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EUST, SMUT, 

MILDEW, & MOULD.

iondon; 

W-i-MAS AHB sons. KRINTERS, GREAT QrEKN STREET, 

uncoln's-ins fields, Yf.C.

Plata ^.^,

Eiist, 

Smut, Mildew, & Mould. 

M INTEODUCTION TO THE STUDY 

O? 

MIOEOSCOPIO 

EUNGL 

BT 

M. C. COOKE, 

AUTHOE OF "a PLAIN AND EAST ACCOUNT OF BEITISH PUNGI," " INDEX 

rUNGOEUir BEITANNICOBCM-," "A MANUAL OF BOTANIC TEEMS," 

*'A MAKOAL OS SIfiDCIUEAL BOIANI," ETC. 

^fji'rtJ 

(Urtiitian, 

WITH NEAELY 300 FIGURES BY J. E. SOWEfiBY. 

LONDON: 

EGBERT HAEDWICKB, 192, 

PICCADILLY^ 

1872.

\21Z 

rpHE 

: 

BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 

BRITISH FUXGI A Plain and Easy Account of 

Jl British Fungi: with especial reference to the Esculent and other Eeon-mic 

Species. Illustrated with Coloured Plates of 40 Species. 2nd Edition. 

Fcap. Svo., price 6s. 

"The author is a thorough mycophagist, well acquainted with the peculiar 

features by which the most remarkable of the edible kinds of Fungi may be 

known."— Gaedexees' Cheonicle. 

"A very readable volume upon the lowest and least generally understood 

race of plants. For popular purposes the work could not have been better 

done."— Athenûm. 

FUNGORUM BRITAXXICORUM 

: A 

INDEX Complete 

List of Fungi found in the British Islands to the Present Date. Arranged 

so as to be applicable either as a Check-List or for Herbarium Labels. Boyal 

Svo., price 2s. M. 

Also the same Work, printed on only one side, for Herbarium Labels. 

Part I. HTMEyoiiTCETES, Is, Part II. Gasteeomtcetes, Coxiositcexes, 

and Htphomtcktes, Is. Part III. Ascomtcetes, Is. 

London: ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, Piccadilly.

ITtEFACE TO SECOND EDITIOX. 

rilHE first edition of this Work having for some time been 

JL out of print, and the demands of the public encouraging 

the publisher to proceed with a new edition, I have added, in a 

second Appendix, descriptions of all the species discovered in 

Britain since 1865, so far as they relate to the Orders included 

in this volume. The success which has attended the sale of this 

Work, and the number of fresh observers it has brought into the 

field, has greatly tended to the necessity for a second Appendix. 

A larger number of observers, over a still more extended area, 

will, it is hoped, add further to our list ; by increasing the 

number of known species. Hitherto one great cause of the 

paucity of students of Fungi in this country, especially of the 

Microscopic forms, has been the want of text-books on the subject, 

containing descriptions of the species, with figures illustrative 

of the genera. Although this little volume only partly 

supplies that want, by including the species fomid on living 

plants alone, it has already proved of service ; 

this and its 

companion volume, " Introduction to British Fungi," being 

(with but one exception) the only books on Fungi which have 

passed into a second edition in this country a fact which 

; 

appears to prove that they have succeeded in furnishing a 

desideratum, and in giving an impetus to the study. It is 

hoped that similar results will follow the publication of this 

new edition, 

M. 0. COOKE.

CONTENTS. 

CHAP. 

PAGE 

I. Cluster Cups 1 

II. Spermogones 22 

III. Dl-MORPHISM 33 

IV. Mildew and Brand 45 

V. Complex Brands 67 

VI. Smuts 77 

VII. Complex Smuts 90 

VIII. Rusts 95 

IX. Rusts (continued) 110 

X. White Rusts 124 

XL Moulds 

1.3,s 

XII. White Mildews or Blights 162 

XIII. Suggestions 179 

Appendix, Classification, and Descriptions 

OF Fungi contained in this volume 189 

Appendix II 223

MICEOSCOPIC 

FTJNGI. 

-•o^ 

CHAPTER I. 

CLUSTER-CUPS. 

IN these latter days, when everyone who possesses 

a love for the marvellous, or desires a knowledge 

of some of the minute mysteries of nature, has, 

or ought to have, a microscope, a want is occasionally 

felt which we have essayed to supply. 

This want consists in a guide to some systematic 

botanical study, in which the microscope can be 

rendered available, and in which there is 

ample 

field for discovery, and ample opportunity for the 

elucidation of facts only partly revealed. Fungi, 

especially the more minute epiphyllous species, 

present just such an opportunity as many an 

ardent student would gladly take advantage of; 

one great obstacle to the pursuit being hitherto 

found in the absence of any 

section 

of the British Flora, embracing 

hand-book to this 

the emendations, 

improvements, and additions of the past 

twenty-seven years (the period at which the fifth 

volume of the ^' English Flora " made its appear- 

B

2 MICEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

ance). 

It would be incompatible witb our object,, 

and beyond our limits^ to introduce an entire 

mycological flora to our readers in these pages; 

but we hope to communicate such information as 

will serve to prepare the way 

still more for such 

an additional Flora^ should it ever be produced^ 

and render the demand still wider and more 

general 

for such an extension of our botanical 

literature. It is true that one work has of late 

years issued from the press on this subject, but 

to scientific men as a 

notwithstanding its utility 

record of species, 

it is practically useless to those 

we address, from the absence of all specific descriptions 

of microscopic fungi. 

Let not the reader imagine, from what we have 

just stated, that it is our intention to burden him 

with a dry series of botanical descriptions ; 

as much 

of this as we deem essential to render the book 

available to the botanical student, we have preferred 

to add in the form of an Appendix. Useful 

as these may be to some, we hope to be enabled 

to furnish for others something more ; 

and 

although we at once disclaim any 

intention of 

including all the microscopic, or even the epiphytal 

fungi, in our observations, yet we trust, by a selection 

of common and typical species 

for illustration, 

and by an adherence to certain well-defined groups 

and sections, to demonstrate that the microscopist 

will find an eligible 

field for his observations in 

this 

direction, and the botanical student may gain

CLUSTER-CUPS. 

d 

some knowledge 

and specific distinctions. 

of tlieir 

generic 

It is exceedingly difficult to give a logical definition 

of what constitutes a fungus. It is no less 

diflicult to furnish a popular description which shall 

include all and nothing more. If, for example, we 

on the leaves 

particularize the spots and markings 

and stems of herbaceous plants, so commonly met 

with from early spring 

till the fall of the last leaf, 

and even amongst the dead and decaying remains 

of the vegetation of the year, we may 

include also 

such spots and marks as result from insect depredations 

or diseased tissue. It is not always easy, 

with a cursory observation under the microscope, 

to determine whether some appearances are produced 

by fungi, insects, or organic disease experience 

is the safest guide, and until we acquire that 

: 

we shall occasionally 

fail. 

If we take a stroll 

away from the busy haunts of 

men, though only distance,— for a short say, for 

example (if from London), down to New Cross, 

—and 

along the slopes of the railway cutting, we 

shall be sure to find the plant called the goatsbeard 

(Tragajpogon jpratensls) in profusion. In May or 

June the leaves and unopened involucres of this 

plant will present a singular appearance, 

as if 

sprinkled with gold-dust, or rather, being deficient 

in lustre, seeming as though some fairy folk had 

scattered over them a shower of orange-coloured 

chrome or turmeric powder. Examine this singular 

B 2

4 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

phenomenon more closely^ 

and tlie 

poetry about 

the pixies all vanishes ; 

for the orange powder will 

be seen to bave issued from the plant 

itself. A 

pocket lens, or a Coddington, reveals the secret of 

the mysterious dust. Hundreds of small orifices 

like little yellow cups^ with a fringe of white teeth 

around their margins, will be seen thickly scattered 

over the under-surface of the leaves. These cups 

(called _2:)enVZi«) will appear to have burst through 

the epidermis of the leaf and elevated themselves 

above its surface, with the lower portion attached 

to the substratum beneath. In the interior of 

these cup-like excrescences, or jperidicij 

a quantity 

of the orange-coloured spherical dust remains, 

whilst much of it has been shed and dispersed over 

the unoccupied portions of the leaves, the stems, 

and probably on the leaves of the grass or other 

plants growing in its immediate vicinity. These 

little 

cups are fungi, the yellow dust the spores,* 

or ultimate representatives of seed, and the epil^hytal 

plants we have here found we "will accept 

as the type of the group or order to which we 

wish to direct attention (plate I. figs. 

1— 3). 

Amongst the six families into which fungi arc 

divided, is one in which the spores are the principal 

feature, as is the aurantiaceous dust in the 

parasite of the goatsbeard. This family 

is named 

* Protospores they should be called, because, m feet, they 

germinate, and on the threads thus produced 

or fruit, are borne. 

the true spores*

Plate I. 

WlVest imp

CLUSTER-CUPS. 6 

ConiorayccteSj from two Greek words, meaning 

" dust-fungi. 

^^ 

TMs group or family includes 

several smaller groups, termed orders, whicii are 

analogous to the natural orders of flowering plants. 

Without staying to enumerate the characteristics 

of these orders, we select 

one in which the spores 

are enclosed in a distinct peridium, as in our typical 

plant they are contained within the cups. This 

order is the JEcidiacei, so called after j^cldium, the 

stems, but most commonly 

largest and most important of the genera included 

within this order. 

The JEcidiacei are always developed on living 

plants, sometimes on the flowers, fruit, petioles, or 

on the leaves : occasionally 

on the upper surface, but generally on the 

inferior. The different species are distributed over 

a wide area ; many are found in Europe and North 

America, some occur in Asia, Africa, and Australia. 

^Vhen the cryptogamic plants of the world shall 

have been as widely examined and as well understood 

as the phanerogamic plants have been, we 

shall be in a better position to determine the 

geographical distribution of the different orders of 

fungi. In the present incomplete state of our 

knowledge, all such eff*orts will be unsatisfactory. 

But to return to the goatsbeard, and its clustercups. 

The little fungus is called ^cidium tragopogonisj 

the first 

being the name of the genus, and 

the last that of the species. Let us warn the young 

student against falling into the error of supposing


because in this, and many other instances, the 

specific name of the fungus 

is derived from the 

plant, or one of the plants, upon which it is found, 

that therefore the species differs with that of the 

plant, and that, as 

a rule, he may anticipate meeting 

with a distinct species of fungus on every 

distinct species of plant, or that the parasite which 

he encounters on the Hving leaves of any one plant 

is necessarily specifically distinct from those found 

on all other plants. One species of JEcidium, for 

instance, may hitherto have been found only 

on one 

species of plant, whereas another JEcidium may 

have been found on five or six different species of 

plants. The mycologist will look to the specific 

difierences in the parasite without regard to the 

identity or distinctness of the plant upon which it 

is parasitic. 

Before the JEcidium breaks through the epidermis, 

the under-surface of the leaves of the 

goatsbeard will appear to be covered with httle 

elevations or pustules, paler at the apex ; these 

soon become ruptured, and the fungus pushes its 

head through the opening, at the same time 

bursting by radiating fissures. The teeth thus 

formed resemble those of the peristome of some 

mosses. All around the orifice of the peridium 

the teeth become recurved, and the orange spores 

are exposed, crowded together within. At first, 

and while contained within the peridium, these 

spores are concatenate or chained together, but

CLUSTEE-CUPS. 7 

when dispersed they are scattered singly about the 

orifice, often mixed with the colourless cells arising 

from the partial breaking up of the teeth of the 

peridium. 

Let us pause for a moment in our examination of 

the individual cups, to ascertain their manner of 

distribution over the leaves. In this instance they 

are scattered without any apparent order over the 

under- surface, but generally thickest towards the 

summit of the leaves ; occasionally a few are met 

with on the upper surface. Sometimes two or 

three touch at the margins, but we have never 

met with them truly confluent ; generally there is 

a space greater than the width of the cups around 

each, the stratum or subiculum from whence they 

arise is scarcely thickened, and there are no spots 

or indications on the opposite surface. If a leaf 

be taken fresh and the cuticle stripped off, which 

it will sometimes do very readily, the orifices 

through which the ^cidium has burst will appear 

in irregular holes. If a section be made of one or 

two of the fungi in situ, they will be seen to 

spring from beneath the cuticle, the peridium to 

be simple, and rounded at the base, the spores 

clustered at the bottom, and the fringe to be a 

continuation of its ceUular substance. 

The spores in this species are orange, subglobose, 

sometimes angular, and indeed very variable 

both in size and form, though the majority are 

comparatively large. Each of these bodies is.


doubtless, capable of reproducing its species, and 

if we compute 2,000 cluster-cups as occurring on 

eacb leaf, and we have found half as many more on 

an ordinary- sized leaf, and suppose each cup to 

contain 250,000 spores, which again 

is below the 

actual number, then we shall have not less than 

five hundred millions of reproductive bodies on 

one leaf of the goatsbeard to furnish a crop of 

parasites for the plants of the succeeding year. 

We must reckon by millions, and our figures and 

faculties fail in appreciating the myriads of spores 

which compose the orange dust produced upon one 

infected cluster of plants of Tragopogon. Nor is 

this all, for our number represents only the actual 

protospores which are contained within the peridia ; 

each of these on germination may produce not 

only one but many vegetative spores, 

which are 

exceedingly minute, and, individually, may be 

of cluster- 

regarded as embryos of a fresh crop 

cups. And this is not the only enemy of the kind 

to which this unfortunate plant 

is 

for 

subject, 

another fungus equally prolific often takes possession 

of the interior of the involucre wherein the 

young florets are hid, and converts the whole into 

a mass of purplish black spores even more minute 

than those of the jEcidiumy and both these parasites 

will be occasionally found flourishing on the 

same plant at the same time (plate Y. figs. 

92— 94). 

Naturally enough, our reader will be debating 

within himself how these spores, which we have


seen_, are shed in sucli profusion^ 

can enter tlie 

tissues of the plants wliicli give subsequent 

evidence of infection ; 

in fact, how the yellow 

dust with which the goatsbeard of to-day is 

covered will inoculate the young plants 

of next 

year. If one or two of these spores are sprinkled 

upon the piece of the cuticle which we have 

recommended to be removed from the leaf for 

examination, it will be seen that they are very 

much larger than the stomata or breathing-pores 

which stud the cuticle : hence it is clear that they 

cannot gain admittance there. There remains but 

one other portal to the interior of the plant 

— 

namely, the spongioles, or extremities of the roots. 

Here another difficulty arises ; 

for the spores are 

as large as the cells through which they have to 

pass. This difficulty may be lessened when we 

remember that what are termed the spores which 

are discharged from the cups are not the true 

spores, 

but bodies from which smaller seed-like 

vesicles are produced ; yet, 

even then there will 

be much need of an active imagination 

to invent 

hypotheses to cover the innumerable difficulties 

which would encounter their passage through the 

vessels of the infected plants. 

The Rev. M. J. 

Berkeley proved many years ago that the spores of 

bunt, for example, may be caused to infect all the 

plants the seeds of which had been placed in 

contact with them ; 

but this affection did not 

necessarily accrue from the absorption 

of the

10 

- 

MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

spores, or the ultimate sporidia produced after 

three or four generations. It is possible that the 

granular or fluid contents of the spores may be 

absorbed by the plants and as a result of this 

absorption, become inoculated with the virus, 

which at length breaks out in fungoid growths. 

Much has been done to elucidate this mystery of 

inoculation, but much also 

There is no doubt that 

remains a mystery still. 

the inoculation takes place 

at an early age,* probably in the seeds of many 

plants ; 

in others it 

may be conveyed with the 

moisture to the roots; but the spores themselves 

have certainly not yet been traced 

tissues of growing plants. 

If, instead of going in 

traversing the 

search of goatsbeard and 

its attendant fungus, we turn our steps northward 

and enter one of the Highgate or Hampstead 

woods, where the pretty Httle wood anemone 

{Anemone nemorosa) flourishes abundantly, and 

turn up the radical leaves, one by one, and examine 

their under- surfaces, we shall at length be rewarded 

by finding one covered with similar 

cluster-cups to 

those we have been describing as 

occurring on the goatsbeard, but far less commonly. 

Leaf after leaf will be found covered with the 

brown spots of another fungus called Puccinia 

amemoneSj with which nearly every plant will be 

* Dr. de Bary has lately shown that in many similar iastances 

the seed-leaves are inoculated. It will be necessary to refer 

more particularly to hLs experiments hereafter.


more or less infected in the spring of tlie year; 

and at lengthy if we persevere, the anemone 

cluster-cup (jEcidium leucospermum) will be our 

reward (plate I. figs. 

4— 6). The specific name 

will suggest one point of diSerence between the 

two fungi, as in this instance the spores are white, 

and somewhat elliptic. Probably this species is 

not common, as we have found it but seldom, 

though often in search of it. A nearly allied 

species has been found on Anemones in gardens, 

having but few large teeth about the orifice, though 

not constantly four, as the name would indicate 

(JE. quadrifidum) . 

A walk through almost any wood, in the spring 

of the year, will reward the mycologist with 

another cluster-cup (yEcidium), in which the 

peridia are scattered over the whole surface of 

the leaf. 

This will be found on the wood spurge, 

giving a sickly yellowish appearance to the leaves, 

on the under-surface of which it is found. By 

experience one may soon learn to suspect the 

occurrence of parasites of this nature on leaves, 

from the peculiar exhausted and unhealthy appearance 

which they assume as the spores ripen, and 

which will spare the labour of turning over the 

leaves when there are no distinct spots on the 

upper surface. JE. Euphorbice 

is found on several 

species of Eujphorbium or spurge, but we have 

always found it most abundantly on the wood 

spurge in the Kentish woods between Dartford

12 MICEOSCOPIC rUXGI. 

and Grave send. The spores in this species are 

orange, and externally 

it bears considerable resemblance 

to tbe goatsbeard cluster-cup, but tlie 

spores are ratber smaller and paler, tbe teeth 

are less distinct and persistent, the subiculum is 

more thickened, and the peridia are more densely 

crowded. 

There is another group of species belonging to 

the same genus of fungi in which the arrangement 

of the peridia is different. One of the first 

of om' native wild flowers, in making its appearance 

after the departure of frost and snow, is the 

little yellow celandine {Ranunculus ficario) . 

" Ere a leaf is on the bush, 

In the time before the thrush 

Has a thought about her nest, 

Thou wilt come with half a call, 

Spreading out thy glossy breast 

Like a careless Prodigal ; 

Telling tales about the sun 

"When we've little warmth, or none." 

And one of the earliest parasitic fungi in spring 

is 

an JEcidiiun which flourishes on its glossy leaves. 

So common is ^cidiuni ranunculacearum on this 

species of Banunculus, that it can scarcely have 

escaped the eye of any one who has taken the 

trouble to examine the plant. It appears in patches 

on the under-surface of the leaves or on their 

petioles, in the latter case swelling and distorting 

them. Sometimes these patches are nearly cir- 


in size from less tlian one-twelfth of an inch to half 

an inch in diameter. It is found on several species 

o^ Ranunculus J 

as R. acris, hulhosus, and repens, but 

most commonly on R. Jicaria. 

The leaf is thickened 

at the spot occupied by the parasite, and generally 

without indication on the opposite surface. Sometimes 

one spot, at others several, occur on the 

same leaf. The peridia are densely crowded together, 

often arranged in a circinate manner,


cups^ are irregularly distributed over tlie spots, not 

crowded together as in tlie last species; and the 

teeth are large_, white, and distinct. The spores 

are at first orange, hut at length become brownish. 

This species may be found in spring, 

June, most commonly on the dog-violet, 

on other species of Viola. 

as late as 

but also 

It is not a very desirable occupation to search a 

bed of nettles, and turn over the individual leaves 

to look for minute fungi. A very pretty JScidium 

is nevertheless far from uncommon in such a habitat. 

Fortunately it occurs very often on the petioles of 

the leaves and on the stem, distorting them very 

much ; 

and in such situations flourishing, apparently, 

more vigorously than when occupying the under- 

In the latter 

surface of the leaves (plate 

I. fig. 10). 

situation the clusters of peridia are small, seldom 

exceeding a dozen in a spot, but several spots may 

be found on the same leaf. On the stem they are 

clustered around for upwards of an inch in length, 

and their bright orange colour in such a situation 

renders them very conspicuous objects. The peridia 

are always closely packed together upon a thickened 

base, and offer but slight variations from the forms 

already enumerated, save that they widen slightly 

at the mouth, so as to become nearly campanulate. 

The spores are orange, and very profuse. 

During the past summer we noticed, 

for the first 

time, a very pretty 

little species of cluster-cup 

(MMium) on the wood sanicle {Sanicula Europcea)'iiL

CLUSTER-CUrS. 15 

Darentli wood. It was far from iincoiniiion_, and we 

believe it to be specifically distinct from its nearest 

ally, found on the eartlmut leaves, and those of some 

other umbelliferous plants. The little cups are in 

small clusters of four or five together, on the under 

surface and on the petioles ; they are small, but 

the teeth are relatively large, white, and distinct. 

The spores are of a pallid, yellowish colour, and not 

so profuse as in the last species. A darker spot on 

the upper sm'face of the leaf generally indicates 

their presence. This species was found many years 

ago by Carmichael at Appin, and called by him 

jEcidium sanicidoe ; but we find no notice of its 

occurrence since, though 

it seems to be far from 

uncommon at Darenth, and probably elsewhere, 

should the sanicle be common also. 

Recently we found the bedstraw cluster-cup 

{^cidium galii) on the great hedge bedstraw 

(Galium mollugo), and as it has not been figured 

before, we have included it 

amongst our illustrations 

(plate II. figs. 

15— 17). Though very insignificant 

when occurring on the small leaves of the 

yellow bedstraw {Galium verum), 

it is a prominent 

object on the above-named species. 

We received, for the first time, in July, 1864, 

from Mr. Gatty, student at Winchester, a portion 

of a plant of Thesium humifuswm (which 

is 

by no 

means common in Britain), covered with beautiful 

cluster-cups of a species 

never before recorded as 

occurring in this country (plate III. figs. 50, 51)

IG MICKOSCOFIC FUNfil. 

mimed ^cidium Thesii, but which is far from uucomnion 

on the Continent. 

It occurred in this instance 

on the Downs^ in the vicinity of Winchester. 

It is unnecessary here to refer to other allied 

species of JEricUum, except one to be presently 

noticed^ since we have^ at the end of 

the volume, enumerated and given descriptions 

of all the species hitherto found in Britain. 

Suffice it to say 

that the Buckthorn clustercups 

on the alder buckthorn (Bliamims frantfula), 

is usually very common in the Highgate 

and Hornsey woods, and on the common buckthorn 

(Rhamnus caUiarticus) in the neighbourhood 


drical^ tlie clusters vary mucli in size, and tlie spots 

on the upper surface of the leaf are reddish, bright, 

and distinct. The teeth are white and brittle, and 

the orange spores copious (plate I. figs. 

7— 9). 

There are scarcely any of the epiphyllous fungi 

forming equally handsome or interesting objects 

for low powers of the microscope, than the genus 

to which attention has just been directed ; 

and they 

possess the advantage of being readily found, for 

that locality must be poor indeed which cannot 

furnish six species during the year. We have 

found half of the number of described species 

within little more than walking distance of the 

metropolis, within a period of little more than 

three months, and should be glad to hear of the 

occmTcnce of any of the rest. 

We have three species of fungi very similar in 

many respects to the foregoing, but differing in 

others to such an extent as to justify their association 

under a different genus and name. The 

hawthorn is a bush familiar to all who love the 

be that its 

merry month of May,^' but it may 

•'^ 

parasite has been unnoticed by thousands. If, for 

the future, our readers will bear this subject in their 

minds when they stand beneath a hawthorn hedge, 

they may become acquainted with clusters of singular 

brown pustules on the leaves, petioles, and 

fruit well worthy of more minute examination (plate 

II. fig. 22). They scarcely claim the name of cups, 

and their lacerated and fringed margins rather 

G

18 MICROSCOPIC FDXGI. 

resemble the pappus crowning the fruits of some 

composite plants than tlie cups of ^cidium. The 

peridia are very long, and split down throughout 

their length into threadlike filaments of attached 

cells ; 

these gradually 

fall 

away and break up into 

their component parts 

till but short portions 

remain attached to the base of the peridia. These 

cells are elongated and marked on the surface with 

waved lines, forming in themselves pretty objects for 

a high power of the microscope (plate 

II. figs. 23, 24). 

If the teeth of ^cidium resemble the peristome of 

some mosses, such as Sjplachnumj the threads of 

this sipecies of Rcestelia, except in not being twisted, 

somewhat resemble the peristomes of other mosses 

of the genus Tortula. The spores in this species 

are less conspicuous, being of a light brown, and 

the whole plant, from its modest hue, may be 

readily passed over without attracting attention 

unless occurring in abundance. 

The leaves of pear-trees afibrd a second species 

of this genus sufficiently distinct to commend it to 

our notice. Sometimes it is very common, at others 

but few examples are to be met with. The clusters 

occur on the under- surface, and consist of half-adozen 

or less of large peridia, pointed at the apex 

and swelling in the middle so as to become urnshaped 

(plate II. figs. 20, 21). These vessels or 

thec£e split 

into numerous threads or lachiias, which 

remain united together at the apex. Like the 

species abeady noticed^ 

this is brown and incon-


spicuous except on account of its size, for it is tlie 

largest of all that we liave had occasion to notice. 

The third species occurs on the under-surface 

of the leaves of the mountain-ash. The peridia 

are clustered on a rusty orange-coloured spot 

which is visible on the upper surface (plate II. 

figs. 18_, 19). They are long and cyhndrical, with 

an evident tendency to curvature ; 

the mouth is 

serrated, but not split up into threads, as in the 

species found on the hawthorn. There wiU often 

be found instead of well- developed peridia, what at 

one time were regarded as abortive peridia, forming 

a thickened orange or rust-coloured spot, studded 

with minute elevated points. These spots are 

clusters of spermogones, which organs are described 

in detail in our second chapter. The clusters and 

spores are of a brighter reddish brown than in 

either of the other species. All are remarkably 

distinct, and perhaps the most curious and interesting 

of any that we have passed in review. To 

botanists, the species found on the hawthorn is 

known as Ecestelia lacerata, that on pear-leaves as 

RcEstelia cancellataj and the one on the leaves of 

the mountain-ash as Rcestelia cornuta. 

Dr. Withering observed the spore-spots on the 

leaves of the mountain-ash, but was evidently 

puzzled to account for them. He writes (in his 

Arrangement of British Plants), "The spots on 

the leaves of Sorhus aucn/paria consist of minute 

globules intermixed with wool-like fibres. On 

c 2


examining many of them in different states,, I at 

length found a small maggot 

in some of the 

younger spots^ so that the globules are probably 

its excrement^ and the fibres^ the woody fibres of 

the plant unfit for its food/^ We now-a-days smile 

at such simple and singular conjectures. 

It affords 

evidence of the manner in which the speculations of 

one generation become folHes in the next. 

Only two species of cluster-cups 

are described in 

Withering^ s Flora under the genus Lycoioerdon : 

one of these is now called ^cidium compositavum , 

and is found on various composite plants ; 

the other 

includes the species found on the wood-anemone 

and that on the moschatel^ and also probably a 

species of Puccmia on the wood-betony. 

To render this chapter more complete, though of 

less importance to the microscopist, we may allude 

to the other two genera comprised within this order. 

Peridermium is the name of one genus which 

contains two British species found on the leaves 

and young shoots of coniferous trees. In this 

genus the peridium bursts irregularly, and does not 

form cups, or horns, or fringed vessels. The most 

common species 

is found on the needle-shaped 

leaves of the Scotch fir (plate II. fig. 27), and also 

on the young twigs, in the latter instance larger 

and more prominent than in the former. The 

elongated peridia burst irregularly at their apices 

without forming teeth (fig. 28). 

In the genus Endopliylliim, as 

its name implies,


the is 

peridium imbedded within the substance 

of the succulent leaves. The only species we 

possess is found rarely upon the common houseleek. 

We have derived much pleasure in viewing the 

astonishment and delight exhibited by friends to 

whom we have personally communicated specimens 

of the little fungi we have enumerated for examination 

under the microscope ; 

and we recommend 

with confidence this 

group of parasitic plants, 

unfortunately so little known, as well worthy of the 

attention of all who are interested in the minute 

aspects of nature, and who can recognize the 

hand— 

" That sets a sun amidst the firmament. 

Or moulds a dew-drop, and lights up its gem."

22 MICEOSCOPIC FUXGI. 

CHAPTER 11. 

SPEEMOGONES. 

• 

IN 

addition to their spore-bearing 

spots^ licliens 

have for some time been known to possess other 

organs, termed spermogoneSj wbich. are probably 

concerned more or less in the reproductive process. 

The first intimation of the existence of 

similar bodies in the entophytal fungi originated 

^vith M. linger in 1833, but it was left to Dr. de 

Bary and the Messrs. Tulasne, twenty years later, 

to examine and determine satisfactorily the nature 

and value of the spermogones of the Uredines. 

It was at first believed that the smaller pustules-— 

which sometimes precede, and sometimes accompany, 

the cluster-cups and some other allied fungi 

—^were distinct species developed simultaneously 

therewith, or members of a new genus, which, 

under the name of JEcidiolum exanthematum, found 

a place in the mycologic system. 

Without staying to trace the stages through 

which the elucidation of their true nature proceeded, 

it will sufiice for our purpose to tell what 

is now known of these secondary organs ; 

to 

accomplish which we must stand greatly indebted 

to the independent researches of Messrs. de Bary 

and Tulasne. It has been demonstrated that both 

these bodies, namely, the primary organ^ or cluster-

SPERMOGONES. 23 

cups^ and tlie secondary organs or spermogones, 

are developed from tlie same mycelium; but tlie 

value of the latter is still undetermined. If they 

possess any fecundative power, the process has not 

been traced ; 

or if they are in themselves reproductive, 

they have not at present been seen to 

germinate. Their uses, therefore, in the economy 

of the parasitic plant of which they are now known 

to form a part 

is still a mystery, and they remain 

valueless in the determination of genera and 

species. Any speculation which might regard 

them as male organs would be premature, and 

without support in fact. Hitherto only some 

species of the genera described in the foregoing 

chapter, and others belonging to genera not 

hitherto named, have been ascertained to possess 

spermogones. Of the former are the Bcestelice, 

some species of ^cidium, as those of Euphorbiaj 

&c., and Peridermium Pini. 

These spermogones are of a very simple structure—^very 

delicate, indeed ; 

so much So, that they 

will scarcely bear preparation for demonstration. 

De Bary states that they originate from plain, 

deHcate, inarticulate threads, about half the thickness 

of the mycelium (the root-like branching 

fibres which form the fundamental stratum of 

fungoid growths), which are developed in large 

quantities, and closely packed together. These 

threads are compacted together so as to form an 

outer enveloping integument or peridium, which is


eitlier globular or hemisplierical (or 

in some instances 

elongated), more or less 

immersed, and at 

length opening at the apex (fig. 153) by a regularly 

formed minute ostiolum. The inner wall of 

the peridium 

is covered with a thick forest of 

simple filaments standing 

on end. From the 

summit of these filaments or sterigmata, the 

spermatia are borne. These are either isolated or 

associated together in strings or chaplets, are 

exceedingly minute, of an ovoid or oblong shape, 

and are produced in such numbers as to fill the 

cavity of the spermogone. Besides these, a viscid 

fluid is secreted, in which the spermatia are immersed, 

and which is 

expelled with them from the 

orifice of the peridium. According to the density 

of this fluid, or the hygrometric state of the atmosphere, 

it appears sometimes in drops, and sometimes 

oozing out in threads or cirrhi from the 

spermogones. To compare minute things with' 

gigantic, as a recent author has observed, it 

resembles the lava issuing from the crater of a 

volcano. The colour of this spermatiferous matter 

is 

commonly orange, but in some instances brown, 

though not constantly of the same colour as the 

spores produced from the same mycelium. This 

gelatinous substance is dissolved away from the 

granular bodies which are immersed in it, by 

adding a little water upon the slide on which the 

mass is placed for examination. The granules, or 

spermatia, then exhibit those pecuhar movements

SrSliMOGONES. 25 

v/liich have been observed in tlie similar bodies in 

lichens^ and fitly 

described as '^ a sort of oscillatingmotion_, 

as of a body attached at one extremity/' 

The cause of this motion is at present uncertain, 

vibratile cilia?^ to which similar movements are 

referred, being altogether absent; but probably, 

be found in 

as De Bary believes^ the cause may 

the influence of exosmose. 

The largest spermatia yet examined (those of 

Periderwium Pini) have a length equal to arVo of 

an inch, but their width seldom exceeds ^ ^ q^^ ^ ^ of 

an inch, whilst in others their length does not 

exceed the width of those just named. 

Messrs. Tulasne affirm that all these corpuscles, 

as well as the mucilaginous fluid, evolve an appreciable 

odour, resembling that of the pollen of the 

willow. M. Leveille compares the odour to that of 

orange flowers, and M. de Bary to that of the 

evening primrose. 

The spermogones do not always appear like 

pustules on the surface of the leaves, for sometimes 

their presence is only indicated by minute 

depressed punctures which are scarcely visible; 

generally, however, they may be recognized by an 

obtuse, or otherwise a pointed, protuberance that 

surmounts them. The margin of the orifice is 

sometimes furnished with short hairs, but is more 

frequently ornamented with a pencil of long hairs, 

which are stiff and erect, and of the colour of th& 

enclosed spermatia.

26 IIICEOSCOPIC FUXGI. 

In many 

of tlie species of JEcidium tlie cups are 

disposed in a more or less regular circle,, the centre 

of wMcli is occupied by a group of spermogones at 

; 

the same time^ the corresponding spot on the 

opposite surface of the leaf will frequently — be found 

also occupied by other spermogones in some 

instances in greater number than on the same surface 

of the leaf on which the cups are seated. This is 

the case in the JEcidium which is found upon the 

leaves of the coltsfoot, and that of the honeysuckle. 

Yery bright orange-coloured spots may be observed 

in autumn (we have encountered them often 

in August and September) upon the leaves of pear 

trees, and which are covered with little tubercles, 

at first of the same colour, but ultimately becoming 

brown. These pustules are so many spermogones 

belonging to Rcestelia cancellata, 

a kind of clustercup 

found in the same localities. These 

spots have 

long since been noticed, and regarded as connected 

with the Rcesteliaj but in what manner has until 

recently been unknown. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley 

noticed them in the English Flora in 1836, or at least 

the granulations on the upper 

surfaces of the leaves 

bearing R. cancellata, R. cornuta, and R. lacerata, 

and called them abortive pseudoperidia. Before this 

(in 1804) they had been observed by Rebentisch. 

An examination of one of these spots under a 

low 

power of the microscope, 

of one or more of the pustules, cut with a sharp 

razor, and viewed with a higher power, wiU give an 

and afterwards a section

SPERM0G0NE3. 27 

Fig. 1. 

Fig. 2. 

i-ro. 1.—Êcidium grossularice. c. Cluster- cups. 

s. 

Spermogones. 

,, 2.— Section of ripe spermogones of uEcidium. Eitphorhice. 

s. 

Spermatia. a. Sterigmataa bearing spermatia {De Bary).

SPEEMOGONES. 29 

idea of tlie nature of tlie bodies we are attempting 

to describe. During the past summer we have 

noticed very similar orange spots on leaves of the 

berberry containing spermogones on both surfaces, 

and these appeared before any cups had been found 

on that plant. In this instance no cups were produced 

from the spots on the leaves examined_, and 

which were carefully noticed at 

withered and fell. 

intervals until they 

In some instances, as in Rccstelia cornuta, which 

is found on the leaves of the mountain-ash, the 

cups are produced on the lower, but the spermogones 

almost exclusively on the upper surface. 

The spermogones of Peridermium Pini are white, 

few in number, and are developed, not only in the 

spring, but sometimes reappear in the autumn upon 

the same leaves that produced them at the commencement 

of the year. 

In such instances as those of the jEcidium of the 

spurge, and also the goat sb ear d, in which the 

cluster-cups are arranged in no appreciable order, 

the spermogones are scattered amongst them, and 

even in some instances appear 

The spermogones are 

on different leaves. 

common on the wood spurge 

in spring, scattered over both surfaces of the leaves 

before the cluster-cups make then" appearance, and 

gradually these latter are developed amongst them, 

commencing from the apex of the leaves and proceeding 

in the order of their development towards 

the base. In this instance the spermogones aro


briglit yellow^ as are afterwards tlie cups and spores 

of the j^cidium. In most instances tiie appearance 

of the spermogones precedes that of the sporiferous 

organs, but the latter follow sufficiently speedy for 

perfect development 

before the decadence of the 

spermogones takes place. 

After the expulsion of the spermatia and the fluid 

which accompanies them, the whole mass dries up ; 

and where many spermogones have been clustered 

together in the same spot a brown homogenous 

crust is formed upon the epidermis ; 

where they are 

produced singly, a brownish incrustation is visible 

about the mouth of each spermogone. 

Ee-agents apphed to the spermogones whilst in 

indicate the presence of a considerable 

full vitality 

amount of a protein substance, which, with sugar 

and sulphuric acid, produces a deep pm-ple red colour. 

From what we have already stated of the method 

of occurrence of these organs, the following is 

the 

only order, apparently, preserved in their development, 

although no definite rules can at present be 

affirmed. The spore spots of cluster-cups are 

generally found upon 

the under surfaces of the 

leaves on which they are produced, and the spermogones 

are most numerous on the upper. When 

both the cluster-cups and the spermogones appear 

in the same group on the same surface, the spermogones 

commonly occupy the centre, and the 

cups are arranged in a circular manner about 

them. In other, and fewer instances, both

SPERMOGONES. 31 

organs stand together indiscriminately upon tlie 

same surface. 

TLe spermogones are also developed contrifugallj, 

at least so far as at present observed^ for 

when they are produced in a cluster the central one 

first opens and discharges its contents^ and thus the 

development proceeds outwards from the centre to 

the circumference. When the spermogones are 

scattered,, as in those of EupJiorhiaj they are first 

observed at the apex of the leaf, whence they are 

developed in succession towards the base. The 

latter should be sought for on the young plants of 

the wood- spurge in March or April, at which time 

we have found them abundant at Darenth wood, 

near Dartford. 

It must not be concluded, from the fact that we 

have not yet adverted to spermogones in connection 

with other fungi, that they are peculiar to the 

Mcidiacei. Such is 

by no means the case. As we 

have hereafter described other genera and species 

in which spermogones occur, it would be out of 

place to enter upon further details here. Let it 

suffice therefore that we state that they have been 

found in members of the genera, Aregma, Trijpliragmiumj 

Puccinia, Lecytheaj Trichohasis, and Uredo, 

but they have been found much more generally in 

Boestelia and j^cidium than in any other genus. 

As comparatively 

little is yet known of these 

bodies, a fair field is 

open to the enterprising* 

microscopist^ with time at his disposal, and a good


store of perseverance^ to win for himself renown 

in tlie discovery of fresli facts_, and tlie elucidation 

of some of tlie mysteries which yet enshroud these 

interesting organisms. From the foregoing pages 

he will learn the direction in which his researches 

should tend^ and he may be assured that every new 

fact is of importance when carefully ascertained.

Platen. 

23 2G 

WWest Jjnp

DI-MORPHISM. 83 

CHAPTER III. 

DI-MOEPHISM. 

BEFORE entering furtlier and more fully upon 

tlie subject of this volume, it may be advisable 

to attempt an explanation of a phenomenon of no 

uncommon occurrence in many groups of Fungi^ 

and wbicli is termed di-morpliism. 

In the Uredines, or uredo-like fungi, as well as 

other of the Coniomycetes (in which the spores are 

the principal feature), the same fungus appears 

under two or more distinct forms, not necessarily 

mere differences of age, but so distinct that they 

have been regarded (and some are so still) 

as 

different species belonging to different genera^ 

often far removed from each other^ and bearing 

different names. One plant, for instance, sprinkled 

over the under surface of a rose-leaf, like turmeric 

powder, has its mycelium, or root-like threads, 

penetrating the tissue, whilst bearing above its 

spherical golden-coloured spores. Its vegetative 

system is complete, and, apparently, its reproductive 

also ; 

hence it seems to claim recognition as a 

perfect plant, and under the name of Uredo Rosce 

was so recognized, until microscopical investigation 

determined otherwise. Thus it has been discovered 

that certain dark brown spots which appear later


in tlie season are produced upon tlie same mycelium, 

and are indeed aggregations of more perfect and 

complex fruits of tlie same plant. Before this 

point was satisfactorily decided_, tlie brown spores, 

wliicli are borne on long stalks, and are themselves 

septate or divided (apparently or really) by transverse 

partitions into a complex fruit, received 

the name of Puccinia Rosce. At this period, Ureclo 

EoscB and Puccinia RosoBj or the yellow fungus and 

the dark brown fungus, were believed to be distinct 

and different plants ; now, on the contrary, 

they 

are believed to be different forms of fruit 

produced by the same plant ; i.e., an instance of 

di-morphism. Aregma mucronatumj Fr., is the 

present scientific name of what is 

regarded as the 

perfect fungus, whilst the uredo-form either bears 

the name of Lecytliea Rosce, Lev., or by some 

mycologists is rejected altogether as a spurious 

species. 

During the summer it is not uncommon to find 

the leaves of some giâsses, of the hop, of roses, 

and many other plants, covered with a kind of 

white mould, which appears under the microscope 

as a multitude of small transparent colourless 

cellules, generally 

attached to each other in a 

monihform or beaded manner. These moulds were 

long known under the generic name of Oidium, to 

which genus the vine disease was also referred. 

More minute investigation and more careful 

examination proved that 

these moulds were not in

DT-MORrmsM. 

o5 

themselves perfect plants^ but merely conditions of 

other fungi of a liiglier order^ little differing 

it is 

true in external appearance to tlie naked eye, but 

offering material differences in structure under the 

microscope. Upon the white mould-like threads, 

spherical bodies are produced in the autumn,, containing 

little sacs or asci filled with spores and in 

; 

this condition the plants are arranged under the 

genus Erysiplie, whilst the species of Oidium which 

represented their imperfect condition, are excluded 

from the system. Here, again, we have examples 

of di-morphism. 

In the Journal of the Microscopical Society, Mr. 

F. Currey has detailed several instances of dimorphism 

which have fallen within his experience. 

In one instance he has shown that a small simple 

spored fungus, termed Gryptosporium Neesii, Oa., 

is only a state or condition of a fungus with compound 

fruit, belonging to the Sphoeria section of 

ascigerous fungi, called Valsa suffusa, Fr. Both 

plants are exactly alike externally, but the perithecium, 

or flask-like receptacle containing the 

fructification, in one instance only holds naked 

spores, and in the other the spores are contained in 

little elongated vesicular bags or asci, which are 

packed within the perithecium. 

Whilst writing this, one of the most wonderful 

books in a book-producing age 

lies beside us; it 

is the second volume of a work on fungi, by the 

brothers Tulasne ; 

and this, as well as its prede- 

V 2

o6 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

cesser^ is devoted to this very subject 

of a multiplicity 

of form in tlie fructification of these plants. 

Illustrated by tlie most exquisite of engravings 

which art has ever produced^ it also unfolds many 

of these organisms, 

a page in the history 

for which 

mycologists were not altogether unprepared. In 

noticing this work, one of our most eminent 

authors on mycological subjects quotes as an 

example Dotliidicb rihis, Fr._, one of our most 

common fungi, which occurs in the form of littleblack 

shields on dead twigs of currants and gooseberries. 

Here we have, he says, naked sporeson 

the external cells of the 

(conidia) growing 

stroma; we have naked spores of a second kind 

(stylosjôres) produced in distinct cysts {injcnides) ; 

we have minute bodies of a third kind {spermatia} 

produced again in distinct cysts, resembHng very 

closely similar bodies in lichens; and we have a. 

third kind of cysts, containing the usual sporidia 

in sausage-shaped hyaline sacs (asci). Even here, 

however, we have not done with marvels; for if 

the stylospores are placed in water, they produce in 

the course of twenty-four hours conidia of a second 

order, exactly analogous to those which arise on 

the germination of the spores of the rusts and 

mildews which affect our cereals and other 

plants. 

Further reference is also made to three species 

of moulds, which M. Tulasne has shown to be only 

varied forms of the mycelium of a species of

DI-3I0RPHISM. 37 

Spliceria common to various plants ; 

these moulds 

having been hitlierto regarded as fungi perfect in 

themselves. 

In the Uredines, to which much of this volume 

is devoted^ the genera known as Lecythca and 

Tricliohasis are by some mycologists excluded 

altogether_, as containing only species 

which are 

mere forms of more highly-developed uredines, 

such as Puccinia, Aregma, and others. On the 

other hand^ they are retained by those who possess 

a lingering doubt whether both forms may not be 

distinct, though developed from the same pustule. 

As the two forms are distinct in appearance, 

it will 

better answer our present purpose to treat them 

separately, notwithstanding the belief that, in a 

scientific point of view, the evidence is all in favour 

of their union. 

In fungi of this kind the mycelium, or delicate 

root-like threads, consists of thin filaments, which 

are spread through all parts of the plant occupied 

the cells. 

by the parasite, traversing the intercellular passages, 

but rarely perforating and entering I'his compacted and interwoven mycelium forms a 

kind of cushion beneath each pustule, on which the 

fruits of the parasite rest. 

By 

the increase of this 

cushion and the swelling of the fruit, the epidermis 

which covers them is distended, and ultimately 

ruptured, so that, when ripened, the spores escape. 

It must be remembered that the fruit is of from 

two to four kinds. Small bodies, called spermntiaf

o 3 

MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

wkicli are derived from tlie 

spermogones^ and 

wldch have not yet been known to germinate ; 

Stylospores, produced either singly^ or in bead-like, 

or moniliform^ strings, and whicli either precede or 

are associated with the true spores ; 

some- 

Sporesj 

times simple, but often complex ; 

and S;poridiaj or 

secondary sporules, which are produced 

on the 

germinating threads of the true spores. 

The various genera of these endophytes owe 

their distinctions to the form, or mode of development 

of their true spores. In one instance these 

spores are united in pairs, or divided by a septum, 

so that they are two-celled : these are named Puccinia. 

