RBI Bukit Tigapuluh - Planet Action

Resource Base Inventory 

Implementation of Conservation 

in Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem

Resource Base Inventory 

Implementation of Conservation in Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem 

February 2009 

In collaboration between: 

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park dan 

Frankfurt Zoological Society 

Editors: Arnold Sitompul and Dr. Peter Pratje 

Contributors: Ibram Eddy Chandra, Hisan Hasibuan, Johny Santoso, 

Fazriyas 

Maps and GIS: Hisan Hasibuan 

Photo credits: Arnold Sitompul (p: 65), Google (p: 11) , N. Guthier (p: 

Page cover, 47, 89, 97, 101) , Peter Pratje (p: 1), Perry van Duijnhoven (p: 

57, ), WorldBank/Oka Budhi (p: 29), WorldBank/Curt Carnemark (p: 77).

The Resource Base Inventory Document has been 

developed through participatory planning process 

and support from Directorate General Forest Protection 

and Nature Conservation, Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park 

Funding for the planning process and developing 

Resource Base Inventory is provide by the Federal 

Ministry and Economic Cooperation and Development 

Technical support for the planning process and 

developing Resource Base Inventory is provided by 

the Frankfurt Zoological Society

TABLE OF CONTENT 

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... i 

TABLES ............................................................................................................................. v 

FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... vii 

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................ ix 

ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... x 

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BUKIT TIGAPULUH NATIONAL PARK...................... 3 

1.1. Area Profile and Management ............................................................................... 3 

1.2. History of the Establishment of the BTNP............................................................. 4 

1.3. Basis for Area Protection ....................................................................................... 6 

1.4. Zonation within the BTNP...................................................................................... 7 

1.5. Traditional Community .......................................................................................... 8 

2. OBSERVATION OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITION AND THE ECOSYSTEM 

. OF THE AREA ........................................................................................................... 11 

2.1. Topography and Morphology of the Area..............................................................13 

2.2. Hydrology Area......................................................................................................14 

2.3. Climate..................................................................................................................17 

2.4. Land Cover............................................................................................................17 

2.4.1. Within the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park...................................................17 

2.4.1.1. Forest Vegetation Changes within the Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park................................................................................18 

2.4.1.2. Land Cover Changes in Settlement Concentration Areas 

within the Area..............................................................................18 

2.4.2. Around BTNP Area.....................................................................................23 

2.4.2.1. Inhu District Area..........................................................................23 

2.4.2.2. Inhil District Area...........................................................................25 

2.4.2.3. Tebo District Area..........................................................................26 

2.4.2.4. Tanjung Jabung Barat District Area .............................................26 

3. COMMUNITY PROFILE AT MAIN INTERACTION VILLAGE IN BUKIT 

TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM, RIAU AND JAMBI PROVINCES...................................31 

3.1. Demography .........................................................................................................31 

3.1.1. Population and Growth ..............................................................................31 

3.1.2. Characteristic of population based on gender............................................32 

3.1.3. Characteristic of population based on Age Groups....................................33 

i

3.2. Social-Economy and Culture.................................................................................33 

3.2.1. Source of Income.......................................................................................33 

3.2.2. Land Ownership/Use for Agriculture...........................................................35 

3.2.3. Average family income...............................................................................36 

3.2.4. Culture .......................................................................................................39 

3.3. Education .............................................................................................................39 

3.4. Health....................................................................................................................41 

3.5. Formal Institutions.................................................................................................43 

3.6. Community Perception concerning the Existence of the BTNP............................44 

4. SUB-VILLAGE COMMUNITY PROFILE WITHIN THE BUKIT TIGAPULUH 

NATIONAL PARK........................................................................................................49 

4.1. Demography..........................................................................................................49 

4.1.1. Population..................................................................................................49 

4.1.2. Characteristic of Population based on Gender...........................................49 

4.1.3. Characteristic of the population based on the age group...........................49 

4.2. Social-Economy and Culture ................................................................................51 

4.2.1. Source of Income.......................................................................................51 

4.2.2. Land ownership/Utilisation of forest land for agriculture............................51 

4.2.3. Average family income, expenditure and savings.....................................52 

4.2.4. Culture .......................................................................................................52 

4.3. Education .............................................................................................................53 

4.4. Health....................................................................................................................54 

4.5. Formal Institutions.................................................................................................54 

4.6. Community Perception concerning the Existence of the BTNP Area ...................55 

5. BIODIVERSITY.............................................................................................................59 

5.1. F l o r a..................................................................................................................59 

5.2. F a u n a................................................................................................................60 

5.2.1 Mammals.....................................................................................................60 

5.2.2 Aves.............................................................................................................60 

5.2.3 Pisces..........................................................................................................60 

5.2.4 Primates......................................................................................................60 

5.3. Etnobotany............................................................................................................62 

ii

6. KEY SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN BTNP................................................65 

6.1. The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) ...................................................65 

6.1.2. Present Condition......................................................................................65 

6.1.3. Distribution................................................................................................65 

6.1.4. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger 

in BTNP....................................................................................................66 

6.1.5. Success Indicators....................................................................................67 

6.2. Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus)............................................67 

6.2.1. Present Condition.......................................................................................67 

6.2.2. Distribution.................................................................................................68 

6.2.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran 

Elephant in BTNP.....................................................................................68 

6.2.4. Success Indicators.....................................................................................68 

6.3. The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelli)..............................................................69 

6.3.1. The Present Condition ..............................................................................70 

6.3.2. Distribution................................................................................................70 

6.3.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran 

Orangutan in BTNP .................................................................................70 

6.4. Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus).............................................................................72 

6.4.1. Present Condition......................................................................................72 

6.4.2. Distribution................................................................................................72 

6.4.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Malayan Tapir 

in BTNP....................................................................................................72 

7. THREATS AND DISTURBANCES TO THE BUKIT TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM.......77 

7.1. The Construction of the South Corridor Road.......................................................77 

7.2. Forest Conversion for Plantations and the Exploitation of Natural Mineral 

Resources .........................................................................................................77 

7.3. Shifting Cultivation ...............................................................................................78 

7.4. Illegal logging and Illegal Burning of Land and Forests .......................................78 

7.5. Forest Fires...........................................................................................................78 

7.5.1. Forest Fire Prevention Management Project (JICA-PHKA 

Cooperation Program)..............................................................................79 

7.6. Poaching ..............................................................................................................80 

7.7. Human-Wildlife Conflicts.......................................................................................82 

7.8. Land Use Change around BTNP..........................................................................83 

iii

8. CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT OF BUKIT TIGAPULUH....................................93 

8.1. Basis for Conservation Area Management............................................................87 

8.2. Agenda for the Conservation of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and the 

Surrounding Area.................................................................................................87 

8.2.1. National Park Management Plan (1997 – 2021).......................................87 

8.2.2. Rationalization of BTNP ...........................................................................88 

8.2.3. Bukit Tigapuluh and Bukit Batabuh Wildlife Corridors (West Corridor)......90 

8.2.4. Strategy and Action Plan for BTNP and Buffer Zone Integrated Natural 

Resource Management ...........................................................................90 

9. SUMMARY & CLOSING REMARKS...........................................................................93 

10. APPENDIX.................................................................................................................. 95 

iv

Tables 

Table 1. Distribution of the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park area in terms of districts 

in the provinces of Riau and Jambi...................................................................... 3 

Tabel 2. Size and border length of the BTNP based on resort area management.............. 4 

Table 3. Zonation in the Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park..................................................... 7 

Table 4. Mountains in the BTNP....................................................................................... 15 

Table 5. List of Rivers around the BTNP........................................................................... 16 

Table 6. Watershed Characteristic around the BTNP....................................................... 17 

Table 7. Changes in forest and non-forest vegetation in BTNP........................................ 18 

Table 8. Land cover changes along the Gansal river (500 m buffer) in the 

period 2002-2006............................................................................................... 19 

Table 9. Size of open-land (non-forest) in desa Sanglap................................................. 21 

Table 10. Forest opening data for community agricultural activities at 

Tanah Datar village........................................................................................... 25 

Table 11. Size of land utilisation area at Pengabuan watershed....................................... 27 

Table 12. Population in the respective Main Interaction Villages 2006............................. 31 

Table 13. Average land owned per family at MIV Riau Province in 2002. ........................ 36 

Table 14. Agricultural Land Utilisation by families in MIV in Inhu District in 2006............. 37 

Table 15. Educational Facilities in MIV Inhu and Inhil district in 2006............................... 40 

Table 16. Health Facilities in MIV in Inhu and Inhil district in 2006 .................................. 41 

Table 17. The clarity of the BTNP boundary to the community in MIV in Jambi 

Province in 2006............................................................................................. 45 

Table 18. Sub-village and settlement within Desa Rantau Langsat located in BTNP...... 49 

Table 19. Population and number of families in each sub-village and pusat 

sub-village within the BTNP area in 2006......................................................... 50 

Table 20. Average land ownership per family at sub-village centre in BTNP area in 

2007.................................................................................................................. 52 

Table 21. Characteristic of the Culture of the Community in the Sub-village Centres in 

BTNP Area in 2007........................................................................................... 54 

Table 22. Educational Level of Head of Families in the Sub-Village Centre in the 

BTNP area in 2007........................................................................................... 55 

Table 23. List of primates in Bukit Tigapuluh National Parlk............................................. 61 

Table 24. List of mammals species (excluding Primates) found in the BTNP and its 

buffer zone........................................................................................................ 61 

Table 25. Threats to Orangutan in Indonesia.................................................................... 71 

Table 26. Recapitulation of Forest and Land Fires in 2008.............................................. 79 

v

Table 27. Data on the Poaching of the Sumatran Tiger in BTNP...................................... 82 

Table 28. Human-Sumatran Tiger Conflict around BTNP.................................................. 82 

Table 29. Several human-elephant conflicts in 2007........................................................ 83 

Table 30. Size of Rationalization Area from areas of former companies as proposed 

by KKI-Warsi..................................................................................................... 89 

vi

Figures 

Figure 1. Map of resort work area of the BTNP agency......................................................5 

Figure 2. Map of the proposed conservation plan for Bukit Tigapuluh based 

on the national conservation planning document for Indonesia by 

UNDP/FAO of 1982 ...........................................................................................6 

Figure 3. Zonation of the BTNP.........................................................................................8 

Figure 4. Topography map of the BTNP and surrounding area........................................13 

Figure 5. The hydrological map of the BTNP...................................................................15 

Figure 6. Forest cover change in the BTNP in the year 1996..........................................19 

Figure 7. Forest cover change in the BTNP in the year 2002...........................................20 

Figure 8. Forest cover change in the BTNP area in the year 2007...................................20 

Figure 9. Land cover changes along the Gangsal river (500 m buffer) in the 

period 2002-2006............................................................................................21 

Figure 10. Land cover analysis along the Gansal river in 2002 (500 meter buffer)..........22 

Figure 11. Land cover analysis along the Gansal river in 2006 (500 meter buffer)...........22 

Figure 12. Changes to the forest cover at Sanglap village which is included in 

the BTNP area in the period 1996-2007.........................................................23 

Figure 13. Opening of land in 2002 at Tanah Datar sub-village within Bukit 

Tigapuluh National Park.................................................................................24 

Figure 14. Opening of land in 2007 at Tanah Datar sub-village within Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park area..........................................................................................24 

Figure 15. Course of Riau spatial plan around BTNP; Source: Balai BTNP, 2008...........25 

Figure 16. Population at Main Interaction Villages in Riau and Jambi provinces 

in 2002 and 2006............................................................................................32 

Figure 17. Number of indigenous and non-indigenous families at Main Interaction 

Villages in Riau province in 2002...................................................................33 

Figure 18. Characteristic of population based on gender in Main Interaction 

Villages in Riau and Jambi provinces in 2006................................................34 

Figure 19. Characteristic of population based on age group at DIU in Riau province 

in 2002 and in Jambi province in 2006...........................................................34 

Figure 20. Percentage domination of the main source of the total income of families in 

MIV, Inhu district, Riau province, in 2006.......................................................35 

Figure 21. Percentage of the domination of total family main income source in MIV Jambi 

province in 2006.............................................................................................37 

Figure 22. Percentage domination of the source of side income of total families in 

MIV Jambi province in 2002 and 2006...........................................................38 

Figure 23. Average size of land owned by families in MIV in Jambi province in 2006......38 

vii

Figure 25. Average annual family income in MIV Jambi province in 2002 and 2006........40 

Figure 26. Percentage of social organisations in MIV in Jambi Province in 2006............42 

Figure 27. Formal education level of inhabitants in MIV in Jambi Province in 2006.........42 

Figure 28. Percentage of visits by the community in MIV, Jambi Province, 

to places for medical treatment in 2006...........................................................43 

Figure 29. Source of clean water for the community in MIV in Jambi Province................44 

Figure 30. Community knowledge in MIV in Jambi Province concerning the 

existence of the BTNP.....................................................................................45 

Figure 31. Characteristic of population based on gender in the centre of sub-villages (subvillage) 

in BTNP area in 2008..........................................................................50 

Figure 32. Population Characteristic based on age group in the sub-village centre in 

TNBT area in 2007..........................................................................................51 

Figure 33. Average annual family income, expenditure and savings in sub-village 

centre in BTNP area in 2007...........................................................................53 

Figure 34. Distribution of the Sumatran Tiger in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem area.....66 

Figure 35. Distribution of the Sumatran Elephant in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem.......69 

Figure 36. The Orangutan distributions in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem......................71 

Figure 37. Malayan Tapir distributions in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem........................73 

Figure 38. Hotspots within the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem in 2006..................................80 



Figure 41. Spatial Situation around Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.................................84 

viii

APPENDIX 

Appendix 1: Reference.....................................................................................................97 

Appendix 2: List of plants species in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park...............................101 

Appendix 3: List of traditional plants medicine used by local tribe of Talang Mamak 

in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.................................................................105 

Appendix 4: List of mushrooms used by local tribe of Talang Mamak in Bukit 

Tigapuluh National Park.............................................................................109 

Appendix 5: List of traditional plant medicine used by local tribe of Melayu Tua at 

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park....................................................................110 

Appendix 6: List of mammals in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and surrounding area...116 

Appendix 7: List of birds found in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park....................................119 

Appendix 8: List of birds found in rationalisation area of Bukit Tigapuluh National 

Park............................................................................................................123 

Appendix 9. List of fish found in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and surrounding 

areas...........................................................................................................132 

ix

ACRONYMS 

APL 

APP 

BMG 

CITES 

DAS 

DHE 

FZS 

HCVF 

HL 

HPH 

HPT 

HTI 

IBSAP 

IFA 

INHI 

INHU 

IUCN 

IUPHHK 

IUPHHK-HT 

KKI-WARSI 

LANDSAT TM 

LIPI 

MENHUT 

NORINDRA 

PHKA 

PKHS 

RAPP 

RAU 

RePPPROT 

RTRW 

SDA 

SK 

SPTN 

SWS 

: Area for other purposes (non forestry area) 

: Asian Pulp and Paper 

: Meteorology and Geophysics Agency 

: Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Fauna 

and Flora 

: Watershed Area 

: Dalek Hutani Esa 

: Frankfurt Zoological Society 

: High Conservation Value Forest 

: Protected Forest 

: Forest Logging Concession 

: Limited Production Forest 

: Industrial Forest Plantation 

: Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 

: Indonesie Forest et Asiatique 

: Indragiri Hilir 

: Indragiri Hulu 

: International Union for Conservation of Nature 

: Timber Forest Product Utilisation Licence 

: Timber Forest Product Utilisation Licence-Plantation 

: Komunitas Konservasi Indonesia WARSI 

: Land Satellite Thematic Mapper 

: Indonesian Science Institute 

: Ministry of Forestry 

: Norwegian Indonesian for Resources Management Project 

: Forest Protection and Nature Conservation 

: Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program 

: Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper 

: Regunas Agri Utama 

: Regional Planning Program for Transmigration 

: Landuse Planning 

: Natural Resources 

: Letter of Decree 

: National Park Management Section 

: Seberida Wana Sejahtera 

x

TANJABAR 

TGHK 

BTNP 

UPT 

WKS 

WPU 

WWF 

ZSL 

: Tanjung Jabung Barat 

: Tata Guna Hutan Kesapakatan/Forest Used Agreement 

: Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

: Technical Executing Unit 

: Wira Karya Sakti 

: Wildlife Protection Unit 

: World Wildlife Fund 

: Zoological Society of London 

xi

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF 

BUKIT TIGAPULUH NATIONAL PARK 

1

1. General Description of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BUKIT TIGAPULUH 

NATIONAL PARK 

1.1. Area Profile and Management 

The Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTNP) is a nature conservation area which is situated 

between 0 o 40’ – 1 o 25’ South Latitude and 102 o 30’ – 102 o 50’ East Longitude with an area 

of 144,223 ha. This area is administratively located in two provinces, namely in the districts 

of Indragiri Hulu and Indragiri Hilir in Riau province and the districts of Tanjung Jabung 

Barat and Tebo (Sinaga, 1999) in Jambi province. More than 77% of its area is in Riau 

province (Table 1). The total length of the BTNP boundary is approximately 330.76 km of 

which approximately 197.0 km is within Riau province and approximately 83 km in Jambi 

province (Balai BTNP, 2007; KKI-WARSI, 2007). BTNP is the first conservation area that 

was designated by changing the land use function of the active Forest Concession License 

(HPH) and protection forest area, which therefore accounted for the lengthy process of 

discussions in the process of its establishment and especially in determining the size of the 

area (KKI – WARSI, 2007). 

Table 1. Distribution of the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park area in terms of 

districts in the provinces of Riau and Jambi. 

Province District Size (Ha) Proportion (%) 

RIAU 

JAMBI 

Indragiri Hulu (Inhu) 81.223 58.4 

Indragiri Hilir (Inhi) 30.000 20.8 

Tebo 23.000 15.9 

Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjabar) 10.000 6.9 

Source: Balai BTNP, 2007. 

The objective of designating the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park is to protect the ecological 

process which supports life, preserves the flora and fauna and the existing ecosystem in 

the national park area and supports the development of science, education, research, 

cultivation and tourism in order to utilise natural resources in a sustainable manner (Sinaga 

1999). As a whole, the borders of BTNP are as follows: 

1. North (Riau) : adjacent to several villages, namely : Rantau Langsat, Sungai Akar, 

Talang Langkat, Siambul and Usul Villages. 

2. East (Riau-Jambi) : adjacent to production forest and several villages, namely: 

Keritang, Batu Ampar, Selensen, Suban, Labuhan Dagang, Merlung and Kampung 

Baru Villages. 

3. South (Jambi) : adjacent to production forest and several villages, namely: Kemayuhan, 

Sipang, Alim, Batu Papan, Punti Anai, Aur Cina and Pejangki. 

The national park is not bounded by local administrative boundaries and it is under the 

management authority of the Ministry of Forestry through the Directorate General for 

Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) with the National Park Agency as the 

Technical Implementation Unit (TIU) on the local level. The BTNP was established as the 

Technical Implementation Unit (TIU) of the Ministry of Forestry in 1997 with full authority and 

responsibility for the protection and management of the BTNP area. In performing this task, 

the BTNP agency has a Vision and Mission for management as described in the Strategic 

3

Resource Base Inventory: 


Management Plan (Renstra) as a broad outline of the course for the management of BTNP, 

namely “To secure the natural resources and ecosystem of the BTNP, which is managed 

in a stable manner and utilised sustainably with strong institutional and partnership support 

(Balai BTNP, 2007). It has been outlined in the Strategic Management Plan of BTNP that 

to achieve this vision the mission that will be carried out is as follows: 

1. Promote the effective management of the BTNP. 

2. Promote the preservation of plant and wildlife species and their ecosystem in the 

BTNP. 

3. Promote the protection of forests, the mitigation of forest fires and law enforcement. 

4. Promote the utilisation of tourist resorts, natural tourist attractions and develop nature 

lovers groups for communities the BTNP area. 

5. Promote the utilisation of wild plants in the BTNP area. 

6. Promote the quality and quantity of human resources, facilities and infrastructure. 

7. Promote the participation of the community and parties concerned in partnership 

management of the BTNP. 

For the sake of management, the BTNP agency is divided into 2 (two) National Park 

Management Sections (NPMS) namely NPMS Region I Jambi and NPMS Region II 

Seberida with six resorts as the smallest management unit area, namely Siambul, Talang 

Lakat, Lahai, Keritang, Suo-Suo, and Lubuk Mandarsah resorts (Balai BTNP, 2007; Figure 

1, Table 2). 

1.2. History of the Establishment of the BTNP 

The Bukit Tigapuluh National Park was officially established in 1995 through a decree of the 

Minister of Forestry and was a combination of Protection Forests (PF) in the provinces of 

Riau and Jambi and the conversion of a part of the Limited Production Forests (LPF) in Riau 

(Minister of Forestry’s Decree No. 539/Kpts-II/1995). The designation and enactment of 

the BTNP area to become a national park was actually made after the following process: 

• It started with the National Conservation Plan in 1982 which recognized the importance 

and the high value of the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem area. In this plan, it was proposed 

that the Bukit Tigapuluh area would become the Bukit Besar Wildlife Sanctuary (200.000 

Ha) and the Seberida Nature Sanctuary (120.000 Ha; Figure 2). 

Tabel 2. Size and border length of the BTNP based on resort area management 

Section Resort Size (Ha) Border Length (Km) 

Lubuk madrasah 14.168 64 

I Suo-suo 18.832 57 

Total 33.000 121 

Lahai 34.365 46 

Siambul 38.417 38 

II Talang Lakat 12.370 28 

Keritang 26.071 35 

Total 111.223 147 

Source: Balai BTNP, 2008 

4


Figure 1. Map of resort work area of the BTNP agency 

• In the same year, based on the Forest Land Use Consensus Plan (TGHK), this area 

was enacted as a 70,250 hectare protection area in the provinces of Riau and Jambi. 

This size was much smaller than that in the national conservation plan. 

• In 1988, the Ministry of Transmigration, using the Regional Planning Program for 

Transmigration (RePPPROT) as an instrument, classified the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem 

as a 250,000 hectare protection area. 

• In a letter from the Minister of Forestry, Ref. No. 1289/Menhut-IV/94, addressed to 

World Bank, it was stated that there was a plan to sanction Bukit Tigapuluh to become 

a National Park with an area of 250,000 hectares (almost in accordance with the 1988 

RePPProt recommendation). 

• A team of researchers from Norway and Indonesia under NORINDRA (Norwegian 

Indonesian for Resources Management Project) recommended the area to become a 

National Park with an area of 250,000 hectares. 

• In 1995, this area was designated as a national park based on the Minister of Forestry’s 

decree No. 539/Kpts-II/1995 dated 5 October 1995 with an area of 127,698 Ha consisting 

of 94,698 ha from the conversion of the Haposipin protection forest (HL) and the Luas 

Limited Production Forest (HPT) in Riau province and 33,000 ha from the Sengkati 

Batanghari protection forest (HL) in Jambi province. 

• The status of the area as a national park was further strengthened by a decree of the 

Minister of Forestry No. 6407/Kpts-II/2002 dated 21 June 2002 with an “entire perimeter 

connected” (“temu gelang”) size of 144,223 ha. 

5



1.3. Basis for Area Protection 

Three main aspects form the basis for the protection of the Bukit Tigapuluh area, namely the 

physical and biological aspects of the area and the socio-cultural aspect of the community 

(BBTNP, 2007). 

The physical condition (topography) of BTNP and the surrounding area is generally steep 

with an average slope of above 40% (18 o ). This area is also the water catchment area of 

4 (four) main watershed areas, namely the Batanghari and Pengabuan watershed areas 

in Jambi province and the Reteh and Indragiri watershed areas in Riau province (Basuni, 

et.al., 1995). This area was recommended to remain as a forest area/protection area 

in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 32 of 1990 concerning the management of 

protection areas (KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

The BTNP area represents a lowland tropical rainforest ecosystem of an extraordinary 

value and conservation function with a high rate of biological diversity and the source of 

potential germ plasm (Haryono, 2006). This ecosystem is capable of providing sustainable 

environmental services such as water, clean air and natural beauty (BBTNP, 2007). This 

area is also an integrated ecosystem with the surrounding area which becomes the habitat 

of flora and important wildlife species that are endemic in Sumatra including wildlife species 

that are threatened by extinction in Sumatra such as the Sumatran tiger, the Sumatran 

elephant, the Sumatran orangutan and the Tapir (BBTNP, 2007). These wildlife species 

play a very important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. 

The BTNP area is also the home and source of livelihood of three traditional community 

groups, namely the Talang Mamak, Melayu Tua and Anak Dalam ethnic groups that for 

Figure 2. Map of the proposed conservation plan for Bukit Tigapuluh based 

on the national conservation planning document for Indonesia by UNDP/ 

FAO of 1982 

6


generations have interacted and lived within the national park (BBTNP, 2007). In addition 

to the utilisation by the traditional communities, the BTNP and the surrounding forest 

areas are also utilised by communities around the BTNP especially for Non Timber Forest 

Products (NTFP) such as jernang, raton, honey, petai, medicinal plants and other NTFPs 

(KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

1.4. Zonation within the BTNP 

The objective of dividing the national park into zones is to regulate the area in accordance 

with the interest of its management and utilisation (PHKA, 2002). The zonation of the 

BTNP according to its criteria is based on the Decision of the Director General for the 

Protection and Conservation of Nature No. 17/Kpts/12J-V/2001 (Figure. 3), which divides 

the park into 5 zones and an enclave area 1 (Table 3). Through the division of zones it is 

known that around 82% of the BTNP forest area belongs to the core zone and the forest 

zone which are important zones to be protected in their original condition. 

