strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree ...

STRATEGIES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE USE AND 

MANAGEMENT OF TIMBER TREE SPECIES SUBJECT 

TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE: 

SOUTH EAST ASIA 

2008 

COMPILED BY UNEP-WCMC

Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 

Cambridge, UK 

About UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 

www.unep-wcmc.org 

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and 

policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 

the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC 

aims to help decision-makers recognize the value of biodiversity to people 

everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is 

to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems 

for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international 

community as they engage in joint programmes of action. 

UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that 

include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental 

agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and 

impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. 

Prepared by UNEP-WCMC, with the support of the governments of the Netherlands 

and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 

Edited by: Harriet Gillett & Pablo Sinovas, UNEP-WCMC 

© Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2008 

The designations of geographical entities in this report and the presentation of the 

material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP- 

WCMC concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its 

authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 

Cover photo: Canopy walkway, supported by Intsia palembanica (Merbau), Bukit 

Lagong Forest Reserve, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia© Harriet Gillett

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ 2 

ORGANISATIONS, ACRONYMS AND WEBLINKS ...................................................................................... 2 

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 3 

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 3 

Forests .................................................................................................................................. 3 

Forest Protection: national & international actions ....................................................... 4 

Workshop objectives .......................................................................................................... 5 

IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................................................... 5 

RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 6 

Priority Species ................................................................................................................... 6 

Other species ....................................................................................................................... 7 

Follow-up actions ............................................................................................................... 7 

Other Species .................................................................................................................... 12 

CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 15 

PARTICIPANTS ........................................................................................................................................ 16 

ANNEX 1: WORKSHOP SPECIES COMMENTS .......................................................................................... 21 

Table 1. Timber tree species in international trade, of conservation concern .......... 21 

Table 2. Timber tree species in international trade, of possible conservation 

concern. .............................................................................................................................. 44 

Table 3. Timber tree species possibly in international trade and of conservation 

concern, but in need of taxonomic revision. ................................................................. 50 

Table 4. Timber tree species in international trade, not considered to be of 

conservation concern ....................................................................................................... 54 

Table 5. Timber tree of conservation concern not thought to be in international 

trade ................................................................................................................................... 60 

Table 6. Timber tree species not thought to be in international trade or to be of 

conservation concern ....................................................................................................... 66 

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The participants at the workshop were 

fundamental to the success of the 

project, sharing their extensive 

knowledge and experience before, 

during and after the workshop. The 

project benefited from the enthusiastic 

collaboration of all present. They, and 

the organisations supporting their 

attendance at the workshop are 

thanked for their contributions. Jan de 

Koning (the Netherlands) and Greg 

Leach (Australia), jointly chaired the 

workshop, and were critical to 

ensuring rapid progress was made and 

conclusions agreed for each of the 115 

species under discussion. 

The project was managed by Harriet 

Gillett. Pablo Sinovas acted as 

rapporteur and provided logistical 

support to the workshop. Soh Wuu 

Kuang updated the background 

documentation, including the 

incorporation of data on new species, 

when he was a UNEP-WCMC 

Chevening Scholar in Biodiversity 

2005/2006, funded by the United 

Kingdom (Foreign & Commonwealth 

Office) and the Salters’ Company. He 

also helped organise and facilitate the 

workshop. Gerardo Fragoso helped 

guide project development and 

implementation and was responsible 

for overall project supervision. 

The workshop was funded by the 

governments of the Netherlands 

(Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and 

Food Quality) and the United Kingdom 

(Defra). The support from and 

collaboration of Stefan Verbunt, Chris 

Schürmann and Jan de Koning (the 

Netherlands) is gratefully 

acknowledged. James Paver (United 

Kingdom) is also thanked for his 

support at the workshop. 

Dato’ Dr. Wan Razali, the Deputy 

Director General of FRIM is thanked 

for providing an official welcome on 

behalf of the Ministry of Natural 

Resources and Environment. 

ORGANISATIONS, ACRONYMS AND WEBLINKS 

CBD 

CITES 

Defra 

FAO 

FFI 

FRIM 

TRAFFIC 

UNEP 

UNEP-WCMC 

WWF 

Convention on Biological Diversity www.biodiv.org 

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 

Fauna and Flora www.cites.org 

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 

www.defra.gov.uk 

Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations 

www.fao.org 

Fauna and Flora International www.fauna-flora.org 

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia www.frim.gov.my 

TRAFFIC International www.traffic.org 

United Nations Environment Programme 

http://www.unep.org 

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation 

Monitoring Centre http://www.unep-wcmc.org 

World Wide Fund for Nature http://www.wwf.org 

2

SUMMARY 

Internationally agreed targets to 

manage the world’s living resources 

sustainably are recognised by the 

United Nations (Millenium 

Development Goal 7), Convention on 

Biological Diversity (CBD; 2010 

target), and CITES (Strategic Plan). 

Timber producing trees are 

particularly prone to overexploitation. 

For species in 

international trade, regionally agreed 

sustainable use and management 

strategies are needed at the species 

level if these international targets are 

to be met. 

South East Asian timber tree species in 

international trade and in need of 

action at the national or international 

level to ensure their long-term 

sustainable use, were identified by a 

panel of experts at a regional 

workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, 

Malaysia, 5-7 September 2007. 

The group involved experts from 

various sectors: forestry, timber trade, 

plant taxonomy, botanic garden, 

CITES and FAO. Experiences in the 

management and sustainable trade of 

a total of 122 regional timber species 

were shared to identify species that 

are or that may be subject to 

unsustainable harvesting for 

international trade. Details were 

collated on the pressures or threats 

that the species’ face, including 

knowledge relevant to the use of each 

species. 

Sixty-six species were considered to be 

in international trade and of known, or 

possible, conservation concern (tables 

1, 1A & 2). Of these, 15 species and the 

genera Dalbergia and Diospyros 

(included in tables 1 & 1A) were 

identified as immediate priorities for 

action at the national or international 

level. 

Forests 

INTRODUCTION 

Forests play a critical role in the lives 

and wellbeing of people around the 

world. Six million indigenous people 

living in the rain forests of Latin 

America, Southeast Asia and West 

Africa depend heavily on forests. A 

further 350 million people living in, or 

next to, dense forests rely on them for 

subsistence or income whilst 1.2 

billion people in developing countries 

use trees on farms to generate food 

and cash (FAO, 2005 1 ). 

Forests also play a major role in 

relation to climate change. According 

to FAO (2005) they contribute about 

one-fifth of global carbon emissions 

1 FAO. 2005. FAO website 

www.fao.org/forestry 

when cleared; they react sensitively to 

a changing climate; when managed 

sustainably, they produce wood fuels 

as a benign alternative to fossil fuels; 

and finally, they have the potential to 

absorb about one-tenth of projected 

global carbon emissions into their 

biomass, soils and products and store 

them – in principle in perpetuity. 

Despite this, the world’s natural 

forests are shrinking and forest 

systems worldwide are under threat 

for a wide range of reasons. These 

include habitat destruction, and 

exploitation for use as timber, 

firewood or for other non-timber 

forest products, which are major 

commodities in international trade. 

However, whereas habitat destruction 

may impact the forest in general, use, 

3

and particularly international use, of 

trees is species specific, depending on 

the quality of the product used: wood, 

fruit, sap etc. The very high value of a 

final product may put great pressure 

on the species concerned leading to 

the decline of high value tree species 

in their natural habitats. However, in 

general, efforts to ensure the 

sustainable use of forests have so far 

focussed on the forest as a whole 

rather than on particular species that 

may be subject to specific exploitation. 

Forest Protection: national & international actions 

Countries have addressed the issue of 

forest protection through tools such as 

legally gazetting areas in which 

disturbance to the ecosystem is then 

limited, and by passing legislation that 

limits the species and the size and 

quantity of specimens that may be 

felled or harvested. However, there is 

evidence of low levels of compliance 

of both protected area and timber 

harvesting legislation, and 

international trade in illegally sourced 

timber is a major source of concern. 

International efforts have therefore 

developed to address two issues: 1) 

ensuring forest use is sustainable; 2) 

ensuring forest use is legal. 

Direct measures to manage the way in 

which trees are exploited include 

development of certification standards 

and standards that codify practices for 

sustainable forestry. These are 

essentially voluntary and depend on a 

range of factors, including producer 

engagement; effective monitoring of 

the frequently complex chain-ofcustody 

from producer to consumer; 

and consumer demand. 

International initiatives with targets 

that encompass or necessitate 

safeguarding the world’s forests 

include: 

‣ UN Millennium Development 

Goal 1 to eradicate extreme 

poverty and hunger 

‣ UN Millennium Development 

Goal 7 to ensure environmental 

sustainability 

‣ CBD 2010 target, “to achieve 

by 2010 a significant reduction 

of the current rate of 

biodiversity loss at the global, 

regional and national level” 

and, CBD Global Strategy for 

Plant Conservation 

‣ CITES strategic plan: No 

species of wild flora subject to 

unsustainable exploitation 

because of international trade 

Relevant actions that need to be 

implemented to ensure sustainable 

forest management are identified in 

the World Summit on Sustainable 

Development (WSSD) Plan of 

Implementation and the CBD 

Workplan. These include the need to: 

‣ Determine status and 

conservation needs of endemic 

or threatened species and the 

impacts of current forest 

management practices on 

them; 

‣ Develop initiatives that 

address the sustainable use of 

timber and non-timber forest 

products; 

‣ Assist importing countries to 

prevent the entry of 

unsustainably harvested forest 

resources which are not 

covered by CITES. 

4

Workshop objectives 

The workshop directly addressed 

these three needs. Demand for forest 

information has never been greater or 

more complex than now, with 

countries being asked to report 

regularly in order to fulfil their 

obligations to the international 

agreements to which they are party, 

and as civil society becomes 

increasingly concerned about the state 

and trends in forest stocks, goods and 

services. 

The current initiative was undertaken 

in response to the need to ensure that 

authoritative information at the 

species level is available to those 

people responsible for decision 

making. Thus, the workshop’s specific 

objective was to identify, on a regional 

basis, timber tree species involved in 

international trade, for which data on 

use and population size indicate that 

species specific management plans are 

needed, and additionally to produce 

recommendations for these species. By 

collaborating with organisations at a 

regional level, synthesising all existing 

relevant information and making this 

available in an integrated format, the 

capacity of countries and 

organisations to make well-informed 

decisions is enhanced, particularly for 

species occurring in more than one 

country in the region. 

IMPLEMENTATION 

The concept for this workshop was 

based on earlier work funded by the 

governments of the Netherlands and 

the United Kingdom. This earlier work 

included compilation of a desk study 

Contribution to an evaluation of tree 

species using the new CITES listing 

criteria in 1998 (funded by the 

Netherlands). A history of subsequent 

activities leading up to the workshop 

is provided on the CITES website in 

PC16 Doc. 19.2 2 

This work lead to the decision to 

implement a series of regional 

workshops to bring regional experts 

together to discuss the timber trees of 

each region included in the desk 

study. The objective was to identify 

species in international trade and of 

conservation concern and to 

subsequently identify strategies to 

support their long-term sustainable 

use. 

2 

http://www.cites.org/eng/com/PC/16/ 

E-PC16-19-02.pdf 

The first regional workshop, for 

Central America, was held in 

Nicaragua in 2005. 

Experts from South East Asian 

countries were invited to participate in 

a regional workshop, held in Malaysia, 

5-7 September 2007. In addition, 

representatives of UN organisations, 

other 

inter-governmental 

organisations, and non-governmental 

organisations were invited to attend. 

Participants had diverse backgrounds 

and experience of the forest sector, 

timber trade, plant taxonomy, and 

implementation of CITES. 

Participants were asked to provide 

information on 115 South East Asian 

timber tree species in international 

trade, identified by UNEP-WCMC 

based on a global survey undertaken 

previously (WCMC, 1999). The 

background information on the 

115 species is available at: 

www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/timber 

5

The participants discussed the 115 

species, with a view to identifying, as 

a priority, those that are in 

international trade and of known or of 

possible conservation concern. 

Participants also nominated an 

additional seven species for 

consideration and provided 

information on actions currently 

underway in their countries in relation 

to all the species discussed. 

RESULTS 

The 115 timber species discussed in 

detail during the workshop were 

eventually divided into six categories, 

according to the criteria: 

1 In international trade & 

threatened (Table 1) 

• Threatened in at least one 

country/province in the region 

(excluding Singapore, which was 

considered together with 

Peninsular Malaysia). 

• Known to be threatened, but threat 

not necessarily due to trade. 

2 In international trade but data 

deficient for conservation concern 

(Table 2). 

• Threatened in at least one 

country/province in the region 

(excluding Singapore, which was 

considered together with 

Peninsular Malaysia). 

• Insufficient information available to 

determine whether the species is 

threatened 

3 Taxonomic confusion (Table 3) 

• Possibly in international trade and 

possibly of conservation concern. 

• Confusion over taxonomy of the 

species prevents clear 

understanding of the trade 

situation. 

4 In international trade, but not 

considered to be threatened (Table 4). 

• Known to be in international trade. 

• Available information suggests the 

species is not threatened. 

5 Not in international trade but 

thought to be threatened by workshop 

participants or previously recorded as 

threatened by IUCN (Table 5). 

• Not known to be in international 

trade. 

• Available information suggests the 

species is threatened. 

6 Not in international trade & 

not considered to be threatened 

(Table 6). 

• Not known to be in international 

trade. 

• Not known to be threatened. 

Due to the large number of species for 

discussion, the decision was taken to 

focus the workshop on considering 

data on the status of the 115 species. 

It was agreed that attempting to 

identify relevant actions for each 

species was impracticable within the 

time constraints. Information on the 

115 species provided by workshop 

participants is given in Annex 1 

(Tables 1-6). 

This information augments the data 

provided in the background 

documentation, available at 

www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/timber 

Priority Species 

Fifty-nine of the 115 species were 

identified as being in international 

trade, and of conservation concern, or 

possibly of conservation concern. 

Forty species (Table 1) were identified 

as being in international trade and of 

conservation concern and 19 species 

6

(Table 2) were identified as being in 

international trade and of possible 

conservation concern. 

Eight species and two genera in table 1 

were identified by particular countries 

as being of highest priority for action. 

Seven additional species identified by 

participants as being of conservation 

concern and in international trade and 

considered to be priorities for action 

are listed in table 1A. There was 

insufficient time and information to 

discuss these in detail. 

Other species 

Seven species (Table 3) were 

considered to be subject to taxonomic 

confusion, but possibly in 

international trade and possibly of 


Seventeen species were considered to 

be in international trade, but not 

threatened (table 4). Thirty two species 

were considered not to be in 

international trade (tables 5 and 6). 