In another instance the spores are onecelled, 

and at first borne upon a stalk or peduncle^, 

from which they are detached in ripening 

: suck 

are called Trichohasis, It is unnecessary here to 

indicate all the variations to illustrate the fact that 

the generic distinctions are based upon the characters 

of the true spores. How unsatisfactory 

such a mode will appear, when subjected to experience 

day by day, a botanist would suspect. In 

the same pustule, resting upon the same cushion of 

mycelium, the spores of an Aregma wiU be found 

with those of a Lccytliecif and those of a Puccinia 

Avith Trichohasis, More than this has even been 

affirmed. The alternation of generations, known 

to students in the animal world, is 

here repeated in 

the vegetable. Dr. de Bary declares that certain 

data appear to indicate that j^cidium constitutes

DI-MORPHISM. 39 

not a genus by itself, 

but are organs in tlie development 

of some other germs and species^ possessing 

its spermogoniaj its Mcidiumj its Tlredo, and its 

spores_, properly speaking ; 

whilst in others the 

Z7re(io-form^ the Puccinia-form, and the JEcidiumform 

may alternate. It is not our intention to 

enter deeply upoa the discussion of this subject,, of 

so little interest to. the beginner, and so out of 

place in an introduction to the study. That forms 

and conditions are multifarious, and that an entire 

revision of the classification is inevitable, are facts 

which do not require many words to estabhsh. 

Already it is to be feared that in this brief chapter 

we have said too much, and must recommend its 

perusal again, when the names and characters of 

the genera alluded to have been rendered more 

famihar. 

It could scarcely have been permitted that the 

student should go far without being cautioned that 

there is such a thing as di-morphism in microscopic 

fungi and 

; 

the explanation of such a phenomenon 

must presuppose a certain amount of knowledge 

which, thus far, the reader could not have acquired. 

Hence an anomaly, to escape from which an ultimate 

return to the subject will be necessary. 

In a recent account of Dr. de Bary^s experiments,* 

an interesting history is 

given of the 

development of a rust-like fungus, 

which is common 

* De Bary 

— "Annales des Sciences "Naturelles," ser. 4, vol. xx.

40 MICROSCOPIC FUXGI. 

on many plants of the pea and bean tribe. As it 

may serve to illustrate some of tlie preceding, as 

well as subsequent, remarks on development, an 

abstract shall close this chapter. 

The spores of this species [Uromyces ajpioendl- 

' 

cidatus) are oboval cells, terminated by a rounded 

point, provided with a deep brown, smooth, e]jispoYBj 

or outer coating, and a distinct, but colourless 

endospore, or inner coating. These enclose a 

granular matter, v/hich surrounds what has been 

termed the nucleus, but which appears to be a 

vacuole. At the top of the epispore is a pore 

which is characteristic of the genus. The spores 

are supported on a colourless, or slightly-tinted 

pedicel of considerable length (plate VII. fig. 150). 

are attached to 

By means of this pedicel, the spores 

the fostering plant, on which they form pustules 

or son of a blackish colour, and variable extent. 

These spores are ripened towards the end of 

summer or beginning of autumn. During winter 

they remain in a state of repose, but in the following 

spring the faculty of germination developes 

itself. At this period, when moistened or placed 

on a humid soil, they germinate at the end of a 

few days. The spore then emits a curved and 

obtuse tube, which soon ceasing to elongate itself, 

gives origin to three or four sporidia, of a reniform 

or kidney shape. WTien cultivated on moistened 

glass, these sporidia also emit a short, thin, 

slender tube, which produce in turn secondary 

j

DI-MORPHISIT. 41 

sporidia. Here vegetation ends in tlie artificial 

culture above indicated. 

When the sporidia are sown upon the epidermis 

of a favourable plants the germ-tube being emitted^ 

penetrates the wall of any approximate celhile, 

swells and increases into a cylindrical tube equal in 

thickness to the original sporidia, and therefore 

four or five times the diameter of the germ-tube 

before it entered the cellule. The contents of the 

sporidia and external portion of its germ-tube pass 

into the portion within the cellule, and then these 

external portions perish, and all evidence of the 

entry is obliterated, except a very minute point at 

which the tube remains attached to the inner surface 

of the wall of the cellule. The enclosed tube 

soon elongates, divides, and becomes branched. 

These branches perforate the inner walls of the 

epidermis, and pass into the intercellular spaces of 

the parenchyma to become mycelium. This takes 

place within 24 hours. A few days afterwards 

the mycelium is spread through the parenchyma. 

At length the surface of the same spots which had 

been sown in the first instance with the sporidia, 

become of a whitish tint, rapidly increasing and 

intensifying. Three days after, little protuberances 

appear on the surface of the white spots. 

These 

are of an orange colour, and many 

of them are 

surmounted by a Httle drop of mucilaginous fluid. 

These are spermogones. Their number daily increases, 

and a little time after appear numerous largo

42 iricEoscopic fungi. 

globular protuberances intermingled witb tbem, 

Tiiese soon rupture tbe epidermis^ and take tlie 

orange colour 

and cylindrical form of cluster-cups 

{^cidium). At length the summit of the peridia 

opens to allow the escape of the stylospores. It is 

easy to assure oneself that the spermogones and 

cluster-cups proceed from the mycehum of the 

sporidia which had been sown. During several 

days the length and number of the peridia of the 

^cidium contuiue to increase. One month after 

sowing, brownish or blackish points make their 

appearance upon the whitish spots, around, or 

intermingled with the cluster-cups. These increase 

rapidly in number and magnitude. Examined by 

the microscopej they present the ordinary fructification 

of Zfromyces, mingled with stylospores. 

Thus the mycehum of the cluster- cups engenders 

at the end of its vegetation fruits equal in all points 

to those from whence they are 

in the first histance 

derived. 

The stylospores of the cluster-cups possess the 

irregular, globular form and structure of their 

congeners. They are filled with orange granular 

matter, and provided with a colourless, finelypunctated 

epispore. When these stylospores are 

sown on the moistened epidermis of a favourable 

plant, the germ-tube at first creeps along the 

sm^face, but as soon as its extremities find a stomate, 

it enters it and elongates itself in the air-cavity 

below the orifice, receives the contents of the original

DI-MORPHISM. 

4S 

stylospore and exposed portion of its tube, then 

separates itself from those parts^ wMcli become 

dispersed. The active part increases and ramifies, 

and produces a mycelium which spreads through 

the intercellular passages of the parenchyma. At 

the end of from six to eight days, the whitish spots 

appear on the surface of the fostering plant, and 

indicate that the fructification of the parasite is 

about to commence. The epidermis 

is elevated 

and broken, and httle brown pustules appear 

through the openings. These arc the stijlosporcs 

of Uredo, which are produced in immense quantitieSj 

and soon cover the pustules with a deep 

brown dust. Later, the formation of the stylospores 

is 

arrested, and the true germinating spores 

appear in the same pustules. 

The stylospores of Uredo are borne singly at thetop 

of short filaments. On arriving at maturity 

they detach themselves. They are of a globular 

form, with a reddish brown epispore, provided with 

little pointed prominences, and three pores at equal 

distances. After maturity they germinate in precisely 

the same manner as the stylospores of the 

cluster- cups. They enter only through the stomata 

of the epidermis. The pulvinules are identical with 

those which the stylospores of ^cidium originate, 

at the end of 

and they also produce true spores 

then' vegetation. No other fruit arises from them. 

These organs, therefore, always reproduce the sama 

form to which they owe their origin.

4-i! UICEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

The result of tliese investigations 

sliows tliat tlie 

"bean-rust {Uromyces ap]êndiculatus), besides spermogones^ 

possesses four sorts of reproductive organs, 

wliicli all serve to propagate the species, but 

that one alone of them produces 

it in a form always 

identical, whilst the others present well-marked 

alternations of generation. Hence it is concluded 

that there are, 

I. Spores which produce in germinating the promycelium, 

and 

Sporidia.— II. These give place to a mycelium, 

vrhich bears afterwards— 

III. ^cidiuni.— Particular orsfans which eno-ender 

stylospores, and which produce 

— 

IV. TJredOj the second form of the stylospores, 

and later spores (Xo. I.), which are always associated 

with TJredo in the same pustule. The spores 

and stylospores of TJredo come also upon the old 

mycelium, which has previously produced JEcidium. 

The TJredo stylospores always produce TJredo, and 

true spores.

MILDEW AND BRAND. 45 

CHAPTER lY. 

MILDEW AND BRAND. 

DR. WITHERING^S ^'Arrangement 

Plants '^ in 1818 reached its sixth edition. 

of British 

Thisis 

less than half a century ago_, 

and yet the whole 

number of species of Fungi described in that edition 

was only 564, of which three hundred were included 

under the old genus Agaricus. Less than eighty of 

the more minute species of Fungi, but few of which 

deserve the name of microscopic, were supposed to 

contain all then known of these wonderful organisms. 

Since that period, microscopes have become 

very different instruments, and one result has 

been the increase of Withering^s 564 species of 

British Fungi to the 2,479 enumerated in the 

''Index Fungorum Britannicorum.^^ By far thegreater 

number of species thus added depend for 

their specific, 

and often generic characters, upon 

The proportion which 

microscopical examination. 

the cryptogamic section bears to the phanerogamic 

in our local Floras before 1818, now almost involuntarily 

causes a smile. 

Even such authors as were 

supposed to pay the greatest possible respect to thelower 

orders of plants could never present an equal 

number of pages devoted to them, as to the higher 

orders. Relhan, for instance, only occupies one-


fifth of Ills 

" Flora Cantabrigiensis/' and Hudson 

one-fourtli of Ms ^' Flora Anglica/^ witli tlie Cryptogamia. 

At tlie present time^ it "will be seen that^ 

with a liberal allowance for '^ hair-splitting," the 

number of British species of flowering plants 

scarcely exceeds three-fourths of the number of 

Fungi alone_, not to mention ferns_, mosses, algaB 

and lichens, and yet we have no "Flora" which 

contains them, and but a minority of our botanists 

know anything about them. If we need excuse for 

directing attention to some of the most interesting 

of these plants, let the above remarks suffice in lieu 

of formal apology. 

" Mildew 

" is just one of those loose terms which 

represent no definite idea, or a very difierent one 

to difierent individuals. Talk of mildew to a 

farmer, and instantly he scampers mentally over 

his fields of standing com in search of the brown 

lines or irregular spots which indicate the unwelcome 

presence of Puccinia graminis, known to liim, 

and to generations of farmers before him, as " mildew." 

Try to convince a Norfolk farmer that anything 

else is " mildew," and he will consider you 

insane for your pains. Speak of mildew in your 

own domestic cu'cle, and inquire of wives, or 

daughters, or servants, what it means, and without 

hesitation another, and even more minute species 

of fungus, which attacks damp hnen, will be indicated 

as the true mildew, to the exclusion of all 

others ; 

and with equal claims to antiquity. 

Go to

MILDEW A^^D EEAXD. 47 

Farnliain, or any other hop-growing district,, and 

repeat there your question^—What is mildew ?— 

and there is every probability that yon will be told 

that it is a kind of mould which attacks the hop 

plant, but which differs as much from both the 

mildew of the farmer and the laundry-maid as they 

differ from each other. The vine-grower has his 

mildew, the gardener his mildewed onions, the 

stationer his mildewed paper from damp cellars, 

the plasterer his mildewed walls, and in almost 

every calling, or sphere in Hfe, wherever a minute 

fungus commits its ravages upon stock, crop, or 

chattels, to that individual owner it becomes a bugbear 

under the name of ^^ mildew/^ Reluctantly 

this vague term has been employed as a portion 

of the title to this chapter, but it must be limited 

in its application to the 

'^ mildew of corn,^^ known 

to botanists as Puccinia graminis, and not to include 

the numerous other microscopic Fungi to which the 

name of mildew is often apphed. 

The origin of this term and its true application 

may undoubtedly be traced to melil-thaUj "meal 

dew/' A singular proof of the ignorance which 

prevails in regard to all the fungal diseases of corn, 

be found in the fact that at least one of our 

may 

best etymological dictionaries states that the mildew 

in corn is the same as the ergot of the French. 

Had the writer ever been a farmer, he would have 

known the difference ; 

had he ever seen the two, 

he could scarcely have made such a mistake. It


is barely possible for liitn ever to liave beard tbe 

ergot of grain called by tbe name of mildew. 

How long this disease bas been known^ is an 

unsolved problem. About tbe middle of tbe last 

century a tract was published on tbis subject in 

Italy^ but tbis was probably not even tbe first intimation 

of its fungoid character. Before such conclusion 

had been arrived at, men may have struggled 

in tbe dark, through many generations, to account 

for a phenomenon with which they were doubtless 

familiar in its effects. In 1805, Sir Joseph Banks 

published his '^ Short Account," illustrated by engravings 

from the inimitable drawings of Bauer, 

whereby many in this country learnt, for the first 

time, the true nature of mildew. 

With a view to the clearer understanding of these 

let us 

parasites in the phases of their development, 

select one, and we cannot do better than adhere to 

that of the wheat and other graminaceous plants. 

A fine day in May or June dawns upon our preparations 

for a stroll, far enough into the country to find 

a wheat-field. Even now, with the area of the 

metropolis constantly widening, and banishing 

farmers and wheat fields farther and farther from 

the sound of Bow-bells, a corn field 

may be reached 

by a good stiff walk from Charing-Cross, or a sixpenny 

ride at the most, in nearly any 

direction. 

Having reached the field, it may be premised that a 

walk into it of less than twenty yards will be sure 

to reward you with the fungus we are in quest 

of.

PLLteH. 

WWestiifap.


Look down at tlie green leaves, especially tlie lower 

ones, and you will soon find one apparently grown 

rusty. The surface seems to be sprinkled with 

powdered red ochre, and grown sickly under the 

operation. Pluck it carefully, 

and examine it with 

a pocket lens. Already the structure of a healthy 

leaf is familiar to you, but in the present instance 

the cuticle is traversed with numerous longitudinal 

cracks or fissures, within which, and about their 

margins, you discern an orange powder, to which 

the rusty appearance of the leaf is due. Further 

examination reveals also portions 

in which the 

cuticle is distended into yellowish elongated 

pustules, not yet ruptured, and which is an earlier 

stage of the same disease. This is the ^^ rust ^' of 

the agriculturist, the TricJwhasis ruhigo-vera of 

botanists, the first phase of the corn mildew. 

To know more of this parasite, we must have 

recourse to the microscope; having therefore collected 

a few leaves for this purpose, we return 

homewards to follow up the investigation. 

We 

will not stay to detail the processes of manipulation, 

since these will not offer any deviation from 

the ordinary modes of preparation and examination 

of dehcate vegetable tissues. 

The vegetative system of the ^^rust," and similar 

fungi, consists of a number of delicate, simple, or 

branched threads, often intertwining and anastomosing, 

or uniting one to the other by means of 

lateral branchlets. These threads, termed the 

E


mycelium^ penetrate tlie interceUular spaces^ and 

insinuate themselves in a complete network^ amongst 

tlie cells of whicli tlie leaf, or other diseased portion 

of the plantj is composed. High powers of the 

microscope^ and equally high powers of patience 

and perseverance,, are necessary to make out this 

part 

of the structure. We 

may regard 

the wholo 

mycehum of one pustule^ or spore-spot^ as the 

vegetative system of one fungal plant. At first 

this 

mycehum might have originated in 

a number 

of individuals^ which afterwards became confluent 

and combined into one for the production of fruit, 

that is to say^ an indefinite number of poiuts in the 

vicinity of the future mycehum developed threads ; 

and these^ in the process of growth^ interlaced each 

other^ and ultimately^ by means of transverse processeSj 

became united into one vegetative system^ 

in which the individuality of each of the elementary 

threads became absorbed^ and by one combined 

effort a spore-spot^ or cluster of fruity was produced. 

In the first instance a number of minute^ transparent^ 

colourless cellules are developed from the 

mycelium these : enlarge^ become filled with an 

orange-coloured endochrome, and appear beneath 

the cuticle of the leaf as yellowish spots. 

As a 

conseqxience of this increase in bulk^ the cuticle 

becomes distended in the form of a pustule over the 

yellow cellules^ and at lengthy unable longer ta 

withstand the pressmê from beneath^ ruptures in 

irregular^ more or less elongated fissures (plate YII.


fig. 

141), and the yeUow bodies,, now termed spores 

(whether correctly so, we do not at present inquire), 

break from their short pedicels and escape, to the 

naked eye presenting the 

appearance of an orange 

or rust-coloured powder. In this stage the spores 

are globose, or nearly so, and consist of but one 

cell (plate YII. figs. 142, 144). It will afford much 

instructive amusement to examine one of these 

ruptured pustules as an opaque object under a low 

power, and afterwards the spores may be viewed 

with a higher power as a transparent object. The 

difference in depth of tint, the nearly colourless and 

smaller immature spores, and the tendency in some 

of the fuUy matured ones to elongate, are all facts 

worthy of notice, as will be seen hereafter. 

A month or two later in the season, and we will 

make another trip to the cornfield. 

Eusty leaves, 

and leaf-sheaths, have become even more common 

than before. A little careful examination, and, here 

and there, we shall find a leaf or two with decidedly 

brown pustules intermixed with the rusty ones, or, 

as we have observed several times during the past 

autumn, the pustules towards the base of the leaf 

orange, and those towards the apex reddish brown. 

If we remove from the browner spots a nttle of the 

powder, by means of a sharp-pointed knife, and 

place it in a drop of water or alcohol on a glass 

slide, and after covering with a square of thin glass, 

submit it to examination under a quarter-inch 

objective, a different series of forms will bo 

E 2

Oli MICEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

observed. There will still be a proportion of subglobose, 

one-celled, yellow spores ; 

but tbe majority 

will be elongated, most witli pedicels or stalks, if 

they have been carefully removed from the leaf, and 

either decidedly two-celled, or with an evident 

tendency to become so. The two cells are separated 

by a partition or dissepiment, which divides the 

original 

cell transversely into an upper and lower 

cell, with an external constriction in the plane of 

the dissepiment (plate lY. fig. 59). These bilocular 

or two-celled spores are those of the " corn mildew " 

{Puccinia graminis), which may be produced in the 

same pustules, and from the same mycehum, as the 

" corn rust,^' but which some mycologists consider 

to be a distinct fungus, others only a modification or 

stage of the same fungus. After an examination of 

the difierent forms in the alhed genera to which 

these chapters are devoted, we shall be able with 

less of explanation and circumlocution to canvass 

these two conflicting opinions. 

Let us proceed, for the third and last time, to 

our cornfield, when the corn is nearly or fully ripe, 

or let us look over any bundle of straw, and we 

shall find blackish spots, from the size of a pin's 

head to an inch in length, mostly on the sheaths of 

the leaves, often on the culm itself. This is the 

fully developed mildew, and when once seen is not 

likely afterwards to be confounded with any other 

parasite on straw (fig. 57). The drawings of Bauer 

have already been alluded to. Bauer was botanical


dranghtsman to George III., and his exquisite 

drawings, botli of the germination of wheat and 

the fungi which infest it, are marvels of artistic 

skill. A reduced figure from part of one of his 

drawings is given (plate IV. fig. 58), exhibiting 

a tuft of the bilocular spores of Fuccmia graminis 

bursting through a piece of wheat straw. These 

closely-packed tufts or masses of spores, when 

examined with a common lens, seem, at first, to 

resemble the minute sorus of some species of fern ; 

but when seen with higher powers, the apparent 

resemblance gives place to something very different. 

The tufts consist of multitudes of stalked 

bodies, termed spores, which are constricted in the 

middle and narrowed towards either extremity. 

The partition, or septum, thrown across the spore 

at the constriction, separates it into two portions, 

each of which consists of a cell-waU enclosing an 

inner vesicle filled with the endochrome (fig. 59) or 

granular contents, in which a nucleus may often be 

made out. This species of Puccinia is very common 

on all the cereals cultivated in this country, 

and on many of the grasses. A variety found on 

the reed was at one time considered a distinct 

species ; 

but the difference does not seem sufiicient 

However near some other of 

to warrant a separation. 

the recognized species may seem to approximate in 

the form of the spores, a ve-ry embryo botanist will 

not fail to observe the distinctive features in the 

spores of the corn mildew, 

and speedily recognize

xji HICROSCOPIC rUNGI. 

them amongst a host of others; subject^ as they 

may be, to shght deviations in form, resulting 

either from external pressure, checks in development, 

or other accidental circumstances, or the 

variations of ag;e. 

There is no doubt in the minds of agriculturists, 

botanists, savans, or farm-labourers, that the mildew 

is very injurious to the corn crop. Different 

opinions may exist as to how the plants become 

inoculated, or how infection may be prevented or 

cured. Some have professed to believe that the 

spores, such as we have seen produced in clusters 

on wheat straw, enter by the stomata, or pores, of 

the growing " plant, and at the bottom of the hollows 

to which they lead they germinate and push 

their minute roots into the cellular texture/^ Such 

an explanation, however plausible at first sight^, 

fails on examination, from the fact that the spores 

are too large to find ingress by such minute openings. 

It is improbable that the spores enter the 

growing plant at all. The granular contents of 

the spores may effect an entrance either through 

the roots or by the stomata, or the globose bodies 

produced upon the germination of the spores may 

be the primary cause of infection. We are not 

aware that this question has been satisfactorily 

determined. It is 

worthy of remembrance by aU 

persons interested in the growth of corn, that the 

mildew is most common upon plants growing on 

the site of an old dunghillj or on very rich soil.

MILDEW AND BEAND. 

5o 

As the same Fuccinia is also to be found on 

numerous grasses^ no prudent farmer will permit 

these to luxuriate 

lest they 

around the borders of his fields, 

should serve to introduce or increase the 

he so much dreads. 

pest 

The germination of the spores of the corn mildew 

is a very interesting and instructive process, 

which may be observed with a very Httle trouble. 

If the spores be scraped from the sori of the preceding 

year (we are not sure that those of the 

current year will succeed), and kept for a short time 

in a damp atmosphere under a glass receiver, 

minute colourless threads will be seen to issue both 

from the upper and lower divisions of the spores. 

These will attain a length several times that of the 

spores from whence they spring. The extremities 

of these threads ultimately thicken, and two or 

three septse are formed across each, dividing it 

into cells, in which a little orange -coloured endochrome 

accumulates. From the walls of each of 

these cells, or joints, a small pedicel, 

or spicule, 

is 

produced outwards, the tip of which gradually 

swells until a spherical head is formed, into which 

the orange-coloured fluid passes from the extremities 

of the threads.* A quantity of such threads, 

bearing at their summits from one to four of these 

orange-coloured, spherical, 

secondary fruits, supply 

* Similar in all essential particulars to the germination of 

Aregma (plate III. fig. 45).


a beautiful as well as interesting object for tlie 

Wlien matured^ these globose bodies, 

microscope. 

wbicb Tulasne has called sporidia, fall from tlio 

tbreadsj and commence germinating on tbeir own 

account. It is not impossible tbat tbe sporidia, in 

tbis and allied genera^ may themselves produce a 

third and still more minute fruity capable of diffiision 

through the tissues of growing plants, or 

gaining admission by their stomata. Nothing of 

the kind, however, has yet been of certainty discovered. 

Forty other species of Puccinia have been 

recorded as occurring in Great Britain, to all of 

which many of the foregoing 

remarks will also 

apply — viz., such as relate to then' two-celled spores 

being found associated with, and springing from^ 

the same mycelium as certain orange-coloured onecelled 

spores ; 

and also the main features of the 

germinating process. 

A very singular and interesting species is not 

uncommon on the more dehcate grasses, being 

found chiefly confined to the leaves, and produced 

in smaller and more rounded, or but slightly elongated, 

patches (plate IV. fig. 60). We have met with 

it plentifully amongst the turf laid down in the 

grounds of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, and 

also on hedge-banks and in pastures. The spores 

are rather smaller than those of Puccinia graminis, 

but, like them, much elongated, slightly constricted, 

and borne on persistent peduncles. The most

Pla Le n. 

WWesL iicp


prominent distinction may be found in tlie apices of 

the spores, whicli, in this instance, are not attenuated, 

but crowned with, a series of little spicules, 

or teeth, whence the specific name of coronata has 

been derived (plate IV. fig. 62). 

The Labiate family of plants and its ally the 

Scrophulariaceae are also subject to the attacks of 

several kinds of Brand, a name, by the bye, often 

applied locally to the corn mildew and other similar 

parasites, and which may have originated in the 

scorched or burnt appearance which the infected 

parts generally assume. In the former natural 

order the different kinds of mint, the ground ivy, 

the wood-sage, and the betony, and in the latter, 

the water fig-wort and several species of veronica, 

or speedwell, are peculiarly susceptible; and on 

most a distinct species of Fuccinia is found. Toprovide 

against doubt which the less botanical of 

our readers may possess of the meaning or value of 

the term Fuccinia, which has already occurred two 

or three times in this chapter, a brief explanation 

which more scientific readers 

may be necessary, 

will excuse. 

In botany, as in kindred sciences, acknowledged 

species have their trivial, or specific name, generally 

derived from the Latin. In the last species referred 

to, this was coronata, meaning crowned, in reference 

to the coronated apex of the fruit. Any indefinite 

number of species with some features in common 

are associated together in a group, which is


' 

termed a genusj 

name of each, 

and tlie term prefixed to the specific 

species constituting that genus 

is its 

generic name^ also commonly derived from the 

Latin or Greek. In this instance it is Pucciniaj 

derived from the Greek puJcaj meaning closely 

packed, singularly applicable to the manner in 

which the spores are packed together in the pustules. 

The common features^ or generic distinctions^ 

of this genuS; are uniseptate spores borne on 

a distinct peduncle. 

In returning to the species found on Labiate 

plants^ let us suppose ourselves to have strolled 

towards Hampstead Heathy and south of the road 

leading from Hampstead to 

Highgate,, 

near certain 

conspicuous and well-known arches,, built for a purpose 

not yet attained^ are two or three muddy 

ponds nearly choked up with vegetation. Some 

fine autumnal afternoon^ we must imagine ourselves 

to have reached the margin of the most northern of 

these pondS; and amidst a thick growth of reeds^ 

sedges^ and other water-loving plants^ to have 

found the water-mint in profusion and luxuriance^ 

with every leaf more or less occupied^ on its under 

surface^ with the yellow spores of a species of rust 

(Trichohasis) mixed with the browner septate spores 

of the mint brand {Puccinia Menthce) 

. This is common 

also on the horse-mint and corn-mint ; 

we 

have found it on the wild basil and wild thyme^ 

and once only on marjoram. Having collected as 

many leaves as we desirCj and returned to home


and tlie microscope^ we proceed to examine tliem 

in tlie same manner as we have already examined 

tlie mildew, and as a result of sucli proceeding 

arrive at tlie following conclusions :— Tlie pustules 

are small and round^ never elongated as in tlie corn 

mildew, and generally confined to tlie under surface 

of tlie leaves (plate IV. fig. 69) 

. The spores are subglobose, 

slightly constricted, and the two cells nearly 

two hemispheres, with their flat surfaces turned towards 

each other (fig. 70) 

. The form delineated in 

figure 75 is that of the sorus of many of the epiphytal 

brands, the centre being occupied by the 

closely-packed spores, surrounded to a greater or 

less extent by the remains of the ruptured 

epidermis. 

Although the species of Puccinia (P. glechomatis) 

found on the leaves of the ground-ivy 

is said to be 

very common, we sought 

it in vain amongst every 

cluster of that plant met with during last summer 

and autumn, until, nearly despairing of finding it 

at all, we at last encountered a plot of ground-ivy 

covering the ground to the width of two or three 

yards, and in length eight or ten, nearly every plant 

being attacked by the brand. This was in the 

corner of a pasture, and the 

only time we found 

infected plants. The fungus, however, may be as 

common as the plant in other localities. The pustules 

on the leaves are larger than those of the 

mints, and also confined to the inferior surface 

(fig. 78) . The 

spores are elliptic 

and but slightly


constricted ; 

tlie 

apex is often pointed, tliougli not 

always so much as in our figure (fig. 74). 

Of other species found on allied plants we have 

not considered it necessary to give figures, or write 

much. The betony brand (P. Betonicce, DC.) does 

not seem to be common enough to be readily found 

by any one desiring to examine it for himself; 

and the same may be said of the fig^vort brand 

(P. Scro^hularice, Lib.), the wood-sage brand 

(P. Scorodonioe, Lk.), and the speedwell brand 

(P. Veronicarum, DC); all of these are, however, 

characterized by a distinct feature, or features, which 

have been considered of sufiicient importance ta 

constitute a separate species. 

We have had occasion to refer incidentally to the 

brand found on the under surface of the leaves of 

the wood-anemone (P. Anemones, P.). This is one 

of the earliest and commonest species. Go wherever 

the wood-anemone abounds, in any of the woods 

lying immediately to the north of the metropolis, 

or any of the woods in Kent, and from March 

to May it will not be difficult to find attenuated, 

sickly-looking leaves, with the under surface covered 

with the pustules of this brand, looking so hke the 

sori of some fern (fig. 65) that it has been, and 

still is, sometimes considered as such. In Eay's 

" ^^ 

Synopsis (3rd edition, 1724), 

it is described in 

company with the maidenhau' and wall-rue ferns a 

; 

figure is given of it in the same work (t. iii. fig. 1), 

and it is stated,—" this capillary was gathered by

MILDEW AND BEAND. 61 

tlie Conjuror of Chalgrave/' When, afterwards, 

it was better understood, and tlie 

spots 

came to be 

regarded as true parasitic fungi, it still for a long 

time continued to bear tbe name, not even yet 

quite forgotten, of tlie Conjuror of Clialgrave's fern. 

An examination of tlie spores, both collectively 

in the pustules, and separately under a high power, 

will not fail to convince any one who has examined 

only the species we have already alluded to, 

that this parasite on the anemone (P. Anemones) is 

a true Fuccinia, and a most interesting one. The 

two cells of the spores are nearly spherical, and the 

constriction is deeper and more positive than in 

any of the preceding. Moreover, the surface of the 

spore is minutely and beautifully echinulate, or covered 

with erect spines (plate lY. fig. Q&) 

. 

Some few 

other of the species found in Britain have echinulate 

spores, but those are not common like the present. 

One word of caution to the amateur in search of 

the Puccinia on the anemone. It will be fruitless 

looking for it on the large 

foliaceous bracts of the 

flower-stalk, since these may be turned up carefully, 

till 

the back aches with stooping, 

ere a solitary 

pustule will be found; but the true leaves, 

proceeding from the rhizomes, are certain soon to 

afford you specimens. 

Everybody knows the dandelion, but it is not 

every one who has noticed the fungi found upon its 

leaves. These are most commonly of two kinds, 

or probably the unilocular and bilocular forms of


the same species 

: tlie latter we liave foimd in tlie 

montli of May, and the former in August and 

September. The lower leaves of young seedlings 

have generally rewarded us with the best 

specimens of the septate-fruited brand {Puccinia 

variahlUs, Grev.). The pustules occur on both 

sides of the leaf, and are 

very small and scattered 

(fig. 82). The spores are singularly variable in 

form : sometimes both divisions are nearly equal 

in size ; sometimes the upper,, and sometimes th& 

lower^ division is the smallest; occasionally the 

septum will be absent altogether; 

and more rarely, 

the spores will contain three cells. From the very 

variable character of the spores (fig. 83), th& 

specific name has been derived. 

No species in the entire genus makes so prominent 

an appearance as the one found on the radical 

leaves of the spear thistle {Carduus lanceolatus) 

, 

This latter plant is exceedingly abundant, and so 

is- its parasite [Puccinia syngenesiarumj Lk.). From 

the month of July 

till the frosts set in we may be 

almost certain of finding specimens in any wood. 

The leaves have a paler roundish spot, from onetwelfth 

to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, on the 

upper surface, and a corresponding dark brown 

raised spot on the under surface, caused by an 

aggregation of pustules, forming a large compound 

pustule, often partly covered with the epidermis. 

The individual pustules are small, but this aggregate 

mode of growth gives the 

clusters great pro-


minence, and therefore they are not easily overlooked 

(plate lY. fig. 63). Although not confined to 

this 

species of thistle^ we have not yet found this 

Fuccinia on any other plant. The spores are elliptical^ 

rather elongated^ constricted^ and without 

spines (fig. 64). 

Other species of Fuccinia are found on Composite 

plants^ but with none of these is the present fungus 

likely to be confounded^ if regard be had to its 

pecuhar habit. The leaves, for instance,, of the 

common knapweed {Centaur ea nigra) are often 

sprinkled with the small pustules of the centaury 

brand [Fuccinia comioositarum, Sch.); these generally 

occupy the under surface of the lower radical 

leaves (fig. 67) ; occasionally a few of the pustules 

appear on the upper surface. We have not often 

found this fungus in the neighbourhood of London 

on the leaves of the knapweed, but, on the other 

hand, we have encountered it very commonly on 

those of the saw-wort {Serratula tinctoria). The 

spores are oval, scarcely constricted, and not attenuated 

in either du'ection (fig. 68). Other Compo- 

than those above named are liable to 

site plants 

attacks from this parasite. 

In our school-days we remember to 

have spent 

many a stray half-hour digging for '^ earth-nuts,^' 

under which name we, as well as our elders and 

betters, knew the tubers of Bunium flexuosum. 

Not then, nor for 

many years after, did we notice, 

or regard 

if we did notice, the distorted radical

64 MICROSCOPIC FITNGI. 

leaves and leaf- stalks, and the blackish-brown spots, 

which reveal the cause in the presence of a brand, 

or parasitic fungus, of this genus {Puccinia Umhelliferariim, 

DC), 

which is 

extremely 

common on this, 

as well as some other allied plants. If any spot is 

searched where this plant grows in any profusion, 

before the flowering stalks have made their appearance 

above the surrounding grass, this Puccinia 

will be readily found by the twisted, contorted, 

sickly appearance of the infested leaves (fig. 71), 

the petioles of which are often swollen and gouty in 

consequence. The sporidia are shortly stalked, and 

generally very much constricted (fig. 72). The 

species found on the stems of the hemlock, and also 

that on Alexanders {Smyrnium Olumtrum), are distinct 

; 

the spores of the latter being covered with 

tubercles or warts (figs. 55, 56). During a botanical 

ramble through Darenth "Wood in April of the year 

just passed away, in some parts of which the 

sanicle abounds, we found the bright glossy leaves 

of this singular and interesting plant freely sprinkled 

with the pustules o^ 2i Puccinia (P. SaniculcB, Grev.), 

which is not at all uncommon on this, but has not 

hitherto been found on any other plant. Dr. Grreville, 

of Edinburgh, was the first to describe this, 

as well as many other of our indigenous minute 

Fungi. For many years he has toiled earnestly 

and vigorously at the lower cryptogams, as evidenced 

" by 

his Scottish Cryptogamic Flora,^' 

pubhshed in 1823; and yet his continual additions

MILDEW AND BRAND. 

6^ 

to the records of science show him to be earnest 

and vigorous 

still. 

We have by no means exhausted the catalogue 

of Fungi belonging to this genus found in Britain, 

nor even those commonly to be met with ; 

but the 

fear of prolixity, and the desire to introduce a 

still re- 

description of other forms into the space 

maining to us, prompt us to dismiss these two-celled 

brands with but a brief allusion to such as we cannot 

describe. Box-leaves are the habitat of one species, 

and those of the periwinkle (plate VI. fig. 132) of 

another. One vegetates freely on the leaves of violets 

through the months of July and August, and another 

Se- 

less frequently on the enchanter^s nightshade. 

veral species of willow-herb (Epilohium) are attacked 

by one Puccinia (plate IV. figs. 78, 79), and a single 

species by another. Plum-tree leaves, bean-leaves, 

primrose leaves, and the half-dead stems of asparagus, 

have their separate and distinct species, and 

others less commonly attack the woodruff, bedstraw 

(plate VIII. figs. 172, 173), knotgrass, ragwort, and 

other plants less common, more local, or, to the generality 

of the non-botanical, but imperfectly known. 

We have found, not uncommonly in the autumn, 

the scattered pustules of a brand on the stems and 

leaves of the goat^s-beard, occupying the places 

which were scarred with the remains of cluster- cups 

that had flourished on the same spots a month or two 

previously (plate IV. fig. 76). The pustules are by 

no means minute, but elongated and bullate ; 


P


spores beautifully studded with warts (plate IV. fig% 

77). This species cannot certainly be identical with 

Fuccinia compositarum (Schlecht), P. syngenesiarum 

(Lk.), or P. tragojpogonis (Corda). In none of these 

do the spores appear to be warted, and the habits 

of both the latter are different. 

appears to be P. centaurioe (Corda)^ 

Its nearest associate 

at least in the 

fruit, and whilst the form and character of theso 

organs are considered of any value in the determination 

of specieSj 

smooth spores cannot be associated,, 

we think, with tuberculate or echinulate spores under 

the same name. 

In the spores of the species to which attention 

has been more specially directed we have types of 

the principal forms. In the ^^ corn-mildew "'^ they 

are elongated, and tapering towards either end ; 

in 

the ^^ coronated brand^-* the apex 

is crowned with 

spicular processes in 

; 

the '^ wind-flower brand^^ the 

entu'e spores are echinulate ; 

in the ^^ mint brand" 

they are globose in the ; "composite brand" elliptic;, 

in the 

" earth-nut brand," nearly cut in two at the 

septum and in 

; 

the " dandehon brand," so variable 

in form that no two are precisely alike. On tho 

other hand, all are characterized by a transverset 

septum dividing each spore 

into two cells.

COMPLEX BRANDS. 07 

CHAPTER V. 

COMPLEX 

BRANDS. 

FROM tlie twin-spored genus we pass to anotlier^ 

in wliicli tlie spores are usually divided into tliree 

cells^ and whiclij from this cause^ has been named 

TripJiragmium. Only one species has hitherto been 

found in this country and that not 

_, 

very commonly^ 

on the leaves of the meadow- sweety SjpircBa ulmaria 

(plate III. fig. 47). Externally_, it much resembles^ 

in the size and character of the pustules, many of 

the above-named brands,, 

but when seen under the 

microscope this similarity disappears. In general 

outline the spores are nearly globose, and externally 

papillose. In one species, found on the Continent, 

but not hitherto in Great Britain, the spores are 

covered with curious long-hooked spines, by means 

of which they adhere tenaciously to each other. In 

germination, the spores of Triphragmium do not 

offer any noteworthy deviation from those of Puccinia/^ 

and the chief interest of our indigenous 

* Mr. Currey has only seen the tips of the germinating threads 

swell, and become septate, each of the joints thus formed falling 

off and germinating without producing spherical sporidia ; 

whilst 

Tulasne figures globular sporidia, as wiU be seen in our fig. 49, 

reduced from the figure by 

— Tulasne. {Vide Currey, in " Quarterly 

Journal of Microscopical Science," 1857, pp. 117, &c.) 

p2

QS MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

species lies in the three-celled form of its spores 

(fig. 48), to wliicli occasionally those of Puccmia 

variahiUs approximate, and may be regarded as the 

link which unites the two genera. 

The old story of '^ Eyes and no Eyes^^ is too often 

literally true, not only with the children it was 

written to amuse and instruct, but also with children 

of a larger growth who scorn such baby tales, 

and disdain such baby morals. Out of more than a 

thousand indigenous species of microscopic fungi, 

of which there is generally some evidence aj0forded 

of their presence visible to the naked eye, how few 

are there of the millions that inhabit our island who 

can count twenty species that they have ever seen ; 

still fewer that have noticed one hundred. Amongst 

the twenty species known to the few will probably 

be included one which appears in autumn in prominent 

black spots, the size of a large pin^s head, or 

half a turnip seed, with the flat face downwards, 

sprinkling the under surface of blackberry leaves 

(fig. 39) with 

j larger, reddish, purplish, or reddishbrown 

spots on the upper to indicate the presence 

of the funo'us a beneath. Just at the time when 

blackberries are ripe, these spots are in perfection 

on the leaves, and their eyes must have been sadly 

at fault who could ever have gathered their own 

blackberries without seeing the discolotired leaves. 

The coloured spots on the face of the leaf are due 

to the diseased state of the tissues caused by the 

parasite on the opposite 

surface. As much of the

COMPLEX BRANDS. 60 

leaf as 

contains two or three of tlie black pustules 

should be removed carefully with a knife or sharp 

scissors, and submitted to microscopical examination 

; 

each will be seen to consist of a dense tuft of 

blackish_, elongated, stalked bodies, clustered as in 

fig. 44, but much more numerously and closely 

packed together. 

These are the spores of the blackberry 

brand (Aregma hulhosum, Fr.). A few of 

these spores should be removed on the point of a 

sharp penknife, placed on a glass slide with a drop 

of distilled water or alcohol, covered with thin glass, 

and then viewed with a quarter-inch objective. 

Each spore has a stalk longer than itself, thickened 

below, and containing a yellow granular core. The 

spore itself is much longer than in any of the Puccinice, 

of a dark brown colour, and apparently 

divided by several transverse partitions into three, 

four, or more cells, the whole surface being covered 

with minute warts or prominences (plate III. fig. 41). 

In 1857, Mr. F. Currey investigated the structure 

of these spores, and the results of these experiments 

were detailed in the " Quarterly Journal of 

Microscopical 

Science.'^ One conclusion arrived at 

was, that '^ the idea of the fruit consisting of sporidia 

united together and forming a chain, is 

certainly 

not in accordance with the true structure. 

The sporidia are not united to one another in any 

way, but, although closely packed for want of space, 

they are in fact free in the interior of what may be 

called a sporangium 

or ascus.''^ To arrive at this

70 uicROScopic ruxGi. 

conclusIon_, careful examination was necessary^ and 

new modes of manipulation essential. The details 

of one metliod employed were to tlie following 

effect :— A sufficient number of spores were removed 

on tlie 

point of a lancet^ and placed on a slide in a 

di'op of alcoliol. Before the spu^t was quite evaporated_, 

two or three drops of strong 

nitric acid 

were added^ and the whole covered with thin glass. 

The slide was then warmed over a spirit-lamp, the 

acid not being allowed to boil, but only gradually 

heated to boiling point. By this means the 

fruit was found to consist of an outer membrane, 

nearly transparent, and studded with tubercles; 

that this membrane enclosed a number of cells 

which constituted the apparent joints, and which 

were natm-ally flattened at either end by mutual 

pressure. 

or ruptured, these cells escaped, 

'VYhen the outer membrane was dissolved 

and became detached 

from each other. The cells, thus set free, 

exhibited a brownish or yellow ring around a paler 

area, in the interior of which an inner cell was 

to be sometimes marked with 

visible, sometimes globular, often irregular in shape. 

The examination of the ring was not entirely satisfactory; 

it appeared 

concentric lines having the appearance of wrinkles. 

The inner cell had granular contents and a central 

nucleus. "V^Qien perfectly free they were spherical 

in form, with a distinct membrane of their own; 

and colourless, except when acted upon by reagents. 

The means employed to determine the

COMPLEX BEANDS. 71 

existence of these cells was to soak tlie spores in 

muriatic acid ; 

then^ upon pressure of the glass cover_, 

the outer membrane and ringed 

cells were rupturedj 

and the inner cell escaped (plate III. fig. 46). 

Germination may be induced in these spores by 

jvoeping them in a moist atmosphere (fig. 45) ; 

but 

ihe mode does not difi'er from that described above 

as occurring in the " corn mildew."'^ Mr. Currey 

writes :—^^ I know no microscopical object of greater 

beauty than a number of fruits of PJiragmidiwm in 

active germination.^^ By Phragmidktm he means 

the Aregma of this work^ of which Phragmidium is 

a synonyme. 

Well may the reader remark on arriving thus 

far^ ^^ Does all this examination and detail refer to 

the fruit borne in the little blackish spots on bramble 

leaves^ which I have hitherto overlooked V Ajj 

and to several similar spots on other plants. 

Examine 

carefully the raspberry leaves in your garden^ 

and you will probably find similar,, but smaller^ 

pustules also on the under surface (plate III. fig. 42). 

We say 'prohahly, because none of our British species 

seem to be equally uncommon with this. During 

the past year we examined hundreds of plants^ and 

did not find a single pustule. This species 

was 

named by Dr. Greville A7êgma gracilis 

which name 

j 

it still continues to bear (fig. 43). Such a fate will 

not await you if you should proceed in the autumn 

to some chalky district where the burnet is common. 

Go, for instance, to Greenhithe or Northfleet, on the


"Nortli Kent Eailway, in August or September, 

where the burnet is plentiful,, 

and the leaves will 

present the appearance of having been peppered 

beneath^ from the number of minute pustules 

of the 

burnet brand scattered over the under surface 

(fig. 30, upper leaflets). Or if 

you prefer collecting 

nearer home, visit some neighbouring garden, if 

your own does not contain many roses, and the 

leaves will be found equally prolific in an allied 

species (fig. 36). Should gardens and roses be 

alike unattainable, any bank or wood will furnish 

the barren strawberry {Potentilla fragariastrum), 

and during the latter part of the summer, or 

in autumn, another species of Aregma 

will not 

be uncommon on the under surface of the leaves 

(fig. 33). All these species 

will be found accompanied 

by the orange spores of species of Lecythea, 

which some mycologists consider to be distinct 

fungi, and others to be merely forms or conditions 

of Aregma. These spores are represented in plate 

III. figs. 31, 34, 37, and 40. From the magnified 

figures of the spores of the difi'erent species of 

Aregma (figs. 32, 35, 38, 41, and 43), it will be 

have all certain features in 

apparent that they 

common, i.e., cyhndrical spores containing from 

three to seven cells. This may be called the generic 

character, common to all the species of the genus 

Aregma. Again, each species will be observed to 

possess its own distinct features, which may be 

termed its specific character. In one, the apex of

COMPLEX BEANDS. 

7o 

the spores will be obtuse^ in another acutely pointed^ 

in another bluntly pointed, &c. In one species the 

number of cells will usually be four, in another five 

or six, in another seyen or eight. The stem in one 

species will be slender and equal, in another thickened 

or bulbous. So that in all there will be some 

permanent peculiarity for each not shared by the 

others. 

