Download - OAR@ICRISAT

AN ANNOTATED 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

OF 

PIGEONPEA 

1900 - 1977 

B. S. DAHIYA 

G R A M BREEDER 

HARYANA A G R I C U L T U R A L UNIVERSITY 

HISSAR 

I C R I S A T 

International Crops Research Institute for t h e Semi-Arid Tropics 

ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. 

Andhra Pradesh, India 5 0 2 3 2 4 

M a y 1 9 8 0

T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r o p s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e S e m i - A r i d T r o p i c s ( I C R I S A T ) i s a n o n - 

p r o f i t s c i e n t i f i c e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e r e c e i v i n g s u p p o r t f r o m a v a r i e t y o f d o n o r s , g o v e r n m e n t s , 

a n d f o u n d a t i o n s . A l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n r e s t s w i t h I C R I S A T .

To those people who are devoted to the improvement of 

C a j a n u s c a j a n with the aim of upgrading the n u t r i 

tional standard of the diets of people in the developing 

countries.

C O N T E N T S 

FOREWORD 

i x 

P R E F A C E 

x i 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

x i 

L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S 

1 

AGRONOMY 

1 3 

B I B L I O G R A P H I E S 

3 8 

B I O C H E M I S T R Y AND N U T R I T I O N 

3 8 

B O T A N Y 

5 5 

B R E E D I N G 

6 0 

C Y T O G E N E T I C S 

7 5 

ECONOMICS 

8 0 

ENTOMOLOGY 

8 1 

G E N E T I C S 

9 4 

M I C R O B I O L O G Y 

L 0 7 

PATHOLOGY 

L 1 0 

P H Y S I O L O G Y 

1 4 1 

U T I L I Z A T I O N 

1 5 1 

AUTHOR 

I N D E X 

1 5 9 

S U B J E C T 

I N D E X 

1 7 1 

WORD 

I N D E X 

1 7 5 

A P P E N D I X , P I G E O N P E A SYNONYMY 

183 

v i i

F O R E W O R D 

I C R I S A T i s p l e a s e d t o p u b l i s h t h i s a n n o t a t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y o f p i g e o n - 

p e a l i t e r a t u r e , w h i c h r e s u l t s c h i e f l y f r o m t h e e f f o r t s o f a c l o s e 

a s s o c i a t e , D r . B . S . D a h i y a o f H a r y a n a A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , 

w h o w a s a t P u n j a b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y w h e n t h e s e r e f e r e n c e s 

w e r e c o m p i l e d . O u r j o i n t e f f o r t e x e m p l i f i e s t h e t w o - w a y c o o p e r a 

t i o n t h a t m u l t i p l i e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e r e s e a r c h d o n e b y b o t h 

I C R I S A T a n d t h e I n d i a n n a t i o n a l p r o g r a m s . 

I n t e r e s t i n p i g e o n p e a , n o w g r o w n m o s t l y i n I n d i a , i s i n c r e a s 

i n g o n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l b a s i s . A r e c e n t r e p o r t o f t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l 

S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , r e c o m m e n d e d r e s e a r c h t o e x p l o r e 

t h e a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e c r o p t o m a r g i n a l l a n d s i n t h e U S A . 

I t i s o u r h o p e t h a t e a s i e r a c c e s s t o e x i s t i n g l i t e r a t u r e o n 

p i g e o n p e a w i l l h e l p a l l c o n c e r n e d s c i e n t i s t s i n p l a n n i n g e f f e c t i v e 

r e s e a r c h f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e s u p p l y o f a h i g h l y n u t r i t i v e f o o d c r o p 

o f i m p o r t a n c e t o m a n y m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e . 

L . D . S w i n d a l e 

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l

P R E F A C E 

T h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y w a s p r e p a r e d t o p r o v i d e u p - t o - d a t e i n f o r m a t i o n o n p i g e o n p e a 

l i t e r a t u r e . I t c o n t a i n s 1 2 7 5 c i t a t i o n s d a t i n g f r o m 1 9 0 0 t h r o u g h 1 9 7 7 , i n c l u d i n g 

a l l t r a c e a b l e r e f e r e n c e s p r i o r t o 1 9 0 0 a n d s o m e o f 1 9 7 8 . T h e a n n o t a t i o n s a r e t h e 

a u t h o r s ' o r i g i n a l a b s t r a c t s o r s u m m a r i e s , w i t h s o m e e d i t i n g . W h e r e t h e p a p e r s 

o r p u b l i c a t i o n s d o n o t d e a l d i r e c t l y w i t h p i g e o n p e a , o n l y t h e p o r t i o n r e l a t i n g t o 

p i g e o n p e a i s s u m m a r i z e d . T h e a b s t r a c t s o f p a p e r s n o t d i r e c t l y a v a i l a b l e w e r e 

t a k e n f r o m s o u r c e s s u c h a s B i o l o g i c a l A b s t r a c t s , C h e m i c a l A b s t r a c t s , o r C A B 

A b s t r a c t s . T i t l e s a r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y i n E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n , w i t h o n e o r t w o 

e x c e p t i o n s w h e r e t h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e . 

T h e s u b j e c t i n d e x i s b r i e f b u t a d e q u a t e , I t h i n k , t o b e u s e f u l . S i n c e t h e 

b i b l i o g r a p h y i s o n p i g e o n p e a , t h e t e r m " p i g e o n p e a " h a s b e e n o m i t t e d f r o m t h e 

i n d e x . A l i s t o f p i g e o n p e a s y n o n y m y i s g i v e n a t t h e e n d . 

I n a p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s n a t u r e , o m i s s i o n s a n d e r r o r s a r e i n e v i t a b l e . I 

s h o u l d a p p r e c i a t e h a v i n g s u c h o m i s s i o n s a n d e r r o r s b r o u g h t t o m y a t t e n t i o n , i n 

o r d e r t o i m p r o v e f u t u r e s u p p l e m e n t s . 

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S 

I a m g r a t e f u l t o D r s . L . D . S w i n d a l e , D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l , a n d J . S . K a n w a r , 

D i r e c t o r o f R e s e a r c h , I C R I S A T , H y d e r a b a d , f o r p r o v i d i n g f a c i l i t i e s a t I C R I S A T , 

w h e r e I c o u l d d e v o t e m y s e l f e n t i r e l y t o t h i s a s s i g n m e n t , a n d t o t h e a u t h o r i t i e s 

o f P u n j a b A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y ( P A U ) , L u d h i a n a , f o r g r a n t i n g l e a v e f r o m m y 

d u t i e s t h e r e t o w o r k o n t h i s p r o j e c t . 

I a m i n d e b t e d t o m y c o l l e a g u e s a n d p o s t g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s a t P A U a n d t h e 

s t a f f o f t h e l i b r a r i e s c o n s u l t e d f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n c o m p i l i n g t h e r e f e r e n c e s . 

T h e i n p u t o f t h e p i g e o n p e a s c i e n t i s t s a n d s e c r e t a r i a l s t a f f o f I C R I S A T i s 

g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d ; I e s p e c i a l l y a p p r e c i a t e t h e e a r l y i n t e r e s t e x p r e s s e d i n 

t h e p r o j e c t b y D r . J o h n M . G r e e n , L e a d e r o f t h e P u l s e P r o g r a m a t I C R I S A T , 

a n d h i s s u s t a i n e d e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o c o m p l e t e i t . 

S p e c i a l m e n t i o n m u s t b e m a d e o f t h e d e d i c a t e d e f f o r t o f A . J . R a m a R a o , 

I C R I S A T p u l s e p r o g r a m s e c r e t a r y , w i t h o u t w h o m t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l 

t e s t o f t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y w o u l d h a v e b e e n m u c h m o r e d e l a y e d . 

F i n a l l y , I a m d e e p l y g r a t e f u l t o V r i n d a K u m b l e f o r h e r e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e , 

a n d t o I C R I S A T , t h e p u b l i s h e r , f o r m a k i n g t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e 

s c i e n t i s t s t o w h o m i t i s d e d i c a t e d . 

B . S . 

D a h i y a 

x i

L I S T O F A B B R E V I A T I O N S 

A c t a A l i m e n . Hung. 

A c t a A l i m e n t a r l a Hungaricae 

A c t a P h y t o t h e r . 

Acta P h y t o t h e r a p e u t i c a 

Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . Ceylon 

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Report o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f 

A g r i c u l t u r e , Ceylon 

Agra U n i v . J . Res. 

Agra U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l o f Research 

A g r i c . Anitn. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh 

A g r i c u l t u r e and Animal Husbandry, U t t a r 

Pradesh 

A g r i c . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v e r s i t y 

A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e J o u r n a l , Osmania 

U n i v e r s i t y 

A g r i c . Exp. S t n U n i v . P u e r t o Rico 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n , 

of P u e r t o Rico 

U n i v e r s i t y 

A g r i c . Gaz. N.S.W. 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Gazette of New South Wales, 

A u s t r a l i a 

A g r i c . J . B i h a r , O r i s s a 

A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l o f the B i h a r and 

O r i s s a Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e 

A g r i c . J . I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l o f 

A g r i c . M e t e o r . 

A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Meteorology 

I n d i a 

A g r i c . R e s . , New D e l h i 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, New D e l h i 

A g r i c . S i t u . I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r a l S i t u a t i o n i n I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r e , L o u v a i n 

A g r i c u l t u r e , L o u v a i n 

A g r i c u l t u r a Mod. Habana 

A g r i c u l t u r a Moderna, Habana 

A g r i c u l t u r a T r o p . 

A g r i c u l t u r a T r o p i c a l e 

A g r i c u l t u r e , I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k I n d i a 

A g r i c u l t u r e and L i v e - S t o c k i n I n d i a 

Agronomico Compinas 

Agronomico Compinas 

A g r o n . J . 

Agronomy J o u r n a l 

A g r o n . T r o p . , Nogent 

Agronomie T r o p i c a l e , Nogent s u r Marne 

A l l a h a b a d Fmr 

A l l a h a b a d Farmer 

Am. J . B o t . 

American J o u r n a l of Botany 

A n a l y t . Biochem. 

A n a l y t i c a l B i o c h e m i s t r y 

Andhra A g r i c . J . 

Andhra A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

A n . Esc. A g r i c . Q u e i r o z . 

Annals Escola de A g r i c u l t u r a L u i z de 

Q u e i r o z , P i r o c i c a b a 

An. Fac. Farm. B i o q u i m . U n i v . S. Marcos 

Lima Peru 

Anales de la F a c u l t a d de Farmacia y 

B l o q u i m i c a . U n i v e r s i d a d N a c i o n a l de San 

Marcos 

Annls Amel. P I . 

Annales de l ' a m e l i o r a t i o n des P l a n t e s 

Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 

Annals o f A p p l i e d B i o l o g y 

Ann. A r i d Zone 

Annals of A r i d Zone 

Ann. Biochem. Expl Med. 

Annals of B i o c h e m i s t r y and E x p e r i m e n t a l 

Medicine 

Ann. B o t . 

Annals of Botany 

A r b . B i o l . A n s t . R e i c h s a n s t . B e r l . 

A r b e i t e n aus der B i o l o g i s c h e n R e i c h s a n s t a l t 

f u r L a n d - u - F o r s t w i r t s c h a f t . B e r l i n 

Archos Venez. N u t r . 

A r c h i v o s Venezolanos de N u t r i c i o n

Pigeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y 

A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. 

A u s t r a l i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

A u s t . J . P I . P h y s i o l . 

A u s t r a l i a n J o u r n a l o f P l a n t P h y s i o l o g y 

A . Meet. I n d . S c i . C o n g . , Poona 

Annual Meeting o f t h e I n d i a n Science 

Congress, Poona 

A . Rep. A g r i c . D e p t S i e r r e Leone 

Annual R e p o r t , A g r i c u l t u r e Department, 

S i e r r e Leone 

A. Rep. Dept A g r i c . Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y 

Annual Report of t h e Department of 

A g r i c u l t u r e Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y 

A. Rep. Dept A g r i c . Kenya 

Annual R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

Kenya 

A. Rep. Dept A g r i c . Nyasaland 

Annual Report of t h e Department of 

A g r i c u l t u r e , Nyasaland 

A. Rep. Lands F o r e s t . Dep. S i e r r e Leone 

Annual R e p o r t , Lands and F o r e s t s D e p a r t 

ment, S i e r r e Leone 

A. Rev. Biochem. A p p l . Res. I n d i a 

Annual Review of t h e B i o c h e m i c a l and 

A p p l i e d Research i n I n d i a 

At ICRISAT 

At ICRISAT 

B o l . M i n . A g r i c . B r a z i l 

B o l e t i m d o M i n i s t e r i o d a A g r i c u l t u r e , B r a z i l 

B o l . R. Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t . 

B o l e t i n de la Real Sociedad E s p i n o l a de 

H i s t o r i a N a t u r a l 

B o l . Sec. A g r i c . Pernambuco 

B o l e t i m da S e c r e t a r i a da A g r i c u l t u r a de 

Pernambuco 

B o l . Soc. B o t . Mexico 

B o l e t i n d e l a Sociedad B o t a n i c a d e l Mexico 

B o l . T r i m . Exp. Agropec. 

B o l e t i n T r i m e s t r a l d e E x p e r i m e n t a c i 6 n 

A g r o p e c u a r i a , Lima 

Bolm A g r i c . Sao Paulo 

B o l e t i m de A g r i c u l t u r a Sao Paulo 

Bolm M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. Rio d e J . 

B o l e t i m d o M i n i s t e r i o d a A g r i c u l t u r a , 

I n d u s t r i a e Comercio 

Bombay Dep. A g r i c . L e a f l . 

Bombay Department of A g r i c u l t u r e L e a f l e t 

B o t a n i c a 

B o t a n i c a 

B o t . J . L i n n . Soc. 

B o t a n i c a l J o u r n a l o f Linnaean S o c i e t y 

Botanique (Nagpur) 

Botanique (Nagpur) 

B o t h a l i a 

B o t h a l i a 

B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

B a n s i l a l A m r i t l a l A g r i c u l t u r e C o l l e g e 

Magazine 

B i e t . E n t . Entomol. 

B i e t . Entomology Entomologie 

B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

B i h a r A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine 

Biochem. J . 

B i o c h e m i c a l J o u r n a l 

B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a 

B i o c h i m i c a e t B i o p h y s i c a A c t a 

B i o l . Res. Coun. Soc. B i o l . Chem., I n d i a 

B i o l o g i c a l Research C o u n c i l , S o c i e t y o f 

B i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y , I n d i a 

B r a g a n t i a 

B r a g a n t i a 

B r a s i l A c u c a r e i r o 

B r a s i l A c u c a r e i r o 

B u l l . A g r i c . Congo Beige 

B u l l e t i n A g r i c o l e du Congo Beige 

B u l l . B o t . Soc. Bengal 

B u l l e t i n o f t h e B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y o f Bengal 

B u l l . C a l c u t t a Sch. T r o p . Med. 

B u l l e t i n o f the C a l c u t t a School o f T r o p i c a l 

Medicine 

B u l l . E n t . Res. 

B u l l e t i n o f E n t o m o l o g i c a l Research 

B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 

B u l l e t i n E s t a c i o n E x p e r i m e n t a l A g r i c u l t u r e 

U n i v e r s i t y o f P u e r t o Rico 

2

L i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s 

B u l l . G r a i n T e c h n o l . 

B u l l e t i n o f G r a i n Technology 

B u l l . N a t . I n s t . S c i . , I n d i a 

B u l l e t i n o f t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f 

S c i e n c e s , I n d i a 

B u l l . U.S. N a t . Mus. 

B u l l e t i n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l 

Museum 

B . V . J . A g r i c . S c i . Res. 

The Balwant V i d y a p e e t h J o u r n a l of A g r i c u l - 

t u r a l and S c i e n t i f i c Research 

Cajanus 

Cajanus 

(Jamaica) 

Can. J . Biochem. P h y s i o l . 

Canadian J o u r n a l of B i o c h e m i s t r y and 

P h y s i o l o g y 

Can. J . Genet. C y t o l . 

Canadian J o u r n a l of Genetics and Cytology 

C u r r . Res. 

C u r r e n t Research 

C u r r . S c i . 

C u r r e n t Science 

C y t o l o g i a 

C y t o l o g i a 

Dep. A g r i c . Econ. Fm Mgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s 

Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics and 

Farm Management, U n i v e r s i t y of West I n d i e s 

Dep. A g r i c . Tech. Rep. Ceylon 

Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e T e c h n i c a l Reports 

Ceylon 

Dep. A g r i c . Poona, Bombay 

Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Poona, Bombay 

D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s 

D i v i s i o n o f P l a n t P a t h o l o g y , Department o f 

A g r i c u l t u r e , M a u r i t i u s 

Can. J . P I . S c i . 

Canadian J o u r n a l o f P l a n t Science 

C a r i b b . A g r i c . 

Caribbean A g r i c u l t u r e 

C a r i b b . Fmr 

Caribbean Farmer 

C a r y o l o g i a 

C a r y o l o g i a 

Cas tanea 

Castanea 

CRRI, C u t t a c k 

C e n t r a l Rice Research I n s t i t u t e , 

C e r e a l Chem. 

Cereal Chemistry 

Ceres, Minas Gerais 

Ceres, Minas Gerais 

Commun. Found. NEDERF. Amsterdam 

Communication F o u n d a t i o n , NEDERF. 

Amsterdam 

Coton F i b r . T r o p . 

Coton e t F i b r e s T r o p i c a l e s , P a r i s 

Crop S c i . 

Crop Science 

Cuttack 

E . A f r . A g r i c . J . 

East A f r i c a n A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

E . A f r . A g r i c . F o r . J . 

East A f r i c a n A g r i c u l t u r a l and F o r e s t r y 

J o u r n a l 

E l Salvador M i n i s t . A g r i c . Ganad. C i r e A g r i c . 

El Salvador M i n i s t e r i o de A g r i c u l t u r a Y 

Ganaderia, C i r e A g r i c u l t u r e 

Emp. J . Exp. A g r i c . 

Empire J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l A g r i c u l t u r e 

E n t o m o l o g i s t 

E n t o m o l o g i s t 

E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

E u p h y t i c a 

E u p h y t i c a 

E x p e r i e n t i a 

E x p e r i e n t i a 

Expl A g r i c . 

E x p e r i m e n t a l 

A g r i c u l t u r e 

3

Pigeonpea 

B i b l i o g r a p h y 

FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s 

Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n A g r i c u l 

t u r a l S t u d i e s 

FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 

Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n t 

P r o t e c t i o n B u l l e t i n 

FAO/SIDA Seminar 

Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n , Swedish 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Agency, Seminar 

Gaz. A g r i c . Mozambique 

Gazette A g r i c u l t u r e , Mozambique 

Genet. A g r . 

Genetica A g r a r i a 

Genetica 

Genetica 

Genetics 

Genetics 

Farmer 

Farmer, 

I n d i a 

Farmer ( K i n g s t o n , Jam.) 

Farmer. J o u r n a l o f t h e Jamaica A g r i c u l 

t u r a l S o c i e t y K i n g s t o n 

Fd Fmg 

Food and Farming 

Fd Fmg A g r i c . 

Food Farming and A g r i c u l t u r e 

Fd Res. 

Food Research 

Fd T e c h n o l . Ser. Fac. Engg U n i v . W. I n d i e s 

Food Technology S e r i e s , F a c u l t y of 

E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f West I n d i e s 

F e r t i l . News 

F e r t i l i z e r News 

F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . 

F e r t i l i z e r Technology 

F l d Crop A b s t r . 

F i e l d Crop A b s t r a c t s 

Fm F a c t o r y 

Farm and F a c t o r y 

Fm Fare 

Farm Fare 

Fm J . 

Farm J o u r n a l 

Fm News 

Farm News 

Fmg S. A f r . 

Farming i n South A f r i c a 

F m r P a r l i a m . 

Farmer and P a r l i a m e n t 

F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer 

F r u i t s d ' o u t r e Mer 

Har. J . H o r t . S c i . 

Haryana J o u r n a l o f H o r t i c u l t u r a l Science 

HAU J . Res. 

Haryana A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l o f 

Research 

Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 

Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n 

B u l l e t i n 

Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn P r o g . Rep. 


Progress Reports 

Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn Tech. B u l l . 


T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n 

Himachal J . A g r i c . Res. 

Himachal J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

H o p p e - S e y l e r ' s Z. P h y s i o l . Chem. 

H o p p e - S e y l e r ' s Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r P h y s i o l o - 

g i s c h e Chemie 

H o r t . S c i . 

H o r t i c u l t u r e 

Science 

IAEA 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency 

IARI Res. Ser. 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e 

Research S e r i e s 

ICAR 

I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

ICMR 

I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f M e d i c a l Research 

4


ICRISAT 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Crops Research I n s t i t u t e f o r 

t h e S e m i - A r i d T r o p i c s 

IDRC 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Research Centre 

I I T A 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f T r o p i c a l 


Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa 

I m p e r i a l C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, 

Pusa 

I n d i a n A g r i c . 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r i s t 

I n d i a n A g r i c . News Diges t 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r e , News D i g e s t 

I n d i a n C o t t . Grow. Rev. 

I n d i a n C o t t o n Growing Review 

I n d i a n Fmg 

I n d i a n Farming 

I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t 

I n d i a n Farmer's D i g e s t 

I n d i a n F o r e s t e r 

I n d i a n F o r e s t e r 

I n d i a n I n s t . S c i . J . 

I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Science J o u r n a l 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Chem. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Chemistry 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences 

I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Agronomy 

I n d i a n J . Anim. S c i . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Animal Sciences 

I n d i a n J . A p p l . Chem. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d Chemistry 

I n d i a n J . Biochem. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y 

I n d i a n J . Biochem. B i o p h y s . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y and 

B i o p h y s i c s 

I n d i a n J . E n t . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Entomology 

I n d i a n J . Expl B i o l . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f Experimental B i o l o g y 

I n d i a n J. Fm S c i . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Farm Sciences 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Genetics and P l a n t 

Breeding 

I n d i a n J . Med. Res. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Medical Research 

I n d i a n J . M i c r o b . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M i c r o b i o l o g y 

I n d i a n J . M y c o l . P I . P a t h . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Mycology and P l a n t 

Pathology 

I n d i a n J . M y c o l . Res. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f M y c o l o g i c a l Research 

I n d i a n J . Nematol. 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l of Nematology 

I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n and D i e t e t i c s 

I n d i a n J . P I . P h y s i o l . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f P l a n t P h y s i o l o g y 

I n d i a n J . P I . P r o t . 

I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n 

I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l . 

I n d i a n Lac Research I n s t i t u t e B u l l e t i n 

I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

I n d i a n Phytopathology 

I n d i a n Soap J . 

I n d i a n Soap J o u r n a l 

I n d i a n V e t . J . 

I n d i a n V e t e r i n a r y J o u r n a l 

I n t . Z . V i t a m f o r s c h . 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l e Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r V i t a m i n - 

forschung 

I n t e n s i v e A g r i c . 

I n t e n s i v e A g r i c u l t u r e 

I n t e r n . B u l l . P l a n t P r o t . 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u l l e t i n o n P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n 

I S I 

I n d i a n Standards I n s t i t u t i o n 

5


J . A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a 

J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B i h a r and O r i s s a 

J . A g r i c . Res. 

J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

J . A g r i c . Res. 

J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, N o r t h 

Caucasus 

J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 

J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e , Cambridge 

J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y o f 

T r i n i d a d and Tobago 

J . A g r i c . T r o p . B o t . A p p l . 

J o u r n a l d ' A g r i c u l t u r e T r o p i c a l e e t d e 

Botanique A p p l i q u e e 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 

J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f 

o f P u e r t o Rico 

t h e U n i v e r s i t y 

J . Am. Soc. A g r o n . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e American S o c i e t y o f Agronomy 

J . Assoc. Advan. A g r i c . S e c t . A f r i c a 

J o u r n a l o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f Advances i n 

A g r i c u l t u r e S e c t i o n , A f r i c a 

J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . S c i . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n I n s t i t u t e o f 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences 

J . B d A g r i c . B r . Guiana 

J o u r n a l o f t h e Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e o f 

B r i t i s h Guiana 

J . C o l l . A g r i c , G w a l i o r 

J o u r n a l o f t h e C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

G w a l i o r 

J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . Res. A u s t . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c and 

I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h , A u s t r a l i a 

J . C y t o l . Genet. 

J o u r n a l of C y t o l o g y and Genetics 

J . Econ. E n t . 

J o u r n a l of Economic Entomology 

J . Empire E x p l A g r i c . 

J o u r n a l o f Empire E x p e r i m e n t a l A g r i c u l t u r e 

J . Fd S c i . 

J o u r n a l o f Food Science 

J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 

J o u r n a l of Food Science and Technology 

J . H e r e d . 

J o u r n a l o f H e r e d i t y 

J . I n d i a n A p p l . Chem, 

J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n A p p l i e d Chemistry 

J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 

J o u r n a l o f the I n d i a n B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y 

J . I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 

J o u r n a l o f the I n d i a n Chemical S o c i e t y 

J . I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e I n d i a n S o c i e t y o f S o i l 

Science 

J . Jamaica A g r i c . Soc. 

J o u r n a l o f t h e Jamaica A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y 

J . Karnatak U n i v . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e Karnatak U n i v e r s i t y 

J . Madras U n i v . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e Madras U n i v e r s i t y 

J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . Baroda 

J o u r n a l o f the Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v e r 

s i t y , Baroda 

J . Mysore A g r i c . Expl Union 

J o u r n a l o f t h e Mysore A g r i c u l t u r a l and 

E x p e r i m e n t a l Union 

J . N a t . A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon 

J o u r n a l o f t h e N a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r e 

S o c i e t y of Ceylon 

J . N a t . Cancer I n s t . 

J o u r n a l o f t h e N a t i o n a l Cancer I n s t i t u t e 

J . N e m a t o l . 

J o u r n a l o f Nematology 

J . N u t r . 

J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n 

J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

J o u r n a l o f N u t r i t i o n and D i e t e t i c s 

J . Papua N . Guinea A g r i c . 

J o u r n a l of Papua New Guinea A g r i c u l t u r e 

J . P r o c . I n s t . Chem. 

J o u r n a l and Proceedings o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n 

o f Chemists, I n d i a 

J . P o s t g r a d . Sch. I A R I , D e l h i 

J o u r n a l o f the P o s t g r a d u a t e S c h o o l , I n d i a n 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , D e l h i 

J . Res. MAU 

J o u r n a l o f Research Maharashtra A g r i c u l t u 

r a l U n i v e r s i t y 

6


J . Res. Ranchi U n i v . 

J o u r n a l of Research Ranchi U n i v e r s i t y 

J . S c i . F d A g r i c . 

J o u r n a l of t h e Science of Food and 


J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 

J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l 

Research 

J . S o i l Wat. Conserv. I n d i a 

J o u r n a l o f S o i l and Water C o n s e r v a t i o n i n 

I n d i a 

J . S t o r . P r o d . Res. 

J o u r n a l of S t o r e d Products Research 

J . U n i v . Poona 

J o u r n a l o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f Poona 

JNKVV Res. J. 

J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a 

Research J o u r n a l 

Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

Kanpur A g r i c u l t u r a l College Magazine 

Kew B u l l . 

Kew B u l l e t i n 

Kew B u l l . ( M i s c . I n f o r m . ) 

Kew B u l l e t i n ( M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f o r m a t i o n ) 

Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r . 

Memoirs of the Department of A g r i c u l t u r e 

i n I n d i a (Chemical S e r i e s ) 

Mem. Imp. C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . T r i n i d a d 

( M y c o l . S e r . ) 

Memoirs o f the I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f T r o p i c a l 

A g r i c u l t u r e i n T r i n i d a d ( M y c o l o g i c a l 

S e r i e s ) 

Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c , Uganda 

Memoirs of t h e Research D i v i s i o n , D e p a r t 

ment of A g r i c u l t u r e , Uganda 

Mod. A g r i c . 

Modern A g r i c u l t u r e 

Mut. Breed. N e w s l e t t e r 

M u t a t i o n Breeding N e w s l e t t e r 

Mycologia 

Mycologia 

M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . Tanganyika 

M y c o l o g i c a l C i r c u l a r , Department o f 

A g r i c u l t u r e , Tanganyika 

Mycopath. 

Mycopathologia 

Mycopath. M y c o l . A p p l . 

Mycopathologia e t Mycologia A p p l i c a t a 

Mysore A g r i c . J . 

Mysore A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . 

Mysore J o u r n a l of A g r i c u l t u r a l Science 

Labdev J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 

Labdev J o u r n a l of Science and Technology 

L e a f l . Dep. A g r i c . U.P. 

L e a f l e t Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

U t t a r Pradesh 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

Nagpur A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. No.) 

Nagpur A g r i c u l t u r a l College Magazine 

( S p e c i a l Research Number) 

Nature 

Nature 

Madras A g r i c . J . 

Madras A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 

Mahatma Phule A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y 

Research J o u r n a l 

Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a B o t . S e r . 

Memoirs o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e 

i n I n d i a ( B o t a n i c a l S e r i e s ) 

N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 

N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 

Nematropica 

Nematropica 

N u t r . A b s t r . Rev. 

N u t r i t i o n A b s t r a c t s and Reviews 

7


N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . 

N u t r i t i o n Reports I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

N u t r i t i o n 


PAG B u l l . 

P r o t e i n A d v i s o r y Group B u l l e t i n 

P a k i s t . J . Biochem. 

P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f B i o c h e m i s t r y 

(USA) 

P I . S c i . L e t t e r s 

P l a n t Science L e t t e r s 

P I . S o i l 

P l a n t and S o i l 

Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

Poona A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e Magazine 

P o u l t . S c i . 

P o u l t r y Science 

PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med. 

Puerto Rico J o u r n a l of P u b l i c H e a l t h and 

T r o p i c a l Medicine 

P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 

P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c and 

I n d u s t r i a l Research 

PANS 

P e s t i c i d e A r t i c l e s and News Summaries 

Pantnagar J . Res. 

Pantnagar J o u r n a l of Research 

PAU Res. J . 

Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research 

J o u r n a l 

P b H o r t . J . 

Punjab H o r t i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

P e r f . E s s e n t . O i l s Res. 

Perfumes and E s s e n t i a l O i l s Research 

P e s t i c i d e s 

P e s t i c i d e s 

P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 

P h i l i p p i n e A g r i c u l t u r i s t 

Phytochem. 

P h y t o c h e m i s t r y 

P h y t o p a t h . 

P h y t o p a t h o l o g y 

P h y t o p a t h . Z. 

P h y t o p a t h o l o g i s c h e 

Z e i t s c h r i f t 

PKV Res. J . 

Punjabrao K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h Research 

J o u r n a l 

P I . Biochem. J . 

P l a n t B i o c h e m i s t r y J o u r n a l 

P I . D i s . Reptr 

P l a n t Disease Reporter 

P I . P r o t . B u l l . 

P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n B u l l e t i n , New D e l h i 

P r o c . A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a 

Proceedings o f the A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y 

o f N i g e r i a 

P r o c . B i h a r Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 

Proceedings of the B i h a r Academy of 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Sciences 

P r o c . Bd A g r i c . I n d i a 

Proceedings o f the Board o f A g r i c u l t u r e 

o f I n d i a 

P r o c . C a r i b b . Soc. Fd Crop S c i . 

Proceedings of the Caribbean S o c i e t y of 

Food Crop Science 

P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr. 

Proceedings o f the E i g h t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

B o t a n i c a l Congress 

P r o c . E l e v e n t h I n t . Grassland Congr. 

Proceedings o f the E l e v e n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Grassland Congress 

P r o c . F i r s t E . A f r . H o r t . Symp. 

Proceedings o f the F i r s t East A f r i c a n 

H o r t i c u l t u r e Symposium 

P r o c . F i r s t N i g e r i a n G r a i n Legume Conf. 

Proceedings o f the F i r s t N i g e r i a n G r a i n 

Legume Conference 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 

Proceedings of the I n d i a n Academy of 

Sciences ( S e c t i o n B) 

P r o c . I n d i a n General Congr. N . D e l h i 

Proceedings o f the I n d i a n General Congress, 

New D e l h i 

P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 

Proceedings of t h e I n d i a n Science Congress 

P r o c . L i n n . Soc. London 

Proceedings o f t h e Linnaean S o c i e t y o f 

London 

8


P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . , I n d i a 

Proceedings of the N a t i o n a l Academy of 

Sciences o f I n d i a 

P r o c . N i n t h I n t . Grassland Congr. 

Proceedings o f the N i n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Grassland Congress 

P r o c . N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . Conf. 

Proceedings of t h e N o r t h Queensland 

A g r o s t o l o g y Conference 

Proc. Second E n t . Meet., Pusa 

Proceedings of t h e Second E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' 

M e e t i n g , Pusa, I n d i a 

P r o c . Seventh Ann. Meet. C . F . C . S . , 

M a r t i n i q u e , Guadeloupe 

Proceedings of t h e Seventh Annual Meeting 

of C e n t r a l Food Crop S o c i e t y , M a r t i n i q u e , 

Guadeloupe 

P r o c . S i x t h I n t e r n . Congr. M i c r o b i o . 

Proceedings o f t h e S i x t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Congress on M i c r o b i o l o g y 

P r o c . Soc. Exp. B i o l . Med. 

Proceedings of t h e S o c i e t y f o r Experimental 

B i o l o g y and Medicine 

P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. F l a . 

Proceedings of t h e S o i l and Crop Science 

S o c i e t y o f F l o r i d a 

P r o c . Symp. F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s 

Proceedings of the Symposium on F e r t i l i t y 

o f I n d i a n S o i l s 

P r o c . Symp. G. B. Pant U n i v . Agr. Tech. 

Pantnagar 

Proceedings of the Symposium, Govind 

B a l l a b h Pant U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e 

and Technology, Pantnagar 

Proc. Symp. P r o t e i n s Mysore 

Proceedings of t h e Symposium on P r o t e i n s , 

Mysore 

P r o c . T w e n t i e t h Ann. Meet. I n d . S c i . Congr. 

Poona 

Proceedings of the T w e n t i e t h Annual Meeting 

of the I n d i a n Science Congress, Poona 

P r o g . Fmg 

P r o g r e s s i v e Farming 

Punjab Fmr 

Punjab Farmer 

Q d . A g r i c . J . 

Queensland A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

Q u a l . P l a n t . P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 

Q u a l i t a s P l a n t a r u m , P l a n t Foods f o r Human 


R a d i a t . B o t . 

R a d i a t i o n Botany 

R a j . J . A g r i c . S c i . 

Rajasthan J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Science 

Ranchi A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 

Ranchi A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y Research 

J o u r n a l 

Ranchi Univ . J. A g r i c . Res. 

Ranchi U n i v e r s i t y J o u r n a l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Research 

Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i 

Report o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , 

New D e l h i 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda 

R e p o r t , Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Bermuda 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a 

R e p o r t , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B i h a r 

and O r i s s a 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bombay 

R e p o r t , Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Bombay 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Cent. P r o v . Berar 

Report of the Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , 

C e n t r a l Provinces and Berar 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s 

Report of t h e Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , 

M a u r i t i u s 

Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda 

Report o f the Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

Uganda 

Rep. D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana 

R e p o r t , D i v i s i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B r i t i s h 

Guiana 

Rep. D i v . P l a n t I n d . A u s t r a l i a 

R e p o r t , D i v i s i o n o f P l a n t I n d u s t r y , 

A u s t r a l i a 

Rep. M i n i s t . A g r i c . Rhod. N y a s a l d . 

Report o f the M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

Rhodesia, Nyasaland 

9


Rep. P. Rico U n i v . A g r i c . Exp. Stn 

R e p o r t , Puerto Rico U n i v e r s i t y A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Experiment S t a t i o n 

Res. B u l l . MAU 

Research B u l l e t i n Maharashtra A g r i c u l t u r a l 

U n i v e r s i t y , Marathwada 

Res. J . Ranchi U n i v . 

Research J o u r n a l Ranchi U n i v e r s i t y 

Revta A g r i c . Costa Rica 

R e v i s t a de A g r i c u l t u r a , Costa Rica 

Revta A g r i c . Guatem. 

R e v i s t a A g r i c o l a Guatemala 

Revta Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c . 

R e v i s t a Cubana de C i e n c i o A g r i c o l a 

Revta de la F a c u l t a d e de Agronomica 

R e v i s t a de la Facultade de Agronomica 

Revta Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . Cent. Venez. 

R e v i s t a de la F a c u l t a d de A g r i c u l t u r a , 

U n i v e r s i d a d C e n t r a l d e Venezuela 

Revta P e r u . E n t . A g r i c . 

R e v i s t a Peruana de Entomologia A g r i c o l a 

Rhodesia A g r i c . J . 

Rhodesia A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l 

Riz R i z i c . 

Riz e t R i z i c u l t u r e 

Rur. I n d i a 

Rural I n d i a 

R u r a l Rev. Soc. Rural B r a s . 

R u r a l Review S o c i e t y o f R u r a l B r a s i l 

Science 

Science 

S c l e n t . Monogr. Coun. A g r i c . Res. I n d i a 

S c i e n t i f i c Monograph, C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Research, I n d i a 

S c i e n t i s t , Pak. 

S c i e n t i s t , P a k i s t a n 

S c l e n t . Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t t . , New D e l h i 

S c i e n t i f i c Report o f the A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i 

S c l e n t . Rep. Imp. Inst. A g r i c . Res. Pusa 

S c i e n t i f i c Reports o f the I m p e r i a l 

I n s t i t u t e o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research, Pusa 

Seed Fm 

Seed Farms 

Seed Res. 

Seed Research 

Seed Wld 

Seed World 

Senckenberg. b i o l . 

Senckenbergiana 

b i o l o g i a 

Soil Sci . Soc . Am. J . 

S o i l Science S o c i e t y o f America J o u r n a l 

Span 

Span 

Sunshine S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep. 

Sunshine S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r n l Research Report 

S u r i n . Landb. 

Surinaamse Landbouw 

SABRAO J. 

S o c i e t y f o r Advancement of Breeding 

Researches in A s i a and Oceania J o u r n a l 

SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 

S o c i e t y f o r Advancement of Breeding 

Researches in A s i a and Oceania N e w s l e t t e r 

S. A f r . Sug. J . 

South A f r i c a n Sugar J o u r n a l 

Samaru A g r i c . N e w s l e t t e r 

Samaru A g r i c u l t u r a l N e w s l e t t e r 

S c i . C u l t . 

Science and C u l t u r e 

Technology 

Technology 

The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n 

The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n 

Toxicon 

Toxicon 

T r . P r i k l . B o t . Genet. S e l e k . (USSR) 

Trudy P r i k l a d n o i B o t a n i k e G e n e t i k e i 

S e l e k t s e i , L e n i n g r a d (USSR) 

T r a n s . Bose Res. I n s t . 

T r a n s a c t i o n s of t h e Bose Research I n s t i t u t e 

10


T r a n s . B r . M y c o l . Soc. 

T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e B r i t i s h M y c o l o g i c a l 

S o c i e t y , London 

T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . 

T r a n s a c t i o n s and Proceedings of t h e 

B o t a n i c a l S o c i e t y o f Edinburgh 

T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) 

T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r i s t ( T r i n i d a d ) 

T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 

T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e , 

Ceylon 

T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r . , Japan 

T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Research S e r i e s , 

Japan 

T r o p . E c o l . 

T r o p i c a l Ecology 

T r o p . Grain Legume B u l l . 

T r o p i c a l G r a i n Legume B u l l e t i n 

Z. Angew. Entomol. 

Z e i t s c h r i f t fUr Angewandte Entomologie 

Z. Angew. Zoo. 

Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r Angewandte Z o o l o g i e 

Z. E r n a h r w i s s . S u p p l . 

Z e i t s c h r i f t f t l r Ernahrwissenschaft S u p p l . 

Z. N a t u r . 

Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r Natur Forschung 

Z . p f l a n z k . p f l a n z s . 

Z e i t s c h r i f t fUr p f l a n z e n k r a n k h e i t e n und 

p f l a n z e n s c h u t z 

Z b l . B a k t . 

Z e n t r a l b l a t t 

Zuchter 

Zuchter 

f U r B a k t e r i o l o g i e 

T r o p . Grasslands 

T r o p i c a l Grasslands 

T r o p . S c i . 

T r o p i c a l 

Science 

T r o p e n p f l a n z e r 

T r o p e n p f l a n z e r 

T u r r i a l b a 

T u r r i a l b a 

USAID 

U n i t e d S t a t e s Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Development 

W . A f r . J . B i o l . A p p l . Chem. 

West A f r i c a n J o u r n a l of B i o l o g i c a l and 

A p p l i e d Chemistry 

Wealth o f I n d i a 

Wealth o f I n d i a 

World Crops 

World Crops 

11

Agronomy 

A G R O N O M Y 

ABRAMS, R. 1975. 

Status of research on pigeonpeas in Puerto 

R i c o . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n 

G r a i n Legumes, 13-16 J a n , 1975. ICRISAT, 

Hyderabad, I n d i a . 141-148. 1 

Discusses importance o f t h e c r o p ; i t s 

c u l t i v a t i o n , weed c o n t r o l , l i m e and f e r t i 

l i z e r s , date o f p l a n t i n g , row w i d t h , p l a n t 

p o p u l a t i o n s , c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s . Breeding 

programs, i n h e r i t a n c e , v a r i e t y - e n v i r o n m e n t 

i n t e r a c t i o n s , diseases and i n s e c t s , p r o c e s 

s i n g , and o t h e r q u a l i t y aspects are a l s o 

d i s c u s s e d . 

ABRAMS, R., and F . J . JULIA. 1973. 

E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g t i m e , p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n , 

and row spacing on y i e l d and o t h e r c h a r a c 

t e r i s t i c s of pigeonpeas, Cajanus aajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 

5 7 ( 4 ) : 2 7 5 - 2 8 5 . 2 

The e f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , p o p u l a t i o n , 

and row spacing was s t u d i e d w i t h s p e c i a l 

r e f e r e n c e to mechanized pigeonpea p roduct 

i o n . Date of p l a n t i n g , row s p a c i n g , and 

p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n had no e f f e c t on seed s i z e 

or number of seeds per pod, b u t pods per 

p l a n t i n c r e a s e d markedly w i t h i n c r e a s e d 

spacing and w i t h e a r l y p l a n t i n g s . Y i e l d 

tended to be h i g h e r at lower spacing 

between rows and at h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s , 

r e g a r d l e s s of row s p a c i n g . 

ABRAMS, R., and F . J . JULIA. 1974. 

E f f e c t o f m e c h a n i c a l , c u l t u r a l , and chemic 

a l weed c o n t r o l on y i e l d and y i e l d components 

of pigeonpeas, Cajanus aajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 

5 8 ( 4 ) : 4 6 6 - 4 7 2 . 3 

Prometryne ( p r e e m e r g e n t ) , paraquat ( p o s t - 

emergent) , m e c h a n i c a l , and handweeding 

t r e a t m e n t s increased green-pod y i e l d and 

pod number per p l a n t , in f o u r d e t e r m i n a t e 

and f o u r i n d e t e r m i n a t e l i n e s , w i t h the 

chemicals g i v i n g t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e . 

The t r e a t m e n t s had no e f f e c t , however, on 

p l a n t h e i g h t , number of days to f l o w e r , 

seed w e i g h t , or seed number per pod. 

AHLAWAT, I . P . S . , C.S. SARAF, and A. SINGH. 

1975. 

S t u d i e s on t h e performances of pigeonpea 

v a r i e t i e s t o dates o f p l a n t i n g and row 

s p a c i n g . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 2 0 ( 3 ) : 

245-247. 

4 

Three Cajanus v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d d u r i n g 1972 

gave s i m i l a r seed y i e l d s , b u t in 1973 cv 

T-21 gave a h i g h e r y i e l d than Pusa A g e t i 

and Sharda. In 1973, d i f f e r e n c e s were 

observed between the v a r i e t i e s i n the f i v e 

y i e l d c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d . E a r l y p l a n t i n g 

and 50-cm row spacing were b e t t e r than 

l a t e p l a n t i n g and 75-cm row s p a c i n g . 

AIYER, A . K . Y . N . 1949. 

Mixed c r o p p i n g i n I n d i a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . 

S c i . 19:439-443. 5 

D e t a i l s o f the v a r i o u s crops w i t h which 

pigeonpea is grown in m i x t u r e and of the 

p r o p o r t i o n s i n which i t i s sown. The 

l i s t s are f o r m i d a b l e — f o r example, i n the 

case of Cajanus indiaus, the r e p o r t i n g 

s t a t e s and provinces g i v e a t o t a l of 65 

types of m i x t u r e s . 

AIYER, A . K . Y . N . 1949. 

Mixed c r o p p i n g i n I n d i a . P a r t I I . Mixed 

c r o p p i n g w i t h r e f e r e n c e to some p r i n c i p a l 

c r o p s : Redgram. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

1 9 ( 4 ) : 5 2 4 - 5 2 7 . 6 

Red gram is grown in m i x t u r e w i t h one o t h e r 

c r o p , or w i t h two or more o t h e r s , up to s i x . 

The t o t a l number of m i x t u r e s is 65; of these 

17 c o n t a i n more than two c r o p s . Pulses 

e n t e r i n t o 3 6 m i x t u r e s . The p r o p o r t i o n s i n 

which seeds of the d i f f e r e n t components are 

mixed also vary w i d e l y . The d i f f e r e n t p r o 

p o r t i o n s f o r r e d gram are l i s t e d . 

AKINOLA, J . O . , and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1975. 

Agronomic s t u d i e s on pigeonpea (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 1 . F i e l d responses 

t o sowing t i m e . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. 

26(1) : 4 3 - 5 6 . 7 

V e g e t a t i v e and r e p r o d u c t i v e responses of 

two e a r l y m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g 

C. aajan accessions to e i g h t sowing dates 

were i n v e s t i g a t e d . P r e f l o w e r i n g t o podr 

i p e n i n g d u r a t i o n s v a r i e d , depending upon 

i n t e r a c t i o n s between c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s and 

the p h o t o p e r i o d i c responses of t h e access 

i o n s . Q u a n t i t a t i v e s h o r t - d a y , d a y - n e u t r a l , 

o r n e a r l y d a y - n e u t r a l , and i n t e r m e d i a t e 

p h o t o p e r i o d i c forms were i d e n t i f i e d . R e l a 

t i o n s h i p between day l e n g t h , r a d i a t i o n , 

growing d e g r e e - d a y s , and seed y i e l d / h a 

based on i n d i v i d u a l monthly h a r v e s t s and 

h a r v e s t index were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a sowing 

d e n s i t y of 2,990 p l a n t s / h a . Optimum sowing 

dates were l a t e November to mid-January f o r 

dry seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e l a t e - m a t u r i n g 

a c c e s s i o n s , and n o t l a t e r than December f o r 

p e r i o d i c green-pod p i c k i n g i n the e a r l y 

m a t u r i n g a c c e s s i o n s .


AKINOLA,. J . O . , and P.C. WHITEMAN. 1975. 

Agronomic s t u d i e s on pigeonpea (Cajanue 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 2. Responses to 

sowing d e n s i t y . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. 

2 6 ( l ) : 5 7 - 6 6 . 8 

V e g e t a t i v e and seed y i e l d s in Cajanue aajan 

accession UQ-1 were i n v e s t i g a t e d at n i n e 

sowing d e n s i t i e s r a n g i n g from 6,727 to 

215,278 p l a n t s / h a . D r y - m a t t e r y i e l d / p l a n t 

d e c l i n e d a s y m p t o t i c a l l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g 

sowing d e n s i t y , w h i l e t h e d r y - m a t t e r y i e l d / 

h a v s . d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p was d e s c r i b e d 

by a p a r a b o l i c c u r v e . The h i g h e s t d r y - 

m a t t e r y i e l d / h a , 22.95 m e t r i c t o n s , was 

produced at a s p a c i n g of 0.305 x 0.305 m 

(107,639 p l a n t s / h a ) . A t h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s , 

i n c r e a s e d stand m o r t a l i t y and reduced 

numbers o f pods per p l a n t r e s u l t e d i n 

severe y i e l d r e d u c t i o n s . Reduced pod 

number per p l a n t was r e l a t e d t o s i g n i f i 

cant r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e number o f p o d - 

p r o d u c i n g branches and i n t h e i n f l o r e s c e n c e - 

b e a r i n g stem l e n g t h . I n t e r a c t i o n s o f y i e l d 

component, l e a f - a r e a i n d e x , and o t h e r p l a n t 

c h a r a c t e r s a r e d i s c u s s e d . 


Agronomic s t u d i e s on pigeonpea (Cajanue 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 3. Responses to 

d e f o l i a t i o n . A u s t . J . A g r i c . Res. 

2 6 ( l ) : 6 7 - 6 9 . 9 

Two e a r l y - m a t u r i n g and two l a t e - m a t u r i n g 

accessions of C. aajan grown in t h e f i e l d 

f o r 161 days were c u t to s t u b b l e s 90 cm in 

h e i g h t every 4, 8, 1 2 , and 16 weeks d u r i n g 

a 72-week p e r i o d . Evidence from t o t a l and 

seasonal d r y - m a t t e r and n i t r o g e n y i e l d s , 

stand s u r v i v a l , and s t u b b l e y i e l d a t t h e 

end o f t h e t r i a l suggested t h a t 8 - and 1 2 - 

week c u t t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s c o u l d be s u c c e s s 

f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d t o i n c o r p o r a t e c a t t l e 

g r a z i n g and f o r a g e and seed p r o d u c t i o n 

i n t o a s i n g l e management s y s t e m . The l a t e - 

m a t u r i n g accessions were b e t t e r adapted to 

c u t t i n g , p r o v i d e d t h a t b a s a l green leaves 

always remained on t h e s t u b b l e . R e d u c t i o n 

o f p l a n t h e i g h t b y d e f o l i a t i o n i n a c c e s s i o n 

UQ-50 t o f a c i l i t a t e subsequent h a r v e s t i n g 

l e d to a reduced annual seed y i e l d . The 

f i r s t seed crop was l o s t , because t o p p i n g 

removed t h e r e p r o d u c t i v e m a t e r i a l . 

AKINOLA, J . O . , P.C. WHITEMAN, and E.S. 

WALLIS. 1975. 

The agronomy of pigeonpea (Cajanue c a j a n ) , 

Rev. S r . Pas. CAB. F d . Crops 1 : 5 7 . 10 

I n f o r m a t i o n (much o f i t b r i e f ) i s reviewed 

on taxonomy and n o m e n c l a t u r e , v a r i e t i e s , 

c y t o l o g y , p o l l i n a t i o n , h y b r i d i z a t i o n , 

h e r i t a b i l l t y , induced m u t a t i o n s , growth 

p e r i o d and sowing d a t e s , y i e l d components, 

p r o t e i n l e v e l s and q u a l i t y , and r e s i s t a n c e 

to fusarium udum. 

ALLES, W.S. 1958. 

Some s t u d i e s on r u n - o f f and i n f i l t r a t i o n . 

T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 4 ( 3 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 6 . 11 

I n Ceylon, r u n - o f f p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s o i l 

p r o f i l e , i n f i l t r a t i o n c a p a c i t y , and s o i l 

l o s s have been s t u d i e d on p l o t s p l a n t e d 

w i t h sorghum/pigeonpea (C. aajan) and w i t h 

c o t t o n , b o t h c l e a n - c u l t i v a t e d and mulched. 

AMBIKA, SINGH, and S.K. SHARMA. 1969. 

Red gram is a p a y i n g g u e s t . I n t e n s i v e 

A g r i c . 6 ( 1 1 ) : 1 8 - 1 9 . 12 

Red gram (Pigeonpea) y i e l d s w e l l and fetches 

good p r o f i t s . The d i f f e r e n t aspects o f 

red gram c u l t i v a t i o n d i s c u s s e d are mixed 

c r o p p i n g w i t h legumes and o t h e r s , r o t a t i o n 

c r o p p i n g , methods and time of growing and 

pests and d i s e a s e s . 

ANONYMOUS. 1924. 

D h o l l (Cajanue indicus): A N a t a l farm c r o p . 

Notes o n i t s c u l t i v a t i o n . S . A f r . Sug. J . 

8 : 2 3 9 . 13 


Maize and t u r in Gokak c a n a l a r e a . Bombay 

Dep. A g r i c . L e a f l . 1 3 . 14 


Cajanue i n d i c u s Spreng. 

B r a z i l . 3 2 ( 1 ) : 9 5 - 9 6 . 

B o l . M i n . A g r i c . 

15 


Shaping the f u t u r e o f H a w a i i ' s a g r i c u l t u r e . 

Report o f the Hawaii A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i 

ment S t a t i o n f o r t h e Biennium ending June 

2 0 , 1944. p. 115. 16 

I n Hawaii reduced v i g o r and h i g h e r m o r t a 

l i t y were r e p o r t e d in the C. aajan r a t o o n 

crop than i n t h e p l a n t c r o p . A f u r t h e r 

d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d f o l l o w i n g t h e second 

r a t o o n c r o p , d u r i n g which m o r t a l i t y was 

i n c r e a s e d from 12.9% by c u t t i n g at 76 cm 

to 32.6% by c u t t i n g at 7.6 cm above ground 

l e v e l : I t was found t h a t mechanical 

h a r v e s t i n g w i t h a n o s c i l l a t i n g - t y p e c u t t e r 

b a r ( i n s t e a d of a corn b i n d e r ) caused r o o t 

s n a p p i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h c u t t i n g h e i g h t s 

of l e s s than 30 cm. 

14

Agronomy 


Annual r e p o r t of t h e Department of Science 

and A g r i c u l t u r e , Barbados, f o r t h e y e a r 

1944-45. 17 

I n a d d i t i o n t o the work summarized o n 

c o t t o n and s u g a r , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f I n d i a n 

maize and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i t h Cajanus 

indiaus, Phaseolus aureus , P. mungo , and 

p e r e n n i a l k a v i r o n d a sorghum a r e r e p o r t e d . 


Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i 

c u l t u r e , Colony o f S i e r r a Leone f o r t h e 

year 1948. Freetown. 51 p p . 18 

Pigeonpea is expanding as a c r o p ; f i v e 

v a r i e t i e s a r e under t r i a l and experiments 

o n t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n d i f f e r e n t 

crops i n c l u d e pigeonpea. 


Cajanus oajan. In Wealth of I n d i a . (Raw 

m a t e r i a l ) 1 1 : 6 - 1 1 . New D e l h i : C o u n c i l o f 

S c i e n t i f i c and I n d u s t r i a l Research. 19 

A monotypic genus c o m p r i s i n g C. oajan, an 

i m p o r t a n t leguminous c r o p , w i d e l y d i s t r i 

b u t e d i n the t r o p i c s and c u l t i v a t e d e x t e n 

s i v e l y f o r i t s e d i b l e seeds. S a n s k r i t : 

A d h a k i , t u v a r i , t u v a r i k a ; H i n d i , B e n g a l i 

and Marakan-Tagore: Mal-Thuvara. An 

annual o r p e r e n n i a l s h r u b . P l a n t i s p r o 

b a b l y n a t i v e o f A f r i c a and i t i s now grown 

i n almost a l l t h e t r o p i c a l c o u n t r i e s o f the 

w o r l d i n c l u d i n g A f r i c a , America, I n d i a , 

A u s t r a l i a , H a w a i i , East and West I n d i e s . 

D e t a i l s o f c u l t i v a t i o n , p e s t s , d i s e a s e s , 

and y i e l d . 


Tanganyika Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

Annual Report f o r 1948. Dar-es-Salaam. 

173 p p . 20 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e p o r t e d i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t 

of a 3-year r o t a t i o n of e l e p h a n t g r a s s , 

p i g e o n p e a , or continuous maize on a subsequent 

maize c r o p . 

ANONYMOUS. 1 9 5 1 . 

Nyasaland P r o t e c t o r a t e . Annual r e p o r t o f 

t h e Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e f o r the year 

1948. P t . 2. E x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k , Zomba. 

15 p p . 21 

Organic manuring and mulching experiment 

designed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f b u r y i n g 

crop r e s i d u e s , t o i n v e s t i g a t e v a r i o u s o t h e r 

methods of a d d i n g humus to the s o i l , and 

t o a s c e r t a i n t h e e f f e c t o f p r o t e c t i n g the 

s o i l d u r i n g t h e d r y season, e i t h e r b y means 

of a cover crop (pigeonpea) or by m u l c h i n g . 


L i n e sowing of arhar and J a u r . Allahabad 

Fmr 2 7 ( 3 ) : 1 1 6 - 1 1 8 . 22 

L i n e sowing (sowing i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s o r 

rows) does n o t i n i t s e l f g i v e crops more 

p l a n t food o r water b u t i t does h e l p each 

p l a n t t o get i t s share o f food and w a t e r . 

I t s advantages o v e r broadcast method are 

g i v e n . Also Jowar (Sorghum vulgare) can 

be v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l y grown in c o m b i n a t i o n 

w i t h a r h a r . The d i s t a n c e between t h e l i n e s 

of arhar should be 6 to 8 ft ( 1 . 8 to 2.4 m); 

between seeds in a row, 2 inches (5 cm). 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f o t h e r crops w i t h arhar i s 

a l s o suggested. 


The A g r i c u l t u r a l resources of Mysore S t a t e 

(Tur—Cajanus oajan). Mysore A g r i c . J. 

3 1 ( 4 ) : 2 0 7 - 2 1 3 . 23 


Annual r e p o r t o f the Department o f A g r i 

c u l t u r e , Ghana. Agronomic Research. 

1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 8 . 24 

A t Kwadoso, t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t f a l l o w 

crops grown f o r 3 years was measured by a 

f i r s t t e s t crop o f maize. Fallow crops and 

maize y i e l d s (dry g r a i n ) w e r e : pigeonpea 

{Cajanus oajan) 1,691 l b / a c r e (1,896 kg/ha); 

permanent c r o p p i n g (no f a l l o w ) 1,127 l b / a c r e 

(1,243 k g / h a ) . 


The work of IRCT d u r i n g 1957 ( F r e n c h ) . 

Coton F i b r . T r o p . 1959. 1 4 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 2 8 5 . 25 

I n a t r i a l which s t a r t e d i n 1956, compar 

i s o n s were made between m a i z e , Canavalia 

s p . , and Cajanus oajan, as p r e c e d i n g crop 

f o r c o t t o n ; maize was c o n s i d e r e d the b e s t 

because i t y i e l d s a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f 

green m a t t e r , w h i c h i s r e l a t i v e l y easy t o 

plow i n . 


Crop p r o d u c t i o n t r i a l s and new c r o p s . Rep. 

D i v . A g r i c . B r . Guiana 1959 ( n . d . ) ; 

3 6 - 3 7 . 26 

Cajanus oajan and some o t h e r crops were 

s u c c e s s f u l l y grown on w e l l - d r a i n e d beds of 

c o a s t a l and pegassy c l a y . The p o s s i b i l i t y 

o f i n c l u d i n g these crops i n a r i c e r o t a t i o n 

was a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . Dhal (C. oajan) 

grown on w e l l - d r a i n e d c o a s t a l c l a y which 

r e c e i v e d 0.25 to 0.5 tons (560 to 1,120 

k g / h a ) o f l i m e s t o n e + 0 . 5 cwt (56 k g / h a ) 

each o f s u l f a t e o f potash and t r i p l e s u p e r 

p h o s p h a t e / a c r e y i e l d e d 600 to 700 lb dry 

15

Plgeonpea B i b l i o g r a p h y 

s e e d / a c r e (672 t o 785 k g / h a ) a t t h e f i r s t 

p i c k i n g , and a f t e r r a t o o n i n g , a f u r t h e r 

600 to 700 l b / a c r e 5 to 6 months l a t e r . 


Green manure. Seed Wld 1 0 3 ( 8 ) : 2 2 . 27 

Plgeonpea (Cajanue c a j a n ) cv Norman has 

been developed as a new green manure crop 

f o r N and S C a r o l i n a , USA. In t r i a l s 

d u r i n g 4 y e a r s , average y i e l d s from Norman 

were 3.75 tons DM/acre (8,407 k g / h a ) , 

compared w i t h 2.5 t o n s / a c r e (5,605 k g / h a ) 

from C r o t a l a r i a and h a i r y i n d i g o (lndigofera 

hireuta) • Norman is r e s i s t a n t to the 

two main r o o t - k n o t nematodes (Meloidogyne 

s p p . ) found in N C a r o l i n a . 


P r o f i t s t r i p l e i f a r h a r i s adequately 

f e r t i l i z e d . Fm J. 12(11-12) : 1 4 - 1 5 . 28 

P r o f i t s per h e c t a r e under the s t a n d a r d 

p r a c t i c e amounted t o Rs. 9 6 4 . 5 2 ; t h i s 

p r o f i t i n c r e a s e d t o Rs. 1 , 6 8 6 . 4 0 , 

Rs. 1 , 9 4 7 . 2 2 , and Rs. 2,341.29 when t h e 

crop r e c e i v e d l o w , medium, and h i g h r a t e s 

r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e p h o s p h a t i c f e r t i l i z e r s . 

These are about 75, 1 0 2 , and 143% i n c r e a s e s 

i n p r o f i t over t h e s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e a s 

a g a i n s t the i n c r e a s e of about 24 and 57% 

i n c o s t s i n c u r r e d . 


Know your f o o d s : Red gram. N u t r i t i o n . 

6 ( 4 ) : 2 7 - 2 9 . 29 

Red gram is a p o p u l a r p u l s e c r o p grown 

throughout I n d i a . A v e r y hardy c r o p , i t 

is grown g e n e r a l l y as a mixed crop w i t h 

j o w a r , b a j r a , m a i z e , and c o t t o n . The p l a n t 

can t h r i v e o n a l l s o i l s ; u s e f u l a s a hedge 

and p r e v e n t s s o i l e r o s i o n . The n u t r i t i v e 

v a l u e o f r e d gram and i t s use i n commercial 

consumption are t a b u l a t e d . 


Arhar has a b i g r o l e . Fm f a r e 1 ( 9 ) : 

1 1 - 1 3 . 30 

Researchers have i d e n t i f i e d q u i c k - g r o w i n g , 

compact breeds o f t h i s p u l s e w h i c h g i v e i t 

a s i g n i f i c a n t p l a c e i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s food 

economy. These v a r i e t i e s a l s o a v o i d f r o s t 

and f i t w e l l i n r o t a t i o n s . 


Symposium o n i n t e r and m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g o f 

s h o r t d u r a t i o n v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e s f o r a 

major advance i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b i o l o 

g i c a l n i t r o g e n and p r o t e i n r e s o u r c e s . Aug. 

1 3 - 1 4 , 1974. I A R I , New D e l h i . 31 

Emphasized t h a t s p e c i f i c areas s h o u l d be 

i d e n t i f i e d where c r o p p i n g i n t e n s i t y can b e 

i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e use o f p u l s e s . Formul 

a t e d a s t u d y on ways and means of r e d u c i n g 

losses o f f i x e d n i t r o g e n . Though e x p e r i 

m e n t a l evidence i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e , i t i s 

assumed t h a t a s m a l l b u t s i g n i f i c a n t 

amount o f n i t r o g e n i s l e f t b e h i n d b y g r a i n 

legumes f o r u t i l i z a t i o n b y t h e succeeding 

c r o p . 


Report o f t h e F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

1972-73. U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 

S t . A u g u s t i n e , T r i n i d a d . 186 p p . 32 

T r i a l s r e p o r t e d i n c l u d e s t u d i e s o f v a r i e t a l 

c h a r a c t e r s and t h e e f f e c t o f sowing d a t e , 

p l a n t d e n s i t y , f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n , 

growth r e g u l a t o r s , and h e r b i c i d e s o n y i e l d s 

of plgeonpea and o t h e r c r o p s . Work on 

agronomic c h a r a c t e r s and d r y - m a t t e r product 

i o n , d r y - m a t t e r i n t a k e , and apparent 

d i g e s t i b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s p a s t u r e species 

( i n c l u d i n g pangola grass and Cyanodon 

dactylon) is d e s c r i b e d . 


New r e d gram pays w i t h b e t t e r p r a c t i c e s . 

Fm J. 1 6 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 33 

The new r e d gram, P-4785, is e a r l y and 

h i g h y i e l d i n g and gave a p r o f i t as h i g h as 

Rs. 1622/ha in as s h o r t a time as 150 days. 

New v a r i e t i e s of red gram w i t h new management 

p r a c t i c e s a r e bound to g i v e a b e t t e r 

r e t u r n over t h e o l d v a r i e t i e s . 

ANTICHAN, C. 1952. 

Cover crops f o r Guinea p l a n t a t i o n s . F r u i t s 

d ' o u t r e Mer. 7 : 3 3 9 - 3 4 1 . 34 

A l i s t of 23 e r e c t and 16 c r e e p i n g l e g u m i 

nous p l a n t s s u i t a b l e f o r use as cover 

c r o p s , and amount of seed necessary per 

h e c t a r e , average h e i g h t , r e s i s t a n c e t o 

d r o u g h t , and t o l e r a n c e t o c u t t i n g b a c k . 

For m i d d l e Guinea Cajanus i n d i c u s was 

found one of t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y e r e c t 

s p e c i e s . 

APONTE APONTE, F. 1963. 

Plgeonpea c u l t i v a t i o n i n P u e r t o R i c o . 

C a r i b b . A g r i c . 1(3) :191-197. 35 

The c u l t i v a t i o n i s v e r y s i m p l e and i s mostl 

y conducted o n t h e p o o r e s t s o i l s i n t h e 

s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t o f the i s l a n d . Among t h e 

t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i n u s e , Kaki i s t h e most 

p o p u l a r w i t h t h e c a n n e r i e s . I t i s a n e a r l y 

v a r i e t y , y i e l d i n g a f i r s t crop i n December 

and a second crop in F e b r u a r y . 

16

Agronomy 

APPADURAI, R. and K.V. SELVARAJ. 1974. 

Note on the groundnut-redgram m i x t u r e in 

lower Bhawani P r o j e c t a r e a . Madras A g r i c . 

J . 6 1 ( 9 ) : 8 0 3 - 8 0 4 . 3 6 

Three years o f t r i a l s i n b o t h seasons 

showed s i g n i f i c a n t a d d i t i o n a l income i n 

mixed crop over t h e pure crop of g r o u n d n u t . 

The r e d gram v a r i e t y 1141 (Co-1) can be 

r a i s e d p r o f i t a b l y as a mixed crop w i t h 

groundnut cv TMV-2. 

ARGIKAR, G.P. 1968. 

Growing of p u l s e s is beset w i t h many 

p r o b l e m s . I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 5 - 1 8 . 37 

Some causes of low p u l s e y i e l d s in I n d i a 

a r e d i s c u s s e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y s u s c e p t i b i l i t y 

t o d i s e a s e s . Drought t o l e r a n c e ; r e s i s t a n c e 

to pod b o r e r s , b r u c h i d s , and mealy b u g s ; 

n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t y ; c o o k i n g , c a n n i n g , and 

p a r c h i n g q u a l i t i e s ; b r e e d i n g f o r heavy 

m a n u r i n g , i r r i g a t i o n , and n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n 

are a l s o d i s c u s s e d . 

ARIYANAYAGAM, R.P. 1975. 

S t a t u s o f r e s e a r c h o n pigeonpeas i n T r i n i 

d a d . P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n 

G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 J a n , 1975. ICRISAT, 


Importance o f pigeonpea r e s e a r c h o r g a n i z a 

t i o n , m i c r o b i o l o g y , m i c r o c l i m a t o l o g y , 

drought h a r d e n i n g , crop p h y s i o l o g y , 

agronomy, b r e e d i n g , germplasm c o l l e c t i o n , 

problems of agronomic and n u t r i t i o n a l 

q u a l i t y are d i s c u s s e d . 

ARW00TH, N.L. 1974. 

P r o d u c t i o n and r e s e a r c h on food legumes in 

T h a i l a n d . T r o p . A g r i c . Res. Ser. 

6 : 9 3 - 1 0 0 . 39 

The main r e s e a r c h problems concern v a r i e t a l 

improvement, crop management, s o i l f e r t i 

l i t y , and seed m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f pigeonpea 

and o t h e r legumes. 

AYYAR, A . K . Y . N . 1958. 

Red gram. In F i e l d Crops of I n d i a . 5 t h e d . 

B a n g a l o r e : Govt. P r e s s . 113-118. 40 

BADILL0-FELICIAN0, J . , R. ABRAMS, and 

R. PIETRI. 1977. 

E f f e c t o f f o l i a r - a p p l i e d f e r t i l i z e r s o n 

pigeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n ) . J . A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. Rico 6 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 . 41 

Two pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s were t e s t e d : N u t r i - 

l e a f at a r a t e of 2.24 k g / h a was f o l i a r - 

a p p l i e d a t w e e k l y , b i w e e k l y , t r i w e e k l y , 

and monthly i n t e r v a l s . E q u i v a l e n t amounts 

of N and P were a p p l i e d b i w e e k l y , separately 

and combined as u r e a and t r i p l e s u p e r 

phosphate r e s p e c t i v e l y . F o l i a r - a p p l i e d 

n u t r i e n t s d i d n o t have s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s 

o n green-pod y i e l d , p l a n t h e i g h t , seed 

w e i g h t , p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , o r s e e d - t o - p o d 

r a t i o of t h e two c u l t i v a r s . Cv K a k i 

y i e l d e d more green pods w i t h h e a v i e r seeds 

and grew t a l l e r than d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l 

l i n e 2B-bushy. The seed-to-pod r a t i o f o r 

2B-bushy was h i g h e r than t h a t f o r K a k i , 

b u t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was almost t h e same in 

t h e two c u l t i v a r s . 

BAINS, S.S. 1968. 

Pulses are p o p u l a r f o r mixed c r o p p i n g . 

I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 - 2 2 . 42 

P r o f i t a b l e crop m i x t u r e s g e n e r a l l y comprise 

a c e r e a l and a p u l s e and t h e r e a r e good 

reasons f o r t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f sowing p u l s e s 

mixed w i t h o t h e r c r o p s . Recent d e v e l o p 

ments on i n t e r c r o p p i n g of pulses a r e summar 

i z e d . 

BALASUBRAMANYAM, R., and SUNDARAM, S. 1947. 

A r e v i e w of experiments w i t h legumes 

p r e c e d i n g c o t t o n i n Madras p r o v i n c e . I n d i a n 

C o t t o n Grow. Rev. 1 : 8 7 - 9 5 . 43 

The r e v i e w has amply demonstrated t h a t in 

p l a n n i n g f u t u r e t r i a l s , i t would b e unwise 

t o g o i n f o r pulses o t h e r than g r o u n d n u t , 

tur (C. cajan), gram, and horse gram f o r 

seed and p i l l i p e s a r a , i n d i g o , and guara 

f o r green manure. Pulses f i g u r e i n most 

of t h e m i x t u r e s as a c h i e f component. 

BHAN, V . M . , M. SINGH, and R.A. MAURYA. 1970. 

Weed c o n t r o l i n f i e l d crops a t Pantnagar. 

I n d i a n Research Report 1968-69. PANS 

1 6 ( 4 ) : 6 9 0 - 7 0 1 . 44 

T r i f l u r a l i n , a l a c h l o r (CP 5 0 1 4 4 ) , and 

prometryne were a p p l i e d a t v a r i o u s concent 

r a t i o n s to c o n t r o l weeds in Cajanus aajan: 

A l l t h r e e chemicals gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

h i g h e r y i e l d s over c o n t r o l . Pigeonpea i n 

p l o t s r e c e i v i n g prometryne a t 1.5 k g / h a 

and t r i f l u r a l i n a t 1.5 k g / h a produced 

c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r y i e l d s . A l a c h l o r had 

some t o x i c e f f e c t o n t h e crop p l a n t s . 

Highest d r y m a t t e r of weeds at 3 0 t h day 

was shown a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n of prometryne 

at 1.5 k g / h a . However, d r y m a t t e r of t h e 

crop was n o t a f f e c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y b y 

a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e h e r b i c i d e s . 

BHATAWADEKAR, P . U . , S.S. CHINOY, and 

K.M. DESHMUKH. 1966. 

Response o f b a j r a - t u r mixed crop t o n i t r o g e n 

and phosphate f e r t i l i z a t i o n under dry f a r m 

i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f Sholapur. I n d i a n J . 

Agron. 1 1 : 2 4 3 - 2 4 6 . 45 

17


N i t r o g e n and phosphoric a c i d were t r i e d a t 

f o u r l e v e l s , each s i n g l y and i n c o m b i n a t i o n . 

B a j r a responds t o b o t h n i t r o g e n and phosp 

h o r i c a c i d i n t h e form o f s i n g l e s u p e r 

phosphate. Tur responds to phosphoric a c i d 

a p p l i e d i n the form o f s i n g l e s u p e r p h o s 

p h a t e . Y i e l d s t e n d t o decrease w i t h 

i n c r e a s e d dosage o f n i t r o g e n . 

BRAR, Z . S . , J . S . GILL, and MUKAND SINGH. 

1976. 

T - 2 1 , a new a r h a r f o r P u n j a b . I n d i a n Fmg 

2 6 ( 3 ) : 2 8 - 2 9 . 46 

The new a r h a r (Cajanue aajan) cv T-21 gave 

seed y i e l d s of 640 to 1,160 k g / h a at t h r e e 

l o c a t i o n s i n P u n j a b . The n e t p r o f i t was 

h i g h e r i n a r h a r / w h e a t r o t a t i o n than i n 

maize/wheat r o t a t i o n . 

CARRIERE, E.A. 1874. 

Cajanue indicus. Revue H o r t i c o l e . 

191-193. 47 

CHANDRA MOHAN, J. 1969. 

E f f e c t o f l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n o n t h e y i e l d 

o f p u l s e s . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 6 ( 2 ) : 

8 5 - 8 6 . 48 

Reports the e f f e c t o f l i m i t e d i r r i g a t i o n 

on y i e l d of r e d gram (Cajanue aajan) and 

horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) grown in 

the lower Bhawani P r o j e c t A y a c u t , d u r i n g 

the main c r o p p i n g season of 1967-68. 

CHOWDHURY, S . L . 1969. 

Pulse crops - more p r o d u c t i v e than you 

t h i n k . I n d i a n Fmg 1 9 ( 6 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 . 49 

The news of a r h a r (pigeonpea) y i e l d i n g over 

5000 kgs of g r a i n per h e c t a r e may come as 

a s u r p r i s e . S u i t a b l y spaced and adequately 

f e r t i l i z e d , t h e crop produced 5200 kgs at 

Pantnagar. This i s about f i v e times t h e 

average y i e l d o f a r h a r i n the s t a t e . A 

s t i l l h i g h e r g r a i n y i e l d (7,990 kgs) o f 

t h i s crop has a l s o been r e p o r t e d f r o m 

o u t s i d e I n d i a . 

CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P.C. BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 . 

P r o f i t s t r i p l e when arhar i s adequately 

f e r t i l i z e d . I n d i a n Fmg 2 0 ( 1 2 ) : 2 7 - 3 0 . 50 

In f e r t i l i z e r experiments on a poor sandy 

loam s o i l t r e a t e d w i t h superphosphate a t 

r a t e s of 3 3 , 6 7 , and 100 kg of P 2 O 5 /ha and 

w i t h 1 5 , 3 0 , and 45 m e t r i c tons of manure/ 

ha Cajanue c a j a n y i e l d e d 2 , 0 3 0 , 2 , 3 4 0 , and 

2,760 kg/ha r e s p e c t i v e l y , on t h e s u p e r 

phosphate p l o t s and 1,900, 2 , 3 6 0 , and 

2,840 k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , on the manured 

p l o t s , a s a g a i n s t 1,290 k g / h a f o r the 

c o n t r o l p l o t s . The r e l a t i v e l y h i g h y i e l d 

o f t h e u n f e r t i l i z e d p l o t s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o 

weed and p e s t c o n t r o l . Examination of 

costs and r e t u r n s showed t h a t t h e use of 

f e r t i l i z e r and manure was h i g h l y p r o f i t a b l e . 

CHOWDHURY, S . L . , and P.C. BHATIA. 1 9 7 1 . 

R i d g e - p l a n t e d k h a r i f p u l s e s : h i g h y i e l d 

d e s p i t e w a t e r l o g g i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 

2 1 ( 3 ) : 8 - 9 . 5 1 

I n 1968-69 t r i a l s i n the k h a r i f (summer 

monsoon) season, sowing Cajanus c a j a n on 

r i d g e s i n c r e a s e d average seed y i e l d s by 

30.7% over y i e l d of 2,180 k g / h a when sown 

i n f l a t . I n a second t r i a l i n 1968-69, 

C. aajan sown at a spacing of 2 0 , 3 0 , and 

40 cm between p l a n t s in 50-cm rows gave 

average y i e l d s of 2 , 8 7 0 , 2 , 3 7 0 , and 2,010 

k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

CROSS, L . C . , and S.M. THOMAS. 1968. 

Plgeonpea. Texaco Food Crop Demonstration 

Farm, U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 

S t . A u g u s t i n e . 52 

DAFTARDAR, S . Y . , and N.K. SAVANT. 1 9 7 1 . 

I n f l u e n c e o f c o m p e t i t i o n between r o o t 

c o l l o i d s f o r c a t i o n s o n K/Ca r a t i o i n 

p l a n t t o p s . P I . S o i l 3 4 ( 1 ) : 2 0 1 - 2 0 2 . 5 3 

P e a r l m i l l e t and pigeonpea were grown i n 

mixed stands i n p o t s o f c l a y loam s o i l . 

The K:Ca r a t i o i n p l a n t tops i n c r e a s e d 

w i t h i n c r e a s i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p e a r l 

m i l l e t i n t h e m i x t u r e . 

DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and J . N . KAUL. 

1974. 

Changes i n growth h a b i t o f pigeonpea 

(Cajanue aajan ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) due to l a t e 

sowing. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 8 3 ( 2 ) : 

379-380. 54 

Four e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s were sown i n 

mid-June (normal) and m i d - J u l y ( l a t e ) . 

E f f e c t of l a t e sowing was g r e a t e s t on t h e 

h i g h e s t y i e l d i n g v a r i e t y (Pant-A2) f o r 

p l a n t w i d t h and h e i g h t , pod number per 

main branch and per p l a n t , and g r a i n y i e l d . 

The v a r i e t y T-21 gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s 

under l a t e - s o w n c o n d i t i o n s . 

DALAL, R.C. 1974. 

E f f e c t o f i n t e r c r o p p i n g maize w i t h p i g e o n - 

peas on g r a i n y i e l d and n u t r i e n t u p t a k e . 

Expl A g r i c . 1 9 ( 3 ) : 2 1 9 - 2 2 4 . 55 

Maize cv X-306 and pigeonpea cv G1-274A 

( d w a r f ) were sown ( i ) as pure s t a n d s , (11) 

in a mixed s t a n d (sown t o g e t h e r on the same 

h i l l i n t h e same row) and ( i i i ) i n a l t e r n a t e 

18

ows. A s i m i l a r t r i a l was g i v e n f o u r levels 

of N at sowing. G r a i n y i e l d of maize and 

seed y i e l d o f pigeonpea were lower i n ( i i ) 

and ( i i i ) than i n ( i ) . Maize i n ( i ) 

produced t h e h i g h e s t g r a i n y i e l d / h a per 

week. Maize/pigeonpea i n ( i i i ) gave t h e 

h i g h e s t p r o t e i n y i e l d / h a per week and 

absorbed t h e h i g h e s t amounts of K, Ca, and 

Mg. Y i e l d s of seed and p r o t e i n / h a per week 

and n u t r i e n t uptake were l o w e s t w i t h 

pigeonpea i n ( i ) . The problem o f i n t e r 

c r o p p i n g maize and pigeonpea under optimum 

c o n d i t i o n s o f f e r t i l i z e r N a p p l i c a t i o n i s 


DALAL, R . C . , and P. QUILT. 1977. 

E f f e c t of N, P, l i m i n g , and Mo on n u t r i t i o n 

and g r a i n y i e l d o f pigeonpea. Agron. J . 

6 9 ( 5 ) : 8 5 4 - 8 5 7 . 56 

The main N t r e a t m e n t s ( 0 , 1 2 , 20 and 30 kg 

N / h a ) , P CO, 50, 100 and 250 kg P / h a ) , and 

l i m e ( 0 , 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 kg CaCO 3 / 

ha) were arranged in b l o c k s in a m o d i f i e d 

c e n t r a l composite d e s i g n . The subtreatment 

Mo was a p p l i e d at two r a t e s (0 and 0.25 

k g / h a ) . N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n as measured by 

a c e t y l e n e r e d u c t i o n assay, nodule w e i g h t , 

d r y m a t t e r and g r a i n y i e l d , and n u t r i e n t 

uptake by pigeonpea were o b s e r v e d . 

A l t h o u g h f e r t i l i z e r N s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

reduced t h e N f i x a t i o n , t h e t o t a l K and N 

u p t a k e , g r a i n y i e l d , and Fe and Cu concent 

r a t i o n s i n the p l a n t were n o t a f f e c t e d . 

A p p l i e d Mo had no e f f e c t on any of t h e 

p l a n t parameters c o n s i d e r e d , p o s s i b l y 

because i t was present i n s u f f i c i e n t 

amounts i n s o i l . L i m i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

i n c r e a s e d t o t a l Ca, Mg, and P uptake by 

pigeonpea b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased Mn 

c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e p l a n t b y r a i s i n g s o i l 

pH. F e r t i l i z e r P s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d 

d r y - m a t t e r y i e l d ( a t 7 weeks of crop growth) 

and t o t a l P uptake b u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

decreased Z n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e p l a n t . 

The tendency f o r i n c r e a s i n g g r a i n y i e l d 

w i t h h i g h e r r a t e s of l i m i n g and of P 

suggested t h a t optimum r a t e s of P and 

l i m i n g s h o u l d b e f u r t h e r s t u d i e d . 

DE, R. 1974. 

Development of agronomic p r a c t i c e under 

u n f a v o u r a b l e r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . P r o c . 

F i r s t FAO/SIDA seminar on improvement and 

p r o d u c t i o n o f f i e l d food crops f o r p l a n t 

s c i e n t i s t s from A f r i c a and the Near E a s t . 

C a i r o , E g y p t . 495-504. 57 

D u r i n g t h e r a i n y seasons o f 1970-1973, r e d 

gram (Cajanua c a j a n ) c v . Pusa A g e t i gave 

t h e most s t a b l e y i e l d (1,900 kg) and cowpea 

and g r a i n sorghum were l e a s t s t a b l e . The 

d i f f e r e n t aspects o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n 

i r r e s p e c t i v e o f r a i n f a l l , the p o s s i b i l i t i e s 

of d r i l l i n g aqueous N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , of 

a p p l y i n g f i l m - f o r m i n g and r e f l e c t a n t a n t i - 

t r a n s p i r a n t s , and o f d o u b l e - c r o p p i n g w i t h o u t 

i r r i g a t i o n are d i s c u s s e d . 

DERIEUX, M. 1970. 

R e s u l t s o f p r e l i m i n a r y t r i a l s o n two l e g u 

mes used f o r f o o d : Cajanus cajan and Vigna 

sinensis. P r o c . 7 t h Ann. meet. C . F . C . S . 

M a r t i n i q u e - Guadeloupe. 1969. 

164-172. 58 

Pigeonpea t r i a l s i n d i c a t e d t h a t y i e l d s o f 

f r e s h seeds around 2,750 k g / h a are a t t a i n 

a b l e w i t h a d a y l e n g t h - i n s e n 8 l t i v e and a 

s h o r t - d a y v a r i e t y sown i n J u n e ; l a t e r 

sowing g r e a t l y reduced the y i e l d . A p l a n t 

d e n s i t y o f 32,000/ha r e s u l t e d i n somewhat 

h i g h e r y i e l d s than lower d e n s i t i e s . 

DERIEUX, M . , C. SUARD, and C. VINCENT. 

1 9 7 1 . 

Some data on t h e behaviour of pigeonpea in 

Guadeloupe (French West I n d i e s ) . A n n l s . 

Amel. P I . 2 1 : 3 7 3 - 4 0 7 . 59 

Compared g e r m i n a t i o n i n n i n e v a r i e t i e s and 

growth and development i n f i v e c o l l e c t e d 

from T r i n i d a d , t h e West I n d i e s , P a k i s t a n , 

and Guadeloupe. V a r i a b i l i t y i n morpholog 

i c a l and some p h y s i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s , 

such a s p h o t o p e r i o d i s m , i s d e s c r i b e d i n 

s t u d i e s o f a l a r g e c o l l e c t i o n i n c l u d i n g 

t a l l and dwarf v a r i e t i e s from 200 sources 

i n t h e West I n d i e s , A f r i c a , and P a k i s t a n . 

T r i a l s f o r f e r t i l i z e r response and s o i l 

a d a p t a t i o n a r e r e p o r t e d , u s i n g t h e T r i n i d a d 

cv G-154/32 as s t a n d a r d . The p o s s i b i l i t y 

o f b r e e d i n g and s e l e c t i o n i n Guadeloupe i s 

b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . 

DHILLON, MANMOHAN SINGH. 1972. 

E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g dates o n t h e performance 

of pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) 

T-21 sown under d i f f e r e n t row spacings in 

a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n s . M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s . 

Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , L u d h i a n a , 

P u n j a b , I n d i a . 60 

DORASAMI, L . S . 1940. 

The c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s i n Mysore S t a t e . 

J . Mysore A g r i c . E x p l . U n i o n . 1 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 

6 3 - 6 8 . 61 

The most i m p o r t a n t p u l s e s grown in t h e 

s t a t e a r e Dolichos biflorus, pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicue), Dolichos lablab, Cicer 

arietinum, Phaseolus mungo, and Phaseolus 

aureus. C. indicue occupies 120,000 acres 

(48,600 h e c t a r e s ) and is grown as a pure 

19

Pigeonpea 


d r y crop or in some cases as a mixed c r o p . 

I t i s drought r e s i s t a n t and s u c c e s s f u l i n 

d r y seasons, when o t h e r crops have f a i l e d . 

There are many v a r i e t i e s of C. indious b u t 

the two main types a r e : ( i ) t h e p e r e n n i a l 

t y p e , which assumes a t r e e - l i k e appearance 

and is a l l o w e d to grow more than a y e a r , 

and ( i i ) t h e annual v a r i e t y w h i c h i s grown 

as a f i e l d c r o p . Breeding work to e v o l v e 

good s t r a i n s i s i n p r o g r e s s . 

ENYI, B.A.C. 1973. 

E f f e c t s o f i n t e r c r o p p i n g maize o r sorghum 

w i t h cowpea, plgeonpea, or beans. Expl 

A g r i c . 9 ( 1 ) : 8 3 - 9 0 . 62 

A l l i n t e r c r o p p i n g t r e a t m e n t s decreased L A I , 

p l a n t f r e s h w e i g h t a t a n t h e s i s , and s t o v e r 

and g r a i n y i e l d s o f t h e c e r e a l s compared 

w i t h t h e p u r e s t a n d s . I n sorghum, g r a i n 

y i e l d was decreased more by cowpeas and 

pigeonpeas than b y beans, b u t i n m a i z e , 

cowpeas and beans decreased y i e l d s more 

than pigeonpeas. I n t e r c r o p p i n g sorghum 

w i t h pigeonpeas i n c r e a s e d t o t a l g r a i n 

y i e l d by 65.9%. 

EVANS, A . C . , and H.W. MITCHELL. 1962. 

S o i l f e r t i l i t y s t u d i e s i n Tanganyika. 1 . 

Improvement to crop and grass p r o d u c t i o n 

on a leached sandy s o i l in Bukoba. E. A f r . 

A g r i c . F o r . J . 2 7 ( 4 ) : 1 8 9 - 1 9 6 . 6 3 

T r i a l s d u r i n g 1957-60 w i t h N, P, K, Ca, 

and farmyard manure on maize and plgeonpea 

on poor g r a s s l a n d . Plgeonpea responded 

most to K and Ca in t h e absence of FYM; 

b o t h crops responded w e l l to FYM even at 

o n l y 5 t o n s / a c (5 m t / h a ) . 

FAO. 1 9 6 1 . 

A g r i c u l t u r a l and h o r t i c u l t u r a l seeds - 

t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n , c o n t r o l , and d i s t r i b u 

t i o n . FAO A g r i c . S t u d i e s . 5 5 : 2 5 9 - 2 6 0 . 64 

FOREMAN, A. 1965. 

Plgeonpea t r i a l s . Farmer ( K i n g s t o n , 

Jamaica) 7 0 : 1 0 5 - 1 0 8 . 65 

Comparative t r i a l s o f t h e v a r i e t i e s K a k i 

and Saragateado u n d e r t a k e n from 1963 to 

1965 in Jamaica are d e s c r i b e d . A new w h i t e 

" n o - e y e " t y p e , s m a l l e r than any known 

v a r i e t y and b e l i e v e d to be a m u t a n t , is 

m e n t i o n e d . I t appears t o breed t r u e . 

FREYMAN, S . , and J. VENKATESWARLU. 1977. 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g o n r a i n f e d r e d s o i l s o f t h e 

Deccan P l a t e a u , I n d i a . Can. J . P I . S c i . 

57(3) : 697-705. 66 

I n r a i n f e d f i e l d t r i a l s o n a r e d s o i l near 

Hyderabad, I n d i a , v a r i o u s i n t e r c r o p p i n g 

p a t t e r n s o f sorghum, p l g e o n p e a , c a s t o r , 

p e a r l m i l l e t , cowpea, l a b l a b , f i n g e r m i l l e t , 

soybean, and b l a c k gram were s t u d i e d f o r 

mutual c o m p e t i t i v e e f f e c t s . Highest t o t a l 

y i e l d s were o b t a i n e d when sorghum was grown 

a t t h e h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n t e s t e d (220,000 

p l a n t s / h a ) and i n t e r c r o p p e d w i t h sorghum or 

w i t h plgeonpea. Reducing t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f 

sorghum t o b e t t e r accommodate i n t e r c r o p s 

reduced y i e l d f o r which the i n t e r c r o p s d i d 

n o t compensate. I n b o t h years g r a i n y i e l d s 

o f sorghum grown a t h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n s 

( a t l e a s t 220,000 p l a n t s / h a ) g e n e r a l l y 

surpassed y i e l d s from p l o t s o f sorghum 

i n t e r c r o p p e d w i t h plgeonpea. 

GAHLOT, K . S . N . , RAM VISHAL, and 

S . J . VISHWAKARMA. 1978. 

Urd ' T . 9 ' a s i n t e r c r o p w i t h Arhar ' T . 2 1 . ' 

I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 1 0 ) : 7 - 8 . 67 

The y i e l d data of a r h a r and u r d and economics 

of i n t e r c r o p p i n g are p r e s e n t e d . One 

row of T-9 between two rows of a r h a r 

p l a n t e d 80 cm a p a r t produced 27.47 q u i n t a l s 

(2,747 kg) of a r h a r and 6 . 6 1 q u i n t a l s 

(661 kg) of mash/ha. 

GALBAN, E. 1955. 

Cajanus i n d i c u s - F l o r i d a herbs and p l a n t s . 

A c t a P h y t o t h e r . 2 ( 2 ) : 1 - 7 . 68 

GIDWANI, H.M., M.C. AGARWAL, and 

L . N . DUBEY. 1967. 

Crop r o t a t i o n f o r r e c l a i m e d r a v i n e l a n d s . 

J . S o i l Wat. Conserv. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 5 - 6 0 . 6 9 

The d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t ( i ) 

B a j r a + Arhar - Mustard and ( i i ) B a j r a - 

Cowpea a r e t h e b e s t r o t a t i o n s f o r t h e t r a c t 

a s compared t o B a j r a c o n t i n u o u s l y , w h i c h i s 

a t p r e s e n t t h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e f o l l o w e d b y 

the c u l t i v a t o r . These r o t a t i o n s a l s o b u i l d 

u p s o i l f e r t i l i t y and cause l e s s s o i l and 

water l o s s than B a j r a c o n t i n u o u s l y . 

G I R I , R., and R. DE. 1977. 

Canopy managements under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . 

I n d i a n Fmg 27(1) : 2 1 - 2 2 . 70 

The seed y i e l d s in plgeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) cv Pusa Ageti grown at a s p a c i n g of 

50 x 20 cm in pure stands or when i n t e r 

cropped w i t h b l a c k gram (Vigna mungo) cv 

T-9 between t h e rows were 1,700 and 1,580 

k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Seed y i e l d s o f 

V. mungo were 700 k g / h a . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s 

were a l s o o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r . 

20

GOODING, H . J . 1962. 

The agronomic aspects of plgeonpeas. Fld 

Crop A b s t r . 1 5 : 1 - 5 . 71 

This Is a r e v i e w of pigeonpea agronomy, 

i n c l u d i n g s o w i n g , s p a c i n g , m a n u r i n g , h a r 

v e s t i n g , and diseases and p e s t s . The 

importance o f t h i s legume i n I n d i a and t h e 

t r o p i c s and s u b t r o p i c s i s d i s c u s s e d and 

i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d o n i t s r o t a t i o n a l and 

green m a n u r i a l v a l u e s , and i t s use as a 

f o r a g e and p a s t u r e c r o p . Gives a b r i e f 

account o f b r e e d i n g w o r k . 

and number of branches between c u l t i v a r s 

and spacings were s i g n i f i c a n t . Fresh-pod 

y i e l d s were 0.5 to 10.0 t / h a . Cv 17 spaced 

a t ( i i ) averaged 4.96 t / h a , b u t a t ( i ) 

y i e l d e d < 1.5 t in f i v e sowings and > 4 t 

i n t h r e e sowings. Sowing i n l a t e May 

appeared the most e f f i c i e n t , g i v i n g a l a r g e 

number of pods per d a y , per f l o w e r i n g 

b r a n c h , and per meter of h e i g h t . Daylength 

had a dominant i n f l u e n c e on growth and 

y i e l d , b u t p a r t o f t h i s e f f e c t c o u l d have 

been a response to r a d i a t i o n r a t h e r than 

t o p h o t o p e r i o d . 

GUPTA, T . N . 1970. 

V a r i e t a l - c u m - r o w spacing-cum p l a n t p o p u l a 

t i o n s t u d i e s on pigeonpea. 86 p p . M.Sc. 

(1970) T h e s i s . G.B. Pant U n i v e r s i t y of 

A g r i c u l t u r e and Technology, Pantnagar, 

U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 72 

HAMMERTON, J . L . 1 9 7 1 . 

A s p a c i n g / p l a n t i n g d ate t r i a l w i t h Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . T r o p . A g r i c . T r i n . 

4 8 ( 4 ) : 3 4 1 - 3 5 0 . 73 

The e f f e c t of s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g date on 

t h e growth and y i e l d of two dwarf l i n e s 

of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) r e c e n t l y 

developed in T r i n i d a d was s t u d i e d . Where 

t i m e o f p l a n t i n g had n o e f f e c t , y i e l d per 

p l a n t i n c r e a s e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g area per 

p l a n t from 0 . 2 1 t o 2.32 m 2 . Y i e l d per h a 

decreased w i t h i n c r e a s i n g area per p l a n t . 

Y i e l d components were n o t a f f e c t e d by 

c l o s e s t spacings (30,000 - 42,000 p l a n t s / 

h a ) . 

HAMMERTON, J . L . 1972. 

Weed c o n t r o l work i n p r o g r e s s a t t h e U n i 

v e r s i t y of the West I n d i e s . P a r t 2. PANS 

1 8 ( 2 ) : 1 7 3 - 1 8 2 . 74 

I n t r i a l s w i t h pigeonpeas, t h e y i e l d o f 

d r y peas from unweeded p l o t s was 1,020 k g / 

ha and from weeded p l o t s 1,160 k g / h a . 

Y i e l d s were f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d t o 1 , 3 8 0 , 

1 , 2 2 0 , and 1,200 k g / h a by pre-emergence 

a p p l i c a t i o n s of 1.1 kg p r o m e t r y n e , 1.1 kg 

prometryne + 2.2 kg d i p h e n a m i d , and 1.7 kg 

c h l o r o x u r o n / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 


E f f e c t s of p l a n t i n g date on growth and 

y i e l d of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 8 7 ( 3 ) : 

649-660. 75 

In 1972 dwarf pigeonpea cv 17 and cv 20 

were sown at 4-week i n t e r v a l s at spacings 

o f ( i ) 0.9 x 0.9 m and ( i i ) 0.45 x 0.45 m. 

P l a n t h e i g h t a t f l o w e r i n g was l e s s i n e a r l y 

sown p l o t s . D i f f e r e n c e s i n p l a n t h e i g h t 

HAMMERTON, J . L . , and R.E. PIERRE. 1 9 7 1 . 

Cajanus cajan - the pigeon or gungo pea, 

Cajanus. T r i n i d a d 4 ( 2 ) : 8 1 - 8 8 . 76 

In the West I n d i e s , t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan) is a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p r o t e i n source 

i n the human d i e t . General i n f o r m a t i o n i s 

g i v e n o n v a r i e t i e s , v a r i e t y s e l e c t i o n , 

agronomy, sowing d a t e , s p a c i n g , c o n t r o l o f 

weeds, i n s e c t s and d i s e a s e s , and y i e l d s . 

A n o t e is i n c l u d e d on the p o s s i b i l i t y of 

mechanical h a r v e s t i n g o f t h e c r o p . 

HANAGODIMATH, S.B. 1976. 

E f f e c t of s k i p row c u l t i v a t i o n and mixed 

c r o p p i n g of t u r (Cajanus cajan L.) on the 

y i e l d of main and r a t o o n crop of CSH-1 

sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ( L . ) Moench.) 

Thesis A b s t r a c t s . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 6 - 1 7 . (M.Sc. 

T h e s i s ) . 77 

HERRERA, P.G. 1967. 

E f f e c t o f h e i g h t o f c u t t i n g o n pigeonpea 

and k a o h a o l e . A g r i c . T r o p . 2 3 : 3 4 - 4 2 . 78 

Pigeonpea p l a n t s cut at 0.15 or 0.75 m 

a f t e r h a v i n g a t t a i n e d a h e i g h t of 0.50 to 

1.50 m d i d n o t v a r y markedly i n p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t . The number of c u t s and d e r i v e d 

t o t a l y i e l d s i n c r e a s e d a s c u t t i n g h e i g h t s 

rose from 0.15 to 0.75 m, and as p l a n t 

h e i g h t b e f o r e d e f o l i a t i o n i n c r e a s e d from 

0.50 t o 1.50 m. 

HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1960. 

The growing of maize. Gaz. A g r i c . Mozamb 

i q u e . 12(138) : 3 2 5 - 3 3 1 . 79 

One of the aspects of maize c u l t i v a t i o n 

discussed i s i t s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h o t h e r 

p l a n t s such as Cajanus cajan and Vigna 

n i l o t i c a . 

HORTA FERREIRA, A. 1960. 

Fodder p l a n t s f o r e n s i l a g e . Gaz. A g r i c . 

Mozambique. 1 2 ( 1 3 2 ) : 1 3 3 - 1 3 6 . 80 

21

Plgeonpea 


I n Mozambique s t o c k breeders have d i f f i 

c u l t y f e e d i n g c a t t l e d u r i n g d r y months. 

Cajanus oajan and f o u r o t h e r leguminous 

p l a n t s have been found s u i t a b l e f o r 

p r o d u c i n g enough r e s e r v e fodder f o r these 

scarce p e r i o d s . 

HUBBELL, D.S. (EDITOR). 1963. 

A f i e l d guide t o t r o p i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e f o r 

the Union of Burma. USAID, Burma. 81 

I L J I N , W.S. 1954. 

Y i e l d and chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of commerc 

i a l l y f e r t i l i z e d p l a n t s i n t h e t r o p i c s . 

P l a n t a n a l y s i s and f e r t i l i z e r p r o b l e m s . 

P r o c . E i g h t h I n t e r n a t . B o t . Congr. 

143-150. 82 

Cajanus indiaus is one of t h e crops i n c l u 

ded in use on r e d l a t e r i t i c and more 

f e r t i l e c l a y s o i l s . Tables show the e f f e c t 

o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n t h e chemical c o m p o s i t i o n 

o f the c r o p s . 

INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 

NEW DELHI. 1 9 7 1 . 

New v i s t a s in p u l s e p r o d u c t i o n . New D e l h i : 

I A R I . 109 p p . 83 

The aspects discussed a r e ; p l a n t p r o d u c t i o n : 

g e n e t i c improvement, agronomy of p u l s e 

c r o p s , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n , use o f p u l s e 

crops i n r o t a t i o n s , improvement o f n u t r i 

t i o n a l q u a l i t y , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , diseases 

and i n s e c t pests o f p u l s e c r o p s . 

INDIAN CENTRAL COTTON COMMITTEE. 1954, 

T h i r t y - t h i r d Annual R e p o r t . 1954. 

3 0 - 6 3 . 84 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f c o t t o n w i t h g r o u n d n u t , 

t u r (Cajanus indicus), mung, and maize. 

The most r e m u n e r a t i v e p r a c t i c e was g r o w i n g 

two rows o f c o t t o n a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h t e n 

rows of g r o u n d n u t s . 

INFORZATO, R. 1947. 

Note on t h e r o o t i n g system of Cajanus 

oajan and i t s importance as a green 

manure. B r a g a n t i a . 7 : 1 2 5 - 1 2 6 . 85 

Cajanus oajan (C. indicus) is an Asiatic 

legume v a l u a b l e in Sao Paulo as green feed 

f o r c a t t l e and f o r r e s t o r i n g f e r t i l i t y t o 

exhausted s o i l s . The r o o t i n g system was 

s t u d i e d in a row of e i g h t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e 

2 - y e a r - o l d p l a n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 . 5 m i n 

h e i g h t . The t o t a l r o o t w e i g h t was 1,237.04 

g , o f w h i c h 90.67% was found i n t h e top 

30 cm; t h e w e i g h t of t h e a e r i a l p a r t s was 

17,200 g. As a green manure it can 

f u r n i s h 14,968 kg r o o t s and 208,124 kg 

o r g a n i c m a t t e r f o r plowing i n p e r 

a l q u e i r e ( 1 a l q u e i r e = 24,200 s q . m . ) . 

IRVINE, F.R. (EDITOR). 1963. 

A t e x t book of West A f r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r a l 

s o i l s and crops (2nd e d ) . London: Oxford 

U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 86 

JOSHI, K . R . , and P.M. KULKARNI. 1936. 

Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) and tur 

(Cajanus indiaus) in J a i p u r S t a t e . P r o c . 

I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 2 3 : 4 3 3 . 87 

This study t e s t e d p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f ( i ) 

s e c u r i n g s u p p l i e s of s i l a g e cheaply and 

c o n v e n i e n t l y and ( i i ) i n t r o d u c i n g e a r l y 

M a l v i t u r , which escapes f r o s t , as a subcrop 

by s p a c i n g a d j u s t m e n t s . The row 

s p a c i n g of 8 inches f o r b a j r a gave maximum 

fodder y i e l d b u t was l e s s p r o f i t a b l e than 

b a j r a and t u r w i t h a s p a c i n g of 15" (38 cm) 

or 2 1 " (53 cm) grown alone or in a s s o c i a 

t i o n . A mixed crop of f o u r rows of b a j r a 

and two rows of t u r was found s u i t a b l e 

b o t h f o r income and supply of g r a i n and 

f o d d e r . 

KALYAN SINGH. 1972. 

P l a n t d e n s i t y , r h i z o b i a l i n o c u l a t i o n and 

f e r t i l i z a t i o n s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus 

oagan M i l l s p . ) under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . 

Ph.D. (1972) T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 88 

KALYAN SINGH, and R. PRASAD. 1976. 

E f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n , phosphorus and r h i z o - 

bium i n o c u l a t i o n on p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and 

n u t r i e n t uptake o f pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . 

A g r o n . 2 1 ( 3 ) : 2 6 6 - 2 7 0 . 89 

I n t r i a l s w i t h f o u r Cajanus oajan c u l t i - 

v a r s , i n c r e a s i n g t h e P 2 O 5 r a t e s from 0 to 

100 k g / h a increased seed N and p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t s and N and P uptake in seeds + 

si.ems; seed P c o n t e n t s were n o t s i g n i f i 

c a n t l y a f f e c t e d . A p p l i c a t i o n o f 2 5 k g 

N/ha a t sowing o r seed i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h 

r h i z o b l u m s t r a i n Arhar-U had i n c o n s i s t e n t 

e f f e c t s on seed N, P, and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t 

and n u t r i e n t uptake i n d i f f e r e n t y e a r s . 

On an a v e r a g e , crops took up 115 kg N 

and 16 kg P 2 0 5 / h a . 

KALYAN SINGH, and RAJENDRA PRASAD. 1975. 

I t pays t o f e r t i l i z e a r h a r under r a i n f e d 

c o n d i t i o n s . F e r t i l . News 2 0 ( 2 ) : 

2 8 - 3 0 . 90 

Pigeonpea responded w e l l to phosphorus and 

t o b a c t e r i a l f e r t i l i z a t i o n . The g r a i n 

y i e l d i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h i n c r e a 

s i n g l e v e l s o f phosphorus, w i t h the h i g h e s t 

22

Agronomy 

y i e l d o b t a i n e d from 100 k g P 2 O 5 / h a . R h i z o - 

bium c u l t u r e t r e a t m e n t was found to be t h e 

b e s t among s e e d l i n g t i m e t r e a t m e n t s . The 

v a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e h i g h e s t amount 

o f g r a i n / h a . 

KALYAN SINGH, RAJENDRA PRASAD, and 

S . L . CHOUDHURY. 1975. 

E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y row s p a c i n g and p l a n t 

p o p u l a t i o n o n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 

20(4) : 331-336. 91 

The optimum v a l u e o f p l a n t r e c t a n g u l a r i t y , 

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the maximum g r a i n y i e l d o f 

t h e c r o p , was at a row s p a c i n g of 50 cm 

and a p o p u l a t i o n of 75,000 p l a n t s / h a . 

V a r i e t y P-4785 y i e l d e d t h e most g r a i n . 

KASASIAN, L. 1964. 

Chemical weed c o n t r o l i n pigeonpeas. 

C a r i b b . A g r i c . 2 ( 4 ) : 7 2 1 - 7 4 3 . 9 2 

D u r i n g 2 y e a r s , e x c e l l e n t weed c o n t r o l f o r 

at l e a s t 3 weeks, w i t h no e f f e c t on the 

y i e l d of p i g e o n p e a s , was g i v e n by preemergence 

a p p l i c a t i o n of 1 kg p r o m e t r y n e / h a . 

Subsequent c o n t r o l was m a i n t a i n e d by 

d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 0.5 l b p a r a q u a t / a c . 

( 0 . 6 k g / h a ) . 

KASASIAN, L. 1968. 

Chemical weed c o n t r o l i n t r o p i c a l r o o t and 

v e g e t a b l e c r o p s . E x p l A g r i c . 4 : 1 - 1 6 . 9 3 

Chemical weed c o n t r o l i n s i x r o o t crops 

and f o u r t e e n v e g e t a b l e crops commonly 

grown i n the t r o p i c s i s r e v i e w e d . Preemergence 

a p p l i c a t i o n of 2 to 4 lb ( 0 . 9 to 

1.8 kg) Amiben is recommended in West 

I n d i e s f o r C . c a j a n ; a l s o a f t e r emergence, 

d i r e c t e d sprays o f p a r a q u a t . I n T r i n i d a d , 

no i n j u r y was caused by p r e p l a n t i n g a p p l i 

c a t i o n s of 3 to 6 lb ( 1 . 3 to 2.7 kg) EPTC 

if 3 days elapsed between s p r a y i n g and 

s o w i n g , whereas sowing a f t e r o n l y 1 day 

r e t a r d e d emergence and growth of p i g e o n 

peas. In Guyanese experiments a b a s a l l y 

d i r e c t e d spray o f a l i q u a t gave e x c e l l e n t 

weed c o n t r o l w i t h l i t t l e o r n o crop 

i n j u r y . F o u r t e e n t o 3 5 - d a y - o l d p l a n t s 

were s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d by MCPB. 

KATYAL, S . L . 1956. 

Your c r o p s . No. 17 - A r h a r . Fd Fmg 

8 ( 1 2 ) : 3 5 2 - 3 5 4 . 94 

KAUL, J . N . , and H.S. SEKHON. 1975. 

Response o f pigeonpea t o dates o f p l a n t i n g 

and phosphorus l e v e l s . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 

2 0 ( 4 ) : 3 7 6 - 3 7 7 . 95 

Date o f p l a n t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d 

y i e l d a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e p l a n t i n g s done o n 

June 1 and June 15. P o d s / p l a n t and t o t a l 

d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n were reduced by the 

l a t e r sowings. Harvest i n d e x i n c r e a s e d 

w i t h d e l a y i n p l a n t i n g . 

KAUL, J . N . , H.S. SEKHON, and B.S. DAHIYA. 

1975. 

I n t e r - c r o p p i n g s t u d i e s w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 

3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 4 2 - 2 4 7 . 96 

The p l a n t i n g of one row of e i t h e r mash 

(V. mungo) or mung (V. r a d i a t a ) in between 

two rows of a r h a r , spaced 75 cm a p a r t , 

i n c r e a s e d the a r h a r y i e l d , whereas groundn 

u t and soybean s l i g h t l y reduced a r h a r 

y i e l d . I n t e r c r o p p i n g w i t h maize reduced 

t h e a r h a r . The i n t e r c r o p p i n g of maize and 

soybean proved to be a l o s i n g p r o p o s i t i o n . 

KHAN, A . R . , and B.P. MATHUR. 1962. 

S t u d i e s o n t i l l a g e . X I I I . E f f e c t o f v a r i a 

t i o n i n the depth o f c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h 

d i f f e r e n t methods o f phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n 

o n the y i e l d o f pigeonpea ( C a j a n u s c a j a n ) . 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 2 : 3 5 - 3 8 . 9 7 

The r e s u l t s c o n f i r m those of p r e v i o u s 

experiments conducted w i t h d i f f e r e n t 

c r o p s . Deep p l o w i n g (up to 25 cm) was n o t 

conducive t o s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n 

pigeonpea y i e l d . The c o u n t r y plow was 

found to be a s u i t a b l e implement on weedf 

r e e l a n d and the broadcast method of 

phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n was found s u p e r i o r 

t o placement. 

KHAN, T . N . , and J . K . ASHLEY. 1975. 

Factors a f f e c t i n g p l a n t stand i n pigeonpea. 

Expl A g r i c . 1 1 ( 4 ) : 3 1 5 - 3 2 2 . 98 

Some f a c t o r s t h a t may i n f l u e n c e emergence 

and e s t a b l i s h m e n t of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n Uganda i n c l u d e 

seeding d e p t h , seed d r e s s i n g , seed g r a d i n g , 

seeding r a t e , v a r i e t y , and t e m p e r a t u r e . 

The e f f e c t of seeding r a t e was dependent 

on mean g e r m i n a t i o n percentage in the 

f i e l d , but c i r c u m s t a n t i a l o b s e r v a t i o n s o n 

o t h e r f a c t o r s o f p o s s i b l e consequence i n 

d e t e r m i n i n g p l a n t stand are a l s o d i s c u s s e d . 

KILLINGER, G.B. 1958. 

New agronomic crops f o r F l o r i d a . Sunshine 

S t . A g r i c . Res. Rep. 1 3 : 3 - 5 . 99 

The nonsynchrony of p o d - r i p e n i n g has made 

mechanical h a r v e s t i n g o f pigeonpea d i f f i 

c u l t . As pigeonpea was a new crop in 

23


F l o r i d a , t h e use of combine h a r v e s t e r s was 

extended t o t h i s crop a l s o , but t h e r e were 

some l o s s e s due to h a r v e s t i n g . 

KRAUSS, F.G. 1932. 

The pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus): i t s 

improvement, c u l t u r e , and u t i l i z a t i o n i n 

H a w a i i . Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 

6 4 : 1 - 4 6 . 100 

The f o l l o w i n g aspects of pigeonpea are 

d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . I n t r o d u c t i o n . Botany, 

h i s t o r y and n o m e n c l a t u r e , improvement: 

b r e e d i n g , need o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , suggest 

i o n s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s , 

c u l t u r e : T i l l a g e , p l a n t i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , 

i r r i g a t i o n , h a r v e s t i n g , c u r i n g , t h r e s h i n g , 

and m i l l i n g . Uses o f t h e pigeonpea. 

Feeding v a l u e . Pigeonpeas as a cover 

green manure and r o t a t i o n c r o p . P l o w i n g 

under p i g e o n p e a s : I n s e c t p e s t s o f p i g e o n - 

peas. P r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o f g r o w e r s . 

KULKARNI, L.G. 1969. 

I n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e d gram 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e 

t o Andhra Pradesh. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 

Assoc. 5 6 ( 4 ) : 5 2 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 101 

Red gram occupies l a r g e areas b u t i t s 

y i e l d s a r e as low as 350 to 375 1 b s / a c 

(392 t o 420 k g / h a ) i n A . P . T h i s i s 

because p l a n t t y p e i s bushy, accommodating 

a p o p u l a t i o n of o n l y about 10,000 p l a n t s 

per a c r e , and has a d u r a t i o n of 210 to 

240 days. Because o f i t s low y i e l d , i t 

is p l a n t e d as a mixed or b o r d e r c r o p , or 

p l a n t e d i n m a r g i n a l l a n d s o f low w a t e r - 

r e t e n t i v e c a p a c i t y . I t s p r o d u c t i v e 

stage c o i n c i d e s w i t h d r y p e r i o d s a f t e r 

r a i n y season. Thus, n e i t h e r t h e crop 

has been t r i e d as a pure crop n o r 

have a t t e m p t s been made t o r a i s e i t 

under f e r t i l i z e d o r i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s . 

KUMAR, P . , and N.S. CHAUHAN. 1976. 

Problems and p r o s p e c t s of l a c - h o s t 

b r e e d i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 8 ) : 3 1 . 102 

The w i l d t r e e species Butea monosperma 

and Sahleiahera oleosa, t h e u s u a l h o s t s 

of t h e l a c i n s e c t Kerria lacca, are n o t 

c o n s i d e r e d s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l f o r b r e e d i n g 

programs because o f t h e i r l o n g l i f e c y c l e 

and l a r g e s i z e . P o l y p l o i d p l a n t s o f t h e 

shrubby legume M o g h m i a macrophylla, a 

s u i t a b l e h o s t , have been o b t a i n e d and t h e 

p u l s e crop Cajanus c a j a n i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d 

a p o s s i b l e h o s t w o r t h d e v e l o p i n g . 

KYNEUR, G.W., and R.W. WALKER. 1962. 

The performance of legume i n t r o d u c t i o n at 

K a i r i Research S t a t i o n , Queensland. Proc. 

N o r t h Qd. A g r o s t . Conf. 1 4 / 4 . 103 

C. cajan has been found u s e f u l as a component 

i n mixed grass/legume s t a n d s . I n 

p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s pigeonpea was 

c o n s i d e r e d a p r o m i s i n g legume in mixed 

s t a n d s . It may a l s o be used as a legume 

in monsoon e n v i r o n m e n t s . Other aspects of 

mixed c r o p p i n g have a l s o been d i s c u s s e d . 

LAKER, J . S . 1970. 

Pigeonpea - Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

In A g r i c u l t u r e in Uganda (Ed.) J . D . Hameson, 

pp. 245-246. London: Oxford' U n i v e r s i t y 

P r e s s . 104 

LAL, R. 1976. 

N o - t i l l a g e e f f e c t s o n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s under 

d i f f e r e n t crops i n Western N i g e r i a . S o i l 

S c i . Soc. Am. J. 4 0 ( 5 ) : 7 6 2 - 7 6 8 . 105 

I n t r i a l s i n 1973-1974, d i f f e r e n t crop 

r o t a t i o n s such as e a r l y / l a t e maize, 

cowpea/cowpea, maize/cowpea, soybean/ 

soybean, maize/soybean and pigeonpea/ 

maize were grown on p l o t s on w h i c h n o - 

t i l l a g e maize had grown s i n c e 1970 and 

w h i c h had then been c o n v e n t i o n a l l y t i l l e d 

or t r e a t e d w i t h 2.5 kg p a r a q u a t / h a 1 week 

b e f o r e s o w i n g . D u r i n g t h e e a r l y season, 

c o n t i n u o u s n o - t i l l a g e maize y i e l d e d h i g h e r 

than plowed maize. Maize i n r o t a t i o n w i t h 

pigeonpea y i e l d e d more than c o n t i n u o u s 

m a i z e . 

LAL, S. 1977. 

I n c r e a s i n g p u l s e p r o d u c t i o n . I n d i a n Fmg 

2 7 ( 7 ) : 3 - 5 . 106 

Some measures based on a v a i l a b l e technology 

are suggested f o r i n c r e a s i n g the p r o d u c 

t i o n o f p u l s e s t h r o u g h i n c r e a s i n g y i e l d s 

and area under p u l s e s . 

LANDRAU, J . R . P . , and G. SAMUELS. 1959. 

The e f f e c t s o f f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s o n 

y i e l d s o f p i g e o n p e a . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . 

R i c o . 4 3 ( 7 ) : 6 9 - 7 2 . 107 

Data are p r o v i d e d o n the f e r t i l i z e r r e s 

ponses of C. oagan on c l a y s o i l s in terms 

of seed y i e l d . Up to 250 kg each of N, 

P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O/ha gave no f a v o r a b l e green 

pod y i e l d response (on a u n i t area b a s i s ) . 

24

Agronomy 

LAXMAN SINGH, S.K. MAHESHWARI, and 

D. SHABMA. 1 9 7 1 . 

E f f e c t o f d a t e o f p l a n t i n g and p l a n t popul 

a t i o n o n g r o w t h , y i e l d , y i e l d components 

and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of plgeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

4 1 ( 6 ) : 5 3 5 - 5 3 8 . 108 

Row s p a c i n g and p l a n t i n g dates d i d n o t 

i n f l u e n c e y i e l d s o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f 

plgeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The h i g h e s t 

y i e l d of 1,124 k g / h a was o b t a i n e d w i t h a 

p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n o f 60,000 p l a n t s / h a . P l a n t 

h e i g h t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d b y p l a n t 

i n g d a t e s , t h e maximum h e i g h t of 220 cm 

b e i n g o b t a i n e d w i t h the e a r l y p l a n t i n g o n 

May 2 0 , and t h e minimum of 140 cm w i t h the 

l a t e r p l a n t i n g o n J u l y 5 . I n e a r l y 

p l a n t i n g s h e i g h t and number of branches 

were i n c r e a s e d , b u t the e f f e c t i v e p o d - 

b e a r i n g l e n g t h was reduced. 

LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and 

S.K. MAHESHWARI. 1973. 

Plgeonpea does b e t t e r i n m i x t u r e w i t h 

dwarf sorghums. JNKW Res. J . 7 ( 2 ) : 

1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 109 

The gross p r o f i t (sorghum and plgeonpea 

seed) i n mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h dwarf v a r i e t y 

of sorghum was h i g h e s t . The s t a n d a r d 

p r a c t i c e o f i n t r a r o w p l a n t i n g o f plgeonpea 

in sorghum rows was b e t t e r than i n t e r r o w . 

Sorghum was b e n e f i t t e d i n t h e m i x t u r e a t 

t h e c o s t of plgeonpea. E a r l y and medium 

v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea were e q u a l l y 

p r o d u c t i v e i n t h e m i x t u r e s . 

LAXMAN SINGH, and M.P. SHRIVASTAVA. 1976. 

C u l t i v a t i o n systems and v a r i e t a l a d a p t a 

t i o n o f plgeonpea i n Madhya Pradesh. 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 3 6 ( 3 ) : 

293-300. 110 

C u l t i v a t i o n systems of plgeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) were s t u d i e d i n 4 3 

d i s t r i c t s o f Madhya Pradesh t o r e l a t e t h e 

v a r i a t i o n i n c u l t i v a r a d a p t a t i o n t o 

systems. Seven broad c a t e g o r i e s of 

c r o p p i n g systems were i d e n t i f i e d , i m p o r 

t a n t ones b e i n g : s o l e , i n t e r c r o p p i n g , 

mixed c r o p p i n g , m i x e d - c u m - i n t e r c r o p p i n g , 

bund c u l t i v a t i o n , and s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n . 

Study o f o v e r 900 c u l t i v a r s r e v e a l e d n i n e 

d i s t i n c t p l a n t and m a t u r i t y types a s 

adapted t o d i f f e r e n t c r o p p i n g systems. 

Minor v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n each group a l s o 

e x i s t e d . 

LENKA, D . , and R.K. SATPATHY. 1976. 

Response o f plgeonpea v a r i e t i e s t o l e v e l s 

o f n i t r o g e n and phosphate i n l a t e r i t e s o i l . 

I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 2 1 ( 3 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 2 0 . 1 1 1 

The t r i a l s w i t h t h r e e plgeonpea c u l t i v a r s 

showed t h a t average seed y i e l d s were 

i n c r e a s e d from 880 kg/ha w i t h o u t N to 

1,070 k g / h a w i t h 20 kg N/ha, were n o t 

f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e d w i t h 40 kg N/ha and were 

i n c r e a s e d from 830 kg/ha w i t h o u t P to 

1,070 to 1,170 kg w i t h 80 and 120 kg P 2 O 5 / 

h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cv R-60 gave the h i g h e s t 

y i e l d o f 1,370 k g / h a . 

L0USTAL0T, A . J . , and R. FERROR. 1950. 

S t u d i e s on the p e r s i s t e n c e and movement of 

sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e i n the s o i l . A g r o n . 

J . 4 2 : 3 2 3 - 3 2 7 . 112 

I n greenhouse e x p e r i m e n t s , a s i n f i e l d 

e x p e r i m e n t s , TCA was more t o x i c to Zea mays 

than to Cajanus indicus.Toxicity to these 

p l a n t s decreased w i t h the passage o f t i m e ; 

the r a t e and degree of t h i s decrease was 

g r e a t e s t a t h i g h temperatures and i n s o i l 

s t o r e d a t 45°C. T o x i c i t y e n t i r e l y d i s 

appeared w i t h i n weeks. A t a l l r a t e s o f 

a p p l i c a t i o n TCA t o x i c i t y disappeared w i t h i n 

1 month in s a t u r a t e d s o i l , w i t h i n 2 months 

i n s o i l w i t h a medium m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t , and 

a f t e r a l o n g e r p e r i o d i n c l a y s o i l . I n 

f i e l d t r i a l s , p l o t s t r e a t e d w i t h o n l y 3 0 l b . 

TCA per acre remained p r a c t i c a l l y f r e e of 

p e r e n n i a l grasses and Cyperus r o t u n d u s 

f o r 4 months a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . 

LOVADINI, L . A . C . , and H.A.A. MASCARENHAS. 

1974. 

Time of p l a n t i n g of plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . B r a g a n t i a 3 3 : 5 - 7 . 113 

S i x p l a n t i n g times were compared i n 

Pindorama, Sao P a u l o . P l a n t i n g in O c t o b e r , 

November, December, and January i n i t i a t e d 

f l o w e r i n g i n A p r i l . Among t h e f i r s t t h r e e 

p l a n t i n g s the d i f f e r e n c e was o n l y 6 d a y s , 

whereas f o r p l a n t i n g s i n J a n u a r y , F e b r u a r y , 

and March the d i f f e r e n c e was 1 6 , 3 0 , and 78 

days r e s p e c t i v e l y . Time o f p l a n t i n g a l s o 

a f f e c t e d p l a n t h e i g h t , w i t h March p l a n t i n g s 

b e i n g s h o r t e s t ( 1 . 1 1 m). The best time of 

p l a n t i n g would thus be J a n u a r y . 

MAGISTAD, O . C , and O.N. ALLEN. 1933. 

E f f e c t o f l i m i n g o n the growth o f p i g e o n - 

peas i n Hawaiian s o i l s . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 

2 1 : 6 5 4 - 6 6 4 . 114 

The f o l l o w i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made on 

s o i l s from l i m e d and unlimed p l o t s : p H 

v a l u e s , r e p l a c e a b l e h y d r o g e n , r e p l a c e a b l e 

c a l c i u m , t o t a l base exchange c a p a c i t y , and 

25


percentage s a t u r a t i o n . Recorded growth o f 

pigeonpea p l a n t s , green w e i g h t s , d r y 

w e i g h t s , and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e p l a n t s 

in pounds per acre were t a b u l a t e d . The 

r e s u l t s w a r r a n t the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t l i m e 

was b e n e f i c i a l i n r e s t o r i n g the crop product 

i v i t y o f the s o i l s , w i t h pigeonpea a s a n 

i n d i c a t o r c r o p . I n c r e a s e s i n crop growth 

were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g r e a t e r s o i l p H 

v a l u e s , more r e p l a c e a b l e c a l c i u m , and a 

g r e a t e r degree o f base s a t u r a t i o n . 

MAHATIM SINGH, B.S. SAUMITRA, KALYAN SINGH, 

and R.K. SINGH. 1977. 