Follow-up actions 

Actions proposed by the workshop 

participants for the species identified 

as priority by specific countries are 

included for each of those species in 

the Annex. 

A number of other actions were 

proposed during the workshop. These 

are detailed in the Annex and are also 

outlined below: 

a. The background document for 

Neesia malayana indicating that the 

species is threatened in Indonesia 

was questioned, and it was 

suggested that Indonesia 

undertake research to assess status. 

b. It was decided that ITTO would 

be asked to check the 

nomenclature of timber traded as 

Shorea in order to avoid confusion 

between species in trade statistics. 

c. Dalbergia bariensis is under 

revision in Thailand, and it was 

noted that one of the Thai 

participants (Dr. Chayamarit) could 

supply information on who is 

carrying out the revision, so that 

the botanists involved can be 

contacted. 

d. Further clarification was 

considered to be needed for 

Palaquium bataanense, and it was 

suggested that UNEP-WCMC and 

the Philippines double-check on 

which list it should be included. 

7

Table 1: Timber tree species in international trade, of conservation concern: 

priorities for action 3 

Family Species Range States 4 

KH ID LA MY PH TH VN Other 5 

1 Anacardiaceae Mangifera macrocarpa √ √ √ √ 

2 Apocynaceae Dyera polyphylla √ √ √ 

3 Bombacaceae Neesia altissima √ √ √ √ 

4 Neesia malayana √ √ √ √ 

5 Burseraceae Canarium 

pseudosumatranum 

6 Crypteroniaceae Dactylocladus 

stenostachys 

√ √ √ 

√ S √ 

7 Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera costata √ √ √ √ √ √ S √ 

8 Neobalanocarpus heimii S √ 

9 Shorea albida √ S √ 

10 Shorea curtisii S √ √ √ 

11 Shorea negrosensis √ 

12 Shorea rugosa S √ √ 

13 Ebenaceae Diospyros mun G S 

14 Diospyros philippinensis G G 

15 Icacinaceae Cantleya corniculata √ √ √ 

16 Lauraceae Eusideroxylon zwageri √ S √ 

3 S indicates species identified by that range state as a priority. 

G indicates the species is from a genus identified as a priority 

√ species occurrence confirmed 

(√) species occurrence uncertain 

4 Known occurrence in the countries participating in the workshop (except for Singapore). 

Cambodia KH 

Indonesia ID 

Lao P.D.R. LA 

Malaysia MY 

Philippines PH 

Thailand TH 

Viet Nam VN 

5 “Other” refers to occurrence in any of the remaining SE Asian countries, in particular 

Brunei, Myanmar and/or Singapore. 

8

Family Species Range States 4 

KH ID LA MY PH TH VN Other 5 

17 Leguminosae Afzelia xylocarpa √ √ √ √ √ 

18 Cynometra elmeri √ √ √ 

19 Cynometra inaequifolia √ √ 

20 Cynometra malaccensis √ √ √ 

21 Dalbergia annamensis G 

22 Dalbergia cambodiana 

[Also listed in table 3] 

G 

G 

23 Dalbergia cochinchinensis G G G G 

24 Dalbergia mammosa G 

25 Dalbergia oliveri G G G G G 

26 Dalbergia tonkinensis S 

27 Dialium cochinchinense √ √ √ √ √ √ 

28 Erythrophleum fordii (√) √ 

29 Intsia bijuga √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

30 Koompassia excelsa √ S √ √ √ 

31 Koompassia grandiflora √ 

32 Koompassia malaccensis √ √ √ √ 

33 Pterocarpus macrocarpus √ √ √ √ √ 

34 Sindora inermis √ √ 

35 Sindora supa √ 

36 Xylia xylocarpa √ √ √ √ √ 

37 Pinaceae Pinus merkusii √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

38 Proteaceae Alloxylon brachycarpum √ 

39 Sapotaceae Madhuca pasquieri √ 

40 Manilkara kanosiensis √ 

9

Table 1A: Additional timber tree species in international trade, of conservation 

concern, identified by workshop participants as priorities for action 

Bignoniaceae 

Species Proposed by Workshop comments 

1 Markhamia 

stipulata 

Dipterocarpaceae 

2 Parashorea 

chinensis 

Guttiferae 

Viet Nam 

Viet Nam 

The VN participants proposed carrying out 

further research on the species’ ecology, 

distribution, uses, planting and conservation 

status. 

See above. 

3 Mesua ferrea Viet Nam See above 

Lauraceae 

4 Potoxylon 

melagangai 

Leguminosae 

Malaysia 

MY participants noted that felling restrictions 

for the species are in place in the country. 

Also, see comments under Dactylocladus 

stenostachys (Annex 1, Table 1, record 6). 

Endemic to Borneo. 

5 Intsia palembanica Indonesia & 

Malaysia 

Leguminosae 

For ID participants’ comments see Shorea 

curtisii Annex Table 1 (record 10). 

MY participants noted that felling restrictions 

for the species are in place in the country. 

Also, see comments under Dactylocladus 

stenostachys (Annex 1, Table 1, record 6). 

6 Sindora siamensis Viet Nam VN participants proposed carrying out further 

research on the species’ ecology, distribution, 

uses, planting and conservation status. 

Meliaceae 

7 Chukrasia tabularis Viet Nam See above 

10

Table 2: Timber tree species in international trade, data deficient for conservation 

concern 

Family Species Range States 

KH ID LA MY PH TH VN Other 

1 Celastraceae Lophopetalum javanicum √ √ √ √ 

2 Lophopetalum multinervium √ √ √ 

3 Lophopetalum pachyphyllum √ √ 

4 Lophopetalum rigidum √ √ √ 

5 Chrysobalanaceae Parinari costata √ √ √ √ 

6 Parinari oblongifolia √ √ √ 

7 Ebenaceae Diospyros rumphii √ 

8 Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus sumatrana √ √ √ √ 

9 Guttiferae Calophyllum canum √ √ √ 

10 Calophyllum carrii var. 

longigemmatum 

√ 

11 Calophyllum insularum √ 

12 Calophyllum papuanum √ 

13 Leguminosae Albizia splendens √ √ √ √ 

14 Myrtaceae Syzygium flosculifera √ 

15 Syzygium koordersiana √ 

16 Syzygium ridleyi √ √ √ 

17 Podocarpaceae Podocarpus neriifolius √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

18 Sapotaceae Madhuca betis √ √ 

19 Madhuca boerlageana √ 

11

Table 3: Timber tree species possibly in international trade and in need of 

taxonomic revision 

Family Species Range States # 


1 Araucariaceae Agathis borneensis √ √ √ 

2 Agathis dammara √ 

3 Agathis endertii √ √ 

4 Ebenaceae Diospyros blancoi G G 

5 Diospyros ferrea G G G G G G G 

6 Leguminosae Dalbergia bariensis G G G G 


[also listed in table 1] 

G 

G 

# G indicates the species is from a genus identified as a priority 

Other Species 

The remaining 50 species, allocated to categories 4-6, are listed in tables 4-6. 

Table 4: Timber tree species in international trade, not considered to be of 

conservation concern 



1 Anacardiaceae Mangifera decandra √ √ √ 

2 Apocynaceae Dyera costulata √ √ √ √ 

3 Araucariaceae Araucaria cunninghamii √ √ 

4 Bombacaceae Durio dulcis √ √ 

5 Durio kutejensis √ √ √ 

6 Burseraceae Santiria laevigata √ √ √ √ √ 

7 Triomma malaccensis √ √ √ 

8 Datiscaceae Octomeles sumatrana √ √ √ 

9 Lauraceae Dehaasia caesia √ √ √ √ 

10 Dehaasia cuneata √ √ √ √ √ 

11 Leguminosae Sindora beccariana √ √ √ 

12 Olacaceae Ochanostachys amentacea √ √ √ 

13 Sapotaceae Palaquium impressinervium √ √ 

14 Palaquium maingayi √ √ 

12



15 Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium beccarii √ 

16 Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

17 Tectona grandis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

Table 5: Timber tree of conservation concern not thought to be in international 

trade 



1 Burseraceae Canarium luzonicum √ 

2 Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus oliveri √ √ 

3 Fagaceae Fagus longipetiolata √ 

4 Lauraceae Cinnamomum porrectum √ √ √ √ 

5 Leguminosae Afzelia rhomboidea √ √ √ 

6 Kalappia celebica √ 

7 Pericopsis mooniana √ √ √ 

8 Wallaceodendron 

celebicum 

√ 

√ 

9 Meliaceae Aglaia perviridis √ √ √ 

10 Aglaia silvestris √ √ √ √ √ 

11 Toona calantas √ √ √ 

12 Olacaceae Strombosia javanica √ √ √ √ 

13 Rutaceae Merrillia caloxylon √ √ √ √ 

14 Sapotaceae Palaquium bataanense √ 

15 Sterculiaceae Scaphium longiflorum √ √ 

16 Verbenaceae Tectona philippinensis √ 

17 Vitex parviflora √ √ 

13

Table 6: Timber tree species not thought to be in international trade or to be of 

conservation concern 

Family Species Range States # 


1 Aceraceae Acer laurinum √ ? √ √ √ √ √ 

2 Apocynaceae Alstonia pneumatophora √ √ √ 

3 Ebenaceae Diospyros pilosanthera G G G G G G G 

4 Flacourtiaceae Homalium foetidum √ √ √ √ 

5 Guttiferae Calophyllum euryphyllum √ 

6 Calophyllum inophyllum √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 

7 Lauraceae Phoebe elliptica √ √ 

8 Lecythidaceae Planchonia valida √ √ 

9 Meliaceae Vavaea amicorum √ √ √ 

10 Myrtaceae Kjellbergiodendron 

celebicum 

√ 

11 Rubiaceae Jackiopsis ornata √ √ √ 

12 Simaroubaceae Ailanthus integrifolia √ √ √ √ √ 

13 Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium tinctorium √ √ √ √ √ √ 

14 Pterocymbium tubulatum √ √ √ 

15 Verbenaceae Tectona hamiltoniana √ 

# G indicates the species is from a genus identified as a priority 

14

CONCLUSIONS 

1. The workshop report should be 

sent as a priority to: 

‣ Range state national 

authorities, 

for 

consideration on actions 

concerning the species for 

which they are a range state. 

‣ the CITES Plants 

Committee, 


consideration concerning 

species in international 

trade 

‣ IUCN (Red List 

programme), 


consideration concerning 

species identified as 

threatened. 

2. Species in four genera were 

identified as being in need of 

taxonomic revision: 

‣ Agathis (kauri/dammar) 

Araucariaceae (A taxonomic 

revision of Agathis in 

Indonesia was not 

considered necessary by the 

Indonesian participants). 

‣ Cynometra 

Leguminosae 

‣ Dalbergia 

Leguminosae 

‣ Diospyros 

Ebenaceae 

(kekatong) 

(rosewoods) 

(ebonies) 

Two of these genera, Dalbergia 

and Diospyros were noted as 

being of particular importance. 

Given the taxonomic 

confusion within these genera 

and the identification of 

Dalbergia species as priority 

species in both the Central 

American and the South East 

Asian workshops, it was 

suggested that the two genera 

should be priorities for 

taxonomic and subsequent 

trade review. UNEP-WCMC 

will forward the document to 

the CITES Nomenclature 

Committee, Royal Botanic 

Garden Kew and other 

taxonomic organisations. 

3. Stefan Verbunt, on behalf of the 

government of the Netherlands, 

noted in his concluding speech, 

that the responsibility to 

prepare proposals to include 

any species in CITES 

Appendices I or II rested with 

range states, but that the 

Netherlands would be willing 

to provide support to range 

states in the preparation of such 

proposals. 

4. Participants noted that it would 

be important to run a follow-up 

workshop in the region, to 

assess action in relation to the 

species listed in tables 1, 1A, 2 

and 3 and to identify relevant 

actions needed as well as to 

consider additional species, 

including those listed in the 

table 1A. 

15

PARTICIPANTS 

Regional representatives 

CAMBODIA 

Mr. Neang Thy 

Officer of National Park and Wildlife 

Sanctuary Office 

Department of Nature Conservation 

and Protection 

Ministry of Environment 

CAMBODIA 

T: +855 16 671 771 

E: neangthy@yahoo.com 

INDONESIA 

Dr. Eko Baroto Walujo 

Head of Botany Division 

Keeper of Herbarium Bogoriense 

Research Centre for Biology 

Indonesian Institute of Sciences 

Herbarium Bogoriense 

Bidang Botani, Puslit Biologi-LIPI 

Cibinong Science Centre (CSC) - LIPI 

Jalan Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46 

Cibinong 16911 

INDONESIA 

T: +62 251/ 322 035 

F: +62 251/ 336 538 

E: herbogor@indo.net.id 

Dr. Tukirin Partomihardjo 





Cibinong Science Centre (CSC) - LIPI 



CITES Regional Plant Committee 

(Asia) 

INDONESIA 

T: + 62 21 8765066 

F: + 62 21 8765063 

Dr. Teguh Triono 





Cibinong Science Centre (CSC) - LPI 



INDONESIA 

E: ttriono@cbn.net.id 

Tajudin Edy Komar 

Department of Forestry 

Forestry Research and Development 

Agency 

Forest and Nature Conservation 

Research and Development Centre 

Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 

Bogor 

INDONESIA 

T: +251 633234, 7520067 

F: +251 638111 

E: raminppd87@yahoo.com 

Mrs. Titiek Setyawati 


Forestry Research and Development 

Agency 

Forest and Nature Conservation 

Research and Development Centre 

Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 

Bogor 

INDONESIA 

T: +251 633234 

F: +251 638111 

E: titiek29@yahoo.com 

LAO PDR 

Dr. Bounthong Bouahom 


Vientiane 

Forest Resources Conservation 

Division 

Head of CITES unit 

Lao PDR 

Tel: +856-21 215000, +856-202401099 

Fax: +856-217161 

E: phobounthanh@yahoo.com 

16

Saysamone Phothisat 


Vientiane 

Lao PDR 

Tel: +856-21 215000, 205336888 

Fax: +856-21222552 

E: saiphothisat@yahoo.com 

MALAYSIA 

Dr. Lillian Chua 

Forest Research Institute Malaysia 

(FRIM) 

52109 Kepong, 

Selangor Darul Ehsan 

MALAYSIA 

T: +60 (3) 62 79 72 23 

F: +60 (3) 62 80 46 25 

E: Lilian@frim.gov.my 

Julaihi Abdullah 

Research Manager 

Applied Forest Science & Industry 

Development (AFSID) 

Sarawak Forestry Corporation 

Forest Research Centre 

Jalan Datuk Amar Kalong Ningkan 

93250 Kuching, Sarawak 

MALAYSIA 

T: +6 082 614826 

F: +6 082 617953 

Toll Free Line: 1-800-88-ALAM 

E: julaihilai@sarawakforestry.com 

Mr. John Sugau 

Jabatan Perhutanan Sabah 

Senior Research Officer 

Herbarium Forest Research Centre 

Sabah Forestry Department 

P.O.Box 1407, Sepilok 

90715 Sandakan 

Sabah 

MALAYSIA 

E: John.Sugau@sabah.gov.my 

Dr. Saw Leng Guan 

Director 

Tropical Forest Biodiversity Centre 

Forest Research Institute Malaysia 

52109 Kepong, Selangor 

MALAYSIA 

T: +603-62797218 

F: +603-62731041 

E: sawlg@frim.gov.my 

Dr. Lee Hua Seng 

Head of Secretariat 

Sarawak Timber Association 

11 Floor, Wisma STA 

Jalan Datuk Abang Abdul Rahim, 

93450 Kuching, 

Sarawak 

MALAYSIA 

T: +(60 82) 332 222 

F: +(60 82) 487 888, 487 999 

E: hslee@sta.org.my 

Aimi Lee Abdullah (Mrs) 

Malaysian Timber Council 

18 th Floor, Menara PGRM, 

No. 8, Jalan Pudu Ulu 

Cheras 

56100 Kuala Lumpur 

MALAYSIA 

Dr. David Chin 

18th Floor, Menara PGRM, 

No. 8, Jalan Pudu Ulu 

Cheras 

56100 Kuala Lumpur 

MALAYSIA 

PHILIPPINES 

Dr. Domingo Madulid 

Curator 

Philippines National Museum 

National Museum 

P.O. Box 2659 

Manila 

THE PHILIPPINES 

E: dmadulid@info.com.ph 

Dr. Antonio Manila, Chief, Wildlife 

Division 

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau 

Diliman, 

Department of Environment and 

Natural Resources. 