One other form of brand (Xenodochus carhonarius) ^ 

presenting, it is behoved by some, generic difierences 

from all that wê have as yet noticed, remains to be 

briefly alluded to. This form appears to be very 

uncommon in this country, but, when found^ is 

parasitic on the leaves of the great burnet {Sanguisorha 

officinalis), 

a plant of local distribution. The 

in small tufts or 

parasite appears to the naked eye 

pustules resembling those of an Aregmaj but, wîen 

microscopically examined, the cells of the spores are 

found to be numerous, indeed, considerably more 

than in the most complex Aregma (fig. 29). This, 

however, seems to be the only distinction, for the 

cells are free in the interior of the investing membrane, 

and in all points of structure, 

has been examined, identical with Aregma. 

in so far as it 

Whether 

it is logical to consider a four-celled spore an Aregma^ 

and a seven-celled spore an Aregma and exclude a 

, 

ten or twelve-celled spore from the same genus on 

account of the number of its cells, does not appear 

to us clearly answerable in the affirmative. 

During the course of this and the preceding

7-i MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

chapter we have passed rapidly through four genera 

of parasitic fungi so nearly allied^ that one is almost 

led to doubt the validity of the generic distinctions. 

These may be presented briefly thus :— 

Spores two-celled 

Puccinia. 

„ three-celled Triphragmium. 

„ four to seven-celled Aregma. 

„ many-celled Xenodochus. 

It has been seen that the habit^ mode of growth, 

gennination, and structure, except in the number 

of cells, scarcely differ ; 

but it is not om* province 

here to enter upon the discussion of such a subject. 

The association of one-celled, orange-coloured 

spores with the brown two or more celled spores 

passed in review is another feature worthy of 

a passing notice, and which opens a field for discussion. 

It is generally admitted that these two 

forms are the production of the self-same mycelium 

or vegetative system, but it is not so generally 

admitted that they are but two forms or phases 

of the fruit of the same plant. 

It is not at all 

uncommon in the history of mycology to find two 

forms which were for 

a long time considered to be 

distinct plants producing different forms of fruit, 

and which bore different names, and were located 

in different genera, at length proved to be only the 

self-same i^lant in different conditions, and ending 

in one name being expunged from the list. Such 

a fate probably awaits, at no distant date, the orange 

spores which precede or accompany the species in

COMPLEX UKANDS. 75 

the present genera. Already Tulasne and some 

others accord tliem no place in tlieir system. 

It 

may be added^ for the benefit of any who wish 

to pursue the study of this interesting branch of 

Cryptogamic Botany, that the leaves of the plants 

containing the parasitic fungi now noticed may be 

collected and preserved by drying between folds of 

blotting-paper_, or the leaves of a book, and will 

retain their character, with the exception of colour 

in the orange forms, so as to be eligible 

for examination 

at any period of the year for twenty years to 

be transferred 

come. Each species, when dry, may 

to an old envelope, and labelled outside with the 

name, date of collection, and locality; 

and one 

hundred such envelopes will constitute a miniature 

herbarium in a very small compass.

"6 MicROSconc ruxGi. 

CHAPTER VI. 

SMUTS. 

NE of tlie funeral diseases of corn long" and 

widely known lias obtained amongst agriculturists 

different appellations in different localities. 

In some it is tlie '' smut/^ in otters it is 

respectively "dust-brand/^ "bunt-ear_," "blackball/"' 

and " chimney-sweeper/^ all referring, more 

or less, to tlie blackish soot-like dust with which 

the infected and abortive ears are covered. This 

fungus does not generally excite so much concern 

amongst farmers as the other affections to which 

their corn-crops are liable. 

Perhaps it is not really 

so extensively injurious, although it entirely destroys 

every ear of corn upon which it establishes itself. 

"Wheat, barley, oats, rye, and many grasses are 

subject to its attacks, and farmers have been heard 

to declare that thev like to see a httle of it, because 

its 

presence proves the general 

excellence of the 

Ko one who has passed through a field 

whole crop. 

of standing corn, after its greenness has passed 

away, but before it is fully ripe, can have failed to 

notice, here and there, a spare, lean-looking ear, 

completely blackened with a coating of minute dust 

(plate Y. fig. 98) If he has been . 

guilty of brushing 

in amongst the corn, it will still be remembered how

SMUTS. 77 

liis hands and clotliing became dusted with this 

powder and if at the time he should have been clad 

; 

in sombre black, evidence will have been afforded 

— in the rusty-looking tint of the powder when 

— 

sprinkled upon his black continuations that, however 

sooty this powder might appear whilst still 

adhering to the ears of corn, it has an evident brown 

tint when in contact with one^s clothes. This 

powder, minute as it is, every granule of it constitutes 

a spore or protospore capable of germination, 

and ultimately, after several intermediate stages, of 

reproducing a fungus like the parent of which it 

formed a part. During the growth of the plant its 

virulent contents flow like a poison through the 

innermost tissues, and at length attack the peduncle 

or axis of the spikelets of the ear, raising up the 

essential organs and reducing them to a rudimentary 

state. Brongniart, who made this species the 

special subject of observation, states that the fleshy 

mass which is 

occupied by the fungus consists 

entirely 

of uniform tissue, presenting large, almost 

quadrilateral cavities, separated by walls, composed 

of one or two layers of very small cells filled with 

a compact homogeneous mass of very minute granules, 

perfectly spherical and equal, slightly adhering 

to each other, and at first green, afterwards 

free or simply conglomerate towards the centre of 

each mass, and of a pale rufous hue at ; length the 

cellular walls disappear, the globules become completely 

insulated, and the whole mass is changed


into a lieap of joowder^, consisting of very regular 

globules, perfectly alike, black, and just like the 

reproductive bodies of other fungi (plate Y. fig. 99). 

A scientific botanist of some repute, M. Unger, published 

a work in Vienna during the year 1823, in 

which he sought to prove that this, and allied 

species of fungi, were not fungi at all, but merely 

broken up cells, or disruptured and altered conditions 

of certain portions of the diseased plants. 

The most satisfactory refutation of this theoiy may 

be found in the fact that the spores of the smut can 

be seen to germinate nnder favourable conditions, 

and produce fruit, whereas, if they were only the 

ordinary cells of the plant broken up by disease, 

fructification would not take place. 

The spores in this species are exceedingly minutc» 

It has been ascertained that forty-nine of them 

would be contained within a space the one-hundredand- 

sixty- thousandth part of a square inch ; 

hence 

one square inch of surface would contain little less 

than eight millions. These myriads of spores are 

shed from the ears, and nothing remains but the 

barren matrix in which they were borne when the 

farmer proceeds to gather in his crops. At that 

time he sees no more of the 

^^ smut,^' 

all remembrance 

of it for the time is gone, his only thought 

is to stack his corn in good condition. But the 

millions of spores are dispersed, ten milHons at 

least for every ear that has been '' smutted,^^— and 

will they not many of them reappear next year.

SMUTS. 79- 

and tlius year after year^ witli as mucli certainty as 

the grain upon wliicli they are parasitic ? 

Like many of the parasitic fungi, so destructive 

in the farm and the garden, this species belongs to 

the family in which the spores are the distinctive 

feature. 

After many botanical changes, the '' smut ^' 

is at length regarded 

as a fixed resident in the 

genus JJstilago, with the specific name of segetum, 

which latter signifies 

'^ 

standing corn ; 

'' 

it is therefore 

the ZfstUagOj or smut of the standing corn. 

The 

characters of the genus are, chiefly, that the spores 

are simple and deeply seated, springing from delicate 

threads, or in closely-packed cells, ultimately 

breaking up into a powdery mass. Fifteen members 

of this genus have been described as British. 

One of these (Z7. maydis) attacks the maize or 

Indian corn grown in this country in a similar 

manner as the common smut attacks wheat or 

barley ; 

but as maize is not an established crop 

with us, a more minute description of this species 

is unnecessary ; 

the spores are figured in plate V. 

fig. 108. Another species (Z7. hypodytes) makes its 

appearance a^t first beneath the sheaths of the leaves 

surrounding the stems of grasses (fig. 100), ami 

ultimately appears above and around them as a 

purplish-black dust (fig. 101). The seeds of sedges, 

theleavesand stems of certain definite species of grass, 

the flowers of scabious (plate IV. figs. 

123— 125), the 

receptacles of the goatsbeard, the anthers of the 

bladder campion, and other allied plants, and the

80 311CE0SC0PIC FUXGI. 

seeds of tlie Bistort family^ are all liable^ more or 

less_, 

to tlie attacks of one or other of the residue 

of the fifteen species of TJstilago 

as indigenous 

to Britain. 

already referred to 

Although we do not profess to teach practical 

men how to grow good corn^ or how they shall get 

rid of, or keep clear from, the many foes to which 

their crops are exposed, yet a suggestion may be 

offered, based upon the facts obtained in our 

botanical researches, supported by the analogy of 

allied circumstances. In this instance the extreme 

minuteness and profusion of the spores would evidently 

render all the com liable to the attachment 

of, perhaps only two or three, spores to the seed 

coat. Some ears of corn in nearer proximity to 

the smutted ears may be covered with spores which 

yet remain invisible to the naked eye, and when 

these grains are mixed with others in the heap, the 

chances are not much in favour of any handful not 

becoming charged with spores. If the majority of 

these were not redeemed from destruction by the 

many changes, shiftings, rubbings, and scrubbings 

to which the seed corn is liable between the time of 

its reaping and the period of its 

sowing, we might 

expect a very large crop of "smutted'^ corn. 

Under ordinary circumstances we can scarcely 

imaonne that the loss arising- from infected ears 

would repay much special labour to prevent it, only 

that to a large extent the precautions taken to 

-cleanse the seed corn from the spores of one fungus

Plate ^r. 

" 

T IJi 

7? , .»,, 

kt. 

100 106 

i08 

107 

^ 

ww=

SMUTS. 81 

will also avail for another, and wliile cleaning 

the spores of " smut/' those of " bunt " will also be 

it of 

removed. The facts that we rely upon chiefly as 

indicating the remedy are that the spores are only 

superficially in contact with the seed corn, and that 

they are of less specific gravity, causing them to 

float on the surface of any 

fluid in which the corn 

may be immersed. Again, the spores of many 

species of fungi will not germinate after saturation 

with certain chemical solutions. One of the most 

successful and easy of application 

is 

a strong solution 

of Glauber's salts, in which the seed corn is to 

be washed, and afterwards, whilst still moist, dusted 

over with quick-lime. 

The rationale of this process 

consists in the setting free of caustic soda by the 

sulphuric acid of the Glauber's salt combining with 

the lime, and converting 

it into sulphate of lime. 

The caustic soda is fatal to the germination of the 

spores of " bunt," and probably also of ^^ smut 

" 

; 

although, as already intimated, except in cases 

where these afiections of the corn are very prevalent, 

we shall be informed by the agriculturist that 

the cost of labour in the prevention will not be compensated 

in the cure. 

Experience has also taught us that many fungi 

flourish in proportion to the wetness of the season, 

or dampness of the locality. 

A wet year is always 

exceedingly prolific in fungi, and a dry season correspondingly 

barren, at least in many kinds, whilst 

others, as the experience of 1864 has convinced us, aro 

a


exceedingly common. In a field or wood tlie mycologist 

reaps his richest harvest of mycological 

specimens in the lowest and dampest spots_, in 

swamps_, ditches^ and ill-drained nooks. This is a 

fact worth knowing as much by the farmer as the 

amatem" botanist in search of specimens for his 

herbarium. 

One of the most unmistakable species of '' smut ^' 

is that which infests the goatsbeard^ on which we 

have already described an j^cidium. Generally 

about the same time as the cluster- cups make their 

appearance on the leaves_, some of the unopened 

flower-heads of this plant will be found considerably 

altered in appearance by the shortening of the segments 

of the involucre, and at length by the whole 

inflorescence being invested with a copious pui'plishblack 

dust. If, by any means, the lobes of the involucre 

are any of them separated, 

escapes, blackening the fingers 

the enclosed dust 

and clothing 


collector, as if it were soot (plate Y. fig. 92). A little 

of this dust submitted to the microscope 

will be found 

to consist of myriads of small globose spores, nearly 

uniform in size and shape ; 

and if a higher power 

be .employed, each of these will appear to have a 

papiUose or minutely granulated surface. The 

florets, dwarfed in size and contorted, or the remains 

of them, are embedded in the mass of spores (fig. 93), 

and if one or two of these are removed and placed 

under a good one-inch objective, every part will be 

found covered with adhering spores, to the apparent

BMUTS. 

S3 

exhaustion of its substance. Of course, tlie florets 

are never developed when subjected to the attack 

of "smut/' The whole plant assumes a faded_, 

sickly appearance, even before the spores are fully 

ripened. We would recommend our readers, if they 

collect one of the infected flower-heads, to put it 

into a box or paper by itself, for if placed in the 

box with other it 

specimens will so sprinkle them 

with its black powder as to render them nearly 

useless for microscopic examination: everywhere 

the microscope will detect, where the unaided eye 

failed to recognize a trace, the ubiquitous spores of 

Ustilago receytaculorum (plate V. fig. 94). 

In the fenny districts of the eastern counties a 

species of " smuf called Ustilago typJioides attacks 

the stems of reeds, forming thick swollen patches 

of several inches in length (fig. 128), sometimes 

occupying the whole space between two joints or 

nodes, and lying beneath the sheath of the leaves. 

The spores in this species are larger than in the 

species which attacks the culms of grasses in a 

similar manner (plate YI. fig. 129). 

There are not many features in the rest of the 

species of this genus of suflBcient interest to the 

general reader or microscopist to render it advisable 

to furnish any detailed account of them. We may, 

however, note that in a species found on the leaves 

of the common cock's-foot grass the spores are large, 

obovate, and rough, with minute granules (figs. 117, 

118). This species is known botanically as Ustilago 

G 2

84 MicRosconc fungi. 

salveii, and externally bears considerable resemblance, 

except in tlie size and colour of tbe spores 

(fig. 119), to another species mucli more common, 

and wliicli occurs on the leaves of Poa aquatica and 

P. jiuitans. The last-named species forms long 

parallel sori, extending often for several inches along 

the leaves of the aquatic grasses just named, giving 

them a very singular appearance (plate V. figs. 105, 

106). The spores are small (fig. 107), not being more 

than one-fourth the length of the last species, and 

smooth, whilst those are minutely granulated. 

An interesting species occurs, very rarely, on 

the stems of such grasses as Aira ccesjntosa and 

A. aquatica. The sori are in bands at regular distances 

apart (plate VI. fig. 120), each band being 

composed of a number of short parallel sori (fig. 

121). The spores are not more than one -third of 

the size of those in Z7. longissima. 

to attack from other 

Sedges are also subject 

species of smut; one of these [JJ. oUvacea) appears 

io convert the seeds into a fine olive-coloured dust 

(plate YI. fig. 126), which gives to the fruit a similar 

appearance to that presented by corn when attacked 

by Ustilago segetum. Another species, which also absorbs 

the seeds, becomes hardened and consolidated 

more than in any other species, and, though larger 

than the normal seeds, still 

retaining their form 

(figs. 109, 110). This is Ustilago urceolorum, the 

spores of which are also figured (fig. 111). 

The beaksedge {RlyncosiJora alba) sufi'ers from

SMUTS. 85 

an ailied species wliich affects it in a similar manner 

(plate V. figs. 96, 97), but is not equally common. 

The spores of Ustilago utriculosa, found on different 

w 

species of Polygonum, instead of being granulated, 

are reticulated on tlie surface (plate VI. figs. 114, 

116). The chief interest attaching to Ustilago antherarmn 

consists in its habitat, for it is developed in 

the anthers of the flowers of the bladder campion, 

and other plants of the same natural order. The 

anthers are much swollen and distorted by this 

parasite, which is not uncommon, though easily 

overlooked unless specially sought after (plate Y. 

figs. 102-104). A list of all the British species will 

be found at the close of this volume. It will be noted 

that 

as in the genus jEcidium the prevailing colour 

of the spores is orange, so in the genus Ustilago it 

is black, with a purplish or violaceous tinge. 

Four diseases in wheat of fungal origin are 

known and recognized in the popular language of 

the farm as 

" mildew,^' 

'^ 

rust," 

" smut,^^ and 

"bunt." Sometimes one and sometimes another 

is most prevalent, and he is 

an exceedingly fortunate 

individual who can walk through his fields 

and find only one of them, especially if that one 

should be sparingly distributed. 

It has been our 

good fortune to dwell much amongst cornfields, and 

the terror of the word "mildew" to a farmer^s ears 

is not unfamiliar in our reminiscences of the past, 

ere we discarded the much-loved country to become 

a dweller in town. The subject of our present

S6 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

remarks inspired no sucli alarm in tlie districts of 

our experience, but in some seasons and localities 

it is certainly one of the ^'^ pests of tlie farm/' 

Under the different appellations of " bunt/' " pepper 

brand," ^' bladder brand,'' and sometimes ^^ smut," 

this infection is very generally known. Externally 

there is no appearance, except to the practised eye, 

that anything is wrong. There is no black impalpable 

dust about the ears as in the true ^^ smut," 

no red withered leaves or spotted stem as in the 

" rust" and ^^ 

mildew," and no stunted growth or 

malformation, evident to the casual glance, by which 

the insidious foe can be recognized ; 

but stealthily 

and secretly the work is accomplished, and until 

the " bunted" grains make their appearance in tho 

sample, the disease may^ perchance,, be unchallenged. 

Externally the '^ bunted " grain is plumper, and 

whilst the corn is still 

green these will be of a brighter 

green than the rest (plate V. fig. 84) "When broken, 

. 

the farinaceous interior will be found replaced by a 

minute black dust of a very foetid, unpleasant odour, 

and greasy to the touch (fig. 85). This powder 

constitutes the spores of the ^^ bunt" mixed with 

myceloid threads. It may happen that much of 

the corn in a field " is bunted," and the discovery 

not made till the wheat is 

being ground for flour ; 

then the odour and colour will speedily decide the 

produce to be unfit for human food. We have not 

the least doubt that '^ bunted" corn, when ground

SMUTS. 87 

witli flour_, is injurious in proportion to its extent, 

whilst at the same time we can scarcely conceive an 

intelligent miller 

grinding up a sample containing 

any large proportion of " bunted '' grains in ignorance 

of tlie fact. 

K we break open a grain of wheat infested with 

the ^^ stinking rust^^ or ^^bunt/^ and then place 

some of the powder in a drop of water on a glass 

slide, and submit this to the microscope, first using 

the half-inch power, then the quarter, or fifth, and 

finally an eighth or tenth, we shall find that thi.s 

minute dust consists of myriads of globose brown 

bodies termed spores, which possess certain reproductive 

functions. These spores will be found 

mixed with a number of delicate branched threads^ 

to which they are attached by a short stalk or 

pedicel, visible with the higher powers (fig. S^). 

The surface of the spores you 

will also observe to 

be beautifully reticulated. These features just 

described as visible in the " bunt *' are the characteristics 

of the genus to which it belongs (Tilletea)^ 

and of which it is the only British species. 

An 

aUied species infests the Sorghum or durra, a grain 

but little cultivated in Europe, but found extensively 

in Africa and Asia, and also apparently found 

on the Bajra of India. 

The interesting experiments of the Kev. M. Ja 

Berkeley on the germination of "bunt^^ spores 

have been already alluded to. 

They were undertaken 

shortly after the outbreak of the potato


disease, to ascertain, if possible, tiie mode by wbicli 

the minute spores of fungi inoculate growing 

plants; and although at that time only a bare 

suspicion of the nature of the bodies resulting from 

the germination of 

" bunt 

" spores was entertained, 

succeeding examinations in the same direction 

have brought to Hght extraordinary facts, and 

manifested the progress of the successive developments 

of four generations. The spores of ^'^bunt^' are 

larger than those of the different '^ 

species of smut," 

and reticulated on the surface (plate Y. fig. 86). 

When these are made to germinate a kind of stem 

is protruded (fig. 87), upon which small clusters of 

elongated thread-hke spores of the second generation, 

or sporidia, are produced (fig. 88). After 

a time these spores conjugate, or become united 

by short transverse processes in the same manner 

as has been observed in some of the lower forms 

of Algas (fig. 89). The conjugated spores in the 

next stage germinate and produce a third kind of 

fruit, different from either of the preceding, and 

constituting a third generation (fig. 90). These 

in turn germinate and produce a fourth order of 

reproductive organs (fig. 91), so that in the process 

of growth the " bunt 

'^ 

spores evidently pass 

through four generations. Hence, as one result, 

the number of germinating bodies is greatly increased, 

as well as their power of inflicting injury 

in a corresponding diminution in size. There are 

still 

many points in the history of the growth and

SMUTS. 8C> 

of tlie 

development througli successive generations 

" bunt 

'^ 

spores, but enough is known, on the one 

hand, to show that this is a true vegetative parasite, 

and not merely a diseased condition of the tissues 

of the wheat plant, 

and on the other that it is 

perfectly distinct from all the phases of the other 

and similar parasitic fungi which affect the wheat 

crop.

90 MICPvOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

CHAPTER YIL 

COMPLEX SMUTS. 

SOME of tKe microscopic fungi are tiie most 

unpromising and uninteresting objects to tlie 

naked eye 

wliicli could well be imagined. No one 

would suppose that tlie black dust so profusely 

slied in such genera as Ustilago and Polycystis 

could be better than as much soot ; 

unless he has 

learnt by experience not to judge by appearances, 

but to suspend judgment until examination. The 

axiom will sooner or later force itself 

upon 

all who 

examine minute objects with the microscope, that 

all organic nature, whether animal or vegetable, 

increases in interest in proportion to the magnifying 

power. Seen by the unaided eye, moulds are 

all nearly alike, and they seem to be '*" moulds '* 

^^ 

and nothing more. Smuts,^^ again, sometimes 

attack one organ, and sometimes another, with 

very httle variation in colour and ^^ ; rusts " are all 

'^ 

only rusts ^' with a paler or more intense rusty 

tint, until the marvellous combination of lenses, so 

unfolds a new 

appropriately named a microscojpej 

world, and exposes 

its new inhabitants unparalleled 

in the old world of larger life, in form, habit^ development, 

and mystery. 

A very interesting, though small group of fungi.

COMPLEX SMUTS. 91 

allied to the preceding, are included botanically 

under tlie 

genus called Polycystis, in allusion to tlie 

many cells of which the spores are composed.* In 

the most recent work on British Fungi, approximating 

to a Flora '^ — viz., Berkeley's Outlines''— 

only three species are recorded, whilst the most 

common, at least around London, is omitted in 

error ; 

for it could scarcely have been unknown as 

indigenous to this country. This last is the crowfoot 

smut [Polycystis pompJiolygodeSj Lev.), found 

on the leaves and petioles of the common creeping 

buttercup (Ranunculus repens), distorting them 

very much, and also occurring on the wood-anemone 

and some other Ranunculaceous plants. The leaves 

and their footstalks, when attacked, become swollen, 

as if blistered at first, and ultimately burst in an 

in*egular manner, exposing a mass of blackish 

soot-like dust (plate IX. fig. 183), which on examination 

will be found to consist of the many-celled 

•spores alluded to (plate IX. fig. 184). Each of 

these spores appears to have a transparent outer 

membrane, either inclosing an unequal number, 

from two or three to five or six, distinct cells, 

compressed together into a spherical form by the 

outer integument, or the interior is divided by 

septa into as many cells. Each of these divisions 

contains a dark brownish endochrome, or cell- 

* RaLenhorst has proposed Urocystis as the name of this 

genus, on the ground that Polycystis was priorly applied to a 

genus of Alga3.

D2 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

contents. As may be anticipated, tlie spores in all 

the species associated in this genus are interesting 

objects for the microscope. The species on the 

buttercup may be found through the summer and 

autumn on Ranunculus rejpens, especially 

whenever 

that plant 

is met with in very damp situations. 

We have seldom found the plant in any profusion 

without its attendant fungus. 

Another species of these many-celled smuts is 

not uncommon in gardens, on the sweet violet, 

attacking the footstalks of the leaves more commonly 

than the leaves themselves, and swelHng and 

contorting them (plate IX. fig. 185). In general 

structure the spores are very similar to those of 

the last species, save that the cells are smaller, 

and a larger number are collected together (plate 

IX. fig. 186). So far as we have yet examined the 

spores of this and the preceding species, they 

appear to consist of separate and distinct vesicles 

(probably spores), contained within a hyaline sac 

or outer membrane, and not to be a single spore 

divided into cells 

by numerous septa. 

A species of equal interest [Folycystis Cohhici, 

Tul.) is found on the autumnal crocus, or meadow 

saffron {Colchicum autinnnale). The spores approach 

nearer to those of the last than of the prior 

species. 

A fourth species occurs on the leaves of rye 

(plate IX. fig. 187), forming elongated parallel 

blackish lines {Pohjcystis imrallelay B. & Br.). It

COMPLEX SMUTS. 

CJ> ^ 

Las also been found on the leaves of some grasses, 

but does not appear to be very common. 

the two 

Many similar features are possessed by 

members of a genus named Tubercinia, which have 

been found in this country. One of the species 

which we who inhabit 

is parasitic upon a plant 

southern England never meet with, but which is 

not uncommon in Scotland, i. e., 

Trientalis Europcea, 

The parasite 

attacks the leaves about the month of 

September, forming bullate or blistered patches 

one-eighth 

to one-sixth of an inch broad, containing 

a mass of black spores (plate III. fig. 52). 

These spores 

are irregularly globose, large, 

and 

opaque, consisting 

of a number of distinct cells 

(plate III. fig. 53). Never having seen other than 

dried specimens — kindly communicated by Dr. 

Dickie of Aberdeen, the discoverer of this species 

— 

we cannot add much to its history beyond the 

published description by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley. 

The other species occurs on potatoes, and is, 

of Great 

during some seasons, common in all parts 

Britain. The spores are curious, being composed 

of a number of cells arranged in the form of a 

hollow sphere, with one or two apertures communicating 

with the interior (plate III. fig. 54). They 

are generally attached by a delicate thread. This 

species, sometimes confounded with the potato 

scab, was first described by Mr. Berkeley, about 

the time of the appearance of the '^potato disease,^' 

with which, however, it is in no way connected.

1)4! MICEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

Thus it will be seen that^ inasmucli as we liave 

complex brands in wliicli the number of cells are 

considerably increased, so have we *^^ ^^ 

complex smuts in which, instead of one cell, we have many. In 

the last instance the two genera associated together 

in this chapter agree. The spores in both are 

distinctly cellular, but in the last genus 

far more 

opaque and consolidated than in the first. Whilst 

it 

may be doubted whether the compound spores of 

more than a number of 

Polycystis are anything 

individual spores with a 

gregarious habit, invested 

with an outer membrane, such a hypothesis cannot 

(as far as our individual examinations extend), be 

made to include Tuhercirda. No doubt has yet 

been thi'own on the genuine character of either of 

these genera. No TJredo or ^cidvwm, no Trichohasis 

or Puccinia has been ascertained or suspected to 

appear as a prior or subsequent 

form. In their 

supposed integrity they offer an interesting study, 

and in their development a good subject for investigation.

RUSTS. 95 

UNFOPtTXnSTATELY, 

CHAPTER YIII. 

EUSTS. 

tMs group of fungi contains 

species but too well known for their 

ravages amongst graminaceous plants, especially 

^^ 

the cereals. Corn-rust/^ as it is generally called, 

has a reputation 

little better than mildew, and it 

really deserves no better, for it is only another form 

of that pest of the farm, from the mycelium of 

which the corn-mildew is at length developed. 

There are two species very closely allied 

(doubtless 

only forms of the same species with different spores) 

which attack the leaves and culms of growing corn, 

and, bursting through the cuticle in the manner 

represented in plate YII. fig. 

141 (magnified), give 

a pecuhar rusty appearance to the plant, as represented 

in plate YII. fig. 

140. One of these corn-rusts 

is botanically named Trichohasis riihigo-vera (Lev.), 

or the '' true rust Trichohasis ; 

'^ 

the latter, which is 

the generic name, being a compound of two Greek 

words {thrixj a hair, and hasis, a foundation), on 

account of the spores being at first famished at 

their base with a short, thread-like peduncle, which 

at length 

falls 

away (plate YII. fig. 142). The 

other corn-rust is Trichohasis linearis^ or " line-like 

Trichohasis/' because the sori or pustules are linear.

OG MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

or lengtliened out like a line ; 

the spores nearly 

double the length of those of the other corn-rust 

(plate VII. fig. 144), and not so bright in colour. 

By intermediate forms these two rusts pass insensibly 

the one into the other, so that it is sometimes 

difficult to distinguish them. Both have the spores 

clustered together in the pustules, at first (plate VII. 

fig. 143) attached by their peduncles, but they soon 

become free, and are scattered Hke rust-powder 

over the plant. Adverting to the attack of rust 

upon the wheat crops to an unusual extent a few 

years since, the Kev. M. J. Berkeley wrote as 

follows :— 

We have seen rust more prevalent in white wheats, especially 

in the variety called Russian white, which has red smooth chaff, 

than we ever remember it. It is, however, confined to particular 

spots ; 

and while in one field not a single leaf is free, 

insomuch that a person walking through the wheat is completely 

painted with the spores, of a fine rust-red an 

; adjoining 

field, separated only by a hedge, has not a rusty leaf. So long, 

however, as the rust is confined to the leaf, it is, we believe, 

perfectly harmless. The grain swells in spite of it, 

and the 

only effect is that the flag dies a little earlier, which is not 

undesirable when it is too luxuriant. If, however, it gets to any 

extent upon the chaff, much more if it attacks the seed itself, 

as is sometimes the case, it is 

very mischievous. 

There is, indeed, a notion that rust is merely a form of mildew, 

and this may be true ; 

but if so, it is a harmless form. The 

true rust (T. riibigo-vera), if a form of mildew, preserves its own 

characters to the end, and merely presents a second form of 

fruit, a circumstance which is exceedingly common amongst the 

lower fungi. It may exist in company with the mildew, but it 

also more frequently is developed without a trace of mildew 

intermixed. As far, then, as its immediate effects upon the planfc

Plate Ml. 

128 

W:Weet 1 

mp.

EUSTS. 97 

go, it may be treated as a distinct parasite, though advanced 

botanists may look upon it as offering a case of what they call 

dualism, which may be easily understood on a comparison with 

such plants as marigold and orache, which produce seeds of 

two diflferent forms. Its ultimate effects may, indeed, be injurious, 

as, if it be really a second form of mildew, it is capable 

of propagating that pest. The case is quite different with 

Trichobasis linearis, wliich is in fact merely the young state of 

the mildew. When once that supposed species makes its 

appearance, it is quite certain tJiat there will be mildew to a 

greater or less extent. While the spores of the one remain 

unaltered, though intermixed with the true bipartite spores of 

the mildew, the other exhibits every intermediate state of form 

and colour. 

M. Tulasne, to wliom we have already alluded as 

a liigh authority on this 

subject,, is of opinion that 

all the species enumerated in this group or genus, 

are mere conditions of other species, and therefore 

excludes it altogether. Another genus {LecytJiea), 

for the same reason, has shared the same fate. 

It must not be forgotten that twenty-eight species 

of rust belonging to this genus are now recorded 

as occurring in Great Britain. Some of these haveyellow 

or yellowish spores ; 

the rest have the spores 

of a decidedly brown colour. One of the most 

attractive of the yellow-spored species is that which 

appears on the groundsel {T. Senecionis), and a 

good notion of its external appearance may be 

gained from our figure (plate VII. fig. 145). It is 

not always to be found without searching closely, 

for in some localities we have found it very sparingly, 

whilst elsewhere — as, for instance, on Wandsn

98' MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

wortli Common— we have met with, it as soon or as 

late as there were groundsel leaves for it to grow 

upon. No spot or change in the appearance of the 

upper surface of the leaves indicates the presence 

of the parasite beneath; this is^ however_, often 

betrayed by the golden-yellow streaks which appear 

on the stem. Many a time and oft the boys in the 

semi-rural districts about town have marvelled and 

questioned each other concerning the reason why, 

in gathering '' groundsel ^^ for the little bird at 

homOj we should be so particular^ and pass so many 

promising plants,, plucking here and there a leaf, 

and seldom collecting one which they consider 

eligible for the purpose. Collectors of minute 

fungi must expect to overhear occasionally even 

hints touching their sanity from those who^ without 

the remotest idea of their mission, think they must 

^' 

be shghtly wrong in the head ^^ to gaze so narrowly 

and intently, amongst nettles, groundsel, 

grass, or dry leaves, and only take an occasional 

fragment of a rotten sticky or two or three sickly 

leaves, carefully deposit them in their wallet, hat, 

or pocket, and then " move on.''^ 

It will be unnecessary to repeat what has been 

stated in a former chapter on spermogones. It will 

be remembered that these organs are found developed 

in connection with some of the species of the 

present genus, as well as with the cluster- cups, or 

JEcidiacei, They consist externally of small conical 

elevations, pierced at the apex, which contain

derived 

EUSTS. 99 

minute^ cellular^ linear bodies called spermatia^ invested 

with a kind of mucous substance^ that overflows 

with them from the orifice of the spermogone^ 

like lava from the crater of a miniature volcano. 

The rust in company with which they have been 

found most plentifully, 

is that which covers the 

under surface of the leaves of the commonest of 

The external form of 

all thistles {Cnicus arvensis). 

one of these spermogones is figured plate VII. 

fig. 153. The rust possesses, when fresh, a peculiar 

odour, which is said to resemble that of orangeflowers 

; 

• 

whence was its name of ^^ sweetsmelling 

rust^^ (Trichohasis suaveolens, Lev.). M. 

Tulasne writes :—^' 

With respect to this species, it 

is, in my opinion, but the first form of a Fiiccinia, 

analogous to P. Comjpositarum, D.C. the spermogones 

with which it is mixed being very abundant, 

: 

it 

ought to be placed with that Puccinia. I should, 

perhaps, retain some doubts upon the legitimacy 

of this relationship, 

if it had not been my fortune 

to meet on another species of the same kind {Puccinia 

AnemoneSj P.) spermogones perfectly characterized, 

and in which the colour, habit, and position 

would not allow me to hesitate an instant in attributing 

them to the Puccinia.^' In this species of 

rust the whole under surface of the leaf is covered 

with a purphsh-brown dusty coating of the spores, 

from the numerous pustules which are produced 

(plate VII. fig. 151). The plants, when attacked, 

have a paler and more sickly appearance ; 

the leaves 

A 2


have a tendency to fold backwards at tlieir margins^ 

and thenceforth, their growth seems to be 

determined. Sowerby, in his ^' British Fungi/' 

says :—" Two or three sorts of flies are occasionally 

found dead on this plant at the time of the 

fungus being upon it^ 

which is after wet weather in 

the summer^ or early in autumn ; being apparently 

tempted by its flavour, they over-eat themselves, 

or else are destroyed by some poison.^' This rust 

has spores resembling, in general characters, 

those 

of the yellow-spored series (plate YII. fig. 152). 

We have not thought it necessary to give figures 

of many species, partly on account of the uncertainty 

existing in many minds whether they ought 

to be regarded as species, and whether they will 

long claim a place in the British Flora; and partly 

on account of the similarity which exists between 

them, at least so far as they 

are of interest to the 

microscopist only. 

During the autumn of last year, whilst on a 

botanical excm^sion through a portion of Eppiug 

Forest, the '*' great bog '' became a centre of some 

interest. Bogs are generally attractive spots to 

those who are in search of microscopic organisms. 

On this occasion the chief objects of interest were 

the small brown pustules (plate VIII. fig. 168) with 

which the upper surface of a large number of the 

leaves of the pennywort {Hijdrocotyle vulgaris) were 

sprinkled. These pustules were brown, orbicular, 

regular, and in habit seemed to resemble rather

RUSTS. 101 

those of most of the Puccinice than of a Tricliohasis. 

The large, vigorous, and healthy leaves were less 

affected. 

Microscopical examination, 

at first incomplete, 

led us to the conclusion that it was a species 

of TJredoj which had been met with in France 

{TJredo HydrocotyleSj Mont.) but a 

; re-examination, 

to which we were prompted by Mr. Currey, led to 

the conclusion that it 

belonged rather to the present 

genus ; but it can scarcely be associated with 

any species already described, notwithstanding its 

with the brown rust found on 

apparent afiinity 

umbelliferous plants, in 

which the pustules are invariably 

developed on the under surface. Under 

these circumstances, we have called it the Penny, 

wort rust (Tricliohasis Hydrocotyles)y whilst still 

doubtful whether it is not the same fungus as that 

described by Montague, with whose description it 

agrees in everything, except what is implied by 

the generic name. It should not be forgotten, 

first described 

that the work in which Montague 

this species was published when the genus TJredo 

embraced the present genus, which was separated 

from it 

by Leveille twelve years later; and it is 

possible that this species was included in a more 

recent work by the same author, in error and 

without re- examination, under the old name. An 

examination of authentic specimens of Montague's 

plant would settle the point j 

but we know of no 

published collection which contains it. The characteristic 

difference between the two genera 

lies in

102 MICEOSCOPIC rUXGI. 

tlie presence of a peduncle in tlie early stage of 

Triclwhasis (plate VII. fig. 169), and its absence 

in all stages of JJredo, AYithout wandering furtlier 

into a subject whicli has not the merit of 

being very popular_, let us away to some green 

lane in search of violets,, and having found them, 

take a little of the brown dust from one of the 

small pustules on the leaves, upon the point of a 

penknife ; place this, with a drop of water, upon a 

glass 

slide, and make a record of what we observe. 

The field is covered with the myriad spores of a 

rust of a nearly spherical shape, brownish in colour, 

and here and there one with a short transparent 

colourless stalk or pedicel. This is the violet rust 

{Trichohasis Fi'okntm, B.), very common all through 

the summer and autumn, generally on the under 

surface of the leaves of violets, in woods and 

hedgerows. Should it so happen that the spores 

when placed under the microscope are found to be 

two-celled, it will prove that instead of a rust, or 

Trichohasis, being under examination, a brand, or 

Puccinia, has been found, which is almost equally 

common, and which may, without such a test, be. 

easily mistaken for a rust. 

According to the theory 

of di-morphism, this is the higher form or complete 

fruit of the same fungus, which in its simple-ceUed 

state is called Trichohasis Violarur)i. 

A similar circumstance may befall 

the student in 

examining the rust of labiate plants {Trichohasis 

Lahiatarum, Lev.), which occurs on difierent species

EUSTS. 103 

of mint, especially tiie 

of August. We have found a few of the two-celled 

watermint_, about the month 

spores of the Puccinia imbedded in the pustules of 

this rust almost constantly, whilst the one-celled 

spores are not uncommon in the pustules of what 

is regarded as the true mint brand {Puccinia Menthee., 

P.). 

In spring the young leaves of the periwinkle 

{Vinca major) will, in some situations, become 

thickened considerably, and ultimately browned on 

both faces with the pustules of a rust (Trichohasis 

Vincce), which though covered with a conidioid dust 

are often very tardy in bursting the epidermis. It 

is almost impossible, after the pustule is ruptured, 

to find one in which the bilocular spores of Puccinia 

(fig. 132) are not largely intermingled with the 

unilocular spores of the ^^rust'^ (plate YI. fig. 131). 

Later in the season by two or three months, other 

leaves of the same plants will be found occupied 

by the smaller and more widely scattered pustules 

of Puccinia Vincce, in which the unilocular spores of 

the ^^rust ^' will seldom be found. In this instance 

the leaves are scarcely thickened, and the colour of 

the spores is much darker. The under surface of 

the leaves is 

commonly alone occupied, and corresponding 

paler spots on the upper surface indicate 

the presence of the parasite beneath. 

The garden and field bean is Hable in some seasons 

to become quite rust-coloured in consequence 

of the profusion of spores with which the leaves

104 MiCROSconc fungi. 

and steins 

are covered, from the bean rust {TricJwhasis 

FcibcBj Lev.), which in like manner is considered 

as the simple stage or form of the bean 

brand {Puccinia Fahce, Lk.). If the legumes are 

also examined, a few pustules will sometimes be 

found on them. Beans thoroughly infected with 

this rust or brand are seldom of much service in 

either field or garden. 

Beetroot, or mangold wurzel, is another example 

of garden and field produce which is subject to a 

similar visitation. This rust often has very red 

spores when produced on red varieties of beet. 

During September, 1863, it {Trichohasis Betes jJjgv.) 

was sent us on the leaves of the wild beet {Beta 

maritima). 

All the species of Polygonum are exceedingly 

subject to the attacks of the Persicaria rust (Trichohasis 

Polygo7iorum, B.), which nearly covers the 

leaves, till the entire plants seem to be smothered 

in Scotch snufi*. If it were allowable to affirm of 

any plants that they are martyrs to parasitism, such 

might be said of the Persicarias and their allies. 

Sedges are subject to the attacks of a rust much 

resembling the corn rust. When it occurs on some 

species of Garex, the upper surface of the leaf has 

corresponding pale spots, and the pustules themselves 

are surrounded by a yellowish margin. This 

species [Trichohasis caricina) 

is far from uncommon 

(plate VIII. figs. 170, 171). The sedge-Hke plants 

belonging to the genus I/iiziila have also their own

Plate "Vffl" 

182 

"W Westimj

EUSTS. 

10 o 

species of rust {TricJiohasis oblongata), the spores of 

which are deeper in colour than in the sedge rust 

(plate VIII. figs. 158, 159). 

Amongst the remaining species 

of Trichohasis 

(the reader must pardon our using the generic 

name,, as we have no equivalent), that found on 

the leaves of various composite plants 

is the most 

common [Trichohasis Cichoracearumj Lev.). It 

occurs on some thistles, on the saw-wort, dandelion, 

several species of hawkweed, and similar plants. 

The pustules are small and more diffused than in 

the species found on Gnicus arvensis, and they as 

often appear on the upper as 

on the lower surfacesof 

the leaves. 

On umbelliferous plants three species are recorded; 

one with yellow spores {Trichohasis Petroselinij 

B.) ; 

another with a blistered habit, and 

brown, ovate, or oblong spores {T. Umhellatarum,, 

Lev.) j 

and a third with tawny, obovate, or eggshaped 

spores {T. Heraclei, B.), which is found 

solely on the cow-parsnip. The species of Puccinia 

corresponding to some of these species of 

Trichohasis are known, but, in other cases, probability, 

or speculation if you please, occupies the 

place of knowledge. 

During the month of September, 1864, it wasour 

good fortune to spend a week in revisiting the 

scenes of our boyhood, and exploring the minute 

botany of one of the marshy districts of East Norfolk. 

One day of the seven, memorable to us for


the discovery of three specimens of a large Boletus 

(B. cyanescens),^ not found_, to our knowledge^ since 

the days of Sibthorpe, was further enriched by a 

species of Trichobasis, new to Britain^ and apparently 

uncommon on the Continent. Tliis rust was found 

on the leaves of the ^^ grass of Parnassus ^' {Parnassia 

jpalustris) on a narrow strip of marsh near 

Irstead church. It was sought in vain elsewhere. 

The leaves were scarcely changed in appearance, 

except by the presence of the pustules. There were 

no discoloured spots, but the pustules appeared 

sometimes plentifully, more often scattered, on both 

surfaces of the leaves : 

they were small, of a bright 

brown, with oval spores ; 

the latter were, in their 

«arly stages, shortly stalked. We have called this 

species Tricliohasis Parnassice. It is possibly the 

same as published by Westendorp in his '' Herbier 

Cryptogamique Belge^' as Uredo Parnassicej but we 

know of no copy which we can consult, and have 

failed in discovering any other species to which we 

a Tricliohasis and not 

can refer it. It is certainly 

an Uredo J according to the present limitation of the 

latter genus. 

Although the evidence against the retention of 

the species of Lecythea (as the genus is named) 

* Two of these specimens were found at the bottom of a 

hedge-bank, amongst grass, by the side of the road leadmg from 

Neatishead-street to Irstead Eectory, and the third in a similar 

position by the Norwich road, two hundred yards from the 

turning which leads to Neatishead-street.

EUSTS. 107 

amongst Fungi as true species^ on the ground of 

di-morpMsm, is even stronger than against the 

group just illustrated, we cannot pass them altogether 

in silence, especially in a popular treatise. Those 

who are residents in town, and yet possess their 

Httle plot of garden-ground, with only two or three 

pet roses, may have had the misfortune of seeing 

them smothered with a yellow blight. This golden 

visitation, unwelcome as it is, may afford a subject 

for the microscope, and for a small space in this 

chapter. At first there will not appear to be any 

important difference between the spores of the 

yellow series of the last genus and those of the 

present; but a closer examination will reveal one 

important distinction, viz., the presence of colourless 

elongated, abortive spores. The species are not so 

numerous by half as those of TricJiohasis, even when 

three anomalous forms are included, which species 

in two other 

are included by some mycologists 

genera. One very common rust of this group has 

already been alluded to (plate III. fig. 37), and 

which is known botanically as LecytJiea Rosce. A 

similar one is found on the bramble, and another on 

the burnet. All these three species are produced 

at first on spots which are afterwards more or less 

occupied by the long, many-celled spores of the 

dark brown brands called A7êgma or Phragmidiumj 

between which and the simple yellow spores of the 

rust almost every intermediate form may often be 

found in the same pustule. Thus, from the same

108 mcEoscopic fungi. 

mycelium as tliat of the rose rust^ the rose brand is 

afterwards developed ; 

whilst from the nidus of the 

"bramble rust (plate III. fig. 40) the bramble brand 

is also at length produced ; 

and the successor to the 

burnet rust (plate 

III. fig. 31) is the burnet brand. 

Besides these, a rust belonging to the same genus 

may be found on the leaves of the poplar, the spurge, 

and the common valerian, and two or three species 

on willows. It can scarcely have escaped notice, 

that the goat-willow 

is almost constantly afflicted 

with a rust on the under surface of the leaves 

(plate YIII. fig. 160). This species will again come 

under notice as the summer spores of a truly 

dimorphous species. 

One of the rusts separated by some botanists from 

this genus is found (possibly most commonly) on 

the leaves of the raspberry; but during the past 

autumn we have met with it plentifully on the upper 

surface of the leaves of one or two species of bramble, 

and have never seen it 

growing on the raspberry, 

although in all descriptions of the species that is 

stated to be its habitat. Even to the naked eye 

this is so distinct, that no one could well confound 

it with any other. It appears very late in the 

autumn, and the spots are scattered at some distance 

apart from each other (plate YIII. fig. 162); 

each spot or pustule forming a ring (plate YIII. 

fig. 

