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Ecological Soil Screening Levels<br />
for<br />
Lead<br />
Interim Final<br />
OSWER Directive 9285.7-70<br />
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<br />
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response<br />
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.<br />
Washington, DC 20460<br />
March 2005
This page intentionally left blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................1<br />
2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD .....................................1<br />
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS....................................4<br />
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES ....................................4<br />
5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE.........................................4<br />
5.1 Avian TRV ........................................................4<br />
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................9<br />
6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE .................................11<br />
6.1 Mammalian TRV ..................................................11<br />
6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL .......................11<br />
7.0 REFERENCES .........................................................20<br />
7.1 General Lead References ............................................20<br />
7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates .............................20<br />
7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs . 22<br />
7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs ............................56<br />
7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................72<br />
i
LIST OF TABLES<br />
Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) ..............................3<br />
Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead ...........................................5<br />
Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead .....................................6<br />
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) . . 7<br />
Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead ............................9<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Lead ...................12<br />
Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead .......................19<br />
LIST OF FIGURES<br />
Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead in U.S. Soils ..................3<br />
Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead .....................................10<br />
Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead ................................18<br />
LIST OF APPENDICES<br />
Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity<br />
Reference Value (TRV) - Lead<br />
Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity<br />
Reference Value (TRV) - Lead<br />
ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION<br />
Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are<br />
protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biota<br />
that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:<br />
plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide<br />
adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of the<br />
conservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied<br />
at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to<br />
identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the<br />
site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance<br />
(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels<br />
and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would<br />
be inappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanup<br />
standards.<br />
The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation<br />
(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a<br />
multi-stakeholder team consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic<br />
participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.<br />
This document provides the Eco-SSL values for lead and the documentation for their derivation.<br />
This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on identifying<br />
lead concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to terrestrial<br />
receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or regulations, nor is it<br />
a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on EPA, states, or the<br />
regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances<br />
of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA and state<br />
personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own initiative,<br />
or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties. Therefore,<br />
interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this document<br />
and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation. EPA<br />
welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments in<br />
future revisions of this document.<br />
2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD<br />
Lead is a naturally occurring element which can be found in all environmental media: air, soil,<br />
sediment, and water. The extent of occurrence of lead in the earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, or<br />
0.002%. Lead occurs chiefly as a sulfide in galena. Other lead minerals include anglesite<br />
(PbSO 4), cerussite (PbCO 3), mimetite (PbCl 2C3Pb 3(AsO 4) 2), and pyromorphite [PbCl 2<br />
C3Pb 3(PO 4) 2)] (Budavari, 1996). Lead is released to the environment from coal-fired power<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 1<br />
March 2005
plants, ceramic manufacturing, mining, ore processing, smelting of lead ores, refining, the<br />
production and use of lead alloys and compounds, recycling, combustion processes, industrial<br />
processes, and from disposal. Lead may also be deposited on land as slag, dust, sludge, and<br />
water treatment residues from manufacturing and waste treatment processes (NRCC, 1978, U.S.<br />
EPA, 1979).<br />
Lead in soil is relatively immobile and persistent whether added to the soil as halides,<br />
hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, or sulfates (U.S. EPA, 1979). When released to soil, lead is<br />
normally converted from soluble lead compounds to relatively insoluble sulfate or phosphate<br />
derivatives. It also forms complexes with organic matter and clay minerals which limits its<br />
mobility. The efficient fixation of lead in soils limits the transfer of lead to aquatic systems.<br />
However, leaching of lead can be relatively rapid from some soils, especially at highly<br />
contaminated sites or landfills (Kayser et al., 1982). Lead is most available from acidic sandy<br />
soils which contain little material capable of binding lead (NRCC, 1978). Concentrations of lead<br />
in soil solution reach a minimum between pH 5 and 6 because metal-organic complexes form in<br />
this pH range. Only a small fraction of lead in lead-contaminated soil appears to be in watersoluble<br />
form (0.2-1%) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). The uptake of lead by plants also depends on<br />
other factors including cation exchange capacity, soil composition (e.g., organic matter content,<br />
calcium content), metal concentrations, precipitation, light, and temperature. Lead uptake by<br />
plants is favored at lower pH values and in soils with low organic carbon content (DeMayo et al,<br />
1982).<br />
Lead may also be found in soils as stable organic compounds or metallic lead or lead alloys from<br />
the use of lead shot or fishing weights. The Eco-SSLs are derived for the inorganic forms of lead<br />
found in soils and are not derived for either organic lead compounds or metallic lead shot.<br />
If these waste sources are suspected to be present or are present, then a site-specific evaluation of<br />
risks associated with these forms of lead will be required outside of the use of the Eco-SSL<br />
values.<br />
Lead is not considered to be an essential element for plant growth and development. Lead<br />
inhibits growth, reduces photosynthesis (by inhibiting enzymes unique to photosynthesis),<br />
interferes with cell division and respiration, reduces water absorption and transpiration,<br />
accelerates abscission or defoliation and pigmentation, and reduces chlorophyll and ATP<br />
synthesis (U.S. EPA, 1979).<br />
Lead is also not considered an essential element for birds or mammals. Clinical signs of lead<br />
toxicity in domestic animals are manifested differently for different species, but the overall signs<br />
are of encephalopathy preceded and accompanied by gastrointestinal malfunction (Booth and<br />
MacDonald, 1982). Behavorial signs of poisoning include anxiety, apprehension,<br />
hyperexcitability, vocalization, rolling of eyes, apparent fear or terror, possible belligerence,<br />
pressing of the head against a wall or post, attempts to climb a wall, sudden jumping into the air,<br />
frenzied or manical behavior (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). Locomotor disturbances of lead<br />
poisoning range from a stiff, stilted gait with ataxia and incoordination to rigidity of all postural<br />
muscles, swaying, and posterior weakness to compulsive hypermotility (circling, pacing,<br />
running). (Booth and MacDonald, 1982).<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 2<br />
March 2005
Lead can interfere with the synthesis of heme, thereby altering the urinary or blood concentration<br />
of enzymes and intermediates in heme synthesis or their derivatives. Thus, lead poisoning can<br />
lead to accumulation of non-heme iron and protoporphyrin-IX in red cells, an increase in<br />
delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in blood and urine, an increase in urinary coproporphyrin,<br />
proporphyrin, and porphobilinogen, inhibition of blood ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D), and an<br />
increased proportion of immature red cells in the blood (reticulocytes and basophilic stippled<br />
cells (NIOSH, 1978). One of the characteristic cellular metabolic reactions in lead intoxication<br />
is the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies, a discrete, dense-staining mass found in the<br />
liver parenchyma and in the tubular lining cells of the kidney (Clayton and Clayton, 1994). The<br />
intranuclear inclusion bodies are a lead protein complex that may have adaptive function in<br />
excessive lead exposure (NIOSH, 1978). Other signs of lead poisoning in domestic animals<br />
include rapid labored breathing, anorexia, weight loss, decreased milk production, dehydration,<br />
emaciation, fetal death with either resorption or abortion of the fetus, general weakness (Booth<br />
and MacDonald, 1982), paraplegia (WHO, 1977), mortality and impaired postnatal growth<br />
(Rattner et al., 1975), reduced pregnancy rate (Kennedy et al., 1975), and interference with<br />
resistance to infectious disease (Gainer, 1974) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).<br />
The Eco-SSL values derived to date for lead are summarized in Table 2.1.<br />
Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)<br />
Plants Soil Invertebrates<br />
Conc (mg/kg dw)<br />
120<br />
100<br />
80<br />
60<br />
40<br />
20<br />
0<br />
Wildlife<br />
Avian Mammalian<br />
120 1,700 11 56<br />
Eco-SSL values for lead were<br />
derived for all receptor groups.<br />
The Eco-SSLs range from 11<br />
mg/kg dry weight (dw) for avian<br />
wildlife to 1,700 mg/kg dw for<br />
soil invertebrates. The Eco-SSL<br />
values for lead for plants, soil<br />
invertebrates, and mammalian<br />
wildlife are higher than the 95 th<br />
percentiles of reported<br />
background concentrations for<br />
both eastern and western U.S.<br />
soils (Figure 2.1) (at 38 and 32<br />
mg/kg, respectively. The Eco-<br />
SSL value for lead for avian<br />
wildlife is, however, lower than<br />
the 50 th percentile for reported<br />
East West<br />
Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead<br />
in U.S. Soils<br />
background concentrations in eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background<br />
concentrations reported for many metals in U.S. soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of the<br />
Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003).<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 3<br />
March 2005<br />
Maximum<br />
95th<br />
75th<br />
50th<br />
25th<br />
5th Percentile
3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS<br />
Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 439 were selected for acquisition for<br />
further review. Of those papers acquired, 28 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored<br />
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Thirty studies received<br />
an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 3.1.<br />
The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are eleven studies eligible for<br />
Eco-SSL derivation. There are four studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation with a<br />
bioavailability score of 2 and all were used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the maximum acceptable<br />
toxicant concentration (MATC) values for four test species under three different test conditions<br />
(pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is equal to 120 mg/kg dw.<br />
4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES<br />
Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 179 were selected for acquisition for<br />
further review. Of those papers acquired, 13 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored<br />
according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Eighteen studies<br />
received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1.<br />
The data in Table 4.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are four studies eligible for Eco-<br />
SSL derivation and all were used to derive the soil invertebrate Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the MATC values for one test<br />
species under three different test conditions (pH) and is equal to 1,700 mg/kg dw.<br />
5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE<br />
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity<br />
reference values (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;<br />
Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of<br />
three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).<br />
5.1 Avian TRV<br />
The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;<br />
Attachment 4-2) identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian or<br />
mammalian species. Of these papers, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5.<br />
Of the remaining papers, 54 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed<br />
and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;<br />
Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table<br />
5.1. The complete results are included as Appendix 5-1.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 4<br />
March 2005
Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead<br />
Reference Study ID Test Organism<br />
Soil pH OM %<br />
Bioavailability<br />
Score<br />
ERE<br />
Tox<br />
Parameter<br />
Tox Value<br />
(Soil Conc.<br />
mg/kg dw)<br />
Total<br />
Evaluation<br />
Score<br />
Eligible for<br />
Eco-SSL<br />
Derivation?<br />
Davis and Barnes, 1973 a Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y Y<br />
Davis and Barnes, 1973 b Red maple Acer rubrum 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y Y<br />
Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 b Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.3 0.94 2 GRO MATC 316 14 Y Y<br />
Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 a Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.7 3.11 1 GRO MATC 141 13 Y N<br />
Singh and Jeng, 1993 Ryegrass Lolium rigidum 5.6 0.1 2 GRO MATC 22 14 Y Y<br />
Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL<br />
Geometric Mean 115<br />
Chappelka et al., 1991 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 5.5 3.4 2 GRO NOAEC 480 12 N N<br />
Dixon, 1988 Red Oak Querus rubras 6 1.5 2 GRO LOAEC 100 19 N N<br />
Gaweda, 1991 a Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 0.0 2 GRO NOAEC 600 14 N N<br />
Taylor, 1974 Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.4 1.0 2 GRO NOAEC 250 11 N N<br />
Taylor and Allinson, 1981 h Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N N<br />
Taylor and Allinson, 1981 I Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N N<br />
Zaman and Zereen, 1998 a Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO, BIO LOAEC 500 14 N N<br />
Zaman and Zereen, 1998 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N N<br />
Zaman and Zereen, 1998 c Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N N<br />
Balba et al., 1991 b Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.73 1.70 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y N<br />
Balba et al., 1991 c Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 8.20 0.86 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y N<br />
Dang et al., 1990 g Fenugreek Trigonella foenum 8.3 0.5 1 GRO MATC 283 11 Y N<br />
Gaweda, 1991 b Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 3.0 1 GRO MATC 424 13 Y N<br />
Hassett et al., 1976 Corn Zea mays 6.5 2.1 1 GRO MATC 158 15 Y N<br />
Xiong, 1997 Sow thistle Sonchous oleraceus L. 7.23 1.6 1 GRO MATC 2263 14 Y N<br />
Dang et al., 1990 d Onion Allium cepa 8.3 0.5 1 GRO LOAEC 50 11 N N<br />
Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 a Radish Raphanus sativus 5.1 8.0 1 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N<br />
Kadar and Morvai, 1998 a Carrot Daucus carota 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N N<br />
Kadar and Morvai, 1998 b Peas Pisum sativum 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N N<br />
Patel et al., 1977 Barley Hordeum vulgare 6.0 2.5 1 GRO NOAEC 1000 12 N N<br />
Taylor and Allinson, 1981 g Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 4.8 1 GRO NOAEC 250 14 N N<br />
Balba et al., 1991 a Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.45 2.06 0 REP MATC 35 14 N N<br />
Gaweda, 1991 c Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 12 N N<br />
Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.2 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N<br />
Gaweda and Capecka, 1995<br />
BIO = Biomass<br />
c Radish Raphanus sativus 7.1 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N<br />
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration<br />
GRO = Growth OM = Organic matter content<br />
LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Y = Yes<br />
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC. Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)<br />
N = No<br />
REP = Reproduction<br />
Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)<br />
Used for<br />
Eco-SSL?<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 5 March 2005
Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead<br />
Reference<br />
Study<br />
ID<br />
Test Organism<br />
Soil pH OM %<br />
Bioavailability<br />
Score<br />
ERE<br />
Tox<br />
Parameter<br />
Tox Value<br />
(Soil Conc.<br />
mg/kg dw)<br />
Total<br />
Evaluation<br />
Score<br />
Eligible for<br />
Eco-SSL<br />
Derivation?<br />
Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 a Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y Y<br />
Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 c Collembola Folsomia candida 4.5 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y Y<br />
Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 b Collembola Folsomia candida 5.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y Y<br />
Sandifer and Hopkin, 1997 Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y Y<br />
Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL<br />
Geometric Mean 1682<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000b s Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 285 13 N N<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000b t Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC 50 297 13 N N<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000b u Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC 50 847 13 N N<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000b v Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC 50 1341 13 N N<br />
Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 a Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 1.7 2 MOR LC 50 1554 14 N N<br />
Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 b Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 5.1 3.0 2 MOR LC 50 891 14 N N<br />
Spurgeon et al., 1994 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.3 10.0 1 REP EC 50 1940 15 N N<br />
Spurgeon and Hopkin, 1995 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.1 10.0 1 REP EC 50 1629 15 N N<br />
Neuhauser et al., 1985a; 1985b b Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 MOR LC 50 3716 13 N N<br />
Conder and Lanno, 2000 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.5 10.0 1 MOR ILL 1.16 16 N N<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000a; 2000b w Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC 50 1434 12 N N<br />
Peredney and Williams, 2000b x Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR NOAEC 2235 12 N N<br />
Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 c Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.1 3.4 1 MOR LC 50 13.9 13 N N<br />
Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 d Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 2.2 1 MOR LC 50 11.6 13 N N<br />
EC 50 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population<br />
ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint<br />
ILL = Incipient lethal level<br />
LC 50 = Concentration lethal to 50% of test population<br />
LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration<br />
OM = Organic matter content<br />
REP = Reproduction<br />
MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration = geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC<br />
MOR = Mortality<br />
N = No<br />
NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration<br />
Y = Yes<br />
Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)<br />
Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003)<br />
Used for<br />
Eco-SSL?<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 6 March 2005
Result #<br />
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 1 of 2<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
Biochemical<br />
1 Scheuhammer, 1987 2860 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 U FD 35 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.0584 0.292 69<br />
2 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 68<br />
3 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 70<br />
4 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.201 0.586 78<br />
5 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w NR NR AD F CHM CALC BL 6.24 12.5 72<br />
6 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 12.6 126 69<br />
7 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 13.5 67.4 69<br />
8 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B CHM HMGL BL 34.5 69<br />
9 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.111 67<br />
10 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ENZ ALAD BL 2.52 71<br />
11 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 68<br />
12 Hoffman et al, 1985 11651 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 26.3 77<br />
13 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2<br />
Behavior<br />
U FD 7 w 14 w JV F CHM CALC PL 93.1 66<br />
14 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M FDB FCNS WO 2.47 66<br />
15 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 3.26 6.52 75<br />
16 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 7.10 71.0 72<br />
17 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B FDB FCNS WO 12.0 75<br />
18 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 61.4 123 74<br />
19 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M FDB FEFF WO 163 68<br />
20 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 304 456 73<br />
21 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 1.94 19.4 71<br />
22 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 17 d NR NR AD M BEH NMVM WO 6.25 71<br />
23 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 64.3 68<br />
24 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F FDB FCNS WO 93.1 69<br />
25 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4<br />
Physiology<br />
U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 456 67<br />
26 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5<br />
Pathology<br />
U FD 10 w NR NR AD F PHY SKIR FE 6.24 12.5 75<br />
27 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M GRS BDWT WO 2.33 66<br />
28 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 2.77 68<br />
29 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX KI 4.64 66<br />
30 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F GRS BDWT WO 6.24 12.5 75<br />
31 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 11.89 119 75<br />
32 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B GRS BDWT WO 12.0 84<br />
33 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ORW SMIX MT 14.1 70<br />
34 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 55 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 77<br />
35 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 2576 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 35 d NR NR NR M ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 77<br />
36 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 84<br />
37 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AR 67.4 135 74<br />
38 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 75.0 69<br />
39 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F ORW SMIX FM 93.1 67<br />
40 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F ORW SMIX BR 118 68<br />
41 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B ITX ANR WO 160 320 81<br />
42 Rao et al., 1989 818 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F HIS GLBM KI 1.71 67<br />
43 Rao et al. 1989 817 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F HIS GHIS KI 2.46 67<br />
44 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 5 w NR NR AD M HIS GHIS KI 6.25 68<br />
45 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 38.2 67<br />
46 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX LI 64.3 68<br />