The demarcation of the BTNP area boundary was done by the Pekanbaru and Jambi 

Sub Agency for the Inventarisation and Mapping of Forests (Sub Balai Inventarisasi and 

Perpetaan Hutan) in 1995 and 1996. The boundary of this national park is the boundary 

of the Haposipin protection area and that of the Sengkati Batanghari protection forest area 

which have made an entire round at the provincial boundary. As a result of the boundary 

demarcation it is known that the length of the BTNP boundary is 330.67 km and the size 

of the area after the boundary demarcation becomes 143,143 ha. The enactment of the 

zonation of BTNP was awaiting the resubmission of the proposal after it was ascertained 

on 21 June 2002 that the BTNP had a size of 144,223 ha. The existing extent of zonation 

is no longer relevant to the situation in the field and the current total area. 

It is still not possible to carry out the enclave plan for Desa Sanglap because there is no 

agreement with the community concerning the village boundary and no clarity about the 

Table 3. Zonation in the Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park 

Work Area 

Proposed 

Size (Ha) 

Definitive 

Remarks 

Core Zone 72.503 60.000 The potential enclave 

Forest Zone 48.900 45.958 

area is 

Desa Sanglap 

Intensive Utilisation Zone 2.300 2.300 

located (southwest) 

Traditional Utilisation Zone 9.690 9.690 within the BTNP 

Rehabilitation Zone 8.700 8.700 

area. 

Enclave*area 1.050 1.050 

TOTAL 143.143** 127.698*** 

Notes: 

*) The size of the enclave area has not been endorsed with a decree of the Director General 

for Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA) 

**) The size after an entire round is in accordance with boundary demarcation 

***) The decree of the Director General of PKA No. 17/Kpts/DJ-V/2001 dated 6 February 2001 

is in accordance with the BTNP designation decree of 1995. 

1 Enclave: an area within a conservation area that has been excluded from the conservation 

area to limit and accommodate the activities/interests of the community within the area which is still 

a part of the overall management of the area. 

7



Figure 3. Zonation of the BTNP 

Source: Balai BTNP 

BTNP boundary. In the proposal for the rationalisation of the BTNP and the management 

policy of the BTNP agency (BBTNP), there is a tendency to exclude this village from the 

BTNP area. 

There are no physical marks of boundaries between zones within the area in the field. In 

several parts, for example the traditional utilisation zone 2 , the zone boundary is no longer 

relevant to the situation and condition in the field (BBTNP, 2006). The result of a field survey 

conducted by a team from the BTNP agency indicates that shifting cultivation practices by 

the community within the area has expanded beyond the designated zone (BBTNP 2006). 

Meanwhile, the road used by the former forest concessionaire (HPH) in the area which is a 

part of the rehabilitation zone has been covered with vegetation and is no longer a cleared 

area. The BTNP agency continues to monitor the condition of zonation to find out about the 

land cover and land use condition and the potential of the area relating to the redesigning 

of the existing zones. 

1.5. Traditional Community 

The traditional community living within the area belong to the Talang Mamak, Melayu Tua 

and Anak Dalam (Rimba) ethnic groups. In 2004, there were eight Talang Mamak and 

Melayu Tua traditional community settlement villages/centres occupied by approximately 

345 families within the area in Riau province. Meanwhile, the Anak Dalam ethnic group 

2 Area/zone that can be utilized by the indigenous communities who are permanent 

residents in BTNP area to support their livelihood on condition that they use traditional methods 

(without machinery). 

8


always shift from place to place in groups. The activities of the traditional community living 

within the BTNP area include : 

• the construction of housing facilities using materials from the BTNP for their own use; 

• the clearing of land for hard crops like rubber, nutmeg and crops of the same season 

like rice, corn, etc. using the slash and burn and the shifting planting pattern; 

• the collection of forest products such as rattan, jernang, damar resin, jelutung, honey, 

pandanus, bamboo etc. for trade; and 

• the hunting of wildlife by using traditional weapons. 

• In general the concentration of settlement and agricultural fields are located along the 

river. However, some are also found on the peaks of mountains and on slopes. 

9

OBSERVATION OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITION 

AND THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE AREA 

11

2. Observation of The Physical Condition and The Ecosystem of The Area 

2. OBSERVATION OF THE PHYSICAL CONDITION AND 

THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE AREA 

2.1. Topography and Morphology of the Area 

The topography of the BTNP area is generally steep mountain area (Table 4; Figure 4) with 

an altitude of ranging from 60 meters to 843 meters above sea level. Geographically, the 

topography of this area can be divided into three parts (Wahyunto, 1990 dalam Basuni. 

et.al, 1997), namely : 

a. Mountains with rather steep to very steep slopes (25 – 75 %) 

b. Mountains with very steep slopes (>75 %) 

c. Flat land between mountains and small hills (>16 %) 

Figure 4. Topography map of the BTNP and surrounding area: Source: 

BTNP Agency 

Source: Balai BTNP 

According to a topography map from the Directorate of Topography of the Indonesian Army 

of 1992, the BTNP is divided into 3 types of slopes namely, (KKI-WARSI, 2007): 

a. Very Steep Slope (> 40 %) 

This type of slope dominates the entire Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. This land system 

includes the Bukit Pandan (BPD) and Telawi (TWI) land systems of >300 m asl and form 

the very steep, lengthy and mountainous spine. This mountainous group stretches till 

the outer side of the BTNP and includes a part of its buffer area. 

13



b. Steep Slope (26 – 40 %) 

This type includes the Batang Anai (BGA) and Air Hitam systems which have an 

altitude of 51 – 300 m asl and form the long and very steep mountain spine, formed of 

metamorphic rock with mountainous topography. This type of mountain is found in the 

BTNP area from Riau province to the borders of Jambi province. 

c. Slight Slope (16 – 25 %) 

This type of slope covers a small part of the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. This slope type 

includes the Sungai Aur land system (SAR). This land system is in a sedimentary area 

with small mountains 15 – 50 m asl. Most of this land system lies outside the BTNP. 

Only a small portion is within the BTNP, namely the Sanglap Valley. 

2.2. Hydrology Area 

Generally the BTNP influences several Watershed 3 and Sub-Watershed 4 areas namely: 

1. The Indragiri watershed which is divided in the sub-watersheds of Cenaku, Indragiri 

Hilir, Peranap, Umbilin, and Sinamar. 

2. The Reteh watershed which is divided in the sub-watersheds of Gansal Hulu and Reteh 

Hulu. 

3. The Pengabuan watershed which is divided in the sub-watershed of Tungkal, 

4. The Batang Hari watershed which is divided into the sub-watersheds of Tebo, Tembesi, 

Batanghari Hulu, Batanghari Hilir, Meragin and Tabir 

The main rivers in Riau are the Gansal and the Cinaku Rivers while those in Jambi are the 

Rivers Tungkal and Sumai (Table 5; Figure 5). 

All watershed areas in the BTNP and the surrounding (Table 6) areas are very much 

affected by the condition of the existing forest land cover. Water supply for communities 

in 4 districts (Tebo, Tanjabar, Indragiri Hulu and Hilir) will be disturbed if the forest area 

in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem is converted for other non-forestry uses. Therefore, 

development around the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem must pay attention to the balance of 

the existing water use system. The value of the economic loss caused by forest destruction 

to the hydrological condition especially in the BTNP area has never been assessed in 

detail. This needs to be done immediately and socialized especially on the policy making 

level so that every new policy issued by the government will always take into consideration 

the hydrological conservation aspect along the watershed area. 

At the moment the latest condition of most watershed areas has not been known in detail. 

However, some data have indicated that the watershed areas around the BTNP area have 

experienced significant changes in their function to maintain a balance in the water use 

system with an increase in the flow rate and the size of the critical land in the upper and 

lower courses of the main rivers of these watershed areas (BPDAS Indragiri Rokan, 2007). 

According to Maryono (2005) the damage to the carrying capacity of watershed areas is 

3 Watershed is a certain land area which forms a single unit with a river and its tributaries 

that function to contain, retain and flow water originating from rainfall to the lake or river in a natural 

manner, wherein the land boundary is the topographic separator and the sea boundary reaches the 

waters that are still affected by land activities (UU No. 7 of 2004). 

4 Sub-Watershed is a part of the Watershed that receives rain water and flows it through the 

tributaries to the main river. Each watershed is divided into Sub-Watersheds (Permenhut No. 26 

Year 2006). 

14


Table 4. Mountains in the BTNP 

No Mountain Altitude (m asl) Province 

1 Rapat 290 Riau 

2 Tebat 377 Riau 

3 Sangkar Puyuh 590 Riau 

4 Pendam 321 Riau 

5 Benuang 495 Riau 

6 Tigapuluh 414 Riau 

7 Kaput 618 Riau 

8 Hulu Sipin 843 Riau 

9 Cangga Embun 722 Riau 

10 Puputan Keling 520 Riau 

11 Lancang 425 Riau 

12 Pintu Tujuh 396 Riau 

13 Rinting 709 Jambi 

14 Hulu Ketalo 481 Jambi 

15 Janjang Kambing 497 Jambi 

16 Gunung Tiga Jerai 763 Jambi 

17 Lalang 536 Jambi 

Figure 5. The hydrological map of the BTNP 

15



the dominant factor for the cause of drought and floods. The low water carrying capacity 

of watershed areas can be noticed by observing the diminishing of forest areas around the 

watershed areas, the abandonment of agricultural land, the expansion of settlements and 

physical infrastructure and the increase of critical land. 

Based on the analysis of the 1989 – 2007 satellite imagery maps, the Pengabuan watershed 

area (size: 402,235.3 hectares), whose landscape could be divided into a lower course 

area (swamp and peat), a central area (flat dry area) and an upper course area (mountain 

area), it was found the land use had changed drastically especially from nature forest and 

secondary forest to plantations or forest crops (Maryono, 2008). 

The size of the nature forest and the secondary forest in the Pengabuan watershed area 

was estimated to be 41.41% in 1989 and only 15.72% was left in 2007. Based on this 

decline, it was estimated that the destruction of forests had occurred at the rate of 52.82 

km 2 per year. It was further mentioned that the flow rate of the water had increased by 

11.62% to 2988.30 m 3 /second in 2007 compared to the condition in 1989 (2677.20 m 3 / 

second). If the tendency of the conversion of natural forests remains high, it is predicted 

that the peak of the flow rate in the sub-watershed of the upper course area of (Merlung 

Table 5. List of Rivers around the BTNP 

No River Length (meter) Province 

1 Gangsal 40.405 Riau & Jambi 

2 Akar 8.915 Riau 

3 Tualang N/A Riau 

4 Niul N/A Riau 

5 Bomban 6.952 Riau 

6 Pekon N/A Riau 

7 Nunusan 8.011 Riau 

8 Nibul N/A Riau 

9 Antan 7.337 Riau 

10 Cinaku N/A Riau 

11 Pejangki N/A Riau 

12 Alim 5.699 Riau 

13 Saelok 4.512 Riau 

14 Peketi N/A Riau 

15 Lebung N/A Riau 

16 Melonai 18.227 Riau 

17 Pancur 10.428 Riau 

18 Lemang 15.226 Riau 

19 Pekukuran N/A Riau 

20 Reteh 21.974 Jambi 

21 Ginal N/A Jambi 

22 Empating N/A Jambi 

23 Ketalo 6.747 Jambi 

24 Manggatal 6.283 Jambi 

25 Pasungean N/A Jambi 

Note : N/A = Data not available 

16


subdistrict area) would reach 2,.991.30 m 3 /second in 2010 or 3,148.50 m 3 /second in 2015 

(Maryono, 2008). Such a high flow rate would be susceptible to floods, especially in the 

watershed catchment area. 

2.3. Climate 

Based on the 1991-1992 climate data obtained from the Rengat Riau Meteorology and 

Geophysics (BMG) monitoring station, the climate in the BTNP, according to Koppen, 

belongs to the wet climate type (AF) having the characteristics of tropical climate, average 

temperature in the coldest month being above 18 o C, hot all the year round and wet all the year 

round, with a monthly rainfall of above 60 mm. Meanwhile, according to the classification 

by Schmith-Ferguson, it belongs to the A climate type, having the characteristics of high 

rainfall (very wet), and tropical rainforest vegetation (Hernidiah, 1999). The average annual 

rainfall is 2,577 mm/year, the highest being in October (347 mm) and the lowest in July (83 

mm) with a relative humidity of between 50% and 90%. The weather in the BTNP is cool 

with a maximum monthly temperature of 33°C in the month of August and a minimum 

temperature of 20.8°C in the month of January. 

Table 6. Watershed Characteristic around the BTNP 

Watershed 

Pengabuan 

Size (Ha) 

402.235,5 

(Bagian hulu: 

151.489,1 Ha) 

Sub 

Watershed 

9 

Name 

S. Pengabuan/ 

S. Tungkal 

Main River 

Length 

(Km) 

Flow rate 

th 

(m 3 /sec) 

182 2988,30 

Batanghari 5.917.800 Ha 6 S. Batanghari 500 2140 

Indragiri 

1.804.482 Ha 

(Bagian Hulu: 

190.411 Ha) 

5 S. Indragiri 350 377,86 

Reteh 525.035 Ha 2 S. Gansal 70,5 255,45 

Source: BPDAS Indragiri -Rokan, 2007; Maryono, 2008. BPDAS Batang Hari, 2007. 

2.4. Land Cover 

2.4.1. Within the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

Physiographically, the BTNP ecosystem is unique as it occupies a hilly area that is quite 

steep in the midst of the flat land on the east of Sumatra which is completely separate from 

the Bukit Barisan mountain cluster. Generally, based on the difference in the structure of 

the stand, its type composition and physiognomy, the BTNP ecosystem consists of four 

kinds of ecosystem, namely (Basuni, et.al, 1997): 

a. Primary Nature Forests (Hutan alam primer): tropical rain forests that are still in their 

natural condition undisturbed by logging. The dominant type in this sub-ecosystem 

generally originates from the Dipterocarpaceae family such as Meranti (Shorea sp.) 

including Shorea abovoidae and Shorea accuminate. 

17



b. Cut-Over Nature Forest (Hutan alam bekas tebangan): logged forest area. In the subecosystem 

this is dominated by types originating from the Euphorbiaceace family such 

as Elatriospermum tapos and Baccaurea rasemosa. 

c. Underbrush (Semak belukar): area cleared for agriculture and left behind for agriculture 

in the nest period. This sub-ecosystem is generally dominated by the pioneer types 

such as Maccaranga gigantea and Maccaranga triloba. 

d. Rubber plantation (Kebun karet): area used by the community in the area for planting 

mainly rubber (Havea brasiliensis) that grows with other forest plants. 

2.4.1.1. Forest Vegetation Changes within the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

The analysis of the 1996 – 2007 satellite imagery map indicates that almost the whole 

of the BTNP territory consists of forests except for areas occupied by the concentration 

of settlements of traditional groups along the Gansal River 5 and Desa Sanglap 6 (Figure 

6). The size of forest vegetation within the BTNP area declined by approximately 6,603 

hectares from 137,620.03 hectares in 1996 to 141,976.19 hectares in 2007. In other 

words, the forest damage rate is 396 hectares per year, which is caused mostly by shifting 

cultivation practices (Table 7). 

Table 7. Changes in forest and non-forest vegetation in BTNP 

Year Forest (Ha) No-Forest (Ha) 

1996 141.976,19 2246,81 

2002 138.692,33 5530,67 

2006 137.886,22 6336,78 

2.4.1.2. Land Cover Changes in Settlement Concentration Areas within the Area 

Land cover along the Gangsal River 

The result of a land cover change analysis in the area along the Gansal River (500 m buffer; 

Figures 9,10,11), using the Geographic Information System indicates that there has been 

a significant clearance of forest land which might have been caused by shifting cultivation 

activities of the local community (Table 8). 

Based on the above table and Figure it is obvious that in the four year period (2002 – 2006) 

there was a change of approximately 17.6% in the forest land cover to open land and 

underbrush. It is also known that during this period the size of the open land had increased 

by approximately 52% which was probably caused by an increase in land opening activities 

by the community. A satellite imagery map analysis revealed that a large part of the area 

cleared in 2006 was land cover consisting of natural forest stand or thin or dense secondary 

forests. 

5 The main river cutting through the BTNP at the traditional community settlement and 

agriculture areas 

6 Desa Sanglap is the only definite village within BTNP where the community agriculture is 

more intensive. 

18


Table 8. Land cover changes along the Gansal river (500 m buffer) in the 

period 2002-2006 

Landcover Class 

Size (Ha) 

2002 2006 

Average per year 

(Ha) 

Total Change (%) 

Lahan Terbuka 168,86 256,54 21,92 51,9 

Belukar Jarang 646,02 817,23 42,8 26,5 

Belukar Sedang 971,46 1.213,42 60,49 24,9 

Belukar Rapat 408,70 448,60 9,98 9,8 

Hutan 3.079,95 2.539,20 (-) 135,19 17,6 

Total 5.274,99 5.274,99 

Although the land opening along the Gangsal River was not as fast as the rate of land 

clearance in the BTNP buffer zone, the empowerment of the local community must be 

done immediately. This is to anticipate further land opening activities on an ongoing basis. 

If the opening of forest areas goes on at the same rate as that of 2002-2006, then in 10 

years time the BTNP area will lose approximately 1300 Ha of forest areas. Therefore, 

activities must be started immediately to guide the community in agricultural intensification 

and promote family planning to control the population growth. 

The Desa Sanglap Enclave Area 

The Desa Sanglap enclave is found in the northern part of BTNP. In this area, it was 

found that the agricultural activities of the community in a ten year period (1996 – 2007) 

Figure 6. Forest cover change in the BTNP in the year 1996 

19



Figure 7. Forest cover change in the BTNP in the year 2002 

Figure 8. Forest cover change in the BTNP area in the year 2007 

20


Figure 9. Land cover changes along the Gangsal river (500 m buffer) in the 

period 2002-2006 

had increased by approximately 599.55 ha (60 Ha/year, Table 9; Figure 12). It is predicted 

that the opening of land for agriculture will continue to increase due to the easy access 

to this village. According to KKI-WARSI the land opening in Desa Sanglap will probably 

not go too far into the BTNP area because of the steep slope topography of the area. 

Although this statement may be true, it is still necessary to monitor land opening activities 

at Desa Sanglap enclave area especially in the northern and eastern areas where there is 

a significant tendency to open land (Figure 12). Land opening still goes on as there is no 

set course and conservation-based management program to manage the Desa Sanglap 

enclave area. It is hoped that the future management of the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem will 

be able to set the course for the management of Desa Sanglap. 

Tanah Datar Sub-village Settlement Area 

Tanah Datar sub-village is an area that has risen from Tua Datai sub-village (Datai subvillage), 

in the upper course of the Gansal River more precisely in the Melanai River 

(Figure 13). From mid-1990 to early 2000, Tanah Datar sub-village was the Talang Mamak 

Table 9. Size of open-land (non-forest) in desa Sanglap 

Periode 

Sizes of Community Land 

(Ha) 

September 1996 1.503.17 

Agustus 2002 1.857.16 

Oktober 2006 2.078.48 

Remarks 

Desa Sanglap was established 

in 2006 with a size of 18,000 ha 

(Muhammad, 2007) 

Mei 2007 2.102.72 

21



Figure 10. Land cover analysis along the Gansal river in 2002 (500 meter 

buffer) 

Figure 11. Land cover analysis along the Gansal river in 2006 (500 meter 

buffer) 

22


traditional community settlement concentration area. This traditional community generally 

lived along the HPH road towards the camps of PT SWS and PT. DHE. The Tanah Datar 

sub-village community used this HPH road as an access road to Jambi and Riau areas. 

However, after the HPH stopped its activity and the HPH road was cut off in 2000, several 

residents of Sub-village Tanah Datar started moving to areas around the Gansal River, 

especially Datai sub-village. According to records in 2008 only 8 families were staying at 

Tanah Datai sub-village. 

The size of the community agricultural land in Tanah Datar sub-village was 1,800 ha until 

2007. This was an increase of approximately 357 ha (24%) compared to 2002 (Table 10). 

This increase over a five-year period (2002-2007) could be considered to be relatively 

small. Nevertheless, the empowerment of the indigenous community within the National 

Park need to be done soon to minimize the forest opening rate. 

There was no clear description of the community empowerment program for Tanah Datar 

sub-village area in the Integrated Natural Resource Management Action Plan and Strategy 

for the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park. Hence, there is no optimum allocation for conservation 

management in Tanah Datar sub-village area. 

2.4.2. Around BTNP Area 

The land cover condition in areas around BTNP or in the buffer zone of BTNP is observed 

by dividing the areas into four district areas as follows: 

2.4.2.1. Inhu District Area 

Based on the analysis of the Alos imagery of 2007, it was known that the former HPH areas 

around BTNP had experienced a rapid decline in forest land cover. This was because 

the former HPH areas were pressured by illegal logging activities allegedly done by the 

Figure 12. Changes to the forest cover at Sanglap village which is included 

in the BTNP area in the period 1996-2007 

1996 2002 

2006 2007 

23




Tigapuluh National Park 


Tigapuluh National Park area 

24


Table 10. Forest opening data for community agricultural activities at 

Tanah Datar village 

Year 

Size of Field (ha) 

2002 1461,63 

2007 1818,20 

Figure 15. Course of Riau spatial plan around BTNP; Source: Balai BTNP, 

2008 

community (KKI-WARSI, 2006). According to the Riau Provincial Spatial Plan Draft 

(Figure 15), the areas adjacent to BTNP, especially within a distance of 500 to 1000 meters 

from the outermost boundary of BTNP, will be designated as the buffer zone of BTNP for 

protection. 

However, a part of the area has been cleared for plantations by the local community and 

non-indigenous settlers, especially in former HPH areas and along the ,routes formerly 

used for logging. Based on an analysis of the satellite imagery of 2006, the cleared 

land around BTNP was wider compared to the size in 2005. The cleared land area for 

plantations in 2007 was 1,294 ha and this would continue to increase (KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

2.4.2.2. Inhil District Area 

Administratively, the BTNP area is located in the subdistrict of Kemuning, covering three 

main villages, namely Desa Keritang, Desa Batu Ampar and Desa Selensen. This area 

around BTNP belongs to the Limited Production Forest area. Since 31 January 1997, 

this area was included in the operation area of PT. Siberida Wana Sejahtera (SWS) which 

stopped operating in 2002 (KKI-WARSI, 2007). After PT. SWS stopped its activity in this 

area, the area was under the control of several groups from the local community and 

25



non-indigenous settlers. A part of the area, especially along the cut-over forest area, 

was cleared for plantations. Other cut-over areas were covered by underbrush (belukar 

bekas sisa penebangan). (KKI-WARSI, 2007). Field conditions indicate that the land 

opening by community groups has reached the BTNP boundary (BBTNP, 2008). Intensive 

management is needed to stop the land opening to the inner part of BTNP. At the end of 

the concession period, the concession holder (HPH), PT. SWS returned the concession 

land to the government. The government then auctioned the former HPH area, which 

was awarded to PT. Mapala Rafda (RAPP Group) for the development of industrial forests 

(Syaf, 2008). 

2.4.2.3. Tebo District Area 

According to an analysis of the satellite imagery of 2006, the area around BTNP in Tebo 

district is relatively forested (KKI-WARSI 2007). A large part of this area were former 

concession areas of HPH PT. Dalek Hutani Esa (PT. DHE) and PT. Indonesie et Forest 

Asiatique (PT. IFA) with very steep slopes (> 40%). In 2007 and 2008, 12,000 hectares of 

the former concession area of PT. DHE were approved by the Bupati of Tebo to become a 

part of the rationalization of BTNP. This is very positive in supporting the conservation of 

BTNP and the surrounding area. However various forms of threats to destroy the habitat 

are still ongoing. The most disturbing threat at the moment is the opening of a road cutting 

through the former forest concession area of PT. IFA and PT. DHE. This road opening was 

done for the construction of a corridor of APP (Asia Pulp and Paper; Sinar Mas Company 

Group) of which 96.2 km have been completed with a width of approximately 40 m 

(Investigation Report of 5 NGO, 2007). In addition to that several areas have also been 

cleared by the community for oil palm plantations and there is a plan for a 10,000 hectare 

plasma plantation by PT. ISA at the former concession area of PT. IFA at Desa Semambu 

and Muaro Sekalo (SPTN Wilayah I, 2008). 

