Fungi on the grasses, Thysanolaena latifolia and Saccharum ...

Mycosphere 

<strong>Fungi</strong> on the grasses, Thysanolaena latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum, in 

northern Thailand 

Bhilabutra W 1 , McKenzie EHC 2 , Hyde KD 3 and Lumyong S 1* 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 

2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. 

3 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand. 

Bhilabutra W, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD, Lumyong S. 2010 – <strong>Fungi</strong> on the grasses, Thysanolaena 

latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum, in northern Thailand. Mycosphere 1(4), 301–314. 

<strong>Fungi</strong> associated with dead leaves and stems of Thysanolaena latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum 

were collected and identified at two sites. T. latifolia yielded 67 taxa, comprising 24 ascomycetes, 

33 hyphomycetes, 9 coelomycetes and 1 myxomycete. The most common genera were Leptosphaeria, 

Niptera, Periconia, Septoria, Stachybotrys, Tetraploa, and Verticillium. S. spontaneum 

yielded 79 taxa comprising 32 ascomycetes, 37 hyphomycetes, and 10 coelomycetes. The most 

common genera were Cladosporium, Massarina, Periconia and Tetraploa. The highest species 

diversity index was recorded on S. spontaneum (H = 6.5), while T. latifolia was lower (H = 5.5). 

The mycota at the two sites differed significantly in species composition. Percentage similarity for 

T. latifolia between the two sites was 50.5% while for S. spontaneum it was 52.3 %. A comparison 

of the fungi occurring on these grasses with those on other monocotyledonous host from tropical 

regions is presented. Drumopama moonseti and Pycnothyriopsis sp. were reported as rare species in 

this study. Dendrographium thysanolaenae ined. is considered new to science. 

Key words – diversity – graminicolous fungi – saprobes – tropical fungi 

Article Information 

Received 1 October 2010 

Accepted 4 November 2010 

Published online 12 December 2010 

*Corresponding author: Saisamorn Lumyong – e-mail –scboi009@chiangmai.ac.th 

Introduction 

There is ongoing interest in the biodiversity 

of fungi in Thailand (e.g., Lumyong et 

al. 2000, Photita et al. 2001a,b, Promputha et al. 

2002, 2004a, Bussaban et al. 2001, 2004, Jones 

et al. 2004, Pinnoi et al. 2006, Aptroot et al. 

2007, Pinruan et al. 2007, Aung et al. 2008, 

Duong et al. 2008, Kodsueb et al. 2008, Thongkantha 

et al. 2008, Osono et al. 2009, Fournier 

et al. 2010). There have been several reports on 

saprobic fungal diversity on tropical substrates 

such as bamboo, banana, gingers, grasses, 

Magnoliaceae and palms (Lumyong et al. 2000, 

Bussaban et al. 2001, 2003, 2004, Photita et al. 

2001a, 2002a, 2003b, Wong & Hyde 2001, 

Yanna et al. 2002a, Promputtha et al. 2003, 

2004a,c, 2005, Jones et al. 2004). The results 

have shown that many of the saprobic fungi 

occurring on these hosts are unique to the host 

family, genus and/or species (Photita et al. 

2001a, Wong & Hyde 2001, Hyde et al. 2002a, 

b, McKenzie et al. 2002, Whitton et al. 2002, 

2003, Yanna et al. 2002a,b). Many novel fungi 

have been reported from these studies (e.g., 

Photita et al. 2002b, 2003a, Bussaban et al. 

2003, Pinnoi et al. 2003a, b, 2004, 2006, 2007, 

Promputtha et al. 2003, 2004a,b, 2005, Pinruan 

et al. 2004a,b,c, 2008, Bhilabutra et al. 2006, 

Kodsueb et al. 2006, 2007a,b). Such studies 

help to accumulate the number of fungi known 

301

in Thailand and provide data for improving the 

accuracy when estimating the number of fungi 

in the world. 

Hawksworth (1991) provided a widely 

accepted estimate of 1.5 million fungal species. 