I n t e r c r o p a r h a r f o r h i g h e r p r o f i t . I n d i a n 

Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 9 . 115 

The h i g h e s t y i e l d was o b t a i n e d w i t h a r h a r 

a l o n e . I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f soybean, s e t a r i a , 

and sawan delayed t h e m a t u r i t y o f a r h a r . 

H i g h e s t n e t r e t u r n (42.4%) over pure crop 

of a r h a r was o b t a i n e d when u r d was used as 

i n t e r c r o p . 

MANJHI, S . , S . L . CHOWDHURY, and 

A . G . KANITKAR. 1974. 

I n f l u e n c e o f v a r i e t i e s , p l a n t i n g d a t e s , 

row spacings and f e r t i l i z e r n u t r i e n t s o n 

t h e y i e l d and y i e l d components o f p i g e o n 

pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n 

J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 3 ( 1 1 ) : 9 9 8 - 1 0 0 1 . 116 

Among t h r e e v a r i e t i e s , T - 2 1 , AS-10, and 

Sharda ( A S - 8 ) , grown i n 1969-1970 i n I n d i a , 

Sharda had the h i g h e s t mean g r a i n y i e l d 

( q / h a ) , T-21 had t h e most pods per p l a n t , 

and AS-10 had t h e h i g h e s t 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t 

i n 1970. Sharda had the h i g h e s t p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t i n b o t h y e a r s , and a l s o showed the 

g r e a t e s t response t o phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n . 

MARCUS, A. 1933. 

Die s t r a u c h e r b s e , Cajanus indicus. 

T r o p e n p f l a n z e r . 3 6 ( 6 ) : 2 4 5 - 2 5 0 . 117 

MARTIN, JOHN H . , and W.H. LEONARD. 1967. 

Cajanus cajan: In P r i n c i p l e s of f i e l d crop 

p r o d u c t i o n . 2nd E d i t i o n . New Y o r k : 

M a c m i l l a n . 732 p p . 118 

MEHTA, T.R. 1955. 

C u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s i n U t t a r P r a d e s h , 

A g r i c . Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh 

6 : 8 - 1 6 . 119 

Pigeonpea is t h e second most i m p o r t a n t 

major p u l s e crop grown i n I n d i a n e x t t o 

Bengal gram (C. arietinum), w i t h n e a r l y 

2 . 5 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s sown a n n u a l l y and over 

600 kg d r y seed/ha produced. The s u r v i v a l 

o f p e r e n n i a l pigeonpea depends o n s o i l 

d e p t h , t e x t u r e , and a v a i l a b l e m o i s t u r e 

c o n t e n t . The deep, w e l l - d r a i n e d , medium 

r i c h loamy s o i l s have produced crops w i t h 

good y i e l d f o r 5 y e a r s or more. The annual 

types c o u l d b e grown w e l l o n l i g h t , l o o s e , 

d r y , and g r a v e l l y s o i l s . On heavy and c l a y 

s o i l s the crop was s e n s i t i v e t o waterl 

o g g i n g . 

MEHTA, T.R. 1968. 

Pulses c o u l d p l a y a l a r g e r r o l e i n I n d i a n 

a g r i c u l t u r e . I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 2 3 - 2 5 . 120 

I n s p i t e o f low y i e l d s , the p u l s e crops are 

e x t e n s i v e l y grown f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s , one 

reason b e i n g t h a t many p u l s e s g i v e p r o f i t 

able y i e l d s under c o n d i t i o n s o f m o i s t u r e 

s t r e s s , w i t h v e r y l i t t l e c u l t i v a t i o n . 

Mixed c r o p p i n g of r e d gram w i t h sorghum 

and in upland paddy are a l s o d i s c u s s e d . 

MELLO, F . A . F . d e , and M. deO. C. do BRASIL. 

1960. 

Chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of some green manures. 

An. Esc. A g r i c . Queiroz 1 7 : 3 4 7 - 3 5 0 . 121 

Data on chemical c o m p o s i t i o n are g i v e n f o r 

Cajanus c a j a n and s i x o t h e r legume s p e c i e s . 

MENEZES, O.B. de. 1944. 

Spacing r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h pigeonpea. Revta 

A g r i c . P i r a c i c a b a . 1 9 : 3 9 9 - 4 1 2 . 122 

Red, y e l l o w , s p o t t e d , and black-seeded 

v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea were used i n 

spacing e x p e r i m e n t s . Red- and b l a c k - 

seeded v a r i e t i e s proved i n f e r i o r . For the 

o t h e r s , spacing at 2 m x 1 m and 1 m x 2 m 

gave h i g h e r y i e l d s than 2 m x 2 m, espec 

i a l l y w i t h the s p o t t e d v a r i e t y , which was 

t h e b e s t . The r e s u l t s seem to be of l e s s 

i n t e r e s t than t h e manner o f a r r i v i n g a t 

them, much of the paper b e i n g taken up 

w i t h s t a t i s t i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n s . 

MILES, J . F . 1939. 

The need f o r a legume in N o r t h e r n Queensl 

a n d . P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f Cajanus c a j a n 

l o o k e d i n t o . J . Coun. S c i . I n d u s t . Res. 

A u s t . 1 2 : 2 8 9 - 2 9 3 . 123 

MILLS, P . F . L . 1 9 6 1 . 

Pigeonpea as a p a s t u r e legume in t h e h i g h 

r a i n f a l l sandveld r e g i o n o f Southern 

Rhodesia. Rhodesia A g r i c . J . 5 6 ( 3 ) : 

171-1.72. 124 

Some recommendations a r e g i v e n on t h e 

g r o w i n g o f pigeonpea, Cajanus c a j a n . I t may 

be used as a d r y - s e a s o n p r o t e i n supplement 

and as green manure. 

26

Agronomy 

MISHRA, K . C . , H.N. PANDEY, and K . L . MUKHERJEE. 

1968. 

Crop-weed c o m p e t i t i o n f o r phosphate 

n u t r i t i o n . T r o p . E c o l . 9 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 0 . 125 

Pot experiments were conducted to s t u d y 

i n t r a s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t i o n i n gram, p e a r l 

m i l l e t , and pigeonpea b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r 

d e n s i t y . I n t e r s p e c i f i c c o m p e t i t i o n b e t 

ween these crops and t h e i r dominant weed 

c o m p e t i t o r s was a l s o e v a l u a t e d . R e s u l t s 

i n d i c a t e t h a t i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s s u f f e r 

b a d l y due to o v e r c r o w d i n g b u t t h e biomass 

per u n i t area s t e a d i l y i n c r e a s e s w i t h 

i n c r e a s e i n d e n s i t y . Crop-weed c o m p e t i 

t i o n s t u d i e s have r e v e a l e d t h r e e k i n d s o f 

i n t e r s p e c i f i c a s s o c i a t i o n e f f e c t s . 

MOHAMED A L I , A . , and J. CHANDRA MOHAN. 1973. 

Water management p r a c t i c e s f o r redgram and 

horsegram in T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n Fmr 

D i g e s t 6 ( 2 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 126 

The importance of one or two " p r o t e c t i v e " 

i r r i g a t i o n s when the s o i l m o i s t u r e touches 

the l o w e s t o f a v a i l a b i l i t y i s emphasized. 

I r r i g a t i o n a t t h e c r i t i c a l s t a g e s , i . e . , 

s e e d i n g , f l o w e r i n g , and pod f o r m a t i o n 

should n o t be a v o i d e d . M o i s t u r e can be 

conserved d u r i n g crop growth by b u n d i n g , 

b a s i n l i s t i n g , c r i s s - c r o s s r i d g i n g , and 

c h i s e l t r e n c h i n g . 

MOREL, R., and P. QUANTIN. 1964. 

The i n f l u e n c e o f f a l l o w s o n s o i l r e g e n e 

r a t i o n i n t h e Soudan-Guinean c l i m a t e o f 

C e n t r a l A f r i c a . A g r o n . T r o p . 

1 9 ( 2 ) : 1 0 5 - 1 3 6 . 127 

Regeneration o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y can b e 

a c c e l e r a t e d b y p r a c t i c i n g a r t i f i c i a l 

i n s t e a d o f n a t u r a l f a l l o w . Among t h e 

v a r i o u s legumes t e s t e d , Cajanus i n d i c u s 

proved t o b e t h e most e f f e c t i v e i n 

r e s t o r i n g s o i l f e r t i l i t y . 

MORTON, J . F . 1976. 

The pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) , 

h i g h p r o t e i n , t r o p i c a l bush legume. 

H o r t . S c i . 1 1 ( 1 ) : 1 1 - 1 9 . 128 

One of t h e o l d e s t of food c r o p s , t h e 

pigeonpea ranks f i f t h i n importance among 

e d i b l e legumes of t h e w o r l d and occupies 

f i r s t p l a c e i n I n d i a . I n e a s t e r n Kenya, 

i t stands s i x t h among t h e l e a d i n g food 

commodities. I n Uganda, t h e pigeonpea i s 

now d e c l a r e d to be t h e f a s t e s t growing 

cash crop f o r c a n n i n g . T h i s legume has 

been a s t a p l e food in Puerto Rico and the 

Bahamas f o r g e n e r a t i o n s . In many o t h e r 

p a r t s o f the t r o p i c s , i t i s a n e g l e c t e d 

crop w i t h a n u n r e a l i z e d p o t e n t i a l . V a r i o u s 

aspects of pigeonpea a r e d i s c u s s e d . These 

a r e : n o m e n c l a t u r e , o r i g i n and d i s t r i b u t i o n , 

d e s c r i p t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , t r a d e and economic 

v a l u e , and uses as food s t u f f , f e e d s t u f f , 

m e d i c i n e , and f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s , i n c l u 

d i n g r e a r i n g of silkworms (Boroceras 

c a j a n i ) . 

MUKHERJEE, D. 1960. 

S t u d i e s on s p a c i n g of Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 0 : 

177-184. 129 

I n a f i e l d experiment w i t h pigeonpea, s i x 

spacings r a n g i n g from 60 x 60 to 120 x 120 

cm were compared w i t h b r o a d c a s t sowing at 

the r a t e of 13 kg s e e d / h a . D u r i n g 5 

s u c c e s s i v e y e a r s , the p l o t s w i t h the 

60 x 60 cm spacing (about 30,000 p l a n t s / h a ) 

always gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d s . The 

average i n c r e a s e over b r o a d c a s t sowing 

( r e s u l t i n g in a stand of 90,000 to 100,000 

p l a n t s / h a ) was 30%, b u t i n years w i t h 

u n f a v o r a b l e r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h i s 

d i f f e r e n c e tended to be r e d u c e d . 


Pulses i n West Bengal. I n d i a n A g r i c . 

6 : 5 4 - 6 1 . 130 

The main p u l s e crops grown in West Bengal 

are gram, l e n t i l s , mung, k a l a i (Mash) and 

k h e s a r i in the post-monsoon season and 

a r h a r , mung, and k a l a i i n the monsoon. 

The f o l l o w i n g aspects have been d i s c u s s e d : 

Area and p r o d u c t i o n under d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , 

p r o d u c t i o n and r e q u i r e m e n t o f p u l s e s i n 

West B e n g a l , and i n c i d e n c e of p e s t s and 

d i s e a s e s . 

NAIR, G.G.K., and B.V. MEHTA. 1958. 

A n o t e on z i n c c o n t e n t s of p l a n t s in Goradu 

s o i l . I n d i a n J . Agron. 3 ( 2 ) :116-117. 131 

Leaves of f r u i t - t r e e s have the maximum 

uptake o f z i n c ; grasses the minimum. I n 

d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r , z i n c c o n t e n t s can be 

arranged t h u s : f r u i t - t r e e s , legumes, 

c e r e a l s , and g r a s s e s . Of the f o u r p u l s e s 

a n a l y z e d , t u r was found t o c o n t a i n the 

h i g h e s t amount of z i n c ( 4 3 . 0 ppm). 

NANNE, E. 1934. 

El gandul (Cajanus indicus). Revta. A g r i c . 

Guatem. 1 2 ( 5 ) : 3 1 1 - 3 1 3 . 132 

NATARAJAN, M . , and T.M. VITTAL. 1975. 

P r o m i s i n g p u l s e v a r i e t i e s f o r i n t e r c r o p p i n g 

and m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n 

J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 9 1 - 2 9 9 . 133 

27


Discusses t h e scope o f e x t e n d i n g t h e c u l t i 

v a t i o n of t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) as a mixed 

crop w i t h r a g i , g r o u n d n u t , jowar, and 

b a j r a . I n t h e areas where t u r i s grown 

as a pure c r o p , i n t r o d u c t i o n of green 

gram and b l a c k gram as m i x t u r e s needs 

f u r t h e r t r i a l s . 

NEME, N.A. 1955. 

Pigeonpea c u l t i v a t i o n . Agronomico 

Compinas. 7 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 2 4 - 2 8 . 134 

I n f o r m a t i o n i s g i v e n o n t h e growing o f 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) f o r green manure 

i n B r a z i l . 

NICHOLS, R. 1964. 

Studies o n t h e m a j o r - e l e m e n t d e f i c i e n c i e s 

of t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan) in sand 

c u l t u r e . 1 . F o l i a r symptoms o f t h e m a j o r - 

element d e f i c i e n c i e s . P 1 . S o i l 2 1 ( 3 ) : 

377-387. 135 

A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f f o l i a r symptoms from 

n o d u l a t e d and nonnodulated p l a n t s grown i n 

sand c u l t u r e and an a n a l y t i c a l key are 

presented f o r t h e d i a g n o s i s of N, P, K, 

Ca, Mg, and Fe d e f i c i e n c i e s in pigeonpea. 

NICHOLS, R. 1965. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e m a j o r - e l e m e n t d e f i c i e n c i e s 

of t h e pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) in sand 

c u l t u r e . 2 . The e f f e c t s o f m a j o r - e l e m e n t 

d e f i c i e n c i e s o n n o d u l a t i o n , growth and 

m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n . P 1 . S o i l 2 2 ( 1 ) : 

112-116. 136 

Data are g i v e n on t h e m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n 

of t h e leaves of n o d u l a t e d and nonnodulated 

pigeonpeas grown i n sand c u l t u r e a t 

d e f i c i e n c y l e v e l s of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, 

and Fe. The d e f i c i e n c i e s a f f e c t e d r o o t 

g r o w t h , which i n t u r n determined t h e 

i n t e n s i t y o f n o d u l a t i o n , expressed a s 

d r y w e i g h t o f nodules o r n u m b e r / p l a n t . 

D e f i c i e n c i e s of Ca, P, and Mg had t h e 

g r e a t e s t e f f e c t i n r e d u c i n g p l a n t g r o w t h 

and i n t e n s i t y o f n o d u l a t i o n . 

NYE, P . H . , and W.N.M. FOSTER. 1 9 6 1 . 

The r e l a t i v e uptake of phosphorus by crops 

and n a t u r a l f a l l o w from d i f f e r e n t p a r t s 

o f t h e i r r o o t zone. J . A g r i c . S c i . , Camb. 

5 6 ( 3 ) : 2 9 9 - 3 0 6 . 137 

Maize d e r i v e d 7% and pigeonpea 11% from 

below 10 in (25 cm) a f t e r 80 d a y s . 

Pigeonpea feeds much c l o s e r t o i t s base 

t h a n t h e c e r e a l s u n t i l t h e 5 0 t h day. 

Pigeonpea i n i t s second y e a r e x t r a c t e d 

l i t t l e more phosphorus from t h e s u b s o i l 

t h a n i t d i d i n t h e f i r s t . The amount o f 

phosphorus d e r i v e d f r o m below t h e 1 0 - i n c h 

(25 cm) l a y e r corresponded w i t h t h e proport 

i o n o f d i c o t y l e d o n o u s r o o t s i n t h e subsoil 

OKE, O.L. 1969. 

Sulphur n u t r i t i o n o f legumes. 

5 : 1 1 1 - 1 1 6 . 

E x p l . A g r i c . 

138 

A p p l i c a t i o n o f s u l f u r , a l o n e o r i n combin 

a t i o n w i t h P , s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e 

number, y i e l d , and n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 

r o o t nodules on pigeonpea and g u a r . S u l f u r , 

a p p l i e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s w i t h NPK, 

i n c r e a s e d t h e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t and y i e l d 

o f p l a n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t had n o s i g n i 

f i c a n t e f f e c t o n N c o n t e n t . S u l f u r a t 

2 0 ppm, a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h P , 

i n c r e a s e d t h e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t o f 

pigeonpea s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t t h e e f f e c t 

decreased a t h i g h e r l e v e l s o f S . I n 

g e n e r a l , h i g h e r v a l u e s o f m e t h i o n i n e were 

o b t a i n e d i n t h e presence o f S than i n i t s 

absence. 

PALO, A . N . 1972. 

P r o d u c t i o n o f food legumes i n t h e P h i l i p 

p i n e s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o leguminous 

v e g e t a b l e s . T r o p . A g r i c . Res. S e r . 

6 : 1 8 9 - 1 9 5 . 139 

Data a r e g i v e n o n t h e y i e l d s , seed p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t s and v a r i e t i e s of Vigna sinensis, 

V. radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris, Visum 

sativum, Cajanus aajan, Doliahos lablab, 

and o t h e r legumes grown in t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . 

Prospects f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e n o r m a l l y 

i m p o r t e d d r i e d peas and beans are a l s o 


PANDEY, H . N . , K.C. MISHRA, and K . L . MUKHERJEE. 

1 9 7 1 . 

Phosphate uptake and i t s i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n 

some crop p l a n t s and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d 

weeds. Ann. B o t . 3 5 ( 1 4 0 ) : 3 6 7 - 3 7 2 . 140 

I n p e a r l m i l l e t , pigeonpea, w h e a t , and 

c h i c k p e a , and i n s i x weed species r a t e o f 

P 3 2 uptake and i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o leaves 

depended on age and s p e c i e s . Rate of 

uptake i n c r e a s e d w i t h time i n a l l s p e c i e s , 

b u t i n c o r p o r a t i o n of P was at a maximum 

d u r i n g e a r l y stages o f g r o w t h . 

PANDEY, R.B. 1977. 

S t u d i e s on crop m i x t u r e s . M.Sc. (1977) 

T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa 

V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 141 

PANIKKAR, M.R. 1 9 6 1 . 

Growing p u l s e c r o p s . I I . Redgram. F e r t i l . 

News 6 ( 5 ) : 7 - 1 0 , 15. 142 

28

Agronomy 

Red gram r e q u i r e s more a t t e n t i o n than o t h e r 

legumes because it is a m u l t i p u r p o s e legume 

crop t h a t y i e l d s n u t r i t i o u s g r a i n and 

v a l u a b l e f o r a g e and a l s o e n r i c h e s t h e s o i l 

b y i t s g r o w t h . P r o d u c t i o n c o u l d b e stepped 

u p b y b e t t e r c u l t i v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s , p a r t i 

c u l a r l y m a n u r i n g ; n i t r o g e n and phosphorus 

a p p l i c a t i o n s c o u l d d o u b l e o r even t r i p l e 

y i e l d s . 

PANIKKAR, M.R. 1968. 

G r a i n legumes p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n p r o g r e s 

s i v e f a r m i n g . I n d i a n Pmg 17(11) : 9 - 1 1 . 143 

Pulses a r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e o v e r a l l c r o p 

p i n g spectrum o f I n d i a n f a r m i n g , e i t h e r 

alone or as m i x t u r e s , and i n v a r i a b l y as 

t h e l i n c h p i n o f crop r o t a t i o n s . T h e i r 

r o l e i n m u l t i p l e o r r e l a y c r o p p i n g i s a l s o 

s i g n i f i c a n t . 

PANKAJA REDDY, R., P.P. TARHALKAR, and 

N.G.P. RAO. 1977. 

Improved pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s f o r mono- and 

i n t e r c r o p p i n g . I n d i a n Fmg 27(4) : 3 - 4 . 144 

The v a r i e t i e s H Y - 1 , HY-2, and HY-4 have 

been r e l e a s e d f o r g e n e r a l c u l t i v a t i o n . 

Various i n t e r c r o p p i n g systems based on 

combinations o f c e r e a l (sorghum), p u l s e 

( a r h a r and soybean) and o i l s e e d s (groundn 

u t and c a s t o r ) were compared f o r t o t a l 

p r o d u c t i v i t y , n u t r i t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y , and 

economic p r o f i t a b i l i t y . 

PANNU, J . S . , and J . S . SAWHNEY. 1975. 

E f f e c t o f a r h a r o n the n i t r o g e n r e q u i r e 

ments o f the succeeding wheat i n a n i n t e n 

s i v e r o t a t i o n . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 

3 5 ( 2 ) : 2 5 3 - 2 5 6 . 145 

R e s i d u a l phosphorus f r o m a r h a r showed s i g 

n i f i c a n t b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o n g r a i n y i e l d 

of succeeding w h e a t . Comparison of wheat 

y i e l d s from no-phosphorus p l o t s o f a r h a r - 

wheat and f a l l o w - w h e a t r o t a t i o n s showed 

t h a t each l e v e l o f n i t r o g e n r e c o r d e d s i g 

n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r wheat y i e l d i n t h e former 

r o t a t i o n t h a n i n t h e l a t t e r . For l a t e - s o w n 

(December 3) wheat succeeding a r h a r , 100 kg 

N/ha was adequate. 

PANSE, V . G . , M.D. DANDAWATE, and 

S.B. BOKIL. 1947. 

Summary of p a s t e x p e r i m e n t a l work on w h e a t , 

m i l l e t s , o i l seeds, and p u l s e s . D e l h i : 

Army P r e s s , p p . 117-147. 146 

PARSONS, D . J . 1962. 

The systems o f a g r i c u l t u r e p r a c t i s e d i n 

Uganda. 3 . The n o r t h e r n systems. P t . 1 . 

The L a n g o - A c h o l i system. P t . 2. The West 

N i l e systems. Mem. Res. D i v . Dep. A g r i c . 

Uganda 3. 1960. 66 p p . 147 

The crops grown i n some o r a l l o f t h e 

s e v e r a l e c o l o g i c a l zones i n c l u d e c o t t o n , 

f i n g e r m i l l e t , pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , 

sorghum, sesame, cassava, cowpea, b e a n , 

and m a i z e . These d i s t r i c t s of Uganda a r e 

s i t u a t e d a t a n a l t i t u d e o f 2,000 t o 4,000 

ft (609 to 1,218 m) and r e c e i v e 35 to 60 

inches (87.5 to 150 cm) r a i n f a l l / y e a r . 

PATHAK, G.N. 1970. 

Red gram. In Pulse Crops of I n d i a . 

P. Kachroo ( e d i t o r ) . New D e l h i : ICAR. 148 

Discussed d i f f e r e n t aspects o f r e d gram: 

I m p o r t a n c e , area and p r o d u c t i o n , agronomy, 

g e n e t i c s , p l a n t b r e e d i n g , c y t o g e n e t i c s , 

n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and diseases and 

p e s t s . 

PATRO, G.K., and G.C. TOSH. 1973. 

R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f h e r b i c i d e s o n c o n 

t r o l o f weeds i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Andhra A g r i c . J . 

2 0 ( 3 - 4 ) : 6 5 - 7 0 . 149 

V a r i t o x (Na s a l t o f TCA), Tropotox (Na s a l t 

of MCPB), and Enbutox (Na s a l t of 2,4-DB) 

were t r i e d at a dose of 2.24 kg a . i . / h a , 

b o t h as preemergence and postemergence 

s p r a y s . O f t h e h e r b i c i d e s t r i e d , V a r i t o x 

(TCA), sprayed preemergence or postemergence, 

was found t h e most e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t 

dominant weeds and r e c o r d e d maximum g r a i n 

y i e l d s and n e t p r o f i t s per h e c t a r e . 

PAUL, S . , and R.P. SINGH. 1977. 

Response o f a r h a r v a r i e t i e s t o methods o f 

phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 

4 8 ( 2 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 7 . 150 

A l l a r h a r v a r i e t i e s e x h i b i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t 

y i e l d response t o phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n . 

Not o n l y t h e number of pods per p l a n t b u t 

l e n g t h of pod ( c m ) , number of c l u s t e r s per 

p l a n t , and 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t a l l showed 

s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s . The phosphorus 

placement method gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r 

y i e l d (938 k g / h a ) than t h e b r o a d c a s t 

method (725 k g / h a ) . 

PAUL, W.R.C. 1 9 5 1 . 

Notes on Legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 

107:225-228. 151 

29


Notes on legumes under t r i a l b o t h as cover 

crops and f o r a g e p l a n t s . Describes v a r i e 

t i e s o f pigeonpea, Cajanus oajan, t h a t w i l l 

seed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n Ceylon. 

PAUL, W.R.C. 1953. 

Notes on legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 

1 0 9 : 2 7 - 3 5 . 152 

O b s e r v a t i o n s a r e r e c o r d e d on t h e b e h a v i o r 

o f v a r i o u s legumes under t r i a l i n Ceylon 

as green manure and cover c r o p s or as 

f o r a g e c r o p s . S e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f Cajanus 

cajan are d e s c r i b e d f o r green m a n u r i n g . 

PIETRI, R., R. ABRAMS, and F . J . JULIA. 

1 9 7 1 . 

I n f l u e n c e o f f e r t i l i t y l e v e l o n t h e p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t and agronomic c h a r a c t e r s of p i g e o n - 

peas i n a n o x y s o l . J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 

5 5 ( 4 ) : 4 7 4 - 4 7 7 . 153 

In a t r i a l , pigeonpea cv K a k i was g i v e n 

e i t h e r n o f e r t i l i z e r o r v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f 

N, P, and K, w i t h and w i t h o u t Ca, Mg, and 

two l e v e l s o f c a l c i u m s i l i c a t e . F e r t i l i z e r 

t r e a t m e n t s had no e f f e c t on green pod y i e l d , 

d a t e o f f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t , 100-seed 

w e i g h t o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e d r y seed. 

POPENOE, W. 1948. 

The pigeonpea (Cajanus indious or Cajanus 

oajan). A d i s c u s s i o n of t h e v a l u e of 

Cajanus f o r c u l t i v a t i o n i n c e n t r a l America. 

Rev. A g r i c . Costa R i c a . 2 0 : 4 7 5 - 4 7 8 . 154 

PRASAD, M.V.R., and R.P. SINGH. 1975. 

I n t e r - c r o p p i n g o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n g r a i n 

legumes i n sown p a s t u r e s and f i e l d c r o p s . 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 5 ( 2 ) : 

271-275. 155 

Suggests d e v e l o p i n g s u i t a b l e systems o f 

i n t e r c r o p p i n g and crop r o t a t i o n f o r b e t t e r 

r e t e n t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f f i x e d n i t r o 

gen. A n i n t e r c r o p o f a r h a r i n r a g i and 

mung and a r h a r i n b a j r a have i n c r e a s e d t h e 

y i e l d o f p r i n c i p a l c r o p t o some e x t e n t . 

PREMSEKHAR, S . , and A. SUBRAMANIAM. 1 9 6 1 . 

Time o f sowing experiments w i t h s h o r t durat 

i o n redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ) No. 1 1 4 1 . 

Madras A g r i c . J. 4 8 ( 3 ) : 106-107. 156 

I n t r i a l s w i t h t h e e a r l y m a t u r i n g r e d gram 

1 1 4 1 , grown under i r r i g a t i o n as a s h o r t - 

d u r a t i o n c r o p , t h e mid-March sowing gave 

t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f d r y pods (1,354 1 b / a c , 

or 1,516 k g / h a ) and seeds (743 l b / a c , or 

832 k g / h a ) . 

PUGH, B.M. 1958. 

A r h a r . P r o d u c t i o n o f f i e l d crops i n I n d i a . 

A l l a h a b a d : K i t a b i s t a n . p p . 188-194. 157 

PUTTARAJAPPA, P.K. 1943. 

Grow more p u l s e s . T o g a r i (Cajanus indiaue). 

Mysore A g r i c . J . 2 1 : 1 0 6 . 158 

T o g a r i ( p i g e o n p e a ) , one of t h e c h i e f pulses, 

is grown in Karnataka as a m i x t u r e w i t h 

r a g i and n o t as a pure c r o p . It grows 

b e t t e r i n stony s o i l than i n b l a c k o r red 

s o i l s . T o g a r i takes 12 days from sowing to 

s e e d l i n g . At seven and h a l f months t h e 

crop i s h a r v e s t e d . 

PYNAERT, L. 1933. 

L'Ambrevade, Cajanus indiaue. B u l l . A g r i c . 

Congo B e i g e . 2 0 : 4 5 9 - 4 7 4 . 159 

QUADROS, A . S . de 1950. 

Damage by f r o s t to a r h a r ( t u r ) and how to 

p r e v e n t i t . Rur. I n d i a 1 3 ( 3 ) : 1 3 4 - 1 3 5 . 160 

O n t h e b a s i s o f m a t u r i t y , a l l I n d i a n types 

o f a r h a r can b e e a s i l y c l a s s i f i e d i n t o 

e a r l y and l a t e . I t i s suggested t h a t t h e 

i n i t i a l seed r a t e i n m i x t u r e s b e reduced t o 

a l e v e l below t h a t adopted f o r s i n g l e c r o p , 

n o t o n l y t o m i n i m i z e c o m p e t i t i o n f o r s o i l 

m o i s t u r e between the crops b u t a l s o t o 

i n s u r e a r h a r a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e damage by 

f r o s t . 

RACHIE, K . O . , and R.T. WURSTER. 1 9 7 1 . 

The p o t e n t i a l of pigeonpea (Cajanus aajan 

M i l l s p . ) a s a h o r t i c u l t u r a l crop i n East 

A f r i c a . P r o c . F i r s t E . A f r . H o r t . Symp. 

Kampala, Uganda. 1970. 161 

RAJANI, H . J . , and R.B. PATEL. 1956. 

Cajanus indicus - approximate c o m p o s i t i o n 

o f manures and f e r t i l i z e r s . Poona A g r i c . 

C o l l . Mag. 47(2) :130. 162 

A v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p l a n t n u t r i e n t 

c o n t e n t s o f v a r i o u s manures and f e r t i l i z e r s 

i s compiled from t h e d a t a o f Bombay S t a t e . 

Cajanus indicus (green manure) has N 1.12; 

P 2 O 5 0 . 3 6 ; K 2 O 0 . 7 2 ; and CaO 0 . 4 8 . 

RAMANATHAN, G . , N. PALANISAMY, and 

K.K. KRISHNAMOORTHY. 1977. 

Response o f Co-2 redgram t o ' P ' a p p l i c a 

t i o n . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 

671-672. 163 

O f t h e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f P t e s t e d , t h e 

maximum l e v e l of 76.4 kg P 2 O 5 /ha gave 

s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n pod and g r a i n y i e l d . 

I t was e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t P u t i l i z a t i o n and 

c r o p response were maximum at 76.4 k g / h a . 

30

Agronomy 

RAMANUJAM, S. 1972. 

Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f p u l s e r e s e a r c h ( 2 ) . 

I n d i a n Fmg 2 1 ( 1 1 ) : 1 9 - 2 1 , 2 4 . 164 

Summarizes i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g s of a comprehensive 

and c o n c e n t r a t e d research program 

o n t h e agronomy o f p u l s e crops i n I n d i a . 

Deals w i t h f e r t i l i z i n g , p l a n t d e n s i t y , 

i n t e r c r o p p i n g , and time o f p l a n t i n g o f 

v a r i o u s p u l s e c r o p s . One of the i m p o r t a n t 

f i n d i n g s f o r pigeonpea i s i t s response t o 

P f e r t i l i z i n g . The h i g h e s t y i e l d s o f 

pigeonpea were o b t a i n e d w i t h 60,000 p l a n t s / 

h a . Slow s e e d l i n g growth of p u l s e crops 

makes chemical weeding e s s e n t i a l f o r h i g h 

y i e l d s . D u r i n g the e a r l y growth p e r i o d , 

cowpea, mungbeans, or soybeans can be 

i n t e r p l a n t e d i n pigeonpea w i t h o u t 

a f f e c t i n g i t s y i e l d . 

RAO, K.S. 1976. 

Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) 

v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus. 

M.Sc. (1976)Thesis. J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i 

Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 165 

RATHI, S . S . , D. SINGH, and R.C. MALIK. 

1974. 

Response of s h o r t d u r a t i o n a r h a r (Cajanus 

aajan) to dates of sowing, row spacing and 

phosphate a p p l i c a t i o n . F e r t i l . News 

19(2) : 2 7 . 166 

Date of s o w i n g , row s p a c i n g , and l e v e l s of 

phosphate s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d a r h a r 

y i e l d . Sowing of June 10 gave t h e h i g h e s t 

y i e l d , and 50-cm row spacing y i e l d e d h i g h e r 

than 75- and 100-cm s p a c i n g s . A s i g n i f i 

cant i n t e r a c t i o n between dates of sowing 

and r a t e s of phosphate placement was 

o b s e r v e d , h i g h e s t g r a i n y i e l d b e i n g o b t a i 

ned when the June 10 sowing was f e r t i l i z e d 

w i t h 80 kg P 2 O 5 / h a . Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n 

gave c o n s i s t e n t and s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s 

i n g r a i n y i e l d under a l l dates o f sowing. 

RAVENZA, M . V . B . , and M.A. BARR0TA. 1953. 

F i r s t experiments w i t h Cajanus indious. 

Rev. Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . Cent. Venez. 

L. 211-215. 167 

REEM, H.W. 1968. 

The p o t e n t i a l f o r legumes i n t r o p i c a l a g r i 

c u l t u r e and t h e i r r o l e i n s o l v i n g t h e w o r l d 

food s u p p l y . P r o c . S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. 

F l a . 2 7 : 3 4 7 - 3 5 7 . 168 

The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f legume p r o d u c t i o n t o 

improve w o r l d food supply a r e emphasized. 

A t t e n t i o n i s p a i d t o soybeans, p u l s e s , and 

groundnuts a s food crops i n B r a z i l , I n d i a , 

I r a n , A f r i c a and Far E a s t . The use of 

legumes as a green manure i n c r e a s e s t h e 

r i c e y i e l d s b y 25%, i f i n i t i a l l e v e l s o f 

p r o d u c t i o n are l o w . The importance of 

maximum y i e l d per u n i t o f l a n d per y e a r i s 

s t r e s s e d . I t i s proposed t o i n t r o d u c e 

s u i t a b l e r o t a t i o n schedules i n c l u d i n g 

e d i b l e legumes. 

RENARD, M. 1949. 

Regeneration of the exhausted s o i l s of the 

French Sudan. B u l l . A g r i c . Congo B e i g e . 

40:2173-2188. 169 

RICHHARIA, R.H. 1948. 

Progress r e p o r t of the research scheme on 

pulses in B i h a r f o r the year 1947-48. 170 

RI0LLAN0, A . , A. PEREZ, and C. RAMOS. 

1962. 

E f f e c t o f p l a n t i n g d a t e , v a r i e t y , and p l a n t 

p o p u l a t i o n on the f l o w e r i n g and y i e l d of 

pigeonpeas {Cajanus aajan L . ) . J. A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. Rico 46(2) :126-134. 171 

Three pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s were sown on the 

15th of each month from J u l y 1954 to June 

1955. Depending on the date of s o w i n g , 

the number of days to f l o w e r i n g ranged from 

125 to 320 days in the v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o 

and K a k i and from 174 to 430 days in the 

l a t e v a r i e t y Saragateado. P l a n t h e i g h t 

ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 m in t h e f i r s t two 

v a r i e t i e s and from 1.5 to 4.4 m in Saragat 

e a d o . A l l t h r e e v a r i e t i e s f l o w e r e d i n the 

s h o r t - d a y season, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f sowing 

d a t e . N o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n y i e l d 

were observed between p l a n t i n g d i s t a n c e s 

w i t h i n t h e row of 0 . 6 , 0 . 9 , and 1.2 m. 

ROCHE, P. et al. 1955. 

Use o f green manures i n r i c e - f i e l d s i n 

Lake A l a o t r a r e g i o n (Madagascar). R i z . 

R i z i c . 1 ( 4 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 4 . 172 

Soybean and Cajanus indious are recommended 

as green manures f o r i n c r e a s i n g r i c e 

y i e l d s . These legumes are grown as c a t c h 

crops under i r r i g a t i o n ; t h e i r p l a c e i n t h e 

r o t a t i o n i s a f t e r r i c e . They are sown i n 

June and plowed under in November, w h i l e 

r i c e occupies t h e ground from December to 

May. 

R0CKW00D, W.G., and R. LAL. 1974. 

Mulch t i l l a g e : A t e c h n i q u e f o r s o i l and 

water c o n s e r v a t i o n i n the t r o p i c s . Span 

1 7 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 7 9 . 173 

Systems o f m u l c h - t i l l a g e (Zero t i l l a g e ) 

c r o p p i n g o n t r o p i c a l s o i l s are d i s c u s s e d . 

I n p l o t t r i a l s , y i e l d s o f cowpea, m a i z e , 

and pigeonpea were s i m i l a r f o r mulch 

31


t i l l a g e and plowed t r e a t m e n t s , except d u r 

i n g p e r i o d s o f drought s t r e s s , when y i e l d s 

of maize and cowpea were 50 and 25% h i g h e r 

w i t h mulch t i l l a g e . Y i e l d s o f soybean were 

lower w i t h mulch t i l l a g e t h a n w i t h plowed 

t r e a t m e n t s . 

SABNIS, T . S . 1943. 

Cajanus i n d i c u s - Notes on A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Crops ( A r h a r ) , L e a f l . Dep. A g r i c . U.P. 174 

SAHU, D . , and S. PATTNAIK. 1962. 

E v a l u a t i o n o f a v a i l a b l e phosphorus s t a t u s 

o f O r i s s a s o i l s b y greenhouse t e s t s . 

Pigeonpea - F e r t i l i z a t i o n . P r o c . Symp. 

F e r t i l . I n d . S o i l s . 7 8 - 8 3 . August 3 - 4 , 

1962, Madras, I n d i a . A l s o i n B u l l . N a t . 

I n s t . S c i . , I n d i a . 26:72-83 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . 175 

The phosphorus s t a t u s o f t w e l v e s o i l s 

c o l l e c t e d from d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f O r i s s a 

was e v a l u a t e d by t h e greenhouse t e c h n i q u e . 

On t h e b a s i s of t h e d r y m a t t e r of t e s t 

p l a n t s (Cajanus cajan) o b t a i n e d under 

d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , 

t h e s o i l s have been c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e 

g r o u p s . Group I : S o i l s t h a t responded t o 

a p p l i c a t i o n o f P u p t o 60. k g / a c . Group I I : 

S o i l s t h a t responded t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f 

phosphorus b u t t h e y i e l d ceased t o i n c r e a s e 

beyond 4 5 k g / a c . Group I I I : S o i l s t h a t 

responded to a p p l i c a t i o n of P b u t t h e 

y i e l d ceased t o i n c r e a s e beyond 3 0 k g / a c . 

The d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t response to P 

a p p l i c a t i o n i s n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any 

s i n g l e f a c t o r , such a s t e x t u r e , m o i s t u r e - 

h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y , o r g a n i c carbon c o n t e n t , 

o r a v a i l a b l e P 2 O 5 c o n t e n t s . 

SALETTE, J . E . , and J . M . COURBOIS. 1968. 

Agronomic aspects o f pigeonpea i n M a r i e - 

G a l a n t e . P r o c . C a r i b b . Soc. Fd Crop S c i . 

6 : 3 2 - 3 7 . 176 

A s t r a i n l o c a l to M a r i e - G a l a n t e showed a 

34 to 45% y i e l d response to 112 kg P 2 O 5 

and 134 kg K 2 O/ha, whereas an i n t r o d u c t i o n 

from P u e r t o Rico showed no r e s p o n s e . T h i s 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t v a r i e t i e s d i f f e r c o n s i d e r 

a b l y i n n u t r i e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s . 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1963. 

V a r i a t i o n s i n m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas d u r i n g 

t h e h a r v e s t i n g p e r i o d . B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. 

A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 1 7 0 : 1 - 2 1 . 177 

The percentage of mature green pigeonpeas 

(Cajanus indicus) f i t f o r p r o c e s s i n g i n 

t h e K a k i and Saragateado s e l e c t i o n s i n 

Puerto Rico i s a t i t s h i g h e s t v a l u e d u r i n g 

the e a r l y stages o f t h e h a r v e s t i n g season, 

and decreases to a minimum w i t h i n a p e r i o d 

of 27 days. This f i n d i n g suggests t h e 

p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a more u n i f o r m p r o d u c t 

c o u l d be canned by h a r v e s t i n g t h e peas 

o n l y once at a p r e d e t e r m i n e d stage of 

development. 


A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e shear press t o determine 

the degree o f m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas. J . 

A g r i c . U n i v . P. Rico 47(3) :212-216. 178 

T r i a l s demonstrated t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer 

shear press a f f o r d s a r a p i d and s u f f i c i e n t l y 

a c c u r a t e means of a s s e s s i n g t h e degree of 

m a t u r i t y o f pigeonpeas f o r c a n n i n g . M a t u 

r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e : a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e 

s o l i d s c o n t e n t , s t a r c h c o n t e n t , t o t a l solids 

c o n t e n t , and percentage o f y e l l o w peas. 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.M. CANCEL, and 

J . R . BENERO. 1960. 

M a t u r i t y i n d i c e s f o r pigeonpeas. J . A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. Rico 4 0 ( 2 ) : 6 0 - 6 9 . 179 

The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r s c o u l d be used as 

an i n d e x of m a t u r i t y of pigeonpeas (Cajanus 

cajan): c o n t e n t of m o i s t u r e , s t a r c h , 

a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s and t o t a l s o l i d s ; 

s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ; and i n t e n s i t y o f green 

p i g m e n t a t i o n . 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , and G. COLOMCOVAS. 

1964. 

Advantages t o t h e farmer o f h a r v e s t i n g a l l 

the pods of pigeonpeas at t h e same t i m e . 

B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 

1 3 1 : 1 - 1 3 . 180 

The commercial method of h a r v e s t i n g by 

repeated p i c k i n g s g i v e s h i g h e r y i e l d s than 

h a r v e s t i n g a l l pods a t once. However, the 

wages r e q u i r e d f o r commercial h a r v e s t i n g 

a r e much h i g h e r than those f o r the new 

method. Thus f a r m e r ' s gross income is 

h i g h e r when he h a r v e s t s o n l y once. 

SANDHU, H . S . , S.S. BRAR, and G.S. GILL. 

1973. 

Arhar-wheat is a good r o t a t i o n . P r o g . 

Fmg 9 ( 1 0 ) : 8 . 181 

Sowing a r h a r T-21 on June 1, a farmer can 

sow t h e f o l l o w i n g wheat crop by November 

2 0 , w h i c h i s n o t t oo l a t e f o r w h e a t . The 

r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n 

can be adopted p r o f i t a b l y . 

SANTON, W.R., J. DOUGHTY, R. ORRACA-TETTEH, 

and W. STEDE. 1966. 

G r a i n legumes in A f r i c a . Rome: FAO. 

191 p p . 182 

32

Agronomy 

SARAF, C . S . , A. SINGH, and I . P . S . AHLAWAT. 

1975. 

S t u d i e s o n i n t e r c r o p p i n g o f c o m p a t i b l e 

crops w i t h pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 

2 0 ( 2 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 183 

Cajanus aajan in pure stands or i n t e r 

cropped w i t h V. radiata, V. mungo , cowpea, 

and soybean gave average seed y i e l d s of 

1,630, 1,720, 1,640, 1,530, and 1,690 

k g / h a r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h e i n t e r c r o p s gave 

seed y i e l d s of 198, 110, 4 2 4 , and 114 

k g / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t e r c r o p p i n g o f 

maize and sorghum in Cajanus aajan markedl 

y decreased i t s y i e l d s . 

SARDAR SINGH, and V . B . SAHASRABUDHE. 

1957. 

E f f e c t o f o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c s o n the 

y i e l d of j o w a r (Sorghum vulgare), a r h a r 

(Cajanus aajan) and groundnut (Araahis 

hypogaea) and a f t e r - e f f e c t on r a i n f e d 

c o t t o n . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 1 ( 3 ) : 

151-157. 184 

Ammonium s u l f a t e depressed t h e y i e l d o f 

a r h a r (Cajanus aajan) . There was no a p p r e 

c i a b l e e f f e c t o f superphosphate o n t h e 

a r h a r c r o p . A p p l i c a t i o n o f superphosphate 

or of farm compost to t h e p r e c e d i n g crop 

i n d i c a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e s i d u a l response o n 

c o t t o n . 

SAVILLE, A . H . , and W.A. WRIGHT. 1958. 

Notes on Kenya a g r i c u l t u r e . 3. O i l s e e d s , 

p u l s e s , legumes and r o o t c r o p s . E. A f r . 

A g r i c . J . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . 185 

Notes o n c l i m a t e , s o i l s , c u l t i v a t i o n , and 

h a r v e s t i n g methods and major uses of a 

number of legumes, i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus). Spacings, seed r a t e s , 

y i e l d s per a c r e and t i m e t o m a t u r i t y a r e 

a l s o t a b u l a t e d f o r each c r o p . 

SAXENA, M.C., and D.S. YADAV. 1975. 

Some agronomic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of pigeonpeas 

and c h i c k p e a s . P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan 

1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 

pp. 3 2 - 6 2 . 186 

Describes t r i a l s o n e f f e c t s o f seedbed 

p r e p a r a t i o n methods, sowing methods, sowing 

r a t e s and d a t e s , s p a c i n g , f e r t i l i z e r s , 

t r a c e e l e m e n t s , seed i n o c u l a t i o n , weed 

c o n t r o l , i r r i g a t i o n , growth s u b s t a n c e s , 

and mixed c r o p p i n g on seed y i e l d s of 

chickpea and pigeonpea. 

Pantnagar. 

131-134. 

I n d i a n J . Agron. 2 1 ( 2 ) : 

187 

When pigeonpea was grown ( i ) in pure stands 

in rows 15 cm a p a r t and ( i i ) w i t h seven 

soybean c u l t i v a r s d r i l l e d between two rows 

of pigeonpea, t h e average seed y i e l d s were 

s i m i l a r : 2,440 kg and 2,130 to 2,510 k g / h a 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Soybean gave an a d d i t i o n a l 

seed y i e l d of 760 to 1,160 k g / h a , t h e 

h i g h e s t y i e l d b e i n g w i t h c v J - 3 . I n t e r 

c r o p p i n g w i t h pigeonpea reduced soybean 

y i e l d by 50% over p u r e - s t a n d y i e l d s . 

SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1963. 

Economic methods to form and improve p a s 

t u r e s w i t h t h e legumes Doliahos lablab, 

Cajanus aajan and Glycine javaniaa. R u r a l 

Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 4 3 : 1 6 - 1 7 . 188 

T h i s paper d e a l s w i t h t h e problem of how 

to grow green fodder e c o n o m i c a l l y d u r i n g 

dry w i n t e r months on poor s o i l s , under 

c o n d i t i o n s s i m i l a r t o those p r e v a i l i n g i n 

t h e S t a t e of Sao P a u l o , B r a z i l . 

SELLSCHOP, J . , and H.M. MULLER. 1953. 

The pigeonpea or d h a l bean. Fmg S. A f r . 

2 8 : 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 . 189 

General notes a r e g i v e n on Cajanus aajan, 

which i n South A f r i c a does b e s t i n the warm 

l o w v e l d where f r o s t s seldom o c c u r . 

SEN, A . N . 1956. 

N i t r o g e n economy o f s o i l under r a h a r . J . 

I n d i a n Soc. S o i l S c i . 6 ( 3 ) : 1 7 1 - 1 7 6 . 190 

S t u d i e s were conducted on n i t r o g e n uptake 

of a crop of r a h a r (Cajanus aajan), t h e 

n i t r o g e n s t a t u s o f t h e s o i l a f t e r h a r v e s t , 

and t h e e f f e c t o f f e r t i l i z e r s o n b o t h . 

The o b s e r v a t i o n s recorded f o r 3 years w i t h 

a l a t e v a r i e t y of r a h a r (NP-51) showed t h a t 

t h e uptake o f n i t r o g e n and n i t r o g e n f i x a 

t i o n by r a h a r was g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d by t h e 

a p p l i c a t i o n of N and P f e r t i l i z e r s , s i n g l y 

as w e l l as in c o m b i n a t i o n . Rahar was found 

to be an e x h a u s t i v e crop r a t h e r than a 

r e c u p e r a t i v e one. N i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e 

s o i l under r a h a r c o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d i f i t s 

leaves a r e a l l o w e d t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h 

t h e s o i l . Rahar d i d n o t d e r i v e as much 

b e n e f i t from r o o t nodule organisms as o t h e r 

legumes. Nodules were found to remain on 

the p l a n t o n l y up to 8 to 12 weeks growth 

and t h e amount of n i t r o g e n f i x e d by r a h a r 

d u r i n g 36 to 40 weeks t o t a l e d 100 to 250 

1 b / a c (112 to 280 k g / h a ) . 

SAXENA, M.C., and D.S. YADAV. 1976. 

P a r a l l e l c r o p p i n g o f soybeans w i t h p i g e o n 

pea under humid s u b - t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s of 

33


SEN, S . , K. SENGUPTA, S.C. SUR, and 

D. MUKHERJEE. 1966. 

A s t u d y on mixed c r o p p i n g of a r h a r (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 

1 1 : 3 5 7 - 3 6 2 . 191 

Arhar grown in l i n e s (62 cm x 62 cm), in 

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h aus paddy sown b r o a d c a s t 

a t 6 9 . 2 1 k g / h a , b r o u g h t t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d 

of g r a i n and t h e maximum n e t p r o f i t per 

h e c t a r e . Y i e l d o f a r h a r and a u s each 

s u f f e r e d i n t h e mixed c r o p , b u t t h e t o t a l 

g r a i n y i e l d was h i g h e r . Losses were 

i n c u r r e d when two leguminous crops were 

grown in m i x t u r e , and a r h a r grown as a 

pure crop b r o u g h t v e r y l i t t l e p r o f i t . 

SEN, S . , S.C. SUR, K.C. GUPTA, and T.K. DE. 

1970. 

A f u r t h e r s t u d y on s p a c i n g r e q u i r e m e n t of 

Cajanua oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 

4 4 ( 3 ) : 1 5 3 - 1 5 7 . 192 

An experiment w i t h Cajanua c a j a n showed 

t h a t : ( i ) at Berhampore a s p a c i n g of 30 x 

30 cm was b e s t ; ( i i ) at K a l y a n i a spacing 

of 30 x 90 cm was b e s t ; ( i i i ) heavy p r e 

c i p i t a t i o n s i n September/October reduced 

t h e number o f p o d s , and ( i v ) u n i f o r m t o t a l 

r a i n f a l l d u r i n g t h e growing p e r i o d from 

May to A u g u s t , was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 

u n i f o r m g r o w t h . 

SEWA RAM, and GAJENDRA G I R I . 1973. 

A n o t e on response of redgram (Cajanus 

oajan L . ) v a r i e t i e s t o v a r y i n g f e r t i l i t y 

l e v e l s . I n d i a n J . A g r o n . 1 8 ( 1 ) : 1 0 3 . 193 

D i f f e r e n t f e r t i l i t y l e v e l s s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

i n f l u e n c e d b o t h a r h a r growth and g r a i n 

y i e l d . The optimum l e v e l o f f e r t i l i t y 

f o r a r h a r was 2 5 : 5 0 : 0 ( N : P : K ) . V a r i e t a l 

d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . 

SHARMA, N.L. 1976. 

E f f e c t o f n i t r o g e n , phosphorus and s u l p h u r 

o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f a r h a r (Cajanua c a j a n 

( L . ) ) . Seed Fm 2 ( 5 ) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 194 

The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n i n c r e a s e d 

s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h a d d i t i o n s o f n i t r o g e n , 

phosphorus, and s u l f u r . The p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d f r o m 21.78% to 23.96% 

w i t h n i t r o g e n , from 22.35% t o 23.98% w i t h 

phosphorus, and 20.89% to 24.00% w i t h 

s u l f u r l e v e l s . Combinations o f two o r 

t h r e e n u t r i e n t s a l s o r e s u l t e d i n g r a i n 

w i t h a h i g h e r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . A p o s i t i v e 

and s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n was observed 

between p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f t h e g r a i n and 

t h e l e v e l s of N, P, and S. 

SHERIFF, N . M . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN. 1970. 

A study o n t h e s e e d l i n g m o r t a l i t y i n r e d - 

gram i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e mode o f a p p l i c a t i o n 

o f f e r t i l i z e r s . Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 7 : 4 3 9 - 4 4 1 . 195 

Sowing o f seeds and a p p l y i n g f e r t i l i z e r i n 

a s e p a r a t e s m a l l f u r r o w as c l o s e as p o s s i 

b l e i s t h e b e s t method f o r u n i f o r m p o p u l a 

t i o n s t a n d o f r e d gram. D i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n 

o f f e r t i l i z e r s under d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s 

n o t o n l y reduces g e r m i n a t i o n b u t a l s o 

induces h i g h e r s e e d l i n g m o r t a l i t y . 

SINGH, D . , and A . A . SHAH. 1950. 

Arhar as a green manure. Punjab Fmr 

2 : 1 5 . 196 

SINHA, K . S . , and M.P. SINGH. 1956. 

Mixed c r o p p i n g of maize (Zea mays). P r o c . 

B i h a r Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 5 : 1 3 4 - 1 3 7 . 197 

In some p a r t s of I n d i a crops such as a r h a r 

and groundnut are grown a l o n g w i t h m a i z e . 

I n t h i s p r a c t i c e a r h a r (pigeonpea) and 

maize a r e sown in the same row and groundn 

u t is sown in between two rows of maize 

and a r h a r . E a r l y m a t u r i n g a r h a r v a r i e t i e s 

s u i t t h i s p r a c t i c e w e l l . 

SINGH, L . , S.K. MAHESHWARI, and D. SHARMA. 

1 9 7 1 . 

E f f e c t o f date o f p l a n t i n g and p l a n t popul 

a t i o n o n g r o w t h , y i e l d , y i e l d components 

and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

4 1 ( 6 ) : 5 3 5 - 5 3 8 . 198 

Pigeonpea cv T-21 was sown on f o u r dates 

a t p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n s o f ( i ) 40,000 ( i i ) 

50,000 and ( i i i ) 60,000/ha in rows 75 and 

100 cm a p a r t . Seed y i e l d s were h i g h e s t 

(1.38 t / h a ) in t h e crop sown on May 20 

and d e c l i n e d w i t h s u c c e s s i v e l a t e r sowings. 

P l a n t p o p u l a t i o n ( i i i ) gave h i g h e r seed 

y i e l d s ( 1 , 2 1 t / h a ) than ( i ) o r ( i i ) . Seed 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t was n o t a f f e c t e d by any of 

t h e t r e a t m e n t s . P l a n t s were t a l l e r i n t h e 

crop sown f i r s t than i n crops sown l a t e r . 

The number of p r i m a r y and secondary b r a n 

ches were h i g h e s t in e a r l y sown crops and 

a t t h e l o w e s t p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n . The 

number of pods per p l a n t was h i g h e r w i t h 

p l a n t p o p u l a t i o n ( i ) than w i t h ( i i ) o r 

( i i i ) . 

SINGH, S . B . 1947. 

A new and l u c r a t i v e r o t a t i o n f o r sugarcane. 

I n d i a n Fmg 8 : 1 8 1 - 1 8 2 . 199 

34

Agronomy 

The r o t a t i o n is groundnut - a r h a r - 

sugarcane. The f i r s t two are sown t o g e t h e r 

" w i t h t h e break o f t h e monsoon" the Cajanus 

2 1 / 2 to 3 f t . (76 to 92 cm) a p a r t in l i n e s 

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m ) a p a r t , w i t h groundnut between 

i n l i n e s 1 8 i n . (45 cm) a p a r t . A f t e r t h e 

groundnut has been h a r v e s t e d in November, 

i t s p l a c e i s taken b y sugarcane p l a n t e d 

i n F e b r u a r y . The Cajanus i s h a r v e s t e d i n 

March, by w h i c h t i m e t h e sugarcane has 

begun to grow. Some advantages c l a i m e d 

f o r t h i s r o t a t i o n a r e : t h e two leguminous 

c r o p s , one d e e p - r o o t e d and t h e o t h e r 

s h a l l o w - r o o t e d , f e r t i l i z e t h e s o i l f o r the 

sugarcane and t h e farmer h a r v e s t s two cash 

and food c r o p s , w i t h o u t i r r i g a t i o n o r 

manure, and a good sugarcane crop over a 

p e r i o d of 2 y e a r s . 

SMARTT, J. 1976. 

T r o p i c a l P u l s e s . T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e 

S e r i e s . London: Longman. 200 

I n c l u d e s c h a p t e r s : O r i g i n and h i s t o r y o f 

p u l s e c r o p s . Botany of Pulse Crops. Pulses 

i n human n u t r i t i o n . P h y s i o l o g y o f g r o w t h , 

development and r e p r o d u c t i o n . M i n e r a l n u t r i 

t i o n and p r o d u c t i v i t y , c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s 

and crop h a n d l i n g . Pests and pest c o n t r o l . 

Breeding and improvement of p u l s e s . The 

economic importance o f p u l s e c r o p s . 

SOHAN SINGH. 1976. 

Arhar s h e l t e r s young l i t c h i p l a n t s . P r o g . 

Fmg 1 2 ( 6 ) : 1 6 . 201 

A r h a r , b e s i d e s p r o t e c t i n g l i t c h i p l a n t s 

a g a i n s t h o t w i n d s , f r o s t , and c a t t l e , 

minimizes weeding a n d , b e i n g a legume c r o p , 

e n r i c h e s t h e s o i l a s w e l l . 

The advantages of green manuring f o r 

sugarcane s o i l s are enumerated. Cajanus 

cajan is one of t h e green manures most 

i n d i c a t e d f o r Sao Paulo c o n d i t i o n s . 

SUGAWE, G.T.R. 1974. 

Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) to 

v a r i o u s l e v e l s of phosphorus and s p a c i n g . 

M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru 

K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , 

I n d i a . 205 

SUAREZ, J . J . , and D. HERREARA. 1 9 7 1 . 

Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

M i l l s p . ) a t d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n s submitt 

e d t o d i f f e r e n t h e i g h t s o f c u t t i n g . 

Revta. Cubana C i e n c i o A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) : 

71-75. 206 

Pigeonpeas were sown at 9 0 , 105, and 120 

cm between rows and 4 5 , 6 0 , and 90 cm 

between p l a n t s and c u t a f t e r the f i r s t 

h a r v e s t at 30 or 60 cm. Seed y i e l d s were 

h i g h e r and times of f l o w e r i n g and m a t u r i t y 

3.5 months l e s s f o r the f i r s t than f o r 

the r a t o o n c r o p . Spacing d i d n o t a f f e c t 

y i e l d . C u t t i n g at 30 cm reduced p l a n t 

number and y i e l d i n the r a t o o n c r o p . 

SURINDER SINGH, and R.C. SINGH. 1976. 

Economics of mixed c r o p p i n g in pigeonpea 

( a r h a r ) under Haryana c o n d i t i o n s . HAU J. 

Res. 6 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 7 1 - 1 7 5 . 207 

The y i e l d of m i d - m a t u r i n g a r h a r was n o t 

reduced when it was sown w i t h s h o r t - d u r a 

t i o n and dwarf i n t e r c r o p s , whereas t h e 

y i e l d o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g a r h a r v a r i e t i e s 

was a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . Arhar + mung gave 

t h e h i g h e s t r e t u r n s . 

S0L0C0TZI, E.H. 1947. 

The beans and others of t h e leguminosae 

c u l t i v a t e d i n Chiapas. B o l . Soc. B o t . 

Mexico. 5 : 4 - 6 . 202 

Phaseolus is t h e legume most commonly grown 

i n t h e Mexican State o f Chiapas. I t i s 

r e p r e s e n t e d by many s p e c i e s . Cajanus 

i n d i c u s i s a l s o found i n t h e t r o p i c a l 

p a r t s of t h e S t a t e . Vigna and Crotalaria 

a r e a l s o f o u n d . 

SOLOMON, S . , and G.P. ARGIKAR. 1956. 

P e r e n n i a l t u r . Farmer 7 ( 1 2 ) : 1 3 - 1 5 . 203 

TH0MPST0NE, E. 1920. 

C u l t i v a t i o n of " P e s i n g o n " Cajanus indicus, 

Burma c u l t i v a t o r s L e a f l e t - 5 5 . Rangoon: 

Govt. P r i n t i n g P r e s s . 208 

TIWARI, A . S . , L . N . YADAV, L. SINGH, and 

C.N. MAHADIK. 1977. 

Spreading p l a n t type does b e t t e r i n p i g e o n 

pea. T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 7 : 7 - 1 0 . 209 

In mixed c r o p p i n g , a s p r e a d i n g t y p e of 

pigeonpea does b e t t e r and appears more 

a d a p t a b l e t o d i f f e r e n t p l a n t s p a c i n g s , 

showing a h i g h e r y i e l d . 

SOUSA, J . A . , and C.A. GENTIL. 1959. 

Green manuring o f sugarcane f i e l d s . B r a s i l 

A c u c a r e i r o 5 4 ( 5 ) : 1 2 - 1 5 . 204 

TRIVEDI, K.A. 1963. 

E f f e c t of ( i ) spacing and ( i i ) NPK on t h e 

y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f pigeonpea. M.Sc.(1963) 

T h e s i s . B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 6 : 8 8 . 210 

35


UKIRDE, R.H. 1975. 

Response of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) 

v a r i e t i e s t o v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f phosphorus 

and s p a c i n g . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . 

J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , 

J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 211 

UPPAL, B.N. 1952. 

Tur - Progress of a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h 

and development in Bombay S t a t e . Dep. 

A g r i c . Poona. 2 1 . 212 

VEERASWAMY, R., V . P . A . RAJASEKARAN, 

G. SELVAKUMARI, and N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. 

1972. 

E f f e c t o f phosphoric a c i d and o r g a n i c 

manures on redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 9 ( 5 ) : 

304-305. 213 

The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t a b a s a l d r e s s i n g 

w i t h 22.4 k g o f P 2 O 5 i n t h e f o r m o f s u p e r 

phosphate and 5 m t / h a of compost w i l l 

i n c r e a s e t h e y i e l d o f r a i n f e d r e d gram b y 

about 13%. 

VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA 

KUMARI, and P. BADRI NARAYANAN. 1972. 

S t u d i e s on t h e s p a c i n g of redgram (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 9 ( 8 ) : 4 3 5 - 4 3 6 . 214 

A spacing of 90 cm between rows and 30 cm 

between p l a n t s w i t h i n t h e row appears t o 

b e the optimum s p a c i n g . Nine d i f f e r e n t 

spacings v a r y i n g from 90 x 20 cm to 150 x 

40 cm were t r i e d and a b r o a d c a s t sowing 

was used as a c o n t r o l . The optimum s p a c i n g 

gave a y i e l d i n c r e a s e of 51.78% over t h e 

c o n t r o l and r e q u i r e d o n l y 9 k g / h a of seed 

as compared w i t h t h e 12.50 k g / h a u s u a l l y 

used i n b r o a d c a s t s o w i n g . 

VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, and 

G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1974. 

S t u d i e s on t h e mixed c r o p p i n g of redgram 

and groundnut under i r r i g a t i o n . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 6 1 ( 9 ) : 8 0 1 - 8 0 2 . 215 

The experiment has shown t h a t a mixed crop 

of groundnut TMV-2 and r e d gram Co-1 in t h e 

r a t i o o f 6 : 1 i s more p r o f i t a b l e than a pure 

crop o f e i t h e r groundnut o r r e d gram. 

VERMA, G. 1955. 

Mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 

A g r i c . Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r P r a d e s h . 

6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 4 2 - 5 3 . 216 

VERTEUIL, L . L . 1962. 

The pigeonpea scheme. J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 

6 2 ( 2 ) : 2 5 2 - 2 5 5 . . 2 1 7 

VERTEUIL, L . L . 1963. 

Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e pigeonpea i n d u s 

t r y . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 3 ( 2 ) : 

227-229. 218 

Problems to be s o l v e d i n c l u d e t h e presence 

o f i n s e c t l a r v a e i n the peas and f l u c t u a 

t i o n s i n t h e s u p p l y ; t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f 

u t i l i z i n g t h e s h e l l s and t h e b r e e d i n g o f 

more s u i t a b l e v a r i e t i e s should r e c e i v e 

a t t e n t i o n . Y i e l d s up to 4 tons of pods/ha 

have been a t t a i n e d . 

VOELCKER, JOHN AUGUSTUS. 1893. 

Cajanus c a j a n . Report on t h e improvement 

o f I n d i a n a g r i c u l t u r e . London: Eyre and 

S p o t t i s w o o d . p p . 2 6 , 4 6 - 4 7 , 119, 198, 

233-235. 219 

WALLIS, E.S. 1976. 

Agronomy of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). 

P r o c . T r o p i c a l Grassland Soc. o f A u s t r a l i a . 

T r o p . Grasslands 1 0 ( 3 ) : 2 3 0 - 2 4 0 . 220 

C. c a j a n cv UQ-50 was sown on 15 October 

and 14 December 1973, and 4 March 1974, to 

g i v e p l a n t d e n s i t i e s o f 10,000 t o 110,999/ 

h a . Dry seed y i e l d s ranged from 1,030 k g / 

ha w i t h 10,000 p l a n t s sown on 4 March to 

4,480 kg w i t h 33,333 p l a n t s sown on 

14 December. 

WALLIS, E . S . , P.C. WHITEMAN, and 

J . 0 . AKINOLA. 1975. 

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) 

r e s e a r c h i n A u s t r a l i a . P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r 

n a t i o n a l Workshop on G r a i n Legumes, 13-16 

Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 

149-166. 221 

Describes t h e agronomic aspects o f p i g e o n 

pea, i n c l u d i n g response t o p h o t o p e r i o d , 

d r y - m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n under d i f f e r e n t 

c o n d i t i o n s , p r o d u c t i o n t r i a l s , and aims 

and o b j e c t i v e s . 

WATKINS, J . M . , and J . M . CANO. 1950. 

Improve y o u r s o i l s by sowing legumes. 

E1 Salvador M i n i s t . de A g r i c . y Ganaderia. 

C i r e . A g r i c . No. 2 3 . 222 

A number of legumes a r e recommended as 

green manure, i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) . Seeding r a t e s f o r growing p i g e o n - 

pea as a seed crop and f o r green manure 

a r e g i v e n . 

36

Agronomy 

WATSON, K . A . , and P.R. GOLDSWORTHY. 1964. 

S o i l f e r t i l i t y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e 

m i d d l e b e l t o f N i g e r i a . Emp. J . Exp. 

A g r i c . 3 2 ( 1 2 8 ) : 2 9 0 - 3 0 2 . 223 

Experiments w i t h d i f f e r e n t types and l e n g 

t h s of f a l l o w have shown t h a t where o n l y a 

s h o r t f a l l o w can be a l l o w e d , Cajanus cajan 

or Andropogon gayanus as p l a n t e d covers 

were more e f f i c i e n t than n a t u r a l regener 

a t i o n . There i s evidence t h a t f e r t i l i z e r s 

are as e f f e c t i v e as manure in m a i n t a i n i n g 

f e r t i l i t y under continuous c r o p p i n g . 

WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1889. 

Cajanus cajan. D i c t i o n a r y of t h e Economic 

Products o f I n d i a , p p . 12-15. C a l c u t t a : 

Supdt. Govt. P r i n t i n g . 224 

WATT, SIR GEORGE. 1908. 

The commercial p r o d u c t s of I n d i a - An 

abridgment o f , " D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e Economic 

Products of I n d i a . " London: John 

Murray. 1189 pp. 225 

Pigeonpea is known in I n d i a as Cadjan, 

t u v a r ( T u v e r ) , t u r , t h o r , a r a r ( u r o r ) , 

r a h a r d h a l , l a h a r , o r o h a , gelamah, t o g a r l , 

k a n a l u , and p e h - y e n - k l y u n g . Watt a l s o 

notes t h a t C. i n d i c u s bicolor is r e f e r r e d 

to as the Congo or Angola pea, and 

C. i n d i c u s flavus, as t h e no-eyepea in 

t h e West I n d i e s . The p l a n t was probably 

i n t r o d u c e d by s l a v e t r a d e r s i n t o the West 

I n d i e s and N o r t h America from A f r i c a . 

In n o r t h e r n Bengal and Assam the a r h a r 

is s p e c i a l l y grown as a food p l a n t f o r 

the l a c i n s e c t . S i l k was produced i n 

Madagascar by s i l k w o r m f e d on t h e 

pigeonpea. 

WHYTE, R.O., G. NILSSON-LEISSNER, and 

H.C. TRUMBLE. 1953. 

Legumes in A g r i c u l t u r e . Rome: FAO. 2 1 : 

367 pp. 226 

The s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n 

at p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e on members of l e g u m i - 

nosae is s u r v e y e d . Problems of agronomists 

and o t h e r s engaged in r e s e a r c h are reviewed. 

P a r t I c o n t a i n s t h i r t e e n c h a p t e r s d e a l i n g 

w i t h economic botany o f legumes, e c o l o g i c a l 

and b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p , legumes i n t r o p i c s 

and s u b t r o p l c s , e t c . The c e n t e r s o f o r i g i n 

of t h e c h i e f leguminous genera and species 

are d e f i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o V a v i l o v ' s propos 

a l s . P a r t I I p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e 

c h i e f c h a r a c t e r s and uses o f t h e d i f f e r e n t 

genera and s p e c i e s , and f o r i m p o r t a n t 

c r o p s , a l s o on types and v a r i e t i e s . The 

survey concludes w i t h t a b u l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n 

o n p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s , c l i m a t i c and s o i l 

a d a p t a t i o n , number of seeds per pound, 

s e e d l i n g r a t e s , and s u i t a b l e s p a c i n g s . 

WILLIAMS, S . J . A . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1 9 7 1 . 

Dwarf pigeonpeas as a row c r o p . C a r i b b . 

Fmr 3(1) : 1 9 . 227 

I n T r i n i d a d , p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f f i e l d 

t r i a l s w i t h dwarf pigeonpea (Cajanus s p p . ) 

showed t h a t t h e e a r l y f l o w e r i n g and the 

dwarf h a b i t of the p l a n t s a l l o w e d dense 

p l a n t i n g and m e c h a n i z a t i o n . A d e n s i t y of 

165,000 p l a n t s / h a in rows and mechanical 

h a r v e s t i n g y i e l d e d 2,500 kg/ha a f t e r a 

c r o p p i n g p e r i o d of 111 days as compared 

w i t h 4,500 kg/ha and a c r o p p i n g p e r i o d of 

210 days f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l methods of 

c u l t i v a t i o n . Mechanical h a r v e s t i n g c o s t 

was 20% of t h e cost of t r a d i t i o n a l manual 

p i c k i n g . 

WILSIE, C.P. 1935. 

Seed p r o d u c t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h legumes i n 

H a w a i i . J. Am. Soc. A g r o n . 27: 

784-790. 228 

This study of the response of C. cajan 

t o spacing observes t h a t each p l a n t t r i e s 

t o f i l l t h e a v a i l a b l e space s u r r o u n d i n g 

i t , the r a t e o f f i l l i n g f o r a g i v e n c u l t i - 

v a r depending on the sowing d e n s i t y . But 

the l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by spacing have 

n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The p l a n t - s p a c e 

r e l a t i o n s h i p i s the p o t e n t i a l a b i l i t y o f 

a g i v e n c u l t i v a r t o e x p l o i t the e n v i r o n 

ment. Spacing more w i d e l y than 1.52 x 

2.29 m r e s u l t e d in a p r o g r e s s i v e d e c l i n e 

in y i e l d , which was lowest at a spacing 

o f 3.05 x 3.05 m, 

YADAHALLI, Y . H . 1973. 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g of redgram w i t h maize and 

r a g i i s p r o f i t a b l e . C u r r . Res. 

2(6) : 3 7 . 229 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g red gram w i t h maize, r a g i 

(Eleusine c o r a c a n a ) , g r o u n d n u t , and s o y 

bean gave t o t a l y i e l d s (seed, g r a i n , 

u n s h e l l e d n u t s ) of 1.86, 1.19, 1.13, and 

1.11 t / h a , r e s p e c t i v e l y , compared w i t h 

0.57 t / h a f o r pure stands of r e d gram. 

YADAHALLI, Y . H . , G. JAYARAM, and 

G. SHIVASHANKAR. 1976. 

Redgram v a r i e t y Hyd-3C w i t h h i g h e r p l a n t 

p o p u l a t i o n y i e l d s more than double t h a t o f 

v a r i e t y C o - 1 . C u r r . Res. 5 ( 3 ) : 

133-134. 230 

I n c r e a s i n g t h e d e n s i t y from 50,000 t o 

75,000 p l a n t s / h a i n c r e a s e d seed y i e l d s 

from 1.88 to 2.08 t / h a in the new Cajanus 

37


cajan cv Hyd-3C and from 0.95 to 1.04 t 

i n t h e s t a n d a r d c v C o - 1 . 

YADAV, D.S. 1976. 

Be c a r e f u l to take bumper h a r v e s t of a r h a r 

t h i s k h a r i f . Fmr P a r l i a m . 1 1 ( 8 ) : 

3 1 - 3 2 . 231 

The c u l t i v a t i o n of a r h a r as a p a y i n g p r o p o 

s i t i o n i s emphasized. The d i f f e r e n t 

aspects o f i t s c u l t i v a t i o n d i s c u s s e d a r e : 

s e l e c t i o n o f p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t i e s , p r o d u c 

t i o n package, land and i t s p r e p a r a t i o n , 

f e r t i l i z a t i o n , s o w i n g , weed c o n t r o l , 

mixed c r o p p i n g , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , and 

h a r v e s t i n g . 

YADAV, D . S . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1975. 

A l l about arhar c u l t i v a t i o n . I n d i a n Fmr 

D i g e s t 8 ( 6 ) : 7 - 8 . 232 

The e s s e n t i a l components of p r o d u c t i o n 

technology f o r a r h a r , such a s s e l e c t i o n o f 

p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y , s u i t a b l e l a n d , f e r t i l i 

z a t i o n , s o w i n g , weed c o n t r o l , i r r i g a t i o n 

and d r a i n a g e , p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , mixed 

c r o p p i n g , and h a r v e s t i n g are b r i e f l y 

d e s c r i b e d . 

B I B L I O G R A P H I E S 

BARRIOS, G.A., and V.D. RAMOS. 1973. 

Venezuelan b i b l i o g r a p h y of leguminous seed 

c r o p s . Maracay, Venezuela, M i n i s t e r i o de 

A g r i c u l t u r a y C r i a . 44 pp. 233 

The b i b l i o g r a p h y covers Vigna sinensis, 

Phaseolus aureus, Ph. mungo, Dolichos 

lablab, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba, Lens 

esculenta, Cajanus c a j a n , Glycine max, and 

Ph. l u n a t u s and i n c l u d e s s e c t i o n s on 

diseases and v a r i e t i e s . 

CHAPMAN, T . , and E. HERRERA. 1 9 6 1 . 

L i s t o f completed r e s e a r c h work c a r r i e d o u t 

a t t h e I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f T r o p i c a l A g r i 

c u l t u r e o n crop husbandry. I . Short term 

c r o p s . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 6 1 ( 4 ) : 

489-503. 234 

The l i s t i n c l u d e s p u b l i s h e d and u n p u b l i s h e d 

work ( S t u d e n t theses d e p o s i t e d i n t h e 

l i b r a r y o f t h e ICTA) d a t i n g from 1 9 2 1 . The 

crops covered i n c l u d e c o t t o n , g r o u n d n u t , 

cowpea, pigeonpea, maize, sorghum, and 

m i l l e t s . 

DHARAMPAL SINGH. 1955. 

B i b l i o g r a p h y o f research work done i n I n d i a 

on major p u l s e crops - p r i n c i p a l l y on 

g e n e t i c s , b r e e d i n g , and d i s e a s e s . A g r i c . 

Anim. H u s b . , U t t a r Pradesh 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 

8 4 - 8 9 . 235 

JADHAV, P . S . , T.C. JAIN, and 

S. PRASANNALAKSHMI. 1975. 

Sorghum, m i l l e t s , peas. A b i b l i o g r a p h y of 

the I n d i a n l i t e r a t u r e . 1969-1973. Hyderab 

a d : ICRISAT. 116 pp. 236 

A nonannotated b i b l i o g r a p h y scanned from 

44 I n d i a n p e r i o d i c a l s and d e a l i n g w i t h 

g e n e r a l aspects (196 t i t l e s ) , sorghum 

( 2 0 7 ) , p e a r l m i l l e t ( 1 1 2 ) , Eleusine 

coracana ( 4 6 ) , Visum sativum ( 3 1 ) , c h i c k - 

pea ( 9 1 ) , and pigeonpea ( 2 0 ) . T i t l e 

i n d e x ; a u t h o r i n d e x . 

B I O C H E M I S T R Y A N D N U T R I T I O N 

ABDI, H . , and M.K. SAHIB. 1976. 

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f l y s i n e i n d i f f e r e n t legumes 

and some species of Amaranthus seeds. 

J. Fd S c i . T e c h n o l . 13(5) : 237-239. 237 

P r o t e i n and l y s i n e c o n t e n t of seven commonly 

o c c u r r i n g leguminous seeds have been 

d e t e r m i n e d . P r o t e i n of horse gram seed 

has h i g h e s t l y s i n e c o n t e n t . Black gram, 

pea, and red gram p r o t e i n s are a l s o r i c h 

i n l y s i n e . Leguminous seedcoats c o n t a i n 

n o n p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n and some bound l y s i n e . 

Most of the l y s i n e of the seed is p r e s e n t 

i n albumin f r a c t i o n s ; a s m a l l p o r t i o n i s 

found i n the g l o b u l i n and g l u t e l i n f r a c 

t i o n s ; and very l i t t l e l y s i n e i s c o n t a i n e d 

i n t h e p r o l a m i n e . 

AHMAD, S . U . , F.H. SHAH, and M.S. CHAUDHRY. 

1975. 

E f f e c t of cooking on t h e e s s e n t i a l amino 

a c i d c o n t e n t and n e t p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n 

(NPU) of common p u l s e s . P a k i s t . J. 

S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 1 3 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 8 . 238 

F i v e commonly grown pulses were e v a l u a t e d 

f o r t h e i r t o t a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t , a v a i 

l a b l e e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s (cooked and 

uncooked), and NPU (cooked and uncooked). 

T a b u l a t e d r e s u l t s showed 23.9 to 25.3% 

crude p r o t e i n and adequate amounts of EAA 

except f o r m e t h i o n i n e (0.02-0.17%) and 

t r y p t o p h a n ( 0 . 1 9 - 0 , 2 8 % ) . Cooking by convent 

i o n a l methods caused v a r y i n g l o s s e s o f 

amino a c i d s b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e NPU. The

B i o c h e m i s t r y and N u t r i t i o n 

f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r p e r c e n t 

NPU of cooked and uncooked p u l s e s : b l a c k 

gram 43.85 and 5 0 . 3 0 ; Bengal gram 57.90 and 

6 1 . 9 0 ; l e n t i l 40.70 and 4 3 . 1 0 ; green gram 

42.70 and 5 5 . 2 0 ; r e d gram 32.30 and 5 7 . 3 0 . 

AHMED, BASHIR, S . L . MEHRA, and 

G. BHARlHOKE. 1948. 

Thiamin c o n t e n t of common Punjab food 

s t u f f s i n t h e raw and cooked s t a t e ( A r h a r ) . 

Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 8 9 - 9 2 . 239 

V i t a m i n B 1 was e s t i m a t e d in c e r e a l s , pulses, 

v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , and a few o t h e r f o o d s . 

Most v e g e t a b l e s and f r u i t s were very poor 

s o u r c e s , b u t pulses and c e r e a l s c o n t a i n e d 

2 to 6 µg v i t a m i n B 1 / g . The usual methods 

of cooking are d e s c r i b e d w i t h some notes 

on t h e p r o b a b l e l o s s e s of v i t a m i n B 1 . The 

percentage l o s s i n making wheat i n t o chapat 

i was 2 0 t o 3 0 , i n making r i c e pulao 6 0 

t o 6 8 , i n making pulses i n t o c u r r y 3 5 t o 

5 3 , and i n making v e g e t a b l e s i n t o c u r r y 

25 t o 2 8 . 

AHSAN, R., F. RIAZ, B.K. ZAIN, and 

M. ZAIN-UL-ABEDIN. 1968. 

N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s on some pulses commonly 

consumed i n P a k i s t a n . P a k i s t . J . Biochem. 

1 : 1 6 - 2 0 . 240 

The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of C. cajan seed is 

q u i t e h i g h a t the 20% p r o t e i n l e v e l , b u t 

the seed produced d i g e s t i v e d i s t u r b a n c e s 

when f e d to mice over a l o n g p e r i o d as t h e 

major d i e t a r y c o n s t i t u e n t . 

AKHBAR, S . , N.A. KHAN, and T. HUSSAlN. 

1973. 

Amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n and n u t r i t i v e v a l u e 

of a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) grown in Peshawar 

r e g i o n . P a k i s t . J . S c l e n t . I n d . Res. 

1 6 ( 3 4 ) : 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 . 241 

A n a l y s i s of a r h a r seeds gave t h e f o l l o w i n g 

r e s u l t s : 21.4% crude p r o t e i n c o n t a i n i n g 

7.05% l y s i n e ; 2.27% h i s t i d i n e ; 0.88% 

m e t h i o n i n e ; 8.36% l e u c i n e ; 1.73% f a t ; and 

2.94% a s h . Net p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n , t r u e 

d i g e s t i b i l i t y , and b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e were 

4 6 . 0 , 8 5 . 8 , and 53.7% r e s p e c t i v e l y . 


S u l f u r c o n t e n t o f g l o b u l i n s from p i g e o n - 

peas. Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn Report f o r 

the year 1935. 25 p p . 242 


P.A.G. s t a t e m e n t (No. 22) on upgrading 

human n u t r i t i o n t h r o u g h t h e improvement of 

food legumes. PAG B u l l . 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 4 . 243 

The food legumes, w h i c h are major sources 

o f p r o t e i n and o t h e r i m p o r t a n t n u t r i e n t s 

in many d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , have been 

s e r i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d i n terms o f r e s e a r c h 

necessary t o improve t h e i r low p r o d u c t i v i t y 

and t o c o r r e c t d e f e c t s i n n u t r i t i o n a l and 

food acceptance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . This 

comprehensive statement i d e n t i f i e s such 

d e f i c i e n c i e s i n the most p r e v a l e n t food 

legume crops and proposes to legume b r e e d 

ers d e s i r a b l e procedures f o r a c h i e v i n g 

i n c r e a s e d y i e l d and improved n u t r i t i o n a l 

and food-use q u a l i t i e s i n these s t a p l e 

f o o d s . 

AXTMAYER, J . H . , and D.H. COOK. 1933. 

N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f food s t u f f s used i n 

P u e r t o Rican d i e t a r y 5. The v i t a m i n A 

c o n t e n t s o f a r r a c a c h a , e g g p l a n t , squash, 

c h a y o t e , pigeonpea, c h i c k p e a , s t r i n g beans, 

mamey, red pepper, b o i l e d green p l a n t a i n , 

o k r a and cassava. PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . 

Med. 8 : 4 0 7 - 4 1 2 . 244 

The v i t a m i n A c o n t e n t — i n u n i t s per g of 

e d i b l e p o r t i o n — o f n a t i v e food s t u f f s a s 

d e t e c t e d by the Sherman and M u n s e l l method 

are r e p o r t e d ( i n the o r d e r i n which the food 

s t u f f s appear) t o b e 4 . 0 0 , 0 . 3 3 , 2 . 0 0 , too 

s m a l l t o measure, 3 . 0 0 , 0 . 5 , 1 0 . 0 , 4 0 . 0 , 

3 3 . 0 , 2 0 . 0 , 6 . 0 , and 0 . 5 . 

AXTMAYER, J . H . , and S. SILVA. 1932. 

N u t r i t i o n s t u d i e s o f food s t u f f s used i n 

Puerto Rican d i e t a r y 3. The v i t a m i n G 

(B 2 ) c o n t e n t of r i p e p l a n t a i n (Musa paradieiae 

L.) and pigeonpea (gandul) (Cajanus 

cajan L . ) . PRJ P u b l . H e a l t h T r o p . Med. 

8 : 1 - 4 . 245 

Ripe p l a n t a i n and pigeonpeas c o n t a i n e d 0.5 

and 2 Bourquin u n i t s of v i t a m i n G (B 2 ) per 

gram, r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

BACHARACH, A . L . 1 9 4 1 . 

The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d i n 

human and animal foods (Cajanus cajan). 

N u t r . A b s t r . Rev. 10:454-465. 246 

The n i c o t i n i c a c i d c o n t e n t o f r e d gram i s 

5.3 mg/100 g. The b i o l o g i c a l importance 

o f n i c o t i n i c a c i d o r i t s amide i s t h a t i t 

i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r normal growth and 

h e a l t h of p i g s and dogs and can a l s o 

prevent or cure some disease in these 


BAGCHI, K., and S. CHOUDHURY. 1949. 

Copper c o n t e n t of some I n d i a n food s t u f f s 

(Red g r a m ) . Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 9 ( 2 ) : 

107-112. 247 

39


The copper (Cu) c o n t e n t of 75 I n d i a n food 

s t u f f s was determined by a c o l o r i m e t r i c 

method w i t h d i e t h y l - d i t h i o c a r b a m a t e 

r e a g e n t . P o s s i b i l i t i e s o f C u d e f i c i e n c i e s 

i n t h e d i e t s o f I n d i a n s a r e d i s c u s s e d . 

BANERJEE, B . M . , and V . B . TANDON. 1970, 

C a r o t e n o i d s : p r e c u r s o r s o f v i t a m i n A i n 

precooked I n d i a n l a d y ' s f i n g e r , greenpea 

and d a l a r h a r . Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 

8 - B ( 2 ) : 7 6 - 7 9 . 248 

S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y s t u d i e s w i t h precooked 

a c c e l e r a t e d f r e e z e - d r i e d food p r o d u c t s 

showed t h a t l a d y ' s f i n g e r , green p e a , and 

d h a l a r h a r c o n t a i n a- and 3-carotenes as 

p r e c u r s o r s o f v i t a m i n A , l i c o p e n e , and 

o t h e r b i o l o g i c a l l y i n a c t i v e i s o m e r s , 

- c a r o t e n e making t h e major c o n t r i b u t i o n 

towards t h e v i t a m i n A potency i n a l l t h e 

t h r e e f o o d s . 

BANERJEE, S. 1 9 6 1 . 

B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e and e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d 

c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f some p u l s e s . 

P r o c . Symp. on P r o t e i n s . Mysore, I n d i a : 

355-356. 249 

The ten e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s in seven 

p u l s e s were e s t i m a t e d m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l l y . 

Amino a c i d c o n t e n t per 100 g p r o t e i n was, 

i n descending o r d e r : Phaseolus r a d i a t u s , 

Pisum sativum, Lathyrus sativus, Ph. mungo, 

Cajanus cajan, Lens esculenta, and Cicer 

arietinum. P r o t e i n ranged from 17% in 

Ph. r a d i a t u s to 25% in L. s a t i v u s . Biol 

o g i c a l v a l u e s were e s t i m a t e d w i t h r a t s . 

The p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o s o f f i v e 

pulses ranged f r o m 1.16 f o r L. esculenta 

to 1.87 f o r Ph. vadiatus. 

BASSIR, 0 . , and F . I . IKEGWUONU. 1975. 

The i n - v i v o e f f e c t s o f phytochem a g g l u t i - 

n i n s on atpase and fumarase enzymes in t h e 

r a t : Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea, 

Cajanus c a j a n , Phaeeolus lunatus, V. umbellata 

and Glycine max. T o x i c o n 1 3 ( 5 ) : 

371-374. 250 

BASU, K . P . , and M.C. MALAKAR. 1939. 

C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f I n d i a n f o o d s t u f f s . 

J . I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 1 6 : 4 2 7 - 4 3 2 . 251 

A comparative s t u d y of t h e b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e 

of p r o t e i n s of Cicer arietinum and C. cajan 

was conducted f o r t h e maintenance o f n i t r o 

gen b a l a n c e and f o r t h e p r o m o t i o n of growth 

i n young r a t s . A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f 

these crops i s g i v e n . I t was concluded 

t h a t t h e p r o t e i n s of Cajanus are somewhat 

i n f e r i o r t o t h e p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram a t 

low l e v e l s (5% and 10%) of i n t a k e , whereas 

a t 15% l e v e l , they are s u p e r i o r t o t h e 

p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram i n p r o m o t i n g 

g r o w t h . 

BASU, K . P . , and M.K. HALDAR. 1939. 

B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e s of p r o t e i n s of Cicer 

arietinum (Bengal gram) and Cajanus i n d i c u s 

(Arhar) by t h e balance sheet and growth 

methods. J. I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 1 6 : 

209-218. 252 

The b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f p r o t e i n s o f 

C. arietinum and Cajanus indicus was d e t e r 

mined by the b a l a n c e - s h e e t method and by 

the growth o f young r a t s . I n the b a l a n c e - 

sheet e x p e r i m e n t s , C. arietinum has a 

h i g h e r b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e than Cajanus indi- 

CU8. In t h e growth methods, t h e growth 

r a t e per gram o f p r o t e i n i n t a k e produced 

by C. arietinum at 15% c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 

p r o t e i n i s l e s s than t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g value 

f o r Cajanus indicus, w h i l e at lower concent 

r a t i o n s of p r o t e i n s , C. arietinum produces 

more g r o w t h . 

BASU, N.M., G.K. RAY, and N.K. DE. 1947. 

Cajanus indicus. On t h e v i t a m i n C and 

c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t of s e v e r a l herbs and 

f l o w e r s used in A y u r v e d i c medicine (Cajanus 

indicus). J. I n d i a n Chem. Soc. 2 4 : 

358-360. 253 

Of t h e v a r i o u s herbs examined, mature neem 

leaves are v e r y r i c h ; tender neem l e a v e s , 

v e s a k , d h a n i a , and b a b l a t h o r n leaves q u i t e 

r i c h , b o t h i n carotene and v i t a m i n C . The 

a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) leaves have f r e e 

v i t a m i n C 50 mg/100 g, and c a r o t e n e in 

µ per 100 g - 3 , 1 0 0 . 0 . The study was 

undertaken t o throw l i g h t o n t h e p o s s i b l e 

r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e m e d i c i n a l p r o p e r 

t i e s of these herbs and t h e i r v i t a m i n C 

and c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t s . 

BISWAS, H.C. 1943. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e saponin c o n t e n t o f 

t h e I n d i a n p u l s e s . S c i . C u l t . 9 : 1 6 5 . 254 

A comparative t e s t of t h e saponin c o n t e n t 

of t h e p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g red gram was made. 

The method of e x t r a c t i n g and p u r i f y i n g t h e 

saponin i s g i v e n . A l l t h e a v a i l a b l e d h a l s , 

o r p u l s e s , c o n t a i n saponin t o a n a p p r e c i a - 

b l e e x t e n t . 

BOSE, R . D . , P.M. GANGULI, and S.N. UMAR. 

1938. 

Cooking t e s t s w i t h Pusa types o f p i g e o n - 

peas (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . P r o c . 

I n d i a n S c i . Congr. 2 5 ( 3 ) : 2 1 4 . 255 

40


The u l t i m a t e t e s t o f a l l food crops i s t h e i r 

cooking v a l u e ; hence, a l l improvement p r o 

grams s h o u l d i n c l u d e c o o k i n g t e s t s . E i g h t y - 

s i x Pusa types of a r h a r (Cajanus) and s i x 

h y b r i d s were t e s t e d f o r t h e i r c o o k i n g qual 

i t y and c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h r e e main g r o u p s . 

Some c o r r e l a t i o n was p r e s e n t between t a s t e 

and adherence of husk to d h a l , c o l o r of raw 

and cooked d h a l , and cooking t i m e . No 

r e l a t i o n s h i p was observed between t h e t a s t e 

o f d h a l and t h e h a b i t , m a t u r i t y , o r f l o w e r 

i n g o f p l a n t , pod c o l o r , s i z e and shape o f 

g r a i n , y i e l d , percentage o f h u s k , and 

c o n s i s t e n c y o f cooked d h a l . 

BRAHAM, J . E . , M.N. ROLANDO, B. RICHARDO, 

and J. ROBERTO. 1965. 

The e f f e c t of c o o k i n g and of amino a c i d 

s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o n t h e n u t r i e n t v a l u e o f 

the p r o t e i n o f the gandul o r pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus). ( S p a n i s h / E n g l i s h summary). 

Archos Venez. N u t r . 1 5 : 1 9 - 3 2 . 256 

S t u d i e s showed t h a t pigeonpea meal 20-mlnute 

a u t o c l a v e d a t 121°C, supplemented w i t h 0 . 1 % 

t r y p t o p h a n and 0.3% m e t h i o n i n e , was comparab 

l e t o c a s e i n i n r a t d i e t s f e d a t 10% p r o 

t e i n l e v e l . Cajanus seeds and meal were 

found d e f i c i e n t i n s u l f u r , amino a c i d s , 

and t r y p t o p h a n . 

BRESSANI, R., and L.G. ELIAS. 1977. 

The problem o f legume p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y , 

pp. 6 1 - 7 2 . In N u t r i t i o n a l standards and 

methods of e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume breede 

r s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Working Group o n N u t r i 

t i o n a l Standards and Methods of E v a l u a t i o n 

f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . 

TS7e. 257 

An a n a l y s i s of the low p r o t e i n - d i g e s t i b i l i t y 

of legume g r a i n s and p o s s i b l e reasons f o r 

i t . I f these are i d e n t i f i e d and c o u l d b e 

e l i m i n a t e d , beans w i l l make a b e t t e r n u t r i 

t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n than they have made 

d u r i n g the 4,000 years s i n c e t h e i r consumpt 

i o n began. The paper d i s c u s s e s t h e problem 

o f legume p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y and the role 

p l a y e d i n i t b y each o f these f a c t o r s : 

a n t i - p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s , h e a t t r e a t m e n t , 

w a t e r - s o l u b l e n i t r o g e n f r a c t i o n s o f cooked 

beans, p r o t e i n s r e s i s t a n t t o enzymatic 

h y d r o l y s i s , seedcoat p i g m e n t s , and r a t e o f 

passage o f food r e s i d u e s . 

CHATTOPADHYAYA, H . , and S. BANERJEE. 1 9 5 1 . 

S t u d i e s on t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t of some 

common I n d i a n p u l s e s . Fd Res. 1 6 ( 3 ) : 

2 3 0 - 2 3 1 . 258 

Estimates t h e c h o l i n e c o n t e n t of some 

common food s t u f f s in B e n g a l . The c h o l i n e 

c o n t e n t , expressed a s c h o l i n e c h l o r i d e o n 

dry b a s i s (mg/100 gm), was 201 ( ± 2 . 2 ) . 

V a r i a t i o n s i n c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n a r e 

a t t r i b u t e d t o s o i l and c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s . 

CHOUDHURY, KAMAL, and M.M. RAHMAN. 1973. 

F a t t y a c i d s in d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s produced 

and consumed i n Bangladesh. J . F d S c i . 

T e c h n o l . 2 4 ( 4 ) : 4 7 1 . 259 

The t o t a l f a t ranged from 1 to 1.7% of d r y 

w e i g h t in m u s u r i (Lens esaulenta), a r h a r 

{Cajanus indicus), matar (Pisum sativum), 

k h e s a r i (Lathyrus sativus), and m a s h - k a l a i 

(Phaseolus mungo). The f a t from m u s u r i , 

a r h a r , m a t a r , and k h e s a r i had 18 to 28% 

p a l m i t i c a c i d and 54 to 57% l i n o l e i c a c i d . 

The u n s a t u r a t e d : s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d r a t i o s 

i n the f a t e x t r a c t s ranged from 2.3 f o r 

a r h a r t o 4.4 f o r m u s u r i . 

CUBAS, A . C . 1950. 

N u t r i t i o n a l study of pigeonpea {Cajanus 

indiaus). A n . Fac. Farm. Bioqulm U n i v . 

S. Marcos (Lima, Peru) 1:87. 260 

DAKSHINAMURTHI, K. 1955. 

Choline c o n t e n t of some South I n d i a n food 

s t u f f s ( d h a l a r h a r ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 4 ( 5 ) : 

194. 261 

Cereals and common v e g e t a b l e s are low in 

c h o l i n e , a n i m p o r t a n t n u t r i t i o n a l e l e m e n t , 

d h a l a r h a r {Cajanus indiaus) c o n t a i n s 

a p p r e c i a b l e amounts o f c h o l i n e . 

DANIEL, V . A . , B.L.M. DESAI, R. SUBRAMANYA, 

T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, M. SWAMINATHAN, 

and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1968. 

The supplementary v a l u e of Bengal gram, 

red gram, soybean, as compared w i t h skim 

m i l k powder to poor I n d i a n d i e t s based on 

r a g i , k a f f i r c o r n , and p e a r l m i l l e t . 

I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 5 ( 4 ) : 2 8 3 - 2 9 1 . 262 

Soybean at 5 to 6% l e v e l s was found as 

e f f e c t i v e as Bengal gram or red gram at 

15 to 16% l e v e l as a supplement to the poor 

I n d i a n d i e t s based o n ragi, k a f f i r c o r n , 

and p e a r l m i l l e t . 

DANIEL, V . A . , R. LEELA, R. SUBRAMANYA, 

T . S . URS, S. VENKATARAO, RAJALAKSHMI, 

M. SWAMINATHAN, and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1965. 

The supplementary v a l u e of p r o t e i n s and 

soybean as compared w i t h those of Bengal 

gram, r e d gram and skim m i l k powder to 

poor I n d i a n d i e t s based on r i c e and 

w h e a t . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

2 ( 3 ) : 1 2 8 - 1 3 3 . 263 

The supplementary v a l u e of soybean ( a t 5.5 

to 6.0% l e v e l ) , Bengal gram, and r e d gram 

( a t 15.0 t o 16.0% l e v e l ) t o poor I n d i a n 

d i e t s based on r i c e (PRD) and wheat (PWD), 

p r o v i d i n g about 2.5% e x t r a p r o t e i n i n t h e 

case of r i c e d i e t s and 2.2% in t h e case of 

wheat d i e t s , has been s t u d i e d by growth 

41


experiments u s i n g a l b i n o r a t s . I t was c o n 

cluded t h a t soybean a t 5.5 t o 6.0% l e v e l 

has t h e same supplementary v a l u e as Bengal 

gram or r e d gram at 15.0 to 16.0% l e v e l . 

DANIEL, V . A . , D. NARAYANASWAMY, B.L.M. DESAI, 

S. KURIEN, M. SWAMINATHAN, and H . A . B . PARPIA. 

1970. 

Supplementary v a l u e o f v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f 

r e d gram (Cajanus cajan) to poor d i e t s 

based o n r i c e and r a g i . I n d i a n J . N u t r . 

D i e t e t . 7 ( 6 ) : 3 5 8 - 3 6 2 . 264 

The i n c o r p o r a t i o n of 8.5% r e d gram d h a l in 

poor r i c e d i e t and 16.7% r e d gram d h a l i n 

poor r a g i d i e t , a l o n g w i t h v i t a m i n s and 

m i n e r a l s , markedly improves t h e o v e r a l l 

n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e d i e t a s judged b y 

the g r o w t h o f young r a t s . 

DANIEL, V . A . , P. RAJAN, K.V. SANJEEVARAYAPPA, 

K.S. SRINIVASAN, and M. SWAMINATHAN. 1977. 

E f f e c t o f i n s e c t i n f e s t a t i o n o n t h e chemic 

a l c o m p o s i t i o n and t h e p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y 

r a t i o o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f Bengal gram and 

r e d gram. I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

1 4 : 7 0 - 7 4 . 265 

Bengal gram and red gram were s u b j e c t e d to 

i n f e s t a t i o n w i t h Callosobruchus chinensis 

f o r a p e r i o d of 5 months. The u r i c a c i d 

c o n t e n t of t h e i n f e s t e d Bengal gram and 

red gram was 211 mg/100 g and 205 mg/100 g, 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . A s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n 

t h r e o n i n e c o n t e n t o f i n f e s t e d Bengal gram 

and l y s i n e and t h r e o n i n e c o n t e n t s of red 

gram was o b s e r v e d . The PER v a l u e s of 

u n i n f e s t e d and i n f e s t e d Bengal gram were 

1.80 and 1.16 and those of red gram were 

1.23 and 0 . 6 8 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

DEVADAS, R . P . , EAPEN MARY, and A. SUSHEELA. 

1968. 

E f f e c t o f s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n o f skim m i l k and 

i t s c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h m u l t i p u r p o s e f o o d o r 

r e d gram dhal o n t h e n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s o f 

c h i l d r e n . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

5 ( 3 ) : 2 0 6 - 2 1 4 . 266 

The n u t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s and p h y s i c a l development 

were h i g h e r f o r E 1 , r e c e i v i n g skim 

m i l k m u l t i p u r p o s e food (MPF) payasam, than 

E2 r e c e i v i n g s k i m m i l k - r e d gram d h a l payasam, 

a l t h o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t 

s i g n i f i c a n t . A c o m b i n a t i o n of r e d gram 

d h a l and s k i m m i l k i n t h e p r o t e i n r a t i o 

o f 1:1 can b e a n e f f i c i e n t s u b s t i t u t e f o r 

a n e q u a l q u a n t i t y , b y p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , o f 

s k i m m i l k . The use o f r e d gram d h a l i n 

t h i s manner can h e l p t o reduce I n d i a n 

dependence o n i m p o r t s o f s k i m m i l k f r o m 

a b r o a d . 

DEVADAS, R . P . , R. GIRIJA B A I , and 

N. SNEHLATA. 1967. 

E f f e c t o f m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n s u p p l e 

m e n t a t i o n t o two improved s t r a i n s o f r e d 

gram o n p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n b y a l b i n o r a t s . 

I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 4 ( 4 ) : 3 0 0 . 267 

Even a f t e r t h e p r o t e i n o f t h e s e l e c t e d 

s t r a i n s of red gram (1141 and SA-1) was 

supplemented w i t h t h e amino a c i d s m e t h i o 

n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n , t h e p r o t e i n q u a l i t y 

d i d n o t e q u a l t h a t o f skim m i l k powder. 

This might b e due e i t h e r t o t h e i n s u f f i c i e i t 

q u a n t i t i e s i n which t h e amino a c i d s were 

supplemented, o r t o o t h e r l i m i t i n g amino 

a c i d s , such a s l y s i n e , i n t h e d i e t . 

DEVADAS, R . P . , R. SAMBAMURTHY, and 

R. ROWLANDS. 1964. 

N u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f blends 

o f r e d gram d h a l , m i l k , r i c e and peas. 

I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 1(3) :182-183. 268 

Groups of f o u r male r a t s were g i v e n d i e t s 

w i t h about 8% p r o t e i n d e r i v e d from skimmed 

m i l k ; r e d gram d h a l ; and a m i x t u r e of 

skimmed m i l k and r e d gram d h a l 1:5. The 

p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y r a t i o (PER) o f the 

skimmed m i l k d i e t was 2 . 6 , t h a t o f the 

dhal d i e t was o n l y 0 . 5 8 . The replacement 

of 1 p a r t in 6 of the red gram by skimmed 

m i l k i n c r e a s e d t h e PER to 1 . 6 . 

DEVI, L . S . 1954. 

B i o - a s s a y of heavy metals by A s p e r g i I l u s 

niger—sensitivity of a new s t r a i n . P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 40(1) : 1 - 7 . 269 

The s t a n d a r d ' M ' s t r a i n of Aspergillus 

niger van T e i g h , which is used in l a b o r a 

t o r i e s as a b i o l o g i c a l t e s t to d e t e c t 

minute t r a c e s of some heavy metals has 

been compared w i t h a new s t r a i n of the 

same f u n g u s , i s o l a t e d from t h e r h i z o s p h e r e 

of Cajanus c a j a n , and d e s i g n a t e d as 

M . U . B . L . I . This new s t r a i n appeared to 

b e l e s s s e n s i t i v e t o t r a c e s o f manganese, 

and more s e n s i t i v e to copper, and perhaps 

molybdenum, than the ' M ' s t r a i n . 

DHINGRA, P . K . , and N.B. DAS. 1959. 

N u t r i t i v e v a l u e s o f pure s t r a i n s o f I n d i a n 

P u l s e s . Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 1 9 : 

245-248. 270 

The c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of two s t r a i n s 

each o f B e n g a l , b l a c k , g r e e n , and r e d 

grams'; l e n t i l ; and pea was e s t i m a t e d . The 

t o t a l p r o t e i n ranged from 2 0 . 1 1 t o 32.37%; 

p h y t i n P ranged from 22.63 to 50.23% of 

t h e t o t a l P. Marked v a r i a t i o n among 

s t r a i n s was n o t e d i n t o t a l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , 

e t h e r e x t r a c t s , crude f i b e r , F e , t o t a l P , 

42


and p h y t i n P. The PER of t h e p u l s e s was 

l o w e r than t h a t o f c a s e i n . 

ELIAS, L . G . , F.R. CRISTALES, R. BRESSANI, 

and H. MIRANDA. 1976. 

Chemical c o m p o s i t i o n o f n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f 

some g r a i n legume seeds. T u r r i a l b a 

26(4) :375-380. 271 

The chemical c o m p o s i t i o n and n u t r i t i o n a l 

v a l u e o f t h e seeds o f 1 5 c u l t i v a r s o f 

common bean ( 6 ) , cowpea ( 7 ) , pigeonpea ( 1 ) , 

and soybean (1) were i n v e s t i g a t e d in E1 

S a l v a d o r . The r e s u l t s show t h a t : ( i ) 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s o f a l l samples, except 

soybean, v a r i e d f r o m 20.6 t o 27.9%; ( i i ) 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of soybean was 41.5%; 

( i i i ) l y s i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h , 

w h i l e m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t was r e l a t i v e l y 

l o w ; and ( i v ) common bean c u l t i v a r s showed 

the l o w e s t v a l u e s f o r p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y 

r a t i o ( 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 4 6 ) , f o l l o w e d b y pigeonpea 

( 0 . 8 9 ) , cowpea ( 1 . 4 0 ) , and soybean ( 2 . 1 5 ) . 

ELIAS, L . G . , M. HERNANDEZ, and R. BRESSANI. 

1976. 

The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of precooked legume 

f l o u r s processed b y d i f f e r e n t methods. 

N u t r . Rep. I n t e r n . 1 4 ( 4 ) : 3 8 5 - 4 0 3 . 272 

Three s p e c i e s of legumes (Phaseolus v u l g a - 

ris, Vigna sinensis, and Cajanus C a j a n ) 

were processed under v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s t o 

t e s t e f f e c t o n n u t r i t i v e v a l u e . Whole and 

ground beans, soaked f o r 18 hours in 3 

l i t e r s w a t e r / k g o f beans, were a u t o c l a v e d 

at 16 lb p r e s s u r e (121°C) f o r 1 5 , 3 0 , and 

4 5 m i n u t e s . D i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f 

pigeonpea was 47%; at 15 minutes c o o k i n g 

t i m e , PER v a l u e of whole g r a i n s was 1.94 

and p r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y was 80.4%. PER 

v a l u e decreased w i t h i n c r e a s e d cooking 

t i m e ; t h u s , 15 minutes was c o n s i d e r e d 

enough cooking t i m e . 

EVANS, I . M . , and D. BOULTER. 1975. 

S - m e t h y l - L - c y s t e i n e c o n t e n t f o r v a r i o u s 

legume m e a l s . Q u a l . P l a n t P I . Fds Hum. 

N u t r . 2 4 ( . 3 - 4 ) : 2 5 7 - 2 6 1 . 273 

S - m e t h y l - L - c y s t e i n e c o n t e n t of seed meal 

per 16 g N was: Ph. vulgaris, 0.87 g; 

V. r a d i a t a , 0.5 g; cowpea, 0.56 g; Ph. 

lunatus, 0.43 g; pea, 0.044 g; p i g e o n p e a , 

0.033 g . The n u t r i t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e and 

t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e i n m e t h i o n i n e d e t e r m i - 

n a t i o n o f t h i s amino a c i d a r e d i s c u s s e d . 

GAUR, Y . D . , and A . N . SEN. 1973. 

Role of legumes and Rhizobium in s o l v i n g 

t h e p r o t e i n problem i n I n d i a . Q u a l . P l a n t 

P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 8 5 - 3 0 6 . 274 

Legumes a r e i m p o r t a n t sources of p r o t e i n s 

i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . For i n c r e a 

s i n g legume p r o d u c t i o n , Rhizobium i n o c u l a 

t i o n and o t h e r improved a g r i c u l t u r a l 

p r a c t i c e s are recommended. A l s o i m p r o v i n g 

p r o c e s s i n g methods and i m p r o v i n g d i g e s t i 

b i l i t y o f legumes w i l l a u t o m a t i c a l l y 

i n c r e a s e consumption, thus meeting t h e 

need f o r p r o t e i n s i n I n d i a n d i e t s . 

GHOSE, S.N. 1922. 

The e x a m i n a t i o n of some I n d i a n food s t u f f s 

f o r t h e i r v i t a m i n c o n t e n t . Biochem. J . 

1 6 ( 1 ) : 3 5 - 4 1 . 275 

The l e n t i l s examined i n c l u d e d a r h a r ( s m a l l 

s i z e , y e l l o w - o c h r e v a r i e t y ) . Cajanus indic 

u s S p r e n g . , a l o n g w i t h o t h e r l e n t i l s 

examined, showed good c o n t e n t of v i t a m i n B. 

GOPALAKRISHNA, T . , R.K. MITRA, and 

C.R. BHATIA. 1977. 

Seed g l o b u l i n s of 'Cajanus cajan'. Q u a l . 

P l a n t P I . Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 7 ( 3 - 4 ) : 

313-326. 276 

Seed g l o b u l i n s of Cajanus c a j a n , a w i d e l y 

c u l t i v a t e d legume, were p u r i f i e d and c h a 

r a c t e r i z e d . Of t h e 78% s a l t - s o l u b l e seed 

p r o t e i n s , 61% were g l o b u l i n s ; these were 

f u r t h e r separated i n t o t h r e e f r a c t i o n s . 

The α - f r a c t i o n was i n s o l u b l e at pH 4.7 

and c o n s i s t e d of two s u b f r a c t i o n s . Fract 

i o n s β and y were s o l u b l e at pH 4 . 7 . A l l 

t h e f r a c t i o n s were c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s g l y c o 

p r o t e i n s b y cesium c h l o r i d e c e n t r i f u g a t i o n . 

The p r o t e i n s c o n s i s t e d o f s u b u n i t s h e l d 

t o g e t h e r b y c o v a l e n t d i s u l p h i d e l i n k a g e s . 

Amino a c i d a n a l y s i s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t g l o 

b u l i n f r a c t i o n s showed t h a t t h e γ f r a c t i o n 

was c o m p a r a t i v e l y r i c h i n s u l f u r amino 

a c i d s . 

GOPALAN, C, and S.C. BALASUBRAMANIAM. 

1966. 

The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of I n d i a n foods and 

the p l a n n i n g of s a t i s f a c t o r y d i e t s . New 

D e l h i : ICMR. 277 

GUPTA, G . L . , S.S. NIGAM, S.D. SASTRY, and 

R.L. CHAKRAVARTI. 1969. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e e s s e n t i a l o i l from 

Cajanus cajan ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . P e r f . E s s e n t . 

O i l s Res. 6 0 ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) : 3 2 9 . 278 

P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s showed t h a t e s s e n t i a l 

o i l p r e s e n t i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f Cajanus 

cajan was as f o l l o w s : Seeds 0 . 0 0 2 ; f r u i t s 

0 . 0 3 ; f l o w e r s 0 . 0 5 ; leaves 0 . 1 6 ; and tender 

stems 0 . 1 1 % . The o i l d i s t i l l e d from 

leaves and s o f t steins ( y i e l d 0.15%) showed: 

43

Pigeonpea 


Copaene 2 1 . 3 ; a l p h a - s e l i n e n e 2 0 . 4 ; b e t a - 

s e l i n e n e 1 6 . 3 ; gamma-selinene 2 4 . 5 ; a l p h a - 

b e t a and gamma-endesmol 8 . 1 ; s e s q u i t e r p e n e 

( u n i d e n t i f i e d ) , 1 . 9 ; and o t h e r s ( K e t e n e , 

e s t e r s , a l c o h o l s , and menoterpenes) 7.6%. 

HABIB, F.G.K., G.H. MAHRAS, S.H. HILAL, 

G.N. GABRIAL, and S.R. MORCOS. 1976. 

Phytochemical and n u t r i t i o n a l s t u d i e s o n 

pigeonpea and k i d n e y beans c u l t i v a t e d i n 

E g y p t . Z . Ernahrwiss S u p p l . 1 5 ( 2 ) : 

224-230. 279 

Pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus Spreng.) and 

Kidney beans (Ph. vulgaris L. v a r . Guiza 

I I I ) were e i t h e r l e f t raw o r cooked i n 

b o i l i n g water f o r 1 h r . Samples were a i r 

d r i e d , ground, and s u b j e c t e d t o v a r i o u s 

s t u d i e s . Raw pigeonpea and k i d n e y bean 

c o n t a i n e d (DM b a s i s ) : 2 5 . 2 and 23.2% 

p r o t e i n ; 4.12 and 3.49% a s h ; 1.85 and 

1.32% e t h e r e x t r a c t ; and 68.78 and 71.99% 

c a r b o h y d r a t e s . Phytochemical s t u d i e s 

r e v e a l e d t h a t b o t h t h e species c o n t a i n e d 

carbohydrates a n d / o r g l y c o s i d e s ; f l a v o n o i d s , 

u n s a t u r a t e d s t e r o l s , a n d / o r saponins and 

t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r . E x t r a c t i o n w i t h NaOH 

gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d o f p r o t e i n N f o r 

b o t h s p e c i e s . Amino a c i d a n a l y s i s i n d i 

cated b o t h species were d e f i c i e n t i n 

m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . 

Cooking i n c r e a s e d t h e c o n t e n t s o f l e u c i n e , 

i s o l e u c i n e , and t h r e o n i n e , c o n t e n t s o f 

o t h e r amino a c i d s decreased or were 

unchanged. Cooking d e s t r o y e d t h e t r y p s i n 

i n h i b i t o r s and h a e m o g l u t i n i n s . 

HANUMANTHA RAO, K . , and N. SUBRAMANIAM. 

1970. 

E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n of commonly 

used I n d i a n p u l s e s by paper chromatog 

r a p h y . J. Fd Sci. T e c h n o l . 7 ( 1 ) : 3 1 . 280 

The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t s of Bengal 

gram, b l a c k gram, r e d gram, green gram, and 

l e n t i l s were 3 3 . 5 , 4 0 . 6 , 3 7 . 0 , 3 9 . 1 , and 

39.3 r e s p e c t i v e l y and t h e i r p r o t e i n scores 

were 32, 29, 3 2 , 2 6 , and 19 r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

Pulse p r o t e i n s are m a i n l y d e f i c i e n t i n 

t r y p t o p h a n and t o t a l s u l f u r amino a c i d s . 

HARTMAN, C . P . , N.G. DIVAKAR, and 

U.N. NAGARAJA RAO. 1973. 

Q u a l i t a t i v e s t u d i e s o n d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f 

p u l s e s . J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 0 ( 4 ) : 

195-196. 281 

I t i s f e a s i b l e t o i d e n t i f y d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s 

b y chromatography o f p h e n o l i c c o n s t i t u e n t s 

p r e s e n t . T h i s h e l p s i n d e t e c t i n g f o od 

a d u l t e r a t i o n b y i d e n t i f y i n g L a t h y r u s 

Botivus in r e d gram and Bengal gram. 

HERIWA, R . N . , and N.G. MAJOR. 1 9 5 1 . 

E f f e c t o f a u t o c l a v i n g o n t h e n u t r i t i v e 

v a l u e of Bengal gram, d h a l arhar and 

l e n t i l . C u r r . S c i . 20(2) : 4 0 . 282 

The f l o u r was a u t o c l a v e d and t r i e d on 

a l b i n o r a t s . Rats f e d on raw a r h a r d h a l 

d i e t gained more w e i g h t than those on a u t o 

c l a v e d d h a l b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s were n o t 

s i g n i f i c a n t , whereas w i t h a u t o c l a v e d Bengal 

gram d h a l d i e t the g a i n in w e i g h t was more 

than w i t h raw Bengal gram. 

HULSE, J . H . 1975. 

Problems o f n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y o f p i g e o n 

pea and c h i c k p e a and p r o s p e c t s of r e s e a r c h . 

P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n 

Legumes 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, 

I n d i a . 189-208. 283 

Gives d a t a on chemical and amino a c i d comp 

o s i t i o n of chickpea and pigeonpea, c o n 

c l u d i n g t h a t b o t h legumes, e s p e c i a l l y 

c h i c k p e a , r e p r e s e n t v a l u a b l e b u t c o n s i d e 

r a b l y u n d e r - e x p l o i t e d sources o f e d i b l e 

p r o t e i n . 

HULSE, J . H . , K.O. RACHIE, and 

L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1977. 

N u t r i t i o n a l standards and methods of e v a l u a 

t i o n f o r food legume b r e e d e r s , pp. 7-28. 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Working Group o n n u t r i t i o n a l 

standards and methods of e v a l u a t i o n f o r 

f ood legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 284 

The food legumes are i m p o r t a n t and economic 

a l sources o f p r o t e i n and c a l o r i e s a s w e l l 

as c e r t a i n v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s e s s e n t i a l 

t o human n u t r i t i o n . Topics discussed i n 

t h i s book i n c l u d e ( i ) n u t r i t i o n a l objectives 

to which legume breeders should g i v e 

a t t e n t i o n ; ( i i ) recommended p h y s i c a l and 

chemical methods o f a n a l y s i s ; ( i i i ) 

recommended methods of b i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a 

t i o n , ( i v ) r e l a t e d background m a t e r i a l . 

HULSE, J . H . , K . 0 . RACHIE, and 

L.W. BILLINGSLEY. 1977. 

B i o l o g i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f p r o t e i n q u a l i t y o f 

legumes. In N u t r i t i o n a l standards and 

methods of e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume 

b r e e d e r s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Working Group on 

n u t r i t i o n a l standards and methods of 

e v a l u a t i o n f o r f o od legume b r e e d e r s . 

IDRC P u b l . TS7e. 2 9 - 3 4 . 285 

The amino a c i d s c o r e is a u s e f u l guide to 

t h e p o t e n t i a l n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e p r o 

t e i n . The aspects d i s c u s s e d a r e r a t b i o - 

a s s a y s , p r e p a r a t i o n o f samples, r e l a t i v e 

NPR, c a l c u l a t i o n of NPR. RPV m o d i f i e d ( o r 

s l o p e r a t i o a s s a y ) , d r y m a t t e r and p r o t e i n 

d i g e s t i b i l i t y , and t e s t f o r gross t o x i c i t y . 

44


IKEGWUONU, P . I . , and 0. BASSIR. 1976. 

The t o x i c i t y o f p h y t o c h e m i c a l a g g l u t i n i n s 

to c h i c k embryos: Glycine max, Phaseolus 

l u n a t u s , Cajanus c a j a n , Arachis hypogaea, 

Vigna unguiculata. Hepatocyte f a t t y i n f i l - 

t r a t i o n . T o x i c o n 1 4 ( 2 ) : 1 3 9 - 1 4 1 . 286 

JAFFE, W.G. 1950. 

B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e of some legumes i m p o r t a n t 

i n Venezuelan d i e t . A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r . 

1:107-126. 287 

Data a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r m o i s t u r e , p r o t e i n , 

a s h , f i b e r , f a t , c a r b o h y d r a t e s , d i g e s t i b i 

l i t y of p r o t e i n s by r a t s , and in vitro 

b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f p r o t e i n f o r r a t s , w i t h 

o r w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n o f m e t h i o n i n e a n d / o r 

t r y p t o p h a n . Based on these d a t a , t h e 

legumes a r e arranged i n t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r 

of v a l u e s , soyanegra (Glycine soja), c h i c k - 

pea (Cicer arietinum), h y a c i n t h bean 

( D o l i c h o s lablab), k i d n e y bean (Phaseolus 

vulgaris), cowpea {Vigna sinensis) , garden 

pea (Pisum sativum), l e n t i l (Lens esaulenta), 

and pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . In 

a l l t h e legumes except pigeonpea, methionine 

was t h e l i m i t i n g amino a c i d ; i n pigeonpea, 

t r y p t o p h a n a l s o was d e f i c i e n t . 

JAFFE, W.G. 1950. 

P r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y and t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r 

a c t i v i t y of legume seeds. P r o c . Soc. Exp. 

B i o l . Med. 75:219-220. 288 

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found between 

the d i g e s t i b i l i t i e s of raw and a u t o c l a v e d 

pigeonpeas, cowpeas, o r l e n t i l s , and 

t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t i e s o f t h r e e 

legumes were o n l y between 1.78 and 2.77 x 

10 - 4 u n i t s per g. 

JAFFE, W.G., M. GROSS, S.A. MOSQUEDA, 

S. GARCIA, H. OLIVARES, C. EMBDEN, 

B. NOLBERGA, and H. SARANZ. 1957. 

N u t r i t i v e c o n t e n t o f legumes w i d e l y eaten 

i n Venezuela. A r c h o s . Venez. N u t r . 

8 : 9 7 - 1 0 6 . 289 

I n t a k e o f legumes i s h i g h , e s p e c i a l l y i n 

lower s o c i a l g r o u p s . The average annual 

i n t a k e p e r head i s 1 3 k g , p r o v i d i n g a d a i l y 

p r o t e i n i n t a k e of 8 g p e r p e r s o n . The 34 

samples examined were r i c h i n p r o t e i n s and 

v i t a m i n B complex b u t poor i n c a r o t e n e , 

and t h e i r v i t a m i n C would b e l o s t i n p r o 

longed c o o k i n g . I n r e l a t i o n t o p h y s i o l o 

g i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s v i t a m i n B 1 , n i c o t i n i c 

a c i d , and r i b o f l a v i n were most i m p o r t a n t . 

N o a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t y o f B 1 2 w a s f o u n d . 

Fe c o n t e n t was h i g h , P was f a i r , b u t Ca was 

l o w . Amounts of m e t h i o n i n e and c y s t i n e 

were s m a l l except i n c h i c k p e a s . Tryptophan 

c o n t e n t was over 1%, except in garden peas, 

l e n t i l s , and pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus). 

L y s i n e was r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n a l l , f l u c t u a - 

t i n g between 6.82 and 7.99%. 

JERMYN, M.A., and Y.M. YE0W. 1975. 

A c l a s s o f l e c t i n s p r e s e n t i n the t i s s u e s 

o f seed p l a n t s . A u s t . J . P l . P h y s i o l . 

2 : 5 0 1 - 5 3 1 . 290 

In legume seeds t h e major p a r t of the spec 

i f i c g l y c o p r o t e i n l e c t i n i s c o n c e n t r a t e d 

i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s d i s t i n c t 

g l o b u l a r b o d i e s . The p u r i f i c a t i o n and 

a n a l y s i s o f t h e g l y c o p r o t e i n from a s e l e c 

t i o n o f species i s d e s c r i b e d . Hydroxyp 

r o l i n e and glucosamine are p r e s e n t and 

t h e major sugars a r e g a l a c t o s e and 

a r a b i n o s e . N e i t h e r t h e f u n c t i o n o f l e c t i n 

nor the reasons f o r i t s e x t r a o r d i n a r y 

e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. L e c t i n s 

from C. aajan have been s t u d i e d in more 

d e t a i l b y p h y s i o c h e m i c a l t e c h n i q u e s . 

JOHNSON, R.M., and W.D. RAYMOND. 1964. 

The chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of some t r o p i c a l 

food p l a n t s . 2. Pigeonpeas and cowpeas. 

T r o p . S c i . 6 : 6 8 - 7 3 . 291 

A r e v i e w of l i t e r a t u r e on the chemical 

c o m p o s i t i o n of seeds of pigeonpea {Cajanus 

indiaus) and cowpea {Vigna sinensis). Data 

are p r o v i d e d on the c o n t e n t s and n a t u r e of 

c a r b o h y d r a t e s , p r o t e i n s and amino a c i d s , 

v i t a m i n s , f a t s , and some o t h e r components. 

KADWE, R . S . , K.K. THAKARE, and N.N. BADHE. 

1974. 