2.4.2.4. Tanjung Jabung Barat District Area 

The land cover in potential rationalisation areas are generally of the secondary forest area 

type. According to the interpretation of the 2006 satellite imagery, a large part of the area 

around BTNP is forested area except in several spots where approximately 828 hectares of 

land have been cleared due to the opening of an access road by PT. Wana Teladan. There 

is potential for a large scale land opening (18.000 ha) for Industrial Forests (HTI) by PT. 

Wira Karya Sakti in the former HPH area of Hatma Hutani (KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

Change to the land cover in Tanjabar is clearly visible at the Pangabuan watershed area. 

The widest land utilisation in the Pangabuan watershed in 2007 was for the Acacia Forest 

(25.16%) followed by land utilisation for plantations (17.67%; Maryono, 2008). The decline 

in the dense secondary forest cover in the period 1989 to 2007 is estimated to be almost 

57,000 hectares (Table 11). 

26


Table 11. Size of land utilisation area at Pengabuan watershed. 

No 

Land Utilisation 

Size of Area (Ha) 

1989 2007 

1 Young Acacia Forest 0 2.294 

2 Medium age Acacia Forest 51 8.835 

3 Old Acacia Forest 5.553 473 

4 Steep Hilly Natural Forest 10.118 10.148 

5 Low Density Lowland Secondary Forest 0 0 

6 Medium Density Lowland Secondary Forest 5.807 280 

7 High Density Lowland Secondary Forest 56.758 0 

8 Hilly Secondary Forest 25.199 22.277 

9 Mixed Plantation 45.311 25.575 

10 Open Land 2.215 12.073 

11 Plantation 0 56.914 

12 Settlement 0 0 

13 Rice Field 0 0 

14 Rice field mixed with hard crops 0 0 

15 Underbrush 0 12.142 

16 Water Body 478 478 

Total 151.490 151.490 

Source: Maryono, 2008 

27

COMMUNITY PROFILE AT 

MAIN INTERACTION VILLAGE 

IN BUKIT TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM, 

RIAU AND JAMBI PROVINCES 

29

3. Community Profile at Main Interaction Village in 

Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem, Riau and Jambi Provinces 

3. COMMUNITY PROFILE AT MAIN INTERACTION 

VILLAGE IN BUKIT TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM, RIAU 

AND JAMBI PROVINCES 

3.1 Demography 

3.1.1 Population and Growth 

In 2006, the population at the Main Interaction Villages (MIV) in Riau and Jambi provinces 

was 44,388 individuals (Table 12). The inhabitants were scattered in 4 districts, 7 subdistricts 

and 22 villages. 1 desa (village) and 5 sub-village (remote villages) among the MIV were 

located within the BTNP area. 

Table 12. Population in the respective Main Interaction Villages 2006 

MIV in Riau Province 

Populations 

(Individual) 

MIV in Jambi Province 

Populations 

(Individual) 

Sub Dist. Batang Cenaku, Dist. Inhu 1) Sub Dist. Sumay, Dist. Tebo 4) 

Sanglap*) 777 Muara Sekalo 520 

Lahai Kemuning 1228 Suo-Suo 1572 

Sipang 600 Semambu 822 

Alim 707 Pemayungan 433 

Puntianai 567 

Aur Cina 1647 Sub Dist. Tengah Ilir, Dist. Tebo 5) 

Pejangki 300 Lubuk Madrasah 8748 

Sub Dist. Batang Gansal, Dist. Inhu 2) Sub Dist. Merlung, Dist. Tanjabar 5) 

Rantau Langsat**) 1273 Lubuk Kambing 3057 

Siambul 1398 

Usul 1261 

Talang Lakat 2015 

i Sungai Akar 6182 

Sub Dist. Kemuning, Dist. Inhil 3) 

Kec Tungkal Ulu, Dist. Tanjabar 

Keritang 4172 Suban 2274 

Batu Ampar 2711 

Selensen 2124 

Total 26962 17426 

Source: 1) Nur, 2007; 2) Zulhendra, 2007; 3) Arsyad, 2007; 4) Anonymous, 2007A; 5) Anonymous 

2007B; 6)&7) Anonymous 2006C. 

Notes: *) located within BTNP in Sungai Sanglap area; **) comprising 5 sub-village located 

within BTNP Sungai Gansal area. 

31



In Riau province, the average population growth per year- Main Interaction Villages 

(MIV) from 2002 to 2006 was 241 or approximately 21%; in Jambi province it was 232 

or approximately 9%. As a whole (in Riau and Jambi provinces), the average population 

growth per year- Main Interaction Villages (MIV) was 238 or approximately 17% (Figure 

16). 

In the Main Interaction Villages (MIV) in Riau province, the average population growth per 

year was relatively high in several villages along the East Trans Sumatra Highway, namely 

at Desa Talang Lakat and Sungai Akar. This is also believed to be the case in other villages 

along the East Trans Sumatra Highway such as Desa Keritang, Batu Ampar and Selensen. 

However, this population growth is not reported accurately/transparently by the local village 

head (Anonymous, 2006B). Meanwhile, a relative high average yearly population growth 

was found in Main Interaction Village (MIV) Desa Lubuk Madrasah, Jambi province. 

The relatively high average population growth in the above villages is mainly caused by 

the rapid flow of independent non-indigenous settlers/migrants, especially those from Aceh 

and North Sumatra provinces. This is triggered by the high accessibility of the village, the 

ease and affordability of the non-indigenous settler to own plantation land and the chained 

migration pattern. As a basis for consideration, in 2002 the number of non-indigenous 

inhabitants in villages along the East Trans Sumatra Highway, especially in Main Interaction 

Villages (MIV) in Riau province, had exceeded the number of indigenous families (Figure 

17). 

3.1.2. Characteristic of population based on gender 

In 2006, the number of males and females in a large part of the MIV in Riau and Jambi 

provinces were relatively equal, with the average male-female ratio being 1.03 per MIV. The 

average male-female ratio per MIV was 1.06 in Riau province and 0.95 in Jambi province. 

(Figure 18). 

Figure 16. Population at Main Interaction Villages in Riau and Jambi provinces 

in 2002 and 2006 

32



Figure 17. Number of indigenous and non-indigenous families at Main Interaction 

Villages in Riau province in 2002 

3.1.3. Characteristic of population based on Age Groups 

In 2002, the population in a large number of MIV in Riau province was dominated by the 

productive age group (18 - 55 years), with an average percentage domination per MIV of 

approximately 50%. The average dependency ratio of the non-productive children group 

(0 - 17 years) per MIV was approximately 87%, and that of the non-productive old people’s 

group (> 55 years) was approximately 17% per MIV (Figure 19). 

The population in a large part of the MIV in Jambi province in 2006 was also dominated by 

the productive age group (15 - 59 years), with an average percentage domination per MIV 

of approximately 55%. The average dependency ratio of the non-productive children group 

(0 - 14 years) per MIV was approximately 53%, and that of the non-productive old people’s 

group (> 59 years) was approximately 18% per MIV (Figure 19). 

3.2. Social-Economy and Culture 

3.2.1. Source of Income 

In 2006, the main source of the total income of families in MIV in Inhu district, Riau province, 

was dominated by farming with a percentage of approximately 82% (Figure 20). In general, 

the indigenous people converted forest land to rubber plantations that are not maintained 

intensively; while the non-indigenous people, the majority of them having sufficient financial 

capital, prefer to establish oil palm plantations. 

Several surveys conducted by KKI Warsi in 2006 under the Bukit Tigapuluh Integrated 

Management Program revealed that a large part of the families at MIV in Inhil district, Riau 

province, also depended on agricultural activities for their main source of income. A large 

33



Figure 18. Characteristic of population based on gender in Main Interaction 

Villages in Riau and Jambi provinces in 2006 

Figure 19. Characteristic of population based on age group at DIU in Riau 

province in 2002 and in Jambi province in 2006 

34



Figure 20. Percentage domination of the main source of the total income 

of families in MIV, Inhu district, Riau province, in 2006 

100 

90 

80 

70 

60 

% Family 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Goverment Employee Army/Police Farmer Trader Craftman Others 

Main Interaction Village 

number of indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants operate oil palm plantations as their 

main agricultural activity. Only a small number of inhabitants manage rubber plantations. 

(Anonymous, 2006B). 

In 2006, approximately 69% of the total number of families residing in MIV Jambi province 

made their living as owners of their agricultural land and approximately 15% other farmers 

made their living on land they did not own. (Figure 21). 

Meanwhile a side job that was popular among total families in MIV Jambi province in 

2006 was raising animal husbandry (approximately 24%) and providing agricultural labour 

(approximately 19%; Figure 22). The logging side job by total families in MIV, Jambi 

province, which was extensive in 2002 declined drastically in 2006. This decline was the 

result of efforts by the relevant agencies to abolish illegal logging as an implementation of 

Presidential Instruction No. 4 of 2005. 

3.2.2. Land Ownership/Use for Agriculture 

The results of a survey involving several respondents conducted in the purposive sampling 

manner in 2002, indicated that each family-MIV, Riau province, owned an average 

rubber plantation of 2.5 hectares. Most of these rubber plantations were not maintained 

intensively. 

Meanwhile, the ownership of oil palm plantations by families in MIV, Riau province, could 

be found only along the East Sumatra Trans Highway such as at Talang Lakat, Sungai 

Akar, Keritang, Batu Ampar and Selensen, where the average size of oil palm plantation 

owned by each family (productive and non-productive) was 1.6 ha (Table 13). 

Based on data from BPS of Inhu District, the average size of land utilisation for plantations 

by total families per MIV in Kecamatan Batang Gansal Propinsi Riau in the planting year of 

35



2006 was 251 Ha; and the size for unirrigated rice field was 75.4 Ha (Table 14). In MIV of 

Kecamatan Batang Cenaku, there was no land utilisation by families for plantation and the 

average land utilisation for unirrigated rice field in each MIV was 61 Ha. 

In each MIV in Jambi province, families own rubber plantations with the self-managed 

and benefit sharing system. On the average, the size of rubber plantations (productive 

and non-productive) that were self-managed and generally maintained inextensively by 

families per MIV was 2.9 Ha. In the meantime, the average ownership of the productive 

rubber plantation managed with the benefit sharing system by families per MIV was 1.7 

Ha (Figure 23). Through this benefit sharing system, the management will get 2/3 of the 

outcome of the productive rubber plantation if the maintenance, production, rubber printing 

and marketing is done by the manager. The manager will obtain ½ of the outcome of the 

rubber plantation for doing the production activity only. 

Families at the respective MIV in Jambi province also own unproductive land (waste land) 

as a reserve with an average size of 3.7 hectares (Figure 23). This land becomes an 

investment for the families to develop agriculture and plantation businesses. 

3.2.3. Average family income 

The results of a survey involving several respondents conducted in the purposive sampling 

manner in 2002, indicated that the average monthly family income in several MIV in Riau 

province (excluding Desa Sungai Akar and Selensen) ranged from Rp.305,000 to 1,450,000 

with an average monthly family income per MIV of Rp. 781,000 (Figure 24). 

Table 13. Average land owned per family at MIV Riau Province in 2002. 

Main Interaction 

Villages 

Productive and 

Non-productive 

Rubber Plantation 

(Ha/Family) 

Sub Dist. Batang Cenaku, Dist. Inhu 

Sipang *) 

Alim *) 

Puntianai **) 

Aur Cina 

Pejangki 

1.7 

3.0 

1.7 

2.2 

4.5 

Productive and 

Non-productive 

Palm oil 

Plantation 

(Ha/Family) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Others 

(Fruits) 

(Ha/Family) 

available 

0.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.5 

Sub Dist. Batang Gansal, Dist. Inhu 

Rantau Langsat 

Siambul 

Usul 

Talang Lakat 

Sungai Akar 

Sub Dist. Kemuning, Dist. Inhil 

Keritang 

Batu Ampar 

Selensen 

Average ownership 

Per Family-MIV 

2.0 

4.3 

4.4 

2.0 

2.0 

1.3 

1.5 

2.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

2.5 1.6 

available 

available 

available 

available 

available 

available 

available 

available 

Notes: *) =including Desa Lahai Kemuning; **):=including Desa Sanglap. Source: Silalahi, 

2002 

36



Figure 21. Percentage of the domination of total family main income 

source in MIV Jambi province in 2006. 

100 

90 

80 

70 

% Family 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Land Owner 

Temporary Farmer 

Breeder 

Fish Farmer 

Labor Farmer 

Labor 

Government Employee 

Private Employee 

Trader 

Main Interaction Village 

Table 14. Agricultural Land Utilisation by families in MIV in Inhu District in 

2006. 

Main Interaction Villages 

Plantation (Ha) 

Unirrigated Rice 

Field (Ha) 

Sub Total (Ha) 

Sub Dist. Batang Cenaku, Dist. Inhu 1) 

Lahai Kemuning 

Sipang 

Alim 

Puntianai 

Aur Cina 

Pejangki 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

50 

70 

100 

40 

50 

56 

50 

70 

100 

40 

50 

56 

Average land use per 

family per MIV 

0 61.0 61.0 

Sub Dist. Batang Gansal, Dist. Inhu 2) 


Siambul 

Usul 

Talang Lakat 

Sungai Akar 

Average land use per 

family per MIV 

Source : 1) Nur, 2007; 2) Zulhendra, 2007 

251 

192 

160 

231 

421 

85 

42 

70 

70 

110 

336 

234 

230 

301 

531 

251.0 75.4 326.4 

37



Figure 22. Percentage domination of the source of side income of total 

families in MIV Jambi province in 2002 and 2006 

60 

50 

40 

% Family 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Temporary Farmer 

Breeder 

Fish Farmer 

Labor Farmer 

Labo 

Trader 

Motorcycle Taxi 

Logger 

Main Income Resources 

Figure 23. Average size of land owned by families in MIV in Jambi province 

in 2006 

38



Figure 24. Average annual family income in several MIV in Riau province 

in 2002. 

The average annual family income in MIV in Jambi province is relatively similar, ranging 

from Rp.2,115,000 to 2,587,000 in 2002 and from Rp.4,758,750 to 5,820,750 in 2006 

(Figure 25). This is caused by the relatively similar source of main family income, namely 

the management of approximately 2 hectares of productive rubber plantation. 

The average annual family income per MIV in Jambi Province was Rp.2,371,000 in 2002; 

and Rp 5,302,000 in 2006 (Appendix 9). The increase in the annual family income was 

caused by the increase in the price of rubber latex from Rp 3,000 per kg in 2002 to Rp 

7,000 per keg in 2006 (Fazriyas dkk, 2003 and Anonymous 2006C). 

3.2.4. Culture 

Traditional institutions still existed in a large part of MIV in Riau Province in 2002. However, 

the role of this institution has been degraded by government institutions. The cultural 

values, especially policies relating to the sustainable utilisation of forest land, were also 

eroded by the interests of the government institutions and the commercialisation of the 

village community livelihood (Silalahi, 2002). 

The family/social bond among the community in MIV Jambi Province in 2006 was based 

more on the norms of religion than by culture/tradition. This could be seen by the greater 

percentage of existing religious associations compared to that of traditional institutions 

(Figure 26). The relatively small percentage of existing traditional institutions is an indication 

that traditional norms are being neglected and not considered as a basic requirement in 

family/social relationships (Anonymous, 2006C). 

3.3. Education 

The educational facilities in MIV in Inhu district, Riau Province, (especially Junior and 

Senior High School level) in 2006 was relatively limited. School children in several MIV 

had to leave their villages and move to other locations to further their education to Junior 

High School or Senior High School level. This makes it difficult for families, especially the 

needy families, to educate their children. 

39



Figure 25. Average annual family income in MIV Jambi province in 2002 

and 2006 

Educational facilities in MIV in Inhil district, Riau province, are better than those in Inhu 

district. In 2006, there were 13 elementary school buildings, 3 secondary school buildings 

and 1 high school building or equivalent (Table 15). 

Table 15. Educational Facilities in MIV Inhu and Inhil district in 2006 

Main Interaction 

Villages 

Elementry 

School and 

Equivalent 


Lahai Kemuning 

Sipang 

Alim 

Puntianai 

Aur Cina 

Pejangki 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

Educational Facilities 

Junior High 

School and 

Equivalent 

- 

1 

1 

1 

- 

- 

Senior High 

School and 

Equivalent 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

University 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 



Siambul 

Usul 

Talang Lakat 

Sungai Akar 

Sub Dist. Kemuning, Dist. Inhil 3 

Keritang 

Batu Ampar 

Selensen 

Source : 1) Nur, 2007; 2) Zulhendra, 2007; 3 Annonim 2008 

3 

1 

1 

2 

8 

6 

4 

3 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

40



In the respective MIV in Jambi province, the formal education level in the community 

was still relatively low in 2006. A large part of the community (approximately 59% to 

74% ; average per MIV approximately 67%) completed elementary school education or 

equivalent only and others (approximately 13% - 24%; average per MIV approximately 

18%) did not complete elementary or equivalent education (Figure 27). The educational 

facility available in the respective MIV was generally Elementary School (SD) and Madrasah 

(MTS). Members of the community who wish to continue their study to a higher level have 

to leave their villages and stay in the subdistrict or district capital due to the long distance 

and the limited transportation facilities available. 

3.4. Health 

In 2006, the health facility in MIV in Inhu district, Riau Province, was relatively limited. In 

several villages there was no community health centre (puskesmas), doctor’s/mid-wife’s 

practice, integrated health service post (posyandu) or medical officials. The inhabitants of 

these villages had to go to other villages for medical services. 

The health facility in MIV in Inhil District, Riau Province, was better than that in Inhu District. 

In 2006, every village had a community health centre (puskesmas) and a mid-wife/health 

officer’s practice with a sufficient number of health officials (Table 16). 

Table 16. Health Facilities in MIV in Inhu and Inhil district in 2006 

Medical Facilities and Officials 

Main 

Interaction 

Village 

Community 

Healh Center 

(Unit) 

Doctors’ 

Practice 

(Unit) 

Practice 

by Mid- 

Wife/ 

Health 

Officer 

Integrated 

Health 

Service 

Post (Unit) 

Doctor 

(Person) 

Mid-Wife/ 

Health 

Officer 

(Orang) 


Lahai 

Kemuning 

Sipang 

Alim 

Puntianai 

Aur Cina 

Pejangki 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

5 

1 

2 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 



Siambul 

Usul 

Talang Lakat 

Sungai Akar 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

- 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

2 

- 

- 

1 

- 

1 

- 

Sub Dist. Kemuning, Dist. Inhil 3 

Keritang 

Batu Ampar 

Selensen 

1 

1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

1 

1 

15 

5 

10 

- 

- 

- 

2 

2 

6 

Source : 1) Nur, 2007; 2) Zulhendra, 2007; 3 Anonim 2008 

41



Figure 26. Percentage of social organisations in MIV in Jambi Province in 

2006 

60 

54 

48 

42 

% of the existance 

36 

30 

24 

18 

12 

6 

0 

Pray recitation Funeral group Culture Organization Others 

Social Organization 

Figure 27. Formal education level of inhabitants in MIV in Jambi Province 

in 2006 

42



The health (medical) facilities in MIV in Jambi Province were relatively at the minimum 

level. The community health centres and hospitals were located in the capital of subdistricts 

and districts, a long distance away from the respective MIV. This condition caused a large 

part of the total family (approximately 49%) to seek treatment from witch-doctors around 

the villages (Figure 28). 

A large number of total families in MIV, Jambi Province (approximately 55%) utilise river 

water (Figure 29) to meet the demand for clean water. The community also use the river 

for bathing, washing and toilet (MCK). 

3.5. Formal Institutions 

Generally, the formal institutions existing in MIV, Riau and Jambi Provinces comply with 

the Indonesian Government Regulation No. 72 of 2005 concerning Villages (Desa), as 

follows: 

a. Village government 

• Village Head 

• Village Secretary 

• Technical Implementer: Head of Development, Government and Public Affairs 

• Area Implementer: Head of Sub-Village (Sub-village) 

b. Village Institution 

• Village Deliberation Body (BPD) 

• Village Empowerment Institution (LPD) 

Figure 28.Percentage of visits by the community in MIV, Jambi Province, 

to places for medical treatment in 2006 

60 

50 

40 

% Family Visit 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Clinique 

Integrated Health Service Post 

Community Health Center 

Hospital 

Doctor’s Practice 

Others/Traditional healer 

Medical facilities 

43



Figure 29. Source of clean water for the community in MIV in Jambi Province 

60 

50 

40 

% Utilization 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Gov. Drinking Water Facilities 

• Neighbourhood Youth Association 

• Family Welfare Empowerment Institution (PKK) 

• Traditional Institution 

Well 

Source of clean water 

River 

Rain 

3.6. Community Perception concerning the Existence of the 

BTNP 

In 2002, a large number of respondents selected by purposive sampling in MIV in Riau 

Province wished the BTNP to remain sustainable. The constraint is that they do not have 

other alternative for livelihood except by converting forest land to agricultural land. They 

were also were not aware of the BTNP boundary and or the area that could be converted 

to agricultural land (Silalahi, 2002). 

In 2006, most families (> 70%) in the respective MIV in Jambi Province were already aware 

of the existence of the BTNP (Figure 30). Some families gave a positive comment about the 

function and existence of the BTNP, including its function (Anonymous, 2006C) as : 

a. A protection area for wildlife and plants; 

b. A protection area for hydrology and land; and 

c. A potential tourist area. 

Other families gave some negative comments on the existence of the BTNP (Anonymous, 

2006C), such as: 

a. It limits timber activities; 

b. Their village areas become narrow and limited; and 

c. The space for the expansion of their fields becomes limited. 

44



Figure 30. Community knowledge in MIV in Jambi Province concerning the 

existence of the BTNP 

The knowledge of total families in MIV in Jambi Province concerning the BTNP boundary 

is still very limited. Only 14% of the total families in MIV Jambi Province are aware of the 

area boundary (Table 17). 

Table 17. The clarity of the BTNP boundary to the community in MIV in 

Jambi Province in 2006 

Clarity of BTNP Boundary Percentage (%) 

Aware 14.00 

Not Aware 86.00 

Total 100 

Source : Anonim 2006C 

45

SUB-VILLAGE COMMUNITY PROFILE 

WITHIN THE BUKIT TIGAPULUH 

NATIONAL PARK 

47

4. Sub-Village Community Profile Within The Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

4. SUB-VILLAGE COMMUNITY PROFILE WITHIN THE 


4.1. Demography 

4.1.1. Population 

There are 5 sub-villages (Dusun) within the territory of Desa Rantau Langsat along the 

Gansal River in the traditional utilisation zone 7 of the BTNP area, namely (from upper 

to lower course) Sub-village Datai, Suit, Air Bomban-Sadan, Nunusan and Siamang subvillages, 

occupied by Talang Mamak and Melayu Tua communities (Table 18). These 

communities are scattered in 15 settlement areas (pemukiman), where the Datai Tua, Suit, 

Air Bomban, Nunusan and Siamang settlements are the centre of the sub-village. 

Table 18. Sub-village and settlement within Desa Rantau Langsat located 

in BTNP 

Sub-village Settlement Keterangan 

Datai Datai Tua* dan Datai Atas Dominated by Talang Mamak 

community 

Suit Suit* Dominated by Talang Mamak 

community 

Air Bomban-Sadan Air Bomban* dan Sadan Dominated by Melayu Tua 

community 

Nunusan 

Siamang 

Nunusan*, Mengketung, 

Menyasih dan Tanjung 

Lintang 

Siamang*, Tebat, Rantau 

Dagang, Pengayauan, Air 

Buluh dan Air Tabuh 

Note: * = Centre of sub-village, Source: Yunus, 2007 

Dominated by Melayu Tua 

community 

Dominated by Talang Mamak 

community 

The population and number of families in each sub-village and pusat sub-village (excluding 

Pemukiman Siamang) in 2006 are shown in Table 19 as follows: 

4.1.2. Characteristic of Population based on Gender 

In 2007, the population in a large part of the sub-village centre within the BTNP area 

(excluding Pemukiman Siamang) are dominated by males with the average male-female 

ratio per centre being 1.2 (Figure 31). 

4.1.3. Characteristic of the population based on the age group 

In 2007, the population in each sub-village centre within the BTNP area (excluding 

Pemukiman Siamang) was dominated by the productive age group (10 - 59 years 8 ). The 

average domination of productive age group per sub-village centre was approximately 

7 Zone where activities may be conducted to meet the basic needs of communities around 

the area to protect the core zone and maintain the traditional relationship between the local 

communities and the forest. 

8 Base on field observations 

49



70%. The average dependency ratio of the non-productive children group (0 - 9 years) per 

sub-village centre was approximately 39%, while that of the non-productive old people’s 

group (> 59 years) was only approximately 2% (Figure 32). 