This estimate relied heavily on extrapolation 

from a suggested ratio of six fungi to each 

vascular plant species (Hawksworth 1991, 

Fröhlich & Hyde 1999). This ratio is dependent 

on whether fungi are host specific or whether 

they occur more frequently on certain hosts 

(Yanna et al. 2001). Several investigations 

have provided evidence which suggests that 

certain fungi are host specific or host recurrent 

(Zhou & Hyde 2001, McKenzie et al. 2002, 

Santana et al. 2005), or at least occur frequently 

on certain hosts (Yanna et al. 2001). 

Specificity at host family level is undeniable 

(Cannon 1991, Fröhlich & Hyde 2000). The 

problem with proving specificity at the host 

species level is that too few studies have been 

carried out, especially in the tropics, to confirm 

that one fungus species is confined to a 

particular host. Many examples of fungal taxa 

are recorded as common on a single plant host, 

family or order (e.g., Francis 1975, Hawksworth 

& Boise 1985, Gonzales & Rogers 1989, 

Læssøe & Lodge 1994, Tokumasu et al. 1994, 

Fröhlich & Hyde 1995, Ju & Rogers 1996, 

Polishook et al. 1996, Huhndorf & Lodge 1997, 

Lodge 1997, Hyde & Alias 2000, Bucheli et al. 

2001, McKenzie et al. 2002). However, Zhou 

& Hyde (2001) reported that saprobes are 

perhaps less host specific when compared to 

pathogenic and endophytic fungi. 

Whether fungi are host specific, are 

recurrent on certain hosts, or are restricted to 

certain tissue types, will have considerable 

impact on biodiversity estimates. We therefore 

initiated a study to establish: 1) whether the 

fungi on two grasses in Thailand, Thysanolaena 

latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum vary 

according to tissue types; 2) whether the fungi 

on T. latifolia and S. sponta-neum differ 

significantly between two sites; and 3) whether 

the fungi occurring on T. latifo-lia and S. 

spontaneum are likely to be host or family 

specific. 

Methods 

Sample collection 

Dead leaves and stems of Thysanolaena 

latifolia, a terrestrial grass, were collected from 

Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Thailand. Two 

sites were chosen: (1) Chiang Mai Zoo region 

(300 m above sea level) and (2) Phu Phing 

Ratchaniwat Palace region (1400 m above sea 

level). Dead leaves and stems of Saccharum 

spontaneum, a riparian grass, were also collected 

from two sites: (1) Chiang Dao district (500 

m above sea level) and (2) Mae Rim district 

(300 m above sea level). Samples were taken in 

the dry season (February) and the wet season 

(September). At each site 50 dead leaves (each 

about 10 cm wide and 30 cm long) and 50 dead 

stem samples (each 20 cm long) were randomly 

collected. Material was returned to the 

laboratory in zip lock plastic bags. Samples 

were incubated individually in plastic chambers, 

with an addition of tissue paper moistened 

with sterilized water. Samples were examined 

for the presence of microfungi after one week 

of incubation and then periodically for up to 

one month following the methods detailed by 

Hyde & Goh (1998) and Hyde et al. (1998). 

Statistical analysis 

A 3-dimensional correspondence analysis 

(JMP) was performed to examine the differences 

in fungal communities at different sites 

(Anonymous 1995). The results of this study 

are presented in terms of percentage occurrence 

of fungi. Fungal taxa with a percentage occurrence 

higher than 2 are regarded as dominant 

species. These fungal taxa were used to plot 

changes in the dominant species throughout the 

experimental period. Shannon indices (H') were 

used to calculate fungal species diversity on 

each grass host (Shannon & Weaver 1949). 

Percentage occurrence = 

number of leaf/stem samples from 

which fungus was detected 

total number of leaves or stem samples 

examined in each site 

× 100 

Percentage similarity index = 2c/a+b × 100 

a: the number of species in habitat A 

b: the number of species in habitat B 

c: the number of species in common to 

habitat A and B 

Shannon index (H’) = - Σ Pi log2 Pi 

302

Mycosphere 

Where; 

Pi: is the probability of finding each 

taxon in a collection. 

