C:\Eco-SSLs\Contaminant Specific Documents\Lead\November ...

Ecological Soil Screening Levels 

for 

Lead 

Interim Final 

OSWER Directive 9285.7-70 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20460 

March 2005

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................1 

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD .....................................1 

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS....................................4 

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES ....................................4 

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE.........................................4 

5.1 Avian TRV ........................................................4 

5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL ........................9 

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE .................................11 

6.1 Mammalian TRV ..................................................11 

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL .......................11 

7.0 REFERENCES .........................................................20 

7.1 General Lead References ............................................20 

7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates .............................20 

7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs . 22 

7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs ............................56 

7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV ................72 

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LIST OF TABLES 

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) ..............................3 

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead ...........................................5 

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead .....................................6 

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) . . 7 

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead ............................9 

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Used to Derive TRV - Lead ...................12 

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead .......................19 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead in U.S. Soils ..................3 

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead .....................................10 

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead ................................18 

LIST OF APPENDICES 

Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity 

Reference Value (TRV) - Lead 

Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity 


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1.0 INTRODUCTION 

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that are 

protective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biota 

that live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors: 

plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provide 

adequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of the 

conservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied 

at the screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used to 

identify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in the 

site-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance 

(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levels 

and the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would 

be inappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanup 

standards. 

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation 

(U.S. EPA, 2003). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of a 

multi-stakeholder team consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academic 

participants led by the U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. 

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for lead and the documentation for their derivation. 

This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy on identifying 

lead concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk to terrestrial 

receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes or regulations, nor is it 

a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements on EPA, states, or the 

regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based upon the circumstances 

of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPA and state 

personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their own initiative, 

or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties. Therefore, 

interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of this document 

and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation. EPA 

welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such comments in 

future revisions of this document. 

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR LEAD 

Lead is a naturally occurring element which can be found in all environmental media: air, soil, 

sediment, and water. The extent of occurrence of lead in the earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, or 

0.002%. Lead occurs chiefly as a sulfide in galena. Other lead minerals include anglesite 

(PbSO 4), cerussite (PbCO 3), mimetite (PbCl 2C3Pb 3(AsO 4) 2), and pyromorphite [PbCl 2 

C3Pb 3(PO 4) 2)] (Budavari, 1996). Lead is released to the environment from coal-fired power 

Eco-SSL for Lead 1 

March 2005

plants, ceramic manufacturing, mining, ore processing, smelting of lead ores, refining, the 

production and use of lead alloys and compounds, recycling, combustion processes, industrial 

processes, and from disposal. Lead may also be deposited on land as slag, dust, sludge, and 

water treatment residues from manufacturing and waste treatment processes (NRCC, 1978, U.S. 

EPA, 1979). 

Lead in soil is relatively immobile and persistent whether added to the soil as halides, 

hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, or sulfates (U.S. EPA, 1979). When released to soil, lead is 

normally converted from soluble lead compounds to relatively insoluble sulfate or phosphate 

derivatives. It also forms complexes with organic matter and clay minerals which limits its 

mobility. The efficient fixation of lead in soils limits the transfer of lead to aquatic systems. 

However, leaching of lead can be relatively rapid from some soils, especially at highly 

contaminated sites or landfills (Kayser et al., 1982). Lead is most available from acidic sandy 

soils which contain little material capable of binding lead (NRCC, 1978). Concentrations of lead 

in soil solution reach a minimum between pH 5 and 6 because metal-organic complexes form in 

this pH range. Only a small fraction of lead in lead-contaminated soil appears to be in watersoluble 

form (0.2-1%) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). The uptake of lead by plants also depends on 

other factors including cation exchange capacity, soil composition (e.g., organic matter content, 

calcium content), metal concentrations, precipitation, light, and temperature. Lead uptake by 

plants is favored at lower pH values and in soils with low organic carbon content (DeMayo et al, 

1982). 

Lead may also be found in soils as stable organic compounds or metallic lead or lead alloys from 

the use of lead shot or fishing weights. The Eco-SSLs are derived for the inorganic forms of lead 

found in soils and are not derived for either organic lead compounds or metallic lead shot. 

If these waste sources are suspected to be present or are present, then a site-specific evaluation of 

risks associated with these forms of lead will be required outside of the use of the Eco-SSL 

values. 

Lead is not considered to be an essential element for plant growth and development. Lead 

inhibits growth, reduces photosynthesis (by inhibiting enzymes unique to photosynthesis), 

interferes with cell division and respiration, reduces water absorption and transpiration, 

accelerates abscission or defoliation and pigmentation, and reduces chlorophyll and ATP 

synthesis (U.S. EPA, 1979). 

Lead is also not considered an essential element for birds or mammals. Clinical signs of lead 

toxicity in domestic animals are manifested differently for different species, but the overall signs 

are of encephalopathy preceded and accompanied by gastrointestinal malfunction (Booth and 

MacDonald, 1982). Behavorial signs of poisoning include anxiety, apprehension, 

hyperexcitability, vocalization, rolling of eyes, apparent fear or terror, possible belligerence, 

pressing of the head against a wall or post, attempts to climb a wall, sudden jumping into the air, 

frenzied or manical behavior (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). Locomotor disturbances of lead 

poisoning range from a stiff, stilted gait with ataxia and incoordination to rigidity of all postural 

muscles, swaying, and posterior weakness to compulsive hypermotility (circling, pacing, 

running). (Booth and MacDonald, 1982). 


March 2005

Lead can interfere with the synthesis of heme, thereby altering the urinary or blood concentration 

of enzymes and intermediates in heme synthesis or their derivatives. Thus, lead poisoning can 

lead to accumulation of non-heme iron and protoporphyrin-IX in red cells, an increase in 

delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in blood and urine, an increase in urinary coproporphyrin, 

proporphyrin, and porphobilinogen, inhibition of blood ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D), and an 

increased proportion of immature red cells in the blood (reticulocytes and basophilic stippled 

cells (NIOSH, 1978). One of the characteristic cellular metabolic reactions in lead intoxication 

is the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies, a discrete, dense-staining mass found in the 

liver parenchyma and in the tubular lining cells of the kidney (Clayton and Clayton, 1994). The 

intranuclear inclusion bodies are a lead protein complex that may have adaptive function in 

excessive lead exposure (NIOSH, 1978). Other signs of lead poisoning in domestic animals 

include rapid labored breathing, anorexia, weight loss, decreased milk production, dehydration, 

emaciation, fetal death with either resorption or abortion of the fetus, general weakness (Booth 

and MacDonald, 1982), paraplegia (WHO, 1977), mortality and impaired postnatal growth 

(Rattner et al., 1975), reduced pregnancy rate (Kennedy et al., 1975), and interference with 

resistance to infectious disease (Gainer, 1974) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov). 

The Eco-SSL values derived to date for lead are summarized in Table 2.1. 

Table 2.1 Lead Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) 

Plants Soil Invertebrates 

Conc (mg/kg dw) 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

Wildlife 

Avian Mammalian 

120 1,700 11 56 

Eco-SSL values for lead were 

derived for all receptor groups. 

The Eco-SSLs range from 11 

mg/kg dry weight (dw) for avian 

wildlife to 1,700 mg/kg dw for 

soil invertebrates. The Eco-SSL 

values for lead for plants, soil 

invertebrates, and mammalian 

wildlife are higher than the 95 th 

percentiles of reported 

background concentrations for 

both eastern and western U.S. 

soils (Figure 2.1) (at 38 and 32 

mg/kg, respectively. The Eco- 

SSL value for lead for avian 

wildlife is, however, lower than 

the 50 th percentile for reported 

East West 

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Lead 

in U.S. Soils 

background concentrations in eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). Background 

concentrations reported for many metals in U.S. soils are described in Attachment 1-4 of the 

Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003). 


March 2005 

Maximum 

95th 

75th 

50th 

25th 

5th Percentile

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS 

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 439 were selected for acquisition for 

further review. Of those papers acquired, 28 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored 

according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Thirty studies received 

an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 3.1. 

The data in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are eleven studies eligible for 

Eco-SSL derivation. There are four studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation with a 

bioavailability score of 2 and all were used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the maximum acceptable 

toxicant concentration (MATC) values for four test species under three different test conditions 

(pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is equal to 120 mg/kg dw. 

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES 

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 179 were selected for acquisition for 

further review. Of those papers acquired, 13 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies were scored 

according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Eighteen studies 

received an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1. 

The data in Table 4.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are four studies eligible for Eco- 

SSL derivation and all were used to derive the soil invertebrate Eco-SSL for lead (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the MATC values for one test 

species under three different test conditions (pH) and is equal to 1,700 mg/kg dw. 

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE 

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicity 

reference values (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; 

Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of 

three surrogate species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003). 

5.1 Avian TRV 

The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; 

Attachment 4-2) identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian or 

mammalian species. Of these papers, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. 

Of the remaining papers, 54 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed 

and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; 

Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 

5.1. The complete results are included as Appendix 5-1. 


March 2005

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Lead 

Reference Study ID Test Organism 

Soil pH OM % 

Bioavailability 

Score 

ERE 

Tox 

Parameter 

Tox Value 

(Soil Conc. 

mg/kg dw) 

Total 

Evaluation 

Score 

Eligible for 

Eco-SSL 

Derivation? 

Davis and Barnes, 1973 a Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y Y 

Davis and Barnes, 1973 b Red maple Acer rubrum 4 2.5 2 GRO MATC 144 12 Y Y 

Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 b Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.3 0.94 2 GRO MATC 316 14 Y Y 

Marques Dos Santos et al., 1993 a Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrium 6.7 3.11 1 GRO MATC 141 13 Y N 

Singh and Jeng, 1993 Ryegrass Lolium rigidum 5.6 0.1 2 GRO MATC 22 14 Y Y 

Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL 

Geometric Mean 115 

Chappelka et al., 1991 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 5.5 3.4 2 GRO NOAEC 480 12 N N 

Dixon, 1988 Red Oak Querus rubras 6 1.5 2 GRO LOAEC 100 19 N N 

Gaweda, 1991 a Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 0.0 2 GRO NOAEC 600 14 N N 

Taylor, 1974 Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.4 1.0 2 GRO NOAEC 250 11 N N 

Taylor and Allinson, 1981 h Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N N 

Taylor and Allinson, 1981 I Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 1.7 2 GRO NOAEC 250 15 N N 

Zaman and Zereen, 1998 a Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO, BIO LOAEC 500 14 N N 

Zaman and Zereen, 1998 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N N 

Zaman and Zereen, 1998 c Radish Raphanus sativus 6.9 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 100 14 N N 

Balba et al., 1991 b Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.73 1.70 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y N 

Balba et al., 1991 c Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 8.20 0.86 1 REP MATC 71 15 Y N 

Dang et al., 1990 g Fenugreek Trigonella foenum 8.3 0.5 1 GRO MATC 283 11 Y N 

Gaweda, 1991 b Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 3.0 1 GRO MATC 424 13 Y N 

Hassett et al., 1976 Corn Zea mays 6.5 2.1 1 GRO MATC 158 15 Y N 

Xiong, 1997 Sow thistle Sonchous oleraceus L. 7.23 1.6 1 GRO MATC 2263 14 Y N 

Dang et al., 1990 d Onion Allium cepa 8.3 0.5 1 GRO LOAEC 50 11 N N 

Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 a Radish Raphanus sativus 5.1 8.0 1 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N 

Kadar and Morvai, 1998 a Carrot Daucus carota 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N N 

Kadar and Morvai, 1998 b Peas Pisum sativum 7.0 0.6 1 GRO NOAEC 85 11 N N 

Patel et al., 1977 Barley Hordeum vulgare 6.0 2.5 1 GRO NOAEC 1000 12 N N 

Taylor and Allinson, 1981 g Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.9 4.8 1 GRO NOAEC 250 14 N N 

Balba et al., 1991 a Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum 7.45 2.06 0 REP MATC 35 14 N N 

Gaweda, 1991 c Spinach Spinacia oleracea 6.7 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 12 N N 

Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 b Radish Raphanus sativus 6.2 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N 

Gaweda and Capecka, 1995 

BIO = Biomass 

c Radish Raphanus sativus 7.1 8.0 0 GRO NOAEC 600 13 N N 

ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration 

GRO = Growth OM = Organic matter content 

LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Y = Yes 

MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC. Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003) 

N = No 

REP = Reproduction 

Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003) 

Used for 

Eco-SSL? 

Eco-SSL for Lead 5 March 2005

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Lead 

Reference 

Study 

ID 

Test Organism 

Soil pH OM % 

Bioavailability 

Score 

ERE 

Tox 

Parameter 

Tox Value 

(Soil Conc. 

mg/kg dw) 

Total 

Evaluation 

Score 

Eligible for 

Eco-SSL 

Derivation? 

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 a Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y Y 

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 c Collembola Folsomia candida 4.5 10.0 1 REP MATC 3162 16 Y Y 

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1996 b Collembola Folsomia candida 5.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y Y 

Sandifer and Hopkin, 1997 Collembola Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 894 15 Y Y 

Data Not Used to Derive Eco-SSL 

Geometric Mean 1682 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b s Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 285 13 N N 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b t Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC 50 297 13 N N 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b u Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC 50 847 13 N N 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b v Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC 50 1341 13 N N 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 a Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 1.7 2 MOR LC 50 1554 14 N N 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 b Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 5.1 3.0 2 MOR LC 50 891 14 N N 

Spurgeon et al., 1994 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.3 10.0 1 REP EC 50 1940 15 N N 

Spurgeon and Hopkin, 1995 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.1 10.0 1 REP EC 50 1629 15 N N 

Neuhauser et al., 1985a; 1985b b Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 MOR LC 50 3716 13 N N 

Conder and Lanno, 2000 Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.5 10.0 1 MOR ILL 1.16 16 N N 

Peredney and Williams, 2000a; 2000b w Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC 50 1434 12 N N 

Peredney and Williams, 2000b x Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR NOAEC 2235 12 N N 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 c Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.1 3.4 1 MOR LC 50 13.9 13 N N 

Donkin and Dusenbery, 1994 d Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 2.2 1 MOR LC 50 11.6 13 N N 

EC 50 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population 

ERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint 

ILL = Incipient lethal level 

LC 50 = Concentration lethal to 50% of test population 

LOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration 

OM = Organic matter content 

REP = Reproduction 

MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration = geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC 

MOR = Mortality 

N = No 

NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration 

Y = Yes 

Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003) 

Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (USEPA, 2003) 

Used for 

Eco-SSL? 

Eco-SSL for Lead 6 March 2005

Result # 

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) 

Lead 

Page 1 of 2 

Reference Ref No. Test Organism # of Conc/ Doses 

Biochemical 

1 Scheuhammer, 1987 2860 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 U FD 35 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.0584 0.292 69 

2 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 68 

3 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.194 1.94 70 

4 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M ENZ ALAD BL 0.201 0.586 78 

5 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w NR NR AD F CHM CALC BL 6.24 12.5 72 

6 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 12.6 126 69 

7 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 13.5 67.4 69 

8 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B CHM HMGL BL 34.5 69 

9 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F CHM CALC BL 0.111 67 

10 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ENZ ALAD BL 2.52 71 

11 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 68 

12 Hoffman et al, 1985 11651 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 26.3 77 

13 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 

Behavior 

U FD 7 w 14 w JV F CHM CALC PL 93.1 66 

14 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M FDB FCNS WO 2.47 66 

15 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 3.26 6.52 75 

16 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 7.10 71.0 72 

17 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B FDB FCNS WO 12.0 75 

18 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR FDB FEFF WO 61.4 123 74 

19 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M FDB FEFF WO 163 68 

20 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 304 456 73 

21 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 1.94 19.4 71 

22 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 17 d NR NR AD M BEH NMVM WO 6.25 71 

23 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F FDB FCNS WO 64.3 68 

24 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F FDB FCNS WO 93.1 69 

25 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 

Physiology 

U FD 14 d 8 d JV M BEH FEFF WO 456 67 

26 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 

Pathology 

U FD 10 w NR NR AD F PHY SKIR FE 6.24 12.5 75 

27 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M GRS BDWT WO 2.33 66 

28 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 2.77 68 

29 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX KI 4.64 66 

30 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR AD F GRS BDWT WO 6.24 12.5 75 

31 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 11.89 119 75 

32 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1 - 6 yr AD B GRS BDWT WO 12.0 84 

33 Franson et al., 1983 2636 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B ORW SMIX MT 14.1 70 

34 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 55 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 77 

35 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 2576 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 35 d NR NR NR M ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 77 

36 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 84 

37 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AR 67.4 135 74 

38 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 14770 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 U GV 7 d NR NR AD M GRS BDWT WO 75.0 69 

39 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 7 w 14 w JV F ORW SMIX FM 93.1 67 

40 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F ORW SMIX BR 118 68 

41 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B ITX ANR WO 160 320 81 

42 Rao et al., 1989 818 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F HIS GLBM KI 1.71 67 

43 Rao et al. 1989 817 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F HIS GHIS KI 2.46 67 

44 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 5 w NR NR AD M HIS GHIS KI 6.25 68 

45 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 38.2 67 

46 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX LI 64.3 68 

47 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT AR 194 68 

48 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR HIS GHIS LI 196 68 

49 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 

Reproduction 

U FD 27 d NR NR AD F ORW SMIX TB 377 68 

50 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 5 w 6 w LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 1.94 77 

51 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 1.63 3.26 79 

52 Meluzzi et al., 1996 2771 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 30 d 22 w LB F EGG ALWT EG 2.69 4.04 81 

53 Haegele et al. 1974 2668 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 76 d NR NR SM F EGG ESTH EG 5.63 71 

54 Pattec 1984 2809 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F REP RSUC WO 12.0 90 

55 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 6 d JV M REP TEWT TE 12.6 126 78 

56 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M REP TEWT TE 67.4 135 80 

57 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 125 67 

58 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d LB B REP EGPN EG 0.110 77 

Eco-SSL for Lead March 2005 

Method of Analyses 

Route of Exposure 

Exposure Duration 

Duration Units 

Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Effect Type 

Effect Measure 

Response Site 

NOAEL Dose 

(mg/kg bw/day) 

LOAEL Dose 


Data Evaluation Score

Result # 

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) 

Lead 

Page 2 of 2 


59 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 12 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 0.194 75 

60 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 10 w NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 3.26 75 

61 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 2734 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 U DR 11 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT TE 11.8 68 

62 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 1 w 14 w JV F REP TPRD WO 93.1 75 

63 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 

Growth 

U FD 27 d NR NR AD F REP PROG WO 377 74 

64 Edens and Garlich, 1983 2608 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 1.56 15.6 77 

65 Stone and Fox, 1984 6291 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.77 72 

66 Stone et al., 1977 2897 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.64 70 

67 Edens and Melvin, 1989 2609 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 4 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.93 59.3 76 

68 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 6.14 61.4 76 

69 Damron et al, 1969 14768 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.10 71.0 76 

70 Edens et al., 1976 2606 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.1 111 79 

71 Edens, 1985 2605 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 12 w 1 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 11.2 112 76 

72 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.6 126 76 

73 Morgan et al., 1975 2779 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.5 67.4 76 

74 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 14.2 67 

75 Jeng et. al, 1979 2718 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F GRO BDWT WO 20.0 87 

76 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 88 

77 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 28.4 67 

78 Stone et al., 1981 6463 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 U FD 14 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 34.5 77 

79 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B GRO BDWT WO 54.3 68 

80 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 61.3 123 83 

81 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 66.9 67 

82 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.2 72 

83 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 2744 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 53.1 71 

84 Stone and Soares, 1976 2898 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 U FD 32 d NR NR AD F GRO BDWT WO 64.3 72 

85 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 2748 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 19 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 76.3 71 

86 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 124 77 

87 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 152 71 

88 Donaldson, 1986 2600 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 163 72 

89 Khan, et al, 1993 5507 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U OR 4 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 74 

90 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 262 72 

91 Berg et al., 1980 2534 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 270 77 

92 Franson and Custer, 1982 2635 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR GRO BDWT WO 273 72 

93 Bafundo et al. 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 

Survival 

U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 282 71 

94 Finley et al., 1976 2624 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M MOR MORT WO 2.47 80 

95 Barthalmus et al., 1977 2526 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 U GV 40 d NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 82 

96 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 14.2 77 

97 Howell and Hill, 1978 1387 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 28.4 77 

98 Custer et al., 1984 2581 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B MOR MORT WO 54.3 78 

99 Frederick, 1976 2638 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 66.9 77 

100 Hoffman et al., 1985 2696 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR MOR SURV WO 125 625 89 

101 Vengris and Mare, 1974 14384 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 U GV 35 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 160 320 86 

102 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 1285 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 163 66 

103 Johnsen and Damron 1982 2724 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 196 73 

104 Anders et al., 1982 2513 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 U GV 4 w NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 6.25 73 

105 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 2579 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 194 73 

106 Khan et al, 1993 1415 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U GV 7 d 43 d JV F MOR MORT WO 400 80 

AD = adult; ALAD = (delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; ALWT = albumin weight; ANR = anorexia; AR = adrenal; B = both; BEH = behavior; BDWT = body weight changes; 

BEH = behavior; BL = blood; BR = brain; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes; d = days; DR = Drinking water; EG = egg; EGG = effects on eggs; EGPN = egg production; ENZ = 

enzyme changes; ESTH = eggshell thinning; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FE = feathers; FEFF = feed effeciency; FM = femur; GE = 

gestation; GHIS = general histology; GITX = general intoxication; GLBM = glomerular basement membrane; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes (not growth); GV = gavage; 

HIS = histology; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; IM = immature; INTX = intoxication; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; KI = kidney; LB = laying bird; LI = liver; MA = 

mature; M = male; M = measured; mo = months; MOR = effects on survival; MORT = mortality; NMVM = number of movements; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; ORW = organ 

weight changes; ORWT = organ weight; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PROG = progeny counts or numbers; REP = reproduction; RSUC = reproductive success; SKIR = skin irritation; 

SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SURV = survival; TB = tibia; TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes weight; TPRD = total production; U = 

unmeasured; w = weeks; WO = whole organism; yr = years. 






Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

NOAEL Dose 


LOAEL Dose 



Within the reviewed papers, there are 106 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), 

physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) 

effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of > 65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003; 

Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the data 

presented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for growth and 

reproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined 

in relationship to the lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for 

reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL 

guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). 

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 10.9 mg 

lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for 

reproduction, growth, or survival (Figure 5.1). Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest 

bounded NOAEL, lower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival, 

and is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day. 

5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL 

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one each for three receptor 

groups representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs were calculated according to 

the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table 5.2. 

Surrogate 

Receptor 

Group 

Avian herbivore 

(dove) 

Avian ground 

insectivore 

(woodcock) 

Avian carnivore 

(hawk) 

TRV for Lead 

(mg dw/kg 

bw/d) 1 

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Lead 

Food Ingestion 

Rate (FIR) 2 

(kg dw/kg bw/d) 

Soil Ingestion as 

Proportion of 

Diet (P s) 2 

1.63 0.190 0.139 

1.63 0.214 0.164 

1.63 0.0353 0.057 

Concentration of 

Lead in Biota Type 

(i) 2,3 

(B i) 

(mg/kg dw) 

ln(B i) = 0.561 * 

ln(Soil j) - 1.328 

where i = plants 

ln(B i) = 0.807 * 

ln(Soil j) - 0.218 

where i = earthworms 

ln(B i) = 0.4422 * 

ln(Soil j) + 0.0761 

where i = mammals 

Eco-SSL 

(mg/kg dw) 4 

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 

2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005). 

3 

Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor. 

4 

HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). 

NA = Not Applicable 


March 2005 

46 

11 

510

Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day) 

1000.000 

100.000 

10.000 

1.000 

0.100 

0.010 

69 

69 

6870 

687078 

69 69 72 

78 

72 

69 

69 

69 

67 

71 

6877 

66 

7572 

75 

66 

68 

74 

72 

74 

75 

73 

73 

71 

71 

71 

68 

69 

67 

75 

75 

66 68 

75 

75 

66 

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Lead 

77 84 

77 

7584 70 75 77 

84 74 

81 

81 

74 696768 

77 

68 

67 

67 

67 

68 

Data Evaluation Score 

6868 

68 

Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose 

Paired values from same study when joined by line 

No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose 

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process 

1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV. 

2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean. 

4) The geometric mean is equal to 10.9 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL within the reproduction, growth, and survival R effect groups. 

5) The avian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 1.63 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for effects on growth, reproduction, and survival. 

71 

79 

81 

77 

79 

81 

77 

78 67 80 

9078 

80 

77 

75 

75 

68 

75 

74 

77 

77 

72 

7676 76 

70 767676 

7976 76 

76 

7976 767667 

88 83 

87 886777 

68 8367 

71 7271 

72 

TRV = Highest bounded 

NOAEL lower than lowest 

bounded LOAEL for REP, GRO 

or MOR = 1.63 

77 717274 

72777271 

Geometric Mean of 

NOAELs for REP and 

GRO = 10.9 

Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) 

Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) 

Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR) 

BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL 

Eco-SSL for Lead 10 March 2005 

83 

77 

82 

80 

82 77 

78 77 

89 

86 

8666 

89 

73 

73 

73 

80

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE 

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the 

TRV was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). 

Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate 

species based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003). 

6.1 Mammalian TRV 

The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; 

Attachment 4-2) and identified 2,429 papers with possible toxicity data for lead for either avian 

or mammalian species. Of these studies, 2,157 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. 

Of the remaining papers, 219 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers were 

reviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 4-3). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized in Table 

6.1. The complete results are provided in Appendix 6-1. 

Within the 219 papers there were 343 results for biochemical (BIO), behavioral (BEH), 

physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR) 

endpoints with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 

2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the 

data presented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to 

calculate a geometric mean NOAEL. This mean NOAEL is examined in relationship to the 

lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to 

procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). 

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 40.7 mg 

lead/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for 

reproduction, growth or mortality results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded 

NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival and is equal to 

4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day. 

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL 

Three separate Eco-SSL values are calculated for mammalian wildlife, one each for three 

receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLs derived for lead 

are calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003) and are summarized in Table 

6.2. 


March 2005

Result # 

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) 

Lead 

Page 1 of 6 



Biochemical 

1 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 10 w 21 d JV F ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 71 

2 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR CHM HMGL BL 1.18 4.45 74 

3 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 1.39 4.80 73 

4 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.50 74 

5 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B ENZ ALAD BL 2.45 6.66 75 

6 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B ENZ G6PD BL 4.29 8.58 71 

7 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F CHM SOMC BL 5.8 29.0 66 

8 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M CHM HMCT BL 5.9 12.9 70 

9 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F ENZ ALAD KI 13.7 27.3 71 

10 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 6 w 74 d JV M CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 80 

11 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M CHM PRTL LI 18.0 180 76 

12 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M CHM HMGL BL 32.7 66 

13 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 70 

14 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M CHM HMCT BL 61.2 122 66 

15 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 68 

16 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV F HRM Other PI 100 200 78 

17 Harry et al., 1985 2680 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 29 d 2 d JV B CHM PRTL BR 200 72 

18 Vyskocil et al., 1989 2922 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M CHM B2MG UR 320 640 66 

19 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR CHM PCLV BL 400 800 78 



22 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M ENZ ALAD BL 0.496 77 

23 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 2877 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 10 w 5 d JV B HRM NORE BR 1.00 72 

24 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 15 d NR NR NR F ENZ SCDH KI 1.37 72 

25 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 69 

26 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 42 d NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 77 

27 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F CHM Other BL 7.20 72 

28 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M ENZ ALAD BL 15.0 69 

29 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 2625 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 21 d GE M ENZ ALAD UR 15.3 66 

30 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M CHM RBCE BL 15.4 72 

31 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR JV M ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 67 

32 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 19 d 2 d JV B CHM HMCT BL 25.0 72 

33 Singh et al, 1994 21095 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F CHM POTA BL 50.0 72 

34 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 72 

35 White, 1977 2929 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 U OR 1 w

Result # 


Lead 

Page 2 of 6 


58 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 200 66 

59 Lockett and Leary, 1986 633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M BEH ACTV WO 0.577 66 

60 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 1 w 94 d JV M FDB WCON WO 23 72 

61 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.5 66 

62 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F FDB WCON WO 29.9 66 

63 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M BEH RRSP WO 45.0 75 

64 Nation et al., 1990 617 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 61 d 50 d JV M BEH ACTP WO 45.7 68 

65 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B FDB FCNS WO 61.5 72 

66 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 1 w 99 d JV M FDB WCON WO 194 72 

67 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F FDB WCON WO 200 67 

68 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M FDB WCON WO 216 67 

69 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 10 d NR NR LC F BEH ACTV WO 323 74 

70 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F FDB WCON WO 750 67 

71 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 1 w 11 w JV F FDB WCON WO 775 69 

72 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F FDB FCNS WO 6170 68 

Physiology 

73 Boscolo et al, 1992 21113 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M PHY BLPR WO 1.69 3.39 68 

74 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 820 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus 3 M FD 20 d NR NR AD B PHY GPHY WO 34.6 69 

75 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 74 d JV M PHY BTMP WO 43.0 75 

76 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 16.1 67 

77 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M PHY EXCR UR 100 72 

Pathology 

78 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 U FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR HIS GHIS BL 1.18 4.45 77 

79 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 2789 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F HIS GHIS KI 1.37 2.73 81 

80 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B ORW ORWT KI 2.49 18.3 72 

81 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 3 d JV B ORW SMIX HE 3.75 7.49 74 

82 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 79 

83 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F ORW ORWT BR 11.0 67 

84 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 15.1 67 

85 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 32 d 74 d JV M ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 83 

86 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M ORW ORWT BR 16.1 72 

87 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV F ORW ORWT KI 21.3 43.0 78 

88 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR LC M HIS IIBD KI 40.0 68.6 69 

89 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT BR 50.0 75 

90 Vyskocil et al., 1995 2923 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 71 

91 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT PI 200 66 

92 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 258 2580 76 

93 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81 

94 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 400 800 81 

95 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR ORW ORWT BR 431 68 

96 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 2400 75 

97 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR HIS ENCP BR 3200 66 

98 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F HIS EDMA WO 3.39 68 

99 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F ORW ORWT BR 10.0 67 

100 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX KI 15.4 75 

101 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M ORW ORWT BR 15.5 70 

102 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M HIS GLSN BR 20.0 67 

103 Karmakar et al., 1986 3879 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 30 d NR NR AD B HIS GHIS MT 44.0 75 

104 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M HIS USTR SV 46.4 80 


Result # 


Lead 

Page 3 of 6 


118 Dyck et al., 1980 2604 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR AD NR HIS GHIS NE 2730 66 

119 Myers et al., 1979 2782 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 w NR NR AD B HIS GHIS NE 3620 72 

120 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F GRS BDWT WO 6170 68 

Reproduction 

121 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 62 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 0.710 7.00 77 

122 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 1.00 5.00 74 

123 Gandley et al., 1999 2642 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 35 d NR NR AD M REP RSUC WO 2.60 26.0 72 

124 Grant et al., 1980 2658 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 62 d 21 d GE B REP PRWT WO 3.00 6.0 79 

125 Carson et al., 1973 3830 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 U FD 27 w NR NR GE F REP RSUC WO 4.50 68 

126 Dilts and Ahokas, 1980 2592 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.00 10.0 76 

127 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 2876 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U DR 40 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 5.50 73 

128 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M REP TEWT TE 7.50 74.9 78 

129 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23.8 d 21 d LC F REP Other WO 8.90 76 

130 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 23.8 d 21 d GE F REP Other WO 9.10 45.0 73 

131 McMurry et al., 1995 2770 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 U DR 7 w NR NR AD M REP RHIS RT 12.4 170 67 

132 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M REP SPCV TE 18.0 180 85 

133 Zenick et al., 1979 2943 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 100 d 21 d GE F REP PRWT WO 25.4 68 

134 Cerklewski, 1980 10607 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 35 d 70 d LC F REP PRWT WO 27.5 66 

135 Chowdhury et al., 1984 3721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 60 d NR NR SM M REP TEWT TE 31.6 63.2 71 

136 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F REP PROG WO 32.5 69 

137 Winder et al., 1984 2934 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 31 d NR d LC F REP PRWT WO 33.3 111 72 

138 Miller et al., 1982 2775 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 41 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 41.0 54.6 87 

139 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 1 w 94 d JV M REP SPCL SM 47.3 82.0 84 

140 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR SM M REP Other SV 56.0 285 73 

141 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.8 69 

142 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F REP PROG WO 64.9 67 

143 Ronis et al., 1998 2847 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 37 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 90.1 270 74 

144 Wardell et al., 1982 748 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 12 d NR NR GE F REP RSEM EM 100 150 87 

145 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 68 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 115 72 

146 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 77 d 25 d GE F REP PRWT WO 116 68 

147 Fox et al., 1977 2633 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 120 68 

148 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 8 w 2 mo GE M REP SPCV TE 144 1440 78 

149 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79 

150 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 202 506 79 

151 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F REP DEYO WO 276 552 74 

152 Nathan et al., 1992 2785 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT MT 294 587 71 

153 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d GE F REP PRWT WO 441 69 

154 Wenda-Rozewicka et al., 1996 2928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP RHIS TE 600 66 

155 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 601 1500 86 

156 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 13 w NR NR JV M REP FERT WO 639 66 

157 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F REP RPRD OV 2.00 77 

158 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B REP PRWT WO 2.49 74 

159 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 2.94 67 

160 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 66 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F REP DEYO WO 3.62 67 

161 Gupta et al., 1995 2666 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F REP PROG EM 5.50 81 

162 Saxena et. al. 1989 2857 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 120 d 1 d GE M REP SPCL TE 6.76 69 

163 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 2568 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 5 w NR NR AD M REP TEDG TE 16.6 66 

164 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 2 w NR NR JV M REP SPCL SM 46.4 86 

165 Winneke et al., 1977 3935 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 102 d NR NR GE F REP PROG WO 49.6 78 

166 Batra et al., 1998 2528 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M REP TEDG TE 50.0 81 

167 Hayashi, 1983 3864 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 55.5 68 

168 Kempinas et. al 1988 2733 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 90 d NR NR AD M REP SPCL SM 61.2 69 

169 Donald et al., 1981 2598 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 23 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 78.6 69 

170 Donald et al., 1986 2599 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 62 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 99.8 69 

171 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F REP PRWT WO 137 69 

172 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w 9 w SM M REP PRFM WO 139 74 

173 Jacquet et al., 1997 2713 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 154 72 

174 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV M REP SPCL SM 171 78 

175 Blanusa, et al, 1989 14750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F REP RHIS WO 175 69 

176 Cramer et al, 1980 14816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 178 69 

177 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP GREP PG 198 71 

178 Hallen et al., 1995 2669 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 13 w NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 200 73 






Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

NOAEL Dose 


LOAEL Dose 



Result # 


Lead 

Page 4 of 6 


179 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F REP PRWT WO 218 70 

180 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 221 73 

181 Hsu, 1980 2704 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 19 w LC F REP PRWT WO 222 73 

182 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 3 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 230 73 

183 Alfano and Petit, 1982 2511 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 258 78 

184 Yu et al, 1996 3939 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 330 68 

185 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M REP SPCL SM 354 69 

186 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 17 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 360 68 

187 Ronis et al., 1998 2845 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 24 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 360 68 

188 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 12 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 362 69 

189 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 27 d JV M REP SPCL SM 364 69 

190 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 2821 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 44 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 381 68 

191 Draski et al., 1989 3719 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 381 68 

192 Ronis et al., 1996 2846 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 50 d 24 d JV F REP RBEH WO 381 69 

193 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F REP ODVP WO 404 69 

194 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 2909 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 22 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 420 68 

195 Donald et al., 1987 2597 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 48 d NR NR GE F REP PRWT WO 437 70 

196 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 2760 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M REP SPCL TE 579 69 

197 Piasecka et. al. 1995 2816 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M REP TEDG TE 600 69 

198 Piasek et al, 1988 14751 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 3 w 14 w LC F REP PRWT WO 635 69 

199 Jacquet, 1977 2711 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F REP RSUC EM 646 73 

200 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F REP PROG WO 651 66 

201 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F REP PRWT WO 750 73 

202 Epstein, et.al. 1991 2614 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 4 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 762 68 

203 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 828 78 

204 Holtzman et al, 1978 2699 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 833 78 

205 Barlow et al., 1977 2523 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 991 74 

206 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV F REP TEWT WO 1370 75 

207 McConnell and Berry, 1979 2767 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 1770 73 

208 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 1990 70 

209 Goldstein et al, 1974 14824 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 16 d NR NR LC F REP PROG WO 2570 78 

210 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78 

211 Krigman et al., 1974 2741 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 25 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 2570 78 

212 Pentschew and Garro 1966 2811 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 2840 78 

213 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 2871 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 14 w 21 d JV B REP PROG WO 3630 70 

214 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 2774 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 17 d NR NR LC F REP PRWT WO 6170 74 

Growth 

215 Willoughby et al., 1972 14386 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.150 68 

216 Fox et.al., 1982 2634 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 d 0 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 0.500 67 

217 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 2593 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 21 d NR NR GE F GRO BDWT WO 1.00 5.00 72 

218 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 7 d 50 d AD F GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13.0 73 

219 Lynch et al, 1975 14380 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U OR 7 w 1 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 1.99 75 

220 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 2930 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 14 d 21 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 2.40 72 

221 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 332 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.98 66 

222 Kimmel et al., 1980 2737 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 w 21 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 80 

223 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 3873 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.71 68 

224 Zheng et al., 1996 2944 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.64 28.2 71 

225 Hammond et al., 1989 2675 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 23 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.80 29.0 73 

226 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 7.79 80 

227 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 9.10 67 

228 Nehru et al., 1997 2788 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.0 78 

229 Gruber et al., 1997 2660 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 10.6 532 69 

230 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U GV 10 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.4 78 

231 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 21143 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 140 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 10.7 67 

232 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.1 71 

233 Mahaffey et al., 1977 14580 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.4 79 

234 Rader et al., 1981 2830 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U OR 6 w NR NR AD M GRO BDWT WO 15.5 74 

235 Rader et. al. 1981 2829 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 7 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 16.1 71 

236 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 16.3 163 71 

237 Barratt et al., 1989 2524 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 9 w 10 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 18.0 180 83 

238 Morris et al, 1938 15125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 18.3 72 

239 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 2905 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 29 d NR NR SM F GRO BDWT WO 18.9 71 






Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

NOAEL Dose 


LOAEL Dose 



Result # 


Lead 

Page 5 of 6 


240 Mahaffey et al., 1973 2756 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 24.3 71 

241 Bull, et.. al., 1978 14812 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 56 d 70 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 32.5 67 

242 Fick et al., 1976 3704 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 U FD 84 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 32.7 66 

243 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 38.5 67 

244 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 7 w 16 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 43.0 72 

245 Agodi et al., 1990 2507 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 28 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 50.0 79 

246 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M DR 4 w 94 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 82 

247 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 14821 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 12 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 85 

248 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 2806 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 100 67 

249 Goyer et al., 1970 14799 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 120 383 71 

250 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B GRO BDWT WO 136 1360 76 

251 Talcott and Koller, 1983 2906 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F GRO BDWT WO 137 67 

252 Johansson and Wide, 1986 2723 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 12 w NR NR GE M GRO BDWT WO 139 72 

253 Sokol et al., 1985 2888 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 169 508 74 

254 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M DR 4 w 99 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 171 76 

255 Kishi et al., 1983 12025 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 180 79 

256 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 2924 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U DR 6 w 7 w SM M GRO BDWT WO 187 373 69 

257 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 200 70 

258 Yagminas et al., 1990 3937 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 91 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 200 79 

259 Rabe et al., 1985 13216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 21 d 80 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 218 68 

260 Mykkanen et al., 1980 2783 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 1 w NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 230 460 77 

261 Sourgens et al., 1987 2889 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 30 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 285 67 

262 Exon et al., 1979 3847 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 10 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 362 67 

263 Sokol, 1989 2887 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 30 d 52 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 364 67 

264 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85 

265 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 400 800 85 

266 Gerber et al, 1978 14822 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 431 70 

267 Brady, et al, 1975 14795 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 102 d 30 d LC F GRO BDWT WO 441 67 

268 Stewart et al., 1998 2896 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 12 d 6 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 534 79 

269 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 30 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 632 1264 77 

270 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 2869 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 126 d 1 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 651 66 

271 Piasek and Kostial 1991 2818 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 20 w 10 w GE F GRO BDWT WO 750 71 

272 Maker et al., 1973 2758 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 28 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1260 2530 77 

273 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 10239 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 18 d NR NR LC F GRO BDWT WO 1500 71 