Table 19. Population and number of families in each sub-village and pusat 

sub-village within the BTNP area in 2006 

Sub-village/Settlement 

Population 

(Individuals) 

Total Families 

(KK) 

No. of individuals 

per family 

(individu/KK) 

Sub-village in BTNP area 

Datai 

Suit 

Air Bomban-Sadan 

Nunusan 

Siamang 

249 

102 

128 

131 

216 

58 

19 

29 

34 

53 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

Total 826 193 4 

Sub-village Center 

Datai Tua 

Suit 

Air Bomban 

Nunusan 

Source: Yunus 2007 

97 

102 

67 

62 

22 

19 

18 

13 

4 

5 

4 

5 

Figure 31. Characteristic of population based on gender in the centre of 

sub-villages (sub-village) in BTNP area in 2008 

50


Figure 32. Population Characteristic based on age group in the sub-village 

centre in TNBT area in 2007 

80 

70 

Non-productive - Children 

Productive 

Non-productive- Adult 

60 

50 

Peoples 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Datai Tua Suit Air Bomban Nunusan 

Settlement 

The average number of potential man power in each family at the sub-village centre ranged 

from 3 to 4 persons per family. However, this number does not reflect the number of family 

man power that is always available during the utilisation of forest resources to meet the 

demands of livelihood. 

4.2. Social-Economy and Culture 

4.2.1. Source of Income 

The family income per year at the sub-village centre in BTNP area (excluding Pemukiman 

Siamang) in 2007 (Santoso, 2008) was derived from : 

a. Rubber plantation products (approximately 61% - 86%); 

b. The collection of NTFP’s, especially jernang 9 (approximately 7% - 25%); and 

c. Other activities such as trade and ecotourism (approximately 3% - 14%). 

4.2.2. Land ownership/Utilisation of forest land for agriculture 

The average land ownership per family at the sub-village centre in BTNP area until 2007 

(excluding Pemukiman Siamang) could be seen in Table 20 as follows : 

The average underbrush of former shifting cultivation area owned by families at each subvillage 

centre is 3.5 Ha; productive rubber plantation 1.6 Ha and non-productive rubber 

plantation 2 Ha. 

9 Jernang is the latex from the rattan fruit, Daemonorops spp (usually Daemonorops draco). 

It is generally used by industries as a dye for porcelain porselin, marble and paint. 

51



Table 20. Average land ownership per family at sub-village centre in BTNP 

area in 2007 

Characteristic 

Sub-Village Centre (Settlement) 

Datai Tua Suit Air Bamban Nunusan 

Underbrush in former shifting cultivation area 

a. Average size owned per 

family (Ha) 

4.2 3.5 2.7 3.5 

b. Number of families as 

owners (KK) 

20 11 10 10 

Rubber plantation*) 


family (Ha) 


owners (KK) 

Productive rubber plantations 


family (Ha) 


owners (KK) 

2.4 2.9 3.5 2.5 

20 16 12 12 

1.2 2.0 2.0 1.2 

10 10 10 9 

Non-productive rubber plantations 


family (Ha) 

1.8 2.1 2.2 1.8 


owners (KK) 

20 13 10 11 

Notes: *) Not maintained intensively; Source: Santoso, 2008 

4.2.3. Average family income, expenditure and savings 

In 2007, the average family annual income in the sub-village centres in BTNP area 

(excluding Pemukiman Siamang) ranged from approximately 4.4 to 7.0 million Rupiah, 

while the average family annual income per sub-village centre was approximately 5.9 million 

Rupiah. Meanwhile, the average family annual expenditure for several basic necessities 

(food, fuel and clothing) ranged from approximately 3.8 to 5.8 million Rupiah, and the 

average family annual expenditure per sub-village centre was approximately 4.8 million 

Rupiah. Based on the difference between the annual income and expenditure above, the 

average family annual savings ranged from approximately 0.6 to 1.4 million Rupiah, and 

the average annual family savings per sub-village centre was approximately 1.1 million 

Rupiah. Actually, the community also pay additional expenses for several other necessities 

such as bathing and washing equipment, kitchen equipment, work tools etc. Considering 

the above, it is concluded that the average annual family income was only enough to meet 

the basic necessities. 

4.2.4. Culture 

Several characteristics of the community culture at the sub-village centres in BTNP area 

(excluding Pemukiman Siamang) in 2007 are shown in Table 23 as follows: 

52


Figure 33. Average annual family income, expenditure and savings in subvillage 

centre in BTNP area in 2007 

Traditional regulations supporting the conservation of forests exist in the Datai Tua and Suit 

Settlement areas only. This is indicated by the presence of forests held sacred around the 

settlement areas, which may not be disturbed. However, at the moment, the appreciation 

of the community towards the existing traditional regulations and administration is being 

pressured by the demands of livelihood. Several members of the community have dared 

to clear and manage the sacred forest area (Santoso, 2008). 

The Reciprocal Exchange Labour (gotong royong) System is still found within the community. 

This system can cope with the shortage of man power in a family especially in the utilisation 

of forest resources. However, recently the participants of the Reciprocal Exchange Labour 

are often not available at the time they are needed. This is mainly due to the activities 

of the respective families and the lack of an organized schedule and good participants 

(Santoso, 2008). 

4.3. Education 

A large number of the families at the sub-village centres in the BTNP area (excluding 

Pemukiman Siamang) were illiterate until 2007 (Table 22). As a result of the low educational 

background, the head of the families hesitate to accept innovative ideas and choose to stay 

at the settlement with their families and rely on the forest resources for their living. 

The local government of Indragiri Hulu district built a public elementary school (SDN) at 

Pemukiman Datai Tua, which began operation in mid-2007. In addition to this, the Sumatran 

Tiger Rescue and Conservation Foundation (PKHS) and the local community had also 

built a learning centre equivalent to an elementary school at Pemukiman Sadan. This 

settlement was approximately 30 minute walk from Pemukiman Suit or Air Bomban. This 

centre had also started to operate since mid-year 2007. Not all school-age children (7 to 

18 years of age) were able to benefit from the operation of the Elementary School and the 

Learning Centre. Some school age children at Pemukiman Datai Tua, Suit and Air Bomban 

(especially those above 10 years of age) had to work in order to assist their parents and 

53



Table 21. Characteristic of the Culture of the Community in the Sub-village 

Centres in BTNP Area in 2007 




Traditional Institutions and 

their administration Available Available N/A N/A 

Community Appreciation 

towards Traditional and/or 

Village Administration 

Traditional Regulations 

Supporting the 

Conservation of Forests 

Community 

Appreciation towards 

the aboveTraditional 

Regulations 

Reciprocal Exchange 

Labour (Gotong Royong) 

System 

Source: Santoso, 2008 

Low Low Low Low 

Available Available N/A N/A 

Low Low N/A N/A 

Available Available Available Available 

did not have enough time to go to school. The teaching and learning process at the Datai 

Tua public elementary school did not run smoothly because the teachers did not come to 

teach regularly. Meanwhile, school-age children in settlement areas (pemukiman) at Subvillage 

Nunusan were not able to study as there were no schools around the area until 2007 


4.4. Health 

Until 2007, there was no health facility or official at the sub-village centres in the BTNP area 


4.5. Formal Institutions 

Generally, the formal institutions existing in sub-villages within the BTNP area in the 

provinces of Riau and Jambi also comply with the Indonesian Government Regulation No. 

72 of 2005 concerning Villages (Desa), as follows: 

a. Village government 

• Village Head 

• Village Secretary 

• Technical Implementer: Head of Development, Government and Public Affairs 

• Area Implementer: Head of Sub-Village (Sub-village) 

b. Village Institution 

• Village Deliberation Body (BPD) 

54


Table 22. Educational Level of Head of Families in the Sub-Village Centre 

in the BTNP area in 2007 


No. of illiterate head of 

families 

Percentage of illiterate head 

of families 



19 14 11 9 

86.4% 73.7% 61.1% 69.2% 

No. of literate head of 

families 

Percentage of literate head 

of families 

Source: Santoso, 2008 

3 5 7 4 

13.6% 26.3% 38.9% 30.8% 

• Village Empowerment Institution (LPD) 

• Neighbourhood Youth Association 

• Family Welfare Empowerment Institution (PKK) 

• Traditional Institution 

4.6. Community Perception concerning the Existence of the 

BTNP Area 

The perception of the sub-village community within the BTNP area towards the BTNP 

area itself has not been clearly known. No detailed research has eve been made on the 

perception of the sub-village community concerning the existence of the BTNP especially 

the community living within the BTNP area. Therefore, no secondary data is available 

about the perception of the community at the sub-village centres within the BTNP area 

towards the existence of the BTNP area around their settlement. It is necessary to 

conduct a detailed research about the perception of the community towards the existence 

of the BTNP area so that the management of the BTNP and the surrounding area can be 

performed to the optimum. 

55

iodiversity 

57

5. Biodiversity 

5. BIODIVERSITY 

The observation of the biodiversity in the BTNP area varies based on the condition and 

potential of the biodiversity of the flora, fauna and etnobotany. 

5.1. F l o r a 

More than 1,500 types of flora can be found within the BTNP area and most of them 

produce timber, resin, bark, fruits and medicine (Appendix 1; Basuni, et.al 1997). Among 

the flora diversity there are unique types believed to be rare such as: Tiger-face mushroom 

(Rafflesia hasseltii), Salo (Johannesteijsmannia altifrons), Mapau (Pinanga multiflora), 

Jelutong (Dyera costulata), Incense (Styrax benzoin), Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), 

Pinang bacung (Nenga gajah), Kabau tupai (Archidendron bubalinum), Akar mendera 

(Phanera kochiana), Keduduk rimba (Baccaurea racemosa), and Silima tahun (Baccaurea 

stipulata; Wiradinata, 1994). 

Some details relating to these rare plant species among others are as follows (Basuni, 

et.al, 1997) : 

• Salo ( Johannestesmania altrifons), belongs to the palm family (Arecaceae). It often 

grows together with (Licuala spinosa) in the lower layer of tropical rain forests. Until 

now, it is found only at Sub-village Sanglap, Desa Puntianai. Its population is declining 

because its leaves are used as a material for roofs and its habitat is disturbed by the 

clearing of land for agriculture. 

• Bunga bangkai ( Amorphophallus.sp) is found in the buffer zone of the Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park. At full blossom it can be 3 meters high with black, brownish and dark 

green stripes. 

• Jernang ( Draemonorops draco) belongs to the palm family (Arecaceae). It is a type 

of rattan that grows in clusters and is becoming scarce. This type has dark red resin 

that looks like wax covering the surface of the skin of its fruit. It has a high enough 

economic value and is widely sought by the hinterland community to be sold. 

• Kayu gaharu ( Aquilaria malaccensis) belongs to the Thimeliaceae family. This type of 

plant produces a compound resulting from a micro organism activity on the stem which 

has a fragrant smell. Communities from outside the BTNP area usually look for this 

species due to its high economic value. Its exploitation is destructive because the trees 

considered to be productive are cut down. 

• Tiger-face mushroom ( Rafflesia hasseltii) is found at Sub-village Tanah Datar and in 

the upper course of the Menggatal River in the Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park area 

(Hernidiah, 1999; Basuni, et.al, 2007). Its population has declined as the habitat has 

been disturbed by the clearing of land by the community for agriculture. Rafflesia 

hasseltii grows on a host plant of the liana type (Tetrastigma lanciolarium). This “liana” 

type usually climbs on a supporting tree by its side such as Kasai (Pometia pinnata). 

The slash and burn method used in cultivation has accounted for the loss or decrease 

in number of the supporting trees and the host plant of this (Rafflesia hasseltii). 

• Jelutung ( Dyera costulata), is an important type of protected tree producing resin which 

has an economic value. At the moment the resin from jelutung is not being tapped any 

longer due to its low price. In the natural condition, this type is scarce as a result of 

logging or clearing of the land by the community. Some stands still prevail in the core 

zone and in forests restricted by the community. 

59



5.2. F a u n a 

BTNP is an ideal habitat for a variety of wildlife species especially wildlife endemic in 

Sumatra. Among these wildlife species there are species such as the Sumatran tiger 

(Panthera tigris sumatrae) and the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) 

that are currently classified as endangered and specially protected according to Indonesian 

law as well as CITES and IUCN. 

5.2.1 Mammals 

According to Danielson and Heegard in Basuni 1997, there are approximately 59 types 

of mammals (including primates) in BTNP. Among them are 5 mammals species that are 

threatened by extinction and have the protection status, namely : Otter (Aonyx cinerea), 

Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran 

elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), and Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus). Meanwhile, 

there is no report/data on the current existence of the Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus 

sumatraensis) in BTNP, though it had been recorded in the past to be found in this area. 

In addition to that 18 types of bats dominated by the fruit-eating type of the Pteropodidae 

family (6 species) were also found. 

The Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program (PKHS) in BTNP recorded there were not less 

than 32 species of large mammals from 14 families (excluding the primate group) in the 

BTNP forest area until 2007 (Appendix 5; Yunus et al, 2007). In addition to this, there are 

also domesticated mammals such as Oxen (Bos sp.), Water buffalo (Bubalus sp.), Goats 

(Capricornis sp.), Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis sp.) brought up by the community 

which they allowed to live in the wild within the BTNP area. 

5.2.2 Aves 

The Bukit Tigapuluh National Park area also has approximately 193 species of birds or onethird 

of the species of birds in Sumatra (Danielsen and Heegaard, 1993). The rare species 

include Storm’s stork (Ciconia stormi), Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), Oriental 

Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), White-winged Duck (Cairina scutulata), Black Partridge 

(Melanoperdix nigra), Crestless Fireback (Lophura erythrophthalma), Crested Fireback 

(Lophura ignita), Large Frogmouth (Batrachostamus auritius), Helmeted Hornbill (Rhinoplax 

vigil), Garnet Pita (Pitta granatina), and Grey-breasted Babbler (Melacopteron albogulare). 

The endemic species in Sumatra include White-winged Duck (Cairina scutulata), Great 

Pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanictrus), Buffbreasted 

babbler (Trichastoma tickelli), and White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata). 

Other types found are Great Argus (Argusianus argus), Little Green-pigeon (Treron olax), 

White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus), White-bellied Woodpecker (Dryocopus 

javensis), Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela), Hill Myna (Graucula religiosa) and so 

on (Appendix 6). 

5.2.3 Pisces 

There are diverse species of fish in the BTNP area. A research by Siregar cs (1993) recorded 

97 species of fish from 52 genera and 25 families in the waters around BTNP (Siregar, 

et.al, 1993 in Basuni, et.al, 1997). The list of the fish species is shown in Appendix 8. No 

intensive research has been done on the fish ecology in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem 

area. 

5.2.4 Primates 

Nine species of primates represented by five families have been recorded in BTNP. (Yunus, 

et.al, 2007: Table 23). The Sumatran Orangutan in BTNP and the surrounding area is a 

reintroduced species. 

60

5. Biodiversity 

Table 23. List of primates in Bukit Tigapuluh National Parlk 

Local Name English Name Latin Name Family 

Monyet Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis Cercopithecidae 

Beruk Pig tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina Cercopithecidae 

Lutung Silver leaf monkey Presbytis cristata Cercopithecidae 

Simpai Banded leaf monkey Presbytis melalophos Cercopithecidae 

Owa Agile gibbon Hylobates agilis Hylobatidae 

Siamang Siamang Hylobates syndactylus Hylobatidae 

Kukang abu-abu Slow loris Nycticebus coucang Lorisidae 

Singapuar Tarsier Tarsius tarsius Tarsiidae 

Orang utan Sumatran orang utan Pongo abelli Pongidae 

Source: Yunus et al., 2007 

The wildlife species found in the buffer zone of BTNP are relatively similar to those in 

BTNP (Table 24). However, it is estimated that the buffer zone has a greater number of 

several key species (the Sumatran elephant and the Sumatran tiger) than the BTNP area. 

This is probably caused by the condition of the topography which is relatively flat and the 

abundance of food. The area around Desa Pemayungan and Suo-Suo (Tebo district) and 

that around Desa Keritang (Indragiri Hilir district; Basuni et.al, 1995) are considered to be 

the important home range of the Sumatran elephant and the Sumatran tiger. 

Another reason is that the forest condition here was relatively open and dominated by 

secondary forest as a large part of this area was a former forest concession (HPH) area. 

This condition was a favourable habitat for the main prey of carnivores in BTNP especially 

the Sumatran tiger. The species of these large mammals include wild pigs (Sus scrofa), 

Red Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and the sambar deer (Cervus unicolor). 

Table 24. List of mammals species (excluding Primates) found in the 

BTNP and its buffer zone 

Local Name English Name Latin Name Family 

Harimau sumatera Sumatran Tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae Felidae 

Babi hutan Wild Pig Sus scrofa Suidae 

Baning coklat Asian Brown Toresil Maouria emys Emydidae 

Beruang madu Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus Ursidae 

Gajah Sumatran Elephant Elephas maximus Elephantidae 

Kalong Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus Pteropodidae 

Kancil Lesser Mouse Deer Tragulus javanicus Tragulidae 

Kijang Red Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Cervidae 

Landak Porcupine Hystrix brachyura Hystricidae 

Rusa sambar Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor Cervidae 

Tapir Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus Tapiridae 

Bajing Kelapa Plantain Squirrel Callosciurus notatus Sciuridae 

Trenggiling Peusing Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica Manidae 

Musang belang Banded palm civet Hemigalus derbyanus Viverridae 

Musang biasa Small indian civet Viverricula malaccensis Viverridae 

Source: Yunus et al., 2007 

61



5.3. Etnobotany 

An inventarisation of biotic conducted by NORINDRA in cooperation with LIPI recorded 

an addition of 158 species of cultivated forest plants and 486 species of forest plants that 

have been utilised. The utilised plants consist of 27 species of ornamental plants, 16 

species of plants for cooking flavour/spices, 10 species as sources of carbohydrates, 5 

species for producing latex and resin, 26 species for ritual and magical needs, 18 species 

for producing wooden boards, 21 species for making strings and 3 others for colouring. It 

is estimated that 20% of the 660 plant species used by the local community is obtained 

from primary forests. In addition to that about 11 % is obtained from cut-over forest areas, 

29% from secondary forests, 15% from rubber forests, 5% from unirrigated agricultural 

fields and 19% from yards (Schumacer, 1994). Considering the large proportion of plant 

species used from primary and secondary forest areas, it is possible to conclude that the 

community around forest areas are very much dependent on the existence of forests to 

fulfil their daily needs. 

A biomedical expedition conducted by LIPI in cooperation with the Ministry of Health in 

1988 produced some notes on the utilisation of the flora diversity for medicinal purposes by 

the indigenous tribal communities living within and around BTNP. The Talang Mamak tribal 

community use 110 species to treat 56 kinds of diseases (Appendix 2), and use 22 species 

of mushrooms to treat 18 kinds of diseases (Appendix 3), while the Malay (Melayu) tribal 

community use 182 species to treat 45 kinds of diseases (Appendix 4) and 8 types of 

mushrooms to treat 8 kinds of diseases. 51 medicinal plants, 8 medicinal mushrooms and 

2 medicinal animals have potential for research and development. 

62

KEY SPECIES AND THEIR 

DISTRIBUTION IN BUKIT TIGAPULUH 

NATIONAL PARK 

63

6. Key Species and Their Distribution in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

6. KEY SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN BTNP 

The key wildlife species in BTNP consist of the Sumatran tiger, the Sumatran elephant, 

tapir, and the Sumatran orangutan. Meanwhile, the presence of another endemic and rare 

species, the Sumatran rhino, has not been recorded again in the BTNP and the surrounding 

area despite ongoing investigation about the whereabouts of this species. According to 

the characteristics and behaviour of the respective species, the distribution of these key 

species is not limited to the BTNP area only but extends to the surrounding forest area. The 

Sumatran elephant prefers for its habitat areas around or beyond BTNP that are relatively 

flat. Data of direct encounters as well as indirect data in the field obtained from monitoring 

the species indicate that the BTNP area and the surrounding forest area are part of the 

home range or territory of these key species. 

6.1. The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) 

Since 1996, the Sumatran tiger has been listed as a much endangered species which is 

protected by law. It was estimated in 1992 that there were 400 Sumatran tigers in five 

national parks and two wildlife sanctuaries (Soehartono, et.al., 2007). Meanwhile, the 

number outside the conservation area was estimated to be approximately 100. BTNP itself 

is one of the conservation areas in Sumatra where the tiger can be found (Soehartono, 

et.al., 2007). 

6.1.2. Present Condition 

The Sumatran Tiger Conservation Program (PKHS) estimated that there were approximately 

30 Sumatran tigers in BTNP and the surrounding area in 2007. To date individual male 

and female adult Sumatran tigers and their cubs have been found to exist in the BTNP 

area. According to a survey, the traces of a tigress and her cubs were found at 4 sites 

in BTNP. (Yunus, et.al., 2008). However, no accurate data is available to explain the 

demographical structure and the sex-ratio of the Sumatran tiger in BTNP. The population 

of the Sumatran tiger in BTNP is also not clear. Poaching activities by taking advantage of 

the local communities are still going on. 

6.1.3. Distribution 

The distribution of the Sumatran tiger in the central and the northern parts of BTNP (in the 

subdistricts of Batang Gansal and Kemuning in Riau province) is concentrated within the 

BTNP area. Only a few traces were found outside the area (Figure 34; Yayasan PKHS, 

2007; Priatna, D., 2008). 

For the western part of BTNP (Sanglap and the surrounding area, Batang Cinaku subdistrict 

- Riau), traces of the Sumatran tiger were found not only within the area, namely the forest 

zone and the core zone, but also in forest areas designated for other uses (APL) such as 

plantations, (PT. RAPP and SML), and community plantations in villages around BTNP, 

namely: Desa Lahai, Alim, Sipang, and Anak Talang (Source: Yayasan PKHS, 2007; WWF, 

2008, ). 

In the southern part of BTNP (Jambi), traces of the existence of the Sumatran tiger were 

found in a large part of the Limited Production Forest (HPT) which was the former HPH 

area of HPH Dalek Hutani Esa, including the village areas of Semambu, Suo-Suo, Muara 

Sekalo and Pemanyungan (Tebo district). The area where the Sumatran tiger was found 

was still the forest stand with meMIVm and low vegetation. Meanwhile in the south-eastern 

part of BTNP (Tanjabar district) the Sumatran tiger was found in the BTNP area and the 

surrounding area adjacent to Desa Lubuk Kambing (Source: FZS, 2007; WWF, 2008; 

Priatna, D., 2008). 

65



Figure 34. Distribution of the Sumatran Tiger in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem 

area 

Source: PKHS, WWF, ZSL, FZS 

In the forest area which was the former forest concession area of HPH Hatma Hutani no 

data of traces were found as there was no intensive monitoring in this area. However, 

according to the assessment by KKI-WARSI (2007), traces of the Sumatran tiger were also 

found in the area around BTNP especially in the former HPH area of Hatma Hutani. 

6.1.4. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger in 

BTNP 

In 2007, the Ministry of Forestry established the 2007- 2017 Strategy and Action Plan for 

the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). This document is the 

framework for various programs and activities for the conservation of the Sumatran tiger 

and must be used as a guideline in the conservation of the Sumatran tiger, which will be 

evaluated every 10 years (Soehartono et.al., 2007). 

In this National Program for the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger, it was stipulated that 

main priority would be given to the Bukit Tigapuluh and Kerinci Seblat natural landscape as 

a global priority landscape for tiger conservation (Soehartono et.al., 2007). However, the 

BTNP Strategic Management Plan does not spell out the Strategy and Action Plan for the 

Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger. 

With reference to the Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran Tiger 

and the results of meetings/discussion with partners, the Sumatran Tiger Conservation 

Strategy Plan that need to be done in BTNP is as follows: 

1. Conduct surveys on the Sumatran tiger population to find out about the population 

and composition consisting of the number of adult male and female and the cubs 

within the BTNP area. 

66


2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Promote the capacity of the BTNP agency staff and partners in monitoring the 

population and habitat of the Sumatran tiger. 

Promote the protection and rescue of the ecosystem of the Sumatran tiger and prey 

including the construction of a wildlife corridor. 

Pressure and eliminate or abolish poaching of the Sumatran tiger. 

The establishment of a program or mechanism for the mitigation of human –Sumatran 

tiger conflicts within and around the national park area in line with the conservation 

of the Sumatran tiger. 

6.1.5. Success Indicators 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

The size of the Sumatran tiger population for BTNP area can be predicted accurately 

within a period. 

The ability to monitor effectively the conservation of the Sumatran tiger. 

The natural habitat of the Sumatran tiger and its prey can be protected and 

sustained. 

Law enforcement against poachers and poaching activities including traps and 

snares can be abolished. 

The possibility of conflict can be minimized and the presence of the best solution in 

settling human – Sumatran tiger conflicts. 

6.2 Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) 

The temporary estimate of the elephant population for the whole of Sumatra at the moment 

ranges from 2400 to 2800 individuals where 85% of this number is found outside the 

conservation area (Soehartono et.al., 2007). This condition actually makes it difficult for the 

management to manage the conservation of elephants due to the overlapping of activities 

and the differences in the proposed allocation of land use by other parties. 

According to data, the population in Riau province was believed to have declined from 

1,100 – 1,700 in 1985 to 700 – 800 in 2002 scattered in 18 pockets (Shaleh, 2002). The 

BTNP forest and the surrounding area is an important habitat for the Sumatran elephant. 

Elephants can be found outside BTNP area, namely in Jambi (Basuni et.al., 1997). A part 

of the BTNP forest area is still suitable for the evacuation of elephants (Shaleh, 2002). 