A n o t e on t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and m i n e r a l 

c o m p o s i t i o n o f t w e n t y - f i v e v a r i e t i e s o f 

p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 1 1 ( 2 ) : 

8 3 - 8 5 . 292 

Seeds o f v a r i e t i e s o f s i x species were 

a n a l y z e d . The f o l l o w i n g v a r i e t i e s had the 

h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s w i t h i n each 

s p e c i e s . S i n d k h e d a - 1 - 1 (Vigna mungo), 

Kopergaon (V. radiata); EB-3 and Hyderabad 

(Cajanus aajan); K-33 (Doliahos biflorus); 

88 {Phaseolus aaonitifolius) and S-19-4-2 

{V. sinensis). T a b u l a t e d data show t h e 

c a l c i u m , phosphorus, magnesium, and i r o n 

c o n t e n t i n each v a r i e t y . I n g e n e r a l , t h e 

v a r i e t i e s S i n d k h e d a - 1 - 1 , Kopergaon, Hyderab 

a d , 148 {C. aajan), K-33, 2 - 4 , and 

S-19-4-2 had t h e b e s t n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e . 

45


KAUL, A . K . , and S.P. SHARMA. 1 9 7 1 . 

Research o n combining n u t r i t i v e q u a l i t y 

w i t h h i g h y i e l d . In Recent r e s e a r c h on 

t h e improvement o f p r o t e i n and n u t r i t i v e 

p r o p e r t i e s o f foods and f e e d p l a n t s . IARI 

Res. Ser. 6 : 7 - 3 2 . 293 

C o l o r i m e t r i c methods were used to d e t e r m i n e 

s u l f u r and w e t h i o n i n e i n a number o f p u l s e s . 

W i t h 295 samples, crude s u l f u r and m e t h i o 

n i n e c o n t e n t s were n o t c o r r e l a t e d , 

r - - 0 . 0 4 . 

KOLI, BHARATI, DIPALI ROY, and S.P. NETKE. 

1973. 

E f f e c t o f i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f soybean meal o n 

p r o t e i n q u a l i t y o f d i e t s composed o f 

c e r e a l s and r e d gram (Cajanus cajan). 

JNKVV Res. J. 7 ( 3 ) : 1 2 0 - 1 2 6 . 294 

S u b s t i t u t i o n of ACSB ( a u t o c l a v e d ground 

soybean) f o r RGD (Red gram d h a l ) in 10.1% 

and 12.5% p r o t e i n d i e t s d i d n o t improve t h e 

p r o t e i n q u a l i t y a s judged b y the g a i n i n 

w e i g h t and PER. However, marked i m p r o v e 

ment i n p r o t e i n q u a l i t y was o b t a i n e d when 

AGSB was s u b s t i t u t e d f o r 50% RGD p r o t e i n 

i n 14.4% p r o t e i n d i e t . The s u b s t i t u t i o n 

of e n t i r e RGD in 14.4% d i e t w i t h AGSB 

improved t h e n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n b y 4 1 % . 

KROBER, O.A. 1968. 

N u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y i n p u l s e s . J . Postgrad. 

Sch. I A R I , D e l h i . 6 ( 2 ) :157-160. 295 

The f i r s t o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s n u t r i t i o n a l 

work o n p u l s e s i s t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f 

h i g h - p r o t e i n g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l . From t h i s 

m a t e r i a l h i g h - p r o t e i n v a r i e t i e s o f good 

y i e l d p o t e n t i a l a r e t o b e d e v e l o p e d . 

P r o t e i n q u a l i t y as measured by amino a c i d 

balance i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t . Pulse p r o t e i n s 

t e n d t o b e h i g h i n l y s i n e . C e r e a l p r o t e i n s 

i n g e n e r a l tend t o b e low i n l y s i n e . The 

p u l s e s a r e a n a t u r a l h i g h - l y s i n e supplement 

t o t h e c e r e a l g r a i n s w i t h w h i c h they a r e 

u s u a l l y e a t e n . The p u l s e p r o t e i n s tend t o 

b e low i n t h e s u l f u r amino a c i d s and i n 

some cases low in t r y p t o p h a n . 

KUPPUSWAMY, S . , M. SRINIVASAN, and 

V. SUBRAMANIAN. 1958. 

P r o t e i n i n f o o d s : p p . 3 5 - 6 0 . New D e l h i : 

ICMR. 296 

LAXMAN SINGH, NEEUM SINGH, M.P. SHRIVASTAVA, 

and A . K . GUPTA. 1977. 

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and u t i l i z a t i o n o f vegeta 

b l e t y p e s of pigeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 

1 4 ( 1 ) : 8 - 1 0 . 297 

Of f o u r v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , JNAL-530 has t h e 

h i g h e s t o i l c o n t e n t . The two v e g e t a b l e - 

type v a r i e t i e s , JNAL-139 and JNAL-530, had 

a h i g h e r t o t a l p o l y s a c c h a r i d e and a l o w e r 

crude f i b e r c o n t e n t t h a n t h e two s e e d - t y p e 

v a r i e t i e s , JNAL-394 and JNAL-148. 

LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, A . D . DEODHAR, and 

Y . K . SHARMA. 1973. 

V a r i a t i o n i n p r o t e i n , m e t h i o n i n e , t r y p t o 

phan and c o o k i n g p e r i o d in pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . S c i . 4 3 ( 8 ) : 7 9 5 - 7 9 8 . 298 

Fourteen genotypes of C. cajan were e v a l u a 

ted f o r p h e n o t y p i c and g e n o t y p i c v a r i a t i o n 

i n two seasons f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f seed 

m e t h i o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n ( l i m i t i n g amino 

a c i d s ) ; and cooking t i m e . None of the 

q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r s were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 

seed s i z e o r days t o m a t u r i t y . 

LOCSIN, A.M. 1935. 

N i t r o g e n p a r t i t i o n i n t h r e e n a t i v e v a r i e 

t i e s of pigeonpeas. Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 2 4 : 4 8 1 - 4 8 7 . 299 

The diamino f r a c t i o n o f the t h r e e v a r i e t i e s 

c o n t a i n s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h amounts o f a r g i - 

n i n e and l y s i n e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e 

t h r e e v a r i e t i e s b e i n g s l i g h t , and f a i r 

amounts of h i s t i d i n e . The percentage 

n i t r o g e n i n t h e monoamino f r a c t i o n o f t h e 

t h r e e v a r i e t i e s i s about o n e - h a l f o f t h e 

t o t a l amino a c i d s p r e s e n t . A comparison 

of t h e amino a c i d c o n t e n t of pigeonpea 

w i t h t h a t of soybean and cowpea shows 

c e r t a i n p e c u l i a r i t i e s such a s the apparent 

absence o f c y s t i n e i n pigeonpea and i t s 

presence in soybean and cowpea, the absence 

o f h i s t i d i n e i n cowpea and i t s presence i n 

pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s . 

LOMBARD, J . H . , and D . J . de LANGE. 1965. 

The chemical d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t r y p t o p h a n 

i n foods and mixed d i e t s . A n a l y t . Biochem. 

1 0 : 2 6 0 - 2 6 5 . 300 

A sample of food c o n t a i n i n g 600 mg p r o t e i n 

was mixed w i t h 25 ml 0.05 NaOH, 10 ml 

enzyme s o l u t i o n f r e s h l y prepared by shaking 

2 g p a p a i n w i t h 100 ml w a t e r f o r 2 minutes 

and f i l t e r i n g , and a d d i n g 10 drops 5% NaCN. 

The m i x t u r e k e p t at 70° o v e r n i g h t was 

c o o l e d , w a t e r was added to 100 m l , and 5-ml 

p r o p o r t i o n s were mixed w i t h 5 ml 0 . 1 N KOH 

and 3 ml C C 1 4 , shaken f o r 10 m i n u t e s , and 

then c e n t r i f u g e d f o r 1 0 m i n u t e s . Supern 

a t a n t f l u i d , 1 m l , was mixed w i t h 1 ml 5% 

p-dimethy laminobenzaldehyde in HC1 and 5 ml 

HC1 and a f t e r 10 m i n u t e s , 2 drops 0.2% 

NaNO 2 were added. The c o l o r i n t e n s i t y was 

46


measured at 590µ. The r e c o v e r y of t r y p t o 

phan ranged from 96.7 to 101.6%. 

LUSE, R.A. 1976. 

Screening legume germplasm and f i e l d t r i a l s 

f o r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y . P r o c . 

I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet on G r a i n Legume 

Improvement. Seed q u a l i t y / B i o c h e m i s t r y . 

9-13 June 1975. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . 

110-114. 301 

A r e p o r t on t h e s c r e e n i n g of t h e 5 , 0 0 0 - 

e n t r y w o r l d cowpea c o l l e c t i o n , soybeans, 

and o t h e r g r a i n legumes a t I I T A , and the 

v a r i a t i o n i n s u l f u r , n i t r o g e n , and p r o t e i n 

i n cowpea l i n e s i n u n i f o r m and advanced 

y i e l d t r i a l s : d a t a are t a b u l a t e d f o r 

1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , p r o t e i n c o n t e n t , and 

s u l f u r , n i t r o g e n r a t i o (average v a l u e s and 

range f o r each t r a i t ) f o r cowpea (113 

l i n e s ) , l i m a bean ( 3 1 ) , pigeonpea ( 3 5 ) , 

soybean ( 7 4 ) , Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 

( 1 3 ) , and Sphenostylis stenocarpa ( 3 6 ) . 

MILLER, C D . 1928. 

The v i t a m i n A and B c o n t e n t of t h e p i g e o n - 

pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . J. A g r i c . S c i . Camb. 

6 : 8 - 1 6 . 302 

C . c a j a n seed i s d e f i c i e n t i n t h e e s s e n t i a l 

amino a c i d s ; f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s f o r v i t a m i n 

c o n t e n t showed t h a t i t i s a l s o d e f i c i e n t i n 

v i t a m i n A b u t c o n t a i n s a l a r g e amount of 

v i t a m i n B. In terms of v i t a m i n B, C. cajan 

i s a n e x c e l l e n t f o o d . 

MILLER, C . D . , B. BRANTH00VER, N. SEKIGUCHI, 

H. DENING, and A. BAUER. 1956. 

V i t a m i n v a l u e s o f foods used i n H a w a i i . 

H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. Stn Tech. B u l l . 30. 303 

D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of b o t h raw and cooked 

green seed of pigeonpea i n d i c a t e d t h a t 

at m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of 66 to 69% t h e 

s h e l l e d raw and cooked pea c o n t a i n e d 

r e s p e c t i v e l y , 0.398 and 0.412 mg t h i a m i n e , 

0.256 and 0.226 mg r i b o f l a v i n , and 2.43 to 

2.33 mg n i a c i n per 100 g of e d i b l e f o o d . 

I n terms o f v i t a m i n B , c a r o t e n e , and 

a s c o r b i c a c i d , C. c a j a n ranked among t h e 

h i g h e s t o u t of 285 food items used in 

H a w a i i . 

MILLER, C D . , and R . C ROBBINS. 1936. 

N u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e p r o t e i n s o f Cajanus 

indicus. J. A g r i c . Res. 5 3 : 2 8 1 - 2 9 3 . 304 

F i r s t - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made good growth but 

s e c o n d - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s made o n l y f a i r 

growth when f e d pigeonpea seed meal at a 

l e v e l t o p r o v i d e 18% o f p r o t e i n i n t h e 

d i e t . F i r B t - g e n e r a t i o n r a t s f e d pigeonpea 

seed meal were a b l e to r e p r o d u c e ; secondg 

e n e r a t i o n r a t s f e d w i t h t h e same d i e t were 

n o t . When t h e meal was f e d at a l e v e l to 

f u r n i s h 8% of p r o t e i n , t h e a d d i t i o n of 

c y s t i n e d i d n o t improve t h e growth o f r a t s ; 

t h e a d d i t i o n o f c y s t i n e , however, markedly 

improved growth when t h e seed meal furnished 

11% o f t h e p r o t e i n . The f i r s t g r o w t h - 

l i m i t i n g f a c t o r o f prepared pigeonpea 

g l o b u l i n s appears t o b e t r y p t o p h a n . 

MITRA, C . R . , and M.M. CHAKRAVARTHY. 1956. 

F i x e d o i l o b t a i n e d from some I n d i a n p u l s e s ; 

the component f a t t y a c i d s of Cajanus c a j a n . 

I n d i a n Soap J. 21:143-144. 305 

The o i l e x t r a c t e d from t h e seeds w i t h 

p e t r o l e u m e t h e r ( y i e l d 1.4%) had t h e f o l l o w 

i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : I o d i n e v a l u e ( W i j s , 

1 / 2 h r ) 103.6 sapon. e q u i v . 3 1 8 . 3 , n 4 0 1:4754 

per f a t t y a c i d s (as o l e i c a c i d ) 0.2%, and 

u n s a p o n i f i a b l e 6 . 1 % . The mixed f a t t y a c i d s 

had i o d i n e v a l u e 114.2 and sapon. e q u i v . 

277.0 and were made up of l i n o l e n i c 5 . 5 6 , 

l i n o l e i c 5 1 . 4 , o l e i c 6 . 3 3 , and s a t u r a t e d 

a c i d s 36.7%. The f a t t y a c i d component is 

s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f o t h e r legumes. The 

h i g h percentage o f u n s a p o n i f i a b l e m a t t e r 

i s r a t h e r s t r i k i n g , b u t t h i s has a l s o been 

noted i n some o t h e r f a t s d e r i v e d from 

Leguminosae. 

MITRA, S . N . , and B.R. ROY. 1960. 

F u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n t h e d e t e c t i o n o f M e t a n i l 

y e l l o w i n p u l s e s ( d a l ) . S c i . C u l t . 

2 5 ( 9 ) : 5 3 9 - 5 4 0 . 306 

M e t a n i l y e l l o w i s a n o n p e r m i s s i b l e c o a l - t a r 

dye i n p u l s e s , m a i n l y a r h a r (Cajanus cajan). 

The presence of l a r g e amounts of s t a r c h in 

p u l s e s sometimes p r e v e n t e d t h e f u l l e x t r a c 

t i o n o f t h e dye i n aqueous s o l u t i o n and 

a l s o hampered t h e process of w o o l - d y e i n g . 

These d i f f i c u l t i e s are removed e n t i r e l y by 

e x t r a c t i o n w i t h a l c o h o l . The method o f 

e x t r a c t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d here a l o n g w i t h a 

s i m p l e chromatographic t e s t f o r t h e i d e n t i 

f i c a t i o n o f m e t a n i l y e l l o w . 

MITRA, S . N . , and S.C. ROY. 1957. 

D e t e c t i o n o f M e t a n i l y e l l o w i n p u l s e s (Dal). 

C u r r . S c i . 2 6 ( 3 ) : 8 9 . 307 

M e t a n i l y e l l o w , a h a r m f u l c o a l - t a r d y e , i s 

sometimes used t o c o l o r c e r t a i n types o f 

p u l s e s , m a i n l y a r h a r (Cajanus cajan); i t s 

d e t e c t i o n i n r o u t i n e a n a l y s i s o f p u l s e s i s 

o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e . Three t e s t s 

were found u s e f u l : p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t , w o o l - 

d y e i n g t e s t , and chromatographic t e s t . The 

chromatographic method can be used to detect 

m e t a n i l y e l l o w i n p u l s e p r o d u c t s such a s 

besan ( c h i c k p e a f l o u r ) and sweetmeats. 

47

Pigeonpea Bibliography 

MODI, J . D . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1976. 

Studies on the starches of ragi and red 

gram. J. Fd S c l . Technol. 13(1): 

9-10. 308 

Starches Isolated from r a g l and red gram 

had Iodine a f f i n i t y of 3.08 and 3.13% 

respectively. The g e l a t i n i z a t i o n temperatures 

ranged from 56 to 72°C; when tested 

in an amylograph, both these starches were 

found to be stable to heat up to 90°C. 

MTENGA, L.A., and T. SUGIYAMA. 1974. 

A note on the amino acid composition of 

some legume seeds grown in Tanzania. 

E. A f r . Agric. For. J. 39(3):307-310. 309 

Amino acid contents of cowpea, groundnut, 

Ph. vulgaris, Cajanus oajan, and soybean 

seeds grown in Tanzania are presented. 

MUNSELL, HAZEL E. 1949-50. 

Composition of food plants of central 

America. I and V I I . Honduras. I I , I I I , and 

V I I I . Guatemala. IV. El Salvador. V. 

Nicaragua. V I . Costa Rica. Fd Res. 

14:144-164. 15:16-33. 310 

The composition of various food plants from 

Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, 

and Costa Rica set out in tabular form w i t h 

b r i e f notes on each p l a n t . Analyses are 

given for the f o l l o w i n g , among others: 

Vigna unguiaulata, Cajanus oajan, Ph. 

limensis, Ph. vulgaris, Pieum sativum, 

Cioer arietinum, Lene aulinaris, and 

Doliohos lablab. 

NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, and A. SREENIVASAN. 

1975. 

Improvement in the t e x t u r a l q u a l i t i e s of 

i r r a d i a t e d legumes. Acta Alimen. Hung. 

4(2):199-209. 311 

Gamma-irradiation of pulses reduced t h e i r 

cooking time by varying degrees (8.39% 

reduction w i t h 1 Mrad), as measured by a 

texture-meter. I n i t i a l l y high hydration 

rate on soaking and cooking s t a b i l i z e d 

during prolonged cooking and resulted in 

better and more uniform texture in i r r a 

diated red gram. Better vitamin B retent 

i o n observed in i r r a d i a t e d cooked red 

gram, is a t t r i b u t e d to the reduced cooking 

time. 


1975. 

Effect of gamma i r r a d i a t i o n on red gram 

{.Cajanus oajan) proteins. J. Fd S c l . 

40(4):815-819. 312 

I r r a d i a t i o n of pigeonpea seed w i t h 1 to 3 

Mrad doses at a Y - i r r a d i a t i o n f l u x of 15 

Krad/min increased the l e v e l of tyrosine in 

t o t a l amino acids, increased free amino 

acid content, increased d i g e s t i b i l i t y of 

protein in vitro by pepsin and t r y p s i n , 

changed the d i s t r i b u t i o n of protein among 

peaks obtained on e l u t i o n from a Sephadex 

G-200 column, and did not affect the 

trypsin i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t y . 


1975. 

Effect of gamma radiation on physicochemical 

characteristics of red gram 

(.Cajanus oajan) starch. J. Fd Sci. 

40(5):943-947. 313 

The t o t a l reducing sugars of i r r a d i a t e d 

pulse showed no s i g n i f i c a n t increase over 

the c o n t r o l . This suggests that the 

breakdown of starch in red gram was probably 

l i m i t e d to higher maltodextrins. 

Though the quantity of t o t a l nonreducing 

sugars was not affected by i r r a d i a t i o n , 

cooking s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased raffinose 

and stachyose contents. Degradation of 

red gram starch has also been observed in 

terms of a decrease in g e l a t i n i z a t i o n 

v i s c o s i t y and an increase in s o l u b i l i t y 

on heating. 

NENE, S.P., U.K. VAKIL, C. BANDHYOPADHYAY, 

and A. SREENIVASAN. 1975. 

Effect of gamma-irradiation of redgram 

(Cajanus oajan) l i p i d s . Acta Alimen. Hung. 

4(4):373-380. 314 

No changes in the t o t a l or neutral l i p i d 

composition were observed in red gram 

i r r a d i a t e d at 1 Mrad dose l e v e l s . Similarl 

y , saturated and unsaturated f a t t y acids 

were not affected by radiation treatment. 

Radiation prevented development of r a n c i 

d i t y and o f f - f l a v o r s during storage for 

8 months. Prevention of oxidation under 

such conditions can be a t t r i b u t e d to the 

synergistic e f f e c t of phospholipids in the 

presence of tocopherols as w e l l as to low 

moisture content. However, polar l i p i d s 

seemed to undergo decomposition on 

i r r a d i a t i o n . 

NIGAM, V . N . , and K.V. GIRI. 1961. 

Sugar in pulses. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 

39:1847-1853. 315 

Ethanol extracts of ground seeds of red 

gram (C. oajan) and other pulses were analyzed 

by c i r c u l a r paper chromatography. 

About 10% of dry weight was saccharides; 

sucrose 1.3 to 2.7, raffinose 0.4 to 1 . 1 , 

48

Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n 

stachyose 1.8 to 2.7 and verbascose 3.0 to 

4.2%. Sucrose was most v a r i a b l e . Germination 

tests showed that fructose is 

l i b e r a t e d , oligosaccharides disappear, and 

sucrose, which probably forms the i n t e r 

mediary breakdown product, remains more or 

less constant. Hydrolase a c t i v i t y remained 

low f o r the f i r s t 3 days of germination. 

NIYOGI, S.P., N. NARAYANA, and B.G. DESAI. 

1931. 

Studies on n u t r i t i v e value of Indian vegetable 

food s t u f f s . I. N u t r i t i v e value of 

pigeonpea (Cajanus indious) and f i e l d pea 

(Pisum arvense L i n n . ) . Indian J. Med. Res. 

13:1217-1229. 316 

The most important protein f r a c t i o n of the 

pulses is a globulin moiety. The percentage 

composition of amino acids in pulse 

globulin expressed as percent of protein 

was estimated. The amino acid composition 

of common Indian pulses is l i s t e d on a 

comparative basis. 

NORTON, G. 1976. 

Plant proteins. Canada: Butterworths. 

156 pp. 317 

The three sources of plant proteins, namely, 

cereals, oilseeds, and legumes, have been 

considered under the headings of production 

and demand. The world production of 

pigeonpeas from 1965 to 1974 was almost 

s t a t i c , except for 1967 and 1974, when the 

production was lower. The production of 

legumes is very d i f f i c u l t to deal w i t h 

s t a t i s t i c a l l y because of confusion over 

nomenclature. Different aspects of plant 

proteins have also been discussed. 

OKE, O.L. 1967. 

Chemical studies on some Nigerian pulses. 

W. A f r . J. B i o l . Appl. Chem. 9:52-55. 318 

Cowpea (V. unguiculata), groundnut, lima 

bean (Ph. lunatus), pigeonpea (C. oajan), 

and soybean were analyzed. In soybean Ca 

was 0.30, in others 0.05 to 0.10%; P was 

0.04, in others 0.31 to 0.54%. Values of 

N and f i v e major and eight minor mineral 

elements are tabulated. Oxalic acid was 

0.1 in cowpea, in others 0.4 to 0.6%. 

Phytin and P ranged from 30 in soybean to 

133 mg % in cowpea o r , percent of t o t a l P, 

from 13 in pigeonpea to 33 in groundnut. 

HCN was 1 In cowpea, 30 mg % in lima bean, 

none in other pulses. 

PAL, R.K. 1939. 

A review of l i t e r a t u r e on the n u t r i t i v e 

value of pulses. Indian J. Agric. S c i . 

9(1):133-137. 319 

Bengal gram has proved to be the best of a l l 

the pulses. Green gram is also very good, 

especially when combined w i t h r i c e and milk 

products. Black gram has high n u t r i t i v e 

value as a p r o t e i n . Other pulses such as 

l e n t i l or red gram may be taken only 

occasionally. Red gram also acts better 

than Bengal gram or any other variety when 

i t i s eaten with r i c e . 

PANT, R., and A.S. KAPUR. 1963. 

The soluble carbohydrates of some Indian 

legumes. Naturwissenschaften. 50:95. 320 

Total soluble carbohydrates in g per 100 g 

were in Cajanus indious 8.0, Cioer arietinum 

6.7, Phaeeolus mungo 6.5, Crotalaria 

mediaaginea 7.4, Cassia obtusifolia 5.56, 

C. oooidentalis 5.52. The l a s t two 

contained maltose, lactose, and raffinose 

and a l l had glucose and sucrose. 


A comparative study of the chemical compos 

i t i o n and n u t r i t i v e value of some common 

Indian pulses and soybean. Ann. Biochem. 

Exp. Med. 23:457-460. 321 

Cajanus oajan contained per 100 g, moisture 

11.20%, protein 22.31%, f a t 1.45%, ash 

3.21%, Ca 0.128 g, P 0.205 g, Fe 7.62 mg 

and in mg, r i b o f l a v i n 138, thiamine 48, and 

n i c o t i n i c acid 49. Amino acid compositions 

were similar in pigeonpea and soybean. 

Diets containing 10% of the respective 

proteins were steamed; b i o l o g i c a l values 

were 64.8 (pigeonpea) and 57.5 (soybean) 

and d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s 86.2, 91.4, 

protein efficiency r a t i o s were 0.82 and 

0.50. Although pulses contained less 

protein than soybeans, they were considered 

superior because they did not need processing 

to destroy antigrowth f a c t o r s . 


Free amino acids in some edible and i n e d i 

ble Indian legumes. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. 

Physiol. Chem. 333:39-41. 322 

Free amino acids were detected by paper 

chromatography in Cajanus oajan, Cioer 

arietinum, Ph. mungo, Ph. radiatus, 

L. esaulenta, Piswn sativum (green and 

white v a r i e t i e s ) , Vigna oatjang, Glycine 

max, and in three nonedible w i l d legumes. 

No legume contained a l l the essential amino 

acids but Cajanus oajan, Cioer arietinum, 

and Lens esoulenta each had seven.

Plgeonpea Bibliography 

PREMA, L., and P.A. KURUP. 1973. 

Hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y of the protein 

isolated from Cajanue cajan in high f a t 

cholesterol d i e t fed r a t s . Indian J. 

Biochem. Biophys. 10(4):293-296. 323 

Marked reduction in the t o t a l and free 

cholesterol, phospholipid, and t r i g l y c e r i d e 

contents of a l l the three tissues was 

observed at a l l the levels studied. The 

animals receiving 10% l e v e l show l i p i d 

levels very similar to those in the animals 

fed normal d i e t . The protein f r a c t i o n is 

heterogeneous and contains 7.8% carbohydrates. 

About 85% of the protein is 

precipitated at 75% saturation w i t h 

(NH^SO^; the p r e c i p i t a t e contains a l l 

the hypolipidaemic a c t i v i t y of the p r o t e i n . 

PUSHPAMMA, P. 1975. 

Evaluation of n u t r i t i o n a l values, cooking 

q u a l i t y and consumer preferences of grain 

legumes. Proc. F i r s t International Workshop 

on Grain Legumes, 13-16 Jan 1975. 

ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 213-220. 324 

Data on chemical composition of seeds of 

pigeonpea and chickpea and of subcellular 

fractions of groundnut cotyledon obtained 

in nonaqueous s o l u t i o n , and on the cooking 

q u a l i t i e s of these legumes. 

RAI, KALPANA, DIPALI ROY, and S.P. NETKE. 

1973. 

Effect of incorporation of soybean meal on 

protein q u a l i t y of diets composed of 

cereals and red gram (CajanuB oajan). 

Part I I . JNKW Res. J. 7(3) .-146-151. 325 

The s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB (autoclaved ground 

soybean) in 10.1% and 12.0% protein diets 

did not cause any improvement In protein 

q u a l i t y . In 14.2% protein d i e t , the subs 

t i t u t i o n by 25% caused s i g n i f i c a n t increase 

in nitrogen r e t e n t i o n . The b e n e f i c i a l 

effects of s u b s t i t u t i o n of AGSB f o r RGD 

(Red gram d h a l ) , could only be obtained in 

diets containing 14% p r o t e i n , in which more 

than h a l f the protein was provided by RGD. 

RAJAMMAL, P.D., R. SAMBAMURTHY, and 

R. RAJESWARI. 1964. 

The n u t r i t i v e value of the proteins of 

blends of redgram dhal, m i l k , r i c e and 

peas. J. Nutr. Dietet. 1:182-183. 326 

The protein efficiency r a t i o (PER) of a 

mixture of red gram dhal and skim milk 

powder and r i c e and peas was determined at 

8% l e v e l of protein intake over a period 

of 4 weeks. The PER of a mixture of three 

parts of red gram protein and one part of 

milk proteins was 1.6, as compared w i t h a 

value of 0.58 obtained f o r red gram alone. 

The PER of a mixture of 3.6 parts of r i c e 

proteins and 4.4 parts of pea proteins was 

1.80, as compared with 2.60 f o r skim milk 

powder. 

RAMA RAO, M.V., M.R. TARA, and C.K. KRISHNAN. 

1974. 

Colorimetric estimation of tryptophan 

content of pulses. J. Fd S c i . Technol. 

11(5):213-216. 327 

The colorimetric procedure developed by 

Spies and Chambers (1948, 1949) has been 

applied to determine tryptophan content of 

proteins of pulses. It is observed that 

the amount of sodium n i t r i t e to be added 

for the reaction needs to be increased to 

0.1 ml of 0.02% solution as against the 

recommended 0.1 ml of 0.05% s o l u t i o n . This 

brings out more color. With t h i s m o d i f i 

c a t i o n , the tryptophan content of pulses 

investigated was in the range of 0.7 to 

1.78 g/16 g N as against the l i t e r a t u r e 

values of 0.5 to 0.8 g/16 g N. 

RAMASASTRI, B.V., and P. SRINIVASA RAO. 

1968. 

Some studies on the n u t r i t i v e value of r i c e 

v a r i e t i e s and pulses. J. Postgrad. Sch. 

IARI, D e l h i . 6(2):113-122. 328 

The d i g e s t i b i l i t y of the carbohydrate 

content of four of the commonly used 

pulses — green gram, red gram, black 

gram, and Bengal gram — was studied. 

In vitro amylolysis w i t h the use of ground 

raw and cooked pulses and w i t h the isolated 

starches revealed differences in the rates 

of hydrolysis of the starch present in 

these pulses. 

RAMIAH, P.V., and P. SATYANARAYANA. 1938. 

Studies i n the q u a l i t y o f crops. I I . 

N u t r i t i v e values of proteins of d i f f e r e n t 

v a r i e t i e s of red gram (Cajanue indiaus). 

Madras Agric. J. 26(4) :134-136. 329 

Different v a r i e t i e s of red gram obtained 

l o c a l l y and from the h i l l s were compared 

for t h e i r n u t r i t i v e values, and it was 

found that the l o c a l v a r i e t y has a high 

protein content and d i g e s t i b i l i t y value. 

RANGANATHAN, S. 1938. 

The available i r o n in some common Indian 

food s t u f f s determined by the ot-a-dipyridine 

method. Indian J. Med. Res. 25(3): 

677-684. 330 

One hundred common Indian foodstuffs have 

been analyzed f o r t h e i r available i r o n by 

50

Biochemistry and N u t r i t i o n 

a chemical method involving the use of 

a - a - d i p y r i d i n e . The method evolved by 

Kohler et al has been Improved. The food 

s t u f f s analyzed were found to vary widely 

in percentage of t o t a l i r o n available. 

Leafy vegetables and condiments and spices, 

usually considered good source of i r o n , 

show a low percentage a v a i l a b i l i t y , while 

the other groups of foodstuffs contain i r o n 

of which about 30 to 40% is available. 

Pigeonpea has 23.3% of t o t a l i r o n available. 

RANGANATHAN, S., A.R. SUNDARARAJAN, and 

M. SWAMINATHAK. 1937. 

Survey of the n u t r i t i v e value of Indian 

food s t u f f s . Indian J. Med. Res. 

24(3):689-706. 331 

Pulses are a good source of p r o t e i n , 

containing on an average 24.47%. They are 

somewhat richer than cereals in most chemical 

constituents and, on the average, 

more than twice as r i c h in proteins. 

Detailed analyses of various chemical 

constituents of d i f f e r e n t food s t u f f s are 

tabulated. More emphasis should be l a i d 

on b i o l o g i c a l value of p r o t e i n s , and on 

the concentrations and a v a i l a b i l i t y of 

mineral s a l t s . 

RAO, P.S. 1969. 

Studies on the d i g e s t i b i l i t y of carbohydrates 

in pulses. Indian J. Med. Res. 

57(11):2151-2157. 332 

In vitro d i g e s t i b i l i t y studies of raw and 

cooked Bengal gram, green gram, red gram, 

and black gram and their starches w i t h 

commercial a-amylase indicated that carbohydrates 

of green gram are better digested 

than any other pulses investigated. 

RATHNASWAMY, R., R. VEERASWAMY, and 

G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. 

Studies on red gram (Cajanus oajan (L.) 

M i l l s p . ) seed characters, cooking q u a l i t y 

and protein content. Madras Agric. J. 

60(6):396-398. 333 

An assessment was made of the seed charact 

e r s , cooking q u a l i t y , and protein contents 

of the annual and perennial types of red 

gram. The perennial types MS-9537, 

PLS-362, and PLS-363 had bigger and heavier 

seeds than those of the annuals and SA-1. 

The annual types, which were richer in 

protein (21.1%),also cooked more e a s i l y . 

ROYES, W.V., and A.C. FINCHAM. 1975. 

Grain q u a l i t y in Cajanus and Cioer. F i r s t 

International Workshop on Grain Legumes. 

13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 

209-212. 334 

Means f o r estimating protein q u a l i t y , amino 

acid p r o f i l e s , breeding for amino acid 

contents, problems and other considerations 

of n u t r i t i o n are discussed. 

RUDRA, M.K., and L.M. CHOWDHURY. 1950. 

Methionine content of cereals and legumes. 

Nature 166:568. 335 

Methionine was estimated c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y 

and the percentage value obtained for red 

gram was 0.15. It was considered that 

lathyrism in animals fed on vetch pea is 

connected w i t h the low methionine content 

of t h i s p l a n t . 

SANKARAN, S., and V. SRINIVASAN. 1963. 

Evaluation of red gram types f o r cooking 

q u a l i t y . Madras Agric. J. 50(1): 

470-472. 336 

The cooking q u a l i t y of nine introduced 

c u l t i v a r s of red gram (Cajanus aajan) was 

poorer than that of c u l t i v a r SA-1. Since 

there is evidence of a s i g n i f i c a n t negative 

c o r r e l a t i o n between cooking time and protein 

content, these types were presumably 

i n f e r i o r to the standard also in q u a l i t y . 

SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , J.C. MAMARIL, 

J.A. EUSEBIO, and R.R. GONZALES. 1968. 

Studies on Philippine leguminous seeds as 

protein foods. I. Evaluation of protein 

q u a l i t y in some l o c a l beans based on t h e i r 

amino acid patterns. P h i l i p p . Agric. 

52(4):211-217. 337 

Amino acid compositions of ( i ) mungo (Fhaeeolus 

aureus) ( i i ) paayap (Vigna sinensis) 

( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and ( i v ) 

tapilan (Phaseolus oaloartus) bean determined 

by a modified ion-exchange method 

after hydrolysis were compared w i t h the 

amino acid composition of whole egg. 

SEVILLA-EUSEBIO, J . , R.R. GONZALES, 

J.A. EUSEBIO, and P.F. ALCANTARA. 1968. 

Studies on Philippine leguminous seeds as 

protein foods. I I . Effect of heat on the 

b i o l o g i c a l value of mungo, paayap, t a p i l a n , 

and kadyos beans. P h i l i p p . Agric. 

52(4): 218-232. 338 

To assess the q u a l i t y of proteins in ( i ) 

mungo (Phaseolus aureus) (11) paayap (Vigna 

sinensis) ( i i i ) kadyos (Cajanus oajan) and 

(iv) tapilan (Phaseolus oaloartus), feeding 

51


experiments were conducted o n p i g s . M i l k 

p r o t e i n proved s u p e r i o r t o a l l beans s t u 

d i e d . T o a s t i n g t h e beans f o r 3 0 m i n . a t 

80 + 5°C improved p r o t e i n e f f i c i e n c y and 

apparent d i g e s t i b i l i t y . To a l e s s e r degree, 

h e a t i n g a l s o improved t o t a l w e i g h t g a i n s 

of t h e baby p i g s . Feed e f f i c i e n c y and 

apparent b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e o f beans ( i i i ) 

p r o t e i n s proved i n f e r i o r . 

SHARDA, D . P . , K. PRADHAN, and 

PRAHLAD SINGH. 1976. 

A n o t e on t h e e f f e c t of damaged p u l s e s in 

t h e d i e t on t h e performance and carcass 

q u a l i t y o f g r o w i n g - f i n i s h i n g p i g s . I n d i a n 

J . Animal S c i . 4 6 ( 1 2 ) : 6 7 7 - 6 7 9 . 339 

Damaged p u l s e s (C. i n d i c u s and V. mungo) 

used f o r groundnut and maize (10%) in p i g 

s t a n d a r d d i e t s , showed t h a t average d a i l y 

g a i n , feed e f f i c i e n c y , and p r o t e i n e f f i 

c i e n c y r a t i o tended t o b e g r e a t e r o n the 

p u l s e d i e t . Carcass y i e l d was n o t a f f e c 

t e d . Carcass l e n g t h , p r o p o r t i o n o f l e a n 

c u t s , and t o t a l l e a n tended t o b e g r e a t e r 

and b a c k - f a t l e s s i n p i g s g i v e n 10% p u l s e s . 

SHARMA, Y . K . , A . S . TIWARI, K.C. RAO, 

and A. MISHRA. 1977. 

S t u d i e s o n chemical c o n s t i t u e n t s and t h e i r 

i n f l u e n c e o n c o o k a b i l i t y i n pigeonpea. 

J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 4 ( 1 ) : 3 8 - 4 0 . 340 

E s t i m a t i o n o f e i g h t c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s 

i n 2 2 c u l t i v a r s o f pigeonpea r e v e a l e d s i g 

n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among c u l t i v a r s f o r 

most o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s s t u d i e d . None o f 

these c o n s t i t u e n t s was found a s s o c i a t e d 

w i t h c o o k i n g p e r i o d , except p h y t i c a c i d 

c o n t e n t , which showed p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n 

o f a p p r e c i a b l e m a g n i t u d e . The v a r i e t i e s 

r e q u i r i n g minimum time f o r cooking were 

S - 7 , EB-38-70, J A - 3 , NP(WR)-15, and 

UPAS-120. 

SINGH, S . , H.D. SINGH, and K.C. SIKKA. 

1968. 

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s i n t h e a n a t o m i c a l 

p a r t s o f common I n d i a n p u l s e s . Cereal 

Chem. 4 5 : 1 3 - 1 8 . 341 

Values a r e t a b u l a t e d f o r p r o x i m a t e c o n s t i 

t u e n t s , P , Ca, and F e i n whole pea, l e n t i l , 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ), mungbean 

(Phaeeolus aureus), f r e n c h bean (P. vulgaris) 

, cowpea (V. sinensis) and guar 

(Cyamopeie tetragonoloba). The embryo, 

t h e r i c h e s t p a r t , was o n l y 1.0 t o 2 . 3 % o f 

t h e w h o l e s e e d . Cotyledons ( 8 3 . 0 t o 90.4% 

o f s e e d , e x c e p t f o r g u a r , 42.8%) account 

f o r almost t h e e n t i r e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e and 

m i l l i n g to remove seedcoat and embryo w o u l d 

have l i t t l e e f f e c t . 

SIVARAMAN, E . , and MAGGIE MENACHERY. 1967. 

Studies o n t h e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e s o f cowpea 

(Vigna c a t j a n g ) and t u r d h a l (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) . I n d i a n V e t . J . 4 4 ( 2 ) : 1 6 2 - 1 6 9 . 342 

The n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of t u r d h a l (Cajanus 

cajan) and cowpea was i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g 

a l b i n o r a t s . Cowpea f l o u r f e d f o r 28 days 

i n a d i e t a t a n 18% p r o t e i n l e v e l o n n i t r o 

gen b a s i s , promoted a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r 

growth response i n t h e r a t s than t u r d h a l 

s u p p l i e d t h r o u g h an i s o p r o t e i m i c d i e t . No 

d i f f e r e n c e was n o t i c e d between t h e d i e t s 

i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o s u p p o r t t h e f o r m a t i o n 

o f r e d c e l l s , h e m o g l o b u l i n , and plasma 

p r o t e i n i n t h e normal growing r a t s . 

Assessment of t h e hemopoietic response in 

a d u l t animals by t h e p h e n y l h y d r o z i n c anaemia 

t e c h n i q u e showed t h a t f o r p r o m o t i n g 

hemoglobin f o r m a t i o n , t h e two p u l s e p r o t e i n 

d i e t s a r e l e s s e f f i c i e n t t h a n t h e c o n t r o l 

d i e t c o n t a i n i n g c a s e i n . The s i g n i f i c a n c e 

o f these o b s e r v a t i o n s i s d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y . 

SRIKANTIA, S.G. 1975. 

Chickpea and pigeonpea: Some n u t r i t i o n a l 

a s p e c t s . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n 

G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. 


P r o d u c t i o n , n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , a t t e m p t s 

t o improve n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , l i m i t i n g 

amino a c i d s , v a r i a t i o n i n p r o t e i n and 

amino a c i d s . Other n u t r i e n t s , t r y p s i n 

i n h i b i t o r s , and f l a t u s f o r m a t i o n a r e 


SUNDARAM, P . S . , R.V. NORRIS, and 

V. SUBRAMANIAM. 1929. 

S t u d i e s o n the p r o t e i n o f I n d i a n food 

s t u f f s . I I . The p r o t e i n o f the pigeonpea 

(Cajanue indicus). I n d i a n I n s t . S c i . J . 

1 2 ( A ) : 1 9 3 - 2 0 5 . 344 

The seeds of a r h a r c o n t a i n two g l o b u l i n s , 

C a j a n i n and c a j a n i , which account f o r 58% 

and 8%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f t h e t o t a l n i t r o g e n , 

d i f f e r i n g from each o t h e r i n t h e i r s u l f u r 

and t r y p t o p h a n c o n t e n t s . The g l o b u l i n s 

appear to be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e genus 

and independent o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n types 

and v a r i e t i e s . They are r i c h i n t y r o s i n e 

and m o d e r a t e l y r i c h i n c y s t i n e , a r g i n i n e , 

and l y s i n e . The p r i n c i p a l p r o t e i n o f 

Cajanus, c a j a n i n , i s d e f i c i e n t i n e s s e n t i a l 

diamino a c i d s . 

SUNDARARAJAN, A . R . 1938. 

P h y t i n - p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f I n d i a n food 

s t u f f s . I n d i a n J . Med. Res. 2 5 ( 3 ) : 

6 8 5 - 6 9 1 . 345 

52


The p h y t i n - p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t of 67 food 

s t u f f s has been d e t e r m i n e d . In c e r e a l s a 

h i g h percentage o f t o t a l phosphorus i s 

p r e s e n t a s p h y t i n , w h i l e i n v e g e t a b l e s , 

w i t h c e r t a i n e x c e p t i o n s , the p h y t i n p e r 

centage i s s m a l l o r a b s e n t . The condiments 

and s p e c i e s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n g e n e r a l occupy 

an i n t e r m e d i a t e p o s i t i o n . A l a r g e p r o p o r 

t i o n o f the phosphorus i n p u l s e s a l s o 

e x i s t s a s p h y t i n . 

SUSHEELAMMA, N . S . , and M.V.L. RAO. 1974. 

S u r f a c e - a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i n b l a c k gram 

(V. mungo) and i t s r o l e i n t h e t e x t u r e o f 

leavened foods c o n t a i n i n g t h e legume. 

J . S c i . F d A g r i c . 2 5 ( 6 ) : 6 6 5 - 6 7 3 . 346 

A s u r f a c e - a c t i v e f r a c t i o n w i t h t h e charact 

e r i s t i c s of a g l o b u l i n and an a r a b i n o - 

g a l a c t a n type p o l y s a c c h a r i d e were shown to 

occur in V. mungo. These two components 

appeared t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c h a r a c 

t e r i s t i c t e x t u r e o f leavened foods c o n t a i n 

i n g the legume. Lower f o a m - f o r m i n g 

a c t i v i t y was found in C. arietinum, 

V, radiata, and C. c a j a n . 

SWAMINATHAN, M. 1938. 

The r e l a t i v e amounts of the p r o t e i n and 

n o n - p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n o u s c o n s t i t u e n t s 

o c c u r r i n g i n food s t u f f s and t h e i r s i g n i 

f i c a n c e i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e d i g e s t i 

b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f p r o t e i n s . I n d i a n 

J. Med. Res. 25(4) :847-855. 3A7 

The r e l a t i v e amounts of p r o t e i n and n o n p r o 

t e i n n i t r o g e n o u s c o n s t i t u e n t s o c c u r r i n g i n 

c e r t a i n c e r e a l s , p u l s e s , n u t s , o i l s e e d s , 

condiments, v e g e t a b l e s , and m i l k have been 

determined by t h e S t u t z e r method. The 

average amounts of n o n p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n 

expressed a s p e r c e n t o f t o t a l n i t r o g e n 

o c c u r r i n g i n t h e d i f f e r e n t groups o f f o o d 

s t u f f s , were a s f o l l o w s : c e r e a l s 5 ; 

p u l s e s 9 ; n u t s and o i l s e e d s 5 ; condiments 

6; v e g e t a b l e s 1A; and m i l k 9%. If the 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f a f o o d i s d e t e r m i n e d 

b y m u l t i p l y i n g t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t b y 

6 . 2 5 , t h e d i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f 

p r o t e i n s may be u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , owing to 

t h e presence o f v a r y i n g amounts o f n o n p r o 

t e i n n i t r o g e n , which may b e p o o r l y a v a i l 

a b l e i n d i g e s t i o n . 

TARA, M.R., C.W. LEE, J . F . MORTON, 

T . J . KAPADIA, and L . J . DUNHAM. 1974. 

Sarcoma induced i n r a t s b y e x t r a c t s o f 

p l a n t s and b y f r a c t i o n a t e d e x t r a c t s o f 

Krameria irina. J. N a t l Cancer I n s t . 

5 2 : 4 4 5 - 4 4 8 . 348 

E i g h t p l a n t species were t e s t e d o n r a t s f o r 

p r o d u c t i o n of esophageal cancer. Cajanua 

i n d i c u s was n o t e f f e c t i v e i n causing cancer. 

Cancers were caused by Acacia v i l l o s a r o o t , 

Melochia tomentoea, Heliotrophum angiospermum 

and Krameria ixina. E x t r a c t s of 

K. ixina w i t h t a n n i n s removed d i d n o t 

cause cancer. 

TARA, M.R., and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1972. 

Changes i n e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o n t e n t o f 

a r h a r d a l (Cajanus cajan) on d e h y d r a t i o n . 

J. Fd S c i . T e c h n o l . 9 ( 2 ) : 7 6 . 349 

Tryptophan and g l u t a m i c a c i d s were h i g h e r , 

and i s o l e u c i n e , v a l i n e , and t y r o s i n e i n 

a r h a r d h a l were lower than t h a t r e p o r t e d i n 

l i t e r a t u r e . P r e c o o k i n g and d r y i n g o f t h e 

d h a l w i t h o r w i t h o u t Papain t r e a t m e n t was 

found to have no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e 

p r o t e i n s c o r e s . M e t h i o n i n e f o l l o w e d b y 

i s o l e u c i n e was the l i m i t i n g amino a c i d i n 

t h e p r o t e i n s o f t h e d h a l , raw o r p r o c e s s e d . 

TARA, M.R., and M.V. RAMA RAO. 1975. 

Changes i n f r e e amino a c i d s o f a r h a r d h a l 

(Cajanus cajan) i n p r o c e s s i n g . J . F d S c i . 

T e c h n o l . 12(2) : 7 1 - 7 4 . 350 

N e a r l y 40% of t h e n i n h y d r i n p o s i t i v e 

c o n s t i t u e n t s were comprised o f p e p t i d e s , 

m o s t l y g l u t a m y l p e p t i d e s , o f p h e n y l a l a n i n e . 

A l l n a t u r a l amino a c i d s were found t o b e 

p r e s e n t , g l u t a m i c a c i d b e i n g h i g h e s t , w i t h 

asparagine and g l u t a m i n e n e x t . D u r i n g 

p r o c e s s i n g o f the d h a l , a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e 

i n p e p t i d e s was f o u n d . F a r t o f t h e a l a n i n e 

appears to be bound to p r o t e i n s in such a 

way t h a t i t i s r e l e a s e d b y t h e m i l d h y d r o - 

l y t i c c o n d i t i o n s o f p r o c e s s i n g . A r g i n i n e 

( 7 . 5 µ m o l e / g ) was found in h i g h e r amounts 

than o t h e r amino a c i d s . 

TARA, M.R., T . N . RAWAL, and M.V.R. RAO. 

1972. 

E f f e c t o f p r o c e s s i n g o n t h e p r o t e i n s o f 

a r h a r d h a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) . I n d i a n J . 

N u t r . D i e t e t . 9 : 2 0 8 - 2 1 2 . 351 

Percentage o f p r o t e i n s e x t r a c t e d b y v a r i o u s 

s o l v e n t s was d e t e r m i n e d , and was 28.6 f o r 

water and 65.9 f o r NaCl s o l u t i o n . P e r c e n 

tage e x t r a c t e d by w a t e r was 33.3 f o r p r e - 

cooked and dehydrated d h a l (PD); 4 4 . 2 f o r 

p a p a i n - t r e a t e d d h a l (PTD); b y NaCl s o l u t i o n 

20.0 and 2 4 . 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y . Free amino 

a c i d c o n t e n t decreased w i t h p r o c e s s i n g b u t 

was h i g h e r f o r PTD than f o r PD. E x t r a c t s 

of processed d h a l were a u t o c l a v e d f o r 30 

min a t 1 5 l b p r e s s u r e . Percentage s o l u b l e 

p r o t e i n s r e m a i n i n g i n s o l u t i o n was 8 0 t o 

100 showing t h a t heat d e n a t u r a t i o n had 

53


taken p l a c e t o the f u l l e s t e x t e n t d u r i n g 

t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p r o c e s s i n g . F u r t h e r e x p e r i 

ments showed t h a t t h e decrease i n s o l u b l e 

p r o t e i n s i n t h e s o l v e n t s o c c u r r e d i n t h e 

f i r s t 6 m i n u t e s o f s t e a m i n g . 

TAWDE, S. 1 9 6 1 . 

I s o l a t i o n and p a r t i a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f 

r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) t r y p s i n i n h i b i 

t o r . Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 2 1 : 

359-366. 352 

Red gram t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r has a t y p i c a l 

p r o t e i n - l i k e UV a b s o r p t i o n r a n g i n g between 

252 and 278µ. It resembles g l y c o p r o t e i n 

i n n a t u r e ; r e a c t s s t o i c h i o m e t r i c a l l y w i t h 

c r y s t a l l i n e t r y p s i n ; i s q u i t e a c t i v e over 

a pH range of 2.5 to 1 0 . 1 ; and is f a i r l y 

h e a t - s t a b l e . The v a r i o u s normal a c i d 

e x t r a c t s o f r e d gram meal analyzed f o r 

t r y p s i n i n h i b i t i o n showed maximum a c t i v i t y 

w i t h 0.05 N HC1 e x t r a c t w i t h a pH v a l u e 

of 4 . 4 . The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n of 

t h i s i n h i b i t o r showed t h e absence o f 

h i s t i d l n e and presence of low amounts of 

t r y p t o p h a n , c y s t i n e , and m e t h i o n i n e , and 

l a r g e r amounts o f l e u c i n e , t h r e o n i n e , 

p r o l i n e , and l y s i n e compared t o t h a t o f 

l i m a b e a n , p a n c r e a t i c , and ovomucoid 

t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r s . 

TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1960. 

F r a c t i o n a t i o n and i s o l a t i o n and e l e c t r o - 

p h o r e t i c c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f r e d gram 

g l o b u l i n s . Symposium o n p r o t e i n s . B i o l . 

Res. Coun. Soc. B i o l . Chem., I n d i a . 

1 : 8 - 1 3 . 353 

The f r a c t i o n a t i o n of r e d gram p r o t e i n s was 

c a r r i e d o u t b y ( i ) e x t r a c t i o n w i t h d i f f e 

r e n t s o l v e n t s , ( i i ) d i a l y s i s o f sodium 

c h l o r i d e e x t r a c t a g a i n s t w a t e r , ( i l l ) 

f r a c t i o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h ammonium 

s u l f a t e . A l l t h e f r a c t i o n s were t e s t e d 

f o r t h e i r homogeneity e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c a l l y . 

The d i s p e r s i b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 

these p r o t e i n s s t u d i e d b y s u c c e s s i v e 

e x t r a c t i o n i n v a r i o u s s o l v e n t s — w a t e r , 

10% N a C l , 0.25 M NaOH — and s e p a r a t e l y 

in 75% a l c o h o l , showed t h e absence of 

p r o l a m i n e n i t r o g e n and a low c o n t e n t of 

g l u t e n n i t r o g e n . Though NaCl s o l u t i o n 

e x t r a c t e d t h e major p o r t i o n o f t h e g l o b u 

l i n s , w a t e r a l s o e x t r a c t e d g l o b u l i n s t o 

some e x t e n t . D i a l y s i s o f NaCl e x t r a c t 

a g a i n s t w a t e r y i e l d e d a f a i r l y homogeneous 

f r a c t i o n , w h i l e t h e f r a c t i o n s o b t a i n e d w i t h 

2 0 , 4 0 , and 60% ammonium s u l f a t e s a t u r a t i o n 

were a l l found t o b e h e t e r o g e n e o u s . O f a l l 

t h e methods u s e d , d i l u t i o n and f r a c t i o n a l 

p r e c i p i t a t i o n was found t o b e t h e b e s t f o r 

i s o l a t i o n o f r e d gram g l o b u l i n s , y i e l d i n g 

a major g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n t h a t was homogeneous 

between pH 3.0 and 1 2 . 0 , w i t h 

i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t a t p H 4 . 6 5 . 

TAWDE, S . , and H.R. CAMA. 1962. 

P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s on indigenous seed 

p r o t e i n s . 5 . Amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f r e d 

gram (Cajanus indicus) meal and g l o b u l i n 

f r a c t i o n s . J . S c i . I n d u s t . Res. 21C: 

162-163. 354 

Amino a c i d s were e s t i m a t e d by c i r c u l a r 

paper chromatography in r e d gram meal and 

i t s t h r e e g l o b u l i n f r a c t i o n s . Except t h a t 

p r o l i n e and t r y p t o p h a n were about t w i c e as 

h i g h , v a l u e s f o r meal agreed f a i r l y w e l l 

w i t h those o f o t h e r s . M e t h i o n i n e and 

c y s t i n e , 0.20 and 0.89% of t h e m e a l , were 

measurable i n o n l y one f r a c t i o n , 0.42 and 

3.02%. This f r a c t i o n had most of the 

e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d s b u t was poor i n 

l y s i n e , t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . No 

h i s t i d i n e was f o u n d . 

TAWDE, S . , and K.V. G I R I . 1960. 

P h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s on indigenous seed 

p r o t e i n s . 4 . P e p t i z a t i o n o f r e d gram 

(Cajanus indicus) p r o t e i n s and t h e i r c h a 

r a c t e r i z a t i o n b y e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s . J . S c i . 

I n d u s t . Res. 19C:190-194. 355 

Cajanus indicus c o n t a i n s 23.81% p r o t e i n . 

A m e a l - t o - w a t e r e x t r a c t a n t r a t i o of 1:5 

s o l u b i l i z e s 80% of p r o t e i n s in 120 m i n . 

The i s o e l e c t r i c ( p e r c e n t ) p o i n t s o f these 

p r o t e i n s have been found to be about pH 

4 . 0 . A l k a l i n e s a l t s are found t o b e b e t t e r 

e x t r a c t a n t s o f p r o t e i n s . Sodium b i c a r b o 

n a t e s o l u t i o n at a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 0 . 0 0 1 M 

proved t o b e t h e most e f f e c t i v e e x t r a c t a n t . 

Maximum e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c s e p a r a t i o n of the 

p r o t e i n components, one major and two m i n o r , 

occurs between pH 7 and 8 . 6 , i o n i c s t r e n g t h 

0 . 1 . 

TRIPATHI, R . D . , G.P. SRIVASTAVA, M.C. MISRA, 

and S.C. SINHA. 1975. 

Comparative s t u d i e s i n t h e q u a l i t y c h a r a c 

t e r i s t i c s o f e a r l y and l a t e v a r i e t i e s o f 

r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . Chem. 8 ( 1 ) : 5 7 - 6 1 . 356 

When grown under i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , 

e i g h t l a t e - m a t u r i n g C . c a j a n c u l t i v a r s were 

s u p e r i o r t o e i g h t e a r l y - m a t u r i n g c u l t i v a r s 

i n seed y i e l d s ; 1000-seed w e i g h t ; d h a l 

( s p l i t seeds) r e c o v e r y p e r c e n t a g e ; and 

d h a l , p r o t e i n , and m e t h i o n i n e y i e l d s . The 

e a r l y - m a t u r i n g c u l t i v a r s had h i g h e r seed 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s (20.62 t o 25.5%) than 

l a t e - m a t u r i n g ones (19.95 t o 21.75%); 

m e t h i o n i n e c o n t e n t s were s i m i l a r . 

54

Botany 

VANGALA, R.R., and E. MENDEN. 1969. 

The amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n of some A f r i c a n 

legumes. I n t . Z . V i t a m f o r s c h . 39: 

203-209. 357 

Amino a c i d s were e s t i m a t e d in pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) , blackeyed pea (Vigna s i n e n - 

sis), cowpea (v. unguiculata), l i m a bean 

(Ph. lunatus) , and Centrosema pubescene. 

There was l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e between raw 

and cooked p r o d u c t s . Except f o r cooked 

pigeonpeas, t h e r e was poor agreement b e t 

ween c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s and v a l u e s o b t a i n e d 

b y a n i m a l e x p e r i m e n t . I t was concluded 

t h a t p r o t e i n q u a l i t y depends n o t o n l y o n 

amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n b u t a l s o on such 

heat l a b i l e f a c t o r s a s enzyme i n h i b i t o r s 

and h e m a g l u t i n i n . 

VIJAYALAKSHMI, D . , S. KURIAN, D. NARAYANA- 

SWAMY, S.V. RAO, and M. SVAMINATHAN. 1972. 

Blood amino a c i d s t u d i e s i n t h e weaning r a t 

on d i e t s c o n t a i n i n g raw and cooked r e d 

gram. I n d i a n J . N u t r . D i e t e t . 9 ( 3 ) : 

129-134. 358 

Amino a c i d c o n t e n t and t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r 

a c t i v i t y of raw and cooked r e d gram were 

d e t e r m i n e d . Plasma amino a c i d scores 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o p h a n 

were t h e f i r s t l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s i n red 

gram; l y s i n e and t h r e o n i n e were e a s i l y 

a v a i l a b l e from t h e p r o t e i n s . Enzymatic 

d i g e s t i o n s t u d i e s showed l y s i n e , methionine, 

t h r e o n i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n to be e q u a l l y 

a v a i l a b l e from raw and cooked r e d gram, 

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r o f 

r e d gram d i d n o t a f f e c t l i b e r a t i o n o f amino 

a c i d s d u r i n g d i g e s t i o n o f t h e p r o t e i n s . 

PER of raw r e d gram was low ( 0 . 6 8 ) , b u t 

improved w i t h c o o k i n g ( t o 1.43) and w i t h 

s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n w i t h m e t h i o n i n e and t r y p t o 

phan ( t o 1.93) . 

VIJAYARAGHAVAN, P . K . , and P.R. SRINIVASAN. 

1953. 

E s s e n t i a l amino a c i d and c o m p o s i t i o n o f 

some common I n d i a n p u l s e s . J. N u t r . 

5 1 : 2 6 1 - 2 7 1 . 359 

The e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d c o m p o s i t i o n o f 

f i v e common I n d i a n p u l s e s and Vigna c a t j a n g 

has been r e p o r t e d . U n l i k e l y s i n e , which 

i s a l i m i t i n g amino a c i d f o r c e r e a l s , t h e 

l i m i t i n g amino a c i d s f o r p u l s e s were found 

t o b e m e t h i o n i n e , c y s t i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n . 

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e chemical 

score e s s e n t i a l amino a c i d i n d e x and 

b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e i s d i s c u s s e d . 

VISWANATH, B . , R . J . LAKSHMANA, and 

P.A. RAGHUNATHASWAMI AYYANGAR. 1916. 

Some f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e cooking q u a l i t y 

of d h a l (Cajanus indicus). Mem. Dep. 

A g r i c . I n d i a Chem. S e r i e s . 4 ( 5 ) : 

149-163. 360 

The study has been l i m i t e d to t h e f o l l o w i n g : 

( i ) t h e e f f e c t o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f the 

w a t e r upon t h e r a t e o f c o o k i n g , ( i i ) the 

i n f l u e n c e o f t h e f a t c o n t e n t o n t h e r a t e 

o f c o o k i n g , ( i i i ) d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e r a t e 

o f cooking due t o v a r i e t y , ( i v ) d i f f e r e n c e s 

in the r a t e s of cooking due to methods of 

p r e p a r i n g d h a l , (v) the i n f l u e n c e o f v a r i 

ous s a l t s o n t h e l i q u e f a c t i o n o f s t a r c h . 

The d i s s o l v e d s a l t s found i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s 

e x e r t a marked i n f l u e n c e on the time taken 

to cook d h a l . The a d d i t i o n of sodium 

b i c a r b o n a t e or sodium carbonate to a h a r d 

w a t e r m a t e r i a l l y hastens t h e c o o k i n g . 

The f a t c o n t e n t of d h a l p l a y s a v e r y 

i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n r a t e o f c o o k i n g . Dhals 

from d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s have v a r y i n g 

r a t e s o f c o o k i n g . 

B O T A N Y 


A n u m e r i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . accessions based on morpholog 

i c a l and agronomic a t t r i b u t e s . A u s t . J . 

A g r i c . Res. 23:955-1005. 361 

N i n e t y - f i v e accessions from e l e v e n count 

r i e s were f i e l d - g r o w n and s t u d i e d t h r o u g h 

o u t a y e a r . Using the MULTCLAS h i e r a r c h i 

c a l program and a v e r s i o n of B u r r ' s 

E u c l i d e a n system, t h e accessions were 

c l a s s i f i e d i n t o 15 groups on t h e b a s i s 

o f 3 1 a t t r i b u t e s . 


News and N o t e s . A f r i c a : E d i b l e A f r i c a n 

legumes. Riz. R i z i c . 1960. 362 

Cajanus cajan and a number of legumes a r e 

i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h notes on p o p u l a r names and 

b o t a n i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 

BASUDEV, R. 1933. 

S t u d i e s i n t h e development o f t h e female 

gametophyte in some leguminous crop p l a n t s 

o f I n d i a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 ( 6 ) : 

1098-1107. 363 

The development of t h e female gametophyte 

was s t u d i e d in Cajanus indious and o t h e r 

55


legumes. The c u r v a t u r e o f the o v u l e s i s 

towards t h e apex of t h e o v a r y . Ovules a r e 

more or l e s s c a m y l o t r o p o u s . The s y n e r g i d s 

o f Cajanus possess w e l l - d e f i n e d f i l i f o r m 

a p p a r a t u s . The p o l a r n u c l e i m i g r a t e 

towards each o t h e r and f u s e to f o r m t h e 

p r i m a r y endosperm n u c l e u s . The h a p l o i d 

number of chromosomes is e l e v e n . 

BROUK, B. 1975. 

P l a n t s consumed by man. London: Academic 

P r e s s . 479 p p . Pigeonpea: p. 125. 364 

Pigeonpea or Cajanus cajan ( f a m i l y Leguminosae) 

i s p r o b a b l y a n a t i v e o f A f r i c a . I t 

was c u l t i v a t e d i n a n c i e n t Egypt a t l e a s t 

2,000 years B . C . , as is proved by t h e seeds 

found in t h e tombs of the Seventh Dynasty. 

I t i s a l s o p r o b a b l e t h a t pigeonpea was 

b r o u g h t t o I n d i a i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s , and 

i t d i v e r s i f i e d t h e r e i n t o many t y p e s . Two 

v a r i e t i e s can be r e c o g n i z e d : C. cajan v a r . 

flavue w h i c h has green g l a b r o u s pods 

u s u a l l y w i t h t h r e e seeds and i n c l u d e s t h e 

Tur c u l t i v a r s e x t e n s i v e l y c u l t i v a t e d i n 

I n d i a , and C. oajan v a r . bicolor which has 

h a i r y , d a r k maroon podB u s u a l l y c o n t a i n i n g 

f o u r t o f i v e seeds and i n c l u d i n g a r h a r 

c u l t i v a r s , grown i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a . 

COBLEY, L . S . 1956. 

A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the botany o f t r o p i c a l 

c r o p s . Pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . London: 

Longman , Green, pp. 158-160. 365 

Pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e 

t r o p i c s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e more a r i d a r e a s , 

s i n c e i t i s a deeply r o o t i n g , p e r e n n i a l 

p l a n t and f a i r l y d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n t . The 

seeds a r e used t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s as a 

p u l s e . The p l a n t i s o f a n c i e n t o r i g i n and 

i t s home was presumably i n t h e A f r i c a n 

s u b c o n t i n e n t . The A f r i c a n t y p e s are f a i r l y 

u n i f o r m . The I n d i a n types d i f f e r i n many 

c h a r a c t e r s . The young stems a r e angled 

and h a i r y . The leaves are a l t e r n a t e 

t r i f o l i a t e s t r u c t u r e s , p e t i o l e s a r e 

g r o o v e d . The l e a f l e t s are o v a l , e n t i r e , 

and s l i g h t l y h a i r y , t h e t e r m i n a l l e a f l e t 

c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r than t h e l a t e r a l s . The 

i n f l o r e s c e n c e s a r e s h o r t e r than t h e l e a v e s . 

Each f l o w e r has a h a i r y f o u r - l o b e d c a l y x . 

The stamens a r e d i a d e l p h o u s and t h e ovary 

i s t a p e r i n g s t r u c t u r e , covered w i t h s h i n y 

brown s i l k y h a i r s . The pods a r e s t r a i g h t , 

c o n s t r i c t e d . The seeds a r e r o u n d i s h , 

r e d d i s h - b r o w n i n c o l o r b u t v a r y i n g from 

fawn t o p u r p l e . There i s a w h i t e e l l i p t i 

c a l h i l u m , and g e r m i n a t i o n i s h y p o g e a l . 

CONFODONTIS, V . G . 1957. 

Cajanus oajan L. Senckenberg. B i o l . 

3 8 ( 5 - 6 ) : 4 0 5 - 4 1 5 . "366 

DATTA, P . C . , and ARATI DEB. 1970. 

F l o r a l b i o l o g y of Cajanus oajan ( L i n n ) 

M i l l s p . v a r . bicolor. D.C. ( P a p i l i o n a c e a e ) . 

B u l l . B o t . Soc. B e n g a l . 2 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 

135-145. 367 

I n the two v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , f l o w e r i n g 

p e r i o d appeared to be i n f l u e n c e d by weather 

c o n d i t i o n s . Many f l o w e r s f a l l o f f b y 

a b s c i s s i o n in t h e 4 days between a n t h e s i s 

and f r u i t s e t t i n g . A h i g h percentage o f 

cleistogamous f l o w e r s were found e a r l y i n 

the f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d . F e r t i l i z a t i o n occurs 

5 hours a f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n and t h i s l o n g 

p e r i o d may e x p l a i n t h e l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n 

o f f l o w e r s f a i l i n g t o f o r m f r u i t s . 

DE, D.N. 1976. 

O r i g i n , e v o l u t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 

Cajanus and Phaseolus: Western Ghats as a 

m i c r o c e n t r e ( A b s t r a c t ) . I n d i a n J . Genet. 

P1. B r e e d . 36(1) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 368 

A s t u d y of Cajanus and i t s m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y 

and t a x o n o m i c a l l y c l o s e s t r e l a t i v e Atyloeia 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t an e r e c t form of Atyloeia 

has g i v e n r i s e to the c u l t i v a t e d Cajanus. 

A s t u d y of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the 25 known 

s p e c i e s o f A t y l o s i a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e 

f o r e s t o f t h e Upper Western Ghats i n I n d i a 

i s t h e c e n t e r o f o r i g i n o f Cajanus. 

DE CANDOLLE, A . P . (EDITORS). 1886. 

O r i g i n o f c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s (2nd e d ) . 

New Y o r k : H a f n e r . 1959. 369 

DURGA PRASHAD, M.M.K., and B . L . NARASIMHA 

MURTHY. 1963. 

Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on a n t h e s i s and p o l l i n a 

t i o n in r e d gram {Cajanus oajan). Andhra 

A g r i c . J . 1 0 : 1 6 1 - 1 6 7 . 370 

Flower buds a t t a i n e d f u l l development i n t o 

f l o w e r in 19 days. Flowers opened between 

35° and 44 C, t h e maximum number opening 

between 43° and 44°C. The maximum d e h i s 

cence of a n t h e r s was between 38° and 40°C. 

T h r i p s seem to be the agent f o r s e l f - 

p o l l i n a t i o n i n t h i s c r o p ; i n s e c t s such a s 

b l i s t e r b e e t l e s and honey bees v i s i t i n g 

a f t e r t h e f l o w e r opens a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 

c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n t o a l i m i t e d e x t e n t . 

A f t e r p o l l i n a t i o n i t took 3 5 days f o r 

m a t u r a t i o n o f the p o d .

Botany 

DUTH1E, J . F . , and J. FULLER. 1883. 

F i e l d and garden crops o f t h e N o r t h Western 

p r o v i n c e s and Oudh, 2. Roorkee, I n d i a . 

p p . 2 0 - 2 2 . 371 

The f o r m Cajanus f l a v u s is known under t h e 

name t u r and i s commonly c u l t i v a t e d i n 

Madhya P r a d e s h , w h i l e C. b i c o l o r is t h e 

a r h a r o f U t t a r P r a d e s h . 

F.A.O. 1959. 

T a b u l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t r o p i c a l and s u b 

t r o p i c a l g r a i n legumes. Rome: FAO. 

PP 4 5 - 6 2 . 372 

I n c l u d e s i n f o r m a t i o n o n d i f f e r e n t aspects 

of p i g e o n p e a , such as o r i g i n , common names, 

and u s e s . 

GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. 1969. 

V a r i a b i l i t y s t u d i e s i n a r h a r ( P i g e o n p e a ) . 

Ranchi A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 4 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 373 

I n t r i a l s w i t h 1 0 pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s , 

t h e r e was a wide range of p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a 

t i o n i n t h e number o f l e a v e s , p o d s , and 

seeds per p l a n t and i n p l a n t h e i g h t and 

seed y i e l d per p l a n t ; a narrow range i n 

the number o f t o t a l and f r u i t i n g branches 

per p l a n t , pod l e n g t h , number of seeds per 

p o d , and 100-seed w e i g h t . E n v i r o n m e n t a l 

f a c t o r s had the g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e on seed 

y i e l d / p l a n t . 

A number of s t r a i n s of pigeonpea occur in 

the i s l a n d s . The f l o w e r c o l o r of the seven 

common s t r a i n s i s y e l l o w , b u t t h a t o f o t h e r 

s t r a i n s i s r e d d i s h . The seed c o l o r v a r i e s 

from n e a r l y w h i t e to dark b r o w n . The 

s t r a i n s a l s o d i f f e r g r e a t l y i n t h e i r growth 

h a b i t s and seed p r o d u c t i o n . Development of 

a s t r a i n b e t t e r adapted to g r a z i n g would be 

most advantageous. 

HUTCHINSON, J . B . (EDITOR). 1967. 

Key t o the f a m i l i e s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s o f 

the w o r l d . London: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y 

P r e s s . 377 

HUTCHINSON, J . B . (EDITOR). 1974. 

E v o l u t i o n a r y s t u d i e s i n w o r l d c r o p s . 

D i v e r s i t y and changes in t h e I n d i a n subc 

o n t i n e n t . London: Cambridge U n i v . P r e s s . 

175 p p . 378 

This book, developed from a symposium h e l d 

a t I A R I , New D e l h i i n 1970, i s a n account 

o f t h e e v o l u t i o n o f crops i n t h e I n d i a n 

s u b c o n t i n e n t and c o n s i s t s o f f i v e p a r t s . 

P a r t 3, "Crops of South A s i a and A f r i c a , " 

i n c l u d e s a chapter on pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan) by D.N. De. P a r t 5, e n t i t l e d 

" R e v i e w , " i n c l u d e s two c h a p t e r s by J . B . 

H u t c h i n s o n o n "Crop P l a n t E v o l u t i o n i n the 

I n d i a n s u b c o n t i n e n t " and on "The Challenge 

of the New A g r i c u l t u r e . " 

GOPINATH, D.M. 1945. 

Cleistogamy i n some o f t h e f l o w e r s o f 

Cajanus i n d i c u s L . C u r r . S c i . 4 1 : 7 4 . 374 

The f l o w e r s of Cajanus a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be 

chasmogamic, h a v i n g such i n s e c t v i s i t o r s a s 

Megachile lanata and Apis florea. A n t h e s i s 

takes p l a c e 24 hours b e f o r e the opening of 

the f l o w e r s . From September to November 

the percentage o f e c o l o g i c a l c l e i s t o g a m i c 

f l o w e r s goes up to 80 . The e x a c t edaphic 

f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r such a f e a t u r e have 

n o t been d e t e r m i n e d . 

HECTOR, J . M . 1936. 

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o the botany o f f i e l d c r o p s . 

V o l . I I . Noncereals Johannesburg: C e n t r a l 

News Agency. 709 p p . 375 

Described Cajanus as a monotypic genus. 

HOSAKA, E . Y . , and J . C . RIPPERTON. 1944. 

Legumes i n t h e Hawaiian r a n g e s . H a w a i i 

A g r i c . Exp. Stn B u l l . 9 3 : 7 -79 ( 2 4 - 2 5 ) . 376 

The f o l l o w i n g aspects of pigeonpea a r e 

d e s c r i b e d b r i e f l y : H a b i t , s t e m , l e a f , 

s t i p u l e s , f l o w e r , s e e d , p o d , seed d i s t r i 

b u t i o n and h a b i t a t , i m p o r t a n c e , and uses. 

KAUL, C . L . , and S.P. SINGH. 1969. 

V a l i d i t y o f s t a i n t e s t s i n d e t e r m i n i n g 

p o l l e n v i a b i l i t y o f some p a p i l i o n a c e o u s 

p l a n t s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 39: 

1050-1055. 379 

P o l l e n g r a i n s o f e i g h t species b e l o n g i n g t o 

seven genera of P a p i l i o n a c e a e were s t u d i e d 

and scored f o r v i a b i l i t y . N i t r o - B T - 

s t a i n e d , g e r m i n a t e d , and a c e t o c a r m i n e - 

s t a i n e d p o l l e n samples were compared, 

because t h e v a l i d i t y o f the acetocarmine 

t e s t has been q u e s t i o n e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s . 

A h i g h l y p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between the 

t h r e e t e s t s suggests t h a t a l l o f them are 

r e l i a b l e i f f r e s h samples a r e used. But 

w i t h s t o r e d p o l l e n t h e t h r e e t e s t s sometimes 

showed marked v a r i a t i o n s . 

KRAUSS, F.G. 1 9 1 1 . 

Leguminous crops f o r H a w a i i . Hawaii A g r i c . 

Exp. Stn B u l l . 2 3 : 1 - 3 0 . ( 2 1 - 3 0 ) . 380 

Pigeonpea, commonly c a l l e d t h e P o r t o Rican 

p e a , a f t e r t h e source from which i t was 

f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d . I t s g e n e r a l p l a n t morphol 

o g y i s d e s c r i b e d . I t s uses a s c a t t l e 

f o r a g e , s o i l improver (due t o i t s l o n g 

s t r o n g tap r o o t s ) , cover c r o p , and green 

57


manure a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . Two v a r i e t i e s , 

o l d t y p e No. 218 and new type Mo. 219, a r e 


LACKEY, J . A . 1977. 

A r e v i s e d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t r i b e Phaseoleae, 

Leguminosae, Papilionideae and i t s 

r e l a t i o n t o canavanine d i s t r i b u t i o n . B o t . 

J . L i n n . Soc. 7 4 : 1 6 3 - 1 7 8 . 381 

NAIR, P . K . K . K . , and A. SEN. 1964. 

On t h e t i s s u e s in t h e p e t a l s of Cajanus 

cajan Spreng. C u r r . S c i . 3 3 ( 1 2 ) : 

376-377. 383 

The d i s t a l p a r t s o f a l l p e t a l s a r e membranous 

and are composed of e l o n g a t e d r e c t a n 

g u l a r c e l l s . Before t h e p e t a l comes o u t o f 

c a l y x , the spongy t i s s u e i n t h e wing i s 

u n i f o r m and no b a n d i n g o c c u r s . The spongy 

banded t i s s u e o n t h e a b a x i a l s i d e o f t h e 

wings may p o s s i b l y be t h e seat of n e c t a r 

i n Cajanus c a j a n , p r o v i d i n g easy access t o 

honey bees. 

OCHSE, J . J . 1 9 3 1 . 

Vegetables o f t h e Dutch East I n d i e s . 

E n g l i s h e d . B u i t e n z o r g . J a v a . 384 

Ochse g i v e s t h e Malayan name of pigeonpea 

as K a t j a n g , or K a t j a n g Kayoo; t h e Javanese 

and t h e Maduresi name as Goode, or K a t j a n g 

goode; and t h e Sudanese name as H e e r i s or 

K a t j a n g h e e r i s . He f u r t h e r n o t e s t h a t one 

becomes s l e e p y upon e a t i n g too many of the 

raw seeds, w h i c h may have s l i g h t l y n a r c o t i c 

p r o p e r t i e s . 

OZA, G.M. 1972. 

What is t h e n a t i v e home of t h e pigeonpea? 

I n d i a n F o r e s t e r : 9 8 ( 8 ) : 4 7 7 - 4 7 8 . 385 

This n o t e shows t h a t Cajanus c a j a n p r o b a b l y 

o r i g i n a t e d i n I n d i a . 

PURSEGLOVE, J.W. 1968. 

Cajanus c a j a n L. In T r o p i c a l c r o p s , d i c o 

t y l e d o n s . 2. London: Longman, 

p p . 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 . 386 

RANGASAMY, P . , R. VEERASWAMY, and 

C. RAMALINGAM. 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n f l o w e r i n g and pod s e t i n redgram 

( C a j a n u s c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras Agric. 

J . 6 2 ( 5 ) : 2 9 5 - 2 9 8 . 387 

F i v e v a r i e t i e s were s t u d i e d . S-41 gave t h e 

h i g h e s t pod s e t and Co-1 t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . 

The p o d - t o - g r a i n - w e i g h t r a t i o of S-31 was 

1 3 : 1 ; t h a t o f S-42 was 1 . 8 : 1 . S-42 had t h e 

h i g h e s t 1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t . 

ROYES, W.V. 1976. 

Pigeonpeas: Cajanus c a j a n (Leguminosae: 

p a p i l i o n a c e a e ) . In E v o l u t i o n of c r o p 

p l a n t s . N.W. Simmonds, E d . London: 

Longman p p . 154-156. 388 

SEN, N . K . , and I. MUKHOPADHYAY. 1 9 6 1 . 

S t u d i e s in embryo c u l t u r e of some p u l s e s . 

I n d i a n A g r i c . 5 : 4 3 - 5 6 . 389 

The embryonic axes of gram, a r h a r , and horse 

gram seeds c o u l d b e c u l t u r e d i n d i f f e r e n t 

n u t r i e n t media. Randolph's and W h i t e ' s 

media proved to be e q u a l l y good f o r t h e 

c u l t u r e o f a r h a r embryos. Supplementation 

o f the d i f f e r e n t media w i t h v i t a m i n B 

c o n t a i n i n g 1 ppm t h i a m i n , 5 ppm n i c o t i n i c 

a c i d , and 1 ppm p y r i d o x i n e , markedly 

i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f r o o t l e t s i n a l l 

t h e species and gave s t o u t e r s e e d l i n g s i n 

a r h a r and horse gram. A d d i t i o n o f n u t r i e n t 

s o l u t i o n t o the s o i l m i x t u r e a t the time o f 

t r a n s p l a n t a t i o n i s h i g h l y b e n e f i c i a l . 

SHAMA RAO, H . K . , and S. NARAYANASWAMY. 

1976. 

A n a t o m i c a l anomalies i n t i s s u e c u l t u r e - 

induced r o o t s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 

8 3 ( 5 ) : 2 0 7 - 2 0 9 . 390 

I n t e r n a l p e r t u r b a t i o n a s a r e s u l t o f i r r a 

d i a t i o n was marked in 10 K r - t r e a t e d r o o t s 

in which each xylem group was reduced to a 

s i n g l e metaxylem v e s s e l w i t h few or no 

p r o t o x y l e m e l e m e n t s , secondary growth was 

absent consequent on l o s s of cambium, and 

the phloem was t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o f i b r o u s 

t i s s u e . 

SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, H.K. SHARMA, and 

R.R. PARASHAR. 1 9 7 1 . 

P l a n t types i n a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) and t h e i r b e a r i n g o n v a r i e t a l 

improvement. SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 3 ( 2 ) : 

109-112. 391 

Pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t growing 

d u r a t i o n s can b e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o t a l l 

compact, t a l l open, medium h e i g h t compact, 

medium h e i g h t open, and dwarf bushy t y p e s . 

E a r l y t o medium-maturing v a r i e t i e s are gener 

a l l y medium h e i g h t open t y p e , w h i l e i n t h e 

l a t e group t a l l compact types p r e d o m i n a t e . 

Y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e 

spread of t h e p l a n t , number of secondary 

b r a n c h e s , e f f e c t i v e p o d - b e a r i n g l e n g t h , 

and pod n u m b e r / p l a n t . The a d a p t a b i l i t y of 

p l a n t types i n d i f f e r e n t growing c o n d i t i o n s 

i s d i s c u s s e d from t h e v i e w p o i n t o f 

s e l e c t i o n . 

58

Botany 

SHAW, F . J . F . 1934. 

Improved v a r i e t i e s o f crops produced a t 

P u s a ( T u r ) . A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k , I n d i a . 

4 ( 5 ) : 4 7 1 . 392 

E i g h t y - s i x types of t u r {Cajanus aajan) 

were i s o l a t e d a t ( o l d ) Pusa, I n d i a , and 

t e s t e d f o r y i e l d i n g a b i l i t y and r e s i s t a n c e 

t o w i l t d i s e a s e . Seven p r o m i s i n g types 

from them were r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n . 

Of these seven, y i e l d i n g 1,300 to 1,900 

1 b / a c (1,456 t o 2,128 k g / h a ) , t h r e e ( t y p e 

1 5 , 1 6 , and 51) were e r e c t l a t e t y p e s , and 

the r e s t ( t y p e 2 4 , 6 4 , 8 0 , and 82) were 

s p r e a d i n g l a t e . Types 1 6 , 5 1 , and 80 were 

w i l t r e s i s t a n t . M o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s 

o f t h e seven types a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

SHAW, F . J . F . , A . R . KHAN, and H. SINGH. 

1933. 

Studiee i n I n d i a n p u l s e s . ( 3 ) . The types 

of Cajanus indicus Spreng. I n d i a n J. 

A g r i c . S c i . 3 : 1 - 3 6 . 393 

General i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p o s s i b l e o r i g i n 

and c u l t i v a t i o n precedes a n o t e on p o l l i 

n a t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g t h e e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l 

c r o s s i n g ) as observed under c o n d i t i o n s in 

B i h a r and a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e morphol 

o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s w i t h a key t o t h e v a r i 

ous types and a l s o a d e s c r i p t i v e l i s t of 

8 6 o f them. The q u e s t i o n o f w i l t r e s i s 

tance i s touched upon. 

SHUKLA, S.P. 1967. 

On polyembryony in Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . S c i . C u l t . 3 3 ( 2 ) : 8 0 - 8 1 . 394 

The occurrence of more than one embryo in 

a s i n g l e seed and t h e i r subsequent growth 

i n t o e s t a b l i s h e d s e e d l i n g s was n o t i c e d i n 

Cajanus c a j a n . On t h e b a s i s of seed g e r 

m i n a t i o n , t h e frequency o f polyembryony 

r e c o r d e d was as much as 1.66%. Frequency 

of b i - and t r i - e m b r y o n a t e seeds was a l s o 

r e c o r d e d . There were i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e 

m i d d l e s e e d l i n g always dominates over 

l a t e r a l ones. 

SUBRAMANYAM, K. 1950. 

A n t h e s i s in Cajanus indicus Spreng. C u r r . 

S c i . 1 9 : 2 1 5 . 395 

I t i s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n o n 

a n t h e s i s i s o f importance i n crop b r e e d i n g . 

O b s e r v a t i o n s on a n t h e s i s in t h e C. indicus 

v a r i e t y 216-061 a r e r e p o r t e d . 

WENHOLZ, H. 1920. 

Pigeonpea. A g r i . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 1 ( 1 2 ) : 

888. 397 

Pigeonpea is a p e r e n n i a l summer legume t h a t 

grows q u i c k l y and reaches a h e i g h t of 6 or 

7 ft ( 1 . 8 to 2 . 1 m) at m a t u r i t y . The morphology 

o f the p l a n t i s d e s c r i b e d . The 

seed i s s i m i l a r i n appearance t o t h e grey 

f i e l d pea, w h i c h i s i n f a v o r f o r p i g e o n s , 

b u t which i s o n l y about h a l f the s i z e . Only 

the young growth and the leaves a r e s u i t a 

b l e f o r f o d d e r . The best use can be to 

p l a n t a hedge a l o n g a p o u l t r y or p i g e o n - 

y a r d , and a l l o w the seed to f a l l and be 

p i c k e d up by b i r d s . Owing to t h e s u c c u 

l e n c e of t h e young shoots and leaves the 

crop as a fodder is best used f o r g r a z i n g . 

A f a i r crop of seed is from 1 / 2 to 3/4 t o n 

per a c r e (1.12 to 1.7 m t / h a ) . 

WESTPHAL, E. 1974. 

Pulses i n E t h i o p i a , t h e i r taxonomy and 

a g r i c u l t u r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . Centre f o r 

A g r i c u l t u r a l P u b l i s h i n g and Documentation, 

Wageningen. 263 pp. ISBN. 9 0 . 220 

0 5 0 1 - 1 . 398 

Cajanus d e r i v e d from the Malay p l a n t name 

K a t j a n g by which some pod or bean is meant. 

I n f o r e i g n ears t h e word K a t j a n g sounded 

l i k e Cajan and t h i s v e r n a c u l a r name thus 

s p e l l e d was L a t i n i z e d as Cajanus. I t s 

taxonomy, e c o l o g y , husbandry, and uses are 


WHYTE, R.O. 1976. 

An e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the 

o r i g i n o f Asian food legumes. I n d i a n J . 

Genet. P1. Breed. 3 5 ( l ) : 6 1 - 6 8 . 399 

I t i s suggested t h a t i n c o n t i n e n t a l A s i a 

the change of leguminous herbs from a 

f o r m e r l y p r e d o m i n a n t l y p e r e n n i a l s t a t e t o 

communities c o n t a i n i n g a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n 

of annuals o r i g i n a l l y o c c u r r e d as an 

e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l s t r e s s 

caused by environments u n f a v o r a b l e to t h e 

p e r s i s t e n c e of t h e p e r e n n i a l s p e c i e s . The 

o p e r a t i v e f a c t o r s t h a t would have been 

i n v o l v e d in such a change are c o n s i d e r e d . 

VENKATESWARA RAO, P. 1973. 

Development and a n a t o m i c a l s t u d i e s i n 

Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . Ph.D. (1973) 

T h e s i s . Sardar P a t e l U n i v e r s i t y , V a l l a b h 

Vidyanagar, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 118 pp. 396 

59


B R E E D I N G 

ABODUNDE, S.O. 1965. 

I n t r o d u c t i o n o f p u l s e s from I n d i a t o 

N o r t h e r n N i g e r i a . Samaru A g r i c . N e w s l e t t e r . 

7 ( 3 ) : 4 0 - 4 2 . 400 

Pigeonpea s e l e c t i o n 1 1 4 1 , i n t r o d u c e d from 

Madras s t a t e ( I n d i a ) i n t o N i g e r i a , was 

grown i n o b s e r v a t i o n p l o t s . The s t r a i n i s 

d i f f e r e n t from t h e common N i g e r i a n v a r i e t y , 

w i t h a d u r a t i o n of 4 to 5 months. Crops of 

t h i s v a r i e t y c o u l d b e grown i n A p r i l o r i n 

J u l y . I n d i a n methods o f p r o c e s s i n g the 

seed i n t o s p l i t peas (Dhal) are d e s c r i b e d . 

ABRAMS, R., J. VELEZ-FORTUNO, and 

J. GARCIA LOPEZ. 1969. 

The i n t e r a c t i o n of v a r i e t y and environment 

i n pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) t r i a l s . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 5 3 ( l ) : 6 l - 6 6 . 404 

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h 

20 v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , 

over 3 c o n s e c u t i v e years at two l o c a t i o n s 

showed a c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f e c t of v a r i e t i e s 

o n y i e l d , date o f f l o w e r i n g , p l a n t h e i g h t , 

and seed w e i g h t . Data i n d i c a t e d t h a t 

performance o f v a r i e t i e s may b e s i g n i f i 

c a n t l y dependent on y e a r s , whereas no 

e f f e c t was observed f o r t h e l o c a t i o n s . 

This suggests t h a t v a r i e t a l i n t r o d u c t i o n 

o f t h i s crop should b e preceded b y r e p l i 

c a t i o n o f t e s t s over a t l e a s t 3 years t o 

o b t a i n r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n . 


S t u d i e s o n n a t u r a l cross p o l l i n a t i o n i n 

pigeonpeas ( C a j a n c a j a n ) . J . A g r i c . U n i v . 

P. R i c o . 5 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 2 1 . 401 

An average of 5.8% c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n took 

p l a c e between rows 8 f t . (2.44 m) a p a r t in 

Puerto R i c o . N o n a t u r a l h y b r i d s r e s u l t e d 

from p l a n t s a r t i f i c i a l l y s e l f e d and bagged. 

ABRAMS, R., and J. VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1 9 6 1 . 

R a d i a t i o n r e s e a r c h w i t h pigeonpeas (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) r e s u l t s on X 1 and X 2 g e n e r a t i o n s . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 4 5 ( 4 ) : 

197-204. 402 

I r r a d i a t i o n w i t h gamma rays exceeding 

16,000 roentgens or exposure to n e u t r o n s 

f o r more than 2 hours i m p a i r e d t h e v i a b i 

l i t y o f pigeonpea ( v a r i e t y K a k i ) seeds and 

reduced p l a n t h e i g h t i n t h e X 1 g e n e r a t i o n . 

The X 2 g e n e r a t i o n was c o n s i d e r a b l y more 

v a r i a b l e t h a n t h e p a r e n t v a r i e t y w i t h 

r e s p e c t t o p l a n t h e i g h t and t i m e o f 

f l o w e r i n g . 

ABRAMS, R., and VELEZ-FORTUNO. 1962. 

R a d i a t i o n r e s e a r c h w i t h pigeonpeas (Cajanus 

aajan): r e s u l t s on X 3 and X 4 g e n e r a t i o n s . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 4 6 ( 1 ) : 

3 4 - 4 2 . 403 

R a d i a t i o n by means of gamma rays and n e u 

t r o n s produced m u t a t i o n s i n p i g e o n p e a s , 

showing e a r l i e r and l a t e r f l o w e r i n g dates 

than t h e p a r e n t v a r i e t y . This c o u l d r e s u l t 

i n a n e x t e n s i o n o f the p r o d u c t i o n season i n 

P u e r t o R i c o . Y i e l d improvement was l a r g e 

enough t o b e d e t e c t e d i n t r i a l s w i t h modern 

d e s i g n s . Some of t h e g e n e t i c c h a r a c t e r i s 

t i c s c o u l d b e f i x e d b y repeated s i n g l e - 

p l a n t s e l e c t i o n . 


The gungo or pigeonpea. 

Soc. 39:330. 

Jamaica A g r i c . 

405 

The home of gungo or pigeonpea was in t h e 

E a s t , p r o b a b l y i n I n d i a , where i t i s 

e x t e n s i v e l y grown. I t i s now found througho 

u t the t r o p i c s . I n Jamaica, a l t h o u g h 

never grown on a l a r g e s c a l e , it is an 

a r t i c l e o f the d i e t . A s a f a i r l y h i g h 

percentage o f cross f e r t i l i z a t i o n takes 

p l a c e n a t u r a l l y , the i s o l a t i o n o f pure 

v a r i e t i e s i s l e s s simple than f o r o t h e r 

leguminous c r o p s . Some s u p e r i o r s t r a i n s 

e x i s t i n Jamaica, f o r example, v a r i e t i e s 

No-eye, Popus, Tamarind, and M i n t o . 


Changes in t h e nomenclature of improved 

v a r i e t i e s o f crops bred a t the I m p e r i a l 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e . Nagpur 

A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 . 406 

A l i s t of t h e o l d and new names of t h e 

v a r i e t i e s o f crops under d i s t r i b u t i o n i s 

g i v e n . For Rahar (C. cajan) t h e o l d and 

new names a r e as f o l l o w s : 

Old name 

New name 

Pusa Type 15 I . P . 15 

'' 24 '' 24 

'' 51 " 51 

'' 64 '' 64 

'' 80 '' 80 


Annual r e p o r t o f t h e I m p e r i a l C o u n c i l o f 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Research f o r 1942-43, New 

D e l h i . 407 

Improvement o f pigeonpea s t u d i e d ; s e l e c 

t i o n f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e was made and work 

s t a r t e d i n Madras f o r s e l e c t i n g h i g h - 

60

Breeding 

y i e l d i n g s t r a i n s . 


Progress r e p o r t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n t 

I n d u s t r y , I n d o r e , C e n t r a l I n d i a f o r t h e 

y e a r e n d i n g 31st May 1943. 408 

Cajanus indicus : The improved s t r a i n IP-15 

has been d e v e l o p e d , s u i t a b l e f o r Malwa, and 

f u r t h e r work i s b e i n g c a r r i e d out t o devel 

o p a b e t t e r s t r a i n . 


Progress r e p o r t o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n t 

I n d u s t r y , I n d o r e , C e n t r a l I n d i a , f o r the 

year ending 31st May, 1944. 32 p p . 409 

Cajanue indicus : Samples of l o c a l t u r 

(pigeonpea) c o l l e c t e d from v a r i o u s l o c a l i 

t i e s i n c e n t r a l I n d i a were t e s t e d a g a i n s t 

I n d o r e S e l e c t i o n No. 5 and E.R. 38 from 

the C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s ; I n d o r e S e l e c t i o n 

No. 5 showed a g e n e r a l s u p e r i o r i t y . 

I n d o r e No. 5 i s b e i n g m u l t i p l i e d f o r 

d i s t r i b u t i o n . 


I n d i a , U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s , Annual A d m i n i s 

t r a t i o n Report o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e D e p a r t 

ment, f o r the year e n d i n g 3 0 t h June, 

1945. A l l a h a b a d . 86 pp. 410 

Work on p u l s e s i n v o l v e d Cajanus c a j a n a l s o . 

About 600 s e l e c t i o n s , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n a l l - 

I n d i a c o l l e c t i o n o f C . c a j a n v a r i e t i e s , 

were s t u d i e d and some types promised 

s p e c i a l w i l t r e s i s t a n c e , h a r d i n e s s , and 

h i g h y i e l d . 


Annual A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report of the D e p a r t 

ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i t e d P r o v i n c e s , f o r 

the year 1946-47: 83 pp. 411 

V a r i e t a l t r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s have 

enabled c e r t a i n improved seed types to be 

recommended and d i s t r i b u t e d to v a r i o u s 

r e s e a r c h s t a t i o n s i n I n d i a and a b r o a d . 


A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f 

A g r i c u l t u r e , T r i n i d a d and Tobago, f o r t h e 

year ended 30th J u n e , 1952. 54 p p . 

(Mimeographed). 412 

Other c r o p s : S e l e c t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n - 

pea i s i n p r o g r e s s . 


Improved crop v a r i e t i e s and t h e i r y i e l d s . 

I n d i a n Fmg 1 5 : 3 5 - 3 8 . 413 

Some improved v a r i e t i e s of crop p l a n t s 

evolved b y the IARI a r e g i v e n . I n p i g e o n - 

pea t h e v a r i e t i e s l i s t e d are NP(WR)15 and 

NP(WR)18; b o t h are l a t e m a t u r i n g , h i g h 

y i e l d i n g , and w i l t r e s i s t a n t . 


New v a r i e t y of pigeonpea. Farmer, K i n g 

s t o n , Jam. 7 1 ( 9 - 1 0 ) : 2 1 3 - 2 1 5 . 414 

Pigeonpea growing i n Jamaica i s b e i n g 

promoted through t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and 

development o f b e t t e r v a r i e t i e s . The 

P u e r t o Rican v a r i e t y Kaki proved to be the 

h i g h e s t y i e l d e r , another p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y 

b e i n g No-eye from S t . Thomas, which commands 

a premium because of e x c e l l e n t f l a v o r and 

h i g h s u i t a b i l i t y f o r c a n n i n g . One o f the 

l o c a l l y found v a r i e t i e s i s a v e r y l a r g e - 

seeded type and t h e o t h e r i s capable o f 

p r o d u c i n g pods throughout the y e a r . 


Pulse v a r i e t i e s developed a t I A R I . I n d i a n 

Fmg 2 1 ( 1 0 ) : 4 7 . 415 

Three a r h a r v a r i e t i e s , Pusa A g e t i , Mukta, 

and Sharda are r e l e a s e d . Pusa A g e t i has 

dwarf p l a n t s , c l u s t e r e d pods. I t s seeds 

are s h i n y brown, b o l d , and a t t r a c t i v e . 

Being e a r l y m a t u r i n g , i t escapes f r o s t . 

Mukta matures in about 170 d a y s , has 

f a i r l y wide a d a p t a b i l i t y , and i s r e s i s t a n t 

t o w i l t . Sharda i s medium t a l l , s e m i - 

s p r e a d i n g , matures in about 165 to 170 

d a y s . I t i s best s u i t e d a s a h i g h - y i e l d i n g 

r a i n f e d c r o p . 


P a r t i c u l a r s of new s t r a i n s of crops approved 

f o r r e l e a s e b y t h e f i f t h meeting o f t h e 

S t a t e Seed Committee on 2 4 . 1 1 . 1 9 7 0 . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 5 8 ( 2 ) : 5 1 - 5 3 . 416 

The r e d gram s e l e c t i o n 1 1 4 1 , s i n c e proposed 

f o r r e l e a s e as CO-1, is nonseason bound, 

w i t h a s h o r t d u r a t i o n o f 4 1 / 2 months. I t i s 

s u i t a b l e f o r growing e i t h e r as a pure or a 

m i x t u r e crop b o t h under i r r i g a t e d and 

u n i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s . A s a n u n i r r i g a t e d 

c r o p , i t equals SA-1 i n y i e l d b u t i s 

s h o r t e r i n d u r a t i o n . I t i s s u i t e d t o t h e 

whole o f T a m i l Nadu f o r growing a l l 

t h r o u g h t h e y e a r . 


New redgrams y i e l d more in l e s s t i m e . 

I n t e n s i v e A g r i c . 1 0 ( 3 ) : 6 . 417 

Pusa A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta a r e b e t t e r 

v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram t h a n t h e e x i s t i n g 

ones. T h e i r c u l t i v a t i o n , f e r t i l i z a t i o n , 

w e e d i n g , and p e s t c o n t r o l are d i s c u s s e d . 

61



A n o t e on r e q u i r e d legume r e s e a r c h . PAG 

B u l l . 3 ( 4 ) : 1 1 - 1 4 . 418 

The importance of g r a i n legumes is emphas 

i z e d . For i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t i v i t y 

t h e f o l l o w i n g aspects a r e d i s c u s s e d : 

( i ) i n c r e a s i n g t h e g e n e t i c p o t e n t i a l o f 

seed y i e l d , ( i i ) i m p r o v i n g p h o t o s y n t h e t i c 

e f f i c i e n c y , ( i i i ) i m p r o v i n g t h e s i n k 

p o t e n t i a l , ( i v ) i m p r o v i n g t h e n u t r i t i o n 

o f p u l s e c r o p s , (v) i m p r o v i n g t h e n u t r i t i v e 

v a l u e of p u l s e c r o p s , ( v i ) agronomic management 

and p l a n t p r o t e c t i o n , ( v i i ) c o l l e c t i o n , 

assessment, and maintenance of germplasm. 


Co.1 redgram - a new s h o r t - d u r a t i o n and 

h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t y . Fm News 2 ( 2 ) : 

2 1 . 419 

T h i s v a r i e t y y i e l d s up to 1,600 k g / h a and 

i s ready f o r h a r v e s t i n g i n 135 t o 140 days 

a f t e r s o w i n g , w h i c h is 6 to 10 weeks 

e a r l i e r than many o t h e r v a r i e t i e s . C o . l 

i s s u i t a b l e f o r growing w i t h A r a c h i s 

hypogaea, i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h i n p r o t e i n , 

and has an a t t r a c t i v e f l a v o r when cooked. 


Improved a r h a r evolved at JNKVV Campus, 

J a b a l p u r . Mod. A g r i c . 5 ( 1 ) : 9 4 . 420 

Most a v a i l a b l e a r h a r v a r i e t i e s are l a t e 

m a t u r i n g , w i t h low y i e l d p o t e n t i a l . T o 

e l i m i n a t e these s h o r t c o m i n g s , an attempt 

was made at JNKW, J a b a l p u r , I n d i a , d u r i n g 

1971-1972 to i s o l a t e a d e s i r e d mutant from 

r a d i a t i o n t r e a t m e n t . The mutant recovered 

had much b i g g e r pods, l a r g e r f l o w e r s , 

and l a r g e r seeds as compared to t h e normal 

d i p l o i d , T - 2 1 . The m u t a n t , besides m a t u 

r i n g e a r l i e r , gave h i g h e r y i e l d s t h a n T - 2 1 . 


U.S. Agency f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development, 

O f f i c e o f A g r i c u l t u r e . T e c h n i c a l A s s i s 

tance Bureau. I n t e r n a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Research Network in Grain Legumes. 

6 : 1 1 . 421 

The d i f f e r e n t aspects o f improvement i n 

g r a i n legumes a r e d i s c u s s e d . 


Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y develops e a r l y m a t u 

r i n g v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmr 

D i g e s t . 9 ( 8 ) : 7 - 8 . 422 

The e a r l y s t r a i n s , Pant A - 1 , A - 2 , A-3 and 

UPAS-120 are a l s o h i g h - y i e l d i n g , escape 

f r o s t damage, and can be h a r v e s t e d by t h e 

f i r s t week o f November. S u i t a b l e f o r 

arhar-wheat r o t a t i o n under normal weather 

c o n d i t i o n s . 

ARIYANAYAGAM, R.P. 1976. 

O u t - c r o s s i n g and i s o l a t i o n i n pigeonpeas. 

T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 1 4 - 1 7 . 423 

Using marker p l a n t s , the degree o f o u t 

c r o s s i n g was measured in a pigeonpea popul 

a t i o n . O u t c r o s s i n g was l i k e l y t o occur 

w i t h a 3% p r o b a b i l i t y beyond 43 ft (13 m); 

seeds h a r v e s t e d from w i t h i n t h i s d i s t a n c e 

should conform t o s t a n d a r d p u r i t y r e q u i r e 

ments. I t was recommended t h a t i n a d j a c e n t 

p l o t s of two c u l t i v a r s , 27 ft ( 8 . 2 m) of 

guard rows i n each a d j o i n i n g p l o t would 

p r o v i d e a n adequate b a r r i e r . 

BADAMI, V . K . 1936. 

Improvement of crops in Mysore (A r e v i e w of 

t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s ' w o r k ) . J . Mysore A g r i c . 

E x p l . Union 1 7 : 1 1 3 - 1 3 7 , 190-207. 424 

The present area under t o g a r i (Cajanus 

indicus) needs to be t r i p l e d or t h e y i e l d 

r a i s e d by 300%, to meet t h e requirement of 

pulses of t h e s t a t e . Pusa s e l e c t i o n s have 

g i v e n h i g h y i e l d s . T-51 has g i v e n the 

h i g h e s t y i e l d of 800 l b s per acre (896 k g / 

h a ) ; T-41 and T-16 come next w i t h y i e l d s of 

666 and 533 l b s per acre (745 and 597 k g / 

h a ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The o t h e r types T - 8 0 , 

T - 8 2 , and T-50 have a l s o been t e s t e d . Some 

of these produce heavy tonnage of green 

m a t t e r and a r e w e l l s u i t e d as green manures, 

e s p e c i a l l y where the sannhemp crop is b a d l y 

a t t a c k e d by m o t h . 

BHARGAVA, R.N. 1975. 

Two new v a r i e t i e s of arhar f o r B i h a r . 

I n d i a n Fmg 25(1) : 2 3 . 425 

Cajanus cajan Kanke-9, d e r i v e d from a cross 

between BR-60 and p e r e n n i a l C. c a j a n , is a 

s e m i e r e c t , medium-maturing, h i g h - y i e l d i n g 

v a r i e t y o f good cooking q u a l i t y . I t i s 

r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum. Kanke-3 is a 

s e l e c t i o n from a cross between BR-183 and 

p e r e n n i a l C. c a j a n and has a bushy, s p r e a d 

i n g h a b i t . I t matures s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r 

than Kanke-9 and is of go d c o o k i n g q u a l 

i t y . I t i s h i g h - y i e l d i n g and m o d e r a t e l y 

r e s i s t a n t to F. udum and f r o s t . 

BHASKARAN, K. 1954. 

Crops and crop improvement in Hyderabad. 

A g r i c . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v . 1 : 

6 0 - 6 3 . 426 

Tur (Cajanus cajan) which is b e l i e v e d to 

have o r i g i n a t e d i n A f r i c a , has been under 

l a r g e - s c a l e c u l t i v a t i o n f o r a l o n g t i m e . 

62

B r e e d i n g 

Two w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s of t u r , C-11 and 

C-26, have been r e l e a s e d f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n 

t o f a r m e r s . 

BRESSANI, R., and L.G. ELIAS. 1977. 

T e n t a t i v e n u t r i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e 

major f ood crops f o r p l a n t breeders p p . 

5 1 - 6 1 . In N u t r i t i o n a l standards and 

methods of e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume 

b r e e d e r s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Working Group 

on n u t r i t i o n a l standards and methods of 

e v a l u a t i o n f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . IDRC 

P u b l . TS7e. 427 

S e l e c t i o n of good crops must be based on 

p r o d u c t i o n / h e c t a r e a s t h e f i r s t component 

o f p r o d u c t i v i t y , m o d i f i e d b y t h e n u t r i 

t i o n a l q u a l i t y , and f i n a l l y b y a t e c h n o l o 

g i c a l i n d e x . The aspects discussed i n c l u d e : 

v a r i a b i l i t y i n n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t , food 

consumption p a t t e r n s , n u t r i t i o n a l charact 

e r i s t i c s o f c e r e a l g r a i n s and legume 

f o o d s , approach t o a r r i v i n g a t n u t r i t i o n a l 

s t a n d a r d s , t h e i n c r e a s e d i n t a k e of legume 

g r a i n s a t t h e expense o f c e r e a l g r a i n s , and 

proposed p r o t e i n and amino a c i d l e v e l s i n 

some b a s i c f o o d s . 

BURNETT, F. 1949. 

Report o n A g r i c u l t u r e i n Malaya f o r t h e 

y e a r 1947. Kuala Lumpur, 1949. 86 pp. 428 

P l a n t i n t r o d u c t i o n s i n c l u d e d Cajanus c a j a n . 

These are d e s c r i p t i o n s of e n t o m o l o g i c a l 

and p a t h o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . 

CAMPBELL, J . S . , and H . J . GOODING. 1962. 

Recent developments i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f 

f o o d crops i n T r i n i d a d . T r o p . A g r i c . 

T r i n . 3 9 : 2 6 1 - 2 7 0 . 429 

A review of s e l e c t i o n and b r e e d i n g work on 

pigeonpea, dasheen, yam, and o t h e r food 

c r o p s . 

CHANDRA, T . , B.K. TRIPATHI, and R.P. KATIYAR. 

1975. 

Genetic v a r i a b i l i t y , h e r i t a b i l i t y and genet 

i c advance o f y i e l d and i t s components i n 

Arhar (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 


6 : 9 5 - 9 9 . 430 

Among 23 s t r a i n s of a r h a r , a wide range of 

p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was observed i n a l l 

t h e p l a n t c h a r a c t e r s except pod l e n g t h and 

number of seeds per p o d . A h i g h g e n o t y p i c 

c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y was e x h i b i t e d 

by y i e l d per p l a n t , number of p r i m a r y and 

secondary b r a n c h e s , and number of days to 

f l o w e r i n g . H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s were 

h i g h f o r a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s except number 

of seeds per pod. Number of days to f l o w e 

r i n g and number of p r i m a r y and secondary 

branches w i t h h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y were a l s o 

l i n k e d w i t h h i g h g e n e t i c g a i n , p r o b a b l y due 

t o a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s . 

CHATURVEDI, S . N . , and R.P. SHARMA. 1978. 

EMS-induced s t e r i l e mutants i n redgram. 

C u r r . S c i . 47(5) :173-174. 431 

S i x m a l e - s t e r i l e mutants o b t a i n e d i n t h e 

M 2 g e n e r a t i o n from 0.2% EMS t r e a t m e n t were 

c l a s s i f i e d i n t o two g r o u p s : TSM ( T a l l 

s t e r i l e mutant) and SSM (Spreading s t e r i l e 

m u t a n t ) . The f l o w e r i n g on these mutants 

was l a t e by n e a r l y two months. The f l o w e r 

s t r u c t u r e s were m o d i f i e d i n t o a cone. None 

of these mutants produced any f r u i t due to 

the h i g h degree o f p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y 

(78.06 to 92.13%). 

CHAVAN, V . M . , N.B. KAJJARI, F.B. KURTAKOTI, 

and V.K. ANGADI. 1957. 

Improved t u r s t r a i n s f o r Dharwar D i s t r i c t . 

Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 7 ( 4 ) : 

251-253. 432 

C u l t u r e s T-136-1 and 24 have g i v e n 33% 

h i g h e r g r a i n y i e l d than t h e l o c a l check. 

The s t a n d , b r a n c h i n g , and b e a r i n g h a b i t of 

the new s t r a i n s were good. Besides h e i g h t , 

number of branches are a l s o t a b u l a t e d . 

CHOPDE, P.R. 1969. 

Mutagenic e f f e c t s o f X-ray i r r a d i a t i o n o n 

Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . MKV A g r i c . 

C o l l . P a r b h a n i . 433 

DECORY, R. 1963. 

P l a n t s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o Madagascar and 

l o c a l toponymy. ( F r e n c h ) . J . A g r i c . T r o p . 

B o t . A p p l . 1 0 ( 5 - 7 ) : 2 0 4 - 2 1 8 . 434 

T h i s annotated l i s t o f p l a n t s i n c l u d e s : 

r i c e , maize, Colocasia antiquarian, Cannabis 

indica, Voandzeia subterranea, g r o u n d n u t , 

Cajanus indicus, Lablab vulgaris, Manihot 

utilissima, and Ipomoea batatas. 

DESHPANDE, R . B . , L.M. JESWANI, and A . B . J 0 S H I . 

1963. 

Breeding o f w i l t r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f 

pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 

2 3 : 5 7 - 6 3 . 435 

The v a r i e t y N P - 5 1 , which i s l a r g e - s e e d e d 

and r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum, was crossed 

w i t h t h e h i g h - y i e l d i n g NP-24; t h i s r e s u l t e d 

i n f o u r p r o m i s i n g h y b r i d s o f which NP(WR)- 

1 5 gave h i g h y i e l d s a t s i x s t a t i o n s . I n 

o r d e r t o i n c o r p o r a t e e a r l i n e s s w i t h w i l t 

r e s i s t a n c e , NP-51 was crossed w i t h T-132 

63

Pigeonpea 


and B r a z i l i a n and Jamaican v a r i e t i e s were 

a l s o crossed w i t h NP-41 and NF(WR)-15, and 

p r o m i s i n g l i n e s have been o b t a i n e d . 

DHARMAPAL SINGH, and J . M . SAHAI. 1958. 

A new gram and a new a r h a r f o r U.P. 

f a r m e r s . I n d i a n Fmg 8 ( 1 ) : 1 5 - 1 6 . 436 

Type 105 ( a r h a r ) is a t a l l , s p r e a d i n g 

v a r i e t y , l a t e m a t u r i n g and t a k i n g 140 days 

to f l o w e r . The seed is medium-sized and 

brown. Y i e l d s 1,800 t o 2,200 k g / h a . 

Matures 10 days e a r l i e r than Type 1 7 . 

ESH, G . C . , T . S . DE, and U.P. BASU. 1959. 

I n f l u e n c e o f g e n e t i c s t r a i n and e n v i r o n 

ment o n t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f p u l s e s . 

Science 129:148-149. 437 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s on Cajanus cajan, Cicer 

arietinum, Phaseolus aureus, Ph. mungo, 

Vigna sinensis, Lens esculenta, Lathyrus 

sativus and Pisum sativum at the Bengal 

Immunity Research I n s t i t u t e , C a l c u t t a , 

showed b o t h s t r a i n and l o c a l i t y t o b e 

i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t . 

F.A.O. 1975. 

Report of t h e TAC w o r k i n g group on t h e 

b i o l o g y o f y i e l d o f g r a i n legumes. Rome: 

FA0. 438 

Discusses p r o d u c t i v i t y o f g r a i n legumes, 

p l a n t a r c h i t e c t u r e and y i e l d , p h o t o s y n t h e 

s i s , f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 

and o t h e r r e l a t e d a s p e c t s . 

FENNELL, M.A. 1963. 

Present s t a t u s o f r e s e a r c h o n e d i b l e l e g u 

mes i n Western N i g e r i a . P r o c . F i r s t N i g e 

r i a n G r a i n Legume Conf. 1963:16-29 p p . 439 

Progress i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f l o c a l and 

i n t r o d u c e d v a r i e t i e s of Vigna c a p e n s i s , 

g r o u n d n u t , Cajanus c a j a n , Phaseolus c o c c i - 

neus, Ph. lunatus and soybean is r e p o r t e d . 

Hope 5989 is a v a r i e t y of Cajanus c a j a n 

f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i t h t o l e r a n c e t o 

Meloidogyne, 

GOODING, H . J . 1960. 

Some problems of pigeonpea improvement. 

J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 60(3) :321-328. 440 

The work done in T r i n i d a d on pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus) improvement b e f o r e 1937 

is r e v i e w e d . In 1956, a f r e s h s t a r t was 

made, t h e program b e i n g d i r e c t e d towards 

t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f green pods. I t aims a t 

o b t a i n i n g dwarf and semidwarf s t r a i n s 

which are e a r l y b e a r e r s and produce a l l 

t h e i r pods w i t h i n a s h o r t i n t e r v a l , and 

which a r e to a marked e x t e n t independent 

of the sowing d a t e . The paper r e p r e s e n t s ' 

t h e t e x t of a l e c t u r e . 

GOUD, J . V . , and R.V. LAKSHMI. 1972. 

S.5 a p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t y of r e d gram f o r 

d r y l a n d . C u r r . Res. 1 ( 6 ) : 4 4 . 441 

S-5 gave a y i e l d of 839 k g / h a . It is a 

bushy, dwarf p l a n t t y p e , s u i t e d t o h i g h 

p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y , m a t u r i n g e a r l i e r than 

the l o c a l v a r i e t y . I t c o u l d b e used f o r 

b o t h pure crop and mixed crop and s t i l l be 

a d j u s t e d to a m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g sequence 

even i n d r y l a n d s . 

GOVANDE, G.K. 1950. 

New s t r a i n s of p u l s e s and m i l l e t s in Baroda 

S t a t e . I n d i a n Fmg 1 1 : 1 5 3 - 1 5 4 . 442 

The p u l s e s and l e s s e r m i l l e t s improvement 

scheme f o r Baroda in t h e year 1948-1949 

o b t a i n e d no c o n c l u s i v e r e s u l t s on Cajanus 

indicus. S e l e c t i o n s Dehgam 35 and V i j a p u r 

49 were p r o m i s i n g . 

HANDIQUE, L.K. 1 9 5 1 . 

Annual r e p o r t o f the Department o f A g r i c u l 

t u r e , Assam, f o r t h e year ending 31st March, 

1950. P a r t 1. 357 pp. 443 

Cajanus c a j a n : Many c u l t l v a r s i n t r o d u c e d 

from nearby I n d i a n States f o r i n c l u s i o n i n 

t h e b r e e d i n g program proved s u s c e p t i b l e t o 

Fusarium w i l t . From some 100 p r o m i s i n g 

s e l e c t i o n s , s e v e r a l t r u e - b r e e d i n g pure 

l i n e s were i s o l a t e d ; these combine desirable 

y i e l d c a p a c i t y and q u a l i t y w i t h w i l t 

r e s i s t a n c e . 

HAWTIN, G . C . , K.O. RACHIE, and J . M . GREEN. 

1977. 

Breeding s t r a t e g y f o r t h e n u t r i t i o n a l 

improvement of p u l s e s , pp. 4 3 - 5 0 . In 

N u t r i t i o n a l standards and methods of e v a 

l u a t i o n f o r food legume b r e e d e r s . I n t e r 

n a t i o n a l Working Group on N u t r i t i o n a l 

Standards and Methods of E v a l u a t i o n f o r 

Food Legume Breeders. IDRC P u b l . 

TS7e. 444 

The f o l l o w i n g aspects a r e d i s c u s s e d : 

b r e e d i n g o b j e c t i v e s , n u t r i t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s , 

s c r e e n i n g methods, g e n e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , 

g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n , e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y - i n d u c e d 

v a r i a t i o n , genotype x environment i n t e r 

a c t i o n s , h e r i t a b i l i t y , major genes, minor 

genes, l i n k a g e , t r a n s g r e s s i v e s e g r e g a t i o n , 

c o r r e l a t i o n , b r e e d i n g methods f o r n u t r i 

t i o n a l improvement, p o p u l a t i o n improvement, 

and f u t u r e t r e n d s i n n u t r i t i o n a l i m p r o v e 

ment. 

64

Breeding 

HOWARD, A . , G.L.C. HOWARD, and A.R. KHAN. 

1919. 

S t u d i e s i n t h e p o l l i n a t i o n o f I n d i a n c r o p s . 

I . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a . ( B o t . S e r . ) 

1 0 : 1 9 5 - 2 0 0 . 4 4 5 

A t the Pusa A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , 

i t was observed t h a t n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n 

pigeonpea occurs to the e x t e n t of 14%. 

HUTCHINSON, J . B . , and V.G. PANSE. 1936. 

The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f improved s t r a i n s o f 

crop p l a n t s i n c e n t r a l I n d i a , R a j p u t a n a : 

Cajanus indicus. A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k 

I n d i a . 6 : 3 9 7 - 4 3 2 . 446 

Summarizes r e s u l t s of 195 randomized r e p l i - 

cated t r i a l s w i t h 106 s t r a i n s o f d i f f e r e n t 

c r o p s , i n c l u d i n g t u r ( p i g e o n p e a ) , i n t h e 

seasons 1932-1935, at 42 c e n t e r s in 

C e n t r a l I n d i a and Rajputana ( R a j a s t h a n ) . 

The t u r ( A r h a r ) s t r a i n M a l v i i s recommended 

f o r J a i p u r , A l w a r , and D a t i a . I t i s c o n 

cluded t h a t l o c a l a d a p t a t i o n i s s t r o n g i n 

most, i f n o t a l l , o f t h e crops s t u d i e d , 

and t h a t t h e maximum crop improvement can 

be achieved by l o c a l b r e e d i n g w o r k . 

ICRISAT. 1974. 

Pigeonpea. At ICRISAT. J u l y / A u g / S e p t . 

2 - 3 . 447 

The b r e e d i n g - l i n e c o l l e c t i o n m a i n t a i n e d a t 

ICRISAT c o n t a i n s 3659 e n t r i e s . In 21 

crosses w i t h up to 1,000 p o l l i n a t i o n s per 

cross a maximum pod s e t of 4 2 . 1 % was 

r e c o r d e d . I n t e r a c t i o n s between p l a n t i n g 

d a t e and days to f l o w e r suggest t h a t o t h e r 

f a c t o r s are i n v o l v e d i n t h e p h o t o p e r i o d - 

f l o w e r i n g response. 

ICRISAT. 1974. 

Pigeonpea improvement. In ICRISAT Annual 

Report 1973-1974. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 

35-40. 448 

I I T A . 1973. 

G r a i n legume improvement program. In I I T A 

R e p o r t . I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . 78 p p . 449 

Cajanua: Of seven C. aajan l i n e s t e s t e d , 

3D-8111 (UC 5 5 4 3 - 1 ) , 3D-8127 (UC 1 3 8 1 - 1 ) , 

and 3D-8104 (UC 5103-1) a r e proposed f o r 

r e l e a s e . They a r e h i g h - y i e l d i n g , semidwarf 

(120-150 c m ) , o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n (106-140 

d a y s ) , and r e s i s t a n t t o most diseases i n 

I b a d a n . 

I I T A . 1975. 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f T r o p i c a l A g r i 

c u l t u r e ( I I T A ) Annual Report 1974. I b a d a n , 

N i g e r i a . 199 pp. 450 

Three h i g h - y i e l d i n g , e a r l y , semidwarf bush 

l i n e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . CITA-1 was masss 

e l e c t e d from TUC-5543 and has y e l l o w 

f l o w e r s and green pods. CITA-2, d e r i v e d 

from TUC-5103, has dark maroon-blotched 

pods and good d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e . CITA-3 

d e r i v e d from TUC-1463-1 i s e r e c t , b e a r i n g 

r e d - v e i n e d f l o w e r s and maroon-blotched 

green pods. A f a m i l y of soy types has been 

b r e d w i t h few or no b r a n c h e s , p r o f u s e 

f r u i t i n g on t h e main stem, and a h i g h l y 

d e t e r m i n a t e and b a s i p e t a l o u s h a b i t . 

INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 

1 9 3 1 . 

Work on Cajanua aajan at Pusa. S c l e n t . 

Rep. Imp. I n s t . A g r i c . Res. Pusa, 

1929-30, C a l c u t t a . 451 

The i m p e r i a l Economic B o t a n i s t r e p o r t s on 

the a t t e m p t t o o b t a i n w i l t - r e s i s t a n t 

s t r a i n s of rahar (C. aajan) and on the 

study o f t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f v a r i o u s c h a r a c 

t e r s such as f l o w e r , seed, and pod c o l o r ; 

pod h a b i t ; growth h a b i t , and immunity to 

w i l t disease i n t h i s s p e c i e s . 


1946. 

S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r the 

year ended 30 June, 1946. 109 pp. 452 

Cajanua aajan: Work on w i l t (Fusarium 

udum) r e s i s t a n c e was c o n t i n u e d . H y b r i d 

C 3 8 - 3 - 1 , from the cross between IP-24 and 

I P - 5 1 , appeared to be c o m p l e t e l y immune to 

a r t i f i c i a l i n f e c t i o n i n t h e f i e l d . IP-80 

and I P - 4 1 showed o n l y 1% l o s s . The 

e x i s t e n c e of d u p l i c a t e genes g o v e r n i n g the 

c h a r a c t e r s of t h e "Cawnpore" mutant was 

c o n f i r m e d . 


1947. 


t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r the 

year ended 30 June, 1947. 131 p p . 453 

Cajanus cajan: The F 3 of a c r o s s between 

NP-69 and Cawnpore-132 was s e l e c t e d f o r 

e a r l y m a t u r i t y , Fuasrium w i l t r e s i s t a n c e , 

and bold-seededness. NP types and o t h e r 

m a t e r i a l were t e s t e d f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . 

The i n h e r i t a n c e of t h e Cawnpore, bunchy, 

and s e p a l o i d mutants was s t u d i e d . The 

s e p a l o i d c h a r a c t e r depends upon s i n g l e 

p a i r s o f r e c e s s i v e genes, and i s c l o s e l y 

l i n k e d w i t h s i m p l e l e a f . 

65

Pigeonpea 



1948. 


t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r t h e 

year 1947-48. 182 pp. 454 

Cajanus c a j a n : C u l t u r e s of t h e pigeonpea 

were f u r t h e r s e l e c t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f 

r e s i s t a n c e to w i l t (Fusarium udum), m a t u 

r i t y and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s . Some o f t h e 

m a t e r i a l d e r i v e d from t h e crosses between 

NP-69 and NP-132 showed no w i l t i n f e c t i o n . 

In t h e Burma c o l l e c t i o n , New Era 40-6 was 

f r e e from w i l t disease a s i n t h e p r e v i o u s 

y e a r . Data f r o m t h e cross between normal 

p l a n t s and a mutant w i t h s i m p l e l e a v e s and 

s e p a l o i d f l o w e r s i n d i c a t e t h a t l e a f t y p e 

and f l o r a l c h a r a c t e r depend upon a s i n g l e 

gene p a i r . 


1954. 



years ended 3 0 t h June, 1952 and 1953. 