274 Schroeder et al, 1970 252 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 9 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.30 72 

275 Kelliher, et al. 1973 14377 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.0 76 

276 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 2670 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U DR 92 d 25 d GE F MPH GMPH TB 28.7 70 

277 Hamilton et al., 1994 2671 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 7 d 25 d GE F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66 

278 Hammond and Succop, 1995 2678 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 5 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.0 66 

279 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 26 d 22 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 29.5 70 

280 Hammond et al., 1993 2677 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 14 d 26 d JV F MPH Other TA 29.9 69 

281 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 2776 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 10 d 26 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 30.4 67 

282 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 3 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 46.4 84 


Result # 


Lead 

Page 6 of 6 


302 Holtzman et al., 1981 2698 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2390 69 

303 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 2400 79 

304 Holtzman et al, 1980 14827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 14 d 60 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2650 77 

Survival 

305 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 1858 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 669 d 19-20 d JV B MOR LFSP WO 3.50 68 

306 Junaid et al., 1997 2725 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U GV 60 d NR NR AD F MOR MORT WO 4.00 8.00 82 

307 Lynch et al., 1976 3711 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 U OR 84 d NR NR JV M MOR SURV WO 7.79 85 

308 Lorenzo et al., 1978 2751 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U GV 30 d 1 d JV F MOR MORT WO 10.7 50.4 84 

309 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 10.9 42.4 81 

310 Logner et al., 1984 3889 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 10 d 74 d JV M MOR MORT WO 16.0 43.0 88 

311 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B MOR MORT WO 24.7 68 

312 Jessup, 1967 2720 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 U FD 10 d NR NR GE F MOR MORT WO 29.2 72 

313 Lassen and Buck, 1979 3709 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 30.2 68 

314 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 14852 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 4 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 40.3 68 

315 Al-Omar et al, 2000 20974 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 M GV 5 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 46.4 85 

316 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 51 d 15 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.8 68 

317 Carpenter, 1982 2565 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 U DR 14 d 11 w GE F MOR MORT WO 64.9 68 

318 Jessup and Shott, 1969 11831 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 w 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 74.9 73 

319 Jessup, 1969 2721 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 8 w NR NR GE B MOR SURV WO 78.9 73 

320 Azar et al., 1973 3747 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M MOR MORT WO 87.5 163 83 

321 Wolfe et al, 1996 2502 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 24 w 94 d JV B MOR MORT WO 104 77 

322 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 24 w NR NR YO M MOR MORT WO 170 73 

323 Lessler and Wright, 1976 2750 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 8 w NR NR MA M MOR MORT WO 170 66 

324 Petrusz et al., 1979 2815 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 18 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 200 80 

325 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 2799 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M MOR MORT WO 379 68 

326 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 800 86 


328 Rasile et. al. 1995 2836 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F MOR MORT WO 404 68 

329 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 2817 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 18 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 639 72 


331 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 3200 80 

332 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 3701 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 727 d 30 d JV F MOR LFSP WO 0.569 67 

333 Zmudski et al., 1983 3940 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U DR 21 d 10 w JV M MOR MORT WO 2.70 72 

334 Schroeder et al, 1963 14446 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B MOR SURV WO 2.87 67 

335 Schroeder et al, 1964 14447 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M MOR SURV WO 3.10 73 

336 Wells, et.al, 1986 14803 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M MOR MORT WO 20.0 72 

337 Pankakoski et al., 1994 2807 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 M FD 31 d NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 61.5 77 

338 Press 1975 2827 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 14 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 328 80 

339 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 2870 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 58 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 400 84 

340 Holtzman et al., 1982 2697 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 400 80 

341 Eyden et al, 1978 2618 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 115 d NR NR AD B MOR SURV WO 635 72 

342 Gulati et al, 1985 2837 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 M DR 18 w 11 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 74 

343 Lamb et al., 1997 2505 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U DR 105 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 670 72 

ACTP = accuracy of learned behavior; ACTV = activity level; AD = adult; ALAD =(delta) -aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase; AVO = avoidance; B = both; B2MG = beta2-microglobulin; BL 

= blood; BLPR = blood pressure; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BR = brain; BTMP = body temperature; BUNT = blood urea nitrogen; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical 

changes;d = days; DEYO = death of young; DHYD = dehdyration; DOPA = dopamine; DR = Drinking water; EDMA = edema; EM = embryo; ENCP = encephalopathy; ENZ = enyzme level 

changes; EXCR = excretion; EY = eye; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FERT = fertility; FOOD = food avoidance; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate 

dehydrogenase; GBCM = general biochemical; GE = gestation; GHIS = general histology; GLSN = gross lesions; GMPH = general morphology; GPHY = general physiology; GREP = general 

reproductive effect; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GV = gavage; HE = heart; HIS = histological changes; HMCT = hematocrit; HMGL = hemoglobin; 

HRM = hormone changes; IIBD = intranuclear inclusion bodies; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; L = liter; LC = lactation; LFSP = lifespan; LI = liver; LOAEL = 

lowest observed adverse effect level; mo = months; M = male; M = measured; MA = mature; MOR = effects on mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; MT = multiple tissues/organs; NCRO 

= necrosis; NE = nervous tissue; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NORE = norephinephrine; NR = Not reported; ODVP = offspring development; OR = other oral; ORW = organ 

weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovaries; PARL = paralysis; PCLV = packed cell volume; PG = prostate gland; PHY = physiology; PI = pituitary gland; POTA = 

potassium; PRFM = sexual performance; PROG = progeny numbers/counts; PRTL = total protein; PRWT = progeny weight; PTH = pathology; RBCE = red blood cell count; 

RBEH = reproductive behavior; REP = reproduction; RHIS = reproductive organ histology; RPRD = reproductive capacity; RRSP = righting response; RSEM = resorbed embryos; RSUC = 

reproductive success (general); RT = reproductive tissue; SCDH = succinate dehydrogenase; SM = sperm; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SOMC = somatomedin 

C; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SPCV = sperm cell viability; SR = serum; SURV = survival; SV = seminal vesicle; TA = tail; TB = tibia;TE = testes; TEDG = testes degeneration; TEWT = testes 

weight; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; USTR = ultrastructural changes; UX = measured but values not reported; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WO = whole organism; YO = young; yr 

= year. 






Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

NOAEL Dose 


LOAEL Dose 



Dose (mg Pb/kg bw/day) 

10000.000 

1000.000 

100.000 

74 75 

74 

71 

73 

76 78 72 

68 78 

66 

70 

66 

66 

80 

6671 

71 

6670 

71 

8076 

7174 73 75 

74 

71 

70 

10.000 

1.000 

0.100 

78 

78 

78 

78 

66 78 

66 78 

68 

72 

72 

77 

72 

69 77 

72 

69667267 

727277 

66 72 

69 6972 

72 

7272 

73 

69 

68 

74 

68 80 

67 7179 

70 

70 66 7373 

71 

67 

70 

67 

75 

797373 

80 

69 

72 

74 

666 

72 

7568 

66 

74 

7267 67 

68 

6769 

69 75 

68 

68 

72 

67 

69 

78 

678372 

67 

75 

71 

69 

8378 

79 

72 

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Lead 

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process Data Evaluation Score 

74 

79 

77 

74 

81 72 

77 81 

76 

8181 

66 

75 

8181 

76 

68 

71 

66 

67 

68 

7580 8072 

67 

7570 

68 727575 

7275 

80 68 

75 7575 

68 

72 

66 

68 7673 

78 7673 

68 

85 

67 

667169728784736967 

72 

76 

77 

79 

74 

Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose 

Paired values from same study when joined by line 

No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose 

1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV. 

2) There are three NOAEL results available for calculation of a geometric mean. 

72 79 

74 

77 

78 

86 

668666 

7979 

69 

7471 

74 8772686878 

74 

7979 

71 

67 

78 

73 

85 

7374 

87 

72 

84 

71 

87 

81 69 

77 746767 

4) The geometric mean is equal to 40.7 mg/kg bw/d but is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival effect groups. 

5) The mammalian wildlife TRV for lead is equal to 4.70 mg lead/kg bw/day which is the highest bounded NOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for results in the growth, reproduction, and survival effect groups. 

86 7816869 

66 

6974 7278696971737073737378686968686969686869696870 

6969697366 7368787874 

69 69 

Geometric Mean of 

NOAELs for REP and 

GRO = 40.7 

74 

73 

75 

70 

787878 78 

70 

8068 7173 

80 6778697867 

7179747171 83727171 

73 

80 

72 

67 

68 

75 7266 

72 73 

7173 

69 

78 

71 83 8285 

6766 677279 

76 

71 

71767274767969 707968776767678585706779776671 

67 

8285 

74 

69 77 

8585 

77 

77 71 

77 

76 

72 

70666706967 

79 

84 8476 

73 79 

72 79676779796771 

TRV = Highest bounded NOAEL 

lower than lowest bounded 

LOAEL for REP, GRO or MOR = 

4.70 

Biochemical (BIO) Behavior (BEH) 

Pathology (PTH) Reproduction (REP) 

Growth (GRO) 

Mortality (MOR) 

BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL 

Eco-SSL for Lead 18 March 2005 

83 

6979 77 

67 73 

72 

7279 

79 

8481 

82 85 

68 82 

84 8188 

68 7268 

88 

7366 80 

83 

68 85 

8377 

7373 

6868 

8686 

72 

6886868 

80 

86 

86 

7267 73 

67 

77 

72 

80 8480 

727472

Surrogate 

Receptor Group 

Mammalian 

herbivore (vole) 

Mammalian ground 

insectivore (shrew) 

Mammalian 

carnivore (weasel) 

TRV for 

Lead 

(mg dw/kg 

bw/d) 1 

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Lead 

Food Ingestion 

Rate (FIR) 2 

(kg dw/kg bw/d) 

Soil Ingestion as 

Proportion of 

Diet (P s) 2 

4.70 0.0875 0.032 

4.70 0.209 0.030 

4.70 0.130 0.043 

Concentration of 

Lead in Biota Type 

(i) 2,3 

(B i) 

(mg/kg dw) 

ln(B i) = 0.561 * 

ln(Soil j) - 1.328 

where i = plants 

ln(B i) = 0.807 * 

ln(Soil j) - 0.218 

where i = earthworms 

ln(B i) = 0.4422 * 

ln(Soil j) + 0.0761 

where i = mammals 

Eco-SSL 

(mg/kg dw) 4 

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 

2 

Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005). 

3 

Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor. 

4 HQ = FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi) / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003). 

NA = Not Applicable 


March 2005 

1200 

56 

460

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

7.0 REFERENCES 

7.1 General Lead References 

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State University Press, 1982 

Budavari, S. (ed.). 1996. The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse 

Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 922 

Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) 1993-1994, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 

2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 2073 

Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). 1986. Inorganic lead compounds/ Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 

3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986. 599 

Gainer JH. 1974. Environ Health Perspect Exp 7: 113-9 (1974) as cited in U.S. EPA; Ambient Water Quality 

Criteria Doc: Lead p.C-71 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-057] 

Kayser, R., D. Sterling, D. Viviani (eds.). 1982. Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents. Washington, 

DC: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, July 1982. 

NIOSH. 1978. Criteria Document: Inorganic Lead p.III-4 (1978) DHEW Pub. NIOSH 78-158. 

National Research Council of Canada (NRCC). 1978. Inorganic lead. Effects of Lead in the Canadian Envir 

p.271. NRCC No.16736 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil 

Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs). November. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. 

OSWER Directive 9285.7-55. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and Risk 

Management Principles for Superfund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC. 

OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. 

Risk Assessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April. 

May 14, 1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for 

Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997. 

World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Environ Health Criteria: Lead p. 26. 

7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates 

Balba, A. M., El Shibiny, G., and El Khatib, S. 1991. Effect of Lead Increments on the Yield and Lead Content of 

Tomato Plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57-58, 93-99 

Chappelka, A. H., Kush, J. S., Runion, G. B., Meier, S., and Kelley, W. D. 1991. Effects of soil-applied lead on 

seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. Environ.Pollut. 72[4], 307-316 


March 2005

Conder, J. M. and Lanno, R. P. 2000. Evaluation of Surrogate Measures of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Bioavailability 

to Eisenia fetida. Chemosphere 41, 1659-1668 

Dang, Y. P., Chhabra, R., and Verma, K. S. 1990. Effect of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on Growth and Chemical 

Composition of Onion and Fenugreek. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 21[9/10], 717-735 

Davis, J. B. and Barnes, R. L. 1973. Effects of Soil-Applied Fluoride and Lead on Growth of Loblolly Pine and Red 

Maple. Environ.Pollut. 5, 35-44 

Dixon, R. K. 1988. Response of Ectomycorrhizal Quercus rubra to Soil Cadmium, Nickel and Lead. Soil Biol 

Biochem 20[4], 555-559 

Donkin, S. G. and Dusenbery, D. B. 1994. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans Soil Toxicity Test to Identify Factors 

Affecting Toxicity to Identify Factors Affecting Toxicity of Four Metal Ions in Intact Soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 78, 

359-373 

Gaweda, M. 1991. The uptake of lead by spinach spinacia-oleracea l. And radish raphanus-raphanistrumsubvar-radicula 

pers. As affected by organic matter in soil. Acta Physiol.Plant. 13[3], 167-174 

Gaweda, Maria and Capecka, Ewa. 1995. Effect of substrate ph on the accumulation of lead in radish (Raphanus 

sativus l. Subvar. Radicula) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea l.). Acta Physiol.Plant. 17[4], 333-340 

Hassett, J. J., Miller, J. E., and Koeppe, D. E. 1976. Interaction of Lead and Cadmium on Maize Root Growth and 

Uptake of Lead and Cadmium by Roots. Environ.Pollut. 11, 297-302 

Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Micropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous Sandy Soil. 

Agrokem.Talajtan 47[1-4], 207-214 

Kennedy G.L. et al. 1975. Food Cosmet Toxicol 13: 629-32 (1975) as cited in U.S. Dept Health & Human 

Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Lead (Update) p.94 (1993) 

ATSDR/TP-92/12. 

Marques Dos Santos, C., Neto, M. M. P., and DeVarennes, A. 1993. Some Effects of Different Levels of Lead on 

Berseem. In: M.A.C.Fragoso and M.L.vanBeuxichen, (Eds.), Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, Optimization 

of Plant Nutrition , 517-521 

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Contact and Artificial Soil Tests Using Earthworms to 

Evaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil. In: J.K.Petros,Jr., W.J.Lacy, and R.A.Conway (Eds.), Hazardous and 

Industiral Solid Waste Testing: 4th Symposium, ASTM STP 886, Philadelphia, PA 886, 192-203 

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., Milligan, D. L., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Toxicity of Metals to the Earthworm 

Eisenia fetida. Biol.Fertil.Soils 1[3], 149-152 

Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Romney, E. M. 1977. Effect of Chelating Agents on Phytotoxicity of Lead and Lead 

Transport. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 8[9], 733-740 

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy Metal 

Contamination in Artificial Soil. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 39[1], 113-118 

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000. Comparison of the Toxicological Effects of Nitrate Versus Chloride 

Metallic Salts on Caenorhabditis elegans in Soil. In: F.T.Price, K.V.Brix, and N.K.Lane (Eds.), Recent 

Achievements in Environmental Fate and Transport, 9th Volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohocken, PA , 

256-268 

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1997. Effects of Temperature on the Relative Toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to 


March 2005

Folsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 37, 125-130 

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Effects Of Ph On The Toxicity Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead And Zinc To 

Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) In A Standard Laboratory Test System. Chemosphere 33[12], 

2475-2486 

Singh, B. R. and Jeng, A. S. 1993. Uptake of Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium and Nickel by Ryegrass 

Grown in a Sandy Soil. Norw.J.Agric.Sci. 7[2], 147-157 

Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. 1995. Extrapolation of the Laboratory-Based OECD Earthworm Toxicity Test to 

Metal Contaminated Field Sites. Ecotoxicology 4[3], 190-205 

Spurgeon, D. J., Hopkin, S. P., and Jones, D. T. 1994. Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on Growth, 

Reproduction and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia Fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact of 

Point-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environ.Pollut. 84[2], 123-130 

Taylor, R. W. 1974. Presence and Influence of Certain Heavy Metals on the Yield and Utilitzation of Medicago 

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Taylor, R. W. and D. W. Allinson. 1981. Influence of Lead, Cadmium and Nickel on the Growth of Medicago sativa 

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Xiong, Z. T. 1997. Bioaccumulation and Physiological Effects of Excess Lead in a Roadside Pioneer Species 

Sonchus oleraceus L. Environ.Pollut. 97[3], 275-279 

Zaman, M. S. and Zereen, F. 1998. Growth Responses of Radish Plants to Soil Cadmium and Lead Contamination. 

Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 61[1], 44-50 

Zheng, C. and Chen, H. 1996. Interaction of Pb and Cd in Soil-Water-Plant System and Its Mechanism. I. Pb-Cd 

Interaction in Red Soil-Plant System. Pedosphere 6[1], 63-72 IP 13139 - Chur*g and Huaiman, 1996 

7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs 

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The 

definition of the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference 

sections. 

Score Aery, N. C. and Jagetiya, B. L. 1997. Relative Toxicity of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Barley. 

Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 28[11/12], 949-960 

Score Baumhardt, G. R. and Welch, L. F. 1972. Lead Uptake and Corn Growth with Soil-Applied Lead. 

J.Environ.Qual. 1[1], 92-94 

Score Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgen, S. 1986. Effects of Metals Pollution on the 

Earthworm Dendrobaena rubida (Sav.) in Acidified Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 28, 361-383 

No Dose Berg, M. H. 1970. Lead Absorption from Soil into Legumes. J Minn Acad Sci 36[2-3], 96 

Media Bersenyi, A., Fekete, S., Hullar, I., Kadar, I., Szilagyi, M., Glavits, R., Kulcsar, M., Mezes, M., 

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FL Bertels, C., Ruether, P., Kahle, H., and Breckle, S. W. 1989. Root System Growth of Beech 


March 2005

Seedlings in Cadmium and Cadmium-Lead Contaminated Soils (Die Entwicklung des 

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Media Beyer, W. N. and Anderson, A. 1985. Toxicity to Woodlice of Zinc and Lead Oxides Added to 

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Media Bharti, N. and Singh, R. P. 1993. Growth and Nitrate Reduction by Sesamum indicum cv PB-I 

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No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1972. Effects of Addition of 1000 ppm Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn 

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Environ.Pollut. 3, 173-177 

No Dose Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1974. Incubation Study on Effect of pH on Nitrogen 

Mineralisation and Nitrification in Soils Treated with 1000 ppm Lead and Zinc, as Oxides. 

Environ.Pollut. 7, 161-164 

No Control Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. 1976. Effect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on Nitrogen 

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Mix Bisessar, S. 1982. Effect of Heavy Metals on Microorganisms in Soils near a Secondary Lead 

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Media Bittell, J., Koeppe, D. E., and Miller, R. J. 1974. Sorption of Heavy Metals Cations by corn 

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230 

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No Dose Blaylock, Michael J., Salt, David E., Dushenkov, Slavik, Zakharova, Olga, Gussman, Christopher, 

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No Dur Boon, D. Y. and Soltanpour, P. N. 1992. Lead, cadmium and zinc contamination of aspen garden 

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Rev Breckle, S. W. and Kahle, H. 1992. Effects of Toxic Heavy Metals Cadmium Lead on Growth and 

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Media Buckles, V. P. 1999. Can the Pattern of the Leucage venusto Webs be Used to Indicate 

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Soc.Bot.Pol. 52[3/4], 231-239 

Media Burzynski, M. and Grabowski, A. 1984. Influence of Lead on Nitrate Uptake and Reduction in 

Cucumber Seedlings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pollut. 53[1], 77-86 

Media Burzynski, M. 1985. Influence of Lead on the Chlorophyll Content and on Initial Steps of Its 

Synthesis in Greening Cucumber Seedlings. Acta Soc.Bot.Pol. 54[1], 95-105 

Media Burzynski, M. 1987. The Uptake and Transpiration of Water and the Accumulation of Lead by 

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Mix Winters, C. and Morgan, A. J. 1988. Quantitative Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis Of Lead- 

Sequestering Organelles In Earthworms Technical Appraisal Of Air-Dried Smears And Freeze- 

Dried Cryosections. Scanning Microsc. 2[2], 947-958 


March 2005

Media Wong, M. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. 1982. A Comparison of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Using 

Root Elongation of Rye Grass, Lolium perenne. New Phytol. 91, 255-261 

Media Wong, M. H. and Lau, W. M. 1985. Root Growth of Cynodon and Eleusine indica Collected from 

Motorways at Different Concentrations of Lead. Environ Res 36[2], 257-267 

No Dose Wu, J., Hsu, F. C., and Cunningham, S. D. 1999. Chelate-assisted pb phytoextraction: pb 

availability, uptake, and translocation constraints. Environ.Sci.Technol. 33[11], 1898-1904 

Media Wu, L. and Antonovics, J. 1976. Experimental Ecological Genetics in Plantago II. Lead Tolerance 

in Plantago lanceolata and Cynodon dactylon from a Roadside. Ecology 57[3], 205-208 

FL Xi, Yuying, Guo, Dongsheng, Cheng, Jie, and Song, Yuxian. 1994. Effect of calcium and zinc on 

the contents of cadmium and lead in corn seedling. Shanxi Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 17[1], 

101-103 

Mix Xian, X. 1989. Response of kidney bean to concentration and chemical form of cadmium, zinc, 

and lead in polluted soils. Environmental Pollution. 57[2], 127-137 

Mix Xian, X. 1989. Effect of Chemical Forms of Cadmium, Zinc, and Lead in Polluted Soils on Their 

Uptake by Cabbage Plants. Plant Soil 113, 257-264 

Media Xiong, Z. T. 1998. Lead Uptake and Effects on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in a Pb 

Hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 60, 285-291 

FL Yagodin, B. A., Govorina, V. V., Vinogradova, S. B., Zamaraev, A. G., and Chapovskaya, G. V. 