Quezon City 


T: + 63 2 9246031 loc 222 

17

Dr. Honorato Palis 

Ecosystems Research and 

Development Bureau College, 

Laguna, 4031 


T: + 63 49 5362269/ 5362229 

F: + 63 49 5362850 

E: hgpalis@lgn.pworld.net.ph 

E: palishg@yahoo.com 

THAILAND 

Dr. Kongkanda Chayamarit 

Director 

Forest Herbarium (BKF)National Park 

Wildlife and Plant Conservation 

Department 

61 Phahonyothin Rd., Chatuchak, 

Bangkok 10900 

THAILAND F: + 662 5614824 

T: + 662 5614292-3 Ext. 814 

E: kchayama@mozart.inet.co.th 

Dr. Kitichate Sridith 

Associate Professor 

Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla 

University 

Hatyai, Songkhla 90112 

THAILAND 

E: Kitichate.S@psu.ac.th. 

VIETNAM 

Tran Ngoc Hai 

Forest Plant Department 

The Vietnam Forestry University 

Xuan Mai - Ha Tay 

VIETNAM 

Tel: 008434 840 628 

Cell phone: 0084 912206 245 

Email: haicrungfu@yahoo.com 

Mr. Hoang Van Sam 

Forest Plant Department 

The Vietnam Forestry University 

Xuan Mai - Ha Tay 

VIETNAM 

E: vanhoang@nhn.leidenuniv.nl 

Others 

AUSTRALIA 

Greg Leach 

Biodiversity Conservation 

Department of Natural Resources, 

Environment & the Arts 

PO Box 496 

Palmeston NT 0831 

AUSTRALIA 

T: +61 8 89 99 45 20 

M: +61 401 11 84 54 

F: +61 89 99 45 27 

E: greg.leach@nt.gov.au 

THE NETHERLANDS 

Jan de Koning 

CITES Scientific Authority of the 

Netherlands 

Nationaal Herbarium Leiden 

P.O.Box 9514 

2300 RA Leiden 


T: +31 715273559 (work) 

T: +31 629571095 

E: DeKoning@nhn.leidenuniv.nl 

Chris Schürmann 

CITES Scientific Authority of the 

Netherlands 

National Museum of Natural History 

Naturalis 

Postbus 9517 - 2300 RA Leiden 


T: + 31 71 568 7591; 

F: + 31 71 568 7666 

E: c.l.schurmann@minlnv.nl 

Stefan Verbunt 

Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and 

Food Quality 

Department of Nature 

P.O. Box 20401 

2500 EK The Hague 


T: +31-70-378 47 36 

F: +31-70-378 61 46 

E: s.j.d.verbunt@minlnv.nl 

18

UK 

James Paver 

British High Commission 

Kuala Lumpur 

MALAYSIA 

T: +603 

F: +603 

E: James.Paver@fco.gov.uk 

USA 

Pat Ford 

Botanist 

Division of Scientific Authority 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

4401 N. Fairfax Dr., Room 750 

Arlington, VA. 22203 

USA 

T: 703-358-1708 

F: 703-358-2276 

E: Patricia_Ford@fws.gov 

FAO 

Masakazu Kashio 

Forestry Officer 

FAO 

Bangkok 

THAILAND 

E: Masakazu.Kashio@fao.org 

ITTO 

Steve Johnson 

International Tropical Timber 

Organization (ITTO) 

International Organizations Center - 

5F 

Pacifico-Yokohama 

1-1-1 Minato-Mirai, Nishi-ku 

Yokohama 220-0012 

JAPAN 

Tel. +81 45 223 1110 

Fax +81 45 223 1111 

E: johnson@itto.or.jp 

E: manoel.sobral@itto.or.jp 

http://www.itto.or.jp 

IUCN/SSC 

Bian Tan 

IUCN/SSC Global Trees Specialist 

Group 

BGCI SE Asia Programme Coordinator 

c/o Registry, Singapore Botanic 

Gardens 

1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 

SINGAPORE 

T/F: +65 64674206 

M: +65 98248627 

E: bian.tan@bgci.org 

TRAFFIC 

Chen Hin Keong 

TRAFFIC International 

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Regional 

Office 

Unit 9-3A, 3rd Floor, Jalan SS23/11, 

Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, 

Selangor 

MALAYSIA 

T: +603 7880 3940 

F: +603 7882 0171 

E: hkchen@pc.jaring.my 

Noorainie Awang Anak 

Project Officer SE Asia 

TRAFFIC Southeast Asia Regional 

Office 

Unit 9-3A, 3rd Floor, Jalan SS23/11, 

Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, 

Selangor 

MALAYSIA 

T: +603 7880 3940 

F: +603 7882 0171 

E: naatsea@po.jaring.my 

UNEP-WCMC 

Harriet Gillett 

Senior Programme Officer 

Species Programme 

UNEP-WCMC 

219 Huntingdon Rd, 

Cambridge CB3 0DL 

UK 

T: +44 1223 277314 ex 250 

F: +44 1223 277136 

E: harriet.gillett@unep-wcmc.org 

19

Pablo Sinovas 

Research Assistant 

Species Programme 

UNEP-WCMC 



UK 

T: +44 1223 277314 

F: +44 1223 277136 

E: pablo.sinovas@unep-wcmc.org 

Soh Wuu Kuang 

Consultant 

c/o UNEP-WCMC 



UK 

T: +353-(0)1-8961421 

M: +353 0872368150 

E: wuukuang@gmail.com 

WWF 

Ivy Wong 

WWF-Malaysia 

49, Jalan SS23/15 

Taman SEA 

47400 Petaling Jaya 

Selangor 

MALAYSIA 

T: +603 7803 3772 

F: +603 7803 5157 

E: IWong@wwf.org.my 

Workshop participants 

20

ANNEX 1: WORKSHOP SPECIES COMMENTS 

Table 1. Timber tree species in international trade, of conservation concern 

Family Species (& Range States) Workshop comments 

1 ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera macrocarpa 

(ID, MY, TH, other) 

Johnson (2007) noted that the same trade figures appeared in the background document for both Mangifera 

species. Soh (2007) clarified that trade figures correspond to the genus, as species cannot be easily identified. 

Soh (2007) added that this is the case for the majority of timber species, e.g. they are traded as groups 

(genera or even families) and trade names (and consequently trade figures) refer to these groups rather than 

to individual species. 

Setyawati (2007) indicated that no conservation measures were in place for the species in Indonesia and that 

it is not logged in the country. The species is thought to be extinct in Indonesia as a result of having been 

traded together with M. deccandra (Setyawati, 2007). The ID participants (2007) considered the species to be 

very rare in Java and Kalimantan, where they had difficulty finding it, perhaps because not all areas had 

been explored. The species was reported not to be planted widely in Indonesia (Komar, 2007). 

Considered to be very rare in Malaysia (Saw, 2007). Reported to be of no conservation concern in Sabah 

(Chua, 2007). In Sarawak it was reported to be only cultivated for its fruits (Julaihi, 2007). Being a fruit tree, 

the law in Malaysia does not allow this species to be harvested (Chua, 2007). It was further argued that, 

given that the species is very rare and that it is a fruit tree, it would not be traded in Malaysia unless it was 

by mistake (Abdullah & Chua, 2007), and that it should therefore not be included in this list, but in list 5 

(Abdullah, 2007). The MY participants (2007) therefore considered the timber of this species not to be in 

trade. Trade figures from Malaysia for the whole genus were reported to be an annual average of 50 m 3 of 

Machang logs and 1000m 3 of sawn timber between 2002 and 2006 (Jumat, 2007). Saw & Chen (2007) noted 

however, that even if not specifically targeted, this species may still be logged and harvested together with 

more common look-alike species. Chua (2007) indicated that management measures are in place in Malaysia 

and suggested that information was needed on management measures in place in other countries. 

Considered to be very rare in Thailand and not in international trade. The whole genus is protected in the 

country (TH participants, 2007). 

It was confirmed that the species does not occur in Cambodia (KH participants, 2007). 

Not logged in the Philippines (PH participants, 2007). (The Philippines is not a range state). 

21


2 APOCYNACEAE Dyera polyphylla 

(ID, MY, other) 

3 BOMBACACEAE Neesia altissima 


4 Neesia malayana 


Setyawati (2007) reported that D. polyphylla, a fast-growing species, is not very widespread in Indonesia, 

and that it occurs in Riau and Jambi. A study from west Kalimantan found a density of one individual/10 

ha, but it was noted that this figure may be due to the sampling methodology used (Setyawati, 2007). It was 

noted that conservation measures for D. costulata were in place in Indonesia, including legal protection, 

policy measures, administrative management prescriptions and ex-situ conservation, and that only Dyera 

spp. trees over 60 cm of diameter may be harvested in the country (ID participants, 2007). 

Considered to be very common and one of the dominant species in peat swamp forests in Sarawak, where it 

is highly traded, with trade figures amounting to 30,000-40,000 m 3 per year (Abdullah, 2007). 

Habitat degradation and land use were considered to be the main problems affecting the species (Setyawati 

& Abdullah, 2007). 

N. altissima was reported to occur in southern Thailand, but it was considered to be very rare in the country, 

and it is listed as threatened in the Red Data Book (TH participants, 2007). Kashio (2007) noted that lowland 

forests in southern Thailand have been very disturbed by agricultural plantations. 

Reported to occur in Malaysia, but it was not clear whether it was traded (Chua, 2007). Saw (2007) did not 

consider it was clear that the species is threatened. Its common name in Malaysia was reported to be 

Bengang (Abdullah, 2007). Administrative management prescriptions were reported to be in place in the 

country (MY participants, 2007). 

Komar (2007) agreed with the information in the background document for the species in Indonesia. It was 

also noted that not much was known about the trade (Setyawati, 2007). 

N. malayana was reported to be rare in Thailand, but not listed in the Red Data Book since it is not rare in 

other countries (Sridith, 2007). 

Considered to be common in Malaysia (Wong, 2007), including Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007). Administrative 

management prescriptions were reported to be in place in the country (MY participants, 2007). 

The information stating that the species is threatened in Indonesia was questioned, and it was suggested 

that Indonesia undertake research to assess status (Setyawati, 2007). 

22


5 BURSERACEAE Canarium 

pseudosumatranum 

(ID, MY, TH) 

6 CRYPTERONIACEAE Dactylocladus 

stenostachys 


Kongkanda (2007) indicated that C. pseudosumatranum occurs in the southern half of Thailand and that it is 

listed in the country’s Red List. 

Sugau (2007) noted that this species does not occur in Sabah, according to Kochumen (1995) [Tree flora of 

Sabah and Sarawak, Vol. 1]. 

D. stenostachys was reported to be found in heath forests in Kalimantan (Walujo, 2007) and also in peat 

swamp forests (Setvawati, 2007). 

Considered to be very common in Sabah and Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007). It was noted that its wood is very 

light and that it can last for a very long time if treated with preservatives. In Sarawak, it was reported to be 

one of the main timber species traded since the 1950s, although production figures were reported to show a 

drastic decrease since the 1980s (Julaihi, 2007). Log production has decreased from 235,500 m 3 in 1995 to 

10,000 m 3 in 2006 (Abdullah, 2007). 

* Dactylocladus stenostachys was considered a priority species in Malaysia by the MY participants (2007), 

together with Neobalanocarpus heimii, Shorea albida, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Koompassia excelsa, Potoxylon 

melagangai, and Intsia palembanica. The actions required for these species, according to the MY participants 

(2007), are the following: 

• Compilation of an inventory of the distribution of the populations and the standing stock; 

• Distribution mapping; 

• Propose listing of Koompassia excelsa in the list of Protected Trees of Sabah; 

• Include these species in the national Red Data Book; 

• Promote inter-agency/ministry cooperation and coordination: customs, police, the army, territorial 

army (PGA), maritime police, MMEA, forestry, MTIB, STIDC, SFC, etc. 

• Promote trans-boundary cooperation for conservation and protection of these species; 

• Consider these species for international monitoring. 

23


7 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Anisoptera costata 

(KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN, other) 

A. costata has been recorded in east Kalimantan, Indonesia, but it is considered to be very rare there, with 

densities of one individual/10 ha (Komar, 2007). Some level of legal protection focusing on seed trees of the 

species was reported in the country (ID participants, 2007). 

The species is listed in the Philippines’ Red List. 

Legally exported from Cambodia during the 1980s and 1990s. Currently present to some extent in smallscale 

plantations (Thy, 2007). 

