Lonicera spp.

<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Honeysuckle<br />

Introduction<br />

The genus <strong>Lonicera</strong> contains more than<br />

200 species worldwide and is distributed<br />

in temperate and subtropical regions<br />

of North America, Europe, North<br />

Africa, and Asia. Most of the species<br />

are small trees or shrubs. Ninety-eight<br />

species of <strong>Lonicera</strong> are reported from<br />

China; it is distributed nationwide<br />

with considerable species diversity<br />

in southwestern China [176] .<br />

Species of <strong>Lonicera</strong> in China [24]<br />

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I. <strong>Lonicera</strong> fragrantissima<br />

fragrant honeysuckle<br />

Taxonomy<br />

Family: Caprifoliaceae<br />

Genus: <strong>Lonicera</strong> L.<br />

Description<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> fragrantissima is a subevergreen<br />

or deciduous shrub that<br />

can grow 2 m tall. The leaves may<br />

be thick and papery or somewhat<br />

leathery, with noticeable variations<br />

in shape, ranging from obovate to<br />

elliptic, ovate, or oblong. Leaf length<br />

is 3-7 cm, with a tapered or retuse apex<br />

and a round or broadly cuneate base.<br />

Flowers with red to light-red labiate<br />

corolla are produced in the axils of young<br />

shoots appearing from mid-February<br />

to April. The oblong, showy, red fruits<br />

are about 1 cm long and appear from<br />

late April to May. The rough brown<br />

seeds are oblong and about 3.5 mm<br />

in length [176] .<br />

Habitat<br />

L. fragrantissima occurs in scrub land<br />

at elevations of 200 –700 m [176] .<br />

Distribution<br />

L. fragrantissima is indigenous<br />

to Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi,<br />

Shanxi, and Zhejiang provinces [176] ,<br />

and is also cultivated in some cities,<br />

including Shanghai, Hangzhou in<br />

Zhejiang, Wuhan in Hubei, and Taian<br />

in Shandong [8] .<br />

Growth habit of <strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica. (Photo by<br />

James R. Allison, GA-DNR.)<br />

Economic Importance<br />

Honeysuckle is cultivated in private<br />

gardens and in cities as an ornamental<br />

because of its large, fragrant flowers<br />

and brilliant red fruits [71] .<br />

Related Species<br />

There are two subspecies of <strong>Lonicera</strong><br />

fragrantissima in China. <strong>Lonicera</strong><br />

fragrantissima subsp. standishii (Carr.)<br />

Hsu et H.J. Wang occurs on sunny<br />

forested slopes and along ravines, in<br />

Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,<br />

Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and<br />

Zhejiang provinces (at elevations of<br />

100–2,000 m). The other subspecies,<br />

L. fragrantissima subsp. phyllocarpa<br />

(Maxim.) Hsu et H. J. Wang, grows on<br />

slopes, in valleys, and in riparian areas,<br />

in Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi,<br />

and Shanxi provinces (at elevations of<br />

480–2,000 m) [176] .<br />

II. <strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica<br />

Japanese honeysuckle<br />

Taxonomy<br />

Family: Caprifoliaceae<br />

Genus: <strong>Lonicera</strong> L.<br />

Description<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica is a semi-evergreen<br />

vine with pubescent stems. The papery<br />

leaves are 3-5 cm long and covered<br />

with coarse hairs. The leaf blades are<br />

ovate, with rounded or subcordate<br />

bases, apices are acute or acuminate,<br />

and slightly notched. A distinguishing<br />

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<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Leaves and flowers of <strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica.<br />

(Photo by Jil M. Swearingen, USDI-NPS.)<br />

feature separating L. japonica from<br />

related species is the upper leaf surface,<br />

which is greener than the underside.<br />

Growing in the leaf axils, the pubescent<br />

flowers, appearing from April to June,<br />

have conspicuous leaf-like bracts and<br />

white corollas, and appearing from<br />

April to June. The peduncle and leaf<br />

petiole are similar in size. The shiny,<br />

dark blue fruits are round, 6-7 mm in<br />

diameter, and mature from October to<br />

November [176] .<br />

Habitat<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica occurs among<br />

shrubs, along slopes, roadsides, in<br />

sparse forests, hedges, and on gravel<br />

banks at elevations up to 1500 m [176] .<br />

Distribution<br />

L. japonica is distributed nationwide in<br />

China: however, it is not native to Hainan,<br />

Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia,<br />

Qinghai, Xinjiang, or Tibet [176] .<br />

Economic Importance<br />

Extracts of chlorogenic acid and<br />

isochlorogenic acid are used medicinally<br />

in China [176] .<br />

Related Species<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica var. chinensis (Wats.)<br />