1995. Accumulation of Cadmium and Lead by Some Farm Crops on Soddy-Podzolic Soils with 

Different Levels of Cultivation. Izv.Timiryazevsk.S-kh.Akad. [2], 85-100 

OM, pH Yan, C., Shunzhen, F., Xianke, Y., Zhong, Z., and Chen, R. 1997. Effects of Pb and Hg on Antioxidation 

Enzymes in Tobacco Leaves. Acra Scientiae Circumstantiae (Huanjing Kexue Xuebao) 

17[4], 469-473 

No Control Zawadzka, T., Mazur, H., Wojciechowska Mazurek, M., Starska, K., Brulinska Ostrowska, E., 

Cwiek, K., Uminska, R., and Bichniewicz, A. 1990. [Content Of Metals In Vegetables From 

Various Regions Of Poland In The Years 1986-1988. I. Content Of Lead, Cadmium And 

Mercury]. Rocz-Panstw-Zakl-Hig 41[3-4], 111-131 

Rev Zimdahl, R. L. and Arvik, J. H. 1973. Lead in Soils and Plants: A Literature Review. CRC 

Crit.Rev.Environ.Control 3[2], 213-224 

No Control Zimdahl, R. L. and Foster, J. M. 1976. The Influence of Applied Phosphorus, Manure, or Lime on 

Uptake of Lead from Soil. J.Environ.Qual. 5[1], 31-34 

FL Zommer Urbanska, S., Bojarowicz, H., and Kuczynska, I. 1994. [Fluorine And Lead Content In 

Selected Vegetables Grown Within The Range Of Emission Of Compounds Containing These 

Elements By The Glass Plant'Irena' In Wroclaw]. Rocz-Panstw-Zakl-Hig 45[1-2], 13-18 

Mix Zullini, A. and Peretii, E. 1986. Lead Pollutoin and Moss-Inihabiting Nematodes of an Industrial 

Area. Water Air Soil Pollut 27[3/4], 403-410 

No Dose Zupan, M., Hudnik, V., Lobnik, F., and Kadunc, V. 1997. Accumulation of lead, cadmium and 

zinc from contaminated soil in various plants and evaluation of soil remediation with indicator 

plant (Plantago lanceolata L.). Colloq.- Inst.Natl.Rech.Agron., Contaminated Soils, 85, 325-335 


March 2005

7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs 

Agodi, A., Viola, M., Alberghina, M., and Stella, A. M. G. 1990. Effect of Low-dose Lead Acetate Exposure on the 

Metabolism of Nucleic Acids and Lipids in Cerebellum and Hippocampus of Rat During Postnatal Development. 

J. Neurosci. Res. 25(1): 131-138. Ref ID: 2507 

Alfano, D. P., Leboutillier, J. C., and Petit, T. L. 1982. Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway Development in Normal 

and Postnatally Lead-exposed Rats. Exp. Neurol. 75(2): 308-319. Ref ID: 2510 

Alfano, D. P. and Petit, T. L. 1982. Neo Natal Lead Exposure Alters the Dendritic Development of Hippocampal 

Dentate Granule Cells. Exp Neurol. 75(2): 275-288. Ref ID: 2511 

Alfano, D. P., Petit, T. L., and Leboutillier, J. C. 1983. Development and Plasticity of the Hippocampal-cholinergic 

System in Normal and Early Lead Exposed Rats. Brain Res. 312(1): 117-124. Ref ID: 2512 

Anders, E., Dietz, D. D., Bagnell Jr., C. R., Gaynor, J., Krigman, M. R., Ross, D. W., Leander, J. D., and Mushak, P. 

1982. Morphological, Pharmacokinetic and Hematological Studies of Lead-exposed Pigeons. Environ. Res. 28(2): 

344-363. Ref ID: 2513 

Azar, A., Trochimowicz, H. J., and Maxwell, M. E. 1973. Review of Lead Studies in Animals Carried out at 

Haskell Laboratory: Two-year Feeding Study and Response to Hemorrhage Study. 199-210. Ref ID: 3747 

Bafundo, K. W., Baker, D. H., and Fitzgerald, P. R. 1984. Lead Toxicity in the Chick as Affected by Excess 

Copper and Zinc and by Eimeria Acervulina Infection. Poult. Sci. 63(8): 1594-1603. Ref ID: 2517 

Baksi, S. N. and Kenny, A. D. 1979. Vitamin D Metabolism in Japanese Quail: Effects of Lead Exposure and 

Dietary Calcium. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 51(3): 489-496. Ref ID: 2521 

Bankowska, J and Hine, C. 1985. Retention of Lead in the Rat. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14: 621-9. Ref 

ID: 14852 

Barlow, J. J., Baruah, J. K., and Davison, A. N. 1977. Delta-aminolaevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity and Focal 

Brain Haemorrhages in Lead-treated Rats. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 39(3): 219-23. Ref ID: 2523 

Barratt, C. L., Davies, A. G., Bansal, M. R., and Williams, M. E. 1989. The Effects of Lead on the Male Rat 

Reproductive System. Andrologia. 21(2): 161-166. Ref ID: 2524 

Barrett, J. and Livesey, P. J. 1982. The Acetic Acid Component of Lead Acetate: its Effect on Rat Weight and 

Activity. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4(1): 105-108. Ref ID: 2525 

Barrett, J. and Livesey, P. J. 1983. Lead Induced Alterations in Maternal Behavior and Offspring Development in 

the Rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(5): 557-63. Ref ID: 10239 

Barthalmus, G. T., Leander, J. D., Mcmillan, D. E., Mushak, P., and Krigman, M. R. 1977. Chronic Effects of Lead 

on Schedule-controlled Pigeon Behavior. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42(2): 271-284. Ref ID: 2526 

Bataineh, H., Al-hamood, M. H., and Elbetieha, A. M. 1998. Assessment of Aggression, Sexual Behavior and 

Fertility in Adult Male Rat Following Long-term Ingestion of Four Industrial Metals Salts. Hum Exp Toxicol. 

17(10): 570-6. Ref ID: 1717 

Batra, N., Nehru, B., and Bansal, M. P. 1998. The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Effects of Lead on the Rat 

Testis. Reprod. Toxicol. 12(5): 535-540. Ref ID: 2528 

Berg, L. R., Nordstrom, J. O., and Ousterhout, L. E. 1980. The Prevention of Chick Growth Depression Due to 

Dietary Lead by Increased Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Levels. Poult. Sci. 59(8): 1860-1863. Ref ID: 2534 


March 2005

Blakley, Br, Sisodia, Cs, and Mukkur, Tk. 1980. The Effect of Methylmercury, Tetraethyl Lead, and Sodium 

Arsenite on the Humoral Immune Response in Mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 52(2): 245-254. Ref ID: 14598 

Blanusa, M, Piasek, M, and Kostial, K. 1989. Interaction of Lead with Some Essential Elements in Rat's Kidney in 

Relation to Age. Biological Trace Element Research. 21: 189-93. Ref ID: 14750 

Boscolo, P., Carmignani, M., Sacchettoni-logroscino, G., Rannelletti, F. O., Artese, L., and Preziosi, P. 1988. 

Ultrastructure of the Testis in Rats with Blood Hypertension Induced by Long-term Lead Exposure. Toxicol Lett. 

41(2): 129-137. Ref ID: 3821 

Boscolo, Paolo, Carmignani, Marco, Carelli, Giovanni, Finelli, Vincent N., and Giuliano, Giovanni. 1992. Zinc and 

Copper in Tissues of rats with Blood Hypertension Induced by Long-term Lead Exposure. Toxicol. Lett. 63(2): 

135-9 . Ref ID: 21113 

Bourjeily, N. and Suszkiw, J. B. 1997. Developmental Cholinotoxicity of Lead: Loss of Septal Cholinergic 

Neurons and Long-term Changes in Cholinergic Innervation of the Hippocampus in Perinatally Lead-exposed Rats. 

Brain Res. 771(2): 319-328. Ref ID: 2545 

Brady, K, Herrera, Y, and Zenick, H. 1975. Influence of Parental Lead Exposure on Subsequent Learning Ability 

of Offspring. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3: 561-5. Ref ID: 14795 

Brashear, C. W., Kopp, V. J., and Krigman, M. R. 1978. Effect of Lead on the Developing Peripheral Nervous 

System. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37(4): 414-425. Ref ID: 2546 

Brown, D. V. 1974. Reaction of the Rabbit Retinal Pigment Ipithelium to Systemic Lead Poisoning. Trans. Am. 

Ophthalmol. Soc. 72: 404-447. Ref ID: 2548 

Bull, R. J. 1983. Delayed Metabolic Maturation of the Cerebral Cortex of Rat Pups Derived from Lead-treated 

Dams. J Toxicol Environ Health. 11(2): 211-226. Ref ID: 3826 

Bull, Rj, Lutkenhoff, Sd, Mccarty, Ge, and Miller, Rg. 1979. Delays in the Postnatal Increase of Cerebral 

Cytochrome Concentrations in Lead-exposed Rats. Neuropharmacology. 18: 83-92. Ref ID: 14812 

Camoratto, A. M., White, L. M., Lau, Y. S., Ware, G. O., Berry, W. D., and Moriarty, C. M. 1993. Effect of 

Exposure to Low Level Lead on Growth and Growth Hormone Release in Rats. Toxicology. 83(1-3): 101-114. 

Ref ID: 2563 

Carpenter, S. J. 1982. Enhanced Teratogenicity of Orally Administered Lead in Hamsters Fed Diets Deficient in 

Calcium or Iron. Toxicology. 24(3-4): 259-271. Ref ID: 2565 

Carroll, Pt, Silbergeld, Ek, and Goldberg, Am. 1977. Alteration of Central Cholinergic Function by Chronic Lead 

Acetate Exposure. Biochem. Pharmac. 26: 397-402. Ref ID: 14813 

Carson, T. L., Van Gelder, G. A., Buck, W. B., Hoffman, L. J., Mick, D. L., and Long, K. R. 1973. Effects of Low 

Level Lead Ingestion in Sheep. Clin.toxicol. 6(3): 389-403. Ref ID: 3830 

Cerklewski, F. L. 1980. Reduction in Neonatal Lead Exposure by Supplemental Dietary Iron During Gestation and 

Lactation in the Rat. J Nutr. 110(7): 1453-7. Ref ID: 10607 

Cernochova, D. and Kamarad, V. 1992. Toxic Effect of Lead on Mice Testicles after its Administration with 

Drinking Water. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae. 133: 9-13. Ref ID: 2568 

Chowdhury, A. R., Dewan, A., and Gandhi, D. N. 1984. Toxic Effect of Lead on the Testes of Rat. Biomed. 

Biochim. Acta. 43(1): 95-100. Ref ID: 3721 


March 2005

Clayton, LB, Kitchen, I, and Winder, C. 1983. Ontogenetic Differences in Striatal Enkephalin Levels in Rats 

Exposed to Low Levels of Lead. Br. J. Pharmac. 79: 199p. Ref ID: 14814 

Connor, E. E., Scanlon, P. F., and Kirkpatrick, R. L. 1994. Bioavailability of Lead from Contaminated Sediment in 

Northern Bobwhites, Colinus Virginianus. Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(1): 60-63. Ref ID: 2573 

Cookman, G. R., King, W., and Regan, C. M. 1987. Chronic Low-level Lead Exposure Impairs Embryonic to 

Adult Conversion of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule. J. Neurochem. 49(2): 399-403. Ref ID: 2574 

Corpas, I., Gaspar, I., Martinez, S., Codesal, J., Candelas, S., and Antonio, M. T. 1995. Testicular Alterations in 

Rats Due to Gestational and Early Lactational Administration of Lead. Reprod. Toxicol. 9(3): 307-313. Ref ID: 

2575 

Cory-slechta, D. A., Bissen, S. T., Young, A. M., and Thompson, T. 1981. Chronic Postweaning Lead Exposure 

and Response Duration Performance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 60(1): 78-84. Ref ID: 3838 

Cory-slechta, D. A., Garman, R. H., and Seidman, D. 1980. Lead Induced Crop Dysfunction in the Pigeon. 

Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 52(3): 462-467. Ref ID: 2576 

Cory-Slechta, D. A. and Thompson, T. 1979. Behavioral Toxicity of Chronic Postweaning Lead Exposure in the 

Rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47(1): 151-159. Ref ID: 2577 

Cramer, MB, Johnson, TD, and Clarke, DE. 1980. Low-level Lead Exposure During Growth and Development: 

Absence of Behavioral and Cholinergic Neuromuscular Toxicity. Res. Comm. Subst. Abuse. 1: 111-124. Ref ID: 

14816 

Cupo, M. A. and Donaldson, W. E. 1988. Effect of Lead and Niacin on Growth and Serotonin Metabolism in 

Chicks. J. Nutr. 118(1): 107-113. Ref ID: 2579 

Custer, T. W., Franson, J. C., and Pattee, O. H. 1984. Tissue Lead Distribution and Hematologic Effects in 

American Kestrels (Falco Sparverius L.) Fed Biologically Incorporated Lead. J. Wildl. Dis. 20(1): 39-43. Ref ID: 

2581 

Damron, Bl, Simpson, Cf, and Harms, Rh. 1969. The Effect of Feeding Various Levels of Lead on the Performance 

of Broilers. Poult. Sci. 48: 1507-1509. Ref ID: 14768 

Dauwe, T. L. Bervoets R. Blust M. Eens. 2002. Tissue Levels of Lead in Experimentally Exposed Zebra Finches 

(Taeniopygia Guttata) with Particular Attention on the Use of Feathers as Biomonitors. Arch. Environ. Contam. 

Toxicol. 42(1): 88-92. Ref ID: 25894 

Dietz, D. D., Mcmillan, D. E., and Mushak, P. 1979. Effects of Chronic Lead Administration on Acquisition and 

Performance of Serial Position Sequences by Pigeons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 47(2): 377-384. Ref ID: 2591 

Dilts Jr., P. V. and Ahokas, R. A. 1980. Effects of Dietary Lead and Zinc on Fetal Organ Growth. Am. J. Obstet. 

Gynecol. 136(7): 889-896. Ref ID: 2592 

Dilts Jr., P. V. and Ahokas, R. A. 1979. Effects of Dietary Lead and Zinc on Pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 

135(7): 940-946. Ref ID: 2593 

Dobryszycka, W., Zawirska, B., Owczarek, H., Grzebieluch, M., and Dzik, T. 1984. Morphological and 

Biochemical Effects of Chronic Low-level Cadmium and Lead Feeding to Rats. Acta Pol. Pharm. 41(1): 111-115. 

Ref ID: 707 


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Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., and Moore, M. R. 1987. Effects of Lead in the Laboratory Mouse. Development and 

Social Behaviour after Lifelong Exposure to 12 Microm Lead in Drinking Fluid. Neuropharmacology. 26(4): 

391-399. Ref ID: 2597 

Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., Moore, M. R., and Bradley, M. 1981. Development and Social Behaviour in Mice 

after Prenatal and Postnatal Administration of Low Levels of Lead Acetate. Neuropharmacology. 20(11): 1097- 

1104. Ref ID: 2598 

Donald, J. M., Cutler, M. G., Moore, M. R., and Bradley, M. 1986. Effects of Lead in the Laboratory Mouse--2. 

Development and Social Behaviour after Lifelong Administration of a Small Dose of Lead Acetate in Drinking 

Fluid. Neuropharmacology. 25(2): 151-160. Ref ID: 2599 

Donaldson, W. E. 1985. Effects of Dietary Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Selenium on Fatty Acid Composition of 

Blood Serum and Erythrocyte Membranes from Chicks. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 7(4): P255-62. Ref ID: 429 

Donaldson, W. E. 1986. Interaction of Lead Toxicity and Riboflavin Status in Chicks (Gallus Domesticus). 

Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 85(1): 1-3. Ref ID: 2600 

Donaldson, W. E. and Mcgowan, C. 1989. Lead Toxicity in Chickens. Interaction with Toxic Dietary Levels of 

Selenium. Biol Trace Elem Res. 20(1-2): 127-33. Ref ID: 1285 

Donovick, P. J. and Burright, R. G. 1986. Short Term Lead Exposure, Age and Food Deprivation: Interactive 

Effects on Wheel Running Behavior of Adult Male Mice. Exp. Aging Res. 12(3): 163-168. Ref ID: 3718 

Draski, L. J., Burright, R. G., and Donovick, P. J. 1989. The Influence of Prenatal And/or Postnatal Exposure to 

Lead on Behavior of Preweanling Mice. Physiol. Behav. 45(4): 711-715. Ref ID: 3719 

Dyck, P. J., Windebank, A. J., Low, P. A., and Baumann, W. J. 1980. Blood Nerve Barrier in Rat and Cellular 

Mechanisms of Lead-induced Segmental Demyelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 39(6): 700-709. Ref ID: 

2604 

Edens, F. W. 1985. Whole Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Lead-exposed Japanese Quail. Poult. Sci. 

64(7): 1391-1393. Ref ID: 2605 

Edens, F. W., Benton, E., Bursian, S. J., and Morgan, G. W. 1976. Effect of Dietary Lead on Reproductive 

Performance in Japanese Quail, Coturnix Coturnix Japonica. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 38(2): 307-314. Ref ID: 

2606 

Edens, F. W. and Garlich, J. D. 1983. Lead-induced Egg Production Decrease in Leghorn and Japanese Quail 

Hens. Poult. Sci. 62(9): 1757-1763. Ref ID: 2608 

Edens, F. W. and Melvin, V. K. 1989. Lead Influences on Physiological and Growth Responses in Coturnix 

Coturnix Japonica Selected for Large Body Weights. Environ. Res. 50(1): 140-156. Ref ID: 2609 

El-gazzar, R. M., Finelli, V. N., Boiano, J., and Petering, H. G. 1978. Influence of Dietary Zinc on Lead Toxicity 

in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 1(4): 227-34 . Ref ID: 21143 

Epstein, H. T., Fenton, K., and Shimpach, S. 1991. Lead Acetate Delays Rapid Postnatal Mouse Brain and Body 

Growth. Life Sci. 49(16): 1169-1172. Ref ID: 2614 

Epstein, H. T., Newton, J. T., and Fenton, K. 1999. Lead Effects on Offspring Depend on When Mouse Mothers 

Were Exposed to Lead. Biol. Neonate. 75(4): 272-278. Ref ID: 2615 


March 2005

Escribano, A., Revilla, M., Hernandez, E. R., Seco, C., Gonzalez-riola, J., Villa, L. F., and Rico, H. 1997. Effect of 

Lead on Bone Development and Bone Mass: a Morphometric, Densitometric, and Histomorphometric Study in 

Growing Rats. Calcif. Tissue Int. 60 (2): 200-203. Ref ID: 2616 

Ewers, U and Erbe, R. 1980. Effects of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury on Brain Adenylate Cyclase. Toxicology. 