Results 

Numbers of records and percentage 

occurrence of fungal taxa on T. latifolia and S. 

spontaneum at each site are given in Tables 1 

and 2. For T. latifolia, 67 taxa were identified, 

comprising 24 ascomycetes, 42 anamorphic 

taxa (33 hyphomycetes and 9 coelomycetes) 

and 1 myxomycete. The most common taxa 

identified in this study were Periconia spp. 

(occurring on 51.7% of samples), Verticillium 

sp. 1 (29.2%), Niptera exselsior (29.2%), 

Tetraploa aristata (20.0%), Stachybotrys spp. 

(24.2%), Septoria sp. (20.0%), and Leptosphaeria 

compositarum (22.5%). For S. spontaneum, 

79 taxa were identified, comprising 32 

ascomycetes and 47 anamorphic taxa (37 

hyphomycetes and 10 coelomycetes). The most 

common taxa were Periconia spp. (occurring 

on 19.6 % of samples), Tetraploa aristata 

(9.6%), Massarina spp. (6.6%), Cladosporium 

cladosporioides (4.2%), and Halosphaeria 

hamata (3.8%). 

Three-dimensional correspondence analysis 

was performed to visualize the effect of 

tissue type and site on the colonization by fungi. 

For T. latifolia (Fig. 1), the first three principal 

axes accounted for 100% of the variability in 

the data matrix. X-axis clearly separated the 

two tissue type (leaves and stems), while Z- 

axis separated the two sites, indicating that 

there are tissue preferences and site differences 

for fungi on this plant. The result of the 

analysis also showed that the sites are effected 

to fungal communities rather than the tissue 

types. This is indicated by the cluster distances 

of the samples from the same site than samples 

from different tissue types. Percentage similarity 

index between fungi on leaves and stems in 

T. latifolia were 56.6% and 61.1%, respectively. 

Similar three-dimensional correspondence analysis 

was performed for S. spotaneum (Fig. 2). 

Variability between sites was similar in leaves 

and stems, as expressed by the similar distances 

between the points representing leaves 

and stems from the two sites. Percentage 

similarity index between fungi on leaves and 

stems in S. spontaneum were 46.2% and 56.5%, 

respectively. 

The highest species diversity was recorded 

on S. spontaneum (Shanon diversity 

index, H = 6.5 average), while for T. latifolia it 

was lower (H = 5.5 average) (Table 3). Further 

statistical analyses of species richness, species 

evenness, number of fungi per sample, and 

Simpson’s diversity index of each collection 

were calculated (Table 3). 

Discussion 

Fungal taxonomic composition 

Generic concepts for loculoascomycetes 

are presently in a state of flux (Zhang et al. 

2008, 2009a,b, Schoch et al. 2009, Suetrong et 

al. 2009) and we thus use a wide understanding 

of each genus (e.g., Botryosphaeria, Massarina, 

Phaeosphaeria) until taxa can be sequenced to 

establish their natural phylogenetic affinities. 

We have also used wide species concepts for 

some speciose anamorphic genera (e.g., Colletotrichum, 

Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, Verticillium). 

These require sequence data for exact determination 

(Aveskamp et al. 2008, Crouch & Beirn 

2009, Cai et al. 2009, Hyde et al. 2009, Tejesvi 

et al. 2009) and such methodology was not 

possible in this study. 

The fungi were dominated by anamorphic 

taxa, and perhaps there were undescribed 

species in genera such as Chaetophoma, Colletotrichum, 

Fusarium, Periconia, Pestalotiopsis, 

Phoma, Phomopsis, Pyricularia and Verticillium. 

The Shanon diversity index for both 

grasses was higher than those found by Wong 

& Hyde (2001), indicating the high species 

diversity on these grasses. 

The common fungi found on both T. 

latifolia and S. spontaneum were Colletotrichum, 

Fusarium, Massarina, Nipteria, Phoma, 

Phomopsis, Septoria and Tetaploa, genera also 

found commonly on other terrestrial grasses by 

Wong & Hyde (2001). The most common 

fungal genera recorded on various monocotyledonous 

substrates, especially from Thailand 

and nearby tropical regions, are summarized in 

Table 4. 

