A phylogenetic and 

phylogeographic approach to 

delimit Antarctic and bipolar 

species of the genus Usnea, 

Neuropogon 

Xu J-R S17IS2 Signalling pathways and infectionrelated 

morphogenesis in 

Magnaporthe grisea 

Yokoyama R 0481 S36PS1 Taxonomical reinvestigation of the 

genus Schizochytrium 

(Thraustochytriaceae, 

Labyrinthulomycetes) 

Yurkov A M 0587 S31IS3 Are there eurybionts among the 

dimorphic basidiomycetes? 

Zancope-Olivera R M 0860 S53IS3 Molecular epidemiology of 

histoplasmosis: An update 

Zare R 0093 P4PS5 Molecular phylogeny of Verticillium 

fungicola reveals its affinity with the 

genus Lecanicillium 

Zarrinfar 

Hosse 

in 

0054 P2PS1 Evaluation of the Effects of 

Incubation Temperature and pH on 

the Antifungal susceptibility Test 

Against Candida albicans PTCC 

5027 Strain 

Zhang H S7IS1 DNA microarray analysis of signal 

interference of the dimorphic 

transition of Candida albicans 

Gryzenhout M, 

Wingfield MJ 

318 

Printzen C, Lumbsch HT 313 

Kon W L, Salleh B, 

Honda D 

Tavares P M S, Muniz 

M M 

140 

260 

237 

411 

Gams W 334 

Yadegari M H, 

Riazipoor M, 

Farahnejad Z, Katiraee 

F, Nasrollahi Z 

257 

91 

xv

Poster Author List (List is according to presenting author) 

Last name Initials Abstract 

No 

Session 

Board 

No 

Title All authors Page No 

Abdel-Raheem A 0024 PS5-483 Myxomycetes From Delta Region 

in Egypt 

Abdullah F 0831 PS1-135 Molecular Studies Support The 

Interfertility Data In Solving 

Taxonomic Problems Of 

Ganoderma boninense 

Abell S E 0475 PS5-539 Seasonality of hypogeous fungi 

availability – implications of 

global climate-change 

Aghayeva D N 0031 PS5-485 Identification of fungal associates 

of some deciduous tree species 

in Azerbaijan 

Akinsanmi O A 0650 PS3-290 Pseudocercospora 

macadamiae, the causal agent 

of husk spot disease in 

macadamia 

Alian S A 0046 PS3-243 Study on foot rot and bakanae 

disease of rice in Mazandaran 

province, Iran 

0047 PS3-244 Natural occurance of perithecia 

of Gibberella fujikuroi and its 

related Fusarium species in 

Mazandaran paddy fields, Iran 

0048 PS8-450 Population diversity of Fusarium 

proliferatum, as the major causal 

agent of rice bakanae disease in 

Mazandaran province, using 

vegetative compatibility groups 

Alimova F 0804 PS3-312 The Trichoderma/Hypocrea from 

Russia (Tatarstan Republic) - 

interaction with microorganisms 

and plants 

Hussin Husrita, Hassan 

Nuddin Noor Fatihah, 

Zainuddin Zabitah 

Gadek P A, Pearce C A, 

Congdon B C 

346 

65 

367 

Harrington TC 346 

Miles AK, Drenth A 195 

Aminian H, Javan-Nikkhah 

M, Khosravi V, Bahrami M 

Aminian H, Javan-Nikkhah 

M, Khosravi V 

Alian SA, Aminian H, Javan- 

Nikkhah M, Khosravi V 

Alimova FK, Tukhbatova RI, 

Cabrera FHA, Tazetdinova 

DYu, Karimova LYu 

175 

176 

297 

204 

Al-Sa'di A M S 0126 PS1-18 Phylogenetic data and 

morphological characteristics 

provide evidence for Pythium 

kunmingense to be a synonym to 

P. spinosum 

Aminian H A 0938 PS3-328 Investigation on toxin produced 

by Alternaria alternata fsp 

lycopersici, the causal agent of 

tomato stem canker 

Anderson C M T 0890 PS3-322 Colonisation of the plant 

Gossypium hirsutum and the 

aphid Aphis gossypii by the 

fungus Lecanicillium lecanii 

xvi 

Aitken EAB, Drenth A, 

Deadman ML, de Cock 

AWAM 

Zad J, Okhovat S M, Sharifi- 

Tehrani A, Talebi Kh, Safari 

M 

McGee PA, Nehl DB, 

Mensah RK 

Ando K 0502 PS5-542 A list of fungi recorded in Japan Katumoto K 368 

Andrianova T V 0423 PS5-534 Worldwide movement of horse 

chestnut (Aesculus 

hippocastanum L) anamorphic 

leaf pathogens: monitoring in 

Ukraine 

0424 PS5-535 The Altai mountains as an area of 

missing and rare anamorphic 

fungi 

Annett K 0209 PS5-510 Small mammal mycophagy 

within Phytophthora cinnamomiaffected 

heathland at Anglesea, 

Victoria, Australia 

Antropova A B 0522 PS10-356 Does indoor mycobiota reflect 

outdoor one 

Aoki T 0188 PS1-31 Systematics and evolution of the 

soybean sudden death 

syndrome and dry bean root-rot 

Fusaria 

22 

211 

209 

365 

Minter DW 366 

Wilson BA 355 

Bilanenko EN, Mokeeva VL, 

Chekunova LN 

Scandiani María Mercedes, 

Starkey David E, O'Donnell 

Kerry L 

223 

28



No 

Session 

Board 

No 

Aono T 0393 PS9-167 Relation between alkaline 

phosphatase and polyphosphate 

in arbuscules of arbuscular 


Arici E 0576 PS3-285 In vitro Selection Techniques for 

Fusarium Head Blight Resistance 

in Wheat 


0583 PS10-357 Determination of Biological 

Efficiency of Entomopathogenic 

Fungus Fusarium subglutinans 

Against Aphis gossypii in 

Greenhouse 

Arzanlou M 0399 PS1-86 Molecular-based detection and 

quantification of causal agents 

of Sigatoka disease complex of 

banana 

Asef M R 0037 PS8-449 Intersterility Groups Of Pleurotus In 

Iran 

Askun T 0835 PS10-372 Antifungal activity of some 

labiatae species against some 


Austwick P K C 0643 PS5-564 Structures of some white 

polypores 

Aveskamp M M 0177 PS1-28 A Phylogenetic Re-evaluation Of 

The Sections Within The Genus 

Phoma 

Ayatollahy E 0415 PS3-273 Compatibility assay of some 

antagonistic fungi of Heterodera 

schachtii in vitro 

0923 PS3-325 Fungal parasites associated with 

eggs of Heterodera schachtii 

from Iran 

Badalyan S M 0274 PS4-407 Growth parameters, 

morphological and genetic 

variability of the medicinal 

mushroom Flammulina velutipes 

(Curt : Fr) Sing 

0568 PS4-428 Proteolytic activity of several 

Coprinoid mushrooms 

0231 PS10-346 Antifungal/antagonistic activity 

of medicinal mushroom Pleurotus 

tuberregium against filamentous 

fungi 

Bagyanarayana G 0829 PS1-134 Possible evolution of pedicillate 

teliospored rust fungi 

0830 PS5-573 The diversity and distribution of 

rust fungi of India 

Baldrian P 0218 PS4-399 Fungal Ligninolytic Enzymes in the 

Forest Soil Environment: 

Occurrence, Distribution and 

Role in Soil Organic Matter 

Transformation 

Banke S 0403 PS8-466 Congruence found among 

recombination rates and 

population ages for different 

populations of Mycosphaerella 

graminicola 

0434 PS8-468 Evolution of microsatellites in the 

mitochondrial genome of 

Rhynchosporium secalis 

0439 PS8-469 Population expansion-migration 

scenarios explain the 

demographic history of the 

fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella 

graminicola 

xvii 

Funamoto R, Kizawa K, 

Oyaizu H 

77 

Koc NKemal 193 

Yuce Satar Hatice, Koc 

NKemal 

Abeln ECA, Kema GHJ, 

Waalwijk C, Carlier J, Crous 

PW 

Tümen G, Agaoglu Y, Aktar 

V, Kilic T 

223 

48 

296 

230 

376 

de Gruyter J, Crous PW 27 

Fatemy S, Roustaei A, 

Etebarian H R, 

Aminian H 

Fatemy S, Roustaei A, 

Etebarian H R, 

Aminain H 

Hughes KW, Sakeyan CZ, 

Helmbrecht E 

187 

210 

279 

Kües U, Avetisyan HK 289 

Isikhuemhen OS, Gharibyan 

NG 

219 

65 

380 

Šnajdr J, Valášková V 275 

Torriani S, Linde C, 

MacDonald BA 

303 

304 

304



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Barber P A 0507 PS3-281 The distribution and impact of 

Mycosphaerella cryptica on 

regenerating Eucalyptus 

gomphocephala 

Barrett L G 0235 PS8-456 Geographic variation in the 

genetic structure of Australian 

populations of Melampsora lini: 

implications for regional 

coevolutionary dynamics 

Archibald RD, Bowen B, 

Calver M, Hardy GStJ 

191 

Thrall PH, Burdon JJ 299 

Bayliss K L 0903 PS3-324 Biosecurity built on science McKell S, McKirdy S 210 

Beaulieu M E B 0793 PS1-131 Phylogenetic relationships 

among ophiostomatoid fungi 

associated with bark beetles 

colonizing white spruce in Eastern 

Canada 

Beltran-Garcia M J 0446 PS3-277 Oxidative stress response of the 

fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis, 

the black sigatoka pathogen of 

banana to hydrogen peroxide 

and other stress conditions 

Bermek H 0409 PS7-610 Efficient immobilization of & 

increased manganese 

peroxidase production by the 

white-rot fungus LSK-27 

Beyer D M 0129 PS3-251 Influence of organic acids on the 

growth and development of 

Trichoderma aggressivum a 

pathogen of Agaricus bisporus 

Bilanenko E N 0426 PS5-536 Micromycetes inhabiting soda 

solonchaks and halophytic plants 

in Central Asia, Micromycetes 

inhabiting soda solonchaks and 

halophytic plants in Central Asia 

Bills G F 0365 PS7-607 MORINIAFUNGIN, a potent 

antifungal sordarin derivative 

produced by the endophytic 

fungus Morinia pestalozzioides 

Bernier L 64 

Ogura Tetsuya, Manzo- 

Sanchez Gilberto, Arias- 

Castro Carlos, Esqueda 

Martin 

Catal Tunc, Tamerler 

Candan 

Paley K, Wilkinson V, 

Pecchia J 

189 

395 

178 

Georgieva ML 366 

Collado J, Basilio A, Justice 

M, Harris G, De la Cruz M, 

Díez MT, Hernández P, 

Liberator P, Nielsen Kahn J, 

Peláez F, Platas G, Schmatz 

D, Tormo JR, Vicente F 

393 

Boberg J B 0400 PS4-414 Carbon and nitrogen dynamics 

of Mycena epipterygia 

decomposing pine needles 

Boddy L 0926 PS1-148 Molecular and morphological 

discrimination of stipitate 

hydnoids in the genera 

Hydnellum and Phellodon 

0925 PS10-381 Killer fungi attract springtails to 

their doom 

Bodensteiner P 0216 PS1-41 Phylogenetic relationships and 

evolution of cyphelloid 

homobasidiomycetes 

Boekhout T 0539 PS5-550 Macrofungal diversity, variation in 

time and space in tropical 

lowland forests in the Colombian 

Amazon 

0541 PS5-551 Macromycetes from the middle 

Caquetá region (Colombia, 

Amazon) 

0543 PS5-552 Ethnomicological studies among 

indigenous Uitoto from Colombia 

Amazon 

Finlay RD, Stenlid J, Lindahl 

BD 

Ainsworth AM, Parfitt D, 

Simpson D, Rogers HJ 

Rotheray TD, Hynes J Müller 

C T Jones T H 

Binder M, Hibbett DS, 

Agerer R 

Lopez Quintero Carlos, 

Franco Molano A 

Esperanza 

Vasco-P Aída Marcela, 

Franco-Molano Ana 

Esperanza, Lopez Quintero 

Carlos 

Vasco-P Aída Marcela, 

Franco-Molano Ana 

Esperanza 

283 

69 

234 

32 

371 

371 

371 

xviii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Boonyuen N 0870 PS1-139 The Significance of the 

Anamorph in the Mega genus 

Hymenoscyphus 

Bourguignon E L T 0298 PS3-267 Effect of green manure soil 

amendments on Trichoderma 

spp population and diversity in 

the rhizosphere of onion 

Branco S 0463 PS9-171 Mediterranean serpentine and 

non-serpentine ectomycorrhizal 

fungal communities 

Briere S C 0949 PS3-333 First report of Ardisia japonica, 

Prunus lusitanica, Euonymus kiaut, 

Gaultheria shallon and 

Osmanthus decorus as hosts for 

sudden oak death caused by 

Phytophthora ramorum 

Bulman S R 0827 PS2-206 Investigating gene structure and 

transcription in the intracellular 

plant pathogen, Plasmodiophora 

brassicae 

Capelari M 0162 PS1-24 Two new species of Marasmius 

(Basidiomycota, Marasmiaceae) 

from Brazil 

Catal T 0404 PS4-415 Selenium induces manganese 

peroxidase production by the 

white-rot fungus LSK-27 

Chadha B S 0030 PS1-3 Molecular Characterization of 

Thermophilic Fungi using Internal 

Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region 

primers 

Chaichi Nosraty A 0109 PS7-587 A Qualitative Investigation On 

Tea Garden Air Fungal Pollution In 

The North Of Iran , Gilan Province 

Estern Region 

Sivichai Somsak, Hywel- 

Jones Nigel 

Stewart A , McLean K, 

Condron L M, Ridgway H J, 

Jones E E 

Llewellyn S , Kumor L , 

Grant S 

Siemens J, Ridgway H J , 

Eady C, Conner A J 

66 

184 

79 

213 

123 

Puccinelli Carla 25 

Tamerler Candan, Bermek 

Hakan 

Sharma M, Kaur M, Saini HS, 

Manhas RK 

Modiri Leila, Khosravi 

Alireza, Mirhosseini 

Moghaddam Seid Abdol, 

Majid Khsoshkholgh 

Pahlaviani Mohammad 

Reza, Taghi Shokr gozar 

Sied Amir, Koochaki Vahid 

283 

17 

386 

Chalannavar R K 0252 PS5-517 Fungal Diversity On Leaf Litter Rames, C H 358 

0271 PS5-519 Studies On Litter Fungi: Fungal 

Colonization Of Ficus benjamina 

L and Gliricidia maculata HBK 

Chang F-M 0337 PS7-604 Isolation of monokaryon from 

asexual spore of Taiwanofugus 

camphoratus and breeding of 

high triterpenoid strains 

Chawla V 0628 PS3-288 Effect of methyl jasmonate and 

salicylic acid on karnal bunt 

(Neovossia indica) resistance in 

wheat in vitro and in vivo 

conditions 

Chen L-C 0545 PS1-105 Study on the double-stranded 

RNA elements in different isolates 

of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 

Chen C-J 0152 PS7-592 Bioactivities of Phellinus linteus 

Extracts Growing in Chinese 

Herbal Formula Substrates 

0153 PS10-345 Menstrual Cycle and Ovarian 

Function in Obese Polycystic 

Ovary Syndrome Women Treated 

with Auricularia polytricha 

Formula through a Randomized 

Double Blind Placebo-Controlled 

Trial 

xix 

Ramesh, C H 359 

Su Ching-Hua 392 

Kaushik Subhash, Yadav 

Neelam 

Lin Yi-Chen, Yang Hsiangche, 

Chan Sz-hau 

194 

55 

Li Jiay-An, Chen Jian-Chyi 387 

Chen Yen- Lin 218



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Chikballapur N 0990 PS2-215 A proteomic approach into 