Furthermore, based on an analysis of the topography map, it is estimated that 30% of the 

area is still feasible for wild elephant habitat with a size of approximately 40,000 ha and a 

capacity of approximately 100 elephants (Shaleh, 2002). 


Several herds of Sumatran elephants are still found in the southern part of BTNP (Jambi 

province), occupying a relatively flat area which was the former concession (HPH) area 

of PT. DHE and PT. IFA (WARSI, 2007). This area, which has become the habitat of 

elephants, is adjacent to the oil palm plantation of PT. Regunas Agri Utama (RAU) which is 

actually the home range territory of elephants, and therefore conflicts often occur between 

elephants destroying oil palm trees and the plantation. 

During a working group discussion on the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem in Jambi on 21 

August 2008, it was made known that the habitat of the Sumatran elephant around BTNP 

is under very heavy pressure. This is because there are many Industrial Plantation Forest 

concession companies in important areas for the conservation of the Sumatran elephant 

especially in the southern area. The presence of these companies pose a threat to the 

67



wildlife habitat through their activities including the opening of the APP corridor. Facts in 

the field indicate that two pockets of the existing Sumatran elephant population have been 

cut off and it seems too difficult to join them together because of the physical condition of 

the cleared area. 


Elephants are found in the south of BTNP (Jambi Province), namely around the villages of 

(Desa) Semambu, Muara Sekalo, Suo-Suo and Pemayungan (Figure 35). Another pocket 

of the population lies in the west of BTNP (WWF Riau, 2008). This area is the natural 

habitat area for elephants and had previously been proposed to become a part of the Bukit 

Besar Wildlife Sanctuary in Riau Province (KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

At the moment no detailed information is available on the elephant population in this area 

but according to a WWF report in 2006, the elephant population in each pocket was around 

20 to 30 (WWF Riau, 2008). In a report, the WPU FZS team had found and driven 23 

elephants in the community plantation area at Desa Suo-Suo in the subdistrict of Sumay. 

Elephant surveys are still ongoing, and one of these surveys had started since September 

2007 by FZS and ZSL to find out about the elephant population and monitor the elephant 

habitat (Pratje & Padang, 2007). 

6.2.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran Elephant 

in BTNP 

In 2007, the Ministry of Forestry established the 2007- 2017 Strategy and Action Plan for the 

Conservation of the Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus). This document 

is the framework for various programs and activities for the conservation of the Sumatran 

elephant in Indonesia (Soehartono et.al., 2007). 

With reference to this matter, the Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the 

Sumatran Elephant that need to be done in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem is as follows: 

1. Conduct intensive surveys on the elephant population in the Sumatran elephant 

population pocket areas around BTNP. 

2. Map the natural habitat of the Sumatran elephant in the BTNP and the surrounding 

area that need to be protected. 

3. Set up a program or mechanism for the mitigation of the human-elephant conflict. 

4. Promote support from various parties especially private parties and the communities to 

conserve the Sumatran elephant in BTNP and the surrounding area. 

6.2.4. Success Indicators 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

The size of the Sumatran elephant population in the Sumatran elephant pockets within 

BTNP and the surrounding areas can be known. 

The natural habitat of the Sumatran elephant in its home range in BTNP and the 

surrounding area can be protected from changes in function and habitat destruction. 

The decline in human-elephant conflicts or company-elephant conflicts and material 

loss. 

The company can be involved in the mitigation of elephant-community conflicts. 

The support from various stakeholders towards the conservation of elephants has 

increased. 

68


Figure 35. Distribution of the Sumatran Elephant in the Bukit Tigapuluh 

Ecosystem 

Source: PKHS, WWF, ZSL, FZS 

6.3. The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelli) 

At the moment, the natural distribution of the orangutan population in Sumatra consists 

of only four groups (Rijksen &Meijaard, 1999). These are 1) The population in Aceh 

comprising the area to the west of the Alas River and the Wampu River; 2) The Dolok 

Sembelin and Batu Ardan population in Dairi district to the west coast of Sibolga; 3) The 

population in Southeast Tapanuli between the Asahan River and the Baruman River; and 

4) The population in Anggolia, Angkola and Pasaman in the western part of Bukit Barisan. 

The largest population in Sumatra is found in West Leuser (2,508 individuals) and East 

Leuser (1,052 individuals) and in Batang Toru (400 individuals) (Soehartono et.al., 2007). 

It is believed that there used to be an orangutan population in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem 

area around the 1830’s (Schlegel & Mueller 1829-1844). This population then became extinct 

and there was no natural recolonisation. Around early 2000 the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem 

area was proposed by the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (SOCP) to become 

an orangutan reintroduction area as this was still considered a very potential orangutan 

habitat area (Memorandum for Technical Cooperation between Ministry of Forestry and 

Frankfurt Zoological Society, 2001. Pratje et.al., 2000). Moreover, as there was no longer 

any natural orangutan population left in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem area, this area 

met the criteria set by the Government of Indonesia in 1995 which forbids the release of 

orangutans into the wild in areas having a natural population (Russon,in press). 

Habitat destruction caused by the conversion of land on a large scale and poaching are 

the main factors contributing to the decline in the Sumatran orangutan population (Table 

14). An analysis using the Population Viability Analysis (PVA) method, estimates that the 

Minimum Viable Population (MVP) of orangutan is from 250 to 500 individuals to achieve 

69



99% chance of survival in a period of 1000 years (Orangutan PVA, 2004). As the Bukit 

Tigapuluh ecosystem is dominated by lowland forests, it is estimated that the area can 

accommodate more than 1000 individuals of orangutan (Russon, in press). 

A large number of orangutans were found in the swamp and lowland forest areas (Soehartono 

et.al. 2007). The BTNP area is considered one of the ideal conservation areas for the 

habitat of the Sumatran orangutan. 

6.3.1. The Present Condition 

The Sumatran Orangutan species in the BTNP and the surrounding area originated from 

the re-introduction or relocation of confiscated orangutans (Balai BTNP, 2002). According 

to data from the Sumatran Orangutan Re-introduction Program, around 96 orangutans 

were relocated (Pratje & Padang, 2007). Three baby orangutans were born during the 

re-introduction process and six orangutans died mainly due to illness (Pratje & Padang, 

2007). There was also potential for conflict with humans as one of the relocated orangutans 

was shot and captured while damaging crops owned by the community. A large number 

of communities within and around BTNP were also not aware that the orangutan was a 

protected species. 


At the moment, the distribution is centred in the Limited Production Forest area around 

the re-introduction station. Only a few individual orangutans were found within the BTNP 

area (Figure 36). So far, a large part of the relocation site is centred around the station, 

and monitoring is done continuously around the Pengian River orangutan re-introduction 

centre and the relocation site to find out about the progress of the re-introduction program. 

In 2007, there was re-contact with 17 orangutans which had been relocated (Pratje & 

Padang, 2007). 

6.3.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Sumatran Orangutan 

in BTNP 

In 2007, the Ministry of Forestry established the 2007- 2017 Strategy and Action Plan for 

the Conservation of the Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelli). (Soehartono et.al., 2007). 

To support the BTNP area as an ideal alternative habitat area for the re-introduction 

species (Sumatran orangutan), it is important to carry out the strategy and action plan for 

the conservation of the Sumatran orangutan in BTNP consisting of the following actions: 

1. Protecting the orangutan and their natural habitat in BTNP and the surrounding area 

from poaching and habitat destruction by conducting socialisation activities and routing 

patrol. 

2. Monitoring and evaluating the development of the relocated orangutan on an ongoing 

basis. 

3. Conducting ongoing assessment of other species that may be affected by the relocation 

of the orangutan. 

4. Preparing the SOP for the management and safeguarding of the orangutan and their 

habitat. 

5. Promoting the role of partners especially the local government in protecting the 

orangutan in BTNP. 

70


Figure 36 . The Orangutan distributions in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem 

Source: FZS 

Table 25. Threats to Orangutan in Indonesia 

Threat 

Pressure from human 

population 

Changes in land use 

arrangements 

Forest fire 

Level of 

Threat 

Medium 

High 

High 

Main Impact 

Degradation of natural resources, 

extinction of species by poaching, 

increase in erosion, hydrological cycle 

disturbance 

Degradation and destruction of 

resources, species extinction, loss of 

forest functions. 

Degradation of habitat, orangutan 

mortality 

Mining Medium Changes and habitat degradation 

Weak law enforcement Medium High rate of forest cutting and poaching 

Cutting of forests 

High 

Orangutan habitat decrease, changes in 

vegetation, and decline in population 

Poaching / illegal trade High 

Species extinction, changes to the 

community structure 

Source: Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Orangutan (Soehartono et.al, 

2007) 

71



6.3.4. Success Indicator 

The success indicators of the strategy and action plan step up the conservation in situ as a 

main activity to rescue orangutans in their natural habitat and include the following: 

1. The orangutan population and their natural habitat can be preserved. 

2. The distribution and development of the orangutan in the natural habitat in BTNP is 

monitored. 

3. The impacts that might rise from the orangutan re-introduction program can be 

mapped. 

4. The increasing role and participation of the local government in the conservation of the 

Sumatran orangutan in BTNP. 

6.4. Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) 

The Malayan Tapir is a protected mammalian species that is almost extinct. No data 

is available on the habitat condition and population of this species. The available data 

on direct and indirect encounter to determine the distribution of this species in BTNP is 

obtained from camera trapping by PKHS and field surveys by the WPU-FZS team. 


The malayan tapir population in BTNP is not known. However, based on the frequency of 

encounters by camera trap or tracks, it can be concluded that the tapir population in BTNP 

is big enough (Balai BTNP, 2007). Based on PKHS reports, the presence of this species 

is detected by cameras at almost every point, thus indicating the almost even distribution 

of this species in and around BTNP. Besides being a prey of the Sumatran tiger in BTNP, 

the tapir is also known to disturb/damage crops owned by the community (Yunus, et.al., 

2007). 


A large number of Malayan tapir distribution is found south of BTNP, specifically in the 

former HPH (concession) area of PT. DHE and PT. IFA (Figure 16). This area is also the 

home range of the Sumatran elephant and the Sumatran orangutan. Others are found in 

the BTNP area (Granit camp area) and beside the settlement area within the area along the 

Gansal River which has a relatively flat topography. 

6.4.3. Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of the Malayan Tapir in 

BTNP 

There is still no strategy and action plan for the conservation of the tapir on the national 

level. Relating to the conservation of wildlife and their ecosystem, the strategy and action 

for the conservation of the tapir in BTNP should include: 

1. Conducting surveys and monitoring the Malayan tapir population in the BTNP and the 

surrounding area. 

2. Socializing and campaigning among the community to promote the Malayan tapir as an 

endemic, protected species. 

3. Protecting and maintaining the habitat of the Malayan tapir in the BTNP and the 

surrounding area. 

72


6.4.4. Success Indicator 

The expected results of the above activities are as follows: 

1. The Malayan tapir population in BTNP and the surrounding area can be known. 

2. The killing of the Malayan tapir for disturbing crops or trapping it for consumption can 

be prevented. 

3. The Malayan tapir habitat around BTNP can be maintained or protected. 

Figure 37. Malayan Tapir distributions in the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem 

Source: PKHS, WWF, ZSL and FZS 

73

THREATS AND DISTURBANCES 

TO THE BUKIT TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM 

75

7. Threaths and Disturbances to the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem 

7. THREATS AND DISTURBANCES TO THE BUKIT 

TIGAPULUH ECOSYSTEM 

The BTNP is generally facing a lot of disturbance that threaten its existence. A large 

part of this disturbance is the destruction of forest areas as previously a large part of the 

area around BTNP were concession areas managed by several HPH companies (HPH; 

Basuni et.al, 1997). Not less than 17 HPH companies were operating around BTNP and 

these included HPH PT Sura Asia, PT Dalek, PT Partiadi, PT. IFA and PT. Seberida Wana 

Sejahtera (PT. SWS) which had legal access to utilise timber as a forest resource (Sinaga, 

1999). When many HPH concessions expired in 2000, the surrounding communities began 

to encroach the area for plantations (Daulay, 2007). The following are current threats and 

disturbances that clearly threaten the integrity of the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. 

7.1. The Construction of the South Corridor Road 

The construction of a corridor road was done by a partner of Asia Pulp Paper (APP)/Sinar 

Mas Group (SMG) companies. The opening of this road is for use as a company road 

between Riau and Jambi provinces. 96.2 km have been opened. The results of investigation 

by five conservation institutions in Jambi revealed that the road was directed to areas with 

large timber potential to extract timber and chip (KKI-WARSI, 2008). The opening of this 

corridor road has a very negative impact on the integrity of the forest in the south of BTNP. 

A number of special forest protection areas proposed by conservation institutions to be 

preserved have become new logging areas and a thoroughfare for logging as a result of 

this corridor road construction. 

The opening of this new road will cut off the habitat of key wildlife species such as Sumatra 

elephants, tigers and orangutans and thus trigger human-wildlife conflicts. In addition to 

that, the opening of the corridor road will provide easy access to poachers and threaten the 

conservation of key species in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem (Laporan investigasi 5 NGO, 

2007). Besides threatening the viability of the key species, the opening of this corridor will 

damage the system of the High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) around BTNP. 

7.2. Forest Conversion for Plantations and the Exploitation of 

Natural Mineral Resources 

The conservation of the BTNP is currently under heavy pressure. The clearance or 

conversion of forest areas is done on a corporate scale as well as by the surrounding 

community. The clearance of forests on the corporate scale is the conversion of natural 

forests to Industrial Plantation Forests, palm oil plantations and the exploitation of coal. The 

current concessions around BTNP (Riau and Jambi) include companies with IUPHHKHT 

(Industrial Timber Plantation License), palm oil plantations, and mining activities (coal mine) 

which could be described as follows (KKI-WARSI, 2007): 

a. IUPHHK and IUPHHK-HT (HPH/HTI) Concession Companies 

Until 2002 there were 5 HPH concessions, and 2 IPHHK licenses (permit from district 

level) in Jambi province. In Riau province, there were 2 former HPH concessions 

operating around BTNP. At the moment, there are at least 7 active and inactive 

Industrial Timber Plantation licenses or IUPHHK-HT (HTI) in forest areas around BTNP 

in Riau and Jambi provinces. These concession areas had licenses issued by the 

Bupati, the Governor or the Minister of Forestry. 

b. Palm oil Plantation Companies 

To this moment there are at least 6 active palm oil plantations around BTNP area in 

Jambi and 4 others in Riau. In addition to these, there are new companies trying to 

obtain concession licences. 

77



c. Mining Companies 

There are at least 2 coal mining companies conducting exploitation activities at the 

moment and 3 companies have received exploration permits since 2005 (KKI-WARSI, 

2007). These companies began their operation after receiving Mining Concessions 

(KP) from the Minister, Governor or Bupati concerned. Some new companies have 

obtained mining concessions while others are still trying to obtain such licenses. One 

of the mining concession holder is Riau Muara Bulian (RMB) operating in the Akar River 

area (Inhu district). It is said that many mining concessions are still being processed 

in Riau province including approximately 25 concessions in Inhu district and 40 in Inhil 

district (Daulay, 2007). 

7.3. Shifting Cultivation 

Traditional communities within and around BTNP are doing shifting cultivation to collect 

forest products. The traditional method uses the slash and burn pattern. There is no 

fixed pattern concerning the rotation of shifting cultivation but this is usually influenced by 

the availability of land and the demand. Communities around BTNP area have a brief 

rotation compared to those within BTNP. However, if the cultivation is combined with rubber 

plants, then the traditional rubber plantation will be a source of income to the family and 

no rotation is done for this particular land. This shows that shifting cultivation is expansive 

and becomes a serious threat especially if there is no control over the population within the 

traditional communities. It is found in the field that traditional communities living around 

BTNP (participants of the resettlement program) have also opened unirrigated agricultural 

fields (ladang) within the area and their capacity to clear forest land has increased. 

7.4 Illegal logging and Illegal Burning of Land and Forests 

Based on observation and analysis by the BTNP agency, it was found that threats and 

disturbances to the area by illegal logging and burning have declined to a large extent. 

Some incidents still occur especially in the Limited Production Forest area (former HPH 

concession area) in the buffer zone. Several areas within and around the national park 

have also been identified as potential areas for illegal logging and land and forest fires and 

these areas are given priority in the management, prevention and handling of threats and 

disturbances to the area. 

7.5 Forest Fires 

In anticipating forest fire disasters in BTNP, the BTNP agency has fire prevention and 

handling programs which are included in the annual budget of the BTNP agency (Table 26). 

These activities are as follows : 

a. Forest Fire Prevention Program: 

• Integrated extension on fire 

• Display signs on the risk of forest fires 

• Forest and land fire prevention patrol 

• Early detection of forest and land fires 

• Train the community on the prevention and handling of forest fires 

• Listing of forest fire potential areas 

78


b. Mitigation of forest fires: 

• Establishment of fire alert command post 

• Putting out forest fires in the early stage 

• In house training on the handling of forest fires 

• Preparation and distribution of extinguishing equipment 

• Roll call for fire alert 

Table 26. Recapitulation of Forest and Land Fires in 2008 

Locations (Desa/ 

Kec/Kab/Prop) 

Keritang/Kemuning/ 

Indragiri Hilir/Riau 

Keritang/Kemuning/ 


Selesen/Kemuning/ 


Talang Lakat/Batang 

Gansal/Indragiri 

Hilir/Riau 

Area Type 

Limited Production 

Forest + Hutan Hak 


Forest + Hutan Hak 

Sizes 

Burned 

Estimated 

Loss 

20 Ha n.a 

30 Ha n.a 

National Park 2 Ha n.a 


Forest 

4 Ha n.a 

Notes 

Outside Bukit 

Tigapuluh 

National Park 



National Park 



National Park 



National Park 

7.5.1. Forest Fire Prevention Management Project (JICA-PHKA Cooperation 

Program) 

The Government of Japan through JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) in 

cooperation with the Government of Indonesia through the Ministry of Forestry and the 

Directorate General for the Protection of Forests and the Conservation of Nature (PHKA) 

developed the Forest Fire Prevention Management Project (FFPMP) in the Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park area in 2002-2006. The objective of this cooperation program is to promote 

the quality and quantity of human resources and equipment in the mitigation of forest fires. 

The FFPMP consists of the following sectors : 1) Early mitigation of forest fires. 2) Early 

detection. 3) Promotion and extension, and 4) Prevention of fire in a participative manner 

Activities that have been implemented within the framework of this cooperation include: 

1. The early detection of forest fires through NOAA satellite and the daily dissemination 

of information on hotspots. 

2. The development of a model for the effective and early mitigation of fires. 

3. The raising of public concern through discussions with decision-makers, extension and 

presentation. 

4. Training on forest fires for forest police and local communities. 

5. The cooperation with the central and local governments in campaigning for the 

prevention of land and forest fires on the local and national levels. 

6. The procurement of fire equipment and the construction of facilities. 

79



7. 

8. 

The construction of a training centre for the mitigation of forest fires in BTNP. 

The establishment and the enhancement of the capacity of the forest fire brigade. 

9. The development of a conservation education module for Junior High School which is 

adopted as a local curriculum content. 

10. The promotion of an information network and a human resource development network 

for the mitigation of forest fires. 

The results of monitoring by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry (www.dephut.go.id) show 

that the number of hotspots in the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem area dropped significantly 

from 2006 to 2008. In 2006, it was estimated that there were 234 hotspots (Figure 38) in 

the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. The number of hotspots declined to 166 (Figure 39) in 

2007 and 88 in 2008 (Figure 40). 

7.6 Poaching 

Hunting especially to feed the family is a part of the day to day life of the indigenous 

communities within and around BTNP (Yayasan PKHS, 2007). The poaching rate is 

considered low at the moment and it is limited to birds especially what is locally known as 

White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus). By looking at photos taken in the field 

with the help of camera traps set by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), it was found 

that the poaching of birds was still going on in BTNP area. No data was available on the 

number of individual birds caught. 

However, as a result of influence from buyers outside the area, several community groups 

have conducted poaching activities of rare animals (for example, the Sumatran tiger) that 

could sell for a high value. Several cases were uncovered and the perpetrators arrested 

Figure 38. Hotspots within the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem in 2006 

80




81



but usually the animal concerned had been killed. Records indicated that at least five 

Sumatran tigers were poached and killed in BTNP area from 1999 to 2006 (Table 27; 

BBTNP, 2006). 

Table 27. Data on the Poaching of the Sumatran Tiger in BTNP 

Wildlife Species Year Place of Incident Quantity Remarks 

Sumatran Tiger 1999 

Rantau Langsat, 

Dist. Inhu 

1 

Evidance 

confiscated 


Rantau Langsat, 

Dist. Inhu 

1 

Evidance 

confiscated, 

perpetrator 

arrested 


Sub-village Air 

Bomban 

2 

Evidance 

confiscated, 

perpetrator 

arrested 


Sub Dist. Batang 

Cenaku 

1 

Evidence not 

found 

Source: Balai BTNP, 2006 

7.7 Human-Wildlife Conflicts 

The conflicts are usually between the Sumatran tiger or elephant and human-beings. 

Several human-Sumatran tiger conflicts were reported in village/sub-village areas adjacent 

to BTNP which resulted in the death of livestock and other domestic animals (Table 28). 

The last conflict occurred at Desa Sanglap, in the subdistrict of Batang Cinaku, Inhu district, 

where 14 goats were eaten (Balai BTNP, 2008; Laporan Kades Sanglap). 

Human-elephant conflict was also believed to have risen around the BTNP area. Data in 

2007 indicated that at least 4 elephants had died due to human-wildlife conflict (Table 29). 

These elephants were poisoned by some individuals in the community to reduce humanelephant 

conflicts. 

Table 28. Human-Sumatran Tiger Conflict around BTNP. 

District/ 

Subdistrict 

Inhu/Batang 

Cenaku 

Inhu/Rengat 

Barat 

Inhu/Pangkalan 

Kasai 

Village 

1. Sipang 

2. Sanglap 

1. Redang 

2. Pematang 

Reba 

No. of 

Conlict 

2 

1 

1 

3 

Sex 

Killed 

Victim 

Human 

Injured 

n/a n/a n/a 

n/a 

1 (Male) 

Livestock 

4 

4 

n/a n/a n/a 

Kelesa 1 1 (Male) 1 n/a n/a 

Source: PKHS, 2008 

82


Table 29. Several human-elephant conflicts in 2007 

Date Location Event 

Januari 2007 

Juni 2007 

Juni 2007 

Mei 2007 

September 2007 

Sub Dist. Serai 

Serumpun Dist. Tebo 

PT. WKS – Sungai 

Tapah 

PT. Inti Starindo 

Agro Makmur (ISA), 

Semambu Village, Sub 

Dist. Serai Serumpun – 

Dist. Tebo 

PT. Inti Starindo 

Agro Makmur (ISA), 

Semambu Village, Sub 

Dist. Serai Serumpun – 

Dist. Tebo 

Areal perkebunan 

kelapa sawit PT. 

Regunas Agri Utama 

(RAU), Suo-Suo 

Village, Tanjung Dani 

Village and Muara 

Sekalo Village. 

Elephant raid at community plantation 

1 elephant found dead 

2 female elephants found dead. Tests at 

the lab of BPPV Regional I Bukit Tinggi 

on 2 July 2007 found Bacillus sp and 

Serratia sp. 

1 female elephant found dead. Tests at 

Balai Besar Penelitian Viteriner Bogor on 

28 July 2008 revealed that the elephant 

had died of ammonia poisoning. 

A herd of 23 elephants (including 3 

young ones) damaged an area of PT 

RAU in an oil palm plasm block owned 

by the community.The elephants were 

driven away by the Orangutan Protection 

Unit team. 

Source: Balai KSDA Jambi, 2008, Pratje & Padang, 2007 

7.8 Land Use Change around BTNP 

The high rate of interest in the area around BTNP (buffer zone) especially for non-conservation 

purpose may threaten the sustainability of BTNP (Adisoemarto, et.al, 1997). The lack 

of clarity of the Jambi and Riau provincial spatial plans including in four districts around 

BTNP has caused deviation in the field condition. The designation of areas for plantations 

sometimes overlap with that for mining. For example, one of the blocks designated for 

coal mining by PT. Riau Bara Harum overlapped with the BTNP area (this block has been 

annulled) (Balai BTNP, 2006). This shows that ecological and environmental concerns as 

well as traditional norms have not been properly addressed (KKI-WARSI, 2007). 

The forest area around BTNP has evidently been divided for other uses (Figure 41), among 

others: 

• The former areas of PT. Dalek Hutani Esa and PT.IFA were handed over to the local 

government. Many concessions were issued for the IFA area in Jambi (size: 100,000 

ha), which was auctioned and awarded to APP (Sinar Mas, for HTI) 

• The IFA area in Rengat: 70,000 ha has become the concession area of RAPP for HTI, 

where the Puntianai block of approximately 17,000 ha was allocated for the BTNP 

corridor to Bukit Batabuh. 

• The Inhutani IV area in Lubuk Mandarsah, whose license was annulled, was handed 

over to PT. WKS for development of HTI. 