303

Table 1 Percentage occurrence of fungal taxa on Thysanoleana latifolia at two sites in Thailand. 

Taxa 

Chiang Mai Zoo Phu Phing Palace Overall % occurrence 

Leaves Stems Leaves Stems 

Ascomycetes 

Annulatascus triseptatus 3.3 0.8 

Anthostomella punctulata 23.3 26.7 12.5 

Astrosphaeriella sp. 3.3 3.3 6.7 3.3 

Apiospora camptospora 3.3 0.8 

Arecophila sp. 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Chaetosphaeria lentomita 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Didymella sp. # 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Gaeumannomyces graminis 10.0 10.0 5.0 

Glonium sp. 

Leptosphaeria compositarum 6.7 33.3 10.0 10.0 22.5 

Lophaeostoma macrostomum 3.3 0.8 

Lophiosphaera sp.# 6.7 1.7 

Lophiostoma sp. 3.3 0.8 

Magnaporthe salvinii 3.3 0.8 

Massarina chamaecyparidi 3.3 6.7 2.5 

Massarina papulosa 6.7 1.7 

Massarina phragmiticola 3.3 0.8 

Niptera excelsior 6.7 50 6.6 53.3 29.2 

Ophiobolus leptosporus 6.7 30 6.7 40 19.7 

Oxydothis sp.# 3.3 0.8 

Phaeosphaeria sp. 3.3 0.8 

Pleospora penicillus 3.3 0.8 

Terriera sp. 3.3 3.3 6.7 3.3 

Xylaria sp. 3.3 10.0 3.3 13.3 7.5 

Anamorphic fungi 

Coelomycetes 

Chaetophoma sp.# 3.3 0.8 

Colletotrichum sp. 13.3 16.7 10.0 20.0 15.0 

Pestalotiopsis versicolor 6.7 3.3 2.5 

Pestalotiopsis sp. 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Phoma sp. 1 3.3 1.7 

Phoma sp. 2 3.3 0.8 

Phomopsis sp. 6.7 1.7 

Pycnothyriopsis sp.* 3.3 0.8 

Septoria sp. 10.0 23.3 10.0 36.7 20.0 

Hyphomycetes 

Acremonium kiliense 3.3 0.8 

Acremonium masseei 6.7 26.7 10.0 23.3 15.8 

Alternaria alternata 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Arthrinium sp. 6.7 10.0 6.7 3.3 6.7 

Cladosporium cladosporioides 10.0 23.3 3.3 26.7 15.8 

Curvularia lunata 3.3 0.8 

Dactylaria dimorphospora 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Dactylaria triseptata 3.3 0.8 

Dactylaria sp. 3.3 3.3 1.7 

Dactylella ellipsospora 3.3 0.8 

Dendrographium thysanolaenae * 3.3 0.8 

Dictyochaeta simplex 10.0 5.0 

Drumopama monoseta* 6.7 1.7 

Fusarium oxysporum 13.3 16.7 13.3 20.0 15.8 

Memnoniella subsimplex 3.3 13.3 20.0 9.2 

Nigrospora oryzae 3.3 0.8 

Periconia byssoides 33.3 9.9 26.6 13.3 20.8 

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Mycosphere 

Table 1 (Continued) Percentage occurrence of fungal taxa on Thysanoleana latifolia at two sites in 

Thailand. 

Taxa 

Chiang Mai Zoo Phu Phing Palace Overall % occurrence 


Periconia cookei 40.0 6.7 11.7 

Periconia digitata 6.7 1.7 

Periconia echinochloae 3.3 13.3 23.3 16.7 14.2 

Periconia macrospinosa 3.3 9.9 3.3 

Phaeoisaria clematidis 3.3 0.8 

Pleurophragmium simplex 6.7 1.7 

Pseudocercospora sp. 3.3 0.8 

Pyricularia sp.# 3.3 0.8 

Spegazzinia deightonii 3.3 6.7 2.5 

Sporidesmium cookei 9.9 2.5 

Stachybotrys echinata 6.7 33.3 9.9 40.0 22.5 

Stachybotrys parvispora 6.7 1.7 

Stachylidium bicolor 6.7 1.7 

Stilbella sp. 13.3 16.7 7.5 

Tetraploa aristata 56.7 20.0 10.0 26.7 20.0 

Verticillium sp. 36.7 30.0 23.3 26.7 29.2 

Myxomycetes 

Dictydium cancellatum 3.3 0.8 

Total no. taxa = 67 31 42 29 30 

*Known only from Thysanoleana sp. 