biological control of sugar 

canegrubs 

Chin Y-M 0492 PS1-99 Phylogenetic analysis & 

identification of Antarctic 

microfungi by PCR of the ITS1, 

ITS2, mitochondrial small subunit 

rDNA & beta-tubulin gene 

Cho D-H 0228 PS1-44 Some New Species of Amanita, 

Boletus and Cantharellus 

(Agaricales) from Korea 

0868 PS1-138 Some New Species of Boletus 

and Cantharellus from Korea 

Cho S M 0873 PS10-375 Effect of Pholiota adiposa Extract 

in Hyperlipidemic Mice 

Te'o V, Braithwaite K, 

Brumbley S, Samson P, 

Nevalainen H 

Ng Ching-Ching, Alias Siti 

Aisyah 

Lee Young-Meen, Chun 

Hae-Kyoung, Lee Jong-Soo 

126 

53 

33 

66 

231 

Choi D S 0327 PS7-601 New cropping system to improve 

productivity of Gastrodia elata 

0328 PS7-602 Reduction effect the production 

cost of Flammulina velutipes by 

re-using of the used media 

Chooi Y H 0497 PS4-422 The search for polyketide 

synthase genes producing betaorsellinic 

acid and 

methylphloroacetophenone as 

precursors for beta-orcinol 

depsidones and usnic acids in 

the lichen Chondropsis semiviridis 

Christensen M 0161 PS5-505 Collection of wild edible fungi in 

Nepal 

Chum W W Y 0351 PS2-197 Transcriptome Analysis and 

Expressed Sequence Tags of 

Differentially Expressed Genes in 

Sporulating Shiitake mushroom 

Lentinula edodes 

Chung K-C 0511 PS10-355 Antifungal activity of 

components isolated from 

Epicoccum nigrum MET0425 

Coetzee M P A 0509 PS8-471 Genotypic diversity of Armillaria 

fuscipes in South African Pine 

plantations 

Crittenden P D 0837 PS4-440 Nitrogen enrichment promotes 

phosphatase activity in Cladonia 

portentosa 

Crockatt M 0060 PS5-488 Ecology of the rare tooth fungi 

Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides 

and H. erinaceus in Britain 

Cuero R G 0635 PS5-562 Effect of Toxic Metals on Gene 

Expression of Fungi in Relation 

with Bioremediation 

Cunnington J H 0471 PS2-202 Distribution of optional 

mitochondrial introns encoding 

putative homing endonuclease 

genes in the Fusarium oxysporum 

complex 

da Silva M 0197 PS5-508 Marine-derived Fungi Isolated 

from Corals from Brazilian Coast 

for Bioprospection 

0198 PS5-509 Fungi Isolated from Sediment 

from Northern Region of Brazil 

and their Ability to Degrade 

Industrial Dyes 

Jung J K J, Choi C H G, Park 

P I J 

Jung J K J, Choi C H G, Park 

P I J, Chung C K C 

Stalker D M , Louwhoff S H J 

J , Lawrie A C 

Larsen Helle O , Bhattarai 

Sanjeeb, Devkota Shiva 

Kwok I S W , Ng K T P , Bian 

X L , Kwan H S 

Lee Yoon-Gyo, Ryu Jae- 

Won, Lee Jae-Chang 

391 

391 

286 

354 

119 

222 

Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ 305 

Hogan E J , Sheppard L J , 

Crossley A , Leith I D , 

Ancion P 

Parfitt D, Hynes J, Wald PM, 

Boddy L, Rogers HJ 

293 

348 

Shnyreva A , Terekhova V A 374 

Passarini M R Z , Thompson F 

L , Migotto A E , Sette L D 

Nascimento C R S , 

Bergsten L R , Magalhães D 

P , Nishikawa M M 

121 

355 

355 

xx



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Dahlberg A 0546 PS4-426 THE relative importance of 

different groups saprophytic and 

mycorrhizal fungi revealed by a 

flux model of dead plant matter 

and belowground assimilate 

allocation in Norway spruce 

forests 

Dai Y H 0150 PS5-502 Pathogenic wood-decaying 

fungi in China 

Damadi S M 0710 PS3-299 Identification of the causal agent 

of poplar (Populus nigra) rust 

disease in Maragheh, NW of Iran 

Davydov E A 0191 PS1-33 The family Umbilicariaceae 

(lichenized Ascomycota) in 

Russia: systematic, phylogeny 

and geography 

de Beer Z W 0615 PS1-114 Ceratocystiopsis and Grosmannia 

distinguished from Ophiostoma 

sensu stricto based on multigene 

phylogenies 

0616 PS1-115 Identification of Paecilomyces 

spp from wooden utility poles in 

South Africa 

0617 PS1-116 Ophiostoma spp associated with 

Scolytus ratzeburgii infesting birch 

in Finland and Russia 

Degawa Y 0378 PS1-78 A new gall-forming facultative 

mycoparasite of the Mucorales 

from Japan 

dela Cruz T E 0028 PS1-2 Conidial morphology: homology 

or homoplasy? The analysis of 

molecular data shows that 

marine Dendryphiella species do 

not belong to the genus 

Scolecobasidium 

Deshmukh S 0734 PS7-621 Biotechnological Potential of 

Keratinophilic Fungi and their 

Secondary Secondary 

Metabolites 

Dethoup T 0410 PS3-272 Diversity of Talaromyces species 

with special emphasis on T. flavus 

for potential use in biological 

control of plant pathogenic fungi 

in vitro and in the greenhouse 

Dianese J C 0969 PS1-151 A new Anhelia (Myriangiales, 

Dothideomycetidae) species 

from the Brazilian cerrado 

0973 PS1-153 A new trichomatous 

hyphomycete on Emmotum 

nitens (Icanaceae) from the 

Brazilian cerrado 

Diaz-Godinez G 0816 PS7-623 Decolourising of textile dyes by 

laccases of Pleurotus ostreatus 

grown in submerged 

fermentation 

0817 PS7-624 Increased production of laccases 

in submerged cultures of 

Pleurotus ostreatus in the 

presence of copper 

0818 PS7-625 Production of laccases of 

Pleurotus ostreatus in solid-state 

and liquid-state fermentation 

Hyvönen R 288 

353 

Pei M H 199 

Peršoh D , Rambold G 29 

Zipfel RD, Jacobs K, 

Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ 

de Meyer EM, Samson RA, 

Wingfield MJ 

Linnakoski R, Rousi M, 

Niemela P, Pappinen A, 

Wingfield MJ 

Schulz B E , Komon M , 

Druzhinina I S 

58 

58 

58 

45 

17 

Verekar Shilpa 400 

Manoch Leka, 

Visarathanonth Niphon, 

Chamswarng Chiradej 

186 

Inacia C A 70 

Carvalho R C P 71 

Juarez-Hernandez J, 

Sanchez C, Montiel- 

Gonzalez AM, Bibbins M 

Juarez-Hernandez J, 

Sanchez C, Montiel- 

Gonzalez AM, Bibbins M 

400 

401 

Tellez-Tellez M, Sanchez C 401 

xxi

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No 

Session 

Board 

No 

Fonseca A 0847 PS1-137 Species diversity of phylloplane 

yeasts: do nitrate-negative 

Cryptococcus spp belong to Cr. 

laurentii? 


0846 PS3-316 Genetic heterogeneity in the 

ascomycete Taphrina 

deformans, agent of Peach Leaf 

Curl: Evidence for two distinct 

forms parasitic on Peach and 

Almond 

Fossdal C G 0736 PS3-302 Simultaneous monitoring of both 

the host and pathogen using 

quantitative real-time PCR 

0737 PS3-303 Local and systemic host-response 

in Norway spruce to Rhizoctonia 

sp compared to the effect of 

drought stress and to the 

combination of the two stresses 

Inácio J , Santos M , 

Spencer-Martins I 

66 

Rodrigues M G 206 

Hietala A , Kvaalen H , 

Solheim H 

Nagy Nina, Johnsen 

Øystein, Dalen Lars 

200 

201 

Friedl M A 0944 PS2-211 Carbon source depending 

interaction of cAMP signalling 

pathway and light in Hypocrea 

atroviridis 

Fukiharu T 0548 PS1-107 Two new ammonia fungi from 

Japan 

Fungaro M H P 0953 PS6-239 Real-time PCR assay to quantify 

Aspergillus westerdijkiae in coffee 

beans 

Gafur A 0717 PS3-300 Passalora leaf and shoot blight 

disease and application of 

different micronutrient regimes in 

Acacia crassicarpa lowland 

plantation in Riau, Indonesia 

Gaitán-Hernández R 0608 PS7-616 Bioconversion of agro-wastes by 

Lentinula edodes: the high 

potential of viticulture residues 

Gams K W 0368 PS1-72 An old forgotten genus for the 

“glomerellalean” anamorphs 

Verticillium nigrescens and 

Acremonium furcatum 

Gardiner D M 0182 PS3-257 Regulation of gene expression in 

the interaction between Fusarium 

spp and wheat 

Garrill A 0312 PS4-411 An F-actin depleted zone is 

present at the hyphal tip of 

invasive hyphae of the 

ascomycete Neurospora crassa 

Ghadiri M 0943 PS3-329 Identification of the physiological 

race of Fusarium oxysporum f sp 

melonis isolated from melon field 

in Varamin 

Ghadiri M 0946 PS3-330 Investigation on the antagonistic 

activities of fluorescent 

Pseudomonads on biological 

control of Fusarium oxysporum fsp 

melonis the casual agent of 

melon wilt 

Ghobadnejhad M 0158 PS5-504 Contribution to the knowledge of 

the biodiversity of woodinhabiting 

Aphyllophorales 

(Basidiomycetes) in the Caucasus 

hotspot 

xxiii 

Schmoll M, Kubicek C P, 

Druzhinina I S 

124 

Suzuki A 55 

Morello Luis Gustavo, Sartori 

Daniele, Taniwaki Marta 

Hiromi, Iamanaka Beatriz, 

Oliveira André Luiz 

Martinez, Watanabe Maria 

Angélica Ehara 

Tjahjono B , Tarigan M , 

Mulawarman, Golani G D 

Esqueda M, Gutiérrez A, 

Beltrán-García M 

137 

199 

397 

Zare R , Summerbell R C 43 

Desmond O, Rusu A, Bursle 

J, Edgar C, Mudge A, 

Kazan K, Manners J 

180 

Suei S 281 

Etebarian H R, Ruostaei A, 

Aminian H, Shahriari D 

Etebarian H R, Ruostaei A, 

Aminian H 

212 

212 

Hallenberg Nils 353



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Gholampour Azizi I 0730 PS6-233 Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in 

raw milk at cattle farms by ELISA 

in Babol, Iran 

0731 PS6-234 Survey of the occurrence of 

Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk 

consumption primary schools in 

Babol, Iran 

Gibertoni T B 0061 PS5-489 Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycota) 

from the Floresta Nacional de 

Caxiuanã, State of Pará, Brazilian 

Amazonia – preliminary results 

Khosravi Alireza, Hashemi 

Sayid Gamal, Sefidgar 

Sayid Aliasqar, Azimy 

Hassan 

Khoushnevis Seyed Hasan, 

Norozi Mehdi 

Martins-Junior AS, Sotão 

HMP 

134 

135 

348 

0163 PS5-506 Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycota) 

from coastal ecosystems in the 

state of Amapá, Brazilian 

Amazonia 

Gilbert R L 0451 PS1-92 Another teleomorph for Nimbya - 

the first from Amaranthaceae 

Glen M 0489 PS1-97 Molecular identification of fungi 

in rot types from logs in 

Eucalyptus obliqua forest in 

Tasmania 

0487 PS3-280 PCR detection of 

Mycosphaerella species in early 

lesion developmental stages of 

Mycosphaerella leaf disease 

0485 PS9-174 Ectomycorrhizal fungal 

communities in rehabilitated 

bauxite mine sites and adjacent 

forest 

Gonzalez M C 0302 PS1-58 A new record of Emericella from 

a Mexican coral reef 

0313 PS1-59 A new record of Aniptodera from 

a freshwater habitat of Mexico 

City 

Goodwin S B 0595 PS1-112 Genomic and EST sequencing of 

Mycosphaerella species will 

permit comparative analyses 

with related fungi and 

anamorphs 

Sotão HMP 354 

Priest MJ, Gurr G 50 

Trang TT, Mohammed CL 52 

Smith AH, Mohammed CL 190 

Bougher NL, Colquhoun IJ, 

Vlahos S, Loneragan WA, 

O'Brien PA, Hardy GEStJ 

Medina-Ortiz C, Glenn AE, 

Cifuentes J, Hanlin RT 

80 

39 

Rosique E, Chavarria A 39 

Dunkle L D, Churchill A C L, 

Carlier J, James A, Souza M 

T, Crous P, Roux N, van der 

Lee T A J, Waalwijk C, 

Lindquist E, Bristow J, Kema 

G H J 

57 

Gowland K M 0448 PS9-169 Fungal discrimination amongst 

three epiphytic Aeridinae orchids 

of south-eastern Australia 

Van Der Merwe MM, 

Clements MA, Nicotra AB 

78 

Granberg Å 0896 PS8-479 Differences in conjugation 

patterns and sporidia production 

between populations of 

Microbotryum violaceum var 

dioica 

Griffith G W 0749 PS5-572 Ecology and conservation of 

grassland macrofungi 

Grobbelaar J W 0551 PS8-475 Development of microsatellite 

markers to study the population 

biology of the wood-inhabiting 

fungus, Ophiostoma quercus 

Groenewald M 0588 PS4-431 Characterization and frequency 

of mating type genes in 

Cercospora 

Grube M 0554 PS1-109 Molecular analysis of bacterial 

communities in lichen thall 

Giles B E, Carlsson-Granér U 308 

Easton GL, Roderick K 380 

Wingfield MJ, Bloomer P, 

Solheim H, Wingfield BD 

306 

Groenewald JZ, Crous PW 290 

Cardinale M, Puglia AM 56 

xxiv



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


de Gruyter J 0220 PS1-43 Barcoding the genus Phoma: The 

next phase for Phoma taxonomic 

research in The Netherlands 

Gryzenhout M 0660 PS1-121 Taxonomic revision of 

Cryphonectria 

Guo L 0840 PS1-136 Smut fungi of Qilian mountains of 

China 

Guo S-Y 0264 PS8-457 Phylogeographical analysis of 

some species in the 

Umbilicariaceae based on the 

nrDNA ITS and partial LSU 

sequences 

Gusmao L 0897 PS1-146 New species and records of 

Beltrania-complex from brazilian 

semi-arid 

Guzman-Davalos L 0201 PS1-36 A new bluing species of 

Gymnopilus (Cortinariaceae, 

Agaricales) from Mexico 

0202 PS1-37 New records of Gymnopilus from 

America and Africa 

Aveskamp MM, Crous PW 33 


65 

Wei Jiang-Chun 299 

Cruz A C R, Moraes Junior V 

O, Leão-Santos S M, 

Marques MFO, Barbosa FR 

Herrera M, Palomera V, 

Rodriguez A, Santerre A, 

Villalobos A 

ardona B, Herrera M, 

Mossebo DC, Saldarriaga Y 

69 

30 

31 

0203 PS1-38 A taxonomic review of 

Ganoderma resinaceum 

(Ganodermatales, 

Ganodermataceae) complex 

Hagen F 0281 PS10-249 Where is the origin of the 

Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver 

Island outbreak? 