16: 227-237. Ref ID: 14818 

Exon, J. H., Koller, L. D., and Kerkvliet, N. I. 1979. Lead-cadmium Interaction: Effects on Viral-induced Mortality 

and Tissue Residues in Mice. Arch.environ Health. 34(6): 469-475. Ref ID: 3847 

Eyden, B. P., Maisin, J. R., and Mattelin, G. 1978. Long-term Effects of Dietary Lead Acetate on Survival, Body 

Weight and Seminal Cytology in Mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19(3): 266-272. Ref ID: 2618 

Fick, K. R., Ammerman, C. B., Miller, S. M., Simpson, C. F., and Loggins, P. E. 1976. Effect of Dietary Lead on 

Performance, Tissue Mineral Composition and Lead Absorption in Sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 42(2): 515-523. Ref ID: 

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Finley, M. T., Dieter, M. P., and Locke, L. N. 1976. Sublethal Effects of Chronic Lead Ingestion in Mallard Ducks. 

J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1(6): 929-937. Ref ID: 2624 

Forbes, R. M. and Cerklewski, F. L. 1977. Influence of Dietary Copper on Lead Toxicity in the Young Male Rat. 

J. Nutr. 107(1): 143. Ref ID: 2625 

Fox, D. A., Lewkowski, J. P., and Cooper, G. P. 1977. Acute and Chronic Effects of Neonatal Lead Exposure on 

Development of the Visual Evoked Response in Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 40(3): 449-461. Ref ID: 2633 

Fox, D. A., Wright, A. A., and Costa, L. G. 1982. Visual Acuity Deficits Following Neonatal Lead Exposure: 

Cholinergic Interactions. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4(6): 689-693. Ref ID: 2634 

Franson, J. C. and Custer, T. W. 1982. Toxicity of Dietary Lead in Young Cockerels. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 24(6): 

421-423. Ref ID: 2635 

Franson, J. C., Sileo, L., Pattee, O. H., and Moore, J. F. 1983. Effects of Chronic Dietary Lead in American 

Kestrels (Falco Sparverius). J. Wildl. Dis. 19(2): 110-113. Ref ID: 2636 

Frederick, R. B. 1976. Effects of Lead Nitrate on Open-field Behavior of Mallard Ducklings. Bull. Environ. 

Contam. Toxicol. 16(6): 739-742. Ref ID: 2638 

Freundt, K. J. and Ibrahim, H. A. 1990. Growth of Rats During a Subchronic Intake of the Heavy Metals Pb, Cd, 

Zn, Mn, Cu, Hg, and Be. Pol. J. Occup. Med. 3(2): 227-232. Ref ID: 2640 

Gandley, R., Anderson, L., and Silbergeld, E. K. 1999. Lead : Male-mediated Effects on Reproduction and 

Development in the Rat. Environ. Res. 80(4): 355-363. Ref ID: 2642 

Gelman, Bg and Michaelson, Ia. 1979. Neonatal Lead Toxicity and in Vitro Lipid Peroxidation of Rat Brain. J. 

Toxic. Environ. Health. 5: 671-682. Ref ID: 14821 

Gerber, Gb, Maes, J, Gilliavod, N, and Casale, G. 1978. Brain Biochemistry of Infant Mice and Rats Exposed to 

Lead. Toxic. Lett. 2: 51-63. Ref ID: 14822 

Gershbein, L. L., Gershbein, J. D., and French, R. 1983. Behavior of Male Rats Fed Low Levels of Metallic Salts. 

Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 39(3): 507-510. Ref ID: 136 

Goldman, D, Hejtmancik, Mr, Williams, Bj, and Zeigler, Mg. 1980. Altered Noradrenergic Systems in the Leadexposed 

Neonatal Rat. Neurobehav. Toxic. 2: 337-343. Ref ID: 14823 


March 2005

Goldstein, Gw, Asbury, Ak, and Diamond, I. 1974. Pathogenesis of Lead Encephalopathy. Uptake of Lead and 

Reaction of Brain Capillaries. Archs. Neurol. 31: 382-9. Ref ID: 14824 

Gonzalez-riola, J., Hernandez, E. R., Escribano, A., Revilla, M., Seco, C. A., Villa, L. F., and Rico, H. 1997. Effect 

of Lead on Bone and Cartilage in Sexually Mature Rats: a Morphometric and Histomorphometry Study. Environ. 

Res. 74(1): 91-93. Ref ID: 2654 

Govoni, S, Memo, M, Lucchi, L, Spano, Pf, and Trabucchi, M. 1980. Brain Neurotransmitter Systems and Chronic 

Lead Intoxication. Pharmac. Res. Commun. 12: 447-460. Ref ID: 14825 

Goyer, Ra, Leonard, Dl, Moore, Jf, Rhyne, B, and Krigman, Mr. 1970. Lead Dosage and the Role of the 

Intranuclear Inclusion Body: an Experimental Study. Arch. Environ. Htlh. 20: 705-11. Ref ID: 14799 

Grant, L. D., Kimmel, C. A., West, G. L., Martinez-vargas, C. M., and Howard, J. L. 1980 . Chronic Low Level 

Lead Toxicity in the Rat. 2. Effects on Post Natal Physical and Behavioral Development. Toxicol. Appl. 

Pharmacol. 56(1): 42-58. Ref ID: 2658 

Gruber, H. E., Gonick, H. C., Khalil-manesh, F., Sanchez, T. V., Motsinger, S., Meyer, M., and Sharp, C. F. 1997. 

Osteopenia Induced by Long-term, Low- and High-level Exposure of the Adult Rat to Lead. Miner. Electrolyte 

Metab. 23(2): 65-73. Ref ID: 2660 

Gupta, G. S., Singh, J., and Parkash, P. 1995. Renal Toxicity after Oral Administration of Lead Acetate During Preand 

Post-implantation Periods: Effects on Trace Metal Composition, Metallo-enzymes and Glutathione. 

Pharmacol. Toxicol. 76(3): 206-211. Ref ID: 2666 

Haegele, M. A., Tucker, R. K., and Hudson, R. H. 1974. Effects of Dietary Mercury and Lead on Eggshell 

Thickness in Mallards. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11(1): 5-11. Ref ID: 2668 

Hallen, I. P., Jorhem, L., and Oskarsson, A. 1995. Placental and Lactational Transfer of Lead in Rats: a Study on 

the Lactational Process and Effects on Offspring. Arch. Toxicol. 69(9): 596-602. Ref ID: 2669 

Hamilton, J. D. and O'flaherty, E. J. 1994 . Effects of Lead Exposure on Skeletal Development in Rats. Fundam. 

Appl. Toxicol. 22(4): 594-604. Ref ID: 2670 

Hamilton, J. D., O'flaherty, E. J., Ross, R., Shukla, R., and Gartside, P. S. 1994. Structural Equation Modeling and 

Nested Anova: Effects of Lead Exposure on Maternal and Fetal Growth in Rats. Environ. Res. 64(1): 53-64. Ref 

ID: 2671 

Hamir, A. N. B. Lehman N. Raju J. G Ebel K. L. Manzell C. E. Rupprecht. 1999. Experimental Lead Toxicosis of 

Raccoons (Procyon Lotor). J. Comp. Pathol. 120(2): 147-154. Ref ID: 25886 

Hammond, P. B., Chernausek, S. D., Succop, P. A., Shukla, R., and Bornschein, R. L. 1989. Mechanisms by Which 

Lead Depresses Linear and Ponderal Growth in Weanling Rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99(3): 474-486. Ref 

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March 2005

Rejection Criteria 

Literature Rejection Categories 

Description Receptor 

ABSTRACT 

Abstracts of journal publications or conference 

Wildlife 

(Abstract) 

presentations. 

Plants and Soil Invertebrates 

ACUTE STUDIES 

(Acu) 

Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less. Wildlife 

AIR POLLUTION 

(Air P) 

Studies describing the results for air pollution studies. 

Wildlife 


ALTERED RECEPTOR 

(Alt) 

AQUATIC STUDIES 

(Aquatic) 

ANATOMICAL STUDIES 

(Anat) 

BACTERIA 

(Bact) 

BIOACCUMULATION 

SURVEY 

(Bio Acc) 

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT 

(BioP) 

BIOMARKER 

(Biom) 

CARCINOGENICITY 

STUDIES 

(Carcin) 

CHEMICAL METHODS 

(Chem Meth) 

CONFERENCE 

PROCEEDINGS 

(CP) 

DEAD 

(Dead) 

DISSERTATIONS 

(Diss) 

DRUG 

(Drug) 

DUPLICATE DATA 

(Dup) 

Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant on 

surgically-altered or chemically-modified receptors (e.g., 

right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormone 

implant, etc.). 

Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms. 

Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant is 

used in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining for 

histology). 

Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection. 

Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration of 

the contaminant in tissues. 

Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungal 

toxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, or 

microbial extracts or toxins. 

Studies reporting results for a biomarker having no 

reported association with an adverse effect and an 

exposure dose (or concentration). 

Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpoints 

such as tumor induction. Papers that report systemic 

toxicity data are retained for coding of appropriate 

endpoints. 

Studies reporting methods for determination of 

contaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studies 

describing the preparation and analysis of the contaminant 

in the tissues of the receptor. 

Studies reported in conference and symposium 

proceedings. 

Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studies 

reporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it is 

not possible to establish the dose to the organism. 

Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations are 

flagged for possible future use. 

Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeutic 

effects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs include 

vitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may be 

included if there is potential for adverse effects. 

Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separate 

publication. The publication with the earlier year is used. 

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Plants and Soil Invertebrates




ECOLOGICAL 

INTERACTIONS 

(Ecol) 

EFFLUENT 

(Effl) 

ECOLOGICALLY 

RELEVANT ENDPOINT 

(ERE) 

CONTAMINANT 

FATE/METABOLISM 

(Fate) 

FOREIGN LANGUAGE 

(FL) 

FOOD STUDIES 

(Food) 

FUNGUS 

(Fungus) 

GENE 

(Gene) 

HUMAN HEALTH 

(HHE) 

IMMUNOLOGY 

(IMM) 

INVERTEBRATE 

(Invert) 

IN VITRO 

(In Vit) 

LEAD SHOT 

(Lead shot) 

MEDIA 

(Media) 

METHODS 

(Meth) 

MINERAL REQUIREMENTS 

(Mineral) 

MIXTURE 

(Mix) 

Studies of ecological processes that do not investigate 

effects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of “silver” 

fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in iron 

search). 

Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or polluted 

runoff. 

Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered as 

ecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs 

(e.g., behavior, mortality). 

Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, rather 

than what happens to the organism. Studies describing the 

intermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g., 

radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverse 

effects. 

Studies in languages other than English. 

Food science studies conducted to improve production of 

food for human consumption. 

Studies on fungus. 

Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and 

mutagenicity). 

Studies with human subjects. 

Studies on the effects of contaminants on immunological 

endpoints. 

Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants on 

terrestrial invertebrates are excluded. 

In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures, 

excised tissues and/or excised organs. 

Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form. 

These studies are labeled separately for possible later 

retrieval and review. 

Authors must report that the study was conducted using 

natural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water or 

any other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filter 

paper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peat 

muck, humus), are not considered suitable for use in 

defining soil screening levels. 

Studies reporting methods or methods development 

without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints. 

Studies examining the minerals required for better 

production of animals for human consumption, unless 

there is potential for adverse effects. 

Studies that report data for combinations of single 

toxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded. 

Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soils 

or waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey. 

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MODELING 

(Model) 

NO CONTAMINANT OF 

CONCERN 

(No COC) 

NO CONTROL 

(No Control) 

NO DATA 

(No Data) 

NO DOSE or CONC 

(No Dose) 

NO DURATION 

(No Dur) 

NO EFFECT 

(No Efct) 

NO ORAL 

(No Oral) 

NO ORGANISM 

(No Org) or NO SPECIES 

NOT AVAILABLE 

(Not Avail) 

NOT PRIMARY 

(Not Prim) 

NO TOXICANT 

(No Tox) 

NO TOX DATA 

(No Tox Data) 

NUTRIENT 

(Nutrient) 

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY 

(Nut def) 

NUTRITION 

(Nut) 

OTHER AMBIENT 

CONDITIONS 

(OAC) 

Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling, 

i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studies 

which extrapolate effects based on known relationships 

between parameters and adverse effects. 

Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSL 

contaminants of concern. 

Studies which lack a control or which have a control that is 

classified as invalid for derivation of TRVs. 

Studies for which results are stated in text but no data is 

provided. Also refers to studies with insufficient data 

where results are reported for only one organism per 

exposure concentration or dose (wildlife). 

Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, or 

an insufficient number of doses/concentrations are used 

based on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identified 

after examination of full paper. This includes studies 

which examine effects after exposure to contaminant 

ceases. This also includes studies where offspring are 

exposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents and 

then after weaning to similar concentrations as their 

parents. Dose cannot be determined. 

Studies with no exposure duration. These are usually 

identified after examination of full paper. 

Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biological 

test species or data not reported for effect discussed. 

Studies using non-oral routes of contaminant 

administration including intraperitoneal injection, other 

injection, inhalation, and dermal exposures. 

Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (also 

see in vitro rejection category). 

Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronic 

searches may be incorrect or the source is not readily 

available. 

Papers that are not the original compilation and/or 

publication of the experimental data. 

No toxicant used. Publications often report responses to 

changes in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH or 

temperature. Such publications are not included. 

Studies where toxicant used but no results reported that 

had a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates). 

Nutrition studies reporting no concentration related 

negative impact. 

Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritional 

deficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer is 

uncertain then the administrator should be consulted. 

Effects associated with added nutrients are coded. 

Studies examining the best or minimum level of a 

chemical in the diet for improvement of health or 

maintenance of animals in captivity. 

Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH, 

salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc. 

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OIL 

Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleum Wildlife 

(Oil) 

products. 


OM, pH 

(OM, pH) 

ORGANIC METAL 

(Org Met) 

LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGH 

DOSE MODELS 

(Pb Behav) 

PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES 

(Phys) 

PLANT 

(Plant) 

PRIMATE 

(Prim) 

PUBL AS 

(Publ as) 

QSAR 

(QSAR) 

REGULATIONS 

(Reg) 

REVIEW 

(Rev) 

Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported by 

the authors, but may be presented in one of the following 

ways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic 

carbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulate 

organic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM), 

ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil, 

percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition 

(LOI), organic matter content (OMC). 

With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances, 

the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pH 

should be within the range of �4 and �8.5. Studies that 

do not report pH or report pH outside this range are 

rejected. 

Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. This 

includes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromium 

picolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4phenylarsonic 

acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonic 

acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsine 

oxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organo 

metallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines are 

not rejected and are evaluated. 

There are a high number of studies in the literature that 

expose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead in 

drinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observe 

behavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in the 

brain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only a 

representative subset of these studies were coded. 

Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learned 

tasks) were also not coded. 

Physiology studies where adverse effects are not 

associated with exposure to contaminants of concern. 


Wildlife 

Wildlife 

Wildlife 

Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded. Wildlife 

Primate studies are excluded. Wildlife 

The author states that the information in this report has 

been published in another source. Data are recorded from 

only one source. The secondary citation is noted as Publ 

As. 

Derivation of Quantitative Structure-Activity 

Relationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSAR 

publications are rejected if raw toxicity data are not 

reported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere as 

original data. 

Regulations and related publications that are not a primary 

source of data. 

Studies in which the data reported in the article are not 

primary data from research conducted by the author. The 

publication is a compilation of data published elsewhere. 

These publications are reviewed manually to identify other 

relevant literature. 

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SEDIMENT CONC 

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose Wildlife 

(Sed) 

reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment. 


SCORE 

(Score) 

SEDIMENT CONC 

(Sed) 

SLUDGE 

SOIL CONC 

(Soil) 

SPECIES 

STRESSOR 

(QAC) 

SURVEY 

(Surv) 

REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN 

(Herp) 

UNRELATED 

(Unrel) 

WATER QUALITY STUDY 

(Wqual) 

YEAST 

(Yeast) 

Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at or 

lower then the acceptable cut-off (�10 of 18) for plants 

and soil invertebrates). 

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose 

reported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment. 

Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended with 

sewage sludge. 

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dose 

reported is for the level of a toxicant in soil. 

Studies in which the species of concern was not a 

terrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird. 

Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g., 

radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effect 

of the contaminant alone cannot be isolated. 

Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the field 

over a period of time. Often neither a duration nor an 

exposure concentration is reported. 

Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged 

for possible later review. 

Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure and 

response and/or the receptor groups of interest. 

Studies of water quality. 

Studies of yeast. 


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This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Appendix 5-1 

Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife Toxicity 


March 2005


Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 

Test Species 

Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) 

Lead 

Page 1 of 3 

Ref Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day 

# of Conc/ Doses 

Conc/ Doses 

Conc/Dose Units 

Wet Weight Reported? 

Percent Moisture 

Application Frequency 





Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Test Location 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 

Body Weight Reported? 

Body Weight in kg 

Ingestion Rate Reported? 

Ingestion Rate in kg/day or 

L/day 

NOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) 

Result Data Evaluation Score 

Biochemical 

1 2860 Scheuhammer, 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 7 0/1/5/10/30/50/100 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.0 5.0 N 0.99 N 0.0578 0.0584 0.292 10 10 5 10 5 1 8 10 6 4 69 

2 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 4 68 

3 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 10.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 7 1 8 10 10 4 70 

4 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 1.76 5.13 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 0.201 0.586 10 10 10 10 7 1 10 10 6 4 78 

5 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR AD F C Lab CHM CALC BL 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 1 10 10 10 4 72 

6 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 69 

7 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 69 

8 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 200 N 0.0444 N 0.0077 34.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 69 

9 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab CHM CALC BL 1.0 N 0.159 N 0.0152 0.111 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 67 

10 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ENZ ALAD BL 9.67 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 2.52 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 10 6 4 71 

11 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.1392 N 0.0161 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 6 4 68 

12 11651 Hoffman et al, 1985 Metallic lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw/d Y DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V Lab CHM HMGL BL 25.0 N 0.0753 N 0.0108 26.3 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77 

13 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab CHM CALC PL 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66 

Behavior 

14 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 66 

15 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 50.0 100 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 6.52 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75 

16 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.10 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 72 

17 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 10 75 

18 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab FDB FEFF WO 1000 2000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 61.4 123 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74 

19 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab FDB FEFF WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

20 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 2200 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 304 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73 

21 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 10.0 100 Y 0.155 Y 0.0300 1.94 19.4 10 10 5 5 7 4 8 10 10 4 71 

22 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 17 d NR NR AD M C Lab BEH NMVM WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 6 4 71 

23 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

24 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 69 

25 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab BEH FEFF WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 456 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67 

Physiology 

26 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab PHY SKIR FE 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75 

Pathology 

27 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.33 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 66 

28 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab ORW ORWT LI 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

29 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ORW SMIX KI 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 8 10 4 66 

30 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 200 Y 1.78 Y 0.111 6.24 12.5 10 10 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 75 

31 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 100 1000 Y 0.127 N 0.0153 11.9 119 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 7 75 

32 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA GRS BDWT WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 10 84 

33 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 55 d NR NR AD M C Lab GRS BDWT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 77 

34 2636 Franson et al., 1983 Lead metallic 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/9.67/54.0 mg/kg diet Y 56.7 DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD B C FieldA ORW SMIX MT 54.0 Y 0.1505 N 0.0170 14.1 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 6 6 4 70 

35 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/18/53/107 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 35 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 18.0 53.0 Y 0.676 N 0.045104 18.0 53.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 6 4 77 

36 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA ORW ORWT BR 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 4 8 10 10 4 84 

37 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74 

38 14770 Kendall and Scanlon, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 4 0.0/25.0/50.0/75.0 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 7 d NR NR AD M V Lab GRS BDWT WO 75.0 Y 0.1253 N 0.0151 75.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 8 6 4 69 

39 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab ORW SMIX FM 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 8 10 4 67 

40 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ORW SMIX BR 1000 Y 0.131 N 0.015498 118 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

41 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab ITX ANR WO 160 320 N 0.0016 N 0.00088 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81 

42 818 Rao et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab HIS GLBM KI 80.0 N 3.12 N 0.122 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67 

43 817 Rao et al. 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 13 w 7 mo JV F C NR HIS GHIS KI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 2.46 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67 

44 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 5 w NR NR AD M C Lab HIS GHIS KI 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 3 4 68 

45 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT LI 500 N 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 67 

46 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX LI 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

47 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab ORW ORWT AR 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

48 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA HIS GHIS LI 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