# Unidentified species, possibly known only from Thysanoleana sp. 

y 

y 

PL 

z 

CS 

PS 

CL 

x 

x 

PS 

PL 

z 

CL 

CS 

a 

b 

Figs 1 – Three-dimensional correspondence ordination of taxa and fungal communities recorded 

from leaves (L) and stems (S) of Thysanoleana latifolia from Phu Phing Ratchaniwat Palace (P) and 

Chiang Mai Zoo (C) a. Diagram oriented at x- and y- axes b. Diagram oriented at y- and z- axes. 

Do fungi on T. latifolia and S. spontaneum 

vary according to tissue types? 

Different fungal communities were found 

on leaves and stems of the two woody grasses, 

with higher species diversity on stems. Several 

fungi showed a preference for stems of T. latifolia 

including the ascomycetes, Anthostomella 

punctulata, Leptosphaeria compositarum, Niptera 

exselsior and Ophiobolus leptosporus, and 

the anamorphic fungi, Acremonium masseei, 

305

Table 2 Number of records and percentage occurrence of fungal taxa on Saccharum spontaneum at 

two sites in Thailand. 

Taxa 

Chiang Dao district Mae Rim district Overall % occurrence 


Ascomyce 

Annulatascus sp. 1 1 0.2 

Apiospora montagnei 1 0.2 

Arecophila sp. 1 1 4 1 

Arecophila sp. 2 1 0.2 

Arecophila sp. 5 (CMUGS2033) # 3 0.6 

Ascomycetes 1 (CMUGS2028)# 1 0.2 

Ascomycetes 2 (CMUGS2041)# 2 0.4 

Botryosphaeria festucae 5 1 1.2 

Didymella glacialis 7 2 1 1 2.2 

Didymosphaeria conoidea 1 2 2 1 

Gaeumannomyces graminis 5 3 1.6 

Gibberella zeae 1 0.2 

Halosphaeria hamata 11 2 5 1 3.8 

Lewia infectoria 1 0.2 

Linocarpon sp. 1 3 0.6 

Lophiostoma arundinis 10 2 2.4 

Lophiostoma sp. 2 0.4 

Massarina arundinacea 14 2 8 1 5 

Massarina fluviatilis 1 0.2 

Massarina sp. 1 2 0.4 



Massarina sp. 4 (CMUGS2011)# 1 0.2 

Mycosphaerella lineolata 7 6 2.6 

Nectria graminicola 1 1 0.4 

Ophiobolus leptosporus 1 0.2 

Oxydothis sp. 1 2 1 0.6 

Paraphaeosphaeria sp. 1 0.2 

Phaeosphaeria eustoma 2 2 1 1 

Phaeosphaeria pontiformis 1 2 0.6 

Phomatospora berkeleyi 3 1 1 1 

Stictis sp.# 11 2.2 

Coelomycetes 

Coelomycete 2 0.4 

Colletotrichum sp. 1 10 3 2 5 4 

Microsphaeropsis sp. 7 1.4 

Phaeoseptoria sp. 1 0.2 

Phialophorophoma sp. 1 0.2 

Phoma sp. 1 5 3 1.6 

Phoma sp. 2 1 14 5 4 

Phomatospora sp. 4 0.8 

Phomopsis sp. 5 4 1.8 

Septoria sp. 1# 1 0.2 

Hyphomycetes 

Acremonium masseei 2 0.4 

Acrodictys sacchari 1 0.2 

Arthrinium phaeospermum 2 7 4 2.6 

Arthrinium saccharicola 1 0.2 

Bactrodesmium atrum 3 0.6 

Bipolaris stenospila 1 0.2 

Cercospora longipes 2 0.2 

Cladosporium cladosporioides 9 4 7 1 4.2 

Curvularia brachyspora 1 0.2 

Curvularia geniculata 1 3 2 1.2 

Deightoniella papuana 2 0.4 

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Mycosphere 

Table 2 (Continued) Number of records and percentage occurrence of fungal taxa on Saccharum 

spontaneum at two sites in Thailand. 