108 and 114 p p . 455 

Cajanus aajan: W i l t - r e s i s t a n t b u t , in most 

c a s e s , l a t e - m a t u r i n g , s e l e c t i o n s have been 

d e v e l o p e d , crosses are to be made w i t h an 

e a r l y m a t u r i n g B r a z i l i a n s t r a i n t o combine 

e a r l i n e s s and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . 


1956. 



y e a r ended 3 0 t h June, 1956. 142 pp. 456 

Pigeonpea-wilt i n c i d e n c e i n 6 4 e a r l y h i g h - 

y i e l d i n g l i n e s from NP-51 x UP-type 132, 

B r a z i l x N P - 4 1 , NP-51 x Jamaica 40-28B, 

and NP(WR)-15 x NP-51 ranged from 0.0 to 

10.2%. Some l i n e s y i e l d e d 30 to 100% more 

than t h e b e s t c o n t r o l . L i n e s from B r a z i l x 

NP-41 and NP-51 x Jamaica 40-28B e q u a l l e d 

EB-3 and EB-38 i n e a r l i n e s s . 

INDIAN COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 

1967. 

Regional Pulse Improvement Progress R e p o r t . 

5 : 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 . New D e l h i : ICAR. 457 

Experiments o n d i f f e r e n t aspects o f 

pigeonpea a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

J A I N , H.K. 1 9 7 1 . 

New p l a n t t y p e s i n p u l s e s . 

2 1 ( 8 ) : 9 - 1 0 . 


458 

Developments i n t h e improvement o f growth 

h a b i t and h a r v e s t i n d e x (economic y i e l d : 

t o t a l y i e l d ) a r e r e p o r t e d i n Cajanus c a j a n , 

Phassolus aureus, Vigna sinensis, Ph. mungo, 

and Lathyrus s a t i v u s . 

J A I N , H.K. 1972. 

Genetic improvement and p r o d u c t i o n p r o s 

p e c t s o f food legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . Res. 

Ser. 6 : 3 3 - 4 2 . 459 

New C. aajan v a r i e t i e s have been developed 

f o r c u l t i v a t i o n a t 72,000 p l a n t s / h a — a s 

a g a i n s t 35,000/ha f o r o l d e r v a r i e t i e s — 

w i t h growth p e r i o d s of 5 to 6 months and 

y i e l d s of 2,700 k g / h a . These i n c l u d e Pusa 

A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta. The y i e l d s and 

growth p e r i o d s o f r e c e n t l y developed 

v a r i e t i e s of Ciaer arietinum, C. aajan, 

Vigna mungo, V. vadiata, V. sinensis, and 

Lens escuulenta are t a b u l a t e d . 

J A I N , H.K. 1972. 

The p h i l o s o p h y and s o c i a l purpose of some 

r e c e n t p l a n t b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h . I n d i a n 

Fmg 2 2 ( 4 ) : 5 - 8 . 460 

Summarized b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h and new v a r i e 

t i e s o f s e v e r a l crops developed a t t h e 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e . 

Three r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d v a r i e t i e s o f 

Cajanus c c a j a n , m a t u r i t y 5 to 6 months, 

are Pusa A g e t i , Sharda, and Mukta. 

J A I N , H.K. 1976. 

Induced m u t a t i o n s and improved p l a n t types 

i n p u l s e s . E v a l u a t i o n o f seed p r o t e i n 

a l t e r a t i o n s b y m u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g . P a r t 3 . 

V i e n n a : IAEA. p. 209. 461 

M u t a t i o n s t u d i e s u s i n g i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n s 

and chemical mutagens have been in p r o g r e s s 

f o r pigeonpea and Vigna mungo. These have 

r e s u l t e d in the p r o d u c t i o n of a number of 

p l a n t t y p e s , m u t a n t s , and a l s o v a r i a b i l i t y 

of y i e l d components such as pod number, 

pod s i z e , seed s i z e , and number o f f r u i t i n g 

b r a n c h e s . 

J A I N , H.K. 1977. 

Development o f h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s o f 

p u l s e s : P e r s p e c t i v e , p o s s i b i l i t i e s , and 

e x p e r i m e n t a l approaches. P r o c . F i r s t 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 

13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, 

I n d i a . 177-188. 462 

Discusses t h e concept o f h a r v e s t i n d e x i n 

g r a i n legumes. New v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea 

and t h e i r m a t u r i t y aspect a r e a l s o d e s 

c r i b e d . 

66

Breeding 

JESWANI, L.M. 1968. 

Pulse p r o d u c t i o n i n I n d i a - Impact o f r e s e 

arch programs. J . P o s t g r a d . Sch. I A R I , 

D e l h i . 5 ( 2 ) : 1 9 6 - 2 0 1 . 463 

O u t l i n e s t h e importance o f p u l s e s , t h e i r 

a r e a , and p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . The 

b a s i c o b j e c t i v e o f the c o o r d i n a t e d p r o j e c t 

f o r t h e pulses i s t o c r e a t e genotypes 

s u p e r i o r to those now b e i n g grown by 

c u l t i v a t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t a g r o c l i m a t i c 

areas of t h e c o u n t r y . The g e n e r a l and 

s p e c i f i c problems i n d i f f e r e n t p u l s e crops 

a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . The immediate o b j e c 

t i v e o f t h e p u l s e improvement p r o j e c t i n 

I n d i a i s t o enhance c o n s i d e r a b l y t h e p r e 

s e n t low y i e l d s per h e c t a r e o f p u l s e c r o p s . 


Some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s on r e o r i e n t a t i o n of 

r e s e a r c h work on g e n e t i c improvement of 

p u l s e c r o p s . I n d i a n A g r i c . News D i g e s t 

2 ( 4 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 464 

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f problems i n p u l s e crop 

improvement has been s t r e s s e d . The p r o b 

lems are w e l l d e f i n e d and t h e s o l u t i o n s 

can be found through w e l l - p l a n n e d e x p e r i 

m e n t a l approaches. H i g h - y i e l d i n g , s h o r t - 

d u r a t i o n , d i s e a s e - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s t h a t 

f i t w e l l i n accepted c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s are 

to be d e v e l o p e d . 


V a r i e t a l improvement o f seed legumes i n 

I n d i a . Cicer arietinum. Cajanus aajan. 

Ph. aureus. Ph. mungo. p p . 9 - 1 8 . In P i r i e , 

N.W. ( E d . ) . I n t e r n a t i o n a l B i o l o g i c a l 

Programme. No. 4. Food p r o t e i n s o u r c e s . 

Cambridge: Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 

260 p p . 465 

JESWANI, L . M . , and P.H. VAN-SCHAIK. 1968. 

Coordinated p u l s e p r o j e c t - i t s p r o s p e c t s . 

I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 5 - 6 . 466 

Various aspects o f t h e p r o j e c t discussed 

a r e : Coordinated r e s e a r c h scheme, improved 

v a r i e t i e s , q u a l i t y f a c t o r s , and reasons 

f o r poor g r a i n y i e l d s o f legumes. Emphas 

i z e s t h a t s o l u t i o n s t o these d i f f i c u l t i e s 

can be found t h r o u g h a w e l l - p l a n n e d , w e l l - 

c o o r d i n a t e d , and w e l l - f i n a n c e d r e s e a r c h 

e f f o r t . 

JOSHI, S.N. 1968. 

Research in S t a t e s : G u j a r a t . I n d i a n Fmg 

1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 3 4 - 3 6 . 467 

Pigeonpea occupies 16% of t h e area under 

p u l s e s i n t h e S t a t e o f G u j a r a t . Tur 1 5 - 1 5 , 

a w h i t e - s e e d e d medium e a r l y v a r i e t y has 

been d e v e l o p e d . 

KADAM, B . S . , R.M. KULKARNI, and S.M. PATEL. 

1945. 

N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g in Cajanus aajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . i n t h e Bombay-Deccan. I n d i a n J . 

Genet. P1. B r e e d . 5 : 6 0 - 6 2 . 468 

Data are g i v e n on t h e e x t e n t of n a t u r a l 

c r o s s i n g in C. aajan. Under c o n d i t i o n s at 

t h e c e r e a l - b r e e d i n g s t a t i o n , N i p h a d , 15% 

c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n o c c u r r e d o n the a v e r a g e . 

KAUL, C . L . , and S.P. SINGH. 1967. 

S t a m i n a l and f u n c t i o n a l male s t e r i l i t y 

induced by chemical t r e a t m e n t in p a p i l i o - 

naceous p l a n t s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

3 7 ( 4 ) : 2 6 4 - 2 6 9 . 469 

Nondehiscence of anthers was observed in 

Cajanus cajan and o t h e r pulses t r e a t e d w i t h 

0.5 and 1.0% FW 450. Spraying of C. aajan 

and Crotolaria juncea w i t h 0.25 to 0.5% 

dalapon or 0.5 to 10% FW 450 r e s u l t e d in 

e x u d a t i o n o f p o l l e n cytoplasm i n - s l t u . Such 

t r e a t m e n t s may r e p l a c e hand e m a s c u l a t i o n . 

KELKAR, S . G . , and P.S. PANDYA. 1934. 

A new method of s e l f i n g " t u r " (Cajanus 

indicus) f l o w e r s . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

2 6 : 1 0 8 - 1 1 1 . 470 

A f t e r v a r i o u s methods were t r i e d and 

r e j e c t e d , a new t e c h n i q u e f o r s e l f i n g 

Cajanus indiaus by smearing t h e bud from 

the c a l y x t o the t i p o f the s t a n d a r d w i t h 

m e l t e d candle wax was found b e s t and is 

d e s c r i b e d h e r e . 

KHAN, T . N . 1973. 

A new approach to the b r e e d i n g of p i g e o n - 

pea (Cajanus cajan M i l l s p . ) : f o r m a t i o n of 

composites. E u p h y t i c a 2 2 ( 3 ) : 3 7 3 - 3 7 7 . 471 

I t i s suggested t h a t the h i g h p o t e n t i a l f o r 

cross p o l l i n a t i o n b e u t i l i z e d i n t h e format 

i o n of random-mating c o m p o s i t e s . A s i m p l e 

b r e e d i n g scheme based on such composites is 

proposed. 

KHAN, T . N . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1972. 

P r e l i m i n a r y e v a l u a t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f 

pigeonpea germplasm in Uganda. E. A f r . 

A g r i c . F o r . J . 3 8 ( l ) : 7 8 - 8 2 . 472 

I n t r i a l s i n 1969-1970, seed y i e l d s o f 

pigeonpea ranged from 0.89 t / h a f o r t h e 

l o c a l cv CIVEI to 1,225 t and 1.228 t / h a 

f o r l i n e s 16 and 9 5 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Seed 

y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t 

w i d t h , l e n g t h o f main b r a n c h , number o f 

pods per main branch and per p l a n t , 

t h r e s h i n g f a c t o r , and g r a i n : s t r a w r a t i o . 

67


KHAN, W.M.A., N. SIVASWAMY, and 

K.R. RAMASWAMY. 1973. 

S e n s i t i v i t y of t h e red gram (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) s t r a i n s t o d i f f e r e n t 

mutagens. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : 

406-407. 473 

Seeds were s u b j e c t e d to X - r a y s , e t h y l 

methane s u l f o n a t e (EMS) and d i e t h y l s u l f o 

nate (DES). S t r a i n SA-1 seems to be more 

t o l e r a n t to the mutagens than C o - 1 . DES 

beyond 0.25% k i l l e d the seeds c o m p l e t e l y . 

There were g e n e t i c d i f f e r e n c e s between the 

two s t r a i n s as shown by t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y 

to the mutagens. 

KILLINGER, G.B. 1968. 

Plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) D r u c e ) , a 

u s e f u l crop f o r F l o r i d a . P r o c . S o i l Crop 

S c i . Soc. F l a . 2 8 : 1 6 2 - 1 6 7 . 474 

Plgeonpea i s used f o r human f o o d , l i v e s t o c k 

f e e d , and shade f o r c o f f e e t r e e s in many 

p a r t s of C e n t r a l and South America and o t h e r 

t r o p i c a l areas t h r o u g h o u t the w o r l d . 

Norman, a new v a r i e t y , shows promise of 

p r o d u c i n g s u f f i c i e n t seed i n F l o r i d a t o 

make i t a p r o f i t a b l e m a c h i n e - h a r v e s t a b l e 

seed c r o p . Plgeonpea can be used in 

F l o r i d a as a s e e d , c o v e r , g r a z i n g , h a y , 

o r windbreak c r o p . 

KRAUSS, F.G. 1 9 2 1 . 

The plgeonpea - i t s c u l t u r e and u t i l i z a 

t i o n i n H a w a i i . Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. Stn 

B u l l . 4 6 : 1 - 2 3 . 475 

The plgeonpea was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o Hawaii 

from Puerto R i c o . The f o l l o w i n g aspects of 

plgeonpea crop a r e d i s c u s s e d : i n t r o d u c t i o n , 

botany and a g r i c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y , c l i m a t i c 

and s o i l a d a p t a t i o n s . P l a n t i n g : t h e hay 

c r o p , h a r v e s t i n g , c u t t i n g ; the seed c r o p , 

h a r v e s t i n g , t h r e s h i n g . Plgeonpea a s f e e d : 

f e e d i n g v a l u e , m i l l i n g and m i x i n g f e e d s , 

suggested f e e d i n g r a t i o n s . Plowing under 

of pigeonpeas. Plgeonpeas as a cover and 

green manuring crop and f o r r o t a t i o n s . 

Pests and d i s e a s e s . 

KRAUSS, F.G. 1927. 

Improvement of the plgeonpea, g e n e t i c 

a n a l y s i s of Cajanus i n d i c u s and c r e a t i o n 

of new v a r i e t i e s t h r o u g h h y b r i d i z a t i o n and 

s e l e c t i o n . J . H e r e d . 1 8 : 2 2 7 - 2 3 2 . 476 

The h e r i t a b i l i t y of a number of q u a n t i t a 

t i v e c h a r a c t e r s and t h e i r g e n e t i c b e h a v i o r 

as dominance and r e c e s s i v e n e s s has been 

d e m o n s t r a t e d . 

KRISHNAN, R.H. 1968. 

Research in S t a t e s : Madras. I n d i a n Fmg 

17(11) : 3 7 - 3 9 . 477 

The improved p u l s e s t r a i n of red gram, 

SA-1 r e l e a s e d , p u r e - l i n e s e l e c t i o n from a 

l o c a l s t r a i n . Average y i e l d was 750 k g / h a ; 

when sown mixed c r o p , 370 k g / h a . 

KROBER, O.A., M.K. JACOB, R.K. LAL, and 

V.K. KASHKARY. 1970. 

E f f e c t o f v a r i e t y and l o c a t i o n o n the prot 

e i n c o n t e n t o f p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . 

S c i . 4 0 ( 1 2 ) : 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 3 0 . 478 

Samples o f d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g 

plgeonpea, from t h e A l l - I n d i a Coordinated 

V a r i e t a l T r i a l s were analyzed f o r p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t . S i g n i f i c a n t v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s 

were found i n f i v e o f t h e seven c r o p s . 

There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s due to 

l o c a t i o n i n a l l t h e c r o p s . Pulse samples 

from Hyderabad are among t h e lowest in 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . 

KULKARNI, U.G. 1973. 

Mutagenic e f f e c t s of EMS, MMS and C o l c h i 

c i n e in t u r , Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

V a r i e t y C - 1 . M.Sc. (1973) T h e s i s . M a r a t h - 

wada K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , Maharasht 

r a . I n d i a . 479 

KUMAR, L . S . S . 1957. 

Pulses - H i s t o r y and development of the 

Economic B o t a n i s t ' s S e c t i o n , 1908-58. 

Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 8 ( 2 - 3 ) : 7 - 1 4 . 480 

S e l e c t i o n was c o n t i n u e d i n t u r . The p r o 

d u c t i o n o f i n t e r g e n e r i c cross between 

Atylosia and Cajanus r e s u l t e d in e v o l v i n g 

a few h y b r i d s r e s i s t a n t t o w i l t . 

LAL, M.S. 1968. 

Research i n S t a t e s : Madhya Pradesh. I n d i a n 

Fmg 17(11) : 2 6 - 3 1 . 481 

The aspects d i s c u s s e d a r e : area under 

p u l s e s , p r o d u c t i o n , and development of 

h i g h - y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s o f d i f f e r e n t 

p u l s e s . Three v a r i e t i e s o f plgeonpea 

are l i s t e d : Tur I P I - 5 , Khargone-2, and 

G w a l i o r - 3 . 

LAL, S. 1976. 

Improved v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg 

2 6 ( 7 ) : 3 - 7 . 482 

Agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f e i g h t e a r l y matur 

i n g , s i x midseason, and s i x l a t e m a t u r i n g 

c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus cajan) are 

d e s c r i b e d , w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i r seed 

y i e l d p o t e n t i a l and a d a p t a b i l i t y r e g i o n s i n 

I n d i a . 

68

Breeding 

LAL, S . , and S.C. SINHA. 1972. 

" P r a b h a t " - an e x t r a e a r l y v a r i e t y of r e d 

gram. Fmr P a r l i a m . 7 ( 7 ) : 1 8 - 2 4 . 483 

Emphasizes t h e importance of an e a r l y m a t u 

r i n g v a r i e t y f o r s u c c e s s f u l a r h a r c u l t i v a 

t i o n . P r a b h a t , w h i c h arose as a segregant 

from v a r i e t y T - 2 1 , matures i n 110 t o 115 

d a y s . The p l a n t type i s d e t e r m i n a t e , 

bunchy, f l a t - t o p p e d . The b o t a n i c a l c h a 

r a c t e r s o f P r a b h a t , i t s agronomic r e q u i r e 

ments, and i t s r o l e i n m u l t i p l e c r o p p i n g 

are a l s o d e s c r i b e d . 

LAWANI, S . M . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1975. 

Announcing p u l s e c u l t i v a r s and germplasms 

f o r t h e h u l o t r o p s . T r o p . G r a i n Legume 

B u l l . 1(1) : 1 2 . 484 

G r a i n legume germplasms f o r t h e humid lowl 

a n d t r o p i c s a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n are 

announced i n t h i s b u l l e t i n . Three o u t - 

s t a n d i n g cowpea and t h r e e pigeonpea c u l t i - 

v a r s a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

LAXMAN SINGH, D. SHARMA, and A . D . DEODHAR. 

1974. 

E f f e c t o f environment o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f 

seeds and i m p l i c a t i o n s i n p u l s e i m p r o v e 

ment. P r o c . 2nd General Cong. SABRAO. 

New D e l h i , I n d i a . 731-808. 485 

From t h i s r e v i e w , w h i c h i s m a i n l y concerned 

w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n on soybean and pigeonpea, 

i t i s concluded t h a t sampling t e c h n i q u e s , 

methods of p r o t e i n and amino a c i d e s t i m a 

t i o n , and genotype x e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e r 

a c t i o n s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e t h e speed 

and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s e l e c t i o n programs 

f o r h i g h p r o t e i n c o n t e n t among s e g r e g a t i n g 

o r p u r e - l i n e p o p u l a t i o n s o f p u l s e c r o p s . 

MAESEN, L . J . G . van d e r . 1975. 

Germplasm c o l l e c t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n i n 

Cicer and Cajanus. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan 

1975. ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 

229-238. 486 

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Ciaer and Cajanus, 

c o l l e c t i o n o f p r i m i t i v e s p e c i e s , o r i g i n and 

d i s t r i b u t i o n of Cajanus, o b t a i n i n g germplasm, 

e x p l o r a t i o n and c o l l e c t i o n , methods 

o f c o l l e c t i o n , d o c u m e n t a t i o n , maintenance 

of germplasm, and e v a l u a t i o n f o r a number 

o f c h a r a c t e r s a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

MANE, S.S. 1975. 

Genetic v a r i a b i l i t y in M 3 p r o g e n i e s of C-11 

and v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . Marathwada 

K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , 

M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 487 

MANN, HAROLD, H. 1947. 

Cajanus indiaus - p u l s e g r a i n crops in the 

M i d d l e E a s t . J . Empire Expl A g r i c . 

1 5 ( 6 ) : 2 5 8 . 488 

Pigeonpea, one of t h e most e x t e n s i v e l y 

grown p u l s e s in I n d i a , is nowhere more than 

a c u r i o s i t y i n the M i d d l e E a s t , though i t 

would seem to have a p o s s i b l e f u t u r e in 

many p a r t s o f the a r e a . I t i s suggested 

t h a t pigeonpea might b e u s e f u l l y i n t r o d u c e d 

i n t o I r a n ( P e r s i a ) . 

MBOWE, F.F.A. 1975. 

G r a i n legume r e s e a r c h i n Tanzania. T r o p . 

G r a i n Legume B u l l . 2 : 2 - 3 . 489 

Research from 1972 to 1974 on groundnut 

( v a r i e t a l improvement, s p a c i n g , and f e r t i 

l i z e r t r i a l s ) , cowpea ( v a r i e t y and f e r t i l i 

z e r , s p a c i n g , and sowing data t r i a l s ) and 

pigeonpea ( l o c a l c u l t i v a r e v a l u a t i o n ) i s 

b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . 

MEHTA, D . N . , and B.B. DAVE. 1 9 3 1 . 

S t u d i e s in Cajanus indiaus. Mem. Dep. 

A g r i c . I n d i a ( B o t . S e r . ) . 1 9 : 1 - 2 5 . 490 

I n c l u d e s m o r p h o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e 

v a r i o u s types i n c u l t i v a t i o n , t h e d u r a t i o n 

o f t h e f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d , methods o f p o l l i 

n a t i o n , data o n the e x t e n t o f n a t u r a l 

c r o s s i n g , and a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n which 

two forms are d i s t i n g u i s h e d , one s h o r t and 

r i p e n i n g e a r l y , the o t h e r t a l l , r i p e n i n g 

l a t e . 

MENEZES, O.B. De. 1943. 

S t u d i e s on the g e n e t i c s of pigeonpea. Bolm 

M i n i s t . A g r i c . I n d . Com. Rio d e J . 

3 2 ( 1 0 ) : 6 9 - 8 3 . 491 

The species Cajanus indiaue Spreng. is 

d e s c r i b e d and t h e h i s t o r y o f i t s i n t r o d u c 

t i o n i n t o c u l t i v a t i o n i s o u t l i n e d . A n 

account i s g i v e n o f the f l o r a l b i o l o g y o f 

the p l a n t and the method o f a r t i f i c i a l 

p o l l i n a t i o n . The c o r r e c t chromosome number 

is regarded as n = 11 and n o t n = 9 as 

r e p o r t e d by Basudev. The p l a n t grows 

e x t e n s i v e l y i n a s e m i - w i l d s t a t e i n the 

Baixada Zones. 

MILES, J . F . 1949. 

P l a n t i n t r o d u c t i o n t r i a l s i n c e n t r a l 

c o a s t a l Queensland. 1936-46. Rep. D i v . 

P l a n t I n d . A u s t r a l i a . 6:134 p p . 492 

S t u d i e s were made of the c l i m a t e and s o i l s 

o f the area and o f the n a t u r a l p a s t u r e s . 

The b e s t species among the supplementary 

p r o t e i n crops was Cajanus bicolor. V a r i o u s 

s m a l l - s c a l e t r i a l s i n d i c a t e t h e s u i t a b i l i t y 

69


of crops from I n d i a and o t h e r monsoon 

c o u n t r i e s f o r t r o p i c a l A u s t r a l i a . 

MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and R. VEERASWAMY. 

1977. 

Genotypic and p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f 

mutants in r e d gram (Cajanua cajan ( L . ) 


4 4 - 4 5 . 493 

F i f t e e n r e d gram mutants (13 from gamma 

i r r a d i a t i o n and two f r o m EMS t r e a t m e n t s of 

t h e s t r a i n Co-1) i n M 5 g e n e r a t i o n were 

s t u d i e d . There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e 

rences f o r a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s . The g e n e t i c 

advance was h i g h f o r pod w e i g h t , number of 

pods per p l a n t , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The 

mutants showed a p o s i t i v e s h i f t i n t h e i r 

mean v a l u e s . 

MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN, 

and R.S. ANNAPPAN. 1977. 

Red gram Co.3 - an economic mutant s t r a i n 

f o r Tamil Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) : 

561-564. 494 

M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g r e s e a r c h i n r e d gram 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) has r e s u l t e d 

i n t h e development o f a h i g h - y i e l d i n g 

mutant S-18 (Co-3) s u i t a b l e f o r c u l t i v a t i o n 

under b o t h r a i n f e d and i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s . 

Its d u r a t i o n is 130 d a y s . On an average 

i t r e c o r d s 1,300 k g / h a and 1,200 k g / h a 

under i r r i g a t e d and r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s , 

o r 9.8 and 9 . 1 k g / h a / d a y r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

A s p e c i a l advantage o f Co-3 i s i t s r e s i s 

tance t o r o o t r o t and t o l e r a n c e t o w i l t 

and pod b o r e r s . 

MUKHERJEE, D . , and S. SEN. 1965. 

B-7 i s t h e a r h a r f o r West B e n g a l . I n d i a n 

Fmg 1 4 ( 1 1 ) : 1 1 , 28. 495 

B - 7 , s e l e c t e d from m a t e r i a l o b t a i n e d f r o m 

v a r i o u s s o u r c e s , i s s u p e r i o r i n y i e l d t o 

commonly grown types of Cajanus indicus. 

The g r a i n s a r e s i l v e r w h i t e and t h e v a r i e t y 

i s recommended f o r t h e d i s t r i c t s o f Malda, 

Murshidabad, and N a d i a ; f o r t h e f i r s t two 

o f these d i s t r i c t s T-7 i s a l s o recommended. 

NADARAJAN, N. 1976. 

Induced mutagenesis in redgram (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . M i c r o and macro 

m u t a t i o n s . M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . Tamil 

Nadu A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Coimbatore, 

T a m i l Nadu, I n d i a . 496 

NANJAPPA, B. SHIVARAJ, and R.V. PATIL. 

1976. 

Co-1 v a r i e t y performs w e l l i n b l a c k s o i l s 

i n t r a n s i t i o n a l t r a c t o f N o r t h K a r n a t a k a . 

C u r r . Res. 4 ( 3 ) : 4 0 - 4 1 . 497 

Among f i v e l i n e s of C. c a j a n w i t h a matur 

a t i o n p e r i o d of 150 to 155 d a y s , Co-1 

( h e i g h t 104.8 cm) gave the h i g h e s t mean 

y i e l d (1,298 kg/ha) and had t h e h i g h e s t 

number of pods per p l a n t and pods c o n t a i n 

i n g t h r e e seeds. S-8 ( h e i g h t 130.5 cm) 

gave t h e next h i g h e s t y i e l d (1,232 kg/ha) 

and T-21 ( h e i g h t 126.0 cm) had t h e h i g h e s t 

number of pods c o n t a i n i n g f i v e seeds. 

PAL, B.P. 1934. 

Recent p r o g r e s s in p l a n t b r e e d i n g at Pusa - 

Rahar. A g r i c u l t u r e L i v e - S t k I n d i a 4 ( 5 ) : 

511-512. 498 

I n a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n undertaken t o produce 

types of r a h a r (Cajanus cajan) r e s i s t a n t 

to w i l t (Fusarium v a s i n f e c t u m A t k . ) , 80 

types t h a t proved v e r y r e s i s t a n t t o the 

d i s e a s e were i s o l a t e d . The r e s i s t a n c e i s 

n o t c o r r e l a t e d w i t h any i m p o r t a n t morphol 

o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s . Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , and 

51 were i d e n t i f i e d as h i g h y i e l d i n g . Type 51 

i s e r e c t , w i l t - r e s i s t a n t , w i t h l a r g e 

y e l l o w - b r o w n seeds, y i e l d i n g w e l l and 

should prove to be of much economic v a l u e . 

Type 5 i s e x t r e m e l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o w i l t . 

The i n h e r i t a n c e of f l o w e r c o l o r depends 

upon two f a c t o r s and is l i n k e d w i t h seed 

c o l o r . The f a c t o r s f o r d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e 

are not l i n k e d w i t h those f o r morpholog 

i c a l c h a r a c t e r s . I n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s 

tance depends upon m u l t i p l e f a c t o r s . 

PANKAJA REDDY, R., DALJIT SINGH, and 

N.G.P. RAO. 1975. 

Character a s s o c i a t i o n i n plgeonpea. 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 3 5 ( 1 ) : 

119-122. 499 

Four c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d i n 877 l i n e s 

from f o u r m a t u r i t y g r o u p s . The data i n d i 

cated t h a t as the m a t u r a t i o n p e r i o d 

i n c r e a s e d , pod number, y i e l d , and seed 

s i z e a l s o i n c r e a s e d . Pod number and seed 

s i z e were t h e most i m p o r t a n t components 

o f y i e l d . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t h y b r i d i 

z a t i o n between d i f f e r e n t m a t u r i t y groups 

may be e f f e c t i v e in combining e a r l i n e s s 

w i t h h i g h y i e l d s and l a r g e r seeds. 

PANTON, C . A . , L . B . COKE, and R.E. PIERRE. 

1972. 

Seed p r o t e i n improvement i n c e r t a i n legumes 

t h r o u g h induced m u t a t i o n s : Plgeonpea, kidney 

beans, soybeans. In: N u c l e a r t e c h n i q u e s f o r 

seed p r o t e i n improvement. P r o c . Research 

70

Breeding 

C o o r d i n a t i o n Meet. Neuherberg, 1972, 

1973. 500 

PATHAK, G . N . , and JAIMANGAL SAHAI. 1960. 

Type 7: A new a r h a r f o r mixed c r o p p i n g in 

k h a r i f . I n d i a n Pmg 1 0 ( 2 ) : 3 7 . 501 

S e l e c t e d from m a t e r i a l from Lucknow, 

Cajanus c a j a n Type 7 is a l a t e - r i p e n i n g , 

e r e c t , brown-seeded v a r i e t y s u i t a b l e f o r 

a l l d i s t r i c t s i n U t t a r Pradesh. I t has a 

1000-seed w e i g h t of 120 g, as a g a i n s t 74 g 

f o r T-17 and 81 g f o r T-105. 

PATHAK, G . N . , and K.P. SINGH. 1 9 6 1 . 

Type 21 a r h a r (pigeonpea) outdoes Type 1. 

I n d i a n Frag 11(8) : 1 5 . 502 

The new Cajanus aajan v a r i e t y T - 2 1 is e a r l y 

m a t u r i n g (6 m o n t h s ) , p r o f u s e l y b r a n c h e d , 

t a l l , and s e m i s p r e a d i n g . I t has more seeds 

per pod than T-1 and the brown seeds cook 

and t a s t e b e t t e r . The 1000-seed w e i g h t is 

76 g. Over 2 y e a r s , it y i e l d e d 57% more 

than T - l . 

PATIL, J . A . 1957. 

T-84 - An improved t u r s t r a i n . Farmer 

8 ( 1 2 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 503 

The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s of T - 8 4 , a 

newly developed pigeonpea s t r a i n , and a 

package o f p r a c t i c e s f o r o b t a i n i n g h i g h e s t 

y i e l d from i t a r e g i v e n . I t s r e a c t i o n t o 

diseases i s d e s c r i b e d and y i e l d comparisons 

made w i t h l o c a l s t r a i n s . 

PATIL, M.K., and M.N. KAMAT. 1950. 

C o n t r o l o f p l a n t disease t h r o u g h disease 

r e s i s t a n c e i n Bombay. Poona A g r i c . C o l l . 

Mag. 4 0 ( 4 ) : 6 - l l . 504 

A g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n on b r e e d i n g f o r 

d i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e i s p r e s e n t e d and t h e 

t e c h n i q u e used i n I n d i a f o r o b t a i n i n g crop 

p l a n t s r e s i s t a n t t o F u s a r i u m w i l t i s 

o u t l i n e d . In t u r (Cajanus cajan) much 

r e l i a n c e was p r e v i o u s l y p l a c e d o n f i e l d 

r e s i s t a n c e t o w i l t , b u t the r e s u l t s o f 

p o t t e s t under u n i f o r m c o n d i t i o n s at Poona 

have demonstrated t h e need f o r s t a n d a r d i 

z a t i o n o f t h e b r e e d i n g t e c h n i q u e . 

a l l t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s . Among a l l t h e y i e l d 

components, p o d s / p l a n t i s the most e f f e c 

t i v e y i e l d d e t e r m i n a n t and should b e g i v e n 

weightage i n s e l e c t i o n programs. 

PRASAD, S.N. 1958. 

Segregation o f c h a r a c t e r s i n a r h a r (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) . Allahabad Fmr 32:305-308. 506 

The percentage of n a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n 

in C. aajan ranges from 0.09 to 48 , as 

r e p o r t e d by d i f f e r e n t w o r k e r s . The species 

i s a l s o i n c l u d e d i n the c l a s s o f o f t e n 

c r o s s - f e r t i l i z e d p l a n t s . I n s p i t e o f a l l 

p r e c a u t i o n s c o n t r o l l i n g mechanical m i x t u r e , 

s e g r e g a t i o n of c h a r a c t e r s has been observed 

i n p l o t s o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s . The main 

cause o f v a r i e t y d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h i s crop 

i s n a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n . Methods t o 

m a i n t a i n v a r i e t a l p u r i t y are suggested. 

RACHIE, K.O. 1976. 

Goals and progress in GLIP. June 1975. Proc. 

I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet, on G r a i n Legumes 

Improvement. 9-13 June, 1975. I I T A . I b a d a n , 

N i g e r i a . 1-5. 507 

Topics b r i e f l y covered in t h i s progress 

r e p o r t on t h e g r a i n legume improvement 

program (GLIP) i n c l u d e (1) the u t i l i z a t i o n 

o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s , l i n k a g e b r e a k i n g , 

and male s t e r i l i t y to produce many crosses 

i n a s i n g l e growth season; ( i i ) t h e development 

o f e l i t e s t r a i n s o f cowpea, s o y 

bean, pigeonpea ( f o u r e a c h ) , and l i m a beans 

( t h r e e ) ; ( i i i ) t h e development o f a 

pigeonpea f a m i l y w i t h a wide range in 

h e i g h t (60 to 220 cm); and ( i v ) improved 

r e s i s t a n c e to p e s t s and d i s e a s e s . 

RACHIE, K.O. 1976. 

Pigeonpeas and m i s c e l l a n e o u s beans. P r o c . 

I I T A C o l l a b o r a t o r s Meet, on G r a i n Legumes 

Improvement. Seed Q u a l i t y / B i o c h e m i s t r y . 

9-13 J u n e , 1975. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . 

2 1 - 2 6 . 508 

S i x h i g h - y i e l d i n g , e a r l y m a t u r i n g C. aajan 

v a r i e t i e s were grown i n t r i a l s a t 2 0 s i t e s 

i n A f r i c a , A s i a , and t h e Americas. B r i e f 

d a t a a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d from v a r i e t a l 

t r i a l s o f the o t h e r g r a i n legumes. 

POKLE, Y . S . , and L.C. MOHATKAR. 1976. 

Path a n a l y s i s o f y i e l d components i n 

pigeonpea (Cajanuss c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 8 : 2 3 - 2 4 . 505 

Path a n a l y s i s i n 4 0 v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea 

r e v e a l e d t h a t the p o d s / p l a n t had h i g h e r 

d i r e c t e f f e c t than shown b y i t s c o r r e l a t i o n 

w i t h y i e l d and a l s o i n d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e d 

RACHIE, K . O . , and W.D. ROCKWOOD. 1973. 

Research in g r a i n legume improvement. 

Span 1 6 ( 1 ) : 9 - 1 2 . 509 

Work a t t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f 

T r o p i c a l A g r i c u l t u r e has i n c l u d e d a p r e l i 

minary e v a l u a t i o n of about 6,178 accessions 

of 20 genera and s p e c i e s . Breeding work in 

Cajanus c a j a n i s mentioned. 

71


RAJ, D . , L. ANAVARADHAM, K. MUMWAR BASHA, 

and A. RAJAMANI. 1977. 

Performance of redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s under b l a c k s o i l c o n d i - 

t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 9 ) : 

570-572. 510 

Co-1 was found a d a p t a b l e f o r t h e r a i n f e d 

b l a c k s o i l a r e a o f t h e s o u t h e r n d i s t r i c t s 

of T a m i l Nadu. On t h e b a s i s of e q u a l 

y i e l d , d u r a t i o n , and per-day p r o d u c t i o n 

c a p a c i t y , coupled w i t h b i g g e r seed s i z e , 

v a r i e t i e s Khargone-2 and S-8 may a l s o be 

p o p u l a r i z e d t o p r o v i d e d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f 

genotypes as an i n s u r a n c e a g a i n s t t h e 

v a g a r i e s o f t h e monsoon. 

RAMANUJAM, S. 1 9 7 1 . 

Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s o f Pulse Research 1 . 

I n d i a n Fmg 21(10) : 1 7 - 1 9 . 511 

I n a r h a r h i g h p e r f o r m i n g v a r i e t i e s T-21 

( U . P . ) , P-4785, P-4587 m a t u r i n g in a p e r i o d 

of 150 to 160 days and g i v i n g h i g h y i e l d s 

were i d e n t i f i e d . Some o t h e r genotypes l i k e 

S5 ( A g e t i ) and S8 (Sharda) capable of 

g i v i n g 2,000 t o 2,500 k g / h a and m a t u r i n g i n 

160 days were s e l e c t e d at I A R I from crosses 

i n v o l v i n g N.P. v a r i e t i e s and v a r i e t i e s 

i n t r o d u c e d from B r a z i l . W i t h e a r l y m a t u 

r i n g v a r i e t i e s a r h a r - w h e a t r o t a t i o n i s 

p o s s i b l e . 

ROHEWAL, S . S . , B.C. JOSHI, and S.P. SINGH. 

1966. 

Arhar S-103, a n e r e c t type y i e l d i n g h i g h . 

I n d i a n Fmg 1 6 ( 3 ) : 3 1 . 512 

S-103 i s a t a l l and e r e c t v a r i e t y o f 

Cajanus cajan, w i t h p r o f u s e pod f o r m a t i o n . 

The seeds a r e l a r g e and brown and t h e 

p l a n t s a r e h i g h l y t o l e r a n t o f F u s a r i u m 

udum. 

RUBAIHAYO, P . R . , and C.L.A. LEAKEY. 1973. 

P r o t e i n improvement in beans and soybeans 

by m u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g . In Nuclear T e c h n i 

ques f o r Seed P r o t e i n Improvement 6 3 1 . 

52/UN. p p . 291-296. 513 

SAXENA, K . B . , D. SHARMA, and J . M . GREEN. 

1976. 

Pigeonpea r a t o o n i n g - an a i d to b r e e d e r s . 

T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 4 : 2 1 . 514 

I t was found t h a t r a t o o n i n g pigeonpea 

p l a n t s f a c i l i t a t e d c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n b e t 

ween e a r l y and e a r l y x m e d i u m - f l o w e r i n g 

c u l t l v a r s . Less f l o w e r drop was observed 

on r a t o o n e d p l a n t s than on n o n r a t o o n e d , 

e s p e c i a l l y w i t h e a r l y m a t u r i n g t y p e s . The 

e f f e c t of r a t o o n i n g on seed and f o r a g e 

y i e l d i s b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d . 

SAXENA, M.C., D.S. YADAV, and N.P. SINGH. 

1973. 

Grow new v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r . I n d i a n Fmg 

D i g e s t 6 ( 7 ) : 1 7 - 2 0 . 515 

The h i g h - y i e l d i n g and e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e - 

t i e s of pigeonpea, Pant A-2 and Pant A - 3 , 

developed by Pantnagar U n i v e r s i t y a r e 

d e s c r i b e d , w i t h methods o f c u l t i v a t i o n . 

Agronomic r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r o b t a i n i n g h i g h e r 

y i e l d s are a l s o g i v e n . 

SAXENA, S.S. 1968. 

Research i n S t a t e s : U t t a r Pradesh. I n d i a n 

Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 3 2 - 3 3 . 516 

Area under pigeonpea remains s t a t i c . Average 

y i e l d i s 1,300 k g / h a ; the aim o f 

c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i s t o double t h e average. 

I m p o r t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea are T - 2 1 , 

T - 1 7 , and T - 7 . 

SEN, S . K . , and S.C. SUR. 1964. 

A s t u d y on v i c i n i s m in pigeonpeas {Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . A g r i c u l t u r a L o u v a i n . 

1 2 : 4 2 1 - 4 2 6 . 517 

The e x t e n t of n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g between two 

v a r i e t i e s , separated by a d i s t a n c e of 4 ft 

( 1 . 2 m) was 3.2%. T h i s f i g u r e f e l l below 

1% when the d i s t a n c e was i n c r e a s e d to 16 to 

32 ft ( 4 . 8 to 9.7 m). No c r o s s i n g o c c u r r e d 

at d i s t a n c e s of 36 ft and 40 ft (11 and 12 

m). T a e n i o t h r i p s distalis appears to be 

the most i m p o r t a n t c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i n g a g e n t . 

SHAMBULINGAPPA, K . G . , G. SHIVASHANKAR, and 

R. SREEKANTARADHYA. 1976, 

HY-3a and HY-3c new p r o m i s i n g v a r i e t i e s of 

redgram f o r Bangalore and s u r r o u n d i n g 

r e g i o n s . C u r r . Res. 5 ( 3 ) : 4 1 - 4 2 . 518 

The v a r i e t y HY-3c w i t h 2,100 and 2,200 k g / 

ha and HY-3a w i t h 1,900 k g / h a were h i g h e s t 

y i e l d e r s i n 2 y e a r s ' t r i a l s . Both are 

b o l d - s e e d e d , w i t h 4 to 7 seeds per p o d , 

s w e e t , and s u i t e d f o r canning p u r p o s e s . 

D i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s o f the v a r i e t i e s 

are g i v e n . 

SHARMA, D . , and J . M . GREEN. 1975. 

P e r s p e c t i v e of pigeonpea and ICRISAT's 

b r e e d i n g program. F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Workshop on G r a i n Legumes, 13-16 Jan 1975. 

ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 1 9 - 3 0 . 519 

P r o v i d e s d a t a on pigeonpea p r o d u c t i o n and 

discusses s p e c i a l problems i n pigeonpea 

b r e e d i n g . The ICRISAT b r e e d i n g program is 

o u t l i n e d . 

72

B r e e d i n g 

SHARMA, D . , and M.P. SHRIVASTAVA. 1974. 

An induced u s e f u l mutant of Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . JNKW Res. J . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 

263-266. 520 

F o l l o w i n g i r r a d i a t i o n o f t e t r a p l o i d seeds 

o f T - 2 1 , 148 s e e d l i n g s were grown, o f which 

30 had r e v e r t e d to the d i p l o i d s t a t e (2n = 

22) and 54 were a n e u p l o i d . Among the 

d i p l o i d s was a p l a n t d e s i g n a t e d No. 9, 

w h i c h had numerous p r i m a r y branches and 

pods, and l a r g e r f l o w e r s , pods, and seeds 

than i t s p a r e n t . The mutant f l o w e r e d and 

matured e a r l i e r than the p a r e n t , d i s p l a y e d 

h i g h p o l l e n f e r t i l i t y , and was c h a r a c t e 

r i z e d by pods s t r e a k e d green at t h e base. 

SHIVAPURI, T . N . 1943. 

S e l e c t i o n o f s t r a i n s i n a r h a r ( p i g e o n p e a ) . 

P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 30(3) : 1 0 4 . 521 

SIDHESWAR PRASAD, RAM PRAKASH, and 

M.A. HASSAN. 1972. 

N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g in pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Mysore A g r i c . J . S c i . 

6 : 4 2 6 - 4 2 9 . 522 

S t u d i e s i n seven v a r i e t i e s showed t h a t 

n a t u r a l cross p o l l i n a t i o n ranged from 3.79 

t o 25.66%, depending o n v a r i e t y and s i t e . 

BR-15 and BR-13 showed h i g h e s t cross 

p o l l i n a t i o n w i t h 26.66 and 24.74% r e s p e c 

t i v e l y , and BR-10 showed l e a s t w i t h 3.79%. 

S I L , S.N. 1914. 

Improvement o f r a h a r b y s e l e c t i o n . J . 

A g r i c . B i h a r O r i s s a . 1 : 2 5 - 2 9 . 523 

SINGH, B.B. 1973. 

E f f e c t of g a m m a - i r r a d i a t i o n on growth and 

y i e l d o f pigeonpea. H a r . J . H o r t . S c i . 

2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 8 3 - 8 7 . 524 

Pigeonpea seeds were i r r a d i a t e d w i t h Cobalt 

60 gamma ray 8, 1 0 , 2 0 , and 30 K r . R a d i a 

t i o n - i n d u c e d changes i n t h e l e n g t h o f 

s h o o t , number of b r a n c h e s , number of pods 

per p l a n t , 1 0 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t , and g r a i n 

y i e l d per p l a n t , i n d i c a t e d t h a t l e n g t h 

of shoot was n e g a t i v e l y , whereas o t h e r 

c h a r a c t e r s were p o s i t i v e l y , c o r r e l a t e d 

up to r a d i a t i o n dose of 10 K r . There was 

s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n g r a i n y i e l d a t 

10 Kr i r r a d i a t i o n dose over c o n t r o l and 

o t h e r dosages. 

SINGH, B . B . , S.C. GUPTA, and B.D. SINGH. 

1974. 

Note on 'UPAS-120' an e a r l y - m a t u r i n g mutant 

o f pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

5 4 ( 4 ) : 2 3 3 - 2 3 4 . 525 

Discusses t h e p l a n t i n g o f the newly developed 

pigeonpea v a r i e t y (Cajanus c a j a n ) 

UPAS-120, which takes o n l y 150 to 190 days 

to mature a g a i n s t 250 to 300 days f o r 

t r a d i t i o n a l v a r i e t i e s . T h i s a l l o w s farmers 

i n I n d i a t o grow h i g h - y i e l d i n g wheat v a r i e 

t i e s a f t e r a pigeonpea c r o p . 

SINGH, H . P . , and M.C. SAXENA. 1977. 

Challenges i n a r h a r p r o d u c t i o n . I n d i a n 

Fmg 2 7 ( 4 ) : 9 - 1 0 , 1 3 . 526 

There i s need o f d e v e l o p i n g v a r i e t i e s 

r e s p o n s i v e t o p r o d u c t i o n i n p u t s , i d e n t i f i 

c a t i o n o f h i g h e f f i c i e n c y legume b a c t e r i a . 

Some of t h e f a c t o r s f o r i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c 

t i o n are d i s c u s s e d . 

SINGH, K.B. 1973. 

Punjab can take on Arhar in a b i g way. 

I n d i a n Fmg 2 2 ( 1 0 ) : 1 9 . 527 

The acreage under a r h a r i s v e r y s m a l l i n 

t h e P u n j a b . The main reason is l a t e m a t u 

r i t y , which causes h i g h f r o s t m o r t a l i t y . 

T-21 v a r i e t y developed from a cross T 1 x 

T-190 in U.P. gave the h i g h e s t y i e l d and 

a l s o matured e a r l i e s t , under the Punjab 

c o n d i t i o n s . This v a r i e t y gave on an 

average o f 2,500 k g g r a i n y i e l d / h a . 

SINGH, K . B . , R.S. MALHOTRA, and R.P. J A I N . 

1973. 

Arhar i s a p o t e n t i a l k h a r i f p u l s e o f 

P u n j a b . P r o g . Fmg 9 ( 1 0 ) : 6 . 528 

The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e 

t i e s o f a r h a r has opened the p o s s i b i l i t y 

o f c u l t i v a t i o n o n a l a r g e s c a l e i n the 

s t a t e . Amongst the e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e 

t i e s , T-21 i s t h e e a r l i e s t t o mature and 

has the h i g h e s t y i e l d p o t e n t i a l under 

Punjab c o n d i t i o n s . I m p o r t a n t h i n t s f o r 

the c u l t i v a t i o n o f a r h a r a r e g i v e n . 

SINGH, L . , A . S . TIWARI, and B.R. SINGH. 

1976. 

Y i e l d g a i n s b y s e l e c t i o n f o r seed c h a r a c 

t e r i s t i c s i n a n adapted l o c a l c u l t i v a r o f 

pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 1 8 . 529 

Progeny o f l o c a l b o l d - and brown-seeded 

pigeonpea types gave an i n c r e a s e d seed 

y i e l d o f 18.29 and 14.4%, r e s p e c t i v e l y , 

compared w i t h t h e u n s e l e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n . 

Progeny of s m a l l and l i g h t - b r o w n - s e e d e d 

s e l e c t i o n s showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced 

y i e l d . Increased y i e l d i n t h e brown-seeded 

types was p a r t l y due to reduced l e v e l s of 

seed-borne i n f e c t i o n . P l a n t h e i g h t , p o d - 

b e a r i n g l e n g t h , and days t o m a t u r i t y were 

73


s i m i l a r i n t h e s e l e c t e d and n o n s e l e c t e d 

p o p u l a t i o n s . 

SINGH, S . P . 1955. 

Improved v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e crops i n U t t a r 

P r a d e s h . A g r i c . Anim. Husb. U t t a r P r a d e s h . 

6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 5 8 - 6 0 . 530 

I n f o r m a t i o n o n improved v a r i e t i e s o f 

Cajanus c a j a n , Ph. mungo, Ph. aureus, 

Vigna sinensis, Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, 

Pisum sativum, and Lens esuulenta. 

SRINIVASAN, V . , and K. JAYABHIMA RAO. 1952. 

Progress o f Pulses Improvement work i n 

Madras. Madras A g r i c . J . 3 9 ( 9 ) : 

478-484. 531 

E i g h t y e a r s ' r e s e a r c h i s o l a t e d a few h i g h - 

y i e l d i n g c u l t i v a r s o f d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s 

s u i t a b l e f o r g e n e r a l c u l t i v a t i o n . These 

p u l s e s a r e z o n a l i n performance and i n any 

program o f improvement t h i s aspect s h o u l d 

be c o n s i d e r e d . 

SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , and H.K. J A I N . 1972. 

Food legumes i n I n d i a ' s a g r i c u l t u r e . P r o c . 

Symp. n u t r i t i o n a l improvement of food 

legumes by b r e e d i n g . 3-5 J u l y 1972. 

PAG (FAO). Rome, I t a l y . 532 

Importance o f g r a i n legumes i n I n d i a n a g r i 

c u l t u r e , reasons f o r t h e i r low y i e l d s and 

t h e s t r a t e g y o f b r i n g i n g the g r a i n legumes 

t o a r e s p e c t a b l e l e v e l o f p r o d u c t i o n a r e 


SWAMINATHAN, M . S . , M.S. NAIK, A . K . KAUL, 

and A. AUSTIN. 1 9 7 1 . 

Choice o f s t r a t e g y f o r t h e g e n e t i c upgrad 

i n g o f p r o t e i n p r o p e r t i e s i n c e r e a l s , 

m i l l e t s and p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

4 1 : 3 9 3 - 4 0 6 . 533 

Suggests an approach f o r i m p r o v i n g t h e 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and q u a l i t y o f c e r e a l s , 

m i l l e t s , and p u l s e s . The v a r i a b i l i t y f o r 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n chickpea and pigeonpea 

can b e induced through mutagens a s i t i s 

n o t p r e v a l e n t i n t h e p r e s e n t c o l l e c t i o n s . 

TER HORST, K. 1 9 6 1 . 

S e l e c t i o n o f p u l s e s i n Surinam. 6 . M i s c e l 

laneous p u l s e s new c r o p s . S u r i n . Landb. 

9 ( 3 ) : 7 5 - 8 0 . 534 

O f f i v e s p e c i e s o f p u l s e s t e s t e d , p i g e o n - 

peas grew w e l l , b u t s e t good seed o n l y i n 

d r y w e a t h e r . Among nonleguminous c r o p s , 

sorghum and sesame appeared to be s u i t a b l e 

crops t o f o l l o w r i c e . 

TURNER, F. 1892. 

New commercial crops f o r New South Wales. 

The c u l t i v a t i o n o f the pigeonpea o r 

C a t j a n g . A g r i c . Gaz. N.S.W. 3 ( 6 ) : 

6 - 8 . 535 

Pigeonpea o r C a t j a n g was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o 

A u s t r a l i a d u r i n g t h e 1890s and grows w e l l 

in t h e warmer p a r t s as a s u i t a b l e crop f o r 

f o d d e r and a l s o as a v e g e t a b l e f o r c u l t i 

v a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n area o f New 

South Wales. 

VAHEEDUDDIN, S. 1958. 

E v o l v i n g w i l t r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s i n r e d 

gram. Andhra A g r i c . J . 5 : 1 6 3 - 1 6 4 . 536 

Out of a l a r g e number of r e d gram s t r a i n s 

t e s t e d , C - 1 1 , C-28, and C-36 proved super 

i o r i n y i e l d and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . The 

names of these s t r a i n s have been changed 

from C - l l , C-28, and C-36 to S T - 1 , S T - 2 , 

and S T - 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

VEDA, 0. 1 9 7 1 . 

E v a l u a t i o n o f g e n e t i c s t o c k o f a r h a r 

(Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) f o r r e s i s t a n c e 

a g a i n s t i t s i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t pests i n M.P. 


K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya 

P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 537 

VEERASWAMY, R., and N. M0HAMED SHERIFF. 

1973. 

A r t i f i c i a l c r o s s i n g i n Cajanus aajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 

1826-1827. 538 

To assess t h e success of r e d gram h y b r i d i 

z a t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t hours o f t h e day, 

a r t i f i c i a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n s were made 

f r o m 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at i n t e r v a l s of h a l f 

an h o u r . The crosses made d u r i n g 10 a . m . 

to 10.30 a . m . gave maximum s u c c e s s . A v e r y 

low pod s e t was recorded from 1 p.m. to 

2 p.m. There was a v i s i b l e r e d u c t i o n in 

t h e l e n g t h of pods and number of seeds p e r 

pod in t h e crossed pods as compared w i t h 

t h e p a r e n t s . 

VEERASWAMY, R., G.A. PALANISWAMY, and 

R. RATHNASWAMY. 1973. 

N a t u r a l c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n in Cajanus aajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . and Lablab nigev Medikus. 

Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 8 2 8 . 539 

C o - 1 , w i t h r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s and 

green pods w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s , and P-315 

w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and green pods were 

s e l e c t e d . When r e d gram was grown in 

a l t e r n a t e r o w s , 13.7% n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was 

o b s e r v e d . 

74

C y t o g e n e t i c s 

VEERASWAMY, R., P. RANGASAMY, and 

N. MOHAMED SHERIFF. 1975. 

Co-2 redgram - a new s t r a i n w i t h e a r l y 

m a t u r i t y and improved p l a n t t y p e . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 9 ) : 5 4 1 - 5 4 3 . 540 

Co-2 is a compact, e r e c t p l a n t type s u i t e d 

f o r mixed c r o p p i n g w i t h g r o u n d n u t . I t 

matures in 110 to 115 days and is capable 

o f y i e l d i n g 1,500 k g / h a under i r r i g a t i o n 

and 750 kg/ha under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . 

Per day p r o d u c t i v i t y is a l s o h i g h . The 

s t r a i n i s p h o t o i n s e n s i t i v e and f a i r l y 

t o l e r a n t to Fusarium and Rhizoctonia w i l t 

and r o o t - r o t diseases under f i e l d 

c o n d i t i o n s . 

VEERASWAMY, R., and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1972. 

Red gram Co.1 - an improved s h o r t - t e r m 

s t r a i n f o r Tamil Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 9 ( 3 ) : 1 7 7 - 1 7 9 . 541 

S e l e c t e d from l o c a l Cajans c a j a n m a t e r i a l , 

Co-1 g i v e s h i g h y i e l d o f g o o d - q u a l i t y g r a i n 

and shows some t o l e r a n c e of d r o u g h t . 

VIDHYASEKARAN, P . , and G. ARJUNAM. 1976. 

A new redgram v a r i e t y r e s i s t a n t to r o o t - 

r o t . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 3 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 6 . 542 

S-18 was c o m p l e t e l y f r e e of t h e disease 

w h i l e S-5 and Co-2 showed 45% and 20% 

i n c i d e n c e r e s p e c t i v e l y . Thus S-18 appears 

to be a p r o m i s i n g type w i t h h i g h r o o t - r o t 

and w i l t r e s i s t a n c e . 

WAKANKAR, S . M . , and P.S. SANGWAN. 1955. 

Madhya B h a r a t ' s new p u l s e s t r a i n s y i e l d 

more. I n d i a n Fmg 4 : 1 1 - 1 2 . 543 

The pigeonpea s t r a i n recommended f o r c u l t i 

v a t i o n i s G w a l i o r - 3 , a s t r a i n s e l e c t e d from 

Ambah t e h s i l of n o r t h e r n Madhya Pradesh. 

V i g o r o u s , l a t e - m a t u r i n g (240 d a y s ) , w i t h 

b o l d , f a w n - c o l o r e d seeds, i t y i e l d s a n 

average 1,000 1 b / a c (1,123 k g / h a ) , 25% 

more than t h e l o c a l v a r i e t y . Another 

s t r a i n i s U j j a i n - 7 , a s e l e c t i o n from U j j a i n , 

which i s e a r l y m a t u r i n g , w i t h b o l d seeds, 

t a k i n g about 170 days to r i p e n . 

WILSIE, C . P . , and M. TAKAHASHI. 1934. 

N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g i n the pigeonpea. 

J . A g r i c . Res. 4 9 : 9 2 3 - 9 2 7 . 544 

Three s t r a i n s o f Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . , 

b r e e d i n g t r u e f o r t h e r e c e s s i v e pure y e l l o w 

f l o w e r and s e l f green pod when p l a n t e d i n 

a l t e r n a t e rows w i t h s t r a i n s b e a r i n g t h e 

dominant r e d o r r e d - v e i n e d y e l l o w f l o w e r s 

and r e d - o r b l a c k - b l o t c h e d pods, y i e l d e d 

percentages o f h e t e r o z y g o t e s o r n a t u r a l 

h y b r i d s r a n g i n g from 13.98 t o 15.86 i n a 

t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n o f 24,883 p l a n t s . Progen 

i e s from 5,201 bagged p l a n t s c o n t a i n e d 

o n l y n i n e n a t u r a l h y b r i d s , p r o b a b l y due t o 

f a u l t y t e c h n i q u e . Comparisons w i t h t h e 

r e s u l t s o f p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s d e f i n i t e 

ly suggest t h a t much more n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g 

occurs when d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s are grown 

i n a d j a c e n t rows. Since the a n t h e r s 

dehisce a day b e f o r e the f l o w e r opens, 

a h i g h percentage of n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g must 

be due to e i t h e r a d i f f e r e n t i a l growth 

r a t e o f the p o l l e n from v a r i o u s sources o r 

some i n h i b i t i n g p h y s i o l o g i c a l o r morpholog 

i c a l f a c t o r t h a t p r e v e n t s s e l f i n g b e f o r e 

the f l o w e r opens. The f l o w e r i n g stage at 

which f e r t i l i z a t i o n n o r m a l l y occurs should 

t h e r e f o r e be i n v e s t i g a t e d . 

WOODFORD, R.C. 1948. 

Annual r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f A g r i c u l 

t u r e , Assam, f o r the year ending 31st March, 

1948. 352 pp. 545 

Legumes: V a r i e t a l t r i a l s o f p u l s e s were 

c a r r i e d out a t the J o r h a t f a r m . Improvement 

of Cajanus indicus, Phaseolus mungo 

v a r . Roxb. and Ph. radiatus is r e c e i v i n g 

a t t e n t i o n . Several h i g h - y i e l d i n g s e l e c - 

t i o n s of Cajanus indicus have been made. 

C Y T O G E N E T I C S 

AKINOLA, J . O . , A . J . PRITCHARD, and 

P.C. WHITEMAN. 1972. 

Chromosome number in pigeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . 

S c i . 38:305-308. 546 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f 9 5 i n t r o d u c t i o n s 

from 11 c o u n t r i e s show t h a t 2 n • 2 x - 2 2 . 

I n f o r m a t i o n i s i n c l u d e d o n v a r i a t i o n i n 

e l e v e n m o r p h o l o g i c a l and agronomic 

c h a r a c t e r s . 

BENDALE, V.W. 1972. 

S t u d i e s o n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s i n C 2 g e n e r a t i o n 

o f p e r e n n i a l t u r , Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) 

M i l l s p . and Gokarna ( C l i t o r i a ternatea 

L i n n . ) . M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s . Marathwada 

K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , M a h a r a s h t r a , 

I n d i a . 547 

BHATTACHARJEE, S.K. 1956. 

Study of a u t o t e t r a p l o i d Cajanus cajan 

( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . C a r y o l o g i a 9 : 1 4 9 - 1 5 9 . 548 

75

Pigeonpea 


T e t r a p l o i d o b t a i n e d from t h e seed of a 

c o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d 4 n p l a n t had s i g n i f i c a n t 

ly fewer branches and nodes on t h e main 

stem than t h e d i p l o i d c o n t r o l s . The 4n 

and 2 n p l a n t s showed o n l y s l i g h t d i f f e r e n 

ces i n l e a f and l e a f l e t measurements and i n 

l e a f number. The t e t r a p l o i d s were i n 

g e n e r a l more v a r i a b l e i n growth r a t e and 

i n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d than the 

d i p l o i d s . M u l t i v a l e n t f o r m a t i o n and 

i r r e g u l a r i t y i n d i s j u n c t i o n i n t h e 4 n 

p l a n t s r e s u l t e d i n 62.4 + 11.01% o f 

a b o r t i v e p o l l e n g r a i n s . The average 

s i z e s o f t h e f e r t i l e p o l l e n g r a i n o f 2 n 

and 4n p l a n t s were 47.17µ and 50.34 µ , 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

BHATTACHARYYA, SUNILKUMAR. 1976. 

C y t o g e n e t i c s o f I n d i a n p u l s e s . P h . D . 

(1976) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l c u t t a , 

C a l c u t t a , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 549 

DAFE, G.A. 1966. 

Some s t u d i e s in C 2 g e n e r a t i o n of a u t o t e t r a - 

p l o i d s pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. ( S p e c 

Res. N o . ) , p. 107. 550 

Induced p o l y p l o i d s - t e t r a p l o i d s (n - 22) 

were s t u d i e d and v a r y i n g degrees of 

s t e r i l i t y o b s e r v e d . They were u s u a l l y 

l a t e r i n m a t u r i t y , s h o r t e r i n h e i g h t , more 

e r e c t , and had l o n g e r and t h i c k e r l e a v e s , 

more b r a n c h e s , and t h i c k e r stems. Flower 

p a r t s were a l s o l a r g e r . Seeds c o n t a i n e d 

more n i t r o g e n than t h e i r p a r e n t s . Wide 

v a r i a t i o n i n f e r t i l i t y was o b s e r v e d . 

DARLINGTON, C . D . , and A . P . WYLIE (EDITORS). 

1955. 

Chromosome a t l a s o f f l o w e r i n g p l a n t s . 

A l l e n and Unwin: London. 551 

DATTA, P . C . , and N. SAHA. 1972. 

A few t r i a l s o f h y b r i d i z a t i o n i n Euphaseol 

e a e and Cajaneae. Castanea 3 7 ( 4 ) : 

294-297. 552 

D'CRUZ, R., and A . S . JADAV. 1972. 

A n e u p l o i d y i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L . 

M i l l s p . ) . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. 

J . 3 ( 1 ) : 6 1 - 6 2 . 553 

A t a l l p l a n t w i t h l a r g e r l e a v e s and 

f l o w e r s than normal was found w i t h 2x = 22 

and these formed 11 l l at metaphase I. One 

p l a n t w i t h 23 chromosomes appeared to have 

e x t r a v i g o r o f p l a n t and seed. 

DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1972. 

Homology between Cajanue and Atyloaia 

genomes: O r i g i n of Cajanus. In: Advance 

Notes of Symposium on Genome Concept - 

E u k a r y o t a . 5 9 t h I n d i a n S c i . Cong. ( S e c t . 

B o t . ) . p p . 1 0 - 1 1 . 554 

The two genera Cajanus and Atyloaia a r e 

s e p a r a t e d o n l y on t h e b a s i s of presence or 

absence of s t r o p h i o l e . The chromosome 

number of Cajanus is 2n ■ 2 2 , t h e same as 

t h a t of A. lineata, A. seriaea, and 

A. scarabaeoides. There is b r o a d s i m i l a r 

i t y between t h e i r chromosomes. The 

pachytene chromosomes of a Cajanus x 

A. lineata h y b r i d e x h i b i t complete p a i r i n g 

of a l l t h e chromosomes except a few t e r m i 

n a l and i n t e r s t i t i a l regimes o f homologues. 

Pachytene k a r y o l o g y i n d i c a t e d t h a t Atylosia 

lineata is c l o s e s t to Cajanus aajan. 

Cajanus is a monotypic genus and it moved 

from I n d i a t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . 

The g r e a t e s t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and g r e a t e s t 

abundance of b o t h Cajanus and Atylosia are 

found in the Western Ghats and t h e Malabar 

c o a s t . The c o n c l u s i o n was drawn t h a t t h e 

b r o a d - l e a f evergreen f o r e s t area on the 

Western coast o f I n d i a i s t h e c e n t e r o f 

o r i g i n of Cajanus. 

DE, D . N . , and L . J . REDDY. 1972. 

C e n t r i c f u s i o n and s t a r f o r m a t i o n a t pachytene 

of Cajanus-Atylosia h y b r i d s . In: 

P r o c . Symposium on C y t o g e n e t i c s in t h e 

E v o l u t i o n and Improvement of P l a n t s , O c t o 

b e r , 1972. S r i n a g a r , Kashmir, I n d i a . 555 

The c u l t i v a t e d crop Cajanus aajan ( T u r , 

A r h a r , Pigeonpea) has been s u c c e s s f u l l y 

h y b r i d i z e d w i t h t h r e e species of Atylosia, 

v i z . A. lineata, A. seriaea, and 

A. scardbaeoides. The pachytene a n a l y s i s 

i n d i c a t e d a h i g h degree of chromosomal 

homology between t h e two g e n e r a . The 

centromeres o f t h e b i v a l e n t s fuse t o g e t h e r 

t o form a t y p i c a l s t a r - s h a p e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n 

d u r i n g p a c h y t e n e , w h i c h v a r i e s from c e l l t o 

c e l l i n d i f f e r e n t h y b r i d s . Such s t a r 

f o r m a t i o n i s e x t r e m e l y r a r e i n t h e p a r e n t s . 

The i m p l i c a t i o n s o f s t a r f o r m a t i o n a r e 


DEODIKAR, G . B . , and C.V. THAKAR. 1956. 

Cyto-taxonomic evidence f o r t h e a f f i n i t y 

between Cajanus i n d i c u s Spreng. and c e r t a i n 

e r e c t species of Atylosia W. & A. P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 4 3 : 3 7 - 4 5 . 556 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l , taxonomic, and c y t o l o g i c a l 

e v i d e n c e , homology o f normal w i t h mutant 

c h a r a c t e r s , and t h e h i g h degree o f f e r t i 

l i t y o f i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d s i n d i c a t e a 

c l o s e a f f i n i t y between C. i n d i c u s and 

76

C y t o g e n e t i c s 

c e r t a i n e r e c t species o f Atylosia, p a r t i 

c u l a r l y A. lineata and A, seriaea. A c c o r d 

i n g to o b s e r v a t i o n s on chromosome m o r p h o l o 

g y , A, seriaea is more c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to 

C. aajan than A. lineata. S t r u c t u r a l 

changes in t h e chromosomes may have played 

a major r o l e i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f two 

g e n e r a . Atylosia s p p . may be u s e f u l as a 

f o r a g e legume and a l s o i n b r e e d i n g v a r i e 

t i e s of C, aajan combining h a r d i n e s s , 

p e r e n n i a l h a b i t , t o l e r a n c e t o d r o u g h t , 

and r e s i s t a n c e to p e s t s and d i s e a s e s . 

A. lineata and A. seriaea have shown a 

h i g h degree o f r e s i s t a n c e t o pod b o r e r 

(Exelastis atomosa) and Fusarium udum. 

Taxonomic i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f the e r e c t 

species of Atylosia in Cajanus is 

s u g g e s t e d . 

JOSHI, K.S. 1966. 

S t u d i e s o n the a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s o f t u r 

(Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l 

r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r u t i l i z a t i o n i n b r e e d i n g . 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Red. N o . ) , 

p . 1 1 1 . 557 

The a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s were l a t e i n m a t u r i t y 

and showed v a r y i n g l e v e l s o f s t e r i l i t y . 

C o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n f e r t i l i t y occurred 

i n b o t h n a t u r a l and induced a u t o t e t r a p l o i d s . 

The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e r t i l i t y 

t h r o u g h a p p r o p r i a t e b r e e d i n g methods such 

a s r e c u r r e n t s e l e c t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y . 

KHAMANKAR, Y . G . 1966. 

I n d u c t i o n o f p o l y p l o i d y b y c o l c h i c i n e 

t r e a t m e n t i n some o f t h e crop p l a n t s . 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. N o . ) : 

101-102. 558 

KRISHNASWAMY, N . , and G.N.R. AYYANGAR. 1935. 

Chromosome number in Cajanus indiaus 

Spreng. C u r r . S c i . 3 : 6 1 4 - 6 1 5 . 559 

The chromosome number of d h a l , Cajanus 

indiaus S p r e n g . , an i m p o r t a n t I n d i a n p u l s e , 

had n o t been determined b e f o r e . The method 

o f bud f i x a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d . The m e t a - 

phase p l a t e gave 11 p a i r s ; t h i s number 11 

is t h e b a s i c number of t h e Phasioleae, of 

which Cajanus is one. A number of seconda 

r y n u c l e i were a l s o s e e n . 

KUMAR, L . S . S . , A. ABRAHAM, and 

V.K. SRINIVASAN. 19A5. 

P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n a u t o t e t r a p l o i d y i n 

Cajanus indiaus Spreng. P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. 

S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 2 1 : 3 0 1 - 3 0 6 . 560 

C o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d t e t r a p l o i d s were compar 

e d w i t h d i p l o i d s f o r m o r p h o l o g i c a l and 

o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f 

l e a f and f l o w e r s i z e , t h e t e t r a p l o i d c h a 

r a c t e r s showed an i n c r e a s e in comparison 

w i t h the d i p l o i d s . A n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f 

m e i o s i s i n t h e t e t r a p l o i d showed t h a t the 

number o f m u l t i v a l e n t s formed i s f a i r l y 

h i g h , r e s u l t i n g i n p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y . 

KUMAR, L . S . S . , H.K.S. RAO, and M.V. THOMBRE. 

1966. 

I n t e r s p e c i f i c and i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a 

t i o n i n the b r e e d i n g o f crop p l a n t s . 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . Breed. 26A: 

114-120. 561 

Twenty-one t r u e t r i p l o i d F 1 h y b r i d s 

d e r i v e d from d i p l o i d Pennisetum typhoides X 

t e t r a p l o i d P. purpureum were c o m p l e t e l y 

s t e r i l e and b a c k c r o s s i n g t o e i t h e r p a r e n t 

was u n s u c c e s s f u l . An a n a l y s i s of t h e 

c y t o l o g i c a l and m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s 

of i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d s between Cajanus and 

Atylosia is a l s o p r e s e n t e d . 

KUMAR, L . S . S . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1958. 

An i n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d of Cajanus aajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . X Atylosia lineata W. and A. 

J. U n i v . Poona 1 2 : 1 3 - 1 6 . 562 

KUMAR, L . S . S . , M.V. THOMBRE, and R. D'CRUZ. 

1958. 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f a n i n t e r g e n e r i c 

h y b r i d of Cajanus aajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . and 

Atylosia lineata W. & A. P r o c . I n d i a n 

Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) 4 7 : 2 5 2 - 2 6 2 . 563 

D e t a i l s are p r e s e n t e d of t h e chromosome 

morphology and m i c r o s p o r o g e n e s i s of 

C. c a j a n , A. lineata, and t h e F 1 h y b r i d s 

between these two s p e c i e s ; in each case 

the chromosome number was found to be 

2 n = 2 2 . The p a r e n t s were thought to be 

c l o s e l y r e l a t e d because o f the s i m i l a r i t y 

between t h e i r chromosome complements. 

However, s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s between 

chromosomes of the two species may have 

accounted f o r the p a r t i a l a b o r t i o n o f seed 

and t h e low percentage of p o l l e n germinat 

i n g i n t h e h y b r i d , i n w h i c h a l s o some 

q u a d r i v a l e n t s , b r i d g e s , and fragments were 

seen d u r i n g m e i o s i s . C. aajan had been 

crossed w i t h A. lineata in o r d e r to combine 

the w i l t r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e l a t t e r w i t h t h e 

d e s i r a b l e agronomic c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e 

f o r m e r . 

NAITHANI, S.P. 1 9 4 1 . 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o n I n d i a n p u l s e s , P a r t 

1. The somatic chromosomes and t h e p r o 

chromosomes of Cajanus. P r o c . N a t . Acad. 

S c i . I n d i a 1 1 : 6 7 - 7 3 . 564 

77


The chromosomes and t h e i r b a h a v i o r in 

Cajanus (2n - 22) a r e d e s c r i b e d . Somatic 

p a i r i n g i s f o u n d . Prochromosomes showing 

a n u m e r i c a l correspondence to t h e chromosomes 

are formed i n the r e s t i n g n u c l e u s , 

and i t i s concluded t h a t they r e p r e s e n t t h e 

s p i n d l e attachment r e g i o n s o f t h e 

chromosomes. 

PANDE, V . N . 1966. 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s in Cajanus and Atylosia. 

D I l T (1966) T h e s i s . I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e 

of Technology, Kharagpur, West B e n g a l , 

I n d i a . 565 

PHIRKE, T . S . 1966. 

Some s t u d i e s on p o l y p l o i d s in t u r (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e 

t o t h e i r u t i l i z a t i o n i n b r e e d i n g . Nagpur 

A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. N o . ) : 

1 0 1 . 569 

Seeds of v a r i e t i e s EB-3 and EB-38 were 

t r e a t e d w i t h HNO 3 , H C l , and c h l o r a l hydrate. 

Progenies showing gigas c h a r a c t e r s were 

s t u d i e d and a l l showed 2n = 22 chromosomes. 

Some were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i n 

h e i g h t , pod s i z e , y i e l d , and g r a i n w e i g h t , 

and were crossed s u c c e s s f u l l y w i t h normal 

t y p e s . 

PANKAJA REDDY, R., and N. GANGA PRASADA RAO. 

1975. 

Somatic v a r i a t i o n in Cajanus cajan. 

C u r r . S c i . 44(22) : 8 1 6 - 8 1 7 . 566 

The o u t c r o s s i n g i n t h i s s p e c i e s i s e s t i m a 

t e d a t l e s s t h a n 10%. Off types i n t r u e - 

b r e e d i n g v a r i e t i e s f r e q u e n t l y range from 1 0 

to 30%. Experiments were t h e r e f o r e 

c a r r i e d o u t o n t r u e - b r e e d i n g v a r i e t i e s 

i n w h i c h s e v e r a l p l a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 

were observed o n i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s a s w e l l 

as on each shoot on each p l a n t . Most 

v a r i a t i o n s observed appear to be s o m a t i c , 

a l t h o u g h f u r t h e r s t u d i e s are r e q u i r e d . 

PATHAK, G.N. 1948. 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of a spontaneously 

o r i g i n a t e d t e t r a p l o i d Cajanus cajan M i l l s p . 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 8 : 6 8 - 7 1 . 567 

A n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d (n = 22) 

o f C . c a j a n i s d e s c r i b e d . I t s c y t o l o g i c a l 

b e h a v i o r i n t h e p o l l e n mother c e l l s was 

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e f o r m a t i o n of 0 to 11 

q u a d r i v a l e n t s and i r r e g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n 

of t h e chromosomes at anaphase I and I I ; 

t h e p o l l e n g r a i n s showed up to 80% s t e r i l i t y . 

PATHAK, G . N . , and R.S. YADAVA. 1 9 5 1 . 

Spontaneously o r i g i n a t e d h e x a p l o i d and 

t e t r a p l o i d p l a n t s i n Cajanus oajan M i l l s p . 

C u r r . S c i . 2 0 : 3 0 4 . 568 

N a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g t e t r a p l o i d s (n=22) and 

h e x a p l o i d s (n = 33) have been o b s e r v e d . 

The h e x a p l o i d s s e t no seed. Out of t h e 

n i n e t e t r a p l o i d s , f i v e produced some seed. 

I t i s suggested t h a t chromosome d o u b l i n g 

may have o c c u r r e d in d i p l o i d s and some 

n a t u r a l t r i p l o i d s , p o s s i b l y a s t h e r e s u l t 

o f c o l d c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g a h a i l s t o r m . 

REDDY, L . J . 1973. 

I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of Cajanus and Atylosia 

species as r e v e a l e d by h y b r i d i z a t i o n and 

pachytene a n a l y s i s . Ph.D. (1973) T h e s i s . 

I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, K h a r a g p u r , 

West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 570 

REDDY, L . J . , and D.N. DE. 1978. 

Somatic c a r y o t y p e s of Cajanus c a j a n and 

t h r e e species of Atylosia. Genetica ( I n 

P r e s s ) . 571 

The somatic chromosomes of Cajanus and of 

Atylosia lineata, A. seriaea, and A. scarabaeoides 

are s m a l l and come under t h e same 

l e n g t h g r o u p s . Cajanus possesses t h r e e 

m e t a c e n t r i c chromosomes as a g a i n s t f o u r 

in a l l the Atylosia s p e c i e s . A. seriaea 

possesses two s a t e l l i t e d chromosome p a i r s 

i n c o n t r a s t t o one s a t e l l i t e d chromosome 

p a i r in Cajanua and t h e o t h e r two Atylosia 

s p e c i e s . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s showed t h a t 

f i v e p a i r s of chromosomes a r e common to 

a l l the species o f b o t h the g e n e r a . 

B e s i d e s , Cajanus and A. lineata possess 

seven i d e n t i c a l chromosome p a i r s and Cajanus 

and A. seriaea and Cajanus and 

A . scarabaeoides e x h i b i t s i x p a i r s o f 

i d e n t i c a l chromosomes each. Thus on t h e 

b a s i s o f somatic k a r y o l o g y , o f t h e t h r e e 

species of Atylosia s t u d i e d , A. lineata 

is c l o s e s t to Cajanus. 

ROY, ASHOK. 1964. 

I n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a t i o n of Cajanus and 

Atylosia. D1IT (1964) T h e s i s . I n d i a n 

I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, Kharagpur, West 

B e n g a l , I n d i a . 572 

ROY, ASHOK, and D.N. DE. 1965. 

I n t e r g e n e r i c h y b r i d i z a t i o n of Cajanus and 

Atylosia. S c i . C u l t . 3 1 : 9 3 - 9 5 . 573 

The e x i s t e n c e of a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t 

ween t h e two genera is i n d i c a t e d by t h e 

s i m i l a r i t y in chromosome number (2n ■ 2 2 ) , 

78

C y t ogenetics 

morphology, and c e r t a i n a n a t o m i c a l f e a t u r e s , 

and by t h e success of the cross C. cajan 

FC 9334 x A. scarabaeoidee. It is t h e r e - 

f o r e proposed t h a t Atylosia be i n c o r p o r a t e d 

i n t o t h e genus Cajanus, w i t h cytotaxonomic 

r e v i s i o n o f t h e l a t t e r . 

SHARMA, C.N. 1967. 

S t u d i e s on t h e Cajanus and Atylosia h y b r i d . 

D I I T (1967) T h e s i s . I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f 

Technology, Kharagpur, West B e n g a l , 

I n d i a . 574 

SHRIVASTAVA, M.P. 1975. 

E f f e c t of gamma i r r a d i a t i o n on d i p l o i d and 

t e t r a p l o i d seeds of Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . C u r r . S c i . 4 4 ( 5 ) : 1 6 7 - 1 6 8 . 575 

Normal d i p l o i d and c o l c h i c i n e - i n d u c e d t e t r a 

p l o i d seeds were t r e a t e d a t f i v e doses o f 

- r a y s and s t u d i e d f o r g e r m i n a t i o n , p e r c e n t 

age s u r v i v a l , s e e d l i n g h e i g h t , and number 

o f l e a v e s . I n d i p l o i d s , i n c r e a s i n g doses, 

15 to 60 K r a d , r e s u l t e d in a decrease f o r 

a l l these c h a r a c t e r s . I n t h e t e t r a p l o i d s , 

1 5 Krad r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d g e r m i n a t i o n , 

h e i g h t , and number of leaves compared w i t h 

u n t r e a t e d seeds. A t h i g h e r doses, g e r m i 

n a t i o n remained s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e 

d i p l o i d s except a t t h e h i g h e s t dose o f 

6 0 K r a d , when i t was l e s s . S u r v i v a l i n a l l 

cases was h i g h e r than t h a t o f t h e d i p l o i d s ; 

h e i g h t was g r e a t e r a t a l l doses except 

60 K r a d , when it was t h e same as in t h e 

d i p l o i d s ; and t h e number o f leaves i n a l l 

cases was h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e d i p l o i d s . 

SHRIVASTAVA, M.P., and R.K. JOSHI. 1972. 

A smear t e c h n i q u e f o r r o o t t i p chromosome 

p r e p a r a t i o n o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

JNKW Res. J. 6 : 5 9 - 6 0 . 576 

Of s i x chemicals t e s t e d , - bromonaphthalene 

was most s u c c e s s f u l i n p r e t r e a t m e n t f o r 

Feulgen s t a i n i n g . A t somatic metaphase, 

2n - 22 was o b s e r v e d . 

SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , LAXMAN SINGH, and 

R.K. JOSHI. 1972. 

I n d u c t i o n and c y t o m o r p h o l o g i c a l study o f 

a u t o t e t r a p l o i d y i n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . JNKW Res. J . 6 : 4 7 - 5 0 . 577 

A l l 1 3 t e t r a p l o i d s induced b y c o l c h i c i n e 

t r e a t m e n t showed reduced seed s e t and 

y i e l d . C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s showed m e i o t i c 

i r r e g u l a r i t i e s b u t p h y s i o l o g i c a l imbalances 

were a l s o a p p a r e n t l y i n v o l v e d i n 

c a u s i n g s t e r i l i t y . 

SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , D. SHARMA, and 

LAXMAN SINGH. 1973. 

Karyotype a n a l y s i s i n 1 5 v a r i e t i e s o f 

Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Atylosia 

lineata (W. and A . ) . C y t o l o g i a 3 8 ( 2 ) : 

219-227. 578 

A chromosome number of 2n - 22 was found 

in 15 v a r i e t i e s of C. aajan and in 

A. lineata. One p a i r of s a t e l l i t e d c h r o 

mosomes was observed in 13 o u t of t h e 15 

v a r i e t i e s ; P-958 d i d not have t h e s a t e l 

l i t e s and NP-69 had a h e t e r o m o r p h i c p a i r 

w i t h one member of t h e p a i r possessing a 

s a t e l l i t e . Karyotype a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d 

c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r v a r i e t a l v a r i a t i o n regardi 

n g arm r a t i o , t o t a l l e n g t h , and r a t i o o f 

l o n g e s t and s h o r t e s t chromosomes. T h i s 

v a r i a t i o n i s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h any morp 

h o l o g i c a l and agronomic c h a r a c t e r s of t h e 

v a r i e t i e s , a l t h o u g h P-458, the v a r i e t y 

w i t h o u t s a t e l l i t e s , was d i s t i n g u i s h e d 

from the o t h e r v a r i e t i e s b y i t s obovate 

t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s . The chromosome morphol 

o g y of A. lineata c l o s e l y resembled t h a t 

of C. aajan T = 2 1 . 

SIKDAR, A.K. 1965. 

C y t o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n on Atylosia and 

i t s h y b r i d i z a t i o n w i t h Cajanus. D I I T 

(1965) T h e s i s . I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Techn 

o l o g y , Kharagpur, West B e n g a l , 

I n d i a . 579 

SIKDAR, A . K . , and D.N. DE. 1967. 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o f two species o f 

Atylosia and Cajanus aajan. B u l l . B o t . 

Soc. Beng. 2 1 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 2 8 . 580 

SINGH, S.P. 1947. 

A new method of a p p l i c a t i o n of acenapht 

h e n e . S c i . C u l t . 1 2 : 5 9 3 - 5 9 4 . 581 

A method of t r e a t i n g seeds w i t h acenaphthene 

i n l a r d i s o u t l i n e d . The e f f e c t s o f 

acenaphthene t r e a t m e n t on Cajanus c e l l s are 

d e s c r i b e d . I t i s thought t h a t chromosome 

d o u b l i n g m i g h t be induced by v a r y i n g t h e 

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t h e acenaphthene and t h e 

d u r a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t . 

SINGH, VEDPAL. 1959. 

R e t a r d a t i o n i n t h e r a t e o f g e r m i n a t i o n o f 

Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . seeds t r e a t e d 

w i t h c o l c h i c i n e . Agra U n i v . J . Res. ( S c i . ) 

8 ( 1 ) : 35-38. 582 

SINHA, S . S . N . , and S.B. AKHAURY. 1969. 

E f f e c t of gamma-radiation and E.M.S. on 

Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 

Assoc. 5 6 ( 3 ) : 3 4 8 - 3 4 9 . ( A b s t r a c t ) . 583 

79


Dry dormant seeds of C. cajan were t r e a t e d 

w i t h - r a y s at 5 and 10 Kr and w i t h EMS of 

0.5% and 1% s t r e n g t h . Gamma-rays produced 

more marked e f f e c t s than EMS in r e d u c i n g 

percentage o f g e r m i n a t i o n , i n c r e a s i n g t i m e 

taken f o r g e r m i n a t i o n , and r e t a r d i n g s e e d 

l i n g g r o w t h . Gamma r a y s a l s o produced more 

breaks in chromosomes than EMS. Shoot 

g r o w t h s u f f e r e d more t h a n r o o t w i t h b o t h 

mutagens. V a r i o u s c y t o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i 

t i e s were observed i n r o o t s grown f r o m 

t r e a t e d seeds. There appear t o b e s i m i l a 

r i t i e s i n t h e t r e n d and p a t t e r n o f a b n o r 

m a l i t i e s caused by b o t h t h e mutagens. 

SINHA, S . S . N . , and S.B. AKHAURY. 1 9 7 1 . 

R a d i a t i o n s t u d i e s in Cajanus cajan dose 

r e s p o n s e : chromosome a b e r r a t i o n s and t h e i r 

e l i m i n a t i o n s . J . Res. Ranchi U n i v . 

6 , 7 : 2 4 7 - 2 5 5 . 584 

SIVASAMY, N. 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n i n d u c t i o n o f m u t a t i o n i n Cajanus 

c a j a n . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . Tamil Nadu 

A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Coimbatore, Tamil 

Nadu, I n d i a . 585 

THOMBRE, MADHUKAR VASUDEO. 1960. 

C y t o g e n e t i c s and i n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s on the 

genera Cajanus ( L . ) M i l l s p . and Atyloeia 

W. and A, Ph.D. (1960) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y 

of Poona, Poona, M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 586 

TIDKE, P.M. 1 9 6 1 . 

S t u d i e s o n t h e induced t e t r a p l o i d s o f pea, 

pigeonpea and w a t e r h y a c i n t h . M.Tech. 

(1961) T h e s i s , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f 

Technology, Kharagpur, West B e n g a l , 

I n d i a . 587 

chapter i s devoted t o t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l 

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f p u l s e s , 

and another to a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s ; , and 

area response of p u l s e s . 

HENDERSON, T . H . 1965. 

Some aspects of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) 

f a r m i n g i n T r i n i d a d . Occas. Ser. 3 . Dep. 

A g r i c . Econ. Fm Fgmt U n i v . W. I n d i e s . 

40 p p . 590 

M a i n l y on the economics of pigeonpea f a r m 

i n g , b u t based on 1964 survey of 439 

g r o w e r s . Some agronomic d a t a are i n c l u d e d . 

The y i e l d s ranged from 200 to 5000 lb f r e s h 

green p o d s / a c . 

HENDERSON, T . H . 1966. 

P r a c t i c e and r e f e r e n c e among pigeonpea 

growers i n T r i n i d a d . P r o c . C a r i b b . Soc. 

Fd Crop S c i . 1966. 591 

I n t h e Americas, pigeonpea i s m o s t l y h a r 

v e s t e d in the form of green pod ( u n r i p e pod 

+ seed) to meet t h e demand f o r green 

v e g e t a b l e s and c a n n i n g . In a survey of 

growers i n T r i n i d a d , green pod p r o d u c t i o n 

ranged from 224 to 5600 k g / h a , about 80% 

o f y i e l d s b e i n g l e s s than 2240 k g / h a . 

MISHRA, S.D. 1967. 

M a r k e t i n g o f a r h a r i n Khajwan m a r k e t , 

V a r a n a s i . A g r i c . S i t u . I n d i a . 2 1 ( 1 0 ) : 

855-858. 592 

It is i n t e r e s t i n g to know how a w h o l e s a l e 

produce market c a t e r i n g b o t h to urban and 

r u r a l customers f u n c t i o n s . The sources of 

s u p p l y , t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f the c u l t i v a t o r s 

i n r a i s i n g and m a r k e t i n g t h e c r o p , and t h e 

answers t o these d i f f i c u l t i e s are discussed. 

VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, R.B. SINGH, 

and B.D. SINGH. 1976. 

Induced v a r i a t i o n f o r i n f l o r e s c e n c e i n 

Cajanus c a j a n . J . C y t o l . Gen. 1 1 : 

134-135. 588 

E C O N O M I C S 

CHOPRA, K . , and G. SWAMY (EDITORS). 1975. 

P u l s e s : an a n a l y s i s of demand and s u p p l y 

i n I n d i a 1 9 5 1 - 7 1 . New D e l h i : S t e r l i n g . 589 

Demand f o r p u l s e s i n I n d i a i s e x p l a i n e d i n 

terms o f t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e a s w e l l a s o f 

p r i c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r f o o d s . One 

MITRA, R.N. 1959. 

Land and l a b o u r necessary f o r c a l o r i c and 

p r o t e i n r e q u i r e m e n t s i n I n d i a . A g r i c . 

S i t u . I n d i a . 14(9) : 958-970. 593 

Attempts t o d e t e r m i n e l a n d and l a b o r c o s t 

o f n u t r i e n t s ( c a l o r i e s and p r o t e i n ) i n 

d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s o f I n d i a . I t was found 

t h a t p u l s e s , e s p e c i a l l y red gram, a r e much 

more economical sources o f p r o t e i n s t h a n 

c e r e a l s . K h e s a r i (Lathyrus sativus) and 

r e d gram a r e t h e most economical sources of 

c a l o r i e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n terms o f b o t h human 

and b u l l o c k l a b o r . 

MOLLISON, J . 1 9 0 1 . 

Pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). In: F i e l d and 

Garden Crops of Bombay P r e s i d e n c y . 

70-73 p p . Bombay: Supdt. G o v t . 

P r i n t i n g . 594 

80

Entomology 

MUTHAIAH, C, and M.P. RAO. 1962. 

S h i f t i n g o f a r e a under t u r . A g r i c . S i t u . 

I n d i a . 1 7 ( 4 ) : 3 3 7 - 3 4 1 . 595 

A d e t a i l e d s t u d y made in 10 s e l e c t e d 

d i s t r i c t s i n Madhya Pradesh, I n d i a showing 

reasons f o r a t r e n d i n which pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus) and i t s a s s o c i a t e d crops 

a r e b e i n g r e p l a c e d by wheat to a c o n s i d e r 

a b l e e x t e n t . E x t e n s i o n o f i r r i g a t i o n 

f a c i l i t i e s i s t h e main r e a s o n . 

RODRIGUEZ, C O . , and J . B . CANDELAS. 1959. 

E s t a d i s t i c a s a g r i c o l a s d e P u e r t o R i c o . 

1935-1958. E. and R . S . , 53. A g r i c . Exp. 

Stn U n i v . P. R i c o . 596 

Pigeonpea i s a l s o a major crop i n P u e r t o 

R i c o . D u r i n g 1957-58 a t o t a l p r o d u c t i o n 

of 655,000 kg green peas was r e p o r t e d , 

which at farm v a l u e was w o r t h 1,665,000 

US d o l l a r s . 

SILVESTRE, P . , and M. SOITOUT. 1965. 

F i r s t t e c h n i c a l meeting o n v e g e t a b l e and 

g r a i n legume improvement and p r o d u c t i o n i n 

A f r i c a . Dakar, 18-28 Jan 1965. A g r o n . 

T r o p . 2 0 ( 3 ) : 7 4 7 - 7 6 8 . 597 

Madagascar produced 2,300 m e t r i c t o n s of 

beans and 500 m e t r i c tons of Cajanus. Kenya 

c u l t i v a t e s Cajanua over 16,000 h e c t a r e s . 

E N T O M O L O G Y 

AHMAD, D. 1976. 

E f f e c t o f phosphine f u m i g a t i o n o n the g e r 

m i n a t i o n o f e d i b l e legume seeds. J . S t o r . 

P r o d . Res. 1 2 ( 3 ) : 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 . 598 

F u m i g a t i o n of seeds of Vigna radiata, 

V. mungo, V. aconitifolia, cowpea, soybean, 

Phaseolus vulgaris, c h i c k p e a , l e n t i l , 

pigeonpea, Vicia faba, and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 

w i t h PH3 at a c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o u r 

times h i g h e r t h a n t h e n o r m a l l y used maximum 

f o r 7 days had no e f f e c t on subsequent 

g e r m i n a t i o n , compared w i t h unfumigated 

seeds. 

AHMAD, T. 1938. 

The t u r pod f l y , Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . , a 

pest o f Cajanua c a j a n . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . 

S c i . 8 : 6 3 - 7 6 . 599 

Red gram Agromyza, d i s c o v e r e d in 1906, has 

been i d e n t i f i e d as Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . 

I t s l i f e c y c l e , f a v o r a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l 

c o n d i t i o n s , i n f e s t a t i o n p e r i o d , and s e v e 

r i t y of damage a r e d e s c r i b e d . A c h a l c i d 

l a r v a l p a r a s i t e o f t h i s p e s t has been 

i n v e s t i g a t e d which i s y e t a w a i t i n g 

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . 

AHMAD, T. 1940. 

On t h e b i o l o g y of Euderus l i v i d u s (Ashm), 

a p a r a s i t e of Agromyza obtuaa M a l l . I n d i a n 

J . E n t . 2 : 5 9 - 6 4 . 600 

I n n a t u r e t h e l a r v a l stage o f t h e Agromyza 

is p a r a s i t i z e d by t h e C h a l c i d Euderus 

lividua (Ashm) to a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e 

e x t e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , a d e t a i l e d study o f t h e 

b i o l o g y and morphology of t h e p a r a s i t e has 

been made, t h e r e s u l t s of which a r e 

summarized. 



c u l t u r e , M a u r i t i u s , 1949. p p . 6 4 - 6 5 . 601 

Experiments o n t h e c o n t r o l o f i n s e c t p e s t s 

of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). A spray of 

4% DDT reduced i n s e c t a t t a c k . 


Pests of pigeonpea. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . 

M a u r i t i u s , 1959. 602 

The p e s t s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) were 

g r e a t l y r e d u c e d , and a r e c o r d crop o b t a i n e d 

i n 1959, f o l l o w i n g t h e s u c c e s s f u l i n t r o d u c 

t i o n of t h e p a r a s i t e s Braoon c a j a n i and 

Eiphosoma annulatum. 



c u l t u r e o f t h e Colony o f M a u r i t i u s f o r t h e 

year 1959. 78 p p . 603 

Review o f a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and 

r e s u l t s i n M a u r i t i u s d u r i n g 1959. S e v e r a l 

i n s e c t - p a r a s i t e s were i n t r o d u c e d , i n t e r 

a l i a , a g a i n s t the p e s t s o f the pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus). 

ARGIKAR, G . P . , and V.V. TH0BBI. 1957. 

An e s t i m a t e of t h e damage caused by t h e t u r 

pod c a t e r p i l l a r , E x e l a s t i s atomosa W., to 

pigeonpea gram. Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

4 8 ( l ) : 2 5 - 2 6 . 604 

T w e n t y - f i v e c u l t i v a r s o f Cajanus cajan were 

grown i n a s m a l l - s c a l e r e p l i c a t e d t r i a l t o 

t e s t comparative s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e pod 

c a t e r p i l l a r . Loss i n g r a i n w e i g h t ranged 

from 0.30% i n s t r a i n NP-69 t o 19.56X i n 

B o r s a d - 1 . The s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h e d i f f e 

r e n t i a l b e h a v i o r o f t h e pest towards 

d i f f e r e n t t y p e s . The n e c e s s i t y o f c o n t r o l 

81


measures i s emphasized and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y 

o f g e t t i n g c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e s i s t a n t l i n e s i n 

t h e germplasm i s d i s c u s s e d . 

ATHWAL, A . S . 1970. 

I n s e c t p o l l i n a t o r s o f c r o p s . B i o l o g y , 

ecology and u t i l i z a t i o n o f i n s e c t s o t h e r 

than honeybees i n t h e p o l l i n a t i o n o f crops 

( F i n a l Research Report 1965-70) . 

PL-480 P r o j e c t ( A 7 - E n t - 1 9 ) , Punjab 

A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , L u d h i a n a , 

I n d i a . 115 p p . 605 

P o l l i n a t o r s of Cajanus indicus g i v e n w i t h 

d e t a i l e d b i o l o g y , h a b i t s , photographs e t c . 

Megachile spp. Cerulina s p . and Xylocopa 

s p . a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s p o l l i n a t o r s . 

ATHWAL, A . S . 1976. 

A g r i c u l t u r a l p e s t s o f I n d i a and South-East 

A s i a . In: Pests of Pulse Crops. Ludhiana: 

Kalyani P u b l i s h e r s . 175 pp. 606 

About 150 i n s e c t s have been r e c o r d e d f e e d 

i n g on 10 i m p o r t a n t p u l s e crops grown in 

d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f I n d i a . O f t h e s e , about 

one dozen i n s e c t s , i n c l u d i n g pod b o r e r s , 

stem b o r e r s , l e a f m i n e r s , f o l i a g e c a t e r 

p i l l a r s , c u t worms, j a s s i d s , a p h i d s , and 

w h i t e f l i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t . The l i f e - c y c l e s 

of t h e plume moth ( E x e l a s t i s atomosa) and 

red gram pod f l y (Agromyza o b t u s a M . ) , t h e 

e x t e n t of damage, and c o n t r o l measures to 

be taken a r e d i s c u s s e d . 

BALASUBRAMANIAN, G . , R. RABINDRA JEBAMONI, 

P.P. VASUDEVA MENON, and T.R. SUBRAMANIAN. 

1976. 

C o n t r o l o f r e d gram pod b o r e r s w i t h spray 

f o r m u l a t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 4 ) : 

251-252. 607 

E n d o s u l f a n 0.07% was s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r s i n 

c o n t r o l l i n g pod b o r e r s . The t r e a t m e n t s 

monocrotophos, m a l a t h i o n + f e n i t r o t h i o n , 

d i m e t h o a t e , and f e n t h o a t e were e q u a l l y 

e f f e c t i v e i n r e d u c i n g t h e i n c i d e n c e o f 

pod b o r e r s and g e t t i n g h i g h e r y i e l d s . 

C a r b a r y l b o t h at 0 . 1 % and 0.25% r e g i s t e r e d 

l e s s pod b o r e r damage. 

BARROW, R.M. 1968. 

Bionomics of a l e a f - e a t i n g b e e t l e (Diphaulaca 

n. s p . ) on pigeonpea (Cajanue cajan) 

i n T r i n i d a d . P r o c . C a r i b b . F d Crops Soc. 

6 t h Annual M e e t i n g , T r i n i d a d . 6 : 

3 8 - 4 1 . 608 

A h i g h l e v e l of h o s t s p e c i f i c i t y was demons 

t r a t e d b y t h e l e a f - e a t i n g f l e a - b e e t l e 

s p e c i e s of Diphaulaca. Only Cajanue c a j a n 

and no o t h e r legume was consumed. The peak 

i n c i d e n c e o f t h i s pest c o i n c i d e s w i t h the 

peak r a i n f a l l p e r i o d s i n T r i n i d a d . 

BASANT SINGH, RAMESHWAR PRASAD, and 

Y.K. MATHUR. 1976. 

E f f e c t o f i n s e c t i c i d e c o m b i n a t i o n o n t h e 

i n c i d e n c e of Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l , 

and o n y i e l d o f a r h a r c r o p . P e s t i c i d e s 

1 0 ( l ) : 4 2 - 4 3 . 609 

Spraying of 0.03% phosphamidon mixed w i t h 

0.03% e n d o s u l f a n ( 1 : 1 ) a t the r a t e o f 

1,135 l i t e r s per h e c t a r e can be recommended 

f o r t h e c o n t r o l of M. obtuaa on a r h a r crop 

and f o r r e a l i z i n g a p p r e c i a b l e y i e l d . 

BENNET, F.D. 1960. 

P a r a s i t e s of Ancylostomia stevcorea (Pyralidae; 

Lepidoptera) a pod b o r e r a t t a c k i n g 

pigeonpea i n T r i n i d a d . B u l l . E n t . Res. 

5 9 ( 4 ) : 7 3 7 - 7 5 7 . 610 

I n T r i n i d a d , the o n l y s e r i o u s pod b o r e r 

a t t a c k i n g pigeonpea is Ancylostomia stercor 

e a Z e l l . , which breeds throughout the 

y e a r . The eggs are l a i d on the young pods 

and the l a r v a e feed on the d e v e l o p i n g seeds 

and l a t e r pupate i n the s o i l . The complete 

l i f e c y c l e r e q u i r e s 26 to 32 days. E i g h t 

species of p a r a s i t e s were r e a r e d from the 

l a r v a e o f A n c y l o s t o m i a . L i f e h i s t o r y 

s t u d i e s and r e a r i n g techniques f o r the 

s i x commonest species are p r e s e n t e d . 

BINDRA, O.S. 1965. 

B i o l o g y and bionomics of Clavigralla gibbosa 

S p i n o l a , the pod bug of pigeonpea. 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 5 : 3 2 2 - 3 3 4 . 611 

There was c o n s i d e r a b l e o v e r l a p p i n g of 

g e n e r a t i o n s and s i x g e n e r a t i o n s were p o s s i 

b l e from November to May. The pest c o u l d 

be c o l l e c t e d o n l y from Cajanue c a j a n . An 

e f f e c t i v e p a r a s i t e , Hadronotus antestiae 

Dodd, was found f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e 

p a r a s i t i z i n g t h e eggs. 

BINDRA, O.S. 1968. 

I n s e c t pests o f p u l s e c r o p s . 

1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 2 - 1 4 . 


612 

More than 150 species of i n s e c t s are known 

t o a t t a c k p u l s e crops i n I n d i a and o f these 

about 25 cause s e r i o u s damage. Red gram 

s u f f e r s s e r i o u s l o s s e s from a t t a c k n o t o n l y 

b y c a t e r p i l l a r s b u t a l s o pod f l y , plume 

m o t h , and pod b u g . A l a r g e number of o t h e r 

i n s e c t s which a r e n o t s e r i o u s pests i n d i v i 

d u a l l y a l s o cause a p p r e c i a b l e damage 

c o l l e c t i v e l y . 

82

Entomology 

BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1 9 7 1 . 

Tur pod b u g , Clavigralla gibboea S p i n o l a 

(Coreidae : Hemiptera) • P e s t i c i d e s 

5 ( 2 ) : 3 - 4 , 32. 613 

Clavigralla i n c l u d e s two s p e c i e s , 

C. gibboea S p i n , and C. horrens D o h r n . , 

which i n f e s t leguminous crops and suck 

t h e i r j u i c e . The former i s more commonly 

p r e v a l e n t and i s o f g r e a t e r economic 

importance i n I n d i a . The f o l l o w i n g aspects 

o f t h i s p e s t a r e d i s c u s s e d : v a r i o u s stages 

o f development; d i s t r i b u t i o n o f host 

p l a n t s , p r i m a r i l y pigeonpea; l i f e h i s t o r y , 

seasonal h i s t o r y , and number of generations; 

n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f damage; n a t u r a l 

enemies; and c o n t r o l measures. 

BINDRA, O . S . , and HARCHARAN SINGH. 1972. 

Tur pod f l y , Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l o c h . 

(Diptera : Agromyzidae) • P e s t i c i d e s 

6 ( 7 ) : 1 1 - 1 2 , 22. 614 

Tur pod f l y , Melanagromyza (Agromyza) 

obtusa M a l l o c h . was f i r s t r e c o r d e d i n 

1906 under t h e name " T u r - p o d f l y " on 

Cajanus cajan ( L . ) . I t has a l s o been 

d e s c r i b e d under t h e name "Red-gram a g r o - 

myza" b u t t h i s name has n o t become w i d e l y 

a c c e p t e d . The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e 

i n s e c t , i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n and h o s t p l a n t s , 

l i f e h i s t o r y , seasonal h i s t o r y , n a t u r e and 

e x t e n t of damage, n a t u r a l enemies, and 

c o n t r o l measures are summarized. 

CHAUDHARY, R . R . P . , and A.K. BHATTACHARYA. 

1974. 

Keeping p e s t s of a r h a r at b a y . I n d i a n Fmr 

D i g e s t 7(7) : 2 3 , 33. 617 

Arhar is l i a b l e to a t t a c k by a number of 

i n s e c t p e s t s , t h e r e d gram pod f l y and t u r 

pod f l y and t u r pod c a t e r p i l l a r b e i n g t h e 

most s e r i o u s . O t h e r s , t h e t u r pod b u t t e r 

f l y (Catoahryaopa anejus) and a r h a r l e a f 

webber o r l e a f r o l l e r (Euaosma c r i t i c a ) a r e 

n o t so s e r i o u s . C o n t r o l measures are 


CRUZ, CARLOS. 1975. 

Observations on pod b o r e r o v i p o s i t i o n and 

i n f e s t a t i o n o f pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . R i c o . 5 9 ( l ) : 6 3 - 6 8 . 618 

T h i r t e e n v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanue 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) were p l a n t e d t o d e t e r 

mine pod b o r e r o v i p o s i t i o n p r e f e r e n c e s and 

i n f e s t a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s . Etiella zinokenella 

and Heliothis virescens were t h e 

predominant s p e c i e s . O v i p o s i t i o n o f 

Heliothia began on f l o w e r buds b u t pods 

were p r e f e r r e d where a v a i l a b l e , except f o r 

v a r i e t i e s F l o r i d o , T r i n i d a d 5690, and 

T r i n i d a d 6222, where a s i m i l a r p r e f e r e n c e 

f o r bud and pods was r e c o r d e d . V a r i e t y 

Guama p a r t i c u l a r l y was l e s s a t t r a c t i v e 

f o r o v i p o s i t i o n . V a r i e t i e s Saragateado, 

F l o r i d o , and Totiempo showed h i g h e s t i n f e s 

t a t i o n r a t e s t h r o u g h o u t the season. 

BINDRA, O . S . , and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 1967. 

I n c i d e n c e of and l o s s e s caused by some 

p o d - i n f e s t i n g i n s e c t s i n d i f f e r e n t v a r i e 

t i e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

3 7 ( 3 ) : 1 7 7 - 1 9 6 . 615 

In a 2-year s t u d y of 50 v a r i e t i e s of 

p i g e o n p e a , t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e pod f l y 

(Melanagromyza obtusa) in f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d 

pods v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y from v a r i e t y t o 

v a r i e t y ; percentages o f t h e a f f e c t e d g r a i n s 

averaged 11.2 and 15.8 i n t h e f i r s t and 

second y e a r r e s p e c t i v e l y . In a subsequent 

t r i a l w i t h 1 1 v a r i e t i e s , t h e i n c i d e n c e o n 

g r a i n b a s i s proved to be o n l y 50% of t h a t 

on pod b a s i s . The average y i e l d l o s s was 

8.35% w h i l e t h a t caused by a t t a c k s of t h e 

plume moth (Exelastie atomosa) t h e p u l s e 

b e e t l e (Bruchus bacticus), and t h r e e o t h e r 

peste (Heliothia armigera, Catochrysops 

one jus, and Cosmolyoe bactious) amounted 

t o 4 . 0 2 , 0 . 2 8 , and 3.62% r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

CHARI, M . S . , and H.K. PATEL. 1970. 

S t u d i e s o n p h y t o t o x i c a c t i o n o f c a r b a r y l 

o n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

B.A. A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 2 3 : 4 7 - 4 8 . 616 

DAVID, B . V . , and T. SANTHANARAMAN. 1964. 

F i r s t r e c o r d o f the green n e t t l e s l u g 

c a t e r p i l l a r , Thosea asperiena W l k . , in 

I n d i a . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 1 2 ) : 

499-502. 619 

The seasonal occurrence and l i f e h i s t o r y o f 

the green n e t t l e s l u g c a t e r p i l l a r , Thosea 

asperiens W l k . , a new pest of cholam 

(Sorghum s p p . ) t h a t a l s o a t t a c k s r e d gram 

are r e p o r t e d . The l a r v a e d e f o l i a t e t h e 

p l a n t s and t h e i r poisonous h a i r s a l s o 

i n f l i c t severe p a i n i f they happen t o come 

in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e human body. 

DAVID, S. KANAKARAJ. 1964. 

Note on Heliothia armigera H. and Agvomyza 

obtusa M. a f f e c t i n g redgram pods and t h e i r 

c o n t r o l . Madras A g r i c . J . 51(2) : 9 0 . 620 

There was s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n of pod 

b o r e r s w i t h DDT f o r m u l a t i o n s g i v i n g t h e 

b e s t r e s u l t s i n t h e f i r s t y e a r . DDT i n 

t h e f i r s t y e a r and M e t h y l demeton f o l l o w e d 

b y D i p t e r e x i n t h e second y e a r r e c o r d e d 

the h i g h e s t y i e l d . 

83


DAVIES, J . C . , and S.S. LATEEF. 1975. 

I n s e c t pests o f pigeonpea and chickpea i n 

I n d i a and p r o s p e c t s f o r c o n t r o l . P r o c . 

F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n G r a i n 

Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. ICRISAT. Hyderab 

a d , I n d i a . 3 1 9 - 3 3 1 . 621 

Losses i n seed y i e l d s o f pigeonpea and 

chickpea due t o t h e i n c i d e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t 

p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d , c o n t r o l measures 

a g a i n s t them a r e s u g g e s t e d , and t h e pests 

are l i s t e d i n two appendices. 

DESHPANDE, B.V. 1966. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e v a r i e t a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f 

a r h a r to E. atomosa W. and A. obtuea M. : 

t h e bionomics and e x t e r n a l morphology of 

E. atomoaa W. M.Sc. (1966) T h e s i s . Jawah 

a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , 

J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 622 

EGWUATU, R . I . , and T . A . TAYLOR. 1976. 

Aspects o f t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 

Acanthomia t o m e n t o s i c o l l i s S t a l . ( H e t e r o p - 

t e r a : Coreidae) in Cajanus cajan (Pigeonp 

e a ) . J . Econ. E n t . 69(5) :591-594. 623 

To d e s i g n an i n t e g r a t e d pest management 

program f o r t h e c o n t r o l of the bug Acanthoma 

t o m e n t o e i a o l l i s , a s e r i o u s pest of 

pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) i n N i g e r i a , t h e 

s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s i n s e c t was 

s t u d i e d . The species was found to be 

h i g h l y a g g r e g a t e d , w i t h i n d i c e s o f a g g r e 

g a t i o n r a n g i n g from 1.61 f o r eggs to 2.30 

f o r second i n s t a r nymphs. I n d i c e s o f 

a g g r e g a t i o n from the second t o the f i f t h 

nymphal i n s t a r decreased as t h e nymphs 

became more m a t u r e . 

FLETCHER, T . B . 1917. 

Leguminous f i e l d c r o p s : p e s t s of Cajanus 

indioua (Red g r a m ) . P r o c . Second E n t . 

Meet. Pusa. p p . 4 1 - 7 9 . 624 

Records t h e o c c u r r e n c e of E x e l a s t i s atomoaa 

W. on a r h a r and g i v e s an account of i t s 

l i f e h i s t o r y and t h e damage i t causes. The 

r e d gram plume m o t h , a t y p i c a l b o r e r , c u t s 

t h r o u g h t h e pod and feeds on t h e d e v e l o p i n g 

seed i n s i d e . The c a t e r p i l l a r o n h a t c h i n g , 

f i r s t scrapes t h e pod s u r f a c e , c u t s a h o l e 

and t h r u s t s t h e head i n t o i t t o feed o n t h e 

seeds from o u t s i d e . Other major p e s t s of 

pigeonpea a r e a l s o l i s t e d . 

GAEKWAD, B . B . , V.M. PAWAR, and G.G. BILAPATE. 

1977. 

E f f e c t o f f o o d p l a n t s o n growth and development 

of Heliothie avmigera Hub. Res. B u l l . 

MAU. 1 ( 8 ) : 1 2 3 - 1 2 4 . 625 

There were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t 

ween p u p a l w e i g h t s of a r h a r - f e d and gramf 

e d l a r v a e . There appears t o b e p o s i t i v e 

c o r r e l a t i o n between amount of food consumed 

and pupal w e i g h t . 

GANGRADE, G.A. 1 9 6 1 . 

Tur pod b u g , Clavigralla gibbosa S p i n , in 

Madhya Pradesh. S c i . C u l t . 2 7 ( 2 ) : 

101-102. 626 

The d u r a t i o n o f the i n s e c t ' s l i f e c y c l e 

v a r i e s from 39 to 56 d a y s . The eggs a r e 

p a r a s i t i z e d b y Hadronotus s p . n o . a n t e s t i a e 

Dodd. ( S c e l i n o i d a e : Hymenoptera). A red 

R e d u v i i d bug was observed i n t h e f i e l d 

f e e d i n g on an a d u l t b u g . 

GANGRADE, G.A. 1963. 

Assessment of damage to t u r (Cajanus cajan) 

i n Madhya Pradesh b y t h e t u r - p o d f l y . 

Agromyza obtuea M a l l o c h . I n d i a n J. A g r i c . 

S c i . 3 3 ( l ) : 1 7 - 2 0 . 627 

Observations on the e x t e n t of t h e damage 

to pods and g r a i n s of f i v e v a r i e t i e s of 

pigeonpea r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e damage to pods 

ranged from 29 to 100% in Shahdol, 45 to 

54% in No. 148, 40 to 54% in Hyderabad, 

30 to 60% in Nizamabad and 27 to 58% in 

l o c a l ; whereas i n g r a i n s o f t h e same 

v a r i e t i e s t h e damage ranged from 11.4 to 

86.8%, 23.3 to 29.8%, 21.3 to 29.0%, 

1 3 . 1 to 32.3%, and 13.2 to 37.2%, r e s p e c 

t i v e l y . A new p a r a s i t e , Euderus agvomyzae, 

p a r a s i t i z e d t h e f u l l - g r o w n maggots i n 

Madhya Pradesh, the e x t e n t of p a r a s i t i s m 

b e i n g 11.3 to 18.7%. 

GANGRADE, G.A. 1965. 

Losses to t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) by Melanagromyza 

obtusa M a l l o c h . I n d i a n J. E n t . 

2 6 : 3 6 4 - 3 6 5 . 628 

The range of percentage l o s s in w e i g h t due 

t o i n f e s t a t i o n i s quoted f o r each o f the 

f o u r v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d . No. 148 was l e a s t 

a f f e c t e d , w i t h maximum l o s s of 1.17%. 

GHOSH, C.C. 1937. 

The p u l s e b e e t l e s (Bruchidae) of Burma. 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 7 : 3 9 5 - 4 1 2 . 629 

Of f o u r b r u c h i d s , t h e two most i n j u r i o u s 

a r e Bruohue chinensis on pigeonpea 

(pesinngon) s p e c i a l l y and a l s o on cowpeas 

(Vigna c a t a j a n g ) and Bruohue albocallosus, 

w h i c h occurs i n s m a l l numbers i n t h e f i e l d s 

on pigeonpeas (Cajanus indicus). Bruohus 

ohinensis is t h e most common p e s t on 

pigeonpea b o t h i n t h e f i e l d and s t o r e . 

84

Entomology 

GIRISH, G . K . , K. SINGH, and K. KRISHNAMURTHY. 

1974. 

S t u d i e s on t h e o v i p o s i t i o n and development 

o f C a l l o a o b v u . o 1 n . u e maculatus (Fab.) o n 

v a r i o u s s t o r e d p u l s e s . B u l l . G r a i n Techno!. 

1 2 ( 2 ) : 1 1 3 - 1 1 6 . 630 

The o v i p o s i t i o n and development of Callosobruchus 

maculatus on a few s t o r e d p u l s e s 

were s t u d i e d i n I n d i a . Main f a c t o r s 

r e l a t e d t o o v i p o s i t i o n were smoothness o f 

the seedcoat and s i z e o f t h e g r a i n . 

GOKHALE, V.G. 1973. 

Developmental c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f s e v e r a l 

p u l s e s i n t h e Bruchidae . 1 . Growth and 

development of Callosobruohus maoulatua 

( F a b r i c i u s ) o n h o s t seeds. B u l l . G r a i n 

T e c h n o l . 1 1 : 2 8 - 3 1 . 631 

The growth i n d e x o f t h e i n s e c t proved t h a t 

moth bean (vigna aconitifolia) was of 

maximum food v a l u e , f o l l o w e d by green gram, 

pigeonpea, and o t h e r legumes. The i n s e c t , 

however, c o m p l e t e l y f a i l e d t o develop o n 

soybean, l i m a bean, f r e n c h b e a n , and 

l e n t i l . A n a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e was 

a l s o r e c o r d e d i n t h e mean w e i g h t o f t h e 

a d u l t s emerging from d i f f e r e n t seed 


GOVINDAN, R., H.R. RANGASWAMY, K.C. DEVRAJ, 

M.C. DEVAIAH, and B.N. VISWANATH. 1977. 

B i o l o g y of the r e d gram bud w e e v i l (Ceuthorhynohue 

a s p e r u l u s F a b r i c i u s ) ( C o l e o p t e r a : 

C u r c u l i o n i d a e ) . Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . 

1 1 ( 2 ) : 1 9 1 - 1 9 4 . 632 

The percentage o f i n f e s t a t i o n v a r i e d from 

10 to 8 0 , t h e maximum b e i n g in December. 

The grubs and a d u l t s caused damage to 

f l o w e r buds and f l o w e r s . The l i f e c y c l e 

was completed in 10 to 22 days w i t h an 

average of 14.5 days d u r i n g J a n u a r y - F e b r u 

a r y ( i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d 1.92 d a y s ; l a r v a l 

p e r i o d 4.20 d a y s ; p r e p u p a l p e r i o d 3.0 d a y s ; 

p u p a l p e r i o d 5.83 d a y s ) . The a d u l t 

s u r v i v e d f o r 5 days w i t h o u t f o od and 15 

days w i t h food under c o n f i n e m e n t . 

GUPTA, S . K . , MANJIT SINGH DHOORIA, and 

A . S . SIDHU. 1 9 7 1 . 

V a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f pigeonpea i n t h e 

Punjab to p e s t Sohizotetranychua s p . 

S c i . C u l t . 3 7 : 4 8 4 - 4 8 5 . 633 

I n t e s t s o f 1 3 v a r i e t i e s o f Cajonus c a j a n , 

P-1141 was t h e l e a s t s u s c e p t i b l e . 

HAZARIKA, S . H . , and S. ABDUS. 1 9 6 1 . 

I n s e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a r h a r (Cajanus 

i n d i c u s Spreng) i n East P a k i s t a n . 

S c i e n t i s t ( P a k . ) . 4 : 1 8 - 2 0 . 634 

In East P a k i s t a n ( B a n g l a d e s h ) , t h e pod was 

the most s e v e r e l y a t t a c k e d p l a n t p a r t . The 

l i k e l i h o o d of e c o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t damage 

was a s c r i b e d to Maruoca teatulalia and 

Zonabria pustulata. 

HEINRICH, C. 1956. 

American moths of the s u b f a m i l y P h y c i t i n a e . 

B u l l . U.S. N a t . Mus. No. 207, 581 p p . 635 

The pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was found to 

be t h e commonest h o s t p l a n t b u t specimens 

were a l s o c o l l e c t e d as l a r v a e from chickpea 

(Cicer arietinum) and b l a c k - e y e d pea 

(Doliohos)'. 

HEINRICH, W.O. 1966. 

" V e r r u g a , " a s c a l e p e s t o f c o f f e e i n 

B r a z i l . World Crops 1 8 ( l ) : 3 8 - 4 2 . 636 

The o t h e r h o s t p l a n t s o f t h e s c a l e 

(Cerococcus c a t e n o r i u s ) i n c l u d e Cajanus 

c a j a n . The t y p i c a l symptom i s t h e b r e a k i n g 

of t h e stem some 25 cm below t h e apex. 

S p r a y i n g w i t h 0.9% m a l a t h i o n or 0.2% 

d i a z i n o n i s recommended. 

I P E , I . M . 1964. 

Anatomy o f the f i n a l i n s t a r l a r v a o f 

Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) a pest on 

the d e v e l o p i n g seeds of Cajanue indioua 

{Agromyzidae: D i p t e r a ) . Agra U n i v . J . 

Res. 1 3 ( 3 ) : 5 9 - 7 2 . 637 

The l a r v a l head o f t h e f i n a l i n s t a r i s 

f o l l o w e d by t h r e e t h o r a c i c and e i g h t abdom 

i n a l segments. Segmental boundaries are 

marked by muscle scars and c u t i c u l a r 

p r o c e s s . M a n d i b l e s , l a b i a l s c l e r i t e s , and 

the p a r a c l y p e a l phragma c o n s t i t u t e the 

cephalopharyngeal s k e l e t o n . The study a l s o 

d e s c r i b e s a n a t o m i c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f 

d i g e s t i v e and r e s p i r a t o r y systems. S a l i 

v a r y apparatus and t h e h i s t o l o g y of t h e 

s a l i v a r y g l a n d s , t h e nervous and e x c r e t o r y 

systems are a l s o i n c l u d e d . 

I P E , I . M . 1966. 

A d e t a i l e d m o r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d y of t h e 

e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l g e n i t a l organs of a 

female Melanagromyza obtusa ( M a l l o c h ) a 

s e r i o u s pest of Cajanue indioua L. 

(Agromyzidae: D i p t e r a ) . I n d i a n J . E n t . 

2 8 ( 3 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 8 . 638 

The d e t a i l s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l morphology o f 

i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l g e n i t a l organs o f t h e 

female f l y a r e d e s c r i b e d . The a n a t o m i c a l 

s t u d i e s i n c l u d e t h e g e n i t a l i a - g e n i t a l 

segments, o v a r i e s , o v a r i o l e s , o v i d u c t s , 

v a g i n a , g e n i t a l chamber, spermathecae, 

accessory g l a n d s , and h i s t o l o g y . 

85


I P E , I . M . 1974. 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l , b e h a v i o u r a l , and b i o l o g i c a l 

s t u d i e s of Melanagromyza obtusa ( D i p t e r a : 

Agromyzidae) on Cajanus indicus. Z. Angew. 

E n t o m o l . 7 5 : 8 9 - 9 8 . 639 

The b e h a v i o r and b i o l o g y of M. obtusa, 

a l o n g w i t h d e s c r i p t i o n o f v a r i o u s i n s t a r s , 

and a key f o r t h e i r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n are 

g i v e n . 

JANARTHANAN, R., G. NAVANEETHAN, K.S. 

SUBRAMANIAN, and G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL. 

1972. 

Method of assessment of Eriophyid m i t e s 

o n pigeonpea l e a v e s . Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 9 ( 8 ) : 4 3 7 . 640 

A s a f e method f o r e s t i m a t i o n of Eriophyid 

m i t e s has been d e v e l o p e d . T h i s method can 

a l s o be used f o r e s t i m a t i n g o t h e r Eriophyid 

m i t e s i n a p o p u l a t i o n a s w e l l a s f o r v i r u s 

v e c t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t u d i e s . 

JOPLIN, C.E. 1975. 

Pulse crops o f t h e w o r l d and t h e i r i m p o r 

t a n t i n s e c t p e s t s . Pest Management Papers 

No. 1. May 1975. Simon Fraser U n i v e r s i t y , 

(Canada). 134 p p . 641 

Summarizes agronomic, economic, and n u t r i 

t i o n a l data on 14 major species of p u l s e s . 

I d e n t i f i e s t h e i n s e c t genera and s p e c i e s 

t h a t a r e i m p o r t a n t p e s t s o f p u l s e s . Three 

common species of p e s t s a r e d e s c r i b e d 

t h o r o u g h l y i n terms o f t h e i r b i o l o g y , 

e c o l o g y , and c o n t r o l . Also d i s c u s s e s t h e 

s t a t u s and p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f pest management 

on p u l s e crops and s e v e r a l i n t e r n a 

t i o n a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t are 

c o n d u c t i n g such w o r k . 