49 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ORW SMIX TB 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

Reproduction 

50 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 w LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 10.0 N 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 1.94 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 4 77 


LOAEL Dose (mg/kg/day) 

Data Source 

Dose Route 

Test Concentrations 

Chemical form 

Dose Quantification 

Endpoint 

Dose Range 

Statistical Power 


Test Conditions 

Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 

Test Species 


Lead 

Page 2 of 3 



Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Test Location 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 





L/day 



51 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 25.0 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 1.63 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 79 

52 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 30 d 22 w LB F C Lab EGG ALWT EG 20.0 30.0 N 1.042 Y 0.1403 2.69 4.04 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 6 4 81 

53 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 76 d NR NR AD F C FieldA EGG ESTH EG 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 71 

54 2809 Pattec 1984 Metallic lead 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 3 0/19.80/104.40 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 6 mo 1-6 yr AD F C FieldA REP RSUC WO 104 Y 0.1439 N 0.0165 12.0 10 10 10 10 6 10 4 10 10 10 90 

55 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 10 8 10 10 4 78 

56 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C Lab REP TEWT TE 500 1000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 67.4 135 10 10 5 5 6 10 10 10 10 4 80 

57 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 1000 Y 0.113 N 0.0141 125 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 3 10 4 67 

58 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d LB B C Lab REP EGPN EG 1.0 Y 0.159 N 0.0175 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 7 77 

59 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 1.0 Y 0.155 Y 0.030 0.194 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75 

60 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/50/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 w NR NR LB F C Lab REP PROG WO 50.0 Y 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75 

61 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 11 w NR NR AD M C Lab REP TEWT TE 100 N 0.123 N 0.014491 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

62 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 14 w JV F C Lab REP TPRD WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75 

63 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab REP PROG WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74 

Growth 

64 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 0/1/10/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 10.0 100 Y 0.147 Y 0.0230 1.56 15.6 10 10 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 77 

65 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.007786 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

66 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.006685 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 70 

67 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 50.0 500 Y 0.13 N 0.0154 5.93 59.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

68 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/100/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0640 6.1 61.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

69 14768 Damron et al, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 N 1.042 Y 0.0740 7.1 71.0 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

70 2606 Edens et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 ug/g diet N ADL U FD 12 w 0 d JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 11.1 111 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 7 79 

71 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.154 N 0.0172 11.2 112 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

72 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 6 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 12.6 126 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

73 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 1 w 1 d JV NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 100 500 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 13.5 67.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

74 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67 

75 2718 Jeng et. al, 1979 Lead nitrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 0/10/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 24 w MA F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 1.4 N 0.0725 20.0 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 7 87 

76 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 25.0 125 Y 0.0753 N 0.0108 25.0 125 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 10 10 4 88 

77 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67 

78 6463 Stone et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 14 d 1 d JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.0444 N 0.007662 34.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77 

79 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 68.2 7 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 68 

80 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 1000 Y 0.118 N 0.0145 61.3 123 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83 

81 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67 

82 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.46 N 0.0351 38.2 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

83 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71 

84 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

85 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71 

86 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.114 N 0.0142 124 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77 

87 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/1100/2200/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1100 N 0.084 N 0.0116 152 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71 

88 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

89 5507 Khan, et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N EOD U OR 4 w NR NR JV B C Lab GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 1.865 N 0.0873 200 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 74 

90 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.098 N 0.0128 262 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

91 2534 Berg et al., 1980 Lead carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 2000 Y 0.09 N 0.0121 270 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77 

92 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d IM NR C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

93 2517 Bafundo et al. Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/3300 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3300 N 0.084 N 0.0116 282 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71 

Survival 

94 2624 Finley et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/1.76/5.13/21.63 mg/kg diet Y 10.4 ADL M FD 12 w 1 yr AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 21.6 Y 1.162 Y 0.119 2.47 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 10 6 4 80 

95 2526 Barthalmus et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 4 0/6.25/12.5/25.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 40 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 12.5 25.0 N 0.48 N 0.0361 12.5 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 6 4 82 

96 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.0401 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77 

97 1387 Howell and Hill, 1978 Lead dichloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.0401 28.4 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77 

98 2581 Custer et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/119.7/212.05/448.3 mg/kg diet N 6 per w M FD 60 d 1-2 yr AD B C Lab MOR MORT WO 448 Y 0.1224 N 0.0148 54.3 10 10 10 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 78 

99 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA MOR MORT WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77 

100 2696 Hoffman et al., 1985 Lead powder 100 American kestrel (Falco sparverius ) 4 0/25/125/625 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV NR V FieldA MOR SURV WO 125 625 Y 0.0668 N 0.0100 125 625 10 8 10 10 10 9 8 10 10 4 89 

101 14384 Vengris and Mare, 1974 lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 0/20/40/80/160/320/640 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 35 d 6 w JV B C Lab MOR MORT WO 160 320 N 1.6 N 0.0790 160 320 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86 

102 1285 Donaldson and McGowan, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.378 N 0.0309 163 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 3 10 4 66 

103 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA MOR MORT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.222 196 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 

Test Species 


Lead 

Page 3 of 3 



Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Test Location 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 





L/day 



104 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 4 w NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.3 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 3 4 73 

105 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab MOR MORT WO 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 

106 1415 Khan et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 7 d 43 d JV F C Lab MOR MORT WO 400 N 1.6 N 0.0790 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80 

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value 

107 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab ITX INTX WO 0.820 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 54 

108 3736 Jordan and Bhatnagar, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/80 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 7 mo JV F C Lab ENZ GSTR LI 80.0 N 1.1 N 0.0619 1.71 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 6 10 4 60 

109 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV B V Lab CHM CALC EG 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 56 

110 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 42 w JV B V Lab GRO BDWT WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 3 4 63 

111 2764 Mazliah et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 25 w 1 d JV F V Lab REP PROG WO 5.0 Y 2 N 0.0914 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 1 3 4 65 

112 6291 Stone and Fox, 1984 lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/5.4/16.2 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM HMGL BL 16.2 Y 0.0455 N 0.0078 2.77 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

113 2608 Edens and Garlich, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/25/50 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR NR F C Lab CHM CALC BL 50.0 N 1.81 Y 0.118 3.26 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 8 10 4 62 

114 2521 Baksi and Kenny, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/0.032/0.32/3.2/16.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 15 d 1 w JV F C NR CHM VTD3 KI 0.032 0.32 Y 0.08 N 0.0109 4.34 43.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64 

115 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA ITX INTX WO 100 N 1.2 N 0.0655 5.46 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 6 4 59 

116 2668 Haegele et al. 1974 Lead mixture 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 85 d NR NR SM F C FieldA MOR MORT WO 100 N 1.1 N 0.0619 5.63 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 3 4 61 

117 2771 Meluzzi et al., 1996 Lead oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 0/20/30/100 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 75 d 22 w JV F C Lab FDB FCNS WO 100 N 1.6 Y 0.1403 8.77 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 6 4 60 

118 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 6 d NR NR AD M V Lab MOR MORT WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 64 

119 25894 Dauwe, et al. 2002 Lead acetate 100 Zebra finch (Poephila guttata ) 3 0/25/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C Lab MOR MORT WO 25.0 100 N 0.001 N 0.00058 14.4 57.7 10 5 5 5 5 9 8 10 3 4 64 

120 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab FDB FCNS WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 3 4 51 

121 2573 ConNr et al., 1994 Lead 100 Nrthern Bobwhites 2 0/360 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 17 w JV M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 360 N 0.16 Y 0.0110 24.8 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 3 4 55 

122 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab MOR SURV WO 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 1 10 4 63 

123 2638 Frederick, 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 0/5/50/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR V FieldA BEH NMVM WO 500 N 0.092 N 0.0123 66.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63 

124 2609 Edens and Melvin, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 w 14 w JV F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.145 Y 0.027 93.1 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64 

125 2779 Morgan et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 5 w 6 d JV M C Lab ORW SMIX AR 1000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 126 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61 

126 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygnide s) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

127 2724 Johnsen and Damron 1982 Lead acetate 100 Goose (Anser cygNides) 5 0/500/1000/1500/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 w 26 w JV NR C FieldA GRO BDWT WO 2000 N 2.27 Y 0.2220 196 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

128 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV NR C Lab MOR MORT WO 1850 Y 0.1614 N 0.0178 203 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 1 10 4 64 

129 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 65 

130 14383 Simpson et al, 1970 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 0/5000/10000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C Lab CHM PCLV BL 10000 N 1.042 N 0.0598 574 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 1 10 4 55 

131 2605 Edens, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 5 0/1/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 12 w 1 w JV F C NR ENZ ACHE BR 1.0 Y 0.157 N 0.0174 0.111 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

132 14638 Redig et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis ) 2 0/0.82 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 24 d NR NR AD B C Lab CHM PORP BL 0.82 N 1 N na 0.820 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 60 

133 2757 Majumdar et al., 1995 Lead nitrate 62.56 House sparrow (Passer domesticus ) 2 0/50 ug/org/d N 6 U GV 6 d 0 w SM B C Lab CHM Other IN 50.0 Y 0.025 Y na 1.25 10 8 5 10 7 1 4 10 3 4 62 

134 2897 Stone et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/25 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 25.0 Y 0.036 N 0.00668 4.64 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

135 2513 Anders et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 2 w NR NR AD M C Lab CHM RBCE BL 6.25 Y 0.605 N 0.0420 6.25 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 3 4 65 

136 2734 Kendall and Scanlon, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Ringed Turtle Dove (Streptopelia risoria ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 1 w NR NR AD F C Lab GRS BDWT WO 100 N 0.123 N 0.0145 11.8 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62 

137 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 67 d NR NR AD M V Lab BEH ACTP WO 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64 

138 2591 Dietz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 2 0/6.25 mg/org N 7 per w U GV 56 d NR NR AD M V Lab HIS EDMA CR 6.25 Y 0.48 N 0.0361 13.0 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 64 

139 2744 Latta and Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 1000 N 1.3 N 0.0690 53.1 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64 

140 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 15 d NR NR NR M C Lab GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 6 4 64 

141 2576 Cory-Slechta et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Pigeon (Columba livia ) 3 0/1000/3000 mg/L N DLY U DR 61 d NR NR NR M C Lab ITX GITX WO 1000 Y 0.628 Y 0.0400 63.7 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 3 4 57 

142 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 32 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 500 Y 0.103 N 0.0133 64.3 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

143 2748 Leeming and Donaldson, 1984 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM GLTH LI 1000 N 0.46 N 0.0351 76.3 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64 

144 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 22 w JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 1000 Y 0.458 N 0.0350 76.4 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

145 2600 Donaldson, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NPSH LI 2000 Y 0.384 N 0.0312 163 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

146 429 Donaldson, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C Lab CHM NEFA BL 2000 Y 0.297 N 0.0264 178 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

147 2579 Cupo and Donaldson, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C Lab CHM TRYP BL 2000 Y 0.233 N 0.0225 194 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

148 2635 Franson and Custer, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 0/1850 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 7 d 1 d JV NR C Lab CHM HMGL BL 1850 Y 0.0692 N 0.0102 273 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

149 2898 Stone and Soares, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 2 0/3000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 27 d NR NR AD F C Lab ENZ ALAD BL 3000 Y 0.11 N 0.0138 377 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003). 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Appendix 6-1 

Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife 

Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Lead 

March 2005


Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 

Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) 

Lead 

Page 1 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 




Ingestion Rate in kg or L/day 



Biochemical 

1 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V ENZ ALAD UR 0.920 4.70 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 0.920 4.70 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 7 71 

2 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C CHM HMGL BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.5586 1.18 4.45 10 10 10 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 74 

3 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/18/62/141/548 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 18.0 62.0 N 0.51 N 0.0395 1.39 4.80 10 10 10 5 5 1 8 10 10 4 73 

4 3830 Carson et al., 1973 Lead 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 0/2.3/4.5 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 27 w NR NR GE F C CHM PCLV BL 2.30 4.5 N na Y 0.227 2.30 4.50 10 10 5 4 10 1 10 10 10 4 74 

5 3747 Azar et al., 1973 lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 5 0/16/57/155/576 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR B C ENZ ALAD BL 57.0 155 N 14 N 0.60128 2.45 6.66 10 10 10 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 75 

6 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 12 mo 70 d LC B C ENZ G6PD BL 50.0 100 Y 0.286 N 0.02455 4.29 8.58 10 10 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 71 

7 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C CHM SOMC BL 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 1 8 10 10 7 66 

8 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 5.90 12.95 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 5.90 12.9 10 5 5 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 70 

9 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C ENZ ALAD KI 25.0 50.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 13.7 27.3 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 3 4 71 

10 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 6 w 74 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 16.0 43.0 Y 129.94 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 1 10 10 10 4 80 

11 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C CHM PRTL LI 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 76 

12 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C CHM HMGL BL 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66 

13 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ENZ SCDH BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 8 10 4 70 

14 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C CHM HMCT SM 0.500 1.000 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 122 10 5 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 66 

15 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C CHM GBCM UR 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 1 8 10 10 4 68 

16 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other PI 100 200 Y 0.037 N 0.00457 100 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78 

17 2680 Harry et al., 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 29 d 2 d JV B V CHM PRTL BR 200 Y 0.065 N 0.00726 200 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

18 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 1 mo 8 w JV M C CHM B2MG UR 0.500 1.00 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 320 640 10 5 5 5 6 1 10 10 10 4 66 

19 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78 

20 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 800 1600 N 0.267 N 0.0232 800 1600 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78 

21 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C CHM PCLV BL 2400 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 3200 10 8 10 5 10 1 10 10 10 4 78 

22 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.640 Y 67 N 2.17766 0.496 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77 

23 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 d JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

24 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 15 d NR NR NR F C ENZ SCDH KI 2.50 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

25 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 1 w 6 w JV NR C ENZ ALAD BL 3.77 Y 24 N 1.72912 3.77 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 69 

26 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 42 d NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 4.16 Y 86.7 Y 0.25 4.16 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77 

27 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 0/7.2/33.48 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C CHM Other BL 7.20 N 3.1 N 0.17412 7.20 10 8 10 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 72 

28 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 133 d 7 mo JV M C ENZ ALAD BL 0.0150 Y 220 N 5.78666 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 69 

29 2625 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 1 w 21 d GE M C ENZ ALAD UR 200 Y 0.196 Y 0.015 15.3 10 10 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 66 

30 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RBCE BL 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 1 4 10 10 7 72 

31 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR JV M C ENZ ALAD UR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 67 

32 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 19 d 2 d JV B C CHM HMCT BL 25.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 25.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

33 21095 Singh et al, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 1 mo NR NR JV F C CHM POTA BL 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

34 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C ENZ ALAD TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 72 

35 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/50/100 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 1 w

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 2 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







52 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C FDB WCON WO 900 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 56.0 285 10 5 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 67 

53 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C FDB WCON WO 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 71 

54 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/100/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 100 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 100 400 10 8 10 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 79 

55 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73 

56 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C AVO FOOD WO 0.0800 0.160 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 101 202 10 10 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 73 

57 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 0.100 0.300 N 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 10 5 5 5 7 4 10 10 10 4 70 

58 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66 

59 633 Lockett and Leary, 1986 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N ADL UX DR 16 mo NR NR JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 10 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66 

60 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/23.03/47.26/81.96/206.52 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 94 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 23.0 Y 0.40311 Y 0.0297 23.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72 

61 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 66 

62 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 7 66 

63 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C BEH RRSP WO 45 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 45.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75 

64 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C BEH ACTP WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

65 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C FDB FCNS WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 10 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 72 

66 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 1 w 99 d JV B C FDB WCON WO 194 Y 0.455 Y 0.02179 194 10 5 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72 

67 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

68 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C FDB WCON WO 216 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 216 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

69 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 10 d NR NR LC F C BEH ACTV WO 0.200 Y 0.324 Y 0.05235 323 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74 

70 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C FDB WCON WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

71 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 1 w 11 w JV F C FDB WCON WO 4.98 Y 0.028 Y 0.00414 775 10 5 10 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 69 

72 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 5.00 N 0.35 Y 0.0432 6170 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

Physiology 

73 21113 Boscolo et al, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/15/30/60 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 mo NR NR JV M C PHY BLPR BL 15.0 30.0 N 0.267 N 0.03016 1.69 3.39 10 5 5 5 5 4 10 10 10 4 68 

74 820 Sawicka-Kapusta et al., 1987 Lead nitrate 100 Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolu 3 0/1.1/34.6 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M FD 20 d NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY WO 34.6 Y 0.022 N Variable 34.6 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 1 6 4 69 

75 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 74 d JV M C PHY BTMP WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 4 8 10 4 75 

76 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 5 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

77 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C PHY EXCR UR 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 72 

Pathology 

78 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 2 mo NR NR JV NR C HIS GHIS BL 27.0 102 Y 12.8 N 0.55858 1.18 4.45 10 10 10 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 77 

79 2789 Nehru and Kaushal, 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/2.5/5/25 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo NR NR NR F C HIS GHIS KI 2.50 5.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1.37 2.73 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81 

80 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C ORW ORWT KI 1269 9307.8 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 18.3 10 10 5 5 6 4 8 10 10 4 72 

81 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 3 d JV B C ORW SMIX HE 50.0 100 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 3.75 7.49 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 74 

82 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/6.08/28.44 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 30 d 1 d JV F C HIS NCRO KI 6.08 28.4 N 3.1 N 0.17412 6.08 28.4 10 8 10 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 79 

83 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 40 d NR NR GE F C ORW ORWT BR 11.0 Y 1.0 N 0.099 11.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

84 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 

85 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 32 d 74 d JV M C ITX PARL WO 16.0 43.0 Y 118.07 Y 3.64 16.0 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 10 4 83 

86 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT BR 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 72 

87 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/21.5/42.97/85.34/243.39 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV F C ORW ORWT KI 21.5 43.0 Y 0.305 Y 0.034 21.5 43.0 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 78 

88 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C HIS IIBD KI 7.00 12.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 40.0 68.6 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 69 

89 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V ORW ORWT BR 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75 

90 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 1 mo 9-10 w SM F C ORW SMIX KI 81.3 320 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 81.3 320 10 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 10 4 71 

91 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C ORW ORWT PI 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66 

92 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 0.400 4.00 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 2580 10 10 5 10 5 4 8 10 10 4 76 

93 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81 

94 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 4 10 10 10 4 81 

95 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

96 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 18 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2400 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75 

97 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C HIS ENCP BR 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 66 

98 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C HIS EDMA WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 68 

99 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT BR 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 4 4 10 3 4 67 

100 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX KI 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 4 4 10 10 7 75 

101 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C ORW ORWT BR 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 70 

102 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C HIS GLSN BR 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 67 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 3 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







103 3879 Karmakar et al., 1986 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/44 mg/kg bw/d N NR U GV 30 d NR NR AD B C HIS GHIS MT 44.0 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 44.0 10 8 10 5 10 4 4 10 10 4 75 

104 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V HIS USTR SV 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80 

105 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 4 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







155 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 1.00 Y 0.311 Y 0.04675 601 1500 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86 

156 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR JV M C REP FERT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 3 10 4 66 

157 2725 Junaid et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/2/4/8 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 60 d NR NR AD F V REP RPRD OV 2.00 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 2.00 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 6 4 77 

158 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C REP PRWT WO 1269 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 2.49 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74 

159 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.179 N 0.02105 2.94 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67 

160 66 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1971 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 mo 21 d JV F C REP DEYO WO 25.0 N 0.0225 N 0.00326 3.62 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67 

161 2666 Gupta et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/10/25/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 52 d 2 mo GE F C REP PROG EM 10.0 Y 0.025 N 0.00331 5.46 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81 

162 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d 1 d GE M C REP SPCL TE 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

163 2568 Cernochova and Kamarad, 1992 Lead dinitrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/21.75 mg/org N ADL U DR 5 w NR NR AD M C REP TEDG TE 0.614 N 0.0375 N 0.00516 16.6 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 3 4 66 

164 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 2 w NR NR JV M V REP SPCL SM 50.0 Y 0.02343 N 0.00314 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 10 4 10 10 4 86 

165 3935 Winneke et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/49.6 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 102 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 49.6 Y 0.35 N 0.02899 49.6 10 10 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78 

166 2528 Batra et al., 1998 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 3 mo 8 w SM M C REP TEDG TE 50.0 Y 0.15 N 0.01444 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 81 

167 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

168 2733 Kempinas et. al 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR AD M C REP SPCL SM 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 61.2 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