83



• In Tanjabar a large part of the existing HPT forest area (formerly PT.Hatma Hutani) is 

under the control of APP (Sinar Mas) for the development of HTI through its affiliated 

company. 

• In Keritang (Riau) the former HPT area of SWS, was auctioned and awarded to APP 

(PT. Mapala Rabda) and a mining exploration permit was issued to PT. Citra Tambang 

Riau over a large enough area. 

Figure 41. Spatial Situation around Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

Source: WARSI, WWF and FZS 

84

CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT OF 


85

8. Conservation Development of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

8. CONSERVATION DEVELOPMENT OF BUKIT 

TIGAPULUH NATIONAL PARK 

8.1. Basis for Conservation Area Management 

The Conservation Area Management and Development Strategy basically follows the 

Minimum Standard for the Management of Conservation Areas which stresses upgrading 

the job performance standard and the stability of national park management based on four 

principles and eight basic criteria for the management of a conservation area which covers 

all aspects, namely (PHKA, 2005): 

1. Area Stability: is the principle on how important it is for the recognized National Park 

area to exist, considering the dynamic socio-political condition of the communities that 

ensure the continuity of the management of the National Park. 

a. Criteria for Area stability : stability of the area legally and actually ensured 

2. Ecological Function Sustainability : is the principle that describes the measurement 

of success based on the ecological and environmental aspects, so as to ensure the 

sustainable management of the National Park. 

a. Criteria for Sustainable Ecosystem : function of National Park ecosystem ensured 

3. Natural Resource Economic Function Sustainability : is the assurance of the National 

Park’s function to provide benefits while consistently protecting the life support system 

of various indigenous species and germ plasm and the unique ecosystem contained 

therein. 

a. Criteria for Natural Resource Economic Function Sustainability : availability of 

access to economic benefits in regional development, availability of incentive for 

conservation activities, and availability of access to the utilisation of germ plasm 

sources for cultivation. 

4. Social Culture Function Sustainability : is the assurance of the National Park’s function 

to provide ongoing social and cultural benefits according to the aspiration, demands 

and social order in effect that are acceptable to the local communities. 

a. Criteria for Social Culture Function Sustainability : harmonious relationship between 

local culture and natural resources, space for management by communities, and 

contribution towards education and research on natural and forest resources 

ensured. 

8.2. Agenda for the Conservation of Bukit Tigapuluh National 

Park and the Surrounding Area 

Realizing the significance of the existence of BTNP in an integral and intact ecosystem that 

needs to be preserved to support the protection of the life support system, there are several 

agenda to conserve the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem which had actually been started even 

before the area was designated as a national park. 

8.2.1 National Park Management Plan (1997 – 2021) 

Though several revisions are needed, this document, which was endorsed by the Director 

General of PHKA and the Chairperson of the Riau provincial BAPPEDA, contains the 

long term plan or course for the management of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park. The 

conservation aspect is the focus and success indicator in the long term BTNP management 

plan (Balai BTNP, 2007) as follows: 

87



1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

Enhance the protection of the life support system through efforts to stabilize the size 

and form of the area which is integrated with the management of watershed areas. 

Enhance the conservation of the flora and fauna diversity and their ecosystem by 

recognizing the quantity and quality of forest and environmental resources. 

Enhance the sustainable utilization by looking for potential in the interest of cultivation 

(breeding) and looking for resorts/environment for nature tourism. 

Enhance the protection and development of indigenous tribes. 

8.2.2. Rationalization of BTNP 

For the rationalization of BTNP, it is planned to expand the area based on the following 

reasons, objectives and criteria (KKI-WARSI, 2007): 

Objective of Rationalization : 

1. Noting the tendency of natural forest cover loss in the provinces of Jambi and Riau, we 

conclude that it has become very urgent to conserve natural tropical lowland forests; 

2. Areas that meet the criteria for protection (steep topography areas) must be restored to 

their function as protection areas and should become a part of BTNP; 

3. The rationalization of BTNP will produce a national park which is solid and capable of 

blocking external pressure that could split habitat into small fragments, and will simplify 

management (supervision/safeguarding); 

4. By protecting the natural forest cover in the Bukit Tigapuluh area, the water system for 

the surrounding area can be protected and the danger of floods mitigated; 

5. The Bukit Tigapuluh area is an important water catchment area for the watersheds of 

the Indragiri, Batanghari and Pengabuan Rivers. 

Criteria for Rationalization 

1. One with BTNP area 

2. State Forest area 

3. Heavy topography/protection criteria and or high value of biodiversity 

4. Not well managed (open access) 

5. No/minimum conflict 

6. Recommended 

The expansion of BTNP area is planned based on the above objectives and criteria with 

support from various parties. 

The result of a justification study by KKI-WARSI for the rationalization of BTNP on problems 

arising in the management of BTNP in the respective management areas of BTNP is as 

follows (KKI-WARSI, 2007): 

a. Indragiri Hilir District - Riau 

• Many rationalization areas have been cleared for shifting cultivation by the 

indigenous communities (Talang Mamak and Orang Rimba), especially along rivers 

and tributaries. 

• A lot of the burning of land and forests in the rationalization area is done by the 

indigenous communities. 

• The rationalization area is very potential for coal mining. At the moment a mining 

license has been issued for PT Citra Tambang. 

88

8. Conservation Development of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 

Table 30. Size of Rationalization Area from areas of former companies as 

proposed by KKI-Warsi 

Company Name 

Size (Ha) 

Eks PT. IFA/PT. Dalek Hutani Esa 4.000 

Eks PT. Dalek Hutani Esa *12.100 

Eks PT. Hatma Hutani **31.300 

Total Area 47.400 

Source: KKI-WARSI 

* Proposed to Directorate General Forest Protection and Nature Conervation, Indonesia 

Ministry of Forestry 

** Has not been endorsed by Distric Govermnent of Tanjung Jabung Barat 

• Many rationalization areas have been utilized by the local communities for agriculture 

and plantations and the extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP). 

• In the rationalization area, there is a road network, which has long been used by the 

local communities for agriculture and plantations and the extraction of non-timber 

forest products (NTFP). 

b. Indragiri Hulu District - Riau 




• A lot of the burning of land and forests in the rationalization area is done by the 

indigenous communities. 

• The rationalization area is very potential for coal mining. At the moment mining 

licenses have been issued for PT. Riau and PT. Citra Tambang. 

• There has been overlapping of concessions for HP-HTI issued by the Minister of 

Forestry and concessions for oil palm plantations issued by the Governor of Riau 

and the Bupati of Indragiri Hulu. 

• Desa Sanglap has been excluded from the BTNP area as this village had existed 

long before BTNP was established. 

c. Tebo District - Jambi 




• Many rationalization areas have been cleared for plantations (rubber and oil palm) 

by local village community farmers’ groups and non-indigenous settlers in the 

logging road used by former HPH (forest concession license holders). 

d. Tanjung Jabung Barat District - Jambi 

• Compared to the three other regions, there are rationalization areas that are 

relatively smaller, which have been cleared for shifting cultivation by the indigenous 

communities (Talang Mamak and Orang Rimba), especially along rivers and 

tributaries. 

• Many rationalization areas have been cleared for plantations (rubber and oil palm) 

by local village community farmers’ groups and non-indigenous settlers in the 

logging road used by former HPH (forest concession license holders). 

89



8.2.3. Bukit Tigapuluh and Bukit Batabuh Wildlife Corridors (West Corridor) 

This conservation agenda complies with the National Conservation Plan of 1982 for Bukit 

Tigapuluh area as part of the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape. Based on this national conservation 

plan, Bukit Tigapuluh was originally a part of the proposed Bukit Besar Wildlife Sanctuary 

(200,000 ha) and Seberida Nature Sanctuary (120.000 ha), so that the size would be 

320.000 ha (Basuni, et.al, 1997). In the next development, the BTNP was established with 

a size of 144,223 ha. 

This conservation agenda was initiated by the Riau WWF in order to conserve the natural 

forest area adjacent to BTNP as a habitat area or to maintain the area as a designated 

area for the conservation and protection of important BTNP wildlife habitat namely, the 

Sumatran elephant and the Sumatran tiger (WWF Riau, 2008). The success to date is the 

recognition of the Puntianai block (17,000 ha) by PT. Riau Andalan Pulp and Paper (RAPP) 

as an area to be treated as a high conservation value area. 

8.2.4. Strategy and Action Plan for BTNP and Buffer Zone Integrated Natural 

Resource Management 

This document is prepared for the following purpose and objectives: 1.) to provide a 

reference and set a course for the central government, local government, communities 

and other parties in the management (utilization and conservation) of natural resources 

in an integrated manner in BTNP and the buffer zone to enhance the livelihood of the 

communities and regional development. 2). To provide guidelines for the implementation 

of central and local development programs that are promoted in line with the Indonesian 

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP). 

All activities and assessments conducted, including the compilation of impact factors in 

BTNP and the buffer zone areas, are described in the matrix of the action plan with success 

indicators that are divided into: 

1. Action Plan within BTNP area 

2. Action Plan within BTNP and buffer zone areas 

3. Action Plan in the BTNP buffer zone 

4. Action Plan for the rationalization of BTNP boundary, and 

5. Action Plan for the creation of alternative income 

90

SUMMARY AND CLOSING REMARKS 

91

9. Summary and Closing Remarks 

9. SUMMARY 

BTNP and the surrounding area is a natural conservation area in the lowland forest 

ecosystem area with a high potential of biodiversity. As BTNP and the surrounding area is 

an integral ecosystem, its management must be done in a sustainable manner. BTNP and 

the surrounding area also have a significant role as the provider of environmental services to 

the communities. In addition to that, BTNP and the surrounding area is also an ideal habitat 

for flora and fauna, especially the endemic and rare species such as the Sumatran tiger, 

the Sumatran elephant, Malayan tapir and the Sumatran orangutan. These key species 

have a high ecological value in the ecosystem and must, therefore, be protected in order 

to maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Besides having a rich collection of species of high 

value, the BTNP area is also home of indigenous communities who are highly dependent 

on the forest area. Therefore, the protection of the BTNP forest area will also protect the 

existence of these local communities and their local culture which has a high value. For 

optimum management, a comprehensive strategy and conservation implementation plan is 

needed which is agreeable to all parties. 

Despite its high conservation value, disturbance to BTNP and the surrounding area 

continues to rise and threaten the area. Within the BTNP area itself, disturbance caused by 

shifting cultivation remains a main threat. Meanwhile, around BTNP area, the disturbance 

to forests is mainly caused by the conversion of forest areas on a large scale to plantations, 

the exploitation of mineral resources through mining activities (e.g. coal) and the opening 

of the south corridor road. In addition to that, another factor that causes habitat destruction 

is the allocation of land uses that are not in synergy with conservation-based development. 

Other threats directly affecting the wildlife population are poaching and human-wildlife 

conflicts. 

Various conservation activities have been done to stop the damage to BTNP and the 

surrounding areas. The main conservation activities include rationalization of BTNP area, 

a proposal for a wildlife corridor between Bukit Tigapuluh and Bukit Batabuh, and the 

compilation of a Strategy and Action Plan for the Integrated Management of BTNP area 

and its buffer zone. These efforts, however, continue to face constraints and their direct 

impact in the field has not been optimum probably due to the lack of a common perception 

among the various stakeholders in the management of BTNP and the surrounding area. The 

diverse significant interests, the complexity of the problems raised, and vast size of area to 

be managed call on all parties concerned to be able to hold a dialogue and determine the 

best form of management practice. Equally important is the need for continuous funding in 

the management which is also a key factor in determining the success of the management 

of BTNP and the surrounding area. 

CLOSING REMARKS 

The conservation of BTNP and the surrounding area is important not only for the flora and 

fauna but also for the interest of people, especially the communities within and around 

BTNP area. For this reason, development activities in BTNP and the surrounding areas 

must focus on the concept of management for the long term protection and conservation 

of BTNP area. It is important to promote understanding and cooperation among various 

stakeholders so that the overlapping of interests can be avoided. 

This document is a collection of basic information/data concerning BTNP and the surrounding 

area for use as a reference in the compilation of the Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem Conservation 

Implementation Plan. It is compiled based on literature study and working group discussion 

which is done specifically to gather data on the ecological condition and the conservation of 

the Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem. It is hoped that the data and information in this document 

can provide an up-to-date picture on the ecological condition and the conservation in BTNP 

and the surrounding area in the interest of a better management. 

93



94

APPENDIX 

95

10. Appendix 

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Lahan Dusun Datai di Dalam Kawasan TNBT. Balai TN. Bukit Tigapuluh. 

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Kerjasama BPDAS Batanghari dengan Pusat Kajian Kehutanan Universitas 

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Haryono, M. 2006. Pencegahan Kebakaran Hutan di Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh. 

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Hernidiah. 1999. Pelestarian Rafflesia hasseltii, Suringar di TNBT Riau – Jambi. Media 

Konservasi Vol. VI / no. 1. Agustus, 1999 

KKI-WARSI. 2006. Studi Keruangan dan Pemanfaatan Lahan di Desa-Desa Penyangga 

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KKI-WARSI. 2008. Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem and Spatial Condition. Makalah pada 

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2008. 

Maryono, A. 2005. Menangani Banjir, Kekeringan, dan Lingkungan. Gadjah Mada 

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Tigapuluh di Pekanbaru – Riau tanggal 6-7 Agustus 2008. 

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2001. Sumatran orangutan conservation programme in Bukit Tigapuluh National 

Park and adjacent provinces, Riau and Jambi. 

Muhammad, N. 2007. Kecamatan Batang Cenaku Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik 

Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. 

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Indragiri Hulu. 

Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. 2004. Final Report. Jakarta 

Indonesia 

Pratje, P dan K. Padang. 2007. Proyek Reintroduksi Orangutan Sumatera Kabupaten 

Tebo-Propinsi Jambi. Laporan Tahunan. Jambi 

Pratje, P., Rizali, Suramin, Gandhi, dan T. Partomihardjo. 2001. Fruit tree avaliability in 

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park as an estimator of orangutan carrying capacity. 

Frankfurt Zoological Society Laporan internal. Tidak dipublikasi. 

Priyatna, D. 2008. Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem: Hasil survey harimau ZSL di wilayah TNBT 

dan sekitarnya. Makalah pada working group discussion on conservation and 

ecology, Global Management Planning Bukit Tigapuluh Program di Hotel Ratu, 

Jambi tanggal 21-22 Agustus 2008. 

Russon, A.E. Orangutan rehabilitation and reintroduction. Success, failure and role in 

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conservation edited by Wich, SA, Utami Atmoko SS, Mitra Setia T, and van Schaik 

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Sambas. 1997. Rencana Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh Tahun 1997-2021. 

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Santoso J. 2008. Rubber Production System by Talang Mamak and Melayu Tua Living in 

Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTNP), Indonesia: The correlation between its 

contributions to household objectives and its pressure on BTNP sustainability. 

Master Thesis. Graduate School of Science and Technology. Niigata University. 

Japan. 

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Schlegel, H & S, Mueller 1829-1844. Bijdragen tot de Natuurlijke Historie van de Orangoetan 

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Nederlandsche Overzeesche Bezittingen, door de Leden der Natuurkundige 

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Shaleh, F. 2002. Penanganan Konflik Gajah Sumatera di Propinsi Riau. Proceeding 

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Silalahi M. 2002. Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Fisik dan Sosial Ekonomi Budaya Masyarakat 

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Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu. 

100

10. Appendix 

APPENDIX 2: List of plants species in Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park 

No. Scientific Name Local Name 

1 Acriopsis indica Sakat 

2 Agelaea macrophyilla Akar tanduk 

3 Aglaia rubiginosa Bakal, pasra 

4 Agrostistachys leptostachya Julong-julong 

5 Alpinia javanica Paling-paling 

6 Alstonia pneumathophora Basung, pulai putih 

7 Alstonia scholaris Pulai 

8 Anisoptera marginata Meranti kucing 

9 Anisoptera curtisii Mersawa, keruing kucing 

10 Aquilaria malaccensis Gaharu 

11 Arcangelisia flava Daun bulan, tali kuning 

12 Baccaurea bracteata Tampui, rambai hutan 

13 Baccaurea motleyana Rambai 

14 Baccaurea parviflora Tampui kura-kura 

15 Barringtonia lanceolata Putat 

16 Bouea oppositifolia Kayu rusun 

17 Bromheadia finlaysoniana Anggrek tebu 

18 Bulbophyllum limbatum Sakat 

19 Bulbophyllum medusae Sakat 

20 Calamus manan Rotan manau 

21 Calophyllum grandiflorum Mentangur 

22 Campnosperma coriaceum Meranti ayer 

23 Cantleya corniculata Garu betina,tusam 

24 Chisocheton divergens Ikan-ikan 

25 Coelogyne foerstermannii Anggrek meteor 

26 Combretocarpus rotundatus Garam-garam 

27 Cyathea sumatrana Paku tiang 

28 Cyrtostachys renda Linau 

29 Daemonorops angustifolia Rotan getah 

30 Daphniphyllum laurinum Kalimanyo 

31 Deehasia caesia Cabe hutan 

32 Dialium maingayi Keranji 

33 Dillenia reticulata Gawal-gawal 

34 Dimocarpus longan Bidara 

35 Dipodium pictum Anggrek 

36 Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Keruing 

Continue 

101



Appendix 2: From previous. 


37 Disssochaeta gracilis Akar sedundok 

38 Durio carinatus Durian burung 

39 Dyera costulata Labuwai 

40 Dysoxylum macrocarpum Kayu kunyit 

41 Eleidoxa conferta Asam kelubi 

42 Embelia borneensis Akar urut 

43 Eugenia incarnatum Komodan 

44 Eugenia tetraptera Kayu kepinding 

45 Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat ali,pasak bumi 

46 Fagraea fragrans Tembesu 

47 Fagraea racemosa Kayu bakata 

48 Flacourtia rukam Rokam 

49 Forrestia mollissima Tebu tikus 

50 Galearia fulva Kayu ekor kucing 

51 Garcinia bancana Asam gelugu koo 

52 Garcinia sizygiifolia Asam kandis 

53 Gluta aptera Rengas paya 

54 Gluta pubescens Kebau jalang 

55 Gluta renghas Rengas 

56 Gluta wallichii Rengas manuk 

57 Gonystylus macrophyllus Ramin 

58 Gordonia excelsa Medang kataping 

59 Heritiera javanica Mengkulang jari 

60 Hoya imperialis Akar cirik murai 

61 Iguanura wallichiana Pinang 

62 Irvingia malayana Pauh kijang 

63 Ixonanthes ceosandra Pagar anak betina 

64 Ixora grandifolia Titi dahan 

65 Johannesteijsmannia altifrons Salo 

66 Koompasia malaccensis Kempas,benggeris 

67 Korthalsia echinometra Rotan udang 

68 Korthalsia flagellaris Otan danan 

69 Korthalsia paucijuga Otan belindang 

70 Labisia pumila Gimban darah 

71 Licuala paludosa Palas, palem kipas 

72 Litsea lanceolata Lese putih 

73 Marumia nemorosa Kalimunting 

74 Medinilla crassifolia Asam bongkal 

75 Memecylon floribundum Jambu hutan 

Continues 

102

10. Appendix 



76 Musa salaccensis Pisang karuk 

77 Mussaenda frondosa Inggen sikara 

78 Myristica iners Laka 

79 Nephelium cuspidatum Deket, rambutan kabung 

80 Nephelium maingayi Buah sungkit 

81 Nephelium ramboutan-ake Arang para 

82 Oncosperma horridum Bayas 

83 Palaquium burckii Suntai 

84 Palaquium ridleyi Balam rambai 

85 Parkia timoriana Petai 

86 Passiflora foetida Letup-letup 

87 Payena acuminate Balam durian 

88 Pentaspadon motleyi Pelanjau 

89 Pinanga disticha Pinang 

90 Piper majusculum Sirih hutan 

91 Platycerium coronarium Paku tanduk uncal 

92 Plectocomia elongata Rotan 

93 Ploiarium alternifolium Iang-iang 

94 Polyalthia cauliflora Salai-salai 

95 Pometia pinnata Kasai 

96 Proiphys amboinensis Babawangan 

97 Pterisanthes cissoids Kriat betina 

98 Pterisanthes polita Kriat, akar haus 

99 Quassia indica Tandang 

100 Quercus lucida Mempening 

101 Rafflesia hasseltii Cendawan muka rimau 

102 Randia anisophylla Randa hutan 

103 Rinorea anguifera Ardang 

104 Salacia korthalsiana Akar rasau 

105 Sapium baccatum Ludai pelanduk 

106 Scorodocarpus borneensis Kulim 

107 Shorea leprosula Meranti bunga 

108 Shorea parvifolia Meranti semut 

109 Shorea rugosa Meranti bakau 

110 Shorea singkawang Singkawang 

111 Sloetia elongate Tapini 

112 Solanum mammosum Terung susu 

113 Sterculia coccinea Kelumpang burung 

Continue 

103





114 Styrax paralleloneurum Kayu kemenyan 

115 Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Simbar badak 

116 Taca chantrieri Jangut udang akar 

117 Tetramerista glabra Kayu malaka 

118 Thottea corymbosa Cambia tempala 

119 Uncaria sclerophylla Kait-kait jantan 

120 Urophyllum arboreum Lada-lada 

121 Vanilla albida Panili 

122 Vatica rassak Resak 

123 Willughbeia angustifolia Gitan 

124 Xantophyllum scortechinii Kayu telor 

Source: Balai TNBT, Wiradinata (1994). 

104

10. Appendix 

APPENDIX 3: List of traditional plants medicine used 

by local tribe of Talang Mamak in Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park 

No Scientific Name Local Name Purpose 

1 Unknown Akar benawa 

2 Psychotria sp. Akar cacing 

3 Chllocarpus cf. suaveolens Akar cirit mural 

4 Smilax zeylanica L. Akar kancil 

5 Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr Akar kuning/akar kunyit Hepatitis 

6 Mimosa pigra L. Akar kurau 

7 Darns caudata Backer. Akar tuba kangkung 

8 Vanilla sp. Alia hutan 

9 Tetracera fagifolia BI. Ampelas kucing 

10 

Mallotus paniculatus Muell 

Arg. 

Balik angin 

11 Amaranthus sp. Bayam tujuan 

12 

Pterospermum blumeanum 

Korth. 

Bayur 

13 

Donax cannaeformis (G. 

Forst.) K.Schum 

Qomban 

14 Antidesma tetrandum BI. Bunai 

15 Celosia argentea L. Bunga abang/kuning 

Pre childbirth 

medication 

16 Pternandra cardiphylla Buting-buting 

17 Piper mollissimum BI. Cambai harimau 

18 Piper menatum BI. Cambai tempala 

19 

Blumea balsam/fern (L.) 

DC. 

Capa 

20 Arisaema frliforme BI. Capa nogang 

21 Didimocarpus crinitus Jack. Capa sidapat 

22 Freycinetia sp. Cencangan di kayu 

23 

Pteriserianthes polita (Miq.) 

Laws. 

Cerekan 

24 

Urophyllum corymbosum 

Korth. 

Coko rimba 

25 Lansium domesticum Corr. Duku Diarrhea, Colera 

26 Laportea stimulans Miq. Durausi Caugh 

27 Durio zibethinus Murr. Durian Fever 

28 Barringtonia sp. Gimban darah Pregnancy medicine 

29 

Sloetia elongata (Miq.) 

Koord. 

Gintungan 

Birth control 

30 Korthalsia sp. Ibul Stomacache 

Continue 

105





31 Callicarpa longifolia Lamk. Inggis sikarak Diarrhea 

32 Saurauia nudiflora DC. Ingo-Ingo Throat infection 

33 Aglaunema simplex BI. 

Janggut baung/ 

sekelupabu 

Partus, Fever 

34 Unknown Jelatang niru Caugh 

35 

Symplocos cochinensis 

Fumb.& Bonpl. 

Jirak 

Caugh 

36 

Uncaria longifolia (Mlig.) 

Merr. 

Kait-kait 

Anti poison 

37 Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz. Kapung-kapung Kidney infection 

38 Litsea noronhae BI. Karisik baning Diarrhea 

39 Sauropus androgynus Merr. Katu 

Breast feeding 

optimation 

40 Fragraea racemosa Jack. Kayu gajah 

Gait disorder 

(Polyneuritis 

gallinarum-beriberi) 

41 Ficus sp. Kayu ara 

Pre-childbirth 

medication 

42 Ficus sp. Kayu ara terong Menstruation 

43 Unknown Kayu bahala Tonikum 

44 

Ryparosa caesia Kurz. Ex 

King 

Kayu gula-gula 

Aphrodisiac 

45 Canangium odoratum Bail. Kayu hangit Skin infection 

46 Ardisia zollingeri DC. Ka u hunjam dahan Broken bone 

47 Unknown Kayu kumambai Headache 

48 Glochidion se. Ka u kura Stomacache 

49 Unknown Ka u Iesa Stomachache 

50 Unknown Kayu muda lagi Anemia 

51 Pleomele eliptica R.E.BI. Kayu sakit kencing Urinating 

52 Aporosa sp. Kayu sakit telinga Ear infection 

53 Unknown Kayu sampur Fever 

54 

Costus speciosus (Korn) 

J.E. Smith 

Siiawar 

Caugh 

55 Evodia latifolia DC. Kayu silusuh Partus 

56 Semecarpus longifolius BI. Kayu tua rimba Anti poison 

57 

Antidesma cf. 

phaneroplebium Merr. 