Hageskal G 0372 PS6-221 Diversity of moulds species in 

Norwegian drinking water 

Hallenberg N 0175 PS1-27 Speciation and taxonomy in 

Peniophora 

Hambardzumyan L W 0766 PS10-364 Antifungal activity of the 

medicinal mushroom Flammulina 

velutipes (Curt: Fr) P Karst in vitro 

Hambleton S 0651 PS3-291 Using herbarium specimens to 

obtain DNA sequences and 

reveal genotypic diversity of two 

cereal rust pathogens 

Handke R 0325 PS5-525 Environmental Isolation of 

Entomophthorales from South 

Australia 

Hara K 0518 PS2-103 Cloning and Characterization of 

Secondary Metabolite 

Biosynthetic Genes from Lichens 

Hattori T 0345 PS5-528 Diversity and distribution of 

polypores in Northern Thailand 

Hedayati M 0032 PS10-335 Sera analysis of asthmatic 

patients for specific IgE to 

Candida albicans from Sari city- 

Iran 

Heller G 0364 PS2-198 Transcriptomic analysis of biotic 

actions of the ectomycorrhizal 

fungus Paxillus involutus 

Hemmes D E 0301 PS5-522 Earthstars of the Hawaiian Islands: 

the five large Geastrum species 

Himmelreich U 0624 PS1-117 NMR spectroscopy: a tool for 

rapid yeast characterisation and 

screening 

Torres-Torres MG 31 

Kuramae EE, Bovers M, 

Gerits DJC, Gerritzen C, 

Meyer W, Boekhout T 

220 

Skaar I 129 

Liu M, Tropiano R, Robideau 

G 

26 

226 

195 

362 

Kominr M, Yamamoto Y 122 

To-anum C, Kakishima M 363 

Myahi S, Aghili R, 

Goharimoghadam K, 

Mohammadpour R 

LINDAHL Björn, TUNLID 

Anders, FINLAY Roger 

214 

120 

Desjardin D E 360 

Dolenko B, Sorrell TC, 

Somorjay RL, Daniel H-M, 

Malik R 

59 

xxv



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Hirose D 0255 PS1-46 Oidiodendron species isolated 

from the roots of Rhododendron 

spp growing the region near the 

tropic of Cancer in Taiwan 

Tokumasu Seiji, Huang 

Jenn-Wen, Chang Ho-Shii, 

Kakishima Makoto 

34 

Ho H M 0318 PS1-61 The genus Coemansia from 

Taiwan 

Ho H H 0224 PS3-261 Patch canker disease of rubber 

trees on Hainan Island, China 

caused by Pythium vexans 

Högnabba F C H 0335 PS1-63 Evolution of cyanobacterial 

symbiosis in Ascomycota 

Holighaus G 0680 PS4-437 The enticing odour of fungi – A 

safety thread, tying insect-fungal 

associations? 

0911 PS4-446 Pathogenic Fungi on Horse 

Chestnut Trees– Volatile Organic 

Compounds as a Tool to Study 

Ecological Interactions 

0912 PS4-447 The Enticing Odour Of Fungi – The 

role of Volatile Organic 

Compounds for a 

xylomycetophagous beetle and 

its fungal associates 

Hopkins A J M 0248 PS5-515 Wood-Decay Fungi in CWD in 

Logged and Unlogged Wet 

Sclerophyll Forests in Southern 

Tasmania 

0250 PS5-516 Decayed Wood, Wood- 

Inhabiting Fungi and Saproxylic 

Beetles in Living Eucalyptus 

obliqua Trees in Southern 

Tasmania 

Horn B W 0131 PS6-219 Reduction of aflatoxins in 

wounded peanuts: role of 

competition by native Aspergillus 

species and applied 

nontoxigenic biocontrol strains 

Hosaka K 0431 PS1-89 Molecular phylogenetics of the 

gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an 

establishment of the new 

subclass Phallomycetidae and 

two new orders 

Hosoya T 0236 PS5-513 A United Database of Fungal 

Specimens in Japan 

Hou Y-H 0832 PS10-371 Effects of drugs and chemical 

agents on cell-surfacehydrophobicity 

and adhesion of 

Cryptococcus neoformans to 

vero epithelial cells 

Howlett B J 0887 PS2-207 Phylogeny of gene clusters 

responsible for the biosynthesis of 

epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) 

toxins 

Hsieh S Y 0542 PS4-425 Zoosporangium development 

and zoospore release of 

Halophytophthora kandeliae 

Chien CY, Chuang SC 39 

Zeng HC, Zheng FC 182 

Stenroos Soili, Thell Arne, 

Myllys Leena 

40 

Schütz S 293 

Johne A B, Weissbecker B, 

Schuetz S 

295 

Schuetz S 296 

Yuan Z-Q, Grove SJ, 

Wardlaw TJ, Yee M, 

Mohammed CL 

Harrison KS, Grove SJ, 

Wardlaw TJ, Mohammed 

CL 

358 

358 

Dorner JW 128 

Bates ST, Beever RE, 

Castellano MA, Colgan W, 

Dominguez LS, Nouhra ER, 

Geml J, Giachini AJ, 

Kenney SR, Simpson NB, 

Trappe JM 

Doi Yoshimichi, Kakishima 

Makoto, Hattori Tsutomu, 

Degawa Yousuke, 

Katumoto Ken, Maekawa 

Nitaro, Tsuda Mitsuya, 

Fukiharu Toshimitsu, Okada 

Gen, Kiyuna Tomohiko, 

Sugiyama Junta 

48 

357 

Guo N-R, Wu S-X 229 

Cozijnsen AJ, Patron N, 

Waller RF 

123 

Chan FL, Yuan GF 287 

xxvi



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Huang X 0952 PS3-334 Pathogenic factors involved in 

infecting nematode by 

nematophagous fungi 

0086 PS4-395 Purification and characterization 

of an extracellular serine 

protease serving as the potential 

pathogenic factor in 

Clonostachys rosea 

Hull C 0857 PS10-374 Sex, virulence, and 

homeodomains in the fungal 

pathogen Cryptococcus 

neoformans 

Illman B 0508 PS7-613 Putting fungi to work: 

mycoremediation of chemically 

treated waste wood 

Inácio C 0970 PS1-152 Novelties and conclusions from a 

monograph of the family 

Parmulariaceae 

Ivanov D 0380 PS7-608 Prospects in use Leccinum sect 

Scabra as biomonitors of 

caesium-137 pollution in wood 

communities 

Iwase K 0533 PS9-176 Basidiomycetous fungi involved in 

orchid mycorrhiza 

Jacobs K 0375 PS1-76 The genus Leptographium: a 

multigene approach to 

molecular characterization 

Jeamjitt O A 0405 PS3-271 Coprophilous fungal diversity in 

Thailand: Studies on antagonistic 

activity against plant pathogenic 

fungi and secondary metabolites 

of Ascodesmis macrospora and 

Sordaria fimicola 

Johnston P R 0207 PS3-259 Detection of hyphae of 

endophytic fungi in leaf tissue 

Jones E B G 0134 PS1-20 Phylogeny of Nemania 

eleiodoxae based on 18S and 

28S rDNA sequence analyses 

0135 PS1-21 New fungal taxa described from 

peat swamps, mangroves, 

freshwater and on seeds, fruits 

and forest leaf litter in Thailand 

0262 PS1-50 Basidiomycetes on plms and 

bamboo in Thailand, with special 

reference to the phylogeny of 

Ganoderma colosuus 

(Tomophagus) and G. tsunodae 

(Trachyderma) 

0347 PS1-67 Coelomycetes and their 

teleomorphs, with special 

reference to the phylogeny of 

the cupulate genera 

Infundibulomyces and 

Satchmopsis 

0133 PS5-497 Endophytes of a peat swamp 

palm: Licuala longecalycata 

0350 PS5-530 Fungal diversity of decomposing 

fruits and seeds in tropical forests 

in Thailand 

Jones E E 0180 PS3-255 Evaluation of Trichoderma bioinoculant 

for control of Specific 

Apple Replant Disease (SARD) 

Yang Jinkui, Dong Jinyan, Li 

Guohong, Luo Hong, Zhang 

Keqin 

213 

Li Jun, Zhang Keqin 273 

Stanton BC, Ekena JL, 

Staudt MW 

231 

396 

Paul F Cannon 71 

Yamato M, Yagame T, 

Suzuki A 

394 

81 


Manoch Leka, Watling Roy, 

P Sharples George, Kijjoa 

Anake, Visarathanonth 

Niphon, Chamswarng 

Chiradej 

186 

Sutherland PW, Joshee S 181 

Pinnoi A, Jeewon R, Hyde 

KD, Phongpaichit S 

Sakayroj J, Pinnoi A, Pinuran 

U, Somrithipol S, Pang KL 

Choeyklin R, Hattori T, 

Vikineswary S, Pang K-L 

Plaingam N, Somrithipol S, 

Sakayaroj J 

Pinruan U, Pinnoi A, Hyde 

KD, Jeewon R 

23 

24 

36 

42 

351 

Somrithipol S 364 

Kandula DRW, Horner IJ, 

Tustin S, Stewart A 

180 

xxvii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Jones E E 0181 PS3-256 Biological control of Sclerotinia 

minor in lettuce using 

Trichoderma hamatum 

Jones L 0454 PS3-278 Silencing of pathogenicity genes 

in the apple scab fungus, 

Venturia inaequalis 

Joshee S 0467 PS5-538 Diversity and distribution of foliar 

fungal endophytes in New 

Zealand podocarps 

Jung H S 0516 PS5-545 Fungal diversity of the islands on 

the Yellow Sea of Korea 

Juwadi P R 0498 PS4-423 Identification of mating genes in 

the Aspergillus oryzae genome: 

studies towards understanding 

their role in its life cycle 

Kageyama K K 0336 PS5-526 Assessment of river environment 

using Pythium species 

Kajimura H 0505 PS1-102 Fungi isolated from an Attelabid 

beetle and its leaf roll 

Kamgan Nkuekam G 0537 PS1-104 Ceratocystis and Ophiostoma 

species associated with wounds 

on native South African trees 

0547 PS1-106 Ophiostoma spp associated with 

wounds on native broad-leaved 

trees in Norway 

Kaocharoen S 0704 PS10-360 Molecular diversity of 

Cryptococcus neoformans 

isolates from cats 

Karlshøj K 0852 PS6-237 Potential of food safety 

prediction by detection of 

volatile biomarkers by electronic 

nose technologies 

Katiraee F 0136 PS10-344 First Report of Candida 

dubliniensis in Iran Using Specific 

Primers 

Kaur R 0738 PS3-304 Fluorescent Pseudomonas 

Isolates Suppressing Chickpea 

Wilt and Promoting Plant Growth 

in India 

Kauserud H 0275 PS8-459 Phylogeography, cryptic 

speciation and hybridization in 

the cellar fungus Coniophora 

puteana 

0276 PS8-460 Serpula lacrymans as a model 

species to study microevolutionary 

processes 

Kautto L 0991 PS2-216 Characterisation of the 

Trichoderma reesei proteasome 

Keirle M 0187 PS8-454 Variability in the IGS1 region of 

Rhodocollybia laulaha 

Kemler M 0604 PS1-113 Evolutionary patterns in 

Microbotryum - biological 

implications for basidiomycetous 

plant parasites 

Khucharoenphaisan K 0673 PS4-436 Highest thermostable xylanase 

produce from newly isolates 

Thermomyces lanuginosus strains 

0674 PS7-617 Selection beta-xylanase and 

beta-glucanase Produced 

Aspergillus and Factors Affecting 

Enzyme Production in Solid State 

Culture 

Rabeendran N, Moot DJ, 

Hunt JS, Stewart A 

Plummer K M, Templeton M 

D, Cui W 

180 

189 

Johnston PR, Paulus BC 367 

Kim CM 369 

Yamamoto Nanase, 

Maruyama Jun-ichi, Archer 

David B, Kitamoto 

Katsuhiko 

Hanai K, Tanahashi T, 

Senda M, Suga H 

TAKABE Naoki, MASUYA 

Hayato 

Roux J, Jacobs K, Wingfield 

M J 

Roux J, Solheim H, Wingfield 

M J 

Banlunara Wijit, Younyouan 

Poomjit, Chindamporn 

Ariya 

286 

362 

53 

54 

55 

224 

Nielsen PV, Larsen TO 136 

Khosravi Ali Reza, Soltani 

Minoo, Esmaeilzadeh Majid 

Astha, Singh Rama 

Shankar, Alabouvette 

Claude 

Bjorvand Svegården I, 

Hallenberg N, DeCock C 

Högberg N, Svegården IB, 

Schmidt O, Stensrud Ø, 

Schumacher T 

Grinyer J, Bergquist PL, Te'o 

VSJ, Nevalainen KMH 

218 

201 

300 

301 

126 

Avis Peter 298 

Begerow D, Göker M, Lutz 

M, Oberwinkler F 

57 

Kitpreechavanich Vichien 292 

Kitpreechavanich Vichien, 

Tongklib Cholnicha 

398 

xxviii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 

Kim M S 0642 PS1-119 Molecular Characterization of 

Fusarium commune and F. 