169 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

170 2599 Donald et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 62 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.130 Y 0.03 N 0.00422 99.8 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

171 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

172 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C REP PRFM WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 74 

173 2713 Jacquet et al., 1997 Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.125/0.25/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 18 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.125 N 0.0375 N 0.00462 154 10 10 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 72 

174 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 78 

175 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C REP RHIS WO 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

176 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 69 

177 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP GREP PY 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

178 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73 

179 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

180 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.4 N 0.03235 221 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

181 2704 Hsu, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w 19 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.3846 N 0.03132 222 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

182 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 3 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

183 2511 Alfano and Petit, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.4/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.400 N 0.344 N 0.0286 258 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

184 3939 Yu et al, 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.300 N 0.35 N 0.03849 330 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

185 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

186 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 17 d NR NR GE F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

187 2845 Ronis et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d NR NR LC F M REP PRWT WO 6000 N 0.35 N 0.03849 360 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

188 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 6000 Y 0.338 N 0.0373 362 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

189 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C REP SPCL SM 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

190 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

191 3719 Draski et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 14 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.500 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 381 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

192 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV F C REP RBEH WO 6000 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 381 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

193 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C REP ODVP WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

194 2909 Thoreux-Manlay et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/7 g/L N ADL U DR 22 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 7.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 420 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

195 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 48 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

196 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M REP SPCL TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

197 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C REP TEDG TE 1.00 Y 0.35 N 0.03849 600 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

198 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 3 w 14 w LC F C REP PRWT WO 5500 Y 0.2137 N 0.02469 635 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

199 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C REP RSUC EM 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

200 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C REP PROG WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 8 10 4 66 

201 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C REP PRWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73 

202 2614 Epstein, et.al. 1991 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 4 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

203 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 828 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

204 2699 Holtzman et al, 1978 Lead carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.338 N 0.02817 833 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

205 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74 

206 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV F C REP PRWT WO 4.84 Y 0.0422 Y 0.0113 1370 10 5 10 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 75 

207 2767 McConnell and Berry, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.4 N 0.03235 1770 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 5 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







208 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/61.6 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w NR NR GE B C REP PROG WO 61.6 Y 0.031 Y 0.007 1990 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

209 14824 Goldstein et al, 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 16 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

210 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

211 2741 Krigman et al., 1974 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

212 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP PROG WO 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

213 2871 Sharma and Kanwar, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/58 mg/org N NR U DR 14 w 21 d JV B C REP PROG WO 58.0 Y 0.016 Y 0.00041 3630 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

214 2774 Michaelson and Sauerhoff, 1974 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 % in diet N ADL U FD 17 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.0432 6170 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 74 

Growth 

215 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 w 20 to 21 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68 

216 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67 

217 2593 Dilts and Ahokas, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/10/50/100/200/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 50.0 Y 0.370 Y 0.037 1.00 5.00 10 5 5 5 7 8 8 10 10 4 72 

218 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.13/1.27/13/69 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 d 50 d AD F V GRO BDWT WO 1.27 13 Y 0.325 N 0.036 1.27 13.0 10 5 5 5 10 8 6 10 10 4 73 

219 14380 Lynch et al, 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/0.64/1.28/2.57 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 7 w 1 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2.57 Y 61 N 2.01603 1.99 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 75 

220 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/20/200 mg/kg N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.40 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

221 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 332 d 28 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.1575 N 0.01876 2.98 10 5 5 4 6 8 4 10 10 4 66 

222 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 7 w 21 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 4.70 8.90 Y 0.3 N 0.0335 4.70 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 10 7 80 

223 3873 Horwitt and Cowgill, 1937 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 3 0/27/102 mg/kg diet N DLY M FD 7 mo NR NR JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 102 Y 9.3 N 0.42959 4.71 10 10 10 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 68 

224 2944 Zheng et al., 1996 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/50/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 22-24 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 Y 0.27 N 0.0305 5.64 28.2 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71 

225 2675 Hammond et al., 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/250/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d 22 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 5.80 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 8 10 10 7 73 

226 3711 Lynch et al., 1976 Lead carbonate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 0/4.16/7.79 mg/kg bw/d N 3 per w U OR 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 7.79 Y 80.2 Y 0.157 7.79 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 6 10 4 80 

227 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/9.1 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.10 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 9.10 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 67 

228 2788 Nehru et al., 1997 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw N EOD U GV 8 w NR NR JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.18125 N 0.01688 10.0 10 8 10 4 10 8 4 10 10 4 78 

229 2660 Gruber et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/100/5000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 100 5000 Y 0.483 N 0.05143 10.6 532 10 5 5 5 6 8 6 10 10 4 69 

230 2751 Lorenzo et al., 1978 Lead nitrate 62.56 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/10.7/50.4 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 10 d 1 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 10.7 50.44 N 1 N 0.0687 10.7 50.4 10 8 5 10 5 8 8 10 10 4 78 

231 21143 El-Gazzar et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/L N NR U DR 140 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.443 N 0.04758 10.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

232 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.1 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 15.1 Y 0.337 N 0.0372 15.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71 

233 14580 Mahaffey et al., 1977 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N ADL UX FD 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.523 N 0.04032 15.4 10 10 10 5 5 8 4 10 10 7 79 

234 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/15.54 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per w U OR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 15.5 Y 0.475 N 0.03726 15.5 10 8 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 74 

235 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.341 N 0.03759 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71 

236 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 14 d 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00692 N 0.0011 16.3 163 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71 

237 2524 Barratt et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.3/33/300 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 9 w 10 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 33.0 330 N 0.217 N 0.01957 18.0 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 8 10 10 4 83 

238 15125 Morris et al, 1938 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1269/9307.8 ug/org/d N ADL U FD 339 d 26-27 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 9308 Y 0.509 N 0.03943 18.3 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

239 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 8 4 10 6 4 71 

240 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71 

241 14812 Bull, et.. al., 1978 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.8/4.0/32.5 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 56 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 32.5 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 32.5 10 5 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 67 

242 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 3 10 4 66 

243 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

244 3889 Logner et al., 1984 Lead sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/16/43/305 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U FD 7 w 16 w JV M C GRO BDWT WO 43.0 Y 137.43 Y 3.64 43.0 10 10 5 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 72 

245 2507 Agodi et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 28 d 2 d JV B V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.0531 N 0.00615 50.0 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79 

246 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/18.9/38.21/71.5/178.4 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 94 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 71.5 178 Y 0.48933 Y 0.02792 71.5 178 10 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 82 

247 14821 Gelman and Michaelson, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/75/225 mg/kg bw/d N 1 per d U GV 12 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 75.0 225 Y 0.3 N 0.02554 75.0 225 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85 

248 2806 Rudra Pal et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.11 N 0.01119 100 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 67 

249 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 10 5 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 71 

250 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 4 w 3 mo JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 1.00 Y 0.0220 N 0.00298 136 1360 10 10 5 5 6 8 8 10 10 4 76 

251 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

252 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

253 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.100 0.300 Y 0.33188 Y 0.103 169 508 10 5 5 5 7 8 10 10 10 4 74 

254 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/171.27 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 4 w 99 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 171 Y 0.51751 Y 0.02276 171 10 5 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76 

255 12025 Kishi et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/90/180 mg/kg bw N DLY U GV 18 d 3 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 180 Y 0.0503 N 0.00588 180 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79 

256 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 10 5 5 5 6 8 10 10 6 4 69 

257 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 70 

258 3937 Yagminas et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U GV 91 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.454 N 0.0359 200 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79 

259 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 10 10 4 68 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 6 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







260 2783 Mykkanen et al., 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.32 N 0.02693 230 460 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77 

261 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 4580 Y 0.246 N 0.02802 285 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

262 3847 Exon et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 0/13/130/1300/2600 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 2600 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 362 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

263 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

264 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85 

265 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 8 10 10 10 4 85 

266 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 431 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 70 

267 14795 Brady, et al, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/240 mg/org N DLY U GV 102 d 30 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 240 N 0.297 N 0.02533 441 10 8 10 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 67 

268 2896 Stewart et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/193/390/977 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 12 d 6 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 977 Y 0.00853 N 0.00137 534 10 8 10 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 79 

269 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 632 1260 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77 

270 2869 Selvin-Testa et. al. 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 126 d 1 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 N 0.156 N 0.0186 651 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66 

271 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 71 

272 2758 Maker et al., 1973 Lead carbonate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 0/0.08/0.16/0.4/0.5/1.0/2.0 % in diet N NR U FD 28 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 2.00 N 0.0325 N 0.00411 1260 2530 10 10 5 5 5 8 10 10 10 4 77 

273 10239 Barrett and Livesey, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.2/0.4/1.0 % in diet N DLY U FD 18 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.296 Y 0.054 1500 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 3 10 4 71 

274 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 9 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0557 N 0.00736 3.3 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72 

275 14377 Kelliher, et al. 1973 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus) 2 0.015 g/kg bw/d N CON U FD 283 d 7 mo JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0150 Y 260 N 6.63842 15.0 10 10 5 5 10 8 4 10 10 4 76 

276 2670 Hamilton and O'Flaherty, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/250/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 92 d 25 d GE F V MPH GMPH TB 250 Y 0.224 N 0.02575 28.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70 

277 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66 

278 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d 25 d GE F V GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.202 N 0.02346 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 66 

279 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 26 d 22 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 29.5 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 7 70 

280 2677 Hammond et al., 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 26 d JV F V MPH Other TA 250 N 0.15 N 0.01795 29.9 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 7 69 

281 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67 

282 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 3 w NR NR JV M V GRO BDWT WO 50.0 Y 0.02197 N 0.00298 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84 

283 2929 White, 1977 Lead carbonate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw N DLY U OR 5 w

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 7 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







312 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C MOR MORT WO 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72 

313 3709 Lassen and Buck, 1979 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 0/3.77/7.54/15.09/30.17 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 13 w 6 w JV NR C MOR MORT WO 30.2 Y 24 N 1.72912 30.2 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 68 

314 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 4 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 350 Y 0.22 N 0.02534 40.3 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68 

315 20974 Al-Omar et al, 2000 Lead oxide 92.83 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/50 mg/kg bw/d N DLY M GV 5 w NR NR JV M V MOR MORT WO 50.0 Y 0.02063 N 0.00283 46.4 10 8 10 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 85 

316 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68 

317 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68 

318 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 

319 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C MOR SURV WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 

320 3747 Azar et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/1130/2102 mg/kg diet N NR M FD 2 yr NR NR NR M C MOR MORT WO 1130 2102 N 0.51 N 0.0395 87.5 163 10 10 10 5 5 9 10 10 10 4 83 

321 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C MOR MORT WO 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 77 

322 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 24 w NR NR YO M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.400 N 0.03235 170 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 

323 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR MA M C MOR MORT WO 68.0 Y 0.4 N 0.03235 170 10 10 5 5 6 9 4 10 3 4 66 

324 2815 Petrusz et al., 1979 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/25/100/200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 18 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 200 N 0.035 N 0.00437 200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80 

325 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68 

326 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/400/800/1600/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 20 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86 

327 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1600 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 800 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 800 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86 

328 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 98 d 50-100 d GE F C MOR MORT WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68 

329 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C MOR MORT WO 639 Y 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72 

330 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1600/2000/2400 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 24 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 2000 2400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 2000 2400 10 8 10 5 10 9 10 10 10 4 86 

331 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/2400/3200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 14 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 3200 N 0.267 N 0.0232 3200 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80 

332 3701 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 727 d 30 d JV F C MOR LFSP WO 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 67 

333 3940 Zmudski et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 0/2.7/5.0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 21 d 10 w JV M C MOR MORT WO 2.70 Y 55 N 3.64722 2.70 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72 

334 14446 Schroeder et al, 1963 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 mo 28 d JV B C MOR SURV WO 25.0 Y 0.2251 N 0.02587 2.87 10 5 5 4 6 9 4 10 10 4 67 

335 14447 Schroeder et al, 1964 Divalent Lead 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N DLY U DR 21 mo 21 d JV M C MOR SURV WO 25.0 N 0.0375 Y 0.00465 3.10 10 5 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 73 

336 14803 Wells, et.al, 1986 Lead acetate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 8 d 3 mo JV M C MOR MORT WO 20.0 N na N na 20.0 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72 

337 2807 Pankakoski et al., 1994 Lead 100 Shrew (Sorex araneus ) 4 0/371/423/1052 mg/kg diet N ADL M FD 31 d NR NR JV B C MOR MORT WO 371 Y 0.0071 N 0.00118 61.5 10 10 10 4 6 9 4 10 10 4 77 

338 2827 Press 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/328 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 1 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 328 N 0.248 N 0.02184 328 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80 

339 2870 Shailesh Kumar and Desiraju, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/kg bw N 6 per w U GV 58 d 2 d JV B C MOR MORT WO 400 Y 0.075 N 0.00817 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 8 10 10 4 84 

340 2697 Holtzman et al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/400/800/1200 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U GV 14 d 16 d JV NR C MOR MORT WO 400 N 0.267 N 0.0232 400 10 8 10 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 80 

341 2618 Eyden et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 0/0.5/1.0/2.0/3.0/4.0 % in diet N ADL U FD 115 d NR NR AD B C MOR SURV WO 0.500 N 0.0317 N 0.00403 635 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72 

342 2837 Gulati et al, 1985 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/4.98/10.055/20.52 mg/ml Y ADL M DR 18 w 11 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 4.84 Y 0.0369 Y 0.00485 670 10 5 10 5 7 9 4 10 10 4 74 

343 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C MOR MORT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 10 10 4 72 

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value 

344 14386 Willoughby et al., 1972 Lead carbonate 100 Horse (Equus caballus ) 2 0/30 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 15 d 20 to 21 w JV M C FDB FCNS WO 30.0 N 181.44 Y 1.151 0.150 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64 

345 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C FDB FCNS WO 2000 N 0.2228 Y 0.0194 0.174 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

346 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C BEH NMVM WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 3 10 4 61 

347 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

348 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/10 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C HIS GHIS NR 10.0 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 0.429 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

349 2634 Fox et.al., 1982 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 ug/g bw/d N ADL U FD 21 d 0 d JV F C ORW ORWT BR 0.500 N 0.179 N 0.0167 0.500 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 63 

350 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY BLPR BL 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

351 15061 Kanisawa and Schroeder, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5 mg/L N DLY U DR 42 mo 21 d JV B C HIS GHIS KI 5.00 N 0.248 N 0.02823 0.569 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

352 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT VE 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 61 

353 2877 Singh and Ashraf, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 mg/kg bw/d N 6 per w U GV 10 w 5 w JV B C HRM NORE BR 1.00 N 0.235 N 0.02089 1.00 10 8 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 65 

354 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 1.10 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55 

355 707 Dobryszycka et al., 1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.82 mg/org N DLY U GV 12 mo 3 mo JV B C ENZ LADH KI 0.820 N 0.462 N 0.03642 1.77 10 8 10 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 63 

356 252 Schroeder et al, 1970 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N ADL U DR 519 d 21 d JV M C MOR TDTH WO 25.0 Y 0.4615 N 0.0493 2.67 10 5 5 10 6 9 4 1 10 4 64 

357 2889 Sourgens et al., 1987 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/45/900/4580 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV F C ORW ORWT TY 45.0 900 Y 0.156 N 0.0186 2.93 58.6 10 5 5 5 6 4 6 10 10 4 65 

358 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d 21 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 7 56 

359 2716 Jadhav and Ramesh, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/50 mg/L N NR U DR 30 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 50.0 N 0.248 N 0.02823 3.11 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 7 60 

360 1858 Schroeder and Mitchener, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/25 mg/L N NR U DR 520 d 19-20 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 25.0 Y 0.0427 N 0.00579 3.39 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 65 

361 15506 Schroeder, 1968 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3.620 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 737 d NR NR AD B C CHM CHOL SR 3.62 N 0.235 N 0.02689 3.62 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 6 10 4 60 

362 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor ) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 1 d JV B C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 10 1 4 1 3 4 53 

363 25886 Hamir et al, 1999 Lead acetate 100 Raccoon (Procyon lotor ) 4 0/1/2/4 mg/kg bw/d N 5 per w U FD 8 w 5-6 mo JV B C GRS BDWT WO 4.00 Y 8.25 N 0.3893 4.00 10 10 5 5 10 4 4 1 3 4 56 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 8 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







364 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/100 mg/L N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR AD F C GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.295 N 0.033 6.11 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

365 2857 Saxena et. al. 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.920 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 120 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 1.92 Y 0.284 N 0.03189 6.76 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 6 10 4 63 

366 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR NR M C GRO BDWT WO 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57 

367 3821 Boscolo et al., 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.06 mg/ml N ADL U DR 18 mo NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 0.0600 N 0.267 N 0.03016 6.78 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59 

368 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.92/4.7/8.9 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 8.90 Y 300 N 16.7898 8.90 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 7 61 

369 2830 Rader et al., 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/9.3 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 6 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 9.30 Y 0.468 N 0.04999 9.30 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64 

370 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C CHM LMPH BL 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 10 5 5 5 6 1 6 10 6 4 58 

371 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2.20 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 13.0 179 10 5 5 5 6 4 6 10 6 4 61 

372 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58 

373 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d 2 d JV F C HRM Other MT 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55 

374 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 49 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 62 

375 2563 Camoratto et al., 1993 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/125 mg/L N ADL U DR 23 d NR NR GE F C REP PRWT WO 125 N 0.35 N 0.03849 13.7 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 1 10 4 64 

376 2829 Rader et. al. 1981 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/16.1 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 16.1 Y 0.392 N 0.043 16.1 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 10 3 4 64 

377 2918 Verlangieri et al., 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/74.5 mg/L N ADL U DR 52 w NR NR JV B C GRO BDWT WO 74.5 Y 0.606 Y 0.13366 16.4 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 6 10 4 64 

378 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.1/1.0 mg/ml N NR U DR 10 d 0 d JV M C ENZ ALAD BR 0.100 1.00 Y 0.00452 N 0.0008 17.0 170 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64 

379 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C HIS GHIS OV 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 4 4 1 6 4 58 

380 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C REP RPRD UT 10.0 Y 0.289 N 0.02476 18.9 10 8 10 5 6 10 4 1 6 4 64 

381 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 3 10 4 60 

382 2756 Mahaffey et al., 1973 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 0/0.19/0.70/2.8/5.9/12.9/24.3 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT KI 24.3 Y 0.31 N 0.0345 24.3 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 8 10 4 65 

383 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/kg N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

384 2943 Zenick et al., 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N DLY U DR 121 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.204 N 0.0237 25.4 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57 

385 10607 Cerklewski, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 20 d 70 d LC F C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.363 Y 0.04 27.5 10 10 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 64 

386 2720 Jessup, 1967 Lead acetate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 0/54.6/546 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 10 d NR NR GE F C REP Other UT 546 N 4.1 N 0.2191 29.2 10 10 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 64 

387 3704 Fick et al., 1976 Lead acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 5 0/10/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N DLY U FD 84 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 37 Y 1.21 32.7 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 6 10 4 65 

388 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58 

389 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58 

390 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C CHM HMGL BL 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 55 

391 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 62 

392 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C GRS BDWT WO 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58 

393 2737 Kimmel et al., 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.09/0.92/9.1/45 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 10 w 21 d JV F V FDB FCNS WO 45.0 Y 0.29 N 0.03249 45.0 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58 

394 617 Nation et al., 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 61 d 50 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.2 N 0.0183 45.7 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

395 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 75 d NR NR AD M C FDB FCNS WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 59 

396 10087 Amin et al, 1993 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.2/0.5 mg/ml N ADL U DR 90 d 21 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.197 N 0.02294 58.2 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 3 10 4 65 

397 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V GRS BDWT WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

398 2768 McGivern et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/550 mg/L N ADL U DR 7 d NR NR GE F V REP RSUC WO 550 N 0.35 N 0.03849 60.5 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 3 10 4 61 

399 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V FDB WCON WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

400 2525 Barrett and Livesey, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 16 d NR NR LC F V REP PRWT WO 1.00 N 0.297 N 0.0332 61.0 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59 

401 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 3 10 4 60 

402 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 51 d 15 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.167 N 0.0198 64.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

403 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C GRO BDWT WO 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 3 10 4 65 

404 2565 Carpenter, 1982 Lead acetate 100 Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus ) 2 0/547 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 11 w GE F C HIS GHIS KI 547 Y 0.163 N 0.0193 64.9 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

405 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

406 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

407 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR JV M C ORW ORWT MT 1.00 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 66.8 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