47 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT AR 194 68<br />
48 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR HIS GHIS LI 196 68<br />
49 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2<br />
Reproduction<br />
U FD 27 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX TB 377 68<br />
50 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 1.94 77<br />
51 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 1.63 3.26 79<br />
52 Meluzzi et al., 1996 2771 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 30 d 22 w LB F EGG ALWT EG 2.69 4.04 81<br />
53 Haegele et al. 1974 2668 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 76 d NR NR SM F EGG ESTH EG 5.63 71<br />
54 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F REP RSUC WO 12.0 90<br />
55 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV M REP TEWT TE 12.6 126 78<br />
56 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M REP TEWT TE 67.4 135 80<br />
57 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 125 67<br />
58 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d LB B REP EGPN EG 0.110 77<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
NOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
LOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
Data Evaluation Score
Result #<br />
Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 2 of 2<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
59 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 12 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 75<br />
60 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 3.26 75<br />
61 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 2734 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 U DR 11 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT TE 11.8 68<br />
62 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 1 w 14 w JV F REP TPRD WO 93.1 75<br />
63 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2<br />
Growth<br />
U FD 27 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 377 74<br />
64 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 1.56 15.6 77<br />
65 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.77 72<br />
66 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.64 70<br />
67 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 4 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.93 59.3 76<br />
68 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 6.14 61.4 76<br />
69 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.10 71.0 76<br />
70 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.1 111 79<br />
71 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.2 112 76<br />
72 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.6 126 76<br />
73 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.5 67.4 76<br />
74 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 14.2 67<br />
75 Jeng et. al, 1979 2718 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F GRO BDWT WO 20.0 87<br />
76 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 88<br />
77 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 28.4 67<br />
78 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 34.5 77<br />
79 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B GRO BDWT WO 54.3 68<br />
80 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 61.3 123 83<br />
81 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 66.9 67<br />
82 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.2 72<br />
83 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 2744 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 53.1 71<br />
84 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F GRO BDWT WO 64.3 72<br />
85 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 2748 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 19 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 76.3 71<br />
86 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 124 77<br />
87 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 152 71<br />
88 Donaldson, 1986 2600 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 163 72<br />
89 Khan, et al, 1993 5507 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U OR 4 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 74<br />
90 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 262 72<br />
91 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 270 77<br />
92 Franson and Custer, 1982 2635 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR GRO BDWT WO 273 72<br />
93 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2<br />
Survival<br />
U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 282 71<br />
94 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M MOR MORT WO 2.47 80<br />
95 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 40 d NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 82<br />
96 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 14.2 77<br />
97 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 28.4 77<br />
98 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B MOR MORT WO 54.3 78<br />
99 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 66.9 77<br />
100 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR MOR SURV WO 125 625 89<br />
101 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 160 320 86<br />
102 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 163 66<br />
103 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 196 73<br />
104 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 4 w NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 6.25 73<br />
105 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 194 73<br />
106 Khan et al, 1993 1415 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U GV 7 d 43 d JV F MOR MORT WO 400 80<br />
AD = adult; ALAD = (delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; ALWT = albumin weight; ANR = anorexia; AR = adrenal; B = both; BEH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes;<br />
BEH = behavior; BL = blood; BR = brain; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes; d = days; DR = Drinking water; EG = egg; EGG = effects on eggs; EGPN = egg production; ENZ =<br />
enzyme changes; ESTH = eggshell thinning; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FE = feathers; FEFF = feed effeciency; FM = femur; GE =<br />
gestation; GHIS = general histology; GITX = general intoxication; GLBM = glomerular basement membrane; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes (not growth); GV = gavage;<br />
HIS = histology; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; IM = immature; INTX = intoxication; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; KI = kidney; LB = laying bird; LI = liver; MA =<br />
mature; M = male; M = measured; mo = months; MOR = effects on survival; MORT = mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; ORW = organ<br />
weight changes; ORWT = organ weight; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PROG = progeny counts or numbers; REP = reproduction; RSUC = reproductive success; SKIR = skin irritation;<br />
SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TB = tibia; TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TPRD = total production; U =<br />
unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism; yr = years.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
NOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
LOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
Data Evaluation Score
Within the reviewed papers, there are 106 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),<br />
physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)<br />
effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of > 65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003;<br />
Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data<br />
presented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for growth and<br />
reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined<br />
in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for<br />
reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL<br />
guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).<br />
A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 10.9 mg<br />
lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for<br />
reproduction, growth, or survival (Figure 5.1). Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest<br />
bounded NOAEL, lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival,<br />
and is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day.<br />
5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL<br />
Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three receptor<br />
groups representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs were calculated according to<br />
the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table 5.2.<br />
Surrogate<br />
Receptor<br />
Group<br />
Avian herbivore<br />
(dove)<br />
Avian ground<br />
insectivore<br />
(woodcock)<br />
Avian carnivore<br />
(hawk)<br />
TRV for Lead<br />
(mg dw/kg<br />
bw/d) 1<br />
Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead<br />
Food Ingestion<br />
Rate (FIR) 2<br />
(kg dw/kg bw/d)<br />
Soil Ingestion as<br />
Proportion of<br />
Diet (P s) 2<br />
1.63 0.190 0.139<br />
1.63 0.214 0.164<br />
1.63 0.0353 0.057<br />
Concentration of<br />
Lead in Biota Type<br />
(i) 2,3<br />
(B i)<br />
(mg/kg dw)<br />
ln(B i) = 0.561 *<br />
ln(Soil j) - 1.328<br />
where i = plants<br />
ln(B i) = 0.807 *<br />
ln(Soil j) - 0.218<br />
where i = earthworms<br />
ln(B i) = 0.4422 *<br />
ln(Soil j) + 0.0761<br />
where i = mammals<br />
Eco-SSL<br />
(mg/kg dw) 4<br />
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).<br />
2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).<br />
3<br />
Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.<br />
4<br />
HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).<br />
NA = Not Applicable<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 9<br />
March 2005<br />
46<br />
11<br />
510
Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day)<br />
1000.000<br />
100.000<br />
10.000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
0.010<br />
69<br />
69<br />
6870<br />
687078<br />
69 69 72<br />
78<br />
72<br />
69<br />
69<br />
69<br />
67<br />
71<br />
6877<br />
66<br />
7572<br />
75<br />
66<br />
68<br />
74<br />
72<br />
74<br />
75<br />
73<br />
73<br />
71<br />
71<br />
71<br />
68<br />
69<br />
67<br />
75<br />
75<br />
66 68<br />
75<br />
75<br />
66<br />
Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead<br />
77 84<br />
77<br />
7584 70 75 77<br />
84 74<br />
81<br />
81<br />
74 696768<br />
77<br />
68<br />
67<br />
67<br />
67<br />
68<br />
Data Evaluation Score<br />
6868<br />
68<br />
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose<br />
Paired values from same study when joined by line<br />
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose<br />
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process<br />
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.<br />
2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.<br />
4) The geometric mean is equal to 10.9 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL within the reproduction, growth, and survival R effect groups.<br />
5) The avian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for effects on growth, reproduction, and survival.<br />
71<br />
79<br />
81<br />
77<br />
79<br />
81<br />
77<br />
78 67 80<br />
9078<br />
80<br />
77<br />
75<br />
75<br />
68<br />
75<br />
74<br />
77<br />
77<br />
72<br />
7676 76<br />
70 767676<br />
7976 76<br />
76<br />
7976 767667<br />
88 83<br />
87 886777<br />
68 8367<br />
71 7271<br />
72<br />
TRV = Highest bounded<br />
NOAEL lower than lowest<br />
bounded LOAEL for REP, GRO<br />
or MOR = 1.63<br />
77 717274<br />
72777271<br />
Geometric Mean of<br />
NOAELs for REP and<br />
GRO = 10.9<br />
Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH)<br />
Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP)<br />
Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)<br />
BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 10 March 2005<br />
83<br />
77<br />
82<br />
80<br />
82 77<br />
78 77<br />
89<br />
86<br />
8666<br />
89<br />
73<br />
73<br />
73<br />
80
6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE<br />
The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the<br />
TRV was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).<br />
Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate<br />
species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).<br />
6.1 Mammalian TRV<br />
The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;<br />
Attachment 4-2) and identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian<br />
or mammalian species. Of these studies, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5.<br />
Of the remaining papers, 219 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were<br />
reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 4-3). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table<br />
6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6-1.<br />
Within the 219 papers there were 343 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH),<br />
physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)<br />
endpoints with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA,<br />
2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the<br />
data presented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to<br />
calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the<br />
lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to<br />
procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5).<br />
A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 40.7 mg<br />
lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for<br />
reproduction, growth or mortality results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded<br />
NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival and is equal to<br />
4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day.<br />
6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL<br />
Three separate Eco-SSL values are calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three<br />
receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLs derived for lead<br />
are calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003) and are summarized in Table<br />
6.2.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 11<br />
March 2005
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 1 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Biochemical<br />
1 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 10 w 21 d JV F ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 71<br />
2 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR CHM HMGL BL 1.18 4.45 74<br />
3 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 1.39 4.80 73<br />
4 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.50 74<br />
5 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 2.45 6.66 75<br />
6 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B ENZ G6PD BL 4.29 8.58 71<br />
7 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F CHM SOMC BL 5.8 29.0 66<br />
8 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M CHM HMCT BL 5.9 12.9 70<br />
9 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F ENZ ALAD KI 13.7 27.3 71<br />
10 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 6 w 74 d JV M CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 80<br />
11 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M CHM PRTL LI 18.0 180 76<br />
12 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M CHM HMGL BL 32.7 66<br />
13 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 70<br />
14 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M CHM HMCT BL 61.2 122 66<br />
15 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 68<br />
16 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV F HRM Other PI 100 200 78<br />
17 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV B CHM PRTL BR 200 72<br />
18 Vyskocil et al., 1989 2922 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M CHM B2MG UR 320 640 66<br />
19 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 800 78<br />
20 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 78<br />
21 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 78<br />
22 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M ENZ ALAD BL 0.496 77<br />
23 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 2877 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 10 w 5 d JV B HRM NORE BR 1.00 72<br />
24 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 15 d NR NR NR F ENZ SCDH KI 1.37 72<br />
25 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 69<br />
26 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 42 d NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 77<br />
27 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F CHM Other BL 7.20 72<br />
28 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M ENZ ALAD BL 15.0 69<br />
29 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 2625 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 21 d GE M ENZ ALAD UR 15.3 66<br />
30 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M CHM RBCE BL 15.4 72<br />
31 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 67<br />
32 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 19 d 2 d JV B CHM HMCT BL 25.0 72<br />
33 Singh et al, 1994 21095 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F CHM POTA BL 50.0 72<br />
34 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 72<br />
35 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 U OR 1 w
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 2 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
58 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 200 66<br />
59 Lockett and Leary, 1986 633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M BEH ACTV WO 0.577 66<br />
60 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 1 w 94 d JV M FDB WCON WO 23 72<br />
61 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.5 66<br />
62 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.9 66<br />
63 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M BEH RRSP WO 45.0 75<br />
64 Nation et al., 1990 617 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 61 d 50 d JV M BEH ACTP WO 45.7 68<br />
65 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B FDB FCNS WO 61.5 72<br />
66 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 1 w 99 d JV M FDB WCON WO 194 72<br />
67 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F FDB WCON WO 200 67<br />
68 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M FDB WCON WO 216 67<br />
69 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 10 d NR NR LC F BEH ACTV WO 323 74<br />
70 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F FDB WCON WO 750 67<br />
71 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 1 w 11 w JV F FDB WCON WO 775 69<br />
72 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F FDB FCNS WO 6170 68<br />
Physiology<br />
73 Boscolo et al, 1992 21113 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M PHY BLPR WO 1.69 3.39 68<br />
74 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B PHY GPHY WO 34.6 69<br />
75 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M PHY BTMP WO 43.0 75<br />
76 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 16.1 67<br />
77 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 100 72<br />
Pathology<br />
78 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 U FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR HIS GHIS BL 1.18 4.45 77<br />
79 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F HIS GHIS KI 1.37 2.73 81<br />
80 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B ORW ORWT KI 2.49 18.3 72<br />
81 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 3 d JV B ORW SMIX HE 3.75 7.49 74<br />
82 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 79<br />
83 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F ORW ORWT BR 11.0 67<br />
84 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 15.1 67<br />
85 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 32 d 74 d JV M ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 83<br />
86 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 16.1 72<br />
87 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV F ORW ORWT KI 21.3 43.0 78<br />
88 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR LC M HIS IIBD KI 40.0 68.6 69<br />
89 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 50.0 75<br />
90 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 71<br />
91 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT PI 200 66<br />
92 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 258 2580 76<br />
93 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81<br />
94 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81<br />
95 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 431 68<br />
96 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 2400 75<br />
97 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 3200 66<br />
98 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F HIS EDMA WO 3.39 68<br />
99 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F ORW ORWT BR 10.0 67<br />
100 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 15.4 75<br />
101 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M ORW ORWT BR 15.5 70<br />
102 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M HIS GLSN BR 20.0 67<br />
103 Karmakar et al., 1986 3879 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 30 d NR NR AD B HIS GHIS MT 44.0 75<br />
104 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M HIS USTR SV 46.4 80<br />
105 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 U OR 5 w
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 3 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
118 Dyck et al., 1980 2604 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR HIS GHIS NE 2730 66<br />
119 Myers et al., 1979 2782 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 w NR NR AD B HIS GHIS NE 3620 72<br />
120 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 6170 68<br />
Reproduction<br />
121 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 62 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 0.710 7.00 77<br />
122 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 1.00 5.00 74<br />
123 Gandley et al., 1999 2642 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 35 d NR NR AD M REP RSUC WO 2.60 26.0 72<br />
124 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 62 d 21 d GE B REP PRWT WO 3.00 6.0 79<br />
125 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F REP RSUC WO 4.50 68<br />
126 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 2592 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.00 10.0 76<br />
127 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.50 73<br />
128 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M REP TEWT TE 7.50 74.9 78<br />
129 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23.8 d 21 d LC F REP Other WO 8.90 76<br />
130 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 23.8 d 21 d GE F REP Other WO 9.10 45.0 73<br />
131 McMurry et al., 1995 2770 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 U DR 7 w NR NR AD M REP RHIS RT 12.4 170 67<br />
132 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M REP SPCV TE 18.0 180 85<br />
133 Zenick et al., 1979 2943 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 100 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 25.4 68<br />
134 Cerklewski, 1980 10607 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 35 d 70 d LC F REP PRWT WO 27.5 66<br />
135 Chowdhury et al., 1984 3721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 60 d NR NR SM M REP TEWT TE 31.6 63.2 71<br />
136 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F REP PROG WO 32.5 69<br />
137 Winder et al., 1984 2934 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 31 d NR d LC F REP PRWT WO 33.3 111 72<br />
138 Miller et al., 1982 2775 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 41 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 41.0 54.6 87<br />
139 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 1 w 94 d JV M REP SPCL SM 47.3 82.0 84<br />
140 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR SM M REP Other SV 56.0 285 73<br />
141 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.8 69<br />
142 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.9 67<br />
143 Ronis et al., 1998 2847 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 37 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 90.1 270 74<br />
144 Wardell et al., 1982 748 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 12 d NR NR GE F REP RSEM EM 100 150 87<br />
145 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 68 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 115 72<br />
146 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 77 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 116 68<br />
147 Fox et al., 1977 2633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 120 68<br />
148 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M REP SPCV TE 144 1440 78<br />
149 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79<br />
150 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79<br />
151 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP DEYO WO 276 552 74<br />
152 Nathan et al., 1992 2785 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT MT 294 587 71<br />
153 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d GE F REP PRWT WO 441 69<br />
154 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 2928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP RHIS TE 600 66<br />
155 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 601 1500 86<br />
156 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 13 w NR NR JV M REP FERT WO 639 66<br />
157 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F REP RPRD OV 2.00 77<br />
158 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B REP PRWT WO 2.49 74<br />
159 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 2.94 67<br />
160 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 3.62 67<br />
161 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F REP PROG EM 5.50 81<br />
162 Saxena et. al. 1989 2857 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 120 d 1 d GE M REP SPCL TE 6.76 69<br />
163 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 2568 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR AD M REP TEDG TE 16.6 66<br />
164 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 2 w NR NR JV M REP SPCL SM 46.4 86<br />