Taxa Chiang Dao district Mae Rim district Overall % occurrence 


Dictyoarthrinium sacchari 1 0.2 

Dictyosporium oblongum 3 1 1 1 

Dictyosporium sp. 1# 2 0.4 

Fusarium sp. 1 1 0.2 

Lacellina graminicola 2 0.4 

Myrothecium cinctum. 2 0.4 

Myrothecium indicum 11 6 7 3 5.4 

Myrothecium sp. 1# 1 0.2 

Nigrospora sacchari 3 0.6 

Passalora koepkei 5 1 

Periconia digitata 3 12 1 7 4.6 

Periconia echinochloae 10 8 5 8 6.2 

Periconia minutissima 1 5 2 7 3 

Periconia sacchari 2 2 0.8 

Periconia state Didymosphaeria igniari 2 0.4 

Periconia sp. 1 11 2.2 

Periconia sp. 2 3 9 2.4 

Phialophora sp. 1 1 0.2 

Pithomyces graminicola 1 0.2 

Pithomyces sacchari 1 0.2 

Pteroconium state Apiospora camptospora 1 0.2 

Solheimia sp. 1 1 1 0.4 

Spegazzinia deightonii. 2 0.4 

Spegazzinia tessarthra 2 0.4 

Tetraploa aristata 17 11 12 8 9.6 

Thielaviopsis state Ceratocystis moniliformis 1 7 1.6 

Total no. taxa = 79 31 55 21 30 

# Unidentified species, possibly known only from Saccharum spontaneum. 

y 

y 

z 

ML 

CS 

MS x 

CL 

x 

CL 

ML 

MS 

CS 

z 

a 

b 

Fig 2 – Three-dimensional correspondence ordination of taxa and fungal communities recorded 

from leaves (L) and stems (S) of Saccharum spontaneum from Mae Rim district (M) and Chiang 

Dao district (C). a. Diagram oriented at x- and y- axes. b. Diagram oriented at y- and z- axes. 

307

Table 3 Diversity indices of saprobic fungi recovered from Thysanolaena latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum during dry and wet seasons. 

Host/season <strong>Fungi</strong>/sample Shannon-Wiener indices Simpson indices Species evenness Species richness 

T. latifolia dry 2.9 5.6 0.9477 0.921 30 

T. latifolia wet 2.7 5.4 0.9637 0.964 43 

S. spontaneum dry 3.3 6.6 0.9822 0.969 31 

S. spontaneum wet 3.5 6.4 0.9764 0.962 55 

Average 3.1 6 0.9675 0.954 39.75 

Table 4 Most common fungal genera recorded on various monocotyledonous substrates from tropical regions (updated post Wong & Hyde 2001). 

Bamboo a Banana b Gingers c Grasses d Grasses e Palms f Pandanaceae g 

Acremonium Anthostomella Acremonium *** Colletotrichum** Acremonium #, ** Annulatascus** Acremonium 

Acrodictys Canalisporium Aspergillus** Diaporthe** Anthostomella Astrosphaeriella** Aspergillus 

Anthostomella Chaetomium Canalisporium*** Didymosphaeria Cladosporium** Cancellidium Botryodiplodia 

Apiospora Cladosporium Chloridium*** Fusarium Colletotrichum #, ** Didymobotryum Canalisporium 

Arecophila Deightoniella Cladosporium *** Linocarpon*** Fusarium # Gaeumannomyces Ellisembia 

Astrosphaeriella Memnoniella Colletotrichum*** Macrospora Gaeumannomyces # Helicoma Microthyrium 