408 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C HRM LUHO SR 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 10 5 5 5 7 1 4 3 6 4 50 

409 25903 Sokol, et al, 2002 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.025/0.05/0.1/0.3 % in water N ADL U DR 16 w 100 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.661 Y 0.02758 68.4 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 6 4 60 

410 2577 Cory-Slecthta and Thompson, 1979 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/50/300/1000 mg/L N DLY U DR 125 d NR NR GE M C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 73.7 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

411 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 18 mo 21 d JV B C PHY GPHY BL 1000 Y 0.637 N 0.04742 74.4 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

412 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

413 11831 Jessup and Shott, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/10/50/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 92 w 21 d JV B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.615 N 0.04607 74.9 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

414 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

415 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 39 d NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57 

416 2598 Donald et al., 1981 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.13 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR GE F C REP PROG WO 0.130 N 0.325 N 0.0360 78.6 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 9 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







417 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59 

418 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR GE B C GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.46 N 0.0363 78.8 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

419 2721 Jessup, 1969 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/10/100/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 14 w NR NR GE F C REP FERT NR 1000 Y 0.255 N 0.0223 87.6 10 10 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 65 

420 2743 Kristensen et al., 1995 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.75 g/L N ADL U DR 6 w 9 w JV F C GRO BDWT WO 0.750 Y 0.0365 N 0.00503 103 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 63 

421 2502 Wolfe et al, 1996 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.78/20.64/41.24/103.63 mg/kg bw/d N ADL M DR 24 w 94 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 104 Y 0.75394 Y 0.026 104 10 5 10 5 10 1 4 3 10 4 62 

422 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d 40 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 2000 4000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 116 231 10 5 5 5 5 1 10 10 10 4 65 

423 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V CHM PHOS SR 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59 

424 2671 Hamilton et al., 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 77 d 25 d GE F V FDB FCNS WO 1000 N 0.202 N 0.02346 116 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62 

425 14799 Goyer et al., 1970 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/2.3/7.0/12/21/67/220 mg/org/d N NR U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM RETI BL 21.0 67.0 Y 0.175 N 0.02062 120 383 10 5 5 5 6 1 8 10 10 4 64 

426 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

427 14802 Hejtmancik, et. al, 1982 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d NR NR LC F C REP PRWT WO 0.200 N 0.317 N 0.0352 121 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59 

428 2723 Johansson and Wide, 1986 Lead chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1 g/L N ADL U DR 12 w 9 w SM M C HRM TSTR WO 1.00 Y 0.0334 N 0.00465 139 10 5 5 10 6 1 4 3 10 4 58 

429 14825 Govoni et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.04/2.5 g/L N DLY U DR 20 d 60 d JV F V REP PRWT WO 2.50 N 0.35 N 0.03849 150 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 6 10 4 64 

430 2548 Brown, 1974 Lead acetate 54.61 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 0/5000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 23 mo NR NR AD B C PHY GPHY EY 5000 Y 3.2 N 0.17873 153 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 6 10 4 64 

431 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59 

432 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.1/28.8 mg/org N ADL U DR 7 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 28.8 Y 0.1698 N na 170 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64 

433 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C FDB WCON WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 6 4 59 

434 14376 Hsu et al, 1975 Lead acetate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 13 w 4 w JV NR NR FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 7.5 Y 1.296 173 10 10 5 5 7 4 4 3 10 4 62 

435 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 6 4 64 

436 2770 McMurry et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus ) 3 0/2.2/30.4 mg/org N ADL U DR 13 w NR NR AD M C REP TEWT TE 30.4 Y 0.1698 N na 179 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 3 6 4 58 

437 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C ENZ ACPH MT 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 1 10 4 51 

438 814 Koller and Roan, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/13/130/1300 mg/L N NR U DR 70 d 28 d JV NR C GRO BDWT WO 1300 Y 0.024 N 0.00345 187 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

439 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 0.500 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 373 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65 

440 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C FDB WCON WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

441 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52 

442 2886 Sokol, 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/3000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C GRO BDWT WO 3000 N 0.217 N 0.02503 189 10 5 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 57 

443 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C CHM PRTL MK 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 1 4 10 10 4 64 

444 2669 Hallen et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/kg bw N NR U DR 13 w NR NR GE F C GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 200 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62 

445 2848 Ronis, et. al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.05/0.15/0.45 % in water N ADL U DR 37 d NR NR AD F C FDB FCNS WO 0.450 N 0.35 N 0.03849 270 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

446 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 1.00 Y 0.439 N 0.04719 294 587 10 5 5 5 6 4 10 10 6 4 65 

447 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 30 d LC M C HRM TSTR TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 3 3 4 46 

448 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C GRS BDWT WO 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

449 14797 Pinon-Lataillade, et.al, 1993 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.3 % in water N NR U DR 70 d 90 d AD M C REP SPCL TE 0.300 Y 0.495 N 0.05258 319 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62 

450 2923 Vyskocil et al., 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/81.3/320 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 2 mo 9-10 w SM F C GRO BDWT WO 320 N 0.25 N 0.02843 320 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62 

451 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C REP TEWT TE 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 6 3 4 58 

452 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 24 d 24 d JV F C GRO BDWT WO 6000 Y 0.24 N 0.0274 374 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60 

453 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 75 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47 

454 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 7 w SM M C GRO BDWT WO 5000 Y 0.0369 N 0.00508 376 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 3 4 51 

455 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 4 w 220 d SM M C GRS BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0345 N 0.00478 379 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 3 4 47 

456 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 10 mo NR NR AD M C GRO BDWT WO 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

457 2821 Pinon-Lataillade et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 44 d NR NR SM M C HRM TEST PL 0.500 N 0.0375 N 0.00515 381 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 3 10 4 52 

458 3718 Donovick and Burright, 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 22 d 220 d SM M C GRO BDWT WO 0.500 Y 0.0315 N 0.00441 382 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

459 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C HRM TSTR PL 0.500 Y 0.03148 N 0.0044 382 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56 

460 2836 Rasile et. al. 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 45 d 50-100 d GE F C BEH ACTV WO 0.500 Y 0.018 N 0.00266 404 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

461 2597 Donald et al., 1987 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.25 % in water N ADL U DR 47 d NR NR GE F C FDB FCNS WO 0.250 Y 0.035 Y 0.0112 437 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 8 3 4 55 

462 14709 Zirkin et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/L N NR U DR 130 d NR NR AD M C REP FERT WO 8000 N 0.51 N 0.05401 463 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 1 10 4 59 

463 14818 Ewers and Erbe, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1500/4000/10000 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 120 d 2 d JV F C CHM TOPR BR 10000 Y 0.24 N 0.02126 484 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 8 10 4 63 

464 2785 Nathan et al., 1992 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/0.05/0.1/0.5/1 % in water N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR AD M C HRM TSTR BL 1.00 Y 0.503 N 0.05334 579 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 56 

465 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M FDB WCON WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

466 2760 Marchlewicz et al., 1993 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 3 mo SM M M GRO BDWT WO 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 1 10 4 58 

467 2816 Piasecka et. al. 1995 Lead acetate trihydrate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo NR NR SM M C FDB FCNS WO 1.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 600 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 53 

468 14751 Piasek et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 14 w LC F C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.2045 N 0.02373 638 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

469 2817 Piasekand Kostial, 1987 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/216/420/639.36 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 18 w NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 639 N 0.25 Y 0.04 639 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 10 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







470 14752 Piasek and Kostial, 1990 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1500/3500/5500 mg/L N ADL U DR 6 w 15 w LC B C PHY BLPR BL 5500 Y 0.185 N 0.02168 645 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

471 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C GRO BDWT WO 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 8 4 1 10 4 62 

472 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.67 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C ORW ORWT LI 0.670 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 670 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58 

473 2818 Piasek and Kostial 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/750 mg/kg bw/d N NR U DR 20 w 10 w GE F C MOR MORT WO 750 Y 0.2681 N 0.03028 750 10 5 5 5 10 9 4 1 10 4 63 

474 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C MOR MORT WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 1 3 4 52 

475 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ORW ORWT BR 2.00 N 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 58 

476 2505 Lamb et al., 1997 Lead acetate trihydrate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/0.67/1.00/1.50 g/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 105 d 6 w JV B C FDB WCON WO 1.50 Y 0.0376 N 0.00517 1500 10 5 5 5 10 4 4 1 10 4 58 

477 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 8 w 60-80 d JV M C ITX PARL LG 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63 

478 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 54 

479 2781 Murthy et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.045 Y 0.0061 5560 10 5 5 5 7 8 4 1 10 4 59 

480 2781 Murthyet al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.78 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 70 d NR NR JV M C REP TEDG TE 250 Y 0.045 N 0.00607 5560 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 1 10 4 60 

481 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR SM M C BEH INST WO 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 59 

482 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d NR NR LC M C CHM ASCA UR 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 56 

483 2694 Hilderbrand et al., 1973 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/100 ug/org/d N DLY U OR 30 d 24 d JV M C REP TEWT PG 5.00 Y 0.245 N 0.02162 0.0111 10 8 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 65 

484 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/l N NR U DR 40 d 40 d JV M C BEH ACTV WO 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 61 

485 14697 USEPA, 1980 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 40 d NR NR AD M C CHM 5HAA BR 5.00 N 0.217 N 0.02503 0.577 10 5 5 4 5 1 4 10 10 4 58 

486 2654 Gonzalez-Riola et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d GE F C GRO BDWT WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65 

487 2616 Escribano et al., 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/17 mg/kg diet N NR U FD 50 d 50 d AD F C MPH GMPH WO 17.0 Y 0.2756 N 0.02382 0.802 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65 

488 2905 Tafelski and Lamperti, 1975 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/1/5/10 mg/org N DLY U GV 29 d NR NR SM F C ENZ ALAD BL 1.00 Y 0.283 N 0.02434 1.93 10 8 10 5 6 1 4 10 6 4 64 

489 2930 Wiebe and Barr, 1988 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/20/200 mg/L N NR U DR 14 d 21 d JV F C HRM ESDL UT 20.0 Y 0.1228 N 0.0150 2.44 10 5 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

490 2763 Maxfield et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Dog (Canis familiaris ) 2 0/2.5 mg/kg bw/d N NR U FD 76 w

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 11 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







523 2678 Hammond and Succop, 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N ADL U DR 5 d 26 d JV F C FDB CAIN WO 250 N 0.204 N 0.02368 29.0 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62 

524 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V FDB WCON WO 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

525 2776 Minnema and Hammond, 1994 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/250 mg/L N NR U DR 10 d 26 d JV F V CHM Other BL 250 Y 0.13 N 0.01578 30.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

526 2732 Kempings et. al 1988 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.5/1.0 g/L N ADL U DR 90 d NR NR LC M C CHM Other BL 0.500 Y 0.12 N 0.01469 33.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

527 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C CHM HMCT BL 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

528 14852 Bankowska and Hine, 1985 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/350 mg/L N ADL U DR 10 w NR NR JV M C ORW SMIX BR 350 Y 0.352 N 0.03868 38.5 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

529 3864 Hayashi, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/500 mg/L N ADL U DR 18 d NR NR GE F C ENZ ALAD BL 500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 55.5 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59 

530 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 ppm in mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w 21-23 d JV M V BEH AGGT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

531 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V GRS BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

532 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR NR M V REP TEWT TE 1000 Y 0.34474 N 0.03796 60.1 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 3 4 62 

533 2545 Bourjeily and Suszkiw, 1997 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N ADL U DR 28 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ACHE BR 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 10 5 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 59 

534 2906 Talcott and Koller, 1983 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 18 w 6-8 w LC F C ORW SMIX LI 1000 Y 0.03755 N 0.00516 137 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

535 2750 Lessler and Wright, 1976 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/68 mg/org/d N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR YO M C GRO BDWT WO 68.0 Y 0.390 N 0.03168 174 10 10 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 65 

536 14750 Blanusa, et al, 1989 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N NR U DR 6 w 4 mo GE F C ORW SMIX KI 1500 Y 0.19 N 0.02221 175 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

537 14816 Cramer et al, 1980 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/60 mg/org/d N ADL U DR 6 d NR NR GE F C FDB WCON WO 60.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 178 10 5 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 4 62 

538 2924 Wadi and Ahmad, 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 0/0.25/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 6 w 7 w SM M C REP SPCL TE 0.250 Y 0.0398 N 0.00544 187 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 6 4 65 

539 2888 Sokol et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/0.1/0.3 % water N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM GHRM BL 0.100 Y 0.37188 Y 0.135 198 10 5 5 5 7 1 4 10 10 4 61 

540 13216 Rabe et al., 1985 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in water N ADL U DR 21 d 80 d JV F C FDB WCON WO 0.500 Y 0.351 Y 0.02808 218 10 5 5 5 7 4 4 10 10 4 64 

541 2922 Vyskocil et al., 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.5/1/2 % in water N ADL U DR 2 mo 8 w JV M C ORW SMIX KI 0.500 Y 0.2 N 0.02326 318 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

542 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 27 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.412 N 0.04457 354 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

543 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 24 d JV M C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

544 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 14 d 60 d SM M C HRM TSTR SR 6000 Y 0.333 N 0.0368 362 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 3 4 53 

545 2887 Sokol, 1989 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d 52 d JV M C HRM TSTR BL 6000 Y 0.32 N 0.0355 364 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

546 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 60 d MA B C AVO WATR WO 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

547 2846 Ronis et al., 1996 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6000 mg/L N ADL U DR 50 d 24 d JV M C HRM LUHO SR 6000 Y 0.26 N 0.02945 371 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

548 2799 Ogilvie and Martin, 1981 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/2732 mg/L N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C ORW SMIX SP 2732 Y 0.034 N 0.00472 379 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

549 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 0.500 Y 0.278 N 0.024 431 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

550 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 90 d SM M C CHM PHST TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60 

551 2938 Wiszniewska et al., 1998 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1 % in water N ADL U DR 9 mo 21 d GE M C HIS GHIS TE 1.00 Y 0.5 N 0.05305 579 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63 

552 2711 Jacquet, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/0.5 % in diet N DLY U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C HRM PROH PL 0.500 N 0.02875 N 0.00371 646 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64 

553 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR AD M C BEH ACTP WO 10.0 Y 0.0328 N 0.00457 761 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

554 3749 Ogilvie, 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 2 w NR NR LC M C GRO BDWT WO 10.0 Y 0.03205 N 0.00448 763 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 3 4 60 

555 14822 Gerber et al, 1978 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1.0 % in diet N NR U FD 14 mo 0 d JV NR C CHM GBCM BR 1.00 Y 0.278 N 0.0240 863 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

556 2523 Barlow et al., 1977 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in diet N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR LC F C ENZ ALAD LI 2.00 Y 0.21 N 0.01905 991 10 10 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 65 

557 3914 Shafig-ur-Rehman et al., 1986 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/2 % in water N ADL U DR 10 d NR NR AD M C BEH AMBU WO 2.00 Y 0.18 N 0.02115 1280 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 3 4 56 

558 2698 Holtzman et al., 1981 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 2 w 60-80 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 N 0.523 N 0.04032 2390 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 3 4 62 

559 14827 Holtzman et al, 1980 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 14 d 60 d JV M C CHM PCLV BL 4.00 Y 0.2929 N 0.02504 2650 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 3 4 63 

560 2825 Powell et al, 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/6 % in diet N NR U FD 15 w NR NR AD NR C HIS GHIS NE 6.00 N 0.5 N 0.03886 3620 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 10 10 2 65 

Data Not Used to Derive Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value - Measurements of biochemical, behavioral or pathology changes in progeny of exposed parents 

561 2705 Hubermont et al., 1976 Lead nitrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.1/1.0/10 mg/L N NR U DR 9 w 10 w GE F C REP Other PY 1.00 10.0 N 0.338 N 0.0373 0.11 1.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 8 10 10 4 77 

562 3826 Bull, 1983 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/5/30/200 mg/L N ADL U DR 56 d 90-100 d LC F C REP Other PY 5.00 30.0 N 0.3846 N 0.04189 0.545 3.3 10 5 5 4 5 10 8 10 10 4 71 

563 2631 Fox et al., 1997 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/109/1090 mg/kg diet N ADL U FD 21 d 55-60 d LC F C REP Other PY 109 1090 N 0.179 N 0.0167 10.2 102 10 10 5 5 5 10 8 10 10 7 80 

564 14814 Clayton et al., 1981 Lead 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/300/1000 mg/L N NR U DR 31 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 300 N 0.4 N 0.0434 32.5 108 10 5 5 4 5 10 4 10 10 4 67 

565 2682 Hasan et al., 1989 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N NR U DR 42 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 3 10 4 66 

566 14823 Goldman et al, 1980 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 21 d NR NR LC F V REP OTHR PY 0.100 0.200 N 0.4 N 0.0434 59.3 119 10 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 4 74 

567 13268 Reiter et al., 1975 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/5/50 mg/L N NR U DR 82 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.00 N 0.35 N 0.03849 0.550 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

568 2876 Sierra and Tiffany-Castiglioni, 1992 Lead acetate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 0/5.5/11.0 mg/kg bw/d N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 5.50 Y 1.0 N 0.099 5.50 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73 

569 2574 Cookman et al., 1987 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 0/200/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR LC F C REP ODVP PY 200 N 0.32 N 0.0355 16.5 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

570 2879 Singh et al., 1991 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/L N DLY U DR 6 d 90 d GE F C REP Other PY 250 Y 0.2287 Y 0.0194 21.2 10 5 5 5 7 10 4 10 10 4 70 

571 2575 Corpas et al , 1995 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/39.26 mg/kg bw/d N ADL U DR 3 w NR NR GE F C REP ODVP PY 39.3 N 0.32 Y 0.04248 21.4 10 5 5 5 10 10 4 10 10 4 73 

572 2765 McCauley et al., 1982 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/L N NR U DR 7 w 70 d GE F C REP Other PY 200 N 0.204 N 0.02368 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

573 12587 McCauley et al , 1979 Lead chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/200 mg/L N DLY U DR 50 d 70 d GE F C REP OHIS PY 200 N 0.2024 N 0.02351 23.2 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 

574 2780 Murphy et al., 1995 Lead chloride 74.5 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/400 mg/L N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP OHIS PY 400 N 0.32 N 0.0355 33.1 10 5 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 73 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

Result # 

Ref N. 

Chemical Form 

MW% 


Lead 

Page 12 of 12 


Test Species 


Conc/ Doses 









Age 

Age Units 

Lifestage 

Sex 

Control Type 

Effect Type 


Response Site 

Study NOAEL 

Study LOAEL 







575 2910 Tian et al., 1995 Lead acetate 54.61 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/0.2 % in water N DLY U DR 14 d 30 d JV F C REP Other PY 0.200 N 0.35 N 0.03849 120 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

576 2729 Kawamoto,1984 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/1090 ug/g N ADL U DR 20 d NR NR JV F C REP Other PY 1090 N 0.302 N 0.0337 122 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

577 14749 Maljkovic et al, 1988 Lead acetate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 0/1500/3500/5500/7500 mg/L N ADL U DR 35 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 1500 N 0.32 N 0.0355 166 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

578 14813 Carroll et al, 1977 Lead acetate 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 0/2/5/10 mg/ml N DLY U DR 30 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 2.00 Y 0.035 N 0.0048 277 10 5 5 5 6 10 4 10 10 4 69 

579 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 5 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

580 2615 Epstein et al., 1999 Lead acetate 54.61 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 0/10 mg/ml N NR U DR 24 d NR NR GE F C REP Other PY 10.0 N 0.0325 N 0.00453 762 10 5 5 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 68 

581 2510 Alfano et al., 1982 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet N NR U FD 26 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

582 2512 Alfano et al., 1983 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 2 0/4 % in diet N NR U FD 115 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

583 2814 Petit and Le Boutillier 1979 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet N ADL U FD 24 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2570 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

584 2740 Krigman et al. 1975 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4 % in diet Y ADL U FD 25 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.00 N 0.35 N 0.02899 2700 10 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

585 2811 Pentschew and Garro 1966 Lead carbonate 77.55 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 0/4.0 % in diet NR NR M FD 27 d NR NR LC F C REP Other PY 4.5 N 0.248 N 0.02184 2840 10 10 10 5 5 10 4 10 10 4 78 

The abbreviations and definitions used in coding data are provided in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL Guidance (U.S.EPA, 2003). 



Data Source 

Dose Route 


Chemical form 


Endpoint 

Dose Range 




Total

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