165 Winneke et al., 1977 3935 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 102 d NR NR GE F REP PROG WO 49.6 78<br />
166 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M REP TEDG TE 50.0 81<br />
167 Hayashi, 1983 3864 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 55.5 68<br />
168 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M REP SPCL SM 61.2 69<br />
169 Donald et al., 1981 2598 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 23 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 78.6 69<br />
170 Donald et al., 1986 2599 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 62 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 99.8 69<br />
171 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F REP PRWT WO 137 69<br />
172 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w 9 w SM M REP PRFM WO 139 74<br />
173 Jacquet et al., 1997 2713 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 154 72<br />
174 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M REP SPCL SM 171 78<br />
175 Blanusa, et al, 1989 14750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F REP RHIS WO 175 69<br />
176 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 178 69<br />
177 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP GREP PG 198 71<br />
178 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 200 73<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
NOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
LOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
Data Evaluation Score
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 4 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
179 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F REP PRWT WO 218 70<br />
180 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 221 73<br />
181 Hsu, 1980 2704 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 19 w LC F REP PRWT WO 222 73<br />
182 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 230 73<br />
183 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 258 78<br />
184 Yu et al, 1996 3939 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 330 68<br />
185 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP SPCL SM 354 69<br />
186 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 17 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 360 68<br />
187 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 24 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 360 68<br />
188 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 12 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 362 69<br />
189 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M REP SPCL SM 364 69<br />
190 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 2821 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 44 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 381 68<br />
191 Draski et al., 1989 3719 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 381 68<br />
192 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV F REP RBEH WO 381 69<br />
193 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F REP ODVP WO 404 69<br />
194 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 2909 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 420 68<br />
195 Donald et al., 1987 2597 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 48 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 437 70<br />
196 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 2760 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M REP SPCL TE 579 69<br />
197 Piasecka et. al. 1995 2816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP TEDG TE 600 69<br />
198 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 3 w 14 w LC F REP PRWT WO 635 69<br />
199 Jacquet, 1977 2711 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F REP RSUC EM 646 73<br />
200 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F REP PROG WO 651 66<br />
201 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F REP PRWT WO 750 73<br />
202 Epstein, et.al. 1991 2614 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 762 68<br />
203 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 828 78<br />
204 Holtzman et al, 1978 2699 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 833 78<br />
205 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 991 74<br />
206 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV F REP TEWT WO 1370 75<br />
207 McConnell and Berry, 1979 2767 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 1770 73<br />
208 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 1990 70<br />
209 Goldstein et al, 1974 14824 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 16 d NR NR LC F REP PROG WO 2570 78<br />
210 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78<br />
211 Krigman et al., 1974 2741 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78<br />
212 Pentschew and Garro 1966 2811 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 2840 78<br />
213 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w 21 d JV B REP PROG WO 3630 70<br />
214 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 6170 74<br />
Growth<br />
215 Willoughby et al., 1972 14386 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.150 68<br />
216 Fox et.al., 1982 2634 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 0.500 67<br />
217 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F GRO BDWT WO 1.00 5.00 72<br />
218 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 7 d 50 d AD F GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13.0 73<br />
219 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 1.99 75<br />
220 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 2930 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 14 d 21 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 2.40 72<br />
221 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 332 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.98 66<br />
222 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 w 21 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 80<br />
223 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.71 68<br />
224 Zheng et al., 1996 2944 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.64 28.2 71<br />
225 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.80 29.0 73<br />
226 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 7.79 80<br />
227 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 9.10 67<br />
228 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.0 78<br />
229 Gruber et al., 1997 2660 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 10.6 532 69<br />
230 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 10 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.4 78<br />
231 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 21143 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 140 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 10.7 67<br />
232 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.1 71<br />
233 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.4 79<br />
234 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 15.5 74<br />
235 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 16.1 71<br />
236 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 16.3 163 71<br />
237 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 18.0 180 83<br />
238 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 18.3 72<br />
239 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 2905 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 29 d NR NR SM F GRO BDWT WO 18.9 71<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
NOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
LOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
Data Evaluation Score
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 5 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
240 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 24.3 71<br />
241 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 32.5 67<br />
242 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 32.7 66<br />
243 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.5 67<br />
244 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 16 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 43.0 72<br />
245 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 50.0 79<br />
246 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 82<br />
247 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 12 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 85<br />
248 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 100 67<br />
249 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 120 383 71<br />
250 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B GRO BDWT WO 136 1360 76<br />
251 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 137 67<br />
252 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w NR NR GE M GRO BDWT WO 139 72<br />
253 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 169 508 74<br />
254 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 171 76<br />
255 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 180 79<br />
256 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 2924 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 6 w 7 w SM M GRO BDWT WO 187 373 69<br />
257 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 70<br />
258 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 200 79<br />
259 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 218 68<br />
260 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 230 460 77<br />
261 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 285 67<br />
262 Exon et al., 1979 3847 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 362 67<br />
263 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 364 67<br />
264 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85<br />
265 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85<br />
266 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 431 70<br />
267 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 441 67<br />
268 Stewart et al., 1998 2896 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 12 d 6 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 534 79<br />
269 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 632 1264 77<br />
270 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 651 66<br />
271 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F GRO BDWT WO 750 71<br />
272 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1260 2530 77<br />
273 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1500 71<br />
274 Schroeder et al, 1970 252 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.30 72<br />
275 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.0 76<br />
276 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 92 d 25 d GE F MPH GMPH TB 28.7 70<br />
277 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 d 25 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66<br />
278 Hammond and Succop, 1995 2678 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66<br />
279 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.5 70<br />
280 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F MPH Other TA 29.9 69<br />
281 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 2776 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 30.4 67<br />
282 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 3 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 46.4 84<br />
283 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 U OR 5 w
Result #<br />
Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 6 of 6<br />
Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses<br />
302 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2390 69<br />
303 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 2400 79<br />
304 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 d 60 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2650 77<br />
Survival<br />
305 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B MOR LFSP WO 3.50 68<br />
306 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F MOR MORT WO 4.00 8.00 82<br />
307 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M MOR SURV WO 7.79 85<br />
308 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F MOR MORT WO 10.7 50.4 84<br />
309 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 10.9 42.4 81<br />
310 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 10 d 74 d JV M MOR MORT WO 16.0 43.0 88<br />
311 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B MOR MORT WO 24.7 68<br />
312 Jessup, 1967 2720 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U FD 10 d NR NR GE F MOR MORT WO 29.2 72<br />
313 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 30.2 68<br />
314 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 4 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 40.3 68<br />
315 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 46.4 85<br />
316 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.8 68<br />
317 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.9 68<br />
318 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 74.9 73<br />
319 Jessup, 1969 2721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 8 w NR NR GE B MOR SURV WO 78.9 73<br />
320 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 87.5 163 83<br />
321 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 24 w 94 d JV B MOR MORT WO 104 77<br />
322 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 24 w NR NR YO M MOR MORT WO 170 73<br />
323 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 8 w NR NR MA M MOR MORT WO 170 66<br />
324 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 200 80<br />
325 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 2799 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 379 68<br />
326 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86<br />
327 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86<br />
328 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F MOR MORT WO 404 68<br />
329 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 639 72<br />
330 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 86<br />
331 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 3200 80<br />
332 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 3701 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 727 d 30 d JV F MOR LFSP WO 0.569 67<br />
333 Zmudski et al., 1983 3940 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U DR 21 d 10 w JV M MOR MORT WO 2.70 72<br />
334 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B MOR SURV WO 2.87 67<br />
335 Schroeder et al, 1964 14447 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 3.10 73<br />
336 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M MOR MORT WO 20.0 72<br />
337 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 61.5 77<br />
338 Press 1975 2827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 14 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 328 80<br />
339 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 400 84<br />
340 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 80<br />
341 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 115 d NR NR AD B MOR SURV WO 635 72<br />
342 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 74<br />
343 Lamb et al., 1997 2505 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U DR 105 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 72<br />
ACTP = accuracy of learned behavior; ACTV = activity level; AD = adult; ALAD =(delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; AVO = avoidance; B = both; B2MG = beta2-microglobulin; BL<br />
= blood; BLPR = blood pressure; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BR = brain; BTMP = body temperature; BUNT = blood urea nitrogen; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical<br />
changes;d = days; DEYO = death of young; DHYD = dehdyration; DOPA = dopamine; DR = Drinking water; EDMA = edema; EM = embryo; ENCP = encephalopathy; ENZ = enyzme level<br />
changes; EXCR = excretion; EY = eye; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FERT = fertility; FOOD = food avoidance; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate<br />
dehydrogenase; GBCM = general biochemical; GE = gestation; GHIS = general histology; GLSN = gross lesions; GMPH = general morphology; GPHY = general physiology; GREP = general<br />
reproductive effect; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GV = gavage; HE = heart; HIS = histological changes; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin;<br />
HRM = hormone changes; IIBD = intranuclear inclusion bodies; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; L = liter; LC = lactation; LFSP = lifespan; LI = liver; LOAEL =<br />
lowest observed adverse effect level; mo = months; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; MOR = effects on mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; MT = multiple tissues/organs; NCRO<br />
= necrosis; NE = nervous tissue; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NORE = norephinephrine; NR = Not reported; ODVP = offspring development; OR = other oral; ORW = organ<br />
weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovaries; PARL = paralysis; PCLV = packed cell volume; PG = prostate gland; PHY = physiology; PI = pituitary gland; POTA =<br />
potassium; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny numbers/counts; PRTL = total protein; PRWT = progeny weight; PTH = pathology; RBCE = red blood cell count;<br />
RBEH = reproductive behavior; REP = reproduction; RHIS = reproductive organ histology; RPRD = reproductive capacity; RRSP = righting response; RSEM = resorbed embryos; RSUC =<br />
reproductive success (general); RT = reproductive tissue; SCDH = succinate dehydrogenase; SM = sperm; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SOMC = somatomedin<br />
C; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SPCV = sperm cell viability; SR = serum; SURV = survival; SV = seminal vesicle; TA = tail; TB = tibia;TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes<br />
weight; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; USTR = ultrastructural changes; UX = measured but values not reported; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WO = whole organism; YO = young; yr<br />
= year.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
NOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
LOAEL Dose<br />
(mg/kg bw/day)<br />
Data Evaluation Score
Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day)<br />
10000.000<br />
1000.000<br />
100.000<br />
74 75<br />
74<br />
71<br />
73<br />
76 78 72<br />
68 78<br />
66<br />
70<br />
66<br />
66<br />
80<br />
6671<br />
71<br />
6670<br />
71<br />
8076<br />
7174 73 75<br />
74<br />
71<br />
70<br />
10.000<br />
1.000<br />
0.100<br />
78<br />
78<br />
78<br />
78<br />
66 78<br />
66 78<br />
68<br />
72<br />
72<br />
77<br />
72<br />
69 77<br />
72<br />
69667267<br />
727277<br />
66 72<br />
69 6972<br />
72<br />
7272<br />
73<br />
69<br />
68<br />
74<br />
68 80<br />
67 7179<br />
70<br />
70 66 7373<br />
71<br />
67<br />
70<br />
67<br />
75<br />
797373<br />
80<br />
69<br />
72<br />
74<br />
666<br />
72<br />
7568<br />
66<br />
74<br />
7267 67<br />
68<br />
6769<br />
69 75<br />
68<br />
68<br />
72<br />
67<br />
69<br />
78<br />
678372<br />
67<br />
75<br />
71<br />
69<br />
8378<br />
79<br />
72<br />
Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead<br />
Wildlife TRV Derivation Process Data Evaluation Score<br />
74<br />
79<br />
77<br />
74<br />
81 72<br />
77 81<br />
76<br />
8181<br />
66<br />
75<br />
8181<br />
76<br />
68<br />
71<br />
66<br />
67<br />
68<br />
7580 8072<br />
67<br />
7570<br />
68 727575<br />
7275<br />
80 68<br />
75 7575<br />
68<br />
72<br />
66<br />
68 7673<br />
78 7673<br />
68<br />
85<br />
67<br />
667169728784736967<br />
72<br />
76<br />
77<br />
79<br />
74<br />
Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose<br />
Paired values from same study when joined by line<br />
No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose<br />
1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.<br />
2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean.<br />
72 79<br />
74<br />
77<br />
78<br />
86<br />
668666<br />
7979<br />
69<br />
7471<br />
74 8772686878<br />
74<br />
7979<br />
71<br />
67<br />
78<br />
73<br />
85<br />
7374<br />
87<br />
72<br />
84<br />
71<br />
87<br />
81 69<br />
77 746767<br />
4) The geometric mean is equal to 40.7 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival effect groups.<br />
5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for results in the growth, reproduction, and survival effect groups.<br />
86 7816869<br />
66<br />
6974 7278696971737073737378686968686969686869696870<br />
6969697366 7368787874<br />
69 69<br />
Geometric Mean of<br />
NOAELs for REP and<br />
GRO = 40.7<br />
74<br />
73<br />
75<br />
70<br />
787878 78<br />
70<br />
8068 7173<br />
80 6778697867<br />
7179747171 83727171<br />
73<br />
80<br />
72<br />
67<br />
68<br />
75 7266<br />
72 73<br />
7173<br />
69<br />
78<br />
71 83 8285<br />
6766 677279<br />
76<br />
71<br />
71767274767969 707968776767678585706779776671<br />
67<br />
8285<br />
74<br />
69 77<br />
8585<br />
77<br />
77 71<br />
77<br />
76<br />
72<br />
70666706967<br />
79<br />
84 8476<br />
73 79<br />
72 79676779796771<br />
TRV = Highest bounded NOAEL<br />
lower than lowest bounded<br />
LOAEL for REP, GRO or MOR =<br />
4.70<br />
Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH)<br />
Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP)<br />
Growth (GRO)<br />
Mortality (MOR)<br />
BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 18 March 2005<br />
83<br />
6979 77<br />
67 73<br />
72<br />
7279<br />
79<br />
8481<br />
82 85<br />
68 82<br />
84 8188<br />
68 7268<br />
88<br />
7366 80<br />
83<br />
68 85<br />
8377<br />
7373<br />
6868<br />
8686<br />
72<br />
6886868<br />
80<br />
86<br />
86<br />
7267 73<br />
67<br />
77<br />
72<br />
80 8480<br />
727472
Surrogate<br />
Receptor Group<br />
Mammalian<br />
herbivore (vole)<br />
Mammalian ground<br />
insectivore (shrew)<br />
Mammalian<br />
carnivore (weasel)<br />
TRV for<br />
Lead<br />
(mg dw/kg<br />
bw/d) 1<br />
Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead<br />
Food Ingestion<br />
Rate (FIR) 2<br />
(kg dw/kg bw/d)<br />
Soil Ingestion as<br />
Proportion of<br />
Diet (P s) 2<br />
4.70 0.0875 0.032<br />
4.70 0.209 0.030<br />
4.70 0.130 0.043<br />
Concentration of<br />
Lead in Biota Type<br />
(i) 2,3<br />
(B i)<br />
(mg/kg dw)<br />
ln(B i) = 0.561 *<br />
ln(Soil j) - 1.328<br />
where i = plants<br />
ln(B i) = 0.807 *<br />
ln(Soil j) - 0.218<br />
where i = earthworms<br />
ln(B i) = 0.4422 *<br />
ln(Soil j) + 0.0761<br />
where i = mammals<br />
Eco-SSL<br />
(mg/kg dw) 4<br />
1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003).<br />
2<br />
Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).<br />
3<br />
Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.<br />
4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).<br />
NA = Not Applicable<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 19<br />
March 2005<br />
1200<br />
56<br />
460
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7.0 REFERENCES<br />
7.1 General Lead References<br />
Booth, N.H., L.E. McDonald (eds.). 1982. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa<br />
State University Press, 1982<br />
Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse<br />
Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 922<br />
Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) 1993-1994, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D,<br />
2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 2073<br />
Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). 1986. Inorganic lead compounds/ Casarett and Doull's Toxicology.<br />
3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 599<br />
Gainer JH. 1974. Environ Health Perspect Exp 7: 113-9 (1974) as cited in U.S. EPA; Ambient Water Quality<br />
Criteria Doc: Lead p.C-71 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-057]<br />
Kayser, R., D. Sterling, D. Viviani (eds.). 1982. Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents. Washington,<br />
DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, July 1982.<br />
NIOSH. 1978. Criteria Document: Inorganic Lead p.III-4 (1978) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 78-158.<br />
National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). 1978. Inorganic lead. Effects of Lead in the Canadian Envir<br />
p.271. NRCC No.16736<br />
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil<br />
Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs). November. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.<br />
OSWER Directive 9285.7-55.<br />
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk<br />
Management Principles for Superfund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.<br />
OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.<br />
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment.<br />
Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April.<br />
May 14, 1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.<br />
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for<br />
Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S.<br />
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.<br />
World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Environ Health Criteria: Lead p. 26.<br />
7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Balba, A. M., El Shibiny, G., and El Khatib, S. 1991. Effect of Lead Increments on the Yield and Lead Content of<br />
Tomato Plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57-58, 93-99<br />
Chappelka, A. H., Kush, J. S., Runion, G. B., Meier, S., and Kelley, W. D. 1991. Effects of soil-applied lead on<br />
seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. Environ.Pollut. 72[4], 307-316<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 20<br />
March 2005
Conder, J. M. and Lanno, R. P. 2000. Evaluation of Surrogate Measures of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Bioavailability<br />
to Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere 41, 1659-1668<br />
Dang, Y. P., Chhabra, R., and Verma, K. S. 1990. Effect of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on Growth and Chemical<br />
Composition of Onion and Fenugreek. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 21[9/10], 717-735<br />
Davis, J. B. and Barnes, R. L. 1973. Effects of Soil-Applied Fluoride and Lead on Growth of Loblolly Pine and Red<br />
Maple. Environ.Pollut. 5, 35-44<br />