oxysporum from a Conifer Nursery 


Stewart Jane E, James 

Robert L, Dumroese R 

Kasten, Klopfenstein Ned B 

60 

Kim S H 0529 PS2-204 SSH-based analysis of the genes 

expressed differentially in the 

primordia and basidioma of a 

medicinal mushroom Hericium 

erinaceum 

0906 PS4-444 Analysis of cellobiohydrolase, 

pectinase, and xylanase in 

Trichoderma fungi using 

chromogenic media 

Kim J G 0982 PS2-213 Proteome analysis of waito-c rice 

seedlings treated with culture 

fluid of gibberellin producing 

fungus, Fusarium proliferatum 

KGL0401 

Kirisits T 0598 PS5-560 Ophiostomatoid fungi associated 

with the spruce bark beetle 

Pityogenes chalcographus in 

Austria 

Kitpreechavanich V 0791 PS7-622 Thermomyces lanuginosus 

isolated from Thailand: high 

thermostable xylanase 

production and characterizations 

Klenová H 0015 PS3-241 Pathogenic variability of Puccinia 

coronata f sp avenae on oat in 

the Czech Republic 

Klopfenstein N B 0640 PS8-476 Phylogeographic patterns of 

Armillaria ostoyae in the western 

United States 

Kodsueb R 0050 PS1-6 The family pleosporaceae: 

intergeneric relationships and 

phylogenetic perspectives based 

on sequence analyses of partial 

28S rDNA 

Kokaew J 0416 PS3-274 Diseases of Weed in Vegetable 

Garden Plots and Their Potential 

Use for Biological Weed Control 

Kolarik M 0574 PS5-556 Scolytodes unipunctatus 

(Coleoptera: Scolytinae): a new 

lineage of ambrosia beetles with 

a unique spectrum of nutritional 

fungi 

0578 PS5-557 Geosmithia fungi are highly 

diverse and consistent associates 

of bark beetles: a proof from their 

host preference in temperate 

Europe 

Kõljalg U 0621 PS9-187 Frantic diversity of resupinate 

thelephoroid fungi on 

ectomycorrhizal tree roots 

Komon-Zelazowska M K-Z 0286 PS1-54 A recently emerging green mold 

disease in Eurasian oyster 

mushroom farms is caused by 

new species of Trichoderma 

Kondratyuk S Ya 0130 PS1-19 To Revision of the 

Teloschistaceae (Ascomycota) of 

Australia 

xxix 

Ko H K, Park H G 122 

Hyun MW, Yoon JH, Hong 

SB, Ko SJ 

Rim SO, Lee JH, Hwang SK, 

Suh SJ, Lee IK 

295 

125 

Konrad H 375 

Tokuyama Shinji, 

Khuchareanphaisan 

Khwanchai, Khonzue 

Parichart 

400 

Šebesta Josef, Salava J 175 

Hanna JW, Kim M-S, 

McDonald GI, Moore JA 

Jeewon Rajesh, McKenzie 

Eric H C, Lumyong 

Saisamorn, Aptroot André, 

Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, 

Hyde Kevin D 

Manoch Leka, 

Visarathanonth Niphon, 

Suwangul Duangporn 

307 

18 

187 

373 

Pazoutova S, Kubatova A 373 

Tedersoo Leho, Kjøller 

Rasmus, Smith Matthew E 

Zafari Dostmorad, Bissett 

John, Hatvani Lóránt, 

Zhang Chu-Long, Xu Tong, 

Woo Sheridan L, 

Manczinger László, Lorito 

Matteo, Kredics László, 

Kubicek Christian P, 

Druzhinina Irina S 

86 

37 

Karnefelt I 23



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Kopchinskiy A 0289 PS1-56 TrichoMASTER: integrated 

multiloci database for 

Hypocrea/Trichoderma species 

identification powered by 

sequence diagnosis, 

oligonucleotide barcode and 

similarity search tools 

Korolev N S 0111 PS3-249 Evolution of Botrytis cinerea 

greenhouse population following 

introduction of marked selenateresistant 

strains 

Koukol O K 0051 PS4-390 Saprotrophic fungi transform 

organic phosphorus from spruce 

litter needles 

Kozlova M 0077 PS4-394 Structural features in 

haloalkalitolerant ascomycete 

Heleococcum alkalinum 

Bilanenko et Ivanova responsible 

for its adaptation to extreme 

growth conditions 

Krauss G 0391 PS4-413 A strictly aquatic fungus can 

biotransform 1-naphthol 

0392 PS5-531 Aquatic hyphomycetes – diversity 

and ecobiochemical response in 

polluted habitats 

0396 PS7-609 Bioconversion of trace 

contaminants by aquatic fungi 

0394 PS8-465 Use of 18S rDNA and TGGE to 

study aquatic hyphomycetes in 

polluted surface and 

groundwater 

Kshirsagar A S 0039 PS1-4 The dilemma of 

Georgefischeriales systematics 

0052 PS4-391 Biochemical screening of some 

members of Xylariaceae 

Kubono T 0211 PS3-260 Disease Cycle of Japanese 

Cedar Sclerotia Dieback 

Kullman B 0234 PS4-401 Hybridization and heteroploidy as 

sources of biodiversity in 


0239 PS4-403 Estimation of fungal genome size 

using DAPI- image cytometry 

Kurihara Y 0190 PS1-32 Lecanicillium, Simplicillium, 

Pochonia, and Verticillium 

species isolated from arthropod 

and soil samples collected in 

Indonesia 

Kuvalekar A A 0063 PS1-7 Phylogenetic positioning of 

Ravenelia esculenta using 18S 

rDNA sequence 

Kwan H S 0402 PS2-199 Differential display, cDNA 

microarray, expressed sequence 

tags and serial analysis of gene 

expression (SAGE) reveal gene 

expression profiles of shiitake 

mushroom Lentinula edodes 

development 

Lättman H 0384 PS8-464 Genetic variation in the SSU 

intron and the dispersal and 

migration history in Sweden of 

Cliostomum corrugatum 

Komon Monika, Kubicek 

Christian P, Druzhinina Irina 

S 

38 

Katan T, Elad Y 178 

Novak FN, Hrabal RH, 

Vosatka MV: 

270 

272 

Schlosser D 282 

Martin C, Moeder M, 

Schlosser D 

364 

394 

Solé M 303 

Gandhe RV 18 

Gandhe RV, Wakharkar RD, 

Rhatwal SM 

271 

181 

Greve B, Severin G 276 

Teterin W 277 

Sukarno Nampiah, Yuniarti 

Erny, Mangunwardoyo 

Wibowo, Park Ju-Young, 

Ando Katsuhiko, Widyastuti 

Yantyati 

Gandhe K R, Shauche Y C, 

Siddharth J 

Chum WWY, Kwok ISW, 

Bian XL, Ng KTP, Shih RSM 

29 

19 

120 

Mattsson J-E, Ekman S 302 

xxx



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Lau A 0902 PS10-378 Clinical utility of a panfungal PCR 

assay on tissue specimens for the 

rapid diagnosis of invasive fungal 

infection 

Lawrie A C 0565 PS9-179 Diversity And Germination 

Efficacy Of Mycorrhizal Fungi 

From Caladenia formosa GW 

Carr (Orchidaceae) 

0567 PS9-181 The Mycorrhizal Associations Of 

Borya mirabilis A Critically 

Endangered Australian Native 

Plant 

0580 PS9-183 Differences In Groups Of Orchid 

Mycorrhizal Fungi Infecting 

Groups Of Caladenia Species In 

Australia 

Lebel T 0343 PS1-66 Weird sisters - affinities of some 

Australian truffle-like fungi 

Lee C-W 0904 PS4-442 Characterization of disruption 

mutant of phosphoinositidespecific 

phospholipase C gene 

plcA in the model filamentous 

fungus Aspergillus nidulans 

Lee H-S 0348 PS3-268 Novel single-stranded RNA 

mycoviruses in edible mushrooms 

Chen S, Sorrell TC, Marriott 

D, Halliday CL 

233 

Huynh T, McLean CB 82 

Reiter NH, Walsh NG 83 

Raleigh RE, Cross RG, 

Coates F 

84 

41 

Lee Eun Jin, Kim Jae Won 294 

Ro Hyun-Su, Kim Sung-Soon, 

Choi Jun-Oh, Kim Dong- 

Gyu, Won Hyo-Kyoung 

185 

Lee H Y 0330 PS7-603 The Sexuality of Cordyceps 

militaris and Production of 

Cordycepin by Hybridization of 

Monosprorous strains 

Lee J S 0244 PS7-596 Isolation and characterization of 

a anticholesterolemic -hydroxy- 

-methylglutaryl coenzyme A 

(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor 

from Pholiota adiposa 

0245 PS7-597 Isolation and charaterization of a 

novel antithrombotic compound 

from mushrooms 

Lee J W 0225 PS7-594 Evaluation on the utilization 

possibility of waste mushroom 

logs as biomass resource using 

enzyme analysis 

0848 PS7-629 Screening of wood rot fungi 

related to biodegradation of 

dimethyl phthalate and 

evaluation of its enzymes 

Lee T S 0371 PS10-351 Immunomodulatory and 

Antitumor Effects of Crude 

Polysaccharides Extracted from 

Korean Wild Medicinal 

Mushrooms 

Lee Y C 0249 PS7-598 Distribution Profiles of 

Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng 

(Panax ginseng C A Meyer) 

Cultured with Ganoderma 

lucidum Mycelium 

Leemon D M 0785 PS10-366 Fungal biopesticides for tick and 

buffalo fly control 

0786 PS10-367 Fungal biocontrol of sheep lice 

(Bovicola ovis) 

Leslie J F 0880 PS8-478 Diversity of Gibberella zeae 

populations isolated from wheat 

in Argentina 

Su Ching-Hua 391 

Lee D-H, No J-D, Lee D-H, 

Seo G-S, Cho S-M 

Lee Dae-Hyoung, Lee Jae- 

Won, Cho Soo-Muk, Park 

Jeong-Sik 

389 

389 

Koo BW, Choi IG 388 

Lee HJ, Park JY, Choi IG 403 

Shim Mi ja, Lee Min Woong 220 

Rhee YK, Kwon MJ, Pyo YH 390 

227 

James P J, Sanson K R 227 

Ramirez M L, Reynoso M M, 

Farnochi M C, Torres A, 

Chulze S N 

308 

xxxi



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Libkind D 0779 PS1-130 Two novel ballistoconidiaproducing 

yeasts species of the 

Sporidiobolales from aquatic 

environments in Patagonia, 

Argentina 

Likhitekaraj S 0349 PS5-529 Plant Diseases Herbarium in 

Thailand 

Lima N 0877 PS1-142 Aspergillus ibericus: a new 

species of section Nigri 

characterised by MALDI-TOF MS 

0406 PS6-222 Mycological examination and 

biofilm formation in drinking 

water 

Linde C 0444 PS8-470 Origin And Expansion Of 

Rhynchosporium secalis, A Fungal 

Leaf Pathogen Of Barley 

Liu X Z 0882 PS1-143 Taxonomy and Molecular 

Phylogeny of Orbiliaceae from 

China 

Luangsa-ard J J 0265 PS5-518 On the diversity of Isaria species 

from Thailand 

Ludley K E 0176 PS9-161 Mycelial response of 

ectomycorrhizal and 

saprotrophic fungi of coniferous 

forest soils to selected 

monoterpenes 

Lundén K 0223 PS4-400 Gene expression during the 

switch from saprotrophic to 

pathogenic phases of growth in 

the root and butt rot fungi 

Heterobasidion annosum 

Macreadie I G 0745 PS10-363 Growth inhibition of Candida 

species and Aspergillus fumigatus 

by statins 

Magan N 0087 PS4-396 Water availability and 

metabolomic profiles of 

Epicoccum nigrum and 

Sarophorum palmicola grown in 

solid substrate fermentation 

systems 

0089 PS6-217 Control of spoilage and 

ochratoxin a (ota) production in 

moist grain for animal feed using 

the biocontrol agent Pichia 

anomala 

0807 PS6-236 Physiological relationship 

between food preservatives, 

environmental factors, ochratoxin 

and otapks gene expression by 

Penicillium verrucosum 

0892 PS6-238 Identification of black aspergilli 

species responsible for ochratoxin 

A contamination of food using 

qualitative volatile fingerprints 

0084 PS7-583 Differential breakdown of 

pesticide mixtures by Trametes 

versicolor and Phanerochaete 

chrysosporium by production of 

hydrolytic enzymes under 

different soil water potentials in 

soil microcosms 

van Broock M, Sampaio J P 63 

Athipunyakom Pornpimon 363 

Kallow W, Santos IM, Erhard 

M, Serra R, Venâncio A 

Paterson RRM, Gonçalves 

AB 

67 

129 

McDonald BA, Zaffarano PL 304 

Liu B, Zhuang WY 67 

Hartley-Whitaker J, Jickells S 

M, Chamberlain P M, 

Robinson C H 

359 

75 

Asiegbu F 276 

Johnson G, Schlosser T, 

Macreadie P, Westermeyer 

C 

225 

Aldred D, Penn J 273 

Mokiou S 127 

Smidt-Heygdt M, Geisen R, 

Baxter E S 

136 

Cabanes FJ, Sahgal N, 137 

Fragoiero S 384 

xxxii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Magan N 0090 PS7-584 Medium optimization for the 

production of the secondary 

metabolite squalestatin S1 by a 

Phoma sp combining orthogonal 

design and response surface 

methodology 

0097 PS7-585 Production of the biocontrol 

agent Phlebiopsis gigantea in 

controlled environmental and 

nutritional media for control of 

wood decay 

0085 PS10-340 A population-based threshold 

model shows that manipulation 

of endogenous reserves 

increases virulence of insect 

pathogenic fungi 

0088 PS10-341 Use of volatile fingerprints 

(electronic nose) for early 

detection and discrimination 

between Trichophyton species 

(dermatophytes) 