In Lao P.D.R. it is listed as being “under control”, and it was reported to occur at low to medium altitude in 

primary forest. It is used for plywood (Phothisat, 2007). 

A. costata was considered to be a priority species in Viet Nam by the VN participants (2007), who proposed 

carrying out further research on its ecology, distribution, utilisation, planting, and conservation status. 

The species was reported to be very widespread in Malaysian Borneo, as confirmed by databased data in 

the region (Julaihi, 2007). Its trade name in Sarawak is Mersawa (Julaihi, 2007). Policy measures and 

administrative management prescriptions were reported to be in place for the species in Malaysia (MY 

participants, 2007). 

Viet Nam Additional comments below provided by Thy (2007), following the workshop. 

Syn: Anisoptera glabra non Kurz: Pierre (Dy Phon, 2000) 

Habitat: Native in Semi-evergreen forest. 

Threats: Over harvesting, habitat loss (observation) 

Utilization: Resin is tapped for sealing boats, making torches (local report & Dy Phon, 2000) 

Forest Management and Silviculture: The species is regenerates well from seed and many young trees are 

observed in the disturbed dry evergreen forest, currently dwindled by land grabbing. 

Conservation Measures: No report on plantation of the species was obtained so far, but some districts 

controlled by FA were raised in nurseries (verbal report by some Foresters). 

24


Anisoptera costata cntd. 

Trade: Anisoptera costata is considered to be at least one half of the following volume: 

Export of forest product from Cambodia 

Year Logs m 3 Sawn Timber m 3 Veneer m 3 Plywood m 3 

1993 80,835 150,839 

1994 300,625 295,555 

1995 459,085 99,449 

1996 161,673 69,042 28,489 

1997 - 71,662 188,667 

1998 - 55,983 179,909 16,418 

1999 - 9,829 68,320 14,865 

All these were exported to Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Japan, Lao PDR, USA, China, India, 

Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Russia. (Ma Sok Tha, Cambodia Tree seed Project, Phnom Penh, 

Cambodia. Source: Planning and Accounting office, Department of Forestry and Wildlife). 

25


8 Neobalanocarpus heimii 

(MY, TH) 

9 Shorea albida 


Common name: Chengal. 

Synonym: Balanocarpus heimii 

Occurs only in Peninsular Malaysia and Peninsular Thailand (Saw, 2007). 

Included in Thailand’s Red List.. 

13m 3 were reported to be traded from Malaysia, and it was noted that this is a very slow growing species 

(Chua, 2007) that produces very good timber (Saw, 2007). Conservation measures were reported to be in 

place for the species in Malaysia, including legal protection, policy measures, administrative management 

prescriptions and restrictions. In particular, it was noted that there is a higher levy for sawn timber, at 

RM800/m 3 (MY participants, 2007). 

The MY participants (2007) considered N. heimii to be a priority species in Malaysia, and a series of required 

actions were proposed for the species (see comments under Dactylocladus stenostachys for details). 

S. albida was reported to be endemic to Borneo (West Kalimantan, Sarawak and Brunei), to occur in peat 

swamp forests, and to regenerate with difficulty (Saw, 2007). Considered to be very endangered (Chua, 

2007). Abdullah (2007) noted that the timber of this species can be identified to the species level, unlike that 

of many other species in the genus. Traded as “Alan” or “Maraka” in Sarawak. Production reportedly 

decreased significantly from 463,000m 3 in 1995 to 14,700m 3 in 2006 (Julaihi, 2007). 

The MY participants (2007) considered S. albida to be a priority species in Malaysia, and a series of required 

actions were proposed for the species (see comments under Dactylocladus stenostachys for details). 

It was reported to be a major timber tree in Indonesia and it was noted that at least 11 species are already 

protected under the Forest Decree (Partomihardjo, 2007). Conservation measures including legal protection, 

policy measures, administrative management prescriptions, restrictions, and ex-situ conservation were 

reported to be in place for the species in the country. More specifically, it was indicated that protection 

focused on seed trees, and that only those Shorea spp. trees over 60 cm in diameter may be harvested (ID 


26


10 Shorea curtisii 


11 Shorea negrosensis 

(PH) 

S. curtisii was reported to be threatened in Kalimantan and Sabah, and widespread in Sarawak and 

Peninsular Malaysia; the species is reportedly not planted (MY participants). Julaihi (2007) indicated that in 

Sarawak it can be found in National Parks such as Lambir Hills National Park, therefore being protected. 

Noted to be a slow growing species (Walujo, 2007). 

Conservation measures including legal protection (in Indonesia only), policy measures, administrative 

management prescriptions, restrictions, and ex-situ conservation (in Indonesia only) were reported to be in 

place for the species in Indonesia and Malaysia (ID & MY participants, 2007). More specifically, in 

Indonesia protection focuses on seed trees, and only Shorea spp. trees over 60 cm in diameter may be 

harvested (ID participants, 2007). 

* Shorea curtisii was considered by the ID participants (2007) to be one of the priority species for Indonesia, 

together with Shorea rugosa, Intsia bijuga, Intsia palembanica, and Madhuca betis. All these species were 

considered to have similar problems, as they are reportedly traded under similar market names or as mixed 

consignments. Conservation measures so far have mostly focused on particular Shorea species that occur in 

protected areas, and very little on those other species that are traded and currently rare in the wild. The 

actions required for these five species, according to the ID participants (2007), are the following: 

A comprehensive survey for those species as well as efforts to implement in-situ and ex-situ conservation. 

Achieve effective law enforcement through the establishment of good cooperation among all sectors 

including National and Local Government, NGOs, the private sector, and other relevant parties. 

In-depth research on the biology of the species, including taxonomy, geographical distribution, and 

ecology (especially on population and genetics). 

Strengthen collaboration with other countries where similar problems exist. 

S. negrosensis is listed in the Red List of the Philippines. It was reported that, although common in evergreen 

and dipterocarp forests, this species is believed to be under threat (Madulid, 2007). 

27


12 Shorea rugosa 


13 EBENACEAE Diospyros mun 

(LA, VN) 

14 Diospyros philippinensis 

(ID, PH) 

15 ICACINACEAE Cantleya corniculata 


Occurs in the Lambir Hills and Bako National Parks in Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007). 

In Kalimantan, the species was reported to occur in yellow and white sandy soils in dipterocarp forests 

(Walujo, 2007). Conservation measures including legal protection, policy measures, administrative 

management prescriptions, restrictions, and ex-situ conservation were reported to be in place for the species 

in Indonesia. More specifically, protection focuses on seed trees, and only those Shorea spp. trees over 60 cm 

in diameter may be harvested (ID participants, 2007). S. rugosa was considered a priority species by the ID 

participants (2007), see comments on Shorea curtisii for more details. 

S. rugosa is traded together with other Shorea species, and trade data (i.e. that from ITTO in the background 

document) should therefore refer to Shorea, not S. rugosa. It is not possible to identify individual Shorea 

species from their timber or products, except for S. albida (Abdullah, 2007). It was decided that ITTO would 

be asked to check the nomenclature of timber traded as Shorea. 

D. mun is listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam. Reported to occur in limestone soils in Viet Nam, the 

species was considered to be of high commercial importance in the country (Sam, 2007). The VN participants 

(2007) considered D. mun to be a priority species in the country and proposed carrying out further research 

on its ecology, distribution, utilisation, planting, and conservation status. 

No information was available from Lao P.D.R. 

D. philippinensis was reported to be planted as fruit trees in many places in Java (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

Conservation measures including legal protection, policy measures, administrative management 

prescriptions, restrictions, and ex-situ conservation were reported to be in place for the species in the 

country. More specifically, protection and regulations referred to Diospyros spp., and only those Shorea spp. 

trees over 60 cm in diameter may be harvested (ID participants, 2007). 

Included in the Philippines’ Red List. Madulid (2007) reported that it used to be abundant in the 

Philippines, but because of commercial exploitation the natural population has been significantly reduced. 

There has been a ban, but smuggling was reported to have taken place. 

Tukirin (2007) reported that C. corniculata was widespread, but very rare, in Indonesia, where no 

information on trade was available. 

Considered to be very rare in Malaysia, the country supposedly imports it from Kalimantan (Indonesia). 

The species was described as having beautiful grain and a nice smell, and it was reported to be traded as 

Bedaru and to be used as incense and for special purposes in Malaysia (Julaihi, 2007). 

28


16 LAURACEAE Eusideroxylon zwageri 

(ID, MY, PH) 

It was noted that E. zwageri is almost impossible to differentiate botanically from Potoxylon melagangai, a 

Borneo endemic, as they only differ in the density of the wood, and therefore this later species should be 

added to the list. Known as Borneo ironwood, it was reported to be the most sought-after timber due to its 

durability (Julaihi, 2007). 

It was reported that Sabah exports both species, but that there is no international trade in any of them from 

other regions (Partomihardjo, Saw & Abdullah, 2007). An export ban for the species was reported to be in 

place in Sarawak since the 1950s (MY participants, 2007). The MY participants (2007) considered E. zwageri 

(and also Potoxylon melagangai) to be a priority species in Malaysia, and a series of required actions were 

proposed for the species (see comments under Dactylocladus stenostachys for details). 

Conservation measures including legal protection, policy measures, administrative management 

prescriptions, restrictions, and ex-situ conservation were reported to be in place for the species in Indonesia. 

More specifically, only trees over 60 cm in diameter may be harvested (ID participants, 2007). 

E. zwageri was considered to be threatened in the Philippines, and it is listed in the country’s Red List. 

29


17 LEGUMINOSAE Afzelia xylocarpa 

(KH, LA, TH, VN, other) 

A. xylocarpa was considered to be of conservation concern in Vietnam (it is listed in the country’s Red Data 

Book). Considered to be an important timber tree in Vietnam, and some trade in the species was reported to 

take place in the country (VN participants, 2007). 

Kitichate (2007) reported the species to be very rare in Thailand, although it is not listed in the country’s Red 

Data Book. There is officially no trade in the species in Thailand, but its timber is very popular and illegal 

logging was reported to take place (Sridith, 2007). Trade was reported to come from Myanmar (Sridith, 

2007). 

In Lao P.D.R., A. xylocarpa was considered to be in trade but not of conservation concern (Bouahom, 2007). 

In Cambodia, it was reported to be very rare and in international trade (Thy, 2007). 

Additional comments on Afzelia xylocarpa provided by Thy following the workshop: 

Cambodian name: Beng 

Habitat: Occurs in evergreen and gallery forest up to 9m (observation). 

Threats: Due to rarity of larger trees, loggers target trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) lower than 

50cm. 

Trade: Furniture produced from the species is possibly being shipped abroad (Lance A, Rasbridge). In 

1994-95 Thai Companies were allowed by the Khmer Rouge to log Afzelia xylocarpa in South-western 

Cambodia (according to local reports). Assumed to be international trade (CTSP, FA, DANIDA, 2003). 

Conservation Measures: Two locations of 38 ha (53 trees) in the natural habitats have been established for 

seed source. Another 10 ha plot of seed production area have been established for four species, including 

Afzelia xylocarpa. Afzelia xylocarpa mixed with Pterocarpus macrocarpus were planted in five hectares in 2004. 

5200 seedlings were planted in 2005-2006 in Protected Areas, Bokor National Park, but half of the plantation 

was destroyed by fire in 2007. 

Forest Management and Silviculture: The species is protected by law. Felling has never been permitted, 

except for “luxury” trees which may be allowed by special permission of the Cabinet of Ministers. However, 

illegal logging is still going on causing the species to decline rapidly in recent years. 

30


18 Cynometra elmeri 

(ID, MY, PH) 

19 Cynometra inaequifolia 

(MY, PH) 

20 Cynometra malaccensis 

(MY, PH, TH) 

21 Dalbergia annamensis 

(VN) 

C. elmeri is known from one province in the Philippines, where it is listed in the national Red List (Palis, 

2007). 

In Malaysia the species was reported to be only known to occur in Sabah. It is often confused with C. 

malaccensis and it is traded as a group, since its timber cannot be distinguished. 

No information was available from Indonesia. 

C. inaequifolia is listed in the Philippines’ national Red List. 

MY participants (2007) reported that the species also occurs in Sabah (Gomantong Forest Reserve, 

Kinabatangan District). 

C. malaccensis is listed in the Philippines’ national Red List as Vulnerable. 

Reported to be widespread and in international trade in Malaysia (MY participants, 2007). However, it was 

considered to be in need of assessment, and an information gap in terms of distinguishing C. elmeri, C. 

inaequifolia and C. malaccensis was noted (MY participants, 2007). Policy measures and administrative 

management prescriptions were reported to be in place in the country for the species (MY participants, 

2007). 

Reported to be quite widespread in Thailand (Chavamarit, 2007). 

D. annamensis is listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam. Local trade was reported to take place in the 

country (Hai, 2007). The VN participants (2007) pointed out that taxonomic confusion is a major problem 

with the Dalbergia group, and therefore considered D. annamensis, D. bariensis, D. oliveri, D. mammosa, and D. 

cochinchinensis to be priority species. They suggested that, since these species occur mainly in Viet Nam, the 

country could play a leading role in tackling the problem, and also proposed carrying out further research 

on the ecology, distribution, utilisation, and conservation status of the group (VN participants, 2007). 

Soh (2007) also noted taxonomic problems with the species. 

31



[Also listed in table 6] 

(KH, VN) 

The workshops participants (2007) agreed that the genus Dalbergia worldwide is clearly in international 

trade and of economic importance and that there is considerable taxonomic confusion and many taxonomic 

entities that merit consideration. Some species are of conservation concern, due to highly restricted 

distribution. It was therefore regarded as a high priority to fund or facilitate taxonomic research in order to 

provide some clarity of the trade and conservation status. 

D. cambodiana is listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Sam, 2007). 

The KH participants (2007) noted taxonomic confusion in Cambodia, where it is considered to be a distinct 

species. 

Comments from Cambodia provided after the workshop by Thy (2007): 

Common names: Kranhung snaeng (black wood) (Cambodia) 

Syn: No information 

Distribution: Cambodia. The species is only reported and recognized by local people. No clear taxonomic 

name has been made. 

Habitat: It has a restricted range of distribution. It usually occurs in open dipterocarp forest, mixed 

deciduous, dry evergreen forest in the lowlands up to around 700m a.s.l. 

Population status and Trend: Native to Cambodia. It has been become rare due to logging. 

Threats: Logging and habitat loss. 

Use: Local people have used the wood for a long time for making oxcart wheels. The valuable timber is 

preferred for furniture processing. 