Dixon, R. K. 1988. Response of Ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to Soil Cadmium, Nickel and Lead. Soil Biol<br />
Biochem 20[4], 555-559<br />
Donkin, S. G. and Dusenbery, D. B. 1994. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans Soil Toxicity Test to Identify Factors<br />
Affecting Toxicity to Identify Factors Affecting Toxicity of Four Metal Ions in Intact Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 78,<br />
359-373<br />
Gaweda, M. 1991. The uptake of lead by spinach spinacia-oleracea l. And radish raphanus-raphanistrumsubvar-radicula<br />
pers. As affected by organic matter in soil. Acta Physiol.Plant. 13[3], 167-174<br />
Gaweda, Maria and Capecka, Ewa. 1995. Effect of substrate ph on the accumulation of lead in radish (Raphanus<br />
sativus l. Subvar. Radicula) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea l.). Acta Physiol.Plant. 17[4], 333-340<br />
Hassett, J. J., Miller, J. E., and Koeppe, D. E. 1976. Interaction of Lead and Cadmium on Maize Root Growth and<br />
Uptake of Lead and Cadmium by Roots. Environ.Pollut. 11, 297-302<br />
Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Micropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous Sandy Soil.<br />
Agrokem.Talajtan 47[1-4], 207-214<br />
Kennedy G.L. et al. 1975. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: 629-32 (1975) as cited in U.S. Dept Health & Human<br />
Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Lead (Update) p.94 (1993)<br />
ATSDR/TP-92/12.<br />
Marques Dos Santos, C., Neto, M. M. P., and DeVarennes, A. 1993. Some Effects of Different Levels of Lead on<br />
Berseem. In: M.A.C.Fragoso and M.L.vanBeuxichen, (Eds.), Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, Optimization<br />
of Plant Nutrition , 517-521<br />
Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Contact and Artificial Soil Tests Using Earthworms to<br />
Evaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil. In: J.K.Petros,Jr., W.J.Lacy, and R.A.Conway (Eds.), Hazardous and<br />
Industiral Solid Waste Testing: 4th Symposium, ASTM STP 886, Philadelphia, PA 886, 192-203<br />
Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., Milligan, D. L., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Toxicity of Metals to the Earthworm<br />
Eisenia fetida. Biol.Fertil.Soils 1[3], 149-152<br />
Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Romney, E. M. 1977. Effect of Chelating Agents on Phytotoxicity of Lead and Lead<br />
Transport. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8[9], 733-740<br />
Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy Metal<br />
Contamination in Artificial Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 39[1], 113-118<br />
Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Comparison of the Toxicological Effects of Nitrate Versus Chloride<br />
Metallic Salts on Caenorhabditis elegans in Soil. In: F.T.Price, K.V.Brix, and N.K.Lane (Eds.), Recent<br />
Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport, 9th Volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohocken, PA ,<br />
256-268<br />
Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1997. Effects of Temperature on the Relative Toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 21<br />
March 2005
Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 37, 125-130<br />
Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Effects Of Ph On The Toxicity Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead And Zinc To<br />
Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) In A Standard Laboratory Test System. Chemosphere 33[12],<br />
2475-2486<br />
Singh, B. R. and Jeng, A. S. 1993. Uptake of Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Nickel by Ryegrass<br />
Grown in a Sandy Soil. Norw.J.Agric.Sci. 7[2], 147-157<br />
Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. 1995. Extrapolation of the Laboratory-Based OECD Earthworm Toxicity Test to<br />
Metal Contaminated Field Sites. Ecotoxicology 4[3], 190-205<br />
Spurgeon, D. J., Hopkin, S. P., and Jones, D. T. 1994. Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on Growth,<br />
Reproduction and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia Fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of<br />
Point-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environ.Pollut. 84[2], 123-130<br />
Taylor, R. W. 1974. Presence and Influence of Certain Heavy Metals on the Yield and Utilitzation of Medicago<br />
sativa L. M.S.Thesis, Univ.of Connecticut, Storrs, CN , -113 p.<br />
Taylor, R. W. and D. W. Allinson. 1981. Influence of Lead, Cadmium and Nickel on the Growth of Medicago sativa<br />
(L.). Plant Soil 60, 223-236<br />
Xiong, Z. T. 1997. Bioaccumulation and Physiological Effects of Excess Lead in a Roadside Pioneer Species<br />
Sonchus oleraceus L. Environ.Pollut. 97[3], 275-279<br />
Zaman, M. S. and Zereen, F. 1998. Growth Responses of Radish Plants to Soil Cadmium and Lead Contamination.<br />
Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 61[1], 44-50<br />
Zheng, C. and Chen, H. 1996. Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil-Water-Plant System and Its Mechanism. I. Pb-Cd<br />
Interaction in Red Soil-Plant System. Pedosphere 6[1], 63-72 IP 13139 - Chur*g and Huaiman, 1996<br />
7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs<br />
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The<br />
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference<br />
sections.<br />
Score Aery, N. C. and Jagetiya, B. L. 1997. Relative Toxicity of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Barley.<br />
Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 28[11/12], 949-960<br />
Score Baumhardt, G. R. and Welch, L. F. 1972. Lead Uptake and Corn Growth with Soil-Applied Lead.<br />
J.Environ.Qual. 1[1], 92-94<br />
Score Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgen, S. 1986. Effects of Metals Pollution on the<br />
Earthworm Dendrobaena rubida (Sav.) in Acidified Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 28, 361-383<br />
No Dose Berg, M. H. 1970. Lead Absorption from Soil into Legumes. J Minn Acad Sci 36[2-3], 96<br />
Media Bersenyi, A., Fekete, S., Hullar, I., Kadar, I., Szilagyi, M., Glavits, R., Kulcsar, M., Mezes, M.,<br />
and Zoldag, L. 1999. Study of the Soil-Plant (Carrot)-Animal Cycle of Nutritive and Hazardous<br />
Minerals in a Rabbit Model. Acta Vet.Hung. 47[2], 181-190<br />
FL Bertels, C., Ruether, P., Kahle, H., and Breckle, S. W. 1989. Root System Growth of Beech<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 22<br />
March 2005
Seedlings in Cadmium and Cadmium-Lead Contaminated Soils (Die Entwicklung des<br />
Wurzelsystems von Buchenkeimlingen bei Cadmium- und Kombinierter Cadmium-<br />
/Bleibelastung). Verh.Ges.Oekol. 18, 367-371<br />
Media Beyer, W. N. and Anderson, A. 1985. Toxicity to Woodlice of Zinc and Lead Oxides Added to<br />
Soil Litter. Ambio 14[3], 172-174<br />
Media Bharti, N. and Singh, R. P. 1993. Growth and Nitrate Reduction by Sesamum indicum cv PB-I<br />
Respond Differentially to Lead. Phytochemistry 33[3], 531-534<br />
No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1972. Effects of Addition of 1000 ppm Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn<br />
on Carbon Dioxide Release During Incubation of Soil Alone and After Treatment with Straw.<br />
Environ.Pollut. 3, 173-177<br />
No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1974. Incubation Study on Effect of pH on Nitrogen<br />
Mineralisation and Nitrification in Soils Treated with 1000 ppm Lead and Zinc, as Oxides.<br />
Environ.Pollut. 7, 161-164<br />
No Control Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1976. Effect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on Nitrogen<br />
Mineralisation and Nitrification During Incubation of Sandy Soils. Bangladesh J.Biol.Sci. 5[1],<br />
18-20<br />
Mix Bisessar, S. 1982. Effect of Heavy Metals on Microorganisms in Soils near a Secondary Lead<br />
Smelter. Water Air Soil Pollut 17[3], 305-308<br />
Media Bittell, J., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Sorption of Heavy Metals Cations by corn<br />
Mitochondria and the Effects on Electron and Energy Transfer Reactions. Physiol Plant 30, 226-<br />
230<br />
Mix Blair, C. W., Scanlon, P. F., and Hiller, A. L. 1978. Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, and Zinc Levels in<br />
Earthworms and Mammals Recovered near Highways of Different Traffic Volumes. Va.J.Sci.<br />
29[2], 57 (ABS)<br />
No Dose Blaylock, Michael J., Salt, David E., Dushenkov, Slavik, Zakharova, Olga, Gussman, Christopher,<br />
Kapulnik, Yoram, Ensley, Burt D., and Raskin, Ilya. 1997. Enhanced accumulation of Pb in indian<br />
mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environ.Sci.Technol. 860-865<br />
Mix Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., and Vangronsveld, J. 1999. Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite as a Metal<br />
Immobilizing Soil Additive for the Remediation of Polluted Soils. Part I. Influence of<br />
Hydroxyapatite on Metal Exchangeability in Soil, Plant Growth and Plant Metal Accumulation.<br />
Environ Pollut 104[2], 225-233<br />
No Dur Boon, D. Y. and Soltanpour, P. N. 1992. Lead, cadmium and zinc contamination of aspen garden<br />
soils and vegetation. J Environ Qual 21[1], 82-86<br />
No Dur Boruvka, L., Kozak, J., and Kristoufkova, S. 1997. Distribution of cadmium, lead, and zinc in<br />
plants grown on heavily polluted soils. Rostl.Vyroba 43[6], 249-256<br />
Mix Bradshaw, A. D. 1952. Populations of Agrostis tenuis Resistant to Lead and Zinc Poisoning.<br />
Nature (London) 169, 1098-1110<br />
Rev Breckle, S. W. and Kahle, H. 1992. Effects of Toxic Heavy Metals Cadmium Lead on Growth and<br />
Mineral Nutrition of Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Vegetario 101[1], 43-53<br />
Rev Brennan, M. A. and Shelley, M. L. 1999. A Model of the Uptake, Translocation, and<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 23<br />
March 2005
Accumulation of Lead (Pb) by Maize for the Purpose of Phytoextraction. Ecol.Eng. 12[3/4], 271-<br />
297<br />
Rev Brewer, R. F. 1966. Lead. In: H.D.Chapman (Ed.), Diagnostic Criteria for Plants and Soils,<br />
University of California, Berkeley, CA , 213, 216<br />
Media Brown, B. E. 1977. Uptake of Copper and Lead by a Metal Tolerant Isopod Asellus meridianus<br />
Rac. Freshwater Biol 7[3], 235-244<br />
No Dur Brown, D. H. and Slingsby, D. R. 1972. The Cellular Location of Lead and Potassium in the<br />
Lichen Cladonia rangiformis (L.) Hoffm. New Phytol 71, 297-305<br />
Mix Brown, G. 1995. The Effects of Lead and Zinc on the Distribution of Plant Species at Former<br />
Mining Areas of Western Europe. Flora (Jena) 190[3], 243-249<br />
FL Brown, Gary. 1990. Ecological study of the vegetation in the former lead-mining area near<br />
Mechernich (Eifel Mountains). Angew.Bot. 64[5-6], 457-488<br />
OM, pH Cadmium, Copper, and Lead. Environ Sci & Technol 7[2], 131-135<br />
Media Buckles, V. P. 1999. Can the Pattern of the Leucage venusto Webs be Used to Indicate<br />
Environmental Contamination? Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62[5], 563-569<br />
Media Burzynski, M. and Jakob, M. 1983. Influence of Lead on Auxin-Induced Cell Elongation. Acta<br />
Soc.Bot.Pol. 52[3/4], 231-239<br />
Media Burzynski, M. and Grabowski, A. 1984. Influence of Lead on Nitrate Uptake and Reduction in<br />
Cucumber Seedlings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pollut. 53[1], 77-86<br />
Media Burzynski, M. 1985. Influence of Lead on the Chlorophyll Content and on Initial Steps of Its<br />
Synthesis in Greening Cucumber Seedlings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 54[1], 95-105<br />
Media Burzynski, M. 1987. The Uptake and Transpiration of Water and the Accumulation of Lead by<br />
Plants Growing on Lead Chloride Solutions. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 56[2], 271-280<br />
No Dose Cancio, I., Gwynn, I., Ireland, M. P., and Cajaraville, M. P. 1995. The Effect of Sublethal Lead<br />
Exposure on the Ultrastructure and on the Distribution of Acid Phosphatase Activity in<br />
Chloragocytes of Earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Histochem J 27[12], 965-973<br />
Media Carlson, R. W., Bazzaz, F. A., and Rolfe, G. L. 1975. The Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants: Part<br />
II. Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Whole Corn and Sunflower Plants Treated with Pb,<br />
Cd, Ni, and Ti. Environ Research 10, 113-120<br />
OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Growth Reduction of American Sycamore (Plantanus<br />
occidentalis L.) Caused by Pb-Cd Interaction40295. Environ Pollut 12[4], 243-253<br />
OM, pH Carlson, R. W. and Bazzaz, F. A. 1977. Growth Reduction in American Sycamore (Plantanus<br />
occidentalis L.) Caused by Pb-Cd Interaction 40294. Environ Pollut 12, 243-253<br />
No ERE Carlson, R. W. and Rolfe, G. L. 1979. Growth of Rye Grass and Fescue as Affected by Lead-<br />
Cadmium-Fertilizer Interaction. J Environ Qual 8[3], 348-352<br />
Species Cartwright, B. and Tiller, K. G. 1976. Heavy Metal Contamination of Soils Around a Lead Smelter<br />
at Port Pirie, South Australia. Aust.J.Soil Res. 15, 69-81<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 24<br />
March 2005
OM, pH Cast. 1976. Application of Sewage Sludge to Cropland: Appraisal of Potential Hazards of the<br />
Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals. Rep.No.64, Counc Agric Sci Technol, Ames, IA , 63<br />
No Dose Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. 1978. Soil and Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of<br />
Heavy Metals by Plants. Environ.Health Perspect. 27, 149-159<br />
FL Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C. 1988. Bioindicators of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in<br />
soil. ARCH SCI (GENEVA).Archives des Sciences (Geneva).41 (2).1988.225-228. 41[2], 225-<br />
228<br />
No Dur Chambers, J. C. and Sidle, R. C. 1991. Fate of heavy metals in an abandoned lead zinc tailings<br />
pond I. Vegetation. J Environ Qual 20[4], 745-751<br />
Abstract Chaney, R. and Ryan, J. 1995. Risk Based Standards For Arsenic, Lead And Cadmium In Urban<br />
Soils. Summary Of Information And Methods Developed To Estimate Standards For Cd, Pb And<br />
As In Urban Soils 6615. Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I) [19]<br />
Media Chaney, W. R. and Strickland, R. C. 1984. Relative toxicity of heavy metals to red pine pinusresinosa<br />
pollen germination and germ tube elongation. J Environ Qual 13[3], 391-394<br />
Not Avail Chang, L. W., Meier, J. R., and Smith, M. K. 1996. Evaluation of Remediation of Lead<br />
Contaminated Soil Using Plant Toxicity and Genotoxicity Assays 11470. Environ.Molec.Mutagen.<br />
27[Suppl. 27], 13 (ABS)<br />
No Dose Chang, L. W., Meier, J. R., and Smith, M. K. 1997. Application of Plant and Earthworm Bioassays<br />
to Evaluate Remediation of a Lead-Contaminated Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 32[2], 166-<br />
171<br />
Media Chen, Huaiman, Lin, Qi, and Zheng, Chunrong. 1998. Interaction of Pb and Cd in soil-water-plant<br />
system and its mechanism: II. Pb-Cd interaction in rhizosphere. Pedosphere 8[3], 237-244<br />
No Dose Chen, J., Huang, J. W., Caspar, T., and Cummingham, S. D. 1996. Using arabidopsis to study lead<br />
accumulation and tolerance in plants. Abstracts of Papers American Chemical Society , AGRO<br />
No Control Chen, J., Huang, J. W., Caspar, T., and Cunningham, S. D. 1997. Arabidopsis thaliana as a Model<br />
System for Studying Lead Accumulation and Tolerance in Plants. In: E.L.Kruger, T.A.Anderson,<br />
and J.R.Coats (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants, Chapter 19, ACS<br />
Symp.Ser.No.664 , 264-273<br />
No Dose Chen, Z. S. 1991. Cadmium and Lead Contamination of Soils Near Plastic Stabilizing Materials<br />
Producing Plants in Northern Taiwan. Int.Conf.on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals,<br />
Orlando, FL, April 30-May 3, 1990, Water Air Soil Pollut. 57/58, 745-754<br />
Media Cheng-nong, Y., Yi, L., Tian-zhi, W., Zhi-qun, T., Song-sheng, Q., and Ping, S. 1999.<br />
Thermochemical Studies of the Toxic Actions of Heavy Metal Ions on Rhizopus nigricans.<br />
Chemosphere 38[4], 891-898<br />
No Dur Chernykh, N. A. 1991. Alteration of the concentrations of certain elements in plants by heavy<br />
metals in the soil. Sov Soil Sci (Engl Transl Pochvovedenie).Soviet Soil Science (English<br />
Translation of Pochvovedenie) 23[6], 45-53<br />
No Dur Chettri, M. K., Sawidis, T., and Karataglis, S. 1997. Lichens As A Tool For Biogeochemical<br />
Prospecting. Ecotoxicol-Environ-Saf 38[3], 322-335<br />
Media Cheung, Y. H., Wong, M. H., and Tam, N. F. Y. 1989. Root and Shoot Elongation as an<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 25<br />
March 2005
Assessment of Heavy Metal Toxicity and `Zn Equivalent Value' of Edible Crops. Hydrobiologia<br />
188/189, 377-383<br />
OM, pH Chisholm, D. 1972. Lead, Arsenic, and Copper Content of Crops Grown on Lead Arsenate-<br />
Treated and Untreated Soils. Can J Plant Sci 52, 583-588<br />
No ERE Chlopecka, A. and Adriano, D. C. 1997. Influence of Zeolite, Apatite and Fe-oxide on Cd and Pb<br />
Uptake by Crops. Sci.Total Environ.207(2-3):195-206 207[2-3], 195-206<br />
No ERE Chlopecka, Anna. 1993. Forms of Trace Metals from Inorganic Sources in Soils and Amounts<br />
Found in Spring Barley. Water Air and Soil Pollution 69[1-2], 127-134<br />
No ERE Chlopecka, Anna. 1997. Copper and lead species in soil and their uptake by plants when applied as<br />
carbonates. Dev.Plant Soil Sci. 71, 459-468<br />
FL Chrenekova, Eva, Lahucky, Ladislav, and Vollmannova, Alena. 1991. Root absorption of lead and<br />
cadmium by spring barley. Pol'nohospodarstvo 37[2], 137-144<br />
Mix Chukwuma, Chrysanthus. 1993. Comparison of the accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc in<br />
cultivated and wild plant species in the derelict Enyigba lead-zinc mine. Toxicol.Environ.Chem.<br />
38[3-4], 167-173<br />
No Dur Chukwuma, Chrysanthus, Sr. 1994. Evaluating Baseline Data for Lead and Cadmium in Rice,<br />
Yam, Cassava and Guinea Grass from Cultivated Soils in Nigeria (Erratum to document cited in<br />
CA122:74215). Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 46[1-2], 135<br />
No Dur Chukwuma, Chrysanthus, Sr. 1994. Evaluating baseline data for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in<br />
rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria. Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 45[1-<br />
2], 45-56<br />
Mix Chumbley, C. G. and Unwin, R. J. 1982. Cadmium and Lead Content of Vegetable Crops Grown<br />
on Land with a History of Sewage Sludge Application. Environ.Pollut. 4B, 231-237<br />
Media Clark, R. B., Pier, P. A., Knudsen, D., and Maranville, J. W. 1981. Effect of Trace Element<br />
Deficiencies and Excesses on Mineral Nutrients in Sorghum. J.Plant Nutr. 3[1-4], 357-374<br />
No Toxicant Clevenger, T. E. and Rao, D. 1996. Mobility of Lead in Mine Tailings Due to Landfill Leachate.<br />
Water Air Soil Pollut. 91[3/4], 197-207<br />
Mix Cook, C. M., Sgardelis, S. P., Pantis, J. D., and Lanaras, T. 1994. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and<br />
Cu in Taraxacum spp. in relation to urban pollution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and<br />
Toxicology 53[2], 204-210<br />
Rev Cook, N. and Hendershot, W. H. 1996. The Problem of Establishing Ecologically Based Soil<br />
Quality Criteria. The Case of Lead. Can J Soil Sci 76, 335-342<br />
No Dose Cooper, E. M., Sims, J. T., Cunningham, S. D., Huang, J. W., and Berti, W. R. 1999. Chelate-<br />
Assisted Phytoextraction of Lead from Contaminated Soils. J Environ Qual 28[6], 1709-1719<br />
No Dose Corp, N. and Morgan, A. J. 1991. Accumulation Of Heavy Metals From Polluted Soils By The<br />
Earthworm, Lumbricus Rubellus: Can Laboratory Exposure Of 'Control' Worms Reduce<br />
Biomonitoring Problems? Environ Pollut 74[1], 39-52<br />
Media Coughtrey, P. J. and Martin, M. H. 1979. Cadmium, Lead and Zinc Interactions and Tolerance in<br />
Two Populations of Holcus lanatus L. Grown in Solution Culture. Environ.Exp.Bot. 19, 285-290<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 26<br />
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No COC Cox, W. J. and Rains, D. W. 1972. Effect of Lime on Lead Uptake by Five Plant Species. J<br />
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March 2005
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March 2005
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March 2005
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7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV<br />
These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The<br />
definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference<br />
sections.<br />
Unrel 1988 Annual Report on Alaska's Mineral Resources. USGS Circular 1023. (65)<br />
Unrel Addition of calcium ions for enhancing the safety of metal-ligand chelates as magnetic resonance<br />
imaging agents and x-ray contrast agents. PCT Int. Appl. 10 pp.<br />
Anat Analysis of the variation of the oxygen isotopic composition of mammalian bone phosphate<br />
(paleoclimate, climate change, castor canadensis, casteroides ohioensis, teotihuacan, mexico,<br />
immigration). 01534453 ORDER NO: AADNN-13683<br />
Unrel 1976. Annual report of studies in animal nutrition and allied sciences. Volume 32. Rowett<br />
Research Institute. 125pp.<br />
Diss Appearances suggesting reconstruction in the rat brain after well-defined lesions. 1052950<br />
Diss Biochemical and genetic characterization of the n-acetyltransferase polymorphism in c57bl/6j and<br />
a/j mice. 954931 ORDER NO: AAD87-12169<br />
Diss The byzantine lead seals with family names from the collection of the numismatic museum of<br />
athens (numismatic museum) original title: die byzantinischen bleisiegel mit sammlung des<br />
numismatischen museums athen. 01285432<br />
Diss Cellular development and differentiation in human cerebral cortical dysplasic. 01363469 ORDER<br />
NOAAD94-18881.<br />
No Control Buck, WB, James, LF, and Binns, W. 1961. Changes in serum transaminase activities associated<br />
with plant and mineral toxicity in sheep and cattle. Cornell Vet. 51: 568.<br />
Diss The chromatin patterns of seven vertebrate species (banding, birds. cat). 0996732<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 72<br />
March 2005
Unrel 1985. Cominco alaska begins development of red dog lead-zinc-silver deposit. E&Mj-Engineering<br />
And Mining Journal. 186 (4) : 25<br />
Diss Content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of<br />
l'horta and ribera baixa regions (Valencia) (Spain) Original title: contenido y evolucion de<br />
cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'horta y la baixa<br />
(valencia). 01269400<br />
Diss Development and distribution of neuroepithelial bodies in the fetal hamster lung. 833519<br />
ORDER NO: AAD84-01837<br />
Diss Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to acanthamoeba spp. (Dot-immunobinding<br />
assay. 880026 ORDER NO: AAD85-08639<br />
Diss The development of order in the rat trigeminal system. 1052958 ORDER NO: AAD82-07023<br />
Nut def 1971. Dietary calcium and lead toxicity. Nutr. Rev. 29(6): 145-147.<br />
Diss Ecophysiology of the common cockle (cerastoderma edule l.) In Southampton Water, with<br />
Particular Reference to Pollution (England). 1092481 ORDER NO: AADDX-87466<br />
Rev 1980. Effects of dietary lead and zinc on pregnancy in the rat. Nutr. Rev. 38(3): 129-130.<br />
Diss Electrochemical synthesis and structural characterization of zintl anion clusters produced via the<br />
cathodic dissolution of telluride electrodes. 01378472 ORDER NO: AAD94-29162<br />
Unrel 1996. Environmental Cleanup: Progress in Resolving Long-Standing Issues at the Rocky<br />
Mountain Arsenal. GAO/NSIAD-96-32; NTIS AD-A308 706/1.<br />
Drug 1974. Ethanol and lead toxicity. Nutr Rev. 32(11): 347-8.<br />
Diss Geologic models of sediment-buffered hydrothermal vents: a case study of the red dog zn-pb-ag<br />
orebody, western brooks range, alaska (red dog orebody, zinc-lead-silver). 01629666 ORDER<br />
NO: AAD98-22586<br />
Diss Heavy metal bioaccumulation in great basin submersed aquatic macrophytes. 01363274<br />
ORDER NO: AAD94-18488<br />
Diss Hepatic effects of combined heavy metal administration in the pekin duck (Anas platyrynchos)<br />
(methylmercury, lead, cadmium)|. 01347768 ORDER NO: AADNN-65241<br />
Diss Hereditary striatonigral and cerebello-olivary degeneration of the kerry blue terrier. 765972<br />
ORDER NO: AAD81-28912<br />
Diss Immunotherapy for phencyclidine abuse (drug abuse, pcp). 01432793 ORDER NO: AADAA-<br />
I9532080<br />
Rev 1989. Lead - environmental aspects. No. 85. 106 pp. World Health Organization. Geneva,<br />
Switzerland.<br />
Diss Lead poisoning in swans cygnus olor. 01268158 ORDER NO: AADDX-93538<br />
Abstract 1976. Lead toxicity (experiments on sheep and rats; influence of sulphur). In: Annual Report of<br />
Studies in Animal Nutrition and Allied Sciences, Volume 31, 1975. 43-44.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 73<br />
March 2005
No Oral Letter from smelter environmental research association to U.S. EPA submitting two research<br />
reports on arsenic compounds, cadmium compounds and calcium sulfate with attachments.<br />
EPA/OTS; Doc #88-7800150.<br />
Food 1980. Market milk technology and equipment; milk products microbiology,physico-chemical<br />
properties and analysis. India, National Dairy Research Institute: Annualreport<br />
1979. 211-219<br />
Unrel Multielement Geochemical Exploration Data for the Cove Known Geothermal Resource Area,<br />
Beaver and Millard Counties, Utah.<br />
No COC News About Chemicals. IRPTC Bull. (1): 17.<br />
Diss The occurrence and toxicology of heavy metals in Chesapeake Bay Waterfowl (Duck, Clangula,<br />
Melanitta, Hyemalis, Deglandi, Anas, Platyrhynchos, Rubripes, Strepera, Maryland, Virginia) .<br />
856378 ORDER NO: AAD83-12307<br />
Diss Therapeutic management of avian lead intoxication (columba LIVIA). 01400165 ORDER NO:<br />
AAD95-05799<br />
Unrel Aastrup, M., Iverfeldt, A., Bringmark, L., Kvarnaes, H., Thunholm, B., Hultberg, H., Grennfelt<br />
Peringe, E. D., Rodhe Henning, E. D., Thoerneloef Eva, E. D., and Wisniewski Joe, E. D. 1995.<br />
Monitoring of heavy metals in protected forest catchments in Sweden. Water, air and soil<br />
pollution. 85(2): 755-760.<br />
FL Abd El-Fadil Ibrahim Hassan, H. 1988.Influence of the heavy metals lead, cadmium, zinc,<br />
manganese, copper, mercury and beryllium on the glutathione S-transferases in the rat liver.<br />
Einfluss der Schwermetalle Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Hg und Be Blei, Cadmium, Zink,<br />