Manimohan P 0106 PS4-397 Diversity of agarics on elephant 

dung 

0118 PS7-590 Isolation and in vitro cultivation of 

Auriculoscypha anacardiicola 

Mannanov R N 0094 PS3-246 Diversity of fungal diseases in 

winter wheat fields under 

conditions of irrigated agriculture 

in Uzbekistan 

Mansouri M 0656 PS6-231 Inhibitory Effects Of Geranium 

Pelargonium Oil On Aspergillus 

flavus Growth Rates 

Parra R, Aldred D 384 

Swanwick S, Aldred D 385 

Chandler D, Anderson M 216 

Sahgal N, Monk B, Wasil M 216 

Thomas K A, Nisha V S 274 

Arun Kumar T K, Jisha E S 387 

Sattarova RK, Khakimova N 176 

Khossravi Alireza, Chaichi 

Nosraty Arash, Modiri Leila, 

Faezi Ghasemi Mohammad 

134 

Mantle P G 0196 PS7-593 An experimental strategy 

towards directing biosynthesis of 

communesin alkaloids by a 

Penicillium sp in submerged 

fermentation 

Marin M 0932 PS3-327 Genetic Characterization Of 

Peronospora sparsa On Rose In 

Colombia And Its Relationship 

With Sensitivity To The Qoi 

Fungicide, Fenamidone 

0930 PS8-480 Phylogeny And Population 

Structure Of Ceratocystis 

fimbriata From Different Hosts In 

Colombia 

0931 PS8-481 Genetic and Phenotypic 

Variability Of Phytophthora 

infestans From Colombia 

Maslen M M 0965 PS10-385 Human and Animal Isolates of 

Pseudallescheria boydii and 

Scedosporium species Identified 

from 1977 to 1995 

Masuya H 0183 PS1-29 Raffaelea Species in the Gallery 

of Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus 

quercivorus 

Matsuda Y 0103 PS3-247 An Apparatus for Collecting Total 

Conidia of Blumeria graminis f sp 

hordei from Leaf Colonies using 

Electrostatic Attraction 

Wigley LJ, Perry DA 388 

Jaramillo S, Cotes JM, Argel 

LE, Ayala ML, Gúzman E 

Castro BL, Wingfield BD, 

Wingfield MJ 

Lagos LE, Jaramillo S, 

Raigosa N, Amaya MC 

Ichihara Yu, Kubono 

Takanori 

211 

308 

309 

235 

27 

Nonomura T, Toyoda H 177 

Mattsson J-E 0905 PS4-443 At what age becomes 

Cliostomum corrugatum adult? 

xxxiii 

Lättman H, Brand A, 

Hedlund J, Krikorev M, 

Olsson N, Rönnmark F 

294



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Mattsson J-E 0531 PS5-548 Macrolichen diversity in relation 

to diversity of woody plants 

0526 PS8-473 Genetic diversity and substrate 

preferences in Hypogymnia 

physodes in northern Europe 

0528 PS8-474 Patterns of genetic diversity of 

Pseudevernia furfuracea 

compared to chemistry, 

morphology and substrate 

ecology 

May K J 0910 PS4-445 Expression patterns of a gene 

involved in secondary 

metabolism from the endophyte, 

Epichloë festucae 

May T W 0709 PS5-569 A global strategy for the 

conservation of fungi 

McLaughlin D J 0636 PS5-563 Constructing a structural and 

biochemical database for the 

Fungi 

McLean M S 0200 PS3-258 Prevalence and pathogenic 

variability of Pyrenophora teres f 

maculata from barley crops in 

Victoria 

McMullan-Fisher S J M 0515 PS5-544 Will conservation based on 

vascular plants be sufficient for 

macrofungi and mosses - a 

Tasmanian study 

McQualter E 0963 PS9-192 SEM And PCR Study Of 

Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated From 

The Australian Terrestrial Orchid: 

Prasophyllum 

Mejia L C 0913 PS1-147 Redefinition of the genus 

Cryptosporella (Gnomoniaceae) 

0482 PS5-540 Leaf litter and leaf age as factors 

affecting the assemblage of 

endophytes associated with 

particular hosts 

Vinter T, Lönn M 370 

Hansson AC, Lindblom L 306 

Robeck A, Lindblom L 306 

Bryant M, Zhang X, 

Ambrose B, Scott B 

Buchanan PK, Dahlberg A, 

Perini C 

Celio GJ, Padamsee M, 

Dentinger BTM 

295 

379 

376 

Platz GJ, Gupta S 181 

Cross R, McLean CB, 

Ladiges PY 

Castlebury L A, Rossman A 

Y, White J F Jr 

Herre E A, Butler A, Rojas E I, 

Ramirez L, Van Bael S 

Melo I 0222 PS5-511 Fungi of Azores: Corticiaceae s l Béltrán-Tejera E, Cardoso J, 

Dueñas M, Rodríguez- 

Armas J L, Salcedo I, 

Tellería M T 

369 

88 

69 

367 

356 

Minato K 0272 PS10-247 Immunomodulating action of 

edible mushrooms, Pleurotus 

cornucopiae var citrinopileatus 

and Pholiota nameko 

Minchin R F 0450 PS9-170 Effect of Trichoderma bioinoculants 

on ectomycorrhizal 

colonisation of Pinus radiata 

seedlings 

Minter D W 0412 PS5-532 Conservation of non-lichen 

forming microfungi 

Minter D W 0553 PS5-554 Digital libraries for systematic 

mycology 

Mirabadi S 0679 PS3-294 Natural occurrence of Alternaria 

sp the casual agent of stem spots 

on Berberis thunbergii 

Mishra J K 0143 PS4-398 Stachylina in India: occurrence 

and relationships with 

temperature and hydrogen-ion 

concentration of the waters 

Kasahara S 219 

Hill RA, Condron LM, 

Ridgway H, Baldauf S, 

Jones EE 

Romero AI, Camino Vilaró 

M, Tykhonenko YuYa, 

Nanagulyan S, Sankaran 

KV, Rong I 

78 

364 

Kirk PM 372 

Golnaraghi Alireza, Rezaee 

Saeid 

197 

275 

xxxiv



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Mnyazi J J 0927 PS9-190 The composition and distribution 

of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 

(AMF) under different ecological 

conditions 

Modiri L 0116 PS4-397 A Qualitative Investigation On 

Tea Processing Houses Air Fungal 

Pollution In The North Of Iran , 

Gilan Province Estern Region 

Vanlauwe B, Rashid M, 

Kahangi E, Odee D, Ruto L, 

van Asten P, Sinclair R, van 

Greuning V 

Chaichi-Nosraty Arash, 

Faezi Ghasemi 

Mohammad, Khosravi Ali 

Reza, Massiha Ali Reza, 

Roofigary Haghighat Shiva 

87 

274 

Mohali S 0759 PS3-306 Botryosphaeriaceae infecting 

Eucalyptus, Acacia and Pinus in 

Venezuela 

Mohammadi A 0839 PS3-314 Detection of Phytophthora 

nicotianae from naturally infested 

soil, using soybean leaf disk 

baiting technique 

0866 PS3-319 A first report of Phytophthora 

sojae race1 from Moghan, Iran 

Mohammed C 0686 PS5-566 A decade of rotten research in 

the wet sclerophyll forest of 

Tasmania 

Slippers B, Wingfield MJ 202 

Alizadeh Azizollah, 

Ranjbaran Masoumeh 

205 

Alizadeh Azizollah 208 

Grove S, Yee M, Hopkins A, 

Harrison K, Stamm L, Zi Qing 

Y, Gates G, Wardlaw T 

377 

Mongkolsamrit S 0490 PS1-98 Aschersonia badia from Thailand: 

one or more species? 

0499 PS1-101 A five-gene phylogeny for 

Hypocrella and its anamorph 

Aschersonia 

Montagna M T 0278 PS10-248 Presence of fungi in the nose, 

throat and ear of Kurdish 

refugees in Apulia (Italy) 

Moosawi-Jorf S A 0758 PS3-305 Viable teliosporogenous mycelia 

of Neovossia indica in infected 

grains of wheat 

Mossebo D C 0112 PS1-16 New records of Termitomyces 

(basidiomycetes) from 

Cameroon and Central Africa: 

taxonomy, ecology and 

phylogeny 

Mostert L 0369 PS1-73 Phylogenetic trends in the 

Calosphaeriales 

0377 PS1-77 Further insights gained into 

Togninia (teleomorphs of 

Phaeoacremonium) 

0664 PS3-293 Cylindrocarpon spp associated 

with black foot disease of 

grapevines in New Zealand 

Muid S 0561 PS7-514 Poroid Mushrooms For Pulp 

Production 

Muraguchi H 0476 PS4-420 The Coprinus cinereus eln6 gene 

involved in stipe elongation 

during fruit body maturation 

encodes a putative glycosyl 

transferase 

Nakatani A K 0728 PS1-128 Genetic diversity of Rhizoctonia 

species revealed by ITS 

sequencing 

Nasim G N 0535 PS9-177 Title: “Role of mycorrhizae of 

grasses and ferns in controlling hill 

erosion in Mountainous areas of 

Pakistan”Authors: Ghazala Nasim 

& Rukhsana Bajwa 

Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora 

J 

Hywel-Jones NL, Sung Gi- 

Ho, Spatafora J 

Napoli C, Iatta R, Tatò D, 

Da Molin G 

Dominique Claude, 

Courtecuisse Régis, Kalman 

Vanky 

Réblová M, Crous PW, 

Gams W 

52 

53 

220 

202 

22 

44 

Gams W, Crous PW 45 

Fourie PH, Halleen F, 

Jaspers MV, Crous PW 

196 

Mahidi Noreha 373 

Murayama T, Kamada T, 

Yanagi S O 

Souza NL, Boekhout T, 

Stalpers JA, Kuramae EE 

285 

63 

Bajwa Rukhsana 81 

xxxv



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Nasim G N 0538 PS9-178 Response of wheat (Triticum 

aestivum cv Pak 81) grown in 

open top chamber system to 

various arbuscular mycorrhizal 

treatments 

Nauta M M 0895 PS1-145 The flora agaricina neerlandica 

project: the importance of 

morphological studies 

Nelson B D 0900 PS2-208 Transformation of Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum with the green 

fluorescent protein gene 

Neves M A 0080 PS1-9 Phylogenetics of Phylloporus 

(Boletales) species based on the 

large subunit rDNA 

Newbound M G 0479 PS9-173 The influence of urbanisation and 

management practices on 

ectomycorrhizal fungal 

associates of two native species 

of Eucalyptus 

Nonomura T 0105 PS3-248a Symptomatic Evidence for 

differential Root Invasion by 

Fusarium Crown and root rot 

Pathogens between common 

tomato Lycopersicon esculentum 

and its varieties 

Noordeloos M E 0694 PS1-123 TAXONOMY and phylogeny of 

Entoloma (Agaricales, 

Basidiomycetes) in Tasmania 

Nordahl M 0530 PS3-282 Effects of winter hardening and 

winter temperature shifts on Pinus 

sylvestris - Gremmeniella abietina 

plant-pathogen interactions 

Nordén B 0123 PS5-496 Wood-fungi diversity, dead wood 

relations and habitat 

management in oak-dominated 

forest 

Novotny D 0356 PS1-69 Ophiostomatoid fungi of the 

Czech Republic 

0359 PS1-70 Endophytic fungi of branches 

and leaves of the apple trees 

from the Czech Republic 

0360 PS1-71 Endophytes of branches and 

leaves of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) 

in the Czech Republic 

Novotný C 0102 PS7-586 Selection of ligninolytic fungi and 

application to bioremediation of 

contaminated water and soil 

Nygren K H M 0981 PS2-212 Evolutionary pressures on two 

pheromone receptor genes in 

heterothallic Neurospora species 

Oertel B 0387 PS1-82 Further Saccardo’s omissions of 

non-lichenized fungi: the 

forgotten Sydow’s lists for 1895- 

1918 and Petrak's real first “List” 

for 1919 

Ogawa Y O 0346 PS8-462 Geographical distribution of 

intraspecific groups of 

Umbelopsis ramanniana and the 

genetic variations of nLSU rDNA in 

their local populations 

Okada G 0464 PS1-93 Synnematous fungi from Taiwan 

(1) 

Bajwa Rukhsaana 82 

68 

de Silva A, Bolton M D 123 

Halling Roy E 19 

79 

Y Matsuda, H Toyoda 177 

Gates G, Co DLV 61 

Stenlid J, Stenström E, 

Barklund P 

191 

Ryberg M 351 

42 

43 

Šilhánová M 43 

Svobodová K, Erbanová P, 

Schoeberl P, Pavko S, 

Rehorek A, Fuchs W 

385 

Karlsson M, Johannesson H 125 

Yamazaki Y, Hirose D, 

Tokumasu S 

Tanaka K, Huang J-W, 

Chang H-S, Kakishima M 

46 

302 

50 

xxxvi



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Okada G 0474 PS1-95 The anamorph of Amphiporthe 

aculeans, a pathogen of sumac 

and other Rhus species 

Okane I 0536 PS5-549 Assemblages of endophytic fungi 

on Salicornia europaea 

Okungbowa F I 0041 PS3-242 Antifungal activity of leaf extracts 

of six asteraceous plants against 

Fusarium oxysporium 

0042 PS4-389 Mechanical disruption of 

Candida cells for protein 

estimation and enzymatic activity 

Olila D 0778 PS10-365 Antibacterial activity of extracts 

of selected indigenous edible 

and medicinal tropical 

mushrooms 

Olsson J 0560 PS5-555 Prescribed Fire And Wood 

Inhabiting Fungi In A Pinus 

sylvestris Forest 

Olstorpe J M M 0355 PS6-220 Characterisation of the Fungal 

and Bacterial Diversity in Pig Feed 

Fermented with Whey, Wet 

Wheat Distillers´grain or Water at 

Different Temperatures 

Orlovich D A 0447 PS9-168 Molecular Diversity Of 

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Associated 

With Southern Beech In New 

Zealand 

Osmundson T W 0242 PS5-514 Some noteworthy species of 

Tylopilus (Boletaceae) from 

northern Queensland, Australia 

Osono T 0110 PS5-493 Changes in microfungal 

communities during 

decomposition of leaf litter 

Pampolina N M 0577 PS9-182 Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi and 