Trade: According to recent interviews, both species (Dalbergia bariensis and D. cambodiana) are in high 

demand for international trade, but there are no exact data for the trade in each. The price in the city 

destination is as follow: 

DBH: 15cm-28cm, Length: 1,5-2m-$1900; DBH: 29cm-34cm, Length: 1,5-2m-$2600; DBH: 35cm up, Length: 

1,5-2m-$3900 

About 30 containers (each container c. 20 m 3 ) are exported abroad per month, although the trade is illegal. In 

May/June 2007 four containers headed to the national port were confiscated by the Forestry Administration. 

32


23 Dalbergia cochinchinensis 

(KH, LA, TH, VN) 

The KH participants’ (2007) comments were the same as for D. cambodiana in Cambodia, but 

D. cochinchinensis was considered to be more common. Thy (2007) indicated that there are plantations of the 

species in Cambodia. Trade in the species was reported to be only illegal (Thy, 2007). 

The species is listed in Viet Nam’s national Red Data Book. It is in commercial trade in the country, where 

its local name is Trac (VN participants, 2007). Reported to be an important timber tree in Vietnam (Sam, 

2007). Sam (2007) considered the species to be a synonym of D. cambodiana. Also, see comments under 

Dalbergia annamensis. 

It is listed in the list of species under special protection in Lao P.D.R. The common name for its wood in the 

country is Mai Khayung (LA participants, 2007). 

D. cochinchinensis was reported to be more common than any other Dalbergia species in Thailand. There is 

trade in the species, although all timber trade in the species is illegal in the country (TH participants, 2007). 

Also, see general comment for Dalbergia under D. cambodiana. 


Common name: Kranhung cheam moan (Locally known as black-red-stripe wood) 

Habitat: The species has a wide range of distribution from open dipterocarp forest, mixed deciduous, semievergreen 

forest in lowland to hill evergreen up to 1200m. (Observation in Aural, 2006). 

Population status and trend: It is native to Cambodia. It has been become rare due to logging for both local 

and international uses. 

Threats: Logging and habitat loss. 

Use: Local people have used the wood for a long time. The valuable timber is preferred for furniture 

processing. 

Trade: According to recent interviews, both species (D. cambodiana and D. cochinchinensis) are in high 

demand for international trade, but there are no exact trade data for each species. The price in the city 

destination is as follow: DBH: 15cm-28cm, Length: 1,5-2m-$1900; DBH: 29cm-34cm, Length: 1,5-2m-$2600; 

DBH: 35cm up, Length: 1,5-2m-$3900. About 30 containers (each container c. 20 m 3 ) are exported abroad 

per month, although the trade is illegal. 

33


Dalbergia cochinchinensis 

cntd. 

24 Dalbergia mammosa 

(VN) 

25 Dalbergia oliveri 

(KH, MY, TH, VN, other) 

Conservation mearsure: Plantation of the species has not been reported, but CTSP has established in situ 

conservation areas of 50 ha with 67 mother trees for species protection as seed source in the natural forests 

(So Thea, CTSP, DFW). Mixed plantation of about 1 ha has been planted in Cambodia. 

Forest management and silviculture: Protected under forestry law. 

Very rare now. Light demanding and drought tolerant but not demanding with regard to soil conditions. 

Shade tolerant when young, occurring sparsely in open and semi-deciduous forest, preferring deep sandy 

clay soil and calcareous soil (CTSP, FA, DANIDA). 

The VN participants (2007) considered D. mammosa to be a synonym of D. oliveri. 

Also, see general comment for Dalbergia under D. cambodiana, and under Dalbergia annamensis. 

D. oliveri was reported not to be used much in Thailand, which is reflected by the fact that the species does 

not have a common name in the country (TH participants, 2007). 

The MY participants (2007) questioned the reference documents that indicate distribution of the species in 

Malaysia. 

The species is included in Viet Nam’s Red Data Book (VN participants, 2007). Also, see comments under 

Dalbergia annamensis. 

Its common name in Singapore is Tamalan (Tan, 2007). 

Trade in the species was reported to take place in Cambodia, where the specific names oliveri and bariensis 

are both used. The species was considered to be of some conservation concern in the country (KH 


Also, see general comment for Dalbergia under D. cambodiana. 

34


26 Dalbergia tonkinensis 

(VN) 

D. tonkinensis is listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam, and was reported to be endemic to northern and 

central Viet Nam. Both historic and current trade were reported in the country for this species, which is 

locally called Sua, Huemoc Huynh Dan, and Trac Thoi. Trade was reported to be to China, including Hong 

Kong, and illegal only; its timber reportedly reaches prices of US$30-60 per kg (VN Participants, 2007). 

D. tonkinensis was considered a priority species for Viet Nam (VN participants, 2007), and the following 

actions were proposed: 

- Further taxonomic research, since a number of different species are locally named as D. tonkinensis; 

- Study the composition and uses of its timber, in order to understand why it is so expensive; 

- Study distribution, ecology, and conservation status of the species; 

- Study how the species is planted. 

Also, see general comment for Dalbergia under D. cambodiana and under Dalbergia annamensis. 

35


27 Dialium cochinchinense 

(KH, LA, MY, TH, VN, 

other) 

D. cochinchinense was reported to be locally used in Cambodia (KH participants, 2007). 

It is listed in the Red Data Book of Lao P.D.R., where it was reported to be used locally. The fruit is collected 

in the country, and its local name is Keang (LA participants, 2007). 

Also reported to be locally used in Thailand, the fruit being eaten in Pen (Thailand). This was considered to 

be good for the conservation of the species, since locals apparently protect the tree (TH participants, 2007). 

The species is listed as of conservation concern in Viet Nam’s Red Data Book. Its fruit is eaten in the country 

and its common name is Xoay (VN participants, 2007). 

The species occurs in Malaysia, and it was not considered to be in international trade in the country (MY 

participants, 2007). It was noted, however, that at least three other Dialium species appear in international 

trade, but no conservation concern was indicated. Administrative management prescriptions and export 

restrictions were reported to be in place in the country for the species (MY participants, 2007). 


Common name: Kralanh. 

Habitat: It is native to Cambodia. Dry evergreen, evergreen forest. 

Population status and trends: This species is relatively rare by its nature. Large scale logging has not been 

recorded. 

Threats: Its status has become endangered due to local use and habitat degradation and conversion. 

Use: The timber is valued as the first grade. Local use is just for pillars and oxcart parts, wooden supports 

and rice mills. The fruit is edible. The red bark can be used to make brown dye to clothes and fishing nets 

(Dy Phon P., 2000). 

Trade: No reported. 

Conservation measures: No information. 

Forest management and silviculture: The species is allowed to cut from at least 45cm DBH. Logging is 

banned in Cambodia. 

36


28 Erythrophleum fordii 

(KH, VN) 

E. fordii is listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam. It occurs in the north of the country and its common 

name is Lim Xanh. Trade in the species was reported to take place (VN participants, 2007). The VN 

participants (2007) considered E. fordii to be a priority species in the country and proposed carrying out 

further research on its ecology, distribution, utilisation, planting, and conservation status. 

The participants from Cambodia had no information on the species. After the workshop they confirmed that 

they did not know of any Cambodians with knowledge of the species and suggested that no 

recommendations should be made of the species in relation to Cambodia (KH participants, 2007), although 

one report (Dy Phon, P. 2000 Plants used in Cambodia. Imprimerie Olympic, Phonm Penh) notes that the 

species has the Cambodian common name Tram kang, that it occurs in evergreen forest and that the wood is 

very resistant to insects and much in demand to make railway short cuts and construction. 

37


29 Intsia bijuga 

(KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


In Malaysia, I. bijuga was described as a small coastal swamp tree. Apparently not traded in Malaysia; 

I. palembanica was reported to be the only Intsia species in trade in the country (MY participants, 2007). 

I. palembanica was in fact considered to be a priority species in Malaysia by the MY participants (2007), and a 

series of required actions were proposed for it (see comments under Dactylocladus stenostachys for details). 

Thailand noted that the species is not traded but that it is of conservation concern (TH participants, 2007). 

Cambodia reported no trade in the species, therefore not a priority species for the country (KH participants, 

2007). 

In Indonesia, Instia spp. will be included on the National list of species threatened by international trade. 

The national Government is considering CITES Appendix III for I. palembanica, although the local 

Government apparently just wants it on the Regulations (ID participants, 2007). Ex-situ conservation 

measures are in place for the species in Indonesia. More specifically, protection focusses on seed trees, and 

only Shoreaa trees over 60 cm in diameter may be harvested (ID participants, 2007). I. bijuga was considered a 

priority species by the ID participants (2007), see comments on Shorea curtisii for more details. 

Listed as Endangered in the 2007 Red List of the Philippines, and no trade was reported in the country. 

I. bijuga is not on Viet Nam’s Red list, but the species was reportedly traded in the country. 

There was a query regarding how CITES would treat look alike species such as I. bijga and I. palembanica 

(MY participants, 2007). Saw (2007) proposed much more stringent management plans for lookalike species, 

in this case for I. bijuga. According to this strategy, all range states for all species would need to consider 

relevant management. Peninsular Malaysia was reported to be the only region completing regular forest 

inventories, and therefore a system to enable harvesting would be needed (MY participants, 2007). 

TRAFFIC participants (2007) considered that CITES could be used for Intsia, but noted that more knowledge 

was required by Government departments on how CITES could be implemented. 


Common name: Phkay pruk, ko koh praek (Cambodia) 

Syn: Afzelia bijuga, Afzelia retusa Kurz (Dy Phon P., 2000) 

Habitat: Coastal forest and back-mangroves of the coasts. 

Use: The first grade category wood is used for construction, cabinetwork and electric posts. 

38


30 Koompassia excelsa 

(ID, MY, PH, TH, other) 

31 Koompassia grandiflora 

(ID) 

32 Koompassia malaccensis 


K. excelsa is protected under local regulations in Indonesia (ID participants, 2007). 

It was reported to be usually not cut by local people in Indonesia and Thailand, as it is used by honeybees 

and people take honey from it (ID & TH participants, 2007). 

The species is listed as Endangered on the Red List of the Philippines (PH participants, 2007). 

It was reported by the MY participants (2007) that in the past, the high silicon content of the species’ timber 

was a problem as it blunted chain saws. It could now be harvested, and in fact some trade was reported to 

take place in Peninsular Malaysia, but currently Malaysia (including Sabah and Sarawak) has protective 

statutes in place for the species, as it is important for honey bees. It was reported that felling restrictions are 

in place for the species in the country, and a permit is required (MY participants, 2007). K. excelsa was 

considered to be a priority species for the Sabah region, and a series of required actions were proposed (MY 

participants, 2007); see comments under Dactylocladus stenostachys for details. 

K. grandiflora was reported to be used by local people in Indonesia as honey bee habitat. It was also 

indicated that international trade occurs from Papua (ID participants, 2007). 

K. malaccensis was reported to be locally protected in Indonesia as habitat of honey bee, and currently it is 

not allowed to trade the species in the country (ID participants, 2007). 

The species was described as a huge tree and an important timber legume (MY participants, 2007). 

Reportedly widespread in Malaysia and common in lowlands, this species was considered to be highly 

traded and of unclear conservation concern in the country (MY participants, 2007). It was noted to occur 

mostly in peat swamps in Sarawak, and is included in Sarawak’s list of protected species, as a conservation 

measure for the species (Julaihi, 2007). It was reported that felling restrictions are in place for the species in 

the country, and a permit is required (MY participants, 2007). 

The TH participants (2007) noted that, like K. excelsa, K. malaccensis was honey bee habitat. Both species were 

considered to be easily distinguishable. Reported to be very common in Thailand, and to be traded but of no 

conservation concern. It was also indicated that the silicon contents of this species are lower than those of K. 

excelsa, making it easier to work. It was considered to be very heavy hard wood, but not durable unless 

treated (in which case it could be very durable) (TH participants, 2007). 

39


33 Pterocarpus macrocarpus 

(KH, LA, TH, VN, other) 

P. macrocarpus was reported to occur in Cambodia, where it was considered to be rare, protected in natural 

habitats, and in international trade (Thy, 2007). A seed source area of 59 ha was reported to have been 

established, with 117 mother trees in the mixture D. oliveri, Xylia dolabriformis, and Afzelia xylocarpa (Thy, 

2007). 

The species was reported to be on the special protected list of Lao P.D.R. and domestic and international 

trade were reported to occur. 

Reported to be “quite common” in mixed deciduous forests in north-east Thailand, and to be not in trade in 

the country (TH participants, 2007). Kashio (2007) noted that populations in north-east Thailand are mostly 

plantations, and that it is naturally rare. 

The species was reported to be threatened and rare in Viet Nam, where it is listed in the country’s Red Data 

Book (Sam, 2007). Local common names for the species were reported to be Giang Huong and Giang Huong 

Trai To (VN participants, 2007). Reportedly trade in Vietnam, where the species is considered to be an 

important timber tree (Sam, 2007). 


Common name: Thnung Chiem moan FñgQamman (Cambodia). Syn: Lingoum camboianum Pierre 

Habitat: Mixed deciduous, sometimes in dipterocarp woodland on rich soil (Khou E.H, et all, 2005). Dense 

deciduous or clear forest up to 700m (Dy Phon P., 2000). 

Threat: Selective logging and habitat conversion. 

Use: It is graded as luxury wood in Cambodia. It is used for construction and furniture processing purpose. 

Trade: Heavily exploited and assumed to be international trade (CTSP, FA, DANIDA). 

This species was selectively logged and exported abroad (Ma Sok Tha). 

Conservation Measures: As one of the rare species, the species is protected in natural habitats and seed 

source area of 59 ha with 117 mother trees in a mixture of D. oliveri, Xylia dolabriformis, and Afzelia xylocarpa 

were established (So Thea). 

Forest Management and Silviculture: It is now protected by forestry law. It is a light demanding and 

drought tolerant tree. Preferably, it grows on well-drainage, light texture soil, but with shallow depth and 

poor in humus (CTSP, FA, DANIDA). 

40


34 Sindora inermis 

(ID, PH) 

35 Sindora supa 

(PH) 

36 Xylia xylocarpa 

(KH, LA, PH, TH, VN) 

S. inermis is listed on the Red List of the Philippines as Vulnerable. 

No information was available from Indonesia. 

S. supa is listed on the Red List of the Philippines as Endangered. 

X. xylocarpa was considered to be common in Thailand (TH participants, 2007). 

The species is listed in the national list of protected species of Lao P.D.R. 

No information on the conservation status of the species was available from Cambodia. It was reported that 

the species was traded in the past, but no information was available on current trade. It was noted that big 

trees have disappeared in the country and that it is used locally . 