Mangan, Kupfer, Quecksilber und Beryllium auf die Glutathion-S-Transferasen der Rattenleber<br />
Surv Abel, B. and Grossman, I. 1992. Observations of a lead poisoned trumpeter swan. Passenger<br />
Pigeon. 54(3): 215-219.<br />
Diss Abreu, M. E. 1983. Effect of Postnatal Lead Exposure on the Development of Sympathetic<br />
Innervation of the Heart. The University of Texas Grad. Sch. Of Biomed. Sci. At Galveston<br />
Bio Acc Adaudi, A. O., Gbodi, T. A., and Aliu, Y. O. 1990. The lead content of plants and animals as<br />
indicators of environmentalcontamination. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 32(5): 454-456.<br />
Abstract Abplanalp, H., Lowry, D., Ali, N. M., Krueger, W. F., Fanguy, R. C., Bradley, J. W., Andrews, L.<br />
D., Morrow, D., Becker, W. A., Spencer, J. V., Verstrate, J. A., Mirosh, L. W., Bernier, P. E.,<br />
Arscott, G. H., Dorminey, R. W., Alaiya, Y. A., Fatokun, G. O., Parker, J. E., Birrenkott, G. P.,<br />
McGibbon, W. H., Burke, W. H., Wentworth, B. C., Briggs, D. M., Williams, C. M., Briles, W.<br />
E., Schelling, E. P., Brown, K. I., Bacon, W. L., Nestor, K. E., Musser, M. A., Long, D. W., Buss,<br />
E. G., Carson, J. R., Berry, J., Adams, R. L., Choudhury, H., Srivastava, L., Murthy, L., Petering,<br />
H., Christensen, V. L., Johnston, N. P., Classen, H. L., Smyth, J. R. Jr. , Coleman, M. A.,<br />
McDaniel, G. R., Neely, W. C., Ivey, W. D., Coleman, T. H., Ringer, R. K., Chang, T. S., Dodson,<br />
D. L., Crawford, R. D., Doerr, D. C., Law, G. R. J., Quarles, C. L., Edens, F. W., Benton, E.,<br />
Morgan, G. W. , Bursian, S. J., Thaxton, P., Enos, H. L., Monsi, A., Moreng, R. E., Garwood, V.<br />
A., Lowe, P. C., Gavora, J. S., Gleaves, E. Q., Mather, F. B., Ahmad, M. M., Goldrosen, A.,<br />
Buckland, R. B., Gyles, N. R., Test, P., and Patterson, L. T. 1975. Abstracts of papers presented<br />
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Acu Adler, M. W. and Adler, C. H. 1977. Toxicity to heavy metals and relationship to seizure<br />
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No Dose Ahrens, F. A. and Vistica, D. T. 1977. Microvascular effects of lead in the neonatal rat. I.<br />
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Surv Aikawa, H., Shigeta, S., Momotani, H., and Suzuki, K. 1986. [A comparative study of lead<br />
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Mix al-Hakkak, Z. S., Zahid, Z. R., Ibrahim, D. K., al-Jumaily, I. S., and Bazzaz, A. A. 1988. Effects<br />
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Pb Behav Alber, S. A. a and Strupp, B. J a. 1996. An in-depth analysis of lead effects in a delayed spatial<br />
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Anat Albert, E. N. 1972. Developing elastic tissue. An electron microscopic study. American Journal of<br />
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Not Avail Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1981. Behavioral effects of post natal lead exposure possible<br />
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No Dose Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1985. Postnatal lead exposure and the cholinergic system. Physiol<br />
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Not Avail Ali, Usama A. 1996. Effect of lead exposure on some selected biochemical and hematological<br />
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No Control Allcroft, R. 1950. Lead as a nutritional hazard to farm livestock. IV. Distribution of lead in the<br />
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No Control Allcroft, R. 1950. Lead as a Nutritional Hazard to Farm Livestock. IV. Distribution of lead in<br />
tissues of bovines after ingestion of various lead compounds. J. Comp. Pathol. 60: 190-208.<br />
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Unrel Alva, A. K. 1994. Possible utilization of flue-gas desulfurization gypsum and fly ash for citrus<br />
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CP Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. 1994. An avian model for investigating critical periods for lead<br />
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with heavy metals on the mineral content of rabbits. Annali della Facolta di Agraria, Universita<br />
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Bio Acc Hernandez, L. M., Gonzalez, M. J., Rico, M. C., Fernandez, M. A., and Aranda, A. 1988.<br />
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Concurrently Fed Selenium or Lead:light and Ultrastructural Alterations. Pakistan Veterinary<br />
Journal. 14(2): 67-72.<br />
Bio Acc Zatta, P., Cervellin, D., Favarato, M., Gerotto, M., and Mattiello, G. Microelemental<br />
Concentration in the Ontogenesis of Rat Brain. Trace Elem. Electrolytes (1994) 11(3): 143-<br />
7.<br />
In Vit Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Developmental Profiles of Ornithine<br />
Decarboxylase Activity in the Hippocampus, Neocortex and Cerebellum: Modulation Following<br />
Lead Exposure. Int J Dev Neurosci. 12(1): 25-30.<br />
No Dose Zawia, N. H., Evers, L. B., Kodavanti, P. R., and Harry, G. J. 1994. Modulation of<br />
Developmental Cerebellar Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity by Lead-acetate. Neurotoxicology.<br />
15(4): 903-11.<br />
FL Zechalko, A. 1979 . Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in<br />
Experimental Rats. Part Iii. Enzymic Studies on Blood Serum. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.<br />
12(2): 161-167.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 209<br />
March 2005
Surv Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium in<br />
Experimental Rats. Part Iv. Metal Content in Animal Tissues. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.<br />
12(3): 211-223.<br />
Mix Zechalko, A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiency on the Toxicity of Lead and Cadmium<br />
Inexperimental Rats. 1. General Studies. Bromatologia I Chemia Tokskologiczna. 12(1): 43-51.<br />
FL Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1985. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Hematological<br />
Indices and Serum and Liver Enzymes Activities in Rats Intoxicated with Lead Cadmium Mercury<br />
and with Lead plus Cadmium plus Mercury. Bromatol Chem Toksykol: Bromatologia I Chemia<br />
Toksykologiczna. 18(3): 165-172.<br />
Surv Zechalko, A., Biernat, J., and Szymczak, J. 1987. Effect of Calcium Deficiency on Metal<br />
Cumulation in Tissues of Rats Intoxicated with Lead, Cadmium, or Mercury or with All These<br />
Elements Concomitantly. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 20(3-4): 196-202.<br />
FL Zechalko, A. and Madej, J. A. 1979. Effect of Nutritional Deficiencies on Lead and Cadmium<br />
Toxicity in Laboratory Rats. Part Vi. Histopathological Study and Brain Lead Levels.<br />
Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 12(4): 371-6.<br />
FL Zechalko, A., Madej, J. A., and Szymczak, J. 1983. Effect of Lead and the Kind of Fat in the Diet<br />
on Morphological Changesin the Liver and Kidneys of Rats. Bromatologia I Chemia<br />
Toksykologiczna. 16(2): 95-98.<br />
Acu Zegarska, Z., Kilkowska, K., and Romankiewicz-wozniczko, G. 1974. Developmental Defects in<br />
White Rats Caused by Acute Lead Poisoning. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 33(1): 23-8.<br />
Acu Zegarska, Z. and Zegarski, W. 1968. The Behavior of Some Enzymes in the Liver in the Course<br />
of Subacute Experimental Lead Poisoning. Acta Med Pol. 9(1): 119-27.<br />
Drug Zenick, H. and Goldsmith, M. 1981. Drug Discrimination Learning in Lead-exposed Rats.<br />
Science. 212(4494): 569-71.<br />
Abstract Zenick, H, Lasley, S, Greenland, R, and Michaelson, Ia. 1981. Brain Levels and Attenuated<br />
Response to D-amphetamine in Lead Exposed Rats. Fedn. Proc. 40: 700.<br />
No Dose Zenick, H, Rodriquez, W, Ward, J, and Elkington, B. 1979. Deficits in Fixed Interval<br />
Performance Following Prenatal and Postnatal Lead Exposure. Dv. Psychobiol. 12: 509-514.<br />
Pb Behav Zenick, H., Ward, J., Rodriquez, W., Aragon, P., and Scrivseth, R. 1979. Offspring Open Field<br />
Performance Following Maternal Lead Exposure: a Question of Dosage and Nutritional Status.<br />
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 11 Suppl: 35-8.<br />
FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1986. [Changes in the Metabolism of Chondrocytes after<br />
Chronic Intake of Phenol and Lead]: Izmeneniia Metabolizma Khondrotsitov Pri<br />
Khronicheskom Postuplenii V Organizm Fenola I Svintsa. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol. 90(1): 72-<br />
6.<br />
FL Zhitnikov, A. I. and Mazhuga, P. M. 1988. [Chondrocyte Metabolism in Growing and Definitive<br />
Cartilage Exposed to Lead Acetate]. Tsitol Genet. 22(2): 3-7.<br />
HHE Zimmermann, W., Schweisfurth, C., and Gerdes-gotz, T. 1970. [Injuriousness to Health of<br />
Drinking Water Polluted with Mineral Oil Products or Lead Compounds]: <br />
Untersuchungen Zur Frage Der Gesundheitsschadlichkeit von Trinkwasser, Das Mit<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 210<br />
March 2005
Mineralolprodukten Bzw. Bleiverbindungen Verunreinigt Ist. Arch Hyg Bakteriol. 154(1): 8-13.<br />
No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe, L. D. 1984. The Influence of Milk Diet,<br />
Grain Diet, and Method of Dosing on Lead Toxicity in Young Calves. Toxicology and<br />
Applied.pharmacology. 76(3)<br />
No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C., and Rowe, L. D. Jr. 1985. Low Dose Lead Effects in<br />
Calves Fed a Whole Milk Diet. Bull.environ Contam Toxicol. 35(5): 612-619.<br />
No Control Zmudzki, J., Bratton, G. R., Womac, C. W., Rowe, L. D. Jr., and Wagner, B. 1986. Lactose and<br />
Milk Replacer Influence on Lead Absorption and Lead Toxicity in Calves. Bull.environ Contam<br />
Toxicol. 36(3): 356-363.<br />
FL Zmudzki, J. and Szkoda, J. Trace Elements Content of Hen Eggs in Poland. Bromatologia I<br />
Chemia Toksykologiczna; 29 (1). 1996. 55-57.<br />
Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Dimaggio, J. F., Rothblat, L. A., Sauer, R. M., and Sever, J. L. 1980.<br />
Experimental Lead Paint Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Ii. Clinical Pathologic Findings and<br />
Behavioral Effects. J Med Primatol. 9(5): 286-303.<br />
Prim Zook, B. C., London, W. T., Wilpizeski, C. R., and Sever, J. L. 1980. Experimental Lead Paint<br />
Poisoning in Nonhuman Primates. Iii. Pathologic Findings. J Med Primatol. 9(6): 343-60.<br />
No Dose Zook, Bc, Carpenter, Jl, and Leeds, Eb. 1969. Lead Poisoning in Dogs. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass.<br />
155: 1329-42.<br />
Model Zuch, C. L., O'mara, D. J., and Cory-slechta, D. A. 1998 . Low-level Lead Exposure Selectively<br />
Enhances Dopamine Overflow in Nucleus Accumbens: an in Vivo Electrochemistry Time Course<br />
Assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 150(1): 174-85.<br />
Unrel Zuri I and Terkel J. 1996. Locomotor Patterns, Territory, and Tunnel Utilization in the Mole-rat<br />
Spalax Ehrenbergi. Journal of Zoology. 240(1): 123-140.<br />
Lead Shot Zwank P J, Wright V L, Shealy P M, and Newsom J D. 1985. Lead Toxicosis in Waterfowl on<br />
Two Major Wintering Areas in Louisiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 13(1): 17-26.<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead 211<br />
March 2005
Rejection Criteria<br />
Literature Rejection Categories<br />
Description Receptor<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Abstracts of journal publications or conference<br />
Wildlife<br />
(Abstract)<br />
presentations.<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
ACUTE STUDIES<br />
(Acu)<br />
Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less. Wildlife<br />
AIR POLLUTION<br />
(Air P)<br />
Studies describing the results for air pollution studies.<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
ALTERED RECEPTOR<br />
(Alt)<br />
AQUATIC STUDIES<br />
(Aquatic)<br />
ANATOMICAL STUDIES<br />
(Anat)<br />
BACTERIA<br />
(Bact)<br />
BIOACCUMULATION<br />
SURVEY<br />
(Bio Acc)<br />
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT<br />
(BioP)<br />
BIOMARKER<br />
(Biom)<br />
CARCINOGENICITY<br />
STUDIES<br />
(Carcin)<br />
CHEMICAL METHODS<br />
(Chem Meth)<br />
CONFERENCE<br />
PROCEEDINGS<br />
(CP)<br />
DEAD<br />
(Dead)<br />
DISSERTATIONS<br />
(Diss)<br />
DRUG<br />
(Drug)<br />
DUPLICATE DATA<br />
(Dup)<br />
Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on<br />
surgically-altered or chemically-modified receptors (e.g.,<br />
right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone<br />
implant, etc.).<br />
Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms.<br />
Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is<br />
used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for<br />
histology).<br />
Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection.<br />
Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of<br />
the contaminant in tissues.<br />
Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal<br />
toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or<br />
microbial extracts or toxins.<br />
Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no<br />
reported association with an adverse effect and an<br />
exposure dose (or concentration).<br />
Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints<br />
such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic<br />
toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate<br />
endpoints.<br />
Studies reporting methods for determination of<br />
contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies<br />
describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant<br />
in the tissues of the receptor.<br />
Studies reported in conference and symposium<br />
proceedings.<br />
Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies<br />
reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is<br />
not possible to establish the dose to the organism.<br />
Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are<br />
flagged for possible future use.<br />
Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic<br />
effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include<br />
vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be<br />
included if there is potential for adverse effects.<br />
Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate<br />
publication. The publication with the earlier year is used.<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Rejection Criteria<br />
Literature Rejection Categories<br />
Description Receptor<br />
ECOLOGICAL<br />
INTERACTIONS<br />
(Ecol)<br />
EFFLUENT<br />
(Effl)<br />
ECOLOGICALLY<br />
RELEVANT ENDPOINT<br />
(ERE)<br />
CONTAMINANT<br />
FATE/METABOLISM<br />
(Fate)<br />
FOREIGN LANGUAGE<br />
(FL)<br />
FOOD STUDIES<br />
(Food)<br />
FUNGUS<br />
(Fungus)<br />
GENE<br />
(Gene)<br />
HUMAN HEALTH<br />
(HHE)<br />
IMMUNOLOGY<br />
(IMM)<br />
INVERTEBRATE<br />
(Invert)<br />
IN VITRO<br />
(In Vit)<br />
LEAD SHOT<br />
(Lead shot)<br />
MEDIA<br />
(Media)<br />
METHODS<br />
(Meth)<br />
MINERAL REQUIREMENTS<br />
(Mineral)<br />
MIXTURE<br />
(Mix)<br />
Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate<br />
effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of “silver”<br />
fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron<br />
search).<br />
Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted<br />
runoff.<br />
Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as<br />
ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs<br />
(e.g., behavior, mortality).<br />
Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather<br />
than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the<br />
intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,<br />
radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse<br />
effects.<br />
Studies in languages other than English.<br />
Food science studies conducted to improve production of<br />
food for human consumption.<br />
Studies on fungus.<br />
Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and<br />
mutagenicity).<br />
Studies with human subjects.<br />
Studies on the effects of contaminants on immunological<br />
endpoints.<br />
Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on<br />
terrestrial invertebrates are excluded.<br />
In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,<br />
excised tissues and/or excised organs.<br />
Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form.<br />
These studies are labeled separately for possible later<br />
retrieval and review.<br />
Authors must report that the study was conducted using<br />
natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or<br />
any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter<br />
paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat<br />
muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in<br />
defining soil screening levels.<br />
Studies reporting methods or methods development<br />
without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints.<br />
Studies examining the minerals required for better<br />
production of animals for human consumption, unless<br />
there is potential for adverse effects.<br />
Studies that report data for combinations of single<br />
toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.<br />
Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils<br />
or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Rejection Criteria<br />
Literature Rejection Categories<br />
Description Receptor<br />
MODELING<br />
(Model)<br />
NO CONTAMINANT OF<br />
CONCERN<br />
(No COC)<br />
NO CONTROL<br />
(No Control)<br />
NO DATA<br />
(No Data)<br />
NO DOSE or CONC<br />
(No Dose)<br />
NO DURATION<br />
(No Dur)<br />
NO EFFECT<br />
(No Efct)<br />
NO ORAL<br />
(No Oral)<br />
NO ORGANISM<br />
(No Org) or NO SPECIES<br />
NOT AVAILABLE<br />
(Not Avail)<br />
NOT PRIMARY<br />
(Not Prim)<br />
NO TOXICANT<br />
(No Tox)<br />
NO TOX DATA<br />
(No Tox Data)<br />
NUTRIENT<br />
(Nutrient)<br />
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY<br />
(Nut def)<br />
NUTRITION<br />
(Nut)<br />
OTHER AMBIENT<br />
CONDITIONS<br />
(OAC)<br />
Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,<br />
i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies<br />
which extrapolate effects based on known relationships<br />
between parameters and adverse effects.<br />
Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL<br />
contaminants of concern.<br />
Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is<br />
classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.<br />
Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is<br />
provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data<br />
where results are reported for only one organism per<br />
exposure concentration or dose (wildlife).<br />
Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or<br />
an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used<br />
based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified<br />
after examination of full paper. This includes studies<br />
which examine effects after exposure to contaminant<br />
ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are<br />
exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and<br />
then after weaning to similar concentrations as their<br />
parents. Dose cannot be determined.<br />
Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually<br />
identified after examination of full paper.<br />
Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological<br />
test species or data not reported for effect discussed.<br />
Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant<br />
administration including intraperitoneal injection, other<br />
injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.<br />
Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also<br />
see in vitro rejection category).<br />
Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic<br />
searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily<br />
available.<br />
Papers that are not the original compilation and/or<br />
publication of the experimental data.<br />
No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to<br />
changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or<br />
temperature. Such publications are not included.<br />
Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that<br />
had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates).<br />
Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related<br />
negative impact.<br />
Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional<br />
deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is<br />
uncertain then the administrator should be consulted.<br />
Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.<br />
Studies examining the best or minimum level of a<br />
chemical in the diet for improvement of health or<br />
maintenance of animals in captivity.<br />
Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,<br />
salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Rejection Criteria<br />
Literature Rejection Categories<br />
Description Receptor<br />
OIL<br />
Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum Wildlife<br />
(Oil)<br />
products.<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
OM, pH<br />
(OM, pH)<br />
ORGANIC METAL<br />
(Org Met)<br />
LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH<br />
DOSE MODELS<br />
(Pb Behav)<br />
PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES<br />
(Phys)<br />
PLANT<br />
(Plant)<br />
PRIMATE<br />
(Prim)<br />
PUBL AS<br />
(Publ as)<br />
QSAR<br />
(QSAR)<br />
REGULATIONS<br />
(Reg)<br />
REVIEW<br />
(Rev)<br />
Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by<br />
the authors, but may be presented in one of the following<br />
ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic<br />
carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate<br />
organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),<br />
ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,<br />
percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition<br />
(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).<br />
With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,<br />
the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH<br />
should be within the range of �4 and �8.5. Studies that<br />
do not report pH or report pH outside this range are<br />
rejected.<br />
Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This<br />
includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium<br />
picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4phenylarsonic<br />
acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic<br />
acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine<br />
oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo<br />
metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are<br />
not rejected and are evaluated.<br />
There are a high number of studies in the literature that<br />
expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in<br />
drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe<br />
behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the<br />
brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a<br />
representative subset of these studies were coded.<br />
Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned<br />
tasks) were also not coded.<br />
Physiology studies where adverse effects are not<br />
associated with exposure to contaminants of concern.<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded. Wildlife<br />
Primate studies are excluded. Wildlife<br />
The author states that the information in this report has<br />
been published in another source. Data are recorded from<br />
only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ<br />
As.<br />
Derivation of Quantitative Structure-Activity<br />
Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR<br />
publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not<br />
reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as<br />
original data.<br />
Regulations and related publications that are not a primary<br />
source of data.<br />
Studies in which the data reported in the article are not<br />
primary data from research conducted by the author. The<br />
publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere.<br />
These publications are reviewed manually to identify other<br />
relevant literature.<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
Rejection Criteria<br />
Literature Rejection Categories<br />
Description Receptor<br />
SEDIMENT CONC<br />
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose Wildlife<br />
(Sed)<br />
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
SCORE<br />
(Score)<br />
SEDIMENT CONC<br />
(Sed)<br />
SLUDGE<br />
SOIL CONC<br />
(Soil)<br />
SPECIES<br />
STRESSOR<br />
(QAC)<br />
SURVEY<br />
(Surv)<br />
REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN<br />
(Herp)<br />
UNRELATED<br />
(Unrel)<br />
WATER QUALITY STUDY<br />
(Wqual)<br />
YEAST<br />
(Yeast)<br />
Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or<br />
lower then the acceptable cut-off (�10 of 18) for plants<br />
and soil invertebrates).<br />
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose<br />
reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.<br />
Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with<br />
sewage sludge.<br />
Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose<br />
reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil.<br />
Studies in which the species of concern was not a<br />
terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.<br />
Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,<br />
radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect<br />
of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.<br />
Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field<br />
over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an<br />
exposure concentration is reported.<br />
Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged<br />
for possible later review.<br />
Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and<br />
response and/or the receptor groups of interest.<br />
Studies of water quality.<br />
Studies of yeast.<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates<br />
Wildlife<br />
Plants and Soil Invertebrates
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Appendix 5-1<br />
Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity<br />
Reference Value (TRV) - Lead<br />
March 2005
This page intentionally left blank
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Test Species<br />
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 1 of 3<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Test Location<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg/day or<br />