Chaetomium Mycosphaerella Curvularia*** Massarina*** Leptosphaeria Jahnula** Nectria 

Cladosporium Periconia Dactylaria*** Nigrospora Massarina** Lophiostoma Oxydothis 

Corynespora Periconiella Dactylella *** Niptera Niptera Massarina Penicillium 

Curvularia Pseudobotrytis Dictyoarthrinium*** Paraphaeosphaeria Ophiobolus Microthyrium** Phaeosphaeria 

Ellisembia Pyriculariopsis Fusarium *** Petrakia Phaeoisaria** Morenoina Phoma 

Gliomastix** Stachybotrys Paecilomyces *** Phaeoisaria** Periconia #, ** Nectria Phomatospora 

Hypoxylon Stachylidium Phaeosphaeria Phaeosphaeria Phoma** Nemania Stachybotrys 

Massarina Torula Phomopsis *** Phoma** Phomopsis #, ** Phaeoisaria** Trichoderma 

Phaeoisaria Verticillium Phyllosticta*** Phomopsis** Septoria** Phruensis Zygosporium 

Podosporium Zygosporium Verticillium *** Phragmitensis Stachybotrys # Solheimia 

Trichocladium Pleospora Terriera Submersisphaeria** 

Septoria Tetraploa** Thailiomyces 

Sporidesmium** Verticillium Xylomyces** 

Tetraploa Xylaria 

***Common genera on three or more hosts., **Common genera on two hosts, # = <strong>Fungi</strong> also record as endophyte in grass (Bhilabutra et al., in press). 

a = Hyde et al. (2001), b = Photita et al. (2001a, 2003b), c = Bussaban et al. (2004), d = Wong and Hyde (2001), e = this study, f = Pinnoi et al. (2006), Pinruan et al. (2007), g = 

Thongkantha et al. (2008) 

308

Mycosphere 

Cladosporium cladosporioides, Memnoniella 

subsimplex, Septoria sp. and Stachybotrys 

echinata. On S. spontaneum, the difference is 

largely due to species such as Halosphaeria 

hamata, Lophiostoma arundinis, and Massarina 

arundinacea showing a preference for 

leaves, while on T. latifolia, Periconia byssoides 

and P. cookei were more common on 

leaves. Different fungal communities on different 

tissue types has also been shown with 

other grasses and sedges (Wong & Hyde 2001) 

and other monocotyledonous hosts, e.g., palms 

(Yanna et al. 2001), banana (Photita et al. 

2001a) and gingers (Bussaban et al. 2002, 

2004). The less common fungal species may 

also show tissue specificity, e.g., Gaeumannomyces 

graminis and Phomopsis sp., were found 

only on some parts of the stems of both grasses, 

especially in the thickest regions. Pestalotiopsis 

versicolor was found only on some parts 

of leaves of T. latifolia while Periconia sp. 1 

and Periconia sp. 2 were found only on some 

parts of leaves of S. spontaneum. 

Do fungi on T. latifolia and S. spontaneum 

differ significantly between sites? 

Of the 67 species identified from T. 

latifolia, 23 species were identified from both 

sites, and the percentage similarity between the 

two sites was 50.5%. For S. spontaneum, 79 

species were found, 30 species were identified 

from both sites, and the percentage similarity 

between the two sites was 52.3%. Taxa restricted 

to Chiang Mai Zoo region site, and with a 

high percentage of occurrence were four 

hyphomycetes, Periconia cookei, P. macrospinosa, 

Spegazzinia deightonii and Sporidesmium 

cookei, while those only found at Phu 

Ping Ratchaniwat Palace region site were 

Dactylaria dimorphospora, Didymella sp., 

Massarina chamaecyparissi, Pestalotiopsis sp., 

Pleurophragmium simplex, and Stachylidium 

bicolor. Taylor (1997) also found very few 

overlapping fungi when she examined fungi on 

a single species of palm, Archontophoenix 

alexandrae in Hong Kong, north Queensland 

and Malaysia. However, with A. alexandrae, 

the differences in fungal communities may be 

the result of removal of the host from its 

natural habitat to other geographic locations. 