Bak. occurs in Anhui at elevations of up<br />

to 800 m. It is also cultivated in Jiangsu,<br />

Jiangxi, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [176] .<br />

III. <strong>Lonicera</strong> maackii<br />

Amur honeysuckle<br />

Taxonomy<br />

Family: Caprifoliaceae<br />

Genus: <strong>Lonicera</strong> L.<br />

Description<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> maackii (Rupr.) Maxim is<br />

a deciduous shrub that can reach a<br />

height of 6 m and a stem diameter<br />

of 10 cm. The entire plant is covered<br />

with glandular hairs. Winter buds are<br />

small, ovoid, and covered with more<br />

than five pairs of scales. Papery leaves<br />

are ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 5-8<br />

cm long with acuminate to narrowly<br />

acuminate apices and a rounded or<br />

wedge-shaped leaf bases. The petiole<br />

is 2-5 mm cm long and is longer than<br />

the 1-2 mm long peduncle. White<br />

to yellow, fragrant, axillary flowers<br />

with labiate corollas and a linear to<br />

lanceolate bracts appear from May<br />

to June. Fruits are globular, dark-red,<br />

5-6 mm in diameter, and mature from<br />

August to October [176] .<br />

Habitat<br />

L. maackii occurs in riparian areas at the<br />

edge of forests at elevations of 1,800<br />

m (3,000 m in some areas of Yunnan<br />

and Tibet) [176] .<br />

Fruits of <strong>Lonicera</strong> maackii. (Photo by Chuck<br />

Bargeron, UGA.)<br />

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<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Natural Enemies of <strong>Lonicera</strong><br />

Twenty-one fungi have been reported<br />

to damage <strong>Lonicera</strong>. Six species are<br />

found on L. japonica; four on <strong>Lonicera</strong><br />

maackii, and one on fragrant honeysuckle.<br />

Microsphaera lonicerae can damage<br />

both Japanese and fragrant honeysuckle.<br />

Puccinia festucae Plowright is found on<br />

both Japanese and amur honeysuckle.<br />

Forty-four arthropod species have been<br />

found on <strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>., of which 23<br />

species attack Japanese honeysuckle<br />

and four damage amur honeysuckle.<br />

Approximately 20 insect species<br />

have a narrow H. R. within the genus<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong>.<br />

Distribution<br />

L. maackii is distributed throughout<br />

Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei,<br />

Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,<br />

Jiangsu, Jiangxi [84] , Jilin, Liaoning,<br />

Ningxia [116] , Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,<br />

Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [176] , and<br />

recorded as L. maackii podocarpa<br />

Franch. ex Rehd in Tibet.<br />

Economic Importance<br />

Essential oil of honeysuckle is<br />

extracted from the flower of Amur<br />

honeysuckle. The stem is a source of<br />

artificial cotton [176] .<br />

Related Species<br />

One variety of Amur honeysuckle, L.<br />

maackii var. erubescens Rhed., grows<br />

on hillside slopes in Anhui, Gansu,<br />

Jiangsu, and Henan [176] .<br />

IV. <strong>Lonicera</strong> tatarica<br />

Tartarian honeysuckle<br />

Taxonomy<br />

Family: Caprifoliaceae<br />

Genus: <strong>Lonicera</strong> L.<br />

Description<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> tatarica is a deciduous shrub<br />

that grows 3 m in height. The whole<br />

plant is nearly glabrous. The winter<br />

buds have approximately four pairs<br />

of scales. Leaves are papery, ovate,<br />

oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-5 cm in<br />

length, with a tapering apices and<br />

rounded to subcordate bases. Leaf<br />

margins are covered with coarse hairs.<br />

Flowers are produced from May to June.<br />

Bracts are linear lanceolate or linear<br />

oblanceolate, equal to or longer than<br />

the length of the calyx tube. Corollas<br />

are pink or white, 1.5 cm long, and<br />

labiate. Fruits are red, globular, 5-6<br />

mm in diameter and mature from July<br />

to August [176] .<br />

Habitat<br />

L. tatarica occurs on rocky slopes,<br />

forest edges, and scrubland in ravines<br />

at elevations of 900–1,600 m.<br />

Distribution<br />

<strong>Lonicera</strong> tatarica is native to northern<br />

Xinjiang. It is cultivated in Hebei [18] ,<br />

Heilongjiang, Liaoning [176] , and<br />

Shanxi .<br />

Colorful flowers of <strong>Lonicera</strong> tatarica. (Photo<br />

by Patrick Breen, Oregon State University.)<br />

Related Species<br />

L. tatarica L. var. micrantha Trautv.<br />

occurs in Xinjiang, on riverbanks at<br />

700-800 m elevation [176] .<br />

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<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Species of <strong>Lonicera</strong> in China [24]<br />