L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
Biochemical<br />
1 2860 Scheuhammer, 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 0/1/5/10/30/50/100 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.0 5.0 N 0.99 N 0.0578 0.0584 0.292 10 10 5 10 5 1 8 10 6 4 69<br />
2 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 4 68<br />
3 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 10 4 70<br />
4 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.76 5.13 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 0.201 0.586 10 10 10 10 7 1 10 10 6 4 78<br />
5 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR AD F C Lab CHM CALC BL 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 1 10 10 10 4 72<br />
6 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 69<br />
7 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 69<br />
8 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 200 N 0.0444 N 0.0077 34.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 69<br />
9 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 N 0.159 N 0.0152 0.111 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 67<br />
10 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ENZ ALAD BL 9.67 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 2.52 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 10 6 4 71<br />
11 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.1392 N 0.0161 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 6 4 68<br />
12 11651 Hoffman et al, 1985 Metallic lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw/d Y DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V Lab CHM HMGL BL 25.0 N 0.0753 N 0.0108 26.3 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77<br />
13 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC PL 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66<br />
Behavior<br />
14 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 66<br />
15 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 50.0 100 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 6.52 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75<br />
16 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.10 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 72<br />
17 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 10 75<br />
18 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 1000 2000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 61.4 123 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74<br />
19 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab FDB FEFF WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
20 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 2200 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 304 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73<br />
21 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 10.0 100 Y 0.155 Y 0.0300 1.94 19.4 10 10 5 5 7 4 8 10 10 4 71<br />
22 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 17 d NR NR AD M C Lab BEH NMVM WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 6 4 71<br />
23 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
24 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 69<br />
25 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
Physiology<br />
26 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab PHY SKIR FE 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75<br />
Pathology<br />
27 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.33 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 66<br />
28 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab ORW ORWT LI 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
29 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ORW SMIX KI 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 8 10 4 66<br />
30 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75<br />
31 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 100 1000 Y 0.127 N 0.0153 11.9 119 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 7 75<br />
32 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA GRS BDWT WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 10 84<br />
33 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 55 d NR NR AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 77<br />
34 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ORW SMIX MT 54.0 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 14.1 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 6 6 4 70<br />
35 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/18/53/107 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 35 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 Y 0.676 N 0.045104 18.0 53.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 77<br />
36 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 4 8 10 10 4 84<br />
37 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74<br />
38 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab GRS BDWT WO 75.0 Y 0.1253 N 0.0151 75.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 8 6 4 69<br />
39 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab ORW SMIX FM 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 8 10 4 67<br />
40 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ORW SMIX BR 1000 Y 0.131 N 0.015498 118 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
41 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab ITX ANR WO 160 320 N 0.0016 N 0.00088 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81<br />
42 818 Rao et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab HIS GLBM KI 80.0 N 3.12 N 0.122 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
43 817 Rao et al. 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F C NR HIS GHIS KI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 2.46 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
44 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 5 w NR NR AD M C Lab HIS GHIS KI 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 68<br />
45 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 500 N 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
46 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX LI 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
47 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT AR 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
48 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA HIS GHIS LI 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
49 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX TB 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
Reproduction<br />
50 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 4 77<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Test Species<br />
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 2 of 3<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Test Location<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg/day or<br />
L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
51 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 25.0 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 1.63 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 79<br />
52 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 30 d 22 w LB F C Lab EGG ALWT EG 20.0 30.0 N 1.042 Y 0.1403 2.69 4.04 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 6 4 81<br />
53 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 76 d NR NR AD F C FieldA EGG ESTH EG 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 71<br />
54 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F C FieldA REP RSUC WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 10 4 10 10 10 90<br />
55 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 78<br />
56 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 10 10 10 10 4 80<br />
57 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 1000 Y 0.113 N 0.0141 125 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 3 10 4 67<br />
58 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d LB B C Lab REP EGPN EG 1.0 Y 0.159 N 0.0175 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 7 77<br />
59 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75<br />
60 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 50.0 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75<br />
61 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 11 w NR NR AD M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 N 0.123 N 0.014491 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
62 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 14 w JV F C Lab REP TPRD WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75<br />
63 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74<br />
Growth<br />
64 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 10.0 100 Y 0.147 Y 0.0230 1.56 15.6 10 10 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 77<br />
65 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
66 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 70<br />
67 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 50.0 500 Y 0.13 N 0.0154 5.93 59.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
68 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 6.1 61.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
69 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.1 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
70 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 11.1 111 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 7 79<br />
71 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.154 N 0.0172 11.2 112 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
72 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
73 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
74 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
75 2718 Jeng et. al, 1979 Lead nitrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 0/10/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 1.4 N 0.0725 20.0 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 7 87<br />
76 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 4 88<br />
77 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
78 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.0444 N 0.007662 34.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77<br />
79 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 68.2 7 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 68<br />
80 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 1000 Y 0.118 N 0.0145 61.3 123 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83<br />
81 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
82 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
83 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
84 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
85 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
86 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.114 N 0.0142 124 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77<br />
87 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1100 N 0.084 N 0.0116 152 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
88 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
89 5507 Khan, et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N EOD U OR 4 w NR NR JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 1.865 N 0.0873 200 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 74<br />
90 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.098 N 0.0128 262 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
91 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 270 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77<br />
92 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
93 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 282 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
Survival<br />
94 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 10 6 4 80<br />
95 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 40 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 6 4 82<br />
96 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77<br />
97 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77<br />
98 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 6 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab MOR MORT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 78<br />
99 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA MOR MORT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77<br />
100 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA MOR SURV WO 125 625 Y 0.0668 N 0.0100 125 625 10 8 10 10 10 9 8 10 10 4 89<br />
101 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 160 320 N 1.6 N 0.0790 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86<br />
102 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 3 10 4 66<br />
103 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA MOR MORT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Test Species<br />
Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 3 of 3<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Test Location<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg/day or<br />
L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
104 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 4 w NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.3 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 3 4 73<br />
105 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
106 1415 Khan et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 7 d 43 d JV F C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 1.6 N 0.0790 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80<br />
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value<br />
107 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab ITX INTX WO 0.820 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 54<br />
108 3736 Jordan and Bhatnagar, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab ENZ GSTR LI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 6 10 4 60<br />
109 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV B V Lab CHM CALC EG 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 56<br />
110 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 42 w JV B V Lab GRO BDWT WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 3 4 63<br />
111 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV F V Lab REP PROG WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 1 3 4 65<br />
112 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.0078 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
113 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR NR F C Lab CHM CALC BL 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 8 10 4 62<br />
114 2521 Baksi and Kenny, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/0.032/0.32/3.2/16.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 15 d 1 w JV F C NR CHM VTD3 KI 0.032 0.32 Y 0.08 N 0.0109 4.34 43.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64<br />
115 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA ITX INTX WO 100 N 1.2 N 0.0655 5.46 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 6 4 59<br />
116 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA MOR MORT WO 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 3 4 61<br />
117 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 75 d 22 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 100 N 1.6 Y 0.1403 8.77 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 6 4 60<br />
118 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 6 d NR NR AD M V Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 64<br />
119 25894 Dauwe, et al. 2002 Lead acetate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 3 0/25/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 25.0 100 N 0.001 N 0.00058 14.4 57.7 10 5 5 5 5 9 8 10 3 4 64<br />
120 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 3 4 51<br />
121 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 3 4 55<br />
122 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab MOR SURV WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 1 10 4 63<br />
123 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA BEH NMVM WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63<br />
124 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64<br />
125 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 126 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61<br />
126 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnide s) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
127 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygNides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA GRO BDWT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
128 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV NR C Lab MOR MORT WO 1850 Y 0.1614 N 0.0178 203 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 1 10 4 64<br />
129 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 65<br />
130 14383 Simpson et al, 1970 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/5000/10000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C Lab CHM PCLV BL 10000 N 1.042 N 0.0598 574 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 1 10 4 55<br />
131 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ENZ ACHE BR 1.0 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
132 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM PORP BL 0.82 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 60<br />
133 2757 Majumdar et al., 1995 Lead nitrate 62.56 House sparrow (Passer domesticus ) 2 0/50 ug/org/d N 6 U GV 6 d 0 w SM B C Lab CHM Other IN 50.0 Y 0.025 Y na 1.25 10 8 5 10 7 1 4 10 3 4 62<br />
134 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.00668 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
135 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 2 w NR NR AD M C Lab CHM RBCE BL 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 65<br />
136 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 1 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 N 0.123 N 0.0145 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62<br />
137 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 67 d NR NR AD M V Lab BEH ACTP WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64<br />
138 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 56 d NR NR AD M V Lab HIS EDMA CR 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64<br />
139 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64<br />
140 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 15 d NR NR NR M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 6 4 64<br />
141 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 61 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 3 4 57<br />
142 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
143 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM GLTH LI 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64<br />
144 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 22 w JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 1000 Y 0.458 N 0.0350 76.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
145 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
146 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 2000 Y 0.297 N 0.0264 178 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
147 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM TRYP BL 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
148 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
149 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Appendix 6-1<br />
Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife<br />
Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead<br />
March 2005
This page intentionally left blank
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 1 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
Biochemical<br />
1 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 0.920 4.70 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 7 71<br />
2 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C CHM HMGL BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.5586 1.18 4.45 10 10 10 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 74<br />
3 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 18.0 62.0 N 0.51 N 0.0395 1.39 4.80 10 10 10 5 5 1 8 10 10 4 73<br />
4 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.5 N na Y 0.227 2.30 4.50 10 10 5 4 10 1 10 10 10 4 74<br />
5 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 57.0 155 N 14 N 0.60128 2.45 6.66 10 10 10 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 75<br />
6 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B C ENZ G6PD BL 50.0 100 Y 0.286 N 0.02455 4.29 8.58 10 10 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 71<br />
7 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C CHM SOMC BL 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 7 66<br />
8 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 5.90 12.95 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 5.90 12.9 10 5 5 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 70<br />
9 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C ENZ ALAD KI 25.0 50.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 13.7 27.3 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 3 4 71<br />
10 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 6 w 74 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 Y 129.94 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 1 10 10 10 4 80<br />
11 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C CHM PRTL LI 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 76<br />
12 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C CHM HMGL BL 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66<br />
13 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 8 10 4 70<br />
14 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C CHM HMCT SM 0.500 1.000 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 122 10 5 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 66<br />
15 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 68<br />
16 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other PI 100 200 Y 0.037 N 0.00457 100 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78<br />
17 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV B V CHM PRTL BR 200 Y 0.065 N 0.00726 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
18 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M C CHM B2MG UR 0.500 1.00 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 320 640 10 5 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 66<br />
19 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78<br />
20 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 N 0.267 N 0.0232 800 1600 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78<br />
21 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 3200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78<br />
22 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.640 Y 67 N 2.17766 0.496 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77<br />
23 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 d JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
24 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 15 d NR NR NR F C ENZ SCDH KI 2.50 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
25 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR C ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 Y 24 N 1.72912 3.77 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 69<br />
26 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 42 d NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 Y 86.7 Y 0.25 4.16 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77<br />
27 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 0/7.2/33.48 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C CHM Other BL 7.20 N 3.1 N 0.17412 7.20 10 8 10 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
28 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.0150 Y 220 N 5.78666 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 69<br />
29 2625 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 1 w 21 d GE M C ENZ ALAD UR 200 Y 0.196 Y 0.015 15.3 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66<br />
30 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RBCE BL 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 72<br />
31 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 67<br />
32 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 19 d 2 d JV B C CHM HMCT BL 25.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
33 21095 Singh et al, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F C CHM POTA BL 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
34 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72<br />
35 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 1 w
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 2 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
52 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C FDB WCON WO 900 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 56.0 285 10 5 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 67<br />
53 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C FDB WCON WO 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 71<br />
54 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 100 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 400 10 8 10 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 79<br />
55 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73<br />
56 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73<br />
57 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 0.100 0.300 N 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 10 5 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 70<br />
58 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66<br />
59 633 Lockett and Leary, 1986 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N ADL UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 10 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66<br />
60 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 23.0 Y 0.40311 Y 0.0297 23.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72<br />
61 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 66<br />
62 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 66<br />
63 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C BEH RRSP WO 45 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 45.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75<br />
64 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C BEH ACTP WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
65 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C FDB FCNS WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 10 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 72<br />