No information was available from the Philippines. 

Reported to be threatened and rare in Viet Nam and to be locally known as Cam Xe (VN participants, 2007). 

Considered to be an economically important species in the country (Sam, 2007). The VN participants (2007) 

considered X. xylocarpa to be a priority species in the country and proposed carrying out further research on 

its ecology, distribution, utilisation, planting, and conservation status. 

The species is in trade and there is.a trade auction in Yangong Myanmar (Kashio, 2007). 


Synonym: Xylia dolabriformis Benth. 

Common name: So kram (Cambodia) 

Habitat: DDF and MF. 

Threats: logging, fire and habitat loss. 

Trade: No exact information, but one operable area of Xylia xylocarp, was located in Ratanakiri Province 

bordering with Vietnam in 1990s, exported logs to Vietnam. 

41


37 PINACEAE Pinus merkusii 

(KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, VN, 


P. merkusii is one of the two species of Pinus present in the Philippines, and is to be listed in the country’s 

Red Data Book. The species used to be abundant in the Philippines, but is now rare in the only two locations 

where it occurs in the country. Thought unlikely to be in international trade, given its rarity (Madulid, 2007). 

Considered to be a commercial timber tree in Viet Nam, common in plantation forests (Sam, 2007). 

Reported to be in the list of protected species in Lao P.D.R. and to be mostly found on the country’s 

mountaintops (LA participants, 2007). 

P. merkusii was reported to be widely planted in Thailand, especially in the north of the country, yet not for 

trade purposes, but to protect the soil (TH participants, 2007). 

Widely planted in Indonesia, including Java, for resin production. Not considered to be of conservation 

concern. Exported from natural populations to Japan during the 1980s (ID participants, 2007). Conservation 

measures including policy measures, administrative management prescriptions, and restrictions were 

reported to be in place 

Johnson (2007) noted that there is a significant area of plantations in Papua New Guinea, from where the 

species is exported, but Leach (2007) pointed out that the species is possibly not native to PNG. 

Large natural and planted populations exist in continental South East Asia countries (Kasio, 2007). 


Common name: Kim, Phat Nopheal, Sral. Habitat: Pinus merkusii is only species of pine in Cambodia. Pine 

forests occur only on the Kirirom plateau where trees exceed 20m in height and possess boles of 50-60cm in 

diameter. Pines are frequently associated with more fire-tolerant broad-leave trees such as species of 

Dipterocarpus and Shorea on certain summits and ridges along the southerly fall of the Cardomome ranges. 

They also occur in a variety of associations near Mondulkiri in the northeast, in lowland areas around the 

Great Lake such as in Kompong Thom and near Surin in Thailand (David a.). Threats: Habitat loss and 

seasonal fires. Forest management and silviculture Regrows well from seed in the natural habitat. Easily 

damaged by fire. Rangers have been employed to protect the pine forest in Kirirum National Park. Two fire 

trucks are standby to put out fire in case it happens. Awareness raising has been mainstreamed among local 

community around the areas. Trade: In the 1980s Cambodia exported log of Pinus merkusii to Japan and 

Germany. The exact amount is unknown, but it was unofficially estimated about 7000-8000 cubic meters, 

according to a forester. 

42


Pinus merkusii cntd. 

38 PROTEACEAE Alloxylon brachycarpum 

(ID) 

39 SAPOTACEAE Madhuca pasquieri 

(VN) 

40 Manilkara kanosiensis 

(ID) 

Conservation measures: Pine plantation was 225 ha from 1915 to 1972 in degraded area (Ma sok Tha). FA 

planted 1000ha of P. merkusii according to CSTP staff, Oun Sam ol. Kirirum National Park, MoE has 

reconstructed 4000 seedlings in the degraded area in the natural coniferoushabitat in 2004-2006, According 

Kirirum National Park Director, Heng Kuang. 

No information on trade or conservation status could be identified for A. brachycarpum in Indonesia (ID 


Reference was made to the listing of the species as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. 

M. pasquieri is listed as Rare in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam. 

Described as a big tree, this species was reported to be an important commercial timber tree. Used also for 

medicine (VN participants, 2007). 

The VN participants (2007) considered M. pasquieri to be a priority species in the country and proposed 

carrying out further research on its ecology, distribution, utilisation, planting, and conservation status. 

No information on M. kanosiensis was available from Indonesia, except that it is traded from Papua New 

Guinea (Triono, 2007). It was also noted that Sapotaceae experts are based at the Royal Botanic Gardens 

Edinburgh, UK (contact person: Peter Wilkie). 

43

Table 2. Timber tree species in international trade, of possible conservation concern. 


1 CELASTRACEAE Lophopetalum javanicum 

(ID, MY, PH, TH) 

2 Lophopetalum multinervium 


3 Lophopetalum pachyphyllum 

(ID, MY) 

4 Lophopetalum rigidum 


5 CHRYSOBALANACEAE Parinari costata 

(ID, MY, PH, other) 

L. javanicum was reported to occur in Kuchuan forest. Considered to be present both in the wild and 

in plantation forests, it is reportedly cultivated in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan, where the species, 

together with L. beccarianum, was reported to have become a priority for local community forest 

development. Local communities in Indonesia plant it because of its fruits, which is making the 

species widespread, although it was suggested that it may be threatened by habitat degradation 

(Walujo & Setyawati, 2007). It was considered to be traded internationally and of conservation 

concern in Indonesia (Komar, 2007). 

In Sarawak, the species was reported to be found in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, and to be in 

demand due to its beautiful timber used for furniture and internal decoration (Julaihi, 2007). 

No records exist on whether the species is traded internationally from the Philippines (Madulid, 

2007). 

The comments from Indonesia for L. javanicum were considered to apply to this species as well. 

Cutting limits were reported to be in place for the species in Malaysia (MY participants, 2007). 





P. costata was reported to have very hard timber known as “stony wood”, which is very difficult to 

saw. Reportedly not used for charcoal. The species was considered to be slow-growing and very rare 

in Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007), although Chua (2007) questioned whether it really is so rare. 

The species was also considered to be rare in Indonesia (Komar, 2007). 

It was reported that no records exist of the species being traded in the Philippines (Madulid, 

2007). 

44


6 Parinari oblongifolia 


7 EBENACEAE Diospyros rumphii 

(ID) 

8 FLACOURTIACEAE Hydnocarpus sumatrana 

(ID, MY, PH, TH) 

9 GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum canum 


It was considered that the same comments would apply to all Parinari species (see P. costata). 

D. rumphii was reported not to occur in Malaysia. Occurrence reported only in Indonesia, and it 

was therefore suggested that the species be excluded from the list. It was noted that orang-utans 

do not occur within the distribution range of D. rumphii (Setyawati, 2007). Protection and 

regulation measures were reported to be in place in the country for Dyospiros spp., and harvesting 

to be restricted to trees of over 60 cm in diameter (ID participants, 2007). 

No information on conservation status was available for H. sumatrana in the Philippines. No records 

of trade in the species were reported from the country (Madulid, 2007). 

No information on the conservation status of the species was reported to be available in Indonesia. It 

was considered that it is probably traded in the country (Komar, 2007). 

Considered to be rare in Thailand, but it is not listed in the country’s Red Data Book (TH 


It was reported to be a big tree with timber value in Sarawak, where the whole family was said to 

be traded as Senumpul. Not much data was reported to be available on its status, but it was 

considered as not very widespread in Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007). It was reported to be widespread in 

Sabah (Sugau, 2007). 

C. canum is reportedly traded in Malaysia as a group (consisting of the whole family) under the 

name Bintangor. Cutting limits were reported to be in place for the species in Malaysia (MY 


It was also reported to be traded in Indonesia. It was noted that information on distribution in some 

Indonesian islands was lacking, and that efforts are being made to propose conservation measures 

for the species in the country, as it has potential as a medicinal plant (Setyawati, 2007). 

45


10 Calophyllum carrii var. 

longigemmatum 

(ID) 

11 Calophyllum insularum 

(ID) 

12 Calophyllum papuanum 

(ID) 

13 LEGUMINOSAE Albizia splendens 


14 MYRTACEAE Syzygium flosculifera 

(MY) 

15 Syzygium koordersiana 

(MY) 

C. carri var. longigemmatum is not traded individually, but as a group together with other 

Calophyllum species, and no trade name exists for only this species (Hua-Seng & Setyawati, 2007). 

It was reported that it was unclear whether the species is traded internationally from Indonesia, 

since trade in this species is low-level even within Indonesia. It was further pointed out that in 

Indonesia, where several Calophyllum species occur, these species would likely be all treated in the 

same way (Setyawati, 2007). 

Leach (2007) noted that there is international trade in the species from Papua New Guinea. 

As for C. euryphyllum, not enough data on distribution of C. insularum was considered to be 

available in Indonesia, therefore it was not clear whether the species is a single country endemic 

(Setyawati, 2007). 

As for C. euryphyllum, not enough data on distribution of C. papuanum was considered to be 

available in Indonesia, therefore it was not clear whether the species is a single country endemic 

(Setyawati, 2007). 

A. splendens was reported to be quite rare and confined to lowland forests in Thailand, where no 

trade was known to take place (TH participants, 2007). 

The species is not listed on Indonesia’s Red List. It was reported not to be in trade in the country, 

and to reach heights of 30 meters (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

This species was reported to have a scattered distribution and to be found in most lowland forests in 

Malaysia, but no information on conservation status was available for the country.. A. splendens is on 

the list of traded species in Malaysia, where it is traded as Kungkur (MY participants, 2007). 

It was reported that S. flosculiferum can become quite big, and that it is a relatively widespread 

lowland species in Malaysia. Reported to be in trade under the genus-wide name Kelat (Chua, 

2007). 

S. koordersianum was considered to be a widespread lowland species,. The whole genus was reported 

to be traded as Kelat. 

46


16 Syzygium ridleyi 

(MY, TH, other) 

S. ridleyi was considered to be rare but not threatened in Thailand, where data on the species was 

noted to be poor (TH participants, 2007). 

The species is very widely distributed in Malaysia according to Chua (2007). It was considered 

that since it is not a very big species it is perhaps not in trade (Chua, 2007), however Julaihi (2007) 

argued that it has a big but rather short bole, and is therefore good for timber, and that it is 

harvested in second cutting, as there is demand for any timber these days (Julaihi, 2007). 

47


17 PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus neriifolius 

(KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


P. neriifolius was reported to be common in Indonesia, especially at high altitudes. It 

was noted during the workshop that the species is planted in the country, and that it is 

traded locally, but not internationally (Partomihardjo, 2007). The Indonesian 

participants, however, reported after the workshop that, based on Abdurrohim et al. 

(2004), this species is in fact traded internationally. [Abdurrohim, S., Mandang, Y.I., & 

Sutisna, U. (Ed.) 2004. Atlas Kayu Indonesia Jilid III. Departemen Kehuitanan, Badan 

Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan 

Teknologi Hasil Hutan. Bogor]. 

Reported to occur above 800 m in Cambodia (Thy, 2007). The species is not threatened 

due to the height at which it grows (Thy, 2007). 

Occurrence in Thailand reported from sea level to high mountains. The species is 

considered to be threatened and is listed in the country’s Red List (TH participants, 

2007). 

Reported to be rare in Viet Nam, this species is listed in the country’s Red Data Book. 

No information on trade in the species was available from the country (Sam, 2007). 

The species is not listed in the list of threatened plants of the Philippines. No records 

of trade were reported from the country (PH participants, 2007). 

No records of trade were reported from Malaysia either (MY participants, 2007). 

No trade records or information on the species were available from Lao P.D.R. (LA 



Common name: Srol Rs (Cambodia) 

Habitat: Usually found scattered at higher attitude up to 1600m in hill, upper hill 

evergreen forest and sub-mountain forest. Probably occurs in lowland forest near 

coastal area. 

Population status and trends: The species is relatively uncommon and due to habitat 

preference at higher attitude, its status is probably untouched. 

Threats: No reported threats. 

Use: Used 48 as a second grade wood for construction (Dy Phon P., 2000).


18 SAPOTACEAE Madhuca betis 

(ID, PH) 

19 Madhuca boerlageana 

(ID) 

M. betis was reported to be on the list of threatened species in the Philippines, but no international 

trade was recorded from the country (PH participants, 2007). 

The species was considered to be a big tree of up to 43 meters (Triono, 2007), with beautiful timber of 

good texture (Julaihi, 2007). 

Reported to be very rare in Indonesia (with densities of 1 individual/ha), it was noted that Tim 

Laman mentioned it as orang-utan food. The species is sold as a group (Madhuca), but it is not 

recorded in international trade in Indonesia (Triono, 2007). M. betis was considered a priority species 

by the ID participants (2007), see comments on Shorea curtisii for more details. 

Reportedly traded in Malaysia under the name Nyatoh, which includes 20 species of four genera 

(Madhuca, Palaquium, Planchionella, and Pouteria). 

The species was reported to be in trade (Julaihi, 2007). 

49

Table 3. Timber tree species possibly in international trade and of conservation concern, but in need of taxonomic revision. 

Family 

Species (& Range States) Workshop comments 

1 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis borneensis 


A. borneensis was reported to have very limited regeneration in Kalimantan (Komar, 2007). 

It was reported that in Malaysia, good populations exist in protected areas (Chua, 2007). 120,000 

m 3 of logs were reported to be exported annually from Malaysia, especially from Sabah, and also 

from Sarawak. The amount of exported sawn timber from the country was noted to be smaller, at 

10,000 m 3 annually (Jumat, 2007). Julaihi (2007) repored exports of 170,000 to 300,000 m 3 of logs 

yearly during the last 10 years from Sarawak. 

Taxonomic confusion was evident for some participants, less so for others: 

In Malaysia, both species were considered to be only one (Chua & Julaihi, 2007) and Agathis timber 

was reportedly identified at the genus level only (Julaihi, 2007). 

In the Philippines, A. dammara was not reported to occur, as the species considered to occur in the 

country was A. philippinensis, which was reported to be protected and of no conservation concern. 

It was suggested that reported occurrence of A. dammara in the Philippines derived from the fact 

that A. philippinenis had in the past been considered a synonym of A. dammara (Madulid, 2007). 

In Indonesia, A. borneensis and A. dammara were initially reported to be confused (Setyawati, 2007). 