163 enlarged) encircling a cluster of spermogones 

which occupy the centre. 

Another rejected species [Lecythea Lini, Lev.)

EUSTS. 1 09 

occurs on the little 

purging flax {Linum catliarficum) , 

forming small pustules on tlie leaves (plate YIII. 

fig. 165) ; 

these burst irregularly, and remain surrounded 

by the remains of the ruptured epidermis 

(plate Vin. fig. 166). The yellowish spores are 

subglobose (plate VIII. fig. 167), and in the first 

instance concatenate, or chained together like a 

necklace, which circumstance has been taken advantage 

of to place it, with one or two other species, 

in a separate genus. 

We cannot claim for the species brought into 

notice in the present chapter any attractive features 

resulting from singularity of form, complexity of 

structure, or delicate tracery, whereby they might 

commend themselves to mere '^ searchers after 

curiosities,^' or be recommended from friend to 

friend as '^ sensation^' objects for the microscope. 

They do possess an interest and a value, but such 

as would not be appreciated by those who seek 

at some new 

to pass an idle half-hour by gazing 

thing.


CHAPTER IX. 

EUSTS. 

AQUAETER of a century ago, and all tlie fungi 

enumerated in tlie preceding and in the present 

and following chapters would have been 

arranged under three genera_, called respectively 

jEcidiumj Pucmiia, and Uredo. Under the lastnamed 

genus 

all the species illustrated in the present 

chapter, beside many others, would have found 

'^ 

a habitation and a name.'''' There are still a few 

which bear the old generic name, and, if only 

out of 

respect, we shall grant them the first place. 

Let the first 

bright day in May witness the 

student beside a cluster of plants of Mercurialis 

jjerennis, which it. will not be difficult to find in 

many localities, and, on turning up the lower 

leaves, he will meet with our first illustration of 

a genuine Uredo, in the form of yellow confluent 

patches, with a powdery surface (plate YII. 

fig. 133). This will be Uredo confluens. By the 

way, the generic name is in itself suggestive, 

which it 

always should be in all instances, but 

unfortunately is not ; 

it is derived from the Latin 

word uro, "1 burn,^^ and is peculiarly apphcable 

in instances where the leaves acquire a blistered, 

burnt, or scorched ap|)earance, occasioned by th©

EUSTS. 

Ill 

presence of tlie fungus. The microscopical featuresof 

tlie spores of this genus are^ briefly^ a more or 

less spherical form^ without any pedicel or footstalk 

(plate VII. fig. 134). These spores are at first 

produced each in a separate ceU, but when ripe 

become free^ and are at times with difiiculty distinguished 

from such forms as Trichohasis, unless 

the pedicels in the early stage of the latter genus 

are regarded. 

A rare species in Britain is the oak-leaf rust 

(Uredo Quercus), in which the sori or pustules are= 

minute^ and at first yellow^ but afterwards orange. 

It occurs on the under surface of the leaves^ and 

was, we believe, first found in this country by Mr. 

D. Stock, in the neighbourhood of Bungay, nearly 

five-and- twenty years since. That gentleman informs 

us that it was not at all uncommon, but 

always appeared on the young shoots which had 

sprung up from the trunks or roots of trees that 

had been cut down. We are uncertain whether it 

has been found by any 

country, although 

one since 

that time in this 

it is not uncommon in France. 

The leaves of the common sorrel are often 

sparely sprinkled with the pustules 

of a rust 

(Uredo hifronSj Grev.), which derives its specific 

name from the fact that the pustules, which appear 

on both surfaces of the leaves, are often opposite 

to each other (plate YII. fig. 137). These pustules 

are generally seated on a discoloured spot (plate 

138 enlarged), and are surrounded by tho 

YII. fig.


remains of tlie ruptured epidermis. The spores are 

globose and brown (plate YII. fig. 139). We have 

not met with any other Uredine on the sorrel 

leaves^ though one having a similar appearance 

to the naked eye 

is not uncommon on several 

species of dock. 

The fern rust {Uredo Filicmn), which occurs on 

the under surface of the fronds of two or three 

species of ferns^ we have never met with^ and do not 

think that it can be considered common. It has 

been found in the West of England, on Cystopteris, 

and Sowerby collected it_, probably not very far 

from London. 

One of the most common is the rust found on 

the leaves of the enchanter's nightshade {Circcea 

lutetiana), sometimes nearly covering the under surface 

with its 

tawny snuff-coloured spores (plate VII. 

fig. 135). The plant on which it is found is rather 

local,, but the rust [Uredo Circcece) seems to abound 

wherever the plant on which it is parasitic flourishes. 

Another fungus of a very similar external appearance 

may be collected, more rarely, from the leaves 

of the same plant ; 

but in this the spores are twocelled, 

or divided by a transverse partition. This 

fact is mentioned to guard against disappointment, 

should the spores be found to differ from the 

characters of this section, and to show that the 

microscope is essential to the study of fungi. The 

spores of the true Uredo are globose and without 

any partition (plate VII. fig. 136).

?>. /

BUSTS. 113 

We may also observe tliat a very interesting 

species may be found on several species 

of St. 

Jolm^s wort {Hypericum), but especially on the 

under surface of tlie leaves of tbe Tutsan, covering 

them with its golden-coloured spores (plate VIII. 

fig. 174). Another occurs on the leaves of some 

of the wild garhcs {Allium) ; 

one is not uncommon 

on some of the stitchworts ; 

another on saxifrages ; 

another on willow-herbs {Epilohium), and one on the 

leaves of the cowberry. 

All of these have yellowish 

spores. A species with brown spores occurs on 

sea lavender {Statice). Space to write on our own 

part, and patience to read on the part of others, 

induce us to dismiss all these species with the 

bare allusion to them and the plants on which 

they may be found. Some of them may occur in 

one locality and some in another, and enough has 

perhaps been said to enable any one to place any 

that he may find in the proper genus, 

if not with 

the scientific name. 

From the numerous instances we have met with 

of persons wholly disinterested in the subject, 

collecting and making inquiries concerning the 

bright orange patches next to be referred to, we 

are led to conclude that most persons have, at 

least, seen them. These patches of orange-coloured 

powder burst through the cuticle, and appear on 

the young branches of wild roses, extending sometimes 

for two or 

fig. 147), 

three inches in length (plate VII. 

and form one of the most beautiful and

114 MICEOSCOPIC ruxGi. 

obtrusive of the dust-like fungi. It is not confined 

to roses ; 

but the meadow- sweety on which it is 

also found, does not grow 

parasite is 

in localities where its 

so liable to meet the gaze of the ordinarywayfarer. 

The habit of this rust is more or less 

that of those which are associated with it. The 

pustules are not small and orbicular as in most 

instances in other groups (except Polycystis), but 

are large and irregular_, 

and generally but few 

together or single. The spores are variously coloured_, 

and have peduncles, or footstalks, of a 

greater or less length. In the rose rust these 

spores are profuse, but the peduncle is short (plate 

YII. fig. 148). 

Plants of the pea and bean tribe are Hable to 

be attacked by one of these rusts, and in this instance 

the spores are so characteristic that no one 

could well confound them with any other. Externally 

it appears as an irregular brownish pustule, 

breaking through the epidermis and filled with an 

impalpable powder, not unlike a pinch of ^' brown 

rappee '' snufi". The spores are ovoid, with a verylong 

peduncle, whence its name {Uromyces appencliculata). 

It appears on a great variety of plants, but 

from the peculiarity of the spores (plate YII. fig. 

150), is easily recognized. Our figure represents 

it on the leaf of a vetch (plate YII. fig. 149). 

Almost at the commencement of this volume 

(Chap. III.) we had occasion to refer in detail to 

some experiments made by De Bary on the spores

RUSTS. 115 

of tills species. In tlie remarks then made occm^s 

a recommendation of reperusal, which, would obviate 

any repetition here. 

An alhed species, 

and a beautiful one, is to bo 

found on the stinking 

iris {Iris foetidissima), and 

another on the under surface of the leaves of 

primroses. 

The pilewort {Ranunculus ficaria) 

we have already 

seen attacked by one species of microscopic fungi, 

and we have now to record the occurrence of another. 

Some plants appear to be destined both alive and 

dead to become the prey of others. The common 

nettle, for instance, 

annoyance 

as if in retribution for the 

it often occasions on account of its 

stinging propensities, has not less than twenty 

different species of minute fungi, to say nothing 

of coleopterous and lepidopterous insects, which 

make a home, sometimes upon its green leaves, and 

sometimes on its dead stems. We might almost 

state that it has a flora and a fauna of its own. 

The pilewort, too, has many foes; but these are 

fewer in number, and mostly attack the livingplant. 

The cluster-cups have been already noticed ; 

some do not fall within the limits of this volume, 

but one, which is found in May and June, belongs 

to the present genus. It appears like a purplishbrown 

powder bursting through bHstered spots on 

the leaves and footstalks (plate VII. fig. 156). 

The spores are small, and are, of course, provided 

with pedicels (plate VII. fig. 157). 

^ 

T

IIG MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

The under surface of the leaves of the white 

Dutch clover are often sprinkled with black spots, 

which are nearly round and very numerous. These 

are so many clusters of fungi belonging to a 

different section, in which the threads are the 

important feature. But another parasite is also 

found on leaves of the same plant, 

in which the 

distorting them and twisting 

pustules are far less numerous and regular, and 

are often found on the petiole as well as the leaf, 

them in various directions 

(plate VII. fig. 154). This is the clover rust 

{Uromyces apiculataj Lev.), which is a parasite on 

numerous plants, being found also on the great 

water-dock and other kinds of dock. The spores 

are ovoid and brown, with a short peduncle (plate 

VII. fig. 155). A very beautiful species occurs on 

the leaves of the ladies-mantle {Alchemilla) , 

but 

hitherto we have not been fortunate enough to 

collect it. 

It can scarcely be too great an assumption to 

too far to affirm that all who know 

suppose that every one is acquainted with the goatwillow 

(Salix caiyrea)f or that every schoolboy 

knows the birch [Betula alha). It may be proceeding 

a step 

these trees weU enough to distinguish the one from 

the other, will have observed the under surfaces of 

the leaves of both sprinkled with a golden dust, 

during the summer months, and which are the 

spores of a parasitic fungus. So common is this 

orange-coloured powder 

on leaves of the trees

' 

EUSTS. 117 

above-namedj tliat we can hardly believe any one 

to have had a branch of either in his hand and not 

observed it, provided any leaves adorned the branch 

in question. 

What this parasite is, and what its 

associates, it is our province 

to endeavour to explain. 

Our figure (plate VIII. fig. 160) represents 

a leaf of the sallow or goat-willow, with the under 

surface exhibiting yellow patches, consisting of 

spores, which are magnified in the next figure 

(plate YIII. fig. 161). This exceedingly common 

rust is termed Lecythea cajyrearumj Lev., when in 

the condition figured ; 

but in reality this is only the 

summer stage, bearing the summer fruit of Melampsora 

salicinaj which latter attains its mature 

development on the same leaves in the succeeding 

winter (plate IX. fig. 191) or early spring. Of 

course this latter remark applies to the fallen leaves, 

for at this period 

all the willows and other deciduous 

trees are bare. But the leaves, before they fall, 

give evidence of the parasite at work and if the 

; collected decaying mass of rubbish at the base of 

sallow bushes be examined about March, these 

leaves will be found bearing upon them mature 

heaps of elongated, wedge-shaped spores, closely 

packed side by side (plate IX. fig. 192), and which, 

whilst still adherent, may often be found in active 

germination, as represented in an allied species at 

the bottom of our plate (plate IX. fig. 197). This 

phenomenon consists in the production of cylindrical 

tubes, more or less elongated, from the upper


extremity (rarely from tlie base) of the prismatic 

spores. These tubes are straight or twisted,, simple 

or forked^ and each of them becomes divided by 

tranverse septa into four unequal cells towards their 

apex, from each of which is produced a spicule 

bearing a sporidium, or spherical secondary fruit, 

in the same manESr as in the genera F'Uccinia and 

Aregma. It should be observed, that the winter 

spores of this rust are borne on the opposite surface 

of the leaves to the summer spores 

: for whilst 

the latter are developed from the under surface, the 

former are found on the upper. 

This being also an 

instance of di-morphism, the summer condition, 

when spherical spores are produced, should not be 

regarded as a distinct plant, and the name of 

Lecythea caprearum does not merit retention in the 

list of fungi. ; 

There are five species of this interesting group, 

or genus, found in Great Britain, to the residue of 

which we may only briefly allude. It has already 

been stated that, in summer, the yellow spores of a 

rust are found on the under surface of birch-leaves. 

These must be sought on the young twigs or 

suckers, proceeding from the stumps of trees which 

have been cut down : 

pale discoloured spots on the 

upper surface of the leaves indicate the presence of 

the rust beneath. This is the Uredo hetulina of old 

authors (begging their pardons, for some of them 

still Hve), the Lecythea longicapsula of more recent 

times, and the summersporesof ilfe?a???psor« hetulina^

EUSTS. 119 

according to M. Tulasne and Lis disciples. Wlien 

freshj it is reputed to exhale a faint odour, as of the 

primrose. During the winter and spring months 

the wedge-like spores of the second crop are 

matured on the fallen leaves (plate IX. figs. 189, 

190), and these are capable of a speedy germination, 

and the production of secondary reproductive 

bodies, as in the willow rust above alluded to. 

Probably, also, the similar rust on the poplar 

(plate IX. figs. 195, 196), or on the aspen, may be 

met with under like conditions; i.e., the summer 

spores, which are yellow and spherical, on the living 

leaves, and the brown permanent masses of winter 

spores on the fallen and decaying leaves. 

The sole 

remaining British species is not uncommon on 

leaves of the common spurge in gardens, and 

whilst the yellow pulverulent spores occur on the 

upper, it will not be improbable that black permanent 

spots will be found on the lower leaves 

(plate IX. figs. 193, 194), inclosing closely-packed, 

rudimentary, elongated or wedge-shaped cellules of 

the winter spores. 

Any one may make himself acquainted with the 

genus Coleospormmii with but little trouble, which 

the acquisition will more than compensate. A 

summer stroll into any locality in which the common 

coltsfoot can be found, will be certain to prove 

sufficient. Let the spot selected be any station on 

the North Kent Railway, for those who reside in 

towUj or even a trip to the Crystal Palace and a

120 MICROSCOPIC FITNGI. 

stroll in the grounds, and when the well-known 

leaves of the coltsfoot are descried, the under surface 

of the first leaf will doubtless give proof of the 

presence of the fungus in question, by the orange 

spores amongst its dense woolly hairs. Sometimes 

the leaf is almost covered beneath with the bright 

orange-coloured dust. This is the coltsfoot rust 

(ColeosporiumtussilaginiSf Lev., plate VIII. fig. 1 80), 

which may serve as a type of the rest. It may be 

observed that a species of cluster-cup, or JEcidium, 

with spores of nearly the same colour, is also to be 

found on the leaves of the same plant ; 

but in this 

case the upper surface of the leaf has also corresponding 

purplish spots, and, what is of still more 

importance, the spores are seated in small fringed 

cups. The rust is common till the wintry frosts have 

set in, and is far more conspicuous than the clustercups. 

A kind of di-morphism prevails 

in all the 

species of this genus. Some of the pustules resolve 

themselves into a kind of powder, whilst others 

remain entire and solid. Generally there is the 

largest proportion of globose, dust-like, free spores, 

produced in the earliest developed fungi, whilst they 

become more rare towards the close of the season. 

The permanent spore-spots consist of obovate 

cellules placed side by side, each of which is divided 

transversely by three or four septa, 

and is filled with 

an orange-red endochrome (plate VIII. fig. 181); 

the exterior being enveloped 

in a kind of mucous 

layer. The arrangement of spores 

when packed

Plate X. 

214 

vr, vVer-t nri

RUSTS. 121 

together in the pustule is shown in plate YIII. 

fig. 182, from an allied species. When these spores 

germinate, which they do with great readiness, each 

division emits a long tube, which generally remains 

simple and undivided, and from its extremity is 

produced a reproductive body of an obovate or 

nearly kidney-shape. These filaments are about 

Yôth of an inch in length, 

of a colourless transparent 

membrane, along which the orange-red 

contents of the spores pass into the newly-formed 

sporidia, or reproductive bodies by which they are 

terminated. Most of these reniform sporidia 

disengage 

themselves from the filaments on which they 

are produced, and either elongate themselves into 

a simple and uniform filament, or swell at the 

extremity as if to reproduce a second spore. 

If the 

newly-formed sporidia do not become free, they 

increase the length of their primitive filament, 

which by a frequent repetition of the process 

becomes a tube swelling out at unequal distances. 

The summer spores, or pulverulent spores of the 

first generation, which are analogous 

to the Uredospores 

of Aregma, are also capable of germination, 

for, if placed in favourable circumstances, they will 

develop very long filiform processes, which either 

remain simple or become more or less branched, 

but always nearly uniform in their diameter. M. 

Tulasne states that he has observed this germination 

many times, though we have been less fortunate.


Of the six species of tliis 

genus known to occur 

in Great Britain_, the majority may be commonly 

met with. That very widely- diffused plant_, the 

wood cow-wheat [Melampjrum i:)ratense), 

known 

well to all amateur botanists for its pertinacity in 

drying black, and presenting anything but an 

inviting appearance to claim for it a place in the 

herbarium— also becomes the matrix for the development 

of a member of this genus ; i.e., the 

cow-wheat rust {Goleosporlum Rhinmithacearum, 

Lev.), and which is found on other allied plants, 

as the Httle eyebright {EuiDlirasia officinalis), &c. 

(plate YIII. fig. 176). In colour and habit it 

resembles the last-named species, and its free, 

echinulate spores (plate VIII. fig. 177) form a 

pretty object for the microscope. 

Another equally common species is found inhabiting 

the leaves of the sow-thistles {8onchus arvensis 

and S. oleraceus), and in the autumn may generally 

be found on either of those plants, presenting the 

appearance delineated in our plate (plate VIII. 

fig. 178). The permanent spores resemble in many 

lôints those of the first species, as will be seen 

from the figure from De Bary^s treatise on this 

subject (plate VIII. fig. 179). This is certainly one 

of the most showy of uredinous fungi, and could 

not be well overlooked. 

The butter-bur rust {Coleosjoorium petasites, Lev.) 

and the Campanula rust {Coleosporiiim GamvanuJce, 

Lev.) are found, the former on the leaves of the

EUSTS. 123 

butter-bur_, and the latter 

on those of the harebell 

and other Gamânulce, less frequently. We have_, 

however^ indicated sufficient, since their great similarity 

in unprofessional eyes will furnish, in one or 

two species, 

all that is desirable for the microscopist. 

Unless some similar plan to the following be 

adopted for examining the species of this genus, 

it 

may result in disappointment; for the slight 

attachment of the joints to each other will otherwise 

present only a mass of simple echinulate 

cellules, if a portion be only removed from the leaf 

on the point of a lancet. This method consists in 

making a thin vertical section of a pustule in which 

the spores are contained; by this means the arrangement 

of the fruit and the mucedinous threads from 

whence they proceed may be observed. Any person 

possessed of the cardinal virtues of microscojoy 

— patience and perseverance 

— will be rewarded in 

this instance ; 

whilst those who are deficient will 

lose an object worthy of the virtues they dare not 

boast. But few instances have occurred in this and 

the preceding chapters in which the exercise of any 

great ingenuity or appHcation has been called for ; 

the most juvenile or truest tyro at the microscope 

see for himself much of what has been 

may 

indicated, whilst a few opportunities 

have occurred 

for more practised manipulists to prove that they 

are neither juveniles nor tyros.

12-4 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

ALLUSION 

CHAPTER X. 

WHITE RUSTS. 

has already been made to 

the important 

memoir recently pubHshed by Dr. de 

'' Bary. ^Yhite rusts '* occupy a conspicuous position 

in that memoir, and the experiments therein 

detailed, with the conclusions arrived at, will be 

largely drawn upon in furnishing the present chapter. 

Whilst believing that we have fairly represented 

the views, and faithfully narrated the story 

of research, if not literally, but denuded of some 

technicahty, yet in such manner as to convey the 

sense of our author, we claim no originality or 

merit save for the garb in which it 

appears, without 

addition, stricture, or confirmation of our own. 

AMiat is the external appearance presented by 

the " white rust '^ of cabbages, and allied cruciferous 

plants, is soon told. 

During summer and 

autumn it 

occupies the surface of the leaves and 

stems of the shepherd^s purse {Capsella 

hursa-pastoris), 

with elongated narrow white spots like 

streaks of whitewash (plate X. fig. 198), and later 

in the season the leaves of cauliflowers and cabbages 

become ornamented with similar patches, 

arranged in a circular manner (plate X. fig. 199), 

forming spots as large as a sixpence. Wherever

WHITE EUSTS. 125 

these spots appear^ the plant 

is more or less deformed_, 

swollen, or blistered, even before the parasite 

makes its appearance at the sm'face. These 

white pustules have a vegetative system of ramifying 

threads which traverse the internal portion of 

the plants on which they are found : these threads 

constitute what is termed the mycelium. Not only 

when the plant 

is deformed and swollen with its 

undeveloped parasite do we meet with the threads 

of mycelium in its internal structure, but also in 

apparently healthy portions of the plant, 

far removed 

from the evidently infected spots. These 

threads are unequal in thickness, much branched, 

and often with thick gelatinous walls filled with a 

colourless fluid. 

They creep insidiously along the 

intercellular passages, and are provided with certain 

appendages in the form of straight thread-like 

tubes, swollen at their tips into globular vesicles 

(plate X. fig. 204). These threads do not exceed 

which bears 

in length the diameter of the mycehum 

them. The appendages communicate in their interior 

with the mycehum, and contain within them 

the same fluid, which at length becomes more 

watery, and the terminal vesicles have their walls 

thickened, so as to resemble, on a casual observation, 

granules of starch. Dr. de Bary conceives 

that these appendages serve a similar purpose to 

the tendrils or suckers of climbing phanerogamic 

plants ; i.e., to fix the mycehum to the cells which 

are to supply the parasite with nourishment. As

12G IIICEOSCOPIC FUXGI. 

these appendages are always present^ it is easy to 

discover the mycelium wherever it exists amongst 

the tissues of an afiected plant. 

The white pustules already alluded to contain the 

fi'uit of the parasite. Bundles of clavate or clubshaped 

tubes are produced upon the mycelium beneath 

the epidermis of the infested plants forming 

a little tuft or cushion, with each tube producing 

at its 

apex reproductive cells, designated " conidia.''^ 

These conidia appear to be produced in the following 

:— manner The tips of the clavate tubes generate 

them in succession. At first a septum, or 

partition, divides from the lower portion of the 

tube a conidium cell; this becomes constricted at 

the septum and assumes a spherical shape, at 

length only attached by a short narrow neck. 

Beneath this again the same process is repeated 

to form another and another conidium in succession, 

until a bead-like string of conidia surmount each 

of the tubes from which they are produced (plate 

X. fig. 200). At length the distended epidermis 

above is no longer able to bear the pressure of the 

mass of engendered conidia within, and is ruptured 

irregularly, so that the conidia, easily separating 

from each other at the narrow neck, make their 

escape. 

As long since as 1807, M. Prevost described the 

zoospores, or moving spores, of these conidia, and 

his observations were confirmed by Dr. de Bary three 

years since, 

and are now adverted to by him again


in further confirraation. If the conidia (white 

spherical bodies ejected from the pustules of the 

"white rust^^) are sown in a drop of water on a 

glass slide^ being careful to immerse them entirely^ 

they will rapidly absorb the water and swell soon 

; 

afterwards a large and obtuse papilla, resembling 

the neck of a bottle, is 

produced at one of the 

extremities. At first vacuoles are formed in the 

contents of each conidium ; 

as these disappear, the 

whole protoplasm (granular 

substance filling 


conidium) becomes separated by very fine lines 

of demarcation, into from five to eight polyhedric 

portions, each with a faintly coloured vacuole in 

the centre. These portions are so many zoospores. 

Some minutes after the internal division, the papilla 

swells and makes itself an opening, through which 

the zoospores are expelled one by one, without 

of movement of their own. They 

giving any signs 

take a flat disk-like or lenticular form, and group 

themselves about the opening, whence they have 

been expelled, 

in a globular mass. 

Soon, however, 

they begin to move, vibratile cilise show themselves, 

and by means of these appendages the entire 

globule oscillates, the zoospores disengage themselves 

from each other, the mass is broken up, 

and each zoospore swims off on its ovsm account 

(plate X. fig. 208). 

The free zoospores are of the form of a planoconvex 

lens, obtuse at the edge. Beneath the 

plane face, out of the centre, and towards that

128 LIICEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

]-)oint of the margin wliicli during the movement 

of the zoospore 

is foremost^ is a disk-shaped 

vacuole^ with two ciliae of unequal length attached 

to its margin; the shorter cilia is directed forwards, 

and the longer in the opposite direction, during the 

evolutions of the zoospores. 

The zoospores are produced within from an hour 

and a half to three hours after the sowing of the 

conidia in water. They are never absent if the 

conidia are fresh, or even a month old, but beyond 

this period their artificial generation is very uncertain. 

This little experiment is a very simple 

and interesting one, and may be performed by any 

one who will take the trouble to follow out these 

instructions. 

From this simple experiment, let us turn for a 

natural condition when 

moment to the plant in its 

affected by the white rust. If, after rain or dew, 

when the little drops of moisture hang like pearls 

about the sickly pallid leaves of the shepherd^spurse, 

bespattered with the white pustules of the 

rust, we coUect and examine a drop of water from 

the immediate neighbourhood of one of the pustules, 

we shall commonly find empty conidia and zoospores 

in different stages of development. 

Water alone seems to be essential to them, and 

for this the conidia may remain unchanged for a 

month, and literally burst into activity at the first 

gentle shower, till the whole surface of the plant is 

swarming with zoospores. We may no longer

Plate :n. 

220 

2Hf. 

244 

WWest imp 

.

V.IIITE EUSTS. 129 

from itself 

doubt tliat a true vegetable produces 

bodies endowed with active motion^ resembling low 

forms of animal life, and yet in themselves not 

animalcules_, as some would suggest, but essentially 

vegetable, as we stall hereafter demonstrate. To 

scientific men this is not new, except as regards 

fungi, for in algee such bodies have long been 

recognized. 

A second kind of reproductive organs are described 

by Dr. de Bary ; 

and if future examinations 

confirm his observations, as they doubtless will, 

this feature is an important one. It is true that 

M. Caspary long since detected similar bodies in 

moulds (allied to that which produces the potato 

disease), but he only knew them in a limited sense 

compared with what De Bary has revealed. These 

fruits are hidden amid the tissues of the plant on 

which the *^ white rust '' is parasitic, and only 

betray their presence by the coloration of those 

tissues. To these bodies it is 

proposed to give the 

name of ^^ oogonia " and ^' antheridia,'^ on account 

of their presumed sexuality, the " oogonia ^^ 

representing 

the female, and the " antheridia " the male 

organs. 

The oogonia aro large spherical or ovoid cells, 

with a thickish membrane containing a granular 

protoplasm, or formative fluid. 

They are produced 

either terminally or laterally upon the threads of 

the mycelium, from which they are separated by 

septa or partitions. 

s


The antlieridia are somewliat blunt- sliaped or 

obovate cellules, considerably smaller than the 

oogonia, with slightly thickened walls, and containing 

a finely granular protoplasm. These are 

produced upon branches of the mycelium which 

do not bear oogonia. The obtuse extremities of 

these branches, which are to be developed as 

antheridia, are applied to the 

surface of the growing 

oogonia, to which they adhere, become distended, 

assume their obovate form, and by the 

formation of a septum at their base, their contents 

are isolated from those of the threads of the 

mycehum, and thus the antheridia are perfected. 

When these bodies have attained their full 

dimensions, the large granules which are contained 

in the oogonium accumulate at its centre, and form 

an irregular, 

somewhat spherical mass, which is 

called by De Bary a gonospliey'e. 

This gonosphere 

having been formed, a straight tube shoots out 

from the antheridium which perforates the wall 

of the oogonium, passes through 

the fluid which 

surrounds the gonosphere, elongating itself until 

it touches that body. From this period a membrane 

begins to be formed about the gonosphere, 

which thenceforth maintains a regular spheroidal 

form. It may be observed that the extremity of the 

tube which proceeds from the antheridium does not 

open, and the fecundation, if such it be, is produced 

solely by contact. After this contact of the 

two bodies, the gonosphere acquires a new namoj

and is called an '^ oospore/^ 

WHITE RUSTS. 131 

The membrane wliicK 

at first invests tMs organ is very thin, but by 

deposits from the surrounding fluid it attains to 

a greater thickness, and is at length of a yellowishbrown 

colour, having 

its surface studded with large 

obtuse warts (plate 

X. fig. 206). One of these 

warts, larger than the rest, forms a kind of thick 

sheath around the fecundating tube. 

The oospores do not give evidence of any appreciable 

change for some months. For instance, 

those collected by De Bary 

in June did not attain 

their ulterior development until the commencement 

of December. The method adopted was as follows 

:— Parts of the plants containing ripe oospores 

were preserved in the dried state. When examination 

was considered desirable, the portion to be 

employed was immersed in water for a day or two ; 

it was then placed on a humid soil, or mould 

covered with blotting-paper. The tissues enclosing 

the oospores were decomposed, and at the end of 

from four to eight days their germination might 

be observed when placed in a drop of water. This 

method again corresponds with the ordinary processes 

by which the plant naturally decays on 

exposure to the influences of the atmosphere, and 

the oospores germinate under the favour of a 

shower of rain. 

If the oospore, after the decay of the tissues, 

is isolated and placed in a drop of water, the 

brown investing membrane will be seen to rupture 

k2


irregularly, and its contents (enclosed in a transparent 

inner membrane) issuing from the orifice. 

As in the case of the conidia, this body at first 

contains vacuoles, and is afterwards divided into 

polyhedric portions ; 

these pass into zoospores, 

which congregate at the centre into a globular 

mass (plate X. fig. 207). They afterwards separate, 

and for some minutes float about in the vesicle in 

Ultimately the mem- 

which they were generated. 

brane ruptures, and the zoospores swim about in 

water just as those produced from the conidia had 

done. The number contained in each oospore 

is 

considerable, and may be estimated at not less than 

one hundred. 

The zoospores, whether produced from conidia 

or from oospores, appear to be the same. The 

movements of both in the water last from two to 

three hours ; 

then they cease, the cilias disappear, 

and the zoospores remain at rest, taking meanwhile 

a globular form. Afterwards these spores (for 

having ceased all motion they are no longer zoospores) 

emit a thin tube from some portion of their 

surface, such tube attaining a length of from two 

to ten times that of the spore whence it proceeds. 

The extremity of these tubes swells and 

forms a kind of cell, into which the contents of 

the spore pass through the medium of the tube 

(plate X. fig. 209). 

Thus far, and thus far only, has Dr. de Bary 

been enabled to trace the development of the

zoospores in a drop 


of water. Another series of 

experiments was instituted by this mycologist 

haying especial reference to the parasitism of the 

'^ white rust/^ He made numerous observations to 

ascertain whether the spores, or the germinating 

tubes_, entered by the roots of growing plants, and 

satisfied himself that they did not. Plants of 

garden- cress, mustard, and shepherd^s-purse had 

their roots immersed in water impregnated with 

zoospores. After one or two days, though the surfaces 

of the roots were covered -with zoospores that 

had emitted their germinating tubes in all directions, 

none had penetrated or showed the least tendency 

to penetrate the epidermis. Other plants were 

planted in flowerpots and watered at the roots with 

water charged with zoospores, and for two days the 

pots were left standing in the water similarly 

charged, then the plants were removed, cultivated 

in the ordinary manner, grew up healthy, and gave 

no signs of the white rust. Care had been taken 

that neither stems nor leaves should come in contact 

with water containing zoospores. 

If a drop of water thus charged is placed 


sm^face of a living leaf of the shepherd's-purse, for 

instance, and left at rest for a few hours and examined 

minutely at the end of that period, they 

will be found to have germinated. 

Let the epidermis 

be removed carefully and placed on a glass 

slide and submitted to the microscope. Many 

zoospores will be found to have produced from that


point 

of tlieir sui'face wliicli is nearest to one of tlie 

stomata^ or pores of tlie leaf^ its slender tube^ and 

to have tknist it througli those openings, with the 

swollen extremity resting in the air-cavity situated 

beneath the pore. If 

many days, or even weeks, 

are allowed to pass, and the leaf is examined again, 

or another leaf similarly treated, and kept in a 

living and vigorous condition by remaining attached 

to the parent plant, still no further change or 

advance will be observed, the germs will appear 

fresh, and still in the same condition. Hence it is 

concluded that plants are not infected through the 

medium of their leaves.. 

If the cotyledons, or seed-leaves, are watered 

with similar impregnated water, a different result 

has been observed to take place. The germination 

of the tubes till their entrance at the stomata is the 

same ; but, having entered, the swollen extremity 

elongates, becomes branched, and takes all the 

appearance of mycehum such as we at first 

described. If the infected plant endures through 

the winter, the mycelium endures with it, to recommence 

vegetating in the spring. 

The experiments which Dr. de Bary performed 

were all 

upon plants of the common garden-cress. 

It will be unnecessary to repeat aU the details of 

these, as given in the memoir recently pubhshed on 

the subject, but it will suffice to give a summary of 

results. In two series of plants cultivated at different 

periods from good seeds, one hundred and


five plants which had not received the water 

impregnated with zoospores upon their cotyledons 

vegetated without any indications of the parasite. 

which were inoculated 

Amongst the eighteen plants 

by watering the cotyledons^ four only were not 

attacked by the parasite^ fourteen bore the " white 

rust." In six of these it did not extend beyond 

the cotyledons ; 

in the others it also appeared on 

the stems and leaves. 

From these experiments it 

may be deduced that 

plants are not infected by spores of the parasite 

entering at the roots, or by their leaves,, but that 

inoculation takes place through the medium of the 

cotyledons, or seed-leaves ; 

that the agents in thds 

inoculation are the zoospores produced either from 

the conidia or the oospores ; 

that they do not enter 

the stomata or pores themselves, but thrust out a 

germinating tube, into the extremity of which the 

contents of the zoospores pass; that when these 

tubes have entered the stomata of the cotyledons 

they branch and ramify, becoming a true mycelium, 

from which fruitful parasites are developed; that 

if a plant so infested lives through the winter, the 

parasite lives with it, to vegetate again 


spring. 

The immense number of zoospores capable of 

being produced from a single infested plant is 

almost beyond calculation. It is easy for a million 

of conidia to be developed from such a plant, each 

producing from five to eight zoospores, besides a


large number of oospores^ each containing a liiindi-ed 

zoospores. It can scarcely be considered 

marvellous tliat the white rust should be so common 

on plants favourable to its development^ the 

marvel being rather that any plant should escape. 

Until recently 

it was doubtful whether more than 

one or two species of Cijstopus (white rust) were 

known. It is now certain that we have three in 

Great Britain^ and three or four others are found 

elsewhere. Of the British species one is found on 

many cruciferous plants^ as the shepherd^s-pm'se^ 

garden-cresSj mustard^ radish^ and plants of the 

cabbage kind. This is the Cijsiojjus candidus. 

Another occurs on the goat^s-beard^ salsify^ and 

scorzonera^ which is called Cystopus cuhicus. Both 

have great external resemblances^ but both possess 

specific internal differences. In the Goat^s-beard 

rust (plate 

X. fig. 201) the terminal conidia in the 

bunches or fascicles of conidia which are produced 

within the pustules are spheroidal^ large^ and of a 

yellow-brown tint_, whilst the residue are cylindricab 

smaller (plate 

X. fig. 202), and more or less compressed. 

In the crucifer rust the conidia are all 

equal in the pustules and globose. The oospores 

in the former of these are subglobose and the warts 

on their surface are solid ; 

whilst in the latter the 

oospores are truly globose,, 

and the warts on the 

surface are hoUow (plate X. fig. 210). The third 

species is the Sandspurry white rust {Cystopus 

which was found on the common sand- 

Lepigoni),

PlateXn 

WWestainp,

WHITE RUSTS. 137 

epuny {Sjjergularia rubra) by Mr. R. G. Keeley_, in 

Swanscombe Marsbes (September, 1864). Of the 

otber species 

it is not improbable that one or two 

may yet be found in this country. Without attempting 

to indicate their microscopic differences, 

it 

may be serviceable to name the species of 

phanerogamic plants on which they are likely to 

be found. The Purslane white rust [Gystojpus FortulaccBy 

D. C.) should be sought on the purslane, 

which, though of limited cultivation, is exceedingly 

liable to attack from this parasite, 

and the Thistle 

white rust {Gysfojnts sinnulosus, D. By.) may probably 

be met with on the leaves of the common 

or some of its allies. 

thistle {Cnicus arvensis) 

Considerable interest is now attached to these 

parasites, which, as far as we at present know, 

differ materially in their reproduction from the 

other dust-like or uredinous fungi with which they 

have long been associated. Dr. de Bary proposes 

the union of these with the mould-like fungi of the 

genus Peronospora, to which the mould infesting 

the potato belongs, so as to constitute by themselves 

a group apart from the genera with which 

both have heretofore been associated, ^^^lether 

his views will be accepted by mycologists time will 

speedily prove. Under any circumstances, microscopical 

and botanical science will reap considerable 

benefit from his researches.


CHAPTER XI. 

MOULDS. 

TWENTY years since,, and some of these little 

pests were altogether unknown^ whilst others 

were only recognized and partly understood by a 

few scientific men. During the period to which 

we have alluded more than half the present species 

contained in the genus Peronosj)ora had never been 

observed, and amongst these the most devastating 

of its tribe, the associate and undoubted cause of 

the potato disease. 

Parasitic fungi are far more numerous, both in 

individuals and species, than most persons are 

aware, and cultivated plants of all kinds are more 

or less subject to their ravages. Some are more 

susceptible than others, of which the corn and 

grass tribe, or Châminacecej as they are termed 

by botanists, is an example. Not less than thirty 

species have been recorded upon plants of this 

natural order, and of these nearly one-half are 

found upon the hving plants. Upon the potato 

plant, again, no less than ten different kinds of 

fungi have been described whilst ; upon other and 

more fortunate plants only one or two parasites of 

this nature establish themselves. 

It will be sufficient for our present purpose to

Plate XIII. 

262.—Tpbnip Mould. 

Peronospora parasitica. 

263,—Onion Mould. 

Perononpora Schleideniana.

MOULDS. 

ISOstate 

that one of tlie six families into wliicli fangi 

are divided for scientific purposes is called Hypliomycetes, 

a name compounded of two Greek words 

signifying "tkread^^ and ^^mould/^ or " fungus/' 

and is applied to this group because the threadlike 

filaments of which they are largely composed 

are the most prominent feature. In this family 

there are again a number of smaller groups called 

orders, having an equal value to the natural orders 

of flowering plants and one of these 

; 

orders, called 

Mucedines, has the fertile threads perfectly distinct 

from the mycelium or spawn. These threads are 

sometimes simple and sometimes branched; they 

may be articulated or without articulations or septa^, 

short or long, erect or creeping, hyaline or whitish, 

mostly free from colour, and are not coated with 

a distinct membrane. The spores are generally 

simple, sometimes solitary, at others in paks, or 

strung together like beads for a necklace. Amongst 

all this variety of arrangement there is order, for 

these are but features, or partly the features, of the 

different genera of which the Mucedines are composed. 

One of the genera is termed Peronospora, 

and to this the parasitic fungus of the potato, and 

some others to which we shall have occasion to 

refer, belong. In this genus the threads are 

generally branched, but without articulations. The 

spores, or seed-like bodies, are of two kinds ; 

one 

kind is borne on the tips of the branches ; 

and the 

other kind, which is larger and globose, 

is borne


upon tlie creeping mycelium or spawn. All the 

members of tliis 

genus witli wliicli we are acquainted 

are parasitic on living plants, inducing in them 

speedy decay, but preceding that decay of which 

they are themselves the cause. Hence we have 

deemed it the more advantageous course both for 

writer and reader to associate tooêther the difierent 

species of this particular genus of parasitic moulds 

in one chapter, rather than bring together the 

different kinds of fungi, belonging perhaps to 

widely separated genera, but all associated with, 

or parasitic upon, the same plant. The botanical 

student will thank us for following this plan, and 

the general reader will labour under no disadvantage, 

in this instance at least, from the similarity 

of the diseases produced in the plants infested. 

It has been recently proposed to associate the 

genera Feronospora and Cystajnis together in one 

group, under the name of Pcronosporei ; but with 

the discussion of this subject we have nothing 

to do in this volume. Having announced this fact, 

we shall continue to notice them in the several 

positions 

heretofore accorded to them. 

The mycelium (root-like fibres) in this genus 

greatly resembles that described for the " white 

rusts,^^ though neither so thick, nor is the membrane 

so gelatinous as in that genus. In some 

instances the mycelium 

is confined to the intercellulary 

passages but in most cases ; they also 

perforate the cells of the plant which nourishes

MOULDS. 

Ill 

tliem. 

The sucker-like bodies already described in 

Cystopus are often found produced on the mycelium 

oi Peronospora, but occasionally they appear to be 

absent, especially in the mould causing the potato 

disease. 

From the mycelium erect threads are produced, 

upon which one form of fruit, which may be 

termed " acrospores/^ is borne. These filaments are 

sometimes single, and sometimes in small tufts or 

fascicles. In some instances they are considerably 

branched, so as to present a dendroidal or tree-like 

appearance in others they are ; 

nearly simple, being 

only surmounted by short spicules ; or, in one 

instance, quite simple, and only surmounted by a 

single acrospore. The branching habit is 

by far 

the most common. 

Each ultimate branch in the ramification of the 

fertile filaments engenders a single acrospore. Its 

extremity, at first thin and pointed, swells in the 

form of a globular vesicle, which soon takes the 

elliptical or ovate shape of the perfected acrospore, 

and at length separates itself from the branch that 

supports it. 

In all instances the acrospores have a similar 

structure, but with minute difierences in form, &c., 

which have their importance in the determination 

of species. In most cases the apex of the acrospore 

is obtuse, and the entire body has a violet tint, 

more or less deep ; in some it is completely colourless. 

These acrospores, when placed in favourable


conditions^ will germinate, and_, in flict, comport 

themselves in tlie manner of true spores. 

During tlie year 1861, Dr. de Bary published an 

account* of the discovery by him of zoospores, 

similar to those already described in connection 

with the conidia of the "white rusts/^ produced 

from the acrospores of the mould which originates 

the potato disease. In the same author^ s memoir 

of 1864, already quoted, the observations there 

made are confirmed. When the acrospores of the 

potato mould and the parsnip mould are sown in 

water upon a glass slide, their contents become 

divided, and vacuoles are formed, as already described 

inCystopus; these parts are expelled through 

an apical orifice, and, when free, take the form 

of perfect zoospores, and commence swimming 

about in the fluid surrounding them. 

These zoospores are oval, or semi-oval, with a 

structure resembling that of the '^ white rusts,^^ 

save that the two cilije, or vibratile hairs, proceed 

from the same point. The number of zoospores 

from each acrospore of the potato mould is 

stated 

to be from six to sixteen, and in the parsnip mould 

from six to fom-teen. Their ultimate development 

is the same as has already been described. In 

the potato mould, the 

production of the zoospores 

is much favoured by the exclusion of light. 

* Die gegenwartig herrscliende Kartoffelkrankheit, ihre 

Ursache imd ihre Verhiitung. Von Dr. A. de Bary. 

. 

Leipsig : 

1861.

MOULDS. 

143o 

Anotlier mode of germination in t!ie acrospores 

of tlie potato mould has been observed by tbe same 

eminent mycologist. This results when the spores 

are sown upon a humid body^ or on the surface 

of a drop of water. The acrospore emits from its 

summit a simple tube_, the extremity of which 

swells into an oval vesicle ; 

into this the contents 

pass, and it isolates itself by a partition from the 

germ-tube. Thus it becomes a duplicate of the 

acrospore from whence it was derived. This 

secondary body has also the power of producing a 

tertiary cellule in a similar manner. Both the 

second and third cellule, when immersed in water, 

produce zoospores in the ordinary manner, as above 

described. 

Yet another and a third mode of germination 

is described by the same author, in which the 

acrospore emits from its 

apex a germ-tube, which 

elongates considerably; and into this long and 

tortuous tube the contents of the acrospore pass, 

and accumulate at the opposite extremity. 

The germ-tubes, produced in the manner last 

described, when developed on the surface of a 

favourable plant, perforate the cells of the epidermis, 

or enter by the stomata. In the case of the potato 

mould, the germ- tubes enter by the stomata; but 

in the majority of species the germ-tubes do not 

enter by the natural pores of the leaves upon which 

the acrospores are sown, but perforate the cellules, 

and thus effect admission into the tissues of the

Ill 

mCEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

plant, wliere they extend, ramify themselves, and 

become a mycelium. This mycelium originates 

branched threads, bearing acrospores at the tips 

of Perono- 

of their branchlets, and in many species 

sijora another kind of reproductive body upon the 

threads of the mycelium itself. To these bodies we 

must briefly address ourselves. 

This last kind of reproductive organs (not yet 

positively found in the potato mould) appear to be 

wholly analogous to the oogonia of the "white 

rusts" already described, producing oospores in 

like manner. Dr. de Bary avows with regret that 

his numerous efforts to observe the germination of 

these oospores were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, 

he considers that the perfect resemblance between 

them and the oospores of the " white rusts '' will 

justify him in concluding that the germination in 

both is 

very similar. It will be unnecessary to 

repeat 

here the observations already made on the 

growth and development of oogones and zoospores. 

What has been advanced respecting these organs 

in Gystopus will apply also to Peronospora. 

Potato Mould.— Towards the close of the summer 

of 1845, in the course of a few weeks, every 

one became aware of the fact that a new disease 

had appeared which threatened the entire destruction 

of the potato crop. Until then it seemed to 

have been almost, although not 

entirely unknown. 

about the 

It first appeared in the Isle of Wight 

middle of August, and a week afterwards had be-

Plate XIV. 

264.—Potato Mould. 

Perono»pora infestang. 

265.—Lettuce Mould. 