Scientific Name Scientific Name Scientific Name<br />

L. acuminata Wall. L. nervosa Maxim. L. altmannii Regel et Schmalh.<br />

L. nigra L. L. angustilfolia Wall. ex DC. L. nubium (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz.<br />

L. anisocalyx Rehd. L. oreodoxa H. Smith ex Rehd. L. bourtnei Hemsl.<br />

L. pampaninii Lévl. L. brevisepala Hsu et H. J. Wang L. pileata Oliv.<br />

L. buchananii Lace L. praeflorens Batal. L. buddleioides Hsu et S. C. Cheng<br />

L. prostrata Rehd. L. caerulea L. L. retusa Franch.<br />

L. calcarata Hemsl. L. rhytidophylla Hand.-Mazz.<br />

L. calvescens (Chun et How) Hsu et H. J.<br />

Wang<br />

L. rupicola Hook. f. et Thoms. L. carnosifolia C. Y. Wu ex Hsu et H. J. Wang L. ruprechtiana Regel<br />

L. chrysantha Turcz. L. semenovii Regel L. ciliosissima C. Y. Wu ex Hsu et H. J. Wang<br />

L. sempervirens L. L. cinerea Pojark. L. setifera Franch.<br />

L. confusa (Sweet) DC. L. similis Hemsl. L. crassifolia Batal.<br />

L. stephanocarpa Franch. L. cyanocarpa Franch. L. subaequalis Rehd.<br />

L. dasystyla Rehd. L. subhispida Nakai L. elisae Franch.<br />

L. sublabiata Hsu et H. J. Wang L. fargesii Franch. L. tatarica L.<br />

L. ferdinandii Franch. L. tatarinowii Maxim. L. ferruginea Rehd.<br />

L. tragophylla Hemsl. L. fragilis Lévl. L. trichosantha Bur. et Franch.<br />

L. fragrantissima Lindl. et Paxt. L. trichosepala (Rehd.) Hsu L. fulvotomentösa Hsu et S.C. Cheng<br />

L. tubliflora Rehd. L. graebneri Rehd. L. virgultorum W. W. Smith<br />

L. gynochlamydea Hemsl. L. yunnanensis Franch. L. hildebrandiana Coil. et Hemsl.<br />

L. alberti Regel L. hispida Pall. ex Roem. et Schult. L. codonantha Rehd.<br />

L. humilis Kar. et Kir. L. hemsleyana (O. Ktze.) Rehd. L. hypoglauca Miq.<br />

L. heterophylla Decne. L. hypoleuca Decne. L. jilongensis Hsu et H.J. Wang<br />

L. inconspicua Batal. L. litangensis Batal. L. inodora W. W. Smith<br />

L. minuta Batal. L. japonica Thunb. L. minutifolia Kitam.<br />

L. kansuensis (Batal. ex Rehd.)<br />

Pojark.<br />

L. modesta Rehd. L. kawakamii (Hayata) Masam.<br />

L. oblata Hao ex Hsu et H.J. Wang L. lanceolata Wall. L. oiwakensis Hayata<br />

L. ligustrina Wall. L. saccata Rehd. L. longilflora (Lindl.) DC.<br />

L. schneideriana Rehd. L. longituba H. T. Chang ex Hsu et H. J. Wang L. serreana Hand.-Mazz.<br />

L. maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. L. spinosa Jacq. ex Walp. L. macrantha (D. Don) Spreng.<br />

L. szechuanica Batal. L. macranthoides Hand.-Mazz. L. alpeiensis Hsu et H.J.Wang<br />

L. maximowiczii (Rupr.) Regel L. tangutica Maxlm. L. microphylla Wllld. ex Roem. et Schult.<br />

L. tomentella Hook.f. et Thoms. L. mucronata Rehd. L. trichogyne Rehd.<br />

L. myrtilllus Hook. f. et Thoms. L. webbiana Wall. ex DC.<br />

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<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Fungi<br />

Phylum Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />

Ascomycota<br />

Basidiomycota<br />

Erysiphaceae<br />

Meliolaceae<br />

Microsphaera dipeltae Y.N. Yu & Y.Q. Lai oo 22<br />

Microsphaera erlangshanensis Y.N. Yu mo 22<br />

Microsphaera lonicerae (DC.) G. Winter o* ‡ 22<br />

Microsphaera vanbruntiana W.R. Gerard po 22<br />

Asteridiella lonicerae (W. Yamam.) Hosag.<br />

o* 62<br />

Phyllachoraceae Phyllachora xylostei (Fr.) Fuckel mo 23<br />

Rhytismataceae Rhytisma lonicericola Henn. o † 23<br />

Hymenochaetaceae Phellinus setulosus (Lloyd) Imazeki po 23<br />

Polyporaceae Fomes calcitratus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Cooke oo 23<br />

Pucciniaceae<br />

Puccinia festucae Plowr.<br />

oo<br />

23 I<br />

* 22<br />

p* † 23<br />

Puccinia longirostris Kom. oo 23<br />

Anamorphic Ascomycetes Rhabdospora decipiens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. mo 23<br />