Differences in frequency of occurrence of 

fungal taxa on the same host at different sites 

were noted for some grasses in Hong Kong 

(Wong & Hyde 2001). This is more likely to 

result from differences in environmental 

factors than to be host related (Alias et al. 1995, 

Hyde & Lee 1995, Wong & Hyde 2001). Wong 

& Hyde (2001) reported that Anthostomella, 

Diaporthe, Linocarpon, Massarina, Oxydothis 

and Stictis are common ascomycete genera on 

monocotyledonous hosts. All of these, except 

Diaporthe, were found in the present study. 

Wong & Hyde (2001) reported ten common 

anamorphic fungal genera on grasses and 

sedges. Of these, nine genera Colletotrichum, 

Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phaeoisaria, Phoma, 

Phomopsis, Septoria, Sporidesmium and Tetraploa 

were also collected on T. latifolia or S. 

spontaneum; the one exception was Petrakia. 

The results suggest that the species 

common to T. latifolia and S. spontaneum in 

Thailand may be widespread, although their 

abundance differs between sites. Some of the 

fungi (e.g., Dendrographium thysanolaenae, 

Drumopama monoseta, Pycnothyriopsis sp., 

Arecophila sp. 5, Stictis sp. 1 and Septoria sp. 

1 recorded in this study are rare species and it 

is unknown whether they are specific to T. 

latifolia or to S. spontaneum. It is important to 

clarify if these rare species are ubiquitous taxa 

or specific to grasses such as T. latifolia or S. 

spontaneum before we can really understand 

global species numbers. 

Are fungi occurring on T. latifolia and S. 

spontaneum likely to be host/family specific? 

Of the 67 species recorded in this study 

Dendrographium thysanolaenae, Drumopama 

monoseta and Pycnothyriopsis sp. 1, are know 

only from T. latifolia (Table 1), although 

several other species, not identified to species 

level, may also be specific to T. latifolia. Many 

fungi from S. spontaneum, which were not 

determined to species, are presented in Table 2. 

Some, such as Periconia spp. and Tetraploa 

aristata are probably ubiquitous as they have 

been recorded from numerous other hosts (Ellis 

1971). 

Wong & Hyde (2001) studied six grasses 

and one sedge in Hong Kong and reported that 

some fungi showed explicit host-exclusivity or 

specificity, and occurred with frequencies 

around 50% on only one host during all of the 

sample periods. These included Niptera 

309

excelsior on Thysanolaena maxima; Ceratosporella 

sp., Linocarpon augustatum, Massarina 

purpurascens, Phaeoisaria clematidis and 

Stachybotrys kampalensis on Miscanthus floridulus; 

and Paraphaeosphaeria schoenoplecti 

and Septoria-like sp. on Schoenoplectus litoralis. 

Wong & Hyde (2001) hypothesized that 

these fungi may be host-specific endophytes 

that later become saprobes, or that they may be 

host-exclusive saprobes that are responding to 

differences in physical structure or nutrient 

levels of the potential hosts. 

Although conclusions from our study 

must be treated with caution, it is apparent that 

several fungi have, to date, only been found 

associated with the grasses T. latifolia and S. 

spontaneum. However, we cannot be sure that 

these fungi are host-specific. The data also 

shows that some fungi occur predominantly on 

stems, while others occur more commonly on 

leaves. The recurrence of fungi on certain 

tissue types has also been shown with palms 

(Yanna et al. 2001) and other grasses and 

sedges (Wong & Hyde 2001). This indicates 

another parameter that should be taken into 

account when estimating fungal diversity. 

Acknowledgements 

Funds for this research were provided by 

the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program under 

The Thailand Research fund (Grant No. 4. B. 

CM/45/D1). Dr Ho Wai Hong (Wellcome) is 

thanked for comment and helpful identification 

of mitosporic fungi. Helen Leung is thanked 

for help with technical assistance. Nakarin 

Suwanarach and Jaturong Kumla are thanked 

for helping preparing manuscript. 

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