Peronoitpora gangliformit.

MOULDS. 145 

and tlie 

come general 

in tlie South of England, 

next week there were but few sound samples of 

potatoes 

in the London market. Early in September 

the disease had commenced its 

ravages in 

Ireland; and shortly afterwards it was discovered in 

Scotland. With the same rapidity it seems to have 

spread throughout Europe and North America, or 

at least the western portion of the former and the 

northern districts of the latter. It must not be 

imagined, however, that the Isle of Wight was the 

centre from which this disease spread over such an 

extended area and with such alarming rapidity. 

From this spot it doubtless made its first appearance 

that year amongst our own crops, but there 

is not the least doubt of its existence both on the 

continent of Europe and in North America in the 

previous year, and the farmers of Belgium had 

noted its appearance in the province of Liege as 

far back as 1842 and 1843. Other diseases had 

been observed affecting the potato crop before, and 

one which was also associated with a parasitic 

fungus had made its appearance in 1815. It is 

also exceedingly probable that, in a milder form, 

the murrain was present with us a year or two 

before it broke out to such an alarming extent. 

A correspondent to the Gardeners' Chronicle, in 

1844, notices it in the Isle of Thanet, and another 

testifies to its occurrence in districts of Ireland for 

two or three years previous to its general outbreak. 

The description of the disease in Canada, in 1844, 

L


contamed in a letter addressed to Dr. Bellingliam;, 

and quoted by 

tlie Rev. M. J. Berkeley,,* leaves no 

doubt of its identity :—" During 

tlie months of 

July and August (1844)^ we liad repeated and 

heavy showers, with oppressive heat, and an atmosphere 

strongly charged with electricity. Towards 

the close of the month of August I observed 

the leaves to be marked with black spots, as if ink 

had been sprinkled over them. They began to 

wither, emitting a peculiar, offensive odour ; 

and 

before a fortnight the field, which had been singularly 

luxuriant, and almost rank, became arid and 

dried up, as if 

by a severe frost. I had the potatoes 

dug out during the month of September, when 

about two-thirds were either 

positively rotten, partially 

decayed and swarming with worms, or spotted 

with brownish-coloured patches, resembKng 

flesh 

that had been frost-bitten. 

These parts were soft 

to the touch, and upon the decayed potatoes I 

observed a whitish substance like mould.'''' 

Although this disease made its first appearance, 

in the middle of August, 1845, in the Isle of Wight, 

it had already appeared in Belgium in the same 

year, a month previously; and although it may 

have been noticed in other British localities in 

1844, it was known in Canada and in St. Helena in 

the same year to a far greater extent, and in Liege 

as early as 1842. There are, therefore, good 

* Journal of Horticultural Society of London, vol. i. p. 11.

MOULDS. 147 

grounds for believing tliat tlie European centre was 

Belgium but if M. ; Boussingault was correct in 

" stating tliat this malady is well known in rainy 

wliere the Indians live almost 

years at Bogota,, 

entirely on potatoes/^ then it is not of European 

but American origin^ and is probably derived from 

districts not far remote from those whence Europe 

first received the potato itself. 

It would occupy too much space to detail the 

different theories and opinions relative to the causes 

of this disease to which 1845 and subsequent years 

gave birth. Suffice it to say^ that the lapse of 

years has silently proved the majority of these to 

have been fallacious. All such as imputed to pecuhar 

electric conditions^ a wet season, or other 

meteorological influences, the disease which hasre-appeared 

under different conditions and influences, 

and in seasons remarkable for dryness, 

are manifestly refuted ; 

whilst its 

mycological 

origin has continued to gain adherents, and the 

gradual accumulation of fresh facts has almost 

placed it beyond dispute not only that the potato 

disease is accompanied by, but results from, fungal 

growth. Unfortunately, this disease has been so 

prevalent, more or less, during the past eighteen 

years, that few have been without the opportunity 

of making themselves acquainted with its external 

appearance. To this 

may be added the minuto 

and exact account of its development, as recorded 

by that excellent mycologist and careful observer^ 

T 

'>


tlie Rev. M. J. Berkeley^ in 1846_, and to wMcIi, 

even now_, nothing of importance can be supplemented 

or abstracted :—" The leaves began suddenly 

to assume a paler^ and at length a yellowish 

tintj exhibiting here and there discoloured spots. 

More or less coinciding with these spots,, 


reverse of the leaves, appeared white mealy patches, 

consisting of a minute mould, proceeding, either 

singly or in fascicles, from the stomata, and arising 

from an abundant branched mycelium creeping in 

every direction through the loose tissue beneath 

the cuticle. The upj)er surface rarely, 

if ever, 

exhibits the mould, it being almost physically impossible 

for its delicate threads to penetrate the 

closely-packed cells which, being arranged side by 

side, leave scarcely any intercellular passages. The 

mould, in a few hours from its first piercing the 

apertures of the stomata, perfects its fruit, and in 

so doing completely exhausts the matrix, which in 

consequence withers. No sooner have a number 

of the leaves been attacked, than the stem itself is 

subject to change, becoming spotted here and there 

with dark brown patches, in which the cells are 

mostly filled with a dark grumous mass, without 

exhibiting any mucedinous filaments ; 

though, occasionally, 

I have ascertained their presence. Very 

rarely fructifying but dwarfed specimens of the 

mould occur upon it. The stem now rapidly putrefies, 

the cuticle and its subjacent tissue become 

pulpy, and separate when touched from the woody

MOULDS. 149 

parts beneath. The whole soon dries up^ and ia 

many instances exhibits in the centre the black, 

irregular fungoid masses which are known under 

the name of Sclerotium vamum, and which are 

believed to be the mycelium 

a high state of condensation. 

of certain moulds in 

^^ If the tubers are now examined, the greater part 

will often be found smaller than usual, especiallly 

if the disease has commenced at an early stage of 

growth but in their natural 

; condition, while here 

and there a tuber, particularly 

if it has been 

partially exposed, exhibits traces of disease. The 

surface is, however, soon marked with livid patches, 

commencing generally about the eyes, or at the 

point of connection with the fructifying shoots : 

these rapidly acquire a spotted appearance, the 

spots being rather waved, and assuming often a 

more or less — 

concentric arrangement. Sometimes 

especially on the smoother 

more regular 

kinds of tuber — two or 

systems of concentric spots are exhibited 

on the same tuber. The skin now withers, 

and is easily separated ; 

the spots become depressed 

and of a yellowish tinge ; 

and if the tubers be laid 

in a moist place, 

in a day or two — sometimes in a 

few hours— the same mould which destroyed the 

leaves springs from them, piercing the cuticle from 

within, yet not scattered, as on the leaves, but 

forming a conspicuous white tuft. If a section of 

the diseased tuber be made on the first 

symptoms 

of the disease, httle brownish or rusty specks are

I 

The 


found in tlie cellular tissue^ confined, with very rare 

exceptions, to the space between the cuticle and 

the sac, if I may so call it, of spiral vessels and 

their accompanying tissue, which, springing from 

the subterranean branches, pass into the tuber, 

making their way to the several buds disposed on 

the surface. These spots consist at first of a quantity 

of discoloured cells, mixed more or less with 

others in a healthy condition. The grains of fecula 

are for a long time perfectly healthy; the cells 

themselves, so far from being looser, are more 

closely bound together than in the more healthy 

portions. The rusty spots soon exhibit a darker 

tint, spreading in every direction and becoming 

confluent ; they at length extend beyond the barrier 

of vascular tissue, and attack the central mass. 

The tuber, meanwhile, assumes a disagreeable smell, 

decomposes more or less rapidly, other Fungi establish 

themselves on the surface, or in the decaying 

mass, which emits a liighly fetid odour, resembling 

that of decaying agarics ; 

the union of the cells is 

dissolved, animalcules or mites make their appearance, 

till at last the whole becomes a loathsome 

mass of putrescence.-'^ 

form of the mould itself is 

represented 

(fig. 264) as exhibited under the microscope, with 

the nodose swellings of the branches, and spores 

attached to the tips. 

These acrospores are filled 

with a granular mass, from which, as hereafter 

described, zoospores are produced. The branching

dendroidal threads of this 

MOULDS. 151 

fungus proceed from a 

creeping mycelium or spawn of entangled filaments 

which, interpenetrates the matrix_, upon 

which it establishes itself. Udou these threads 

spherical bodies were long since observed by Dr. 

Payen^ and^ under the name of Artotrogus, described 

by Dr. Montague as a new species of fungus. Dr. 

de Bary failed to detect oospores on the mycelium 

of this mould_, although the organs found by Payen 

in some sort resemble them. De Bary sought in 

vain^ also_, for the spherical bodies described by 

the author above named. It has been calculated 

that one square line of the under surface of the 

leaves is capable of producing 3^270 acrospores, 

each of which yields at least six zoospores^ sometimes 

double that number; thus we have 19^620 

reproductive bodies from that small space. The 

mycelium from the zoospores is capable of penetrating 

the cellular tissue in twelve hours,, and^ 

when established there^ it bursts through the 

stomata of the leaves^ and fruit is perfected in 

from fifteen to eighteen hours. 

Since the zoospores 

are perfected and ready to germinate in twentyfour 

hours from their being placed in water^ it 

becomes almost impossible to calculate the myriads 

of fungi that may be produced from a single centre. 

Dr. de Bary has also demonstrated that the brown 

spots so characteristic of the disease are the result 

of the action of the spores or zoospores. By 

placing a quantity of spores in a drop of water


on the leaves, stems, and tubers under a glass 

sufficiently air-tight to prevent evaporation, he produced 

the brown spots, and traced their progress 

from the earliest stages. 

There are a few practical conclusions which may 

be drawn from these discoveries. In the first 

place, it is 

clearly shown by the production of the 

spots that the fungus is capable of causing the 

disease, a fact which has been disputed, but now 

placed beyond doubt. The inference is, 

that not 

only is it capable of producing, but is really the 

cause of the potato murrain. With bodies so 

minute and active as the zoospores, there can no 

longer be difficulty in accounting for their penetrating 

the tissues of the plant. They are most 

active and productive in wet weather, especially 

when it is also warm. Moisture appears to be 

and a dry season the greatest enemy to 

essential, 

the spread of the disease. That bodies so minute 

and subtle should have baffled all efforts to destroy 

or eradicate, is not now surprising. 

Whether any 

method will be found to contend successfully with 

it, is now more doubtful than ever. A careful 

re-perusal of the old facts by the aid of this new 

light will tend to the elucidation of much of the 

has been involved. 

mystery in which the subject 

All who have hitherto been sceptical of the mycological 

source of one of the greatest pests of modern 

times should study M. de Bary^s pamphlet. 

The potato mould has been judiciously 

named

Plate XV. 

266.—Pea Mould. 

Peronotpora 

VicicE. 

267.— Anbmonb Mould. 

Feronospora pygmaea.

MOULDS. 153 

PeronosjQora infestans, or, as it was at first called, 

Botrytis infestans but on ; a revision of the genera 

Botrytis and it Peronosjpora, was transferred to the 

latter genus, 

in which it remains. Three names were 

given to it, 

within a short period of each other, 

by different mycologists, in ignorance of its 

having 

already received a name. The one we have adopted 

appears to have the priority, at least of publication, 

and was given by Dr. Montague. That of Botrytis 

devastatrix was given by Madame Libert, and 

Botrytis fallax by M. Desmazieres. The principal 

feature in this species seems to consist in the 

branches becoming alternately thickened and constricted, 

so as to resemble a moniliform string or 

necklace of little bladders or vesicles. The branches 

are also more erect than in the allied species, 

and 

the spores are solitary on the tips or from the sides 

of the branches, and not in pairs or clusters, and 

the tips are simple, and not bifid or trifid, as in 

most of its allies. It need scarcely be remarked, 

that a high power 

of the microscope 

is necessary 

to make out the distinctive features of the different 

members of this genus, and that to the naked eyethey 

only appear as a minute whitish mould. As 

already stated, this little fungus 

makes its first 

appearance on the under surface of the leaves, 

especially the lower ones, of the potato plant, and 

afterwards attacks the stem, and ultimately the 

tuber. For examination it is better to select the 

leaves soon after the fungus makes its appearance.


Turnip Mould.— Since tlie advent of tlie 

potato 

murrain a similar disease has been witnessed, 

thougli more limited in its extent_, amongst 

Swedish, turnips, commencing 

in little waved 

irregular hues following the course of the vessels, 

around which spots are formed by the deposition 

of dark granules in the same manner as in the 

potato. 

In this instance, the leaves apparently are 

first attacked in a similar manner by a species of 

mould or Peronospora alKed to the one already 

described, but which has been long known as 

parasitic upon cruciferous plants, to which the 

turnip belongs. This species, termed Peronospora 

parasitica, is white in all stages of its growth. It 

is much more branched, and the branches are comparatively 

shorter than in the potato mould, and 

the tips of the branches are bifid (fig. 262). The 

acrospores are very large and globose, features 

also which distinguish this mould from the last. A 

short time since we were called to witness a bed of 

splendid cauliflowers, which had, up to that time, 

been the pride of their cultivator ; but, alas ! their 

glory was threatened with speedy annihilation, for 

in nearly every instance the lower leaves had 

become more or less covered on their upper surface 

with yellow spots, and beneath glaucous with the 

mould we have been describing. The diseased 

leaves were all immediately removed, but 

we fear 

without success, although no positive information 

has since reached us. The almost unnatural

MOULDS. 165 

vigorous green of the leaves^ prior to tlie appearance 

of tlie mouldy is not at all an uncommon 

occurrence : this phenomenon 

lias been noticed in 

the ears of corn^ in which every grain was soon 

afterwards filled with spores of bunt. 

This species was at one time believed to be parasitic 

on the '' white rust/^ from which circumstance 

its specific name was derived. More precise examination 

proves that it sometimes occurs where no 

white rust is present^ and therefore its parasitism is 

imaginary. The suckers in this species are large 

and penetrate the cells^ often entirely filling 

them. 

This feature is sufficient to distinguish the mycelium 

of the mould from that of the ^' rust.''' The turnip 

mould occurs on many cruciferous plant s^ 

and 

especially on the shepherd's-purse^ as well as upon 

the different varieties of cabbage and its more 

immediate allies. 

Onion Mould.— Another disease, produced by 

fungi of the same genus, makes its appearance 

upon young onion plants in the spring. The mould 

is called Peronospora SMeideniana, and has many 

features in common with those already described. 

In this instance the threads are greyish and erect, 

with alternate branches, not divided by transverse 

septa, and the spores are obovate, attenuated 

towards their base (fig. 263). This mould, in some 

years, is very common and destructive, 

which are attacked from 

by preventing 

the young plants 

coming to perfection. 

It is not confined to the

156 illCEOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

oiiion_, 

but appears on otlier allied species of AUlinii 

(to wliicli the onion belongs). The threads form 

large patches or blotches on the leaves, and sometimes 

cover them entirely. It very much resembles 

the turnip mould, from which the form of the spores 

considerably differs. This is the same species as 

that described by Caspary, and afterwards by 

under the name of P. destructor. 

Berkele}', 

Lettuce Mould.— A very similar mould {Ptrono^ 

spora gangJiformis) is sometimes very common in 

spring on the under surface of the leaves of the cultivated 

lettuce, appearing in definite white mouldy 

spots. By reference to the figure of a portion of a 

thread magnified (fig. 265), 

it will be seen that the 

peculiar form of the tips of the branchlets evidences 

the distinctness of this species. 

The oospores are small, globose, and of a yellowish 

This mould is bv no means confined 

tawnv colour. 

to lettuces, but has also been found on species of 

ragwort, sow-thistle, nipplewort, endive, and other 

composite plants and has from time to time 

; 

received numerous names, which it is unnecessary 

to enumerate. 

Taee Mould.— The under surface of the leaves of 

tares, and sometimes also of peas, is liable to attack 

from an allied species of mould [Peronospora 

Vicice). In the spring of 1846 it appeared amongst 

vetches in some districts to such an extent as at 

one time to threaten the destruction of the crops 

; 

but a succession of dry weather at once abridged

MOULDS. 157 

its 

power and limited its miscliief. Mouldy vetclies 

and mouldy peas are, especially in moist seasons, 

evils to wliicli the agriculturist 

knows his crops to 

be subject; 

lie 

may not know, however, that this 

kind of mould (fig. 266) is of so near a kin to that 

which has acquired such wide- spread fame in connection 

with the potato. Another species of fungus 

attacks the garden pea in damp seasons, forming 

small depressed brownish spots on the leaves and 

pods; but this is quite distinct from the mould, 

though probably not less injurious. 

The fertile threads are produced in dense clusters, 

each many times branched, and bearing elliptic 

acrospores obtuse at their apices, 

and of a violaceous 

tint (fig. 266). The oospores are beautifully reticulated 

and of a yellowish-brown colour (plate X. 

fig. 212). 

Trefoil and some other allied plants are attacked 

by another species, characterized by Dr. de Bary as 

Peronospora trifoliorum, 

which we have found rather 

plentifully 

in some localities on lucern. 

The Paesnip Mould {Peronosjpora nivea, Ung.) 

is found on many umbelUferous plants; 

but its 

attacks upon the parsnip are most to be deplored, 

because it injures and ultimately destroys an article 

of human food. The plants infested with this 

parasite are first attacked in the leaves, but afterwards 

the roots become spotted and diseased in a 

similar manner to the potatoes attacked by its 

congener. The disease has not hitherto been so


general with tlie former as the latter ; 

but in some 

districts it has been far from uncommon. 

The fertile threads are collected in bundles, erect, 

and not so much branched as in many other species. 

The acrospores are sub-globose or ovoid, and 

papillate at their apices. This species is sometimes 

called P. iimhelUferarum, and sometimes P. macrosj>ora. 

Generally speaking the average humidity 

of a season but little affects the production of 

parasitic fungi. In a dry season, hke that of 1864, 

we found as many species, and these as flourishing^ 

and numerous in individuals, as in a proverbially 

wet year. Such is not the case, however, with the 

moulds under notice, or such fungi as are reproduced 

through the medium of zoospores 

: these are 

undoubtedly less common in a very dry season; 

but it must be remembered that a single shower is 

sufficient for the development of zoospores, and 

occasional showers or heavy dews will speed them 

on their course of destruction as readily almost as 

continuous moisture. The large fungi, on the 

contrary, become very limited in numbers when the 

weather is unusually dry. 

Spinach Mould.— Spinach 

is hkewise hable to 

suffer from the 

establishment of a mould upon the 

under surface of the leaves : 

unfortunately this is 

not unfrequent, and has been known in England 

certainly for the last fifty or sixty years, 

since it 

was figured by Sowerby in his "British Fungi" 

as many years since. We have lately seen a bed

MOULDS. 159' 

of spinacli utterly destroyed by this fungus ; 

whilst 

on another,, not twenty yards apart, not a spotted 

leaf could be found. This mould is the Peronospora 

effusa, of botanists ; it occurs also on some species 

of goosefoot (plate X. fig. 215), and probably on 

knotgrass. To the naked eye it appears in pale 

purphsh-grey patches, which, when examined mi- 

are found to consist of dense bundles 

croscopically, 

of branched threads, bearing ellipsoid acrospores, 

the membranes of which have a violaceous tint. 

The oogonia produced upon the mycelium vary 

considerably in size. The oospores are of the 

character delineated in our plate (plate X. fig.. 

214). 

Hitherto all the species of mould to which wq' 

have had occasion to refer have been found infesting 

plants more or less employed as food; but 

there remain one or two other species to which 

we must make special reference. One of these 

affects the most universal of favourites amongst 

flowers : this is the rose mould. Attention was 

directed to this 

mould, and it was described for the 

first time under the name of Peronosjpora sparsa, 

in the columns of the Gardeners' Chronicle, in 1862. 

It occurred on a quantity of potted rose-plants in a 

conservatory. 

Irregular pale 

brownish discoloured 

spots appeared on the upper surface of the leaves; 

these extended rapidly, and in a short time the leaves 

withered and shrivelled up, and ultimately the 

whole plant perished. A delicate greyish mould


was to be seen by tlie aid of a lens^ scattered 

the under surface of the leaves. By 

over 

the microscope^ 

the branched threads^ having the tips 

furnished with sub-eUiptic spores_, 

were revealed_, 

and an ally of the potato mould found revelling 

the roses. 

amongst 

During the winter of 18G3-4_, we found the leaves 

of several species of dock occupied by a mould 

which appears to be a very low form of Peronosj)Ora. 

Its presence was indicated by brownish orbicular 

spotSj on which the fertile threads occurred in 

small bundles. These threads were generally 

simple^ but occasionally forked^ bearing rather large 

elliptical acrospores attached ohliquely to the tips 

of the threads (fig. 269). In consequence of this 

peculiarity, we have named the species,, which does 

not appear to have been noticed before, Peronospora 

ohliqua. 

It is clearly very 

distinct from another 

species found on dock leaves by Corda. 

Of the remaining British species, one (P. 

Arenarice) 

is found on the leaves of the threeveined 

sandwort (fig. 268) ; 

another attacks the 

red corn-poppy, a third is found on the common 

nettle, one on the brooklime, another on the 

wood-anemone (fig. 267), and another on the figwort. 

Doubtless all trhe species in this genus are 

possessed of the third means of reproduction, by 

zoospores, as discovered in the potato mould, not 

only from the acrospores, but also from the oospores.

Plate XVI. 

268.— Sandwoet Mould. 

Peronospora Arenarice. 

269.—Dock Mould. 

Feronoifpora obliqua.

ouLDS. 

IGl 

The fearful rapidity with which this method enables 

them to multiply themselves may account for their 

widely spreading and devastating power. No other 

genus of fungi can parallel 

this in the number of 

species injurious to the field or the garden, or 

in which the injuries inflicted are so great and 

UTemediable. 

N.B.— Since the foregoing chapter was in type, 

the Rev. M. J. Berkeley informs us that both Mr. 

Broome and himself have examined the mould on 

dock-leaves, 

Feronospora ohliqiia, 

to which we have given 

the name of 

and have come to the conclusion 

that it is truly a member of that genns, and 

not hitherto described ; 

but they are also of opinion 

that it is the same mould as one described by Dr. 

Montague as Ascomyces Rumicis. We concur with 

them in thinking it deficient in the important 

characteristics of J scomycesj and therefore retain 

its proposed name of P. ohliqua.

162 MICROSCOPIC FUKGI, 

CHAPTER XII. 

WHITE MILDEWS OR BLIGHTS. 

NOTWITHSTANDING 

the inconvenience to 

ourselves of calling very different fungi by 

the same common name of " mildew^''^ the popular 

mind does not recog-nize tlie inconvenience,, since 

it scarcely troubles itself to inquire wlietlier they 

are not all the same thing. In obedience to this 

custom, we again write of ^^ mildew,^'' or '^ blight," 

as it is called in some districts, but of a very 

different kind to that which is so detrimental to 

growing crops of corn. In the present instance 

k is our intention to illustrate a group of fungi 

which are exceedingly common, and which differ 

giêatly in appearance and structure from any to 

which we have had occasion to allude. To obtain 

a general knowledge of these forms let 

our reader 

proceed at once to a clump of rank grass ; 

if it is 

his fortune to dwell in the coXmtry, the walk of a 

few yards will suffice. Let him examine this clump 

more carefully, perhaps, than he has been accustomed 

to do, and we venture to predict that he 

will find some of the leaves covered with what 

appears to be a dirty white mould, or mildew 

(plate XI. fig. 235). One of these leaves should be 

collected as carefuUy and conveyed to the microscope

WHITE MILDEWS OR BLIGHTS. 163 

as speedily as possible,, taking care not to touch, or 

brush it against any other object so as to disturb 

the arrangement of the delicate little threads upon 

its surface. If a small portion^ say about an inch, 

is 

cut from this leaf with a sharp pair of scissors, 

and laid upon a slide, or pinned down upon a strip 

of sheet cork, so as to keep it flat, and then submitted 

to examination under the microscope, with 

an inch power, a beautiful forest of crystalline 

vegetation will be observed. If the examiner on 

this occasion should not possess a binocular microscope 

we are sorry for him, because in that case he 

will not see all that is to be seen under the greatest 

advantages. 

If we ever truly enjoy looking through 

such an instrument, it is on an occasion Hke this, 

when a low power is all that is needed, and the 

object is required to be seen in relief. It is scarcely 

possible to convey an adequate idea of the beauty 

of such a scene as the microscope reveals upon this 

fragment of grass-leaf. 

Little bundles of dehcate 

threads, clear and crystalline, are seated upon a 

slender branching mycelium. These threads, sometimes 

erect, sometimes drooping, flexuous, or prostrate, 

are composed of numerous roundish or 

spherical cells attached to each other in a moniliform 

or bead-like manner (fig. 236). These easily 

separate from each other. Let a portion of the 

threads be removed from the leaf on the point of a 

lancet and laid upon a glass slide, with a thin cover 

over them. Submit this object to a quarter-inch 

H 2

1G4 MICROSCOl'IC FUNGI. 

power, as a drop of water is let fall at tlie edge of 

tlie cover and insinuates itself, by capillary attraction, 

between tlie two plates of glass. So soon as 

it touches the moniliform threads, the disunion 

commences, and almost before they are enveloped 

in the fluid, two spherules will scarce remain attached 

to each other. This delicate little mould 

on the grass leaf at one time bore the name of 

OicUum monilioides. It is now regarded only as a 

condition of another minute fungus, to which attention 

will shortly be directed. 

The vine disease, so fearfully destructive on the 

Continent, and not altogether unknown in this 

country, is another of these incomplete fungi. 

From an individual who at the time of its first 

discovery in the south of England took considerable 

interest in the subject, it was called Oidium 

Tuchcri, which name it continued to bear, both 

here and abroad, until, with many others, probably 

nearly all of the same genus, 

it was found to be 

only a barren state of what is called by mycologists 

an Erysiplie. The real discoverer of this mildew 

was undoubtedly the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, who has 

successfully devoted a long life to the study of 

these minute organisms, through evil and througli 

good report, 

and when that study was beset with 

more difficulties, and received less encouragement 

than at present. If, towards the autumn, we should 

again collect some whitened, mouldy, or mildewed 

grass-leaves, similar in appearance to those men-


tioned above, and carefully look at tliem witli a 

pocket lens, little black points, almost as small as 

a pin-point, or more resembling tbe full stop with, 

v.'hicli tliis sentence closes, will be found scattered 

over the white threads. The aid of the microscope 

must be again sought to make out the structure of 

the little black dots. Closely nestling upon the 

mycelium, the little points will prove to be spherical 

brownish conceptacles, surrounded with transparent 

floccose appendages. Many other species 

are far more beautiful than that of the grass -leaf;, 

as will be seen by reference to our plate. The 

variation consists chiefly in the form of the 

appendages which spring from the conceptacle 

and surround it in a radiating (as in figs. 219, 

222, 225, and 230), or in a more or less confused 

and entangled manner (as in figs. 216, 240, 245, 

and 251). The surface of the conceptacle 

is minutely 

reticulated, and its base is attached to the 

mycelium. When first formed, these globose conceptacles 

are almost colourless; they afterwards 

acquire a yellow colour, and are ultimately of a 

deep brown. The appendages are seldom at all 

coloured. Within the conceptacle are contained 

from one to several transparent obovoid sacs, or 

spore-cases, called sporangia, enclosing a definite 

number of spores (figs. 218, 224, 228, &c.), which 

vary in different species. In the hazel mildew, for 

instance, there are two spores in each sporangium ; 

in the willow mildew four ; 

in the maple mildew


eight; in the grass mildew^ and some others, 

numerous. The tips of the appendages are variable, 

and often elegant (figs. 227, 231, 233, 234, and 

247), sometimes simple and at others symmetrically 

branched. All the species occur on the still 

living and green parts of plants, especially the 

leaves, and are therefore truly parasitic. A pocket 

lens will show whether any conceptacles are present 

on any suspicious leaf which may be collected, but 

high powers of the microscope are essential for 

their complete examination. It is during autumn, 

when vegetation begins to languish, that we shall 

be most successful in searching for specimens. 

They will then be found almost everywhere, and 

the white mycehum forms an object too conspicuous 

for them to be readily overlooked. Botanically, 

nearly all the species were at one period included 

in one genus, under the name oi Erysiplie, a name 

derived from the Greek, and signifying 

" mildew /' 

at the present time they are distributed through 

several genera, the chief distinctions of which are 

based upon the form of the appendages. Though 

personally disposed to question the generic value of 

such distinctions, it would be imprudent to adopt 

any other names here than those to be found in 

recent Enghsh works on fungi. 

The first species in our enumeration is found on 

cultivated roses. What a deplorable picture does 

a favourite rose-bush present when attacked by this 

mildew The leaves ! blistered, puckered, and con-

WHITE MILDEWS OR BLIGHTS. 

1G7 

torted ; 

their petioles and tlie peduncles and calyces 

of tlie flowers swollen_, distorted^ and grey with 

mould j 

and the whole plant looking so diseased 

and leprous that it needs no mycologist to tell that 

the rose is mildewed. The conceptacle in this species 

is minute, and contains but one sporangium, 

which is one of the characters of the genus in which 

it is now included, and a more justifiable distinction 

than the ramifications of the appendages. The mycelium 

is rather profuse, 

and the threads or appendages 

which spring from the conceptacle are simple 

and floccose (fig. 216). The sporangium contains 

eight ovate spores. This species {8plicerotheca 

pannosa. Lev.), in its oidioid or conidiiferous form, 

was for some time known under the name of Oidium 

leucoconium. 

An allied species constitutes the hop-mildew, a 

visitation with which some of our Kentish friends 

are too familiar. This is not a prejudiced species 

in the choice of its habitation, since it is found on 

many other plants, where it flourishes with equal 

vigour. The meadow-sweet, burnet, scabious, 

teasle, dandelion, and other composite plants, plantain, 

and plants of the cucumber family, all suffer 

more or less from its roving disposition. The mycelium 

of whitish threads is even more conspicuous 

than in the last species, but the conceptacle s are 

often not to be found at all. These are also very 

minute and most common on the under surface of 

the leaves. 

The appendages, or fulcra, are simple.

1G3 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

floccose (fig. 217), and coloured. Tlie sporangia are 

found singly 

in eacli conceptacle, and eacli sporangium 

contains eiglit spores. 

An autumnal stroll amongst liaz el -bushes,, wlien 

tlie nuts are ripe, 

mil lead, if tlie nuts are not a 

greater attraction, to tlie discoveiy of wliitisli 

patclies on tlie under surface of tlie leaves, caused 

by tlie mycelium of tlie liazel mildew {Phyllactinia 

guttata J Lev.). Tliese patches 

are less distinct and 

conspicuous tlian in many other species, 

but the 

little blackish dots of the conceptacles may be distinguished 

by sharp eyes without the use of the 

lens. Though possessing a decided preference for 

the hazel, this species is also found on the green 

leaves of the hawthorn, ash, elm, birch, sallow, 

beech, oak, and hornbeam. The conceptacles are 

larger than in the two preceding species, and somewhat 

depressed above. The appendages are few 

(fig. 219), radiating, rigid, 

and acicular, or like 

needles. Each conceptacle contains eight or more 

sporangia, and each sporangium has from two to 

four spores (fig. 220). This species being very 

common, its conceptacles large, and produced 

copiously, and its appendages distinct, it mil 

prove a good type with which the student of these 

fungi may commence his examinations. This is 

the only representative which we possess of the 

genus established by M. Leveille for such of 

the Eri/sijjhei as have the conceptacle depressed, 

and the appendages rigid and simple bv which 

;

VrillTE MILDEWS OR BLIGnT3. 169 

features it is 

distinguished from genuine species 

of Erysijplie. 

Two species_, also common^ having many featmês 

agreeing with each other, are found on the leaves 

of the maple and the willow. The willow blight 

[JJncinula adunca, Lev.) is found irrespectively on 

various species of poplar and willow (fig-. 221). In 

size and external appearances_, to the unaided eye, 

it seems scarcely to differ from the preceding, but 

more minute examination will show that in the 

appendages there is an appreciable difference. 

Still rigid, but no longer aciculate, the tips bent 

or curved like a little hook, or curled upon themselves 

(fig. 223), radiating and numerous (fig. 222), 

and at length tending upwards. Many sporangia 

are contained within each conceptacle, each of 

which is furnished with four spores. The amateur 

must not be disappointed, if, 

on examining mature 

conceptacles with a view to the discovery of the 

sporangia, he finds only free spores. The investing 

membrane is very delicate, and disappears generally 

as the spores are matured. 

The " blight '^ or ^' mildew '* which occurs on the 

common hedge-maple, as well as on sycamore 

leaves, is exceedingly conspicuous when occurring 

on the former plant. The whole bush often presents 

a hoary appearance as if 

sprinkled with 

In the spring, 

powdered chalk. 

the under surface 

of the leaves of the same plant are liable to become 

hoarv from another cause. The whiteness occurs

170 MICROSCOPIC FUN-QI. 

in patclieS; has often a pinkisli or violaceous tint, 

and glistens 

like lioar-frost. This affection of tlie 

leaves was, at one time, believed to be produced by 

a funofus wklcli was called Erineum acerinum. but 

now it is 

regarded as a diseased state of the tissues. 

In tlie 

maple mildew, both surfaces of the leaves 

are alike affected, and the little, dark, point-like 

conceptacles will be found studded over both. It 

is not uncommon to meet with very white leaves, 

caused by the mycelium, but which bear no fruit. 

The appendages 

in this species are shorter than in 

the last (fig. 225), and the tips are bifid (fig. 226), 

or divided into two short branches, each of which 

is bifid, and uncinate or hook-shaped (fig. 227). The 

conceptacles contain not less than eight sporangia, 

each of which encloses eight spores. 

Amongst the parasites that prey upon the much 

abused berberry (which has been charged in turn 

with producing the mildew in corn), is one which 

causes the green leaves to assume a chalky appearance 

(fig. 229), though less conspicuously than in 

the maple blight. This parasite is the berberry 

mildew (Microsj^liceria hevheridis, Lev.). In such 

localities as the writer has met with the berberry 

suffering from mildew, he has invariably found a 

larger proportion of leaves with the barren mycelium 

than of those on which the conceptacles were 

developed. Perhaps in other localties this may not 

be the case. The appendages, as will be seen on 

reference to our plate, differ materially from any of


those to wliich we liave referred ; indeed^ this genus 

(or sub-genus) has the most elaborate and beautiful 

forms in these appendages of any of the Erysiphei. 

A figure is given of the tip of a fulcrum from a 

continental species (M. Wirenhergii, Lev.), not yet 

found in this country (fig. 233). In the berbeny 

blight the appendages are straight at the base, 

but afterwards become forked, each fork being 

again forked, and these yet again branched in a 

similar manner (fig. 230) ; 

so that a complex dichotomous 

tip 

is formed to each of the appendages 

(fig. 231). Each conceptacle contains about six 

sporangia, and each sporangium contains from six 

to eight spores (fig. 232). 

The common gooseberry 

is also liable to a visitation 

from an allied species, in many respects closely 

similar, but differing in - having the tips of the 

appendages more branched, and the extremities of 

the ultimate branchlets are not entire and attenuated, 

as in the berberry mildew; but divided into 

two toothlike processes. The conceptacles in this 

species contain from four to eight sporangia, each 

of which has four or five spores. 

In England, the leaves of the guelder-rose, and 

in France (perhaps also in this country) those of 


so much in common 

alder, nourish a parasite belonging to this division. 

This " blight '' possesses 

with others to which allusion has been made, that 

it will scarcely be necessary to describe it in detail. 

A figure of the tip of one of the appendages of the

172 IIICKOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

variety found on tlic alder is given in tlie plate XI. 

lig. 

We 234. 

have found anotlier species 

wliich liad not 

been before noticed in tbis country (J/. Hedwigii, 

Lev.), on the leaves of the mealy guelder-rose 


vicinity of Darenth Wood, near Dartford, in Kent. 

The mealy character of the leaves of this plant, 

and 

the minute size of the conceptacles of the parasite, 

render it difficult to find ; indeed, it could not be 

noticed unless it were sought for, as we sought it, 

lens in hand. It only occurs on the under sm^face 

of the leaves the : 

mycelium is very web-hke and 

fugacious, the conceptacles minute, globose, and 

scattered (fig. 243). Four sporangia, each containing 

but fom* spores (fig. 244), are enclosed in each 

conceptacle, which is surrounded by a few appendages 

(about six) thrice dichotomous, and thickened 

at the tips of the ultimate branches, which are 

incurved (fig. 247). 

The species of true Erysipke are distinguished 

botanically from the foregoing by the floccose 

character of the appendages, in which feature they 

accord with the species found on the rose and the 

hop, but from which they differ in the conceptacles 

containing numerous sporangia instead of only one, 

as in those species. 

One of the most common and conspicuous of these 

is found on the leaves and leaf-like stipules 


garden pea. Every leaf in a crop will sometimes 

and the gardener, to his great mortification^ 

suffer,

VrHITE MILDEWS OE BLIGHTS. 173 

finds tliat 

the mildew is more prolific than his peas. 

The leaves become sickly and yellow as the mycelium 

of the fungus spreads over them^ when they 

present a peculiar appearance,, as if growing beside 

a chalky road in dry dusty weather^ and had become 

covered with comminuted chalk. Soon the conceptacles 

appear, profusely scattered 

over the white 

and after 

threads, like grains of gunpowder (fig. 237), 

a brief struggle for existence the pea and its parasite 

die together. In this species {Erysij^he Martii, 

Lev.), the appendages are nearly transparent, short, 

and much interwoven with the mycelium (fig. 238), 

the globose sporangia containing from four to 

eight spores (fig. 239). It is not confined to peas, 

although that habitat has been here given for it, 

because it is so common upon them. Beans, melilot, 

St. John's wort, some umbelKferous plants, and tho 

meadow-sweet, have all been found affected. 

The species found on grasses, especially the cocksfoot, 

has been already alluded to. The conceptacles 

contain from twenty to twentyfour ovate sporangia, 

each enclosing eight spores. The appendages and 

mycelium are much interwoven. 

Another of these '^ white mildews,^' not only on 

account of its frequency 

of occurrence on certain 

plants, but also from the numerous species of 

phanerogamous plants on which it is found 

(fig. 240), may be truly designated ^^ common '^ 

(Erysiplie communis, Lk.) ; many 

kinds of crowfoot, 

especially Ramtnculvs acris, ''are subject 

to its


parasitism. 

It is 

found also on other plants of tlie 

same natural order, on tlie rest-harrow, trefoils, 

enchanter^s nightshade, bindweed, and knotgrass. 

There are from four to eight sporangia in each conceptacle, 

containing from four to eight sôores (fig. 

241). In this species, more especially, 

M. Tulasne 

found curious sucker-hke processes developed on 

the threads of the : 

mycelium (fig. 242) their ojffice 

may jorobably be only that of attachment. 

Of the other species found in Britain an enumeration 

will suffice, since they contain no feature of 

interest to the microscopist ; 

and all the members 

of this section are far less beautiful than those in 

other genera (especially Micro spliceria). 

The leaves of the dogwood or cornel (figs. 245,. 

246) are the home of one species {E. tortilis, Lk.), 

and the burdock of another {E. Montagnei, Lev.). 

Both of these, in addition to the above, have sporangia 

which contain more than two spores. There 

are also two species in which only two spores are 

contained in each sporidium. One of these {E. 

Lhikii, Lev.) is found on both surfaces of the leaves 

of the mugwort (figs. 248, 249) ; 

the other {E. lamlorocarioaf 

Lev.) occurs on salsafy, scorzonera, 

weasel-snout, and plantain (figs. 250, 251). 

These complete the Erysiphei; but there are allied 

species 

of too much interest not to be noticed in 

connection with them. Three very singular fungi 

are found on damp straw and paper ; two on the 

former and one on the latter. Of the species

, WHITE 

MILDEWS OR BLIGHTS. 175 

occurring on straw^ the most common one is figured, 

natural size, in our plate (fig. 257) ; 

but from this 

no idea can be formed of its structure, which in 

some points resembles an Erysiplie. The conceptacles 

are thin and brittle, and are clothed externally 

with long 

dark- coloured branched hairs 

(figs. 258, 259). The conceptacle contains long 

narrow sporangia, each enclosing dark, almost 

black, lemon-shaped sporidia. For low powers 

this is a very interesting object. The minute structure 

affords no feature of popular interest. This 

fungus (which 

bears the name of Ghcetomium 

elatum) is common on old straw, thatch, reeds, 

matting, &c., resembling small brown tufts of hair, 

visible to the naked eye. 

Paper much exposed to damp will occasionally 

develop a similar " bristle -mould,^'' surrounded by 

a yellowish spot {Ghcetomium cliartariim, Ehrb.); 

but it is not so common as the last. In habit 

and structure it is very similar (figs. 252, 253). 

In 1838, the Rev. M. J. Berkeley announced the 

discovery by him of a singular production, for 

which he was unable to find a fitting location in 

any genus then established, and for which he accordingly 

characterized a new one, under the name 

of Ascotricha. This new species of paper mildew 

was found by him on some printed paper in a box. 

It somewhat resembles the other species above 

alluded to, at a casual glance but more minute 

; 

examination will reveal its differences. The author


to whom we are indebted for this species thus 

describes its development. At first ft 

appears as 

a minute branched mould interspersed with globose 

brownish conidia. As it advances in growth, globose 

black peridia become visible amongst the 

threads,, clothed with and supported by alternately 

branched obscurely-jointed filaments, the branches 

of which generally form an acute angle with the 

stem (fig. 254). The ramification of these is very 

peculiar, the stem and main shaft of each subdivision 

being almost constantly shortened and 

surmounted by the branches given off' near its apex ; 

this, again, 

is often abbreviated and another branchlet 

given off", 

which again surpasses 

it ; 

and occasionally 

the same circumstance takes place a third 

time. The apices are clavate and colourless ; 


rest of the filaments, when viewed by transmitted 

light, brown, even, and pellucid 

: a few globose 

conidia are usually attached to them (fig. 255). The 

conceptacle is thin, black to the naked eye, of 

an olive-brown under the microscope, 

filled with 

a mass of linear extremely transparent asci (fig. 256), 

each containing a single row of broadly elhptic 

chocolate sporidia. These have a paler border; 

sometimes the colour entirely vanishes, either from 

age or abortion, and there is only a minute globose 

nucleus or more probably a vesicle of air, in the 

centre ; occasionally they become so transparent 

that the globular bodies alone are visible. After 

the conceptacles burst, several are frequently col-

TVHITE MILDEWS OR BLIGHTS. 177 

lectcd together into an irregular linear body, wliicli 

consists principally 

of the conglomerated sporidia. 

One other very common and troublesome little 

fungus {Eurotiiun Jierhariorum) will for the present 

close our examples. This is found creeping 

over di'ied plants preserved in herbaria, on 

decaying fruit, preserves, and various other substances, 

sometimes animal as well as vegetable, 

but chiefly the latter. To the naked eye it appears 

as a myriad of little yellow spherical bodies, 

of the size of very small pins^ heads, resting 

upon fine cobweb-like threads (fig. 260). When 

magnified, the surface of the is 

conceptacles seen to 

be reticulated (fig. 261). In the interior the sporidia 

are borne, contained also, as in the former 

instance, in asci. It has been considered yrohahle, 

but as yet not fully proved, that this mildew is 

a compound fruited (ascigerous) condition of an 

equally common mould {Asi:)ergilliis). 

Dr. Shortt, of Chingleput, in a recent report 

on the growth and production of Indian Cotton, 

remarks that the plants are subject to the 

attacks of a kind of mildew. He whites :— 

" They appear in the form of rounded fibres 

or thallus, shooting up in the air, having the 

lamina of the leaf as 

a base, and feeling villous to 

the touch. The small fibrillse that form the nap 

when seen 

appear shooting up as sharp projections 

by the naked eye under the ; microscope they are 

found to consist of pointed tubes, interspersed here

178 MICEOSCOPIC FUJ; GI. 

and there witli minute granular 

cells. It first 

attacks either the upper surface of the petioles^ or 

the margins of the leaf^ gradually extending over 

the lamina^ and matting together the whole leaf 

into a greyish-^YhiteJ felty mass. At .first it attacks 

the young shoots and tender leaves^ preventing 

them from expanding. The extension of the parasite 

deprives the plant 

of its juices, 

and eventually 

either destroys or renders it sterile. The spores 

seem to be derived fiôm the atmosphere_, and 

finding the plant in a state fit to receive them, 

from either the results of excessive cultivation, or 

from the efiects of heat and want of moisture 

rendering it unhealthy, and thus favouring the 

reception of the spores of the fungi. Another 

variety speckles the leaves with whitish dots. 

These remain separate, but the lamina is covered 

with them, and in time the leaf changes colour, 

becomes yellowish, and eventually dies away. This 

is evidently the disease called Bunt, or some variety 

of it, as it is seated beneath the epidermis, and 

eventually the spores escape. Under the microscope 

they seem to consist of smaU dark cells or 

spots attached to a thread-like mycelium.^' 

The writer seems certainly to have made a 

mistake in its affinities, and on the faith of the 

above quotation we should be more disposed to 

regard it as an Erysijphe. It is to be hoped that 

specimens of the affected leaves wHl be forwarded 

to this country for examination.

SUGGESTIONS. 179 

IFj 

CHAPTER XIIL 

SUGGESTIONS. 

in offering a few practical suggestions^ we 

either repeat ourselves,, or communicate 

those wlio may know already- 

common-place hintSj 

all we shall essay to tell them will please 

and pass on. 

to pardon 

All the information essential under this head 

relates to collecting, examining, and preserving 

microscopic fungi. 

Collecting does not differ, except in the objects 

themselves, from any other botanical collecting. 

Those who attempt 

it must be prepared to sacrifice 

their kid gloves and patent-leather boots, to put on 

waterproofs and perseverance, and come home 

sometimes disappointed. The requisites for good 

work are but few, and easily supplied. A strong 

knife, a pocket lens, and a box or leather bag, 

will be all that is really essential. But where shall 

we go 

— and when ? Hedge-banks, the sides of 

ditches, borders 

of woods, anywhere, if the plants 

are parasitic. 

are to be found on which the fungi 

We flatter ourselves on being rather successful in 

collecting, and our favourite localities have always 

been the dampest places in woods, railway-banks, 

and waste places. 