However, further discussion and literature research (Whitmore, T.C and Tantra, I.G.M. 1986. Tree 

flora of Indonesia: Check list for Sumatra. Forest Research and Development Centre. Bogor) by the 

Indonesian participants concluded that there are clear differences between A. borneensis and 

A. dammara, and that A. borneensis has four synonyms: A. beccarii Warburg, A. endertii Meijer Dress, 

A. latifolia Meijer Dress, and A. rhomboidalis Warburg. 

Saw (2007) suggested that the problem may have more to do with species identification than with 

real taxonomic confusion, and pointed out that Farjon (based at Kew) is a taxonomic expert in this 

group. Triono (2007) argued that there seems to be a species concept problem. 

It was suggested that, given the important taxonomic confusion of Agathis species, and the 

significance of these species in the trade, there should be further studies on the taxonomy of the 

genus. It was therefore agreed by the 2007 Workshop Participants that a proposal should be put 

forward to find funds for the much-needed study. 

50

Family 


2 Agathis dammara 

(ID) 

3 Agathis endertii 

(ID, MY) 

4 EBENACEAE Diospyros blancoi 

(MY, PH) 

A. dammara was reported to be widespread in Indonesia (Setyawati, 2007), and to have been 

widely planted in Java (Komar, 2007). 

Also, see comments for A. borneensis. 

See comments for A. borneensis. 

It was questioned whether D. blancoi was a separate species (Tan, 2007). It was considered to be a 

synonym of D. discolor (Madulid, 2007). 

D. discolor is listed in the Philippines’ Red List. It was not clear whether the species is traded from 

the country, since the genus as a whole is reportedly traded as ebony, and no species-specific 

information was available (Madulid, 2007). 

Occurrence of the species was also reported for Sabah and Sarawak (Abdhulla, 2007). 

51

Family 


5 Diospyros ferrea 

(ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


6 LEGUMINOSAE Dalbergia bariensis 

(KH, LA, TH, VN) 

D. ferrea was reported to be commonly known as Sea Ebony. 

The species is not recognized taxonomically in Cambodia (Thy, 2007). 

It is is in the Red List of the Philippines. No records of trade were reported in the country 

(Madulid, 2007). 

It was reported to occur in Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia. 

Occurrence also reported in Viet Nam, but no information on trade in the species was available 

from the country. 

No information was identified for this species in Laos P.D.R., and it was pointed out that the 

country has no coast. 

In Indonesia, the species was considered to be widespread but to possibly have low population 

levels (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

The genus Diospyros was considered to be traded in small volumes, for specific uses (Kashio, 2007). 

It was suggested that information on the conservation status of the species given by an expert from 

Papua New Guinea (see background document) may not be appropriate to the Southeast Asia 

region (Soh, 2007). 

It was reported that in Cambodia, D. bariensis is considered to be a synonym of D. oliveri. It was 

noted that a 71.5-ha conservation area for the species exists in the country. It was also indicated 

that the local name for the species is Neang Noun (Thy, 2007). 

In Lao P.D.R., the species was considered to be endangered and is included in the country’s list of 

species under special protection. Locally know as Kampi (LA participants, 2007). 

In Viet Nam, a number of synonyms exist for this species, namely: D. oliveri, D. barinensis, and D. 

mammosa. Locally known as Cam Lai and Cam Lai Ba Ria (VN participants, 2007). The species was 

reported to be listed in the country’s Red Data Book (Sam, 2007). 

52

Family 


Dalbergia bariensis 

cntd. 

It is currently treated as an accepted species in Thailand, but this is under revision in the country. 

Until the revision is complete, the situation is unclear, and it was suggested that Chayamarit 

should provide information on who is carrying out the revision, so that the botanists involved can 

be contacted (TH participants, 2007). 


Synonyms: D. oliveri Pierre, D. dongnaiense Pierre, D. duperrana Pierre. (Dy Phon P., 2000) 

Common name name: Neang Nuan (Cambodia) 

Dalbergia lanceolaria Pierre (Local name: Laing) is very close to D oliveri, with the same quality of 

wood and price. Proposed to put in IUCN red list category and international trade same as D oliveri. 

Habitat: Rare tree species distributed sparsely or in groups of 5-10 individuals in open dipterocarp, 

semi-evergreen and dense evergreen forest (CTSP, FA, DANIDA, 2003) to hill evergreen forest up to 

1100m (Dy Phon P., 2000). 

Population status and trends: Native to Cambodia. It widely occurs in the forested areas in 

Cambodia. Due to high demand in furniture processing, the species has become rare and the 

remaining standing trees are so small. However, seedlings and saplings were observed commonly 

regenerating from seed and coppice in deciduous dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forest, which are 

severely afflicted from seasonal fire (observation). 

Threats: Over harvesting, habitat degradation. 

Conservation measures: Plantation of the species has not been made, but CTSP has established in 

situ conservation areas of 71.5 ha with number of mother trees of 157 bolds for the species protection 

and seed source in the natural forests (So Thea, CTSP, DFW). 

Forest management and silviculture: It is illegal to cut the tree. The species is protected by law. The 

species has never been permitted to cut in Cambodia. Cutting luxury tree must be allowed by special 

permission of Minister of MAFF (Forestry law). However, illegal logging is still going on causing the 

species to rapid decline in recent years. 

53

Family 



[also listed in table 1] 

(KH, VN) 

See Table 1. 

Table 4. Timber tree species in international trade, not considered to be of conservation concern 

FAMILY Species (& Range States) Workshop comments 

1 ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera decandra 


M. decandra was reported to be widely distributed in Sabah, where it is reportedly 

found on coastal protected areas (Sugau, 2007). In Sabah, the harvesting of this species 

is prohibited, except if it is farmed in private land, in which case it can be traded 

(Sugau, 2007).. M. decandra is traded in Malaysia, although management measures 

were reported to exist in the country to protect the species and the felling of fruit 

species is not allowed. However, the existence of problems with the identification of its 

wood was noted (Chua, 2007). 

The species was considered to be common in Kalimantan (Setyawati, 2007). 

Saw (2007) questioned why participants considered it of no conservation concern. 

54


2 APOCYNACEAE Dyera costulata 


3 ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria cunninghamii 

(ID, MY) 

D. costulata was considered to be very widespread in Malaysia, with many 

populations occurring in protected areas. Reported to regenerate easily, it was also 

noted that the species is planted in the country, and that it has been harvested 

sustainably. The threatened status of the species in Peninsular Malaysia from 1994 was 

considered to be possibly no longer valid (Chua, 2007). Saw & Rafae (2007) also 

considered the species to be common in Malaysia. Chua (2007) added that the species 

is rare in Thailand and even northern Malaysia only because that is its biogeographical 

boundary. Jumat (2007) reported that in the last four years there have been no exports 

of Jelutong, but that export of logged timber has taken place. It was also indicated that 

this species is particularly used to manufacture pencils and that four factories in 

Malaysia do manufacture pencils for export (Jumat, 2007). 

In Indonesia, the species was considered to be of no conservation concern and to be 

successfully cultivated in some areas. It was reported to be traded internationally from 

the country (Komar, 2007). 

It was reported to be listed in the Red Data Book of Thailand, and also in the Red Data 

Book of Singapore. 

A. cunninghamii was not considered to be occurring naturally in Malaysia, only 

introduced. Described as a beautiful ornamental tree, it was eported to occur in 

plantations in Sarawak, but as an ornamental tree rather than for timber (Julaihi, 2007). 

In Indonesia, natural occurrence was reported from west Papua, where it was not 

considered to be overexploited. It was also noted that in Java the species is used as an 

ornamental tree (e.g. in parks), but not for commercial plantations (Komar, 2007). 

The species is reportedly exported from Australia (Komar, 2007), Papua New Guinea, 

and Irian Jaya (Saw, 2007). 

55


4 BOMBACACEAE Durio dulcis 

(ID, MY) 

5 Durio kutejensis 


D. dulcis was reported to occur in protected areas in Malaysia, but no specific 

information on its conservation status was identified. The genus Durio, as fruit trees, 

are protected and cannot be harvested in the country, however it was noted to be in 

international trade (Chua, 2007). Durian is the term used by the trade industry for the 

whole genus. No durian logs were exported from Malaysia in the last five years (2002- 

2006), but exports of sawn timber were recorded, with an annual average of 15,000 m 3 

during 2004-2006 (Jumat, 2007). 

The situation was considered to be similar in Indonesia (ID participants, 2007). In east 

Kalimantan, the species was reported to have been recorded at densities of 0.9 

individuals/ha (Setyawati, 2007). 

It was suggested that D. kutejensis should be treated in the same way as D. dulcis. 

No concrete information was identified on the conservation status of the species, 

except that it is possibly common in Indonesia (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

The species was reported to be important for its fruits, rather than for its timber, and 

no international trade in the species’ timber was considered to take place (Julaihi, Saw 

& Hin-Keong, 2007). 

56


6 BURSERACEAE Santiria laevigata 

(ID, MY, PH, TH, other) 

7 Triomma malaccensis 


8 DATISCACEAE Octomeles sumatrana 

(ID, MY, PH) 

9 LAURACEAE Dehaasia caesia 

(ID, MY, VN, other) 

It was reported that S. laevigata does occur in peninsular Thailand, where it was 

considered to be rare. It is included in the country’s Red Data Book (Chayamarit, 

2007). It was speculated that rarity of the species in Thailand may be due to 

biogeographical reasons, that being the natural boundary of the species’ range. 

In Kalimantan, the species was reported to be common, particularly in logged areas, 

since it apparently grows quickly after the forest is logged. It was not clear whether it 

is traded internationally from Indonesia (Setyawati, 2007). 

Despite the existence of numerous Santiria species, trade figures for this genus are very 

low in Sarawak. The species was therefore considered to be probably not in 

international trade from the country (Julaihi, 2007). 

No information on trade in the species was available from the Philippines (Madulid, 

2007). 

It was considered that the comments for Santiria would also apply to T. malaccensis. 

O. sumatrana was reported to be widespread in lowland forests in Indonesia, and 

particularly in Sumatra. It is categorised as a low priority species in the country. While 

no specific information on trade was identified, it was reported that the species is used 

for items such as boxes and furniture, as it is very light (Setyawati, 2007). 

The species was reported to be traded a lot in Sarawak, where it was still considered to 

be safe. Noted to be a fast-growing species, it was reported to be found in river banks, 

and to be introduced for planting in forest plantations, as it is fast growing in Sarawak, 

but problems were reported to exist as the species is site-specific (Julaihi, 2007). 

D. caesia was reported to occur in Viet Nam, but no information on trade was available 

from the country. 

The whole family is reportedly traded in Malaysia as Medang. 

In Indonesia, it was reported to be usually traded in group as Medang. 

57


10 Dehaasia cuneata 

(KH, ID, MY, TH, VN) 

11 LEGUMINOSAE Sindora beccariana 


12 OLACACEAE Ochanostachys amentacea 


D. cuneata was reported to occur in Viet Nam (Sam, 2007) and Cambodia, (Thy, 2007). 

Thy (2007) does not consider it to be a priority species 

Reported as threatened in Thailand, but not listed in the country’s Red Data Book (TH 


The species was reported to be traded from Indonesia as Medang (Partomihardjo, 

2007). 

Suspected to be also in trade as Medang from Malaysia (Julaihi, 2007). 

Comments from Cambodia provided after the workshop by Thy (2007). 

Common name: atith or nieng pha-aek GaTitü nagEp¥k (Cambodia) 

Habitat: Mixed deciduous forest. 

Use: Second grade category wood is used for construction (Dy Phon P., 2000) 

S. beccariana was considered to have beautiful wood (Julaihi, 2007), and to be traded as 

a group. 

It was reported to be very rare in Indonesia, and no information on international trade 

was identified from the country. The local trade name for the whole genus was 

reported to be Sindur. 

The species was considered to be of no conservation concern in Malaysia, where 

related look alike species were reported to be in trade. The local trade name for the 

whole genus is Sepetir. 

O. amentacea was reported to be very common in Malaysia (Saw, 2007), including 

Sarawak, from where it was not considered to be traded (Julaihi, 2007). 

In Indonesia the species forms a big tree with a widespread population and recorded 

densities of 7 individuals/ha, also known to grow in secondary forests. International 

trade in the species from Indonesia was reported to take place. 

58


13 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium impressinervium 

(MY, TH) 

14 Palaquium maingayi 

(MY, TH) 

15 STERCULIACEAE Pterocymbium beccarii 

(ID) 

16 VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea 

(KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


17 Tectona grandis 

(KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN, 


P. impressinervium was reported to be rare in Thailand, but not in the country’s Red 

Data Book. 

The species was considered to be widespread in Malaysia, and to be traded as a 

group. 

P. maingayi was reported to be rare but not threatened in Thailand. 

The species was considered to be widespread in Malaysia, and to be traded as a 

group. 

P. beccarii occurs in East Java but it was not reported to be in trade from there. 

It was noted that trade occurs mainly from Oceania. 

G. arborea was considered to be in international trade, but of no conservation concern. 

No further details were obtained on the species. The taxonomic name was not 

recognized by the Cambodian delegates (Thy, 2007). 

T. grandis was considered to be in international trade, but of no conservation concern. 

No further details were obtained on the species. 

Comments from Cambodia provided after the workshop by Thy (2007). 

Common name: Maisak. Émsak (Cambodia) 

Habitat: Deciduous forest in lowlands. 

Population status and trends: No current reports of logging. The species is grown in 

plantations. 

59

Table 5. Timber tree of conservation concern not thought to be in international trade 


1 BURSERACEAE Canarium luzonicum 

(PH) 

2 CEPHALOTAXACEAE Cephalotaxus oliveri 

(LA, VN) 

3 FAGACEAE Fagus longipetiolata 

(VN) 

C. luzonicum is listed as threatened in the Philippines and collection and trade are 

prohibited in the country. It was noted that the species used to be traded, but not any 

more because of the recent listing. It was further added, however, that some illegal 

felling occurs but that no data on timber trade is available for the species (PH 

participants, 2007). No imports were reported according to ITTO (Johnson, 2007). 

Trade in non-timber products, namely resin and fruits, was reported to take place. The 

resin extraction was considered to be sustainable, as it does not kill the tree (Palis, 

2007). 

It was pointed out that C. oliveri does not occur in Thailand (Chayamarit, 2007). 

In Viet Nam the species was reported to occur between 600-1500 m a.s.l. in primary 

forests. It was reported to be rare and to occur in only a small area of northern Viet 

Nam. The species is listed in the country’s Red Data Book. It was considered not to be 

of high economic value (Sam, 2007). 

The species was reported to occur in Lao P.D.R., where it was not considered to be 

very common (Phothisat, 2007). 

Sam (2007) indicated that the species’ name has now changed to C. mannii. 

No international trade was reported. 