Associated Plants Growing in 

Copper-rich Abandoned Mine 

Site 

Pang K L 0845 PS7-628 Phthalate degradation by 

mangrove soil fungi 

Park J-Y 0373 PS1-74 Morphology and Molecular 

Phylogeny of a New 

Synnematous, Dimorphic 

Bloxamia Species from Indonesia 

Park M S 0251 PS3-262 Development of the speciesspecific 

primer for the 

identification and detection of 

Alternaria panax causing leaf 

spot on ginseng 

Paul Gamboa- 

Trujillo 

0253 PS3-263 Molecular characterization of 

Stemphylium isolated from 

several host plants in Korea 

P G 0685 PS5-565 Etnomycology notes of eatable 

macromycetes in the Ecuador 

Paulus B C 0309 PS5-523 Impact of logging on wood 

decay fungi in fine woody debris 

in a New Zealand forest 

0315 PS5-524 Factors shaping microfungal 

communities in litter in Australian 

wet tropics rainforest 

Pavlik M 0421 PS5-533 Macromycetes of the prosisko 

natural reserve 

Seifert KA 51 

Nakagiri A 370 

Edema NO 175 

Okungbowa MO 270 

Opige M, Kateyo E, 

Kabasa JD 

226 

Jonsson BG 372 

Lyberg K, Lindberg JE, 

Schnürer J, Passoth V 

Stephen MR, Draffin SJ, 

Roberts AE 

128 

77 

Halling RE 357 

Aggangan Nelly S, Cadiz 

Nina M, Raymundo 

Asuncion K 

Wong MKM, Gu JD, 

Vrijmoed LLP 

Inaba S, Mangunwardoyo 

W, Kanti A, Widyastuti Y, 

Ando K 

Lee Hye Min, Kim Won Ki, 

Yu Seung Hun 

Kong Dong Wook, Yu 

Seung Hun 

350 

84 

403 

44 

182 

182 

Andi D, Grefa G 377 

McDermott K, Johnston PR 361 

Gadek P, Hyde KD 361 

Pavlikova J 365 

xxxvii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Pavlik M 0597 PS7-615 Evaluation of oyster mushroom 

growing on woody blocks 

Pearce C A 0920 PS5-578 Queensland DPI&F Biosecurity – 

enhancing North Queensland’s 

protection against exotic plant 

diseases 

Peintner U 0290 PS9-163 Interactions of soil fungal 

communities with 

ectomycorrhizal host plants in an 

alpine environment 

Perini C 0596 PS5-559 A european red list for larger 

fungi in progress 

0590 PS9-184 Orchids and larger fungi: does a 

relationship exist above ground 

Petrovic T 0520 PS8-472 Genetic diversity of Fusarium 

thapsinum isolates from different 

hosts in Australia 

Pfister D H 0287 PS1-55 Chorioactidaceae: A new family 

of Pezizales 

Pieterse Z 0082 PS3-245 The interaction between 

Mycogone perniciosa, the causal 

agent of wet bubble disease, 

and Agaricus bisporus 

Pilumwong J 0964 PS6-240 Invasion pathway of peanut 

flower by green fluorescence 

protein Aspergillus flavus 

Piriyaprin S 0557 PS3-284 Biological control of Pythium and 

Sclerotium root rot of sunn-hemp 

and mungbean by Gliocladium 

virens 

Plummer K M 0326 PS2-196 Microarrays & gene silencing for 

functional genomics of 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 

Oberkofler I, Mühlmann O, 

Kuhnert R, Bacher M 

397 

382 

75 

Dahlberg Anders 374 

Salerni Elena, Pecoraro 

Lorenzo, Leonardi Pamela, 

De Dominicis Vincenzo 

Bentley A R, Leslie J F, Liew 

E C Y, Summerell B A, 

Burgess L W 

85 

305 

Hansen K, Slater C 37 

Aveling TAS, Labuschagne 

PM 

Senthong Chuckree, 

Ingram Keith, Srichuwong 

Sombat, Meechoui Sawit 

Manoch Leka, 

Sunantapongsuk Vanlada, 

Somrang Ard 

Sexton A, Drew M, Greenhill 

A, Edwards D, Gardiner D, 

Howlett BJ, Ridgeway H, 

Weld R 

176 

138 

192 

119 

Promputtha I 0600 PS4-432 Enzymatic activity of endophytic 

fungi on leaf decomposition 

Hyde Kevin D, Peberdy 

John F, Lumyong Saisamorn 

291 

Rajagopal K 0022 PS1-1 Detection of fungal endophyte 

DNA contamination using ITS 

primers in two grass species 

0124 PS10-343 Characterization of two 

morphologically different Phoma 

species isolated from the same 

host using Somatic 

Incompatibility Test (SIT) and 

Isoenzyme analysis 

Rakshit A 0016 PS9-154 Significance of arbuscular 

mycorrhiza for P influx of maize 

and groundnut in an Oxisol 

Mahendran TS, Radhika 

Kumari R, Sathya TN, 

Shobana R 

MrTS Mahendran, 

MrVSuresh 

17 

217 

Bhadoria PBS, Ghosh S 72 

Rameshaiah G N 0825 PS7-627 Chitinases - Fungal Metabolites Panda T 402 

Ramos-Pamplona M 0886 PS4-441 Fatty acid beta-oxidation 

pathways during Magnaporthe 

pathogenesis 

Ranathunge N P 0901 PS3-323 Infection of chilli pepper 

(Capsicum spp) plants by 

Colletotrichum capsici at early 

stages of growth 

Reddy P 0733 PS3-301 The invasion and systemic 

transmission of Aspergillus flavus - 

a soybean seed pathogen 

Naqvi NI 294 

Ford R, Taylor P 209 

Berjak P 200 

xxxviii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Reddy P 0683 PS6-232 The efficacy of a cathodic 

treatment in controlling inherent 

mycoflora levels in soybean 

seeds 

0805 PS6-235 Elimination of inherent seedassociated 

mycoflora of 

soybeans: efficacy of microwave 

irradiation versus cathodic 

protection 

Redhead S A 0432 PS1-90 Conservation of species names 

for economically significant 

mushrooms 

Reese Næsborg R 0195 PS1-35 A phylogenetic study of Lecania 

and closely related genera 

Reiter N 0470 PS9-172 Mycorrhizal associations of Borya 

mirabilis a critically endangered 

Australian native 

Rerngsamran P 0864 PS7-630 Biodegradation and adsorption 

of phenanthrene by fungi 

isolated from Thailand 

Reynaga-Peña C G 0928 PS3-326 Understanding basic aspects of 

Ustilago maydis pathogenesis 

with the use of alternate hosts 

Ribichich K F 0073 PS2-193 A glance at Blastocladiella 

emersonii biology through a 

comparative EST analysis 

0435 PS4-417 Characterization of Cdk-related 

kinases from Blastocladiella 

emersonii during its life cycle 

Ridkaw R 0314 PS1-60 Molecular characterization of 

Beauveria species from Thai 

forests 

Rittiboon A 0317 PS7-599 Isolation, Selection, and 

Optimization for Xylanase 

Production from Aspergillus niger 

from Soil in Thailand 

0319 PS7-600 Isolation, Selection, and 



Isolated from Soil in Thailand 

0712 PS7-618 Isolation, Selection and 



Isolated from Soil in Eastern 

Thailand 

Ro H 0742 PS1-129 Molecular genetic classification 

of edible mushroom Pleurotus 

eryngii cultivated in Korea 

Robinson R M 0213 PS1-40 Stipitate hydnoid fungi of 

Southern Australia 

Rodtong S 0194 PS1-34 Genetic Variation within ITS1 

Region of Hypoxylon Species 

Found in Thailand 

0219 PS1-42 Ribosomal DNA and ITS 

Sequence Heterogeneity of 

Astrocystis and Rosellinia from 

Thailand 

0238 PS4-402 Lectin Accumulation in Edible 

Wild Mushrooms in Northeastern 

Thailand 

Roets F 0260 PS1-49 Molecular phylogeny of 

ophiostoma spp associated with 

Protea species 

xxxix 

Berjak P 134 

Berjak P 135 

49 

30 

Lawrie AC, Walsh N 79 

Supanchanaburee 

Duangdoan, Visetkoop 

Sirirat 

403 

Ruiz-Herrera J 211 

Georg R C, Gomes S L 118 

Gomes S L 284 

Luangsa-ard JJ 39 

Prebou Rewadee, 

Somrithpol Sayanh 





390 

390 

398 

Kim SS, Kim SW, Lee HS 63 

Syme K, Lebel T, May TW 32 

Suwannasai Nuttika, 

Thienhirun Surang, Whalley 

Anthony JS 

Suwannasai Nuttika, 

Thienhirun Surang, Whalley 

Anthony JS 

30 

33 

Pikul-ngoen Yubon 277 

Dreyer L L, Wingfield M J, 

Crous P W, De Beer Z W 

35



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Roets F 0261 PS3-265 Fungus-arthropod mutualism and 

dispersal biology of ophiostoma 

spp inhabiting Protea flowerheads 

Rosendahl S 0514 PS5-543 Global and local genetic 

diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal 

fungi 

0383 PS9-166 Low doses of fungicides influence 

competition and functioning of 

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 

Roux J 0338 PS1-64 Chrysoporthe species on Myrtales 

in Southern Africa 

0339 PS1-65 Sporendocladia bactrospora 

associated with wounds of 

Norwegian broad-leaved trees: A 

potential pathogen 

Rouxel T 0420 PS2-200 The Leptosphaeria maculans 

genome initiative 

0534 PS2-205 Genome environment is 

instrumental in evolution towards 

virulence at the AvrLm1 

avirulence locus of 

Leptosphaeria maculans 

0419 PS4-416 The H+-ATPase LmPMA1 is 

involved in pathogenicity of 

Leptosphaeria maculans on 

oilseed rape 

Roy B 0790 PS3-309 First report of Alternaria leaf blight 

caused by Alternaria alternata 

on Hevea brasiliensis in India 

Rungjindamai N 0107 PS1-14 The Internal Transcribed Spacer 

(ITS) Based Molecular Identification 

of Endophytic Fungi from Garcinia 

spp which Produce Antimicrobial 

Substances 

Ryberg M 0397 PS1-85 Phylogenetic studies of the 

section Rimosae (Agariacales, 

Inocybe) 

Ryley M J 0186 PS1-30 A taxonomic revision of the 

Australian plant-infecting 

clavicipitalean fungi 

Sadravi M 0611 PS5-561 Sixteen rust fungi from Northeast 

of Iran 

0614 PS9-186 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of 

wheat in northeast of Iran 

Sakalidis M L 0996 PS1-100 Botryosphaeria parva and B. ribis 

- A question of species 

Sakamoto Y H 0243 PS4-404 Identification and characterization 

of differentially expressed genes 

following harvest of the Lentinula 

edodes fruiting body 

Salar R K 0033 PS4-388 Extracellular enzymes from 

thermophilic fungi 

Salcedo I 0285 PS5-521 Mycocoenological 

characterization of evergreen 

oak forests in the Basque Country 

(North Spain) and its relation to 

biotic and abiotic factors 

0288 PS8-461 Intraespecific variability 

assessment in Clavulina 

coralloides complex, inferred 

from ITS region and 

morphological data 

Dreyer L L, Crous P W, 

Wingfield M J 

183 

369 

Gregersen R, Jakobsen I 77 

Nakabonge G, Gryzenhout 

M, Wingfield MJ 

Solheim H, Kamgan 

Nkuekam G, Wingfield MJ 

BALESDENT M H, HOWLETT B 

J, WINCKER P 

GOUT L, KUHN ML, 

BALESDENT M H 

Remy E, Meyer M, Blaise F, 

Balesdent M H 

Zachariah C A, Jacob C K, 

Saha T 

Phongpaichit Souwalak, 

Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin, 

Sakayaroj Jariya 

40 

41 

120 

122 

283 

203 

21 

Larsson E, Jacobsson S 47 

Shivas RG 28 

Ono Yoshitaka, Pei Ming 375 

Barber P A, Hardy Gest J, 

Wingfield B D, Burgess T I 

Nakade Keiko, Sato 

Toshitsugu 

Sarrionandia E, Rodríguez 

N, Olariaga I 

86 

278 

269 

360 

Olariaga I, Jugo B M 301 

xl



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Salcedo I 0603 PS9-185 Inoculation with species of 

Rhizopogon and Scleroderma to 

improve the quality of forestal 

plants produced in nurseries 

Rodriguez-Iturrizar N, Hormilla 

S, Sánchez-Zabala J, 

Sarrionandia E, Txarterina K, 

Duñabeitia MK 

85 

Sampaio J P 0947 PS3-331 Postharvest biocontrol of 

Penicillium using yeasts of the 

genera Pseudozyma and 

Rhodosporidium 

Sanchez C 0894 PS7-632 Isolation and identification of 

dioctyl phthalate-degrading 

fungi by enrichment cultures from 

soil 

Sari E 0948 PS3-332 Biological control of 

Gaeumannomyces graminis on 

wheat with Bacillus spp 

Sarma V V 0157 PS5-503 Fungi on Nypa fruticans - a 

mangrove palm 

Sasikala B 0053 PS10-336 Antifungal activity of Thuja 

occidentalis extracts on Candida 

albicans 

Sato H 0510 PS1-103 Four species of Trichomycetes 

collected in Thailand 

0495 PS9-175 Recognition of cryptic species and 

host specificities in the 

ectomycorrhizal genus 

Strobilomyces using molecular 

markers 

Sato T 0698 PS1-124 A New species of the genus 

Aprosporella parasitic on a 

oriental orchid, Cymbidium 

kanran 

0699 PS1-125 A new species of the genus 

Pseudocercospora isolated from 

Dendrobium phalaenopsis 

0697 PS3-297 Pathogenicity of Ramularia 

pratensis to Rumex japonicus and 

methods of its artificial 

reproduction and long term 

preservation 

0700 PS5-567 Microorganisms section of the 

NIAS Genebank 

0702 PS5-568 A Method of Long Term 

Preservation of Phytophthora and 

Pythium in Vapour Phase of 

Liquid Nitrogen 

Schatz S 0120 PS10-342 Identification and estimation of 

fungi in the ocular tear film and 

the contact lens biofilm 

Schigel D S 0385 PS1-80 Phylogeny of the Postia – 

Oligoporus complex of poroid 

Basidiomycetes 

Schnürer J 0610 PS6-224 Microbiological and nutritional 

properties of Rhizopus oligosporus 

fermented barley tempeh 

0960 PS7-634 Domestication of Microorganisms 

(DOM) – A research programme 

on safety assessment, production 

and formulation of 

microorganisms for envirobiotech 

applications 

Schrank A 0823 PS7-626 Chitinases from the biocontrol 

agent Metarhizium anisopliae 

Alves L 212 

Kertesz M, Robson G 404 

Etebarian Hassan Reza, 

Aminian Heshmat allah, 

Rostaii Ali Mohammad 

213 

Hyde KD 353 

Ramesh Velu, Senthil 

Kumaran Rangarajulu 

To-anun C, Kakishima M, 

Tokumasu S 

214 

54 

Murakami N 80 

Yamamoto I, Tomioka K 61 

Mori M, Tomioka K 62 

Tomioka K 198 

Nagai T, Tomioka K, Aoki T, 

Sawada H 

Takeuchi K, Tomioka K, 

Nagai T 

378 

378 

Laubach H, Adams K 217 

Niemelä T, Larsson KH, 

Larsson E 

Feng Xinmei, Passoth 

Volkmar, Eklund-Jonsson 

Charlotte, Alminger Marie 

Staats CC, Silva MS, Baratto 

CM, Boldo JT, Palma LP, 

Vainstein MH 

46 

130 

405 

402 

xli



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Scott B 0888 PS3-320 Reactive oxygen species play a 