JOSHI, G. 1976. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e l a r v a e o f r i c e m o t h , 

Corayra aephalonioa ( S t a i n t o n ) in some 

o f t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a t t i t u d e s . 

Z. Angew. Zoo. 6 3 ( 4 ) : 4 5 1 - 4 5 6 . 642 

The a u t h o r d e s c r i b e s experiments w i t h 

l a r v a e of C. aephalonioa ( S t n t . ) i n f e s t i n g 

h a l f seeds of Cajanus c a j a n (indicus). 

The l a r v a e were seen t o b i n d t h e h a l f 

seeds t o g e t h e r w i t h s i l k e n t h r e a d s and 

l a t e r to cement them so t h a t they appeared 

l i k e whole d e c o r t i c a t e d seeds, and f e e d i n g 

o c c u r r e d i n b o t h h a l v e s . O b s e r v a t i o n s 

o n t h e i r p u p a t i o n and s p i n n i n g t h r e a d s 

a r e a l s o r e c o r d e d . 

KAPADIA, M.N. 1975. 

Some s t u d i e s on bionomics and c o n t r o l of 

b l u e b u t t e r f l y (Euahryaops onejus Fab.) as 

a pest of t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . 

M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l 

U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 643 

KAPOOR, K.N. 1966. 

B i o - e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s on Clavigralla 

gibbosa S p i n ( C o r e i d a e : Hemiptera) the 

t u r pod b u g . 76 p p . M.Sc. (1966) T h e s i s . 

J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , 

J a b a l p u r , Madhya P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 644 

KHAN, M.Q., and K. RAMASUBBAIAH. 1959. 

Bionomics and c o n t r o l o f gram c a t e r p i l l a r . 

Andhra A g r i c . J . 6 ( 2 ) : 6 8 - 6 9 . 645 

The gram c a t e r p i l l a r , Heliothis armigera, 

is a s e r i o u s p e s t of r e d gram, causing crop 

damage u p t o 50%. I n s e c t i c i d a l t r i a l s w i t h 

BHC and DDT showed t h a t 0.16% DDT is 

e f f e c t i v e and economical t r e a t m e n t a g a i n s t 

Heliothis armigera. 

KOEHLAR, C . S . , and K.O. RACHIE. 1 9 7 1 . 

Notes on t h e c o n t r o l and b i o l o g y of Heliothis 

armigera (Hub) on pigeonpea in Uganda. 

E . A f r . A g r i c . F o r . J . 36(3) :296-297. 646 

Observations showed t h a t pods and seeds of 

pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) were damaged by 

the l a r v a e of H. armigera. The a d u l t 

i n s e c t o v i p o s i t e d o n the f l o w e r buds; 

w h i l e the young l a r v a e f e d e x c l u s i v e l y o n 

t h e b u d s , the o l d e r ones f e d on the seeds 

of immature pods. The i n s e c t d i d n o t 

damage more than 50% of the seeds in any 

p o d . E f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l was o b t a i n e d by 

s p r a y i n g w i t h DDT or DDT + d i m e t h o a t e . 

F e n i t r o t h i o n was l e s s e f f e c t i v e , and 

c a r b a r y l produced severe p h y t o t o x i c 

e f f e c t s . 

KOONER, BANTSINGH., HARCHARAN SINGH, and 

K.B. SINGH. 1972. 

R e l a t i v e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f germplasm o f 

pigeonpea a g a i n s t t u r pod f l y , Melanagromyza 

obtusa M a l l o c h under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . 

P 1 . P r o t . B u l l . 2 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 1 8 . 647 

Of 205 l i n e s , H-90, H-69, C-4240, H-107, 

CC-4229, H-111, N-165, H-290, H-250, H-254, 

CC-3444, CC-2851, CC-3342, and L-13 were 

most r e s i s t a n t o n the b a s i s o f percentage 

of i n f e s t e d pods and g r a i n s and w e i g h t 

r e d u c t i o n o f g r a i n s i n pods. The i n d i v i 

d u a l r e a c t i o n o f each l i n e t o a t t a c k i s 

t a b u l a t e d . 

86

Entomology 

KORYTKOWSKI, C., and M. TORRES. 1966. 

I n s e c t damaging c u l t u r e s o f pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) i n P e r u . Revta P e r u . 

E n t . A g r i c . 9 : 3 - 9 . 648 

The pod b o r e r Elasmopalpus r u b e d i n e l l u s 

( Z e l l . ) Anaylostomia stercorea ( Z e l l ) and 

Heliothis viresoens (F) a r e s e r i o u s pests 

a t t a c k i n g t h i s crop i n P e r u . There are 

f o u r t e e n p e s t s r e p o r t e d which a t t a c k t h e 

pigeonpea crop and y i e l d l o s s e s in some 

years a r e q u i t e h i g h . 

KUPPUSWAMY, S . , and T.R. SUBRAMANIAN. 1976. 

S t u d i e s on t h e i m p r e g n a t i o n of gunny bags 

w i t h c e r t a i n organophosphorus i n s e c t i c i d e s . 

B u l l . G r a i n T e c h n o l . 1 4 ( l ) : 4 5 - 5 0 . 649 

Of f o u r i n s e c t i c i d e s t e s t e d a g a i n s t Calloeobruohue 

ohinensis i n c i d e n c e on red gram 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) seeds in gunny bags d u r i n g 

s t o r a g e f o r 4 months t h e s p r a y i n g of phoxim 

on one s i d e of gunny bags was the b e s t in 

terms o f pest m o r t a l i t y and p r e v e n t i o n o f 

p e n e t r a t i o n b y b e e t l e s . 

LATEEF, S.S. 1977. 

A new hymenopteran p e s t Taraostigmodes s p . 

(Hymenoptera: Taraostigmodae) recorded on 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) a t 

ICRISAT, Hyderabad, I n d i a . T r o p . G r a i n 

Legume B u l l . 7 : 6 . 650 

Taraostigmodes s p . , a new i n s e c t pest of 

pigeonpea, i s d e s c r i b e d . 

LAURENCE, G.A. 1 9 7 1 . 

I n s e c t pests o f pigeonpea and t h e i r c o n 

t r o l . J . A g r i c . Soc. T r i n . 7 1 ( 4 ) : 

501-504. 651 

B r i e f notes a r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e morphology 

of and damage caused by v a r i o u s i n s e c t 

p e s t s i n f e c t i n g pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) 

in T r i n i d a d and Tobago. Among t h e most 

i m p o r t a n t i n s e c t s a r e the green l e a f hopper 

(Empoasca fabilie), b l a c k aphid {Aphis 

oraooivora), t h e b e e t l e Oncideres amputator, 

t h e p h y c i t i d Ancylostomia s t e r c o r e a , 

and t h e s p i d e r m i t e Tetranychus s p p . 

C o n t r o l measures a r e b r i e f l y o u t l i n e d . 

MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, and 

A. LEELA DAVID. 1974. 

G r a n u l a r i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f 

pod b o r e r s i n r e d gram. Madras A g r i c . J . 

6 1 ( 1 0 - 1 2 ) : 9 7 0 - 9 7 2 . 652 

Two f i e l d t r i a l s were conducted i n I n d i a 

t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f s e v e r a l s o i l - 

a p p l i e d g r a n u l a r i n s e c t i c i d e s o n b o r e r 

a t t a c k in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) . The 

r e s u l t s suggest t h a t g r a n u l a r mephosfolan 

(10%), d i s u l f o t o n (5%) and bux (10%) can be 

s a f e l y adopted f o r package programs f o r r e d 

gram p r o d u c t i o n . 

MOHAMED HANIFA, A . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, 

R . J . RABINDRA, T. SURULIVELU, and 

P.P. VASUDEVA MENON. 1977. 

Comparative e f f i c a c y o f d u s t , s p r a y , and 

g r a n u l a r f o r m u l a t i o n s o f i n s e c t i c i d e s i n 

c o n t r o l l i n g the pod b o r e r s of red gram 

(C. oajan). I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 5 ( 1 ) : 

8 3 - 8 6 . 653 

Two f i e l d experiments were conducted to 

study t h e comparative e f f i c a c y o f c e r t a i n 

g r a n u l a r , s p r a y , and dust f o r m u l a t i o n s i n 

c o n t r o l l i n g the pod b o r e r s of red gram 

c v S A - 1 . S o i l a p p l i c a t i o n o f a l d i c a r b 

g r a n u l e s (once) 45 days a f t e r sowing at 

1.25 kg a i / h a or s p r a y i n g of c h l o r p h e n a m i - 

d i n e 0 . 1 % or d u s t i n g of c a r b a r y l + BHC 

( S e v i d o l ) , carbophenothion and t r i c h l o r p h o n 

at 1 kg a i / h a t w i c e at 15 days i n t e r v a l 

from t h e p o d - f o r m a t i o n stage i n c r e a s e d t h e 

y i e l d of red gram and c o n s i d e r a b l y reduced 

the pod b o r e r damage. 

MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , and C.K. RAJAGOPALAN. 

1 9 7 1 . 

A comparative study of the i n t e n s i t y of 

i n f e s t a t i o n of the pod f l y , Melanagromyza 

(Agromyza) obtusa M a l l o c h on d i f f e r e n t 

v a r i e t i e s of red gram (Cajanus c a j a n (Linn.). 

Madras A g r i c . J . 5 8 ( 1 1 ) : 8 4 2 - 8 4 3 . 654 

I n f e s t a t i o n was severe d u r i n g the month of 

November i n t h i s t r a c t . Late v a r i e t i e s 

g e n e r a l l y escaped i n f e s t a t i o n . Maximum 

i n f e s t a t i o n of pods and g r a i n s was 38.6% 

i n No. 1 1 4 1 , a n e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t y ; 

i n l a t e v a r i e t i e s i t ranged from 2.5% t o 

19.5%. 

ODAK, S . C . , B.V. DESHPANDE, and 

S.V. DHAMDHERE. 1968. 

Estimate of t h e damage caused by the plume 

moth (Exelaatie atomosa W.) and pod f l y 

(Melanagromyza obtusa M.) to t u r . J. C o l l . 

A g r i c , Gwalior 8 : 1 - 3 . 655 

S t u d i e s a t Gwalior ( M . P . , I n d i a ) d u r i n g 

1965-66 w i t h 10 v a r i e t i e s of pigeonpea 

( T y p e s - 1 , - 8 7 , - 1 1 4 , - 1 5 7 , - 1 7 6 , G w a l i o r 3 , 

A l t a i r , Khargone-2, Hyderabad and Pusa) 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t Type T-87 recorded no i n f e s 

t a t i o n by plume moths b u t had maximum l o s s 

i n w e i g h t o f g r a i n s due t o p o d f l y . H i g h e s t 

l o s s e s due to these two pests were 6.7 and 

7.8 p e r c e n t of seed w e i g h t and t h e r e was no 

apparent r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h l a r v a l p o p u l a 

t i o n s , p o s s i b l y due t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b y 

v a r y i n g ' l e v e l s o f h o s t r e s i s t a n c e .


ODAK, S . C . , S.V. DHAMDHERE, and 

B.V. DESHPANDE. 1968. 

New r e c o r d of Demarchus pubipennia Jacoby, 

f e e d i n g o n Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) . I n d i a n J . 

E n t . 3 0 ( 4 ) : 3 2 3 . 656 

T h i s b e e t l e was recorded f o r t h e f i r s t time 

d u r i n g 1966 at G w a l i o r ( M . P . ) , I n d i a . The 

immature stages of t h e b e e t l e s are found 

f e e d i n g on r o o t s and t h e a d u l t s damaging 

the l e a v e s by making a l a r g e number of 

i r r e g u l a r homes on t h e l e a v e s . Due to t h e 

i n j u r y caused b y t h e g r u b s , t h e p l a n t s 

s t a r t d r y i n g a t a n e a r l y s t a g e . 

ORIAN, A . T . E . 1962. 

Pest c o n t r o l recommendations made by t h e 

D i v i s i o n o f Entomology o f t h e Department o f 

A g r i c u l t u r e , M a u r i t i u s . Rev. A g r i c . S u c . 

M a u r i c e . 41(2) : 8 7 - 1 1 6 . 657 

The f o l l o w i n g crops are c o n s i d e r e d : beans 

and o t h e r leguminous p l a n t s , s u g a r - b e e t , 

cabbage, cassava, plgeonpea, E n g l i s h potato, 

and sweet p o t a t o . 

PAL, S.K. 1972. 

A n o t e on l e a f w e e v i l . Cyrtozemia cognata 

M a r s h a l l ( C u r c u l i o n i d a e : C o l e o p t e r a ) 

i n f e s t i n g k h a r i f crops o f d r y l a n d f a r m i n g . 

Ann. A r i d Zone. 1 1 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 3 2 . 658 

The l e a f w e e v i l Cyrtozemia cognata M a r s h a l l 

was a l s o n o t i c e d on Cajanus c a j a n , a new 

h o s t f o r t h i s p e s t . The a c t i v i t y o f t h e 

p e s t was maximum d u r i n g morning and evening 

h o u r s . Two s p r a y s , at 10 d a y s ' i n t e r v a l , 

o f 0.03% Phosphamidan were e f f e c t i v e i n 

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e p e s t . 

PANCHABHAVI, K . S . , G. THIMMAIAH, and 

K . S . MUTALIK DESAI. 1972. 

Report o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s 

Pascoe. ( C u r c u l i o n i d a e : C o l e o p t e r a ) on 

r e d gram a t Dharwar. S c i . C u l t . 3 8 ( 7 ) : 

325-326. 659 

The i n s e c t was i d e n t i f i e d as Aleidee 

collarie, w h i c h i s d i r t y w h i t e i n c o l o r 

w i t h a p a l e brown h e a d ; a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p 

t i o n i s g i v e n . This g r u b , s c r a t c h i n g t h e 

stem p o r t i o n j u s t below t h e ground l e v e l , 

e n t e r s t h e stem and feeds on t h e tender 

stem i n s i d e ; as a r e s u l t , a g a l l is formed 

a t t h e ground l e v e l . There i s n o s i g n o f 

damage above t h e ground l e v e l . The damage 

ranges from 95 to 982. 

PANDIT, P.V. 1965. 

E f f e c t o f time o f sowing and v a r i e t i e s o f 

t u r o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f i t s major i n s e c t 

p e s t s , b i o - e c o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s o n E x e l a s t i s 

atomosa Wlsm. ( P t e r o p h o r i d a e : L e p i d o p t e r a ) , 

the t u r plume moth. 83 p p . P h . D . (1965) 

T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i Vishwa 

V i d h y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya Pradesh, 

I n d i a . 660 

PARMANIK, L . M . , and A . C . BASU. 1968. 

Record of two i n s e c t pests of pigeonpea 

(Cajanus cajan) in West B e n g a l . I n d i a n 

A g r i c . 1 1 ( 2 ) : 1 4 5 - 1 4 7 . 661 

The l i f e c y c l e i s d e s c r i b e d o f Eucosma 

critica, a s e r i o u s pest of pigeonpea 

(Cajanus cajan) and of Oxyrhaahis tarandus, 

a pest of pigeonpea and of the shade t r e e s 

Albizzia odorotissima and A. lebbeck. 

Damage of E. critica is h i g h e s t in J u l y and 

August, and of 0, tarandus at t h e end of 

O c t o b e r . P a r a s i t e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 

E . c r i t i c a were r e a r e d i n the l a b o r a t o r y 

and i d e n t i f i e d as Apanteles taragamal. 

PAWAR, A . D . , and O.P. BHALLA. 1975. 

Occurrence of H e l i o t h i s amrigera (Hubner) 

as a s e r i o u s pest of ' a r h a r ' in Himachal 

Pradesh. E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

5(4) : 2 4 . 662 

The c a t e r p i l l a r s on Cajanus aajan were 

observed d u r i n g A u g u s t - O c t o b e r . They 

d e f o l i a t e d t h e tender p a r t o f the p l a n t 

i n t h e e a r l i e r stages b u t l a t e r bored t h e 

pods. I n some f i e l d s the i n f e s t a t i o n o f 

t h i s pest was so much t h a t h a r d l y a few 

pods on a p l a n t were l e f t u n a t t a c k e d . 

PAWAR, V . M . , and M.D. JAWALE. 1977. 

A note on the performance of e a r l y m a t u r i n g 

v a r i e t i e s of a r h a r a g a i n s t damage by pod 

b o r e r s . Res. B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 8 ) : 

127-128. 663 

Type-21 showed l o w e s t percentage i n c i d e n c e 

of pod b o r e r s . Pant A-3 was damaged most 

b y a l l t h e b o r e r s . Prabhat showed l o w e s t 

damage by pod f l y . At d r y - p o d stage the 

v a r i e t i e s w i t h d e t e r m i n a t e p l a n t t y p e such 

as Prabhat and Pant A-3 s u f f e r e d h e a v i l y 

f r o m pod b o r e r s . 

PUTTARUDRAIAH, M. 1947. 

Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e b i o l o g y and h a b i t s 

of r e d gram (Cajanus indicus) f l o w e r bud 

b o r e r ( E u p r o c t i s s c i n t i l l a n s ) . Mysore 

A g r i c . J . 2 4 : 2 0 - 2 4 . 664 

A s e r i o u s p e s t on r e d gram, Euproctia s c i n - 

tillane W., la a moth b e l o n g i n g to t h e 

group o f tussock moths o f t h e f a m i l y 

88

Entomology 

L i m a n t r i d a e . U n l i k e t h e o t h e r l e a f - e a t i n g 

c a t e r p i l l a r s o f t h i s g r o u p , t h i s one was 

found to b o r e in and feed m o s t l y upon buds 

and f l o w e r s of r e d gram. A s t u d y of t h e 

b i o l o g y and l i f e h i s t o r y o f t h i s i n s e c t o n 

the r e d gram crop has r e v e a l e d c e r t a i n 

marked p e c u l i a r i t i e s . 

RAINA, A . K . 1 9 7 1 . 

O b s e r v a t i o n s o n b r u c h i d s a s f i e l d pests o f 

p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . E n t . 3 3 : 1 9 4 - 1 9 7 . 665 

It was observed t h a t t h e b e e t l e s of Calloaobruohua 

ahineneis, a f t e r d e v e l o p i n g i n s i i e 

the pods, f a i l e d t o f i n d t h e i r way o u t and 

consequently d i e d i n s i d e t h e pods. 

RAJAGOPALAN, C . L . K . , and J . P . DEVAKUMAR. 

1965. 

P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s o n t h e i n f e s t a t i o n o f 

Agromyza obtusa M a l l , in red gram (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 2 ( 8 ) : 3 4 5 - 3 4 6 . 666 

Of 15 v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d , l a t e - m a t u r i n g 

v a r i e t i e s had t h e l o w e s t pod and seed 

i n f e s t a t i o n . 

RAMAKRISHNAN, C, and P.S. NARAYANASWAMY. 

1964. 

I n s e c t i c i d a l c o n t r o l o f t h e p u l s e b e e t l e , 

(Bruchus theobromae L.) on r e d gram. 

Madras A g r i c . J . 5 1 ( 1 ) : 3 0 - 3 1 . 667 

For e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f t h e p u l s e b e e t l e 

on red gram, t r e a t m e n t w i t h toxaphene 10% 

dust t h r e e times a t t r i w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s 

commencing from the time o f f l o w e r i n g , i s 

b e s t f o r i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s and t o t a l monet 

a r y r e t u r n from the c r o p . 

RANE, A . E . , and Y.M. TALEY. 1973-74. 

F i e l d t r i a l w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r the 

c o n t r o l o f p e s t s o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 


A l l the t r e a t m e n t s t e s t e d were s i g n i f i c a n t 

l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e check and a l l o f them 

gave good c o n t r o l of Exelastis atomosa, 

Catoohrysops s t r a b o , F. and H e l i o t h i s 

armigera; T r i t h i o n and A l d r l n were found 

t o b e c o m p a r a t i v e l y l e s s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t 

H e l i o t h i s damage and Catoohrysops atrabo F. 


RAWAT, R . R . , and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 1967. 

E s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s e s i n g r a i n y i e l d i n 

d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f t u r (Cajanus cajan) 

b y pod f l y , plume m o t h , p u l s e b e e t l e and 

o t h e r means. Madras A g r i c . J . 5 4 ( 1 1 ) : 

601-602. 669 

The g r a i n l o s s as a r e s u l t of damage by 

Melanagromyza obtusa, E x e l a s t i s atomoaa, 

and Bruchus s p . was e s t i m a t e d in e i g h t 

v a r i e t i e s . The t o t a l l o s s was l o w e s t i n 

Type 148. 

RAWAT, R.R., ZILE SINGH, and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 

1969. 

E f f e c t o f i n f e s t a t i o n o f b l o s s o m - t h r i p s o n 

pod s e t t i n g in pigeonpea, Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 9 ( 9 ) : 

623-625. 670 

I n comparison t o the pod f o r m a t i o n i n 

p l a n t s t r e a t e d t w i c e a t weekly i n t e r v a l s 

w i t h a 1:1 m i x t u r e of dimethoate 0.03% and 

e n d r i n 0.02% a t t h e r a t e o f 750 l i t e r s per 

h e c t a r e , a r e d u c t i o n of 36.0% in pod f o r m 

a t i o n was observed i n t h e u n t r e a t e d p l a n t s 

as a r e s u l t of i n f e s t a t i o n by blossomt 

h r i p s . 

REGUPATHY, A . , and R. RATHNASWAMY. 1970. 

S t u d i e s o n comparative s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f 

seeds of c e r t a i n r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) v a r i e t i e s t o p u l s e b e e t l e , 

Callosobruohus c h i n e n s i s L. ( B r u c h i d a e : 

C o l e o p t e r a ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 7 ( 2 ) : 

106-109. 671 

Of 18 v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d , P-653 , PLS-201, 

P-642, P-1066, T - 1 7 , and MS-9537 were 

c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e s i s t a n t though n o t immune. 

R e s i s t a n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e seeds. 

Seed c o l o r , seed volume, seed h a r d n e s s , 

and e a r l i n e s s were n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 


SAHARIA, D . , and B. DATTA. 1975. 

C o n t r o l of Heliooverpa armigera HB; a 

s e r i o u s pest of Arhar (Cajanus cajan L . ) 

i n Assam. P e s t i c i d e s 9 ( 8 ) : 3 4 - 3 5 . 672 

The e f f i c a c y of e n d o s u l f a n , c a r b a r y l , and 

m a l a t h i o n , each a t t h r e e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 

a g a i n s t H. avmigera i n f e s t i n g pigeonpea 

v a r . A g e t i (S-5) was s t u d i e d . The l e a s t 

mean percentage i n f e s t a t i o n of pods and 

t h e maximum y i e l d s were o b t a i n e d w i t h 

e n d o s u l f a n . However, because e n d o s u l f a n 

i s h i g h l y t o x i c , a c o n t r o l schedule c o n s i s 

t i n g o f t h r e e s p r a y s , f i r s t w i t h e n d o s u l f a n 

(28 g a . i . /100 L w a t e r ) , t h e second w i t h 

m a l a t h i o n (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) and t h e 

t h i r d w i t h c a r b a r y l (50 g a . i . / l O O L w a t e r ) , 

a p p l i e d a t 15-day i n t e r v a l s , has been 

s u g g e s t e d . 

SANGAPPA, H . K . , and E.S. BALARAJU. 1977. 

A n o t e on Calloaobruohua o h i n e n a i s Linnaeus 

as f i e l d pest of red gram (Cajanus c a j a n 

S p r e n g a l . ) . C u r r . Res. 6 : 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 . 673 

89


I t was observed t h a t t h e green and y e l l o w 

pods are t h e main source o f f i e l d i n f e s t a - 

t i o n . H i g h e s t number of eggs were l a i d on 

the green p o d s , f o l l o w e d b y y e l l o w , d r y , 

and tender pods. The emergence of b e e t l e s 

through a c i r c u l a r h o l e was a l s o o b s e r v e d . 

SAVALIA, B.M. 1 9 7 1 . 


Tur plume moth ( T r i o h o p t i l u s c o n g r u a l i s 

W a l l e r ) under Junagadh c o n d i t i o n s . M.Sc. 

(1971) T h e s i s . G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l 

U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh, G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 67A 

SAXENA, H.P. 1974. 

Severe and widespread o c c u r r e n c e of Maruaa 

t e s t u l a l i s Geyer in redgram, Cajanus c a j a n . 

E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 4(3) : 2 1 . 675 

This i s a f i r s t r e c o r d o f the o c c u r r e n c e i n 

n o r t h e r n I n d i a of Maruaa teetulalie Geyer, 

a severe pest of legumes in p e n i n s u l a r 

s t a t e s . Red gram v a r i e t i e s were s e v e r e l y 

a t t a c k e d . A l l e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s 

s u f f e r e d b a d l y due t o t h i s p e s t ; v a r i e t i e s 

w i t h a l a r g e number of f l o w e r s and compact 

i n f l o r e s c e n c e f o r m i n g a canopy s u f f e r e d 

more than those w i t h fewer f l o w e r buds or 

more spread i n f l o r e s c e n c e . H y b r i d l i n e s 

h a v i n g e i t h e r S-5 ( A g e t i ) or P r a b h a t as a 

d o n o r , were v e r y s e v e r e l y damaged by Maruaa 

l a r v a e . Two o t h e r i n s e c t s t h a t were a l s o 

observed webbing t h e b u d s , f l o w e r s and 

d e v e l o p i n g pods of r e d gram were Anarsia 

e p i p h i p p i a s M e y r i c k and Adieura atkineoni 

Moore. 

SAXENA, H.P. 1976. 

Harvest a r i c h crop of a r h a r t h r o u g h pest 

c o n t r o l . Fmr P a r l i a m . 1 1 ( 6 ) : 1 9 , 

2 9 - 3 0 . 676 

Emphasizes t h e importance of a r h a r and the 

need f o r p e s t c o n t r o l t o o b t a i n h i g h e r 

g r a i n y i e l d s . L i s t s t h r e e main p e s t s : 

s t e m f l y , j a s s l d s , and b o r e r s . Groups a r h a r 

v a r i e t i e s i n t o e a r l y , medium, and l a t e - 

m a t u r i n g types and notes t h a t w i t h the 

i n t r o d u c t i o n o f e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s 

t h e i n c i d e n c e o f p o d - b o r e r s i s i n c r e a s i n g . 

SETH, M.L. 1962. 

T r a n s m i s s i o n o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y b y a n 

Eriophyid mite. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

1 5 : 2 2 5 - 2 2 7 . 677 

The Eriophyid m i t e , b e l o n g to t h e o r d e r 

A c a r l n a and o c c u r r i n g on plgeonpea, a c t s as 

a v e c t o r o f t h e v i r u s c a u s i n g s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic d i s e a s e . The m i t e remains b u r i e d i n 

between t h e h a i r s o n t h e under s u r f a c e o f 

the l e a v e s . I t i s m i n u t e i n s i z e — 

i n v i s i b l e w i t h o u t the a i d o f a b i n o c u l a r 

microscope — and is p a l e f l e s h to orange 

i n c o l o r . V i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d . 

h o s t range i s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d . 

SINHA, M.M., R.P. YADAV, and A. KUMAR. 

1977. 

E v a l u a t i o n o f some i n s e c t i c i d e s f o r t h e 

c o n t r o l of plume moth (Exelasatis atomosa 

Walshe) and pod f l y (Melanagromyza obtusa 

M a l l o c h ) on r e d gram (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 

P e s t i c i d e s l l ( 3 ) : 2 9 - 3 0 . 678 

The red gram crop s u f f e r s heavy l o s s e s 

from t h e a t t a c k s of t h e pod b o r e r s 

E, atomosa and M. obtusa. In f i e l d t r i a l s 

conducted to e v a l u a t e some i n s e c t i c i d e s , 

two rounds of t r e a t m e n t s were g i v e n , one 

at the b e g i n n i n g of pod f o r m a t i o n and 

a n o t h e r 14 days l a t e r . Monocrotophos 

(Nuvacron) a t the r a t e o f 0.5 k g a . i . / h a 

e f f e c t i v e l y checked t h e i n c i d e n c e o f 

E. atomosa, w h i l e quinalphos (Ekalux) at 

0.6 k g a . i . / h a dimethoate (Rogor) a t 

0.5 k g a . i . / h a and e n d o s u l f a n (Thiodan) a t 

0.8 k g a . i . / h a proved e q u a l l y e f f i c a c i o u s 

in r e d u c i n g pod f l y damage on e a r l y and 

l a t e v a r i e t i e s o f red gram, r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , S . S . L . KATIYAR, and 

K.M. SRIVASTAVA. 1 9 7 1 . 

Damage of Agromyza dbtuea M a l l o c h ( D i p t e r a : 

Agromyzidae) t o Cajanus c a j a n L i n n . c r o p . 

Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 9 ( l ) : 7 1 - 7 3 . 679 

The t u r pod f l y , Agromyza obtuaa M. is a 

s e r i o u s pest of a r h a r c r o p s . The p e r c e n t 

age i n f e s t a t i o n of pods and g r a i n s of 

C. oajan L. damaged by t h i s pest v a r i e d 

from 31.83 to 44.25 and 12.59 to 28.83 on 

T-21 v a r i e t y ; 28.16 to 30.50 and 7.97 to 

12.90 on T-7 v a r i e t y ; 26.33 to 34.75 and 

10.20 t o 13.70 o n T-27 v a r i e t y , r e s p e c t i v e 

l y . The r e s u l t s o f t h e survey i n d i c a t e d 

c l e a r l y t h a t a l l t h r e e v a r i e t i e s — T - 2 1 , 

T - 7 , and T-27 — are h e a v i l y a t t a c k e d by 

A. obtuaa M . , c a u s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e crop 

l o s s . 

SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA. 

1966. 

I n s e c t l c l d a l t r i a l s a g a i n s t Agromyza obtuaa 

M . ( D i p t e r a : A g r o m l z i d a e ) . Labdev. J . 

Sci. T e c h n o l . 4 : 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 . 680 

T r i a l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t i n s e c t i c i d e s c a r r i e d 

o u t a g a i n s t Arhar (Cajanue oajan) pod 

b o r e r (Agromyza o b t u s a ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t 

e n d r i n (0.16Z) a t 900 l i t e r s per h e c t a r e 

was found e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h i s 

p e s t . 

90

Entomology 

SRIVASTAVA, A . S . , and J . L . SRIVASTAVA. 

1 9 7 1 . 

I n c i d e n c e of Agromyza obtuea M. in d i f f e 

r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f a r h a r . B i e t . E n t . 

E n t o m o l . 2 1 : 2 4 3 - 2 4 4 . 681 

The maximum i n c i d e n c e of A. o b t u s a ( p u l s e 

crop p e s t ) was recorded d u r i n g December in 

e a r l y v a r i e t i e s and d u r i n g March i n l a t e 

v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan. 

SRIVASTAVA, B.K. 1964. 

Pests of p u l s e c r o p s . In: Entomology in 

I n d i a . New D e l h i : E S I . 8 3 - 9 1 . 682 

A r e v i e w o f I n d i a n work o n p e s t s o f d i f f e 

r e n t p u l s e crops i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea. 

SRIVASTAVA, O.S. 1972. 

E s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s i n T - 2 1 v a r i e t y o f a r h a r 

(Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) due to t u r pod f l y 

(Melanagromyza obtusa M a l l o c h ) . I n d i a n J. 

E n t . 3 4 ( l ) : 8 2 - 8 3 . 683 

The average percentage of i n f e s t a t i o n of 

pod and g r a i n and o f l o s s i n w e i g h t a t 

medium m a t u r i t y was 3 4 . 5 , 2 9 . 8 , and 6 3 . 4 , 

and a t h a r v e s t 2 9 . 1 , 3 0 . 8 , and 4 3 . 7 , 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . The percentage pod i n f e s t 

a t i o n and l o s s i n w e i g h t was h i g h e r a t 

medium m a t u r i t y than a t h a r v e s t , whereas 

t h e g r a i n i n f e s t a t i o n was h i g h e r a t harvest. 

SRIVASTAVA, O.S. 1974. 

Chemical c o n t r o l o f the t u r l e a f c a t e r 

p i l l a r , E u c e l i s critica Meyr. I n d i a n J . 

Entomol. 3 6 ( 4 ) : 3 5 9 - 3 6 0 . 684 

S p r a y i n g w i t h e i t h e r d i m e t h o a t e o r endos 

u l f a n and d u s t i n g w i t h c a r b a r y l p r o v i d e d 

e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f t u r l e a f c a t e r p i l l a r . 

STOCKDALE, F. 1 9 1 1 . 

An i n s e c t pest of p i g e o n p e a . J. Bd A g r i c . 

B r . Guiana. 4C4):239. 685 

SUBRAMANIAN, T.R. 1958. 

Glyriaidia maculata as an a l t e r n a t e h o s t 

f o r Ceuthorhynchus a s p e r u l u s F a u s t . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 4 5 ( 1 1 ) : 4 1 9 . 686 

The f i r s t r e c o r d o f a n a l t e r n a t e h o s t f o r 

t h i s p e s t , commonly known as r e d gram bud 

w e e v i l and found o n l y on r e d gram. B i o l o g y 

o f t h e i n s e c t was s t u d i e d . 

SUBRAMANIAN, T . R . , and S. VENUGOPAL. 1959. 

A n o t e on t h e o c c u r r e n c e of Colobodes 

d o l i o h o t i s M a r c h a l l , o n r e d gram a t 

Coimbatore. Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 4 ) : 

139. 687 

P l a n t s showed huge g a l l s at the base of 

stems. A new r e c o r d on t h i s c r o p . Damage 

v e r y s e v e r e , p l a n t s remained s t u n t e d i n 

g r o w t h . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n s e c t 

a r e a l s o g i v e n . 

SURULIVELU, T . , G. BALASUBRAMANIAN, 

P.P. VASUDEVA MENON, and R . J . RABINDRA. 

1977. 

E f f i c a c y o f c e r t a i n i n s e c t i c i d e s i n t h e 

c o n t r o l of redgram pod b o r e r s . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 ) : 5 4 - 5 6 . 688 

Among a l l the t r e a t m e n t s e n d o s u l f a n 

recorded t h e minimum pod b o r e r damage 

under Coimbatore, I n d i a c o n d i t i o n s , w h i l e 

monocrotophos, f e n i t r o t h i o n , e n d o s u l f a n , 

and phosalone r e g i s t e r e d h i g h y i e l d s . 

TAYLOR, T . , and AJIBOLA. 1973. 

Crop p r o t e c t i o n and legume p r o d u c t i o n in 

West A f r i c a . J . Assoc. Advan. A g r i c . S e c t . 

A f r i c a . l ( S u p p l ) : 5 - 8 . 689 

The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f crop p r o t e c t i o n i n 

legume p r o d u c t i o n i n West A f r i c a i s 

reviewed and d i s c u s s e d . Cowpea, pigeonpea, 

and soybean y i e l d s have been c o n s i d e r a b l y 

i n c r e a s e d b y t h e e f f e c t i v e use o f p e s t i 

c i d e s and management methods to c o n t r o l an 

a r r a y o f i n s e c t s a t t a c k i n g v a r i o u s p l a n t 

p a r t s . Present r e s u l t s a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y 

b u t f u r t h e r economy i n p r o d u c t i v i t y and 

i n c r e a s e s in y i e l d may be r e a l i z e d by 

p e s t / c r o p management programs and use of 

improved c u l t i v a r s . F u t u r e s t r a t e g y f o r 

p e s t c o n t r o l should be based on a f u n d a 

mental knowledge of t h e phenology of the 

c u l t i v a r s o f g r a i n legumes, t h e i r p l a n t / 

pest r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and a c o m b i n a t i o n of 

p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n and crop improvement 

and management. 

THAKUR, D. 1964. 

Study o f t h e b i o l o g y and c o n t r o l o f t u r 

plume moth, Exelastis atomosa Wals. 

( L e p i d o p t e r a : P t e r o p h o r i d a e ) . M.Sc. 

(1964) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i 

Vishwa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya Pradesh, 

I n d i a . 690 

THEVASAGAYAM, E . S . , and L . S . C . CANAGASINGHAM. 

1960. 

Some o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e i n s e c t p e s t s of 

d h a l (Cajanus cajan) and t h e i r c o n t r o l . 

T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 1 1 6 ( 4 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 8 . 691 

The major pest o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g t h e maha 

(wet) season and of t h e y a l a ( d r y ) season 

a r e d i s c u s s e d . T r i a l s o n the c o n t r o l o f 

p e s t s r e v e a l e d t h a t d i e l d r i n and e n d r i n 

91


were v e r y e f f e c t i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g 

t h e wet season. 

VAISHAMPAYAN, S . M . , and Z. SINGH. 1969. 

Comparative e f f e c t i v e n e s s of some modern 

i n s e c t i c i d e s against t h e blossom t h r i p s o f 

redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 9 ( 1 ) : 5 2 - 5 6 . 692 

Comparative experiments w i t h i n s e c t i c i d e s 

f o r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h r i p s , Frankliniella 

aulphurea and T a e n i o t h r i p s nigriaornis, 

i n f e s t i n g f l o w e r s o f pigeonpeas, were 

c a r r i e d o u t i n I n d i a . O f t h e e m u l s i o n 

sprays e v a l u a t e d , t h e t r e a t m e n t s w i t h 

d i m e t h o a t e , e n d r i n , and e n d o s u l f a n were 

t h e most e f f e c t i v e . 

VAKMA, B . K . , and MANGALASAIN. 1977. 

Daeyahira mendoea and Hb. (Lepidoptera : 

Lymantridae) a p e s t of Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . i n Hyderabad. I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 

5 ( l ) : 9 5 - 9 8 . 693 

A survey of t u r (C. c a j a n ) r e v e a l e d h i g h 

i n f e s t a t i o n o f c a t e r p i l l a r s o f daeyahira 

mendoea f e e d i n g on t h e leaves of t h i s c r o p . 

The c a t e r p i l l a r s of D. mendoea made t h e i r 

f i r s t appearance o n t h e t u r crop a t t h e 

b e g i n n i n g o f October and c o n t i n u e d u n t i l 

t h e end o f November. The l i f e h i s t o r y o f 

t h e p e s t , n a t u r e o f damage i t causes, and 

c o n t r o l measures a r e d i s c u s s e d . 

VEDA, O . P . , M.L. PUROHIT, and N.K. SOOD. 

1975. 

V a r i e t a l s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f a r h a r {Cajanu8 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) to Melanagromyza obtuaa 

M a l l . ; Exelaetie atomosa Wlsm. and 

Heliothie armigera Hub. JNKW Res. J. 

9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 9 . 694 

Of 164 e n t r i e s e v a l u a t e d on pod b a s i s , no 

s t r a i n was c o m p l e t e l y f r e e from i n f e s t a t i o n 

by these i n s e c t s . Pod f l y was observed 

as t h e most s e r i o u s p e s t , c a u s i n g t h e 

maximum percentage of damaged g r a i n s 

( 3 8 . 9 5 ) . Based on pod and g r a i n i n f e c t i o n , 

t h e l i n e P-54(b) was found l e a s t s u s c e p t 

i b l e t o pod f l y . 

VEERASWAMY, R. 1959. 

I n f l u e n c e o f e a r l y sowings o n t h e i n c i d e n c e 

of "Red gram pod f l y " (Agromyza obtuaa 

M a l l . ) o n r e d gram (Cajanus i n d i c u s 

S p r e n g ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 3 ) : 

99-100. 695 

The e x t e n t of damage by r e d gram pod f l y 

can b e e f f e c t i v e l y reduced b y i n t r o d u c i n g 

c e r t a i n s u i t a b l e m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e r e d 

grant c r o p p i n g p r o g r a m . 

VENKATA SESHU REDDY, K. 1973. 

S t u d i e s on t h e gram c a t e r p i l l a r , Heliothie 

armigera (Hubner) ( L e p i d o p t e r a : N o c t u i d a e ) 

w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o i t s b i o l o g y , 

host p r e f e r e n c e and e s t i m a t i o n o f l o s s i n 

red gram. 120 p p . P h . D . (1973) T h e s i s . 

U n i v e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s , 

B a n g a l o r e , K a r n a t a k a , I n d i a . 696 

VERMA, B . K . , and M.K.H. SIDDIQUI. 1977. 

C o n t r o l o f s t o r a g e p e s t s t h r o u g h i n e r t 

d u s t . I n d i a n Fmg 2 7 ( 5 ) : 2 1 . 697 

Several i n e r t d u s t s , such a s a t t a p u l g i t e , 

b e n o t o n i t e , k a o l i n i t e , and s i l i c i o u s e a r t h 

c o l l e c t e d from v a r i o u s p l a c e s o f I n d i a 

were t e s t e d a g a i n s t s t o r a g e pests i n c l u d i n g 

b e e t l e ( C a l l o e o b r u c h u s c h i n e n s i s ) . Pulses 

t r e a t e d w i t h 0.3% a t t a p u l g i t e powder were 

f r e e o f p u l s e b e e t l e a t t a c k . 

VERMA, SHASHI. 1975. 

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e s i d u e s o f p h o r a t e 

( s y s t e m i c i n s e c t i c i d e ) and e n d o s u l f a n 

( c o n t a c t i n s e c t i c i d e ) d u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p 

ment of moong and a r h a r p l a n t s . Entomolog 

i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 5 ( 2 ) : 7 - 8 . 698 

The l a b o r a t o r y experiments showed t h a t 

p h o r a t e had s l i g h t h o r i z o n t a l movement i n 

s o i l b u t i t s uptake b y t h e p l a n t s from t h e 

t r e a t e d s o i l was v e r y f a s t . T o x i c i t y 

a g a i n s t j a s s i d s p e r s i s t e d f o r 4 0 t o 5 0 

days and a g a i n s t t h r i p s f o r 33 and 43 days 

on mung and a r h a r crops r e s p e c t i v e l y . 

Basal l e a f was s l i g h t l y more t o x i c t h a n 

t h e t o p l e a f o f b o t h p l a n t s . 

VERMA, SHASHI, and N.C. PANT. 1968. 

D i s s i p a t i o n of e n d o s u l f a n on mung and 

a r h a r c r o p s . I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 4 ( 1 ) : 

2 4 - 3 1 . 699 

The importance of a s s e s s i n g r e s i d u e s of 

t o x i c m a t e r i a l s i s emphasized. The 

p e r s i s t e n c e o f e n d o s u l f a n i n descending 

o r d e r was w i n t e r a r h a r , summer mung, and 

monsoon mung. V a r i e t y had no e f f e c t on t h e 

d i s s i p a t i o n o f e n d o s u l f a n . 


P e r s i s t e n c e of p h o r a t e on mung and a r h a r 

c r o p s . E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

5 ( 3 ) : 2 1 . 700 

P h o r a t e was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t 

g a l e r u c i d b e e t l e , Madurasia obecurella, 

i n f e s t i n g l e a v e s , and stem f l y , Melanagromyza 

phaeeoli T y r o n , i n f e s t i n g stems, in 

t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f t h e c r o p s . 

92

Entomology 


P e r s i s t e n c e of e n d o s u l f a n on 'mung' and 

' a r h a r ' c r o p s . E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

5 ( 4 ) : 2 5 . 701 

P e r s i s t e n c e of e n d o s u l f a n r e s i d u e s has been 

s t u d i e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e c h e m i c a l from t h e 

c r o p - p r o t e c t i o n and s a f e t y a n g l e s . Endos 

u l f a n at 0.7% was a p p l i e d at 500 to 700 

l i t r e s / h a . a t t h e pod f o r m a t i o n s t a g e . The 

r e s i d u e s o f e n d o s u l f a n i n l e a v e s and pods 

were below t o l e r a n c e l i m i t ( 0 . 5 ppm) i n 

about 10 and 8 days in a r h a r and below 

d e t e c t a b l e l i m i t a t h a r v e s t . The p e r s i s 

tence o f e n d o s u l f a n i n descending o r d e r 

was a r h a r , summer mung, and monsoon mung. 

E n d o s u l f a n gave 50% k i l l o f j a s s i d s f o r 

about 3 to 5 days on mung and a r h a r and 

was s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t pod 

b o r e r s . 


E f f e c t o f p h o r a t e and e n d o s u l f a n t r e a t m e n t s 

on growth parameters of mung and a r h a r 

c r o p s . E n t o m o l o g i s t s ' N e w s l e t t e r 

5 ( 8 - 9 ) : 4 1 - 4 2 . 702 

Phorate was a p p l i e d a t 1.5 k g a . i . / h a i n 

s o i l a t sowing time and 0.07% e n d o s u l f a n 

was a p p l i e d at 500 to 800 L/ha at p o d - 

f o r m a t i o n s t a g e . The c o m b i n a t i o n o f 

p h o r a t e and e n d o s u l f a n when a p p l i e d a c c o r d 

i n g t o schedule gave b e t t e r p r o t e c t i o n 

a g a i n s t Heliothis armigera Hubner and 

Exelastie atomosa Walsingham and s i g n i f i 

c a n t l y more pods than w i t h t h e i n s e c t i c i d e s 

i n d i v i d u a l l y . 


P e r s i s t e n c e o f p h o r a t e i n s o i l and i n 

p l a n t s d u r i n g t h e development of mung and 

a r h a r c r o p s . I n d i a n J . P 1 . P r o t . 

4 ( l ) : 1 5 - 2 3 . 703 

P h o r a t e was more p e r s i s t e n t in summer than 

in t h e monsoon. V a r i e t i e s of mung had no 

e f f e c t o n t h e d i s s i p a t i o n o f p h o r a t e i n 

s o i l and i n p l a n t s d u r i n g b o t h t h e seasons. 

D i f f e r e n t crops of mung and a r h a r have 

a f f e c t e d t h e p e r s i s t e n c e o f i n s e c t i c i d e 

b o t h i n s o i l and p l a n t s . 

VISHAKANTAIAH, M . , M. JAYARAMAIAH, and 

B . L . VISWESWARA GOWDA. 1973. 

O b s e r v a t i o n s on t u r pod f l y , Melanagvomyza 

o b t u s a M a l l o c h . ( D i p t e r a : Agromyzidae) i n 

Mysore. C u r r . Res. 2 ( 8 ) : 6 2 . 704 

The p e s t appeared in severe f o r m c a u s i n g 

s u b s t a n t i a l damage to t h e g r a i n s . The 

average I n f e s t a t i o n o f pod f l y was 89.28%. 

A maximum of s i x pupae were observed in a 

s i n g l e p o d . The damage to t h e g r a i n s and 

l o s s i n g r a i n w e i g h t were 68.03 and 66.23%, 


WALTON, R.R. 1961-62. 

C o n t r o l of t u r plume moth Exelastis 

atomoea. Report of Agresco. 1961-62. 705 

WILLIAMS, I . H . 1977. 

Behavior of i n s e c t s f o r a g i n g on pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n I n d i a . 

T r o p . A g r i c . 54:353-363. 706 

The b e h a v i o r o f i n s e c t s v i s i t i n g t h e 

f l o w e r s o f Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . i s 

d e s c r i b e d . A l t h o u g h i n s e c t s of many o r d e r s 

were c a p t u r e d on t h e f l o w e r s , bees a n d , 

i n p a r t i c u l a r , Megaahile s p p . were p r o b a b l y 

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most c r o s s - p o l l i n a t i o n 

t h a t o c c u r r e d . Megaahile s p p . and Apis 

dorsata Fab. d i s c r i m i n a t e d between a 

c u l t i v a r w i t h f l o w e r s o f normal s t r u c t u r e 

and one w i t h f l o w e r s of a m o d i f i e d 

s t r u c t u r e . 

YADAV, D. 1967. 

F i e l d e v a l u a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t i n s e c t i c i d e s 

a g a i n s t t h r i p s , Taeniothrips distalis Karny 

o f red gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 


K r i s h i Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , Madhya 

Pradesh, I n d i a . 707 

YADAV, H . S . , G.A. GANGRADE, and S.S. JAKHMOLA. 

1974. 

Note on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h r i p s and 

p o d - s e t t i n g i n t h e f l o w e r s o f pigeonpea. 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 44(8) :555-556. 708 

Two species of t h r i p s , Frankliniella 

8ulphurea Schmutz, and T a e n i o t h r i p s nigric 

o r n i s Schmutz were noted v i s i t i n g f l o w e r s 

of pigeonpea when t h e buds began to u n f o l d , 

d e s e r t i n g them o n l y a f t e r t h e i n i t i a t i o n 

o f pod development. S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n 

ces were n o t i c e d in t h e development of pods 

i n r e l a t i o n t o d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f t h r i p s 

p o p u l a t i o n . Absence of t h r i p s was n o t 

conducive to p o d - s e t t i n g . A moderate 

p o p u l a t i o n o f t h r i p s (23 t o 150/10 f l o w e r s ) 

was p r o b a b l y b e n e f i c i a l t o f e r t i l i z a t i o n 

and p o d - s e t t i n g . 

YASEEN, M. 1975. 

A f u r t h e r n o t e o n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f 

H e l i o t h i s p a r a s i t e s i n t o t h e l e s s e r 

A n t i l l e s . PANS 2 1 ( 2 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 7 . 709 

Tvichogrammatoidae armigera, Compolitie 

chlorodaea and E u c e l a t o r i a s p p . were s e n t 

t o t h e l e s s e r A n t i l l e s i n a n e f f o r t t o 

e s t a b l i s h b i o l o g i c a l c o n t r o l o f H e l i o t h i s 

93


a r m i g e r a . The success or o t h e r w i s e of t h e 

r e l e a s e has n o t y e t been e s t a b l i s h e d . The 

importance o f t h e p e s t w a r r a n t s f u r t h e r 

i n t r o d u c t i o n s . 

ZALAVADIA, R.V. 1 9 7 1 . 


Pulse b e e t l e (Callosobruchus maculatus 

F a b r i c u s ) under s t o r a g e c o n d i t i o n s o f 

S a u r a s h t r a a r e a . M.Sc. (1971) T h e s i s . 

G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Junagadh, 

G u j a r a t , I n d i a . 710 

G E N E T I C S 

AHIRRAO, S.N. 1973. 

Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea (Cajdnue cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 145 p p . M.Sc.(1973) T h e s i s . 

Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , 


BAINIWAL, CHAJU RAM. 1972. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s o f 

a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . V, 56. 

v i p . M.Sc. (1972) T h e s i s . Haryana A g r i 

c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , H i s s a r , Haryana, 

I n d i a . 712 

BHATNAGAR, P.S. 1955. 

Breeding improved a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n 

M l l l s p . ) i n U t t a r Pradesh. A g r i c . Anim. 

Husb. U t t a r Pradesh 6 ( 2 - 3 ) : 3 8 - 4 1 . 716 

A h i s t o r i c a l account of C. c a j a n improvement 

b y s e l e c t i o n , i n i t i a t e d i n 1932, w i t h 

h e a d q u a r t e r s at t h e Government Research 

Farm, Kanpur. H y b r i d i z a t i o n t o develop 

v a r i e t i e s combining h i g h y i e l d and l a r g e 

seeds was to be u n d e r t a k e n . 

BHATNAGAR, P . S . , P.K. SENGUPTA, L . C . GANGWAR, 

J . K . SAXENA, and KUMAR, V. 1967. 

A f a s c i a t e d mutant i n plgeonpea. S c i . 

C u l t . 3 3 : 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 . 717 

This mutant of Cajanus c a j a n has p u r p l e 

c o l o r a t i o n and curved stems; t h e branches 

a r e fused w i t h the main stem a t t h e p o i n t 

of emergence. Some p l a n t s showed f a s c i a - 

t i o n of stem and branches and some of the 

main stem o n l y . Many f l o w e r buds were 

produced b u t t h e r e was 11% p o l l e n s t e r i l i t y 

i n t h e f l o w e r . S e l f i n g f a s c i a t e d p l a n t s 

and crosses w i t h normal D-419-2 and T-163 

showed f a s c i a t i o n to be r e c e s s i v e . 

CHAUDHARI, A . N . 1973. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M l l l s p . ) . 1 1 2 p p . M.Sc. ( 1 9 7 3 ) T h e s i s . 



BEOHAR, A . B . L . , and P.K. NIGAM. 1972. 

C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n a r h a r , Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M l l l s p . JNKVV Res. J. 6 ( 1 ) : 5 8 . 713 

I n t r i a l s w i t h h i g h - y i e l d i n g l a t e - m a t u r i n g 

plgeonpea c v G w a l i o r - 3 , seed y i e l d per 

p l a n t was h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d ( p o s i t i v e l y ) 

w i t h t h e number o f branches per p l a n t . 

There was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between 

number of branches and number of pods per 

p l a n t . 

BHANGARE, A . D . 1 9 7 1 . 

G e n e t i c s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M l l l s p . ) . 141 p p . M.Sc. (1971) Thesis. 



BHATIA, C.R. 1977. 

M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g o f g r o u n d n u t , r i c e , and 

plgeonpea. Mut. B r e e d . N e w s l e t t e r 

9 : 6 - 7 . 715 

B r i e f i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d o n t r i a l s 

w i t h h i g h - y i e l d i n g mutant l i n e s o f these 

c r o p s . 

CHAUDHARI, A . N . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1975. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. Creeping 

3-2-8 x p u r p l e g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule 

A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 0 - 1 4 . 719 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f d i f f e r e n t m o r p h o l o g i c a l 

c h a r a c t e r s i n plgeonpea such a s h a b i t o f 

growth ( 3 : 1 ) , raw pod c o l o r ( 4 9 : 1 5 ) , 

v e i n c o l o r ( 2 1 : 4 3 ) , and seedcoat c o l o r 

( 3 : 1 ) has been r e p o r t e d . The f a c t o r f o r 

growth h a b i t (Egh) and raw pod c o l o r 

( B l p d l ) was found to a s s o r t i n d e p e n d e n t l y . 

Linkage v a l u e s between t h e genes Drv 

( v e i n c o l o r ) and P l s d (seedcoat c o l o r ) have 

been worked o u t and a s i n g l e l i n k a g e group 

has been suggested. 

CHAUDHARI, A . N . , and M.V. THOMBRE. 1977. 

Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea. Round l e a f x 

N.P. 5 1 . J. Res. MAU. 2 ( 1 ) : 1 7 - 2 0 . 720 

The i n h e r i t a n c e o f growth h a b i t ( 5 4 : 1 0 ) , 

l e a f l e t shape ( 3 9 : 2 5 ) , v e i n c o l o r ( 9 : 7 ) , 

and seedcoat c o l o r ( 9 : 7 ) has been r e p o r t e d 

in t h e c r o s s of Round l e a f x NP-51 of 

plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) . 

The s t u d i e s o f j o i n t s e g r e g a t i o n i n d i c a t e d 

t h a t t h e genes o f d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s 

94

a s s o r t e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y except i n t h r e e 

c a s e s . The complementary f a c t o r o f v e i n 

c o l o r showed a l i n k a g e w i t h t h e b a s i c 

f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t shape w i t h a c r o s s o v e r 

v a l u e o f 24%. The b a s i c f a c t o r o f l e a f l e t 

shape i s l i n k e d w i t h complementary f a c t o r 

o f seedcoat c o l o r , w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e 

of 7.9%, whereas t h e v e i n c o l o r and t h e 

seedcoat c o l o r were found to be l i n k e d 

w i t h c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 29%. 

CHAUDHARI, B . B . , and J . A . PATIL. 1953. 

' C r e e p i n g ' , a mutant in 

M i l l s p . C u r r . S c i . 2 2 : 1 5 3 . 721 

A t r u e - b r e e d i n g mutant w i t h a p r o s t r a t e 

h a b i t of g r o w t h has been o b s e r v e d . The 

form arose spontaneously in the F 3 of a 

cross between two normal v a r i e t i e s . The 

mutant is l i k e l y to be u s e f u l as a cover 

c r o p , and i n s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n and s t r i p 

c r o p p i n g . 

DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1976. 

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between seed s i z e and 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 

3 : 1 8 - 1 9 . 722 

I n 220 l i n e s o f pigeonpea, t h e h i g h e s t seed 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s (> 24%) were found in 

l i n e s P-1862, P - 3 7 6 1 , P-978, H-12, and H-18 

w i t h 100-seed w e i g h t s o f 6 . 5 , 8 . 0 , 8 . 0 , 

9 . 7 5 , and 10.00 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cv 

Prabhat and Pant A-9 w i t h l o w e s t 100-seed 

w e i g h t s of 5.5 and 5.75 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y , 

had p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s of 17.15 and 22.32%. 

Hy-3A and Hy-3C genotypes w i t h t h e h i g h e s t 

100-seed w e i g h t s of 19.5 and 20.0 g had 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s of 20.56 and 19.58%. 

There was no evidence of a g e n e r a l s i g n i 

f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between 100-seed w e i g h t 

and seed p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . 

DAHIYA, B . S . , and J . S . BRAR. 1977. 

D i a l l e l a n a l y s i s o f g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n i n 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Expl A g r i c . 

1 3 ( 2 ) : 1 9 3 - 2 0 0 . 723 

Four c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d i n a d i a l l e l 

cross o f s i x c u l t i v a r s . A d d i t i v e i n h e r i 

tance was i m p o r t a n t i n d e t e r m i n i n g f l o w e r 

i n g t i m e , b u t the dominance component was 

g r e a t e r than t h e a d d i t i v e component, and 

overdominance was observed f o r pod number, 

100-seed w e i g h t , and y i e l d . H e r i t a b i l i t y 

e s t i m a t e s f o r a l l t r a i t s except f l o w e r i n g 

time were l o w , and t h e b u l k p o p u l a t i o n 

method of b r e e d i n g was suggested f o r e a r l y 

s e g r e g a t i n g g e n e r a t i o n s . I t i s suggested 

t h a t , t o improve e a r l i n e s s , t h e b e s t c r o s s 

would be between p a r e n t s w i t h low g e n e r a l 

combining a b i l i t y f o r f l o w e r i n g t i m e and 

h i g h g e n e r a l combining a b i l i t y f o r o t h e r 

t r a i t s . 

DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, B . L . BHARDWAJ, 

and R.K. BAJAJ. 1978. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e h e r i t a b i l i t y and i n t e r 

r e l a t i o n s h i p of some a g r o n o m i c a l l y i m p o r 

t a n t c h a r a c t e r s in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Genet. A g r . ( I n P r e s s ) . 724 

S i x c u l t i v a r s o f pigeonpea were e v a l u a t e d 

f o r seven v a r i a b l e s i n a d i a l l e l experiment 

u s i n g r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , c o r r e l a t i o n s , 

and combining a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s . Regress 

i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s were h i g h , i n d i c a t i n g 

l a r g e a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s f o r f l o w e r i n g time 

and p l a n t h e i g h t . Y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f pods per p l a n t , 

number of g r a i n s per p o d , and 1 0 0 - g r a i n 

w e i g h t , b u t n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h 

p l a n t h e i g h t . P l a n t h e i g h t was p o s i t i v e l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h y i e l d and i t s components. 

The b e s t i n d e x of y i e l d among the t r a i t s 

s t u d i e d was number of pods per p l a n t . GCA 

v a r i a n c e s were l a r g e r than SCA v a r i a n c e s , 

except f o r y i e l d and pods per p l a n t , 

s u g g e s t i n g predominance of a d d i t i v e gene 

e f f e c t s . 

DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and B.S. BHULLAR. 

1977. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t and i t s 

c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h g r a i n y i e l d i n pigeonpea 

(Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Q u a l . P l a n t 

P1. Fds Hum. N u t r . 2 7 ( 3 - 4 ) : 3 2 7 - 3 3 4 . 725 

The F 2 mean p r o t e i n c o n t e n t s were g e n e r a l l y 

between the p a r e n t s , b u t s l i g h t l y c l o s e r 

t o the l o w - p r o t e i n p a r e n t . R e c i p r o c a l 

d i f f e r e n c e s in p r o t e i n of F 1 seeds and the 

absence o f these d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o t e i n o f 

F 2 seeds showed t h a t the m a t e r n a l genotypes 

c o n t r o l l e d p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . The b r o a d - 

sense h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s v a r i e d from 

34 to 62% in d i f f e r e n t c r o s s e s , i n d i c a t i n g 

e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n f l u e n c e o n p r o t e i n c o n t e n t 

and r e l a t i v e l y low a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i 

ance. A minimum of t h r e e or f o u r genes 

c o n t r o l p r o t e i n c o n t e n t . Low p r o t e i n was 

p a r t i a l l y dominant over h i g h . G r a i n y i e l d 

and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e 

l a t e d i n F 2 p l a n t s , b u t g r a i n y i e l d and 

p r o t e i n y i e l d were h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d . I t 

i s suggested t h a t f o r t o t a l p r o t e i n product 

i o n / u n i t a r e a , e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e d i r e c t e d 

towards i n c r e a s e d y i e l d w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g 

p e r c e n t p r o t e i n near average l e v e l s r a t h e r 

t h a n s e l e c t i n g f o r h i g h p r o t e i n i n g r a i n s 

a l o n e . 

95


DAHIYA, B . S . , J . S . BRAR, and R. KAPUR. 

1976. 

A p r e l i m i n a r y o b s e r v a t i o n on t h e p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t o f pigeonpea c r o s s e s . T r o p . G r a i n 

Legume B u l l . 5 : 2 2 . 726 

In crosses between two h i g h - p r o t e i n (H-18 

and C-4784) and two l o w - p r o t e i n (H-13 and 

H-384) l i n e s of pigeonpea, t h e r e was a 

s t r o n g m a t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e o n seed p r o t e i n 

c o n t e n t i n the F 1 h y b r i d . Seeds o f 

C-4784 x H-13 had a p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of 

27%, compared w i t h 18.3% in H-13 x C-4784. 

DAHIYA, B . S . , and D.R. SATIJA. 1978. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f days t o m a t u r i t y and g r a i n 

y i e l d i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L . 

M i l l s p . ) I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . B r e e d . 

( I n P r e s s ) . 727 

The i n h e r i t a n c e of days to m a t u r i t y and 

g r a i n y i e l d was s t u d i e d i n s i x g e n e r a t i o n s 

o f two crosses o f pigeonpea. P a r t i a l dominance 

was observed f o r e a r l y m a t u r i t y . 

H e r i t a b i l i t i e s , b o t h (B.S) and ( N . S ) , were 

c l o s e t o each o t h e r , i n d i c a t i n g t h e i m p o r 

tance o f a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s i n t h e 

e x p r e s s i o n o f days t o m a t u r i t y . Dominance 

i n t e r a c t i o n components were g r e a t e r than 

t h e a d d i t i v e component f o r t h e i n h e r i t a n c e 

o f g r a i n y i e l d . There was c o n s i d e r a b l e 

l e v e l o f n o n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t s f o r these 

t r a i t s . I t was observed t h a t l i n e s w i t h 

h i g h y i e l d and e a r l y m a t u r i t y can b e 

i s o l a t e d w h i c h can b e s t f i t i n t o m u l t i p l e 

c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s . 

DASAPPA,and M. MAHADEVAPPA. 1970. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n g r a i n y i e l d and r e l a t e d 

c h a r a c t e r s o f some t u r v a r i e t i e s . Mysore 

J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 : 2 1 2 - 2 1 5 . 728 

Observations were recorded on p l a n t h e i g h t 

and s p r e a d , number of branches per p l a n t , 

number of pods p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t of 100 

g r a i n s and seed y i e l d per p l a n t . Phenot 

y p i c and g e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n s r e v e a l e d 

t h a t p l a n t spread and number of pods per 

p l a n t may b e regarded a s e f f e c t i v e a t t r i - 

butes o f g r a i n y i e l d . 

DAVE, B . B . 1934. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f c h a r a c t e r s i n Cajanus I n d i - 

. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 : 

6 7 4 - 6 9 1 . 729 

The mode of i n h e r i t a n c e of f l o w e r , p o d , and 

seedcoat c o l o r s was s t u d i e d . I n t h e F 2 

d i f f e r e n t s e g r e g a t i o n s such a s 3 : 1 , 9 : 7 , 

1 2 : 3 : 1 were o b t a i n e d . The r e s u l t s a r e 

e x p l a i n e d as b e i n g due to t h e a c t i o n and 

i n t e r a c t i o n o f f i v e f a c t o r s , P , A , C , E , 

and V. The f a c t o r s ? and R are r e s p o n s i b l e 

f o r p u r p l i s h b l a c k s p o t t i n g and brown c o l o r 

r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e i r c o n c u r r e n t presence 

g i v i n g p u r p l i s h b l a c k ; i n t h e absence o f 

b o t h P and R, t h e seedcoat is w h i t e . There 

is a complete l i n k a g e between o r a n g e - y e l l o w 

f l o w e r s and p u r p l i s h b l a c k seeds and b e t - 

ween y e l l o w f l o w e r s w i t h p u r p l e v e i n s and 

green pods. 

D'CRUZ, R., and A . B . DEOKAR. 1970. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. I . N . Green 

x Red g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . 

Res. J. 1 : 4 4 - 5 3 . 730 

A s i n g l e gene, designated Sbr, c o n t r o l l e d 

s p r e a d i n g b r a n c h i n g h a b i t , which i s dominant 

t o e r e c t . S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l p u r p l e 

stem ( P s t ) , dominant t o g r e e n ; l a n c e o l a t e 

l e a f l e t s ( L l t ) , dominant t o s h o r t ( L s t ) , 

l o n g p e t i o l e ( L p t ) , dominant t o s h o r t ; and 

y e l l o w v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f the s t a n d a r d 

p e t a l ( Y v s ) , dominant to p a l e y e l l o w . Two 

genes, Gppd 1 and Gppd 2 c o n t r o l l e d maroonb 

l o t c h e d p o d , which i s dominant t o g r e e n , 

and Br8da and Brsdb have a complementary 

a c t i o n on t h e red-brown s e e d c o a t . The 

genes S b r , P s t , L l t , L s t , and L p t form one 

l i n k a g e g r o u p , w h i l e Gppd and Brsda form 

a n o t h e r . The gene Yvs is i n d e p e n d e n t . 

D'CRUZ, R., S.B. MANKE, and A . B . DEOKAR. 

1970. 

Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I V . Rahar x 

Red g r a i n e d . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

6 0 : 2 3 - 2 6 . 731 

This i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed t h a t t h e t h r e e 

m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d are under 

independent g e n e t i c c o n t r o l . Branching i s 

c o n t r o l l e d by t h e genes Rdvds a and Rdvds b 

Brown seedcoat is dominant to w h i t e and 

c o n t r o l l e d b y B r s d , a n i n h l b o t o r B r s d l 

and an a n t i i n h i b i t o r B r s d I A. One of t h e 

Rdvds genes, B r s d , and B r s d l are in the 

same l i n k a g e group as t h e genes f o r l e a f l e t 

shape, L l t , and u n r i p e pod c o l o r B l p d . 

D'CRUZ, R., L . S . PACHPOL, and A . B . DEOKAR. 

1974. 

Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea. I X . N.P.51 x 

P r o s t r a t e . PKV Res. J. 2 ( 2 ) : 7 7 - 8 1 . 732 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f growth h a b i t (54 e r e c t : 

10 p r o s t r a t e ) , stem c o l o r (3 p u r p l e : 1 green), 

v e i n c o l o r ( 3 p u r p l e : 1 y e l l o w ) , pod c o l o r 

(39 dark : 25 s t r e a k e d ) , and seedcoat c o l o r 

(3 b r o w n : 1 w h i t e ) has been r e p o r t e d . 

I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e c h a r a c t e r s showed 

t h a t one o f t h e genes o f p r o s t r a t e growth 

h a b i t was l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f seedcoat 

c o l o r and one o f stem c o l o r w i t h t h a t o f 

v e i n c o l o r . The c r o s s o v e r v a l u e s o b t a i n e d 

in t h e two cases were 15.19 and 33.19%, 

96

Genetics 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Combinations o f o t h e r c h a r a c 

t e r s showed t h a t t h e i r genes a s s o r t e d 

i n d e p e n d e n t l y . 

e s t a b l i s h e d : S b r , L s t a , and L l t ; and P s t a 

and Oyvsa. The o t h e r genes were i n d e p e n 

d e n t . 

D'CRUZ, R., P.S. P A U L , and A . B . DEOKAR. 

1 9 7 1 . 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. X I I . P u r p l e 

g r a i n e d x O b c o r d i f o l i a ( N . G r e e n ) . Mahatma 

Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. J . 2 ( 2 ) : 

99-106. 733 

The gene c o n t r o l l i n g b r a n c h i n g h a b i t , Sbr 

is independent from t h e genes f o r stem 

c o l o r P s t ; l e a f l e t shape, L l t ; l e a f t h i c k 

n e s s , T n l t ; f l o w e r c o l o r , Oydsa, O y d s b l , 

and Oydsb2; pod c o l o r , Gppd; and t e s t a 

c o l o r Brsd and Wpsd. One l i n k a g e group 

i n v o l v i n g P s t , T n l t , and L l t was 

i d e n t i f i e d . 

D'CRUZ, R., P.S. PATIL, and A . B . DEOKAR. 

1973. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. X I I I . L e a f l e t 

shape, f l o w e r and seed c o l o r . Botanique 

(Nagpur) 4 ( 2 ) : 1 1 7 - 1 2 4 . 734 

The i n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t shape, f l o w e r 

c o l o r , and seedcoat c o l o r was s t u d i e d i n 

two crosses of Cajanus cajan. In t h e cross 

O b c o r d i f o l i a (D) X Round l e a f , r a t i o s of 

3 round : 1 obcordate l e a f l e t ; 9 y e l l o w 

p u r p l e - v e i n e d : 7 y e l l o w f l o w e r s ; and 

9 brown : 7 w h i t e were o b t a i n e d . In t h e 

cross Round l e a f X P u r p l e g r a i n e d , r a t i o s 

of 3 l a n c e o l a t e : 1 round l e a f l e t ; 

9 o r a n g e - y e l l o w f l o w e r s w i t h p u r p l e spots : 

1 w h i t e have been r e c o r d e d . The r a t i o of 

3 round : 1 obcordate f o r l e a f l e t shape is 

r e p o r t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . 

DEOKAR, A . B . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1972. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. I I . N . Black 

x P u r p l e g r a i n e d . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . 

U n i v . Res. J . 3 ( l ) : 1 2 - 2 0 . 735 

S i n g l e genes c o n t r o l b r a n c h i n g h a b i t ( S b r ) , 

l e a f l e t shape ( L l t ) , p e t i o l e l e n g t h ( L s t a ) , 

and c o l o r o f t h e d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e 

s t a n d a r d p e t a l (Oyvsa). Stem c o l o r i s 

c o n t r o l l e d by one complementary and two 

d u p l i c a t e complementary genes, P s t a , P s t b , 

and Pstc r e s p e c t i v e l y . S t i p u l e l e n g t h 

segregated 9 l o n g : 7 s h o r t , s u g g e s t i n g 

two complementary genes, L s t a , and L s t b , 

and t h e c o l o r o f t h e v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f 

t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l segregated 9 o r a n g e - 

y e l l o w : 7 y e l l o w , s u g g e s t i n g a n o t h e r two 

complementary genes, Oyvsa and Oyvsb. 

Testa c o l o r i s c o n t r o l l e d b y two i n t e r a c t 

i n g f a c t o r s , Oyvsa and B r s d , t h e f i r s t w i t h 

i n c o m p l e t e dominance r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w h i t e 

seeds w i t h p u r p l e s p o t s and t h e second f o r 

brown seeds. Two l i n k a g e groups were 

DEOKAR, A . B . , G.R. BHOLE, and R. D'CRUZ. 

1 9 7 1 . 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. V I I . Creeping 

3-2-8 x P r o s t r a t e . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . 

U n i v . Res. J . 2 ( l ) : 2 6 - 3 7 . 736 

Three genes (Cgra, C g r b l , and Cgrb2) c o n 

t r o l l i n g growth h a b i t segregated 45 e r e c t : 

9 c r e e p i n g : 10 p r o s t r a t e . Two genes 

( P v d s l and Pvds2) c o n t r o l v e i n c o l o r on t h e 

back of t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and another two 

(Gpstpd and Gpshpd) c o n t r o l pod c o l o r , 

which segregated 9 p u r p l e : 3 green w i t h 

p u r p l e s t r e a k s : 4 green w i t h p u r p l e shades. 

Gpstpd c o n t r o l s green w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s 

and Gpshpd is supplementary. One gene 

(Brsd) c o n t r o l s brown seeds. Cgra is 

l i n k e d w i t h Pvds and Brsd i s l i n k e d w i t h 

Gpshpd. 

DEOKAR, A . B . , B.S. MANKE, and R. D'CRUZ. 

1972. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n plgeonpea. V I . L e a f l e t 

shape, pod and seed coat c o l o u r . I n d i a n 

A g r i c . 1 6 : 1 9 3 - 1 9 7 . 737 

The l e a f l e t shape and seedcoat c o l o r char 

a c t e r s were each governed by a s i n g l e 

f a c t o r ( 3 : 1 ) , w h i l e t h e u n r i p e pod c o l o r 

was found to be caused by f o u r f a c t o r s 

( 1 9 5 : 6 1 ) . The genes l e t f o r l e a f l e t shape 

and Rsd f o r seedcoat c o l o r were found to be 

l i n k e d w i t h a crossover v a l u e of 21.42%. 

The f o u r f a c t o r s f o r pod c o l o r , B l p l , B l p 2 , 

1 - B l p , and A - l - B l p , were d i f f e r e n t from and 

independent o f the f a c t o r s f o r l e a f l e t 

shape and seedcoat c o l o r . 

DEOKAR, A . B . , L . S . PACHPOL, and R. D'CRUZ. 

1972. 

Genetic s t u d i e s in plgeonpea. X. N.P. 64 

x N.P. 8 2 . Botanique (Nagpur) 

3 : 3 5 - 4 0 . 738 

The f o l l o w i n g s e g r e g a t i o n r a t i o s were 

o b t a i n e d from the c r o s s : f o r h a b i t , 9 

s p r e a d i n g : 7 e r e c t ; f o r c o l o r of t h e 

v e n t r a l s u r f a c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l , 

162 y e l l o w : 94 lemon y e l l o w ; and f o r 

pod c o l o r , 117 p u r p l e w i t h green s t r e a k s : 

139 green w i t h p u r p l e s t r e a k s . The r e s u l t s 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e genes c o n t r o l l i n g t h e 

t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s a r e i n d e p e n d e n t .


DEOKAR, A . B . , V.K. SHINDE, and R. D'CRUZ. 

1 9 7 1 . 

A case of l i n k a g e in pigeonpea. Mahatma 


9 2 - 9 3 . 739 

The F 1 s from a cross between a w h l t e - g r a l n a d 

p a r e n t w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s and s e l f - c o l o r e d 

v e i n s on t h e back of t h e s t a n d a r d p e t a l and 

a r e d - g r a i n e d p a r e n t w i t h y e l l o w f l o w e r s 

and r e d v e i n s segregated i n t h e r a t i o o f 

3 red : 1 y e l l o w f o r v e i n c o l o r and 

9 r e d : 7 w h i t e f o r seed c o l o r . The genes 

f o r r e d v e i n s and r e d t e s t a were l i n k e d 

w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e of 8.25%. 

DESHMUKH, N.Y. 1959. 

S t e r i l e mutants in t u r (Cajanus aajan) • 


Two s t e r i l e mutants a r e d e s c r i b e d . One, 

from s t r a i n 175, grew to a h e i g h t of 9 ft 

( 2 . 7 m ) compared w i t h t h e p a r e n t s 5 1 / 2 f t 

(1.67 m) and was unbranched. The o t h e r , 

f r o m s t r a i n 148, possessed l a r g e s i m p l e 

l e a v e s . The f l o w e r buds developed i n t o 

bunches o f t h r e a d - l i k e green s e p a l s . 

DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and T . S . PHIRKE. 1962. 

F l a t t e n e d pod - a p o i n t m u t a t i o n in Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . 

Mag. 3 6 ( 2 ) : 4 6 - 4 7 . 741 

Treatment w i t h c h e m i c a l mutagens has p r o d u 

ced p l a n t s w i t h l a r g e r f l o w e r s and seeds 

and f l a t t e n e d pods. I t was f i r s t thought 

t h a t these p l a n t s were p o l y p l o i d s b u t 

i n v e s t i g a t i o n has shown t h a t they a r e 

d i p l o i d ( n = 11) and t h a t t h e f l a t t e n e d - 

pod c h a r a c t e r is due to a p o i n t m u t a t i o n , 

i n h e r i t e d as a dominant monogenic f a c t o r . 

DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S.S. REKHI. 1960. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f i n plgeonpea (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 9 : 

237-239. 742 

I n crosses i n v o l v i n g t h e mutants u n i f o l i a t a 

( u n l f o l l a t e p o i n t e d l e a f ) and o v a l - o b l o n g 

t r i f o l i a t e ( t r i f o l i a t e l e a f w i t h r o u n d i s h 

a p i c e s ) and two v a r i e t i e s b e a r i n g t r i f o l i a 

t e l e a v e s w i t h p o i n t e d a p i c e s , t h e t r i f o 

l i a t e c o n d i t i o n i s monogenic and dominant 

o v e r t h e u n l f o l l a t e , w h i l e t h e p o i n t e d apex 

is monogenic dominant over t h e r o u n d . The 

two gene p a i r s segregated i n d e p e n d e n t l y . 

DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S.S. REKHI. 1 9 6 1 . 

I n h e r i t a n c e and l i n k a g e in Cajanus aajan. 

I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i , 3 1 ( 4 ) : S u p p l : 

2 4 - 2 6 . 743 

Cotyledon anape, s t u d i e d i n t h e crosses 

d e s c r i b e d i n a n e a r l i e r r e p o r t ( a b s t r a c t 

7 4 2 ) , was determined e i t h e r b y t h e p l e i o - 

t r o p i c a c t i o n of a l e a f - s h a p e gene or by a 

gene c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o t h e l a t t e r , p o i n t e d 

l e a f apex and l a n c e o l a t e c o t y l e d o n b e i n g 

dominant over r o u n d i s h l e a f apex and o v a t e 

c o t y l e d o n . 

DESHMUKH, N . Y . , and S.S. REKHI. 1963. 

Study of n a t u r a l c r o s s p o l l i n a t i o n in 

plgeonpea (Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

P r o c . B i h a r Acad. A g r i c . S c i . 8 - 9 : 

135-139. 744 

The s t r a i n s Hyderabad and 56 were crossed 

w i t h a u n l f o l l a t e mutant and w i t h a mutant 

which had rounded l e a f a p i c e s . The F 1 

showed h e t e r o s i s . T r i f o l i a t e leaves and 

p o i n t e d a p i c e s were each c o n t r o l l e d by a 

s i n g l e dominant gene, t h e two genes b e i n g 

independent of each o t h e r . On an average 

25.01% n a t u r a l c r o s s i n g was f o u n d . 

DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L.M. JESWANI. 1952. 

A p r o s t r a t e mutant in plgeonpea (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) - a p o s s i b l e s o i l 

c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n t . I n d i a n J . Genet. P 1 . 

Breed. 1 2 : 5 0 - 5 1 . 745 

A p r o s t r a t e mutant of t h e plgeonpea of 

p o s s i b l e v a l u e a s a s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n t 

was observed in 1950. The mutant breeds 

t r u e t o t y p e . 

DESHPANDE, R . B . , and L.M. JESWANI. 1956. 

A case of p l e i o t r o p y in plgeonpea. C u r r . 

S c i . 2 5 : 2 0 1 - 2 0 2 . 746 

The obcordate l e a f l e t s w i t h mucronate 

a p i c e s and t h e f i l i f o r m k e e l o f the f l o w e r , 

c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the v a r i a n t d e s i g n a t e d 

Cajanus obcordifolia by Singh et al., 

depend upon t h e p l e i o t r o p i c d u p l i c a t e 

f a c t o r s L 1 and L 2 . Since t h e v a r i a n t 

resembles C. aajan in t h e i n h e r i t a n c e of 

o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s , i t s h o u l d b e assigned t o 

t h i s s p e c i e s . 

DIVAKARAN, K., and G. RAMABHADRAN. 1958. 

A marker gene f o r r e d gram (Cajanus aajan 

M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 2 7 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 747 

A v a t i a n t w i t h " o b l o n g o b o v a t e " l e a f l e t s 

i s d e s c r i b e d . This c h a r a c t e r appears t o b e 

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v i g o r and may prove u s e f u l 

as a marker f o r improved s t r a i n s . 

98

DORAIRAJ, M. STEPHEN, and V. VASANTHARAJ 

DAVID. 1963. 

B i c a r p e l l a r y syncarpous p i s t i l i n Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . S c i . C u l t . 

2 9 ( 1 ) : 4 5 . 748 

The o c c u r r e n c e of an abnormal f r u i t devel 

o p e d f r o m a b i c a r p e l l a r y syncarpous p i s t i l 

i n Cajanus cajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ( r e d 

gram) is r e c o r d e d . The abnormal f r u i t was 

almost t w i c e t h e s i z e of a normal one and 

e x h i b i t e d a f o u r - s i d e d appearance w i t h two 

beaks at the apex. There was a s i n g l e - 

c e l l e d ovary w i t h f o u r d i s t i n c t s u t u r e s 

a p p e a r i n g even from t h e base o f t h e f r u i t . 

GANGULI, D . K . , and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. 

1967. 

I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. Ranchi 

U n i v . J . A g r i c . Res. 2 : 2 3 - 2 5 . 749 

The stem c o l o r p i g m e n t a t i o n showed incomp 

l e t e dominance o f p u r p l i s h pigmented stem 

over the green s t e m . Lateness i n f l o w e r i n g 

was c o m p l e t e l y dominant over e a r l i n e s s in 

one c r o s s , and i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant in 

the o t h e r c r o s s . P u r p l e s t a n d a r d was 

dominant over the y e l l o w one, and orange 

w i n g over y e l l o w . P u r p l e - s t r e a k e d pod was 

dominant over complete green p o d . P u r p l e - 

splashed seedcoat was i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant 

over c h o c o l a t e seedcoat and l i g h t brown 

s e e d c o a t . 

GANGULI, D.K., and D.P. SRIVASTAVA. 

1972. 

Genotypic and p h e n o t y p i c c o r r e l a t i o n 

s t u d i e s in a r h a r {Cajanus oajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n A g r i c . 1 6 ( 1 ) : 

1 0 9 - 1 1 1 . 750 

Average l e n g t h of pods, average number of 

seeds per p o d , and 100-seed w e i g h t , which 

were n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h seed y i e l d , 

were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d among t h e m s e l 

v e s . The f o u r c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . , t o t a l 

branches per p l a n t , f r u i t i n g branches per 

p l a n t , pods per p l a n t , and l e a v e s per 

p l a n t - s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h 

y i e l d and among themselves - m i g h t be 

used a s s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a . 

GOVINDA RAJU, D.R., and H.C. SHARAT CHANDRA. 

1972. 

S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n t u r . Andhra 

A g r i c . J . 9 ( 5 - 6 ) :155-156. 751 

P l a n t h e i g h t , p l a n t s p r e a d , number o f 

branches p e r p l a n t , w e i g h t o f 100 g r a i n s , 

and y i e l d o f seed were s t u d i e d i n 3 6 v a r i e 

t i e s o f C . c a j a n and v a l u e s f o r h e r i t a b i - 

l i t y and g e n e t i c advance e s t i m a t e d f o r each 

c h a r a c t e r . A l l c h a r a c t e r s e x c e p t p l a n t 

h e i g h t showed s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b i l i t y ; 

1 0 0 - g r a i n w e i g h t showed the h i g h e s t h e r i t a - 

b i l i t y , f o l l o w e d by number of branches and 

p l a n t s p r e a d . 

GUNASEELAN, T . , and H.K. HANUMANTHA RAO. 

1976. 

D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n and study o f t h e 

c o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s o n pigeonpea. I n d i a n 

J . A g r i c . S c i . 4 6 ( 4 ) : 1 7 5 - 1 7 7 . 752 

A t r i a l of 94 l i n e s d e r i v e d from 26 v a r i e 

t i e s of Cajanus aajan was c o n d u c t e d . 

D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n a n a l y s i s o f s i x 

y i e l d components i n d i c a t e d t h a t f o u r l i n e s 

from Shobha, two from T-2 and one each from 

S-5, AS-8, AS-37, AS-13, 4658, and 

Khargone-2 are p r o m i s i n g f o r f u r t h e r 

h y b r i d i z a t i o n . The most i m p o r t a n t y i e l d 

components were p l a n t h e i g h t and number of 

pods. 

GUPTA, L . N . 1968. 

C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n A r h a r . M.Sc. 

(1968) T h e s i s . J a w a h a r l a l Nehru K r i s h i 

Viswa V i d y a l a y a , J a b a l p u r , I n d i a . 753 

GUPTA, V . P . , S.C. SETHI, and S. CHANDRA. 

1975. 

V a r i a t i o n , h e r i t a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n 

among y i e l d components in a r h a r (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . HAU J. Res. 

5(2) :110-115. 754 

The h i g h e s t p h e n o t y p i c v a r i a b i l i t y was 

observed f o r pod c l u s t e r s per f i v e branches, 

pod c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods per p l a n t , 

and seed y i e l d . High v a r i a b i l i t y was a l s o 

n o t i c e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y , 

100-seed w e i g h t , seeds per p o d , and pod 

l e n g t h i n 6 5 c u l t i v a r s . E s t i m a t e s o f 

h e r i t a b i l i t y , g e n e t i c advance, and c o e f f i 

c i e n t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n 

suggested t h a t s e l e c t i o n f o r h i g h e r 

y i e l d s s h o u l d be based on h i g h e r numbers 

of branches per p l a n t , pod c l u s t e r s per 

p l a n t , and pods p e r p l a n t . 

HIREMATH, K . G . , and S.N. TALWAR. 1 9 7 1 . 

A s t u d y o n g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n p i g e o n 

pea (Cajanus c a j a n L. M i l l s p . ) . Andhra 

A g r i c . J . 1 8 : 1 4 4 - 1 4 8 . 755 

Seven q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s were measured 

i n 1 5 v a r i e t i e s . High h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i 

mates and low e s t i m a t e s of g e n e t i c advance 

were found f o r number of p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , 

number of seeds per p o d , pod l e n g t h and 

100-seed w e i g h t . High h e r i t a b i l i t y and 

h i g h e s t i m a t e s of g e n e t i c advance were 

o b t a i n e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , number o f pods 

per p l a n t and y i e l d per p l a n t . 

99


J A I N , S . K . , and B.C. JOSHI. 1964. 

E s t i m a t i o n o f l i n k a g e and penetrance p a r a 

meters i n a s t u d y o f p e t a l c o l o r i n t h e 

pigeonpea. Genetics 4 9 : 6 1 1 - 6 1 5 . 756 

The mode of i n h e r i t a n c e of p e t a l c o l o r and 

v e n a t i o n i n t h e pigeonpea has been e x p l a i 

ned w i t h a t r i g e n i c model: y , f o r b a s i c 

c o l o r ; u f o r absence o f v e n a t i o n ; and £ , 

the l o c u s t h a t i n t e r a c t s w i t h the y l o c u s . 

L o c i p and y were found to be l i n k e d w i t h a 

r e c o m b i n a t i o n frequency o f 29.7%. 

JAMBHALE, NASAYAN DHONDI. 1974. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . 

Mahatma Fhule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , 


JESWANI, L . M . , and R.B. DESHPANDE. 1962. 

I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s on some s t e r i l e mutants 

i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . Breed. 

2 2 : 2 3 6 - 2 4 0 . 758 

I n a s e p a l o i d m u t a n t , s i m p l e leaves r e p l a 

ced t h e normal t r i f o l i a t e ones and were 

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s e p a l o i d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e 

f l o w e r s ; a second mutant had s i m p l e l e a v e s 

on t h e l o w e r p a r t of t h e p l a n t and none on 

t h e upper p a r t , r u d i m e n t a r y f l o r a l o r g a n s , 

dwarf h a b i t , and t h i n , s t r a g g l i n g b r a n c h e s ; 

a cleistogamous mutant possessed t h i c k , 

puckered t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s . I n a l l the 

mutants t h e abnormal c o n d i t i o n was 

r e c e s s i v e t o t h e n o r m a l . 

development o f stamens i n t o p e t a l - o r 

c a r p e l - l i k e s t r u c t u r e s , and exposed o v u l e s . 

The mutant p l a n t s a r e female s t e r i l e , 

a l t h o u g h they have 80% s t a i n a b l e p o l l e n . 

JOSHI, S.N. 1973. 

V a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s i n 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . Madras 

A g r l c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : 4 1 2 - 4 1 4 . 761 

A wide range o f v a r i a t i o n was n o t i c e d i n 

seed y i e l d per p l a n t , number of seeds per 

p o d , pod l e n g t h , and p l a n t h e i g h t . The 

v a r i a t i o n i n p l a n t h e i g h t was l a r g e l y due 

t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . Most o f the 

c h a r a c t e r s i n d i c a t e d low h e r i t a b l l i t y 

e s t i m a t e s . Seed y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number of pods and number 

o f b r a n c h e s . From t h e h e r i t a b l l i t y e s t i 

mates, expected g e n e t i c g a i n , and c o r r e l a 

t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , i t was seen t h a t the 

number of branches and pod number a r e t h e 

main y i e l d components. 

KAJJARI, N.B. 1956. 

A new m u t a t i o n in Cajanue c a j a n M i l l s p . 

C u r r . S c i . 2 5 : 3 3 3 . 762 

A mutant w i t h obcordate l e a v e s , k e e l p e t a l s 

u n i t e d at the t o p , and two or t h r e e apocarpous 

o v a r i e s was f o u n d . I t b r e d t r u e i n 

the 2 subsequent y e a r s . No c y t o l o g i c a l 

d i f f e r e n c e s between t h i s mutant and normal 

p l a n t s were f o u n d , the chromosome number 

f o r b o t h b e i n g 2n - 22. 

JOGLEKAR, R.G., and N.Y. DESHMUKH. 1958. 

M u t a t i o n s i n pigeonpea (Cajanuas c a j a n ) . 


A mutant w i t h s i m p l e leaves and another 

w i t h o v a t e - o b l o n g t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s , 

r e s p e c t i v e l y d e s i g n a t e d v a r . unifoliata and 

v a r . oval oblong tvifoliata, are d e s c r i b e d . 

JOSHI, B . C . , and S. RAMANUJAN. 1963. 

Genetics o f two mutants i n pigeonpea. 

I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 2 3 : 

6 4 - 6 6 . 760 

The n o n f l o w e r i n g c o n d i t i o n , found in a 

c o l l e c t i o n of CP-32 from Madhya Pradesh, 

i s m o n o g e n i c a l l y r e c e s s i v e t o f l o w e r i n g 

and does n o t appear to be l i n k e d to t h e 

p l e i o t r o p i c l o c u s c o n t r o l l i n g t r i f o l i a t e 

v s . s i m p l e l e a f and normal v s . s e p a l o i d 

f l o w e r . The m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n o f 

the p i s t i l , i s o l a t e d i n a n a r h a r c u l t u r e 

f r o m U t t a r Pradesh, is m o n o g e n i c a l l y 

r e c e s s i v e t o t h e normal u n i c a r p e l l a t e 

c o n d i t i o n ; t h i s a l l e l e a l s o c o n t r o l s t h e 

development o f supernumerary p e t a l s , t h e 

KAPUR, RAMAN. 1977. 

Genetic a n a l y s i s of some q u a n t i t a t i v e char 

a c t e r s a t d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n l e v e l s i n 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

M.Sc. (1977) T h e s i s . C o l l e g e o f A g r i c u l 

t u r e , Punjab A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , 

L u d h i a n a , P u n j a b , I n d i a . 763 

KOLHE, A . K . , R.D. GHATGE, A . B . DEOKAR, 

and R. D'CRUZ. 1972. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. XIV. Round 

l e a f x Obcordifolia ( N - B l a c k ) . Mahatma 


2 1 - 2 6 . 764 

A s i n g l e gene c o n t r o l s s p r e a d i n g b r a n c h i n g 

h a b i t (Sbr) which i s dominant t o e r e c t ; 

two genes (Bdlba and L l t ) c o n t r o l presence 

o f a p e t i o l e , w h i c h i s dominant t o absence; 

two genes (Bdlba and Bdlbb) c o n t r o l broad 

l e a f l e t b a s e , w h i c h i s dominant t o n a r r o w ; 

and one gene ( L l t ) c o n t r o l s n o t c h l e s s 

l e a f l e t apex, dominant t o n o t c h e d ; b o a t - 

shaped k e e l p e t a l s , dominant t o f i l i f o r m ; 

u n i t e d k e e l p e t a l s , dominant t o f r e e ; and 

dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , dominant to open. Red 

100

v e i n s o n t h e d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f t h e 

s t a n d a r d p e t a l a r e dominant t o y e l l o w and 

are c o n t r o l l e d by two genes (Rdvdsa. and 

Rdvdsb). A s i n g l e l i n k a g e group i n v o l v e s 

S b r , Rdvdsa, L l t and B d l b b . 

KUMAR, A . , and M.F. HAQUE. 1973. 

V a r i a b i l i t y and c o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s in F 2 

p o p u l a t i o n of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Mysore J . A g r i c . S c i . 

7 : 1 7 4 - 1 8 3 . 765 

Ten c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d in BR-65 and 

BR-13 and in t h e F 1 and F 2 of BR-65 x 

BR-13. High h e r i t a b i l i t y v a l u e s i n t h e 

broad sense and h i g h e s t i m a t e s of g e n e t i c 

advance were o b t a i n e d f o r the number of 

l e a v e s and number of seeds per p l a n t . 

Moderate e s t i m a t e s o f g e n e t i c advance f o r 

t h e number of days to m a t u r i t y were 

o b t a i n e d . Moderate h e r i t a b i l i t y and g e n e t 

i c advance were e s t i m a t e d f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , 

pod number, and y i e l d per p l a n t . Seed 

y i e l d was s i g n i f i c a n t l y and p o s i t i v e l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f l e a v e s , 

b r a n c h e s , p o d s , seeds per p l a n t , and p l a n t 

h e i g h t . I t was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y and 

n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e number o f 

days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g and t o m a t u r i t y . 

LAXMAN SINGH, and R.L. PANDEY. 1974. 

Genetic a n a l y s i s of some q u a n t i t a t i v e 

c h a r a c t e r s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Himachal J . A g r i c . Res. 

2 ( l ) : l - 3 . 766 

H e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s u s i n g s i x p o p u l a 

t i o n s from a cross ranged f r o m 54.9 f o r 

p l a n t w i d t h t o 96.6 f o r seed y i e l d (broad 

sense) and from 28.7 f o r p l a n t w i d t h t o 

95.2 f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g (narrow s e n s e ) . 

A d d i t i v e g e n e t i c e f f e c t s were s i g n i f i c a n t 

f o r days t o f l o w e r i n g and seed s i z e , w i t h 

p a r t i a l dominance f o r s m a l l e r seed s i z e . 

Magnitude of a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was 

r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , p l a n t 

w i d t h , and p r o t e i n c o n t e n t as compared to 

n o n a d d i t i v e o n e s . Characters such a s y i e l d 

and p l a n t w i d t h had a predominance of 

n o n a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s . 

MALHOTRA, R . S . , and J . S . SODHI. 1977. 

Genetic v a r i a b i l i t y and d i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c 

t i o n s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n 

L . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 6 7 7 - 

678. 767 

F o r t y v a r i e t i e s o f pigeonpea when s t u d i e d 

f o r s i x c h a r a c t e r s i n d i c a t e d t h a t branch 

number, pod number, and c l u s t e r number form 

e f f e c t i v e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r y i e l d 

improvements i n pigeonpea. 

MENEZES, O.B. De. 1956. 

Genetics and improvement of t h e pigeonpea 

(C. i n d i c u s S p r e n g . ) . Ceres Minas G e r a i s . 

1 0 ( 5 5 ) : 2 0 - 4 4 . 768 

S t u d i e s o n t h e g e n e t i c s o f t e s t a c o l o r , 

s t a n d a r d p e t a l c o l o r , pod c o l o r , pod s i z e , 

and h a b i t are r e p o r t e d . Testa c o l o r 

depended o n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n o f two l o c i . 

W h i t e , p r ; c h o c o l a t e , pR; s p o t t e d , P r ; and 

b l a c k , PR. P i g m e n t a t i o n o f s t a n d a r d p e t a l 

was g e n e t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a s f o l l o w s : 

Y e l l o w , Apcev or apcev; y e l l o w s t r e a k e d 

w i t h r e d , Apcevs; u n i f o r m p u r p l e , APCEvs; 

y e l l o w s t r e a k e d w i t h p u r p l e , ApCevs; p u r p l e 

s t r e a k e d , APCEVs; and b l o o d r e d , APCEVS. 

There a r e t h r e e types of pod p i g m e n t a t i o n : 

g r e e n , l d ; green w i t h maroon m a r k i n g s , L d ; 

and maroon, LD. The mode of i n h e r i t a n c e 

of pod s i z e was u n c e r t a i n . P l a n t h e i g h t 

and a n g l e of secondary b r a n c h i n g were 

q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i n h e r i t e d . 

MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMED A L I KHAN, 

and R. VEERASWAMY. 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n p l a n t 

c h a r a c t e r s in red gram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 


6 4 - 6 5 . 769 

The i n h e r i t a n c e of a few c h a r a c t e r s is 

r e p o r t e d , u s i n g induced mutants o f r e d 

gram as one of t h e p a r e n t s in t h e c r o s s e s . 

MORBAD, I . R . , and M.S. SOLANKI. 1957. 

Study of h e t e r o s i s in CajanuB aajan. I n d i a n 

J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 1 7 : 9 0 - 9 5 . 770 

H y b r i d v i g o r up to a maximum of 24.51% in 

g r a i n y i e l d was r e c o r d e d . B e s t - y i e l d i n g 

h y b r i d d i d n o t o u t y i e l d the b e s t - y i e l d i n g 

p a r e n t b u t b y e x p l o i t i n g more m a t e r i a l o f 

w i d e r b l o o d , more conspicuous v i g o r c o u l d 

perhaps be o b t a i n e d , as has been n o t i c e d 

i n some crosses i n v o l v i n g p e r e n n i a l types 

of t u r . Even if Cajanus proves a good crop 

f o r e x p l o i t i n g h e t e r o s i s , t h e d i f f i c u l t y 

o f h y b r i d seed p r o d u c t i o n remains u n s o l v e d . 

MUKEWAR, A . M . , and D.P. MULEY. 1974. 

C o r r e l a t i o n s t u d i e s of some y i e l d components 

i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 


S i x t y v a r i e t i e s o f t u r were e v a l u a t e d . The 

g r a i n y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y and s i g n i f i c a n t 

l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h bhusa ( c h a f f ) w e i g h t , 

w e i g h t of pods per p l a n t , number of pods 

per p l a n t , number o f branches per p l a n t , 

and l e n g t h of p o d . G r a i n y i e l d was negat 

i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p l a n t h e i g h t , 100- 

g r a i n w e i g h t , days t o m a t u r i t y , days t o 

f l o w e r i n g , and w i d t h o f pod. 

101



Genetic v a r i a b i l i t y i n Cajanus c a j a n . 

160 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l 


MUNOZ, A . M . , and R. ABRAMS. 1 9 7 1 . 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f some q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s 

in pigeonpeas {Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 5 5 ( 1 ) : 2 2 - 4 3 . 773 

Three v a r i e t i e s and a l i n e d e r i v e d by 

i r r a d i a t i o n were used a s p a r e n t s i n f i v e 

c r o s s e s . There was g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n i n 

a l l crosses i n seed w e i g h t , p l a n t h e i g h t , 

and f l o w e r i n g d a t e than i n number o f seeds/ 

p o d . Seed y i e l d was p o s i t i v e l y and h i g h l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h number o f p o d s / p l a n t , b u t 

h e r i t a b i l i t y o f t h i s l a t t e r c h a r a c t e r was 

l o w , 4 5 . 3 and 52.1% i n t h e F 2 and F 3 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . F l o w e r i n g d a t e , p l a n t 

h e i g h t , and seed w e i g h t showed h i g h 

h e r i t a b i l i t y . 

NARKHEDE, B . N . 1 9 7 1 . 

Genetic s t u d i e s in pigeonpea {Cajanus eajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) and Wal (Dolichos lablab 

Roxb. and L . ) . 1 9 2 p p . M.Sc. (1971) 

T h e s i s . Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , 

R a h u r i , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 774 

PANDYA, P . S . , J . A . PATIL, and B.B. CHAUDHARY. 

1954. 

'Round and T i n y ' l e a f mutants in Cajanus 

c a j a n M i l l s p . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

4 5 : 1 8 . 775 

A mutant b e a r i n g obovate l e a f l e t s w i t h 

rounded base and apex and a dwarf mutant 

b e a r i n g very s m a l l l e a f l e t s have been 


PANKAJA REDDY, R., and N.G.P. RAO. 1974. 

I n h e r i t a n c e and r e l a t i o n w i t h some y i e l d 

components o f p l a n t and f l o w e r i n g h a b i t 

i n Cajanus. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 

3 4 ( 1 ) : 9 4 - 9 9 . 776 

The i n h e r i t a n c e o f i n d e t e r m i n a t e and d e t e r 

minate types i n Cajanus r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e 

d e t e r m i n a t e type i s r e c e s s i v e , w i t h a s i n 

g l e f a c t o r d i f f e r e n c e . P r e l i m i n a r y assoc 

i a t i o n a n a l y s i s o f p l a n t type and y i e l d 

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e i n d e t e r m i n a t e types a r e 

f a v o r e d over d e t e r m i n a t e f o r m s . F u r t h e r 

s t u d i e s o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between p l a n t 

h a b i t and y i e l d are i n d i c a t e d . 

PATHAK, D.K.V. 1952. 

C o r r e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s ( m o r p h o l o g i c a l 

and agronomical) i n t h e d i f f e r e n t types 

o f pigeonpea. T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l 


PATHAK, G . N . , and K.P. SINGH. 1964. 

A new type of mutant in pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . S c i . C u l t . 30: 

397-398. 778 

A spontaneous mutant p l a n t was found in an 

e a r l y m a t u r i n g l i n e , No. 5 , r e c e i v e d f r o m 

Malwa. The mutant was bushy and t a l l e r 

than the p a r e n t a l t y p e . Four d i s t i n c t 

types of branches were o b s e r v e d , t h r e e of 

which were s t e r i l e . 

PATIL, J . A . 1959. 

A m u t a t i o n in Cajanus cajan ( L i n n ) M i l l s p . 

Poona A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 4 9 : 2 6 4 . 779 

A dwarf mutant d i f f e r i n g i n l e a f and f l o r a l 

morphology from e i t h e r p a r e n t was o b t a i n e d 

from C. aajan x C. obcordifolia at the 

C o l l e g e of A g r i c u l t u r e , Poona, and a genet 

i c s t u d y o f i t was u n d e r t a k e n . 

PATIL, J . A . 1970. 

E x t e n s i o n o f the l i n k a g e group I - B l p d - L l t 

in pigeonpea {Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . ) . 


1:37-45. 780 

Genetic s t u d i e s show t h a t r e d v e i n on t h e 

d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f the s t a n d a r d p e t a l i s 

dominant to y e l l o w and c o n t r o l l e d by the 

genes Rdvdsa and Rdvdsb. Brown seedcoat 

is dominant to w h i t e and c o n t r o l l e d by 

B r s b , a n i n h i b i t o r B r s b l and a n a n t i - 

i n h i b i t o r B r s d I A which are i n the same 

l i n k a g e group as the genes f o r l e a f l e t 

shape, L, and u n r i p e pod c o l o r , B l p d . 

PATIL, J . A . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1962. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f w h i t e f l o w e r c o l o u r i n 

pigeonpea. C u r r . S c i . 3 1 : 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 . 781 

White f l o w e r c o l o r i n a mutant p l a n t 

d i s c o v e r e d a t the A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

S t a t i o n , A n n i g e r i , r e s u l t e d from t h e oper 

a t i o n of two d u p l i c a t e genes, W 1 and W 2 , 

and t h e spontaneous m u t a t i o n of t h e inhrib 

i t o r y gene I y , which c o n d i t i o n s y e l l o w 

f l o w e r s . 

PATIL, J . A . , and R. D'CRUZ. 1965. 

Linkage s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . 

Genet.. P I . B r e e d . 2 5 : 2 3 4 - 2 3 8 . 782 

The i n h e r i t a n c e o f growth h a b i t , S b r , l e a f 

l e t shape ( L l t ) and c o l o r o f the u n r i p e pod 

( B l p ) was s t u d i e d i n the F 2 o f t h e cross 

between two Cajanus c a j a n m u t a n t s , one 

c r e e p i n g , t h e o t h e r h a v i n g obovate l e a v e s . 

Recombination v a l u e s of 40.83% between I 

( i n h i b i t o r y gene o f growth h a b i t ) and L l t , 

35.75% between I and B l p . and 2.93% between 

B l p and L l t were d e t e r m i n e d . 

102

Genetics 

PATIL, J . A . , A . B . DEOKAR, and S.R. MASLEKAR. 

1972. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f l e a f l e t number, f l o w e r and 

seed c o a t c o l o u r i n redgram (Cajanus cajan 

M i l l s p . ) . Mahatma Phule A g r i c . U n i v . Res. 

J . 3 ( 1 ) : 6 - 1 1 . 783 

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n v o l v e d two m u t a n t s , one 

w i t h creamy w h i t e f l o w e r s and t h e o t h e r 

w i t h m u l t i f o l i a t e l e a v e s . S e g r e g a t i o n i n 

the progeny of t h e c r o s s between them 

showed t h a t t r i f o l i a t e l e a f i s dominant t o 

m u l t i f o l i a t e and t h a t f o u r genes a r e 

i n v o l v e d : one h y p o s t a t i c , one i n h i b i t o r y , 

and two d u p l i c a t e a n t i - i n h i b i t o r y , d e s i g 

n a t e d T f , I T f , A 1 I T f , and A 2 I T f , 


PATIL, J . A . , and N.V. SANDBHOR. 1958. 

' C h i m e r a ' i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . 

C u r r . S c i . 2 7 : 3 5 8 . 784 

Chimeras have been observed in t h e progeny 

of a cross between two m u t a n t s , a c r e e p i n g 

and a r o u n d - l e a v e d t y p e . I t i s thought 

t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time the occurrence 

of chimeras has been r e p o r t e d f o r C. c a j a n . 

PATIL, J . A . , and Y . N . SHEIKH. 1957. 

S h o r t s t i g m a , o f f type p l a n t i n pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 

2 6 : 2 5 3 - 2 5 4 . 785 

A p l a n t of t h e s t r a i n N-282-7 was found to 

have a s t i g m a w h i c h remained below t h e 

a n t h e r s i n s t e a d of l y i n g above them. No 

seed was o b t a i n e d by e i t h e r open- or 

s e l f - p o l l i n a t i o n . 

PATIL, R.B. 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . M.Sc. T h e s i s . Mahatma Phule 

K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , M a h a r a s h t r a , 

I n d i a . 786 

POKLE, Y . S . 1976. 

P l e i o t r o p i c mutant i n redgram (Cajanus 

c a j a n M i l l s p . ) . Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

4 8 : 4 2 - 4 4 . 787 

The mutant was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i t s gigas 

l e a f , w i t h c r i n k l e d l e a f s u r f a c e , weak stem 

and b r a n c h e s , d e l a y e d f l o w e r i n g , and b i g 

f l o w e r s w i t h f r e e k e e l p e t a l s . Shedding 

of f l o w e r s was 99%; g i g a s l e a f was r e c e s 

s i v e to normal l e a f and governed by a 

s i n g l e gene. A l l t h e c h a r a c t e r s t h a t g o 

w i t h t h e g i g a s l e a f i n d i c a t e t h e p l e i o t r o 

p i c a c t i o n of t h i s gene. The gene symbols 

proposed a r e Nh f o r normal and nh f o r 

m u t a n t . 

RAJAGOPALAN, C.K. 1970. 

A case of chimera in pigeonpea Cajanus 

oajan ( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . S c i . C u l t . 

3 6 : 4 7 5 . 788 

A p l a n t w i t h a few branches near t h e apex 

b e a r i n g c h i m e r i c a l leaves was o b s e r v e d . 

Some leaves were w h i t e , some normal g r e e n , 

and o t h e r s green w h i t e . 

RAJU, D . R . G . , and H.C.S. CHANDRA. 1972. 

S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n t u r . Andhra 

A g r i c . J . 1 9 ( 9 - 6 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 6 . 789 

Assesses h e r i t a b l e v a r i a b i l i t y i n p l a n t 

c h a r a c t e r s i n 3 6 v a r i e t i e s o f t u r {Cajanus 

oajan M i l l s p . ) and concludes t h a t ' improvement 

i s needed f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s p l a n t 

s p r e a d , number of b r a n c h e s , and 1 0 0 - g r a i n 

w e i g h t . 

RAM, R.A., I . B . SINGH, and P. SINGH. 1976. 

Estimates o f c o r r e l a t i o n , v a r i a b i l i t y , 

h e r i t a b i l i t y and g e n e t i c advance i n redgram 

(Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 1 ) : 6 0 - 6 2 . 790 

An experiment w i t h 18 g e n e t i c a l l y d i v e r s e 

s t r a i n s of r e d gram was conducted in RBD 

w i t h t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s . I t was observed 

t h a t t h e number of p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , 

c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , and h a r v e s t i n d e x are 

t h e major y i e l d components. The v a l u e of 

t h e g e n o t y p i c c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y 

ranged from 3 2 . 9 1 t o 66.44%. I t was 

h i g h e s t f o r c l u s t e r s per p l a n t and l o w e s t 

f o r pods per c l u s t e r . The g r a i n y i e l d and 

h a r v e s t i n d e x , i n t h a t o r d e r , were t h e 

o t h e r t r a i t s showing h i g h g e n e t i c c o e f f i 

c i e n t o f v a r i a b i l i t y . The e s t i m a t e s o f 

h e r i t a b i l i t y v a r i e d from 5 0 . 6 1 t o 74.14%. 

Genetic advance ranged from 1 0 . 1 1 to 

40.19%. 

RAM, R.A., P. SINGH, I . B . SINGH, and 

P. SHARMA. 1976. 

P a t h and d i s c r i m i n a n t techniques f o r t h e 

improvement of redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res. 

1 0 ( 2 ) : 1 0 1 - 1 0 4 . 791 

The p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , c l u s t e r s per p l a n t 

and pods p e r c l u s t e r c o n t r i b u t e d d i r e c t l y 

a s w e l l a s i n d i r e c t l y t o g r a i n y i e l d and 

are t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r e d major y i e l d compon 

e n t s . The h a r v e s t i n d e x , however, c o n t r i 

b u t e d i n d i r e c t l y t o y i e l d a s i t s d i r e c t 

e f f e c t was n e g a t i v e . The f u n c t i o n i n c l u d 

i n g f o u r c h a r a c t e r s v i z . , p r i m a r y b r a n c h e s , 

c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods per c l u s t e r and 

h a r v e s t i n d e x gave t h e h i g h e s t r e l a t i v e 

e f f i c i e n c y o f 125.29%. 

103


RATHNASWAMY, R., R. VEERASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, 

and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. 

Studies o n g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n 

q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r s i n redgram (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 

6 0 ( 3 ) : 2 0 4 - 2 0 6 . 792 

A l l the c h a r a c t e r s have wide p h e n o t y p i c 

v a r i a t i o n . Among the c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d , 

p l a n t h e i g h t , branches per p l a n t , c l u s t e r s 

per p l a n t , pods per p l a n t , and days to 

f l o w e r have h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y and s i m i l a r 

g e n e t i c g a i n ; a s s u c h , these c h a r a c t e r s 

may be c o n s i d e r e d as r e l i a b l e f o r s e l e c t i o n 

i n r e d gram. 

REDDY, B . V . S . , L . J . REDDY, and A , N . MURTHI. 

1977. 

R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a n t s i n Cajanus cajan ( L . ) 

M i i l s p . T r o p . G r a i n Legume B u l l . 

7 : 1 1 . 793 

A search f o r male s t e r i l i t y i n t h e p i g e o n - 

pea germplasm c o l l e c t i o n r e s u l t e d in 75 

p l a n t s , grouped i n t o f i v e t y p e s , w h i c h a r e 

b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . 

REKHI, S.S. 1966. 

S t u d i e s i n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f i n t e r v a r i e t a l 

cross o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . 

Nagpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. (Spec. Res. N o . ) : 

100. 794 

E r e c t b r a n c h i n g h a b i t was found t o b e d o m i 

n a n t t o s p r e a d i n g h a b i t and m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y 

i n h e r i t e d . P o i n t e d l e a f apex was dominant 

to round apex and a l s o m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y 

i n h e r i t e d . Brown seed c o l o r was p a r t i a l l y 

o r i n c o m p l e t e l y dominant over w h i t e seed 

c o l o r (Monogenic). Four-seeded pods were 

dominant to three-seeded pods; and t h e 

c h a r a c t e r i s a l s o m o n o g e n e t i c a l l y 

i n h e r i t e d . 

RUBAlHAYO, P . R . , and M.F. ONIM. 1975. 

A s t u d y of some c h a r a c t e r s of pigeonpea. 

SABRA0 J. 7 ( 2 ) : 1 8 3 - 1 8 7 . 795 

The h e r i t a b i l i t i e s and i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s 

o f t e n c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d . H e r i t a b i 

l i t y e s t i m a t e s were h i g h f o r days t o 

f l o w e r i n g , pod c o l o r , d e t e r m i n a t e h a b i t , 

and h e i g h t b u t low f o r g r a i n y i e l d . There 

was no s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n between 

i n c i d e n c e of Mycovellosiella c a j a n i and 

g r a i n y i e l d . 

SALUNKHE, A . R . 1 9 7 1 . 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r s o f t u r 

(Cajanue c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . 331 p p . 

M.Sc. (1971) T h e s i s . Mahatma P hule K r i s h i 

V i d y a p e e t h , R a h u r i , M a h a r a s h t r a , 

I n d i a . 796 

SEN, S . , S.C. SUR, and K. SEN GUPTA. 

1966. 

I n h e r i t a n c e o f dwarfness i n pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i i l s p . ) . Zuchter 

3 6 : 3 7 9 - 3 8 0 . 797 

A dwarf bush pigeonpea was found in a p l o t 

o f the c u l t i v a r B r a z i l P / 2 ; i t had b r i t t l e 

s t a l k s , l a t e m a t u r i t y , and low y i e l d . 

A s i n g l e r e c e s s i v e gene d e s i g n a t e d as d, 

appears to be i n v o l v e d . Though no chromosome 

a b e r r a t i o n s were d e t e c t e d , p o l l e n 

f e r t i l i t y i n t h e mutant was o n l y 70%; 

female f e r t i l i t y was n o r m a l . 

SHARMA, D . , S.S. BHADOURIA, LAXMAN SINGH, 

and H.K. SHARMA. 1974. 

Genetic a n a l y s i s o f p r o t e i n c o n t e n t i n 

pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 

3 4 ( 2 ) : 2 3 0 - 2 3 5 . 798 

Genetics o f p r o t e i n t h r o u g h d i a l l e l a n a l y 

s i s of F 1 and F 2 g e n e r a t i o n s r e v e a l e d 

t h a t b o t h g . c . a . and s . c . a . v a r i a n c e s f o r 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t were h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t . 

The magnitude of a d d i t i v e and n o n a d d i t i v e 

components o f v a r i a n c e f u r t h e r c o n f i r m e d 

t h e importance of a d d i t i v e as w e l l as 

n o n a d d i t i v e gene a c t i o n . In F 1 the n o n - 

a d d i t i v e component was p r e d o m i n a n t ; in F 2 

t h e a d d i t i v e and n o n a d d i t i v e components 

were of equal i m p o r t a n c e . Of t h e p a r e n t s , 

B a i g a n i showed t h e h i g h e s t p r o t e i n c o n t e n t 

(23.22 and 23.25%) in two seasons and had 

t h e h i g h e s t g . c . a . e f f e c t s . 

SHARMA, D . , LAXMAN SINGH, S . S . BAGHEL, and 

H.K. SHARMA. 1972. 

Genetic a n a l y s i s o f seed s i z e i n pigeonpea 

Cajanus c a j a n . Can. J. Genet. C y t o l . 

1 4 : 5 4 5 - 5 4 8 . 799 

I n a d i a l l e l a n a l y s i s o f t e n v a r i e t i e s 

d i f f e r i n g i n m a t u r i t y group and seed s i z e , 

a predominance of a d d i t i v e gene e f f e c t s was 

f o u n d , m a i n l y i n v o l v i n g p a r t i a l dominance. 

Seed s i z e had a h i g h h e r i t a b i l i t y v a l u e 

o f 0 . 8 2 . 

SHARMA, H.K., LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA. 

1973. 

Genetic a n a l y s i s o f f l o w e r i n i t i a t i o n i n 

pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 

3 3 ( 3 ) : 3 9 3 - 3 9 7 . 800 

Component a n a l y s i s of F 1 and F 2 i n d i c a t e d 

t h e predominance o f a d d i t i v e g e n e t i c v a r i 

ance and degree of dominance was found to 

b e i n t h e p a r t i a l dominance r a n g e . Dominant 

genes were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a r l y m a t u r i t y . 

The p r o p o r t i o n of dominant and r e c e s s i v e 

genes i n t h e p a r e n t s was almost e q u a l . 

H e r i t a b i l i t y i n t h e narrow sense was h i g h , 

104

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t improvement can be made 

b y s i m p l e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . 

SHARMA, H . K . , LAXMAN SINGH, and D. SHARMA. 

1973. 

Combining a b i l i t y i n d i a l l e l crosses o f 

pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

4 3 ( l ) : 2 5 - 2 9 . 801 

The g e n e r a l combining a b i l i t y v a r i a n c e s 

were h i g h e r than t h e s p e c i f i c combining 

a b i l i t y v a r i a n c e s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r e d o m i 

nance of a d d i t i v e gene a c t i o n f o r a number 

o f c h a r a c t e r s . Ranking o f p a r e n t a l l i n e s 

o n t h e b a s i s o f g e n e r a l combining a b i l i t y 

e s t i m a t e s showed good agreement w i t h r a n k 

i n g based o n performance p e r s e . H e t e r o t i c 

e f f e c t s were h i g h e s t f o r p l a n t h e i g h t and 

g r a i n y i e l d and t h i s suggests t h a t composite 

v a r i e t i e s c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d . 

SHAW, F . J . F . 1936. 

S t u d i e s i n I n d i a n p u l s e s : The i n h e r i t a n c e 

o f m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and w i l t r e s i s 

tance in Rahar (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g . ) . 


In a cross between two v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus 

i n d i c u s (Pusa Types T-5 and T-80) i n h e r i - 

tance o f f l o w e r c o l o r f o l l o w e d a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 

r a t i o , t h e F 1 and t h e double r e c e s s i v e 

b e i n g new phenotypes u n l i k e e i t h e r p a r e n t . 

E r e c t h a b i t was p a r t i a l l y dominant over 

s p r e a d i n g ; s h o r t s t a t u r e was dominant t o 

t a l l ; crowded h a b i t o f i n f l o r e s c e n c e was 

dominant to t h e open; brown seed of T-80 

was dominant to t h e s i l v e r w h i t e of T-5 

each in a 3 : 1 r a t i o . F 2 and F 3 p o p u l a t i o n s 

were grown i n i n f e c t e d f i e l d s and t h e l o s s 

due t o w i l t i n F 2 suggests t h a t the i n h e r i 

tance of r e s i s t a n c e may be found in a 9:7 

o r 27:37 r a t i o , r e s i s t a n c e b e i n g d o m i n a n t . 

R a t i o s of t h e v a r i o u s phenotypes were n o t 

d i s t u r b e d b y t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e d i s e a s e , 

showing t h a t t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f r e s i s t a n c e 

was n o t l i n k e d w i t h t h a t o f any o f the 

m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d . 

SHERIFF, N . M . , W.M. ALIKHAN, and 

R. VEERASWAMY. 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e i n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n p l a n t 

c h a r a c t e r s i n redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 


6 4 - 6 5 . 803 

The i n h e r i t a n c e of agronomical and o t h e r 

m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was s t u d i e d 

in T a m i l Nadu, u s i n g induced mutants as one 

o f the p a r e n t s i n c r o s s e s . The e r e c t h a b i t 

and t a l l p l a n t h a b i t were found t o b e 

dominant and c o n t r o l l e d by a s i n g l e p a i r 

of genes. 

SHINDE, V . K . , R. D' CRUZ, and A . B . DEOKAR. 

1 9 7 1 . 

Genetic s t u d i e s i n pigeonpea. X I . Creeping 

3-2-8 x Red g r a i n e d . Poona A g r i c . C o l l . 

Mag. 6 1 : 5 3 - 5 5 . 804 

Three c h a r a c t e r s were s t u d i e d : growth 

h a b i t , c o l o r o f d o r s a l s u r f a c e o f s t a n d a r d 

p e t a l and pod c o l o r . S e g r e g a t i o n data i n 

F 2 showed 13 c r e e p i n g : 3 e r e c t , s u g g e s t i n g 

two f a c t o r s , one of which has an i n h i b i t o r y 

a c t i o n . Data f o r p e t a l c o l o r showed 

3 y e l l o w w i t h deep red v e i n s : 1 y e l l o w 

w i t h red v e i n s ; data f o r pod c o l o r showed 

3 green w i t h b l a c k d i f f u s e d : 1 green w i t h 

b l a c k s t r e a k s . These c h a r a c t e r s showed 

independent a s s o r t m e n t . 

SHRIVASTAVA, M . P . , LAXMAN SINGH, and 

R.P. SINGH. 1976. 

H e t e r o s i s i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Genet. 

P I . B r e e d . 3 6 ( 2 ) : 1 9 7 - 2 0 0 . 805 

Mean h e t e r o s i s of 67% was o b t a i n e d f o r 

y i e l d , 96% f o r secondary b r a n c h e s , and 80% 

f o r number of pods per p l a n t . The l a t t e r 

two c h a r a c t e r s c o n t r i b u t e d maximum f o r the 

i n c r e a s e in y i e l d ; medium x medium, low x 

medium crosses g e n e r a l l y r e s u l t e d i n h i g h 

h e t e r o t i c performance. Genetic d i v e r s i t y 

was the key t o o b t a i n i n g h y b r i d v i g o r . 

SHRIVASTAVA, P . S . , A . B . L . BEOHAR, and 

S.C. PANDYA. 1973. 

Genetic v a r i a t i o n f o r some n u t r i e n t element 

a c c u m u l a t i o n and t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h 

y i e l d and m a t u r i t y i n a r h a r (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . JNKW Res. J . 1 : 4 3 - 4 6 . 806 

The seed c o n t e n t of Zn, P, Cu, Fe, and Mn, 

d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n t h e e i g h t v a r i e 

t i e s s t u d i e d , and h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s 

i n the broad sense were h i g h , r a n g i n g from 

0.69 f o r Mn to 0 . 9 1 f o r P. P c o n t e n t 

showed a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h number 

of days to m a t u r i t y , in c o n t r a s t to Mn 

c o n t e n t , w h i c h showed a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a 

t i o n . A s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e g e n o t y p i c 

c o r r e l a t i o n between P and Mn c o n t e n t s was 

r e c o r d e d . 

SINGH, A . B . , V . N . YADAV, D. SINGH, and 

S.P. SINGH. 1972. 

C o r r e l a t i o n and h e r i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s i n 

a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

I n d i a n A g r i c . 1 6 ( 1 ) : 4 1 - 4 4 . 807 

Y i e l d showed s i g n i f i c a n t and p o s i t i v e phen 

o t y p i c and g e n e t i c a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h p l a n t 

h e i g h t , secondary b r a n c h e s , and pod l e n g t h . 

A h i g h degree of a s s o c i a t i o n was a l s o 

observed between p r i m a r y branches and 

t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s , v i z . days t o f l o w e r , 

105


secondary branches, and p l a n t h e i g h t . The 

a s s o c i a t i o n was n e g a t i v e between y i e l d and 

days t o f l o w e r . The e s t i m a t e o f h e r i t a b i - 

l i t y was maximum f o r pod l e n g t h and minimum 

f o r p l a n t h e i g h t ; g e n e t i c advance was m a x i 

mum f o r y i e l d . 

SINGH, D . N . , R.K. BANSAL, and S.P. MITAL. 

1942. 

Cajanus o b c o r d i f o l i a S i n g h . A new species 

o f Cajanus . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

1 2 : 7 7 9 - 7 8 4 . 808 

A new species is d e s c r i b e d which has o b c o r - 

date l e a f l e t s w i t h r e t u s e , mucronate apices 

as compared w i t h the o b l o n g - l a n c e o l a t e 

l e a f l e t s w i t h acute t o s l i g h t l y acuminate 

a p i c e s of t h e common pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan)• There are d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e 

f l o r a l c h a r a c t e r s a l s o . 