Kayu tulang 

Reumatic 

58 

Anthocephalus indicus A. 

Rich. 

Kelanjaian 

Fever 

59 Sterculia longifolia Jack. v Eating appetite 

Continue 

106

10. Appendix 



60 Unknown Kemulan api Stomachache 

61 Unknown Keruru tunggal Partus 

62 Unknown Kopor 

Pre childbirth 

medication 

63 Piper muricatum Lagan-lagan Ulser 

64 Unknown Lipan-lipan Ulser 

65 

Macaranga triloba (Reinw. 

Ex BI.) 

Mahang kuku 

Nail infection 

66 Leea indica (Burn.f.) Merr. Manya-manya Troath infection 

67 

Plukeneda comiculata J.E. 

Smith 

Nilau 

Diabetes, Caugh 

68 

Sphaerostephanos 

heterophyllus (Bl.) Holt 

Paku kunyit/kuning Hepatitis 

69 Davallie solids Paku Ilpan harlmau Tonikum 

70 Taenihis blechnoldes Paku Ilpan Anemia 

71 Pandanus kurzii Merril Pandan embun Syphilis 

72 C/erodendrum sp. Panggil-panggil Stomachache 

73 Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Pasak bumi . Malaria 

74 Globe pendula Roxb. Pecuka harimau Headache 

75 Sida rhombifolia L. Penyupai cino Plasenta anti infection 

76 

Cratoxylum sumatranum 

(Jack.) BI. 

Pinggan-pinggan 

Muscle treatment 

77 Musa salacensis Zoll. Pisang karuk Partus 

78 Elettaria speciosa Puar susu 

Breat feeding 

optimation 

79 Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Pulai Stomachache 

80 Alstonia sp. Pulai hitam Malaria 

81 

Rinorea anguifera (Lour) 

OK. 

Rambutan cacat 

Caugh 

82 Dillenia excelsa Maretelli Ringin Foot skin infection 

83 Hoya densifolia Turcz. Sakit-sakit Mussle stift 

84 Eugenia sp. Semak ube Diarhea 

85 Bulbopyllum sp. Sehat badan Amnesia 

86 Sasamum indicum L. Selasih Jambi Burn wound 

87 

Anadendrum 

microstachyum Back & Ald. 

Selusuh sawa 

Anti venom, Partus 

88 Dianella nemorosa Lamk. Setanggi Sleeping medicine 

89 Solaria terretris (L.) Fass. Sialit tajam Diarrhea 

90 Scleria sp. Sialit tumpul Stomacache 

91 Fordia sp. Sibokal Partus 

Continue 

107





92 

Goniotha/amus 

macrophyllus Miq. 

Siburu 

Muscle stift 

93 Unknown Sijandak Skin infection 

94 AstroniMIVm sp. Sikalupa Eye infection 

95 Saprosma arboreum Bl. Sikang kontut Stomachache 

96 Dissochaela fallax Bl. Sikeduduk akar Headache 

97 Melastoma affine D.Don. Sikeduduk burung Fever, diarrhea, 

98 lodes cirrhosa Turcz. Slkoring-koring 

Anti bleeding post 

partus 

99 Litsea sp. Silima jan Eye infection 

100 Gironniera subaequalis Silok Caugh 

101 Trevesia burckii Boerl. Simantung landak Ulser 

102 Begonia isoptera Dryand. Sitampis Stomachache 

103 Milletia s lendidissima Bl. Sibokal Hepatits 

104 

105 

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) 

Griff. 

Cyrtandra insignis C.B. 

Clarke 

Susuk Fatimah/ Puding 

hitan 

Tambun parun 

Female vertility 

Nail infection 

106 Baccaurea javanica Bl. Tampui kura-kura Fever 

107 Camnosperma sp. Terentang Diarrhea 

108 Solanum sp. Terung kecubung Partus 

109 Gonocaryum gracile Miq. Tubung-tubung Fever 

Source:BTNBT, LIPI, Wiradinata (1994) 

108

10. Appendix 

APPENDIX 4: List of mushrooms used by local tribe of 

Talang Mamak in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park 


1 Pycnoporus sp. Cendawan senja Fever 

2 Diaaldinia sp. Cendawan jantung Fever 

3 Unknown Cendawan telur Tonikum 

4 Unknown Cendawan kapas Caugh 

5 Cookeina sp. Cendawan mangkok 

Caugh, Lung 

infection, Heart, 

Natural birth control 

6 Unknown Cendawan batang Lung, heart 

7 Unknown Cendawan kalimontang Fever 

8 Ganoderma. Cendawan handu Anti venom 

9 Stereum sp. Cendawan koring 

Gait disorder 

(Polyneuritis 

gallinarum-beriberi) 

10 Unknown Cendawan panjang Fever 

11 Calvatia sp. Cendawan tanah Malaria 

12 Unknown Cendawan bolang headache 

13 Laccaria sp. Cendawan mata kucing Fever 

14 Lignosus sp. Cendawan kuku Tick infection 

15 Chantharellus. Cendawan puar Skin infection 

16 Unknown Cendawan sarap Sprue, canker 

17 Cyathus sp. Cendawan uri Partus 

18 Unknown Cendawan sabu Fever 

19 Unknown Cendawan bunga kuning Disentri 

20 Unknown Cendawan kulirih Rib infection 

21 Amarauderma sp. Cendawan sendok Hair prolific 

22 Pycnoporus sp. Cendawan kunyit Mussle treatment 

23 

Pteriserianthes polita 

(Miq.) Laws. 

Cerekan 

Post-childbirth 

medication 

Source: Wiradinata (1994) 

109



APPENDIX 5: List of traditional plant medicine used by 

local tribe of Melayu Tua at Bukit Tigapuluh National 

Park 


1. 

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) 

B.L. Robinson 

Akar beluluh 

Pre-birth healing 

medication 

2. Brucea javanica (L.) Merr Akar bolu Malaria 

3. Hibiscus tillaceus L. Akar boru laut Uretra infection 

4. Piper canimum Bl. Akar cambal tempalo Tooth infection 

5. Chilocarpus suaveolus & Akar cirik mural Pre-partus 

6. Unknown Akar duri Kidney infection 

7. Fordia sp. Akar kedokai Diarrhea 

8. Cassia leschenaultiana DC. Akar kopu Pre-birth medication 

9. Taenitis blechinoides L. Akar kumau Skin infection 

10. 

Orthosiphon anstatus (BI.) 

Miq. 

Akar kumis kucing Kidney infection 

11. 

Milletia sericea (Vent.) W. & 

A.ex Hassl. 

Akar manggul Stomach infection 

12. Unknown Akar pecah periuk Eye infection 

13. Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr Akar sampait Pre-birth medication 

14. 

Connarus mimosoides (Vahl. 

Pancch) F. 

Akar sembelit Dysentery 

15. Cnestis plantantha Grit'ith Akar sembolit Dysentery 

16. 

Tetracera fagifolia Bl. Var 

fagifolia 

Akar semporit Pre-birth medication 

17. Unknown Akar siam Tooth infection 

18. Unknown Akar siberirit Dysentery 

19. Lasianthus densiflorus Si. Akar tali rakit Fever 

20. Lasianthus sp. Akar tali rakit Ik Fever 

21. Unknown Akar temboyan Warm infection 

22. Unknown Akar tembuai Warm infection 

23. Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr 

Akar tiga tali/ sokondo 

urat 

Aphrodisiac, reumaticism 

,broken bone 

24. 

Plectranthus scutellarioides 

(L.) R.Br. 

Ati-ati 

Stomach infection 

25. 

Denderocalamus asper 

(Schulf f.) B. ex Hy 

Aur gading 

Cough 

26. Unknown Babay Cough 

27. Mangifera odorata Griff. Bacang Pre-birth medication 

28. 

Mallotus paniculatus Muell 

Arg. 

Balik angin 

Fever 

Continue 

110

10. Appendix 



29. 

Eleutherina palmifolia (L.) 

Merr. 

Bawang sayup Dysentery 

30. 

Pterospermum blumeanum 

Korth. 

Bayur 

Partus 

31. Averrhoa sp. Belimbing tanah Wound 

32. Averrhoa sp. Belimbing wuluh Headache 

33. Sesanum indicum L. Bijan Dysentery 

34. 

Donax cannaeformis (G. 

Forst.) K.Schum 

Bomban 

Eye infection, ulcer, 

Fever 

35. Unknown Buluh jalar Eye infection 

36. Antidesma montanum Bl. Bunai Tooth infection 

37. Celosia argentea L. Bunga abang/kuning Partus 

38. Quisqualis indica L. Bunga dani Eating appetite 

39. Allamanda cathartica L. Bunga cino Bronchytis 

40. Ptemandra cardiphylla Buting-buting Anti -poison 

41. Piper arcuatum Cambai rawang Partus 

42. Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Capa Partus, Diarrhea 

43. Didymocarpus crinita Jack. Capo 

Pre-childbirth medication, 

esternal wound 

44. Kaempferia gai nga L. Coku Fever 

45. Eyr thrina orientalis (L.) Murr. Dadap Skin infection 

46. Unknown Daun sialahan External wound 

47. Unknown Dondang Diarrhea 

48. Lansium domesticum Corr. Duku Fever 

49. Randia sp. Duri bulangan/B. putih Fever, pusing 

50. Durio zibethinus Murr. Durian Mules 

51. Aquilaria malacensis Lamk. Gaharu vomit 

52. Alpina javenica BI. Gayat Skin infection 

53. Garcinia cf. dulcis Kurtz Gelugur Partus 

54. Cassia alata L. Galinggang Yellow skin 

55. 

Geophila repens (L.) 

I.M.Johnston 

Gumbo 

Skin infection 

56. 

Anisophylla disticha (Jack) 

Bail/on 

Ibu-Ibu 

Partus 

57. Unknown Iring-iring Myopic 

58. Zingiber officinale Roxb. Jahe Partus 

59. Ardisia zollingeri DC. Jambu cocop Arbotinum 

60. Aglonema simplex 8L. Janggut baung Dysentery 

61. Musa paradisiaca L. Jantung pisang Breast feeding 

62. Unknown Jawo Fever 

Continue 

111





63. 

Laportea stimulans (L.f.) 

Gaud ex Mig 

Jelatang 

Warm infection 

64. Dyera costulata Hook f. Jelutung Dysentery 

65. 

Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) 

Prain ex King 

Jering 

Skin fection, 

66. 

Citrus aurantifolia (Chris & 

Panz) Swing 

Jeruk nipis 

Cough 

67. Uncaria glabrata DC. Kait-kait1 Partus 

68. Uncaria pedicellata Roxb. Kait-kait2 Partus 

69. Unknown Kalakalay Diarrhea 

70. Hibiscus suranttensls L. Kapas hantu Kidney infection 

71. Oroxylum indicum (J Kurz. Kapung-kapung Malaria, eye infection 

72. 

Pometia pinnata (Y.R. & 

G.Froot 

Kasai 

Fever 

73. Curculigo latifolia Dryand Katari beruk 

Eating appetite 

optimation 

74. Carica papaya L. Kates Headache 

75. Phanera sp. Katup-katup Fever 

76. Ficus obcura Bl.. Kayu ara Pre-birth medication 

77. Antidesma bunius Spreng Kayu gerang Reumatic 

78. Smilax zeylanica L. Ka u kancil Aphrodisiac 

79. Labisia pumila (Bl.) Vill. 

Kayu kura/jambu 

cocop2 

Partus 

80. 

Dillenia cf obofata (81.) 

Hoogl. 

Kayu lid 

Aphrodisiac 

81. Elaeocarpus longifolius Bl. Kayu ngerit Fever 

82. Carallia brachyata Kayu ringgit Fever 

83. Antrophyum semicolatum Kayu sampu Diarrhea, Fever 

84. Porosa fruteoceus Blume. Kayu sibasah Fever 

85. Unknown Kayu singgah Warm infection 

86. 

Lepisanthes amoena 

(Hassk.) Leenh. 

Kayu sobu 

Fever 

87. Galearla fillformis (Bl.) Boer/. Kayu tulang Partus 

88. Clidemia hirta D. Don. Kedudu beras Anti poisin, Cough 

89. ClibaMIVm surinamense L. Kedudu putlh Pre-birth medication 

90. Melastoma affine D. Don Keduduk Cough 

91. Koompassia exelsa Maing Kempas Warm infection. 

92. Kaempferia sp. Kencur Pre-childbirth medication 

93. Pangium edule Reinw. Kepayang Anti tick medicine 

94. Pterisanthes cissoidos Bl. Kerapak beruk Kidney infection 

Continue 

112

10. Appendix 



95. Unknown Ketari balu Warm infection 

96. Alllum odorum L. Kucai Fever . 

97. AraliMIVm pinnatiridum Miq. Kuhang/kokang Anti bloat, Partus 

98. Curcuma domestica Val. Kunyit 

Partus, stomachache, 

wound 

99. Zingiber craasumnar Roxb. Kunyit burgIal Partus 

100. Macaranga sp. Labai Anti venom 

101. Pongamia sp. Lambat berisuk Headache 

102. Unknown Lasau stomachache 

103. Selaginella plana Hieron Lengkonai Fever 

104. Unknown Lobai Cough 

105. Vitex pinnate L. Loban Stomachache, wound 

106. Garcinia mangostana Manggis Partus 

107. Pavetta mu/tit/ors Brem. Manis mata Fever 

108. Rhodemnia cinerea Jack. Merapuyan padi Partus 

109. 

Cinnamomum subcuneatum 

Miq. 

Medang cendana Fever 

110. Litsea angulata Bl. Medang piawai Reumatic 

111. 

Elaeocarpus griffithii (Wight) 

A. Gray. 

Medang siarah Diarrhea 

112. Memecylon sp. Merpuyan pahit1 Diarrhea 

113. 

Pternandra cordata (Korth) 

Baill. 

Merpuyan pahit2 Partus 

114. Anglopter/s cuecta Hoff. Paku gajah Skin infection 

115. LycopoMIVm sp. Paku kawat Aphrodisiac 

116. 

Nep'hrolepis bisserata Ow.) 

Schott. 

Paku kucibuk Luka 

117. 

Sphaerostephanos 

heterophyllus (Bl.) Holt 

Paku kunyit 

Hepatitis 

118. 

Rourea mimosoides (Vahl.) 

Ranch. 

Paku sembelit Diarrhea 

119. Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Pasak bumi Aphrodisiac 

120. Parkia speciosa Hassk. Petai Partus 

121. 

Ochanostachys amentaceae 

Mast. 

Petaling2 

Asthma, Partus 

122. Musa sp. Pisang botukal Headache 

123. Musa salacensis Zo/l. Pisang karuk Diarrhea 

124. Musa sp. Pisang lidi Stomachache 

125. 

Amomum occineum (Bl.) 

K.Schum. 

Poah cacing 


Continue 

113





126. Amomum sp. Poah merah Warm infection 

127. Amomum sp. Puar sosip External skin infection 

128. Unknown Pucuk poru Diarrhea 

129. Eugenia polyantha Wight. Pucuk salam Diarrhea 

130. Unidentified Pucuk siluluk Cough 

131. 

Graptophyllum picturn (L.) 

Griff. 

Puding hitam Female vertility 

132. Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Pulai Hair 

133. Urena lobata L. Pulut-pulut Diarrhea 

134. Unknown Pumpung Urine infection 

135. Barringtonia sumatrana Miq. Putat Skin infection 

136. Nephellum maingayi Hiem Rambutan Fever 

137. Rinorea anguifera (Lour) OK. Rambutan pacat Wound 

138. Unknown Ringgit-ringgit Fever 

139. Dillenia excelsa (Jack) Gilg. Ringin Tooth infection 

140. Unknown Ritang kancil Reumatic 

141. Vatica sp. Rosa/resak Partus 

142. Rage/lane indica L. Rotan bini Wound 

143. Callamus sp. Rotan getah Dysentery 

144. Calamus manan Rotan manau Ashma 

145. Unknown Rumbai Cough 

146. Lophaterum gracile Brongn. Rumput Iihat Cough 

147. Unknown Sago manau Warm infection 

148. Asp/en/um nidus L. Sakat Cough 

149. Glochidion sp. Fever 

150. 

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk) 

Pers. 

Sedingin ? 

151. Diane/la nemorosa Lamk. Setanggi Stomachache 

152. Scleria sp. Sialit Headache 

153. Scleria terretris (L.) Fass. Sialit tajam Hair 

154. Forelia johorensis Sibekal Cough 

155. Milletia splendidissima Bl. Sibokal Eye infection 

156. Dysoxilum sp. Sicerek Eating appetite 

157. Phyllanthus nlrurl L. Sidukung anak Tooth infection 

158. Polyalthia rumphil (Bl.) Merr. Sigam Diarrhea 

159. Unknown Sigemuruh Kidney infection 

160. Physa/is angulata L. Silotop Eye infection 

161. Ficus hirta VahL Simantung Cough 

Continue 

114

10. Appendix 



162. 

Dillenia albitlos (RudL) 

Hoogl. 

Simpo 

Malaria 

163. Antidesma tetrandum Bl. Sintau Partus 

164. Pier betle L. Sirih Partus, Diarrhea 

165. 

Flamingo strobilifera (L.) 

R.Br. 

Siringan 

Skin infection 

166. 

Costus speciosus (Korn) J.E. 

Smith 

Sitawar 

Eye infection 

167. Mimosa pudica L. Sokejit Aphrodisiac 

168. 

Scorodocarpus bomeensis 

Becc. 

Sosasak 

Cough, Fever 

169. Peronema canescens Jack. Sungkai Fever 

170. 

Crinum asiati/Crinum 

asiaticum L. 

Talipuk 

Child medicine 

171. Unknown Tambual Skin infeciton 

172. 

Saccharum Saccharum 

sp. 

Tabu udang 

Fever 

173. 

Curcuma Curcuma 

xanthorrhiza Roxb. 

Temu lawak 


174. Artocarpus sp. Terap Dysentery 

175. Solanum toruum Swartz Terong rimbang Partus 

176. Solanum Jamaicense Mill. Terong pahit Partus 

177. 

Forrestia mollissima (Bl.) 

Kds. 

Tobu limbuan Narcoleptic 

178. Gonocaryum gracile Miq. Tubung-tubung Headache 

179. 

Helminthostachys zeylanica 

Hook f. 

Tunjuk langit 

Swolen 

180. Glochidion arborescens Bl. Umang-umang Tooth infection 

181. Caryota mitis Lour. Umbut isi Eye infection 

182. Piper ungaramense DC. -- Diarrhea 

Source: BTNBT, LIPI, Wiradinata (1994) 

115



APPENDIX 6: List of mammals in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park and surrounding area 

No Order/Family Scientific Name Indonesia Name Common Name 

I. Artiodactyla 

1 Bovidae Capricornis sumatraensis Kambing hutan Serrow 

2 Suidae Sus barbatus Babi gunung/Nangui 

3 Suidae Sus scrofa Babi hutan Wild pig 

4 Cervidae Cervus unicolor Sambar/Ruso Sambar deer 

5 Cervidae Muntiacus muntjak kijang Barking deer 

6 Tragulidae Tragulus javanicus Kancil/Pelanduk Lesser mouse deer 

7 Tragulidae Tragulus napu Napu Greater mouse deer 

II. Carnivora 

8 Canidae Cuon alpinus Anjing hutan Asian wild dog 

9 Felidae Catopuma temincki Kucing mas Golden cat 

10 Felidae Neofelis nebulosa Macan dahan Clauded Leopard 

11 Felidae Pardofelis marmorata Kucing bulu Marbled cat 

12 Felidae Panthera tigris sumatrae Harimau sumatera /Rimau Sumatran tiger 

13 Felidae Felis bengalensis Kucing hutan Leopard cat 

14 Felidae Felis planiceps Kucing dampak Flat headed cat 

15 Felidae Prionailurus viverrinus Kucing air Fishing cat 

16 Mustelidae Aonyx cineria Berang-berang Small calwed otter 

17 Mustelidae Mustella flavigula Martin/Utu-utu Yellow throated martin 

18 Mustelidae Mydaus javanensis Teledu/kuskus Malayan badger 

19 Ursidae Helarctos malayanus Beruang Sun bear 

Continue 

116

10. Appendix 



20 Viveridae Artictis binturong Binturong /Musang ijuk Binturong 

21 Viveridae Hemigalus derbyanus Musang belang Banded palm civet 

22 Viveridae Paguma larvata Musang merah Masked palm civet 

23 Viveridae Parodoxurus hermaphrodictus Luak biasa Common palm civet 

24 Viveridae Viverricula malaccensis Musang biasa Small indian civet 

III. Perrisodactyla 

25 Tapiridae Tapirus indicus Tapir Malayan tapir 

IV Pholidota 

26 Manidae Manis javanica Trenggiling Pangolin 

V. Primates 

27 Cercopithecidae Macaca fascicularis Monyet Long tailed macaque 

28 Cercopithecidae Macaca nemestrina Beruk Pig tailed macaque 

29 Cercopithecidae Presytis cristata Lutung/Cigak Silver leaf monkey 

30 Cercopithecidae Presbytis melalophos Simpai Mitred leaf monkey 

31 Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis Owa Agile gibbon 

32 Hylobatidae Hylobates syndactilus Siamang Siamang 

33 Lorisidae Nycticebus coucang Kukang abu-abu Slow loris 

34 Tarsiidae Tarsius tarsius Singapuar/Beruk buku Tarsier 

35 Pongidae Pongo abelli Orang utan Sumatran Orang Utan 

VI. Proboscidae 

Continue 

117





36 Elepahantidae Elephas maximus sumatranus Gajah Sumatran elephant 

VII. Rodentia 

37 Hystricidae Hystrix brachiura Landak Malayan Porcupine 

38 Hystricidae Atherurus macrourus Landak Bayas Bush-tailed porcupine 

39 Sciuridae Aeromys tephomelas Bajing terbang hitam Black flying squirrel 

40 Sciuridae Petaurista petaurista Bajing terbang merah Red giant flying squirrel 

41 Sciuridae Ratufa bicolor Jelarang Black giant squirrel 

Source: PKHS, 2007 

118

10. Appendix 

APPENDIX 7: List of birds found in Bukit Tigapuluh National Park. 