F. longipetiolata was reported to occur between 1500 and 2000 m a.s.l. in Viet Nam. The 

species is listed in the country’s Red Data Book, and it was reported that it is protected 

in a National Park in northern Viet Nam. No information on international trade was 

identified (Sam, 2007). 

60


4 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum porrectum 

(ID, TH, VN, other) 

5 LEGUMINOSAE Afzelia rhomboidea 

(ID, MY, PH) 

6 Kalappia celebica 

(ID) 

7 Pericopsis mooniana 

(ID, MY, PH) 

C. porrectum was reported to be widely distributed in yet rare in Java. No timber trade 

was reported to take place. It was pointed out that the species is considered to have 

some potential as an HIV cure, and LIPI (the Indonesian Institute of Sciences) is 

collaborating to study this (Setyawati, 2007). 

The species was reported to be rare in Viet Nam, although it is not listed in the 

country’s Red Data Book. No information on trade was identified (Sam, 2007). 

It Thailand, the species was not considered to be threatened nor rare, and it was noted 

that its wood (from plantations) is used for handicrafts, as it has a nice scent (TH 


It was reported to be a very common tree in Malaysia (Abdullah & Chua, 2007). 

A. rhomboidea is included in the Philippines’ Red List, and felling of the species was 

reported to be prohibited in the country, from where no trade was considered to take 

place (Manila, 2007). 

In Malaysia, no information on the species’ conservation status was available, and no 

trade in the species was reported from the country (Saw, 2007). 

It is in the list of protected species of Indonesia, where no trade was reported, except 

for possibly domestic trade in Java (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

K. celebica was reported to be an endemic species from Indonesia. No data was 

identified on the trade or conservation status of the species. 

Most trade in P. mooniana was considered to be historic, and very little current trade 

was thought to take place. 

No trade was reported from Malaysia (MY participants, 2007). 

The species is listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of the Philippines (PH participants, 

2007). 

It was considered to be very rare in Indonesia (ID participants, 2007). 

61


8 Wallaceodendron celebicum 

(ID, PH) 

9 MELIACEAE Aglaia perviridis 

(MY, TH, VN) 

W. celebicum was reported to be very rare in northern Sulawesi, and no information on 

trade in the species was available from the area (ID participants, 2007). 

It is listed in the Red List of the Philippines, where it was regarded as endangered (PH 


The species was not considered to be in trade. 

A. perviridis was reported to be Critically Endangered in Thailand, and in the 

country’s Red Data Book (TH participants, 2007). 

It was noted that the species was recorded only once in Peninsular Malaysia, and that 

it is unlikely to be in trade from the country (Saw, 2007). 

It was reported to be a common tree in Viet Nam, but no information on international 

trade in the species was available (VN participants, 2007). 

62


10 Aglaia silvestris 

(ID, MY, PH, TH, VN) 

11 Toona calantas 

(ID, MY, PH) 

The timber of A. silvestris was reported to be of no commercial value. However, the 

species is harvested in Sarawak in order to extract a chemical considered to have 

potential for cancer cure. It was suggested that if the species’ anticancer potential is 

published, harvest could become of concern (Julaihi, 2007). 

It was considered to be widespread and common in Indonesia, with recorded 

population densities of 3.6 individuals/ha. No international timber trade was reported 

from the country (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

The species is considered to be threatened in the Philippines, and it is listed in the 

country’s Red Data Book. No trade in the species was known to take place (Palis, 

2007). 

In Viet Nam the species was reported to be common and of no commercial value 

(Sam, 2007). 

The species’ status in Thailand was considered to be uncertain, as it is under 

taxonomic revision (TH participants, 2007). 

The taxonomic name is not recognized and it is therefore not considered to occur, in 

Cambodia (Thy, 2007). 

T. calantas is listed in the Philippines’ Red List as Critically Endangered (Palis, 2007). 

Occurrence was reported from Sarawak, where it was considered to be very rare. No 

trade information was available from this region. 

It is reportedly not listed as a protected species in Indonesia, and no information on 

international trade was identified from the country (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

63


12 OLACACEAE Strombosia javanica 


13 RUTACEAE Merrillia caloxylon 


14 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium bataanense 

(PH) 

15 STERCULIACEAE Scaphium longiflorum 

(ID, MY) 

S. javanica was reported to be rare in Thailand, but not listed in the country’s Red Data 

Book. 

In Indonesia, the species was reported to occur mostly in lowland forests in Java and 

Sumatra, and to be listed in the country’s Red List. Described as a big tree with good 

wood and very hard timber, this species is reportedly smuggled out from Indonesia 

into Malaysia, although no specific trade information was available (Setyawati, 2007). 

Considered to be very rare in Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007). No information on trade in the 

species was available from Malaysia (Chua, 2007). 

M. caloxylon was reported to be rare in Thailand, yet not in the country’s Red Data 

Book (TH participants, 2007). 

No information on the species’ conservation status was available from Indonesia. It 

was reported to be used locally in the country, but not recorded as in international 

trade (ID participants, 2007). 

Contrary to information on the background document, the species is not extinct in 

Malaysia, although it was considered to be quite rare in the country, and no records of 

trade were reported (Chua, 2007). It was reported to be rare in Sabah, where the 

species was known to occur in only one locality in the east coast. Reportedly used 

locally in Sabah, but not in international trade (Sugau, 2007). 

P. bataanense was supposed to be common in primary forests of the Philippines. The 

species is not in the country’s Red List and no records of international trade were 

reported from the country. 

Further clarification was considered to be needed for this species, and it was suggested 

that UNEP-WCMC and the Philippines double-check on which list it should be 

included. 

S. longiflorum was reported to be relatively uncommon in Malaysia. It was suggested 

that the trade figures presented in the background document for this species possibly 

refer to Macropodium instead, as S. longiflorum was not considered to be in trade (MY 

64



It was not confirmed that the species occurs in East Kalimantan (ID participants, 

2007). 

16 VERBENACEAE Tectona philippinensis 

(PH) 

17 Vitex parviflora 

(ID, PH) 

T. philippinensis is listed as Critically Endangered in the Philippines. No international 

trade in the species was reported. 

V. parviflora is not included in the Red List of Indonesia. No information on trade in 

the species was identified from the country. 

It was reported to be in the Philippines’ Red List. 

The species was not considered to occur in Sabah, or anywhere else Malaysia (Sugau, 

2007). 

65

Table 6. Timber tree species not thought to be in international trade or to be of conservation concern 


1 ACERACEAE Acer laurinum 

(ID, LA?, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


2 APOCYNACEAE Alstonia pneumatophora 


Sam (2007) indicated that A. laurinum had been moved to Sapindaceae, but Abdullah 

(2007) considered it belonged to Aceraceae. 

No trade in the species was considered to take place in Malaysia or Indonesia, as it was 

deemed to be of insufficient size and mostly for ornamental use. The species was noted to 

be of no conservation concern in any of the two countries (Abdullah & Setyawati, 2007). 

Bian (2007) reported a personal sight of the species in the mountains of Lao P.D.R. 

Occurrence was reported in the mountains of Thailand, where the species is considered to 

be a country endemic (Chayamarit, 2007). 

A. pneumatophora was reported to occur in west Kalimantan. It was reported that A. solaris, 

but not A. pneumatophora, is planted in Indonesia, because of the small diameter of the 

latter (Setyawati, 2007). 

In Malaysia, 4,000 m 3 of Pulai sawn timber were reported to be traded annually between 

2002 and 2006. The term Pulai refers to the whole genus (Jumat, 2007). Saw (2007) 

indicated that although the genus is in trade, this particular species is not, because the 

trees are small and their timber is very soft. It was noted, however, that there is a good 

market for interior decoration using Pulai (MY participants, 2007) and also that, according 

to a book, the wood is also used in the manufacture of pit helmets (Chua, 2007). Julaihi 

(2007) pointed out that since this is a peat swamp dwelling species, habitat degradation 

could be an issue. 

66


3 EBENACEAE Diospyros pilosanthera 

(KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


4 FLACOURTIACEAE Homalium foetidum 

(ID, MY, PH, other) 

D. pilosanthera was reported to be in trade in Indonesia, but not to be a major timber 

species (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

The Philippines’ participants considered the species to be in trade and of possible 


The accepted name in Cambodia was reported to be D. helphori (Thy, 2007). 

Abdullah (2007) considered that there are four varieties of this species. 

Because of its small size, the species was not considered to be in trade in Malaysia, where 

it is reportedly used mostly for handicrafts (Saw, 2007). 

It was not considered to be traded in Viet Nam (Sam, 2007). 


Synonym: D. helferi (Dy Phon P., 2000) 

Common name: Trayeung (Cambodia) 

Habitat: Occurs as an evergreen tree in open dipterocarp, gallery, dry evergreen forest in 

the lowlands (observation). The usual leaning trunk with black bark generally grows on 

termite mound. 

Population status and trends: In most forested areas of Cambodia, the species has not yet 

been used due to the significant number of good quality specimens of other species that 

are preferred and which still exist. It is mixed with Diospyros crumenata for sale. 

Threats: It suffers from seasonal fire and habitat conversion. 

Use: Wood is used for cabinetwork (Dy Phon, P., 2000). 

Trade: No information. 

H. foetidum was not considered to be in trade in Malaysia (Saw & Sugau, 2007) or the 

Philippines (Madulid, 2007), and not enough information on trade in the species was 

available from Indonesia (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

67


5 GUTTIFERAE Calophyllum euryphyllum 

(ID) 

6 Calophyllum inophyllum 

(KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, 


7 LAURACEAE Phoebe elliptica 

(ID, MY) 

It was noted that not enough information is available on the distribution of C. euryphyllum 

in Indonesia, and therefore it was not clear whether the species is a single-country 

endemic (Setyawati, 2007). 

Leach (2007) indicated that C. inophyllum is very widespread, occurring throughout the 

coasts of the region, and that it provides good wood for furniture. 

Sam (2007) reported that the species is common in Viet Nam, and that no information on 

trade was available for the country. 

Johnson (2007) noted that source countries often report exported timber as Calophyllum 

spp. or even provide common names only, and that importing countries may give this 

timber a species-level name without really knowing which species it is. 

Comments relating to Cambodia provided after the workshop by Thy (2007): 

Cambodian name: Khchung 

Habitat: Native to Cambodia in dry evergreen forest and evergreen forest. Some 

Calophyllum spp. were observed in hill evergreen forest up to 1300m. 

Threats: Habitat loss. 

Utilization: Timber is used for construction in some rears where good quality trees are 

scarce. Lasting wood, resistant to insects is used to build boat, poles, and houses. Leaves 

are inhaled to treat headache and dizziness. Oil from seed is mixed with another oil from 

Hynocarpus kurzii is used against leprosy (Dy Phon, 2000). 

Trade: Not reported, but possibly to neighboring countries. 

No information on trade in P. elliptica was available from Indonesia (Partomihardjo, 

2007). The species is not included in the country’s list of protected species, and it was 

suggested that since the forest in west Java is almost completely gone, P. elliptica is likely 

to be rare there, yet probably still present (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

The conservation status of the species was reported to be unknown in Malaysia, where it 

was considered unlikely to be in trade (Chua, 2007). 

68


8 LECYTHIDACEAE Planchonia valida 

(ID, MY) 

9 MELIACEAE Vavaea amicorum 

(ID, MY, PH) 

10 MYRTACEAE Kjellbergiodendron celebicum 

(ID) 

11 RUBIACEAE Jackiopsis ornate 


It was noted that although some members of this family are traded in Malaysia, this 

particular genus is not (Abdullah, 2007). 

In Indonesia, the species was considered to be internationally traded, according to 

Abdurrohim et al. (2004) [Abdurrohim, S., Mandang, Y.I., & Sutisna, U. (Ed.) 2004. Atlas 

Kayu Indonesia Jilid III. Departemen Kehuitanan, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan 

Kehutanan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Hasil Hutan. Bogor] (ID 


No information on the species was identified for Thailand. 

V. amicorum was reported to occur on limestone and heath forests in Sabah. There were 

no records of trade in the species from the region (Sugau, 2007). 

No recorded trade was reported from Indonesia (ID participants, 2007). 

In the Philippines, this species was considered to be not traded and of no conservation 

concern (PH participants, 2007). 

K. celebicum was reported to be endemic to Indonesia, but no information on the species 

was available from the country (Partomihardjo, 2007). 

No trade records for J. ornata were reported from Malaysia (Chua, 2007). 

Indonesia reported no trade records or conservation information from the country (ID 


69


12 SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus integrifolia 

(ID, MY, PH, VN, other) 

13 STERCULIACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium 

(KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, other) 

A. integrifolia was reported to be common but not in trade in Viet Nam (VN participants, 

2007). 

It was noted that the species is not in the Philippines’ Red List and that there are no trade 

records for the country (PH participants, 2007). 

The species was considered to be widely distributed in Indonesia, but no information on 

population status or on international trade was available from the country. It was 

suggested that the wood of this species is mixed with that of others (ID participants, 

2007). 

It was reported to be very rare in Sarawak (Julaihi, 2007), but widespread in Sabah 

(Sugau, 2007). 

Common name: Tree of Heaven. 

P. tinctorium was reported to be rather common in lowland forests in Thailand. 

It was noted that this species is not in the Red List of the Philippines and that there are no 

records of trade from the country. 

The species is not in the list of protected species of Indonesia, and there are no records of 

trade from the country. 

The species was considered to be widespread in Malaysia, and it was noted that it also 

occurs in Sarawak. No records of trade were reported from the country. 

Reported to be common and not in trade in Lao P.D.R. 

Occurrence in Cambodia was reported, but no information on status or trade could be 

identified. 


Common names: Chan Tumpeang can; TMBaMg (Cambodia) 

Habitat: In dense and secondary formation in tropical forest. White very soft wood used 

to make matches. Bark is used as color dye (Dy Phon P., 2000) 

70


14 Pterocymbium tubulatum 


It was reported that in Peninsular Malaysia there are no records of trade in P. tubulatum, 

and that the species is data-deficient in terms of status. In Sabah it was reported to be 

widespread and traded as Teluto, although this trade was considered to be insignificant 

(MY participants, 2007). 

Recorded in Indonesia from Sumatra and Kalimantan. In East Kalimantan populations of 

1 individual/ha had been recorded. Reportedly traded as Tongtolok in Indonesia, but 

only locally (ID participants, 2007). 

15 VERBENACEAE Tectona hamiltoniana 

(Other) 

T. hamiltoniana was not considered to be either in international trade or of conservation 

concern in the region by the Workshop Participants (2007). Kashio (2007) noted that this 

species is not planted. 

71

strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?