role in regulating a fungus-grass 

mutualistic interaction 

Tanaka A, Takemoto D, 

Park P 

208 

0889 PS3-321 Recruitment of a p67phox-like 

regulator controls hyphal 

branching in a fungal-plant 

mutualistic symbiosis 

Sekimoto S 0279 PS3-266 The ultrastructural morphology of 

Eurychasma dicksonii, an 

oomycete endoparasite of 

filamentous phaeophyte algae 

Takemoto D, Tanaka A 208 

Beakes GW, Küpper FC, 

Müller DG, Honda D 

184 

Senda M S 0341 PS5-527 Pythium species in cooltemperate 

forest soil 

Senthil Kumaran R 0043 PS1-5 Morphometric taxonomy in the 

diversity of some South Indian 

species of Phyllosticta 

0044 PS7-581 Studies on the production of the 

bioactive secondary metabolite, 

taxol - an anticancer drug by 

Phyllosticta spp 

0045 PS7-582 Effect of photoperiod on the 

growth and taxol production of 

Colletotrichum capsici 

Sergeeva V 0443 PS3-275 Appendaged coelomycetes on 

grapevines in australia 

Sergeeva L E 0828 PS5-574 DIVERSITY OF MICROMYCETES IN 

LIBRARIAN ECOTOPES 

Sexton A 0246 PS2-195 Identification of Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum genes expressed in 

early stages of Brassica napus 

infection 

Kageyama K 363 

Muthumary John Paul 18 

Muthumary John Paul 383 

Muthumary John Paul, 

Sudhakaran Reshmi 

Priest M, Nair N, Spooner- 

Hart R 

Cozijnsen A, Keniry A, 

Jewell E, Love C, Batley J, 

Edwards D, Howlett B 

Shabbir A 0552 PS3-283 High altitudinal plant ailments Nasim Ghazala, Iqbal SH, 

Younas Maryam, Ali 

Muhammad 

Shahi S K 0865 PS3-318 Utilization of essential oil as herbal 

pesticide fight post harvest 

spoilage in fruits, Malus pumilo 

0422 PS10-353 Botanical antifungal drug from 

lichen metabolites fights fungal 

infections 

Sharifnabi B 0095 PS1-12 PCR-RFLP Patterns Of 58 S And 

ITS2 Genes In The Taxonomy Of 

Neotyphodium Endophytic Fungi 

0096 PS5-492 Endophytic Species Of 

Neotyphodium On Some 

Gramineous Species In Iran 

Sheila Okoth D A 0989 PS5-580 Land use systems and distribution 

of Trichoderma species in Embu 

Region, Kenya 

Shimizu K 0933 PS2-209 Functional analysis of hybrid 

histidine kinase genes of 


Shimomura N 0257 PS4-406 A homothallic mutant induced 

by UV irradiation in Lentinula 

edodes 

383 

188 

380 

118 

192 

Shahi MP 207 

Shahi MP 221 

Dehghanpour Farashah, 

Saeede, Mirlohi 

Aghafakher 

Dehghanpour Farashah 

Saeede, Balali G Reza, 

Mirlohi Aghafakhr 

Roimen R H, Mutsotso B, 

Owino J O, Okoth P 

Li Haoman, Kawamoto 

Susumu 

Murakami Shigeyuki, 

Matsumoto Teruyuki, 

Maekawa Nitaro, Hasebe 

Kozaburo 

20 

350 

383 

124 

279 

Shirouzu T 0122 PS5-495 Fungal succession on fallen 

leaves of an evergreen oak in 

Japan 

Shivas R G 0113 PS1-17 Some smut fungi 

(Ustilaginomycetes) from Thailand 

Tokumasu S 350 

Athipunyakom P, Vánky K 22 

xlii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Shnyreva A V 0075 PS8-453 Population genetics of the 

basidiomycetous fungus Pleurotus 

pulmonarius based on haploiddikaryotic 

life cycle 

Shoji J 0461 PS4-419 Pleiomorphic vacuoles in 

Aspergillus oryzae and their 

possible involvement in nutrient 

recycling 

Shokohi T 0924 PS10-380 Fungal keratitis in patients with 

corneal ulcer referred to a 

tertiary care hospital 

298 

Arioka M, Kitamoto K 285 

Nowroozpoor-Dailami 

Kiumars, Moaddel-Haghighi 

Tahmineh, Hedayaty 

Mohamad-Taghi, Khalilian 

Ali-Reza 

233 

0939 PS10-382 Propective typing of Candida 

species in oncology patients, A 

mulicenter study- preliminary 

results 

Fatahi Meiababdi 

Masoomeh, Okhovatian Ali, 

Tamaddoni Ahmad, Ayaz 

Masoud, Moslemi Dariush, 

Karami Hossein, Hedayaty 

Mohammad Taghi 

234 

Simpson J A 0984 PS5-579 The rusts of Myrtaceae Thomas K, Grgurinovic C 382 

Singh R R 0747 PS5-571 Cytotoxic assessment of waters 

harbouring watermoulds 

Singh C J 0732 PS10-362 Hydrolytic enzymes as the 

virulence factors of 

dermatophytes 

Sivichai S 0525 PS5-547 Conservation and utilization of 

fungal biodiversity at BIOTEC 

Culture Collection (BCC) 

Thailand 

Skaar I 0389 PS10-352 Possible impacts of fungi in sowbedding 

for abortions and 

reproductive disorders 

Smith Z 0858 PS9-189 Finding a mycorrhizal fungus for 

reintroductions of the threatened 

terrestrial orchid Diuris 

fragrantissima 

Sogonov M V 0092 PS1-10 Generic trends in the 

Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales 

xliii 

S chunhametha, S 

Saidaengkham, W 

Potacharoen, K Kirtikara, M 

Tanticharoen 

Christensen E, Framstad T, 

Jørgensen A, Lium B 

379 

225 

370 

221 

McLean CB, James EA 87 

Catslebury LC, Mejía LC, 

Rossman AY, White JF 

Solarska S 0477 PS7-612 Isolation of NOM degrading fungi Roddick F, Lawrie A 396 

Sonjak S 0083 PS5-491 Filamentous fungi from coastal 

Arctic environment 

Sotome K 0237 PS1-45 Phylogenetic relationships of the 

Polyporus sensu lato and allied 

genera 

Srivastava A 0695 PS3-294 Biocontrol of root rot of chili 

caused by Rhizoctonia solani with 

a formulation of Trichoderma 

harzianum secreting extracellular 

chitinase 

0696 PS3-296 Anti-fungal properties of extracts 

of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa: 

potential to biocontrol the plant 

pathogens 

Stadler M 0861 PS5-576 Metabolic and molecular 

biodiversity – evidence from a 

survey of New Caldedonian 

Fungi and New Zealand 

Xylariaceae 

Stajic M 0114 PS7-588 Ligninolytic Enzyme Production in 

Pleurotus ostreatus Depending on 

the Medium Composition and 

Cultivation Conditions 

Frisvad JC, Gunde- 

Cimerman N 

Ota Y, Hattori T, Kakishima 

M 

20 

349 

34 

Arora Dilip K 197 

Srivastava Madhumita, 

Tiwari Shree Prakash 

Seng JM, Buchet S, 

Wetzstein HG 

Vukojevic J, Wasser SP, 

Nevo E, Duletic-Lausevic S 

197 

381 

386



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Stchigeli A M 0174 PS1-26 Reappraisal of Chaetomium 

ampullare Chivers and 

Coniochaeta emodensis 

Udagawa & Y Hori from soil 

Steffen K T 0563 PS4-427 The litter- decomposing fungus 

Mycena epipterygia produces a 

novel hybrid enzyme of lignin and 

phenol-oxidizing peroxidases 

0496 PS5-541 Oak (Quercus petraea) leaf litter 

degradation by litterdecomposing 

fungi 

Stensrud Ø 0386 PS1-81 Molecular phylogenies suggest 

polyphyly in morphotaxa of 

brown-spored agarics 

0388 PS1-83 Accelerated evolution and 

profound AT bias among lineages 

of the medicinal fungus 

Cordyceps sinensis 

Stepanova A A 0820 PS10-370 THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF 

Aspergillus SPECIES ISOLATED 

FROM PATIENTS AND THE SOIL 

Stephenson S L 0145 PS5-500 Distribution and ecology of 

dictyostelids in the Great Smoky 

Mountains National Park (eastern 

North America) 

0146 PS5-501 Dictyostelid cellular slime molds 

of Australia 

Stukenbrock E H 0064 PS8-451 GLOBAL migration patterns in the 

fungal wheat pathogen 

Phaeosphaeria nodorum 

0065 PS8-452 ORIGIN and divergence of the 

fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella 

graminicola; from wild grasses to 

domesticated wheat 

Subburaman S 0049 PS9-155 The Peloton lysis (Pattern) in some 

endangered and endemic 

Orchids of Eastern Ghat's, India 

Miller A N, Guarro J 26 

Walter E, Ullrich R, Hintikka 

V, Hofrichter M 

Cajthaml T, Snajdr J, 

Baldrian P 

Gulden G, Kauserud H, 

Høiland K, Schumacher T 

Schumacher T, Shalchian- 

Tabrizi K, Svegaarden IB, 

Kauserud H 

288 

368 

46 

47 

Sinitskaya I A 229 

Landolt J C, Cavender J C 352 

Landolt J C, Cavender J C 352 

Banke S, McDonald BA 297 

Banke S, McDonald BA 297 

John Britto Susai 72 

Sugawara K 0353 PS3-269 Detection of Neotyphodium 

occultans – new methods to deal 

with this hard to find grass 

endophyte using DIC and PCR 

0363 PS3-270 Puccinia striiformis (sensu lato) in 

Japan – long term fluctuations of 

occurrence on different hosts 

Inoue T, Yamashita M, 

Ohkubo H, Mikoshiba Y 

Abbasi M, Tajimi A, Tanabe 

Y, Kiyoshi T, Sanada Y, 

Ohkubo H, Mikoshiba Y 

185 

185 

Suzuki A 0333 PS1-62 Phylogenetic relationships 

among Asian and Australasian 

ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi 

in Hebeloma subgenus 

Porphyrospora 

Swett C L 0801 PS3-310 Four Fusarium species causing 

diseases on orchids in Hawaii, 

including a potentially 

undescribed species in the 

Gibberella fujikuroi species 

complex 

Takahashi K 0555 PS1-110 Taxonomic revision of the genus 

Sticta (Lobariaceae, Lichenized 

Ascomycota) in East Asia 

Talbot N J 0854 PS3-317 Investigating the early stages of 

plant infection by the rice blast 

fungus Magnaporthe grisea 

Tanaka C, Buchanan PK, 

Bougher NL, Deng Z, 

Fukiharu T 

40 

Uchida JY 204 

Tsubota H, Deguchi H 56 

Veneault-Fourrey C, 

Kershaw MJ, Egan MJ, 

Saunders DO, Wang ZY 

207 

xliv

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No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Thoen E 0599 PS10-358 Comparison of two methods for 

quantification of viable 

Saprolegnia sp propagules in 

water samples 

Tibuhwa D D 0108 PS1-15 Utility of the Macro- 

Micromorphological 

Characteristics Used in Classifying 

the Species of Termitomyces 

Tomsovsky M 0283 PS1-53 Molecular phylogeny of 

European Trametes 

(Basidiomycetes, Polyporales) 

species based on LSU and ITS 

(nrDNA) sequences 

0282 PS5-520 Identification of Armillaria 

(Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) 

species in forest biotops of 

Central Europe from soil substrate 

Tong X Z 0934 PS2-210 Cloning and characterisation of 

a transcription factor GC-ZXT in 

Glomerella cingulata 

Bjøru Bjørn, Skaar Ida 223 

Kivaisi AK, Buyck B, 

Magingo FSS 

Kolarík M, Pažoutová S, 

Homolka L 

Lochman J, Májek T, 

Jankovský L 

21 

37 

359 

Stowell K M, Farley P C 124 

Torres-Torres M G 0299 PS1-57 Secondary metabolite and their 

usefulness in the taxonomy of 

Ganoderma 

López-Dellamary FA, 

Guzmán-Dávalos L, López- 

Iñiguez AI, Maya L 

38 

Toyoda H 0104 PS3-248 Consecutive Monitoring of 

Lifelong Production of Conidia by 

Individual Conidiophores of 

Blumeria graminis f sp hordei on 

Barley Leaves by Digital 

Microscopic Techniques with 

Electrostatic Micromanipulation 

Tretiach M 0601 PS4-433 How do endolithic lichens 

dissolve carbonates? 

Matsuda Y, Nonomura T 177 

Crisafulli P, Favero-Longo S 

E, Mathieu M, Modenesi P, 

Piervittori R, Salvadori O 

291 

0602 PS4-434 Endolithic lichens on carbonatic 

rocks: biodeterioration or 

bioprotection? 