No Famili Nama Indonesia Nama Ilmiah Nama Inggris 

1 Aecipitridae Elang-ular bido Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle 

2 Aecipitridae Elang hitam Ictinactus malayensis Black Eagle 

3 Aecipitridae Elang alap jambul Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk 

4 Alcedinidae Pekaka emas Pelargopsis capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher 

5 Alcedinidae Cekakak batu Lacedo puchella Banded Kingfisher 

6 Alcedinidae Cekakak-hutan melayu Actenoides concretus Rufous-collared Kingfisher 

7 Apodidae Walet sapi Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet 

8 Apodidae Kapinis-jarum kecil Rhaphidura leucopygialis Silver-rumped Spinetail 

9 Bucerotidae Enggang klihingen Annorhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill 

10 Bucerotidae Julang dompet Aceros corrugatus Wrinkled Hornbill 

11 Bucerotidae Rangkong badak Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill 

12 Bucerotidae Kangkareng perut-putih Anthracoceros malayanus Oriental Pied-Hornbill 

13 Bucerotidae Rangkong gading Buceros vigil Helmeted Hornbill 

14 Campephagidae Kacamata biasa Zosterop palpebrosus Oriental White-eye 

15 Campephagidae Jingjing petulak Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike 

16 Capitonidae Takur gedang Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered Barbet 

17 Capitonidae Takur topi-emas Megalaima hendricii Yellow-crowned Barbet 

18 Capitonidae Takur tenggeret Megalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet 

19 Capitonidae Takur ampis Chalorhamphus fuliginosus Brown Barbet 

20 Chloropseidae Sepah hutan Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet 

Continue 

119





21 Chloropseidae Cipoh jantung Aegithina viridissima Green Iora 

22 Chloropseidae Cica-daun kecil Chloropsiss cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird 

23 Chloropseidae Cica-daun sayap-biru Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged Leafbird 

24 Columbidae Punai lengguak Treron curvirostra Thick-billed Green Pigeon 

25 Columbidae Punai gading Treron vernans Pink-necked Pigeon 

26 Columbidae Delimukan zamrud Calcopaps indica Emerald Dove 

27 Corvidae Tangkar ongklet Platylophus galericulatus Crested Jay 

55 Muscicapidae Sikatan-rimba dada-kelabu Rhynomyias umbratilis Grey-chested Flycatcher 

56 Muscicapidae Sikatan hijau-laut Eumyias thalassina Verditer Flycather 

57 Muscicapidae Sikatan kepala-abu Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher 

58 Muscicapidae Kipasan mutiara Rhipidura perlata Spotted Fantail 

59 Nectariniidae Burung-madu polos Anthereptes simplex Plain Sunbird 

60 Oriolidae Kepodang hitam Oriolus xanthonothus Dark-throated Oriole 

61 Picidae Pelatuk kijang Celeus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker 

62 Picidae Pelatuk sayap-merah Picus puniceus Crimson-winged Woodpecker 

63 Picidae Pelatuk merah Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker 

64 Picidae Kaladi tikotok Hemicircus concretus Grey-and-buff Woodpecker 

65 Picidae Pelatuk pangkas Blytipicus rubiginosus Maroon Woodpecker 

66 Pittidae Paok delima Pitta granatina Garnet Pitta 

67 Nectariniidae Burung-madu belukar Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Sunbird 

68 Nectariniidae Burung-madu rimba Hypogramma hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird 

69 Nectariniidae Pijantung kecil Arachnothera lon,girostra Little Spiderhunter 

Continue 

120

10. Appendix 



70 Nectariniidae Pijantung besar Arachnothera robusta Long-billed Spiderhunter 

71 Nectariniidae Pijantung gunung Arachnothera affinis Grey-breasted Spiderhunter 

72 Estrildidae Bondol tunggir-putih Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia 

73 Psittacidae Betet biasa Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted Parakeet 

74 Psittacidae Nuri tanau Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped Parrot 

75 Psittacidae Serindit melayu Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging-Parrot 

76 Pycnonotidae Cucak sakit-tubuh Pycnonotus melanoleucos Black-and-white Bulbul 

77 Pycnonotidae Cucak kuricang Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul 

78 Pycnonotidae Cucak kuning Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-creasted Bulbul 

79 Pycnonotidae Cucak kelabu Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied Bulbul 

80 Pycnonotidae Cucak kutilang Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul 

81 Pycnonotidae Merbah cerukcuk Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul 

82 Pycnonotidae Merbah corok-corok Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented Bulbul 

83 Pycnonotidae Merbah mata-merah Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed Bulbul 

84 Pycnonotidae Merbah kacamata Pycnonotus erythropthalmos Spectacled Bulbul 

85 Pycnonotidae Empuloh ragum Criniger ochraceus Ochraceous Bulbul 

86 Pycnonotidae Brinji rambut-tunggir Tricolestes cringer Hairy-backed Bulbul 

87 Pycnonotidae Brinji bergaris lxos malaccensis Streaked Bulbul 

88 Pycnonotidae Brinji kelabu Hypsipetes flavala Ashy Bulbul 

89 Sylviidae Cinenen belukar Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird 

90 Sylviidae Cinenen kelabu Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird 

91 Trimaliidae Pelanduk ekor-pendek Malacocincla malaccense Short-tailed Babler 

Continue 

121





92 Trimaliidae Pelanduk dada-putih Trichactoma rostratum White-chested Babbler 

93 Trimaliidae Pelanduk merah Trichactoma bicolor Ferruginous Babbler 

94 Trimaliidae Asi kumis Malaceptron magnirostre Moustached Babler 

95 Trimaliidae Asi topi-jelaga Malaceptron affine Sooty-capped Babbler 

96 Trimaliidae Asi topi-sisik Malaceptron cinerum Scaly-crowned Babbler 

97 Trimaliidae Asi besar Malaceptron magnum Rufous-crowned Babbler 

98 Trimaliidae Cica-kopi melayu Pomatorhinus montanus Chestnut-backed Scimitar-babbler 

99 Trimaliidae Tepu dahi-merah Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Babbler 

100 Trimaliidae Tepus tunggir-merah Stachyris maculata Chestnut-rumped Babbler 

101 Trimaliidae Tepus kaban Stachyris nigricolis Black-throated Babbler 

102 Trimaliidae Tepus merbah-sampah Stachyris erythroptera Chesnut-winged Babbler 

103 Trimaliidae Ciung-air coreng Macronous gularis Striped Tit-babbler 

104 Trimaliidae Ciung-air pongpong Macronus ptilosus Fluffy-backked Tit-babbler 

105 Trimaliidae Wergan coklat Alcippe brunneicauda Brown Fulvetta 

106 Trogonidae Luntur diard Harpectes diardii Diard's Trogon 

107 Tumicidae Gemak loreng Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail 

108 Turtidae Kucica kampung Copsychus saularis Magpie Robin 

109 Turtidae Meninting besar Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Forktail 

110 Turtidae Kucica hutan Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama 

111 Turtidae Kucica-ekor kuning Trichixos pyrrhopygus Rufous-tailed Shama 

112 Tytonidae Beluk ketupa Ketupa ketupu Buffy Fish-owl 

113 Dicaeidae Cabai bunga-api Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-billed Flowpecker 

122

10. Appendix 

APPENDIX 8: List of birds found in rationalisation area of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park. 

No Family Scientific Name Common Name Indonesia Name Status 

1 Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Cangak merah PP, VU 

2 Accipitridae Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental honey-buzzard Sikep-madu Asia PP, App II 

3 Accipitridae Ictinaetus malayensis Black Eagle Elang hitam VU, PP, App II 

4 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle Elang-ular bido PP, App II 

5 Phasianidae Argusianus argus Great Argus Kuau raja NT, PP, App II 

6 Phasianidae Lophura ignita Crested Fireback Sempidan biru VU 

7 Phasianidae Coturnix chinensis Blue-breasted Quail Puyuh batu Lc 

8 Phasianidae Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl Ayam hutan merah 

9 Turnicidae Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail Gemak loreng 

10 Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Kareo padi 

11 Columbidae Ducula aenea Green Imperial-Pigeon Pergam hijau 

12 Columbidae Ducula badia Mountain Imperial-Pigeon Pergam gunung 

13 Columbidae Treron olax Little Green-Pigeon Punai kecil 

14 Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotet Dove Tekukur biasa 

15 Psittacidae Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging-Parrot Serindit melayu App II 

16 Psittacidae Psittacula longicauda Long-tailed Parakeet Betet ekor-panjang NT, App II 

17 Psittacidae Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped Parrot Nuri tanau NT, App II 

18 Psittacidae Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Wiwik kelabu 

19 Cuculidae Cacomantis sonnerati Banded Bay Cuckoo Wiwik lurik 

20 Cuculidae Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Bubut alang-alang 

21 Cuculidae Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Bubut besar 

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22 Cuculidae Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Violet Cuckoo Kedasi ungu 

23 Cuculidae Phaenicophaeus chloropaheus Raffles's Malkoha Kadalan selaya 

24 Cuculidae Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Kadalan birah 

25 Cuculidae Surniculus lugubris Drongo-Cuckoo Kedasi hitam 

26 Striggiformes Phodilus badius Oriental Bay Owl Serak bukit 

27 Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus pulchellus Salvadori's Nightjar Cabak gunung Bst 

28 Tytonidae Ninox scutulata Brown Hawk Owl Pungguk coklat 

29 Strigidae Otus rufescens Reddish Scops-owl Celepuk merah 

30 Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Walet sapi 

31 Apodidae Collocalia fuciphaga Edible-nest Sweflet Walet Sarang-putih 

32 Apodidae Hirundapus giganteus Brown-backed Needletail Kepinis-jarum gedang 

33 Apodidae Rhaphidura leucopygialis Silver-rumped Swift Kepinis-jarum kecil 

34 Apodidae Collocalia maxima Black-nest Swiftlet Walet sarang-hitam 

35 Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne comata Whiskered Treeswift Tepekong rangkang 

36 Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Treeswift Tepekong jambul 

37 Trogonidae Harpactes diardii Diard's Trogon Luntur diard NT, PP 

38 Trogonidae Harpactes kasumba Red-naped Trogon Luntur kasumba NT, PP 

39 Alcedinidae Actenoides concretus Rufous-collared Kingfisher Cekakak-utan melayu NT, PP 

40 Alcedinidae Todirhamphus chloris Collared kingfisher Cekakak Sungai NT, PP 

41 Alcedinidae Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher Cekakak Cina 

42 Alcedinidae Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher Raja-udang meninting PP 

43 Alcedinidae Ceyx rufidorsa Rufous-backed Kingfisher Udang punggung-merah PP 

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10. Appendix 



44 Alcedinidae Lacedo pulchella Banded Kingfisher Cekakak batu PP 

45 Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher Cekakak belukar PP 

46 Meropidae Merops viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater Cirik-cirik biru 

47 Meropidae Nyctyornis amictus Red-bearded Bee-eater Cirik-cirik kumbang 

48 Bucerotidae Aceros corrugatus Wrinkled Hornbill Julang-jambul hitam VU, PP, App II 

49 Bucerotidae Aceros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill Julang emas PP, App II 

50 Bucerotidae Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill Enggang klihingan NT, PP, App II 

51 Bucerotidae Anthracoceros malayanus Asian Black Hornbill Kangkareng hitam NT, PP, App II 

52 Bucerotidae Buceros bicornis Great Hornbill Rangkong papan NT, PP, App I 

53 Bucerotidae Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill Rangkong badak NT, PP, App II 

54 Bucerotidae Buceros vigil Helmeted Hornbill Rangkong gading NT, PP, App I 

55 Bucerotidae Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill Kangkareng perut-putih PP, App II 

56 Capitonidae Calorhamphus fuliginosus Brown Barbet Takur ampis 

57 Capitonidae Megalaima australis Blue-eared Barbet Takur tenggeret 

58 Capitonidae Megalaima oorti Black-browed Barbet Takur bukit 

59 Capitonidae Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered Barbet Takur gedang 

60 Indicatoridae Indicator archipelagicus Malaysian Honeyguide Pemandu-lebah Asia NT 

61 Picidae Dendrocopus canicapilus Grey-capped Woodpecker Pelatuk belacan 

62 Picidae Dinopium rafflesii Olive-backed Woodpecker Pelatuk Raffles 

63 Picidae Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker Pelatuk ayam 

64 Picidae Dendrocopos mollucensis Brown-capped Woodpecker Caladi tilik 

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65 Picidae Dinopium javanense 

Common Golden-backed 

Woodpecker 

Pelatuk besi 

66 Picidae Hemicircus concretus Grey-and-buff Woodpecker Caladi tikotok 

67 Picidae Meiglyptes tukki Buff-necked Woodpecker Caladi badok NT 

68 Picidae Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker Pelatuk merah 

69 Picidae Reinwadtipicus validus Orange-becked Woodpecker Pelatuk kundang 

70 Picidae Celeus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker Pelatuk kijang 

71 Eurylaimidae Calyptomena viridis Green Brodbill Madi-hijau kecil NT 

72 Eurylaimidae Corydone sumatranus Dusky Broadbill Madi kelam 

73 Eurylaimidae Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos Blacksand-red Broadbill Sempur-hujan sungai 

74 Eurylaimidae Eurylaimus javanicus Banded Broadbill Sempur-hujan rimba 

75 Eurylaimidae Eurylaimus ochromalus Black-yellow Broadbill Sempur-hujan darat NT 

76 Pittidae Pitta granatina Garnet Pitta Paok sintau NT, PP 

77 Pittidae Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Paok hijau PP 

78 Pittidae Pitta guajana Banded Pitta Paok pancawarna PP, App III 

79 Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Layang-layang api 

80 Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pasific Swallow Layang-layang batu 

81 Hirundinidae Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycather-shrike Jingjing bukit 

82 Campephagidae Coracina larvata Sunda Cuckoo-shrike Kepudang-sungu gunung 

83 Campephagidae Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet Sepah hutan 

84 Campephagidae Pericrocotus miniatus Sinda Minivet Sepah gunung Bst 

85 Chloropseidae Chloropsis venusta Blue-masked Leafbird Cica-daun Sumatera 

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10. Appendix 



86 Chloropseidae Aegithina tipia Common Iora Cipoh kacat 

87 Chloropseidae Aegithina viridissima Green Iora Cipoh jantung NT 

88 Chloropseidae Chloropsis aurifrons Golden-fronted Leafbird Cica-daun Dahi-emas 

89 Chloropseidae Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird Cica-daun kecil NT 

90 Chloropseidae Chloropsis sonnerati Greater Green Leafbird Cica-daun besar 

91 Pycnonotidae Alophoixus bres Grey-cheeked Bulbul Empuloh janggut 

92 Pycnonotidae Criniger finschii Finsch's Bulbul Empuloh leher-kuning 

93 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed Bulbul Merbah mata-merah 

94 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos Spectecled Bulbul Merbah kacamata 

95 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented Bulbul Merbah corok-corok 

96 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Merbah curukcuk 

97 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul Cucak kuricang 

98 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied Bulbul Cucak kelabu NT 

99 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested Bulbul Cucak kuning 

100 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus tympanistrigus Spot-nekcted Bulbul Cucak mutiara VU,Bst, PP 

101 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus bimaculatus Orange-spotted Bulbul Cucak gunung Bst 

102 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Cucak kutilang 

103 Dicruridae Dicrurus remifer Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo Srigunting bukit 

104 Dicruridae Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Srigunting Hitam 

105 Dicruridae Dicrurus sumatranus Sumatran Dongo Srigunting sumatera Bst 

106 Dicruridae Dicrurus paradiseus Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Srigunting batu 

107 Oriolidae Irena puella Asian Fairy-Bluebird Kecambang gadung 

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108 Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated Oriole Kepudang hutan 

109 Corvidae Corvus enca Slender-belied Crow Gagak hutan 

110 Corvidae Platysmurus leucopterus Black Magpie Tangkar kambing NT 

111 Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Gagak kampung 

112 Corvidae Cissa chinensis Green Magpie Ekek layongan/Panca Warna 

113 Corvidae Dendrocitta occipitalis Sumatran Treepie Tangkar-uli Sumatera 

114 Timaliidae Malacocincla abbotti Abbott's Babbler Pelanduk asia 

115 Timaliidae Malacocincla malaccense Short-tailed Babbler Pelanduk ekor-pendek 

116 Timaliidae Malacocincla sepiarium Horsfield's Babbler Peladuk semak 

117 Timaliidae Malacopteron magnirostre Moustached Babbler Asi kumis 

118 Timaliidae Malacopteron magnum Rufous-crowned Babbler Asi besar NT 

119 Timaliidae Napothera macrodactyla Large-wren-babbler Berencet besar 

120 Timaliidae Pellorneum capistratum Black-capped Babbler Pelanduk topi-hitam 

121 Timaliidae Pomatorhinus montanus 

Chestnud-backedScimitarbabbler 

Cica-kopi melayu 

122 Timaliidae Stachyris erythroptera Chestnud-winged Babbler Tepus-merbah sampah 

123 Timaliidae Stachyris leocotis White-necked Babbler Tepus telinga-putih 

124 Timaliidae Stachyris maculata Chestnud-rumped Babbler Tepus Tunggir-merah NT 

125 Timaliidae Stachyris nigricollis Black-throated Babbler Tepus kaban NT 

126 Timaliidae Stachyris pholiocephala Grey-headed Babbler Tepus kepala-kelabu 

127 Timaliidae Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Babbler Tepus dahi-merah 

128 Timaliidae Trichastoma bicolor Ferruginous Babbler Peladuk merah 

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10. Appendix 



129 Timaliidae Trichastoma rostratum White-crested Babbler Peladuk dada-putih 

130 Turdidae Brachypteryx montana White-browed Shortwing Cingcoang biru 

131 Turdidae Erithacus cyane Siberian Blue Robin Berkecet biru 

132 Turdidae Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama Kucica hutan 

133 Turdidae Copsychus saularis Magpie Robin Kucica kampung 

134 Turdidae Clidium diana Sunda Blue Robin Berkecet biru-tua Bst 

135 Turdidae Trichixos pyrrhopygus Rufous-tailed Shama Kucica ekor-kuning NT 

136 Silviidae Gerygone sulphurea Golden-bellied Gerygone Remetuk laut 

137 Silviidae Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird Cinenen belukar 

138 Silviidae Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird Cinenen kelabu 

139 Silviidae Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailor Cinenen Merah 

140 Silviidae Phylloscopus inornatus Inornate Walbler Cikrak polos 

141 Silviidae Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crownwd-Warbler Cikrak mahkota 

142 Silviidae Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler Cikrak daun 

143 Silviidae Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia Perenjak rawa 

144 Silviidae Prinia atrogularis Hill Prinia Perenjak gunung 

145 Silviidae Cettia vulvanis Sunda Bush-Warbler Ceret gunung 

146 Muscicapidae Rhinomyas olivacea (?) 

Fulvous-chested Jungle- 

Flycatcher 

Sikatan-rimba dada-coklat 

147 Muscicapidae Ficedula solitaris Rufous-chested Flycatcher Sikatan kerongkongan-putih 

148 Muscicapidae Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher Sikatan Bodoh 

149 Muscicapidae Niltava sumatrana Rufous-vented Niltava Sikatan dada-merah 

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150 Muscicapidae Cyornis concretus White tailed Blue Flycatcher Sikatan besar VU 

151 Muscicapidae Muscicpella hodgsoni Pygmy Blue-Flycatcher Sikatan kerdil 

152 Muscicapidae Eumyias thalassina Verditer Flycather Sikatan hijau-laut 

153 Muscicapidae Rhipidura albicollis White -throated Fantail Kipasan gunung 

154 Muscicapidae Rhipidura perlata Spotted Fantail Kipasan belang 

155 Muscicapidae Tersiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-flycather Seriwang Asia 

156 Artamidae Artamus leucorhynchus White-breasted Wood-Swallow Kekep babi 

157 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shike Bentet coklat 

158 Laniidae Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Bentet kelabu 

159 Motacillidae Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail Kicuit batu 

160 Sturnidae Gracula religiosa Hill Myna Tiong emas App III 

161 Nectarinidae Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Burung-madu belukar PP 

162 Nectarinidae Anthreptes simplex Pain-sunbird Burung-madu Polos 

163 Nectarinidae Anthreptes rhodolaema Red-throad Sunbird Burung-madu Leher-merah 

164 Nectarinidae Aethopyga siparaja Crismon Sunbird Burung-madu Merah-jingga 

165 Nectarinidae Hypogramma hypogrammicum Purple-naped Sunbird Burung madu-rimba PP 

166 Nectarinidae Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird Burung-madu pengantin PP 

167 Nectarinidae Arachnothera robusta Long-billed Spiderhunter Pijantung Besar 

168 Nectarinidae Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Sunbird Burung-madu kelapa PP 

169 Nectarinidae Arachnothera affinis Grey-breasted Spiderhunter Pijantung gunung PP 

170 Nectarinidae Arachnothera chrysogenys Yellow-eared Spiderhunter Pijantung telinga-kuning PP 

171 Nectarinidae Arachnothera crassirostris Thick-billed Spiderhunter Pijantung kampung PP 

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10. Appendix 



172 Nectarinidae Arachnothera flavigaster Specteclet Spiderhunter Pijantung tasmak PP 

173 Nectarinidae Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter Pijantung kecil PP 

174 Dicaedae Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Cabai bunga-api 

175 Dicaedae Dicaeum chrysorrheum Ywllow-vented Fowerpecker Cabai rimba 

176 Dicaedae Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Fowerpecker Cabai perut kuning 

177 Dicaedae Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Fowerpecker Cabai merah 

178 Dicaedae Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker Pentis raja 

179 Dicaedae Prionochilus percussus Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker Pentis pelangi 

180 Ploceidae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Bondol Peking 

181 Ploceidae Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia Bondol perut-putih 

182 Ploceidae Amandava amandava Red Avadavat Pipit benggala 

183 Ploceidae Lonchura leucogastroides Javan Munia Bondol jawa 

184 Ploceidae Padda oryzivora Java Sparrow Gelatik jawa VU 

185 Ploceidae Lonchura maza White-headed Munia Bondol haji 

186 Ploceidae Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Manyar tempua 

187 Ploceidae Ploceus hypoxanthus Asian Golden Weaver Manyar emas 

188 Ploceidae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Burung gereja eresia 

Source: KKI –WARSI (2007) 

Note: 

Status 

PP : Listed as protected species under Government Regulation of Republic Indonesia, No. 7, 1999. 

VU : Listed under category of globally threathened to the extinction with level of Vulnerable 

NT : Listed under species category of near threathened to the extinction 

Bst : Endemic birds 

App I : Listed in Appendix I of CITES 

App II : Listed in Appendix II of CITES 

Lc : Least concern 

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APPENDIX 9. List of fish found in Bukit Tigapuluh 

National Park and surrounding areas 

No Family Genus Spesies 

1 Cyprinidae Puntius P. schwanefeldi 

2 Cyprinidae Puntius P. lineatus 

3 Cyprinidae Puntius P. lateristriga 

4 Cyprinidae Puntius P. johorensis 

5 Cyprinidae Puntius P. reticulata 

6 Cyprinidae Puntius P. tertazona 

7 Cyprinidae Puntioplites P. bulu 

8 Cyprinidae Cyclocheilich C. apogon 

9 Cyprinidae Cyclocheilich C. repasson 

10 Cyprinidae Leptobabrbus L. hoeveni 

11 Cyprinidae Dangila D. ocellata 

12 Cyprinidae Hampala H. macrolepipoda 

13 Cyprinidae Labeo L. chrysophekadion 

14 Cyprinidae Thynninchthys T. thynnoides 

15 Cyprinidae Ostechillus O. hasselti 

16 Cyprinidae Ostechillus O .triporos 

17 Cyprinidae Ostechillus O. microsephalus 

18 Cyprinidae Oxygastroida O. anumalura 

19 Cyprinidae Parachela P. axygastroides 

20 Cyprinidae Parachela P. hypothalamus 

21 Cyprinidae Parachela P. muculicauda 

22 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. bankaensis 

23 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. trilineata 

24 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. Vailanti 

25 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. gracilia 

26 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. elegans 

27 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. dusenonsis 

28 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. kalochroma 

29 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. einthoveni 

30 Cyprinidae Rasbora R. dosiocellta 

31 Cyprinidae Crossocheillus C. oblongus 

32 Cyprinidae Mystacoleucus M. margianatus 

33 Cyprinidae Epalzeorinchus E. Margianatus 

34 Clariidae Clarias C. niuehofi 

35 Clariidae Clarias C. batrachus 

36 Clariidae Clarias C. teisjmanni 

37 Bagriidae Macrones M. wyckii 

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10. Appendix 

Appendix 9. From previous. 


38 Bagriidae Macrones M. plamceps 

39 Bagriidae Macrones M. nigriceps 

40 Bagriidae Leiochassis L. fucus 

41 Bagriidae Leiochassis L .stenomus 

42 Bagriidae Bagroides B. macrocanthus 

43 Bagriidae Bagroides B. apogon 

44 Bagriidae Bagroides B. melanopterus 

45 Bagriidae Bagrichthys B. mecropterus 

46 Pangasidae Pangasius P. polyurodon 

47 Pangasidae Pangasius P. pangasius 

48 Siluradae Kryptopterus K. lais 

49 Siluradae Kryptopterus K. eryptonema 

50 Siluradae Kryptopterus K. mirconema 

51 Siluradae Ompok O. hyphothalamus 

52 Siluradae Silurchtys S. indragiriensis 

53 Siluradae Wallago W. leeri 

54 Siluradae Hemisilurus H. heterornchus 

55 Anabantidae Anabas A. testudinoides 

56 Belontiidae Pristolepis P. grooti 

57 Belontiidae Betta B. fusca 

58 Belontiidae Betta B. pugnax 

59 Belontiidae Betta B. macrostoma 

60 Belontiidae Trichogaster T. trichopterus 

61 Belontiidae Trichogaster T. leeri 

62 Belontiidae Spaerichtys S. osphromenoides 

63 Helostomatidae Helostoma H. temminckii 

64 Osphronemidae Osphronemus O. gauramy 

65 Cobitidae Botia B. hynebophysa 

66 Cobitidae Botia B. reversa 

67 Cobitidae Botia B. macrocanthus 

68 Cobitidae Acanthopsoides A. malobrion 

69 Cobitidae Nemacheillus N. selangoricus 

70 Cobitidae Nemacheillus N. kapuasensis 

71 Cobitidae Nemacheillus N. lactogenus 

72 Notopteridae Notopterus N. notopterus(*) 

73 Notopteridae Notopterus N. chilata(*) 

74 Osteoglossidae Schlerophages S. formosus(*) 

75 Channidae Channa C. micropeltes 

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Appendix 9. From previous. 


76 Channidae Channa C. striatus 

77 Channidae Channa C. pleuropthalmus 

78 Channidae Channa C. lusius 

79 Homalopteridae Homalopterus H. wassinki 

80 Homalopteridae Homalopterus H. zollingeri 

81 Homalopteridae Homalopterus H. ophiolepsis 

82 Homalopteridae Homalopterus H. zollingeri 

83 Homalopteridae Homalopterus H. ogilviei 

84 Eleotridae Oxyeleotris O. marmorata 

85 Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus M. maculatus 

86 Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus M. pavus 

87 Sisoridae Glyptothorax G. platypogon 

88 Tetradontidae Tetraodon T. leiurus 

89 Synbranchidae Monopterus M. albus 

90 Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus H. dussumieri 

91 Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus H. pogonognatus 

92 Belonidae Xenentodon X. canciloides 

93 Syngnathidae Dorychthys D. martensi 

94 Lobotidae Datnuides D. microlepis 

95 Clupiedae Clupeichthys C. parakensis 

96 Poecilidae Poecilia P. reticulata 

Note: (*) Protected species, Source: Siregar, dkk, 1993 

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