SINGH, K . B . , and R.S. MALHOTRA. 1973. 

Y i e l d components in pigeonpea (Cajanus 

oajan L . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 6 ) : 

364-366. 809 

The s t u d y on 40 s t r a i n s of pigeonpea showed 

s i g n i f i c a n t and p o s i t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n o f 

y i e l d w i t h c l u s t e r s per p l a n t , pods p e r 

p l a n t , and secondary b r a n c h e s . Pods per 

p l a n t a l s o showed s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n 

w i t h c l u s t e r s per p l a n t . Path c o e f f i c i e n t 

and r e g r e s s i o n s t u d i e s r e v e a l e d t h a t 

c l u s t e r s per p l a n t i s t h e main y i e l d 

component i n pigeonpea. 

SINGH, M.K. 1 9 7 1 . 

I n h e r i t a n c e of seed coat c o l o u r in Cajanus 

oajan (L.) M i l l s p . (C. indicus S p r e n g ) . 

P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. Assoc. 5 8 ( 3 ) : 

482-483. ( A b s t r a c t ) . 810 

The g e n e t i c s of seedcoat c o l o r were s t u d i e d 

in the F 1 and F 2 g e n e r a t i o n s of two Cajanus 

v a r i e t i e s : B / 3 , w i t h b l a c k s e e d c o a t , and 

a commercial v a r i e t y , w i t h w h i t e and 

crimson s e e d c o a t . I n b o t h t h e crosses 

monogenic r a t i o s were o b t a i n e d between 

b l a c k and w h i t e and crimson and b l a c k . 

O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r i t 

was assumed t h a t crimson is the b a s i c c o l o r 

c o n t r o l l e d by gene R, because R is dominant 

over b l a c k and b l a c k i s dominant over brown 

and w h i t e . Three genes, R , B , and P , may 

b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r seedcoat c o l o r a t i o n . 

The p a r e n t s w i t h b l a c k seeds have t h e 

genotype r r B B p p ; s i n c e RRBBpp w i l l g i v e a 

monogenic r a t i o between crimson and b l a c k , 

t h e crimson-seeded v a r i e t y W i l l have t h e 

genotype RRBBpp. The g e n e t i c mechanism and 

genotypes o f t h e p a r e n t s , based o n t h e i r 

b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r , have been e x p l a i n e d and 


SINHA, S . C . , and RAM LAKHAN. 1976. 

A new v a r i a n t i n pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 2 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 . 81-1 

A c o m p l e t e l y b r a n c h l e s s and e x t r e m e l y t a l l 

p l a n t was observed i n c u l t u r e 6112. I t s 

progeny gave a 15 normal : 1 v a r i a n t r a t i o . 

The m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f the p l a n t s , 

t h e i r comparative d e s c r i p t i o n , and u s e f u l 

ness in basket making are d i s c u s s e d . 

SINHA, S . C . , J . K . SAXENA, and RAM LAKHAN. 

1976. 

Note on the b r e e d i n g b e h a v i o r of a f a s c i a - 

ted mutant in Cajanus oajan. I n d i a n J. 

A g r i c . Res. 1 0 ( 3 ) : 2 0 3 - 2 0 4 . 812 

F a s c i a t i o n , a m o r p h o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i t y 

t h a t r e s u l t s i n the c o a l e s c e n t development 

of branches which f i n a l l y assume a deformed 

and f l a t t e n e d l o o k , was found to be monogenic 

r e c e s s i v e . 

SOLOMON, S . , G.P. ARGIKAR, M.S. SALANKI, 

and I . R . MORBAD. 1957. 

A study of h e t e r o s i s in Cajanus oajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . Genet. P I . B r e e d . 

1 7 : 9 0 - 9 5 . 813 

Data are g i v e n on a number of q u a n t i t a t i v e 

c h a r a c t e r s of t e n F 1 h y b r i d s of Cajanus 

oajan s t u d i e d a t B i j a p u r . Increases i n 

g r a i n y i e l d u p t o 24.51% over t h a t o f the 

p a r e n t s were o b t a i n e d b u t the b e s t y i e l d i n g 

h y b r i d gave a lower y i e l d than the b e s t 

p a r e n t a l t y p e . 

SRINIVASAN, K. 1977. 

Studies on induced mutagenesis in redgram 

(Cajanus oajan L . ) . M.Sc. (1977) T h e s i s . 

Tamil Nadu A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , Coimbat 

o r e , Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 814 

TEERANDAJ, G.H. 1973. 

I n h e r i t a n c e s t u d i e s in t u r (Cajanus oajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 133 p p . M.Sc. (1973) 

T h e s i s . Mahatma Phule K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , 

R a h u r i , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 815 

THORAT, T.Y. 1955. 

Study o f t h e g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f p i g e o n 

pea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . T h e s i s . 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , 

New D e l h i , I n d i a . 816 

VEERASWAMY, R., P. RANGASAMY, A . K , FAZLULLAH 

KHAN, and N. MOHAMMED SHAREEF. 1973. 

H e t e r o s i s in Cajanus oajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

Madras A g r i c . J . 6 9 ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 3 1 7 - 1 3 1 9 . 817 

106

M i c r o b i o l o g y 

The i n t e r v a r i e t a l h y b r i d s i n red gram 

between Co-1 ( a s h o r t - t e r m , h i g h - y i e l d i n g 

s t r a i n ) and 1 9 g e n e t i c a l l y d i v e r s e v a r i e 

t i e s expressed h e t e r o s i s f o r p l a n t h e i g h t , 

p l a n t s p r e a d , number of b r a n c h e s , number of 

c l u s t e r s , number of pods, and days to 50% 

f l o w e r i n g . Five h y b r i d s expressed maximum 

h e t e r o s i s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s s t u d i e d . The 

h y b r i d Co-1 x 8 0 , which was o u t s t a n d i n g l y 

s u p e r i o r to the o t h e r s , showed a mean 

percentage i n c r e a s e of 179.6 and 188.5 

i n two i m p o r t a n t economic a t t r i b u t e s , 

number of c l u s t e r s and number of pods, 

r e s p e c t i v e l y , over t h e s u p e r i o r p a r e n t . 

VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, and 

M. MURUGESAN. 1975. 

Path a n a l y s i s in red gram (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 2 ( 3 ) : 

166-168. 818 

It is shown f rom data on 21 d i v e r s e genotypes 

t h a t ( i ) h e i g h t had a low p o s i t i v e 

d i r e c t e f f e c t o n y i e l d b u t a h i g h p o s i t i v e 

i n d i r e c t e f f e c t through branch number, and 

a h i g h n e g a t i v e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t t h r o u g h 

days t o f i r s t f l o w e r i n g ; ( i i ) branch number 

had a h i g h p o s i t i v e d i r e c t e f f e c t o n y i e l d ; 

( i i i ) c l u s t e r number per p l a n t and pod 

number had a p o s i t i v e i n d i r e c t e f f e c t 

through branch number; and ( i v ) days to 

f i r s t f l o w e r i n g had a moderate n e g a t i v e 

d i r e c t e f f e c t and a h i g h i n d i r e c t e f f e c t 

through branch number. I t I s concluded 

t h a t branch number had t h e g r e a t e s t 

i n f l u e n c e o n y i e l d . 

VEERASWAMY, R., R. RATHNASWAMY, A. RAGHUPATHY, 

and G.A. PALANISWAMY. 1973. 

Genotypic and phenotypic c o r r e l a t i o n s i n 

Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . 

J . ( 9 - 1 2 ) : 1 8 2 3 - 1 8 2 5 . 819 

A c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n was found to e x i s t 

between number of c l u s t e r s and number of 

pods per p l a n t on p h e n o t y p i c b a s i s b u t t h i s 

a s s o c i a t i o n was reduced on the g e n o t y p i c 

l e v e l by e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . These two 

c h a r a c t e r s were a l s o found the most r e l i a 

b l e i n d e x o f s e l e c t i o n f o r y i e l d . The 

h i g h e s t c o h e r i t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e (99.13) 

was f o r number of branches and pods per 

p l a n t . However, p l a n t h e i g h t and number of 

days to f l o w e r are a l s o u s e f u l as phenotyp 

i c i n d i c e s f o r s e l e c t i o n . 

VENKATESWARLU, S . , R.M. SINGH, and 

R.B. SINGH. 1976. 

EMS-induced m u l t i c a r p e l l a t e c o n d i t i o n i n 

Cajanus c a j a n . C u r r . S c i . 4 5 ( 2 ) : 

773-774. 820 

A l l t h e t h r e e types o f f l o w e r s (mono-, b l 

and t r i - c a r p e l l a r y ) are found on the same 

p l a n t w i t h concomitant i n c r e a s e i n the 

stamens and complete p o l l e n and o v u l e 

s t e r i l i t y . 

WAKANKAR, S . M . , and L . N . YADAV, 1975. 

Path a n a l y s i s o f y i e l d components i n arhar 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . Res. 

9 ( 4 ) : 1 8 2 - 1 8 6 . 821 

C o r r e l a t i o n s and path c o e f f i c i e n t s were 

e s t i m a t e d w i t h regard to 14 c h a r a c t e r s in 

an F 2 p o p u l a t i o n of a cross of v a r . 

G w a l l o r - 3 x NP-69. Results showed t h a t 

more pods, secondary branches per p l a n t 

w i t h h i g h seed i n d i c e s , and l i m i t e d 

s p r e a d i n g are r e l i a b l e s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a . 

M I C R O B I O L O G Y 

ARORA, NIRMAL. 1956. 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l study of the r o o t nodules on 

Cajanus indicus. P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 

43(3) :244-245. ( A b s t r a c t ) . 822 

L a r g e , more or l e s s e l o n g a t e d nodules are 

s p a r s e l y d i s t r i b u t e d on the r o o t system of 

C. aajan. I n f e c t i o n of the r o o t s occurs 

through r o o t h a i r s . A mature nodule shows 

a w e l l marked b a c t e r o i d a r e a , a p i c a l 

m e r i s t e m , and v a s c u l a r zone. Two v a s c u l a r 

stands a r i s i n g near the r o o t p r o t o x y l e m 

supply the n o d u l e . The v a s c u l a r bundles 

may b e c o l l a t e r a l , i n v e r s e l y c o l l a t e r a l o r 

b i c o l l a t e r a l . I n l a t e r stages they show 

the development of secondary e l e m e n t s . The 

r h i z o b i a s t i m u l a t e t h e c o r t i c a l c e l l s t o 

d i v i d e . The nodule i s exogenous i n o r i g i n . 

The r o o t nodules of C. indiaus d i f f e r from 

the e a r l i e r d e s c r i b e d herbaceous nodules 

( A l l e n and A l l e n , 1954) i n h a v i n g a s c l e - 

r e i d l a y e r i n the c o r t e x , i n a d i f f u s e 

method o f t i s s u e d e g e n e r a t i o n , and i n the 

f a c t t h a t t h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f xylem and 

phloem i s n o t c o n s t a n t . 

BHAGYARAJ, J . , and G. RANGASWAMI. 1966. 

O n the v a r i a t i o n s i n r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t s o f 

some crop p l a n t s . C u r r . S c i . 3 5 ( 9 ) : 

238-239. 823 

Amongst f i v e crops grown i n s i m i l a r c o n d i 

t i o n s , pigeonpea had t h e g r e a t e s t r h i z o 

sphere e f f e c t o n b a c t e r i a . 

107


DART, P . J . , RAFIQUL ISLAM, and A. EAGLESHAM. 

1975. 

The r o o t nodule s y m b i o s i s of c h i c k p e a and 

pigeonpea. P r o c . F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l 

Workshop on G r a i n Legumes. 13-16 Jan 1975. 

ICRISAT. Hyderabad, I n d i a . 6 3 - 8 3 . 824 

Pigeonpea r h i z o b i a are of t h e cowpea c r o s s - 

i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p . O r i g i n o f t h e s t r a i n s , 

performance o f s t r a i n s , and o t h e r o b s e r v a 

t i o n s o n n o d u l a t i o n are d i s c u s s e d . 

DIATLOFF, A. 1 9 7 1 . 

P e l l e t i n g t r o p i c a l legume s e e d . Qd. A g r i c . 

J . 9 7 : 3 6 3 - 3 6 6 . 825 

Seed i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h a s u i t a b l e legume 

i n o c u l a n t ensures t h a t b a c t e r i a necessary 

f o r n o d u l a t i o n are i n t r o d u c e d a t the time 

o f p l a n t i n g . Lime p e l l e t i n g i s common t o 

improve n o d u l a t i o n . The f o l l o w i n g aspects 

are d i s c u s s e d : Seed p e l l e t i n g and i t s 

b e n e f i t s ; p e l l e t i n g m a t e r i a l ; s t i c k e r s ; 

i n o c u l a n t ; p r e p a r i n g t h e p e l l e t ; sowing 

p e l l e t e d s e e d . For Cajanus c a j a n i n o c u l a n t 

r e q u i r e m e n t i s cowpea type and p e l l e t i n g 

m a t e r i a l i s r o c k phosphate. 

EDWARD, J . C . , and S.C. TRIPATHI. 1972. 

P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s of Azotobacter s p p . 

w i t h i n r h l z o s p h e r e and n o n - r h i z o s p h e r e 

s o i l s o f some crops d u r i n g r a b i . A l l a h a b a d 

Fmr 4 6 ( 1 ) : 4 9 - 5 1 . 826 

The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s of Azotobacter 

s p p . a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e r h l z o s p h e r e and 

n o n - r h l z o s p h e r e o f w h e a t , h y b r i d n a p i e r - 

g r a s s , Cicer arietinum, p e a s , and Cajanus 

c a j a n a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

JADHAV, T . K . , and L. MONIZ. 1972. 

Cross i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h Rhizobia of 

c u l t i v a t e d and w i l d t u r and Sannhemp. 


3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 4 - 6 6 . 827 

Most e f f e c t i v e s t r a i n s , v i z . , CT-3, WT-4, 

CS-3, and WS-2, o b t a i n e d f r o m t u r and w i l d 

t u r (Atylosia l i n e a t a W. & A . ) and Sannhemp 

s t r a i n s were u s e d . The s t r a i n s from t u r 

and w i l d t u r gave p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s f o r 

n o d u l a t i o n w i t h t h e h o s t o f cowpea and 

soybean c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n groups b u t f a i l e d 

t o produce nodules o n t h e h o s t s o f o t h e r 

c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p s . S t r a i n s CT-3 and 

WT-4, f r o m t u r and w i l d t u r r e s p e c t i v e l y , 

produced f a i r l y good n o d u l a t i o n o n s i x o u t 

of e i g h t h o s t s of t h e cowpea g r o u p . The 

nodules were observed o n t h e t a p r o o t . 

108 

L I M , G. 1977. 

N o d u l a t i o n o f t r o p i c a l legumes i n Singapore. 

T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) . 54(2) :135- 

1 4 1 . 828 

A t o t a l of 68 species of legumes, c o m p r i 

s i n g 27 members of C a e s a l p i n i o i d e a e , 13 of 

Mimosoideae, 27 of P a p i l i o n o i d e a e and one 

o f S w a r t z i o i d e a e were examined f o r n o d u l a 

t i o n . S l i g h t l y more than h a l f t h e species 

examined (37) d i d n o t have r o o t n o d u l e s ; 

most of the n o n n o d u l a t i n g s p e c i e s belonged 

to C a e s a l p i n i o i d e a e . The l a r g e s t number of 

n o d u l a t i n g species (81.5 per c e n t ) were 

found i n P a p i l i o n o i d e a e . N o d u l a t i o n i s 

r e p o r t e d f o r t h e f i r s t time f o r Calliandra 

inaequilatera (Mimosoideae). There was no 

c o r r e l a t i o n between n o d u l a t i n g a b i l i t y o f 

a p l a n t and whether i t i s a n indigenous o r 

i n t r o d u c e d s p e c i e s . 

MANJUNATH, A. 1976. 

N o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n i n Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . I n f l u e n c e o f dose and 

time o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l n i t r o g e n . 

M.Sc. T h e s i s . Thesis a b s t r a c t s . 

2 ( 3 ) : 2 1 3 . 829 

NANDI, L . A . , and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN. 

1976. 

Root n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n 

s e l e c t e d g r a i n legumes. T r o p . A g r i c . 

( T r i n i d a d ) . 5 5 ( 1 ) : 2 3 - 3 2 . 830 

The n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t and t h e amount and 

r a t e of N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n of some t r o p i c a l 

g r a i n legume r o o t s v a r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l y 

n o t o n l y among d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s b u t a l s o 

between c u l t i v a r s of the same species 

(Cowpea). The chemical c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e 

t r o p i c a l g r a i n legume r o o t s i n c l u d i n g 

pigeonpea are g i v e n . These r e s u l t s 

suggest t h a t t h e c o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s o f 

t h e e f f e c t s o f g r a i n legumes, e s p e c i a l l y 

cowpea, on s o i l N may be due in p a r t to 

v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e . 

NORRIS, D.O. 1959. 

Legume b a c t e r i o l o g y i n t h e t r o p i c s . 

J . A u s t . I n s t . A g r i c . S c i . 2 5 : 2 0 2 - 2 0 7 . 831 

The s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y o f r h i z o b i u m , which 

was f i r s t i s o l a t e d i n 1888, s t a r t e d w i t h 

B e i j e r i n c k . The f o l l o w i n g aspects o f 

legume b a c t e r i o l o g y i n t h e t r o p i c s a r e 

d i s c u s s e d : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Leguminosae; 

t h e q u e s t i o n o f r o o t h a i r i n f e c t i o n ; t h e 

form and appearance o f b a c t e r i a i n c u l t u r e ; 

c l a i m s t h a t t r o p i c a l legumes f a i l t o 

n o d u l a t e ; c l a i m s t h a t t r o p i c a l legumes f a i l 

t o f i x n i t r o g e n ; t h e p r a c t i c e o f i n o c u l a 

t i o n i n t r o p i c a l legumes; c a l c i u m n u t r i t i o n 

o f r h i z o b i u m and t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r l i m e i n 

a c i d s o i l s .

M i c r o b i o l o g y 

NORMS, D.O. 1970. 

The c o n t r i b u t i o n of research in legume 

b a c t e r i o l o g y t o the development o f A u s t r a 

l i a n p a s t u r e s . P r o c . X I I n t e r n a t . Grassl 

a n d Cong. 13-23 A p r i l 1970. Queensland, 

A u s t r a l i a . 2 2 - 3 0 . 832 

Research in legume b a c t e r i o l o g y has played 

a v i t a l r o l e i n A u s t r a l i a n p a s t u r e d e v e l o p 

ment, which i s h e a v i l y dependent o n 

i n t r o d u c e d legume s p e c i e s , both temperate 

and t r o p i c a l . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f the 

s y m b i o t i c a f f i n i t i e s of Trifolium and 

Medicago spp. and a v a r i e t y of t r o p i c a l 

legumes has l e d t o t h e s e l e c t i o n o f h i g h l y 

e f f e c t i v e R h i z o b i u m s t r a i n s f o r use a s 

i n o c u l a n t s and s e r o l o g i c a l techniques f o r 

s t u d y i n g t h e i r f i e l d performance have been 

developed and r e f i n e d . The s e t t i n g up of 

the c o o p e r a t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n U-DALS has 

r e s u l t e d i n h i g h q u a l i t y commercial i n o c u 

l a n t s . The development of seed p e l l e t i n g 

procedures has g r e a t l y improved ease and 

e f f i c i e n c y o f f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n many 

c i r c u m s t a n c e s . 

OKE, O.L. 1967. 

N i t r o g e n f i x i n g c a p a c i t y o f some N i g e r i a n 

legumes. Expl A g r i c . 3 ( 4 ) : 3 1 5 - 3 2 1 . 833 

The f i x a t i o n of N in r o o t nodules of 

Cajanus aajan, Centrosema pubescens, and 

S t y l o s a n t h e s gracilis grown in pots in 

sand s u p p l i e d w i t h a N-free n u t r i e n t 

s o l u t i o n was s t u d i e d i n N i g e r i a . N - f i x a - 

t i o n i n these legumes a t t a i n e d maxima o f 

1 4 . 5 , 1 0 . 3 , arid 4 . 6 mg per day per p l a n t , 

r e s p e c t i v e l y . Some 90% or more of the N 

f i x e d was t r a n s f e r r e d from the nodules to 

t h e r e s t o f t h e p l a n t soon a f t e r f i x a t i o n . 

F i x a t i o n per g of nodules was h i g h e s t f o r 

C. aajan d u r i n g the e a r l y development 

phase. 

PALACIOS, G . , and A. BARI. 1936. 

A new microorganism a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the 

nodule b a c t e r i a in Cajanus indicus. P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 3 ( 4 ) : 

362-365. 834 

A new organism ( B a c i l l u s concomitans nov. 

s p . ) i s d e s c r i b e d which i s found f r e q u e n t l y 

i n s i d e t h e nodules formed in Cajanus 

i n d i a u s . When i s o l a t e d i n pure c u l t u r e 

i t does n o t produce n o d u l e s . I t g i v e s a 

congo-red n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n and possesses 

many o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which d i f f e r e n - 

t i a t e it from Rhizobium radiaicola and 

B. radiobacter. 

RAJU, M.S. 1939. 

Studies o n t h e b a c t e r i a l - p l a n t g r o u p s . V I . 

V a r i a t i o n i n t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f d i f f e r e n t 

s t r a i n s of nodule b a c t e r i a of cowpea groups 

( I I . I n f l u e n c e o f l i g h t o n the e f f e c t i v e 

n e s s ) , Cajanus aajan and Dolichos biflorus. 

Z b l . B a k t . 1 1 ( 9 9 ) : 4 4 9 - 4 6 0 . 835 

RAMASWAMY, P . P . , and K.S. NAIR. 1965. 

Symbiotic v a r i a t i o n o f Rhizobium from 

nodules of redgram (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Madras 

A g r i c . J . 52:239-240. 836 

Among the Rhizobiwn i s o l a t e d from the 

nodules of d i f f e r e n t hosts of the same 

s p e c i e s , t h e r e i s wide v a r i a t i o n i n t h e 

c a p a c i t y t o f i x atmospheric n i t r o g e n i n 

the host legume. The n e c e s s i t y f o r s e l e c t 

i n g s u i t a b l e s t r a i n s of Rhizobium to 

b r i n g about maximum b e n e f i t to the legume 

crop i s i n d i c a t e d . 

SAXENA, M.C., K.V.B.R. TILAK, and 

D.S. YADAV. 1975. 

Response of pigeonpea to i n o c u l a t i o n and 

p e l l e t i n g . I n d i a n J . Agron. 2 0 ( 4 ) : 

321-324. 837 

I n o c u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d g r a i n y i e l d over t h a t 

o f n o n - i n o c u l a t e d c o n t r o l . D u r i n g 1972, 

g r a i n y i e l d was maximum in case of seed 

p e l l e t i n g w i t h l i m e and i n o c u l a t e d w i t h 

IARI c u l t u r e . Various t r e a t m e n t s d i d n o t 

d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n g r a i n y i e l d d u r i n g 

1973. Maximum n o d u l a t i o n o c c u r r e d d u r i n g 

b o t h the years in case of seed p e l l e t e d 

w i t h l i m e and i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Pantnagar 

c u l t u r e . Maximum r h i z o b i a l number i n 

r h i z o s p h e r e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l i m e - 

p e l l e t e d seeds. 

SETHUNATHAN, N. 1970. . 

F o l i a r sprays of growth r e g u l a t o r s and 

r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t in Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . 

1 . Q u a n t i t a t i v e changes. P I . S o i l 

3 3 ( l ) : 6 2 - 7 0 . 838 

The response of r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a of 

pigeonpea t o v a r i o u s growth r e g u l a t o r s 

was s t u d i e d . The number of f u n g i s i g n i f i 

c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d i n the r h i z o s p h e r e o f 

s e e d l i n g s sprayed w i t h 25 ppm naphthalene 

a c e t i c a c i d . S i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s i n 

b a c t e r i a l numbers o c c u r r e d i n t h e r h i z o 

sphere o f p l a n t s t r e a t e d w i t h 2 , 4-D (25 

ppm). G i b b e r e l l i n (100 ppm) or 0.2X 

m a l e i c h y d r a z i d e g e n e r a l l y depressed t h e 

a c c u m u l a t i o n of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s . However, 

no a d d i t i v e 111 e f f e c t s o c c u r r e d when they 

were a p p l i e d i n c o m b i n a t i o n . The e f f e c t s 

o f i n d o l e a c e t i c a c i d were i n c o n s i s t e n t . 

109

Pigeonpea 


SHARMA, N.K., and C.L. SETHI. 1975. 

Leghaemoglobin c o n t e n t of cowpea nodules 

as i n f l u e n c e d by Meloidogyne incognita and 

Heterodeva c a j a n i . I n d i a n J . Nematol. 

4 5 : 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 . 839 

The data i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e nematodes 

i n t e r f e r e d w i t h the leghaemoglobin c o n t e n t 

of t h e cowpea r o o t n o d u l e s , w i t h M. incognita 

c a u s i n g more r e d u c t i o n than H. aajani. 

SHERIFF, N . M . , R. RATHNASWAMY, G. SELVA- 

KUMARI, A. RAGHUPATHY, and R.H. KRISHNAN. 

1970. 

E f f e c t o f b a c t e r i a l i n o c u l a t i o n f o r pulses 

c u l t i v a t e d i n Tamil Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 

5 7 : 1 8 1 - 1 8 4 . 840 

Experiments on e f f e c t s of Rhizobium 

c u l t u r e s o n d i f f e r e n t p u l s e s , d i d not 

i n d i c a t e p o s i t i v e response i n any o f t h e 

p u l s e s f o r i n c r e a s e i n g r a i n p r o d u c t i o n . 

It may be due to a number of f a c t o r s such 

a s n o n s p e c i f i c i t y o f t h e s t r a i n s l i s t e d . 

SIMHADRI, P . , and K.V.B.R. TILAK. 1976. 

Comparative performance o f d i f f e r e n t 

s t r a i n s of Rhizobium species on pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Pantnagar 

J . Res. 1 ( 1 ) : 2 6 - 2 9 . 841 

I n o c u l a t i o n of C. cajan seeds w i t h Rhizobium 

s t r a i n A3 i n c r e a s e d n o d u l a t i o n and 

leghaemoglobin s y n t h e s i s and gave t h e 

h i g h e s t seed y i e l d s (2.16 t / h a ) . I n o c u - 

l a t i o n w i t h Rhizobium s t r a i n PN gave the 

n e x t h i g h e s t y i e l d , 1.71 t / h a , compared 

w i t h 0.94 t / h a w i t h o u t i n o c u l a t i o n . 

SINGH, R., and T . P . MALL. 1974. 

S t u d i e s on t h e n o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n 

f i x a t i o n b y i n f e c t e d leguminous p l a n t s . 

1 . E f f e c t o f a r h a r mosaic v i r u s i n f e c t i o n 

o n n i t r o g e n v a l u e , n o d u l a t i o n and n i t r o g e n 

f i x a t i o n b y some p u l s e c r o p s . P I . S o i l 

4 1 ( 2 ) : 2 7 9 - 2 8 6 . 842 

The a r h a r mosaic v i r u s i n f e c t i o n decreased 

t h e number, w e i g h t , and s i z e o f the nodule 

in cowpea and mung b u t i n c r e a s e d t h e nodule 

number and f r e s h w e i g h t i n urad p l a n t s . 

The a r h a r mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s reduced t h e 

n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f i n f e c t e d 

p l a n t s i n comparison w i t h t h e i r h e a l t h y 

c o u n t e r p a r t s . 

SUBBA RAO, N.S. 1976. 

F i e l d response o f legumes i n I n d i a t o i n o 

c u l a t i o n and f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n s / 

Rhizobium, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus c a j a n , 

p p . 255-268. In: Nutman, P.S. ( E d . ) . 

I n t e r n a t i o n a l B i o l o g i c a l Programme, 

No. 7. 843 

P A T H O L O G Y 

ADSUAR, J. 1964. 

A mosaic d i s e a s e of cowpea (Vigna sinensis 

s a v i ) i n P u e r t o R i c o . J . A g r i c . U n i v . 

P. R i c o . 4 8 ( 3 ) : 2 6 4 . 844 

A v i r u s i s o l a t e d from cowpea p l a n t s w i t h 

m o t t l e d , misshapen, and dwarfed leaves was 

i n a c t i v a t e d b y d i l u t i o n t o 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 , h e a t 

i n g to 60°C f o r 10 rain., or s t o r a g e in vitro 

f o r 43 hr at 28 to 30°C. The v i r u s was 

a l s o t r a n s m i t t e d to pigeonpea, Canavalia 

ensiformis, Desmodium distortion, and 

D. gyroide8. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h i s 

v i r u s t o o t h e r s i n f e c t i n g cowpea i s b e i n g 

i n v e s t i g a t e d . 

AGNIHOTHRUDU, V. 1953. 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . 

B. Rhizosphere m i c r o f l o r a of some of t h e 

i m p o r t a n t crop p l a n t s o f South I n d i a . 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) . 

3 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 3 . 845 

Various f u n g i i s o l a t e d from Rhizosphere 

s o i l o f pigeonpea, i n c l u d i n g Fusarium spp. 

are d e s c r i b e d . 


I n c i d e n c e o f f u n g i s t i c organism i n t h e 

r h i z o s p h e r e of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) 

i n r e l a t i o n t o the r e s i s t a n c e and suscepti 

b i l i t y to w i l t caused by Fusarium udum 

B u t l . N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 42(2) : l - 2 . 846 


The d e n s i t y of the r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a 

of pigeonpea {Cajanus aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) 

i n r e l a t i o n t o the w i l t caused b y Fusarium 

udum (F. merismoides) B u t l e r . N a t u r 

wissenschaf t e n 4 4 ( 1 8 ) : 4 9 7 . 847 

The r h i z o s p h e r e p o p u l a t i o n of pigeonpea 

i n c r e a s e d i n number i n the presence o f 

F. merismoides, the number of f u n g i d e c r e a 

s i n g b u t t h e number o f b a c t e r i a ' i n c r e a s i n g 

g r e a t l y . The r h i z o s p h e r e of w i l t e d and 

d y i n g p l a n t s , however, c o n t a i n e d a g r e a t e r 

number o f f u n g i than b a c t e r i a . The m i c r o - 

f l o r a l p o p u l a t i o n i n the r h i z o s p h e r e o f 

w i l t - s u s c e p t i b l e pigeonpea s t r a i n s was 

l a r g e r than t h a t o f w i l t - r e s i s t a n t p l a n t s ; 

at h i g h e r l e v e l s of m o i s t u r e t h e r e was no 

d i f f e r e n c e , w h i c h may be due to h i g h 

m o i s t u r e c a u s i n g e r r o r s i n s o i l s a m p l i n g . 

110

Pathology 


Fungi i s o l a t e d from Rhizosphere. 

4 . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 3 7 ( 3 ) : 4 2 2 - 4 3 1 . 848 

S i x t e e n ascomycetes were i s o l a t e d from 

pigeonpea r h i z o s p h e r e . 


Fungi i s o l a t e d f r o m R h i z o s p h e r e . 

5. J. Madras U n i v . (Sec. B) 

29(3) : 1 5 5 - 1 8 1 . 849 

F i f t y deutermomycetes were i s o l a t e d from 

pigeonpea r h i z o s p h e r e . 

AGNIHOTHRUDU, V . , K. BHUVANESWARI, and 

S. SURYANARAYANAN. 1955. 

Fungi i s o l a t e d from r h i z o s p h e r e . 1 . P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 4 3 : 

9 8 - 1 0 4 . 850 

Some of the f u n g i f r e q u e n t l y i s o l a t e d from 

the r h i z o s p h e r e o f some crop p l a n t s , p a r t i 

c u l a r l y pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , are 

i d e n t i f i e d . Three of them are new records 

f o r t h e c o u n t r y , v i z . , Melanospora breviros 

t r a t a C. Moreau, Aspergillus giganteus 

Wehmer, and oedocephalum coprophilum Kobay 

a s h i . The d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r s o f these 

species are g i v e n . 

AHMED, T. 1974. 

Rhizoctonia s e e d l i n g b l i g h t of pigeonpea 

and i t s c o n t r o l . M.Sc. (1974) T h e s i s . 

Bidhan Chandra K r i s h i Viswa V i d y a l a y a , 

K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 851 

ALAM, M. 1 9 3 1 . 

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report o f t h e B o t a n i c a l 

S e c t i o n f o r the year ending 31st March 

1 9 3 1 . Appendix 1 ( 8 ) : Rep. Dep. A g r i c . 

B i h a r , O r i s s a , f o r t h e p e r i o d from 

1 Apr 1930 to 31 Mar 1 9 3 1 : 4 2 - 6 5 . 852 

Sabour 2E 'Rahar' s e l e c t i o n has g i v e n g r e a t 

s a t i s f a c t i o n b o t h g e n e r a l l y and because o f 

w i l t and s t e r i l i t y r e s i s t a n c e . F u r t h e r 

i n f o r m a t i o n o n v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e i s 

l i s t e d . The i n c i d e n c e and s e v e r i t y o f 

s t e r i l i t y disease vary c o n s i d e r a b l y from 

y e a r to year and p r o b a b l y depend on 

e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s . A s t r a i n from Pusa, 

almost a s p r o l i f i c a s t h e h i g h - y i e l d i n g 

Sabour 75 and Pusa P, proved w i l t - r e s i s t a n t 

even o n a r t i f i c i a l i n o c u l a t i o n . 

ALAM, M. 1933. 

Rahar s t e r i l i t y . P r o c . 20th Ann. Meet. 

I n d . S c i . Cong. Poona: S e c t . A g r i c . 

4 3 : 1 5 - 1 6 . 853 

111 

The type o f s t e r i l i t y i n q u e s t i o n i s char 

a c t e r i z e d b y ( i ) d w a r f i n g o f l e a v e s , 

( i i ) a bushy h a b i t , and ( i i i ) y e l l o w i s h 

green i n s t e a d of green l e a v e s . The accomp 

a n y i n g s t e r i l i t y due t o the s u p p r e s s i o n 

of f l o w e r s and f r u i t s may v a r y in degree 

in d i f f e r e n t types of Cajanus indicus. 

A n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between the degree 

o f s t e r i l i t y and y i e l d was n o t e d . 

ALVAREZ, G.L.A. 1960. 

Phoma cank.sr of pigeonpeas in Puerto R i c o . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 4 ( l ) : 2 8 - 3 0 . 854 

An epidemic of phoma canker was observed 

i n February 1954, causing c o n s i d e r a b l e 

l o sses to t h e pigeonpea c r o p . This paper 

r e p o r t s a study of the c a u s a l organism as 

a species of Phoma c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the 

f o r m a t i o n o f p a p i l l a t e p y c n i d i a o f v a r i a b l e 

s i z e . The disease c o u l d b e produced i n 

h e a l t h y pigeonpea p l a n t s b y i n o c u l a t i o n o r 

by s p r a y i n g w i t h a water suspension of 

c o n i d i a o b t a i n e d from a pure c u l t u r e . 

F u r t h e r study i s a d v i s a b l e . 

AMIN, K . S . , B. BALDEV, and F . J . WILLIAMS. 

1976. 

D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of Phytophthora stem b l i g h t 

from Fusarium w i l t o f pigeonpea b y f i e l d 

symptoms. FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 4 ( 4 ) : 

123-124. 855 

Fusarium w i l t , caused by Fusarium udum 

B u t l e r , is a widespread and damaging d i s 

ease of Cajanus c a j a n in I n d i a . Phytophthora 

stem b l i g h t of pigeonpea, caused by 

Phytophthora c a j a n i , can e a s i l y be mistaken 

f o r Fuearium w i l t , and t h i s c o n f u s i o n may 

account f o r some o f t h e a l l e g e d f a i l u r e o f 

w i l t - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s . Leaves o f p l a n t s 

a f f e c t e d b y Fusarium w i l t f r e q u e n t l y t u r n 

y e l l o w b e f o r e d r y i n g , w h i l e leaves o f 

p l a n t s a f f e c t e d by Phytophthora stem b l i g h t 

are i n i t i a l l y l i g h t green w i t h upward 

r o l l i n g and u s u a l l y d r y r a p i d l y . L a t e r , 

t h e two diseases cannot be d i s t i n g u i s h e d 

by l e a f symptoms, s i n c e t h e leaves become 

brown and d r y in b o t h cases. The stems of 

p l a n t s a f f e c t e d b y these f u n g i are a l s o 


ANIL KUMAR, T . B . , P.C. HIREMATH, and 

V . V . SULLADMATH. 1976. 

F u n g i c i d a l c o n t r o l o f f o o t - r o t o f p i g e o n 

pea. C u r r . Res. 5 ( 6 ) : 9 8 - 9 9 . 856 

Maximum p r o t e c t i o n was o b t a i n e d u s i n g capt 

a n as s o i l d r e n c h . Thiram and B r a s s i c o l 

gave good c o n t r o l b o t h as seed dresser and 

s o i l d r e n c h . Ceresan wet and captan were 

n o t e f f e c t i v e as seed d r e s s e r s . There was 

no complete c o n t r o l by any of the f u n g i c i 

des t e s t e d .



Review o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s i n I n d i a , 

1928-29. Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa 

1 9 3 1 . 251 p p . 857 

The i s o l a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i v e w i l t - r e s i s t a n t 

v a r i e t i e s of gram and pigeonpea (Cajanus 

indicus) and t h e d i s c o v e r y of c e r t a i n types 

of pigeonpea r e s i s t a n t to an unknown 

s t e r i l i t y disease are d e s c r i b e d . 


New p l a n t diseases recorded i n I n d i a . 

I n t e r n . B u l l . P l a n t P r o t . Year X I I : 

122-123. 858 


Pigeonpea. I n d i a n Fmg 1:178. 859 

The pigeonpea, u s u a l l y c a l l e d rahar or 

a r h a r (C. c a j a n ) , one of the most i m p o r t a n t 

food pulses o f I n d i a , s u f f e r s s e v e r e l y from 

w i l t o r u k h r a , t h e fungus d i s e a s e caused b y 

F. vasinfectum, Studies showed t h a t v a r i e 

t i e s d i f f e r i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o w i t h s t a n d 

the a t t a c k s o f t h e f u n g u s , r e s i s t a n t v a r i e 

t i e s n o t b e i n g h i g h - y i e l d i n g and o f good 

cooking q u a l i t y . An a t t e m p t is b e i n g made 

t o i s o l a t e a w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n from t h e 

v a r i e t y I m p e r i a l Pusa 6 9 w h i c h , except f o r 

i t s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o w i l t i s i d e a l f o r 

e a t i n g and f o r o t h e r i m p o r t a n t q u a l i t i e s . 


A g r i c u l t u r e and Animal Husbandry i n I n d i a 

1938-39. Imp. Coun. A g r i c . Res. D e l h i 

1 9 4 1 : 422 pp. 860 

Pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). A w i l t - 

r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n was i s o l a t e d a t Pusa. 


Annual A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report o f t h e D e p a r t 

ment o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U t t a r Pradesh, f o r t h e 

y e a r ending June 30, 1949. 125 p p . 861 

Cajanus c a j a n : The w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n 

of a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 17 W/2 was 

chosen f o r m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t o r e p l a c e the 

s u s c e p t i b l e s t r a i n 6 6 ; s e l e c t i o n o f o t h e r 

r e s i s t a n t types c o n t i n u e d . 


L i s t o f i n t e r c e p t e d p l a n t p e s t s , 1 9 5 1 . 

S . R . A . , B . E . P . Q . , U.S. D e p t . A g r i c . 

6 1 . 862 

C o l l e t o t r i o h u m c a j a n i i n t e r c e p t e d o n 

f l i g h t f r o m P u e r t o Rico t o USA. B e l i e v e d 

to be new or n o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d . 


Mycology and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y S e c t i o n . 

A g r i c . Res. 4 ( 4 ) : 2 0 9 - 2 2 2 . 863 

I n f e c t i o n b y s t e r i l i t y v i r u s appeared t o 

g i v e some p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t Fusarium udum 

w i l t . Sap from i n f e c t e d p l a n t s i n h i b i t e d 

g e r m i n a t i o n of Fusariwn c o n l d l a . 


Report o f the F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 

1971-72. U n i v . West I n d i e s , S t . A u g u s t i n e , 

T r i n i d a d and Tobago. 864 

Cajanus: Three types of i n f e c t i o n by 

Puccinia spp. were observed in F 2 s of 

C. aajan c r o s s e s . One t y p e , observed in 

two p l a n t s , gave i n d i c a t i o n s o f i n c i p i e n t 



T e s t i n g o f a r h a r (pigeonpea) s t r a i n s 

a g a i n s t w i l t d i s e a s e s . P e s t i c i d e s 

10(2) : 1 7 . 865 

The e n t r i e s i d e n t i f i e d a s r e s i s t a n t t o w i l t 

a r e : 1 5 - 3 - 3 , DT-236-6-3-102, (C.11 x N.252) 

(C.11 x N.252) 1 0 , V i t a - 1 , Osmanabad-1-5, 

U d g i r - 5 0 0 . F u n g i c i d a l and b i o l o g i c a l 

c o n t r o l o f w i l t are a l s o b e i n g s t u d i e d . 

ARCHIBALD, J . F . 1 9 6 1 . 

T r a n s m i s s i o n o f g a l l - d i s e a s e o f cacao, 

mango and pigeonpea. Nature 190:284. 866 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s showed t h a t the " g r e e n - 

p o i n t " type of cacao c u s h i o n - g a l l c o u l d be 

t r a n s m i t t e d by washings of g a l l s and by 

e x t r a c t s o f macerated g a l l t i s s u e , u s i n g 

t h e h a l f - b e a n t e c h n i q u e . S i m i l a r g a l l s 

found on mango and pigeonpea c o u l d be 

t r a n s m i t t e d i n cacao; p a r t o f the g a l l s 

produced on cacao by, i n o c u l a t i o n from 

pigeonpea g a l l s were d i s t i n c t from g a l l s 

t r a n s m i t t e d from cacao and mango. I t i s 

c o n s i d e r e d i n a d v i s a b l e to grow mango or 

pigeonpea i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o cacao. 

ARMSTRONG, G.M., and J . K . ARMSTRONG. 1960. 

B i o l o g i c a l races o f Fuearium causing w i l t 

of cowpea and soybeans. P h y t o p a t h . 

4 0 ( 2 ) : 1 8 1 - 1 9 3 . 867 

I n o c u l a t i o n gave s l i g h t i n f e c t i o n o f 

v a s c u l a r t i s s u e o f pigeonpea. 

ASHBY, S.F. 1927. 

Maorophomina phaseoli ( M a u s l . ) Comb. The 

p y c n i d i a l stage of Rhizoatonia bataticola 

(Taub) B u t l . T r a n s . B r . M y c o l . Soc. 

1 2 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 4 1 - 1 4 7 . 868 

112

Pathology 

The t y p e of Macrophoma c a j a n i (Syd. and 

B u t l . ) o n l i v i n g stems o f pigeonpea from 

Pusa i n c l u d e d in synonymy of M. phaseoli. 

Range is s a i d to be w i d e . From Formosa, 

P h i l i p p i n e s , I n d i a , C e y l o n , East A f r i c a , 

P a l e s t i n e , E g y p t , W. I n d i e s , E a s t e r n 

U n i t e d S t a t e s , w i t h a l a r g e range o f e c o 

nomic h o s t s . P a r a s i t i s m appears to be 

i n f l u e n c e d b y e n v i r o n m e n t a l and n u t r i t i o n a l 

e f f e c t o f h o s t s . 

AYALA, A. 1962. 

P a r a s i t i s m o f b a c t e r i a l nodules b y t h e 

r e n i f o r m nematode. J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . 

Rico 4 6 ( 1 ) : 6 7 - 6 9 . 869 

I n P u e r t o Rico t h e b a c t e r i a l nodules o f 

Cajanus i n d i c u s were observed to be attacked 

by t h e females of t h e nematode Rotylenc 

h u l u s reniformis . Up to now t h i s nematode 

was known to feed o n l y on t h e r o o t s of 

v a r i o u s p l a n t s p e c i e s , i n c l u d i n g n i n e 

leguminous p l a n t s . 

BALDEV, B . , and K.S. AMIN. 1974. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f races i n 

Fusariwn udum causing w i l t of Cajanus 

c a j a n . SABRAO J. 6 ( 2 ) : 2 0 1 - 2 0 5 . 870 

O f e i g h t l i n e s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h t e n i s o l a t e s 

from v a r i o u s I n d i a n s t a t e s , C - 1 1 , NP(WR)-15, 

and S-103 were r e s i s t a n t . From t h e r e s u l t s 

o f i n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s w i t h 2 4 i s o l a t e s , 

s u s c e p t i b l e T-21 and r e s i s t a n t NP(WR)-15 

and C - 11, it is concluded t h a t a number of 

pathogenic races of F. udum e x i s t . 

BARNES, R.F. 1973. 

B u l l e t i n No. 1 , Department o f B i o l o g i c a l 

S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 

S t . A u g u s t i n e , T r i n i d a d . 871 

A r e c e n t b i b l i o g r a p h y on diseases of 

pigeonpea i n d i c a t e s s i x fungus diseases 

and two v i r u s diseases occur on pigeonpea 

i n c o u n t r i e s i n t h e r e g i o n — P u e r t o R i c o , 

Bermuda, and T r i n i d a d and Tobago. A survey 

o f w o r l d l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e d t h e t o t a l 

number of diseases r e p o r t e d to a f f e c t 

pigeonpea i s : 2 0 o f f u n g a l o r i g i n , s i x o f 

v i r a l , two o f b a c t e r i a l , and two o f unknown 

o r i g i n . 

BATES, G.R. 1957. 

Botany and P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. M i n i s t . 

A g r i c . Rhod. N y a s a l d . 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 7 9 - 8 6 . 872 

New r e c o r d of Cercospora aajani on 

pigeonpea. 

BATISTA, A . C . , and A . F . VITTAL. 1952. 

Monografia Das especies De P h y l l o s t i c t a em 

Pernambuco. B o l . Sec. A g r i c . Pernambuco. 

1 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 8 0 . 873 

Phyllosticta c a j a n i recorded i n B r a z i l . 

BHARGAVA, S.N. 1965. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e c h a r c o a l r o t o f p o t a t o . 

P h y t o p a t h . Z. 5 3 ( l ) : 3 5 - 4 4 . 874 

Macrophamina phaeeoli i s o l a t e d from p o t a t o 

was s u c c e s s f u l l y i n o c u l a t e d i n t o wounded 

pigeonpea. 

BHATNAGAR, P . S . , L.C. GANGWAR, and V. KUMAR. 

1966. 

P h y l l o d y in pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Kanpur A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 

2 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 1 - 5 2 . 875 

BIRD, J . 1962. 

A w h i t e - f l y t r a n s m i t t e d mosaic of Rhynahosia 

minima and i t s r e l a t i o n to tobacco l e a f 

c u r l and o t h e r v i r u s diseases o f p l a n t s i n 

P u e r t o R i c o . P h y t o p a t h . 5 2 ( 3 ) : 2 8 6 

( A b s t r a c t ) . 876 

Pigeonpea was i n o c u l a t e d w i t h the v i r u s i n 

the greenhouse and f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s 

were r e c o r d e d . 

BIRD, J . , and K. MARAMOROSCH (EDITORS). 

1975. 

T r o p i c a l diseases o f legumes. A g r i c . Exp. 

Stn U n i v . Puerto R i c o , Rio P i e d r a s , PR. 

New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . 184 p p . 877 

Papers presented at a workshop h e l d in 

P u e r t o R i c o , June 1974. I t deals w i t h 

rugaceous, mosaic, and b a c t e r i a l diseases 

and w i t h nematodes on common b e a n , cowpea, 

pigeonpea, soybean, l i m a bean, and o t h e r 

t r o p i c a l legumes. 

BISHT, N . S . , and A.K. BANERJEE. 1965. 

Occurrence of two new v i r u s diseases in 

U t t a r Pradesh (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Labdev 

J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 3 ( 4 ) : 2 7 1 - 2 7 2 . 878 

A new mosaic d i s e a s e of pigeonpea is r e p o r 

t e d , a f f e c t i n g 10% of t h e crop and causing 

l o s s o f y i e l d . T r a n s m i s s i o n t o pigeonpea 

was by g r a f t i n g . 

BOSE, R.D. 1939. 

The r o t a t i o n o f tobacco f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n 

o f w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea. A g r i c u l t u r e 

L i v e - S t k I n d i a 6 : 6 5 3 - 6 6 8 . 879 

The growth of Fuearium vasinfectum c a u s i n g 

pigeonpea w i l t i s r e t a r d e d b y r o t a t i o n w i t h 

t o b a c c o , thus e n a b l i n g t h e pigeonpea t o 

113


escape i n f e c t i o n t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t , 

p a r t i c u l a r l y a t a n e a r l y age. Advocates 

t h e i n t e r p o s i t i o n of a tobacco crop every 

3 or 4 y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y in d i s t r i c t s where 

the d i s e a s e i s s e v e r e . 

BUTLER, E . J . 1906. 

The w i l t d i s e a s e of pigeonpea and pepper 

A g r i c u l t u r e I n d i a 1 : 2 5 - 3 6 . 880 

The w i l t disease of pigeonpea caused by 

Fuearium udum B u t l . is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 15 

to 25% m o r t a l i t y of p l a n t s , and t h i s may be 

more than 50% in epidemic y e a r s . The 

disease appears on young s e e d l i n g s in 

August and h i g h e s t m o r t a l i t y i n mature 

p l a n t s i s caused a t f l o w e r i n g t i m e i n 

November and December. The d i s e a s e progresses 

i n p a t c h e s ; i t s symptoms are d e s c r i b e d . 

BUTLER, E . J . 1908. 

S e l e c t i o n o f pigeonpea f o r w i l t d i s e a s e . 

A g r i c u l t u r e I n d i a 3 : 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 . 881 

The experiments were conducted to i d e n t i f y 

a s t r a i n of t u r (C. cajan) r e s i s t a n t to 

w i l t d i s e a s e . A number of s t r a i n s were 

c o l l e c t e d and t e s t e d i n a p l o t s e v e r e l y 

i n f e c t e d w i t h f u n g u s . A few of these 

c o l l e c t i o n s showed promise and were found 

to be somewhat r e s i s t a n t . 

BUTLER, E . J . 1910. 

The w i l t disease of pigeonpea and t h e 

p a r a s i t i s m of Neocosmospora vasinfecta 

S m i t h . Mem. Dep. A g r i c . I n d i a ( B o t . S e r . ) 

2 : 1 - 6 2 . 882 

BUTLER, E . J . (EDITOR). 1918. 

Fungi and d i s e a s e i n p l a n t s . C a l c u t t a : 

Thacker, Spink p p . 2 4 4 - 2 5 1 . 883 

BUTLER, E . J . 1926. 

The w i l t diseases o f c o t t o n and sesamum i n 

I n d i a . A g r i c . J . 2 1 ( 4 ) : 2 6 8 - 2 7 3 . 884 

A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n i s g i v e n o f a r t i f i 

c i a l i n o c u l a t i o n s o f s e e d l i n g s o f b o t h 

h o s t s w i t h t h e organisms i s o l a t e d f r o m 

w i l t e d p l a n t s , t h e r e s u l t s o f w h i c h , 

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l and c u l t u 

r a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e p a t h o g e n , suggest t h a t 

t h e w i l t - p r o d u c i n g f u n g i a t t a c k i n g c o t t o n , 

seasmum, and pigeonpea i n I n d i a a r e 

s p e c i a l i z e d s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfeatum, 

the American c o t t o n w i l t o r g a n i s m . 

CAPOOR, S.P. 1952. 

O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e o f 

p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

2 2 : 2 7 1 - 2 7 4 . 885 

The symptom e x p r e s s i o n of t h e d i s e a s e , i t s 

b e h a v i o r under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s , a s w e l l a s 

i n the g l a s s h o u s e , and e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i 

dence are a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a v i r u s 

d i s e a s e . The d i s e a s e i s r e a d i l y t r a n s m i t 

ted b y g r a f t i n o c u l a t i o n , b u t o n l y i n a 

few cases by t h e i n o c u l a t i o n of j u i c e 

e x t r a c t e d from l e a v e s o f diseased p l a n t s . 

I t i s proposed t h a t t h e c a u s a l v i r u s o f 

the s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e b e c a l l e d t h e 

'pigeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic' v i r u s . 

CAVENESS, F.E. 1974. 

P l a n t s p a r a s i t i c nematode p o p u l a t i o n d i f f e 

rences under n o - t i l l a g e and t i l l a g e s o i l 

regimes i n Western N i g e r i a . J . Nematol. 

6 ( 4 ) : 1 3 8 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 886 

Mixed p o p u l a t i o n s of Pratylenahus s p p . 

were 5 : 1 g r e a t e r in s o i l and 4 : 1 g r e a t e r 

i n maize r o o t s i n p l o t s grown t o maize f o r 

seven c o n s e c u t i v e c r o p p i n g seasons ( 3 . 5 y r ) 

under a s o i l management regime of t i l l a g e 

and n o n t i l l a g e r e s p e c t i v e l y . Meloidogyne 

incognita was 3 : 1 g r e a t e r in n o n t i l l a g e 

than t i l l a g e s o i l s . Pigeonpea, soybean, 

and cowpea f o l l o w i n g s i x c o n t i n u o u s crops 

of maize reduced the number of Pratylenahus 

spp. under b o t h s o i l management r e g i m e s . 

T i l l a g e s o i l s had more than t w i c e the 

number of Pratylenahus spp. than n o n t i l l a g e 

s o i l when grown to pigeonpea and soybean. 

D-D ( 1 - 2 - d i c h l o r o p r o p a n e and 1 - 3 - d i c h l o r o - 

propene) a p p l i e d by hand-operated fumigun 

a t t h e r a t e o f 600 l i t e r s / h a c o n t r o l l e d 

Pratylenahus s p p . e q u a l l y w e l l i n t i l l a g e 

and n o n t i l l a g e s o i l s . 

CHADHA, K . C . , and S.P. RAYCHAUDHURY. 

1966. 

I n t e r a c t i o n between s t e r i l i t y v i r u s and 

Fusarium udum B u t l . in pigeonpea. I n d i a n 

J . A g r i c . S c i . 3 6 : 1 3 3 - 1 3 9 . 887 

Both diseases o f t e n occur s i m u l t a n e o u s l y 

on t h e same p l a n t . The i n t e r a c t i o n between 

a v i r u s and a fungus in t h e i r common h o s t 

has been r e p o r t e d in a number of cases and 

u s e f u l r e s u l t s have been o b t a i n e d r e g a r d i n g 

the e p i d e m i o l o g y o f pathogens i n v o l v e d . 

CHAKRABARTI, SIPRA, and P. NANDI. 1969. 

E f f e c t of g r i s e o f u l v i n on Fuaarium udum 

B u t l e r and i t s h o s t pigeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . 

Acad. 5 6 ( 3 ) : 2 8 8 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 888 

G r i s e o f u l v i n was found t o b e h i g h l y e f f e c t 

i v e a g a i n s t F. udum. Growth of t h e fungus 

was i n h i b i t e d by v e r y low c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 

t h e a n t i b i o t i c . C o n i d i a l g e r m i n a t i o n was 

n o t h i n d e r e d even b y h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , 

b u t t h e germ tube was a f f e c t e d . G r i s e o f u l v i n 

114

P a t h o l o g y 

d i d n o t r e t a r d growth o f s e e d l i n g s b u t 

lower c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 2 . 5 µ g / m l to 0 . 1 µg/ 

ml) s t i m u l a t e d g r o w t h . Shoot was n o t i c e - 

a b l y a f f e c t e d above 10 µ g / m l . There was 

r o l l i n g and m o t t l i n g o f t h e l e a v e s a t 

h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . I n t h e presence o f 

t h e a n t i b i o t i c , r o o t s became e x c e s s i v e l y 

b r a n c h e d , c u r l e d , and h a i r y ; r o o t s t u n t i n g 

was observed from 5 µ g / m l and above. 

CHAKRAVARTHI, B.P. 1952. 

W i l t o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ) i n B i h a r . 

Causal o r g a n i s m . Fusarium udum B u t l . 

B i h a r A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 3 ( 1 ) : 9 - 1 0 . 889 

CHAUBE, H.S. 1968. 

Combating diseases of arhar and gram. 

I n d i a n Fmr D i g e s t 1 ( 7 ) : 2 6 - 2 7 . 890 

A number of p u l s e crops are grown in I n d i a . 

Most o f t h e diseases a t t a c k i n g these crops 

can b e e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l l e d b y s u i t a b l e 

p r o t e c t i v e measures a t the r i g h t t i m e . The 

pigeonpea diseases d i s c u s s e d are w i l t and 

s t e r i l i t y mosaic. W i l t disease becomes 

apparent when t h e p l a n t s a r e 5 to 6 week 

o l d . Vascular t i s s u e s o f t h e lower stem 

and r o o t s a r e blackened i n s t r e a k s o r 

p a t c h e s . This d i s c o l o r a t i o n i s c l e a r l y 

v i s i b l e when t h e b a r k o f t h e lower stem i s 

peeled o f f . Losses from t h i s d i s e a s e can 

b e m i n i m i z e d b y g r o w i n g w i l t - r e s i s t a n t 

v a r i e t i e s such as NP(WR)-15, - 1 6 , and - 4 2 . 

CHAUDHARY, S . K . , and M. PRASAD. 1974. 

V a r i a t i o n s i n sugar c o n t e n t s o f h e a l t h y 

and Fusarium oxysporum f. udum i n f e c t e d 

p l a n t s of Cajanus c a j a n . P h y t o p a t h . Z. 

8 0 ( 4 ) : 3 0 3 - 3 0 5 . 891 

Glucose was p r e s e n t in h e a l t h y shoot and 

r o o t e x t r a c t s o f a l l t e n v a r i e t i e s analyzed. 

Sucrose was p r e s e n t in h e a l t h y shoots of 

s i x v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s o f t h r e e 

v a r i e t i e s ; f r u c t o s e i n h e a l t h y shoots o f 

seven v a r i e t i e s and h e a l t h y r o o t s of one 

v a r i e t y . R a f f i n o s e and m a l t o s e were 

d e t e c t e d i n t h e h e a l t h y r o o t s and shoots 

o f v e r y few v a r i e t i e s . A f t e r i n f e c t i o n 

by F. oxysporum, a r a p i d d e p l e t i o n of 

sugars was d e t e c t e d i n a l l v a r i e t i e s . The 

most s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t i e s , E a r l y 269 and 

E a r l y 348, showed t h e h i g h e e t d e p l e t i o n . 

CIFERR1, R., and FRAGOSO R. GONZALEZ. 1927. 

P a r a s i t i c and s a p r o p h y t i c f u n g i o f the 

Dominican R e p u b l i c ( 1 0 t h s e r i e s ) . B o t . R. 

Soc. E s p i n o l a H i s t . N a t . 2 7 : 1 6 5 - 1 7 7 . 892 

Cercospora cajani was found on l i v i n g 

leaves of Cajanus indicus. 

COSTA, A . S . , J. FRANCO DO AMARAL, A . P . VIEGAS, 

D.M. SILVA, C.G. TEIXEIRA, and E.D. PINHEIRO. 

1957. 

B a c t e r i a l h a l o b l i g h t o f c o f f e e i n B r a z i l . 

P h y t o p a t h . Z. 28(4) :427-444. 893 

Pseudomonas s p p . , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c a u s i n g 

h a l o b l i g h t , a l s o gave p o s i t i v e r e a c t i o n 

when i n o c u l a t e d i n t o pigeonpea. 

DAKE, G.N. 1974. 

S t u d i e s on Fusarium oxysporum f. udum 

( B u t l . ) Snyder and Hansen causing w i l t of 

t u r . Cajanus ( L . ) M i l l s p . M.Sc. (1974) 

T h e s i s . Marathwada K r i s h i V i d y a p e e t h , 

P a r b h a n i , M a h a r a s h t r a , I n d i a . 894 

DALE, W.T. 1943. 

P r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s o f the p l a n t v i r u s e s 

o f T r i n i d a d . T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) 

2 0 ( 1 2 ) : 2 2 8 - 2 3 5 . 895 

Pigeonpea s e e d l i n g s were i n f e c t e d w i t h 

cowpea mosaic in greenhouse. 

DALE, W.T. 1949. 

O b s e r v a t i o n s on a v i r u s d i s e a s e of cowpea 

i n T r i n i d a d . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 3 6 ( 3 ) : 

327-333. 896 

Symptoms of cowpea mosaic on pigeonpea. 

Ceratoma ruficornis is an e f f i c i e n t v e c t o r . 

DASTUR, J . F . 1946. 

Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c i e n t . 

Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i 1944-45: 

6 6 - 7 2 . 897 

O f 2 8 pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d f o r t h e i r 

r e a c t i o n s to F. udum, IP-80 was immune, 

I P - 4 1 and H y b r i d - 5 (D-419-2-4) showed up 

to 5% i n f e c t i o n , and the r e s t were h i g h l y 

s u s c e p t i b l e t o w i l t . I n a n i n f e s t e d f i e l d 

p l o t I P - 8 0 developed 4% i n f e c t i o n , C-15, 

A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 , and Thadgam 1-4-7 up to 7%, 

I P - 4 1 12%, and t h r e e o t h e r s were h i g h l y 

s u s c e p t i b l e . 

DEIGHTON, F.C. 1929. 

Report o f t h e m y c o l o g i c a l s e c t i o n . Ann. 

Rep. Lands and F o r e s t s Dep. S i e r r e Leone 

f o r the year 1928: 1 4 - 1 9 . 898 

A r u s t (Uredo c a j a n i ) was found to be 

common on t h e o l d e r leaves of p i g e o n p e a . 

DEIGHTON, F.C. 1932. 

M y c o l o g i c a l w o r k . Ann. Rep. A g r i c . Dep. 

S i e r r e Leone f o r the year 1 9 3 1 : 2 0 - 2 5 . 899 

Rhizoctonia w i t h l a r g e s c l e r o t i a was found 

on maize and pigeonpea. 

115


DEY, P.K. 1947. 

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Report A g r i c u l t u r e D e p a r t 

ment, U.P. 1944-45:38-40 ( P l a n t P a t h o 

l o g y ) . 900 

I n c i d e n c e o f plgeonpea w i l t (F. udum) 

reduced f r o m 66 to 38% in a s u s c e p t i b l e 

v a r i e t y when grown mixed w i t h sorghum. 

EDWARD, J . C . 1954. 

Maarophomina and Botryodyplodia, two 

d i s t i n c t genera o f Sphaeropsidaceae. 

A l l a h a b a d Fmr 2 8 ( 4 ) : 5 . 907 

C u l t u r a l and i n f e c t i o n s t u d i e s i n c l u d i n g 

Maarophomina phaseoli from plgeonpea a r e 


DEY, P.K. 1948. 



l o g y ) . 901 

B r e e d i n g work and f i e l d t r i a l s f o r Fusarium 

w i l t r e s i s t a n c e a r e summarized. 

DEY, P.K. 1948. 



l o g y ) . 902 

B y growing pigeonpeas w i t h sorghum i n 

a r t i f i c i a l l y i n f e c t e d s o i l s , i n c i d e n c e 

of F. udum w i l t was reduced f o r second 

season. V a r i e t y NP-80 proved most r e s i s 

t a n t ( o n l y 2.3% i n f e c t i o n ) o f a l l the 

v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d . 

DOIDGE, E.M. 1 9 4 1 . 

South A f r i c a n r u s t F u n g i . 

4 ( 1 ) : 2 2 9 - 2 3 6 . 

4 . B o t h a i l a 

Vromyces dolicholi r e c o r d e d on plgeonpea 

l e a v e s . 

903 

DWIVEDI, R . P . , and H.K. SAKSENA. 1975. 

Web b l i g h t d i s e a s e of a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L . ) M l l l s p . ) caused by Thanatephorus 

auaumeris. I n d i a n J. Fm S c i . 

3 : 1 1 3 - 1 1 4 . 904 

Disease surveys showed p r e v a l e n c e o f t h i s 

d i s e a s e i n s e v e r a l improved v a r i e t i e s such 

a s P r a b h a t , T - 2 1 , and T - 1 7 . Repeated i s o 

l a t i o n s f r o m diseased l e a f t i s s u e y i e l d e d 

c u l t u r e s of i m p e r f e c t fungus Rhizoctonia 

aolani K u h n . , The web b l i g h t d i s e a s e of 

a r h a r has n o t been s t u d i e d s o f a r . I t s 

symptoms a r e d i f f e r e n t f r o m those o f 

R. s o l a n i and R, bataticola. 

DWIVEDI, R . S . , and D. K. ARORA. 1975. 

Fungal c o l o n i z a t i o n o f s t a l e d agar d i s c s 

f r o m r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l i n o c u l a o f p l g e o n p e a . 


4 1 ( 6 ) : 5 7 1 - 5 7 5 . 905 

DWIVEDI, R . S . , and R.N. TANDON. 1976. 

S t u d i e s on some aspects of seed m y c o f l o r a 

o f p l g e o n p e a . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 

6 3 : 6 3 - 6 4 . 906 

EDWARD, J . C , and S . L . MISHRA. 1968. 

Heterodera vigni n. s p . and second stage 

l a r v a e o f Heterodera spp. i n U t t a r Pradesh, 

I n d i a . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 4 3 ( 3 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 9 . 908 

D u r i n g r o u t i n e e x a m i n a t i o n o f f i e l d s o i l s 

and r h i z o s p h e r e s of c r o p s , Heterodera spp. 

were found on r o o t s of plgeonpea. The 

c y s t s were found to b e l o n g to a new species, 

named H. vigni; the morphology of its 

f e m a l e s , m a l e s , second-stage l a r v a e , c y s t s , 

and eggs is d e s c r i b e d . 

EDWARD, J . C , K.P. SINGH, S.C. TRIPATHI, 

M.L. SINHA, and K. RANADE. 1977. 

Rhizosphere m y c o f l o r a and Nematodes Fauna 

o f some f i e l d crops and v e g e t a b l e s i n 

A l l a h a b a d , I n d i a . A l l a h a b a d Fmr 4 8 ( 2 ) : 

1 3 1 - 1 5 1 . 909 

A h i g h e r number of f u n g i are found a s s o c i a 

t e d w i t h legumes than w i t h nonlegumes, 

i r r e s p e c t i v e o f season. A l t h o u g h a r h a r 

( c v T-21) is a legume, it r e c o r d s a much 

lower number than o t h e r legumes, p r o b a b l y 

because i t i s r a i s e d under r a i n f e d c o n d i 

t i o n s . The o b s e r v a t i o n s show t h a t the 

presence of m o i s t u r e and adequate amounts 

o f n u t r i e n t s i n the s o i l c o u l d i n f l u e n c e 

f a v o r a b l y t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f f u n g i . 

The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s o f r h i z o s p h e r e 

f u n g i and nematodes i n t h e r o o t s and i n 

t h e s o i l s around a r h a r were 145,454 

(1 gm d r y s o i l ) and. 440 (100 ml s o i l ) . 

FELIX, S . , and L. ORIEUX. 1962. 

P l a n t diseases and t h e i r c o n t r o l i n M a u r i 

t i u s . D i v . P I . P a t h . Dep. A g r i c . M a u r i 

t i u s : B u l l . 95. 910 

Notes on t h e c o n t r o l of diseases of groundn 

u t , m a i z e , p l g e o n p e a , p o t a t o e s , and sweet 

p o t a t o e s . 

GADEWAR, A . V . , and N.K. RAUT. 1976. 

T r a n s l o c a t i o n o f B e n l a t e i n g e r m i n a t i n g 

seeds and s e e d l i n g s of Cajans c a j a n . 

I n d i a n J . M y c o l . P I . P a t h o l . 6 ( 1 ) : 

108-109. 911 

B e n l a t e was found t r a n s l o c a b l e when 

a p p l i e d a s seed d r e s s e r . I t was a l s o 

absorbed by t h e r o o t s and t r a n s l o c a t e d 

i n t o t h e l e a v e s o f 1-month o l d s e e d l i n g s . 

116


GHOSH, M.K. 1975. 

C o n t r o l of Fusarium w i l t of pigeonpea by 

v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s . M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . 

Bidhan Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , 


GHOSH, PRODYUT, and S. MUKHERJEE. 1969. 

P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e o n t h e study o f m i c r o f l o r a 

from the r h i z o e p h e r e of Cajanus cajan 

M i l l s p . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 5 6 ( 3 ) : 

317-318 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 913 

M i c r o f l o r a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e fungus f l o r a 

from t h e d i f f e r e n t l e a v e s o f t h e r h i z o - 

sphere of C, aajan M i l l s p . were s t u d i e d . 

The s o i l samples were c o l l e c t e d every 5 cm 

a l o n g and around t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t a p r o o t 

of t h e h o s t p l a n t and d e s i g n a t e d as a, b, 

and c , from above downwards and a ' , a " , b ' , 

b " , c ' , c " , a l o n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g h o r i z o n t a l 

l e v e l s . The frequency o f d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 

the g r o w i n g c o l o n i e s w i t h 0 . 0 1 d i l u t i o n 

was found to be 4 at c - l e v e l , 3 at c ' - l e v e l 

and 2 at c " - l e v e l , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t fungus 

f l o r a decreased away from t h e r o o t r e g i o n 

p r o p e r . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c o l o n i e s 

was, however, maximum at b - l e v e l of t h e 

s o i l . Many o f t h e f u n g i recorded a r e a l s o 

abundant i n t h e p h y l l o s p h e r e , and are 

c o n s p i c u o u s l y s a p r o p h y t i c . 

GODBOLE, G.M., G.N. DAKE, and C.D. MAYEE. 

1967. 

Q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n o f pigeonpea stem 

canker i n t e n s i t y . Res. B u l l . MAU 

1 ( 9 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 3 6 . 914 

A s u i t a b l e t e c h n i q u e f o r s c o r i n g i n f e c t i o n 

grades i s d e v e l o p e d . D i f f e r e n t i n f e c t i o n 

grades f o r m u l a t e d t o r e c o r d t h e diseases 

a r e g i v e n . V a r i e t i e s such as BDN-1, BDN-2, 

and C-11 showed moderate r e a c t i o n , w h i l e 

Prabhat and K a k i e x h i b i t e d a h i g h degree 

o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . 

GONZAGA, E . , and L. LORDELLO. 1960. 

I n t e r f e r e n c e o f nematodes i n a g r i c u l t u r a l 

p r a c t i c e s . R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 

40(473) : 1 2 - 1 3 . 915 

I n B r a z i l i n a r o t a t i o n o f r i c e and p i g e o n 

pea (Cajanus c a j a n ) , t h e pigeonpea crop 

showed a n i n f e r i o r s t a n d i n i t s c o n s e c u t i v e 

second y e a r w h i l e t h e p l a n t s i n p l o t s where 

r i c e and pigeonpea were sown a l t e r n a t e l y 

were h e a l t h y . T h i s was due to a heavy 

i n f e s t a t i o n w i t h two nematodes w h i c h p r o l i 

f e r a t e when pigeonpea i s c u l t i v a t e d and a r e 

t h w a r t e d i n t h e i r development b y r i c e . 

GOVINDASWAMY, C.V. 1 9 5 1 . 

Some s t u d i e s on t h e e f f e c t of a s s o c i a t e d 

s o i l m i c r o f l o r a on Fusarium udum B u t l . 

t h e w i l t organism of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e 

t o i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y . T h e s i s . I n d i a n 

A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New 

D e l h i , I n d i a . 916 

GUNASEKARAN, C.R., T . S . MUTHUKRISHNAN, and 

G. RAJENDRAN. 1976. 

E v a l u a t i o n o f chemicals f o r c o n t r o l l i n g 

pigeonpea c y s t nematode Heterodera aajani 

i n red gram. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 

382-383. 917 

The t o t a l absence o f c y s t f o r m a t i o n o f 

H. c a j a n i on the r o o t s of the t r e a t e d 

p l a n t s i n d i c a t e t h e p o s s i b l e c o n t r o l o f 

the nematode w i t h the two c h e m i c a l s , 

f e n s u l f o t h i o n and c a r b o f u r a n . 

GUPTA, S . C . , and S. SINHA. 1 9 5 1 . 

F u r t h e r a d d i t i o n s t o Synahytria o f I n d i a . 

I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 4 ( 1 ) : 7 - 1 0 . 918 

D e s c r i p t i o n of Synchytrium phaseoli-radiata, 

a new s p . on pigeonpea is g i v e n . 

GUPTA, S . L . 1 9 6 1 . 

The e f f e c t of mixed c r o p p i n g of a r h a r 

(Cajanus indicus Spreng.) w i t h jowar 

(Sorghum vulgare P e r s . ) on i n c i d e n c e of 

a r h a r w i l t . A g r i c . Anim. Husb. U.P. 

3 ( 1 0 - 1 2 ) : 3 1 - 3 5 . 919 

HABISH, H.A. 1972. 

A f l a t o x i n i n h a r i c o t bean and o t h e r p u l s e s . 

Expl A g r i c . 8 ( 2 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 3 7 . 920 

F i f t y samples o f t e n pulses were c o l l e c t e d 

from Khartoum and the n o r t h e r n p r o v i n c e of 

Sudan. M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of the p u l s e s was 

determined by o v e n - d r y i n g and a f l a t o x i n s 

were determined by TLC. Fungi were d e t e r 

mined in 50 seeds of each sample by 

i n c u b a t i n g batches o f f i v e seeds i n a 

p e t r i d i s h l i n e d w i t h m o i s t f i l t e r p a p e r . 

Tables o f r e s u l t s are g i v e n . 

HANSFORD, C.G. 1938. 

Annual Report o f t h e P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t 

1936. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Uganda, 1936-37 

( P a r t 2 ) : 4 3 - 4 9 . 921 

V a r i o u s Fusarium s p p . i n c l u d i n g forms 

b e l o n g i n g to Hypomyces impomoea, lisia, 

and gibberella were i s o l a t e d f r o m pigeonpea 

p l a n t s t h a t had d i e d from t h e t o p downwards. 

The G i b b e r e l l a s p p . appeared to be t h e 

p r i m a r y p a r a s i t e s . A d i f f e r e n t d i s e a s e 

f r o m w i l t i n I n d i a i s caused b y F . vasinfectum. 

117


HANSFORD, C.G. 1943. 

C o n t r i b u t i o n s towards t h e fungus f l o r a o f 

Uganda 5 . Fungi i m p e r f e c t ! . P r o c . L i n n . 

Soc. L o n d . 4 3 ( 1 ) : 3 4 - 6 7 . 922 

Dendrochium gigasporum i s o l a t e d from d y i n g 

pigeonpea stems. 

HASAN, ABUL, M. WAJID KHAN, A. RASHID, and 

H.K. ABRAR. 1975. 

R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y o f c e r t a i n f u n g i c i d e s 

a g a i n s t Colletotrichum s p p . I n d i a n J . 

M y c o l . P I . P a t h o l . 5 ( 1 ) : 4 1 . 923 

A l l t h e f u n g i c i d e s , v i z . , B r a s s i c o l , 

t h i r a m , c o p r a n t o l , D i t h a n e Z - 7 8 , D i t h a n e 

M-45, Agrosan G . N . ; captan and DDT s u c c e s s 

f u l l y i n h i b i t e d t h e growth and s p o r u l a t i o n 

of C. truncatum (pigeonpea i s o l a t e ) . 

The b e s t performance was e x h i b i t e d by 

c o p r a n t o l where pathogen f a i l e d t o grow 

a t any o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t r i e d . I t 

was f o l l o w e d by B r a s s i c o l . Captan and 

Agrosan G.N. were e f f e c t i v e a t h i g h e r 

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( 0 . 3 % ) . 

HIREMATH, R . V . , R.H. BALASUBRAMANYAN, and 

S.B. PURANIK. 1973. 

E f f e c t o f c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e o f Fusarium udum 

B u t l e r o n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o f l o r a o f 

Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . I n d i a n J . 

M i c r o b . 1 2 ( 4 ) : 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 . 924 

F. udum has been shown to produce t h r e e 

enzymes v i z . , p e c t i n m e t h y l e s t e r a s e , 

p o l y g a l a c t u r o n a s e , and c e l l u l o s e in vivo 

and in v i t r o . The c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e was 

added to t h e base of 25-day o l d pigeonpea 

s e e d l i n g s grown i n p o t s . F u n g a l , a c t i n o - 

mycete, and b a c t e r i a l p o p u l a t i o n o f r h i z o - 

sphere s o i l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r than 

n o n r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l . The p l a n t s t r e a t e d 

w i t h c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e d i d n o t show any 

v a r i a t i o n i n t h e f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n . These 

was s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e b a c t e r i a l 

p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f t r e a t e d 

p l a n t s w i t h i n 2 4 hours a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . 

HUTTON, D . G . , and J . L . HAMMERTON. 1975. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n o n t h e r o l e o f R o t y l e n c h u l u s 

r e n i f o r m i s i n a d e c l i n e o f p i g e o n p e a . 

Nematropica 5 ( 2 ) : 2 4 . 925 

No r e l a t i o n s h i p was found between numbers 

o f R o t y l e n o h u l u s r e n i f o r m i s i n t h e s o i l 

around p l a n t s o f t h r e e pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s 

and t h e number of these p l a n t s showing a 

d e c l i n e . T h i s d e c l i n e s t a r t s w i t h y e l l o w 

i n g o f new l e a v e s a f t e r t h e f i r s t b e a r i n g , 

p r o g r e s s i v e d i e b a c k o f t w i g s and main stem 

and premature d e a t h of many p l a n t s . Howe 

v e r , where nematode p o p u l a t i o n s were 

s u p p r e s s e d , p l a n t s grew f a s t e r and f l o w e r e d 

e a r l i e r than where p o p u l a t i o n s were h i g h , 

and p l a n t s o f one v a r i e t y produced s i g n i 

f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r y i e l d s o f green p o d s . 

HUTTON, F . M . , and N.E. GRYLLS. 1956. 

Legume ' l i t t l e l e a f , a v i r u s d i s e a s e o f 

s u b t r o p i c a l p a s t u r e s p e c i e s . A u s t . J . 

A g r i c . Res. 7 : 9 5 - 9 7 . 926 

The symptoms o f l i t t l e l e a f a r e s i m i l a r t o 

those caused by t h e " b i g - b u d - w i t c h e s broom" 

complex o f v i r u s e s . I t s v e c t o r i s t h e l e a f 

hopper, Oroeius a v g e n t a t u s ( E v a n s ) , which 

a l s o t r a n s m i t s o t h e r v i r u s e s . Most o f t h e 

species and s t r a i n s c o n s i d e r e d to be p r o m i 

s i n g p a s t u r e legumes, i n c l u d i n g Cajanus 

c a j a n , possess f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e t o l i t t l e 

l e a f . 

I H F I S , T . , R.H. FREVRE, and H.C. KENNARD. 

1937. 

Pellicularia f i l a m e n t o s a on Tephrosa and 

Cajanus indicus in P u e r t o R i c o . FAO P1. 

P r o t . B u l l . 5 ( 1 0 ) : 1 5 9 - 1 6 0 . 927 

The d i s e a s e can be c o n t r o l l e d by u s i n g 

Bordeaux m i x t u r e and Z i n e b . 


1950. 

S c i e n t i f i c r e p o r t o f t h e I n d i a n A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i f o r 

t h e y e a r 1947-48. 182 p p . 928 

Summary of work on Fusarium udum w i l t is 

g i v e n . 


1953. 


t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e y e a r 

ended 30th June 1 9 5 1 . 120 p p . 929 

Cajanus c a j a n : Out of e i g h t w i l t - r e s i s t a n t 

v a r i e t i e s and f i v e h y b r i d d e r i v a t i v e s , 

D-16-17-2 gave t h e h i g h e s t y i e l d . The 

v a r i e t i e s N P - 4 1 , C - 3 8 - 1 - 2 , and D-419-2-4 

were h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t to Fusarium udum. 

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. 

1950. 

In: ICAR Annual Report f o r 1948-49 D e l h i . 

p p . 177-190. 930 

V a r i e t a l t e s t s f o r w i l t r e s i s t a n c e and 

experiments w i t h Bacillus s u b t i l i s as 

i n h i b i t o r of Fusarium udum a r e summarized. 

INGHAM, J . L . 1976. 

Induced i s o f l a v o n o i d s f r o m f u n g u s - i n f e c t e d 

stems of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 

Z . N a t u r . 3 9 ( 9 - 1 0 ) : 5 0 4 - 5 0 8 . 931 

118

Pathology 

From stems i n o c u l a t e d w i t h Helminthosporium 

(Cochliobolus) carbonum, f o u r a n t i f u n g a l 

i s o f l a v o n e s ( 7 - h y d r o x y - 4 - m e t h o x y - , 5 , 7 , 

4 ' - t r i h y d r o x y - ; 5 , 7 , 2 ' , 4 ' - t e t r a h y d r o x y ; 

5 , 2 ' , 4 ' , - t r i h y d r o x y - 7 - m e t h o x y ) and one 

i s o f l a v o n o n e ( 5 , 2 ' - d i h y d r o x y - 7 , 4 ' - 

d i m e t h o x y - ) were i s o l a t e d . The s t r u c t u r e 

o f t h e l a s t ( c a j a n o l ) was c o n f i r m e d b y 

s y n t h e s i s from f e r r e i r i n . A s i x t h compound 

was p r o v i s i o n a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a s 5 , 2 ' - 

d i d y d r o x y - 7 , 4 ' - d i m e t h o x y i s o f l a v o n e . 

ISLAM, N. 1970. 

E f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s carbon and n i t r o g e n 

sources on growth and s p o r u l a t i o n of 

F. udum. 39 p p . M.Sc. (1970) T h e s i s . 

Bidhan Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , 


J A I N , A . C . 1949. 

E f f e c t o f c e r t a i n m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s o n t h e 

a c t i v i t y of Fuearium udum B u t l e r , t h e 

c a u s a l agent of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n 

( L i n n . ) M i l l s p . ) w i l t . 5 0 p p . T h e s i s . 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , 

New D e l h i , I n d i a . 933 

JANARTHANAN, R. 1972. 

Occurrence of t h e pigeonpea c y s t nematode 

i n T a m i l Nadu. I n d i a n J . Nematol. 

2 : 2 1 5 . 934 

The pigeonpea c y s t nematode was found 

p r e s e n t in T a m i l Nadu and i n f e s t e d cowpeas, 

w h i c h may a l s o pose a s e r i o u s problem to 

the c u l t i v a t i o n o f p u l s e s . 

JANARTHANAN, R., G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL, 

K.S. SUBRAMANIAN, G. NAVANEETHAN, and 

T.K. KANDASWAMY. 1973. 

A r e p o r t o n t h e survey o f s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e o n r e d gram i n T a m i l 

Nadu. Madras A g r i c . J . 6 0 ( 1 ) : 4 1 - 4 4 . 935 

From a s u r v e y made o v e r 9,142 h e c t a r e s in 

d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f T a m i l Nadu, i t was 

observed t h a t t h e r e d gram s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

was p r e v a l e n t i n almost a l l p a r t s o f t h e 

s t a t e . The p e r c e n t a g e i n c i d e n c e o f t h e 

d i s e a s e suggests heavy crop l o s s e s of r e d 

gram i n T a m i l Nadu. 

n o t a t t r a c t i v e to E. kern. The l e a f 

hopper p r e f e r s t h e reduced C/N r a t i o found 

i n d i s e a s e d l e a v e s . D e t a i l e d s t u d i e s o n 

the n u t r i t i o n p h y s i o l o g y o f t h e l e a f hopper, 

i n c l u d i n g enzymatic s t u d i e s , a r e r e q u i r e d 

f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r o b l e m . 

JEHLE, R.A., and J . I . WOOD. 1926. 

Diseases o f f i e l d and v e g e t a b l e crops i n 

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1925. P I . D i s . Reptr 

(Supp.) 4 5 : 1 5 2 . 937 

Diseases r e p o r t e d from P u e r t o Rico on 

pigeonpea were l e a f s p o t s Cercospora instab 

i l i s , Phyllosticta s p p . , Vellosiella 

c a j a n i , R h i z o c t o n i a ferruginea, damping-off. 

JESWANI, M.D., N. PRASAD, and P.D. GEMAWAT. 

1977. 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n Fusarium 

l a t e r i t u m f . c a j a n i . I n d i a n J . M y c o l . P I . 

P a t h . 5 ( 1 ) : 4 . 938 

The pathogen i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e i n c u l t u r a l 

c h a r a c t e r s . S i n g l e - s p o r e i s o l a t e s from 

s i n g l e s t r a i n s have a l s o been observed t o 

v a r y among themselves w i t h r e g a r d to growth 

p a t t e r n , s e g m e n t a t i o n , s u b s t r a t e r e a c t i o n , 

and p i g m e n t a t i o n . D i f f e r e n t i s o l a t e s have 

t h e c a p a c i t y o f s e c r e t i n g d i f f e r i n g quant 

i t i e s o f m e t a b o l i c p r o d u c t s . 

JOFFE, A . Z . 1974. 

A modern system of Fusarium taxonomy. 

Mycopath. 5 3 ( 1 - 4 ) :201-228. 939 

A modern system c o m p r i s i n g 13 s e c t i o n s , 

33 s p e c i e s and 14 v a r i e t i e s is p r o p o s e d , 

based on t h e s t u d y over 30 y e a r s , of t h e 

morphology and growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of 

Fuearium spp. and t h e i r v a r i a b i l i t y under 

a wide range of c o n d i t i o n s . 

JOHNSON, J. 1939. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f brown r o o t r o t o f 

tobacco and o t h e r p l a n t s . J . A g r i c . Res. 

5 8 ( 1 1 ) : 8 4 3 - 8 6 3 . 940 

Symptoms of a f f e c t e d h o s t and c h a r a c t e r i s 

t i c s o f unknown c a u s a l agent o f brown r o o t 

r o t d i s e a s e are g i v e n . Pigeonpeas were 

a l s o found t o b e s u s c e p t i b l e . 

JAYARAJ, S . , and A . R . SESHADRI. 1967. 

P r e f e r e n c e of t h e l e a f Empoasca kerri 

P r u t h i (Homoptera: J a s s i d a e ) f o r pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) p l a n t s 

i n f e c t e d w i t h s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s . 

C u r r . S c i . 3 6 ( 1 3 ) : 3 5 3 - 3 5 5 . 936 

The h i g h e r c o n t e n t o f c a r b o h y d r a t e i n t h e 

h e a l t h y pigeonpea p l a n t s over d i s e a s e d ones 

i n l e a v e s o f medium m a t u r i t y i s p r o b a b l y 

KAISER, S . A . K . , and P. K.S. GUPTA. 1960. 

Cross p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t w i l t d i s e a s e 

caused by Fusarium oxysporum s p . udum in 

p i g e o n p e a . I n d i a n J . M y c o l . Res. 

7 : 3 8 - 3 9 . 941 

77.50 t o 81.25% c o n t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t 

due to F. oxysporum f. s p . udum can be 

achieved b y p r i o r i n o c u l a t i o n o f t h e h o s t 

119


w i t h the nonpathogenic F. oxyeporum f. s p . 

c i c e r i and F, oxyeporum f. s p . vasinfectum. 

KAISER, S . A . K . , and P . K . S . GUPTA. 1975. 

I n f e c t i o n and p a t h o l o g i c a l h i s t o l o g y o f 

plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) 

i n o c u l a t e d w i t h pathogenic and n o n - p a t h o 

genic formae s p e c i a l e s of Fusarium oxysporum. 

Z . p f l a n z k . p f l a n z s . 8 2 ( 8 - 9 ) : 

4 8 5 - 4 9 2 . 942 

I n o c u l a t i o n s t u d i e s u s i n g t h e s u s c e p t i b l e 

v a r i e t y EB-3 and t h e formae s p e c i a l e s udum, 

vasinfectum and c i c e r i showed F. oxyeporum 

f. s p . udum to be h o s t s p e c i f i c . The o t h e r 

formae s p e c i a l e s produced i n i t i a l w i l t 

symptoms b u t t h e s e e d l i n g s then r e c o v e r e d 

and developed new l e a v e s . Hyphae of a l l 

t h r e e formae s p e c i a l e s invaded t h e seedl 

i n g s , d i s t r i b u t i o n b e i n g s i m i l a r , b u t the 

e x t e n t o f i n v a s i o n b e i n g much g r e a t e r i n 

p a t h o g e n i c formae s p e c i a l e s . V a s c u l a r 

t i s s u e s were p a r t i a l l y a f f e c t e d . 

KALYANASUNDARAM, R. 1952. 

A s c o r b i c a c i d and Fusarium w i l t e d p l a n t s . 


3 6 ( 3 ) : 1 0 2 - 1 0 4 . 943 

S t u d i e s in Madras on Fusarium vaeinfeotum 

on c o t t o n and F. udum on r e d gram (C.cajan) 

showed r e d u c t i o n i n a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t 

o f h o s t leaves and i n c r e a s e i n r e d u c i n g 

s u g a r s . C o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t r e d u c t i o n i n 

c h l o r o p h y l l and r e t a r d a t i o n o f g r o w t h 

p r e c e d i n g w i l t i n g causes decrease i n 

a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t . 

KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R.P. SRIVASTAVA. 

1975. 

Rhizosphere m y c o f l o r a s o f some v i r u s i n f e c 

t e d c u l t i v a r s o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . Technology 1 1 ( 2 - 3 ) : 2 3 4 - 2 3 8 . 944 

The r h i z o s p h e r e m y c o p o p u l a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t 

a r h a r c u l t i v a r s d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y . 

There were myco-organic makeup d i f f e r e n c e s 

i n t h e r o o t s o f h e a l t h y and d i s e a s e d p l a n t s . 

The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was always g r e a t e r 

i n t h e h e a l t h y p l a n t s than i n t h e i r 

diseased c o u n t e r p a r t s . The minimum r h i z o 

sphere e f f e c t was m a n i f e s t e d b y c u l t i v a r 

Prabhat i n f e c t e d w i t h t h e severe s t r a i n o f 

the v i r u s . The r e s u l t s r e a d i l y f i t i n w i t h 

t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l derangements o f t h e 

p l a n t s . The degree o f q u a n t i t a t i v e r e d u c 

t i o n i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m y c o f l o r a o f 

diseased p l a n t s appeared t o b e d i r e c t l y 

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e degree o f t h e s e v e r i t y 

o f i n f e c t i o n i n c u l t i v a r T - 1 7 . 

KAMAL, T . P . MALL, and R.P. SRIVASTAVA. 

1975. 

M i c r o f u n g i a t t h e r o o t - s o i l i n t e r f a c e o f 

a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) i n f e c t e d 

b y plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s . 

Technology 11(4) : 434-436. 945 

There was no d i f f e r e n c e in t h e t o t a l number 

o f species a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h e a l t h y and 

diseased r h i z o s p h e r e . C e r t a i n f u n g i were 

c o n f i n e d t o t h e r h i z o s p h e r e e i t h e r o f the 

h e a l t h y o r t h e diseased p l a n t s . Colony 

c o u n t s / g o f d r y s o i l were more i n t h e 

h e a l t h y p l a n t s than i n the diseased ones. 

S e v e r a l Penicillia and Aspergilli, p a r t i - 

c u l a r l y t h e members of Aspergillus ustus 

g r o u p , were c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the r h i z o - 

sphere under b o t h diseased and h e a l t h y 

c o n d i t i o n s . The r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t was 

more prominent in t h e case of h e a l t h y 

p l a n t s . 

KAMAL and AJAY KUMAR VERMA. 1976. 

M i c r o f u n g a l f l o r a i n t h e r o o t r e g i o n o f 

a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . 1 3 ( 2 - 3 ) : 1 5 5 - 1 5 7 . 946 

Fungal p o p u l a t i o n i n r h i z o s p h e r e - f r e e s o i l , 

r h i z o s p h e r e s o i l and r h i z o p l a n e o f arhar 

have been s t u d i e d . 

KAMAT, M . N . , and M.K. PATEL. 1948. 

Some new h o s t s of Oidiopsis taurioa ( L e v . ) 

Salmon in Bombay. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

1 ( 2 ) : 1 5 3 - 1 5 8 . 947 

This fungus was c o l l e c t e d from plgeonpea 

and o t h e r h o s t s . Each c o l l e c t i o n was found 

t o r e i n f e c t i t s own h o s t o n l y , showing t h a t 

t h e fungus was h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d . 

KANDASWAMY, T . K . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 

1960. 

A n e p i p h y t o t i c o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic a t Coimbatore. Madras A g r i c . J . 

4 7 : 4 4 0 - 4 4 1 . 948 

No s i g n s of t o l e r a n c e or r e s i s t a n c e to 

s t e r i l i t y mosaic v i r u s were n o t e d i n a 

group of over 100 v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus 

oajan, grown at t h e M i l l e t Breeding S t a 

t i o n , Coimbatore, I n d i a . 

KERNKAMP, M . F . , and G.A. HEMERIK. 1953. 

The r e l a t i o n of Ascochyta imperfecta to 

a l f a l f a seed p r o d u c t i o n i n M i n n e s o t a . 

P h y t o p a t h . 4 3 ( 7 ) : 3 7 8 - 3 8 3 . 949 

Plgeonpea r e a c t e d p o s i t i v e l y t o i n o c u l a t i o n 

w i t h Aeooohyta imperfecta. 

120

Pathology 

KHAN, W.M.A., and R.K. SINGH. 1974. 

Anthracnose of arhar incited by Colletotrichum 

truncatum- Indian Phytopath. 

27:622-624. 950 

Stem anthracnose of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan (L.) Millsp.) caused by Colletotrichum 

truncation (Sen.) Andrush and Moore, 

was observed in the last week of September 

1972. Survey of varieties indicated that 

only some of the early maturing varieties 

were free from the disease during this 

period. 'Infection was confined to main 

axis and lateral branches. Defoliation and 

drying-up of the complete plant were the 

ultimate signs of the infection. 

KHANNA, R.N., and R.S. SINGH. 1975. 

Microbial populations of pigeonpea rhizosphere 

in amended soils. Indian J. Mycol. 

PI. Pathol. 5(2):131-138. 951 

Count of fungi and actinomycetes had 

inverse relationship with plant age in 

nonamended s o i l , while optimum bacterial 

activity occurred at maximum vegetative 

growth of plant. Oil cake was stimulatory 

to microflora and sawdust was inhibitory. 

The inhibitory effect was overcome by 

supplemental nitrogen. Rhizosphere of 

pigeonpea significantly changed the effect 

of amendments on microflora. It reduced 

stimulatory effects of amendments on 

bacteria and actinomycetes but accentuated 

inhibitory effect of sawdust on these 

groups. 

KOSHY, P.K. 1968. 

Studies on the cyst-forming nematode of 

pigeonpea. Ph.D. (1968) Thesis. Indian 

Agricultural Research Institute, New 

Delhi, India. 952 

KOSHY, P.K., and GOPAL SWARUP. 1967. 

Factors affecting emergence of larvae from 

cyst of Heterodera oajani Koshy. Indian 

J. Nematol. 1:209-219. 953 

Emergence took place between 15 and 37°C, 

with 29°C optimum. More emergence was 

obtained from cysts conditioned to 40°C 

than those at 12°C. Aeration did not 

affect emergence of larvae. But constant 

exposure to light gave a significantly 

higher hatch than subjecting to total 

darkness. Optimum pH was 10.5. Root 

leachates from Cajanus aajan stimulated 

emergence of larvae from cysts. The cysts 

stored in air-dried soil under laboratory 

conditions remained viable for at least 

2 years. 


Investigations on the l i f e history of the 

pigeonpea cyst nematode Heterodera cajani. 

Indian J. Nematol. 1:44-51. 954 

Temperature was an important factor governing 

the time required to complete the l i f e 

cycle. At a soil temperature of 84°F the 

nematode completed one generation in 16 

days, whereas under cool conditions (10- 

25°C/50-75°F) the time required was 45 to 

80 days. The nematode was able to reproduce 

parthenogenetically, though it is a 

bisexual species. For rapid multiplication, 

however males were considered necessary. 


On the number of generations of Heterodera 

oajani, the pigeonpea cyst nematode, in a 

year. Indian J. Nematol. 1:88-90. 955 

H. cajani could complete nine generations 

in a year under laboratory conditions. 

Duration of l i f e cycle was prolonged during 

winter months. The favorable multiplication 

of the nematode was from June to 

September and April to June. 


Susceptibility of plants to pigeonpea cyst 

nematode, Heterodera cajani. Indian J. 

Nematol. 2:1-6. 956 

One hundred and five plant species, representing 

58 genera in 21 families, were 

tested for their suitability as hosts of 

Heterodera oajani', 19 of them (family : Leguminosae) 

were recorded as hosts. 

KULDIP SINGH, B.S. DAHIYA, and J.S. CHOHAN. 

1975. 

Evaluation of arhar (Cajanus cajan) germplasm 

lines against the s t e r i l i t y disease 

in the Punjab. PAU Res. J. 12(3): 

327-328. 957 

Two hundred and thirty-four lines were 

screened for reaction to the s t e r i l i t y 

virus in 1973 and 1974. L-3 and P-4785 

were resistant and 16 others were tolerant. 

KULKARNI, Y.S., M.K. PATEL, and 

S.G. ABHYANKAR. 1953. 

A new bacterial leaf spot and stem canker 

of pigeonpea. Indian Phytopath. 5(1): 

21-22. 958 

Gives an extended account of the disease 

and i t s causal agent and l i s t s factors 

conducive to disease development. Since 

the pathogen infects pigeonpea alone, 

showing host range specificity, it is 

proposed as a new species to be called 

Xanthomonas c a j a n i . 

121


KULKARNI, Y . S . , M.K. PATEL, and 

S.G. ABHYANKAR. 1960. 

A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f spot and stem canker 

o f p l g e o n p e a . C u r r . S c i . 1 9 ( 2 ) : 3 8 4 . 959 

A new b a c t e r i a l l e a f s p o t was f i r s t n o t i c e d 

on t h e l o w e r l e a v e s of plgeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n M l l l s p . ) at J a l g a o n and Anand in 

September 1949. The d i s e a s e symptom and 

i t s a t t a c k o n t h e p l a n t a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

LEACH, R., 1934. 

Report o f t h e M y c o l o g i s t f o r 1933. A . Rep. 

Dep. A g r l c . N y a s a l a n d . 1 9 3 3 : 5 4 - 5 5 . 960 

Armillaria meIlea k i l l e d pigeonpeas in 

i n f e s t e d t e a p l a n t a t i o n . 

LEACH, R., and J. WRIGHT. 1930. 

C o l l a r and stem canker of (Cajanus c a j a n ) 

plgeonpea caused by a s p e c i e s of Physalospora. 

Mem. Imp. C o l l . T r o p . A g r i c . 

T r i n i d a d ( M y c o l . S e r . ) 1:12 p p . 961 

The p r i m a r y symptoms a r e t h e f o r m a t i o n of 

g r e y , s c u t i f o r m , dark-edged l e s i o n s a v e r a 

g i n g 5 cm l o n g on t h e stem and b r a n c h e s . 

The l e s i o n s t u r n d a r k brown a t t h e c o l l a r 

r e g i o n and u s u a l l y canker g i r d l e s t h e 

c o l l a r and k i l l s t h e p l a n t . D e s c r i p t i o n 

of Phoma and Macrophoma a r e g i v e n . C u l t u 

r a l s t u d i e s a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . 

LOPEZ ROSA, J . M . 1969. 

Phoma s p . The c a u s a l agent of plgeonpea 

canker ( A b s t r a c t ) . P h y t o p a t h . 

5 9 ( 1 0 ) : 1 3 4 8 . 962 

I s o l a t i o n , v a r i e t a l r e a c t i o n s , growth i n 

c u l t u r e , and i n o c u l a t i o n of a Phoma s p . 

c a u s i n g canker i n plgeonpea i n P u e r t o Rico 

a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

MCDONALD, J . , 1924. 

Anntial r e p o r t o f the M y c o l o g i s t f o r t h e year 

1923. A. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Kenya f o r t h e year 

ended 31st December 1 9 2 3 : 8 1 - 8 5 . 963 

Disease s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Madagascar 

b u t t e r beans caused by a fungus s i m i l a r to 

Vermucularia c a p s i c i observed on plgeonpea, 

c o n t r o l l e d on beans by Bordeaux m i x t u r e . 

McRAE, W. 1923. 


Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 : 

5 3 - 6 0 . 964 

Fusarium w i l t of plgeonpea was v e r y severe 

i n t h e season. M a n u r i a l experiments showed 

t h a t superphosphate i n c r e a s e d d i s e a s e i n c i 

dence and green manure decreased i t . Superphosphate 

a f t e r green manure reduced i t . 

McRAE, W. 1924. 

Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t . 

Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 3 - 2 4 : 

4 1 - 5 1 . 965 

Seed-borne spores of Fusarium udum caused 

l i t t l e w i l t o f Rahar ( P l g e o n p e a ) . Seed 

d i s i n f e c t i o n t r i a l o n 1-acre ( 0 . 4 ha) p l o t s 

gave 0.04 and 1.4% w i l t on t r e a t e d and u n 

t r e a t e d p l o t s . Disease found to spread up 

to 9 ft ( 2 . 7 4 m) t h r o u g h s o i l in one season, 

a p p a r e n t l y a l o n g r o o t s . Thus p r e v i o u s work 

o n s o i l t r e a t m e n t rendered u s e l e s s . Green 

manure p l u s superphosphate reduced w i l t 

i n c i d e n c e by 25%. 

McRAE, W. 1926. 


Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1925-26: 

5 4 - 6 9 . 966 

F u r t h e r d e t a i l s o f f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h green 

manure and superphosphate are g i v e n . 

McRAE, W. 1928. 

Report o f the I m p e r i a l M y c o l o g i s t . S c l e n t . 


5 6 - 7 0 . 967 

F u r t h e r r e p o r t of green manure and s u p e r 

phosphate t r e a t m e n t s in study of Fusarium 

w i l t . Suggestion of some o t h e r f a c t o r as 

d o m i n a n t . 

McRAE, W. 1930. 



5 1 - 6 6 . 968 

I n c i d e n c e of pigeonpea w i l t (Fusarium vasinfectum) 

was f a v o r e d by superphosphate b u t 

checked by green manure. A p p l y i n g b o t h gave 

i n t e r m e d i a t e r e s u l t s . Top 3 ft (92 cm) of 

s o i l was dug o u t and t r e a t e d w i t h superphosphate 

(0.002% s o l u b l e P 2 O 5 ) and m o i s t u r e 

c o n t e n t r a i s e d t o l o c a l optimum b e f o r e sowi 

n g i n September a f t e r t h e r a i n s . N o further 

w a t e r i n g was done f o r 5 months. L a r g e r roots 

and b r a n c h i n g r o o t l e t s were more numerous 

in t r e a t e d t o p 2 ft (60 cm) b u t t h e r e was 

n o marked d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t h i r d f t . 

McRAE, W. 1 9 3 1 . 

Note o n ' w i l t ' i n Rahar i n permanent p l o t s 

a t Pusa. P r o c . B d A g r i c . I n d i a , 1929. 

Appendix 3 : 2 3 6 - 2 4 1 . 969 

D e t a i l s o f f i r s t 2 0 y e a r s t r i a l s o f f e r t i 

l i z e r s o n Fusarium w i l t are d i s c u s s e d . 

McRAE, W. 1932. 


Rep. Imp. I n s t . A g r i c . Res. Pusa, 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 : 

7 3 - 8 6 . 970 

Discussed v a r i e t a l 

t r i a l s f o r w i l t d i s e a s e 

122


o n r o t a t i o n l e n g t h and p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y . 

D e s c r i p t i o n of Colletotriohum c a j a n i and a 

Cercospora s p . i s a l s o g i v e n . 

McRAE, W . , and F . J . F . SHAW. 1926. 

Report on experiments w i t h Cajanus indicus 

(Rahar) f o r r e s i s t a n c e to Fusarium vasinf 

e c t u m ( w i l t d i s e a s e ) . S c l e n t . Rep. A g r i c . 

Res. I n s t . Pusa, 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 : 2 0 8 - 2 1 2 . 971 

Progress i n s e l e c t i o n f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o 

w i l t i s d e s c r i b e d . 

McRAE, W., and F . J . F . SHAW. 1933. 

I n f l u e n c e o f manures o n t h e w i l t d i s e a s e o f 

Cajanue indiaus Spreng. and i s o l a t i o n of 

types r e s i s t a n t t o t h e d i s e a s e . P a r t I I . The 

i s o l a t i o n o f r e s i s t a n t t y p e s . S c l e n t . Monogr. 

Coun. A g r i c . Res. Pusa. 7 : 3 7 - 6 8 . 972 

P a r t i c u l a r s o f s e l e c t i o n i n p r o g r e s s s i n c e 

1923 f o r r e s i s t a n c e of Cajanus indicus 

Spreng. to Fuearium w i l t . A form d e s i g 

nated Type 80 proved h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t and 

Types 1 6 , 4 1 , 5 0 , 5 1 , and 82 were a l s o 

r e s i s t a n t . No c o r r e l a t i o n was found b e t 

ween m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s and r e s i s 

t a n c e . A l o s s of r e s i s t a n c e noted in a 

r e s i s t a n t t y p e grown i n a f i e l d t h a t had 

been under t h e c r o p f o r s e v e r a l years was 

n o t t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n . 

MAHENDRA PAL, and J . s . GREWAL. 1975. 

P h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s on Phytophthora 

dreahsleri v a r . c a j a n i . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

2 8 ( 4 ) : 4 7 9 - 4 8 2 . 973 

Three weeks' i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d and Mehrot 

r a ' s medium were found to be optimum f o r 

the growth of t h e f u n g u s . Maximum growth of 

t h e fungus was r e c o r d e d at pH 6.5 and o p t i 

mum t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e growth of t h e f u n 

gus was 30°C. Growth was a l s o good on h e x o - 

ses ( D - g l u c o s e , D - f r u c t o s e , D-mannose, and 

D - g a l a c t o s e ) . The growth was n e g l i g i b l e on 

a r a b i n o s e and i n t h e absence o f c a r b o n . 

MAHENDRA PAL, and J . S . GREWAL. 1975. 

U t i l i z a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t source o f Phytophthora 

dreahsleri v a r . oajani, I n d i a n 

P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 4 ) : 4 9 9 - 5 0 1 . 974 

Ammonium s a l t s in g e n e r a l s u p p o r t e d good 

growth of Phytophthora dreahsleri v a r . 

c a j a n i , i n d i c a t i n g b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f 

ammoniacal n i t r o g e n . Maximum g r o w t h was on 

ammonium n i t r a t e . Growth was poor on c a l 

cium n i t r a t e and sodium n i t r a t e was n o t u t i 

l i z e d a t a l l . Moderate t o good growth o f 

t h e fungus was recorded on monoamine d i c a r - 

b o x y l i c amino a c i d s and amides i . e . 

L - a s p a r t i c a c i d , L - g l u t a m i c a c i d , 

L - a s p a r a g i n e , and g l u t a m i n e . 


R e s i s t a n c e of pigeonpea to Phytophthora 

b l i g h t . 1 . T o t a l p h e n o l i c c o n t e n t . I n d i a n 

P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 4 ) : 5 5 9 - 5 6 0 . 975 

The t o t a l p h e n o l i c c o n t e n t i n l e a v e s o f t h e 

r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y AS-3, measured 4 to 6 

days a f t e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h P. dreahsleri 

v a r . oajani was g r e a t e r in i n o c u l a t e d t h a n 

i n u n i n o c u l a t e d p l a n t s , w h i l e i n t h e s u s 

c e p t i b l e T-21 i t was g r e a t e r i n t h e l e a v e s 

o f u n i n o c u l a t e d p l a n t s . 


E f f e c t of NPK f e r t i l i z e r s on the Phytophthora 

b l i g h t o f pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . S c i . 4 6 ( l ) : 3 2 - 3 5 . 976 

In t h e absence of K, h i g h doses of N increased 

t h e i n c i d e n c e of Phytophthora b l i g h t of 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

A d d i t i o n of K decreased t h e i n c i d e n c e , 

r e g a r d l e s s of t h e presence or absence of 

N or P in the s o i l . P d i d n o t have much 

e f f e c t o n d i s e a s e development. 

MAHENDRA PAL, J . S . GREWAL, and A.R. SARBHOy. 

1970. 

A new stem r o t of a r h a r caused by Phytophthora. 

I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 3 ( 5 ) : 8 3 - 8 7 . 977 

A new disease caused by Phytophthora dreahsleri 

Tucker v a r . c a j a n i was observed in 

severe form o n a r h a r v a r . T-21 a t D e l h i and 

Kanpur d u r i n g 1968-1969. A f f e c t e d p l a n t s 

d r y u p r a p i d l y , causing t o t a l l o s s t o t h e 

c r o p . Brown t o dark brown l e s i o n s , d i s t i n 

c t l y marked from dark green h e a l t h y portions 

on t h e s t e m , appear at ground l e v e l or a 

few inches h i g h e r . High h u m i d i t y coupled 

w i t h t h e d i s e a s e may cause r a p i d d e v e l o p 

ment o f stem r o t . 

MAHMOOD, M. 1962. 

F a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a n t i 

b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n and i t s use i n t h e c o n 

t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t . 101 p p . P h . D . (1962) 

T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 978 

MAHMOOD, M. 1964. 

F a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a n t i 

b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n and i t s use i n t h e c o n 

t r o l o f pigeonpea w i l t . S c i . C u l t . 3 0 ( 7 ) : 

352. 979 

The i n c i d e n c e of pigeonpea w i l t was markedl 

y reduced i n s o i l supplemented w i t h groundn 

u t c a k e , molasses, and sweet c l o v e r r o o t 

m a t e r i a l s on i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h B. subtilis. 

MAITRA, A. 1972. 

S t u d i e s on some aspects of Fusarium w i l t of 

p i g e o n p e a . 53 p p . M.Sc. 0.972) T h e s i s . U n i 

v e r s i t y o f K a l y a n i , West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 980 

123


MAITRA, A . , and A.K. SINHA. 1973. 

P a r t i a l i n h i b i t i o n o f Fusarium w i l t symptoms 

in plgeonpea by n o n - p a t h o g e n i c formae 

of Fuaarium oxyeporum. C u r r . S c l . 

4 2 ( 1 8 ) : 6 5 4 - 6 5 6 . 981 

P l a n t s were i n o c u l a t e d w i t h the nonpathogen 

when 2 weeks o l d and w i t h the pathogen a 

week l a t e r . A n e a r l i e r i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h 

F. oxyeporum f. s p . c i c e r i or F. oxyeporum 

f. s p . vasinfectum delayed t h e o n s e t of 

w i l t symptoms, t h e i n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t b e i n g 

s l i g h t l y more pronounced w i t h t h e f o r m e r . 

H i s t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n o c u 

l a t i o n w i t h F . oxyeporum f . s p . c i c e r i l e d 

t o d e p o s i t i o n o f gum i n t h e v e s s e l s , w h i c h 

never showed any hyphae. The i n o c u l a t i o n 

w i t h nonpathogens delayed t h e onset o f w i l t 

symptoms. 

MALI, V . R . , A . M . SHIRSAT, and G.M. GODBOLE. 

1977. 

Occurrence o f plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic i n 

Marathwada. Res. B u l l . MAU. 1 ( 1 0 : 1 4 8 - 

149. 982 

Recorded f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e i n Marathwada. 

T r a n s m i s s i o n was p o s s i b l e by b u d - g r a f t i n g , 

a l s o t r a n s m i t t e d by m i t e . The d i s e a s e was 

n o t found to be t r a n s m i s s i b l e by sap. 

MALIK, R.P. 1945. 

C o l l a r r o t o f plgeonpea caused b y P y t h i u m 

aphonidermatum (Edson) F i t z . I n d i a n J . 

A g r i c . S c i . 1 5 : 9 2 - 9 3 . 983 

I s o l a t i o n s made f r o m w i l t e d plgeonpea 

p l a n t s of UP-132 v a r i e t y y i e l d e d a species 

of Fythium, Macrophomina phaseoli, a Fuaarium 

d i s t i n c t from F. udum, and Corticium 

rolfsii. The a u t h o r ' s i s o l a t e is accordi 

n g l y r e f e r r e d to F. aphonidermatum. I n o c u - 

l a t i o n w i t h t h e fungus o n plgeonpea stems 

j u s t above s o i l l e v e l a few days a f t e r showi 

n g caused d e s i c c a t i o n o f t h e f o l i a g e and 

young s h o o t s , and in some p l a n t s of t h e 

c o l l a r r e g i o n a l s o . 

MALL, T . P . 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n some v i r u s diseases o f p i g e o n - 

p e a , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . Ph.D. 

(1975) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f Gorakhpur, 

Gorakhpur, U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 984 

MARAMOROSCH, K . , and E. HICHEZ. 1973. 

Rhabdovirus and m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e o r g a n i s m : 

N a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n of Cajanue oajan. 

P h y t o p a t h . 63:202 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 985 

C . c a j a n p l a n t s w i t h a p r o l i f e r a t i o n d i s 

ease were observed growing w i l d on t h e 

n o r t h s h o r e o f H i s p a n o l a i s l a n d i n t h e 

Dominican R e p u b l i c near t h e b o r d e r o f H a i t i . 

P l a n t s were p a l e green and shoved symptoms 

o f w i t c h e s ' broom. E l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h s 

r e v e a l e d t h e presence o f m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e 

organisms (MLO) as w e l l as b u l l e t - s h a p e d 

(Rhabdo) v i r u s p a r t i c l e s i n t h e phloem. 

The r h a b d o v i r u s p a r t i c l e s were 45 to 55 mm 

in d i a m e t e r and 240 to 260 mm in l e n g t h . 

T h i s i s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e f i r s t r e p o r t o f 

a n a t u r a l d u a l i n f e c t i o n of a p l a n t by a 

r h a b d o v i r u s and MLO. 

MARAMOROSCH, K., H. HIRUMI, M. KIMURA, 

J. BIRD, and N.G. V A K I L I . 1974. 

Pigeonpeas w i t c h e s 'broom d i s e a s e . 

P h y t o p a t h . 6 4 : 5 8 2 - 5 8 3 . 986 

Plgeonpea p l a n t s w i t h a w i t c h e s ' broom 

disease o f unknown e t i o l o g y were c o l l e c t e d 

at Rio P i e d r a s and Mayaguez, Puerto R i c o . 

I n the s i e v e tube elements t h e r e were l a r g e 

accumulations of m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e organisms 

(MLO) i n t h e diseased p l a n t s . Rhabdovirus 

p a r t i c l e s were a l s o d e t e c t e d i n t h e Mayaguez 

m a t e r i a l . W i t c h e s ' broom disease at 

Mayaguez might be t h e r e s u l t of t h e comb 

i n e d a c t i o n of Empoasoa t o x i n , MLO, and 

v i r u s . The MLO-associated plgeonpea 

d i s e a s e of Puerto Rico resembles t h e MLO - 

and r h a b d o v i r u s - a s 8 o c i a t e d pigeonpea 

d i s e a s e from t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c . 

MARAMOROSCH, K . , M. KIMURA, and Y . L . NENE. 

1976. 

M y c o p l a s m a - l i k e organisms a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 

pigeonpea r o s e t t e disease i n I n d i a . 

FAO P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 4 ( 2 ) : 3 3 - 3 5 . 987 

P l e i o m o r p h i c , m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e organisms 

(MLO) were found in s i e v e elements of 

pigeonpea {Cajanue oajan) p l a n t s w i t h 

r o s e t t e d i s e a s e . MLO were c o n f i n e d to 

phloem and to phloem parenchyma c e l l s . 

H e a l t h y c o n t r o l p l a n t s were f r e e of MLO. 

V i r u s o r v i r u s - l i k e p a r t i c l e s were n o t 

d e t e c t e d i n these s e c t i o n s . 

MARAMOROSCH, K., M. KIMURA, H. HIRUMI, 

J. BIRD, and N.G. V A K I L I . 1974. 

Diseases o f pigeonpea i n t h e Caribbean 

a r e a : an e l e c t r o n microscopy s t u d y . FAO 

P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 2 ( 2 ) : 3 2 - 3 6 . 988 

A t l e a s t f o u r d i f f e r e n t diseases o f 

u n c e r t a i n e t i o l o g y a f f e c t plgeonpea, 

Cajanus c a j a n , p l a n t s i n t h e Caribbean 

i s l a n d s . The w h i t e - f l y - b o r n e agent o f 

t h e y e l l o w mosaic d i s e a s e has n o t been 

v i s u a l i z e d by e l e c t r o n microscopy and may 

be a v i r o i d , r a t h e r than a v i r u B . The 

p r o l i f e r a t i o n , o r w i t c h e s ' broom, d i s e a s e 

observed i n t h e Dominican R e p u b l i c and t h e 

more severe form o c c u r r i n g i n P u e r t o R i c o , 

have been found a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mycoplasmal 

i k e m i c r o o r g a n i s m s , as w e l l as a r h a b d o - 

t y p e v i r u s . 

124


MATHUR, R.S. 1954. 

Diseases o f p u l s e crops i n U.P. 

Anim. Husb. U.P. 5 ( l ) : 2 4 - 2 8 . 

A g r i c . 

989 

B r i e f notes a r e g i v e n o n t h e economic 

i m p o r t a n c e , symptoms, and c o n t r o l of t h e 

most i m p o r t a n t diseases o f p u l s e s i n U t t a r 

Pradesh, I n d i a . 

MISHRA, D . P . , and R.C.S. MEHRA. 1969. 

Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m on Cajanus cajan 

i n I n d i a . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 2 : 

515-517. 990 

C. c u c u r b i t a r u m is pathogenic on a r h a r and 

s e v e r a l g e n e t i c s t o c k s o f economic v a l u e 

a r e s u s c e p t i b l e t o i t . This disease 

appears t o have p a r t i c u l a r importance i n 

r e l a t i o n t o e a r l y m a t u r i n g v a r i e t i e s 

o f a r h a r . 

MISHRA, R.R., and K.K. PANDEY. 1975. 

Studies o n s o i l f u n g i s t a s i s . P a r t V I I . 

S t u d i e s o n c o l o n i z a t i o n o f f u n g i o n r o o t s 

o f Cajanus c a j a n i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l f u n g i - 

s t a s i s . F e r t i l . T e c h n o l . 1 2 ( 4 ) : 

328-330. 991 

The f u n g i s t a s i s o f t h e s o i l samples c o l l e c 

t e d from d i f f e r e n t depths and c l o s e v i c i n i t y 

o f r o o t s u r f a c e and t h e r h i z o s p h e r e m i c r o - 

p o p u l a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d . There was a 

c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e s o i l f u n g i 

s t a s i s and t h e s o i l m i c r o p o p u l a t i o n . 

MITRA, M. 1925. 



4 5 - 5 7 . 992 

Study o f s o i l and f e r t i l i z e r o n w i l t i n c i 

dence c o n t i n u e d . F. udum w i l t was n o t 

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h w a t e r l o g g i n g . Average 

number o f w i l t e d p l a n t s i n p l o t s w i t h 

superphosphate 5 x. W i t h green manure o n l y 

1/10. W i t h b o t h t r e a t m e n t s numbers 1.7 x. 

A l s o demonstrated b u l k o f i n f e c t i o n i n 

s o i l , l i t t l e o n seed. 

MITRA, M. 1 9 3 1 . 



5 8 - 7 1 . 993 

Survey of pigeonpea f i e l d s around Pusa 

showed 15% i n f e c t i o n by Fusarium w i l t . 

Some w i l t is a l s o caused by Rhozoctonia 

s o l a n i , i n o c u l a t i o n w i t h w h i c h gave about 

80% p o s i t i v e r e s u l t s . 

MITRA, M. 1934. 

W i l t d i s e a s e of Crotalaria juncea L i n n 

(Sunn-hemp). I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

4 ( 4 ) : 7 0 1 - 7 0 4 . 994 

C r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n experiments showed t h a t 

the s t r a i n s of Fusarium vasinfectum c a u s i n g 

w i l t s of sunnhemp and pigeonpea were s i m i 

l a r , s i n c e c r o s s - i n f e c t i o n c o u l d b e caused. 

The c o t t o n s t r a i n w i l l n o t i n f e c t these 

c r o p s , nor w i l l t h e i r s t r a i n s i n f e c t c o t t o n . 

Fungus o f t e n c a r r i e d o n seed. Minor w i l t 

i n g f u n g i are Rhizoctonia s o l a n i and 

Neocosmospora vasinfecta. 

MOHAMED SHERIFF, N . , W. MOHAMMED A L I KHAN, 

and S. IYEMPERUMAL. 1977. 

A note on the study of redgram mutants f o r 

r e s i s t a n c e t o r o o t - r o t d i s e a s e under f i e l d 

c o n d i t i o n s . Madras A g r i c . J . 6 4 ( 1 0 ) : 

6 9 1 . 995 

Of seven r e d gram mutants w i t h d e s i r a b l e 

c h a r a c t e r s and f o u r c u r r e n t l y grown v a r i e 

t i e s s t u d i e d f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o r o o t - r o t 

d i s e a s e f o r t h r e e seasons, mutant S-18 

showed the l o w e s t i n c i d e n c e t h r o u g h o u t ; m e a n 

r o o t - r o t i n c i d e n c e was o n l y 3.9% in S-18, as 

a g a i n s t 68.1% i n Prabhat and 32.3% i n p a r e n 

t a l s t o c k , C o - 1 . 

MOHANTY, U.N. 1942. 

P t . 1 . Study o f some I n d i a n A s p e r g i l l i . 

P t . 2 . The w i l t d i s e a s e o f pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l 

r e f e r e n c e to some methods of d i s s e m i n a t i o n . 

6 9 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l Research 

I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , I n d i a . 996 

MOHANTY, U.N. 1946. 

The w i l t d i s e a s e of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e 

t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e c a u s a l organism 

i n t h e h o s t t i s s u e . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

1 6 : 3 7 9 - 3 9 0 . 997 

Fusarium udum B u t l e r , w h i c h causes w i l t of 

pigeonpea, forms abundant spore masses on 

t h e s u r f a c e o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s . I t was 

found t h a t t h e spore masses occur o n l y on 

branches of i n f e c t e d p l a n t s at a p o i n t 

c o n s i d e r a b l y below t h a t which the fungus 

has reached i n t h e t i s s u e , and i t i s c o n 

c l u d e d t h a t t h e spore masses do n o t form as 

a r e s u l t o f p r i m a r y i n f e c t i o n i n t h e a e r i a l 

p a r t s , b u t a r i s e a s a r e s u l t o f t h e outward 

spread o f t h e fungus from i n t e r n a l l y i n f e c 

t e d b r a n c h e s . The fungus was never found 

t o b e c a r r i e d w i t h i n the seeds. 

125


MUKHERJEE, D . , T. K. DE, and N.R. PARUI. 

1 9 7 1 . 

A n o t e o n s c r e e n i n g o f a r h a r a g a i n s t w i l t 

d i s e a s e . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 4 : 5 9 8 - 

6 0 1 . 998 

Of 54 v a r i e t i e s of Cajanus cajan screened 

f o r r e s i s t a n c e to Fusarium udum by a t e c h 

n i q u e w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d , none was r e s i s 

t a n t b u t n i n e were moderately r e s i s t a n t . 

Evidence was found f o r the e x i s t e n c e of 

pathogen r a c e s . The r e c h n i q u e a l l o w s f o r 

t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f races o n t h e b a s i s 

o f r e a c t i o n t o a set o f d i f f e r e n t i a l 

v a r i e t i e s . 

MULK, M.M., and M.S. JAIRAJ PURI. 1975. 

Nematodes o f leguminous crops i n I n d i a . 

I V . Two new species of Rotylenchulus 

filipjev. 1936. ( H o p l o l a i m i d a e ) . I n d i a n 

J . N e m a t o l . 5 : 9 - 1 4 . 999 

O b s e r v a t i o n s were made in measurements of 

the specimens. R . s i d d i q u s p . n . , 0 . 6 1 - 

0.78 m m l o n g ; l i p r e g i o n w i t h i n d i s t i n c t 

s i m u l a t i o n s ; spear 22-24u l o n g ; spear knobs 

r o u n d e d , f o i l h e m i s p h e r i c a l and phasmids 

10-13 a t r i a l a n t e r i o r to anus. R. secondus 

sp. n. 0 . 6 3 - 0 . 7 7 mm l o n g ; l i p r e g i o n 

f a i n t l y s t r i a t e d ; spear 2 4 - 2 5 µ ; spear 

knobs a n t e r i o r l y p o i n t e d ; t a i l c y l i n d r o i d 

and phasmids a t a n a l l e v e l . 

MULLER, A . S . 1953. 