It is a great mistake to endea- 

N 2

ISO MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

vour to go over a large tract of ground. 

spent a wliole day in a little chalkpit, 

'VVe have 

which had 

fallen into disuse, and grown wild. Fifty yards 

into a wood is as much as we attempt, when alone ; 

and a spot six yards square has afforded us occupation 

for hours. It is better to examine a small 

space thoroughly than to scamper on, mile after 

mile, and find nothing. 

AMien ? is as much to be noted as where ! All 

the year round we shall be sure of finding something 

of interest. As soon as the last patch of 

winter^s snow has melted from the ground, and 

green leaves begin to unfold themselves, the search 

may begin. Cluster-cups (^ciclium) will be the 

earliest forms encountered. On the leaves of 

Laj),iana communis, and the pilewort, these will 

be found before the majority of plants have burst 

their buds. Henceforth, other forms will gradually 

appear, until May or June. One or two species of 

Fuccinla will be seen in April or May, but from 

that period until autumn, species of Trichohasis 

will be common. In June and July the smuts 

belonging to the genus Ustllago are most plen- 

and from August to October Puccinio. and its 

tiful, 

allied genera will have the ascendant so that from 

; 

March to October there is continually succeeding 

each other some species of parasitic fungus belonging 

to the Uredines. From October to March need 

be no more a season of repose from the search of 

these minute plants than from March to October.

SUGGESTIOXS. 181 

So long as tlie 

ground 

is not covered with snow 

there will always be something to find on dead 

leaves^ rotten sticks^ &c.^ vrhen there is not a green 

leaf to be seen. But these belong to a section to 

which we have studiously avoided all reference in 

the foregoing pages. 

General instructions will not always apply ; 

but 

in most instances^ the lowest and earliest leaves, 

in which vitality appears to decline^ will be most 

likely to suffer from the attacks of fungi. This 

rule must not be too stringently applied ; 

the species 

of JEcidium, for instance, will generally be found 

on vigorous green leaves. 

Having found a plant infected with some rust 

or brand_, and by means of a pocket lens assured 

yourself that it is such_, although the power is 

insufficient to tell what it is, collect as many leaves 

as you are likely to require 

; place them flat one 

upon the other, to prevent their curling up at the 

edges, should the weather be hot, and yourself far 

from home, and lay them in your box or if ; you 

should take in preference an old book with stiff 

covers, place them separately between the leaves 

of your book, and they will be in still better condition, 

if you desu'e to preserve them. Arrived at 

home with the results of your trip, proceed at once 

to lay them between folds of blotting-paper, submit 

them to a gentle pressure, and change the papers 

daily until your leaves are dry, not forgetting to 

keep a scrap of paper with 

each collection, stating


date and locality^ to wLicli^ after microscopical 

be added. When 

examination, the name may 

thoroughly dry, your leaves may be preserved for 

reference in old envelopes, with the particulars 

endorsed on the outside. Fungi on leaves will 

generally be examined to the greatest advantage 

in the fresh state, but if too much pressure 

is not 

employed in the drying, 

it will not be difficult even 

in that condition to make out their characteristic 

features. Care must be taken, by changing their 

position, 

that moulds of other kinds do not establish 

themselves upon the specimens in drying, 

or that when dried they do not fall a prey to Euro^ 

tiiim Jierhariorum. 

If it is intended to add these leaves to your 

herbarium, or to form a special herbarium for them, 

they should be mounted on white paper, first 

affixing one or two leaves by means of thin glue 

to a paper about four inches square, on which the 

name, date, and locahty may be written, and 

attaching several of these species-papers to a larger 

or êm/s-paper, or by devoting each larger paper 

to a species, adding in future other varieties, and 

enclosing all the sj:)ec{es-papers of the same genus 

within a folded sheet, on which the name of the 

• 

genus 

is written. 

We have adopted, for our own herbarium, the 

" '' 

foolscap size. A sheet of paper receives within 

its fold the specimens of a single species 

these 

; 

are affixed to the right-hand page, when the sheet 

by


is open, and a small envelope is attached by its 

face to tlie same page 

at the bottom, in which loose 

specimens are kept for minute and special examination, 

or as duplicates. When the sheet is folded, 

the specific name is written at the right-hand lower 

corner, or, what is better, a strip containing that 

name and its number is cut from a copy of the 

^' Index Fungorum," kept for the purpose, and 

gummed in its place. The remainder of this page^ 

which is of white cartridge paper, is occupied with 

memoranda referring to the species enclosed, 

sketches of the spores, synonyms, references to 

descriptions, &c. All the species-papers of each 

genus are placed together within a sheet of brown 

paper, half an inch larger in each direction, with 

the name of the genus written at the left-hand 

corner. A piece of millboard, the size of the covers 

when folded, separates each order. 

When a leaf, or other portion of a plant, is to be 

examined under the microscope, with the view of 

determining the 

genus and species of its parasite, 

it 

may be fastened with small pins to a piece of 

sheet cork, two or three inches square, and about 

oneêighth of an inch in thickness, such as used 

for lining entomological cabinets, and so placed 

under a lens that it 

may easily be brought into 

focus, and both hands left at liberty; or a dissecting 

microscope may be used for the purpose. From 

one of the pustules the spores may be removed on 

the sharp point of a penknife, and placed in a drop


of water on a glass slide. A thin glass cover is 

placed over tlie drop of water, and the slide is 

submitted to examination. For further satisfaction 

it will often be found necessary to make carefully 

a thin section of a pustule, and place this under the 

microscope, a more troublesome but also much 

more satisfactory method. Reference to the Appendix 

will soon determine the name and position 

of the fungus, provided 

it 

belongs to the section to 

which this volume is devoted. 

If it is thought desirable 

to mount the spores as 

permanent objects, there is no obstacle to such a 

proceeding. The spores of the different species of 

Aregma, of Tripliragmium, and many of the Fiic- 

will be worth the trouble. We have tried 

cinioe.y 

several media, and only adopted Glycerine or 

Balsam ; 

either of these, especially the former, if 

the greater difficulty of securely closing can be 

overcome, ^vill answer the purpose. 

It should be remarked that in the examination 

of moulds, such as those of the genus Peronosjoora, 

included in this work, if any fluid be added, the 

acrospores are immediately 

disconnected from the 

threads, and float in the medium ; 

so that if their 

mode of attachment or arrangement would be 

studied, that must be achieved without the addition 

of any 

fluid whatever. 

The best methods of observing germination, the 

production of zoospores^ &c., have been detailed 

already.

SUGGESTIONS. 

18d 

Thus do we arrive at the close of the task which 

we had set ourselves to perform. This fragment 

of a history of microscopic fungi goes forth to 

plead for students, and prepare the path for 

somewhat more complete. Is it not a shame that 

more than two thousand species of plants (never 

mind how minute^ how insignificant) should be 

known to exist, and constitute a flora, in a nation 

amongst the foremost in civilization, and yet be 

without a complete record ? It is nevertheless true 

that hundreds of minute organisms, exquisite in 

form, marvellous in structure, mysterious in 

development, injurious to some, linked with 

the existence of all, are known to flourish in 

Britain without a history or description, in the 

language of, or produced in, the country they 

inhabit. It is also true that the descriptions, by 

which they should be known, of hundreds of the 

rest lie buried in a floating literature whence the 

yoathful and ardent student needs, not only youth 

and ardour, but leisure and perseverance unlimited 

to unearth them. This, however, by the way; we 

may be too great dotards on our native land, and 

foolish in our desire to see her in advance, and nob 

in the rear in scientific attainments, pursuits, and 

productions of other and, perhaps, 

nations. 

less favoured 

Already we fear that some of our readers will 

have thought our story of rust, brand, and mildew 

interminable, and looked anxiously for the close.


On the otlier 

hand, we would flatter ourselves into 

the belief that some have made a new acquaintance 

with these minute and mysterious forms, and 

would fain know more. The groups of fungi 

which we have endeavoured to illustrate have, 

with but few exceptions, one feature in common, 

These 

i.e., that thej are parasitic on living plants. 

constitute but a small portion of the microscopical 

species found in this country. To the elegant 

forms of mould which inhabit decaying vegetable 

substances no allusion has been made. These constitute 

a fairy flora of forests and gardens with 

features as varied, and fruits as multiform, as those 

of the trees and flowers of the earth. The numerous, 

and often marvellous, phases 

of low lifedeveloped 

upon dead leaves and rotten sticks, 

would in description occupy a far greater space 

than we have devoted to our subject. Yet, for all 

these, we have not spared so much as a passing 

word. The treasures stiR left 

unopened are far 

richer than even those we have revealed. The 

gates of another world have been thrown open, 

but we have scarcely passed the threshold. A 

minutely and elaborately illuminated page of the 

book of Nature has been turned, and we have 

only perused a single line. We might traverse 

the primeval forests of the new world, and explore 

the unknown regions of the old, and not encounter 

so much to excite our admiration, or cause our 

wonder, as lies about our feet at home; marvels


wMcli we tread beneath our feet_, 

or kick from our 

because patli_, 

tkey appear to be only rotten sticks, 

withered grass, and decaying leaves. All tliis 

may 

appear as the dream of an enthusiast, or the ravings 

of one on whom the moon has shone too often. 

When Columbus spoke of a new world beyond the 

seaSj which he longed to seek and explore, some 

believed him duped, and others called him mad. 

We write of no chimerical El Dorado, we speak 

of no undiscovered world, and yet we seem to 

allude to wonders still unknown, because so few 

have had the courage to venture upon the journey 

for themselves. 

In sober earnestness, however, let us commend 

this pursuit to all who possess a microscope and 

leisure to use it. It may be for a time the ^' pursuit 

of knowledge under difficulties,^^ on account 

of the condition of our literature on this special 

subject; but many workers will produce more 

readers, and good books will come when there are 

more to purchase and appreciate. It is not improbable 

that in more cases than have come under 

our own observation, microscopists wearied of 

diatoms and alHed forms, or deeming themselves 

in possession of all that is novel or interesting in 

this direction, are seeking for a new field of labour, 

and a new subject to kindle up a new enthusiasm. 

To these we have advised, and to any more such 

we continue to advise, that fungi should have a 

fair trial. If variety 

is desired, here they will

18S MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

have at least 2^000 species for a knowledge of 

wliich the microscope 

is essential. If they thirst 

for discovery, let them be assured that here also 

the earnest worker is smê to meet with such 

a reward. Or if they would acquaint themselves 

with the manifestations of Divine power 

as developed 

in the most minute of created things, let 

them follow such observers as Tulasne and De 

Bary, and seek the " why and the wherefore ^^ of 

the phenomena of mycetal life. 

If there should still be any hesitation whether 

there is in this pursuit sufficient of the element of 

variety, for those who do not desire to pursue the 

subject into its deepest scientific recesses, to 

render it available for them, let them go to a 

good public library, 

such as that of the Britisli 

Museum, and inquire for the large illustrated work 

by Corda, entitled " Icones Fungorum,^^ or the 

more recent volumes by Tulasne (Selecta Fungorum 

Carpologia), and examine the figures of microscopic 

fungi in either of those works, and decide for 

themselves.

189 

APPENDIX A. 

CLASSIFICATION & DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI 

CONTAINED IN 

THIS YOLUME. 

-«o*- 

JECIDIACEI. 

Peridium elongated 

— 

separating in threads . . . . Bccstelia. 

. . 

rupturing irregularly 

. . Feriderniium, 

Peridium abbreviated, or senii-iinmersed . JEcidium. 

Peridium immersed 

Enclophyllum. 

RCESTELIA, Reb. 

Peridium elongated, at length opening by lateral fissures, or a 

terminal lacerated mouth. Spermogonia on the opposite 

surface, on the same or on difl'erent leaves. 

Roestelia cancellata, Reb. Pear-leae Rcestelia ; spots 

yellow, then red, prominent; peridia split to the base into lacinia*, 

which remain united at the apex. 

— On Pear leaves. Not very 

common. Autumn. (Plate II. iigs. 20, 21.) 

Roestelia cornuta, Tul. Horn-like Rcestelia; spots 

rusty-brown; peridia cylindrical, slightly curved, yellowish - 

brown ; spores greyish, at length brown.— Uu the under surface 

of the leaves of Mountain Ash. Not common. August. (Plate II. 

%s. 18, 19.) 

Rcestelia lacerata, Tul. Lacerated Rcestelia ; peridia 

clustered in tufts, brown, elongated, splitting to the base in 

segments ; spores light brown.— On the under surface of the 

leaves, and on the petioles and fruit of the Hawthorn. Not.- 

' 

uncommon. May to July. (Plate II. figs. 23, 20.

. 

^cidium 


rEETDEiiiinjM, 

Chev. 

Teridium elongated, at length bursting irregularly. Spermogo?iia 

scattered, conspicuous. 

Peridermmm Pini, Chev. ; pcridia oblong, scattered, 

1 -rge; spores orange, abundant; spermogonia vernal or autumnal, 

or both ; spermatia large, wuile.—On leaves and young branches 

cf Scotch Fir. Coinuion in Scotland, occasional in England. 

tSummer. (Plate II. figs. 27, 28.) 

PeridermiurQ elatinum, Lk. ; simple, immersed ; peridia 

— 

elliptic, pallid ; sporidia orange. On Silver Fir, altering both 

Ibliage and ramification. Not common. 

-^ciDiUM, Pers. 

Teridium seldom elongated, opening by a terminal mouth, surrounded 

by a fringe of recurved teeth, or when short 

bursting irregularly. Spores disposed in chains. Spermogonia 

on the same or the opposite surface, clustered or 

scattered, central or intermixed. 

Sect. I.— Peridia scattered {not collected in tufts or clusters). 

.3]cidium leucospermum, DC. White-spoeed Cluster- 

Cups; spots yellowish; peridia scattered, often covering the 

whole under surface ; spores white, ovate.— On both sides of 

the leaves of the Wood Anemone. Common. June. (Plate I. 

figs. 4—6.) 

-Slcidium quadrifldum, DC. Four-lobed Clustek- 

Cups ; spots browTiish ; peridia scattered, occupying almost the 

entire under surface ; spores brown, subglobose. — On the under 

side of leaves of Anemone in gardens. (Lobes at the mouth of 

the peridium not constantly four.) April to May. 

.iEcidium albescens, Grev. Moschatel Cluster-Cups ; 

leaf blistered, whitish, scattered ; peridia white, spUt into a few_ 

large teeth ; spores yellowish-white. — On leaves and petioles of 

Adoxa moschatellina. Not uncommon. April. 

Epilobii, DC. Willow-herb Clusteu-Cups ; 

spots obliterated ; peridia scattered, at length oval, wider above 

;_ 

spores orange, at length brown.— On the under side of leaves of 

Epilobium montanum, E. hirsutum, and E. palustre, rarely on the 

upper. Common. June to August. 

^cidium Thesii, Desv. Bastahd-toadplax Clustee- 

Cups; spots obliterated; peridia scattered or biseriate; short, 

cylindrical, margin irregularly toothed, erect ; spores yellowish, 

then dingy. 

— On Thesium humifusum. Downs near Winchester. 

July, 1864. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. (Plate 111. figs. 

50, 51.)

APPENDIX. 191 

^cidium Soldanellse, Hornscli. Soldanella Clusteu- 

Cups ; Spots obliterated ; peridia — solitary, scattered over the 

inferior surface ; spores orange. On the under surface of the 

leaves of Soldanella alpina. 

JScidium Tragopogonis, Pers. Goatsbeaud Clustee- 

Cups ; spots obliterated ; peridia scattered, torn, wider above ; 

spores orange, at length black.— On stems, leaves, and involucres 

of common Goatsbeard. Yery common. May to June. (Plate I. 

figs. 1—3.) 

êidium Euphorbise, Pers. Spuege Cltjstee-Cups ; 

spots obliterated, leaf thickened ; peridia scattered or crowded, 

distinct ; spores orange.— On the under surface of the leaves of 

Spurge. Common, May to June. 

Sect. II. 

Peridia in tufts or clusters. 

a. MongatcB. 

.êidium Berberidis, Pers. Berberry Cluster-Cups ; 

spots roundish, bright red ; 

subiculum thickened ; peridia in 

subrotund or oval patches, often elongated ; spores orange. On 

leaves, peduncles, and fruit of the common Berberry. Common. 

May to July. (Plate I. figs. 7—9.) 

.fflcidium Thalictri, Grev. Meadotv-Uue Cluster-Cups ; 

collected in roundish clusters ; 

orange. On Thalidrum alpinum. 

peridia oblong ; spores bright 

Not uncommon in Scotland. 

.fficidium crassum, Pers. Buckthorn Cluster-Cups; 

spots yellow-brown, subiculum thickened ; peridia crowded into a 

roundish heap, at first globose, yellow, at length 

orange. On Rhamnus ccitharticus and R.frangula. 

open ; spores 

Common. 

.fficidium Periclymeni, DC. Honeysuckle Cluster- 

Cups ; spots variegated, yellow and brown, subiculum thickened ; 

peridia — sometimes elongated, in roundish or efi'used heaps ; spores 

orange. On the under surface of Honeysuckle leaves. Not common. 

June to August. 'o^ 

/3. Toculiformae. 

-Slcidium Calthse, Grev. !Marsh-Marigolp Cluster- 

Cups ; aggregate ; peridia somewhat campanulate, with numerous 

minute marginal teeth; spores bright orange, subglobose or oval. 

— On leaves and petioles of Caltha palustris. Margin of peridia 

pale and brittle. Bare. Spring. 

JEcidium Ranunculaceanun, DC. Crowfoot Cluster- 

Cups; spots obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia in irregular 

heaps, densely crowded together ; spores orange.—On leaves 

of various Ranunculaceae ; very common on jK. Ficaria, not uncommon 

on R. repens, more rarely on R. acris and R. bulhosm 

Spring. (Plate II. figs. 12—14.)


^cidium Gralii, Pers. Bedstratv Cluster-Cups ; spots 

linear or oblong, obscurely brown; peridia scattered, rarely aggregate, 

dentate, "uhitish ; spores white.— On the leaves of Galium 

verum and G. mollv.go. (Plate II. figs. 15— 17.) 

I am doubtful whether the JEcidium on Galium mollugo is 

really this species. — (J/. C. C.) 

JEcidiiiin Bunii, DC. Pig-nut Cluster-Cups ; spots 

obliterated, subiculum thickened — ; peridia in irregular subrotund 

or oval heaps; spores orange. On Bunium bulbocastanum and 

Pimpinella saxifraga. Spring. 

JEcidium Valerianacearum, Dub. Valerian Cluster- 

Cups ; hypogenous, rarely cauline, spots on a tliickened subcircular 

or oblong base ; iêridia scattered, more or less crowded, 

cup-shaped, tawny, margin erect, denticulate ; spores dirty-yellow. 

— On Valeriana officinalis and V. dioica. North Britain. 

-Slcidiuni Asperifolii, Pers. Borage Cluster-Cups ; 

clusters subrotund, on a slightly thickened subiculum; peridia 

scattered ; spores yellowish-white.—On leaves of various Boragineoi. 

Summer. The parts of the leaves on which it occurs are 

rendered concave on one side and convex on the other. 

JEcidium Grossuiarise. DC. Gooseberry Cluster-Cups; 

spots yellow, bright red on the opposite side, with a yellow border 

; peridia crowded in roundish heaps, at length brown, and 

surrounded with a brown area; spores orange. 

— On leaves and 

fruit of Gooseberry and Currant. Common. May to June. 

^cidium Urticse, DC. Nettle Cluster-Cups; spots 

obliterated, subiculum thickened; peridia disposed in elongated 

or subrotund heaps, at first subglobose, then gaping; spores 

orange. — On leaves and steins of Nettles, distorting them very 

much. Common. June. (Plate I. figs. 10, 11.) 

-Scidium Behenis, DC. Bladder-Campion Cluster- 

Cups ; spots yellow, brown on opposite side ; peridia somewliat 

circinating, in subrotund heaps ; spores brown.— On Silene inflata. 

Not common. Some of the peridia are short and open, others 

larger and closed. 

.Sleidium Orobi, DC. Bitter-Vetch Cluster-Cups ; 

spots yellow, effused ; peridia scattered and disposed in small 

heaps ; spores at length white. — On stems and leaves of Orohus 

taberosus. Scotland. 

y. Suhimmersce. 

.aJcidium Compositarum, Mart. Composite Cluster- 

Cups ; spots purplish, subrotund, confluent above ; peridia 

crowded, in orbicular patches, or circinating, on the under suiface ; 

spores orange, oval.

APPENDIX. 193 

Var. a. Taraxaci, Grey. ; 

clusters small, scattered.— On leaves 

of the Dandelion. June to July. 

Var. b. Prenanthis, Pers. ; spots circular or irregular, purplish ; 

subiculum incrassated.— On leaves of Hawkweed {Hieracmm 

Summer. 

paludosum). 

Var. c. Tussilaginis, Pers. clusters 

; round, on a thickened base ; 

peridia circinating.—On the under surface of leaves of Coltsfoot 

and Butterbur. Common. Autumn. 

Var. d. Jacoh(2(B, Grev. ; pustular, soon becoming agglomerated, 

numerous, depressed ; peridia into splitting short, brittle, yellowish-white 

teeth.— On leaves of Senecio Jacohtxa and Sonclms 

arvensis. June to August. 

Var. e. 

Lapsani, Purt. ; spots purplish, irregular, confluent, 

on both sides of the leaves; peridia amphigenous, in 

irregular patches or scattered, not prominent, teeth numerous, 

minute, reflexed; spores yellow, oval. — On both surfaces of 

the leaves of Lapsana communis. April. Not uncommon. 

Jacidium Saniculse, Carm. Sanicle Cluster-Cups; 

spots purplish, slightly incrassated, small, scattered, roundish ; 

peridia in small circinate clusters, hypogeuous, and on the 

petioles, at first hemispherical, at length open, margin with from 

4 to 6 spreading lobes ; spores yellowish, elliptical. — On the 

under surface of the leaves and on the petioles of Sanicida 

Europcea. Not uncommon. May and June. 

.ZEcidium Violse, Schum. Violet Cluster-Cups; spots 

yellowish ; peridia in irregular heaps, seriate and scattered ; 

spores orange, at length brown.— On leaves, petioles, and sepals 

of Violets. Common. May and June. 

^cidium Poterii, Cooke. Burnet Cluster-Cups ; spots 

obliterated, clusters subrotund or elongated ; 

peridia hypogenous 

and on the petioles, circinating or scattered, immersed, margin 

irregularly fringed with numerous minute teeth, soon falling 

away; spores yellowish, oval. — On the under surface of the 

leaflets and on the petioles of Poterium Sanguisorba. Bare. May 

and June. Dartford Brent, Kent. 

^cidium Geranii, DC. Cranesbill Cluster-Cups; 

spots yellow and purple ; peridia in circinating clusters ; spores 

yellow, at length brown.— On the under surface of leaves of 

Geranium pratense and G. dissectum. Not common. 

-Slcidium Menthse, DC. Mint Cluster-Cups; spots 

obliterated; subiculum thickened; peridia scattered, — emersed, or 

aggregate immersed ; spores orange, elliptic. On various Mints. 

Common. 

.ZEcidium Seropliularise, DC. Pigwort Cluster-Cups ; 

spots yellowish; peridia in roundish circinate clusters (rarely 

scattered) on the under surface ; spores whitish, becoming tawny.

194 MICKOSCOPIC FUNGI. 

—On the leaves of Scrophularia aqiiatica. Thame and Sydenham, 

Oxon. 

.aicidium Pedicularis, Lobosch. Eed-eattle Cltjstee- 

Curs; spots obliterated, subicuium thickened; peridia thickly 

and irregularly clustered, subimmersed ; spores dirty, pallid 

— orange. On petioles, leaves, and stems of Pedicularis palustris. 

Not common. 

.^cidium Primulse, DC. Primrose Cluster-Cups; 

spots obliterated ; 

peridia solitary, scattered, and crowded, hypogenous 

; spores whitish-yellow. — On the under surface of leaves 

of Primroses. Not common. May. 

^cidium rubellum, Pers. Dock Cluster-Cups ; spots 

purple ; peridia circinating, centre free ; spores yellowish-white. — 

On leaves of Dock and Sorrel. Not uncommon in moist localities. 

May and June. 

-ffieidium Ari, Berk. Wake-robin Cluster-Cups ; spots 

round, confluent ; peridia circinating, not crowded, central ones 

abortive.— On leaves of Arum maculatum. Not common. June 

and July. 

.ffieidium Dracontii, Schwein. Arum Cluster-Cups ; 

spots pallid, extensively scattered over the leaves, sometimes 

nearly covering them ; peridia large, scattered, — abundant, disposed 

without order on the spots ; spores orange. On Arum triphyllum, 

in gardens. Melbury, 1863 [Rev. M. J. B.) A North American 

species. 

-Scidiimi Allii, Grev. Garlic Cluster-Cups ; spots 

pale ; peridia circinating, not contiguous ; spores 

•— On leaves of broad-leaved Garlic {Allium ursiuum). 

yellowish. 

June and 

July. 

Endophyllum, Leo. 

Feridium enclosed within the substance of the leaf, bursting 

irregularly. 

EndophyllTim Sempervivi, Lev.; peridia immersed, 

elUptic or roundish ; spores ochraceous, becoming brownish.—On 

leaves of Houseleek.

APPENDIX. 195 

PUCCINIÎ. 

— 

a. Spores stipitate. 

Spores multiseptate 

moniliform 

Xenodoclms. 

cylindrical . . . . . . . . Aregma. 

biseptate .. .. .. .. 

Triphragmkim. 

uniseptate 

Fnccinia. 

h. Spores immersed in gelatine. 

Stroma tremelloid and expanded 

. . . . 

Gymnosporangium. 

clavate or club-shaped 

• . . . Fodisoma. 

Xenodochus, Sclil. 

Spores multiseptate, moniliform, breaking up into many distinct 

articulations.— Berk. Outl., pp. 328. 

Xenodochus carbonarius, Schl. Burnet Chain-Brand ; 

scattered, in small tufts, hypogenous ; spores curved or straight, 

composed of from 5 to 15 articulations ; 

obtuse at one extremity, 

slightly attenuate at the other.—On Burnet. Very rare. (Plate 

III. fig. 29.) 

Aregma, Er. 

Spores cylindrical, multiseptate, 

— scarcely moniliform, borne on 

a long peduncle. Berk. OutL, p. 329. 

Aregma mucronatuin, Fr. Rose Brand ; hypogenous, 

scattered over the leaves in minute tufts ; 

spores 5- to 7-septate, 

terminal joint mucronate; peduncles incrassated below, fusiform.—On 

leaves of various Koses. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate 

III. fig. 38.) 

Aregma acuminatum, Fr. Burnet Brand ; hypogenous, 

scattered in minute tufts; — spores multiseptate, terminal joint 

acuminate; peduncles equal. On Bui'net leaves. July. Common. 

(Plate 111. fig. 32.) 

Aregma bulbosum, Fr. Bramble Brand ; hvpogenous, 

with a dull red stain on the upper surface ; spores in large tufts, 

4-septate, terminal joint apiculate ; peduncles incrassated, and 

bulbous at the base.—On Bramble leaves. Autumn. Very 

common. (Plate 111. fig. 41.) 

Aregma gracile, Berk. Easpberry Brand ; hjT)ogenoTis, 

scattered, in small tufts ; spores 7- to 9-septate, the terminal joint 

apiculate; peduncles slender.—On Raspberry leaves. Autumn. 

(Plate 111. fig. 43.) 

o 2

19G MICROSCOPIC PUXGI. 

Aregma obtusatum, Pr. Strawberry Brand; hj^pofênous, 

scattered, in minute tufts ; 

spores multiseptate, terminal 

joint obtuse ; peduncles equal. — On leaves of barren Strawberry. 

Autumn. Common. (Plate III. fig. 35.) 

Triphragmium, Lk. 

Spores frilocular, septa mostly vertical and horizontal.— Berk. 

OutL, p. 332. 

Triphragmiuni Ulmarise, Lk. Meadow-sweet Brand ; 

spots obliterated ; 

sori at first subrotund, covered with the epidermis 

; 

at length, when the cuticle has vanished, effuse ; spores 

brown, subturbinate, divided by a vertical dissepiment, shortly 

pedicellate. — On leaves of Meadow-sweet, Spiraa uhiaria. 

Autumn. (Plate III. fig. 48.) 

Puccinia, Pers. 

Spores uniseptate, supported on a distinct peduncle. — Berl:. 

OutL, p. 329. 

Puccinia graminis, Pers. Corn Mildew; spots pale, 

diffuse ; 

sori linear, confluent, amphigeuous ; spores at length 

black, clavate, very slightly constricted.— On the leaves and culms 

of corn and grass. Autumn. Very common, and injurious to 

com. (Plate IV. figs. 57—59.) 

Var. /3. Amndinis, Grev. Sori broad ; spores more constricted 

and with longer peduncles. 

— On the leaves and sheaths of reeds. 

Very common. 

Puccinia striola, Lk. Sedge Mildew ; spots pallid ; 

sori 

linear, crowded, distinct, subconvex; spores at length black, 

oblong and slightly constricted, or obovate, and not constricted. 

— On Sedges, Rushes, &c. Autumn. Common. 

Puccinia coronata, Cd. Coronated Mildew ; spots pallid 

; 

sori linear, short, crowded, not confluent, surrounded by tho 

ruptured epidermis ; spores shortly pedicellate, pallid the 

; apex 

surrounded by obtuse radiating teeth.— On various Grasses. 

Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 60— 62.) 

Puccinia truncata, B. and Br. Iris Brand ; spots 

obliterated; sori oblong, brown, surrounded by the scarious 

epidermis ; spores obovate-oblong, even, attenuated below, 

upper cell abruptly truncate.—On Iris foetidissima. Autumn. 

Puccinia Asparagi, DC Asparagus Brand ; spots none ; 

sori reddish-brown, generally on the stems, scattered and crowded, 

surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; spores oblong, obtuse, 

constricted ; peduncle white, long, thread-like.—On dead sterna 

of Asparagus. Autumn.

APPENDIX. 197 

Puceinia Polygonorura, Lk. Polygonum Brand ; 

spots 

Tcllowisli; sori minute, crowded into orbicular patches; spores 

i 

rown-black,obovate-oblong, frequently constricted, with the upper 

joint globose. — On the under surface of the leaves of various 

t;pecies of Polygonum. Autumn. Common. 

Puceinia vaginalium, Lk. Knotgrass Brand; spots 

none ; 

sori hypogenous, subrotuud or oblong, at first surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores brown, obtusely ovate ; pedicels 

long, filiform.—On leaves and stems of Knotgrass, Polygonum avu 

culare. Autumn. 

Puceinia Thesii, Chaill. Bastard-toadflax Brand; 

cauline and amphigenous ; 

sori blackish-brown, small, roundish, 

or oblong, convex, scattered or aggregate, surrounded by the 

luptured epidermis — ; spores ovate, obtuse, scarcely constricted ; 

pedicels elongated. On Thesitcm humifusum, in company with 

j^cidmm Thesii. Chipstead, Surrey, Oct. 14, 1864. {A. Grugeon.) 

Puceinia Primulse, Grev. Primrose Brand ; 

hypogenous, 

deep brown, solitary, scattered, or 

• 

concentric and subconfluent 

spores obovate-oblong, slightly constricted. — On Primrose leaves. 

Not common. 

Puceinia Veronicarum, DC. Veronica Brand; spots 

yellowish sori 

; subglobose, aggregate, or circinating, central one 

large; spores brown, obovate-oblong, more or less constricted. 

of Veronica. 

— On the under surface of the leaves of several species 

Not common. 

Puceinia Glechomatis, DC. Ground-Ivy Brand ; 

spots 

brownish; sori subrotund, scattered, hypogenous; spots brown, 

rather short, subelliptic, scarcely at all constricted.—On leaves of 

Ground Ivy, Glechoma hederacea. September and October. Not 

uncommon. (Plate IV. figs. 73, 74.) 

Puceinia Menthse, Pers. Mint Brand ; spots obliterated ; 

sori varying in size, hypogenous, subrotund, scattered; spores 

at length black, subglobose, or angular; peduncles short.—On 

leaves of Mint, Wild Thyme, Marjoram, &c. Autumn. Common. 

(.Plate IV. figs. 09, 70.) 

Puceinia Scorodonise, Lk. Wood-sage Brand; spots 

obliterated ; 

sori small, confluent in subrotund patches, hypogenous 

; spores cinnamon ; peduncles very long.—On leaves of Woodsage. 

Darenth Wood. Not common. 

Puceinia Serophularise, Lib. Pigwort Brand; spots 

pallid sori 

; subrotund, oblong, or linear and confluent, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores very much crowded, subglobose 

or oval, brownish, plicate, but not truly septate ; pedicels 

elongated.—On Scroplmlaria aquatica. Penzance. Very rare.


^ 

Puccinia BetoniesB, DC. Betony Brand; spots obliterated 

; 

sori hypogenous, subrotund, aggregate, surrounded by 

the ruptured epidermis ; spores very pale-brown, short, obovate, 

— 

elliptic ; peduncles short. On Stachys Betonica. Rare. 

Puccinia Vincee, Berk. Periwinkle Brand; spots yellowish 

; 

sori hypogenous, scattered, subrotund, surrounded by 

the ruptured epidermis ; spores brown, oblong, slightly constricted, 

lower cell rather" attenuated; peduncle 

— 

very short. On leaves of 

Vinca major. (Plate VI. fig. 182.) Autumn. Not uncommon. 

Puccinia Campanulse, Carm. Campanula Brand ; spots 

apparently none; sori large, irregular, crowded, for a long time 

covered with the epidermis, at length surrounded by it ; spores 

oblong-ovate, or slightly constricted ; peduncles very short.— On 

Campanulce. Not common, i 

Puccinia clandestina, Carm. Scabious Brand; spots 

yellowish; sori very minute, distinct, but collected together in 

great numbers, dark-brown ; epidermis — evanescent ; spores oblong, 

very slightly constricted, pedunculate. On Scabiosa succisa. Not 

common. 

Puccinia Compositarum, Sch. Compositê Brand; 

spots obliterated or whitish; sori small, subrotund, generally 

hypogenous, enckcled with the ruptured epidermis ; spores brown, 

oval, scarcely constricted.— On the leaves of Centaurea;^ &c. 

Autumn. Common. (Plate IV. figs. 67, 68.) 

Puccinia Syngenesiarum, Lk. Thistle Brand ; spots 

obliterated ; 

sori minute, collected in oval blackish-brown, 

raised spots, covered with the epidermis ; spores brown ; peduncles 

very short.— On the leaves of Thistles. Autumn. 

Common. (Plate IV. figs. 63, 64.) 

Puccinia glomerata, Grev. Ragwort Brand; spots 

pale sori 

; roundish, depressed, often confluent ; spores oblong, 

very variable; peduncles short. 

— On leaves of Ragwort, Senecio 

Jacohcea. Not common. 

Puccinia variabilis, Grev. Variable Brand ; 

sori amphigenous, 

minute, roundish, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, 

nearly black ; spores variable, obtuse, cells often subdivided ; 

peduncle very short.—On leaves of Dandelion. Summer and 

Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate IV, figs. 82, 83.) 

Puccinia Valantise, Pers. Crosswort Brand ; spots obKterated 

; sori small, subrotund, scattered or crowded ; spores 

pale-brown, obovate, attenuated below, the upper segment 

globular, easily separating. — On Galium cniciatum. Autumn. 

Not common.

APPENDIX. 199 

Puccinis', Galiorum, Lk. Bedstraw Brand ; spots obliterated 

; 

sorj hypogeuous, partly covered with and surrounded by 

the ruptured epidermis, scattered ; spores brown.— On the leaves 

of several species of Galium and Asperida odorata. Not uncommon. 

(Plate VIII. figs. 172, 173.) 

Puccinia Umbelliferarum, DC. Pig-nut Brand ; spots 

obliterated ; 

sori small and scattered, subrotund, surrounded by 

the remains of the ruptured epidermis; spores brown, broadly 

elliptic, much constricted ; peduncle short.— On various tlnibellijem. 


Puccinia -ffigopodii, Lk. Goutwêed Brand; spots brown; 

sori minute, subrotund and elongated, surrounded by the ruptured 

epidermis, often circiuating, and forming roundish patches; 

spores brown ; peduncles very short.— On J^gopodium podagraria. 

Puccinia Saniculse, Grev. Sanicle Brand; orbicular, 

variable in size, blackish-brown, scattered, rather confluent ; spores 

very obtuse; peduncles somewhat elongated. 

— Oa Saniculd 

'Europcea. Not uncommon. Summer and Autumn. 

Puccinia bullaria, Lk. Hemlock Brand; spots obliterated 

; 

sori subrotund or oblong, covered with the epidermis ; 

spores brown, peduncle short, nearly obsolete.— On dry stems of 

Conium maculatum and other Umbelliferce. August and Sept. 

Puccinia Smyrnii, Cd. Alexander's Brand ; spots obliterated 

sori ; hypogenous, large, solitary, scattered, brown ; spores 

ovoid, obtuse, verrucose, slightly constricted, minutely pedicellate. 

— On Smyrnium olusairum. (Plate III. figs. 55, 56.) 

Puccinia Anemones, Pers. Anemone Brand ; spots obliterated; 

sori subrotund, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, 

scattered, aggregate, and confluent; spores brown, very much 

constricted, consisting of two nearly globose portions, echinulate 

— 

; 

peduncles very short. On various species of Anemone. Very 

common on Anemone nemorosa. April and May. (Plate IV. figs. 

64;, 65.) 

Puccinia Calthse, Lk. 

Marsh-Marigold Brand; spots 

brownish ; 

sori small, subrotund, convex, surrounded by the ruptured 

epidermis, scattered ; spores obovate, attenuated below, 

slightly constricted ; peduncle very short.— On leaves of Marsh 

Marigold. Spring. Bare. 

Puccinia Noli-tangeris, Corda. Ba.lsam Brand ; spots 

irregular, confluent, brownish ; 

sori gregarious, reddish-brown ; 

spores oblong, obtuse or attenuated, distinctly apiculate, brown ; 

peduncles rudimentary. On leaves of Impatiens noli-tangere. 

Gathered at Albury, Surrey, by the Rev. L. Jeuyns. 

— (M.J.B.)


Puccinia Violarum, Lk. Violet Brand ; spots yellowish ; 

sori hypogenous, small, crowded, covered with the epidermis, 

then surrounded it 

by 

; spores brown, elliptic or broadly elliptic, 

— 

slightly constricted. On Violets. Autumn. Common. 

Puccinia Lychnidearum, Lk. Lychnis Brand; spots 


; 

subrotund or oblong, unequal, scattered, rarely 

confluent ; spores white, at length brown, elongated, oblong, 

slightly constricted.—On leaves and stems of Lychnida^ Sagina 

procumbens. Autumn. Common. 

Puccinia umbilici, Guep. Penny -wort Brand ; 

spores subglobose, not constricted, shortly 

pedicellate. — On Cotyledon umbilicus. 

seated on 

pallid spots ; 

sori round, convex, compact, at length confluent in 

large orbicular patches ; 

Penzance, Guernsey, Corwen, 

N. Wales. W. PcmpUti. (Plate IV. figs. 80, 8L) 

Puccinia Rhodiolse, B. and Br, Stonecrop Brand ; spots 

orbicular, brown ; 

sori minute, crowded ; spores shortly pedicellate, 

articulations depressed, sometimes spuriously subdivided. 

— On leaves of Seduni Rhodiola. Summer. Not common. 

Puccinia Saxifragarum, Schl. Moschatel Brand ; spots 

obliterated; sori subrotund, scattered, crowded and confluent, 

when young surrounded by the epidermis; spores red-brown, 

rather short, oblong, slightly constricted.— On both surfaces of 

the leaves of Adoxa inoschatellina. Not uncommon. Summer. 

Puccinia Chrysosplenii, Grev. Golden-saxifrage Brand; 

sori of various sizes, 10,%"^ together and confluent, pale brown; 

spores long, somewhat waved, much attenuated at either extremity; 

peduncle elongated. — On the under surface of the leaves 

of Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. Rare. 

Puccinia Epilobii, DC. Willow-herb Brand; spots 

pale ; 

sori hypogenous, subrotund, crowded ; epidermis evanescent; 

spores effuse, cinnamon, broadly elliptic, strongly constricted ; 

peduncles very short.— On the leaves of Epilobium palmtre. 

Not common. 

Puccinia pulverulenta, Grev. Great Willow-herb 

Brand sori ; hypogenous, dark-brown, scattered or subconfluont, 

open concentric; spores minute, obovate, slightly constricted, 

lower cell rather attenuated ; 

— 

peduncle not very short. On the 

leaves of Epilobium montanum and E. hirsutum. August and September. 


Puccinia Circsese, Pers. Nightshade Brand ; spots obliterated 

sori ; minute, semiglobose, crowded into subrotund patches, 

occasionally confluent, generally covered with the epidermis ; 

spores brown, oblong, often acute, sometimes obtuse ; peduncles 

long, thick.— On the leaves of Circaa lutetiana and C. alpina. 

Autumn. Not common.

APPENDIX. 201 

Puccinia Prunorum, Lk. Plum-tree Erand ; spots obliterated 

; sori liypogenous, subrotund scattered, epidermis obliterated; 

spores brown, peduncles very short.—On the leaves of 

Plum-trees. September and October. Very common. 

Puccinia Fabse, Lk. Bean Brand ; spots none ; 

sori subrotund, 

or elongated, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis ; spores 

at — 

length black, ovato-globose ; peduncle slencfer. On Beans. 

August and September. Not uncommon. 

Puccinia Buxi, DC. Box Brand ; spots none ; 

sori subrotund, 

convex, scattered ; spores brown, oblong, rather strongly 

— 

constricted, lower cell slightly attenuated ; peduncle very long. 

On both surfaces of Box-leaves. April and May. Not uncommon. 

Gymnosporangium, DC. 

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a tremelloid 

expanded mass. Spores uniseptate. 

Gymnosporangium Juniper i, Lk. ; forming a soft gelatinous, 

irregular, orange mass ; spores ovate or subelliptic, filled 

with subglobose granules. 

— On living twigs of Juniperus communis. 

PODISOMA, Lk. 

Peduncles extremely long, agglutinated by gelatine into a common 

stem, spreading out — above into a clavaricpform mass; 

spores mostly uniseptate. Berk. Outl., p. 331. 

Podisoma Juniperi, Pr. ; orange, clavariaeform, somewhat 

branched ; 

stroma — simple ; spores very long, lanceolate, filled with 

eUiptic granules. On living branches of Juniperus communis* Not 

common. 

Podisoma foliieolum, B.; epiphyllous, brown-black masses, 

subglobose, subelliptic, or in-egular, consisting of radiating, 

crowded^ very slender, agglutinated filaments, each bearing an 

elliptic or clavate, very obtuse spore, 3- to 5-septate.—On living 

leaves of Juniperus communis. Bare. 

Podisoma Sabinge, Pr. ; red-brown, tuberculiform and 

clavate, simple ; 

stroma obliterated ; spores obovate, uniseptate. 

— On living branches ot\/2^;«jo(?r«5/S'«6///


C-ZSOMACEI. 

Spores of gne order — 

Tilletia > 

Simple and free. 

Without appendages, 

Springing from delicate threads • 

Produced — 

in separate cells. 

Very common. (Plate V. figs. 98, 99.) 

Deeply seated, pulverulent, 

generally nearly black . . 

Superficial, yellow or brown 

Ustilago. 

Uredo. 

l\ot inclosed in separate cells 

Lecythea. 

With appendages. 

Deciduous 

Permanent 

Trichobasis. 

Uromyces. 

Compound. 

Irregular 

Polycystis. 

Subglobose or shell-shaped 

Tuburcinia. 

— 

Spores of two orders 1. 

1. 

1. 

Spherical 

Spherical 

Concatenate, exposed . . . • I 

2. 

2. Cylindrical, septate 

Wedge-shaped, compact 

Spherical, concealed . . . . ji 

Coleosporium. 

Melampsora, 

Cystopus. 

TiLLETIA, Tul. 

Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched 

threads. 

Tilletia caries, Tul. Bunt; included within the germen; 

sjjores spherical, rather large, black.—On wheat, filling the grains 

with dark-coloured spores, fetid when crushed. Autumn. Very 

common. (Plate V. figs. 84— 91.) 

UsTiLAGO, Link. 

Plant deeply seated. Spores simple, springing from delicate 

threads, or in closely-packed cells, ultimately 

into a — 

powdery mass. Berk. Outl., p. 335. 

breaking up 

Ustilago segetum, Ditm. Corn Smut ; produced on the 

receptacle and rachis ; epidermis soon ruptui'ed ; spores loose, 

— 

minute, globose, black. On the ears of corn and grasses. Autumn.

APPENDIX. 203 

UstilapfO Tirceolorum, Tul. Sedge S:mut ; produced on the 

glumes and utricles ; epidermis soon bursting ; spores in a compact 

mass, afterwards breaking up, globose, rather large, granulated. 

— Surrounding the seed of various Carices ; as, Carex prcecox, stellulata, 

recurva, and jpseudo-cypenis. Autumn. Not uncommon. 

(Plate VI. figs. 109-111.) 

Ustilago longissima, Tul. Elongated Sîut; produced 

on the leaves in linear, long, parallel, dirty-olive patches; epidermis 

bursting longitudinally ; 

spores globose, breaking up into 

minute granules, olive-black.— On leaves of Foa aquatica and 

fluiians. Summer. Common. (Plate V. figs. 105— 107.) 

Ustilago olivacea, Tul. Olive Smut ; infesting the enlarged 

receptacle ; epidermis soon bursting ; spores olive-green, powdery, 

minute, mixed with filaments.— On Carex riparia. Not common. 

(Plate YI. figs. 126, 127.) 

Ustilago hypodytes, Fr. Grass-culm Smut ; produced on 

the culms beneath the sheaths, afterwards exposed; spores 

minute, subglobose, brownish-black. — On the culms of various 

Grasses. Summer. ^Sometimes not uncommon. (Plate V. figs. 

100, 101.) 

Ustilago Maydis, Corda. Maize Smut ; produced on the 

stems, germens, &c. ; epidermis at length bursting ; 

sp9res 

spherical, minute, brownish-black, surface covered with echinulate 

warts.— On stems, &c., of Zea mays. (Plate V. fig. 108.) 