66 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 99 d JV B C FDB WCON WO 194 Y 0.455 Y 0.02179 194 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72<br />
67 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
68 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C FDB WCON WO 216 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 216 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
69 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 10 d NR NR LC F C BEH ACTV WO 0.200 Y 0.324 Y 0.05235 323 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74<br />
70 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C FDB WCON WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
71 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 1 w 11 w JV F C FDB WCON WO 4.98 Y 0.028 Y 0.00414 775 10 5 10 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 69<br />
72 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 5.00 N 0.35 Y 0.0432 6170 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
Physiology<br />
73 21113 Boscolo et al, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/15/30/60 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M C PHY BLPR BL 15.0 30.0 N 0.267 N 0.03016 1.69 3.39 10 5 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 68<br />
74 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu 3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY WO 34.6 Y 0.022 N Variable 34.6 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 1 6 4 69<br />
75 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C PHY BTMP WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 4 8 10 4 75<br />
76 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
77 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72<br />
Pathology<br />
78 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR C HIS GHIS BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.55858 1.18 4.45 10 10 10 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 77<br />
79 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F C HIS GHIS KI 2.50 5.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81<br />
80 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C ORW ORWT KI 1269 9307.8 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 18.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 72<br />
81 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 3 d JV B C ORW SMIX HE 50.0 100 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 3.75 7.49 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74<br />
82 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/6.08/28.44 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 N 3.1 N 0.17412 6.08 28.4 10 8 10 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 79<br />
83 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C ORW ORWT BR 11.0 Y 1.0 N 0.099 11.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
84 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
85 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 32 d 74 d JV M C ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 Y 118.07 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 10 4 83<br />
86 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 72<br />
87 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/21.5/42.97/85.34/243.39 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV F C ORW ORWT KI 21.5 43.0 Y 0.305 Y 0.034 21.5 43.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 78<br />
88 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C HIS IIBD KI 7.00 12.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 40.0 68.6 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 69<br />
89 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ORW ORWT BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75<br />
90 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 71<br />
91 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C ORW ORWT PI 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66<br />
92 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 0.400 4.00 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 2580 10 10 5 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 76<br />
93 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81<br />
94 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81<br />
95 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
96 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75<br />
97 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66<br />
98 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C HIS EDMA WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 68<br />
99 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT BR 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 4 4 10 3 4 67<br />
100 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX KI 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 4 4 10 10 7 75<br />
101 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C ORW ORWT BR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 70<br />
102 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C HIS GLSN BR 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 3 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
103 3879 Karmakar et al., 1986 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/44 mg/kg bw/d N NR U GV 30 d NR NR AD B C HIS GHIS MT 44.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 44.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75<br />
104 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V HIS USTR SV 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80<br />
105 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 4 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
155 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 1.00 Y 0.311 Y 0.04675 601 1500 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86<br />
156 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR JV M C REP FERT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 3 10 4 66<br />
157 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V REP RPRD OV 2.00 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 2.00 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 6 4 77<br />
158 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C REP PRWT WO 1269 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74<br />
159 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.179 N 0.02105 2.94 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67<br />
160 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.0225 N 0.00326 3.62 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67<br />
161 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C REP PROG EM 10.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 5.46 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81<br />
162 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d 1 d GE M C REP SPCL TE 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
163 2568 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 Lead dinitrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/21.75 mg/org N ADL U DR 5 w NR NR AD M C REP TEDG TE 0.614 N 0.0375 N 0.00516 16.6 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 66<br />
164 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 2 w NR NR JV M V REP SPCL SM 50.0 Y 0.02343 N 0.00314 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 10 4 10 10 4 86<br />
165 3935 Winneke et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/49.6 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 102 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 49.6 Y 0.35 N 0.02899 49.6 10 10 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
166 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C REP TEDG TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81<br />
167 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
168 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C REP SPCL SM 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
169 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
170 2599 Donald et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 62 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.03 N 0.00422 99.8 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
171 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
172 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C REP PRFM WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 74<br />
173 2713 Jacquet et al., 1997 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.125/0.25/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.125 N 0.0375 N 0.00462 154 10 10 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 72<br />
174 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
175 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C REP RHIS WO 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
176 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
177 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP GREP PY 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
178 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
179 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
180 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.4 N 0.03235 221 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
181 2704 Hsu, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w 19 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.3846 N 0.03132 222 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
182 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
183 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
184 3939 Yu et al, 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.300 N 0.35 N 0.03849 330 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
185 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
186 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 17 d NR NR GE F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
187 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d NR NR LC F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
188 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 6000 Y 0.338 N 0.0373 362 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
189 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
190 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
191 3719 Draski et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 14 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
192 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV F C REP RBEH WO 6000 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 381 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
193 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C REP ODVP WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
194 2909 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/7 g/L N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 7.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 420 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
195 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 48 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
196 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M REP SPCL TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
197 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C REP TEDG TE 1.00 Y 0.35 N 0.03849 600 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
198 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 3 w 14 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 5500 Y 0.2137 N 0.02469 635 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
199 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C REP RSUC EM 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
200 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C REP PROG WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 4 66<br />
201 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C REP PRWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
202 2614 Epstein, et.al. 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
203 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 828 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
204 2699 Holtzman et al, 1978 Lead carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.338 N 0.02817 833 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
205 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74<br />
206 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV F C REP PRWT WO 4.84 Y 0.0422 Y 0.0113 1370 10 5 10 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75<br />
207 2767 McConnell and Berry, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1770 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 5 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
208 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/61.6 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w NR NR GE B C REP PROG WO 61.6 Y 0.031 Y 0.007 1990 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
209 14824 Goldstein et al, 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 16 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
210 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
211 2741 Krigman et al., 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
212 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
213 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/58 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w 21 d JV B C REP PROG WO 58.0 Y 0.016 Y 0.00041 3630 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
214 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.0432 6170 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74<br />
Growth<br />
215 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68<br />
216 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
217 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 50.0 Y 0.370 Y 0.037 1.00 5.00 10 5 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 72<br />
218 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.13/1.27/13/69 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 d 50 d AD F V GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13 Y 0.325 N 0.036 1.27 13.0 10 5 5 5 10 8 6 10 10 4 73<br />
219 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2.57 Y 61 N 2.01603 1.99 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 75<br />
220 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/20/200 mg/kg N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.40 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
221 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 332 d 28 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.1575 N 0.01876 2.98 10 5 5 4 6 8 4 10 10 4 66<br />
222 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 w 21 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 4.70 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 10 7 80<br />
223 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 102 Y 9.3 N 0.42959 4.71 10 10 10 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 68<br />
224 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 Y 0.27 N 0.0305 5.64 28.2 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71<br />
225 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 8 10 10 7 73<br />
226 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 7.79 Y 80.2 Y 0.157 7.79 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 6 10 4 80<br />
227 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.10 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 9.10 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 67<br />
228 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 8 4 10 10 4 78<br />
229 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 100 5000 Y 0.483 N 0.05143 10.6 532 10 5 5 5 6 8 6 10 10 4 69<br />
230 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.44 N 1 N 0.0687 10.7 50.4 10 8 5 10 5 8 8 10 10 4 78<br />
231 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.443 N 0.04758 10.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
232 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
233 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 8 4 10 10 7 79<br />
234 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 74<br />
235 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
236 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00692 N 0.0011 16.3 163 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71<br />
237 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 8 10 10 4 83<br />
238 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 9308 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 18.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
239 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 8 4 10 6 4 71<br />
240 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
241 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 32.5 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 32.5 10 5 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
242 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 3 10 4 66<br />
243 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
244 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 16 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 72<br />
245 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79<br />
246 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/18.9/38.21/71.5/178.4 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 Y 0.48933 Y 0.02792 71.5 178 10 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 82<br />
247 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 12 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 75.0 225 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85<br />
248 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
249 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71<br />
250 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.0220 N 0.00298 136 1360 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76<br />
251 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
252 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
253 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 0.300 Y 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 10 5 5 5 7 8 10 10 10 4 74<br />
254 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76<br />
255 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 180 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79<br />
256 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 10 5 5 5 6 8 10 10 6 4 69<br />
257 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 70<br />
258 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79<br />
259 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 10 4 68<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 6 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
260 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 460 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77<br />
261 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 285 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
262 3847 Exon et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 0/13/130/1300/2600 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2600 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 362 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
263 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
264 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85<br />
265 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85<br />
266 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 431 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 70<br />
267 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 240 N 0.297 N 0.02533 441 10 8 10 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 67<br />
268 2896 Stewart et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/193/390/977 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d 6 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 977 Y 0.00853 N 0.00137 534 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79<br />
269 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 632 1260 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77<br />
270 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66<br />
271 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71<br />
272 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 2.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 1260 2530 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77<br />
273 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.296 Y 0.054 1500 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 3 10 4 71<br />
274 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0557 N 0.00736 3.3 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72<br />
275 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0150 Y 260 N 6.63842 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76<br />
276 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d GE F V MPH GMPH TB 250 Y 0.224 N 0.02575 28.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70<br />
277 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66<br />
278 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d 25 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.202 N 0.02346 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66<br />
279 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70<br />
280 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V MPH Other TA 250 N 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 7 69<br />
281 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67<br />
282 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 3 w NR NR JV M V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.02197 N 0.00298 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84<br />
283 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 7 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
312 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C MOR MORT WO 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
313 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR C MOR MORT WO 30.2 Y 24 N 1.72912 30.2 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 68<br />
314 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 4 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 350 Y 0.22 N 0.02534 40.3 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68<br />
315 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V MOR MORT WO 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 85<br />
316 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68<br />
317 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68<br />
318 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
319 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
320 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MOR MORT WO 1130 2102 N 0.51 N 0.0395 87.5 163 10 10 10 5 5 9 10 10 10 4 83<br />
321 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C MOR MORT WO 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 77<br />
322 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 24 w NR NR YO M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.400 N 0.03235 170 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
323 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR MA M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.4 N 0.03235 170 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 66<br />
324 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80<br />
325 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68<br />
326 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86<br />
327 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86<br />
328 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F C MOR MORT WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68<br />
329 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 639 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
330 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2000 2400 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86<br />
331 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80<br />
332 3701 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 727 d 30 d JV F C MOR LFSP WO 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 67<br />
333 3940 Zmudski et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/2.7/5.0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 21 d 10 w JV M C MOR MORT WO 2.70 Y 55 N 3.64722 2.70 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
334 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 25.0 Y 0.2251 N 0.02587 2.87 10 5 5 4 6 9 4 10 10 4 67<br />
335 14447 Schroeder et al, 1964 Divalent Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M C MOR SURV WO 25.0 N 0.0375 Y 0.00465 3.10 10 5 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 73<br />
336 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C MOR MORT WO 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
337 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C MOR MORT WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 10 4 6 9 4 10 10 4 77<br />
338 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 1 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 328 N 0.248 N 0.02184 328 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80<br />
339 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 8 10 10 4 84<br />
340 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80<br />
341 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 0/0.5/1.0/2.0/3.0/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 115 d NR NR AD B C MOR SURV WO 0.500 N 0.0317 N 0.00403 635 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
342 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 4.84 Y 0.0369 Y 0.00485 670 10 5 10 5 7 9 4 10 10 4 74<br />
343 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72<br />
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value<br />
344 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 d 20 to 21 w JV M C FDB FCNS WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64<br />
345 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 0.2228 Y 0.0194 0.174 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
346 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C BEH NMVM WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61<br />
347 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
348 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C HIS GHIS NR 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
349 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 63<br />
350 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY BLPR BL 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
351 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 42 mo 21 d JV B C HIS GHIS KI 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
352 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT VE 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 61<br />
353 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 w JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 65<br />