A f o l i a r d i s e a s e o f legumes i n C e n t r a l 

America. FA0 P I . P r o t . B u l l . 1 ( 6 ) : 

8 3 - 8 4 . 1000 

Chaetoseptoria wellmanii was c o l l e c t e d in 

Guatemala on l e a v e s of pigeonpea. The 

d i s e a s e was a l s o found to be s p r e a d i n g on 

v a r i o u s legumes. 

MULLER, A . S . , and C. CHUPP. 1942. 

Las Cercospora de Venezuela. B o t . Soc. 

Venez. C i e n . N a t . 8 ( 5 2 ) : 3 5 - 3 9 . 1001 

Ceraospora c a j a n i has been r e c o g n i z e d in 

Venezuela as a p o t e n t d i s e a s e of pigeonpea. 

I t s symptoms are d e s c r i b e d . 

MUNDKUR, B . B . 1935. 

I n f l u e n c e o f temperature and m a t u r i t y o n 

t h e incidence of sunn-hemp and pigeonpea 

w i l t a t Pusa. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

5 : 6 0 9 - 6 1 9 . 1002 

Records made weekly of t h e deaths of pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) p l a n t s from Fusarium 

vaeinfectum. Low s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e between 

1 7 ° and 29° f a v o r e d t h e d i s e a s e . The 

i n f l u e n c e o f s o i l temperature and m a t u r i t y 

o n t h e i n c i d e n c e o f w i l t i s n o t due t o 

e i t h e r o f these a c t i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y b u t i s 

the combined i n f l u e n c e o f b o t h . 

MUNDKUR, B.B. 1938. 

Phytopathology - mycology: Pigeonpeas: 

A. Rev. Biochem. A p p l . Res. I n d i a . 

9 : 1 1 2 . 1003 

A survey of r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e about s t u d y 

o f c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f f u n g i i n 

pigeonpea i s g i v e n . Wollenweber r e p o r t s 

t h a t pigeonpea t h a t had w i l t e d i n a charact 

e r i s t i c manner i n t h e f i e l d s a t Pusa 

y i e l d e d the c u l t u r e s of Fusarium lateritium 

v a r . unainatum. I n i n f e c t i v e experiments 

conducted at B e r l i n Dahlem, the fungus 

caused a severe f o o t r o t of the c r o p . This 

experiment i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t t u r s p p . 

F. vaeinfectum and F. lateritium v a r . 

unainatum, case diseases of pigeonpea in 

I n d i a . Bose f i n d s t h a t a pigeonpeatobacco 

r o t a t i o n can c o n s i d e r a b l y reduce 

t h e disease i n w i l t - s i c k f i e l d s . 

MUNDKUR, B.B. 1946. 


Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . , New D e l h i , f o r the 

T r i e n n i u m ended 30th June, 1944: 

5 7 - 6 3 . 1004 

Of 20 pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s t e s t e d in pots 

a g a i n s t w i l t (F. udum) in 1942-43, 

A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 was u n a f f e c t e d . I n 1943-44, 

I P - 8 0 , I P - 4 1 , C-38, C-15, A - 1 2 6 - 4 - 1 , 

D-16-12-2, PT-12, and D-33-4-22 were 

r e s i s t a n t . B u l s a r w h i t e , r e p u t e d l y r e s i s 

t a n t , was s e v e r e l y i n f e c t e d . I n f i e l d 

p l o t s i n o c u l a t e d w i t h c u l t u r e s o f fungus 

and i n f e c t e d d e b r i s , D-16-17-2, PT-12, and 

D-33-4-22 l o s t r e s i s t a n c e . 

NAMBIAR, K . K . N . 1967. 

S t u d i e s o n pigeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

d i s e a s e . Ph.D. (1967) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y 

of Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1005 

NAMBIAR, K . K . N . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 

1968. 

S t u d i e s o n pigeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

d i s e a s e . V I . E f f e c t o f d i s e a s e o n carboh 

y d r a t e s . P r o c , I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . 

B) 6 8 : 2 9 5 - 3 0 0 . 1006 

T o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s 

i n v i r u s - d i s e a s e d pigeonpea leaves t h a n i n 

comparable h e a l t h y leaves a t a l l ages below 

t h e Becond l e a f . W h i l e t h e t o t a l carboh 

y d r a t e c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e d w i t h age i n 

h e a l t h y p l a n t s , n o such r e g u l a r p a t t e r n 

was d i s c e r n i b l e i n diseased l e a v e s . S t a r c h 

and r e s i n were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r i n 

diseased leaves than i n h e a l t h y l e a v e s b u t 

126

Pathology 

sucrose l e v e l s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y 

d i f f e r e n t . I n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f r e d u c i n g 

sugars and n o n f e r m e n t a b l e r e d u c i n g s u b s t a n 

ces were observed in d i s e a s e d l e a v e s over 

h e a l t h y l e a v e s . 


1969. 

S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

d i s e a s e . V I I . E f f e c t o n m i n e r a l m e t a b o l i s m . 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 70: 

3 7 - 4 1 . 1007 

Ca, K, Na, and Mn c o n t e n t s were lower in 

diseased than in h e a l t h y p l a n t s , Ca decreas 

i n g w i t h t h e age o f t h e l e a v e s . 


1969. 

S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

v i r u s . V I I I . E f f e c t o n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and 

n u c l e i c a c i d s o f plgeonpea l e a v e s . 

P h y t o p a t h . 6 6 : 9 1 - 9 4 . 1008 

A s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n p h o t o s y n t h e s i s 

and r a t e o f H i l l r e a c t i o n was recorded i n 

diseased l e a v e s , p h o t o s y n t h e s i s b e i n g l e a s t 

in t h e y e l l o w p a t c h e s . RNA and DNA l e v e l s 

were h i g h e r i n d i s e a s e d leaves o f a l l ages. 

RNA f r a c t i o n s presumably c o n t a i n e d v i r a l 

as w e l l as p l a n t RNA. 


1969. 

S t u d i e s o n plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y m o s a i c . 

I X . E f f e c t o n n i t r o g e n m e t a b o l i s m . 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 7 0 : 

200-207. 1009 

T o t a l N was h i g h e r i n diseased t h a n i n 

h e a l t h y leaves a t a l l ages. A l l forms o f 

N, except ammoniacal and n o n p r o t e i n , were 

i n c r e a s e d . Free amino a c i d s , v i z . , v a l i n e , 

l e u c i n e , and a r g i n i n e were a t h i g h e r c o n 

c e n t r a t i o n s i n younger than i n o l d e r 

diseased l e a v e s . The h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 

o f amino a c i d s i n t h e bound form i n d i s 

eased l e a v e s suggests t h e i r p r o b a b l e 

i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o t h e v i r u s p r o t e i n . 

NARAYANASWAMY, P. 1964. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f 

r e d gram. Ph.D. (1964) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y 

of Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 

I n d i a . 1010 

NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and T. JAGANATHAN. 

1975. 

A n o t e on powdery mildew d i s e a s e of p i g e o n - 

pea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

S c i . C u l t . 4 1 ( 3 ) : 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 . 1011 

The disease was g e n e r a l l y seen on young 

l e a v e s . Stems and p e t i o l e s a l s o showed 

symptoms. I n severe c a s e s , the a f f e c t e d 

leaves t u r n e d y e l l o w , e x h i b i t i n g c r i n k l i n g . 

This s p e c i e s , Oidiopsis taurica, d i d n o t 

produce t h e p e r f e c t s t a g e . Plgeonpea was 

r e p o r t e d as a new h o s t f o r t h i s f u n g u s . 

NARAYANASWAMY, P . , and K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 

1965. 


plgeonpea. I . T r a n s m i s s i o n o f the d i s e a s e . 

P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 6 2 : 

7 3 - 8 6 . 1012 

The plgeonpea s t e r i l i t y mosaic was n o t 

t r a n s m i t t e d by sap or i n s e c t s . There were 

i n d i c a t i o n s to show t h a t t h e d i s e a s e was 

p r o b a b l y s o i l - b o r n e . Decrease i n nematode 

p o p u l a t i o n reduced d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e , t h e 

r e d u c t i o n being greater i n D D - t r e a t e d p l o t s 

than i n Nemagon-treated p l o t s . I t i s 

surmised t h a t the disease i s p r o b a b l y 

t r a n s m i t t e d by Rotylenahulus r e n i f o r m i s 

a n d / o r Tylenahorhynahus spp. A n e g a t i v e 

c o r r e l a t i o n was o b t a i n e d between the 

p o p u l a t i o n o f p l a n t s and percentages o f 

i n f e c t i o n . 


1965. 

S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f 

plgeonpea. I I . Carbohydrate metabolism o f 

i n f e c t e d p l a n t s . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . 

( S e c t . B) 6 2 : 1 3 0 - 1 3 9 . 1013 

The r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c h l o r o p h y l l c o n t e n t 

v i r u s - d i s e a s e d plgeonpea leaves was as h i g h 

as 60.9%. Carotene and x a n t h o p h y l l conterts 

of diseased leaves a l s o showed a decrease 

as d i d the t o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e c o n t e n t . The 

a c t i v i t y o f c h l o r o p h y l l a s e was i n c r e a s e d 

due to v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . The s y n t h e s i s of 

sucrose in diseased leaves was at a lower 

r a t e than i n h e a l t h y ones and r e s u l t e d i n 

derangement o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a c t i v i t y i n 

diseased p l a n t s . The t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f 

sugars was reduced and t h e n a t u r e of sugars 

t r a n s l o c a t e d was a l t e r e d i n t h e diseased 

p l a n t s . 


1966. 


plgeonpea. I I I . N i t r o g e n metabolism o f 

i n f e c t e d p l a n t s . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . 

( S e c t . B) 6 3 : 2 8 8 - 2 9 6 . 1014 

A decrease i n t h e c h l o r o p l a s t l c p r o t e i n and 

a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n t h e c y t o p l a s m i c p r o 

t e i n was seen i n t h e diseased l e a v e s . There 

was n o a p p r e c i a b l e q u a n t i t a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e 

127


i n t h e aminoacid c o n t e n t o f p r o t e i n s o f 

h e a l t h y and diseased p l a n t s . The t o t a l 

n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f the diseased l e a v e s 

showed a p r o g r e s s i v e i n c r e a s e over h e a l t h y 

d u r i n g t h e d a y , from morning t i l l e v e n i n g . 

The f r e e aminoacids of diseased l e a v e s 

showed v a r i a t i o n s b o t h i n q u a l i t y and 

q u a n t i t y . The presence o f two u n i d e n t i f i e d 

aminoacids was d e t e c t e d o n l y i n diseased 

l e a v e s . The aminoacids a l a n i n e , asparagine, 

a s p a r t i c a c i d , and a r g i n i n e , which were i n 

v e r y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n diseased 

leaveB at 6 a . m . , were e i t h e r c o m p l e t e l y 

absent o r p r e s e n t o n l y i n v e r y s m a l l 

amounts at 6 p.m. A decrease in t h e C/N 

r a t i o r e s u l t e d due t o v i r u s i n f e c t i o n . 


1966. 

S t u d i e s o n s t e r i l i t y mosaic d i s e a s e o f 

plgeonpea. I V . Changes i n a c t i v i t y o f 

enzymes i n diseased p l a n t s . P r o c . I n d i a n 

Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) 6 4 ( 2 ) : 7 8 - 8 2 . 1015 

The d i a s t a t i c a c t i v i t y i n plgeonpea leaves 

i n f e c t e d by PSMV was more than in t h e 

h e a l t h y l e a v e s . Very low p e r o x i d a s e 

a c t i v i t y was n o t i c e d i n diseased l e a v e s . 

The c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y i n i n f e c t e d l e a v e s 

was i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y . The a c t i v i t i e s 

o f n i t r a t e r e d u c t a s e and p r o t e o l y t i c e n z y 

mes in t h e diseased l e a v e s showed an 

i n c r e a s e over t h e h e a l t h y l e a v e s . The 

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these changes i s d i s c u s s e d . 


1966. 


plgeonpea. V. Organic a c i d metabolism and 

r e s p i r a t i o n o f i n f e c t e d p l a n t s . P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 6 4 : 

135-142. 1016 

A g e n e r a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e o r g a n i c a c i d 

c o n t e n t s o f l e a f , p e t i o l e , s t e m , and buds 

o f d i s e a s e d p l a n t s was o b s e r v e d . A s c o r b i c 

a c i d c o n t e n t s o f d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s e x h i 

b i t e d a r e d u c t i o n . M a l e i c a c i d and c i t r i c 

a c i d were absent i n diseased l e a v e s and 

p e t i o l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y ; c i t r i c a c i d and 

s u c c i n i c a c i d s accumulated i n stem and 

r o o t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f the diseased p l a n t s . 

The r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n was i n c r e a s e d i n 

d i s e a s e d p l a n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y . 

NARAYANASWAMY, P . , A.R. SESHADRI, and 

K. RAMAKRISHNAN. 1963. 

P r e l i m i n a r y n o t e on suspected nematode 

t r a n s m i s s i o n o f redgram s t e r i l i t y mosaic 

v i r u s . Madras A g r i c . J . 5 0 ( 2 ) : 

109-110. 1017 

There was disease i n t h e f i e l d where t h e 

crop was sown f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , b u t i t 

o c c u r r e d i n h i g h p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e f i e l d s ■ 

where grown s u c c e s s i v e l y . The v i r u s is 

p r o b a b l y t r a n s m i t t e d by one or more of t h e 

s o i l nematode species l i s t e d i n t h e t e x t . 

NATTRASS, R.M. 1958. 

Report o f t h e Senior P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t . 

A. Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Kenya, 1965. 

2 : 9 - 1 4 . 1018 

Note on a b a r k d i s e a s e of plgeonpea showing 

s h o r t l o n g i t u d i n a l s p l i t s and s t e m - p i t t i n g 

l e a d i n g to D i e - b a c k and c o l l a p s e . Cercos 

p o r a c a j a n i and Uromyces dolicholi were 

found as new r e c o r d s . 

NEMA, KRISHNA G0PAL. 1950. 

I n h i b i t o r y e f f e c t o f c e r t a i n s o i l m i c r o - 

organisms on Fusarium udum B u t l e r , the 

plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i l t 

o r g a n i s m . 5 4 pp. T h e s i s . I n d i a n A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Research I n s t i t u t e , New D e l h i , 

I n d i a . 1019 

NENE, Y . L . 1973. 

V i r a l diseases of some warm weather p u l s e 

crops i n I n d i a . P I . D i s . Reptr 5 7 ( 5 ) : 

463-467. 1020 

Four v i r a l diseases a t t a c k i n g a l a r g e 

number of p u l s e crops were i n v e s t i g a t e d . 

Mung bean y e l l o w mosaic v i r u s , t r a n s m i t t e d 

by the white fly, Bemisia tab 

aci, 

i s the 

most widespread and causes s e r i o u s l o s s e s . 

I t a f f e c t s s e v e r a l p u l s e c r o p s , i n c l u d i n g 

plgeonpea. 

NENE, Y . L . 1977. 

Survey o f plgeonpea diseases w i t h s p e c i a l 

r e f e r e n c e t o w i l t and s t e r i l i t y d i s e a s e s . 

The A l l - I n d i a Workshop on Assessment of 

Crop Losses due to Pests and D i s e a s e s . 

12 Sep 1977. U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r a l 

S c i e n c e s , B a n g a l o r e , I n d i a . 1021 

D u r i n g r o v i n g surveys i t was found t h a t two 

d i s e a s e s , w i l t (Fusarium udum) and s t e r i 

l i t y mosaic ( V i r u s ? ) , were more s e r i o u s 

than o t h e r s such as l e a f spots and powdery 

m i l d e w . The average w i l t i n c i d e n c e v a r i e d 

from 1.12 to 2 2 . 6 1 % . The average s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic i n c i d e n c e was 1.09 to 12.84%. In 

some o f t h e f a r m e r s ' f i e l d s t h e i n c i d e n c e 

o f w i l t v a r i e d from 0 t o 93% and s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic from 0 to 95%. 

128


NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1976. 

A new t e c h n i q u e to screen pigeonpea f o r 

r e s i s t a n c e t o s t e r i l i t y mosaic. T r o p . 

G r a i n Legume B u l l . 5 : 2 3 . 1022 

B r i e f n o t e s a r e g i v e n o n t h e l e a f - s t a p l i n g 

t e c h n i q u e i n w h i c h l e a f l e t s f r o m diseased 

p l a n t s i n f e s t e d w i t h m i t e s (Aceria c a j a n i ) 

a r e s t a p l e d t o t h e p r i m a r y l e a v e s o f t e s t 

s e e d l i n g s . The s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h i s t e c h - 

n i q u e over t h e t w i g t y i n g t e c h n i q u e i s 

i n d i c a t e d . 

0RILL0, F . I . , and R.B. VALDEZ. 1958. 

Four diseases o f c o f f e e h i t h e r t o u n d e s c r i - 

bed i n the P h i l i p p i n e s . P h i l i p p . A g r i c . 

4 2 ( 7 ) : 2 9 2 - 3 0 2 . 1026 

Rhizoctonia b l i g h t was seen on plgeonpeas 

used as temporary shade f o r c o f f e e t r a n s 

p l a n t s . I t k i l l e d a l l i n f e c t e d p l a n t s and 

produced many l a r g e l i g h t brown s c l e r o t i a 

o n l e a v e s . Disease a l s o caused d e f o l i a t i o n 

of c o f f e e b u t no s c l e r o t i a f o r m e d . Symptoms 

and c u l t u r e a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

NENE, Y . L . , and M.V. REDDY. 1976. 

Screening f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic o f pigeonpea. P I . D i s . Reptr 

6 0 ( 2 ) : 1 0 3 4 - 1 0 3 6 . 1023 

The s t e r i l i t y mosaic (SM) i s w i d e l y p r e v a 

l e n t i n t h e I n d i a n s u b c o n t i n e n t , p r o d u c i n g 

complete o r p a r t i a l s t e r i l i t y i n a f f e c t e d 

p l a n t s . In some f i e l d s 100% i n c i d e n c e was 

o b s e r v e d . T r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e c a u s a l 

agent is t h r o u g h t h e eriophyid m i t e , Aaevia 

c a j a n i . Two thousand e i g h t hundred and 

f o u r a c c e s s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) g e r m p l a s m / c u l t l v a r s , 

Atylosia s p p . , and Cajanus x Atylosia 

crosses were screened f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o 

SM, by u t i l i z i n g a l e a f - s t a p l i n g i n o c u l a - 

t i o n t e c h n i q u e . Four pigeonpea l i n e s 

ICRISAT-3783, - 6 9 8 6 , - 6 9 9 7 , - 7 0 3 5 , and one 

c u l t i v a r (ICRISAT-7179 or HY-3C) were i d e n 

t i f i e d a s immune. L i n e s showing o t h e r 

d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r s i n c l u d i n g l o n g e r 

i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d , l e s s d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e , 

m i l d symptoms, and f l o w e r i n g i n s p i t e o f 

i n f e c t i o n were a l s o i d e n t i f i e d . 

NEWTON, W., and J . W . L . PEIRIS. 1953. 

V i r u s diseases of p l a n t s in C e y l o n . FAO 

P I . P r o t . B u l l . 2 ( 2 ) - . 1 7 - 2 1 . 1024 

Pigeonpea i n Ceylon ( S r i Lanka) i s a f f e c t e d 

by y e l l o w mosaic and p a l e m o s a i c ; symptoms 

o f b o t h v i r u s i n f e c t i o n s a r e g i v e n . 

ONIM, J . F . M . , and P.R. RUBAIHAYO. 1976. 

Screening pigeonpea f o r r e s i s t a n c e t o 

Mycovellosiella c a j a n i . SABRAO J. 

8 ( 2 ) : 1 2 1 - 1 2 5 . 1025 

Of 15,000 p l a n t s c o m p r i s i n g 2,107 v a r i e 

t i e s , 314 p l a n t s were s e l e c t e d f o r r e s i s 

tance to M. (Cercospora) cajani. When 

progeny l i n e s from 1 1 o f these s e l e c t i o n s 

were grown a t f i v e s i t e s i n Uganda and 

Kenya, l i n e s U C - 7 9 6 / 1 , UC-2515/2, UC-2113/1, 

and UC-2568/1 were b o t h r e s i s t a n t and 

h i g h - y i e l d i n g . Disease i n c i d e n c e was s i g 

n i f i c a n t l y and n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h 

g r a i n y i e l d . 

OVERMAN, A . J . 1974. 

The i n f l u e n c e of c e r t a i n n e m a t i c i d e s on 

weed p o p u l a t i o n i n sandy s o i l s . P r o c . 

S o i l Crop S c i . Soc. F l a . 3 3 : 7 2 - 7 4 . 1027 

P r i o r to seeding plgeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n 

M i l l s p . ) as a summer crop in May, t h e 

p l o t s were b r o a d c a s t - t r e a t e d w i t h c a r b o - 

f u r a n (11.2 k g / h a ) , sodium a z i d e (26.9 k g / 

h a ) , and a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e t w o . The 

c a r b o f u r a n i n c r e a s e d t h e number o f c r a b - 

grass and nutsedge p l a n t s in the second 

cover crop t e s t . Sodium a z i d e was n o t 

e f f e c t i v e when used a l o n e o r i n c o m b i n a t i o n 

w i t h c a r b o f u r a n . R e s i d u a l e f f e c t s were 

a l s o r e a l i z e d . 

PADWICK, G.W. 1939. 


Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i , 1938-39: 

105-112. 1028 

I s o l a t e d from w i l t e d pigeonpeas were several 

d i s t i n c t species of Fusarium, one of which 

appeared to d i f f e r from F. udum and to 

produce severe w i l t i n g , b u t n o f o o t - r o t . 

I d e n t i t y b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d . 



Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . New D e l h i , 1939-40: 

103-115. 1029 

Experiments w i t h c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n t e s t s 

w i t h Fusarium w i l t f u n g i a r e d e s c r i b e d . 


Genus Fusarium 5: Fusarium udum B u t l e r . 

F. vasinfectum A t k . and F. lateritum v a r . 

uncinatum W.R. I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 

1 0 ( 6 ) : 8 6 3 - 8 7 8 . 1030 

F u l l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r s o f 

v a r i o u s i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium c a u s i n g w i l t 

i n c o t t o n , pigeonpea, and sunn-hemp. 

Suggests F. udum B u t l . v a r . c a j a n i f o r 

pigeonpea w i l t , organism b e i n g m o r p h o l o 

g i c a l l y and c u l t u r a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h , b u t 

p a t h o g e n e t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m , t h a t 

c a u s i n g sunn-hemp w i l t . 

129


PADWICK, G.W., M. MITRA, and P.R. MEHTA. 

1940. 

The genus Fusarium IV i n f e c t i o n and c r o s s - 

i n f e c t i o n t e s t s w i t h i s o l a t e s from c o t t o n 

(Gossypium s p . ) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) 

and sunn-hemp (Crotalaria juncea). I n d i a n 

J . A g r i c . S c i . 1 0 : 6 9 7 - 7 0 6 . 1031 

F i f t y - o n e i s o l a t e s o f Fusarium from c o t t o n , 

pigeonpea, and sunn-hemp were t e s t e d f o r 

c r o s s - i n o c u l a t i o n . Only one of t h e 16 

c o t t o n i s o l a t e s caused w i l t i n g , b u t a 

number of them p r e v e n t e d normal g e r m i n a t i o n 

of one or more of t h e t h r e e h o s t s . The 

r e s u l t s showed t h a t most o f the w i l t - 

p r o d u c i n g s t r a i n s a r e almost i f n o t 

e n t i r e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o the o r i g i n a l 

h o s t s . 

PANDEY, K . K . , G.S. MISHRA, and S.K. GROVER. 

1976. 

Some s t u d i e s on c h e m o s t e r i l a n t s . 1. T h i o u 

rea a s fungus growth i n h i b i t o r . S c i . C u l t . 

4 2 ( 9 ) : 4 7 6 - 4 7 7 . 1032 

I n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i o u r e a 

caused a g r a d u a l decrease in t h e m y c e l i a l 

d r y w e i g h t and sugar c o n t e n t of Helminthoaporium 

aativum ( C o c h l i o b o l u s s a t i v u s ) 

and Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . udum 

(F. udum). 

PARK, M. 1929. 

Report o f t h e m y c o l o g i c a l d i v i s i o n . Dep. 

A g r i c . Tech. Rep. C e y l o n . Year 1928: 

1-6. 1033 

New r e c o r d of Oidiopaia s p . c a u s i n g powdery 

mildew of pigeonpea l e a v e s has been 

r e p o r t e d . 

PARK, M. 1935. 

Report o f the work o f t h e m y c o l o g i c a l 

d i v i s i o n . Adm. Rep. D i r . A g r i c . C e y l o n . 

1934:D124-D131. 1034 

Rust recorded on pigeonpeas as Woroninella 

umbilicata has been d e s c r i b e d w i t h i t s 

symptoms on t h e h o s t and time of s p r e a d . 

PATEL. M.K., and Y . S . KULKARNI. 1949. 

N i t r o g e n u t i l i z a t i o n by Xanthomonas malvacearum 

(SM) Dowson. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

2 ( l ) : 6 2 - 6 4 . 1035 

N i t r o g e n r e q u i r e m e n t s of Fusarium udum were 

i n v e s t i g a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h those o f o t h e r 

f u n g i and b a c t e r i a . The source o f n i t r o g e n 

i s n o t t h e o n l y f a c t o r ; t h e source o f c a r 

bon is a l s o v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e growth 

o f m i c r o o r g a n i s m s . 

PATHAK, P . D . , and D.K. MAHESHWARI. 1973. 

D e t e r i o r a t i o n of seeds of Cajanus c a j a n 

L i n n . b y Aspergilli i n s t o r a g e . B . V . J . 

A g r i c . S c i . Res. 1 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 9 7 - 1 0 0 . 1036 

In a sample drawn from s t o r a g e , about 60% 

of t h e seeds were found d i s t o r t e d and 

a p p a r e n t l y in a s t a t e of decay. Mo work 

has been done so f a r in I n d i a on s t o r a g e 

of Cajanua cajan seeds. In the p r e s e n t 

study m y c o f l o r a was i s o l a t e d and the e f f e c t 

o f f u n g i o n s t o r a g e was i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r 

180 d a y s . The s u r v i v a l of m y c o f l o r a on 

seeds in s t o r a g e was a l s o r e c o r d e d . 

PATIL, B . G . , and J . E . SABLE. 1973. 

A n o t e on t h e s c r e e n i n g of t u r a g a i n s t 

w i l t d i s e a s e . PKV Res. J . 2 ( 1 ) : 

7 3 - 7 6 . 1037 

Some p r o m i s i n g C. c a j a n s e l e c t i o n s from a 

s c r e e n i n g program a g a i n s t Fuearium oxysporum 

f. s p . udum are t e s t e d . 

PAVGI, M . S . , and R.A. SINGH. 1965. 

Some p a r a s i t i c f u n g i on pigeonpea from 

I n d i a . Mycopath. M y c o l . A p p l . 2 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 

9 7 - 1 0 6 . 1038 

L i s t of e i g h t species i n c l u d e s as new 

Cercoseptoria cajanicola, Macrophoma 

cajanicola, and Pyrenochaeta c a j a n i . 

PAVGI, M . S . , and U.P. SINGH. 1964. 

P a r a s i t i c f u n g i from N o r t h e r n I n d i a . 

3 . Mycopath M y c o l . A p p l . 2 4 ( 4 ) : 

3 5 5 - 3 6 1 . 1039 

Among a number of p a r a s i t i c f u n g i on 

d i f f e r e n t c r o p s , Colletotrichum c a j a n i 

i s l i s t e d o n pigeonpea. 

PEARL, R.T. 1923. 

Report of t h e M y c o l o g i s t to t h e Government 

of t h e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s and B e r a r . Rep. 

Dep. A g r i c . Cent. P r o v . B e r a r , f o r the 

year e n d i n g 30th June, 1 9 2 2 : 1 9 - 2 0 . 1040 

The w i l t caused by Fusarium udum was found 

t o b e q u i t e severe i n p a r t s o f B e r a r . 

PRASAD, M . , and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1966. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t phosphorus 

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f 

chlamydospores, m i c r o c o n i d i a and macroc 

o n i d i a in t h e c u l t u r e of Fuearium udum 

B u t l e r . P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 

3 6 ( l ) : 4 3 - 4 8 . 1041 

A c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 0.064% P in l i q u i d 

medium was optimum f o r m y c e l i a l g r o w t h and 

c o n i d i a l f o r m a t i o n of F. udum from p i g e o n 

pea w h i l e chlamydospores were formed i n 

130

131 

Pathology 

abundance at only the lowest levels 

(0.002 - 0.004%). 

PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1967. 

Effect of sulfur on sporulatlon of Fusarium 

udum B u t l . J. Indian Bot. Soc. 46(1): 

45-51. 1042 

The s u l f u r n u t r i t i o n of Fusarium udum 

Butler was studied. Ten concentrations of 

s u l f u r , supplied as MgSO 4 7H 2 O were t r i e d 

for t h e i r effects on mycelial growth, 

conidial production, and chlamydospore 

formation. While 0.32% of S was optimum 

f o r growth and conidial production, 

chlamydospore formation was best at 0.008% 

and 0.016%. Beyond the optimum, growth 

as w e l l as sporulatlon declined sharply. 

PRASAD, M., and S.K. CHAUDHARY. 1977. 

Relation of pH levels and varied n u t r i e n t 

media to growth and sporulatlon of Fusarium 

oxysporum f. udum (Butler) Sn. et H. Res. 

J. Ranchi Univ. 13:214-222. 1043 

In Fusarium oxysporum f . udum best mycelial 

growth and sporulatlon of macroconidia and 

microconidia were recorded at pH l e v e l of 

6.0; chlamydospores, however, sporulated 

best at pH 3.5 and least at pH 6.0. For 

macroconldlal and microconldlal sporulatlon 

as w e l l as for mycelial accumulation, the 

pH l e v e l of 6.5 had a positive adverse 

e f f e c t . With the age of c u l t u r e , the 

comparative performance of the d i f f e r e n t 

media v a r i e d . The best growth was in 

Rawlin's and Richard's media, the sporulat 

l o n of macro and microconidia were best 

in potato-dextrose and Cpapeck's media 

respectively. 

PRASAD, S.N. 1965. 

Studies on s t e r i l i t y disease of 'rahar' 

(Cajanus cajan). Allahabad Fmr 39(6): 

235-237. 1044 

Symptoms of the mosaic v i r u s disease on 

small and chlorotic leaves and suppression 

of flowering are l i s t e d . F i r s t symptoms 

in l a t e v a r i e t i e s appeared 10th day a f t e r 

the date of f i r s t flowering. A l l v a r i e t i e s 

were more or less susceptible to the 

disease. At harvesting time the infected 

plants were 10 to 35% and 100% in semi-late 

v a r i e t i e s . Severely diseased branches did 

not form flower buds. 

PRESTON, N.W. 1977. 

Cajanone: an antifungal isoflavanone from 

Cajanus cajan. Phytochem. 16(1): 

143-144. 1045 

Description of molecular structure of 

Cajanone is given. Cajanone, isolated by 

TLC from a methanolic extract of d i r e c t , 

milled pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d 

germ tube growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. 

sp. udum, the pigeonpea w i l t pathogen, at 

50 ppm in vitro. 

PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and ARATI DAS. 1973. 

Amino acids associated with pathogenicity 

of UV-induced mutants of Fusarium udum. 

i n c i t i n g w i l t of pigeonpea. Proc. Indian 

Sci. Cong. Assoc. 60(3):357. 

(Abstract). 1046 

A v i r u l e n t s t r a i n (FU 13) of F. udum was 

subjected to UV-radiation. The 0.01% surv 

i v a l was most useful in producing the 

highest rate of mutation. Of the 400 surv 

i v i n g colonies studied, 8 stable amino 

acid-deficient mutants were isolated and 

characterized. Four of these mutants 

required methionine either singly or a l t e r 

natively while one mutant (M60 2 ) had three 

alternate deficiencies as methionine/ 

c y s t e i n e / c i s t l n e . Growth responses of 

M60 2 and a methionine-requiring mutant 

(M60 7 ) were studied in vitro. The pathog 

e n i c i t i e s of M60 2 and M60 7 were tested on 

a susceptible v a r i e t y of Cajanus cajan. 

It was observed that inocula, supplemented 

with optimal concentrations of the required 

amino acids p a r t i a l l y restored the pathogenicity 

of the test mutants which were 

otherwise nonpathogenic. Methionine, 

however, appeared to have an important 

role in pathogenesis. 

PURKAYASTHA, R.P., and M. CHATTOPADHYAY. 

1975. 

A n t i b i o t i c s e n s i t i v i t y of normal and amino 

a c i d - d e f i c i e n t mutants of Fusarium udum 

in r e l a t i o n to control of w i l t disease of 

Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . Indian J. 

Expl B i o l . 13(1):58-60. 1047 

S e n s i t i v i t y of three UV-induced amino a c i d - 

d e f i c i e n t mutants in F. udum and t h e i r 

parent s t r a i n (FU 13) to four a n t i b i o t i c s 

was tested in vitro, Aureofungin (100 µg/ 

ml) most e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t e d spore germination, 

germ tube, and mycelial growth 

of the test s t r a i n s . Pathogenicity tests 

on C. cajan revealed that FU-13 and M-802 

were v i r u l e n t and avirulent respectively, 

while M-602 and M-607 were nonpathogenic. 

Selective t o x i c i t y of a n t i b i o t i c s to test 

strains was discussed in r e l a t i o n to the 

control of w i l t disease of C. cajan.


RAGHAVAN, D. 1962 (EDITOR). 

Crop disease c a l e n d a r . New D e l h i : I n d i a n 

C o u n c i l o f A g r i c u l t u r a l Research. 

115 p p . 1048 

Symptoms and c o n t r o l measures f o r i m p o r t a n t 

diseases of 41 crops a r e d e s c r i b e d and 

i l l u s t r a t e d and t h e month i n w h i c h they 

occur i n t h e n o r t h e r n p l a i n s , t h e h i l l s , 

and t h e p e n i n s u l a r r e g i o n o f I n d i a i s 

g i v e n . 

RAMAKRISHNAN, K . , and T.K. KANDASWAMY. 

1972. 

F i n a l t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t , i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n 

v i r u s diseases o f p u l s e crops i n T a m i l 

Nadu. Coimbatore: T a m i l Nadu A g r i c u l t u r a l 

U n i v e r s i t y . 1049 

RAMAKRISHNAN, T . S . , and N.V. SUNDARAM. 

1955. 

Notes on some f u n g i f r o m South I n d i a . 

4 . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 7 C 2 ) : 1 4 0 - 1 5 1 . 1050 

Woroninella umbiliaata (B and Br) P e t c h . 

(Synchytrium umbilicatum), w h i c h has b r i g h t 

orange s p o r a n g i a , r e c o r d e d on plgeonpea. 

RANGEL, E. 1915. 

Fungus p a r a s i t e s o f t h e plgeonpea. B o l n . 

A g r i c , Sao P a u l o . Ser. 1 6 ( 2 ) : 

145-146. 1051 

RAO, V.G. 1964. 

The genus Phyllosticta in Bombay - Maharas 

h t r a . 4 . Mycopath. 2 2 ( 2 - 3 ) : 

157-166. 1052 

P h y l l o s t i c t a c a j a n i g i v e n as new r e c o r d on 

plgeonpea f o r t h e s t a t e . I t s symptoms and 

o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

RATHI, Y . P . S . , and Y . L . NENE. 1976. 

I n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t h o s t c o m b i n a t i o n s 

o n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung bean y e l 

low mosaic v i r u s . Pantnagar J . Res. 

1 ( 2 ) : 1 0 7 - 1 1 1 . 1053 

I n f l u e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e - t e s t c o m b i 

n a t i o n s i n v i r u s - v e c t o r r e l a t i o n o f mung 

bean y e l l o w mosaic v i r u s (MYMV) was 

s t u d i e d . The minimum a c q u i s i t i o n and i n o 

c u l a t i o n p e r i o d s r e q u i r e d f o r w h i t e f l y 

a d u l t s (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) to become 

i n e f f e c t i v e v a r i e d f r o m 15 to 760 m i n . and 

10 m i n . to 760 m i n . , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The 

a d u l t s r e q u i r e l o n g e r a c q u i s i t i o n and 

i n o c u l a t i o n p e r i o d s t o i n f e s t Bragg soybean 

and T - 2 1 plgeonpea t h a n t o i n f e c t b l a c k 

gram and mung b e a n . 

RAVISHANKER. 1936. 

I s o l a t i o n o f w i l t - r e s i s t a n t t u r . 

A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 1 0 ( 4 ) : 1 6 2 - 1 6 7 . 

Nagpur 

1054 

RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1 9 4 1 . 

P t . 1 . S t u d i e s o n t h e canker d i s e a s e o f 

plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) 

caused by Diplodia c a j a n i Nov. Spec. P t . 

2. S t u d i e s on Erysiphe cichovacearum D.C. 

and Erysiphe p o l y g o n e De. T h e s i s . I n d i a n 


D e l h i , I n d i a . 1055 

RAYCHAUDHURY, S.P. 1942. 

A d i s e a s e of plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) caused by Diplodia c a j a n i s p . 

No. 1 . I n d i a n J . A g r i c . S c i . 1 2 : 

837-847. 1056 

The diseased plgeonpea p l a n t s were examined 

and t h e c o l l a r r e g i o n were found t o b e 

c a n k e r e d . The d i s e a s e appeared to be 

d i f f e r e n t from those s o f a r d e s c r i b e d o n 

t h i s crop from I n d i a . I t was found t h a t 

the a t t a c k o f t h e pathogen was v e r y v i r u 

l e n t when t h e c o l l a r r e g i o n s were wounded 

b e f o r e t h e i n o c u l a t i o n ; hence i t appears 

t h a t damage due to the disease can be 

m i n i m i z e d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t i f i n j u r i e s 

a t t h e c o l l a r r e g i o n s are a v o i d e d . 


F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on Diplodia c a j a n i Raychaud 

h u r y . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 2 6 : 

221-225. 1057 

Growth and c u l t u r e o f s e v e r a l s t r a i n s o f 

Diplodia c a j a n i from cankered pigeonpeas 

i s d e s c r i b e d . 


S t u d i e s on canker d i s e a s e of plgeonpea. 

I I . S t u d i e s o n r i c e . I I I . V i r u s d i s e a s e 

o f p l a n t s . D . P h i l . T h e s i s . C a l c u t t a 

U n i v e r s i t y , I n d i a . 1058 


Diseases of p u l s e s . I n d i a n Fmg 1 7 ( 1 1 ) : 

3 9 - 4 3 . 1059 

W i l t d i s e a s e o f plgeonpea causes s e r i o u s 

damage t o t h e c r o p . The disease i s i n c i t e d 

by P. udum. Other diseases of p u l s e crops 

a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d . 

ROY, T . C . 1949. 

I . S t u d i e s o n t h e s o i l microorganisms w i t h 

s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r a n t i b i o t i c 

e f f e c t o n Fusarium udum B u t l e r , t h e w i l t 

organism o f a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n ( L i n n . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . I I . Some aspects o f c u l t u r a l 

132

Pathology 

v a r i a t i o n and taxonomic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f 

F. udum B u t l . the c a u s a l organism of w i l t 

o f pigeonpea. 6 2 p p . T h e s i s . I n d i a n 


D e l h i , I n d i a . 1060 

produced from a p p r e s s o r i u m . Out of 139 

a r h a r v a r i e t i e s s c r e e n e d , 3 / 2 3 - 3 6 / 1 alone 

was found r e s i s t a n t . B i s d i t h a n e was 

e f f e c t i v e t o some e x t e n t i n c h e c k i n g t h e 

secondary spread of the d i s e a s e . 

SABET, K.A. 1959. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e b a c t e r i a l diseases o f Sudan 

c r o p s . 3. On t h e o c c u r r e n c e , h o s t range and 

taxonomy o f t h e b a c t e r i a c a u s i n g l e a f 

b l i g h t diseases o f c e r t a i n leguminous 

p l a n t s . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 4 7 : 3 1 8 - 

3 3 1 . 1061 

The concept of Xanthomonaa phaseoli is 

broadened t o i n c l u d e s e v e r a l b a c t e r i a 

c a u s i n g l e a f b l i g h t s o f legumes, i n c l u d i n g 

the new c o m b i n a t i o n X. phaseoli f. s p . 

c a j a n i w h i c h , u n l i k e most o f the o t h e r 

s p e c i a l t y p e s , i n f e c t s o n l y o n i t s o r i g i n a l 

h o s t i.e. Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

SABET, K . A . , F. ISHAQ, and 0. KHALIL. 

1969. 

S t u d i e s on t h e b a c t e r i a l diseases of Sudan 

c r o p s . 7. New Records. Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 

6 3 ( 3 ) : 3 5 7 - 3 6 9 . 1062 

Xanthomonaa phaseoli f. s p . oajani was a 

new r e c o r d f o r Sudan on pigeonpea. The 

nomenclature of Xanthomonas is d i s c u s s e d . 

The s t r a i n s on weeds can a l s o i n f e c t 

c u l t i v a t e d c r o p s . 

SAKSENA, H . K . , and K, KUMAR. 1 9 7 1 . 

Some aspects of epidemiology and c o n t r o l 

of Phyllostiota l e a f spot of. arhar (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . 

I n d i a . ( S e c t . B) 3 7 ( 6 ) : 3 9 9 - 4 0 6 . 1063 

Leaf spot o f Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . 

caused by Phyllostiota oajani Sydow has 

been found t o occur i n i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r 

t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t U.P. i n r e c e n t y e a r s . 

The disease appears i n J u l y and p e r s i s t s 

t h r o u g h o u t t h e crop season. Two y e a r s ' 

d ata o n d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e i n f i e l d s have 

shown t h a t percentage o f disease i n t e n s i t y 

v a r i e s from 4 . 3 t o 3 1 . 8 . The d i s e a s e 

i n t e n s i t y was h i g h ( 2 1 . 2 to 31.8%) from 

J u l y to O c t o b e r , at mean temperature range 

of 20 to 30°C and mean h u m i d i t y range of 

73 to 89%. The maximum disease i n t e n s i t y 

was observed i n A u g u s t , a f t e r w h i c h i t 

g r a d u a l l y d e c l i n e d , t o u c h i n g i t s l o w e s t 

d u r i n g t h e c o o l months of December and 

J a n u a r y . The pathogen s u r v i v e d i n i n f e c 

t i v e stage f o r more than 1 5 months i n 

diseased p l a n t r e f u s e i n s o i l , w h i c h serves 

as a p r i m a r y source of i n o c u l u m . Spores 

germinated in 6 to 8 hours and p e n e t r a t i o n 

o f l e a f o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h stomata and i n t a c t 

s u r f a c e by means of an i n f e c t i o n peg 

SAKSENA, H . K . , and R.R. UDIT NARAIN SINGH. 

1976. 

Mycosphaerella from a l e a f spot of a r h a r 

(Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . I n d i a n J . 

Fm S c i . 4 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 . 1064 

On the b a s i s of t h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c 

t e r s , t h e fungus is i d e n t i f i e d as a species 

of Mycosphaerella. This appears to be t h e 

f i r s t r e c o r d of Mycosphaerella on a r h a r 

from any p a r t o f t h e w o r l d . This species 

has been r e p o r t e d as t h e p e r f e c t s t a t e of 

species of i m p e r f e c t genera such as 

Phyllostiota and Cercospora. 

SAMAJPATI, N. 1973. 

I n t e r a c t i o n o f n e a r - u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n 

and h y d r o g e n - i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n on growth 

and s p o r u l a t i o n of Fusarium udum B u t l . 

S c i . C u l t . 3 9 ( 3 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 2 9 . 1065 

At p r o p e r pH 5 . 0 , NUV i r r a d i a t i o n can 

e f f e c t i v e l y induce e i t h e r v e g e t a t i v e growth 

or s p o r u l a t i o n . At pH 3.5 to 4 . 5 , and 8.0 

t h e r e i s n o s p o r u l a t i o n e i t h e r under dark 

or NUV b u t at 4 . 5 and 7.5 t h e r e is a spor 

u l a t i o n under NUV. A t r e a t m e n t of NUV 

i r r a d i a t i o n and p H o r the i n t e r a c t i o n o f 

b o t h on g r o w t h and s p o r u l a t i o n of t h e 

t e s t - f u n g u s are s t u d i e d . 

SAROJINI, T . S . L946. 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t diseases w i t h 

s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to Fusarium udum on r e d 

gram. P h . D . (1946) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f 

Madras, Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1066 

SAROJINI, T . S . 1950. 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t diseases m i c r o - 

n u t r i e n t elements and d i s e a s e ; development 

of Fusarium udum on r e d gram (Cajanus indicus 

L i n n . ) . J. Madras U n i v . ( S e c t . B) 

1 9 : 1 - 3 2 . 1067 

SAROJINI, T . S . 1 9 5 1 . 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . P a r t I I . 

Fusarium disease on red gram (Cajanus 

indicus) . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 

3 3 ( 2 ) : 4 9 - 6 8 . 1068 

A number of d i s t i n c t l y v a r y i n g s t r a i n s were 

i s o l a t e d . P a t h o g e n i c i t y t e s t s w i t h F. udum 

and i s o l a t e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t s t r a i n I and 

s t r a i n s I I and I I I were more v i r u l e n t t h a n 

t h e o t h e r s t r a i n s . Preemergence w i l t was 

m a i n l y caused by s t r a i n s V and V I . M i c r o - 

133


n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n ( b o r o n , manganese, and 

z i n c ) p r o v i d e d s e e d l i n g p r o t e c t i o n i n w i l t - 

i n f e s t e d s o i l s . P r e s o a k i n g o f seeds i n 

v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f microelements 

a l s o induced e a r l y g e r m i n a t i o n and b e t t e r 

s e e d l i n g v i g o r , z i n c b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 

the most r a p i d disappearance o f the f u n g u s . 

SAROJINI, T . S . 1954. 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . 1 1 . 

Neoaoemoapopa vasinfeata S m i t h . Disease of 

Cajanus c a j a n . J . Madras U n i v . ( S e c t . B ) 

24(1) : 137-142. 1069 

Symptoms and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h i s fungus 

are g i v e n . 

SAROJINI, T . S . , and L. YOGESWARI. 1947. 

A e r a t i o n a f f e c t i n g growth and s p o r u l a t i o n 

o f some Fusaria i n l i q u i d c u l t u r e s . P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 2 6 ( 2 ) : 

6 9 - 7 6 . 1070 

E f f e c t o f a s e p t i c a e r a t i o n o n growth and 

s p o r u l a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e s o i l f u n g i , v i z . , 

F. vasinfectum, F. moniliforme, and F. vidian 

was s t u d i e d i n d e t a i l . S p o r u l a t i o n o f a l l 

the t h r e e was optimum at 0.2% n i t r a t e 

n i t r o g e n i n s t a n d a r d Home and M i t t e r s ' 

l i q u i d medium. A e r a t i o n s t i m u l a t e d mycel 

i a l growth (on b o t h d r y and ash w e i g h t 

b a s i s ) b u t i n h i b i t e d s p o r u l a t i o n ( q u a n t i 

t a t i v e l y d e t e r m i n e d ) . A e r a t i o n had n o 

d i r e c t e f f e c t o n t h e p H o f t h e c u l t u r e 

medium. S p o r u l a t i o n decreased w i t h 

i n c r e a s i n g hours o f a e r a t i o n . 

SATHYANARAYANA, G . , and R. KALYANASUNDARAM. 

1952. 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s and r o o t d i s e a s e s . V . 

Symptomology o f w i l t e d c o t t o n and r e d 

gram. P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 

3 6 : 5 4 - 5 8 . 1071 

Symptoms o f t h e w i l t ( F . udum) a r e r e c o r 

d e d . W i l t symptoms i n r e d gram b y 

d o n o t c u l m i n a t e i n v e i n c l e a r i n g a s i n 

c o t t o n , a l t h o u g h t h e r e is a g e n e r a l and 

w e l l - m a r k e d d e c h l o r o p h y l l a t i o n p r e s e n t i n g 

almost a toxemic c o n d i t i o n . T h i s i s f i r s t 

seen on t h e 1 8 t h day a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n . 

The p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e s e v a s c u l a r w i l t s 

i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h t h e normal uptake o f 

some o f t h e e s s e n t i a l c h l o r o p h y l l - f o r m i n g 

heavy m e t a l s i s d i s c u s s e d . 

SENGUPTA, P.K. 1974. 

Diseases o f major p u l s e crops i n I n d i a . 

PANS 20(4) : 409-415. 1072 

L i s t s o f v a r i e t i e s o f C i c e r arietinum 

r e s i s t a n t to F. oxysporum f. s p . ciceri and 

Myacosphaerella pinoides, and of Cajanus 

cajan r e s i s t a n t to F. oxyaporum f. s p . 

udum. S i m i l a r l y r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f 

peas and b l a c k gram are a l s o g i v e n . 

SETH, M.L. 1965. 

F u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s and s t u d i e s on p i g e o n - 

pea s t e r i l i t y . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 18: 

317-319. 1073 

I n t e s t s o n t h e r e a c t i o n o f e i g h t e e n 

Cajanus cajan v a r i e t i e s t o t h e v i r u s 

causing s t e r i l i t y , a l l were found t o b e 

s u s c e p t i b l e . 

SHARIFF, M.H. 1973. 

S t u d i e s o n the m y c o f l o r a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 

t h e seed of w h e a t , paddy, pigeonpea and 

Bengal gram from t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s t o r a g e 

c o n d i t i o n s . M.Sc. (1973) T h e s i s . U n i v e r 

s i t y o f A l l a h a b a d , A l l a h a b a d , U t t a r 


SHARMA, M.C. 1 9 6 4 - 6 5 . 

S o i l m i c r o - f u n g i i n r e l a t i o n t o c e r t a i n 

edaphic f a c t o r s and a r h a r and cowpea c r o p s . 

P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . Cong. 51 & 5 2 : 

323 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1075 

S o i l c o n d i t i o n s of a p a r t i c u l a r crop and 

i t s m i c r o f l o r a have been shown to be 

i n f l u e n c e d b y s u r f a c e v e g e t a t i o n . This 

study compares t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a r h a r 

(C. cajan ) and cowpea (F. sinensis) on 

the m i c r o f u n g i and c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s o i l s 

on which they are grown. S o i l samples from 

0 t o 3 " , 3 t o 6 " , and 6 t o 9 " (0 t o 7.5 cm, 

7.5 to 15 cm, and 15 to 21.5 cm) h o r i z o n s 

were a n a l y z e d . I t was found t h a t the 

f u n g a l p o p u l a t i o n i n s o i l s under a r h a r 

crops i s h i g h e r than i n those under cowpea. 

A l s o , more species o f f u n g i are found i n 

s o i l s under a r h a r (53) than under cowpea, 

the m o n i l i a l e s and phycomycetes b e i n g t h e 

most p r e v a l e n t . I n a l l , 5 8 f u n g i were 

i s o l a t e d , o u t of w h i c h 27 were common to 

b o t h a r e a s , 2 6 r e s t r i c t e d t o a r h a r s o i l s , 

and 5 c o n f i n e d to cowpea s o i l s . It was 

presumed t h a t the s o i l m i c r o f l o r a i n t h i s 

case are more i n f l u e n c e d by t h e s u r f a c e 

cover than by the edaphic f a c t o r s . The 

d i f f e r e n c e s may a l s o be due to t h e n a t u r e 

o f t h e i r r o o t exudates and hence t h e 

r h i z o s p h e r e e f f e c t . 

SHIT, S.K. 1976. 

S t u d i e s o n v a r i a b i l i t y i n Fusarium oxyaporum 

f . s p . udum the i n c i t a n t o f w i l t o f 

pigeonpea. 57 p p . M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . 

Bldhan Chandra K r i s h i V i s w a v i d y a l a y a , 


134

Pathology 

SHUKLA, D.S. 1975. 

I n c i d e n c e o f Fuearium w i l t o f pigeonpea i n 

r e l a t i o n t o s o i l c o m p o s i t i o n . I n d i a n 

P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 3 ) : 3 9 5 - 3 9 6 . 1077 

Fuearium udum c a u s i n g w i l t of pigeonpea 

p l a n t s i n I n d i a i s i n f l u e n c e d b y s o i l comp 

o s i t i o n : t h e h i g h e r t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f 

sand i n t h e s o i l , t h e more the percentage 

o f w i l t . 

SIDERIS, C.P. 1929. 

P y t h i a c e o u s r o o t p a r a s i t e s o f v a r i o u s a g r i 

c u l t u r a l p l a n t s . P h y t o p a t h . 1 9 ( 1 2 ) : 

1140 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1078 

Pigeonpea was found s u s c e p t i b l e to most of 

Pythium s p p . i s o l a t e d from v a r i o u s c r o p s . 

SIDERIS, C.P. 1932. 

Taxonomic s t u d i e s i n t h e f a m i l y P y t h i a c e a e . 

2. Pythium. M y c o l o g i a 2 4 ( 1 ) : 1 4 - 6 1 . 1079 

Pythium splendens v a r . hawaiianum n. v a r . , 

a very a g g r e s s i v e p a r a s i t e of p i n e a p p l e 

r o o t s , i s m o d e r a t e l y p a r a s i t i c o n those o f 

t h e pigeonpea and s e v e r a l o t h e r p l a n t 

species i n H a w a i i . 

SINGH, D . V . , and A . N . MISHRA. 1976. 

Search f o r w i l t - r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t i e s o f r e d 

gram i n U t t a r Pradesh. I n d i a n J . M y c o l . 

P I . P a t h o l . 6(1) : 8 9 . 1080 

Some o f t h e v a r i e t i e s o f r e d gram, v i z . , 

C-11, C-28, C-36, F-18, NP(WR)-15, N P - 4 1 , 

and T-17 w h i c h were e a r l i e r r e p o r t e d to be 

r e s i s t a n t o r t o l e r a n t t o w i l t have proved 

s u s c e p t i b l e . Some l i n e s , Bori 1 9 2 - 1 2 - 5 - 1 - 2 

and B o r l 1 9 2 - 1 5 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 - 4 2 were m o d e r a t e l y 

r e s i s t a n t . 

SINGH, G.P. 1965. 

S t u d i e s o n w i l t o f a r h a r . Ph.D. (1965) 

T h e s i s . Agra U n i v e r s i t y , A g r a , U t t a r 

P r a d e s h , I n d i a . 1081 

SINGH, G . P . , and A. HUSAIN. 1962. 

P r o d u c t i o n o f p e c t i c and c e l l u l o l y t i c 

enzymes b y a r h a r w i l t f u n g u s . C u r r . S c i . 

3 1 : 1 1 0 - 1 1 2 . 1082 

S t u d i e s o n t h e r o l e o f enzymes i n t h e 

pathogenesis of Fuearium lateritium f. s p . 

c a j a n i , t h e agent o f pea w i l t , r e v e a l e d 

t h a t the fungus produces c e l l u l o s e a s w e l l 

a s p o l y g a l a c t u r o n a s e i n c u l t u r e , and these 

may p l a y a r o l e in t h e disease syndrome. 


Presence o f f u s a r i c a c i d i n w i l t - a f f e c t e d 

pigeonpea p l a n t s . C u r r . S c i . 33(9) : 2 8 7 . 1083 

Chromatographic d e m o n s t r a t i o n showed t h e 

presence o f f u s a r i c a c i d i n a l l a f f e c t e d 

p a r t s ( r o o t s , s t e m , and l e a f ) a f t e r i n o c u 

l a t i o n o f s u s c e p t i b l e v a r i e t y T-105 w i t h 

mycelium and spores o f v i r u l e n t i s o l a t e s 

of Fuearium lateritium f. s p . eajani. 


Role of enzymes in pathogenesis by Fuearium 

lateritium f . c a j a n i . I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 

2 1 ( 4 ) : 3 6 1 - 3 7 3 . 1084 

D e g r a d a t i o n o f c e l l w a l l s and d i s o r g a n i z a 

t i o n o f v e s s e l s were e v i d e n t i n s e c t i o n s o f 

r o o t s and stems of i n f e s t e d a r h a r p r e s e n t 

i n these s e c t i o n s . The main f u n c t i o n o f 

these enzymes in pathogenesis by F. l a t e r i - 

tium f. c a j a n i is to cause t h e breakdown 

o f t h e host t i s s u e . 


Role of t o x i c m e t a b o l i t e s of Fuearium lateritium 

f. eajani (Padw.) Gord. in t h e development 

o f pigeonpea w i l t . P r o c . N a t . 

Acad. S c i . I n d i a . ( S e c t . B) 4 0 : 9 - 1 5 . 1085 

SINGH, N.D. 1975. 

E f f e c t o f oxamyl a p p l i c a t i o n s o n eelworm 

p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o r o o t s o f t o m a t o , l e t t u c e 

and pigeonpea. T r o p . A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) 

5 2 : 3 6 9 - 3 7 3 . 1086 

I n glasshouse t e s t s a s i n g l e f o l i a r a p p l i 

c a t i o n of oxamyl of 2,500 ppm i n h i b i t e d 

s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h e p e n e t r a t i o n o f pigeonpea 

s e e d l i n g s by Rotylenehulue reniformis. 

SINGH, N.D. 1975. 

S t u d i e s on t h e s e l e c t e d h o s t s of Rotylenehulu8 

reniformis and i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y to 

soybean (Glycine max). Nematropica 

5 ( 2 ) : 4 6 - 5 1 . 1087 

S i x p l a n t species were t e s t e d f o r h o s t 

s u i t a b i l i t y to if. reniformis. Tomato, 

pigeonpea, and w a t e r g r a s s s u p p o r t e d l a r g e 

p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s b u t t h e nematode 

p o p u l a t i o n d e c l i n e d under Bermudagrass 

(Cyanodon dactylon) a f t e r 10 weeks. S i g n i 

f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s o c c u r r e d i n d r y w e i g h t s 

o f tops and r o o t s and l i n e a r growth o f 

i n f e c t e d soybean p l a n t s 8 weeks a f t e r 

t r a n s p l a n t i n g i n t o n a t u r a l l y i n f e s t e d s o i l . 

I n i t i a l l a r v a e p o p u l a t i o n s o f 500 and 1,000 

R. r e n i f o r m i s reduced t h e mean w e i g h t s of 

r o o t s by 14.7 and 53.7%, t h e tops by 37.0 

and 54.7%, and l i n e a r top growth of soybean 

by 2 3 . 1 and 27.5% r e s p e c t i v e l y , when compared 

w i t h n o n i n o c u l a t e d c o n t r o l s . 

135



E f f e c t o f a r h a r mosaic v i r u s o n y i e l d and 

c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u t i o n of seeds of some 

legumes. Labdev. J . S c i . T e c h n o l . 

1 2 ( 4 ) : 1 4 5 - 1 4 9 . 1088 

F i e l d i n f e c t i o n o f legumes such a s l e n t i l s 

w i t h a r h a r (plgeonpea) mosaic v i r u s s t r a i n s 

AMM or ASM reduced t h e number, s i z e , and 

w e i g h t of pods and seeds; decreased r e p r o 

d u c t i v e c a p a c i t y and seed g e r m i n a t i o n ; and 

decreased t h e N and P compounds and carboh 

y d r a t e s i n t h e s e e d . Decreases were 

g r e a t e r w i t h s t r a i n ASM than w i t h AMM. 


A new v i r u s disease of a r h a r (Cajanus cajan 

( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . C u r r . S c i . 4 5 ( 1 7 ) : 

635-636. 1089 

Plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) in I n d i a was 

r e c e n t l y found to be i n f e c t e d by a new 

v i r u s d i s e a s e . The symptoms and t e s t s 

conducted a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . 

SINGH, SHIV BAHADUR. 

S t u d i e s o n l e a f s p o t d i s e a s e o f a r h a r 

(Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Ph.D. 

T h e s i s . Kanpur U n i v e r s i t y , Kanpur, U t t a r 


SINGH, T . C . N . 1935. 

S t e r i l i t y o f crop p l a n t s and a s t u d y o f 

t h e i r r o o t system. C u r r . S c i . 

4 : 3 0 - 3 2 . 1091 

A p r e l i m i n a r y n o t e on an experiment to 

e l u c i d a t e t h e p o s s i b l e p h y s i o l o g i c a l b a s i s 

of s t e r i l i t y in Cajanus indicus Spreng. 

I r r i g a t i o n o f groups o f s t e r i l e p l a n t s 

w i t h s o l u t i o n s o f v a r i o u s s a l t s o f p o t a s 

sium o r sodium and i r r i g a t i o n o f t h e 

s t r o n g l a t e r i a l r o o t s o f a f u r t h e r group 

w i t h w e l l w a t e r was f o l l o w e d a f t e r a couple 

of weeks by f l o w e r i n g . The c o n t r o l groups 

showed no f l o w e r s . Other crop p l a n t s a r e 

t o b e s i m i l a r l y t e s t e d . 

SINGH, U.B. 1934. 

S t u d i e s on Cercospora indica, new s p e c i e s 

p a r a s i t i c on Cajanus indicus Spreng. 


The l e a f - s p o t d i s e a s e of Cajanus indicus 

caused by two s t r a i n s of Cercospora occurs 

commonly. The symptoms of t h e d i s e a s e and 

the morphology a r e d e s c r i b e d . Between 

20°C and 25°C i n f e c t i o n occurs r e a d i l y . 

Beat g r o w t h o f t h e s t r a i n s takes p l a c e a t 

100% h u m i d i t y . Both t h e s t r a i n s have been 

found t o b e l o n g t o one s p e c i e s , w h i c h has 

h i t h e r t o n o t been d e s c r i b e d and i s named 

Cercospora indica, the d i a g n o s i s of w h i c h 

i s g i v e n . 

SINHA, A.K. 1975. 

C o n t r o l o f Fuaarium w i l t o f plgeonpea w i t h 

B a v i s t l n , a systemic f u n g i c i d e . C u r r . Sci. 

4 4 ( 1 9 ) : 7 0 0 - 7 0 1 . 1093 

Pot t e s t s i n I n d i a r e v e a l e d t h a t c a r b e n - 

dazim a p p l i e d as a s o i l drench at 2000 ppm 

10 days b e f o r e i n o c u l a t i o n of plgeonpea 

p l a n t s w i t h Fuaarium w i l t c o n t r o l l e d the 

d i s e a s e . 

SMALL, W. 1922. 

On the occurrence of a species of Fuaarium 

in Uganda. Kew B u l l M i s c e l l a n e o u s I n f o r m . 

9 : 2 6 9 - 2 9 1 . 1094 

A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n i s g i v e n o f c u l t u r a l 

c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e fungus o n d i f f e r e n t media 

as w e l l as of a l a r g e s e r i e s of c r o s s - 

i n o c u l a t i o n s o n d i f f e r e n t h o s t s , i n c l u d i n g 

plgeonpea, b e l i e v e d to be the same as 

Fuaarium udum B u t l . from I n d i a . 

SNYDER, W.C., and H.N. HANSEN. 1940. 

The species concept in Fusarium- Am. J. 

B o t . 2 7 : 6 4 - 6 7 . 1095 

A species concept in Fuaarium is presented 

w h i c h takes f u l l cognizance o f t h e v a r i a 

t i o n d i s p l a y e d b y members o f t h i s genus. 

I n employing t h i s concept i n the taxonomy 

o f Fusaria s e c t i o n o f elegans i n p a r t i c u 

l a r , i t has seemed necessary t o r e v i s e the 

system o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n h e r e t o f o r e i n u s e . 

The n e c e s s i t y o f t h i s r e v i s i o n i s demons 

t r a t e d by the analyses of many former 

" s p e c i e s " by means of l a r g e numbers of 

s i n g l e - s p o r e c u l t u r e s . These analyses have 

shown t h a t the progeny of a s i n g l e - s p o r e 

c u l t u r e may f a l l i n t o more than one 

species or s u b s e c t i o n of t h e genus as 

f o r m e r l y c o n s t i t u t e d . 

SOMANI, R . B . , P.D. WANGIKAR, and V . N . SHUKLA. 

1975. 

A new stem canker and d i e - b a c k disease of 

plgeonpea. I n d i a n P h y t o p a t h . 2 8 ( 3 ) : 

436-437. 1096 

The new v a r i e t i e s PL-8796 and K a k i a r e 

r e p o r t e d t o b e s u s c e p t i b l e t o t h i s d i s e a s e 

which is caused by a species of Colletotrichum 

n o t conforming to t h e Colletotrichum 

c a j a n i s t a t e of Glomerella c i n g u l a t a . 

SPENCE, J . A . 1975. 

The importance o f diseases i n r e l a t i o n t o 

t h e g r a i n legume r e s e a r c h program i n t h e 

E a s t e r n C a r i b b e a n . In: T r o p i c a l Diseases 

136

Pathology 

of Legumes. Eds. J. B i r d and K. Maramoros 

c h . New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s . 

151-155. 1097 

The g r a i n legumes program i n t h e E a s t e r n 

Caribbean focusses on pigeonpea b r e e d i n g 

and s e l e c t i o n , p h y s i o l o g y , b i o c h e m i s t r y , 

m i c r o b i o l o g y , crop p r o t e c t i o n , agronomy and 

m e c h a n i z a t i o n , f o o d - t e c h n o l o g y , economics 

and d i s e a s e s . The c h a p t e r on pigeonpea 

p o i n t s o u t t h e need f o r a survey of p i g e o n 

pea diseases and f o r assessment of p o t e n 

t i a l danger from diseases c u r r e n t l y o f 

minor importance and more i n t e n s i v e s t u d y 

of diseases t h a t have a l r e a d y been shown 

to be of i m p o r t a n c e . 

SREENIVASAYA, M. 1932. 

Present p o s i t i o n o f t h e problem o f s p i k e 

d i s e a s e . Cajanus indicus. C u r r . S c i . 

1 ( 5 ) : 1 2 6 . 1098 

The s i m p l e s t and t h e r e a d i e s t way of d i a g 

n o s i n g s p i k e i s t h r o u g h t h e e x t e r n a l symptoms 

. C o m m u n i c a b i l i t y of t h e symptom from 

one p l a n t t o a n o t h e r i s t h e c r i t e r i o n o n 

which i n f e c t i o u s n a t u r e o f s p i k e d i s e a s e 

has been f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d . in t h e regen 

e r a t i o n p l o t s , the s a n d a l p l a n t s a s s o c i a - 

t e d w i t h leguminous h o s t s (Cajanus indicus), 

w h i c h f a v o r a r a p i d growth o f t h e p a r a s i t e , 

have succumbed to t h e d i s e a s e . 

SRIKANTHA MURTHY, G. 1975. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e n a t u r e o f p e r s i s t e n c e i n 

Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . a g a i n s t w i l t 

caused by Fuearium udum B u t l . Mysore J. 

A g r i c . S c i . 9(4) :716-717. 1099 

A n a l y s i s o f two v a r i e t i e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t 

r e s i s t a n c e was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a h i g h e r 

c o n t e n t o f t o t a l s u g a r , r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , 

amino n i t r o g e n , amino a c i d s , p h e n o l s , 

f l a v a n o l s , and a l k a l o i d s . The r e s i s t a n t 

v a r i e t y a l s o c o n t a i n e d h i g h e r amounts o f 

x y l o s e , c y s t e i n e , and t r y p t o p h a n , and lower 

amounts of p h e n y l a l a n i n e . Bioassay revealed 

t h a t c a f f e i c and c h l o r o g e n i c a c i d s and an 

u n i d e n t i f i e d p h e n o l i c compound, which were 

p r e s e n t i n t h e r e s i s t a n t v a r i e t y , i n h i b i t e d 

spore g e r m i n a t i o n . I t i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t 

c y s t e i n e c o u n t e r a c t s f u n g a l i n f e c t i o n b y 

c h e l a t i n g f e r r i c i o n s w h i c h a c t i v a t e t h e 

Fuearium t o x i n . 

SU, U THET. 1 9 3 1 . 

P l a n t diseases i n Burma. I n t e r n . B u l l . 

P l a n t P r o t . Year V: 141-142. 1100 

SUBRAMANIAN, C.V. 1955. 

S t u d i e s on South I n d i a n F u s a r i a . The 

' W i l d t y p e ' in Fusarium udum B u t l . 

J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 3 4 ( 1 ) : 2 9 - 5 6 . 1101 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r s o f c o n i d i a u s e f u l 

i n d i a g n o s i s have been g i v e n i n d e t a i l . 

A l s o w i t h r e f e r e n c e to F. udum B u t l . , w h i c h 

causes w i l t disease o f p i g e o n p e a . 

SUBRAMANIAN, K . S . , G. SATHIABALAN SAMUEL, 

R. JANARTHANAN, and T.K. KANDASWAMY. 1973. 

S t u d i e s o f t h e v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n L.) t o s t e r i l i t y 

mosaic d i s e a s e . Madras A g r i c . J . 

6 0 ( 1 ) : 3 8 - 4 0 . 1102 

A l l 549 v a r i e t i e s s t u d i e d were s u s c e p t i b l e 

b u t a r e c l a s s i f i e d i n t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s 

depending o n t h e s e v e r i t y o f v i r u s i n f e c t i o n 


SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1 9 6 1 . 

S t u d i e s o n the w i l t o f pigeonpea. Ph.D. 

(1961) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f Madras, 

Madras, Tamil Nadu, I n d i a . 1103 

SUBRAMANIAN, S. 1963. 

Fuearium w i l t o f pigeonpea. I . Symptomol 

o g y and i n f e c t i o n s t u d i e s . P r o c . I n d i a n 

Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B) 5 7 : 1 3 4 - 1 3 8 . 1104 

The p a t h o g e n i c i t y o f f o u r i s o l a t e s o f 

F. udum was t e s t e d on s i x v a r i e t i e s of 

Cajanus c a j a n NP-15 proved to be the l e a s t 

s u s c e p t i b l e and i t i s suggested t h a t n o 

spores are produced in t h a t v a r i e t y as a 

r e s u l t o f t h e l a c k o f p r o p e r s u b s t r a t e i n 

t h e r o o t system or the a c t i o n of some 

i n h i b i t o r y substance i n the x y l e m . 


Fusarium w i l t o f pigeonpea. I I . Changes i n 

the h o s t m e t a b o l i s m . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. 

S c i . ( S e c t . B) 5 7 : 1 7 8 - 1 9 4 . 1105 

I n h e a l t h y p l a n t s o f the t h r e e v a r i e t i e s 

s t u d i e d , c o n t e n t o f c h l o r o p h y l l , a s c o r b i c 

a c i d , f r e e r e d u c i n g s u g a r s , and t o t a l M n 

were h i g h e s t i n t h e l e a s t s u s c e p t i b l e 

v a r i e t y , NP-15, and l o w e s t i n t h e most 

s u s c e p t i b l e , NP-24. I n NP-24, the r o o t s 

c o n t a i n e d more t o t a l c a r b o h y d r a t e s than t h e 

s h o o t s , whereas in NP-15 t h e r e v e r s e was 

t r u e . The Fe/Mn r a t i o i n c r e a s e d w i t h 

i n c r e a s i n g s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . I n i n o c u l a t e d 

p l a n t s , l o w e r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y was a s s o c i a t e d 

w i t h a s m a l l e r r e d u c t i o n i n c o n t e n t s o f 

c h l o r o p h y l l , a s c o r b i c a c i d , and t o t a l 

c a r b o h y d r a t e s . 

137



Fusarium w i l t o f plgeonpea. I I I . Manganese 

n u t r i t i o n and disease r e s i s t a n c e . P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . 5 7 ( 4 ) : 2 5 9 - 2 7 4 . 1106 

Manganese amendment to t h e s o i l was found 

t o reduce plgeonpea w i l t t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e 

e x t e n t . I n p l a n t s grown i n i n o c u l a t e d 

s o i l w i t h 80 ppm Mn, t h e pathogen c o l o n i z e d 

o n l y in the r o o t s . At 100 and 200 ppm 

t h e r e was complete e x c l u s i o n o f t h e f u n g u s . 

F o l i a r sprays and p r e - s o a k i n g of seeds gave 

even more encouraging r e s u l t s . The r o l e of 

Mn in t h e mechanism of disease r e s i s t a n c e 

i s d i s c u s s e d . 

TATHODE, M.N. 1975. 

F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on Fuaarium oxysporum f. 

udum B u t l . Snyder and H u s a i n , c a u s i n g w i l t 

of plgeonpea (Cajanus cajan ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

M.Sc. (1975) T h e s i s . Marathwada K r i s h i 

V i d y a p e e t h , P a r b h a n i , M a h a r a s h t r a , 

I n d i a . 1107 

THIRUMALACHAR, M . J . , M.K. PATEL, N.B. 

KULKARNI, and G.W. DHANDE. 1956. 

E f f e c t s in vitro of some a n t i b i o t i c s on 

t h i r t y - t w o Xanthomonas s p e c i e s o c c u r r i n g 

i n I n d i a . P h y t o p a t h . 4 6 ( 9 ) : 4 8 6 - 4 8 8 . 1108 

The a n t i b i o t i c s used showed v a r y i n g degrees 

o f i n h i b i t i o n o f growth a g a i n s t a l l t h e 

Xanthomonas s p e c i e s t e s t e d . Xanthomonas 

c a j a n i i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e 3 2 s p e c i e s . 

TUCKER, C M . 1927. 

Plgeonpea a n t h r a c n o s e . J . A g r i c . Res. 

3 4 ( 6 ) : 5 8 9 - 5 9 6 . 1109 

Described symptoms of Colletotrichum cajani, 

common i n P u e r t o R i c o . Loss i n y i e l d i s 

m a i n l y due to pod drop and seed decay. 

M o i s t u r e i s i m p o r t a n t f o r i t s s p r e a d . The 

d e s c r i p t i o n o f c o n i d i a and t h e i r c u l t u r e 

is a l s o g i v e n . Mo i n f e c t i o n of Phaeeolus 

vulgaris was o b s e r v e d . 

TUCKER, C M . 1927. 

Report o f t h e P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t . Rep. 

P . Rico U n i v . A g r i c . Exp. S t n 1923: 

2 4 - 4 0 . 1110 

R h i s o c t o n i a ferruginea f r o m sugarcane 

caused severe d a m p i n g - o f f i n plgeonpea 

s e e d l i n g s . Other h o s t s were a l s o i n o c u l a 

t e d , more damage was observed i n d r y s o i l s . 

Pigeonpeas a r e damaged each y e a r by stem 

canker a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Botryosphaeria 

xanthocephala, r e p o r t e d as a s a p r o p h y t e 

i n I n d i a . 

UPPAL, B.N. 1937. 

Appendix, X. Summary of work done under the 

P l a n t P a t h o l o g i s t to Govt. Bombay P r e s i - * 

dency, Poona, f o r t h e y e a r 1935-36. Rep. 

Dep. A g r i c . Bombay 1935-36:203-207. 1111 

Oidiopsis taurica was found on Cajanus indic 

u s (C. c a j a n ) , a p p a r e n t l y f o r t h e f i r s t 

time i n I n d i a , o t h e r aspects a r e a l s o 

d i s c u s s e d r e g a r d i n g the p a t h o g e n . 

VAHEEDUDDIN, S. 1956. 

S e l e c t i o n o f t u r (Cajanus c a j a n L . ) r e s i s 

t a n t v a r i e t i e s a g a i n s t w i l t (Fusarium udum 

B u t l e r ) . A g r i . C o l l . J . Osmania U n i v . 

3 : 1 2 - 1 3 . 1112 

S e l e c t i o n a t Sangareddy, Hyderabad S t a t e , 

has r e s u l t e d i n the v a r i e t i e s S T - 1 , ST-2, 

and S T - 3 , w h i c h y i e l d e d two to two and a 

h a l f times more t h a n t h e l o c a l t y p e and 

e x h i b i t e d a h i g h degree of r e s i s t a n c e to 

F. udum. 

VAHEEDUDDIN, S . , and S.N. NANJUNDIAH. 

1956. 

E v o l v i n g w i l t - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s i n t u r 

(Cajanus c a j a n L . ) . P r o c . I n d i a n S c i . 

Cong. Assoc. 4 3 ( 4 ) : 2 0 ( A b s t r a c t ) . 1113 

A w i l t - s i c k f i e l d was c r e a t e d by s p r e a d i n g 

compost made of w i l t e d p l a n t s . Tur was 

grown i n t h i s f i e l d and a s y s t e m a t i c s e l e c 

t i o n of p l a n t s was made year a f t e r y e a r . 

L a t e r , the work was c o n t i n u e d o n l y to t h e 

s e l e c t e d p l a n t s and t h e i r progeny found 

r e s i s t a n t . By 1949, t h r e e l i n e s showing 

r e s i s t a n c e to t h e e x t e n t of 80 to 90% 

were i s o l a t e d . In each y e a r care was taken 

t o see t h a t the p l o t was t h o r o u g h l y i n f e s 

t e d w i t h w i l t Fuaarium udum and m a t e r i a l 

to be t r i e d was f l a n k e d by s u s c e p t i b l e 

l o c a l t o serve a s c o n t r o l . Three s t r a i n s , 

S T - 1 , ST-2, and ST-3, were i s o l a t e d , 

showing a range of r e s i s t a n c e of 30 to 

90%. 

V A K I L I , N . G . , and K. MARAMOROSCH. 1974. 

" W i t c h e s - b r o o m " d i s e a s e caused by mycoplasm 

a - l i k e organisms on pigeonpeas (Cajanus 

cajan) i n P u e r t o R i c o . P I . D i s . Reptr 

5 8 : 9 6 . 1114 

The m y c o p l a s m a - l i k e organism a s s o c i a t e d 

w i t h t h e d i s e a s e was p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d 

and l a t e r observed under t h e e l e c t r o n 

m i c r o s c o p e . I n t e n s i v e e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e 

made t o f i n d l o c a l sources o f r e s i s t a n c e 

and develop r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r s . Leaf 

hoppers (Empoasca s p p . ) most p r o b a b l y a r e 

t h e i n s e c t v e c t o r s , t r a n s m i t t i n g t h e d i s 

ease f r o m p l a n t t o p l a n t . A p o s s i b l e 

method t o reduce t h e c o s t o f i n s e c t i c i d e 

138


a p p l i c a t i o n s , as w e l l as to ensure a 

d i s e a s e - f r e e c r o p , i s t o develop v a r i e t i e s 

t h a t combine r e s i s t a n c e t o w i t c h e s - b r o o m 

w i t h r e s i s t a n c e t o l e a f h o p p e r s . 

VAN VELSON, R . J . 1 9 6 1 . 

Witches broom on pigeonpea induced by mealy 

bug (Planococcus) i . e . Pseudococcus c i t r i 

i n f e s t a t i o n . J . Papua N . Guinea A g r i c . 

14 ( 2 - 3 ) : 129. 1115 

VASUDEVA, R.S. 1949. 

S o i l - b o r n e p l a n t diseases and t h e i r c o n t r o l , 

C u r r . S c i . 1 8 ( 4 ) : 1 1 4 - 1 1 5 . 1116 

The spread and c o n t r o l of Fuaarium udum and 

Baoillua s u b t i l i s a r e d i s c u s s e d . 


The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a 

of Fusarium udum B u t l . on t h e c a u s i n g of 

w i l t of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus). P r o c . 

S i x t h I n t e r n . Cong. M i c r o b i o . 5 : 

239-242. 1117 


Report of t h e D i v i s i o n of Mycology and 

P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . 

New D e l h i , 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 : 8 5 - 1 0 4 . 1118 

A b r i e f r e p o r t o f v a r i e t a l r e s i s t a n c e t o 

Fu8arium udum w i l t and f i e l d t r i a l s w i t h 

Bacillus s u b t i l i s a n t i b i o t i c i s g i v e n . 


Report o f t h e D i v i s i o n o f Mycology and 

P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. A g r i c . Res. I n s t . 

New D e l h i , 1 9 5 6 - 5 7 : 8 6 - 1 0 0 . 1119 

The c u l t i v a r S-55 developed 3.3% i n f e c t i o n 

w i t h Fusarium udum w i l t i n p l o t b u t rema 

i n e d w i l t - f r e e i n t h e f i e l d . 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , and C.V. GOVINDASWAMY. 

1953. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l 

m i c r o f l o r a on Fuaarium udum B u t l . The 

fungus c a u s i n g t h e w i l t of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e - 

rence t o i t s p a t h o g e n i c i t y . Ann. A p p l . 

B i o l . 4 0 ( 3 ) : 5 7 3 - 5 8 3 . 1120 

The f i l t r a t e s of Aspergillus niger and 

mixed f i l t r a t e s o f a l l t h e saprophytes 

i n h i b i t e d t h e growth of F. udum on s o l i d 

medium. The c u l t u r e f i l t r a t e s a f t e r 

passage t h r o u g h s o i l beds f a i l e d t o a f f e c t 

a d v e r s e l y t h e growth of F. udum because of 

change in pH. Aspergillus terreus appears 

to enhance t h e v i r u l e n c e of F. udum. 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , A . C . J A I N , and K.G. NEMA. 

1952. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y a c t i o n o f 

Baoillua aubtilia on Fuaarium udum B u t l . 

t h e fungus c a u s i n g w i l t o f pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . Ann. A p p l . 

B i o l . 3 9 : 2 2 9 - 2 3 8 . 1121 

E f f e c t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e , p e r i o d o f i n c u b a 

t i o n , a e r a t i o n , e t c . , o n the p r o d u c t i o n o f 

t h e i n h i b i t o r y substance a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

The a c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s absorbed b y s o i l 

and to a l e s s e r degree by k a o l i n . A s u i t a 

b l e b a s i c medium f o r t h e growth of Baoillua 

aubtilia, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e 

p r o d u c t i o n o f a n a n t i b i o t i c i n h i b i t o r y t o 

Fuaarium udum, is d e s c r i b e d . 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , and T.G. ROY. 1950. 

The e f f e c t o f a s s o c i a t e d s o i l m i c r o f l o r a o n 

Fuaarium udum B u t l . the fungus c a u s i n g w i l t 

o f pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . ) . 

Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 3 8 ( 2 ) : 1 6 9 - 1 7 8 . 1122 

I n o c u l a t i o n w i t h Fuaarium udum B u t l . 

produced more w i l t o f pigeonpea i n s t e r i 

l i z e d than i n u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l a t t h e same 

pH. From u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l s w i t h low 

d i s e a s e i n c i d e n c e , n i n e f u n g i , Baoillua 

aubtilia and an Actinomyces were i s o l a t e d . 

The number of i s o l a t i o n s of a p a r t i c u l a r 

organism v a r i e d from month to month d u r i n g 

c r o p p i n g season o f pigeonpea a t D e l h i . 

I n t e r a c t i o n of Fusarium udum and o t h e r 

organisms i s o l a t e d was s t u d i e d , Aspergillus 

niger and A. terreus s e c r e t e d i n h i b i t o r y 

substances i n p o t a t o d e x t r o s e b r o t h . The 

n a t u r e of medium employed and p e r i o d of 

growth were i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n t h e 

p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y p r i n c i p l e , 

w h i c h I s t h e r m o s t a b l e . The low i n c i d e n c e 

o f pigeonpea w i l t i n u n s t e r i l i z e d s o i l may 

r e s u l t from t h e i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y o f t h e 

a s s o c i a t e d m i c r o f l o r a i n t h e s o i l . 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , G.P. SINGH, and M.R.S. 

IYENGAR. 1962. 

B i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y o f b u l b i f o r m i n i n s o i l . 

Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 5 0 ( 1 ) : 1 1 3 - 1 1 7 . 1123 

Bacillus s u b t i l i s i s capable o f p r o d u c i n g 

the a n t i b i o t i c b u l b i f o r m i n i n s o i l . Under 

u n f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a n t i b i o t i c 

p r o d u c t i o n , such as t h e presence of r o o t 

r e s i d u e s , i n o c u l a t i o n o f B . s u b t i l i s i n t o 

s o i l r e s u l t s i n a marked l o w e r i n g o f t h e 

i n c i d e n c e of pigeonpea w i l t due to F. udum. 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , P. SINGH, P.K. SEN GUPTA, and 

M. MAHMOOD. 1963. 

F u r t h e r s t u d i e s o n t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y 

o f b u l b i f o r m i n . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 

5 1 ( 3 ) : 4 1 5 - 4 2 3 . 1124 

139


Amendment o f s o i l w i t h r o o t s o f c e r t a i n 

leguminous c r o p s , molasses, and o i l cake 

markedly i n c r e a s e d t h e a n t i b i o t i c p r o d u c 

t i o n by Bacillus s u b t i l i s . A s o i l amendment 

c o n s i s t i n g of a c o m b i n a t i o n of groundn 

u t cake and molasses was about f i v e times 

more e f f e c t i v e than a d e x t r o s e amendment in 

i n c r e a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b u l b i f o r m i n 

and a l s o f a v o r e d i t s p e r s i s t e n c e i n the 

s o i l . The a n t i b i o t i c was found t o a c t 

s y s t e m i c a l l y and to be n o n p h y t o t o x i c when 

t a k e n up by t h e r o o t s of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan) i n p o t e x p e r i m e n t . I n o c u l a t i o n o f 

B . s u b t i l i s i n t o a u t o c l a v e d s o i l amended 

w i t h molasses, sweet c l o v e r r o o t s , and 

groundnut cake reduced by 88% t h e i n c i d e n c e 

of pigeonpea w i l t caused by Fusarium udum. 

VASUDEVA, R . S . , T.V. SUBBAIAH, M.L.N. SASTRY, 

G. RANGASWAMY, and R.S. IYENGAR. 1958. 

' B u l b i f o r m i n ' , a n a n t i b i o t i c produced b y 

Bacillus s u b t i l i s . Ann. A p p l . B i o l . 

4 6 ( 3 ) : 3 3 6 - 3 4 5 . 1125 

A n t i b i o t i c i s c h i e f l y a n t i f u n g a l . I t s 

presence l e a d s t o f o r m a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r i s 

t i c b u l b s i n t h e spores and hyphae o f t h e 

t e s t f u n g i . A c t i v e p r i n c i p l e i s thermol 

a b i l e . I t i s suggested t h a t the a n t i b i o - 

t i c under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t from 

those of B. aubtilie p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , 

t h e r e f o r e t h e name proposed f o r t h i s 

a n t i b i o t i c i s b u l b i f o r m i n . E f f e c t i v e 

a g a i n s t F. udum- 

VENKATA RAM, C.S. 1955. 

S o i l f u s a r i a and t h e i r p a t h o g e n i c i t y . 


4 2 ( 4 ) : 1 2 4 - 1 4 4 . 1126 

A number of t r a n s i t i o n a l forms were o b s e r 

ved between t h e v i r u l e n t and a v i r u l e n t 

i s o l a t e s p a t h o g e n i c on c o t t o n and pigeonpea, 

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Fusaria occur i n s o i l s i n 

a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f p a t h o g e n i c f o r m s . I n 

c e r t a i n s t r a i n s o f h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d 

w i l t Fusaria, F. udum and F. v a s i n f e c t u m 

h o s t s e l e c t i v i t y was observed and many 

o t h e r s were n o n s p e c i f i c t o t h e h o s t . 

The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these r e s u l t s i n t h e 

taxonomy of Fusaria is d i s c u s s e d . M i x i n g 

two i s o l a t e s r e s u l t e d e i t h e r i n s y n e r g i s m 

and augmentation i n p a t h o g e n i c i t y o r i n 

antagonism and decrease i n i n f e c t i o n . 

WALLACE, G.B. 1932. 

Report of t h e M y c o l o g i s t . A. Rep. Dep. 

A g r i c . Tanganyika T e r r i t o r y , 1930; 

5 3 - 5 5 . 1127 

Nematospora coryli found in t h e seeds of 

p i g e o n p e a . 

WALLACE, G.B. 1932. 

Tanganyika t e r r i t o r y fungus l i s t . Recent 

Records. 1 0 . M y c o l . C i r c . Dep. A g r i c . * 

Tanganyike, 2 3 : 1 - 5 (Mimeograph). 1128 

Fusarium lateritium v a r . uncinatum was i s o - 

l a t e d from r o o t s , c o l l a r and stems o f 

pigeonpea. R e i n o c u l a t i o n caused death o f 

two s e e d l i n g s . 

WATERSTON, J . M . 1944. 

P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. Dep. A g r i c . Bermuda, 

1 9 4 3 : 7 - 8 . 1129 

Uromyces dolicholi new r e c o r d and Sclerotinia 

sclerotionum found f o r t h e f i r s t time 

on pigeonpea pods. 

WEISS, F. 1945. 

V i r u s e s d e s c r i b e d p r i m a r i l y o n leguminous 

v e g e t a b l e and f o r a g e c r o p s . P I . D i s . Reptr 

( S u p p l . ) 154:32-80 (Mimeograph). 1130 

A summary o f a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e 

sented and d e s c r i p t i o n s g i v e n o f t y p i c a l 

v i r u s e s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e leguminosae. 

Notes on o t h e r v i r u s e s and s i m i l a r diseases 

r e p o r t e d on t h e leguminous c r o p s . 

WIEHE, P.O. 1939. 

D i v i s i o n of P l a n t P a t h o l o g y . Rep. Dep. 

A g r i c . M a u r i t i u s . 1 9 3 8 : 3 4 - 3 9 . 1131 

Pigeonpea w i l t o u t b r e a k found due t o 

Gibberella fujikuroi v a r . s u b g l u t i n a n s . 

WILLIAMS, F . J . , K.S. AMIN, and B. BALDEV. 

1975. 

Phytophthora stem b l i g h t of Cajanus cajan. 

P h y t o p a t h . 6 5 ( 9 ) : 1 0 2 9 - 1 0 3 0 . 1132 

A new stem b l i g h t d i s e a s e of Cajanus cajan 

was f i r s t observed i n e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t s 

i n I n d i a i n 1966, and was e p i p h y t o t i c a t 

New D e l h i i n 1969. I t i s capable o f 

c a u s i n g widespread damage. Symptoms are 

d a r k brown t o b l a c k l e s i o n s which p a r t i a l l y 

o r e n t i r e l y e n c i r c l e t h e stem a t t h e base 

or on branches up to a meter above s o i l 

l e v e l . Rapid w i l t i n g o f f o l i a g e occurs 

above t h e l e s i o n . The pathogen appears to 

be a new species of Phytophthora. 

WILLIAMS, F . J . , J . S . GREWAL, and K.S. AMIN. 

1968. 

Serious and new diseases of p u l s e crops in 

I n d i a i n 1966. P I . D i s . Reptr 5 2 : 

300-304. 1133 

S e v e r a l diseases caused c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c 

t i o n i n y i e l d o f p u l s e crops i n I n d i a d u r i n g 

the 1966 season. S t e r i l i t y mosaic o f 

Cajanus c a j a n was p r e v a l e n t in e a s t e r n 

140


U t t a r Pradesh. A new y e l l o w symptom 

( p r o b a b l y o f v i r u s o r i g i n ) , and a new w i l t 

(caused by a f u n g u s ) , were seen on Cajanus 

c a j a n at New D e l h i . 

P H Y S I O L O G Y 

WILLIAMS, R . J . , and D . J . ALLEN. 1976. 

Plgeonpea d i s e a s e s . G r a i n legume t r a i n i n g 

c o u r s e . P a t h o l o g y . 16 August to 26 Novemb 

e r , 1976. I I T A , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a . 

58 p p . 1134 

Plgeonpea appears t o b e r e l a t i v e l y d i s e a s e - 

f r e e i n A f r i c a . I n N i g e r i a , t h e o n l y 

d i s e a s e o f consequence i s l e a f r u s t , caused 

by livedo oajani Syd. Cercospora l e a f spot 

(Cercospora c a j a n i Henn.) o c c u r s at I I T A . 

V i r u s - l i k e symptoms a r e r a r e . I n East 

A f r i c a , Fusarium w i l t , powdery mildew 

(Leveillula taurica) ( L e v . , A r n . ) and a 

l e a f s p o t (Mycovellosiella c a j a n i P. Henn. 

Rangel e x . T r o t t e r ) may o c c a s i o n a l l y assume 

economic i m p o r t a n c e . 

WOLLENWEBBER, H.W. 1938. 

Fusarium-produced diseases of plgeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) . A r b . B i o l . A n s t . R e i c h - 

s a n s t . B e r l . 2 2 : 3 3 9 - 3 4 7 . 1135 

Expanded L a t i n d i a g n o s i s g i v e n of Fusarium 

lateritium Nees v a r . uncinatum WR. 1930 

h e l d i n pure c u l t u r e s i n c e i t s i s o l a t i o n 

from plgeonpea i n 1905 b y B u t l e r , s t i l l 

p a t h o g e n i c , g i v i n g a brown b a s a l r o t . T h i s 

fungus o n l y a t t a c k s plgeonpea and appears 

l e s s s e r i o u s than w i l t caused by F. udum. 

YOGESWARI, L. 1948. 

The element n u t r i t i o n o f f u n g i . I . The 

e f f e c t of b o r o n , z i n c , and manganese on 

Fusarium s p e c i e s . P r o c . I n d i a n Acad. S c i . 

( S e c t . B) 2 8 : 1 7 7 - 2 0 1 . 1136 

N u t r i t i o n a l p h y s i o l o g y of F. udum and 

o t h e r species was s t u d i e d . Media w i t h h i g h 

C.N r a t i o were f a v o r e d by t h e f u n g u s . 

Optimum pH f o r growth was 5 . 0 . Responded 

w e l l t o v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o r o n , 

z i n c , and manganese. F. udum 0.5 ppm of 

B, Z n , and Mn was optimum. Higher concent 

r a t i o n s were t o x i c . Combination o f e l e 

ments was b e t t e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l elements 

a l o n e . 


E f f e c t o f g i b b e r e l l i c a c i d o n dormant seed 

and subsequent crops of plgeonpea (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) . J . A g r l c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 4 ( 1 ) : 

2 1 - 2 7 . 1137 

Seed of commercial plgeonpea v a r i e t i e s 

( K a k i , Saragateado, and F l o r i d o ) were 

soaked o v e r n i g h t i n g i b b e r e l l i c - a c i d 

s o l u t i o n s , ( 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 , and 50 ppm) in 

o r d e r t o determine the e f f e c t o f t h e a c i d 

o n p l a n t h e i g h t , f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d , and 

y i e l d . There were n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e 

rences i n p l a n t h e i g h t between the t h r e e 

v a r i e t i e s t h a t c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e 

g i b b e r e l l i c - a c i d t r e a t m e n t s . D i f f e r e n c e s 

i n f l o w e r i n g p e r i o d s c o u l d n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d 

to the g i b b e r e l l i c - a c i d t r e a t m e n t s , as such 

d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o f g e n e t i c o r i g i n . Gibber 

e l l i c a c i d had n o e f f e c t o n y i e l d o f the 

green peas. 

ADSULE, R . N . , and G.K. BARAT. 1977. 

Occurrence o f o x y l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e i n 

I n d i a n p u l s e s . E x p e r i e n t i a 3 3 ( 4 ) : 

4 1 6 - 4 1 7 . 1138 

The presence of o x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e was 

observed in common e d i b l e p u l s e s . E x c e p t 

i n g i n c h i c k p e a , t h e changes i n o x a l y l - C o A 

s y n t h e t a s e a c t i v i t y o f w i n t e r p u l s e s proceeded 

in s t a g e s . The enzyme remained more 

a c t i v e i n l a t e s t r a i n s than i n e a r l y 

s t r a i n s o f w i n t e r p u l s e s . The enzyme i n 

summer p u l s e s behaved d i f f e r e n t l y from 

t h a t i n w i n t e r p u l s e s . O n t h e b a s i s o f 

a c t i v i t y o f o x a l y l - C o A s y n t h e t a s e , i t i s 

surmised t h a t pea, c h i c k p e a , and l e n t i l 

may be p l a c e d in one g r o u p , summer p u l s e s 

(plgeonpea, soybean, green gram and cowpea) 

in a second g r o u p , and chickpea o n l y in a 

t h i r d g r o u p . 

AGARWAL, P . K . , and J . L . KARIHALOO. 1975. 

S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f g e r m i n a t i o n method f o r 

pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan) seed. Seed 

Res. 3 ( 1 ) : 2 1 - 2 5 . 1139 

Using seeds from o n l y one r e g i o n i n I n d i a , 

it was found t h a t a good method to e f f e c 

t u a t e g e r m i n a t i o n i s between b l o t t i n g paper 

l a y e r s o r i n sand a t 30°C. Seven abnormal 

i t i e s a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

141



The r o o t system o f p l a n t s . Agronomico 

Campinas 3 ( 3 ) : l - 3 . 1140 

Cajanus c a j a n : The maximum r o o t i n g depth 

observed was 2.95 m b u t 91% of t h e t o t a l 

r o o t w e i g h t was found i n t h e f i r s t 3 0 cm. 

T w o - y e a r - o l d p l a n t s g r o w i n g 50 cm a p a r t 

f u r n i s h e d t h e s o i l w i t h a r o o t w e i g h t o f 

14,968 k g per a l q u e i r e (6,160 k g / h a ) , o f 

which 13,571 k g were found i n t h e f i r s t 

30 cm l a y e r . 


Report o f t h e f a c u l t y o f a g r i c u l t u r e , 

U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e West I n d i e s , 1967-68. 

Peroxidase a c t i v i t y i n l e a v e s o f Cajanus 

c a j a n - 269 p p . 1141 

Plgeonpea: P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s o n mature 

l e a v e s of Cajanus cajan i n d i c a t e t h a t dwarf 

c u l t i v a r s show more p e r o x i d a s e a c t i v i t y 

than t a l l c u l t i v a r s . 

ASANA, R . D . , and M.N. SARIN. 1968. 

Crop P h y s i o l o g y i n I n d i a . Tech. B u l l . 1 6 

I n d i a n Coun. A g r i c . Res. ( A g r i c . S e r . ) . 

1968. 98 p p . 1142 

T h i s r e v i e w d e a l s w i t h a number of c r o p s , 

c e r e a l s , and legumes i n c l u d i n g plgeonpea. 

Aspects c o n s i d e r e d i n c l u d e seed germinat 

i o n , dormancy, growth and development, 

m i n e r a l n u t r i t i o n and uptake ( N , P, K, 

m i c r o n u t r i e n t s ) growth r e g u l a t o r s , s a l t 

t o l e r a n c e , w a t e r r e l a t i o n s (water r e q u i r e 

ment, d r o u g h t r e s i s t a n c e ) , v e r n a l i z a t i o n 

and p h o t o p e r i o d i s m . 

BALDEV, B . , and S.K. SINGH. 1974. 

E f f e c t o f TIBA o n y i e l d and p h o t o s y n t h e t i c 

enzyme i n r e d gram. C u r r . S c i . 4 1 ( 4 ) : 

9 4 - 9 5 . 1143 

Seed y i e l d was enhanced by TIBA a p p l i c a t i o n 

in Cv. BS1. The c o n c . 100 µ g / m l gave t h e 

maximum y i e l d i n c r e a s e o f 21% over c o n t r o l . 

Also t h e r e was a g r a d u a l decrease in t h e 

a c t i v i t y of RUDP c a r b o x y l a s e enzyme w i t h 

the i n c r e a s e o f TIBA c o n c e n t r a t i o n . I t i s 

suggested t h a t t h e a c t i o n o f TIBA needs 

f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 

BASU, R . N . , T.K. BOSE, K. CHATTOPADHYAY, 

M.D. GUPTA, N. DHAR, C. KUNDU, R. MITRA, 

P. PAL, and G. PATHAK. 1975. 

Seed t r e a t m e n t f o r t h e maintenance of 

v i g o u r and v i a b i l i t y . I n d i a n A g r i c . 

1 9 ( 1 ) : 9 1 - 9 6 . 1144 

Soaking seeds o f d i f f e r e n t crops ( i n c l u d i n g 

plgeonpea) in w a t e r f o r 2 to 6 h o u r s , 

f o l l o w e d b y d r y i n g , s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d 

subsequent s t o r a g e l i f e under c e r t a i n 

temperature and h u m i d i t y c o n d i t i o n s . A 

range of chemicals — i n c l u d i n g s a l t s such 

as NaCl, p h e n o l s , v i t a m i n s , and a n t i p a t h o - 

genic compounds — added to t h e w a t e r in 

low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (10 - 5 to 10 -3 ) gave 

f u r t h e r improvement i n g e r m i n a b i l i t y . 

CHEEMA, K.S. 1976. 

T r a n s p o r t , d i s t r i b u t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f 

14 C p h o t o s y n t h a t e in a r h a r (Cajanus c a j a n 

L . ) . M.Sc. (1976) T h e s i s . G.B. Pant Univ 

e r s i t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e and Technology, 

Pantnagar, U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 1145 

DEKA, P . C . , A.K. MEHRA, N.N. PATHAK, and 

S.K. SEN. 1978. 

I s o l a t i o n and f u s i o n s t u d i e s o n p r o t o p l a s t s 

from p o l l e n t e t r a d s . E x p e r i e n t i a 

3 3 ( 2 ) : 1 8 2 - 1 8 4 . 1146 

P o l l e n t e t r a d s and p o l l e n g r a i n s o f Cajanus 

cajan, Lea mays, L. c y l i n d r i c a and L. esculentum 

were t r e a t e d w i t h s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t 

enzymes. A f t e r 4 h of t r e a t m e n t w i t h 5% 

c e l l u l o s e , about 80% p r o t o p l a s t i s o l a t i o n 

was o b t a i n e d from p o l l e n t e t r a d s of 

C. cajan and Z. mays and about 60% from 

L. oylindrioa and L. esculentum. When 

these mononucleate p r o t o p l a s t s were i n c u 

bated i n t h e presence o f 0.05 M CaCl 2 i n 

0.3 M g l u c o s e at pH 1 0 . 5 , 70 to 80% 

f u s i o n was a c h i e v e d . 


Study about the f o r m a t i o n and t h e e v o l u t i o n 

of t h e seeds of plgeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) • 

P r o c . C a r i b b . Fd Crops Soc. 7:204- 

207. 1147 

I n the c o n d i t i o n s o f wet Guadeloupe, when 

blooming f l o w e r s were marked every day, 

a low r a t e of pod s e t t i n g (10 to 12%) 

was n o t i c e d . The maximum w e i g h t of f r e s h 

pea is reached 27 days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g f o r 

t h e v a r i e t y G I - 5 4 / 3 of T r i n i d a d and 29 

days a f t e r f l o w e r i n g f o r t h e v a r i e t y 

249623 from I n d i a . A t t h i s stage t h e 

q u a l i t y of t h e pea is q u i t e good (29% 

d r y m a t t e r f o r G I - 5 4 / 3 ) , The d r y w e i g h t 

of pea reaches t h e maximum 38 days a f t e r 

f l o w e r i n g . 


Research on seed s e t t i n g and seed d e v e l o p 

ment i n t h e plgeonpea. P r o c . 7 t h Ann. 

Meet. C.F.C.S. M a r t i n i q u e - Guadeloupe 

1 9 6 9 : 2 0 4 - 2 1 1 . 1148 

About 10% of t h e f l o w e r s produced p o d s , 

pod l e n g t h i n c r e a s e d u n t i l t h e 1 1 t h day. 

The maximum s i z e and maximum f r e s h w e i g h t 

142


of t h e seeds were a t t a i n e d a f t e r about 28 

d a y s ; t h e d r y - m a t t e r percentage was t h e n 

29 and 37 r e s p e c t i v e l y . A r a p i d d e c l i n e 

i n f r e s h w e i g h t was seen a f t e r t h e 28th 

day. D r y - m a t t e r w e i g h t o f t h e seeds c o n t i 

nued to i n c r e a s e u n t i l t h e 38th d a y ; a 

s l i g h t d e c l i n e o c c u r r e d i n t h e n e x t few 

days u n t i l f u l l m a t u r i t y . 

DEY, P.M. 1973. 

B . L . A r a b i n o s i d from Cajanus cajan A new 

enzyme. B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a . 

3 0 2 ( 2 ) : 3 9 3 - 3 9 6 . 1149 

A new enzyme, B . L . A r a b i n o s i d a s e , has been 

d e t e c t e d in t h e dormant seeds of Cajanus 

indicus- T h i s enzyme is d i f f e r e n t from 

- g a l a c t o s i d a s e and does n o t h y d r o l y z e an 

- ß - g a l a c t o s i d e or an -ß - f u c o s i d e . 

DEY, P . M . , and M. DIXON. 1974. 

S e p a r a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f - g a l a c t o s i d a s e 

and ß - g a l a c t o s i d a s e from Cajanus indicus- 

B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a . 370:269-275. 1150 

In Cajanus indicus and ß - g a l a c t o s i d a s e , 

which a r e i n s e p a r a b l e by Sephadex g e l c h r o - 

matography, have now been s e p a r a t e d by 

C M . C e l l u l o s e chromatography. - G a l a c t o 

s i d a s e (EC 3, 2 . 1 . 2 2 ) has been r e s o l v e d 

i n t o isoenzymes and ß - g a l a c t o s i d a s e 

(EC 3 , 2 . 1 . 2 3 ) i n t o t h r e e . V a r i o u s 

p r o p e r t i e s of enzymes have been s t u d i e d , 

each w i t h i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e s . 

DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1937. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e ' a f t e r r i p e n i n g ' o f 

the seed (Cajanus c a j a n ) . T r a n s . Bose Res. 

I n s t . 1 0 ( 1 9 3 4 - 3 5 ) : 7 3 - 9 1 . 1151 

EZEDIMA, F.O.C. 1965. 

Some f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n of 

g r a i n legumes i n Southern N i g e r i a . P r o c . 

A g r i c . Soc. N i g e r i a . 4 : 4 8 - 5 0 . 1153 

Pigeonpea i s i n t e r m e d i a t e i n i t s n u t r i t i o - 

n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . Low y i e l d s are because 

o f d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t e m p e r a t u r e , 

heavy o v e r c a s t , and h i g h h u m i d i t y d u r i n g 

g r o w i n g season o r from d a y l e n g t h s e n s i t i 

v i t y . L o c a l s t r a i n s are p r e f e r r e d t o 

h i g h e r y i e l d i n g i n t r o d u c e d v a r i e t i e s . 

I n t e r p l a n t i n g may a f f e c t y i e l d and hamper 

e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l o f p e s t s . Pest c o n t r o l 

i n c r e a s e s y i e l d s . 

GHODKI, J. P . , and P.V. SANE. 1974. 

Study o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c and m e t a b o l i c r o l e 

o f d i f f e r e n t n o n l e a f green t i s s u e s o f 

p l a n t s . P r o c . Symp. G.B. Pant U n i v . A g r i . 

Tech. Pantnagar, A p r i l 1 2 - 1 4 : 

764-774. 1154 

The r a t e s o f f i x a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 

CO 2 by f r u i t s of red k i d n e y bean (Ph. 

vulgaris), a r h a r (C. c a j a n ) , c o t t o n , and 

peas a r e d e s c r i b e d . 

GURURAJA RAO, G . , and G. RAJESWARA RAO. 

1978. 

S a l i n i t y induced changes i n k e t o a c i d s i n 

the leaves o f pigeonpea. I n d i a n J . Expl 

B i o l . 1 6 : 2 7 0 . 1155 

A c c u m u l a t i o n of phosphenol p y r u v a t e and 

o x a l o a c e t a t e was found i n s a l i n i z e d p l a n t s , 

w h i l e p y r u v a t e , g l u c o z y l i c a c i d , and k e t o - 

g l u t a r a t e accumulated i n c o n t r o l p l a n t s 

i n t h e f i r s t t r i f o l i a t e leaves a t f i v e 

stages of development. 

DUTT, B . K . , and A . G . THAKURTA. 1939. 

Catalase a c t i v i t y o f Cajanus seed a t d i f f e 

r e n t s t a g e s : p r e - r e s t i n g , r e s t i n g and p o s t - 

r e s t i n g . T r a n s . Bose Res. I n s t . B: 

93-103. 1152 

P r e r e s t i n g seeds ( i ) were f r e s h b e f o r e 

b e i n g d r i e d , r e s t i n g ( i i ) , those t h a t had 

been d r i e d to l e s s t h a n 12% m o i s t u r e ; 

p o s t r e s t i n g ( i i i ) , those t h a t had been 

steeped i n w a t e r t o v a r i o u s degrees. I n 

( i ) , b o t h c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y and r e s p i r a t i o n 

(O 2 a b s o r p t i o n ) dropped r a p i d l y w i t h 

d e c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e , a l t h o u g h t h e two 

curves were n o t p a r a l l e l . I n ( i i ) , t h e r e 

was some c a t a l a s e a c t i v i t y b u t p r a c t i c a l l y 

n o r e s p i r a t i o n . I n ( i i i ) , c a t a l a s e i n c r e a 

sed r e g u l a r l y w i t h i n c r e a s i n g m o i s t u r e 

above 10%, w h i l e r e s p i r a t i o n d i d n o t s t a r t 

t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l m o i s t u r e was 30%. 


E f f e c t s o f d e f o l i a t i o n o n pigeonpeas 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) . Expl A g r i c . 1 1 ( 3 ) : 

177-182. 1156 

M i l d manual d e f o l i a t i o n o f pigeonpea p l a n t s 

had l i t t l e e f f e c t o n pod number, pod w e i g h t , 

or number of seeds per pod in two e x p e r i 

ments. The e f f e c t s o f severe d e f o l i a t i o n 

depended on t i m i n g and d i f f e r e d between 

pigeonpea c u l t i v a r s . Late severe d e f o l i a 

t i o n reduced pod numbers i n b o t h e x p e r i 

ments, b u t e a r l y and i n t e r m e d i a t e severe 

d e f o l i a t i o n d i f f e r e d i n t h e i r e f f e c t s . 

Some p h y s i o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s of these 

r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d , 


E f f e c t s o f growth r e g u l a t o r s o n pigeonpea 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) . E x p l A g r i c . 1 1 ( 4 ) : 

241-245. 1157 

143


The pod s e t o f pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s w i d e l y 

grown in Jamaica may be as low as 2 to 4%. 

Treatment w i t h ethephon (500 ppm) s u b s t a n 

t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d pod numbers o f a r u s t - 

s u s c e p t i b l e c u l t i v a r b y i n d u c i n g l e a f f a l l 

and a second f l o w e r i n g . The t r e a t m e n t 

reduced seed number per pod i n b o t h c u l t i - 

v a r s . Bg (2,300 ppm) i n c r e a s e d pod number 

i n t h e r u s t - r e s i s t a n t c u l t i v a r b u t reduced 

mean pod w e i g h t and seed number per p o d . 


P r e d i c t i n g d r y w e i g h t s o f pigeonpea p l a n t s 

from n o n - d e s t r u c t i v e measurements. 

J . A g r i c . S c i . Camb. 8 8 ( 2 ) : 4 4 9 - 4 5 4 . 1158 

I n experiments w i t h s i x Cajanus c a j a n 

v a r i e t i e s grown i n t h e f i e l d a t one s i t e , 

h e i g h t and stem d i a m e t e r was t h e most 

r e l i a b l e c h a r a c t e r f o r p r e d i c t i n g t o t a l 

d r y w e i g h t . 

HUXLEY, P . A . , and R . J . SUMMERFIELD. 1976. 

Photomorphogenetic e f f e c t s of lamp type on 

growth o f some s p e c i e s o f t r o p i c a l g r a i n 

legumes i n c o n t r o l l e d environment growth 

c a b i n e t s . P I . S c i . L e t t e r s 6 ( 1 ) : 

2 5 - 3 3 . 1159 

Three c u l t i v a r s of Ph. lunatus, two of 

pigeonpea, one of cowpea, and one of s o y 

bean were grown i n g r o w t h c a b i n e t s w i t h 

i l l u m i n a t i o n from v a r i o u s types o f lamps. 

D i f f e r e n t responses t o i l l u m i n a t i o n were 

found b o t h between s p e c i e s and between 

c u l t i v a r s . Measurements o f l e a f a r e a , 

number of main stem nodes and i n t e r n o d e 

l e n g t h were measured w i t h i n 2 days of t h e 

b e g i n n i n g o f f l o w e r i n g and the morphogenet 

i c e f f e c t s o f t h e v a r i o u s types o f lamp 

compared and t h e most s u i t a b l e regime f o r 

i n d i v i d u a l c u l t l v a r s d e t e r m i n e d . 

age of 73 d a y s . 

ISWARAN, V. 1976. 

P h o t o p e r i o d i c s t u d y on pigeonpea (Cajanus 

oajan). Fd Fmg A g r i c . 7 ( 1 1 ) : 1 3 . 1162 

This s t u d y showed t h a t pigeonpea (Cajanus 

cajan) a l s o responded t o t h e e f f e c t o f 

d a y l e n g t h . Pigeonpea p l a n t s grown under 

l o n g - d a y c o n d i t i o n s produce more f l o w e r s 

and t a l l e r p l a n t s , compared w i t h s h o r t - d a y 

t r e a t m e n t s , and the y i e l d s are a l s o h i g h e r . 

The outcome of t h e study shows t h a t p h o t o - 

p e r i o d and o t h e r f a c t o r s a l s o i n f l u e n c e the 

f l o w e r i n g and f r u i t i n g i n pigeonpea. 

IYENGAR, A . K . , and P.R. KULKARNI. 1975. 

M o d i f i e d method f o r i s o l a t i o n o f verbascose 

from Cajanus cajan ( r e d gram). I n d i a n J . 

E x p l . B i o l . 1 3 ( 3 ) : 3 0 7 - 3 0 8 . 1163 

A m o d i f i e d method has been developed to 

i s o l a t e verbascose from legumes. The 

p r o d u c t i o n has been c o n f i r m e d on t h e b a s i s 

o f i t s h y d r o l y s i s p r o d u c t s , chromatographic 

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and m e l t i n g p o i n t . 

JERMYN, M.A. 1975. 

P r e c i p i t a t i o n r e a c t i o n s between components 

o f p l a n t t i s s u e e x t r a c t s . A u s t . J . P I . 

P h y s i o l . 2 : 5 3 3 - 5 4 2 . 1164 

For t h e leguminous seeds, i n c l u d i n g Cajanus 

oajan, p r e c i p i t a t i o n r e a c t i o n s occur 

between e x t r a c t s of c o t y l e d o n s and e x t r a c t s 

o f t i s s u e s o f t h e p a r e n t p l a n t s , even o f 

t h e t e s t s of t h e seeds. The n a t u r e of 

these r e a c t i o n s appears to be t h e same as 

those o f the i n t e r - s p e c i e s ones. Both 

types of r e a c t i o n may be examples of ways 

i n which p l a n t c e l l s r e c o g n i z e s e l f from 

n o n s e l f . 

IKDRA RANI. 1966. 

S t u d i e s on urease of Cajanus -indicus and 

urease i n h i b i t o r o f melon seeds. Ph.D. 

(1966) T h e s i s . Banaras Hindu U n i v e r s i t y , 

V a r a n a s l , U t t a r Pradesh, I n d i a . 1160 

ISTVAN, P . , E. PENA GARCIA, and 

A. LEVIA SANCHEZ. 1975. 

A s t u d y of g r o w t h and a b s o r p t i o n of macron 

u t r i e n t s i n t h e f i r s t stages o f d e v e l o p 

ment of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) . 

C i e n c l a s : S e r i e 10 B o t a n i e s 1 : 1 6 . 1161 

Pigeonpea s e e d l i n g s were grown i n s o l u t i o n 

c u l t u r e under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s (25 + 

2 ° C , and 1 2 - h r d a y l e n g t h ) , and d ata c o l l e c - 

t e d o n t h e i n c r e a s e i n l e n g t h o f stem and 

r o o t and i n l e a f a r e a , and o n t h e uptake 

of w a t e r and K, Ca, K g , N, and P, up to t h e 

JERMYN, M.A., and Y.M. YEOW. 1975. 

A c l a s s o f l e c t i n s p r e s e n t i n t h e t i s s u e s 

o f seed p l a n t s . A u s t . J . P I . P h y s i o l . 

2 : 5 0 1 - 5 3 1 . 1165 

I n legume seeds t h e major p a r t o f t h e 

s p e c i f i c g l y c o p r o t e i n l e c t i n i s concent 

r a t e d i n t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r spaces a s 

d i s t i n c t g l o b u l a r b o d i e s . The p u r i f i c a t i o n 

and a n a l y s i s of t h e g l y c o p r o t e i n f r o m a 

s e l e c t i o n of s p e c i e s is d e s c r i b e d . H y d r o - 

x y p r o l i n e and glucosamine a r e p r e s e n t and 

t h e major sugars a r e g a l a c t o s e and a r a b i - 

n o s e . N e i t h e r t h e f u n c t i o n o f l e c t i n nor 

t h e reasons f o r i t s e x t r a o r d i n a r y e v o l u 

t i o n a r y s t a b i l i t y i s known. L e c t i n s f r o m 

C. oajan have been s t u d i e d in more d e t a i l 

by p h y s i o c h e m i c a l t e c h n i q u e s . 

144

Physiology 

KABI, J . , and UMA DEVI. 1975. 

I n t e r a c t i o n of coumarln and l i g h t on the 

germination of the seeds of Cajanus cajan. 

Proc. Indian S c i . Cong. 62(3):92-93 

(Abstract). 1166 

Coumarln (1.0 x 10 2 m) i n h i b i t e d germination 

of Cajanus oajan seeds and l i g h t had no 

reverse action on the i n h i b i t o r y effects of 

coumarln. Amino acids increased in the 

axis of the control up to 72 and in the 

cotyledons up to 48 hours a f t e r soaking, 

whereas in the cou-treated, s l i g h t increase 

was found a f t e r 24 hours, followed by 

decrease. Sugars increased in the axis 

a f t e r 48 hours in the control and decreased 

gradually in the treated. The r e s p i r a t i o n 

rate was greatly enhanced a f t e r 48 hours 

in the control a x i s , whereas in the coutreated 

ones the rate was s l i g h t l y enhanced 

up to 24 hours followed by a decline. 

Coumarln showed similar i n h i b i t i n g effects 

both in l i g h t and dark. 

KANTA KUSUM, and D. PADMANABHAN. 1964. 

In v i t r o culture of embryo segments of 

Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . Curr. Sci. 

33(23):704-706. 1167 

The responses of the r a d i c l e , the plumule, 

and the cotyledonary node are not i d e n t i 

c a l . The phenomenon of apical dominance 

prevails even in the embryonal stages. The 

d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of primary xylem takes 

place independently in the plumule 

(endarch), the cotyledonary node ( t r a n s i 

t i o n ) , and the r a d i c l e (exarch). The 

destiny of the organs has already been 

determined. 

KATHJU, S., and M.N. TIWARI. 1968. 

Nuclear d i s t r i b u t i o n of acid phosphatase 

in Cajanus indicus Spreng. Curr. Sci. 

37(3):83-84. 1168 

The autonomous cytoplasmic inclusions, 

namely lysosymes and mitochondria, which 

were supposed to be the only centers of 

the enzyme a c t i v i t y did not indicate any 

a c t i v i t y . The reports about the d i s t r i b u 

t i o n in nucleus and n u c l e o l i appear to be 

more convincing f o r the c e l l s of the 

r a d i c l e of the seedlings of Cajanus 

indicus. 

KAUL, C.L., and S.P. SINGH. 1967. 

Effects of some growth regulators w i t h 

gametocidal properties on Cajanus cajan 

(L.) M i l l s p . Indian J . Agric. S c i . 

37:69-76. 1169 

Maleic hydrazide, FW-450, and coumarln, 

each applied as f o l i a r sprays of 0.55%, 1%, 

and 1.5% concentrations, induce male s t e r i 

l i t y but reduce the y i e l d . The 1% solution 

of FW-450 applied before f l o r a l - b u d i n i t i a 

t i o n induces 100% pollen s t e r i l i t y w i t h 

minimum reduction in y i e l d . 

KHAN, M.A., R.P. CHANDOLA, and P.C. TYAGI. 

1973. 

Laboratory germination tests on arhar 

(Cajanus cajan (L.) M i l l s p . ) . Raj. J. 

Agric. Sci. 4(1):25-27. (From Indian 

Science Abstracts 12,965). 1170 

The temperature in the germinating chambers 

was alternated 8 hours 20°C and 16 hours 

30°C. Dehradun paper and r o l l paper towel 

gave equal r e s u l t s , s l i g h t l y higher than in 

sand. Seeds were counted a f t e r 6 days and 

f i n a l count was a f t e r 13 days. The germination 

was constant at 25°C and 30°C. 35°C 

temperature gave s l i g h t l y higher germinat 

i o n . 

MADHAVA RAO, K.V. 1970. 

Some aspects of protein and nucleic acid 

changes during seed development and germination 

of pigeonpea (Cajanus indicus 

Spreng ). Ph.D. (1970) Thesis. S r i 

Venkateswara University, T i r u p a t i , Andhra 


MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO. 

1974. 

G i b b e r e l l i n - l i k e substances in developing 

and germinating seeds of pigeonpea (Cajanus 

indicus Spreng). Indian J. P I . Physiol. 

17(1-2) :65-72. 1172 

The developing and germinating seeds of 

C. indioue (Cajanus cajan) contained one 

neutral and one acidic f r a c t i o n of gibberel 

l i n - l i k e substances. The low a c t i v i t y of 

these substances in developing seeds at 

10 days a f t e r anthesis increased up to 30 

days a f t e r anthesis and decreased therea 

f t e r except for the neutral e t h y l acetate 

f r a c t i o n (NEAF). Their high a c t i v i t y at 

the 4th day of germination decreased up to 

the 10th day a f t e r germination and increased 

in roots and seedlings with age; the 

acidic ethyl acetate and acidic chloroform 

fractions showed a higher g i b b e r e l l i n - l i k e 

a c t i v i t y than NEAF and acid butanol 

fractions at a l l stages of germination. 

MADHAVA RAO, K.V., and G. RAJESWAR RAO. 

1974. 

Protein and nucleic acid metabolism of 

developing and germinating seeds of pigeonpea 

(Cajanus indicus Spreng) . J. Indian 

Bot. Soc. 53(3-4):249-260. 1173 

145


P r o t e i n and n u c l e i c a c i d metabolism o f t h e 

d e v e l o p i n g and g e r m i n a t i n g seeds of Cajanus 

indicus Spreng were s t u d i e d . P r o t e i n a s e 

and rNase a c t i v i t i e s i n d e v e l o p i n g and 

g e r m i n a t i n g seeds were a l s o analyzed f o r 

t o t a l p r o t e i n and RNA c o n t e n t s . The r a t e 

o f p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 

d i f f e r e n t organs were a l s o s t u d i e d u s i n g 

1 4 C - L - l e u c i n e . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d 

i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n 

of each o r g a n . 

MADHAVA RAO, K . V . , and G. RAJESWAR RAO. 

1975. 

Growth, r e s p i r a t i o n and endogenous a u x i n s 

of d e v e l o p i n g and g e r m i n a t i n g seeds of 

plgeonpea (Cajanus indicus S p r e n g ) . Seed 

Res. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 0 . 1174 

I t was observed t h a t t h e maximum d r y w e i g h t 

of the seed preceded t h e maximum amounts of 

r e s p i r a t i o n and endogenous a u x i n s , i n d i c a - 

t i n g t h e i r i n v o l v e m e n t and u t i l i z a t i o n 

d u r i n g s y n t h e s i s and a c c u m u l a t i o n o f 

r e s e r v e substances in the embryo. A c l o s e 

c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e r a t e o f r e s p i r a t i o n 

and endogenous auxins was a l s o observed 

i n t h e g e r m i n a t i n g seed. Throughout, the 

RF r e g i o n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g to IAA and IAN 

s y n c h r o n i z e d w i t h t h e stages o f growth and 

development, i n d i c a t i n g t h e i r c l o s e 

a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h these p r o c e s s e s . 

enzyme is found to be 450,000 w i t h 3 r e a d i 

ly a c c e s s i b l e and 11 masked SH g r o u p s . The 

l a t t e r r e a c t a f t e r d e n a t u r a t i o n o n l y . 

MEHTA, B . V . , and P.D. KHATRI. 1962. 

Accumulation and movement of m i n e r a l s in 

plgeonpea (Cajanus aajan M i l l s p . ) p l a n t . 

J . Maharaja S a y a j i r a o U n i v . Baroda. 

1 1 : 1 0 9 - 1 2 2 . 1177 

A t a l l stages o f g r o w t h , c a l c i u m and magnesium 

a r e g r e a t e r i n t h e leaves than o t h e r 

o r g a n s , and seeds are r i c h e r i n n i t r o g e n , 

phosphorus, and potassium than o t h e r 

t i s s u e s . The n u t r i e n t s e x p o r t e d i n a 

crop p r o d u c i n g 1630 l b / a c (1825 k g / h a ) of 

d r y m a t t e r were N - 29 lb (13.15 k g ) ; 

P - 9 l b ( 4 . 0 8 k g ) ; K - 10 l b ( 4 . 5 k g ) ; 

Ca - 12 lb ( 5 . 4 k g ) ; and Mg - 5 lb ( 2 . 2 k g ) . 