Ustilago Montagnei, Tul. Beaksedge Smut ; produced 

on the seeds ; 

epidermis bursting ; spores slightly angular, small, 

dark-coloured, intermixed sparingly with fragile filaments.— On 

seeds of Rhyncospora alba. Not common. (Plate V. figs. 96, 97.) 

Ustilago tsrphoides, B. and Br. Reed Smut ; produced on 

the stems of reeds, forming thick buUate patches several inches 

long, occupying whole — internodes, covered by their sheath; spores 

globose, rather large. On stems of Arundo phragmitis. Autumn. 

Not uncommon. (Plate VI. figs. 128, 129.) 

Ustilago Salveii, B. and Br. Cockseoot Smut ; produced 

on the leaves, forming elongated parallel sori on the upper surface 

; spores obovate, rather large, rough with minute granules. 

— On leaves of Dactylis glomerata and other Grasses. Not common. 

(Plate VI. figs. 117-119.) 

Ustilago grammica, B. and Br. Banded Smut ; forming 

little transverse bands consisting of short parallel black lines, 

^ of an inch or more in length ; spores globose, very minute.—On 

sfems of Aim aquatica and A. ccespitom. Uncommon. (Plate VI. 

figs. 120—123.)

20 i MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

Ustilago vinosa, Tiil. Oxyeia Smut; produced on tlie 

swollen receptacles; spores _ 

roundish, very small, and minutely 

papillose, separately pellucid, in clusters, violaceous.— On the 

receptacles of Oxyria reniformis. Uncommon, 

Ustilago utriciilosa, Tul. Uteicle Smut ; produced in 

the gernien and perigonium ; epidermis soon ruptured ; spores 

effuse, minute, globose, purple-black.—On Folygonum hydropiper 

and other Polygona. Autumn. Not uncommon. (Plate VI. 

figs. 112—116.) 

Ustilago flosculoruin, Pr. Eloret Smut; produced 

within the florets ; spores minute, purplish-brown.— On the 

Covets of Scabiosa arvensis. Not common. (Plate YI. figs. 123— 

125.) 

Ustilago receptaeulorum, Fr, Goatsbeard Smut; 

produced within the receptacles ; spores ovate, minute, reticulated, 

violet-brown, nearly black, very profuse, filling 

tacle.—On the receptacles of Goatsbeard. June, Julv. 

the recep- 

Common. 

{Plate V. figs. 92—95.) 

Ustilago antheraruin, Pr. Anther Smut; produced 

on the anthers and ffermens; spores subglobose, effuse, violet. 

—On the anthers of Silene injiata, &c. (Plate Y. figs. 102—104.) 

Uredo, Lev. 

Stroma composed of little irregular cells forming a lentifonn 

disk, whose surface is covered with many layers of cells, 

each of which encloses a spore ; spores simple, always 

without any appendage. — Berk. OutL, p. 331. 

* Spores more or less yellow. 

Uredo Potentillarum, DC. Pote^-tilla Uredo; spots 

yellowish sori subrotund and 

; oval, bullate, aggregate, — open, 

confluent ; spores subglobose, subcoherent, orange. On various 

Rosaceoe. Common. 

Uredo Saxifragarum, DC. Saxifrage Uredo ; spots 

pallid ; 

sori subrotund and_ oval,_ raised, scattered and aggregate 

on the under surface — ; epidermis ruptured, persistent ; spores 

subglobose, yellow. On various Saxifrages. 

Uredo Filicum, Desm. Pern Uredo ; spots yeUowisli sori 

; 

subrotund, bullate, scattered and aggregate on the under surface ; 

epidermis at length bursting; spores subglobose, yellow.—On 

Ferns {Cystopteris, &c.) Not common, 

Uredo pust"iilata,P. "Willow-herb Uredo; spots yellowish ; 

sori subrotund, minute, closed, — scattered and confluent on both 

surfaces ; spores globose, yellow. On J^pilolAum palustre.

APPENDIX. 205 

Uredo Hypericorum, DC. St. John's-Wort Uredo ; 

spots yellowish sori 

; subrotund, small, bullate, distinct, scattered 

on the under surface ; epidermis at lenprth bursting ; spores subglobose, 

cohering, orange.— On various Hyperica. August. Not 

uncommon. (Plate Vlll. figs. 174, 175.) 

Uredo GaryophyllaceanirQ, Johnst. StitchwortUredo; 

spots yellowish sori ; subglobose, scattered and aggregate, minute, 

generally on the — under surface ; epidermis closed ; spores oval, at 

length yellow. On various Caryophyllacea>. Autumn. 

Uredo Quercus, Brond. Oak-leaf Uredo ; 

on the under 

surface sori ; yellow, then orange, minute, ovate, and orbicular, 

slightly prominent, scattered, solitary or agglomerated into minute 

patches, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis ; spores subglobose, 

pellucid, not cohering.—On Oak-leaves. September. Not 

common. 4 

Uredo porphyrogenita, Kze. Bird-cherry Uredo; 

spots purplish sori 

; suorotund, small, aggregate, hypogenous ; 

epidermis at length ruptured; spores coherent, subglobose.— On 

leaves of Prunus Padus. Scotland, 18G3. {Rev. M. J. Berkeley) 

Uredo Vaccinioruni, P. BilberryUredo ; spots yellowbrown 

; 

sori subrotund, minute, aggregate, and scattered, on the 

under surface of the leaves ; epidermis seldom ruptured ; spores 

ovoid, yellowish. — On Vaccinium Myrtillns and V. vitis-idaa. 

Scotland. 

Uredo confluens, DC. Mercury Uredo ; 

on the under 

surface, depressed, yellow, oblong, concentric, at length confluent 

; spores nearly oval. — On Mercnrudls perennis and M. 

annua. May, June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 133, 134.) 

Uredo Alliorum, DC. 

Garlic Uredo; spots obliterated; 

sori linear, oblong, and oval, on both surfaces ; spores ovoid or 

subglobose, yellow or whitish.— On various species of Allium. 

Common. 

* * Spores brown. 

Uredo Statices, Desm. Sea-lavender Uredo ; 

sori lew 

and scattered, orbicular or oval ; spores sessile, globose, brown. 

— On various species of Statice. 

Nightshade Uredo; sori minute, 

Uredo Circsese, A. & S. 

crowded, subrotund, slightly confluent, on the under surface ; 

spores irregular, ovate, small, ochraceous.— On leaves of Circaa 

lutetiana. June, July. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 135, 13G.) 

Uredo bifrons, Grev. Twin-faced Uredo. On both sur 

faces of the leaves, often opposite, scattered, round, light-brown, 

girt with the remains of the epidermis; spores globose.—On Sorrelleaves 

(Rumex acetosa and R. acetosella). July, September. Common. 

(Plate VII. figs. 137-139 )


Lecythea, LSd. 

stroma surrounded or sprinkled with elongated abortive spores. 

Spores free, invested with their mother-cell, or concatenate.— 

Berk. Outl., p. 334. 

* Spores free. 

Lecythea Ruborum, Lev. Bkamble Eust. Spots pale, 

brown or purple on the opposite side, sometimes depressed 

above ; sori subrotund, aggregate ; epidermis soon bursting ; 

spores globose or subglobose, echinulate, bright ochraceousyellow. 

— On the under surface of Bramble-leaves. July and 

August. Very common. (Plate III. fig. 40.) 

Lecjrthea Rosse, Lev, Rose Rust ; spots yellow, small, 

scattered ; spores sub-oval, sometimes minutely pedicellate, 

orange. — On Rose-leaves. Julv, September. Extremely common. 

(Plate III. fig. 37.) 

Lecythea Poterii, Lev. Burnet Rust ; spots obliterated, 

rufous on the opposite side ; 

sori subrotund, scattered, minute on 

the under surface ; epidermis bursting ; spores subglobose, often 

pedicellate, intense orange ; 

barren spores pale, cylindrical, and 

— 

sHghtly curved. Ovi Foterium Sanguisorba. Summer. Common. 

(Plate III. fig. 31.) 

Lecythea Populina, Lev. Poplab, Rust; hypogenous; 

sori yellow, roundish or oblong, surrounded by the ruptured 

epidermis; spores copious, elongated or ovate.— On Poplar and 

Birch leaves. Summer. Common. 

Lecythea Euphorbiae, Lev. Spurge Rust ; spots obliterated 

; 

sori subrotund, small, scattered, surrounded by the 

ruptured epidermis; barren spores pyriform or subglobose, pedicellate 

; 

fertile spores subglobose, orange. — On the under surface 

of the leaves of various species of Euphorbia, especially E. 

Iielioscopia and E. peplus. August. Very common. 

Lecythea epitea, Lev. Tawijy Willow Rust; sori 

roundisn, scattered, at first tawny, at length growing pale, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores subrotund and pyriform.— 

On the under surface of Willow-leaves. 

Lecythea mixta, Lev. Orange Willow Rust; spots 

yellow ; 

sori subrotund, aggregate, cotifluent, effuse, permanently 

surrounded by the raptured epiderm.is • spores oblong and pyriform, 

orange.—On both surfaces of the leaves of Willows.

Leeythea Saliceti, Lev, 

APPENDIX. 207 

Common Willow Rust; spots 


; subrotund, solitary, or in circles, surrounded by 

the ruptured epidermis barren 

; 

spores subglobose and pedicellate 

or pyriform ; fertile spores subglobose, orange. — On the under 

surface of Willow-leaves, Autumn, Common. 

Leeythea Baryi, Berk. De Bary's Exist; "^sori 

few; 

cystidia with an abrupt globose head; spores subglobose. — On 

leaves of Brachypodium pennaium. Very rare. 

Leeythea Valeriange, Berk. Valerian KrsT ; spots 

yellowish ; 

sori subrotund, small, confluent, sometimes circinating; 

epidermis at length bursting; spores — reddish -brown, subglobose 

or clavate, shortly pedicellate. On Valeridiia officinalis. 

August. 

* ^' 

Spores invested. 

Leeythea gyrosa, Berk. Hinged Rust ; spots obliterated ; 

sori minute, confluent, and forming a small distinct ring; epidermis 

bursting ; spores globose and elongato-pyriform, yellow or 

;âle.— On the upper surface of Raspberry and Bramble leaves, 

forming a more or less perfect ring with the centre unoccupied. 

Septeinber. (Plate VIII. figs. 162-164.) 

* * * Spores concatenate. 

Leeythea Caprsearum, Berk. Sallow Rust ; spots 

obliterated, yellow on the opposite side ; 

sori varied in form, here 

and there confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; 

barren spores subglobose and pyriform, pedicellate ; 

fertile spores 

subglobose, dirty yellow.—On the under surface of the leaves 

of Sallows. June to August. Very common. (Plate VIII. figs. 

160, 161.) 

Leeythea Lini, Berk, Flax Rust"; spots yellowish ; 

sori 

subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis ; 

spores globose or pyriform, sometimes pedicellate. 

— On Linum 

catharticum. July. Not uncommon. (Plate VIII. figs. 165— 

167.) 

TmcHOBASis, Lev. 

Spores free ; 

attached at first to a short peduncle, which at 

length falls away. — Berk. Outl., pp. 332. 

* Spores yellow. 

Trichobasis rubigo-vera. Lev. Round Corn Rust; 

spots yellow, heaps oval, scattered, generally on the upper 

surface ; epidermis at length bursting longitudinally — ; spores subglobose, 

reddish brown, easily dispersed. On Grasses and Corn. 

Throughout the Summer. Very common. (Plate VII. figs. 140— 

142.)


Trichobasis linearis, Lev. Long Corn Rust; spots 

yellow-brown. Sori elliptic, then elongated and linear ; epidermis 

bursting; spores oblong or globose, yellow.—On leaves and 

sheaths of Corn and Grasses. Summer. Common. (Plate VII. 

figs. 143, 144.) 

Trichobasis Glumarum, Lev. Glume Rust; sori minute, 

round, scarcely convex, subgregarious, often confluent. Spores 

globose or subovoid, orange, not pedicellate ; epispore smooth. 

— On the glumes of Cereals. August. 

Trichobasis Symphyti, Lev. Comfrey Rust ; 

Sori 

minute, very numerous, scattered, roundish, then confluent; 

epidermis ruptured, scarcely conspicuous around the margin ; 

spores subglobose, pallid orange. — On Comfrey. 

Trichobasis Pyrolae, B. Wintergreen Rust; spots 

yellowish-brown on the opposite side; sori globose, minute, 

scattered or aggregate, on the under surface ; epidermis generally 

closed ; spores subglobose, yellow.—On Pyrola rotundifolia, &c. 

Trichobasis Petroselini, B. Parsley Rust; spots 

yellowish ; 

sori subrotund and oval, confluent, on both surfaces ; 

epidermis at length ruptured; spores globose or subglobose, 

occasionally obsoletely pedicellate, pale yellow.—On various 

Umbellifer(je. 

Trichobasis Senecionis, B. Groundsel Rust; spots 

obliterated; sori solitary or regularly crowded, subrotund and 

oval, on the under surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis; 

spores subglobose, orange. — On various species of Groundsel. 

July. Very common. (Plate VII. figs. 145, 146.) 

Trichobasis Caricina, B. Sedge Rust ; spots red ; 

sori 

oval, minute, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis ; 

spores subglobose, reddish, then brown.— On Carex pendula, C. 

pseudo-cyperus, &c. June to August. Common. (Plate VIII. 

figs. 170, 171.) 

* •' 

Spores brown. 

oblongata, B. Luzula Rust ; spots oblong, 

often confluent, yeUow-brown sori 

; elliptic, on botli surfaces ; 

. Trichobasis 

— epidermis closed ; spores brown, obtuse at either extremity. On 

Luzula. May to July. (Plate VII. figs. 158, 159.) 

Trichobasis Scillarum, B. Hyacinth Rust ; sp9ts 

oblong or subrotund, crowded into patches ; epidermis bursting 

longitudinallv ; spores rubiginous, obovate, shortly pedunculate. 

—On the Wild Hyacinth, &c. 

Trichobasis Cichoracearum, Lev. Hawkweed Rust ; 

on both sides of the leaf, dark, fuscous, minute, — round, scattered : 

spores globose, rarely minutely pedicellate. On Thistles and 

Hawkweed. July to September. Common.

APPENDIX. 200 

Trichobasis Artemisise, B. Mugwort Kust ; spots obliterated, 

brownish on the opposite side ; 

sori subglobose and 

oval, minute, scattered, on both surfaces ; epidermis soon ruptured 

; spores subglobose, brownish.— On Artemisia vtdgaris, &c. 

Not common. 

Trichobasis Labiatarum, Lev. Mint Rust ; spots 

yellowish and brown; sori subrotund, scattered, subaggregate, 

on the under surface ; epidermis ruptured ; spores subglobose, 

brown.— On various Lahiatce. August to September. Common. 

Trichobasis Lychnidearum, Lev. Chickweed Rust ; 

spots pallid yellowish sori subrotund 

; plane, scattered on the 

under surface, cinnamon, at length brownish ; epidermis ruptured ; 

spores globoso-ovoid, sessile, or shortly pedicellate. 

— On Caryophyllacea. 

Summer and Autumn. 

Trichobasis ITmbellatarum, Lev. Hemlock Rust; 

sori subrotund and ovate, scattered, on the under 

spots yellowish ; 

surface, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis ; spores ovate, 

oval, and oblong in the same heap, brown.— On Coniiim maculatumy 

Apium graveolens, and other Umlelllfera. August and September. 

Trichobasis Heraclei, B. Hogweed Rust ; 


under surface, scattered, 

sometimes subconfluent, roundish, light 

brown, girt by the remains of the epidermis ; spores obovate, 

with a very short peduncle. — On Hemcleum spoiidylium. June 

and July. 

Trichobasis Hydrocotyles, Cooke. Flttkewoet Rust ; 

without definite spots sori ; chiefly on the upper, sometimes on 

the under surface, scattered, variable, roundish, erumpent, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis spores subglobose, at length 

; 

l)rown ; epispore rough with minute tubercles.— On Hydrocotyle 

vulgaris. Epping, July to September, 18G3 and 1864. (Plate 

VIII. figs. 168, 169.) 

Trichobasis Betse, Lev. Beet-leaf Rust ; spots yellow; 

neaps subrotund and oval, scattered and conceniric, on the upper 

surface ; epidermis at length bursting ; spores subglobose, shortly 

]jedicellate, brown.— On the leaves of Beet. August and September. 

Common. 

Trichobasis Fabse, Lev. Bean Rust ; spots obliterated ; 

sori subrotund and oval- bullate, scattered and aggregate, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores ovoid, brown.— On 

Beans. August and September. Common. 

Trichobasis Galii, Lev. Bedstraw Rust ; spots yellowish 

; 

sori subrotund, aggregate, closed; spores globose, reddish. 

— Un Galium verum, saxatile, &c. July and August.


Trichobasis suaveolens, Lev. Thistle Rust; spots 

obliterated, yellow on the opposite side; sori subrotund, nearly 

plane, scattered, at leng^th confluent, on the under surface, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores globose, brown.—On 

leaves of Thistles, frequently covering the wliole under surface. 

Summer. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 151— 153.) 

Trichobasis Polygonorum, B. Knotgrass Rust ; spots 

red-yellow, widely effused; sori subrotuud, scattered, sometimes 

forming a ring, epidermis at length bursting ; spores somewhat 

obovate, brown.— On Polygonum, avieulare, amphibium^ and other 

species. July to September. Common. 

Trichobasis Vincse, B. Periwinkle Rust ; spots yellowish; 

sori small, subrotund, and oval, on the under surface, surrounded 

by the ruptured epidermis ; spores oval, rather ovoid, 

brown.— On leaves of Finca major. May and June. (Plate YI. 

fig. 130, 131.) 

Trichobasis Geranii, B. Geranium Rust ; spots yellowish 

sori ; subrotund, nearly plane, scattered or confluent ; spores 

subglobose, brown.— On various species of Geranium. 

Trichobasis ViolarunijB. YioletRust ; spots yellowish ; 

sori subrotund, scattered, generally on the under surface ; epidermis 

ruptured, persistent; spores subglobose, brown.— On leaves 

and petioles of Violets. July. Kot uncommon. 

Trichobasis Parnassise, Cooke. Grass of Parnassus 

Rust ; 

on both surfaces of the leaves ; 

sori at first bullate, at 

length rupturing the epidermis, scattered, often confluent ; spores 

globose or nearly so, rather large, tawny brown.— On Farnassia 

pahistris. Irstead, Norfolk. September, 1864. 

Trichobasis Epilobii, Berk. Willow-herb Rust ; spots 


; subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the ruptured 

epidermis, often on the under surface ; 

— On Epilobium montanum, &c. June and July. 

spores subglobose, brown. 

Trichobasis Rhamni, Cooke. Buckthorn Rust ; 

seated 

on definite yellowish spots ; 

sori occurring only on the under 

surface of the leaves, scattered or collected in clusters, very 

minute, roundish, or oblong ; spores at length rusty brown, subglobose.—On 

Rhamnus catharticus. Selsdon, Surrey. September 

16, 1864. {A. Grugeon) 

Uromyces, Lh. 

Spores unilocular, attached permanently to a decided peduncle 

of greater or less length.— j5^r/t. Otdl.t p. 333.

APPENDIX. 211 

Uromyces AUiorum, DC. Garlic Rust ; spots obliterated, 

sori linear, oblong, or oval, amphigenous ; spores subglobose, 

yellow. — On species of Allium. 

Uromyces Ulmarise, Lev. Goldex Rust ; broad, pulverulent, 

on the under surface of leaves, nerves, and petioles ; 

spores numerous, subglobose, bright reddish-orange. — On Spiraa 

Vlmarice, Roses, &c. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 147, 148.) 

Uromyces appendiculata, Lev. Long-stemmed Rust ; 

spots yellowish-brown, sori subrotuud and oval, 

confluent, nearly 

plane, on the under surface. Epidermis bursting, spores ovoid, 

brown, with a long peduncle. On LegnminosfS and other plants. 

August and September. (Plate YII. figs. 149, 150.) 

Uromyces apiculosa. Lev. Short-stemmed Rust • spots 

yellow or brown, sori subrotund, scattered, surrounded by the 

ruptured epidermis ; spores ovoid, brown, shortly pedunculate. 

On dock and various other plants. August and September. 

Common. (Plate YII. figs. 154,155.) 

Uromyces Limonii, Lev. Sea-Lavender Rust; epiphyllous, 

sori buUate, scattered or disposed 

ovate.— in On Statice limonia. 

rings ; spores 

Uromyces Ficariae, Lev, Piletvort Rust; spots yellowish, 

scattered, aggregate, confluent, and expanded ; epidermis 

ruptured ; spores ovoid, brown.—On Ranunculus Ficaria. 

May and June. Common. (Plate VII. figs. 156, 157.) 

Uromyces Primulse, Lev. Primrose Rust ; spots yellowish, 

sori subrotund and oval, aggregate, on the under surface; 

epidermis at length bursting; spores ovoid, brown.— On Primroses. 

Uromyces intrusa, Lev. Lady's-siantle Rust ; 


under surface, scattered, or partially aggregate, reddish-brown, 

rounded, somewhat prominent, minute, very 

roundish or oval.— On Alchemilla vulgaris. 

unequal; spores 

Uromyces Iridis, Lev. Iris Rust ; 

on the under, rarely 

• 

on the upper, surface ; spots yellow, sori small, nale red-brown, 

oblong and linear, scattered or aggregate, scarcely convex ; epidermis 

bullate, rarely bursting longitudinally ; spores globose or 

broadly elliptic, pale brown, pellucid. — On /m fcetidissima. 

August to September. Not uncommon. 

POLYCYSTIS, Lev. 

Spores irregular, consisting of several cells. — BerJc. Oiitl.^ p. 

334. 

Polycystis ColcMci, Tul. Meadow-saffron Smut ; 

sori 

elongated, bursting irregularly ; spores smooth or slightly papillose.— 

On leaves of Meadow Saffron. Not common. 

P 2

212 MICKOSCOPIC FUXGI. 

Polycystis Violse, B. and Br. Violet Smut'; sori scattered, 

elongated, on both surfaces of the leaves and petioles ; 

spores more or less globose, consisting of several cells surrouude(l 

by a common — 

irregular crust. On leaves and petioles of Yioletb. 

August. Common. (Plate IX. figs. 185, 1S6.) 

Polycystis pompholygodes, Lev. Buttercup Smut : 

sori varied in form, buHate, epidermis inflated, at first entire, then 

bursting irregularly, its remains surrounding the — clusters ; spores 

copious, subglobose, black, opaque or pellucid. On Ranunculus 

repem and other Ranunculacea. Summer. Very common. (Plate 

IX. figs. 183, 184.) 

Polycystis parallela, B. and Br. Bye Smut; sori ''very 

long, linear, epidermis bursting longitudinally, spores globose, 

with several projecting nodules, dark brown.— On culms and 

sheaths of Bye and on the leaves of Carices. (Plate IX. figs. 18?, 

188.) 

Tuburci:;ta, Fr. 

Plant deejily seated; spores multicellular, subglobose, or conchiform. 

Berk. Oail., p. 335. 

Tuburcinia scabies, B. Potato Smut ; spores globose, 

composed of minute cells forming together a hollow globe with 

one or more lacunae, generally attacned laterally by a slender 

thread, olive. On Potatoes. Common. (Plate III. fig. 54.) 

Tuburcinia Trientalis, B. and Br. Trientalis Smut ; 

sori two lines broad, bullate, containing a black mass of rather 

irregular depressed subglobose spores, which are very opaque 

and distinctly cellular. "Hyphasma white, branched, creeping, 

dehcate.— On leaves of Trientalis Europeea. August and September. 

Scotland. (Plate III. figs. 52, 53.) 

COLEOSPORITJM, ZcV. 

Spores cylindrical, septate, some separating — at the joints, some 

of a different nature, persistent. Berk. Outl.^ p. 333. 

Coleosporium Tussilaginis, Lev. 

Coltsfoot Bust; on 

the under surface, prominent, crowded, generally forming circles, 

becoming very confluent; spores numerous, subovate, orangeveUow.— 

On Tussilago Farfara. Summer. Common. (Plate VIII. 

figs. ISO, 181.) 

Coleosporium pingue, Lev. Tawny Bose Bust ; spots 

obliterated, sori effuse, on the nerves and petioles of the leaves ; 

spores ovoid, yellowish-brown.—On Boses, &c.

APPENDIX. 213 

Coleosporium. Petasitis, Ler. Butterbur Kust ; 

on 

the under surface, minute, depressed, spreading, somewhat aggregate, 

sub-confluent, irregular in form ; spores oval, orauge, 

or orange-red. — On Tussilago Fetasites. Autumn. Common. 

Coleosporiura Campanulse, Lev. Campanula. E>ust; 

spots obliterated, brown on the opposite side, sori irregular, confluent, 

plane, on the under surface ; spores subglobose, cohering, 

yellow, at length pale. On leaves of various Campanulse. September 

and October. 

Coleosporium SoncM-arvensis, Lev. Sow-thistle 

Rust ; 

on the under surface, depressed, irregular in form, scattered, 

partially confluent; spores ovate, reddish orange. — On 

Sonchns oleracens and arvensis. Summer. Common. (Plate 

Vm. figs. 178, 179.) 

Coleosporium Rhinanthacearum, Lev. Cotv-wheat 

Rust ; spots none or subferruginous; sori irregular, confluent, on 

the under, rarely — on both surfaces ; spores subglobosc, compact, 

golden-yellow. On Euphrasia officinalis, Bartsia odontites, 

Melampyrum arvense, &c. August and September. Common. 

(Plate VIII. figs. 176, 177.) 

Melampsora, Cast. 

Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense compact mass, with 

or without a covering, wedge-shaped. Berk. Oiitl.y p. 33o. 

Melampsora Euphorbise, Cast. Hyp9phylIous ; sori of 

summer spores golden-yellow, scattered, distinct, sometimes 

cauline; spores small, subglobose sori of 

; perfect spores becoming 

black, small, roundish, spores prismatic, membrane thickened 

above, dark brown.—On leaves and stems of Euphorbia helioscopia, 

E. exigua, and other species of spurge. Commou. (Plate 

IX. figs. 193, 194.) 

Melampsora Populina, Lev. 

Hypophyllous, epiphyllous, 

or amphigenous, at first yeUow or orange; summer spores 

obovate-oblong, attenuated or truncate, echinulate ; paraphyses 

obovate, capitate or claviform, abundant in fully-ripened sori; 

sori of perfect spores at first tawny yellow, becoming black 

during the winter, swelling in the spring, and becoming of a 

cinnamon-colour, hypophyllous, roundish, or oblong; spores 

prism-shaped, 5—G together, yellowish, smooth.—On leaves of 

Populus nigra. Common. Spores perfected in I'ebruary. (Plate 

lX.figs. 195, 196.)

21-1 MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

Melampsora Tremulge, Tul. Ilypophvllous ; 

sori of 

summer spores punctifonii, prominent, or papilleeform, numerous ; 

spores tawny-yellow, elliptical orobovate; paraphyses slender; 

son of perfect spores scattered, at length blackish; spores 

elongated, compressed, attenuated downwards, yellowish.—On 

leaves of Fopulus tremula. Conmion. Spores perfected duriug 

the winter. 

Melampsora Betulina, Desm. Hypophvllous ; 

sori of 

summer spores bright yellow or orange, oblong," cylindrical, or 

obovate, truncate at the base, echinulate ; paraplivses encircling 

or mtermixed, obovate, smooth, hyaline ; 

sori of 'perfect spores 

confluent, of an obscure brown in the winter, becoming of a bright 

orange when mature ; spores elongated, attenuated below, polygonal, 

ochraceous.—On leaves of Betula alba. Common. Spores 

perfected in January and February. (Plate IX. figs. 189, 190.) 

Melampsora Salicina, Lev. Epiphyllous or hypophyllous ; 

sori, or heaps of summer spores, scattered, pale orange, bright 

orange, or .cmereous ; spores ovato-globose, paraphyses capitate^ 

rarely obovate ; 

sori of perfect spores epiphyllous, scattered or 

aggregate, at first yellowish-tawny, then bro^vnish, at length 

nearly black, buUate ; spores oblong, closely packed, and laterally 

compressed.—On Salix viminalis and S. capraa. Common. Spores 

perfected in February. (Plate IX. figs. 191, 192.) 

Cystopus. 

Receptacle consisting of thick branched threads ; 

conidia concatenate, 

at length sepai-ating ; oospores deeply seated on 

f the mycelium. 

Cystopus candidus, Lev. Cruciper White Eust; 

conidia equal, globose; membrane equal, ochraceous; oospores 

subglobose, epispore yellowish-brown, with in-egular obtuse 

warts ; 

warts solid.—On Shepherd's-purse, Cabbages, and other 

Cruciferse. Summer. Very ^ common. (Plate X. V figs. a 198—200, , 

205-207.) 

Cystopus eubieus, Str. Goatsbeard White Eust; 

conidia unequal ; 

terminal cell sterile, larger than the rest ; 

membrane thickened, ochraceous, rarely yellowish ; 

fertile cells 

shortly cylindrical ; 

membrane hyaline; oospores globose ; epispore 

brown, verrucose; warts hollow, round, or irregular.—On goatsbeard, 

salsify, and scorzonera. Summer and autumn. Common. 

(Plate X. figs. 201, 202, 210.) 

Cystopus Lepigoni, De By. Sandwort White Rust; 

conidia unequal ; terminal cell sterile, globose ; membrane 

thickened; fertile cells subglobose or cylindrical; membrane 

hyaline ; oospores globose ; epispore brown, tubercles — minute, 

irregular, very convex, often resembling spines. On Sperguiaria 

rubra. Swanscombe Marshes, September, 18C4. (B. G. Keek]/.)

APPENDIX. 215 

PEROIÔSPOIIEI, DeBy. 

PeronosporAj 

Casp. 

Parasitic threads mostly inarticulate. Spores of two kinds :— 

1. Acrospores on the tips of the branchlets ; 

2. Oospores large, 

globose, on the creeping myceHum. 

Peronospora infestans, Mont. Potato Mould ; 

threads 

of mycelium slender, always destitute of suckers ; 

fertile threads 

thin, gradually attenuated upwards, with one to five branches, 

one or more inflated vesicles near the apices of the branches ; 

branches either simple or with short branchlets ; acrospores 

ellipsoid or ovoid ; apcK furnished with a prominent papilla,—On 

leaves, stems, and tubers of the Potato, causing the potatomurrain. 

Very common since 18i5. (Plate XIV, fig. 264.) 

Peronospora nivea, Ung, (P. macrospora, B.). Parsnip 

Mould ; 

threads of mycelium stout, often tomlose ; 

suckers 

numerous, vesicular, obovate ; 

fertile threads fasciculate, dwarfish, 

tapering or subulate, or once or twice shortly bifurcate, rarely 

trifurcate, with one to four horizontal branches near the summit, 

once, twice, or three times bifiucate ; acrospores subglobose or 

ovoid, with an obtuse papilla at the apex. 

— On various Umbellifera. 

Common and variable. 

Peronospora pygmsea, Ung. {P.curta,^QYk). Anemone 

Mould ; 

threads of mycelium thickened, often constricted and 

varicose ; 

suckers minute, obovate, or pear-shaped fertile 

; 

threads 

fasciculate (2 

— 5 or more), simple above or divided at the apex 

into 2—4; short simple branches, or shortly twice diehotomous, or 

all simple, obtuse, surmounted by 2—4 short spicules ; acrospores 

ovoid or ellipsoid, variable in size ; apices broadly and obtusely 

papillate,—On Wood-anemone. INot uncommon. (Plate XV. 

fig. 267.) 

Peronospora gangliformis, Berk. Lettuce Mould; 

threads of the mycelium stout, now and then torulose ; 

suckers 

vesicular, obovate or clavate ; 

fertile threads 2— 6 times diehotomous, 

sometimes trichotomous ; 

stems and primary branches 

slender, dilated or inflated above ; 

the ultimate ramuli inflated at 

the apex into a turbinate or subglobose vesicle bearing from 

2—8 subulate processes or spicules ; acrospores minute, subglobose; 

apices with broad depressed papillae, produced on the 

spicular processes, On Lettuces and other Composite. Frequent. 

(Plate XiV. fig. 265.)

21G MICROSCOPIC FUNGI. 

Peronospora parasitica, Pers. Cabbage Moi-ld; 

threads of the mycelium thickened and much branched; suckers 

numerous, branched; branches clavate, obtuse; fertile threads 

thick, soft, flexile, equal or unequal, 5 — 8 times diehotomous, 

rarely trichotomous ; 

branches always repeatedly trifurcate ; 

acrospores broadly elliptical, very obtuse at the apex, white. — 

On Cabbages, Shepherd's-purse, and other Cruciferse, sometimes 

in company with Cystopns ccnulidiis. Summer and autumn. 

Common. ' 

(Plate Xlll. fig. 2G2.) 

Peronospora Vicise, Berk. Pea Mould ; 


densely ca^spitose, erect, equal, rarely unequal, 6—7— 8 times 

elichotomous ; 

ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, acute; acrospores 

ellipsoid, very obtuse at the apex, obtuse or sligiitly acute at the 

base ; 

membrane with a violaceous tint.— On Tai'es, Peas, &c. 

Prequent. (Plate XV. fig..266 ; plate X. fig. 212.) 

Peronospora Arenariae, Berk. Sandwort Mould; 

fertile threads slender, 6—7 times equally, rarely unequally, 

diehotomous ; 

branches spreading ultimate ramuli 

; slender, 

acute, subulate, nearly erect ; acrospores broadly elliptical, 

oftentimes very obtuse, small ; 

membrane scarcely violaceous.— 

On Arenaria serpyllifolia and A. trinervis.— June. (Plate VII. 

fig. 268 ; plate X. fig. 211.) 

Peronospora efTusa, Grev. Spinach Mould ; 

fertile 

threads fasciculate, short, thick, 2—6, rarely 7 times diehotomous 

above ; acrospores broadly ellipsoid, sometimes verv obtuse ; 

membrane with a violaceous tint. On tjpinach, Goosefoot, and 

some otlier allied plants. Spring and autumn. Not uncommon. 

(Plate X. figs. 214, 215.) 

Peronospora Urticse, Casp. Nettle Mould ; 

fertile 

threads small, loosely 4— 6 times diehotomous; branches llexuose, 

ultimate ramuli subulate, arcuate, often deflexed: acrospores 

large, broadly ovoid or subglobose, distinctly pedicellate ; apices 

very obtuse; membrane violaceous.—On leaves of the common 

Nettle. 

Peronospora trifoliorum, De By. Clover ^fould ; 

fertile 

threads ceespitose, equally or unequally 6—7 times diehotomous, 

rarely trichotomous ; 

ultimate branches subulate, acute, 

slightly curved ; acrospores ellipsoid, very obtuse ; 

membrane 

with a'slightlv violaceous tint ; 

— 

oospores large ; epispore brown. 

On Lucern \Medicago satira). Highgate and Hampstead, 

1864.

APPEXDIX. 

21 l-r 

Peronospora grisea, Ung. "Veronica Mould ; 

fertile 

threads erect, fasciculate, grey, 5— 7 times regularly dicliotomous 

; 

branches gradually attenuated; primary oblique erect; 

others spreading, flexuose ; ultimate mostly unequal, slightly 

arcuate ; acrospores ellipsoid or ovoid, obtuse ; 

membrane pale 

and dirty violet.— On leaves of Veronica heccubmiga. May, 1846. 

(Plate X. fig. 213.) 

Peronospora arborescens, Berk. Poppy Mould fertile 

threads slender, erect, 7 

; 

— 10 times dichotomous above ; 

branches more or less flexuose, squarrose, spreading, gradually 

attenuated ; 

ultimate ramuli shortly subulate, more or less 

arcuate ; acrospores very small, subglobose membrane 

; scarcely 

violaceous.— On the Corn Poppy, June. Common. 

Peronospora Schleideniana, De By. (P. Destructor, B.) 

Onion Mould ; 

fertile threads robust, erect, not septate, branched 

alternately ultimate ramuli forked and uncinate or divaricate ; ; 

acrospores seated on the tips of the ultimate ramuli, obovoid or 

nearly pear-shaped, attenuated at the base ; 

membrane of a dirty 

violet-colour.— On the leaves of various species of Allium. Often 

plentiful. (Plate Xlll. fig. 263.) 

Peronospora violacea, Berk. Scabious Mould ; 

fertile 

threads branched ; acrospores sub-elliptical, violet-coloured. All 

that is known of this species is contained in the following note 

from the Bey. M. :— J. Berkeley " It grew on the petals of the 

common scabious. I have not found it again, and have either lost 

or mislaid my specimens. You may describe it as Uete violacea ; 

floccis ramosis ; sporis subellipticis, violaceis. It is probably the 

Farinaria on Scabious of Sowerby." (M. J. B.) 

Peronospora sordida, Berk. Pigwort Mould 

; forming 

oad, irregular, dirty, pallid spots on the under surface of the 

aves ; 

fertile threads loosely dichotomous above ; tips forked, 

— Unequal ; acrospores obovate, apiculate. On leaves of Scrophularia. 

Jedburgh. 

Peronospora sparsa, Berk. Bose Mould ; 


scattered, by no means torulose, ultimate branches scarcely — uncinate, 

dichotomous, pallid grey ; acrospores sub-elliptical. On the 

under side of rose-leaves in conservatories. 

Peronospora obliqua, Cooke. Dock Mould ; 

threads of 

the mycelium slender ; 

fertile threads fasciculate, erect, simple, 

rarely bifurcate, attenuated upwards ; acrospores large, ellipsoid, 

attached obliquely near the base.— On the under surface of dock 

leaves. Winter and spring. Probably not uncommon. Brownish 

circular spots on the leaves indicate the presence of this mould, 

which is so minute that it might otherwise be overlooked. 

(Plate XYI. fig. 269.)

218 IIICEOSCOPIC FUXGI. 

Conceptacle icith one sporangium. 

Appendages floecose 

Erysiptiei. 

Sphcerotheca. 

Conceptacle with many sporangia. 

Appendages needle-shaped, rigid .. .. Phijllactinia. 

Appendages hooked 

Uncinula. 

Appendages dichotomous 

Microspharia. 

Appendages floecose 

Erysiphe. 

Sph^heotheca, Lev. 

Mycelium arachnoid ; perithecia globose, containing a single 

globose sporangium ; appendages numerous, floecose.— 

Berk. Outl., p. 404. 

Sphserotheca pannosa, Lev. Rose Blight; mycelium 

thickened, woolly, felted, persistent; conceptacles minute, globose, 

scattered; appendages floecose, white; sporangium manyspored.—On 

the branches, calyces, petioles, and leaves of Eoses. 

Very common. (Plate XL figs. 217, 218.) 

Sphserotheca Castagnei, Lev. Hop Blight; on both 

surfaces ; mycelium effuse, web-like, commonly evanescent ; 

conceptacles 

minute, scattered, globose ; appendages numerous, short, 

flexuose above ; sporangium many-spored. — On the leaves of the 

Hop, Meadow-sweet, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XI. 

fig. 216.) 

Phtllactinia, Lev. 

Perithecia hemispherical, at length depressed, seated on a 

persistent or evanescent membranaceo-granular receptacle ; 

appendages straight, rigid, acicular, at length bent back. 

—Berk. Outl., p. 404. 

Phyllactinia guttata, Lev. Hazel Blight; amphigenous; 

mycelium web-like, often evanescent ; conceptacles large, 

scattered, hemispherical, at length depressed ; appendages hyaline, 

rigid, simple ; sporangia 4—20, containing 2—4 spores.— On 

the leaves of Hawthorn, Hazel, Ash, Elm, Alder, Beech, Birch, 

Oak, Hornbeam, and various other plants. Common. (Plate XL 

figs. 219, 220.) 

IlNCixirLA, 

Lev. 

Mycelium floecose ; perithecia globose ;'appendages rigid, simple, 

bifid or dichotomous, uncinate, at length bent upwards. 

—Berk. Outl., p. 404.

APPENDIX. 219 

Uncinula adunca, Ley. 

Willow Blight; mycelium 

variable ; conceptaeles scattered or frregarious, minute ; appendages 

simple ; 

the leaves of Willows, Poplars, Birch, 

(Plate XI. figs. 221—224.) 

sporangia 8 — 12, sub-pyriform, containing 4 spores. 

— On 

&c. Not uncommon. 

Uncinula bicornis, Lev. Maple Blight ; amphigenous ; 

mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent, or like a membrane and persistent 

; conceptaeles large, hemispherical, at length depressed ; 

appendages simple, bifid or dichotomous, uncinate ; sporangia 8, 

sub-pyriform, containing 8 spores. — On the leaves of Maples. 

Common. (Plate XL figs. 225—228.) 

MiCROSPHiERIA, Lev. 

Mycelium arachnoid ; appendages straight, dichotomous ; 

branchlets 

swelling at the tip, or filiform. — Berk. Outl., p. 404. 

MicrosphseriaHedwigii, Lev. Mealy Guelder-rose 

Blight ; 

hypophyllous mycelium ; web-like, evanescent ; conceptaeles 

i minute, globose, scattered; appendages few, very little 

longer than the diameter of the conceptaeles ; 

sporangia 4, ovate, 

containing 4 spores. 

— On leaves of mealy Guelder-rose. ^ Near 

Greenhithe, Kent. 

Microsphseria peniciUata, Lev. Guelder-rose 

Blight ; amphigenous ; mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent 

— 

; 

conceptaeles scattered, minute, globose ; appendages 8 12, equal 

to the diameter of the conceptacle ; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, 

Pro- 

— containing 8 spores. On leaves of Guelder-rose and Alder. 

bably not uncommon. (Plate XI. fig. 234.) 

Microsphseria Mougeotii, Lev. Tea-tree Blight; 

• 

amphigenous ; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent conceptaeles 

minute, scattered or gregarious, globose, at length 

depressed ; appendages loosely dichotomous ; sporangia 12—16, on 

a short pedicel, 2-spored. 

— On leaves of Lycium barbarum. 

Near Dartford, Kent. October, 1864. 

Microsphseria Berberidis, Lev. 

Berberry Blight; 

amphigenous ; mycelium web-like, oftentimes persistent ; 

conceptaeles 

scattered or gregarious, globose, minute ; appendages 

few (5 

— 10) ; 

branchlets long, divaricate, obtuse at their apices ; 

sporangia 6, ovate, containing 6 — 8 spores. 

— On leaves of the 

common Berberry. Autumn. Prequent. (Plate XI. figs. 229— 

232.)


Microsphseria grossularise, Lev. Goosebeeey Blight ; 

anipliiijeiious ; mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent ; 

conceptacles 

scattered or gregarious, globose, minute; appendages 

10—15, vaguely dicliotomous, ultimate branchlets bidentate ; 

sporangia 4—8, ovate, containing 4—5 spores. 

— On Gooseberryleaves. 

Autumn. Prequent. 

Ekysiphe, 

Hedw. 

Mycelium arachnoid ; appendages floccose, simple or irregularly 

branched.— Berk. Ouil.y p. 404. 

* Sporangia %spored. 

Erysiphe Linkii, Lev. Mugwort Blight; amphigenous; 

mycelium web-like ; fugacious or persistent ; conceptacles minute, 

globose, scattered, emersed ; appendages white, interwoven wit h 

the mycelium ; sporangia 8—20, pyriform, with elongated pedicels. 

— On leaves of Mugwort. Autumn, f'requent. (Plate XIL 

figs. 248, 249.) 

Erysiphe lamprocarpa, Lev. Composite Blight ; 

amphigenous; 

mycelium web-like, fugacious or persistent; conceptacles 

minute, globose, scattered, or gregarious; appendages 

coloured, interwoven — with the mycelium ; sporangia 8—16, shortly 

pedicellate. On leaves of Salsify, Scorzonera, Plantain, &c. Autumn. 

Not uncommon. (Plate XII. figs. 250, 25L) 

^'-'Sporangia Z—S-spored. 

Erysiphe graminis, D.C. Grass Blight ; amphigenous 

or epiphyllous ; mycelium efl'use, floccose, ])ersistent ; conceptacles 

large, gregarious or disseminated, hemispherical, at length depressed 

and semi-immersed; appendages simple or interwoven 

with the mycelium; sporangia 20—24, ovate, pedicellate, with 

8 spores.— C)n leaves of Grasses. Autumn. Prequent. (Plate XI. 

figs. 235, 236.) 

Erysiphe Martii, Lk. Pea Blight; amphigenous; mycelium 

web-like, very often evanescent, globose ; appendages short, 

interwoven with the mycelium ; 

sporangia 4—8, globose, pedicellate, 

with 4—8 spores.— On leaves of Peas, Beans, Unibellifer^, 

and other plants. Autumn. Yery common. (Plate XL figs. 

237-239.) 

Erysiphe Montagnei, Lev. Burdock Blight; amphigenous 

or hypophyllous ; mycelium web-like, evanescent; conceptacles 

minute, globose, gregarious or scattered; appendages, 

distinct from the mycelium ; sporangia 8, ovate, rostrate, with 

2—3 spores.— On leaves of Burdock. Not uncommon.

APPENi;ix. 221 

Erysiphe tortilis, Lie, Counel Blight; hypophyllous ; 

mycelium web-like, effuse, evanescent ; conceptacles minute, globose 

; appendages ten times as long, free from the mycelium, 

flexuose ; sporangia 4, ovate, rostrate, with 4 spores. 

— On leaves 

of the common Dogwood. Autumn. Frequent. (Plate XII. figs. 

245, 246.) 

Erysiphe communis, Schl. 

Butteecup Blight; hypophyllous 

; mycelium effuse, web-like, evanescent or persistent ; 

conceptacles minute, globose, scattered or gregarious ; appendages 

short; sporangia 4 — 8, ovate, rostrate, with 4—8 spores. 

— On 

leaves of various UanunculacecB, Legiiminosa, and other plants. 

Antumn. Very common. (Plate XII. figs. 240—242.) 

Ch^tomium, Kze. 

Perithecium tnin, brittle, mouthless ; sporangia linear,^containiug 

dark lemon-shaped spores. Berk. Oidl., p. 405. 