354 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 1.10 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55<br />
355 707 Dobryszycka et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.82 mg/org N DLY U GV 12 mo 3 mo JV B C ENZ LADH KI 0.820 N 0.462 N 0.03642 1.77 10 8 10 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 63<br />
356 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 519 d 21 d JV M C MOR TDTH WO 25.0 Y 0.4615 N 0.0493 2.67 10 5 5 10 6 9 4 1 10 4 64<br />
357 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT TY 45.0 900 Y 0.156 N 0.0186 2.93 58.6 10 5 5 5 6 4 6 10 10 4 65<br />
358 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 7 56<br />
359 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 7 60<br />
360 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 65<br />
361 15506 Schroeder, 1968 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3.620 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 737 d NR NR AD B C CHM CHOL SR 3.62 N 0.235 N 0.02689 3.62 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 6 10 4 60<br />
362 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor ) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 1 d JV B C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 53<br />
363 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor ) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 5-6 mo JV B C GRS BDWT WO 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 56<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 8 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
364 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR AD F C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.295 N 0.033 6.11 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
365 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 6 10 4 63<br />
366 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR NR M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57<br />
367 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59<br />
368 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 8.90 Y 300 N 16.7898 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 7 61<br />
369 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.30 Y 0.468 N 0.04999 9.30 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64<br />
370 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C CHM LMPH BL 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 10 5 5 5 6 1 6 10 6 4 58<br />
371 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 10 5 5 5 6 4 6 10 6 4 61<br />
372 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
373 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other MT 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55<br />
374 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
375 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 1 10 4 64<br />
376 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.392 N 0.043 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64<br />
377 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C GRO BDWT WO 74.5 Y 0.606 Y 0.13366 16.4 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 6 10 4 64<br />
378 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 10 d 0 d JV M C ENZ ALAD BR 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00452 N 0.0008 17.0 170 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64<br />
379 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C HIS GHIS OV 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 4 4 1 6 4 58<br />
380 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C REP RPRD UT 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 10 4 1 6 4 64<br />
381 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 3 10 4 60<br />
382 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT KI 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 8 10 4 65<br />
383 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
384 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57<br />
385 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.363 Y 0.04 27.5 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64<br />
386 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C REP Other UT 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 64<br />
387 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 6 10 4 65<br />
388 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
389 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
390 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C CHM HMGL BL 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55<br />
391 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
392 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
393 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V FDB FCNS WO 45.0 Y 0.29 N 0.03249 45.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
394 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
395 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 75 d NR NR AD M C FDB FCNS WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 59<br />
396 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 90 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 3 10 4 65<br />
397 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V GRS BDWT WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
398 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V REP RSUC WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 3 10 4 61<br />
399 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V FDB WCON WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
400 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59<br />
401 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 60<br />
402 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
403 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 3 10 4 65<br />
404 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
405 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
406 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
407 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT MT 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
408 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C HRM LUHO SR 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 10 5 5 5 7 1 4 3 6 4 50<br />
409 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 6 4 60<br />
410 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 73.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
411 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY GPHY BL 1000 Y 0.637 N 0.04742 74.4 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
412 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
413 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
414 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
415 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57<br />
416 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 9 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
417 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59<br />
418 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
419 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 w NR NR GE F C REP FERT NR 1000 Y 0.255 N 0.0223 87.6 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 65<br />
420 2743 Kristensen et al., 1995 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.75 g/L N ADL U DR 6 w 9 w JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.750 Y 0.0365 N 0.00503 103 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 63<br />
421 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 62<br />
422 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d 40 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 2000 4000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 116 231 10 5 5 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 65<br />
423 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V CHM PHOS SR 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59<br />
424 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62<br />
425 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RETI BL 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64<br />
426 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
427 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59<br />
428 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C HRM TSTR WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 1 4 3 10 4 58<br />
429 14825 Govoni et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.04/2.5 g/L N DLY U DR 20 d 60 d JV F V REP PRWT WO 2.50 N 0.35 N 0.03849 150 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 6 10 4 64<br />
430 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 23 mo NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY EY 5000 Y 3.2 N 0.17873 153 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 64<br />
431 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59<br />
432 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64<br />
433 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59<br />
434 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 7.5 Y 1.296 173 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 3 10 4 62<br />
435 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64<br />
436 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C REP TEWT TE 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 3 6 4 58<br />
437 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C ENZ ACPH MT 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 1 10 4 51<br />
438 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
439 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65<br />
440 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
441 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52<br />
442 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57<br />
443 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C CHM PRTL MK 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64<br />
444 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
445 2848 Ronis, et. al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR AD F C FDB FCNS WO 0.450 N 0.35 N 0.03849 270 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
446 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 Y 0.439 N 0.04719 294 587 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65<br />
447 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 30 d LC M C HRM TSTR TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 3 3 4 46<br />
448 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
449 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C REP SPCL TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62<br />
450 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C GRO BDWT WO 320 N 0.25 N 0.02843 320 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
451 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C REP TEWT TE 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 6 3 4 58<br />
452 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d 24 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.24 N 0.0274 374 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60<br />
453 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 75 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47<br />
454 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 5000 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 3 4 51<br />
455 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 220 d SM M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0345 N 0.00478 379 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47<br />
456 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
457 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR SM M C HRM TEST PL 0.500 N 0.0375 N 0.00515 381 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52<br />
458 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 220 d SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0315 N 0.00441 382 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
459 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C HRM TSTR PL 0.500 Y 0.03148 N 0.0044 382 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56<br />
460 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
461 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 47 d NR NR GE F C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 8 3 4 55<br />
462 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d NR NR AD M C REP FERT WO 8000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 463 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59<br />
463 14818 Ewers and Erbe, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1500/4000/10000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 120 d 2 d JV F C CHM TOPR BR 10000 Y 0.24 N 0.02126 484 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 8 10 4 63<br />
464 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C HRM TSTR BL 1.00 Y 0.503 N 0.05334 579 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56<br />
465 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M FDB WCON WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
466 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58<br />
467 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 600 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53<br />
468 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.2045 N 0.02373 638 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
469 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 10 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
470 14752 Piasek and Kostial, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1500/3500/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 15 w LC B C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.185 N 0.02168 645 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
471 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62<br />
472 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C ORW ORWT LI 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
473 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 63<br />
474 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 1 3 4 52<br />
475 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ORW ORWT BR 2.00 N 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
476 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C FDB WCON WO 1.50 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 1500 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58<br />
477 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 60-80 d JV M C ITX PARL LG 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63<br />
478 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54<br />
479 2781 Murthy et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.045 Y 0.0061 5560 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 59<br />
480 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 60<br />
481 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR SM M C BEH INST WO 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 59<br />
482 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR LC M C CHM ASCA UR 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 56<br />
483 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d 24 d JV M C REP TEWT PG 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 65<br />
484 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/l N NR U DR 40 d 40 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 61<br />
485 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 40 d NR NR AD M C CHM 5HAA BR 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 5 4 5 1 4 10 10 4 58<br />
486 2654 Gonzalez-Riola et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65<br />
487 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d 50 d AD F C MPH GMPH WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65<br />
488 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C ENZ ALAD BL 1.00 Y 0.283 N 0.02434 1.93 10 8 10 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 64<br />
489 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/20/200 mg/L N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C HRM ESDL UT 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.44 10 5 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
490 2763 Maxfield et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/2.5 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 76 w
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 11 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
523 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C FDB CAIN WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62<br />
524 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
525 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V CHM Other BL 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
526 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C CHM Other BL 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 33.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
527 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
528 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX BR 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
529 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59<br />
530 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w 21-23 d JV M V BEH AGGT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
531 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V GRS BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
532 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR NR M V REP TEWT TE 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62<br />
533 2545 Bourjeily and Suszkiw, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 28 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ACHE BR 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59<br />
534 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C ORW SMIX LI 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
535 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR YO M C GRO BDWT WO 68.0 Y 0.390 N 0.03168 174 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65<br />
536 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C ORW SMIX KI 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
537 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 6 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62<br />
538 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C REP SPCL TE 0.250 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 6 4 65<br />
539 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM GHRM BL 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 10 5 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 61<br />
540 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 64<br />
541 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 2 mo 8 w JV M C ORW SMIX KI 0.500 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 318 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
542 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
543 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 24 d JV M C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
544 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C HRM TSTR SR 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 53<br />
545 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
546 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 60 d MA B C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
547 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C HRM LUHO SR 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
548 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
549 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
550 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 90 d SM M C CHM PHST TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60<br />
551 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d GE M C HIS GHIS TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63<br />
552 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C HRM PROH PL 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64<br />
553 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C BEH ACTP WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
554 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.03205 N 0.00448 763 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60<br />
555 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 1.00 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 863 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
556 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ALAD LI 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65<br />
557 3914 Shafig-ur-Rehman et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in water N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C BEH AMBU WO 2.00 Y 0.18 N 0.02115 1280 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56<br />
558 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 3 4 62<br />
559 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 0.2929 N 0.02504 2650 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 3 4 63<br />
560 2825 Powell et al, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 15 w NR NR AD NR C HIS GHIS NE 6.00 N 0.5 N 0.03886 3620 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 2 65<br />
Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value - Measurements of biochemical, behavioral or pathology changes in progeny of exposed parents<br />
561 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C REP Other PY 1.00 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 0.11 1.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 4 77<br />
562 3826 Bull, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/5/30/200 mg/L N ADL U DR 56 d 90-100 d LC F C REP Other PY 5.00 30.0 N 0.3846 N 0.04189 0.545 3.3 10 5 5 4 5 10 8 10 10 4 71<br />
563 2631 Fox et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/109/1090 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 55-60 d LC F C REP Other PY 109 1090 N 0.179 N 0.0167 10.2 102 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 7 80<br />
564 14814 Clayton et al., 1981 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/300/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 31 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 300 N 0.4 N 0.0434 32.5 108 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67<br />
565 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 3 10 4 66<br />
566 14823 Goldman et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F V REP OTHR PY 0.100 0.200 N 0.4 N 0.0434 59.3 119 10 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 74<br />
567 13268 Reiter et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 82 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 0.550 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
568 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.50 Y 1.0 N 0.099 5.50 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
569 2574 Cookman et al., 1987 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR LC F C REP ODVP PY 200 N 0.32 N 0.0355 16.5 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
570 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C REP Other PY 250 Y 0.2287 Y 0.0194 21.2 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70<br />
571 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C REP ODVP PY 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
572 2765 McCauley et al., 1982 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/L N NR U DR 7 w 70 d GE F C REP Other PY 200 N 0.204 N 0.02368 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
573 12587 McCauley et al , 1979 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/L N DLY U DR 50 d 70 d GE F C REP OHIS PY 200 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
574 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total
Result #<br />
Ref N.<br />
Chemical Form<br />
MW%<br />
Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)<br />
Lead<br />
Page 12 of 12<br />
Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day<br />
Test Species<br />
# of Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/ Doses<br />
Conc/Dose Units<br />
Wet Weight Reported?<br />
Percent Moisture<br />
Application Frequency<br />
Method of Analyses<br />
Route of Exposure<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Duration Units<br />
Age<br />
Age Units<br />
Lifestage<br />
Sex<br />
Control Type<br />
Effect Type<br />
Effect Measure<br />
Response Site<br />
Study NOAEL<br />
Study LOAEL<br />
Body Weight Reported?<br />
Body Weight in kg<br />
Ingestion Rate Reported?<br />
Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day<br />
NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Result Data Evaluation Score<br />
575 2910 Tian et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 14 d 30 d JV F C REP Other PY 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
576 2729 Kawamoto,1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1090 ug/g N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR JV F C REP Other PY 1090 N 0.302 N 0.0337 122 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
577 14749 Maljkovic et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 1500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 166 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
578 14813 Carroll et al, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/2/5/10 mg/ml N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 2.00 Y 0.035 N 0.0048 277 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69<br />
579 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 5 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
580 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 24 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68<br />
581 2510 Alfano et al., 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet N NR U FD 26 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
582 2512 Alfano et al., 1983 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 115 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
583 2814 Petit and Le Boutillier 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 24 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
584 2740 Krigman et al. 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet Y ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2700 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
585 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78<br />
The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003).<br />
Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005<br />
LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day)<br />
Data Source<br />
Dose Route<br />
Test Concentrations<br />
Chemical form<br />
Dose Quantification<br />
Endpoint<br />
Dose Range<br />
Statistical Power<br />
Exposure Duration<br />
Test Conditions<br />
Total