Trilles L T 0874 PS10-376 Molecular characterization of the 


species complex from Brazil 

Crisafulli P, Modenesi P, 

Piervittori R, Furlani S, 

Cucchi F 

Jover-Botella A, 

Ngamskulrungroj P, 

Maszewska K, Barbosa G G, 

Meyer W, Lazéra M S 

292 

232 

Tschen E F T 0259 PS1-48 Taxonomic studies on species of 

Russula in Taiwan 

Tsui K M 0875 PS1-140 Using RPB1 and RPB2 sequences 

to improve the phylogenetic 

inference among Candida 

species 

0876 PS1-141 Aquaphila has phylogenetic 

affinity in Tubeufiaceae inferred 

from rDNA sequences 

0891 PS10-377 Establishment of a quality 

controlled internal transcribed 

spacer (ITS) sequence database 

as basis for routine clinical 

diagnostics of human fungal 

pathogens 

Tschen JSM 35 

Meyer Wieland 66 

Sivichai Somsak, Rossman 

Amy R, Berbee Mary L 

Kong Fanrong, Sun Ying, 

Huynh Matthew, Halliday 

Catriona, Zeng Xianyu, 

Maszewska Krystyna, Porter 

Guy, Sorrell Tania, Meyer 

Wieland 

67 

232 

Tunlid A 0794 PS1-132 Molecular evolution of the 

hydrophobin gene family in the 

ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus 

involutus 

xlvi 

Rajashekar B, Samson P, 

Johansson T 

64



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Tzean S-S 0746 PS4-439 Cloning and characterization of 

mating related genes in 

medicinal Ganoderma lucidum 

Unterseher M 0040 PS5-487 Diversity and host specificity of 

leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi 

in a temperate deciduous forest 

canopy 

0878 PS5-577 Mycology in a temperate riparian 

forest canopy – the fungal side of 

the LAK-Project 

Vainstein M H 0797 PS10-368 Identification of genomic 

differences between 

Cryptococcus gattii and 

Cryptococcus neoformans var 

grubii by Representational 

Difference Analysis 

Van Wyk M 0263 PS1-51 A new Ceratocystis sp from 

Phoracantha acanthocera 

tunnels on Eucalyptus in Australia 

Vanittanakom N 0941 PS4-448 Comparison of physiological 

characteristics between 

environmental and clinical 

isolates of human pathogenic 

Pythium insidiosum 

0814 PS10-369 Isolation and characterization of 

cDNA encoding for heat shock 

protein 30 from Penicillium 

marneffei 

0940 PS10-383 Phagocytosis and killing of 

human pathogenic Penicillium 

marneffei and Penicillium sp by 

mouse macrophage J7741 cells 

Vanittanakom P 0942 PS10-384 Efficiency of immunoblot assay 

for rapid diagnosis of human 

pythiosis 

Velzeboer R 0254 PS3-264 Management of Phytophthora 

cinnamomi in native vegetation 

in South Australia 

Venegas R 0916 PS7-633 Prospective Cultivation Of The 

Wild Fungus “Lentinula sp” On 

Oak Sawdust In Mexico 

Verekar S 0735 PS5-570 Keratinophilic fungi from Lonar 

meteorite crater soils (India) 

Verkley G J M 0692 PS1-122 Characterization of Septoria 

using morphological, cultural and 

sequence data of the ITS region 

and partial calmodulin, actin and 

elongation factor-1 alpha genes 

Vesentini D 0306 PS4-408 An investigation into the 

production of fungal extracellular 

mucilaginous material (ECMM) 

with relation to stress conditions 

0307 PS4-409 Mode(s) of action of chitosan: 1 

The effect on fungal cell 

membranes 

0308 PS4-410 Mode(s) of action of chitosan: 2 

The effect on fungal cell wall 

deposition 

Vettraino A M 0594 PS5-558 Phytophthora species in forest 

ecosystems of western Nepal 

Wu H Y 293 

Finstermeier K, Reiher A, 

Otto P 

347 

Otto P, Morawetz W 382 

Faganello J, Dutra V, 

Schrank A 

Pegg G, Drenth A, 

Carnegie A, Lawson S, 

McDonald J, Wingfield MJ 

Supabandhu Jidapa, de 

Hoog Sybren 

Pongpom Patthama, 

Praparatanapan Jutarat, 

Sirisanthana Thira 

Thirach Sophit, Cooper 

Chester R 

Supabandhu Jidapa, 

Laohapensang Kamphol, 

Vanittanakom Nongnuch 

Acosta-Urdapilleta L, 

Bautista N, Medrano F, 

Montiel E, Mora V 

228 

36 

296 

228 

235 

235 

183 

405 

Deshmukh Sunil 379 

Starink-Willemse M 61 

Dickinson DJ, Murphy RJ 280 

Singh T, Osman A, Singh AP 280 

Steward D, Singh AP 281 

Brown A, Brasier C, Patrizi E, 

Vannini A 

374 

xlvii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Visarathanon N 0575 PS3-285a Pathogenic fungi from banana, 

rambutan and rose apple 

M Rattanachaot, L 

Manoch 

193 

Vohnik M 0566 PS9-180 Meliniomyces variabilis (Variable 

White Taxon), isolated from a 

fruitbody of Hydnotria tulasnei, 

forms ericoid mycorrhiza and 

changes morphology of Betula, 

Picea and Pinus roots 

Vondrak J V 0074 PS1-8 Caloplaca soralifera, a new 

sorediate species of Caloplaca 

(Lichenized Fungi, 

Teloschistaceae) lacking 

anthraquinones in its thallus 

Vukojevic J 0076 PS4-393 Effect of the Medium pH and 

Cultivation Period on Mycelial 

Biomass, Polysaccharide and 

Ligninolytic Enzymes Production 

by Ganoderma lucidum 

0362 PS7-606 Using of the Spent Pleurotus 

ostreatus Substrat Based on Salt 

Cedar Sawdust, in the Ruminant 

Feeding 

Waipara N W 0646 PS3-289 Safety record of plant pathogens 

introduced for weed biocontrol in 

New Zealand 

Fendrych M, Gryndler M, 

Hršlerová H, Albrechtová J, 

Vosátka M 

83 

Hrouzek PH 19 

Stajic M, Duletic-Lausevic S 272 

Milenkovic I, Adamovic M 393 

Fowler S, Paynter Q, Winks 

C, Hona S, Smith L, Massey 

B, Wilkie P, Barton J 

194 

0935 PS8-482 Morphological and genetic 

methods to differentiate strains of 

Phoma clematidina on Clematis 

in New Zealand 

0669 PS10-359 Phyllosphere fungi of perennial 

pastures associated with ill thrift 

syndrome of livestock in New 

Zealand 

Walbert K W 0316 PS9-164 Ectomycorrhizal communities 

associated with a Pinus radiata 

plantation in New Zealand 

Walter M 0843 PS3-315 Epiphytes on gorse and 

associated insects 

Wang Y 0212 PS1-39 A new thermophilic species of 

Paecilomyces from Xinjiang, 

China 

Wang Y Z 0205 PS2-194 Secondary structures of ITS2 

nuclear ribosomal DNA of some 

species of Cercophora and 

Podospora (Lasiosphaeriaceae) 

Kitchen H, Beever R, 

Harman H, Massey B, 

Parkes S, Wilkie P 

Waipara N, Litherland A, 

Fraser T 

Ramsfield T, Jones E, 

Ridgway H, Dick M 

Hee AKW, Yamoah E, 

Suckling DM, Jones EE, 

Stewart A, Waipara NW, 

Boyd-Wilson KSH, Weld RJ 

Zhang Xiang-Min, Jiang 

Zheng-Qiang, Yang Shao- 

Qing 

Chan Jong-How, Kao 

Hsiao-Wei 

309 

224 

76 

206 

32 

118 

Weckert M A 0445 PS3-276 Grapevine wood fungal infection 

by soil/root transmission 

Weeraratne T 0826 PS3-313 Biology of leaf rust in plumeria 

spp caused by coleosporium sp 

Wei J-G 0029 PS5-484 Diversity of endophytic 

Pestalotiopsis from 

Podocarpaceae, Theaceae and 

Taxaceae in southern China 

Weld R J 0449 PS4-418 Genes involved in sclerotial 

differentiation in Sclerotinia 

sclerotiorum 

Alonso M 188 

Adikaram N K B 205 

Xu T, Guo LD 346 

Eady C C, Ridgway H J 284 

xlviii



No 

Session 

Board 

No 

Wen H 0869 PS7-631 Optimization of extraction and 

determination of polysaccharide 

in Paecilomyces tenuipes 

mycelia 

Whiffen L K 0782 PS9-188 Soil organic carbon decline and 

the importance of arbuscular 


Wilson A 0711 PS1-26 Molecular evolution and ecology 

of the basidiomycete genus 

Calostoma (Sclerodermatineae, 

Boletales) 

Wilson B A 0936 PS9-191 Composition of arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungal communities 

in saline soil in Wagga Wagga, 

New South Wales (NSW), Australia 


Liu Gui-Jun 404 

McGee P A, Nehl D B 87 

M Binder, DS Hibbett 62 

Harper J, Nehl D, Jahromi F, 

Ash G 

88 

Wong S F 0844 PS1-373 Histopathological and 

immunological changes in mice 

experimentally infected with 

Candida albicans 

Wornik S 0414 PS8-467 Population Genetic Studies Of 

Symbionts In Lichens With 

Different Propagation Modes 

Wright M M 0376 PS9-165 The functional diversity of 

Caladenia tentaculata 

(Orchidaceae) mycorrhizal fungi 

from six distinct populations within 

Victoria, Australia 

Wu S H 0354 PS1-68 Brunneocorticium pyriforme, A 

New Corticioid Fungal Genus 

And Species 

Wu M-L 0417 PS1-88 Some new species and new 

records of discomycetes from 

Taiwan 

Xu T 0147 PS1-23 Phylogenetic relationship of 

Pestalotiopsis species based on 

parsimony analysis of rDNA ITS 

sequences 

0258 PS1-47 Molecular and morphological 

description of Pestalotiopsis 

hainanensis sp nov, a new 

endophyte from tropical region in 

China 

Yaguchi T 0395 PS1-84 Classification of pathogenic 

Aspergillus section Fumigati 

Yamada T 0164 PS3-253 Influence of water stress and 

wetness of open wound on lesion 

expansion in the xylem of 

Cryptomeria japonica seedlings 

inoculated with a canker fungus 

Guignardia cryptomeriae 

0165 PS3-254 Occurrence of scab canker 

caused by Scolecostigmina sp on 

five-needle pines in Japan 

Yamaguchi K Y 0550 PS1-108 Molecular phylogeny and 

morphology of aero-aquatic 

fungi, Diplocladiella and 

Candelabrum 

Yamamoto Y 0462 PS10-354 Screening for growth inhibition of 

animal-diseased bacteria in 

natural thalli of lichens 

Yamaoka N Y 0247 PS4-405 The role of primary germ tube for 

the morphogenesis of Blumeria 

graminis 

xlix 

Mak Joon Wah, Zasmy 

Ngah, Peter Pook Chuen 

Keat, Ng Kee Peng 

230 

Grube M 303 

Cross R, Cousens R, 

McLean CB 

Su Yu-Chih, Liang Shih- 

Hsiung 

Wei Ji-Guang, Guo Liang- 

Dong, Liu Ai-Rong 

Liu Ai-Rong, Guo Liang- 

Dong 

Horie Y, Tanaka R, 

Matsuzawa T, Ito J, 

Nishimura K 

76 

42 

48 

25 

35 

47 

179 

Ikeda Hiroyuki 179 

Nakagiri A, Okane I, Ito Tad 56 

Sato Y, Hara K, Komine M, 

Inamoto T 

222 

Matsumoto I 278



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Yamoah E Y 0442 PS1-91 Fungal species associated with 

three phytophagous insects of 

gorse 

Jones EEJ, Weld RJW, 

Waipara NW, Suckling DMS, 

BOourdöt GB, Stewart T AS 

49 

Yokoyama R 0962 PS1-150 The phylogeny and taxonomy of 

the thraustochytrid strains 

isolated from Malaysia 

(Labyrinthulomycetes, 

Stramenopiles) 

Young C 0460 PS3-279 Genetic variation for 

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora 

tolerance in Alfalfa (Medicago 

sativa L) 

Yurkov A M 0714 PS7-619 Pigmented basidiomycetous 

yeasts are the perspective source 

of carotenoids, Pigmented 

basidiomycetous yeasts are the 

perspective source of 

carotenoids 

Zainuddin N 0532 PS4-424 Isolation and screening of 

biologically active metabolites of 

selected marine fungi from 

Malaysia 

0544 PS5-553 Biodiversity of marine fungi from 

mangrove areas in Malaysia 

Salleh Baharudin, Honda 

Daiske 

70 

Lee H-K, Marek S, Sledge M 190 

Vustin MM, Sineoky SP 399 

Lee Choon Weng, Alias Siti 

Aisyah 

Jones E B Gareth, Alias Siti 

Aisyah 

Zare R 0488 PS1-96 Coniochaeta species from Iran Asgari B 52 

0723 PS1-127 A new species of Rhizopus from 

Iran 

Zarrinfar H 0055 PS10-337 Evaluation of the Effects of 

Incubation Temperature and pH 

on the in vitro susceptibility Test 

for ketoconazole Against 

Candida albicans Isolates from 

Women with Recurrent Vaginities 

0056 PS10-338 Comparison of the effect of D- 

glucose different concentrations 

on germ tube formation in 

Candida albicans 

Zhang G 0802 PS3-311 Development of Real-time PCR 

for the Rapid Detection of 

Phytophthora sojae Using 

TaqMan MGB Probe Assays 

287 

372 

Zangeneh S 62 

Yadegari mohamad 

hossein, Riazipoor Majid, 

Farahnejad Zohre, Katiraee 

Farzad 

214 

Jebali Ali 215 

Cheng Yinghui, Wu Jiyun, 

Peng Jihuo, Yan Jin, Wang 

Ying, Yi Jianping, Yang 

Weidong, Jin Xianzhong 

204 

Zhao R-L 0098 PS1-13 Ribosomal DNA phylogenies of 

Cyathus: Is the current 

infrageneric classification 

appropriate? 

0957 PS1-149 A preliminary analysis of Lactarius 

Subgenus Piperites from Northern 

Thailand based on morphology 

and nrITS sequence data 

Jeewon Rajesh, Desjardin 

Dennis, Soytong Kasem, 

Hyde Kevin 

Le Huyen Thanh, Nuytinck 

Jorinde, Verbeken 

Annemieke, Lumyong 

Saisamorn, Desjardin Dennis 

20 

70 

Zhao Z 0166 PS9-157 Dynamics of arbuscular 

mycorrhizal fungal diversity and 

community in a hot and arid 

ecosystem during conversion 

from natural to arable and 

subsequently to restoration lands 

Zhou T 0661 PS3-292 The multimechanisms of Bacillus 

amyloliquefaciens C06 in the 

biocontrol of peach brown rot 

caused by Monilinia fructicola 

Li Lingfei 73 

Liu WZ, Li XZ 196 

l



No 

Session 

Board 

No 


Zhou X 0269 PS1-52 A new Leptographium species 

associated with the pine root 

collar weevil Hylobitelus 

chenkupdorjii on Pinus 

wallichiana in Bhutan 

0267 PS8-458 Population biology of the 

sapstain fungus, Ophiostoma ips, 

reflects global movement of its 

bark beetle vectors 

Zhuang J Y 0841 PS5-575 Comparisons between the rust 

flora of Tibetan East Himalaya 

and the rust floras of India, Nepal 

and Pakistan 

Jacobs K, Kirisits T, Konrad 

H, Chhettri DB, Wingfield M 

J 

Burgess T, de beer ZW, 

Lieutier F, Yart A, Klepzig K, 

Carnegie A, Portales JM, 

Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ 

36 

300 

381 

li

Mezzanine 

Level 

 

 

2. 

2 

! * 6 1- * -- 

( * 6 - * -- 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exhibtion 

Level 

 

5 (& 

6 5

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! 

 

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Hall 2 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Exhibitors 

4 Cambridge University Press 

3 CBS 

2 Fungal Diversity Press 

6&5 Schering-Plough Pty Limited 

1 Taylor and Francis

EXHIBITION LEVEL 

D 

C 

A 

B 

MEZZANINE LEVEL

Handbook Part 2 - International Mycological Association

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