ChsDtomium elatum, 

Kze. Straw-bristle Mould; 

perithecium sub-ovate, base radiato-fibrose, hairs of the vertex 

very long, interwoven, branched ; spores broadly ellipt ic, apiculate 

at either end.—On mouldering straw, reeds, matting, &c. Very 

common. (Plate XII. figs. 257-259.) 

Chsetomium chartarum, Ehb. Paper-bristle Mould ; 

perithecium subglobose, black, surrounded by a bright yellow 

spot ; spores subglobose.—On paper. Stibbington, Hants. Rare. 

(PlateXII.figs. 252, 253.) 

Chsetomium glabrum, B. 

This species has never been described. 

It was recorded, by 

name only, in Berkeley's Outlines, and, the specimens being mislaid, 

that gentleman is unable to describe it completely and 

correctly. "It grew abundantly on straw, and differed from 

Cho'tomiim elatum in being perfectly free from hairs." — {M. J. B.) 

— On damp straw. 

Ascotriciia, Berk. 

Perithecium thin, free, mouthless, seated on loose, branched, 

conidiiferous threads ; sporangia linear, containing dark 

elliptic spores. — Berk. Outl., p. 405. 

Ascotricha chartarum, B. Paper Mildew ; perithecium 

thin, olive-brown, seated on radiating flocci; sporangia linear, 

numerous ; 

spores broadly elliptic, chocolate-coloured.—On white 

prmted paper in a deal candle-box. King's Cliffe. (Plate XII. 

figs. 254-256.)


EuROTiUMj Li)ik. 

PeritJiecia reticulated, vesicular, coloured, attached to mucedinous 

threads; sporangia delicate.— Berk. Outl., p. 405. 

Eurotium herbariorum, Lk. Heebaeium Mould; 

perithecium spherical, sub-depressed, yellow, seated upon 

radiating expanded, branched, intricate flocci.— On plants in 

herbaria, and various decaying substances. Yery common. 

(PlateXII.figs. 260, 261.)

APPENDIX B. 

The following species^ belonging to those sections 

of Microscopic Fungi which, are included in this 

volume,, have been found in Britain since the publication 

of the preceding Appendix :— 

Peridermium columnare, Alb. and Schw. Simple, 

slender, naked, cylindrical, elongated, lacerated at the apex, 

white ; sporidia orange.—On Picea. Watcombe, near Torquay. 

September, 1867. {E. Farfitt.) 

^cidiiim Orchidearum, Fiedl. Orchis Cluster-cup ; 

spots^ large, pallid, orbicular or elongated ; peridia circinating, 

semi-immersed ; spores golden-yeUow. — On Orchis latifolia. 

Dilhara, Norfolk. June, 1866. 

Puccinia discoidearum, Link. Southernwood Brand ; 

spots obliterated; sori subrotund, minute, surrounded by the 

ruptured epidermis ; sporidia brown, oblong or ovoid, somewhat 

rhomboidal, with both cells attenuated, and triangular ; peduncles 

elongated. — On Artemisia maritima. Swanscombe Marshes. 

1865. 

Puccinia Virgaurese, Lib. Golden-rod Brand ; spots 

orbicular, pallid, then yellowish ; 

sori blackish-brown, minute, 

punctiform, shining, clustered, nearly stellate, convex; sporidia 

oblong, subconstrieted, yellowish-brown above, attenuated and 

yellowish-white below ; peduncles short. — On leaves of Solidago 

virgaurea. Shere, Surrey. July and August, 1865. {Dr. Capron.) 

Puccinia difibrmis, Kunze. Goosegrass Brand; spots 


; variable, compact, often in rings ; epidermis 

bullate ; sporidia obovate, obtuse, on short pedicels, brown.—On 

leaves of Galium aparine. July, 1866. Shere and Darentk

, 

Puccinia 

224 MicROsconc fuxgi. 

Usually occurring on or near spots previously occupied by 

^cidi2im. 

Puccinia Apii, Corda. Celery BRA^'D ; 

sori large, confluent, 

red-brown, powdery; spores oblong, constricted, brown; 

epispore smooth, thick; pedicels short, attenuated.—On leaves 

of Celery, xiutumu, ISGG, 18G7. 

Puccinia Asari, Kunze. Asarabacca Brand 

; spots 

obliterated sori ; small, subglobose, crowded or circinating, ultimately 

confluent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, usually 

forming a large, roundish, convex, pulverulent mass; sporidia 

brown, elliptic, constricted.—On leaves of Amruiii Europaum. 

Bettws-y-coed, X. IV ales. July, 1866. 

Puccinia Moehringise, Fuckel. Tt is veiy doubtful whether 

distinct from F. Lychnidearum, 

this deserves to rank as a species 

Lk. 1 think not. The sporidia are rather shorter than in the 

last-named species, and the pedicels are very long; otherwise it 

does not appear to differ from the typical form.— On Mcehringia 

iriiiervis. Kear Worcester. June, ISGZ. {I>i'. Hall.) 

fallens, Cooke. Aêtch Brand; sori few and 

small, scattered, intermixed with pustules of TricJiobasis ; sporidia 

obovate, on rather long pedicels, of a tawny colour, and slightly 

constricted at the septum ; epispore smooth-— On leaves of Vicia 

Mpium, Liverpool. Autumn, 1865. {R. McLeod.) 

Uredo OrcMdis, Mart. 

Orchis Uredo; amphigenous; 

spots reddish-brown; sori subrotund, arranged — in circles, often 

confluent ; sporidia subglobose, golden-yellow. On Lisiera ovam 

?iYidi Orchis latifolia. Crosby, near Liverpool. May, June, 1865. 

{R. G. McLeod.) 

Uredo Empetri, D.C. Crowberry Ured9 

; hypogenous ; 

spots obliterated sori 

; oval, scattered : the epidermis at first 

convex, afterwards ruptured and concave ; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, 

bright ^'eWovf.—QnEmpetru/d nigrum. Isear Llanderfel, 

N. "Wales. May, 1865. 

Uredo Euonymi, Mart. Spindle Uredo ; spots yellowisb 

; 

sori roundish, circinating, often confluent ; epidermis erumpent 

; sjpoîdia ovoid and slightly coherent, tawny-ycllow. On — 

leaves of Euonymi'.s Europceus. Darenth Wood, Kent. August, 

1861. Rare. 

Uredo Tropseoli, Desmz. Nasturtium Uredo : 

hypogenous; 

spots palc-yeliow; sori minute, roundish, 

scattered or

APPENDIX. 225 

confluent ; sporidia ovoid or subglobose, orange. — On leaves of 

Tropccohm aduncum. Sliere. October, 1SG5. {l)r. Caprou.) 

Trichobasis fallens, Cooke. Clovee, Eust; spots obliterated 

; 

sori amphigenous, numerous, scattered, subrotuud, 

brown, surrounded by the remains of the ruptured epidermis ; 

spores sub-ovate ; pedicels short, hyaline, evanescent ; epispore 

verrucose. Uredo fallens, Desmz.— On leeaves of Clover, &c. 

September. Not uncommon. 

Uromyces graminura, Cooke. CocKsrooT Rust ; epiphyllous 

sori 

; oblong or confluent and linear, convex, black and 

shining, so as easily to be confounded on casual observation with 

Dothidea graminis, at length bursting longitudinally ;_ 

sporidia 

subglobose or ovate, tawny, with hyaline pedicels of variable 

length. — On leaves of BacUjlis glomerata. Shore. October, 1865. 

{Dr. Capro7i.) 

Uromyces concentrica, Lev. Described at p. 208 as 

TricJiobas'is Scillanm, B. ; 

but it appears to be a good Uromyces, 

and has been placed in that genus by Levielle. 

Uromyces sparsa, Lev. Sandwort E,ust; spots pallid; 

sori sub-rotund 'and oval, amphigenous fand. cauline ; epidermis 

erumpent ; sporidia ovoid, brownish ; peduncles thickened, short. 

— On Spergularia rubra. Swanscombe Marshes. June, 1865. 

Uromyces Polygon!, Puckel. Knotgrass Rust cauline 

; ; 

sori elongated and confluent, convex, surrounded by the remains 

of the ruptured epidermis; sporidia sub-globose or globose, smooth, 

yellowish-brown ; 

pedicels very long, thickened, hyaline, persistent. 

'Capitularia Folygoni, Rabh.—On the stems of Polygonum aviciilare. 

October. Common. 

Cystopus spinulosus,De Bary. Thistle (White) Rust ; 

conidia in time much elongated ; 

sori erumpent on both surfaces 

of the leaves, white ; oospores globose ; epispore brown ; 

tubercles 

minute, solid, very prominent, often acute and spinulose.—On 

Thistles. Bungay, Suffolk. September, 1865. 

Peronospora Candida, Euckel. Primrose Mould ; 

densely ca^spitose, white threads 

; 

erect, dichotomously branched; 

ultimate branchlets short, spreading ; sporidia ovate.—On leaves 

of Primrose. Near Corwen, N. Wales. July, 1S6G. 

Q

226 MICROSCOPIC ruxGi. 

The following genus is entirely new to Britain. Its position is 

nest to yLicrosplKErla at page 219. 

PoDOSPH^RAj Kunze. 

Mrcelium effuse, web-like, evanescent ; 

conceptacles spLaerical, 

containing one sub-globose S-spored sporangium ; spores ovate ; 

appendages few, dicliotomous, thickened at their extremities, 

hyaline. 

Podosphgera Kunzei, Lev. Ploi Blight ; amphigenous ; 

conceptacles minute, scattered, globose ; appendages three times 

— the length of the diameter of the conceptacles. On leaves of 

Prunus do/nestica. Shere, Surrey. Sept., 1S65. {Dr. Capron.) 

Podosphsera clandestina, Lev. Hawthoen Blight; 

amphigenous; conceptacles minute, globose, scattered; appendages 

(S — 10) equal in length to the diameter of the conceptacles ; 

branches short and rounded at their extremities.— On leaves of 

the Hawthorn. Upper HoUowav, October, 1861: ; Shere, Surrev, 

September, 1865. {E. C.) 

Uneiimla Wallrotliii, Lev. Sloe Blight ; amphigenous ; 

mycelium web-like, evanescent ; conceptacles minute, scattered ; 

sporanges 12— 16, pear-shaped, 6-spored ; appendages numerous, 

twice the length of the diameter of the conceptacles. 

— On leaves 

of the Sloe, Prumis spinosa. Shere, Surrey. October, 1S65. 

(JDr. 

Capron.) 

Microsphseria comata, Lev. Spi>'dle Blight; hypophyllous 

; mycelium web-like, fugacious ; conceptacles scattered, 

minute, globose; sporanges 8, ovate, with a beak -like termination 

at their Base, 1-spored ; appendages few, six times the lenGcth of 

the diameter of the conceptacles.—On Huonymi's Europceus. Shere, 

Surrey. August, 1865. {Dr. Capron.) 

Erysiphe horridtila. Lev. Boeage Blight ; amphigenous ; 

mycelium web-like, sometimes persistent; conceptacles minute, 

globose, scattered or clustered ; sporanges 20—21, oblong-ovate, 

attenuated downwards, containing — 3—1 spores ; appendages short, 

flexuose, and bent upwards. On leaves of Lycopsis arvensis. 

Shere. October, 1865. {Dr. Capron,.) 

Chsetommm murorum, Corda. Wall Bristle- mould ; 

gregarious, glaucous, then blackish ; perithecium globose, brown ; 

hairs circinate, erect, septate, pulverulent; spores oblong, yellowish. 

On plaster. Bare. (^1/. /. B)

A D D E X D A. 

[The following species have been added to the British Flora siii'ê 

the publication of the Appendix.] 

^cidium Parnassise, Grav. Paknassia Cluster-cups ; 

hypophyllous ; spots pallid ; peridia in subrotund patches, irregularly 

disposed, tawny-yellow, between urceolate and concave ; 


margin thick and nearly entire ; spores pallid. Luhy. Bot. Gall. 

ii. p. 904.— On leaves of Par?iassia palustris, near Glasgow, 

{Dr. Greville.) The original specimen is iu the Edinburgh 

Herbarium. 

Icidium Statices, Desm. Sea Lavender Clustercups 

; hypophyllous ; spots subrotund, or confluent and. in-egular, 

purple; peridia in subrotund circinating cluslers, sometiuies 

irregularly disposed on the nerves and petioles ; 

urceolate ; margin 

lacerated, white ; spores orange. Lesni. Exs. No. 132. Cooke, 

Exs. Ko. 4rM.— On leaves and petioles of Statices. June, July. 

Fleetwood, 1S59 {Rev. A. Bloxam). Walnev Island, Lancashire, 

1S71 {C. Bailey). Near Basingstoke, 187l'(/u S. Rill). Near 

Chichester, IS 7 2 {F. V. Faxtoii). 

Chsetomium funicolum, Cooke. Twine Bristle-mould ; 

perithelia scattered, sub-ovate, black ; 

hairs of the vertex very 

long, dicbotomous or simple, erect, slender, acute, black; sporidia 

lemon-shaped, dingy brown.— On twine suspended in a vessel 

containing water at the British ]\Iuseum. {W. CarrutJiers, F.R.S.) 

j\Iarch, 1872. This species is most closely allied to C. elatum, but 

much smaller and neater. It is wholly black, and without the fibrous 

base of C. elatum. The hairs are more delicate, not having half 

the diameter, and the sporidia are scarcely more than half as long 

or broad. A species of Folyactis afterwards made its appearance 

on the same mycelium on some portion of the twine left behind 

with ;i few immature peritkecia. 

Q 2

EXPLAXATIOX OF PLATES. 

Plate 

5J 

J> 

fier. 

I. 1. Goatbbeai'd with its cluster-cups (JEcidi/m Traî 

2)ogoins). 

2. Fragment of same, slightly magnified. 

3. Section of cluster-cup, further magnified. 

4. Leaf of AVood Anemone with its cluster-cups {JHcid'lUM 

leucospermnm ) 

. 

5. Portion of same, slightly magnified. 

6. Anemone cluster-cups, further magnified. 

7. Leaf of Berberry with cluster-cups {J^cidunu J]erberi(Ux). 

8. Cluster of cups from the Berberry, as seen with a 

lens. 

9. Cluster-cups of Berberry, magnified. 

10. Nettle-stem distorted by growth of cluster-cups 

{^cidlum TJrticfB). 

11. Nettle cluster-cups, magnified. 

II. 12. Leaf of Pilewort with groups of cluster-cups {JEcidium 

» 

3) 

>3 

i) 

)) 

Hanunculacearmi) . 

13. Group of cluster-cups from Pilewort, as seen with a 

lens. 

14. Section of Pilewort cluster-cups, magnified. 

15. Bed straw cluster-cups {/Ecidiicm Galii) on the Great 

Hedge Bedstraw. 

IG, Tip of leaflet with cluster of cups, viewed through a 

lens. 

17. Bedstraw cluster-cup from same, magniOcd. 

18. Leaflets of Mountain-ash with horn-shaped clustercups 

{Ixcestelia cornutd). 

10. Group of Mountain-ash cluster-cups, magnified. 

20. Pear-leaf with its cluster-cups [lloestelia cancellatu). 

21. Cluster-cup from the same, magnified. 

23. Leaves and fruit of Hawthorn with lacerated clustercups 

{Jladelia lacerata). 

23. Elongated cells formmg the walls of the cluster-cups, 

X 250. 

21. Single cell, more highly magnified, with its parallel 

striae.

2S0 3IICR0SC0PIC FUXGI. 

II. 25. Cluster-cups from fruit of ITawtliorn, maguiried. 

„ 26. Sectiou of same, further magnified. 

„ 27. Eir-leaves bearing cluster-cups {Feridermium Piiii) 

. 

„ 28. Isolated cup of same, magnified. 

III. 29. Many-jointed fruit of Burnet chain-brand {Xcnodochus 

carbonarim), mag]iified. 

„ 30. Leaflets of Burnet with rust on the lower, and brand 

{Aregma acuminatum) on the upper leaflets. 

35 

ii 

3J 

3J 

3J 

3S 

3J 

ii 

3J 

3» 

33 

33 

3J 

33 

33 

53 

33 

33 

33 

33 

31. 

[ Spores of Burnet mst {Lecijthea Poterii) x 230.. 

32. Fmit of Burnet brand {Aregma acuminatum). 

33. Leaf of Barren Strawberry with rust and brand intermixed. 

34. Spores of Barren Strawberry rust x 230. 

35. Eruit of Strawberry brand {Aregma obtusatum) x 300. 

36. Leaflet of liose with its rust and brand intermixed. 

37. Spores of Kose rust {Lecythea Rosce) x 230. 

38. 

39. 

Fruit of Ptose brand {Aregma rmtcronatum) x 300, 

Leaflet of Bramble, with its rust and brand intermkcd. 

40. Spores of Bramble rust {Lecythea Ruborum) x 230. 

41. Pruit of Bramble brand [Aregma bulbosum) x 300. 

42. Leaflet of Raspberry with its brand. 

43. 

44. 

Pruit of Ptaspberry brand {Aregma gracile) x 230. 

Cluster of fi'uits of Hose brand {Aregma mucronatum) 

X 230. 

45. Pruit of Bramble brand {Aregma hnlbosurii) in active 

germination, with sporidia at the tips of the threads 

x300. 

46. Pruit of Bramble brand {Aregma bi'Jbosum) ruptured, 

with inner cell escaping x 250 {F. Carrey). 

47. Portion of leaflet of Meadow-sweet with its brand. 

48. Spores of Meadow-sweet brand {Triphragmium ulmaria) 

X 300. 

49. Spore of Meadow-sweet brand {Triphragmium iilmarics) 

germination, with sporidia borne on the germtubes 

X 300 {Tulasne). 

50. Sprig of Thesium Jmmifusum bearing Bastard-toadflax 

cluster-cups {jEcidium Thesii). 

51. Portion of leaf of same, with cluster-cups, enlarged. 

52. Leaflet of Trientalis Europaa v/ith. its smut {Tuburcinia 

Trioitalis) . 

53. Spores of the same x 320. 

54. Spores of Potato smut {Tuburcinia scabies) 

x 320. 

{Berlceley.) 

33 

55. Leaflet of juexanders {Smyrnium olusatrum) with its 

brand. 

5, 56. Spores of Alexanders brand {Fuccinia Smyrnii) x 320.

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 231 

3) 

5> 

Plate fig. 

IV. 57, T\îeat-straw attacked by milde^Y {Picccinia graoniitis). 

58. Cluster of spores of corn-mildew, magnified {Bauer). 

59. Single spore of corn-mildew {Fuccinia gnunhni) x 300. 

60. Portion of blade of grass with coronated mildew {Faccinia 

coronatci). 

61. Portion of same enlarged, showing the pustules^ or 

sori. 

62. Spore of coronated mildew {Fuccinia coronata) x • 

highly. 

63. Portion of leaf of Spear-thistle with its brand {Fuccinia 

33 

3) 

3J 

33 

33 

33 

33 

J3 

sifngenesiarum) . 

6i. Sporfs of Thistle-brand {Fuccinia syngenesiarum) x 

320. 

65. Leaf of Wood-anemone with brand {Fuccinia anemones). 

66. 

67. 

Spore of Anemone-brand {Fuccinia anemones) x 320. 

Leaf of Centaurea nigra with brand, 

68. Spores of Composite-brand {Fuccinia composifarum) 

X 320. 

69. 

_ 

Leaf of Mint with Mint-brand {Fuccinia mentlKE). 

70. Spore of JMint-brand {Fuccinia menthoi) x 350. 

71. Portion of leaf of Earth-nut with brand {Fuccinia 

un helliferarum) 

. 

72. Spore of Earth-nut brand {Fuccinia umheUiferarur.i) 

X 320. 

73. Leaf of Ground-ivy with its brand {Fuccinia Glechomutis). 

74. Spore of 

X 320. 

Ground-ivy brand {Fuccinia Glechomatis) 

75. Pustule of brand surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, 

magnified. 

76. Portion of leaf and stem of Goatsbeard with brand. 

Spores of the same x 320. 

78. Portion of leaf of Willow-herb with its brand {Fuccinia 

puhendenta^ . 

Spores of Willow-herb brand {Fuccinia pulverulenta) 

X 320. 

Leaf of Pennywort with brand {Fuccinia umhiUci). 

Spores of Pennywort-brand {Fuccinia umhilici) x 320. 

Portion of leaf of Dandelion with its brand. 

Spores of Variable-brand {Fuccinia variabilis) x 320. 

Grain of Wheat infected with Eoetid smut {Tilletia 

caries). 

Longitudinal section of the same. 

Spores of Foetid smut {Tilletia caries) mixed with 

delicate branching threads x 320.


Plate fi?. 

V. 87. Spores of Foetid smut in germination x Liglily. 

„ 88. Sporidia of the first order borne on the germinating 

tubes of the foetid smut {Tilletia caries) x highly. 

their transverse 

„ 89. Sporidia of the first order, showing 

99 

35 

i> 

}} 

}} 

3} 

Si 

connection, x liighly. 

„ 90. Sporidia of the first order, 

second order, x highly. 

producing sporidia of the 

91. Sporidium of the second order in active germination, 

92. Deformed flower-head of Goatsbeard infested with 

smut {JJstUcKjo recepfacitlon'm). 

93. Floret removed, sprinkled with spores of the smut, 

enlarged. 

94. Spores of Goatsbeard 

x460. 

smut {Ustilago receptacidorum) 

95. The same in nclive germination x 460 {Tidasne). 

96. Beaksedge {lilnjncospora alba) with its smut {Ustilago 

Montagnei). 

97. 

98. 

Spores of Ustilago Montagnei x 460. 

Ear of Barley infected witli smut {Ustilago segetinn).' 

99. Spores of Corn-smut {Ustilago segetnm) x 460. 

100. Grass with its smut {Ustilago hypodytes). 

101. Spores of Grass-smut {Ustilago Jiypodytes). 

102. Flowers of Bladder-campion with anther-smut {Ustilago 

antheraruiii) . 

}) 

103. Anther distorted by smut {Ustilago antherarum). 

3J 104. Spores of Anther smut {Ustilago anthera nnii) 

x 460. 

„ 105. Portion of leaf of water grass with Elongated smut 

{Ustilago longissinia). 

„ 106, Pustule of same, enlarged. 

3} 107. Spores of Elongated smut {Ustilago longissin/a) x very 

highly. 

55 108, Spores of Maize smut {Ustilago maydis) x 460. 

YI. 109. Sedge {Carex recurva) with Sedge smut {Ustilago iirccolorinii). 

„ 110. Single fruit covered with tlie smut. 

33 111. Spores of Sedge smut {Ustilago urceoloriaii) 

x 460. 

3) 112. Flower of Polygonum persicaria distorted by Utricle 

smut {Ustilago v.triculosa) 

. 

33 113. Section of the same {Tidasne). 

33 114. Inflorescence of Poh/gomim hydropiiper with Utricle 

smut {Ustilago ntricidosa). 

35 

115. Section of infected flower of Polygonum hydropiper. 

116. 33 Spores of Utricle smut {Ustilago tdriculosa) x 460. 

33 117. Leaf of Cocksfoot grass with smut {Ustilago Salceii)^ 

33 118. Portion of leaf, showing pustules, x slightly. 

97 119. Spores of Cocksfoot smut {Ustilago Salveii) 

x 320. 

%1 120. Grasb ^stem with Banded smut {Ustilago grammica)^

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. LtJo 

Plate fie-. 

YI. 121. Portion of same, sliowinj arrangement of the pustules, 

X slightly. 

133. Spores of l)anded smut {I'sfilar/o grammicct) x 330. 

133. Inflorescence of Scabious with iloret smut {C'.stilafjy 

Jlosc/donim). 

131. Floret occupied by the smut. 

125. Spores of Floret smut {Ustilagoflosnilonm) x 330. 

126. Sedge {Carex riparia) attacked by Olive smut {Vatilago 

olivacea). 

127. Spores of Olive smut {TJstilago oUi-acea) x 4G0, 

138. Reed stem with smut yUstilago fyphoides). 

139. Spores of Heed ^mni {Ustilago fi/p/ioicks) x 320. 

130. Leaf of Periwiukle with its rust {Trichobasis viricrp). 

131. Spores of Periwinkle rust {Trichohasis v'mccr) x 32iJ. 

132. Spores of Periwinkle brand {Vuccinia vinca) x 32U. 

VII. 133. Leaf of Mercury with its rust {Uredo coiijluevs). 

131. Spores of Mercury rust {Uredo conjl/(f)/sj 

x 320. 

135. Leaf of Enchanter's Tsightshade with its rust. 

13(3. Spores of Nightshade rust {Uredo Circrea) x 320, 

137. Leaf of Sorrel with Twin-faced rust {Uredo bifro)is). 

138. Pustule of Twin-faced rust seated on a coloured spot 

X slightly. 

139. 

140. 

Spores of the same nist x 320. 

Leaf of Wheat with Corn rust {Tricliobasis ncbigo-verd'j 

. 

141. Pustules of the same rust x slightly. 

142. Spores of Hound corn rust x 320. 

143. Tuft of spores of Elongated corn rust {Trichobasis 

linearis) magnified. 

144. Spores of Elongated corn rust {Trichobasis linearis) 

x320. 

145. Leaf of Groundsel with its rust {Trichobasis Senecionis). 

146. 

147. 

Spores of Groundsel rust {Trichobasis Senecionis) x 320. 

Wild Rose with Golden rust {Urornyces Ulmaria). 

148. Spores of Golden rust x 320. 

149. Leaf of Vetch with Long-stemmed rust {Urornycesappendiculala). 

150. 

151. 

Spores of the same x 400. 

Leaf of Connnon thistle with Sweet-smelling rust {Trichobasis 

sv.areolens) 

. 

152. Spores of Sweet rust {Trichobasis suaveolens) 

x 320. 

153. Spermogone of Sweet rust, from common thistle,. 

X . 

highly {Be Bary) 

154. Clover leaf with Short-stemmed rust {Urornyces apiculosa) 

. 

155. Spores of Short-stemmed rust x 320. 

156. Leaf of Pilewort with its rust {Urornyces Ficarifp). 

157. Spores of Pilewort ••ust {Urornyces Ficarice) x 320.


Plate fi?. 

VII. 158. Portion of leaf oiLuzula with Oblong rust {TricJwlasis 

bUo/igata). 

5, 

159. Spores of Oblong rnst_ {Trichobasis ollongaid) x 320. 

V1II.160. Leaf of Sallowwitli its rust {Lecythea caprcparum) . 

„ 161. Spores of Sallow rust {Lecythea capr/ranim) x 320. 

J, 

102. Bramble leaf with Ringed rust {Lecythea gyrosa) . 

„ 1G3. Pustule of Ringed rust {Lecythea gyrosa) x slightly. 

164. Spores of Ringed rust {Lecythea gyrosa) x 320. 

3J 

165. Purging Plax with its rust (Lecythea Lini) 

. 

166. Pustule of the same x slightly. 

53 167. Spores of Plax rust {Lecythea Lini) x 320. 

16S. Leaf of Plukewort with its rust {Trichobasis hydrocot 

yles). 

53 

169. Spores of Trichobasis hydrocotyles x 320. 

S3 170. Portion of leaf of Sedge with its rust {Trichobasis 

caricina). 

5, 171. Spores of Sedge rust {Trichobasis caricina) x 320. 

„ 172. T\^horl of leaves of Hedge Bedstraw with Bedstraw 

brand {Puccinia GaJii). 

3, 173. Spores of Bedstraw brand {Puccinia Galii) x 320. 

5, 174. Leaf of Tutsan with St. John's-wort rust {JJredo 

hypericorum) . 

5, 175. Spores of St John's-wort rust {JJredo hypericorum) x 320. 

5> 176. Leaves of Cow-wheat with its rust {Coleosporium 

rhinanthaceanim) . 

J> 177. Spores of Cow-wheat rust {Coleosporium rhinatithucearum) 

x 320. 

33 178. Portion of leaf of Sow-thistle with its rust {Coleosporium 

sonchi-artensis). 

55 179. Spores of Sow-thistle rust x highly {J)e Bary). 

55 

180. Portion of Coltsfoot leaf with its rust {Coleosporium 

_ 

Tussilaginis). 

53 

181. Spores of Coltsfoot rust x highly. 

53 182. Group of spores of Coltsfoot rust in situ x highly 

{Tulasne). 

IX. 183, Leaf of Buttercup with Buttercup smut {Polycystis 

pompholygodes) . 

„ 184. Fruit of Buttercup smut {Polycystis pompholygodes) 

x 

^460, 

„ 185. Violet leaf distorted by Violet sniut (Po/j/(?^5^?5 F^'o/^). 

J, 

186. Pruit of Violet smut (Polycystis Violê) 

x 460. 

„ 187. Portion of Rye-leaf with Rye smut {Polycystis parallel 

a). 

„ \%^. 'Frmt oi'Ryt smVit {Polocystis parallela) x460. 

„ 189. Dead Birch leaf with Birch wedge-rust {Melampsora 

hetulind) . 

3, 190. "Winter spores of Melampsora betulina) x 460.

EXPLAXATION OF PLATES. 235 

Plate 

3> 

fls:. 

IX. lUl. Portion of Sallow leaf with "Willow wedê-rust (Jlelampsora 

salicina). 

192. Winter spores of 21eIan>psora salicina x 4G0. 

3) 

193. Leaves of Spurge with Spurge wedge-rust {Melamj^ftora 

Eiiphorliice). 

19i. Winter spores of Melampsora Enphorhife x liiu'lily. 

195. Portion of Poplar-leaf with Poplar wedge-rust (J/> 

lampsora populina) . 

196. "Winter 

35 

spores of Melampsora pop^dina x 460, 

33 197. Winter spores of Melamp^ôra 

mination— hetulina in active a sporidia X 466 {Tidasne). 

ger- 

X. 19S. Pruit of Shepherd's Purse with White rust {Cystopiis 

candidus). 

„ 199. Portion of Cabbage-leaf with Wliite rust [Cystopus candidus). 

93 

200, Conidia of White rust {Ci'stopiis candidus) 

x 360. 

33 

201. Portion of Goatsbeard-leaf with White rust {Cystopus 

cidjicus). 

„ 202. Conidia of Goatsbeard white rust {Cystopu% cuhicus) 

x360. 

„ 203, Portion of Mycelium producing the first of a chain of 

conidia x 400. 

„ 204. Mycelium of White rust with sucker-like processes 

x360. 

„ 205. Mycelium of Wliite rust with nascent oogonia x 360. 

„ 206. Oogonium of Crucifer white rust {Cystopus candidus) 

„ 207. 

^m){J)eBary). 

The same, further advanced, ruptured, with zoospores, 

X 400. 

„ 20S, Pree zoospores of White rust, with their ciliae, x 400 

{BeBanj). 

33 

33 

33 

209. Pesting zoospores in germination x 400 {T)e BanJ). 

210. Oogonium of Goatsbeard white rust {Cystopus cubicus) 

X 4:00 {Be Bary). 

211. Oogonium of Sandwort mould {Peronospora arenarice) 

x400 {BeBanj). 

„ 212. Oogonium of Pea mould {Peronospora vici^) 

x 400 {Be 

Bary). 

„ 213. Oogonium of A'êronica mould 

x400 {Be Bary). 

{Peronospora griseci) 

„ 214. Oo2:onium of Spinach mould {Peronospora effusd) x 400 

\BeBary). 

„ 215. Leaf of Goosefoot with mould {Peronospora effusa). 

XI. 216. Conceptacle of Hop mildew {Spha;rotheca castagne)i 

x80. 

„ 217. Conceptacle of Pose blight {Splia^rotlieca pannosd) x 80. 

„ 218. Sporangium of /S)?//

. 

„ 

23G 

MICEOSCOPIC FQXGI. 

Plate fis:. 

XL 219. Conceptacle of Hazel blight {P/iyUadinia guttata) 

X SO. 

_ 

„ 220. Sporangium of PJnjllactlnia guttata x liiglil.y. 

„ 221. Poi'tion of leaf of Willow with Willow blight {Uncimda 

adunca). 

„ 222. Conceptacle of Willow blight {JJncvmta adunca) x SO. 

„ 223. Tip of one of the appendages x highly. 

,, 

224. Sporangium of AViiiow blight {Uncimda adunca) x 

highly. 

„ 225. Conceptacle of Maple blight {Uncimda hicomis) x 80. 

., 

226. Tip of one of the appendages of Uncinula bicomis 

X highly. 

„ 227. Turcate tip of one-' of the appendages of the Maple 

blight iJJncimda hicomis) x highly. 

,, 

22S. Sporangium of Uncinula hicomis x highly. 

„ 229. Leaf of Berberry with Berberry blight {Microspharia 

Berfjeridis). 

„ 230. Conceptacle of Berberry blight x SO. 

„ 231. Tip of one of the appendages of Berberry blight {MicrospJueria 

Berheridis) x highly. 

„ 232. Sporangium of Berberry blight x highly. 

„ 233. Tip of appendage of a continental species of blight 

{Microsphtrria Ehrenhergii) x highly {Leceilte). 

„ 23i. Tip of appendage of Alder blight {Microsjjhceria penicillata) 

highly. 

,, 

235. Portion of Grass leaf with blight {Oidium monilioides) 

. 

„ 236. Tuft of conidia of Oidium monilioides x 120. 

„ 237. Leaflet of Garden Pea with Pea blight {Brj/sipheMartii) 

. 

J, 

23S. Conceptacle of Pea blight {Enjsiphc JIar'tii) x SO. 

„ 239. Sporangium of ii/'î7}V;«? J/f/ + /•/// highly. 

„ 2^:0. Conceptacle of Buttercup bliglit CEr//siphe communis) 

X SO. 

_ 

241. Sporangium of Bnjsiphe communis x liighly. 

„ 242. Sucker from the mycelium of Erysiphe communis, 

magnified. 

XI 1. 243. Conceptacle of Mealy Guelder-rose blight {Jlicrosplucria 

Hedwigii) x SO. 

j» 

,. 244. Sporangium of same, containing spores, x highly. 

,, 

245. Conceptacle of Cornel blight {Enjsipjlie tort His) x SO. 

„ 246. Sporangium of same, containing spores, x highly. 

„ 247. Tip of appendage of Microsphceria Hedwigii x 

highly. 

248. Sporangium of Mugwort blight {Erysiphe LinMi), co]itaining 

spores, x highly. 

219. Conceptacle of Mugwort blight {Erysiphe Lin Jdi) x SO. 

250. Sporangium and spores of Plantain blight {Erysiphe 

lamprocarpa) x highly.

EXPLANATION OP PLATLS. 237 

Plate fiff. 

XII. 251. Conccptacle of Plantain bliglit {JErysiphe lamprocarpci) 

xSO. 

„ 252. Coiiceptacle of Paper bristle-mould {Chatomium chartaruni) 

magnitied. 

,, 

253. Sporidium of the same, further magnified. 

„ 254. Conceptacle of Paper mildew {Ascotrichcc chartarim) 

magnified {Berkeley). 

,, 

255. Portion of thread of same with conidia, further mag 

{Berkeley). 

,, 

256. Sporangium of same, containing spores {Berkeley). 

,, 257. Piece of straw with Bristle mould {C/uelomium elatuni), 

,, 

258. Conccptacle of same, shghtly magnified. 

,, 

259. Section of same, further magnified. 

„ 200. Dead leaf over-run with Herbarium mildew {Ewrolium 

herhariorum). 

,, 

2G1. Coneeptacles of the same, seated on their mycelium, 

magnified. 

XIII. 202. Fertile thread of Turnip mould {Peronospora parasitica) 

. 

„ 203. Fertile thread of Onion mould {Peronospora Sc/ileidenianct). 

XIV. 2Gi. Fertile thread of Potato mould {Peronospora infestani) 

. 

„ 205. Fertile thread of Lettuce mould {Peronospora gangliformis). 

XV. 200. Fertile thread of Pea mould {Peronospora Vicics). 

„ 267. Fertile thread of Anemone mould {^Peronospora curta) 

. 

XVI. 208. Fertile thread of Sandwort mould {Peronospora arenarice). 

„ 209. Fertile thread of Dock mould {Peronospora obliqua) 

X 320.

INDEX. 

PAGE 

Acrosporcs 141 

-^cidiacei 189 

JEcidioIum exan thematim .. 22 

j^cidium 5 

„ (Descriptions) . . 190 

„ Euphorbias 11 

„ Gain 15 

„ leiicospernu'.hi . . . . 11 

„ quadnfidiim .... 11 

„ Ranuncidaceani.m 12 

„ SaniculcB 15 

„ TJiesii 15 

„ Tragoporjonh .... 5 

Alternation of Generations 38 

Anemone brand 60 

„ cluster-cups .... 10 

Antlier smut 85 

Antlieridia 129 

Appendages or fulcra .... 165 

Appendix 189 

Aregma hulbosum 69 

„ 

. 

(Descriptions). . . . 195 

J, gracilis 71 

., 

mucronaturd 34 

„ ohtusatum 73 

Artotrogus 151 

Asci 35 

Ascormjces Riimicis 161 

Ascotricha chartarum .... 175 

„ (Descriptions) 221 

Eean rust 104 

Eedstraw cluster-cups 15 

Beet rust 104 

Berberry cluster-cups .... 16 

Berbeny mildew 170 

PAGB 

Birch rust 118 

„ wedge-rust 118 

Blackberry brand -. . 68 

Bladder brand 86 

Blight, Berberry 170 

„ Burdock 17-4 

„ Crowfoot 173 

„ Dogwood 174 

„ Gooseberry 171 

„ Guelder-rose 171 

„ Hazel 168 

„ Hop 169 

„ Indian Cotton 177 

„ Maple 167 

„ ]\Iealy Guelder-rose 172 

„ Mugwort 174 

„ Pea... 173 

„ Plantain 174 

,, Rose 166 

„ Salsify 174 

„ Willow 169 

Boletus cyanescens 106 

Botnjtis devastatrix 153 

„ fallax 153 

„ infestans 153 

Bramble brand 68 

Brand, Anemone 60 

„ Bladder 86 

„ Bramble 68 

„ Burnet chain 73 

„ Centaury 63 

„ Complex 67 

„ Dust 76 

„ Earth-nut 64 

5, 

Goatsbeard 65

240 MICEOSCOriC FUNGI. 

FACE 

Brand, Ground -ivy 59 

„ Meadow-sweet .... 67 

„ ]Mint 58 

„ Pepper 86 

„ Periwinkle 103 

„ Raspberry 71 

„ Sanicle 61 

„ Strawberry 72 

„ Thistle 62 

I'l.istle-moulds 175 

. . Buckthorn cluster-cups 16 

Bunt 

..; 

S6 

Bunt, germination 87 

blight Burdock 171 

Burnet chain-brand 73 

Butter-bur rust 123 

Buttercup blight 173 

. . 

„ cluster-cups 12 

Cabbage rust 136 

Campanula rust 123 

Centaury brand 63 

Chcetomium (Description.^ ) 221 

„ elatam 175 

Classitication 189 

Clover rust 116 

Cltjster-

PAGE 

Epispore 40 

INDEX. 241 

„ tortilis 174 

J?«ro^?2^»i (Descriptions).. 222 

„ herbariorum .... 177 

Examining fungi 183 

Eern rust 112 

Eungi, species of ... . 45 

Generations, alternation of 38 

Genus and species 58 

Germination of mildew . . 55 

„ of pea rust.. 40 

Goatsbeard cluster-cups 

. . 3 

„ smut 82 

„ white rust 136 

Goat-willow rust 116 

Golden-rose rust 113 

Gonosphere 130 

GooseBerry blight 171 

Ground-ivy brand .59 

Groundsel rust 97 

Guelder-rose blight 171 

Long-stemmed rust ...... 114 Origin of mildew 47 

PACK 

Luzula rust 104 

Erineum acerimim 170 Maple blight 169 

Erysiphe communis ]73 Meadow-saffron smut .... 92 

„ (Descriptions) 220 Meadow-sweet brand .... 67 

. . 

„ lamprocarpa .... 174 Mealy Guelder-rose blight 172 

„ Linkii 174 Melampsora hetulina 118 

sy 

Martii 173 „ (Descriptions) 213 

Montagnei 174 „ salicina 117 

Mercury rust 110 

Microscopic examination 183 

„ fungi collecting 

179 

Microscopic preserving . . 182 

Microsphceria Berberidis . . 170 


„ Ehrenbergii. . 171 

„ Hedtcigii.. .. Yl'^ 

Mildew and brand 45 

„ what is it ? 46 

Mint brand 58 

„ rust 102 

Monthly calendar of fungi 180 

Moulds 138 

Mould, Dock 160 

„ Lettuce 156 

„ Onion. 155 

„ Parsnip 157 

„ Potato 144 

Gymnosporangium (De- 

„ Rose 159 

„ Spinach 158 

„ Tare 156 

Mountain-ash cluster-cups 19 

Mounting fungi 184 

Mugwort blight 174 

Mycelium 23 

Nettle cluster-cups 14 

Nightshade rust 112 

Number of species 45 

Oak-leaf rust 11] 

Oidium 34, 162 

„ leucoconuim 1 67 

Litii. 108 „ monilioides 162 

longicapsula .... 118 „ Tuckeri 164 

Onion mould 155 

Oogonia 129 

Oospores 131 

scriptions) 201 

Hawthorn cluster-cups 

. . 

17 

Hazel blight 168 

Herbarium mould 177 

of fungi 182 

Hop disease 167 

Hyphomycetes 139 

Inoculation 9 

Iris rust 115 

Lecythea 107 

caprcearum 117 

(Descriptions) . . 206 

:Ro8fB 34, 107 

Lettuce mould 156 

Line-like rust 95 

R


PAGE 

Parsnip mould 157 

Peabliglit 173 

Pear tree cluster-cups .... 18 

Pea aud beau rust 114 

Pearust, germination of . . 40 

Pennywort rust 100 

Peridermium 20 

',, ^ (Descriptions) 189 

Peridium 4 

Peritliecmm 35 

Periwinkle brand 103 

„ rust 103 

_ 

Persicaria rust 104 

Peromsjpora 138 


5, 

destructor.,.. 156 

„ effusa 159 

J, gangliformis . . 156 

„ \infestans .... 153 

[„ macrospora 

.. 158 

„ nivea 157 

„ ohliqiia 160 

„ Schleideniana. 155 

„ sparsa 159 

:„ Trifoliorum .. 157 

„ Umbelliferarum 158 

„ Viciee 156 

Pepper brand 86 

Phragmidium 71 

Phyttactinia (Descriptions) 218 

„ guttata 168 

Pilewort rust. • • • • • 115 

^ 

Poc?i>(?»?« (Descriptions).. 201 

Polycystis 91 

„ (Descriptions).. 211 

„ pompholygodes.. 91 

Viol(S 92 

Potato disease 144 

„ mould 142, 144 

„ smut 93 

Preserving fungi 182 

Puccinia (Descriptions) 

. . 196 

„ Anemones 60 

„ Compositarum 

.. 63 

„ coronata 57 

„ glecJwmatis .... 59 

„ gramiiiis 25 

PASE 

Puccinia Mentlice 58 

„ Posce 34 

„ SaniculcB 64 

„ Syngenesiarum . . 62 

„ Umbelliferarum. . 64 

jj variabilis 62 

„ vincee 103 

Purslane white rust 137 

Raspberry brand 71 

Reed smut 83 

Bosstelia (Descriptions) . . 189 

„ cancellata 19 

5, 

cornuta 19 

„ lacerata 19 

Rose blight 166 

„ mould 107 

„ rust 159 

Rusts 95,110 

Rust, Bean 104 

„ Beet 104 

„ Birch 118 

„ Butter-bur 122 

5, Cabbage 124 

3, Campanula 123 

3, 

Clover 116 

„ Coltsfoot 120 

3, Composite 105 

„ Corn 49, 95 

s, Cow-parsnip 105 

., Cow-wheat 122 

„ Pern 112 

5, Plax 109 

„ Goatsbeard 136 

„ Goat-willow 116 

5, Golden-rose 113 

3, Grass of Parnassus 106 

3, Groundsel 97 

„ Iris 115 

.... 114 

3, Long-stemmed 

3, Luzula 104 

J, Mercury 110 

., Mint 102 

\. Nightshade 112 

„ Oak-leaf Ill 

„ Pea and Bean 114 

„ Pennywort 100 

„ Periwinkle 103

INDEX. 243 

PAGE 

Eust, Persicaria 

104i 

„ Pilewort 115 

;, 

Rose 107 

„ St.-John's-wort .... 113 

„ Sandspurry 136 

„ Sedge 104 

„ Sorrel Ill 

„ Sow-thistle 122 

„ Stinking 87 

., Sweet-smelliug 99 

„ Thistle 99 

„ Twin-faced Ill 

„ Umbellifer 105 

„ Violet 102 

Bye smut 92 

Sandspurry white rust . . 136 

Sanicle brand 64 

' "• 

„^ 

I 

„ 

I „ 

Hypericorum 


\ 

PAGE 

Uredo (Descriptions) 20i 

„ Filicum 112 

„ j hydrocotyles 101 

„ 113 

„ Farnassice 10(3 

„ Querch Ill 

,, 

Fosce 33 

Vrocystis 91 

Uromyces apiculata 116 

„ appendiculata, 40, 114 

„ (Descriptions) . • 210 

„ Ficarice 115 

,, 

UlmaricB 114 

JJstilago antherarum I . . . . 85 

(Descriptions) . . 202 

p,, longissima 84 

\ „ maydis 79 

„ I olivacea 84 

,, receptaculorum 83 

. • 

„ Salveii 84 

segetutn 79 

PAGE 

JJstilago typhoides .... 79, 83 

Valsa snffusa 35 

Vine disease 104 

Violet cluster-cups 13 

Violet smut 92 

Wedge-rust, Birch 118 

Willow .... 117 

Wheat diseases 85 

mildew 53 

,^ 

White mildews or bliglits 162 

TFhite rusts 124 

White rust. Cabbage 129, 136 

„ Crucifer .... 136 

„ Goatsbeard . . 136 

„ Purslane 137 

„ Sandspuriy 136 

. . 

Willow blight 169 

„ wedge-rust. 117 

Xenodochcs carbonarius . . 

73 

„ t (Descriptions) 195 

Zoospores 126 

WTilA^f V^fD SOXS, ?SUiIBBS, GSEAT QVEEX STBEET, LO:fDON_ W. -',

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