Anamorphic Discosphaerina Kabatia latemarensis Bubák oo 23<br />

Anamorphic Guignardia Phyllosticta caprifolii (Opiz) Sacc. mo 23<br />

Anamorphic Lophodermium Leptostroma lonicericola Rabenh. oo 23 II<br />

Anamorphic Mycosphaerella<br />

Cercospora lonicericola W. Yamam. m* 23<br />

Cercospora periclymeni G. Winter o* 23<br />

Septoria lonicerae-maackii Miura m † 23<br />

Anamorphic Mycosphaerellaceae Ascochyta tenerrima Sacc. & Roum. m* 23<br />

Anamorphic Rhytisma Melasmia lonicerae Jacz. o † 23<br />

* attacks <strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica<br />

† attacks <strong>Lonicera</strong> maackii<br />

‡ attacks <strong>Lonicera</strong> tartarica<br />

I<br />

Recorded as Irenina lonicerae Yamam<br />

II<br />

Recorded as Leptostroma lonicericolum Rabenh.<br />

Arthropods<br />

Order Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />

Acariformes Rhyncaphytoptidae Rhyncaphytoptus lonicerae Kuang et Zhuo m† 83<br />

Coleoptera<br />

Hemiptera<br />

Asias halodendri (Pallas) p* 65<br />

Cerambycidae<br />

m* 85<br />

Xylotrechus grayii (White)<br />

p* 140<br />

Liroetis loniceris Jiang oo 140<br />

Pseudoliroetis fulvipennis (Jacoby) p* 85<br />

Chrysomelidae<br />

oo 140<br />

Trachyaphthona obscura (Jacoby)<br />

oo 158<br />

oo 185<br />

Zangia signata Jiang po 140<br />

Acanthosomatidae Platacantha forfex (Dallas) po 193<br />

Pentatomidae Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius) p* 193<br />

102 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies

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<strong>Lonicera</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />

Amphicercidus sinilonicericola Zhang<br />

m* 85<br />

m* 189<br />

Microlophium carnosa (Buckton) po 140<br />

Neorhopalomyzus lonicericola (Takahashi) m* 158<br />

Neotoxoptera oliveri (Essig) m* 100<br />

p† 100<br />

Aphididae<br />

Semiaphis heraclei (Takahashi)<br />

p†* 158<br />

Homoptera<br />

p†* 189<br />

o†* 65<br />

Trichosiphonaphis lonicerae (Uye)<br />

oo 85<br />

m† 100<br />

Tuberocephalus sp. m* 85<br />

Membracidae Telingana scutellata China po 140<br />

Pemphigidae Prociphilus ligustrifoliae (Tseng et Tao) mo 189<br />

Hymenoptera Argidae Arge similis (Vollenhoven) p* 65<br />

Hyphantria cunea (Drury) p† 41<br />

Arctiidae<br />

p* 40<br />

Pericallia matronula (Linnaeus)<br />

p* 41<br />

Angerona glandinaria Motschulsky po 138<br />

Ourapteryx sambucaria Linnaeus p* 138<br />

Geometridae<br />

m* 85<br />

Somatina indicataria Walker<br />

p* 138<br />

Trichopteryx polycommata (Denis et Schiffermüller) p* 177<br />

Lymantriidae Porthesia similis (Fueszly)<br />

p* 65<br />

p* 198<br />

Conistra ligula (Esper) po 12<br />

Noctuidae<br />

Crino satura (Schiffermüller) po 209<br />

Polia thalathina (Rottemberg) po 12<br />

Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus) p* 203<br />

Limenitis moltrechti Kardakoff p* 203<br />

Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Limenitis sulpitia (Cramer)<br />

p* 158<br />

po 203<br />

Parasarpa dudu (Westwood)<br />

p* 203<br />

po 203<br />

Saturniidae Antheraea yamamai Guerin-Meneville po 207<br />

p* 65<br />

Sphingidae<br />

Haemorrhagia staudingeri staudingeri (Leech)<br />

m* 206<br />

m* 206<br />

m* 208<br />

Adoxophyes orana Fischer von Röslerstamm<br />

p* 65<br />

p* 113<br />

Archips xylosteana (Linnaeus) p* 113<br />

Tortricidae<br />

Choristoneura diversana (Hübner) p* 113<br />

Clepsis rurinana (Linnaeus) p* 65<br />

Clepsis semialbana (Guenée) p* 113<br />

Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabricius) p* 113<br />

Pandemis dumetana Treitshke po 141<br />

Thysanoptera Thripidae Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) po 56<br />

* attacks <strong>Lonicera</strong> japonica<br />

† attacks <strong>Lonicera</strong> maackii<br />

Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 103