MISHRA, D . , and S.K. M0HANTY. 1966. 

The e f f e c t of B-Nine ( N - d i m e t h y l amino 

succinamic a c i d ) on the shoot growth of 

Cajanus c a j a n . C u r r . S c i . 3 5 : 3 4 0 - 

3 4 1 . 1178 

B-9 at the h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n (0.50%) 

i s d e f i n i t e l y i n h i b i t o r y t o t h e shoot 

growth of a r h a r . The cause of shoot 

r e t a r d a t i o n i n the t r e a t e d p l a n t s may b e 

e i t h e r a n i n h i b i t i o n o f c e l l d i v i s i o n o r 

a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e number o f c e l l s . 

MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA RANI. 1969. 

P u r i f i c a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f urease o f 

Cajanus indiaus. I n d i a n J. Biochem. 

7 ( l ) : 1 5 - 2 0 . 1175 

Urease from C. indicus, i t s u l t r a v i o l e t 

a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m , and t h e r m a l d e n a t u r a - 

t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d . Urease i s i n h i b i t e d 

a t h i g h s u b s t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n T r i s - 

a c e t l c a c i d b u f f e r s . A l k a l i m e t a l and 

n i t r a t e i o n s a l s o i n h i b i t the enzyme. I t 

has been concluded t h a t t h e s u b s t r a t e (Urea) 

b i n d s to t h e enzyme t h r o u g h hydrogen 

b o n d i n g , w h i c h i n v o l v e s urea p r o t o n s . 

MALHOTRA, O . P . , and INDRA RANI. 1970. 

K i n e t i c b e h a v i o r of urease of Cajanus 

indicus. I n d i a n J . Biochem. 7 ( 3 ) : 

162-166. 1176 

Cajanus urease is i n h i b i t e d by Hg 2 + , pcMB, 

c u 2 + , N - e t h y l m a l e l m i d e and i o d o a c e t a m i d e . 

T h i s i n h i b i t i o n i s n o n c o m p e t i t i v e ( k 1 f o r 

H g 2 + = 1.6 x 10 -8 M ) . The SH c o n t e n t of 

Cajanus urease has been e s t i m a t e d by 

amperometric t i t r a t i o n w i t h A g + i o n s a t 

room t e m p e r a t u r e in t h e n a t i v e and d e n a t u 

r e d s t a t e s . On t h e b a s i s of t h e SH 

c o n t e n t , t h e m i n i m a l m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f 

MISHRA, D . , and S.K. M0HANTY. 1966. 

A n o t e on t h e response of crop seeds to 

p r e - s o w i n g t r e a t m e n t w i t h B-Nine. T r o p . 

A g r i c . ( T r i n i d a d ) 4 3 : 3 4 7 - 3 4 9 . 1179 

Seeds of a number of crops i n c l u d i n g 

plgeonpea were soaked f o r 24 hr in 0 . 1 2 5 , 

0 . 2 5 , and 0.5% s o l u t i o n of B-9 ( N - d i m e t h y l - 

amino succinamic a c i d ) and then g e r m i n a t e d . 

The i n h i b i t i v e e f f e c t of B-9 was e v i d e n t 

i n a l l p l a n t s under t r i a l : 0.5% s o l u t i o n 

reduced t h e l e n g t h of s e e d l i n g s by 25% to 

50%, depending on species and c u l t i v a r . 

Rice and f i n g e r - m i l l e t were a f f e c t e d l e s s 

than o t h e r c r o p s . 

MITRA, P . , and S. BANERJEE. 1958. 

S t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t o f g e r m i n a t i o n o n 

s t r e p o g e n i n c o n t e n t s o f p u l s e s . I n d i a n 

J. Med. Res. 4 6 : 4 9 2 - 4 9 5 . 1180 

S t r e p o g e n l n was e s t i m a t e d i n s i x p u l s e s and 

i n c a s e i n w i t h L a c t o b a c i l l u s c a s e i a s t e s t 

o r g a n i s m . Phaseolus radiatus, Ph.mungo, 

and Visum sativum c o n t a i n e d more s t r e p o g e 

n l n and Cajanus indiaus. Lens esculenta, 

and Cicer arietinum l e s s s t r e p o g e n l n t h a n 

c a s e i n ; f o r 4 8 hours a f t e r g e r m i n a t i o n , 

v a l u e s f o r t h e p u l s e s were a l l l e s s than 

f o r c a s e i n . 

146



K e t o - a c i d s and amino a c i d s changes in 

l e a v e s , f l o w e r s and f r u i t s o f Cajanus 

c a j a n . J . I n d i a n B o t . Soc. 5 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 

115-118. 1181 

C o r r e l a t i v e s t u d i e s o n changes i n k e t o acids 

and f r e e amino a c i d s and amide have been 

made i n l e a v e s , f l o w e r s , and f r u i t s o f 

Cajanus c a j a n . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of k e t o 

a c i d s has been found to be much h i g h e r than 

t h e q u a l i t y o f amino a c i d s i n these p a r t s . 

These m e t a b o l i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y k e t o a c i d s , 

are r e a d i l y used u p d u r i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a 

t i o n o f v e g e t a t i v e i n t o r e p r o d u c t i v e phase 

and o t h e r a c t i v e growth p e r i o d s o f t h e 

p l a n t . 

MULIMANI, V . H . , and MADAIAH. 1974. 

S t u d i e s i n urease E C - 3 . 5 - 1 . 5 , d i s t r i b u t i o n 

of Urease in p l a n t , seeds/Cajanus indicus, 

Cuaumis s a t i v u s d r y imbibed seeds s y n t h e s i s . 

J . Karnataka U n i v . 1 9 : 1 7 6 - 1 8 3 . 1182 

NATH, R.L. 1960. 

A c t i o n of urease from Cajanus indiaue on 

b l o o d urea in vivo. J. P r o c . I n s t . Chem. 

3 2 ( 4 ) : 1 6 5 - 1 6 7 . 1183 

A h i g h l y s o l u b l e p r e p a r a t i o n was made of 

urease from C. indiaue. T h i s p r e p a r a t i o n 

when i n j e c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y i n t o dogs 

showed t h a t t h e average l o w e r i n g of b l o o d 

urea was about 28% in 45 m i n u t e s . 

NATH, R . L . , and T.K. PRADHAN. 1960. 

Note on t h e s t u d y of Urease from Cajanus 

i n d i c u s ( A r h a r ) . B u l l . C a l c u t t a Sch. T r o p . 

Med. 8 ( 2 ) : 5 9 - 6 0 . 1184 

Urease was prepared from dehusked seeds by 

v a r i o u s methods. The a c t i v i t y a t 37°C, 

determined by t h e method of Nath and U l l a h , 

was almost 1.6 times h i g h e r than t h a t at 

30°C. The h i g h e s t a c t i v i t y was o b t a i n e d 

when e x t r a c t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t w i t h 40% 

e t h a n o l . Products f r o m acetone p r e p a r a 

t i o n s were more s o l u b l e i n w a t e r t h a n those 

from e t h a n o l p r e p a r a t i o n s . A t l o w e r c o n 

c e n t r a t i o n s t h e r e was d e v i a t i o n from t h e 

f i r s t o r d e r l a w , which c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d 

by i n h i b i t i o n by NH 4 + from (NH 4 ) 2 CO3 

formed b y t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f u r e a . 


A s t u d y on urease f r o m Cajanus oajan L i n n . 

M i l l s p . P a r t I I I . C r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . Ann. 

Biochem. Exp Med. 2 0 ( 5 ) : 1 2 7 - 1 3 0 . 1185 

E x t r a c t i o n o f t h e crude powder w i t h w a t e r , 

a c e t o n e , o r e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y p r e c i p i t a - 

t i o n w i t h v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e t h a n o l 

o r acetone were t r i e d . Best c r y s t a l l i z a 

t i o n was a c h i e v e d , b u t i n poor y i e l d , b y 

e x t r a c t i o n w i t h 40% e t h a n o l and p r e c i p i t a 

t i o n w i t h a n equal amount o f a b s o l u t e 

e t h a n o l . The enzyme appears to be completel 

y s p e c i f i c f o r u r e a . 


A study on urease from Cajanus oajan. I V . 

K i n e t i c s t u d y w i t h c r y s t a l l i n e u r e a s e . 

Ann. Biochem. E x p l Med. 2 0 : 1 5 7 - 1 6 4 . 1186 

The optimum pH was found to be 7.2 to 7.5 

a t s u b s t r a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 0 1 t o 

0.05 M and 7.4 t o 7.6 a t 0.5 M. A pH 

h i g h e r than optimum f a v o r s enzyme-substrate 

complex f o r m a t i o n w h i l e lower pH f a v o r s 

d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f the p r o d u c t s . 


E f f e c t o f versene o n the a c t i v i t y o f urease 

from red gram. Cajanus oajan. J. P r o c . 

I n s t . Chem. 3 6 ( 3 ) : 1 8 8 - 1 9 1 . 1187 

PALIWAL, K . V . , and G.L. MALIWAL. 1973. 

S a l t t o l e r a n c e of some a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) 

and cowpea (V. s i n e n s i s ) v a r i e t i e s at 

g e r m i n a t i o n and s e e d l i n g s t a g e s . Ann. 

A r i d Zone 1 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 1 3 5 - 1 4 4 . 1188 

The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t s a l i n i t y l e v e l s 

at v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of NaCl + CaCl2 

on 23 C. indiaue v a r i e t i e s , and 13 v a r i e - 

t i e s of V. sinensie. I n c r e a s e d s a l i n i t y 

reduced g e r m i n a t i o n percentage and s e e d l i n g 

h e i g h t i n a l l v a r i e t i e s b u t s i g n i f i c a n t 

v a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n s a l t t o l e r a n c e 

were n o t e d . 

PANDEY, R.K., and M.C. SAXENA. 1974. 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n the development 

o f e f f i c i e n t p l a n t types o f a r h a r 

and gram. P r o c . 2nd General Cong. SABRA0, 

New D e l h i , I n d i a . 1012-1015. 1189 

The v e g e t a t i v e and r e p r o d u c t i v e phases in 

i d e a l types of Cajanus c a j a n and Cicer 

a r i e t i n u m are c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o 

p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and r e s p i r a t i o n . C. arietinum 

i s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i n r e l a t i o n t o f r o s t 

and s a l i n i t y r e s i s t a n c e . 

PANDEY, R . K . , M.C. SAXENA, M.H. KALUBARME, 

V . B . SINGH, and V . V . S . S . PRASAD. 1976. 

Genotypic v a r i a t i o n s i n p h o t o s y n t h e t i c r a t e 

and r e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s i n some g r a i n 

legumes. P I . Biochem. J . 3 ( l ) : 7 2 - 8 0 . 1190 

The r e l a t i v e r a t e of p h o t o s y n t h e s i s (RRP) 

in Cajanus oajan c u l t i v a r s , as measured by 

14 CO 2 f i x a t i o n ranged from 100% in 1 4 cv. 

1 

Pant A-3 to 126% in c v . UPAS-120. 

4 CO 2 

147


f i x a t i o n was n o t r e l a t e d t o s p e c i f i c l e a f 

w e i g h t . R e s p i r a t o r y l o s s e s d u r i n g 20 days 

a f t e r exposure were 63% in s e e d l i n g s of 

UPAS-120 and 51% in P r a b h a t . The RRP in 

13 Vigna aureus c u l t i v a r s ranged from 

100% in LM-646 to 196% in LM-205. The 

t r a n s l o c a t i o n of 14 C from l e a v e s , stems, 

and p e t i o l e s to r e p r o d u c t i v e organs and 

seeds i n c r e a s e d w i t h age. The RRP in 20 

Cicer arietinum c u l t i v a r s ranged f r o m 100% 

in S-330-1 to 224% in L - 5 5 0 . Pods and 

stem made a c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to 

p h o t o s y n t h e s i s . 

PANDEY, S.N. 1975. 

E f f e c t of p l a n o f i x ( -NAA) on f l o w e r 

a b s c i s s i o n and p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a r h a r 

(Cajanus c a j a n ) and soybean (Glycine max 

( L . ) H e r r i l l ) . P e s t i c i d e s 9 ( 9 ) : 4 2 - 4 4 . 1191 

T h i s experiment showed c l e a r l y t h a t crops 

d i f f e r i n s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s o f hormones 

f o r m i n i m i z i n g a b s c i s s i o n , and f o r maximum 

p r o d u c t i o n of biomass and g r a i n y i e l d . Low 

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (10 to 30 ppm) were found 

e f f e c t i v e i n a t l e a s t two phases o f growth 

i n b o t h the legumes t r i e d . O n the o t h e r 

h a n d , h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (40 to 80 ppm) 

were e f f e c t i v e a t t h e f i r s t phase o f 

g r o w t h . 

POKLE, Y . S . 1974. 

F o l i a r a b n o r m a l i t y i n f i r s t f o l i a g e p a i r s 

of Vigna c a t j a n g and Cajanus c a j a n . 


A p l a n t w i t h t h r e e f i r s t f o l i a g e leaves was 

found in Cajanus c a j a n . The progeny r a i s e d 

from t h e s e l f e d seeds of these p l a n t s was 

found t o possess normal f i r s t f o l i a g e 

l e a v e s , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the p l a n t was n o t „ 

a m u t a n t . A temporary r e v e r s i o n of a gene 

o r polygene b l o c k g o v e r n i n g t h e l e a f 

c h a r a c t e r may have promoted development of 

e x t r a f o l i a g e . 

PRADHAN, T.K. 1963. 

1. S t u d i e s on urease from Cajanus indicus, 

a r h a r , and 2 . s t u d i e s o n phosphate f r o m 

Phaseolus vulgaris, French b e a n . Ph.D. 

(1963) T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l c u t t a , 

West B e n g a l , I n d i a . 1193 

PRESTON, N.W. 1977. 

Cajanone: an a n t i f u n g a l i s o f l a v a n o n e from 

Cajanus c a j a n . Phytochem. 16(1) : 

143-144. 1194 

D e s c r i p t i o n o f m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e o f 

c a j a n o n e i s g i v e n . Cajanone, i s o l a t e d b y 

TLC f r o m a m e t h a n o l i c e x t r a c t of d i r e c t , 

m i l l e d pigeonpea r o o t s , t o t a l l y i n h i b i t e d 

germ tube growth of Fusarium oxysporum 

f. s p . udum. The pigeonpea w i l t p a t h o g e n , 

at 50 ppm in vitro. 

RACHIE, K . O . , and T . N . KHAN. 1972. 

E f f e c t o f v a r i o u s d r y i n g and f r e e z i n g 

t r e a t m e n t s on t h e v i a b i l i t y of some g r a i n 

legume seeds. SABRAO N e w s l e t t e r 4 ( 2 ) : 

7 9 - 8 4 . 1195 

The v i a b i l i t y o f seed f o l l o w i n g s t o r a g e a t 

subzero temperatures appeared to depend on 

the m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of s e e d . It was shown 

t h a t legume seeds need n o t have g r e a t e r 

m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t than c e r e a l seeds t o 

w i t h s t a n d s t o r a g e a t subzero t e m p e r a t u r e s , 

a f a c t o r i m p o r t a n t to the l o n g - t e r m s t o r a g e 

of g r a i n legume seeds . 

REDDY, P . R . , L.V. SUBBA RAO, and 

MADHUSUDHAN RAO. 1978. 

N u t r i t i o n a l d i s o r d e r s i n pigeonpea (Cajanus 

aajan ( L . ) M l l l s p . ) c v . HY-3C and r e m e d i a l 

measures. S c i . C u l t . 4 4 ( l ) : 3 6 - 3 7 . 1196 

Among these m i n e r a l d e f i c i e n c i e s , Zn 

d e f i c i e n c y was found to be predominant 

over c a l c i u m and b o r o n . A combined n u t r i 

t i o n a l spray o f z i n c s u l f a t e , c a l c i u m 

n i t r a t e , and boraz a t 0.2% c o n c e n t r a t i o n 

each a t weekly i n t e r v a l s f o r two times i s 

recommended to overcome these d e f i c i e n c i e s . 

RIOLLANO, A. 1964. 

E f f e c t s o f p h o t o p e r i o d i s m and o t h e r f a c t o r s 

on the improvement of pigeonpea v a r i e t i e s . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 8 : 2 3 2 - 2 3 5 . 1197 

I n P u e r t o R i c o , where the annual d a y l e n g t h 

v a r i a t i o n is no more than 2 h o u r s , t h e 

e a r l y , h i g h e s t y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s o f 

Cajanus c a j a n f l o w e r and produce most 

h e a v i l y under t h e s h o r t e r day c o n d i t i o n s , 

b u t o n l y one g e n e r a t i o n can be produced 

i n a y e a r . Under c o n t r o l l e d 8 - h r p h o t o - 

p e r i o d s , i t has been found t h a t two gener 

a t i o n s can b e produced each y e a r and i t 

has been suggested t h a t t h i s t e c h n i q u e 

c o u l d be used to a c c e l e r a t e b r e e d i n g . 

SEN GUPTA, J . C . 1955. 

The p h y s i o l o g y of growth and development 

o f some crop p l a n t s . B u l l . B o t . Soc. 

B e n g a l . 9 : 6 2 - 8 0 . 1198 

SETHUNATHAN, N. 1970. 

F o l i a r sprays o f growth r e g u l a t o r s and 

Rhizosphere e f f e c t i n Cajanus c a j a n M i l l s p . 

2 . Q u a l i t a t i v e changes i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e 

and c e r t a i n m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e 

p l a n t . P I . S o i l 3 3 ( 1 ) : 7 1 - 8 0 . 1199 

148


Sprays a f f e c t e d t h e p e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 

i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e o f 

C. aajan. Sprays of 2 - 4 - D , NAA, and IAApromoted 

s t a r c h h y d r o l y z i n g g r o u p , sprays 

of MH and g i b b e r e l l i n reduced t h e i r i n c i - 

dence. Suggested t h a t t r a n s p o r t and a c c u 

m u l a t i o n o f c a r b o h y d r a t e s i n t h e r o o t s 

m i g h t l i m i t t h e i n c i d e n c e o f t h i s group o f 

b a c t e r i a i n MH-and g i b b e r e l l i n - t r e a t e d 

p l a n t s . The r e s u l t s a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h 

r e f e r e n c e t o m e t a b o l i c changes i n t h e 

p l a n t . 

SHAMA RAO, H.K. , and S. NARAYANASWAMY . 

1975. 

E f f e c t o f gamma i r r a d i a t i o n o n c e l l p r o l i 

f e r a t i o n and r e g e n e r a t i o n i n e x p l a n t e d 

t i s s u e s of pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . ) . R a d i a t . B o t . 1 5 ( 3 ) : 3 0 1 - 3 0 5 . 1200 

Seeds exposed to 5 Krad produced a c l u s t e r 

of a d v e n t i t i o u s r o o t s on a c a l l u s i n g 

medium, w h i l e h y p o c o t y l e x p l a n t s o f g e r m i 

nated s e e d l i n g s from s i m i l a r seeds produced 

abundant c a l l u s e s , which on a d i f f e r e n t i a 

t i n g medium, r e g e n e r a t e d shoot buds and 

p l a n t l e t s . Only c a l l u s e s d e r i v e d from 

seeds exposed to 5 Krad d i f f e r e n t i a t e d 

p l a n t l e t s . However, c a l l u s t i s s u e s d e r i v e d 

from t h e 5-Krad t r e a t m e n t s were f r i a b l e 

and r e l e a s e d p r o t o p l a s t s r e a d i l y and i n 

l a r g e numbers on enzymatic d i g e s t i o n of t h e 

c e l l w a l l s o f c e l l s grown a s s u s p e n s i o n s . 

Mesophyll c e l l p r o t o p l a s t s o b t a i n e d from 

t h e t i s s u e - c u l t u r e - i n d u c e d p l a n t showed 

spontaneous adhesion and f u s i o n . 

SHARMA, D . P . , and M. STREIL. 1977. 

P h y t o s t e r o l s , t r i f e r p i n c i d and o t h e r l i p i - 

d i c c o n s t i t u e n t s from Cajanus aajan ( L . ) 

M i l l s p . l e a v e s . Czechoslavak chemical 

communications 4 2 : 2 4 4 8 - 2 4 5 1 . 1201 

SINGH, A . , and A. PAL. 1963. 

Role o f manganese i n t h e growth o f r o o t and 

shoot of Cajanus aajan. P r o c . N a t . Acad. 

S c i . I n d i a ( S e c t . B) 33(4)-.571-582. 1202 

Morphogenetic e f f e c t s o f i n c r e a s i n g dosage 

of manganese on t h e l i g h t - a v o i d i n g and 

l i g h t - l o v i n g p a r t s of Cajanus c a j a n 

(Type 1) p l a n t s under c o n s t a n t s u p p l y of 

i r o n at 0.07 ppm in each case have been 

r e c o r d e d . Manganese d e f i c i e n c y s e r i e s has 

a l s o been i n c l u d e d . I n c r e a s e d s u p p l y o f 

manganese s t i m u l a t e d r a m i f i c a t i o n o f r o o t s . 

I n l i n e a r g r o w t h , manganese s u p p l y o f 2.5 

ppm (Mn. Fe. 32:1) proved d e l e t e r i o u s f o r 

shoot as w e l l a s r o o t ; t h e normal s u p p l y 

( 0 . 0 1 ppm, Mn. Fe. 1:7) proved optimum. 

Dry m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n of b o t h shoots and 

r o o t s increased w i t h i n c r e a s e i n Mn. s u p p l y . 

Widest Mn/Fe r a t i o of 3 2 : 1 proved optimum 

f o r the r e d u c i n g and nonreducing sugars 

of the s h o o t s , and o n l y nonreducing sugar 

o f the r o o t ; f o r r e d u c i n g sugar c o n t e n t o f 

t h e r o o t , t h e r a t i o 1:7 proved optimum. 

The a c c u m u l a t i o n of l a r g e r number of amino 

a c i d s i n t h e shoot o f the manganesed 

e f i c i e n t p l a n t s was e v i d e n c e d . 

SINGH, A . , and A. PAL. 1964. 

The i n f l u e n c e of molybdenum on the growth 

of r o o t and shoot of Cajanus c a j a n . P r o c . 

N a t . Acad. S c i . I n d i a ( S e c t . B ) 34: 

142-152. 1203 

The d i f f e r e n t i a l response of molybdenum on 

the l i g h t - l o v i n g and l i g h t - a v o i d i n g p a r t s 

of Cajanus aajan was i n v e s t i g a t e d under 

c o n t r o l l e d p o t - c u l t u r e c o n d i t i o n s i n 

d i f f u s e d d a y l i g h t . B r a n c h i n g o f shoots 

remained unchanged under t h e v a r i o u s m o l y b 

denum l e v e l s , though the r o o t s behaved 

d i f f e r e n t l y w i t h t h e dose o f s u p p l y . W h i l e 

Moa t r e a t m e n t proved optimum f o r t h e r a t e 

of e l o n g a t i o n of b o t h the shoot and the 

r o o t , t h e Mo was l e a s t c o n d u c i v e . Dry 

m a t t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n of shoots remained 

s t a t i o n a r y under t h e Mob l e v e l of s u p p l y . 

For r e d u c i n g sugars of b o t h shoots and 

r o o t s , Mob t r e a t m e n t proved optimum. Mo 

d e f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n decrease o f f r e e 

amino a c i d s i n s h o o t . W i t h age, g l u t a m i c 

a c i d c o n t e n t was depressed, i r r e s p e c t i v e 

of the l e v e l of Mo s u p p l y . Maximum l e v e l 

of molybdenum h e l p e d in the maximum accumul 

a t i o n o f h i s t i d i n e and l y s i n e a t 4 1 days. 

A l a r g e number of u n i d e n t i f i e d amino a c i d s 

a l s o developed in t h e Mob t r e a t m e n t . 

S0NAVNE, K.M. 1928. 

L o n g e v i t y o f crop seeds. P a r t I . A g r i c . J . 

I n d i a 2 3 ( 4 ) : 2 7 1 - 2 7 6 . 1204 

S i x t e e n farm-grown crops were examined to 

a s c e r t a i n l o n g e v i t y o f crop seeds i n 

s t o r a g e . Seeds were s t o r e d i n s e a l e d g l a s s 

b o t t l e s w i t h a naphthalene b a l l i n e a c h . 

G e r m i n a t i o n t e s t s were c a r r i e d o u t i n d o o r s 

in the l a b o r a t o r y by s i m p l e methods. The 

s t u d i e s showed t h a t w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f 

g r o u n d n u t , and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , b a j r a 

( g e r m i n a t i o n percentages 2 3 . 8 and 61.2 

r e s p e c t i v e l y i n t h e f i f t h y e a r ) , t h e crop 

seeds t e s t e d l o s t l i t t l e v i a b i l i t y over 

5 y e a r s . Tur (C. cajan) showed 87.1% 

g e r m i n a t i o n . The " h a r d s e e d " of p u l s e s 

(seeds t h a t f a i l t o g e r m i n a t e i m m e d i a t e l y 

a f t e r t h e sowing t o f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d seed) 

t e s t e d l o s t t h i s hardness w i t h i n a y e a r o f 

h a r v e s t i n g and s t o r a g e . 

149


SONAVNE, K.M. 1934. 

L o n g e v i t y o f crop seeds. F a r t I I . A g r i c . 

L i v e - S t k . I n d i a 4 ( 3 ) : 2 8 7 - 2 9 2 . 1205 

S t u d i e s showed t h a t legume seeds s t o r e d in 

s e a l e d g l a s s b o t t l e s , w i t h a naphthalene 

b a l l i n e a c h , remained v i a b l e even a f t e r 

12 years of s t o r a g e in some cases. A f t e r 

7 y e a r s ' s t o r a g e , t h e g e r m i n a t i o n p e r c e n t 

age f o r p u l s e s (except K a b u l i gram, which 

gave o n l y 42% g e r m i n a t i o n ) , ranged f r o m 

55 to 99 (61% f o r C. c a j a n ) . 

SOOTHA, G . D . , and S.K. GUPTA. 1976. 

E l e c t r o n s p i n resonance study of manganese 

( i i ) and f r e e r a d i c a l i n p u l s e s . I n d i a n J . 

Biochem. B i o p h y s . 13(3) : 3 0 4 - 3 0 5 . 1206 

I n e l e c t r o n s p i n resonance (ESR) s p e c t r a o f 

ground and unground samples of pigeonpea 

and o t h e r p u l s e s , s i x r e s o l v e d h y p e r f i n e 

components o f d i f f e r e n t l i n e w i d t h s due t o 

M n 2+ i o n s and one narrow l i n e due to a 

f r e e r a d i c a l ( n o t i d e n t i f i e d ) were observed. 

M n 2 + i o n s were found o n l y i n t h e i n n e r seed 

t i s s u e s , b u t t h e f r e e r a d i c a l o c c u r r e d 

o n l y i n t h e o u t e r c o a t and was t h o u g h t t o 

p l a y a r o l e in seed dormancy and s t o r a g e 

s t a b i l i t y . 

SPENCE, J . A . , and S . J . A . WILLIAMS. 1972. 

Use o f p h o t o p e r i o d response t o change p l a n t 

d e s i g n . Crop S c i . 12(1) : 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 . 1207 

I n T r i n i d a d , pigeonpeas are u s u a l l y sown 

w i t h r e l a t i v e l y wide s p a c i n g i n May-June 

when t a l l i n d e t e r m i n a t e c v . grow to 2.5 m 

and dwarf d e t e r m i n a t e c v . to 1.5 m, n e c e s 

s i t a t i n g hand h a r v e s t i n g because o f t h e i r 

h e i g h t and woody stems. By p l a n t i n g dwarf 

d e t e r m i n a t e c v . i n December, s o t h a t t h e 

p l a n t s were i m m e d i a t e l y s u b j e c t e d t o 

f l o w e r , i n d u c i n g s h o r t d a y s , s m a l l p l a n t s 

about 1 m t a l l were produced, w h i c h c o u l d 

be h a r v e s t e d m e c h a n i c a l l y . W i t h a p o p u l a 

t i o n of 165,000 such p l a n t s / h a a seed y i e l d 

of 2.5 t / h a was o b t a i n e d , which compares 

f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h e commercial y i e l d s o f 

t a l l c v . grown a t about 6,600 p l a n t s / h a . 

SUBRAMANIAN, V . , A. MANICKAM, and 

G. PADMANABHAN. 1976. 

B i o c h e m i c a l changes d u r i n g e a r l y g e r m i n a 

t i o n o f r e d gram, Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) seeds. 

I n d i a n J . E x p l B i o l . 1 4 ( 6 ) : 

736-737. 1208 

Carbohydrate c o n t e n t o f c o t y l e d o n s d e c r e a 

sed i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y f u r t h e r r i s e , 

w h i l e i n embryonic a x e s , t h e q u a n t i t y 

i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y a r e d u c t i o n 

and f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e . The sugars c o n t e n t 

of embryos i n c r e a s e d up to 3 d a y s , w h i l e in 

c o t y l e d o n s the i n c r e a s e was up to 2 days 

o n l y . The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f c o t y l e d o n 

decreased and t h e amino a c i d s i n c r e a s e d 

f o r 3 days f o l l o w e d by a d e c r e a s e . The 

amino a c i d s d e c r e a s e . The amino a c i d s 

decreased i n embryonic a x e s ; w h i l e the 

p r o t e i n i n c r e a s e d i n i t i a l l y f o l l o w e d b y 

a decrease t h e r e a f t e r . 

SUMATHI, S . , and T . N . PATTABHIRAMAN. 

1976. 

N a t u r a l p l a n t enzyme i n h i b i t o r s . 2 . P r o t e - 

ase i n h i b i t o r s o f seeds. I n d i a n J . 

Biochem. B i o p h y s . 1 3 ( l ) : 5 2 - 5 6 . 1209 

Seeds of n i n e legumes, i n c l u d i n g red gram, 

were screened f o r i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t i e s . 

I n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t t r y p s i n was 

s t r o n g e r than a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t c h y m o t r y p s i n , 

and sword bean showed comparable a c t i v i t y 

a g a i n s t a l l t h r e e p r o t e a s e s . The i n h i b i 

t o r y a c t i v i t i e s were g e n e r a l l y more thermol 

a b i l e under a c i d i c c o n d i t i o n s . 

SUMMERFIELD, R . J . , P.A. HUXLEY, and 

F.R. MINCHIN. 1977. 

P l a n t husbandry and management techniques 

f o r growing g r a i n legumes under s i m u l a t e d 

t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n c o n t r o l l e d e n v i r o n 

ments. Expl A g r i c . 1 3 ( l ) : 8 1 - 9 2 . 1210 

O f f e r s p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s t o problems 

i n c u r r e d i n growing c u l t i v a r s o f cowpea, 

soybean, l i m a b e a n , and pigeonpea under 

s i m u l a t e d t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n c o n t r o l l e d 

environments namely ( i ) ' S a x c i l ' growth 

c a b i n e t s i n w h i c h d a y l e n g t h , day and n i g h t 

t e m p e r a t u r e s , l i g h t i n t e n s i t y and q u a l i t y , 

Rh and CO 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were p r e c i s e l y 

c o n t r o l l e d and c o u l d b e v a r i e d over t i m e ; 

( i i ) c o m p a r t m e n t a l i z e d glasshouses and 

a d j o i n i n g dark compartments where d a y l e n g t h 

and day and n i g h t temperatures were a u t o 

m a t i c a l l y c o n t r o l l e d and n i g h t - b r e a k 

i l l u m i n a t i o n c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d , and ( i i i ) 

heated p l a s t i c - f i l m houses s i m u l a t e d t h e 

environment o f wet t r o p i c s i n a l l 

r e s p e c t s except d a y l e n g t h , f o r growing 

d a y l e n g t h - i n s e n s i t i v e t r o p i c a l legumes t o 

m a t u r i t y d u r i n g t h e UK summer months. 

TAITT, E . G . , and J . A . SPENCE. 1976. 

The m i c r o meteorology of a pigeonpea s t a n d . 

A g r i c . Meteor. 1 7 ( 3 ) : 2 0 5 - 2 1 0 . 1211 

Data a r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e m i c r o c l i m a t e 

above t h e crop canopy of a l a r g e stand of 

pigeonpea (Cajanus c a j a n ) growing a t t h e 

f i e l d s t a t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e 

West I n d i e s , T r i n i d a d . There are a l s o 

a d d i t i o n a l d a t a o n c e r t a i n p h y s i o l o g i c a l 

parameters — s t o m a t a l r e s i s t a n c e and l e a f 

w a t e r p o t e n t i a l — and complementary d a t a 

150

U t i l i z a t i o n 

from p o t t e d p l a n t s whose s o i l m o i s t u r e was 

c o n t r o l l e d . 

THAKURTA, A . G . , and B.K. DUTT. 1938. 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n on t h e oxygen consumption of 

the seed of Cajanus. T r a n s . Bose. Res. 

I n s t . 1 1 ( 1 9 3 5 - 3 6 ) : 3 9 - 5 3 . 1212 

VAMADEVAN, V . K . , S. NAYAK, C. SREEDHARAN, 

and B.K. MANDAL. 1973. 

S t u d i e s o n s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e i n 

d i f f e r e n t c r o p s . Annual r e p o r t , CRRI, 

C u t t a c k . 1973. 1213 

Data o n s u n l i g h t i l l u m i n a t i o n p r o f i l e s 

measured a t t h e f l o w e r i n g stages i n m a i z e , 

r e d gram, w h e a t , k e n a f , m u s t a r d , r i c e bean, 

sweet p o t a t o , sunnhemp, French b e a n , and 

peas are g i v e n . Rice bean (V. umbellata) 

was t h e most e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z e r o f s o l a r 

e n e r g y . 

VARADARAJAN, T . , and J. SAKHARAM RAO. 

1973. 

E f f e c t o f temperature p r e - t r e a t m e n t o n t h e 

a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t i n g e r m i n a t i n g 

Cajanus cajan ( L . ) red gram. Madras A g r i c . 

J . 6 0 ( 5 ) : 3 3 9 . 1214 

The a s c o r b i c a c i d c o n t e n t of red gram was 

found to be a c c e l e r a t e d at lower temperat 

u r e s round about 30 to 40 C. 

The urease a c t i v i t y o f e x t r a c t s o f g e r m i 

nated seeds of Glycine hispida, Dolichos 

biflorus, Canavalia, and Cajanus i n d i c u s 

were h i g h e r than those of ungerminated 

seeds. The a c t i v i t i e s of t h e powdered 

germinated seeds were somewhat lower than 

those of t h e ungerminated seeds. This 

d i f f e r e n c e between e x t r a c t s and powders 

i n d i c a t e s t h a t g e r m i n a t i o n merely i n c r e a s e s 

the s o l u b i l i t y o f t h e u r e a s e . 

VISWANATH, B. 1917. 

Some enzymes of g e r m i n a t i n g red gram 

(Cajanus indicus) . A g r i c . J. ( S p e c i a l 

I n d i a n S c i . Cong. No.) 1 2 : 1 0 9 - 1 1 6 . 1218 

An aqueous e x t r a c t of the germinated d h a l 

possesses t h e p r o p e r t i e s of an e r e p t a s e , 

amylase, c y t a s e , m a l t a s e , s u c r a s e , o x i d a s e , 

l i p a s e , and u r e a s e . No peptase is p r e s e n t 

i n the normal seed. H y d r o l y s i s o f the 

r e s e r v e p r o t e i n takes p l a c e at a much l a t e r 

stage i n g e r m i n a t i o n , whether t h i s h y d r o 

l y s i s i s due t o p r o t o p l a s m i c a c t i v i t y o r 

to t h e s e c r e t i o n of a separate enzyme in 

t h e course o f g e r m i n a t i o n i s s t i l l d o u b t f u l . 

U T I L I Z A T I O N 

VEERASWAMY, R. 1959. 

F a s c i a t i o n o f shoots i n redgram (Cajanus 

cajan M i l l . ) . Madras A g r i c . J . 4 6 ( 7 ) : 

276-277. 1215 

F i r s t r e c o r d o f f a s c i a t i o n i n pigeonpea 

type Anand-4B. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e 

f a s c i a t e d shoot a r e d e s c r i b e d . I t i s 

suggested t h a t f a s c i a t i o n i s a p h y s i o l o 

g i c a l phenomenon. 

VENKATARAMAN, K., and K. MEENAKSHI. 

1962. 

A c t i v a t i o n o f dormant meristems i n t h e 

c o t y l e d o n a r y a x i l s of Cajanus aajan L i n n . 

M i l l s p . Madras A g r i c . J . 49(1) : 3 2 . 1216 

The g e r m i n a t i o n of t h e seed in C. aajan 

( L i n n ) M i l l s p . i s h y p o g e a l . There were 

m e r i s t e m a t i c t i s s u e s i n t h e a x i l s o f t h e 

c o t y l e d o n s , r e m a i n i n g l a t e n t under t h e 

s u p p r e s s i v e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e p r i m a r y s h o o t . 

A p i c a l dominance has been r e p o r t e d . 

ABBAS, M. 1934. 

The p r e p a r a t i o n of T h i r u p p a t h u r D h a l l 

( f r o m Cajanus c a j a n ) . Madras A g r i c . J. 

2 2 ( 7 ) : 2 4 5 - 2 4 8 . 1219 

Two methods—commercial and o r d i n a r y — of 

d h a l p r e p a r a t i o n are d i s c u s s e d . I n the 

commercial method, a s u r p l u s of w a t e r soaks 

i n t o the gram, making i t b u l g e ; when d r i e d , 

the gram s h r i n k s , becomes l i g h t , and 

assumes a boat shape w i t h a d e p r e s s i o n in 

the m i d d l e . I n the o r d i n a r y method, o n l y 

the r e q u i r e d q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r i s used and 

the d h a l does n o t s h r i n k b u t w e i g h t s more. 

This d h a l i s known a s G e t t i p a r u p u , w h i l e 

the c o m m e r c i a l l y prepared d h a l is known as 

T h a t t i p a r u p u . V a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l c o n d i 

t i o n s a l s o a f f e c t t h e q u a l i t y o f d h a l . 

AGUIRRE, E . F . , and M.A. VALDIVIA. 1 9 4 1 . 

Cajanus indicus as a f o r a g e p l a n t . A g r i - 

c u l t u r a Mod. Habana 2 ( 1 ) : 1 4 8 - 1 5 0 . 1220 

VENKATASUBBAN, A . , R. KARNAD, and 

N.N. DASTUR. 1936. 

Urease a c t i v i t y o f g e r m i n a t i n g seeds. P r o c . 

I n d i a n Acad. S c i . ( S e c t . B ) 

4 : 3 7 0 - 3 7 5 . 1217 

151


ANANDASWAMY, B . , P. GOPINATH, S. KUPPUSWAMY, 

and N.Y.R. IYENGAR. 1970. 

Package and s t o r a g e s t u d i e s on precooked 

and dehydrated r i c e and t u r d h a l (Cajanus 

cajan) i s consumer package. J . F d S c i . 

T e c h n o l . 7 : 4 3 - 4 5 . 1221 

R e s u l t s of a s t u d y on packaging and s t o r a g e 

o f precooked and dehydrated r i c e and t u r 

d h a l (Cajanus c a j a n ) . Using a consumer 

package c o n s i s t i n g of a double pouch—an 

i n n e r pouch o f regenerated c e l l u l o s e f i l m 

(300 MST) and an o u t e r pouch of p o l y c e l l — 

gave t h e precooked and dehydrated r i c e and 

t u r d h a l a s h e l f l i f e o f 8 0 days under 

a c c e l e r a t e d c o n d i t i o n s o f s t o r a g e a t 37°C 

and 90% RH. 


Report o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Hawaii A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n f o r t h e biennium 

e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1946. 157 p p . 1222 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s showed t h a t C. c a j a n is a 

good f e e d s t u f f f o r a range of domestic 

animals and i t has been found u s e f u l i n 

swine p r o d u c t i o n and f o r d a i r y c a t t l e . 


Report o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i A g r i c u l 

t u r a l Experiment S t a t i o n f o r t h e biennium 

e n d i n g June 3 0 , 1948. 171 pp. 1223 

C. c a j a n as a g r a z i n g crop has the d i s a d 

vantage o f poor s u r v i v a l . G r a z i n g swine 

e n t i r e l y u p r o o t e d t h e s t a n d s . Even w i t h 

more l e n i e n t g r a z i n g b y c a t t l e , severe 

breakage o f t e n n e c e s s i t a t e d s t a n d renewal 

a f t e r every 3 to 5 y e a r s . The e f f e c t i v e 

o v e r a l l g r a z i n g d u r a t i o n suggested i s 

3 y e a r s . 

ARAULLO, E.V. 1974. 

P r o c e s s i n g and u t i l i z a t i o n o f cowpea, 

c h i c k p e a , pigeonpea and mungbean. I n t e r 

a c t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e w i t h food s c i e n c e . 

P r o c . i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y symposium, 

1974. 131-142. 1224 

AYKROYD, W.R., and J. DOUGHTY (EDITORS). 

1964. 

Legumes in human n u t r i t i o n . FAO N u t r i t i o 

n a l S t u d i e s No. 1 9 . Rome; FAO. 

138 p p . 1225 

The nonograph g i v e s a n account o f t h e g r a i n 

legumes and t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n to human 

d i e t s and n u t r i t i o n , based o n t h e a v a i l a b l e 

t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e . I t a l s o d e a l s w i t h 

measures to i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n and consumpt 

i o n o f t h i s group o f f o o d s . T h i s i s 

i n t e n d e d f o r a g r o n o m i s t s , d o c t o r s , n u t r i 

t i o n i s t s , d i e t i t i a n s , community development 

w o r k e r s , s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , and p o p u l a r i z e r s . 

The i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l a l s o b e o f v a l u e i n 

d e v e l o p i n g programs t o i n f l u e n c e t h e 

d i e t a r y h a b i t s o f people and t o i n c r e a s e 

the p r o d u c t i o n and consumption of g r a i n 

legumes, which o f f e r , i n many c o u n t r i e s , 

t h e most f e a s i b l e means of a t t a c k i n g 

p r o t e i n m a l n u t r i t i o n . 

BARLOW, J.W. 1 9 7 1 . 

Color s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f peas. U n i t e d S t a t e s 

P a t e n t 3583, 873. 1226 

The n a t u r a l green c o l o r o f pigeonpeas i s 

s t a b i l i z e d b y t r e a t m e n t i n the presence o f 

water w i t h compounds capable o f y i e l d i n g 

SO 2 a t pH of 6 . 0 . 

BELOSLUDCEVA, N.G. 1962. 

Pigeonpea - a new p l a n t m a t e r i a l f o r 

o b t a i n i n g n a t i v e s h e l l a c . T r . P r i k l . B o t . 

Genet. S e l e k . (USSR) 34(1) :197-203. 1227 

Describes 24 c u l t i v a r s of Cajanus i n d i c u s 

o b t a i n e d from I n d i a and e l s e w h e r e . Some 

o f the e a r l y m a t u r i n g forms w o u l d , i t i s 

t h o u g h t , b e s u i t a b l e f o r c u l t i v a t i o n i n 

t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . 

BENEZRA, M.V., and M.A. BARROETA. 1953. 

A p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n of Quinchoncho 

(Cajanus indicus). Revta Fac. A g r i c . U n i v . 

Cent. Venez. 1 ( 2 ) : 2 1 1 - 2 1 5 . 1228 

The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of the meal from 

Cajanue indiaue c u t a f t e r 60 days was 

h i g h e r , and t h e crude f i b e r c o n t e n t lower 

than t h a t o f good a l f a l f a l e a f m e a l . 

P r o t e i n i n c r e a s e d and i n crude f i b e r , a s h , 

f a t , and Ca decreased w i t h t h e d e n s i t y of 

c u l t i v a t i o n . The meal from f l o w e r i n g 

p l a n t s (120 days o l d ) was i n f e r i o r t o t h a t 

from p l a n t s 60 days o l d . 

BODDY, M. 1 9 7 1 . 

Who needs p o e t r y when you have got some 

pigeonpeas? The Sunday A u s t r a l i a n . 

19 Sep. 1 9 7 1 . 1229 

A n A u s t r a l i a n c o l u m n i s t r e c o l l e c t s t h a t 

C. c a j a n pea d i s h e s have l o n g been f a m i l i a r 

i n t h e European d i e t , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e 

n o r t h o f E n g l a n d . 

CARMEN MURO, J. 1956. 

Ramie as a p r o t e i n f o r a g e . B o l . T r i m . Exp. 

Agropec. 5 ( 2 ) : 2 0 - 2 4 . 1230 

The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t of ramie (Bochmeria 

nivea) i s l e a s than t h a t o f a l f a l f a 

(Medicago a p p . ) b u t h i g h e r than t h a t o f 

152

aoys (Glycine s o j a ) , pigeonpea (Cajanus 

indicus), and g u i n e a g r a s s . 

CHAUDHARI, R.M. 1936. 

A n o t e on t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of d h a l ( P u l s e ) 

f r o m t u r (Cajanus c a j a n ) g r a i n . Foona 

A g r i c . C o l l . Mag. 2 8 ( 1 ) : 3 0 - 3 2 . 1231 

DATE, W.B. 1955. 

A n t i o x i d a n t p r o p e r t y o f some legume f l o u r s . 

S c i . C u l t . 2 1 : 1 0 6 . 1232 

Comparative c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a n t i o x i d a n t 

b y d i f f e r e n t legume f l o u r s i n a sweet p r o 

duct were s t u d i e d . None of t h e samples 

developed any r a n c i d i t y at t h e end of 

2 months. Only t h e Bengal gram f l o u r 

sample developed some r a n c i d i t y a f t e r 

4 months. Bengal gram has t h e l e a s t 

k e e p i n g q u a l i t y , a f a c t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e 

p h o s p h o l i p i d c o n t e n t f i g u r e s o f these 

f l o u r s . 

DHILLON, R . S . , A. SINGH, and A . S . PARMAR. 

1970. 

S t u d i e s on t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of young mango 

g r a f t s w i t h v a r i o u s green s h e l t e r s . 

Pb H o r t . J. 1 0 ( 3 - 4 ) : 2 1 3 - 2 2 1 . 1233 

The f i e l d e s t a b l i s h m e n t of young mango 

g r a f t s i n t h e m a r g i n a l c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s 

of t h e c e n t r a l Punjab was c o n s i d e r a b l y 

helped by p l a n t i n g banana suckers to 

p r o v i d e s h e l t e r s . Almost 90% of t h e p l a n t s 

s u r v i v e d , compared w i t h 62% under Seebania 

aegyptiaaa and 54% under Cajanus indicus. 

DRAPER, C . I . 1944. 

Algaroba beans, p i g e o n p e a s , and processed 

garbage i n the l a y i n g mash. H a w a i i A g r i c . 

Exp. S t n P r o g . Rep. 4 4 . 1234 

The seed of C. aajan is n o t commonly used 

i n f e e d i n g young c h i c k e n s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g 

i t i n t o t h e r a t i o n s o f p u l l e t s was found 

b e n e f i c i a l a s i t was n o t t o x i c t o t h e 

p o u l t r y . 

ELLIOT, W. 1862. 

On t h e f a r i n a c e o u s g r a i n and t h e v a r i o u s 

k i n d s o f p u l s e s used i n Southern I n d i a . 

T r a n s . P r o c . B o t . Soc. E d i n b . 7 : 2 7 6 - 

300. 1235 

The pigeonpea p l a n t is known by many names. 

In I n d i a Cajanus indioue f l a v u s is termed 

( a c c o r d i n g t o E l l i o t ) a d h a k i , t u v a r a i , 

kandu. The p u l s e when s p l i t i s i n g r e a t 

and g e n e r a l esteem, and forms t h e most 

g e n e r a l l y used a r t i c l e o f d i e t among a l l 

c l a s s e s . 

GAYWALA, P.M. 1938. 

The c u l t i v a t i o n of Cajanus aajan and t h e 

methods o f p r e p a r i n g m a r k e t a b l e D h a l . 

T r o p . A g r i c . Ceylon 6 0 ( 1 - 6 ) : 2 1 2 - 

2 2 1 . 1236 

A c l o s e o b s e r v a t i o n and s t u d y of the c o n d i 

t i o n s under which Cajanus aajan is c u l t i 

v a t e d i n I n d i a i n d i c a t e s t h a t some v a r i e t i e s 

are capable o f s u c c e s s f u l c u l t i v a t i o n f o r 

seed p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e d r y p a r t s o f C e y l o n . 

The s m a l l - s c a l e processes of d h a l - m a k i n g 

d e s c r i b e d h e r e are f a i r l y s i m p l e and do 

n o t r e q u i r e , expensive o u t f i t s . The 

r e q u i s i t e number of d r y sunny days a r e 

a v a i l a b l e i n t h e d r y zones f o r the p r e p a 

r a t i o n o f d h a l . The l o c a l consumption o f 

d h a l i n Ceylon i s c o n s i d e r a b l e . Under t h e 

circumstances i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e w i t h 

some e f f o r t and a t t e n t i o n to produce good 

q u a l i t y d h a l f o r l o c a l consumption. The 

crop i t s e l f i s l i k e l y t o prove a n i m p o r t a n t 

r o t a t i o n a l crop o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e mixed 

crop i n t h e v i l l a g e a g r i c u l t u r e o f t h i s 

c o u n t r y , w h i l e t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f d h a l 

o f f e r s an o p p o r t u n i t y of b e i n g taken up as 

a new and p r o f i t a b l e c o t t a g e i n d u s t r y in 

t h e d r y zone. 

GRUBBEN, G . J . H . 1970. 

O b s e r v a t i o n s o n l i v i n g s u p p o r t s , hedges 

and c l i m b i n g p l a n t s i n domestic e n c l o s u r e s 

in South Dahomey. Commun. Found. NEDERF. 

Amsterdam. 17 p p . 1237 

Family k i t c h e n gardens in Dahomey are 

o f t e n surrounded by p a l i s a d e s made from 

palm leaves supported b y l i v i n g p l a n t s . 

E i g h t such p l a n t s are here d e s c r i b e d and 

i l l u s t r a t e d . Cajanus aajan is among t h e 

commonest hedging p l a n t s l i s t e d h e r e . 

The i l l u s t r a t e d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f these 

p l a n t s i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o n o n p l a n t i n g , 

and t h e i r v a l u e f o r shade, f o o d , o r 

m e d i c i n a l purposes. 

HENKE, L.A. 1943. 

Roughages f o r d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i . 

H a w a i i A g r i c . Exp. S t n B u l l . 9 2 . 1238 

The u t i l i t y of C. c a j a n as a f o r a g e f o r 

d a i r y c a t t l e i n H a w a i i was demonstrated 

when podded green tops f e d to c a t t l e gave 

h i g h e r m i l k p r o d u c t i o n than a l f a l f a gave. 

HENKE, L . A . , S.H. WORK, and A.W. BURT. 

1940. 

Beef c a t t l e f e e d i n g t r i a l s i n H a w a i i . 

Hawaii A g r i c . Exp. S t n B u l l . 8 5 . 1239 

S t u d i e s on t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of C. aajan as 

a f e e d s t u f f f o r beef c a t t l e i n Hawaii showed 

t h a t t h e f o r a g e was v a l u a b l e f o r beef 

153

Pigeonpea 


g r a z i n g and f a t t e n i n g and a l s o f o r swine 

p r o d u c t i o n . 

HERRERA, P . G . , and L.V. CROWDER. 1963. 

I n f l u e n c e o f c u t t i n g , o n t h e herbage y i e l d 

of plgeonpeas (Cajanue oajan). A g r i c u l t u r a 

T r o p . 1 9 : 5 2 1 - 5 3 1 . 1240 

Crude p r o t e i n y i e l d s from d e f o l i a t e d stands 

t o t a l e d 4,850 k g / h a over a 3-year p e r i o d . 

B y d e f e r r i n g d e f o l i a t i o n u n t i l t h e r e p r o 

d u c t i v e s t a g e , a h i g h e r t o t a l crude p r o t e i n 

y i e l d was r e a l i z e d . Regrowth d i d n o t 

occur when t h e crop was c u t at ground 

l e v e l , compared w i t h c u t t i n g a t h e i g h t s 

o f 1.50 t o 0.15 o r 0.30 m, o r o f 1.00 t o 

0.30 m. 

HEYNES, K. 1919. 

Food and f o d d e r p l a n t s (Redgram). Kew 

B u l l . 1 5 . 1241 

Cajanus i n d i c u s S p r e n g . : Pigeonpea, 

Congopea, Angolapea, D h a l , o r Dal ( I n d i a ) , 

Bombay T a r e . P e r e n n i a l , u s u a l l y grown as 

an a n n u a l , 8 to 9 f t . The p r i n c i p a l source 

o f s u p p l y t o t h e U.K. i s B r i t i s h I n d i a , 

a l s o c u l t i v a t e d i n T r o p i c a l A f r i c a , Venez 

u e l a , Madagascar, P h i l i p p i n e s , M a u r i t i u s , 

West I n d i e s , Guiana, A u s t r a l i a , and o t h e r 

h o t c o u n t r i e s . Used as f o o d - t h e t e n d e r 

green p o d s , t h e young green peas, and t h e 

r i p e ones w h o l e , s p l i t , o r ground i n t o 

m e a l . The young shoots and l e a v e s , s t r i p 

ped o f f a t time the peas a r e h a r v e s t e d , 

make good fodder f o r c a t t l e . The p l a n t i s 

s p e c i a l l y grown in Bengal and Assam f o r 

f e e d i n g t h e l a c i n s e c t and i n Madagascar 

and A n t i l l e s f o r f e e d i n g s i l k w o r m s . 

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION. 1965. 

I S I s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r " t u r " C h u n i . I S I : 

3160-1965: p p . 8. 1242 

P r e s c r i b e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e methods 

o f t e s t f o r t u r o r a r h a r (Cajanus cajan) 

c h u n i f o r use a s l i v e s t o c k f e e d . 

JAYAL, M.M., P.S. GUPTA, and V. MAHADEVAN. 

1970. 

N u t r i t i v e v a l u e of a r h a r (Cajanus indicus) 

bhoosa f o r f e e d i n g c a t t l e . I n d i a n V e t . J . 

4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 5 3 - 2 6 0 . 1243 

Fed as s o l e f e e d , a r h a r bhoosa ( c h a f f ) 

c o u l d meet o n l y a p a r t of t h e d r y m a t t e r , 

d i g e s t i b l e crude p r o t e i n , and t o t a l d i g e s t 

i b l e n u t r i e n t requirements o f g r o w i n g 

c a l v e s b u t i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a c e r e a l 

roughage and a n o i l c a k e , i t formed a 

s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t i o n and f u l f i l l e d n u t r i e n t 

r e q u i r e m e n t s . 

KHARE, R . N . , K. KRISHNAMURTHY, and 

S.V. PINGALE. 1966. 

M i l l i n g l osses o f food g r a i n s . P a r t I . 

Studies on l o s s e s of r e d gram (Cajanus 

cajan) d u r i n g m i l l i n g . B u l l . G r a i n 

T e c h n o l . 4 ( 3 ) : 1 2 5 - 1 3 2 . 1244 

The p r o c e s s i n g of pigeonpea g r a i n in a 

m i l l i s o u t l i n e d . The n a t u r e o f v a r i o u s 

p r o d u c t s and b y p r o d u c t s and t h e i r p r o p o r 

t i o n s a r e shown. While t h e o r e t i c a l o u t p u t 

o f s p l i t k e r n e l s ( d h a l ) was 84.7%, o n l y 

76.1% was recovered in t h e t e s t r u n and 

10% was u n f i t f o r human consumption. Losse 

s a r e a s c r i b e d t o f a u l t y r o l l e r s and 

s h e l l e r s , r a t s , b i r d s , and s t o r a g e i n s e c t s . 

Methods to a v o i d l o s s e s are recommended. 

KRISHNAMURTHY, K . , G.K. GIRISH, T. RAMASIVAN, 

S.K. BOSE, K. SINGH, and R.P.S. TOMER. 

1972. 

A new process f o r t h e removal o f husk of 

red gram u s i n g ' S i r k a ' . B u l l . G r a i n 

T e c h n o l . 1 0 ( 3 ) : 1 8 . 1245 

I n l a b o r a t o r y t r i a l s , h e a t i n g t h e p u l s e a t 

60°C f o r 30 minutes f a c i l i t a t e d easy 

removal o f husk i n r o l l e r s . I n a l a r g e 

d h a l m i l l , however, t r e a t m e n t w i t h s i r k a 

(fermented sugarcane molasses) gave b e t t e r 

q u a l i t y o f d h a l a t l e s s c o s t than t r e a t m e n t 

w i t h mustard o i l . 

KRISHNASWAMI, S . , and D.R. SAIKIA. 1959. 

Lac c u l t i v a t i o n in Assam w i t h notes on use 

of A r h a r , Cajanus cajan, and o t h e r species 

a s l a c h o s t s . I n d i a n Lac Res. I n s t . B u l l . 

R a n c h i . 9 7 : 7 . 1246 

KURIEN, P . P . , and H.A.B. PARPIA. 1968. 

Pulse m i l l i n g i n I n d i a . I : P r o c e s s i n g and 

m i l l i n g of Tur a r h a r (Cajanus cajan L i n n . ) . 

J. Fd S c i . T e c h n o l . 5(4) : 203-207. 1247 

Dhal m i l l i n g i s a v i t a l i n d u s t r y , f o r more 

than t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e t o t a l pulses 

produced i n t h e c o u n t r y are processed i n t o 

d h a l . However, methods and machinery 

c u r r e n t l y i n use are l a b o r i o u s and w a s t e 

f u l . Improved p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n i q u e and 

machinery a r e r e q u i r e d . Problems o f dust 

p r e v e n t i o n , i n f e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l , e f f e c t i v e 

q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , and development and p r o 

d u c t i o n o f improved v a r i e t i e s o f p u l s e s 

w i t h b e t t e r m i l l i n g q u a l i t y and y i e l d a r e 

needed on a c o u n t r y w i d e b a s i s . 

LIORENS, A. A . , A. JOSE OLIVIER!, and 

J . M . RIOS. 1956. 

P r o d u c t i o n and m a r k e t i n g o f pigeonpeas i n 

P u e r t o R i c o . (E and R.S.) 3 2 . A g r i . Exp. 

S t n U n i v . P. R i c o . 1248 

154


P r o d u c t i o n , c a n n i n g , and m a r k e t i n g o f 

p i g e o n p e a , a major crop in Puerto R i c o , 

a r e d e s c r i b e d . I t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t 

25% of t h e green pea produced in P u e r t o 

Rico was l o c a l l y consumed and d u r i n g t h e 

1953-54 season, 66% of t h e 250,000 cases 

of seed canned was shipped to New Y o r k f o r 

consumption by immigrant Puerto R i c a n s . 

MAHER, C. 1949. 

Economic and s o c i a l s t u d i e s i n t h e i r r e l a 

t i o n t o s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n . B u l l . A g r i c . 

Congo Beige 4 0 : 2 4 3 9 - 2 4 4 5 . 1249 

The uses of Cajanus c a j a n , a d e e p - r o o t e d 

p r o t e c t i v e and r e s t o r a t i v e c r o p , i n 

c o n s e r v i n g s o i l a r e d i s c u s s e d . 

MANKAD, B . N . , and R.C. THACKER. 1958. 

S a c c h a r i f i c a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l w a s t e s . 

1 . H y d r o l y s i s o f s t i c k s o f B h i n u , V i j a y 

c o t t o n and Tur under d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a 

t i o n s o f a c i d and d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s . 

J . I n d i a n A p p l . Chem. 2 1 ( 1 ) : 2 5 - 3 0 . 1250 

An i n c r e a s e of a c i d i n c r e a s e s t h e p e r c e n t 

y i e l d o f r e d u c i n g s u g a r s . The optimum 

t r e a t m e n t t i m e is 1 h r . and t h e optimum 

p r e s s u r e 40-60 l b / s q . i n . 

MATHUR, V . K . , B. PRABHAKARA BHATT, 

B. BHAGIRATHI, B.S. BHATTI, and H. KATH. 

1974. 

Development of q u i c k - c o o k i n g dehydrated 

c u r r i e d spinach-dehusked r e d - g r a m . 

J . F d S c i . T e c h n o l . 1 1 ( 2 ) : 5 7 - 5 9 . 1251 

Spinach was dehydrated w i t h o u t i m p a i r i n g 

i t s green c o l o r , and t h e d e e p - f a t f r i e d 

s p i n a c h c u r r i e d a l o n g w i t h p recooked, 

dehydrated r e d gram. The c u r r i e d p r o d u c t 

is found to be s t a b l e up to 1 y e a r b o t h at 

ambient temperature (24-30°C) and at 37°C. 

NATH, R.L. 1959. 

P r e p a r a t i o n o f p r o t e i n - r i c h b i s c u i t s w i t h 

p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s o f p u l s e s . B u l l . 

C a l c u t t a Sch. T r o p . Med. 7 : 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 . 1252 

A p a s t e f r o m C a r i c a papaya was mixed w i t h 

pastes made from t h e p u l s e s , i n c l u d i n g 

Cajanus indicus, and k e p t f o r 24 hours at 

37°C. A f t e r b o i l i n g and s t r a i n i n g , t h e 

r e s i d u e was c o n c e n t r a t e d and mixed w i t h 

f l o u r , f a t , and sugar t o make p a l a t a b l e 

b i s c u i t s t h a t c o u l d be s t o r e d f o r 2 to 3 

weeks. P r o t e i n c o n t e n t ranged f r o m 1 1 . 3 

to 15.52 and f r e e amino a c i d N f r o m 123 

t o 240 mg per 100 g . 

NATH, R . L . , S.K. J A I N , and R. DUTT. 1960. 

O n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f p r o t e i n - r i c h b i s c u i t 

from p r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s . B u l l . C a l c u t t a 

Sch. T r o p . Med. 8 ( 5 ) : 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 . 1253 

The b i s c u i t s were prepared w i t h o r w i t h o u t 

h y d r o l y s a t e of Cajanus indiaua, a r h a r , 

w h i c h r a i s e d t h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t f r o m 9.5 

to 13%. The p u l s e - f r e e b i s c u i t s had no 

measurable f r e e amino a c i d s and o n l y 

0.15% SH groups measured as c y s t e i n e . 

A papain h y d r o l y s a t e of s m a l l prawns was 

n o t s u i t a b l e because i t s o b j e c t i o n a b l e 

s m e l l c o u l d n o t be removed, b u t a h y d r o 

l y s a t e made w i t h 6 N HC1 gave more p r o m i s e . 

OAKES, A . J . 1970. 

Legumes i n t h e U.S. V i r g i n I s l a n d s . 

T u r r i a l b a 2 - ( 2 ) : 1 5 1 - 1 6 5 . 1254 

Legumes as green manure crops a r e recommended 

to p r o v i d e ground cover and improve 

f e r t i l i t y , t i l t h , and w a t e r - h o l d i n g capac 

i t y o f the s o i l s . Several legumes have 

been e v a l u a t e d as green manure crops in 

t h e V i r g i n I s l a n d s , species p a r t i c u l a r l y 

adapted l o c a l l y i n c l u d e (Doliohos lablab 

L . , Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria juncea 

L . , Cajanus c a j a n ( L . ) M i l l s p . , cowpea, and 

v e l v e t b e a n . Pigeonpea t h r i v e s i n the V i r 

g i n I s l a n d s , where i t i s o f t e n grown a s a n 

a n n u a l . I t a l s o serves a s windbreak p r i o r 

t o b e i n g t u r n e d under f o r green manure. 

The maximum green m a t t e r is produced by 

sowing t h e crop b r o a d c a s t a t t h e r a t e o f 

15 to 30 l b / a c (11.7 to 33.0 k g / h a ) at the 

onset o f the f a l l wet season. Y i e l d s o f 

7 to 8 t o n s / a c (16 to 18 m t / h a ) green 

m a t t e r a r e produced w i t h i n 5 to 6 months. 

The most s e r i o u s i n s e c t damage observed on 

pigeonpea is t h a t caused by pod and stem 

b o r e r s . 

PANIKKAR, M.R. 1950. 

A l t e r n a t e f u e l - Arhar s t a l k . I n d i a n 

Fmg 1 1 : 4 9 6 . 1255 

I n Bombay a r h a r s t a l k i s p r o f u s e l y used a s 

f u e l b y c u l t i v a t o r s . Data have been c o l l e c 

t e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s r e g a r d i n g the 

y i e l d o f d r y s t a l k s , which ranges from 

8 maunds (650 l b s ) to 60 maunds. The 

h e a t i n g v a l u e o f a r h a r stem was about h a l f 

t o t h a t o f a n equal w e i g h t o f good q u a l i t y 

c o a l . I t s use a s a f u e l i s suggested t o 

a v o i d w a s t e f u l b u r n i n g c a t t l e manure. 

PATEL, B . M . , and P.C. SHUKLA. 1973. 

E f f e c t o f f e e d i n g c l u s t e r b e a n fodder and 

pigeonpea fodder on body w e i g h t s and m i l k 

y i e l d o f Kankrej cons. I n d i a n V e t . J . 

5 0 ( 1 1 ) : 1 1 2 6 - 1 1 3 2 . 1256 

155


The t u r g o t a r t r e a t m e n t s r e s u l t e d i n l o s s 

i n bodyweight o f cows, reduced d r y m a t t e r 

i n t a k e , somewhat poor u t i l i z a t i o n o f d i e t 

a r y n u t r i e n t s , and depressed p r o d u c t i o n 

o f m i l k o f low n u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y . I t 

is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e may be some t o x i c 

p r i n c i p l e a n d / o r s p e c i f i c substances i n 

t u r g o t a r w h i c h i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r these 

adverse e f f e c t s . On t h e o t h e r hand guar 

g o t a r appeared to be a good q u a l i t y feed 

and can s u s t a i n about 5 kg of m i l k per day. 

PATEL, B . M . , M.S. NAPHADE, and L . D . KAMDEV. 

1972. 

M i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n o f s t r a i n e d rumen 

l i q u o r o f l a c t a t i n g cows f e d w i t h c l u s t e r - 

bean and plgeonpea f o d d e r . I n d i a n J . 

M i c r o b . 1 2 ( l ) : 5 5 - 5 7 . 1257 

The o b s e r v a t i o n s on d i f f e r e n t i a l count of 

p r o t o z o a i n c l u s t e r b e a n f o d d e r i n d i c a t e 

t h a t a l l t h e genera except h o l o t r i c h s , 

i n c r e a s e d i n p o p u l a t i o n due t o supplement 

a t i o n o f t a p i o c a and molasses. I n the 

plgeonpea f o d d e r experiment E n t o d i n i u m 

i n c r e a s e d , w h i l e E p i d i t h i u m and Opyryos 

c o l e x d e c r e a s e d . Entodinium was p r e d o m i 

nant in CBF e x p e r i m e n t s . The lower 

p r o t o z o a p o p u l a t i o n in PPF may be due 

t o lower a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c a r b o h y d r a t e s . 

PULLE, M.W. 1974-75. 

U t i l i z a t i o n o f v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n s i n cheese 

m a n u f a c t u r e . J . N a t . A g r i c . Soc. Ceylon 

1 1 / 1 2 : 4 5 - 5 2 . 1258 

The p r e p a r a t i o n of a " c h e e s e " f r o m p l a n t 

p r o t e i n s was i n v e s t i g a t e d . P r o t e i n e x t r a c 

ts were o b t a i n e d from soybeans, green gram, 

and t u r d h a l ; f i l t e r e d t o remove i n s o l u b l e 

s e d i m e n t s ; and processed w i t h a d d i t i o n o f 

0.4% CaS0 4 , 1.5% c i t r i c a c i d , 0.5% r e n n e t 

e x t r a c t , 2% l a c t i c a c i d , and 5% c u l t u r e 

( c u r d o r Y o g h u r t ) . Beany f l a v o r was e l i m i 

n a t e d by h e a t i n g to 100°F (38°C) over 30 

m i n . A f t e r 2 to 4 weeks r i p e n i n g at 60 to 

70% RH in a r e f r i g e r a t o r , t h e s o f t cheese 

prepared c o u l d be used as a s p r e a d . To 

produce c h e d d a r - t y p e hard cheese, e n r i c h 

ment w i t h 100% m i l k s o l i d s p r o v i d e d t h e 

d e s i r a b l e a t t r i b u t e s . T a b u l a t e d v a l u e s f o r 

the approximate p e r c e n t c o m p o s i t i o n and 

t a s t e p a n e l scores showed t h a t soybean 

cheese was s u p e r i o r t o t h e o t h e r two i n 

p r o t e i n and f a t c o n t e n t s . 

RAHMAN, A . R . 1 9 6 1 . 

The e f f e c t of chemical p r e t r e a t m e n t on t h e 

q u a l i t y o f dehydrated pigeonpeas. J . 

A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 3 ) : 1 7 2 - 1 9 1 . 1259 

Pigeonpeas soaked in a 0.2% sodium h y d r o 

x i d e s o l u t i o n f o r 4 hours were s l i g h t l y 

e a s i e r to d e h y d r a t e than u n t r e a t e d o n e s ; * 

a f t e r d e h y d r a t i o n they were a b l e t o absorb 

more w a t e r . The t r e a t e d pigeonpeas had a 

h i g h e r s t a r c h c o n t e n t and a lower sugar 

c o n t e n t than the u n t r e a t e d o n e s ; t h e 

p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f the t r e a t e d and u n t r e a 

t e d samples was t h e same. 

RAHMAN, A.R. 1964. 

E f f e c t of s t o r a g e and p a c k i n g on the qual 

i t y o f dehydrated and d e h y d r o f r o z e n pigeonpeas. 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 8 ( 4 ) : 

318-326. 1260 

Storage in p o l y t h e n e bags at room temperat 

u r e and at 37°C r e s u l t e d in a r e d u c t i o n of 

the t o t a l sugar c o n t e n t ; s t o r a g e i n bags 

as w e l l as at the h i g h e r temperature 

reduced the r e c o n s t i t u t i o n p e r c e n t a g e . The 

o v e r a l l q u a l i t y , determined i n o r g a n o l e p t i c 

t e s t s , was h i g h e s t i n t h e f r o z e n p r o d u c t 

and l o w e s t i n the peas s t o r e d i n p o l y t h e n e 

bags. However, s i n c e a l l samples were 

w e l l a c c e p t e d , s t o r a g e o f dehydrated 

pigeonpeas in p o l y t h e n e bags may be the 

most p r o f i t a b l e method. 

RAJAGOPALAN, C.K. 1973. 

Red gram d h a l : Fm F a c t o r y 7 ( 8 ) : 2 5 . 1261 

RIVAS, N . , and E. GOMEZ RIVAS. 1975. 

Study o f t h e canning q u a l i t y o f t h e p i g e o n 

peas (Cajanus cajan) v a r . Panameno. Revta 

de la F a c u l t a d de Agronomics 8 ( 3 ) : 

7 7 - 8 1 . 1262 

E x p e r i m e n t a l work conducted i n Venezuela 

suggests t h a t the Panameno v a r i e t y , when 

t e s t e d f o r f l a v o r , c o l o r , aroma, and 

t e x t u r e i s s u i t a b l e f o r c a n n i n g . 

RODRIGUES PEIXOTO, A. 1960. 

Guandu (Cajanus indicus) and i t s uses. 

R u r a l Rev. Soc. R u r a l B r a s . 4 0 : 7 9 . 1263 

Cajanue indiaue was i n t r o d u c e d i n t o B r a z i l 

i n t h e days o f t h e s l a v e - t r a d e . I t has 

v a r i o u s u s e s , f o r example, as human f o o d , 

as a f o d d e r , as a green manure, as a shade 

p l a n t f o r young c o f f e e t r e e s , and a s f u e l . 

A w i d e r use of Cajanus i n d i c u s by humans 

would c o n t r i b u t e t o i m p r o v i n g t h e p r o t e i n 

s u p p l y o f t h e B r a z i l i a n p o p u l a t i o n , a s t h e 

d r y seeds c o n t a i n about 18% of p r o t e i n s . 

SAMMY, G.M. 1 9 7 1 . 

Canning p o t e n t i a l o f t h e plgeonpea c u l t l v a r 

Gl 2 6 / 2 . Fd T e c h n o l . S e r . Fac. Engg U n i v . 

W. I n d i e s 4 : 4 . 1264 

156


C u l t i v a r G1 26/2 plgeonpeas were compared 

w i t h a c a n n i n g f a c t o r y s u p p l y o f f r e s h l y 

s h e l l e d pigeonpea o f mixed v a r i e t i e s 

processed and analysed i n i d e n t i c a l f a s h i o n . 

The b e s t r e t o r t i n g t i m e was found to be 

25 m i n , w h i c h f o r Gl 26/2 r e s u l t e d in 20% 

s p l i t s , good t e x t u r e , and 29.42 l i g h t 

t r a n s m i t t a n c e f o r a 1:5 d i l u t i o n . For t h e 

mixed v a r i e t i e s , t h e s p l i t s were 55%, 

t e x t u r e was good, and l i g h t t r a n s m i t t a n c e 

was 24.0% f o r a 1:20 d i l u t i o n . Gl 26/2 had 

good canning c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and gave a 

h i g h e r q u a l i t y p r o d u c t t h a n d i d t h e mixed 

v a r i e t i e s . 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F. 1 9 6 1 . 

The i n f l u e n c e of degree of m a t u r i t y on t h e 

q u a l i t y o f canned plgeonpeas. J . A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. R i c o . 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 1 7 - 2 5 1 . 1265 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e t i n n i n g o f plgeonpeas 

(Cajanus cajan) in b r i n e showed t h a t a 

s a t i s f a c t o r y p r o d u c t can o n l y b e o b t a i n e d 

from f u l l y m a t u r e , b u t s t i l l g r e e n , peas. 

O v e r r i p e y e l l o w peas a r e more s t a r c h y than 

green o n e s , and c o n s e q u e n t l y , absorb more 

w a t e r . The presence of an a p p r e c i a b l e 

percentage of y e l l o w peas causes a p r o p o r 

t i o n a t e i n c r e a s e i n t h e percentage o f 

broken s k i n s and s p l i t peas, and t h e b r i n e 

becomes dark and t u r b i d . 


P r o c e s s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f plgeonpeas 

o f t h e K a k i and Saragateado s e l e c t i o n s . 

J. Agric. U n i v . P. Rico 4 6 ( l ) : 2 3 - 3 3 . 1266 

A s t u d y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t o f s e l e c 

t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n t h e p r o d u c t q u a l i t y 

of plgeonpeas (Cajanus cajan). The 

s e l e c t i o n s g e n e r a l l y grown i n Puerto Rico 

f o r canning purposes were compared. No 

marked d i f f e r e n c e s between the two v a r i e 

t i e s were o b s e r v e d , b u t f o r t h e c o l o r o f 

the b r i n e , w h i c h was l e s s t u r b i d and 

l i g h t e r f o r t h e Saragateado s e l e c t i o n . 

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s h e l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s 

and a number of d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 

o f plgeonpeas f o r p r o c e s s i n g a r e 



The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e degree o f m a t u r i t y 

d u r i n g t h e h a r v e s t i n g p e r i o d o n t h e q u a l i t y 

o f canned plgeonpeas. B u l l . E s t a c . Exp. 

A g r i c . U n i v . P.R. 1 1 7 : 1 - 1 6 . 1267 

Plgeonpeas o f t h e v a r i e t i e s Saragateado 

and K a k i , grown i n P u e r t o R i c o , were h a r 

v e s t e d ( i ) a c c o r d i n g t o the commercial 

method ( s e l e c t i v e p i c k i n g o f r i p e n i n g pods); 

( i i ) b y removal o f a l l t h e p o d s , i n c l u d i n g 

t h e d r y ones, ( i l l ) a s i n ( i i ) b u t e x c l u 

d i n g t h e d r y pods. The h a r v e s t e d seeds 

were canned and t h e p r o d u c t Judged a c c o r d 

i n g t o t h e c o l o r and t u r b i d i t y o f t h e 

l i q u o r and the c o l o r of the peas. The 

q u a l i t y o f the p r o d u c t o b t a i n e d w i t h 

h a r v e s t i n g method, ( i i i ) e q u a l l e d t h a t o f 

( i ) w i t h t h e e x t r a advantage o f e a s i e r 

h a r v e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n s . 


A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e shear press t o determine 

the degree o f m a t u r i t y o f plgeonpeas. 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 7 ( 3 ) : 2 1 2 - 

216. 1268 

T r i a l s demonstrated t h a t t h e Lee-Kramer 

shear press a f f o r d s a r a p i d and s u f f i c i e n t 

ly a c c u r a t e means of a s s e s s i n g t h e degree 

o f m a t u r i t y o f plgeonpeas f o r c a n n i n g 

purposes. The maximum p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g s 

o b t a i n e d when plgeonpeas of t h e K a k i 

v a r i e t y , h a r v e s t e d a t d i f f e r e n t stages o f 

r i p e n e s s from v e r y t e n d e r green t o o v e r r i p e 

y e l l o w . M a t u r i t y c r i t e r i a used w e r e : 

a l c o h o l - i n s o l u b l e s o l i d s c o n t e n t , s t a r c h 

c o n t e n t , t o t a l s o l i d s c o n t e n t and p e r c e n t 

age of y e l l o w peas. 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, and 

J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . 

The f r e e z i n g of plgeonpeas f o r m a r k e t . 

J . A g r i c . U n i v . P . Rico 4 5 ( 4 ) : 2 0 5 - 

206. 1269 

Experiments conducted i n P u e r t o Rico 

showed t h a t f r o z e n plgeonpeas (Cajanus 

c a j a n ) can be k e p t f o r at l e a s t 2 years 

w i t h o u t any a p p r e c i a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n 

q u a l i t y , p r o v i d e d t h e enzyme system i s 

c o m p l e t e l y i n a c t i v a t e d by proper blanching . 

The b e s t r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d w i t h f u l l y 

mature green peas blanched in w a t e r at a 

temperature of 90.5°C f o r 5 m i n u t e s . 

A m a r k e t i n g t e s t demonstrated t h a t t h e 

p r o d u c t was w e l l r e c e i v e d by consumers. 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, and 

J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . 

The e f f e c t of some p r o c e s s i n g v a r i a b l e s on 

the q u a l i t y o f canned plgeonpeas. J . A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. Rico 45(4) :232-258. 1270 

Storage of u n s h e l l e d peas at 45 F f o r 9 

days had no a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t on t h e qual 

i t y o f canned p r o d u c t . The l e n g t h o f t h e 

b l a n c h i n g p e r i o d was found to determine to 

a c e r t a i n degree t h e c o l o r and t u r b i d i t y 

o f t h e b r i n e ; t h e l o n g e r t h e b l a n c h i n g 

p e r i o d , t h e c l e a r e r and l e s s t u r b i d t h e 

b r i n e . H o l d i n g t i m e b e f o r e r e t o r t i n g 

and l e n g t h o f c o o l i n g time had n o e f f e c t 

157


o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e canned p r o d u c t . 

Contact o f plgeonpeas w i t h i r o n , b r a s s , o r 

copper s u r f a c e was found t o r e s u l t i n b r i n e 

d i s c o l o r a t i o n . The a d d i t i o n of 2% sugar 

to t h e b r i n e was found to have no e f f e c t 

o n t h e f l a v o r o r the o v e r a l l q u a l i t y o f 

canned peas. Recommendations a r e made f o r 

t h e b e s t process t o use i n canning h i g h - 

q u a l i t y plgeonpeas. 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , M.A. GONZALEZ, J . R . BENERO, 

and I. HERNANDEZ. 1963. 

The b r i n e - g r a d i n g o f plgeonpeas. J . A g r i c . 

U n i v . P. Rico 4 7 ( 1 ) : 1 4 - 2 3 . 1271 

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n the g r a d i n g o f p i g e o n - 

p e a s , e i t h e r b e f o r e o r a f t e r b l a n c h i n g , 

i n b r i n e s o f s p e c i f i c g r a v i t i e s r a n g i n g 

f r o m 1.09 to 1.14 were conducted in P u e r t o 

R i c o . In every case a c l e a r s e p a r a t i o n 

was o b t a i n e d , a l l t h e f l o a t e r s b e i n g y o u n g , 

t e n d e r peas o f s u p e r i o r canning q u a l i t y . 

The s i n k e r s , however, c o n s i s t e d of a 

m i x t u r e o f green and y e l l o w ( o v e r r i p e ) 

peas which c o u l d n o t be s e p a r a t e d . B r i n e - 

g r a d i n g o f plgeonpeas i s n o t e c o n o m i c a l . 

SANCHEZ-NIEVA, F . , A . J . RODRIGUES, and 

J . R . BENERO. 1 9 6 1 . 

Improved methods of canning plgeonpeas. 

B u l l . A g r i c . Exp. Stn U n i v . P.R. 

1 5 7 : 1 - 2 6 . 1272 

When plgeonpeas (Cajanus c a j a n ) a r e canned 

by a process s i m i l a r to t h a t used commerc 

i a l l y f o r canning peas (Pisum sativum) 

t h e b r i n e darkens and develops a h i g h 

t u r b i d i t y w h i c h a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t s t h e i r 

q u a l i t y . But a n almost c o l o r l e s s b r i n e 

o f low t u r b i d i t y can b e o b t a i n e d i f t h e 

enzyme i s i n a c t i v a t e d b e f o r e s h e l l i n g b y 

steaming t h e pods at atmospheric p r e s s u r e . 

S h e l l - l i f e s t u d i e s showed t h a t plgeonpeas 

canned by t h e p r e h e a t i n g methods keep f o r 

a t l e a s t a y e a r w i t h o u t any change i n 

f l a v o r o r u n d e s i r a b l e changes i n t h e c o l o r 

and t u r b i d i t y o f t h e b r i n e . Equipment 

r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a commercial p r o c e s s i n g 

l i n e a r e g i v e n . 

SINGH, JAGDAYAL. 1965. 

Arhar (Cajanus cajan) as green s h e l t e r f o r 

young mango t r e e s . Pb H o r t . J. 5 ( 1 ) : 

9 - 1 1 . 1274 

A n o v e l method of p l a n t i n g each mango g r a f t 

w i t h i n p e r e n n i a l green s h e l t e r s o f a r h a r 

(Cajanus indicus) was e v a l u a t e d and found 

t o b e i d e a l i n p r e v e n t i n g s u n b u r n , f r o s t , 

and c o l d i n j u r y , at t h e same time was 

capable o f i n d u c i n g v i g o r o u s shoot e l o n g a 

t i o n g r o w t h . The o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f 

' b a s i n s o i l ' i n c i d e n t a l l y i n c r e a s e d from 

a r h a r l e a f shed, and p r u n i n g s l e f t a l s o 

acted as an e f f e c t i v e m u l c h . 

SQUIBB, R . L . , A. FALLA, J . A . FUENTES, and 

H.T. LOVE. 1950. 

Value of Desmodium, plgeonpea f o d d e r , 

Guatemalan and U n i t e d S t a t e s a l f a l f a meals 

i n r a t i o n s f o r baby c h i c k s . P o u l t r y S c i . 

2 9 : 4 8 2 - 4 8 5 . 1275 

Desmodium meal and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , 

plgeonpea f o d d e r m e a l , may r e p l a c e a l f a l f a 

meal as a source of c a r o t e n e and o t h e r 

e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s i n baby c h i c k r a t i o n s . 

This i s o f importance f o r L a t i n American 

t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s a s a l f a l f a grows o n l y i n 

l i m i t e d a r e a s , whereas numerous species of 

the genus Desmodium grow abundantly 

t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r o p i c s . Plgeonpeas y i e l d 

good f o d d e r crops in c e r t a i n areas and may 

be used to supplement t h e p r o d u c t i o n of 

Desmodium meals. 

SCHAFFHAUSEN, R.V. 1965. 

Weight i n c r e a s e of Zebu C a t t l e g r a z i n g on 

legumes. D o l i c h o s lablab and Cajanus 

indicus. P r o c . 9 t h I n t . G r a s s l d Congr. 

Sao Paulo 2 : 9 6 5 - 9 6 8 . 1273 

The p o t e n t i a l of plgeonpea as a t r o p i c a l 

d r y - s e a s o n p r o t e i n supplement f o r i n c r e a s e d 

b e e f p r o d u c t i o n was i n d i c a t e d i n B r a z i l , 

when C, oajan was sown in c o n t o u r f u r r o w s 

in a pangola g r a s s ( D i g i t a r i a decumbens) 

p a s t u r e , Zebu b u l l s g a i n e d a n average o f 

35 kg in 93 days d u r i n g severe d r o u g h t . 

158

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264, 265 

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Dasappa, 728 

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732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 

737, 738, 739, 764, 7 8 1 , 

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5 7 1 , 573, 580 

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Deodhar, A . D . , 298, 485 

D e o d i k a r , G . B . , 556 

160

A u t h o r 

Index 

Deokar, A . B . , 730, 7 3 1 , 732, 

733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 

738, 739, 764, 783, 804 

D e r i e u x , M . , 5 8 , 5 9 , 1147, 

1148 

D e s a i , B . G . , 316 

D e s a i , B . L . M . , 262, 264 

Deshmukh, K . M . , 45 

Deshmukh, N . Y . , 740, 7 4 1 , 

742, 743, 744, 759 

Deshpande, B . V . , 6 2 2 , 655, 

656 

Deshpande, R . B . , 435, 745, 

746, 758 

Devadas, R . P . , 266, 267, 268 

Eaglesham, A . , 824 

Eapen Mary, 266 

Edward, J . C . , 826, 907, 908, 

909 

Egwuatu, R . I . , 623 

E l i a s , L . G . , 257, 2 7 1 , 272, 

427 

E l l i o t , W., 1235 

Embden, C., 289 

E n y i , B . A . C . , 62 

Esh, G . C . , 437 

Eusebio, J . A . , 337, 338 

Evans, A . C . , 63 

Evans, I . M . , 273 

Ezedima, F . O . C . , 1153 

Gaywala, P . M . , 1236 

Gemawat, P . D . , 938 

G e n t i l , C . A . , 204 

Ghatge, R . D . , 764 

G h o d k i , J . P . , 1154 

Ghose, S . N . , 275 

Ghosh, C . C . , 629 

Ghosh, M.K., 912 

Ghosh, P r o d y u t , 913 

G i d w a n i , H . M . , 69 

G i l l , G . S . , 181 

G i l l , J . S . , 4 6 

G i r i , G a j e n d r a , 193 

G i r i , K . V . , 315, 355 

G i r i , R., 70 

D e v a i a h , M.C., 632 

Devakumar, J . P . , 666 

D e v i , L . S . , 269 

D e v r a j , K . C . , 632 

Dey, P . K . , 900, 9 0 1 , 902 

Dey, P . M . , 1149, 1150 

Dhamdhere, S . V . , 655, 656 

Dhande, G.W., 1108 

Dhar, N . , 1144 

Dharampal S i n g h , 235, 436 

D h l l l o n , Manmohan S i n g h , 60 

D h l l l o n , R . S . , 1233 

D h i n g r a , P . K . , 270 

D i a t l o f f , A . , 825 

D i p a l i Roy, 294, 325 

D i v a k a r , N . G . , 281 

D i v a k a r a n , K . , 747 

D i x o n , M . , 1150 

Doidge, E . M . , 903 

D o r a i r a j , M. Stephen, 748 

Dorasami, L . S . , 61 

Doughty, J . , 182, 1225 

D r a p e r , C . I . , 1234 

Dubey, L . N . , 69 

Dunham, L . J . , 348 

Durga Prashad, M.M.K., 370 

D u t h i e , J . F . , 371 

D u t t , B . K . , 1 1 5 1 , 1152, 1212 

D u t t , R., 1253 

D w i v e d i , R . P . , 904 

D w i v e d i , R . S . , 905, 906 

F a l l a , A . , 1275 

FAO, 6 4 , 372, 438 

F a z l u l l a h Khan, A . K . , 817 

F e l i x , S . , 910 

F e n n e l l , M.A., 439 

F e r r o r , R., 112 

Fincham, A . C . , 334 

F l e t c h e r , T . B . , 624 

Foreman, A . , 65 

F o s t e r , W.N.M., 137 

Franco Do A m a r a l , J . , 893 

F r e v r e , R . H . , 927 

Freyman, S . , 66 

Fuentes, J . A . , 1275 

F u l l e r , J . , 371 

G a b r i a l , G . N . , 279 

Gadewar, A . V . , 911 

Gaekwad, B . B . , 625 

G a h l o t , K . N . S . , 67 

Galban, E . , 68 

Ganga Prasada Rao, N. see 

Rao, N.G.P. 

Gangrade, G.A., 626, 627, 

628, 708 

G a n g u l i , D . K . , 373, 749, 750 

G a n g u l i , P . M . , 255 

Gangwar, L . C . , 717, 875 

Garcia Lopez, J . , 404 

G a r c i a , S . , 289 

Gaur, Y . D . , 274 

G i r i j a B a i , R., 267 

G i r i s h , G . K . , 630, 1245 

Godbole, G.M., 914, 982 

Gokhale, V . G . , 631 

G o l d s w o r t h y , P . R . , 223 

Gomez R i v a s , E . , 1262 

Gonzaga, E . , 915 

Gonzales, R.R., 337, 338 

Gonzalez, Fragoso, R., 892 

Gonzalez, M.A., 1269, 1270, 

1271 

Gooding, H . J . , 7 1 , 429, 440 

G o p a l a k r i s h n a , T . , 276 

Gopalan, C , 277 

Gopal Swarup, 953, 954, 955, 

956 

G o p i n a t h , D.M., 374 

G o p i n a t h , P . , 1221 

Goud, J . V . , 441 

Govande, G.K., 442 

Govindan, R., 632 

Govinda R a j u , D.R., 751 

Govindaswamy, C . V . , 916, 

1120 

Green, J . M . , 444, 514, 519 

G r e w a l , J . S . , 973, 974, 975, 

976, 977, 1133 

Gross, M . , 289 

G r o v e r , S . K . , 1032 

Grubben, G . J . H . , 1237 

G r y l i s , N . E . , 926 

Gunaseelan, T . , 752 

Gunasekaran, C . R . , 917 

Gupta, A . K . , 297 

Gupta, G . L . , 278 

Gupta, K . C . , 192 

Gupta, L . N . , 753 

161

Pigeonpea 


Gupta, M . D . , 1144 

Gupta, P . K . S . , 9 4 1 , 942 

Gupta, P . S . , 1243 

Gupta, S . C . , 525, 918 

Gupta, S . K . , 633, 1206 

Gupta, S . L . , 819 

Gupta, T . N . , 72 

Gupta, V . P . , 754 

G u r u r a j a Rao, G . , 1155 

H a b i b , F . G . K . , 279 

H a b i s h , H . P . , 920 

H a l d a r , M.K., 252 

Hammerton, J . L . , 7 3 , 7 4 , 75, 

76, 925, 1156, 1157, 1158 

Hanagodimath, S . B . , 77 

Handique, L . K . , 443 

Hansen, H . N . , 1095 

H a n s f o r d , C . G . , 9 2 1 , 922 

Hanumantha Rao, H . K . , 752 

Hanuntantha Rao, K . , 280 

Haque, M . F . , 765 

Harcharan S i n g h , 613, 614, 

647 

Hartman, C . P . , 281 

Hasan, A b u l , 923 

Hassan, M.A., 522 

H a w t i n , G . C . , 444 

H a z a r i k a , S . H . , 634 

H e c t o r , J . M . , 375 

H e i n r i c h , C., 635 

H e i n r i c h , W.O., 636 

Hemerik, G . A . , 949 

Henderson, T . H . , 590, 591 

Henke, L . A . , 1238, 1239 

H e r i w a , R . N . , 282 

Hernandez, I . , 1271 

Hernandez, M . , 272 

H e r r e a r a , D . , 206 

H e r r e r a , E . , 234 

H e r r e r a , P . G . , 78, 1240 

Heynes, K . , 1241 

H i c h e z , E . , 985 

H i l a l , S . H . , 279 

H i r e n a t h , K . G . , 755 

H i r e m a t h , P . C . , 856 

H i r e m a t h , R . V . , 924 

H i r u m i , H . , 986, 988 

H o r t a F e r r e i r a , A . , 79, 8 0 

Hosaka, E . Y . , 376 

Howard, A . , 445 

Howard, G . L . C . , 445 

H u b b e l l , D . S . , 8 1 

H u l s e , J . H . , 283, 284, 285 

H u s a i n , A . , 1082, 1083, 

1084, 1085 

H u s s a i n , T . , 241 

H u t c h i n s o n , J . B . , 377, 378, 

446 

H u t t o n , D . G . , 925 

H u t t o n , F . M . , 926 

H u x l e y , P . A . , 1159, 1210 

ICRISAT, 447, 448 

I h f i s , T . , 927 

I I T A , 449, 450 

Ikegwuonu, F . I . , 250, 286 

I l j i n , W . S . , 8 2 

I n d i a n A g r i c u l t u r a l 

Research I n s t i t u t e , 

New D e l h i , 8 3 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , 

453, 454, 455, 4 5 6 , 928, 

929 

I n d i a n C e n t r a l C o t t o n 

Committee, 84 

I n d i a n C o u n c i l o f A g r i 

c u l t u r a l Research, 

New D e l h i , 4 5 7 , 930 

I n d i a n Standards 

I n s t i t u t i o n , 1242 

I n d r a R a n i , 1160, 1175, 1176 

I n f o r z a t o , R., 85 

Ingham, J . L . , 931 

I p e , I . M . , 637, 638, 639 

I r v i n e , F . R . , 8 6 

I s h a q , F . , 1062 

I s l a m , N . , 932 

I s t v a n , P . , 1161 

I s w a r a n , V . , 1162 

Iyemperumal, S . , 995 

I y e n g a r , A . K . , 1163 

I y e n g a r , M . R . S . , 1123 

I y e n g a r , N . Y . R . , 1221 

I y e n g a r , R . S . , 1125 

Jacob, M.K., 478 

Jadav, A . S . , 553 

Jadhav, P . S . , 236 

Jadhav, T . K . , 827 

J a f f e , W . G . , 287, 288, 289 

Jagannathan, T . , 1011 

Jaimangal Sahai see 

S a h a i , J . M , 

J a i n , A . C . , 933, 1121 

J a i n , H.K., 458, 459, 460, 

4 6 1 , 4 6 2 , 532 

J a i n , R . P . , 528 

J a i n , S . K . , 756, 1253 

J a i n , T . C . , 236 

J a i r a j P u r i , M . S . , 999 

Jakhmola, S . S . , 615, 669, 

670, 708 

Jambhale, Narayan D h o n d i , 

757 

J a n a r t h a n a n , R., 640, 934, 

935, 1102 

J a w a l e , M . D . , 663 

Jayabhima Rao, K., 531 

J a y a l , M.M., 1243 

J a y a r a j , S . , 936 

Jayaram, G . , 230 

Jayaramaiah, M . , 704 

Jebamoni Rabindra R., 607, 

653, 688 

J e h l e , R.A., 937 

Jermyn, M.A., 290, 1164, 

1165 

J e s w a n i , L . M . , 435, 463, 

464, 465, 4 6 6 , 745, 746, 

758 

J e s w a n i , M.D., 938 

J o f f e , A . Z . , 939 

J o g l e k a r , R . G . , 759 

Johnson, J . , 940 

Johnson, R.M., 291 

J o p l i n , C . E . , 641 

J o s h i , A . B . , 435 

J o s h i , B . C . , 512, 756, 760 

J o s h i , G . , 642 

J o s h i , K . R . , 87 

J o s h i , K . S . , 557 

J o s h i , R . K . , 576, 577 

J o s h i , S . N . , 467, 761 

J u l i a , F . J . , 2 , 3 , 153 

162

Author 

Index 

K a b i , J . , 1166 

Kadara, B . S . , 468 

Kadwe, R . S . , 292 

K a i s e r , S . A . K . , 9 4 1 , 942 

K a j j a r i , N . B . , 4 3 2 , 762 

Kalubarme, M . H . , 1190 

Kalyan S i n g h , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 

9 1 , 115 

Kalyanasundaram, R., 943, 

1071 

Kamal, 944, 945, 946 

Kamal Choudhury see 

Choudhury, Kamal 

Kamat, M . N . , 504, 947 

Kamdev, L . D . , 1257 

Kandaswamy, T . K . , 935, 948, 

1049, 1102 

K a n i t k a r , A . G . , 116 

Kanta Kusum, 1167 

Kapadia, M . N . , 643 

Kapadia, T . J . , 348 

Kapoor, K . N . , 644 

Kapur, A . S . , 320, 3 2 1 , 322 

Kapur, R., 726, 763 

K a r i h a l o o , J . L . , 1139 

Karnad, R., 1217 

K a s a s i a n , L . , 9 2 , 93 

Kashkary, V . K . , 478 

K a t h j u , S . , 1168 

K a t i y a r , R . P . , 430 

K a t i y a r , S . S . L . , 679 

K a t y a l , S . L . , 94 

K a u l , A . K . , 293, 533 

K a u l , C . L . , 379, 469, 1169 

K a u l , J . N . , 5 4 , 95, 9 6 

K e l k a r , S . G . , 470 

Kennard, H . C . , 927 

Kernkamp, M . F . , 949 

K h a l i l , 0 . , 1062 

Khamankar, Y . G . , 558 

Khan, A . R . , 9 7 , 393, 445 

Khan, M.A., 2 4 1 , 1170 

Khan, M.Q., 645 

Khan, T . N . , 9 8 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 2 , 

1195 

Khan, W.M.A., 473, 4 9 4 , 769, 

803, 950, 995 

Khanna, R . N . , 951 

Khare, R . N . , 1244 

K h a t r i , P . D . , 1177 

K i l l i n g e r , G . B . , 9 9 , 474 

Kimura, M . , 986, 987, 988 

K o e h l a r , C . S . , 646 

K o l h e , A . K . , 764 

K o l i , B h a r a t i , 294 

Kooner, B a n t s i n g h , 647 

K o r y t k o w s k i , C , 648 

K o s h i , P . K . , 952, 953, 954, 

955, 956 

K r a u s s , F . G . , 100, 380, 4 7 5 , 

476 

K r i s h n a m o o r t h y , K . K . , 163 

K r l s h n a m u r t h y , K . , 630, 1244, 

1245 

K r i s h n a n , C . K . , 327 

K r i s h n a n , R . H . , 477, 840 

Krishnaswami, S . , 1246 

Krishnaswamy, N . , 559 

K r o b e r , O.A., 295, 478 

K u l d i p S i n g h , 957 

K u l k a r n i , L . G . , 101 

K u l k a r n i , N . B . , 1108 

K u l k a r n i , P . M . , 87 

K u l k a r n i , P . R . , 308, 1163 

K u l k a r n i , R.M., 469 

K u l k a r n i , U . G . , 479 

K u l k a r n i , Y . S . , 958, 959, 

1035 

Kumar, A . , 678, 765 

Kumar, K . , 1063 

Kumar, L . S . S . , 4 8 0 , 560, 

5 6 1 , 562, 563 

Kumar, P . , 102 

Kumar, V . , 717, 875 

Kundu, C , 1144 

Kuppuswamy, S . , 296, 649, 

1221 

K u r i a n , S . , 358 

K u r i e n , P . P . , 1247 

K u r i e n , S . , 264 

K u r t a k o t i , F . B . , 432 

Kurup, P . A . , 323 

Kyneur, G.W., 103 

Lackey, J . A . , 381 

L a k e r , J . S . , 104 

Lakshmana, R . J . , 360 

Lakshmi, R.V., 441 

L a l , M . S . , 481 

L a l , R., 105, 173 

L a l , R.K., 478 

L a l , S . , 106, 4 8 2 , 483 

L a n d r a u , J . R . P . , 107 

Lange, D . J . d e . , 300 

L a t e e f , S . S . , 6 2 1 , 650 

Laurence, G . A . , 651 

L a w a n i , S . M . , 484 

Laxman S i n g h , 108, 109, 110, 

198, 209, 297, 298, 3 9 1 , 

485, 529, 577, 578, 766, 

798, 799, 800, 8 0 1 , 805 

Leach, R., 960, 961 

Leakey, C . L . A . , 513 

Lee, C.W., 348 

L e e l a D a v i d , A . , 652 

L e e l a , R., 263 

Lenka, D . , 111 

L e o n a r d , W . H . , 118 

L e v i a Sanchez, A . , 1161 

L i m , G . , 828 

L i o r e n s , A . A . , 1248 

L o c s i n , A . M . , 299 

Lombard, J . H . , 300 

Lopez Rosa, J . M . , 962 

L o r d e l l o , L . , 915 

L o u s t a l o t , A . J . , 112 

L o v a d i n i , L . A . C . , 113 

L o v e , H . T . , 1275 

L u s e , R.A., 301 

McDonald, J . , 963 

McRae, W., 964, 965, 966, 

967, 968, 969, 970, 9 7 1 , 

972 

Madaiah, M . , 1182 

Madhava Rao, K . V . , 1 1 7 1 , 

1172, 1173, 1174 

Madhusudhan Rao, 1196 

Maesen, L . J . G . van d e r , 486 

M a g i s t a d , O . C . , 114 

Mahadevan, V . , 1243 

Mahadevappa, M . , 728 

Mahadik, C . N . , 209 

Mahammed A l i k h a n , W. 

Khan, W.M.A. 

see 

Mahatim S i n g h , 115 

Mahendrapal, 973, 974, 975, 

976, 977 

Maher, C . , 1249 

Maheshwari, D . K . , 1036 

163


Maheshwari, S . K . , 108, 109, 

19S 

Mahmood, M . , 978, 979, 1124 

Mahras, G . H . , 279 

M a i t r a , A . , 980, 981 

M a j o r , N . G . , 282 

M a l a k a r , M.C., 251 

M a l h o t r a , O . P . , 1175, 1176 

M a l h o t r a , R . S . , 5 2 8 , 767, 

809 

M a l i , V . R . , 982 

M a l i k , R . C , 166 

M a l i k , R . P . , 983 

M a l i w a l , G . L . , 1188 

M a l l , T . P . , 842, 944, 945, 

984, 1088, 1089 

M a m a r i l , J . C . , 337 

Mandal, B . K . , 1213 

Mane, S . S . , 487 

M a n g a l s a i n , 693 

Manlckam, A . , 1208 

M a n j h i , S . , 116 

M a n j i t Singh D h o o r i a , 633 

M a n j u n a t h , A . , 829 

Mankad, B . N . , 1250 

Manke, S . B . , 7 3 1 , 737 

Mann, H a r o l d H . , 488 

Maramorosch, K., 877, 985, 

986, 987, 988, 1114 

Marcus, A . , 117 

M a r t i n J o h n , H . , 118 

Mascarenhas, H . A . A . , 113 

M a s l e k a r , S . R . , 783 

Mathur, B . P . , 97 

Mathur, R . S . , 989 

Mathur, V . K . , 1251 

Mathur, Y . K . , 609 

Maurya, R.A., 44 

Mayee, C D . , 914 

Mbowe, F . F . A . , 489 

Meenakshi, K., 1216 

Mehra, A . K . , 1146 

Mehra, R . C . S . , 990 

Mehra, S . L . , 239 

Mehta, B . V . , 1 3 1 , 1177 

Mehta, D . N . , 490 

Mehta, P . R . , 1031 

Mehta, T . R . , 119, 120 

M e l l o , F . A . F . , d e 121 

Menachery, Maggie, 342 

Menden, E . , 357 

Menezes, O.B. de 122, 4 9 1 , 

768 

M i l e s , J . F . , 123, 492 

M i l l e r , C . D . , 302, 303, 304 

M i l l s , P . F . L . , 124 

M i n c h i n , F . R . , 1210 

M i r a n d a , H . , 271 

M i s h r a , A . , 340 

M i s h r a , A . N . , 1080 

M l a h r a , D . , 1178, 1179 

M i s h r a , D . P . , 990 

M i s h r a , G . S . , 1032 

M i s h r a , K . C , 125, 140 

M i s h r a , M . C , 356 

M i s h r a , R.R., 991 

M i s h r a , S . D . , 592 

M i s h r a , S . L . , 908 

M i t a l , S . P . , 808 

M i t c h e l l , H.W., 63 

M i t r a , C . R . , 305 

M i t r a , M . , 992, 993, 994, 

1031 

M i t r a , P . , 1180 

M i t r a , R., 1144 

M i t r a , R . K . , 276 

M i t r a , R . N . , 593 

M i t r a , S . N . , 306, 307 

M o d i , J . D . , 308 

Mohamed A l l , A . , 126 

Mohamed A l i Khan, W. 

Khan, W.M.A. 

see 

Mohamed H a n i f a , A . , 6 5 2 , 653 

Mohamed S h e r i f f , N. see 

S h e r i f f , N.M. 

Mohanty, S . K . , 1178, 1179 

Mohanty, U . N . , 996, 997 

Mohatkar, L . C , 505 

M o l l i s o n , J . , 594 

Moniz, L . , 827 

Morbad, I . R . , 770, 813 

Morcos, S . R . , 279 

M o r e l , R., 127 

M o r t o n , J . F . , 128, 348 

Mosqueda, S . A . , 289 

Mtenga, L . A . , 309 

Mukand S i n g h , 46 

Mukewar, A . A . M . , 771 

Mukherjee, D . , 1 2 9 , 130, 

1 9 1 , 4 9 5 , 772, 998, 1181 

Mukherjee, K . L . , 125, 140 

Mukherjee, S . , 913 

Mukhopadhyay, I . , 389 

Muley, D . P . , 771 

M u l i m a n i , V . H . , 1182 

M u l k , M.M., 999 

M u l l e r , A . S . , 1000, 1001 

M u l l e r , H . M . , 189 

Mundkur, B . B . , 1002, 1003, 

1004 

Munoz, A . M . , 773 

M u n s e l l , H a z e l , E . , 310 

Munwar Basha, K . , 510 

M u r t h i , A . N . , 793 

Murugesan, M., 818 

M u t a l i k D e s a i , K . S . , 659 

M u t h a i a h , C , 595 

M u t h u k r i s h n a n , T . S . , 917 

N a d a r a j a n , N . , 496 

Nagaraja Rao, U . N . , 281 

N a i k , M . S . , 533 

N a i r , G.G.K., 131 

N a i r , K . S . , 836 

N a i r , P . K . K . K . , 383 

N a i t h a n i , S . P . , 564 

Nambiar, K . K . N . , 1 0 0 5 , 1 0 0 6 , 

1007, 1008, 1009 

N a n d i , L . A . , 830 

N a n d i , P . , 888 

Nanjappa, 497 

N a n j u n d i a h , S . D . , 1113 

Nanne, E . , 132 

Naphade, M . S . , 1257 

Narasimha M u r t h y , B . L . , 370 

Narayana, N . , 316 

Narayanaswamy, D . , 264, 358 

Narayanaswamy, P . , 1010, 

1 0 1 1 , 1012, 1013, 1014, 

1015, 1016, 1017 

Naray anaswamy, P . S . , 667 

Narayanaswamy, S . , 390, 1200 

Narkhede, B . N . , 774 

N a t a r a j a n , M . , 133 

N a t h , H . , 1251 

N a t h , R . L . , 1183, 1184, 

1185, 1186, 1187, 1252, 

1253 

N a t t r a s s , R.M., 1018 

Navaneethan, G . , 640, 935 

164

A u t h o r 

Index 

Nayak, S . , 1213 

Neelam S i n g h , 297 

Nema, K . G . , 1019, 1121 

Nema, N . A . , 134 

N e m a , S . P . , 3 1 1 , 312, 313, 

314 

Nene, Y . L . , 9 8 7 , 1020, 1 0 2 1 , 

1022, 1023, 1053 

N e t k e , S . P . , 294, 325 

Newton, W., 1024 

N i c h o l s , R., 135, 136 

Nigam, P . K . , 713 

Nigam, S . S . , 278 

Nigam, V . N . , 315 

N i l s s o n , L e l s s n e r , G . , 226 

N i y o g i , S . P . , 316 

N o l b e r g a , B . , 289 

N o r r i s , D.O., 8 3 1 , 832 

N o r r i s , R . V . , 344 

N o r t o n , G . , 317 

Nye, P . H . , 137 

Oakes, A . J . , 1254 

Ochse, J . J . , 384 

Odak, S . C . , 655, 656 

Oke, O . L . , 138, 318, 833 

O l i v a r e s , H . , 289 

O l l v i e r i , J o s e , A . , 1248 

Onim, M . F . , 795, 1025 

( a l s o Onim, J . F . M . ) 

O r i a n , A . T . E . , 657 

O r i e u x , L . , 910 

O r i l l o , F . I . , 1026 

O r r a c a - T e t t e h , R., 182 

Overman, A . J . , 1027 

Oza, G.M., 385 

P a c h p o l , L . S . , 732, 738 

Padmanabhan, D . , 1167 

Padmanabhan, G . , 1208 

Padwlck, G.W., 1028, 1029, 

1030, 1031 

P a l , A . , 1202, 1203 

P a l , B . P . , 498 

P a l , P . , 1144 

P a l , R . K . , 319 

P a l , S . K . , 658 

P a l a c i o s , G . , 834 

Palanisamy, N . , 163 

Palaniswamy, G . A . , 215, 333, 

539, 792, 819 

P a l i w a l , K . V . , 1188 

P a l o , A . N . , 139 

Panchabhavi, K . S . , 659 

Pande, V . N . , 565 

Pandey, H . N . , 125, 140 

Pandey, K . K . , 9 9 1 , 1032 

Pandey, R . B . , 141 

Pandey, R . K . , 1189, 1190 

Pandey, R . L . , 766 

Pandey, S . N . , 1191 

P a n d i t , P . V . , 660 

Pandya, P . S . , 470, 775 

Pandya, S . C . , 806 

P a n l k k a r , M.R., 142, 143, 

1255 

Pankaja Reddy, R., 144, 499, 

566, 776 

Pannu, J . S . , 145 

Panse, V . G . , 146, 446 

P a n t , N . C . , 699, 700, 7 0 1 , 

702, 703 

P a n t , R., 320, 3 2 1 , 322 

P a n t o n , C . A . , 500 

P a r a s h a r , R.R., 391 

P a r k , M . , 1033, 1034 

Parmanlk, L . M . , 661 

Parmar, A . S . , 1233 

P a r p i a , H . A . B . , 262, 263, 

264, 1247 

Parsons, D . J . , 147 

P a r u i , N . R . , 998 

P a t e l , B . M . , 1256, 1257 

P a t e l , H . K . , 616 

P a t e l , M.K., 947, 958, 959, 

1035, 1108 

P a t e l , R . B . , 162 

P a t e l , S . M . , 468 

P a t h a k , D . K . V . , 777 

P a t h a k , G . , 1144 

P a t h a k , G . N . , 148, 5 0 1 , 502, 

567, 568, 778 

P a t h a k , N . N . , 1146 

P a t h a k , P . D . , 1036 

P a t l l , B . G . , 1037 

P a t i l , J . A . , 503, 7 2 1 , 775, 

779, 780, 7 8 1 , 782, 783, 

784, 785 

P a t l l , M.K., 504 

P a t i l , P . S . , 733, 734 

P a t i l , R . B . , 4 9 7 , 786 

P a t r o , G . K . , 149 

Pattabhiraman, T . N . , 1209 

P a t t a n a i k , S . , 175 

P a u l , S . , 150 

P a u l , W . R . C . , 1 5 1 , 152 

P a v g i , M . S . , 1038, 1039 

Pawar, A . D . , 662 

Pawar, V . M . , 625, 663 

P e a r l , R . T . , 1040 

P e i r i s , J . W . L . , 1024 

P e h a - G a r c i a , E . , 1161 

P e r e z , A . , 171 

P h i r k e , T . S . , 569, 741 

P i e r r e , R . E . , 76, 500 

P i e t r i , R., 4 1 , 153 

P i n g a l e , S . V . , 1244 

P i n h e i r o , E . D . , 893 

P o k l e , Y . S . , 505, 787, 1192 

Popenoe, W., 154 

Prabhakar B h a t t , B . , 1251 

Pradhan, K . , 339 

Pradhan, T . K . , 1184, 1185, 

1186, 1187, 1193 

P r a h l a d S i n g h , 339 

P r a s a d , M . , 8 9 1 , 1 0 4 1 , 1042, 

1043 

P rasad, M.V.R., 155 

P r a s a d , N . , 938 

P r a s a d , R., 8 9 , 9 0 , 9 1 

P r a s a d , S . N . , 506, 1044 

P r a s a d , V . V . S . S . , 1190 

P r a s a n n a l a k s h m i , S . , 236 

Pretna, L . , 323 

Premsekhar, S . , 156 

P r e s t o n , N.W., 1045, 1194 

P r i t c h a r d , A . J . , 546 

Pugh, B . M . , 157 

P u l l e , M.W., 1258 

P u r a n i k , S . B . , 924 

P u r k a y a s t h a , R . P . , 1046, 

1047 

P u r o h i t , M . L . , 694 

P u r s e g l o v e , J . W . , 386 

Pushpamma, P . , 324 

P u t t a r a j a p p a , P . K . , 158 

P u t t a r u d r a i a h , M . , 664 

P y n a e r t , L . , 159 

165


Quadros, A . S . d e . , 160 

Q u a n t i n , P . , 127 

Q u i l t , P . , 5 6 

R a b i n d r a , R . J . see 

Jebamoni R a b i n d r a , R. 

R a c h i e , K . O . , 1 6 1 , 284, 285, 

4 4 4 , 4 7 2 , 4 8 4 , 507, 508, 

509, 6 4 6 , 1195 

R a f i q u l I s l a m , 824 

Raghavan, 0 . , 1048 

Raghunathaswami 

Ayyangar, P . A . , 360 

Raghupathy, A . , 792, 8 1 9 , 

840 a l s o Reghupathy, A. 

Rahman, A . R . , 1259, 1260 

Rahman, M.M., 259 

R a i , K a l p a n a , 325 

R a i n a , A . K . , 665 

R a j , D . , 510 

R a j a g o p a l a n , C . K . , 195, 654, 

788, 1261 

R a j a g o p a l a n , C . L . K . , 666 

R a j a l a k s h m i , 263 

Rajamani, A . , 510 

Rajammal, P . D . , 326 

R a j a n , P . , 265 

R a j a n i , H . J . , 162 

R a j a s e k a r a n , V . P . A . , 213 

R a j e n d r a n , G., 917 

Rajendra Prasad see 

P rasad, R. 

Rajeswara Rao, G . , 1155, 

1172, 1173, 1174 

R a j e s w a r i , R., 326 

R a j u , D . R . G . , 789 

R a j u , M . S . , 835 

Ram, R.A., 790, 791 

Ram Lakhan, 8 1 1 , 812 

Rao P r a k a s h , 522 

Ram V i s h a l , 67 

Rama Rao, M . V . , 327, 349, 

350, 351 

Rama S u b b a i a h , K . , 645 

Ramabhadran, G . , 747 

Ramakrishnan, T . S . , 1050 

Ramakrishnan, C , 667 

Ramakrishnan, K . , 9 4 8 , 1006, 

1007, 1008, 1009, 1012, 

1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 

1017, 1049 

Ramalingam, C., 387 

Ramanathan, G . , 163 

Raman, Kapur see Kapur, R. 

Ramanujam, S . , 164, 5 1 1 , 760 

R a m a s a s t r i , B . V . , 328 

Ramasivan, T . , 1245 

Ramaewamy, K . R . , 473 

Ramaswamy, P . P . , 836 

Rameshwar P r a s a d , 609 

Ramiah, P . V . , 329 

Ramos, C , 171 

Ramos, V . D . , 233 

Ranade, K . , 909 

Rane, A . E . , 668 

Ranganathan, S . , 330, 331 

Rangasamy, P . , 387, 540, 817 

Rangaswami, G . , 823 

Rangaswamy, G . , 1125 

Rangaswamy, H . R . , 632 

R a n g e l , E . , 1051 

Rao, H . K . S . , 561 

Rao, K . C . , 340 

Rao, K . S . , 165 

Rao, M . P . , 595 

Rao, M . V . L . , 346 

Rao, M.V.R. see 

Rama Rao, M.V. 

Rao, N . G . P . , 144, 499, 5 6 6 , 

776 

Rao, P . S . , 332 

Rao, S . V . , 358 

Rao, V . G . , 1052 

R a s h l d , A . , 923 

R a t h i , S . S . , 166 

R a t h i , Y . P . S . , 1053 

Rathnaswamy, R., 214, 215, 

333, 539, 5 4 1 , 6 7 1 , 792, 

818, 819, 840 

R a u t , N . K . , 911 

Ravenza, M . V . B . , 167 

R a v i s h a n k a r , 1054 

Rawat, R.R., 669, 670 

Ray, G . K . , 253 

Raychaudhury, S . P . , 887, 

1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 

1059 

Raymond, W . D . , 291 

Reddy, B . V . S . , 793 

Reddy, L . J . , 554, 555, 570, 

5 7 1 , 793 

Reddy, M.V., 1022, 1023 

Reddy, P . R . , 1196 

Reem, H.W., 168 

166 

Reghupathy, A . , 671 

R e k h i , S . S . , 7 4 2 , 743, 744, 

794 

Renard, M . , 169 

R i a z , F . , 240 

R i c h a r d o , B . , 256 

R i c h h a r i a , R . H . , 170 

R i o l l a n o , A . , 1 7 1 , 1197 

R i o s , J . M . , 1248 

R i p p e r t o n , J . C . , 376 

R i v a s , N . , 1262 

Robbins, R . C . , 304 

R o b e r t o , J . , 256 

Roche, P . , 172 

Rockwood, W . D . , 509 

Rockwood, W.G., 173 

R o d r i g u e s , A . J . , 1272 

Rodrigues P e i x o t o , A . , 1263 

R o d r i g u e z , G.O., 596 

Rohewal, S . S . , 512 

Rolando, M . N . , 256 

Rowlands, R., 268 

Roy, B . R . , 306 

Roy, S . C . , 307 

Roy, T . C . , 1060 

Roy, T . G . , 1122 

Roy, Ashok, 5 7 2 , 573 

Royes, W . V . , 334, 388 

Rubaihayo, P . R . , 513, 795, 

1025 

Rudra, M . N . , 335 

Sabet, K . A . , 1 0 6 1 , 1062 

S a b l e , J . E . , 1037 

S a b n i s , T . S . , 174 

Saha, N . , 552 

S a h a i , J . M . , 436, 501 

S a h a r i a , D . , 672 

Sahasrabudhe, V . B . , 184 

S a h i b , M.K., 237 

Sahu, D . , 175 

S a i k i a , D . R . , 1246 

Sakharam Rao, 1214 

Saksena, H . K . , 9 0 4 , 1063, 

1064 

S a l a n k i , M . S . , 813 

S a l e t t e , J . E . , 176 

Salunkhe, A . R . , 796 

S a m a j p a t i , N., 1065

Author Index 

Sambamurthy, R., 268, 326 

Sammy, G.M., 1264 

Samuels, G . , 107 

Samuel, G. S a t h l a b a l a n see 

S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G. 

Sanchez-Nieva, F . , 177, 1 7 8 , 

179, 180, 1265, 1266, 

1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 

1 2 7 1 , 1272 

Sandbhor, N . V . , 784 

Sandhu, H . S . , 181 

Sane, P . V . , 1154 

Sangappa, H . K . , 673 

Sangwan, P . S . , 543 

Sanjeevarayappa, K . V . , 265 

Sankaran, S . , 336 

Santhanaraman, T . , 619 

S a n t o n , W.R., 182 

S a r a f , C . S . , 4 , 183 

Saranz, H . , 289 

Sarbhoy, A . R . , 977 

Sardar S i n g h , 184 

S a r i n , M . N . , 1142 

S a r o j i n i , T . S . , 1066, 1067, 

1068, 1069, 1070 

S a s t r y , M . L . N . , 1125 

S a s t r y , S . D . , 278 

S a t h l a b a l a n , Samuel G . , 640, 

935, 1102 

Sathyanarayana, G . , 1071 

S a t i j a , D.R., 727 

S a t p a t h y , R . K . , 111 

Satyanarayana, P . , 329 

S a u m i t r a , B . S . , 115 

S a v a l i a , B . M . , 674 

Savant, N . K . , 53 

S a v i l l e , A . H . , 185 

Sawhney, J . S . , 145 

Saxena, H . P . , 675, 676 

Saxena, J . K . , 717, 812 

Saxena, K . B . , 514 

Saxena, M.C., 186, 187, 232, 

515, 526, 837, 1189, 1190 

Saxena, S . S . , 516 

S c h a f f h a u s e n , R . V . , 188, 

1273 

Sekhon, H . S . , 9 5 , 96 

S e k i g u c h i , N . , 303 

S e l l s c h o p , J . , 189 

S e l v a k u m a r i , G . , 213, 214, 

840 

S e l v a r a j , K . V . , 36 

Sen, A . , 383 

Sen, A . N . , 190, 274 

Sen, N . K . , 389 

Sen, S . , 1 9 1 , 192, 495, 797 

Sen, S . K . , 517, 1146 

Sen Gupta, J . C . , 1198 

Sen Gupta, K . , 1 9 1 , 797 

Sengupta, P . K . , 717, 1072, 

1124 

S e s h a d r i , A . R . , 936, 1017 

S e t h , M . L . , 677, 1073 

S e t h i , C . L . , 839 

S e t h i , S . C . , 754 

Sethunathan, N . , 838, 1199 

S e v i l l a - E u s e b i o , J . , 337,338 

Sewa Ram, 193 

Shah, A . A . , 196 

Shah, F . H . , 238 

Shama Rao, H . K . , 390, 1200 

Shambulingappa, K . G . , 518 

Sharat Chandra, H . C . , 751 

Sharda, D . P . , 339 

S h a r i f f , M . H . , 1074 

Sharma, C . N . , 574 

Sharma, D . , 108, 109, 198, 

298, 3 9 1 , 485, 514, 519, 

520, 578, 798, 799, 800, 

801 

Sharma, D . P . , 1201 

Sharma, H . K . , 3 9 1 , 798, 799, 

800, 801 

Sharma, M.C., 1075 

Sharma, N . K . , 839 

Sharma, N . L . , 194 

Sharma, P . , 791 

Sharma, R . P . , 431 

Sharma, S . K . , 12 

Sharma, S . P . , 293 

Sharma, Y . K . , 298, 340 

Shaw, F . J . F . , 392, 393, 802, 

9 7 1 , 972 

S h e i k h , Y . L . , 785 

S h e r i f f , N . M . , 195, 213, 

4 9 3 , 494, 538, 540, 654, 

769, 803, 817, 840, 995 

S h i n d e , V . K . , 739, 804 

S h i r s a t , A . M . , 982 

S h i t , S . K . , 1076 

S h i v a p u r i , T . N . , 521 

S h i v a r a j , B . , 497 

Shivashankar, G . , 230, 518 

S h r i v a s t a v a , M . P . , 110, 297, 

520, 575, 576, 577, 578, 

805 

S h r i v a s t a v a , P . S . , 806 

S h u k l a , D . S . , 1077 

S h u k l a , P . C . , 1256 

S h u k l a , S . P . , 394 

S h u k l a , V . N . , 1096 

S i d d i q u i , M . K . H . , 697 

S i d e r i s , C . P . , 1078, 1079 

Sidheswar P r a s a d , 522 

S i d h u , A . S . , 633 

S i k d a r , A . K . , 579, 580 

S i k k a , K . C . , 341 

S i l , S . N . , 523 

S i l v a , D . M . , 893 

S i l v a , S . , 245 

S i l v e s t r e , P . , 597 

S i m h a d r i , P . , 841 

S i n g h , A . , 4 , 183, 1202, 

1203, 1233 

S i n g h , A . B . , 807 

S i n g h , B . B . , 524, 525 

S i n g h , B . D . , 525, 588 

S i n g h , B . R . , 529 

S i n g h , D . , 166, 196, 807 

S i n g h , D . N . , 808 

S i n g h , D.V., 1080 

S i n g h , G . P . , 1 0 8 1 , 1082, 

1083, 1084, 1085, 1123 

S i n g h , H . , 393 

S i n g h , H . D . , 341 

S i n g h , H . P . , 526 

S i n g h , I . B . , 790, 791 

S i n g h , J a g d a y a l , 1274 

S i n g h , K . , 6 3 0 , 1245 

S i n g h , K . B . , 5 2 7 , 528, 647, 

809 

S i n g h , K . P . , 5 0 2 , 778, 909 

S i n g h , L. see Laxman Singh 

S i n g h , M . , 44 

S i n g h , M.K., 810 

S i n g h , M . P . , 197 

S i n g h , N . D . , 1086, 1087 

S i n g h , N . P . , 515 

S i n g h , P . , 790, 7 9 1 , 1124 

S i n g h , R., 842, 1088, 1089 

S i n g h , R . A . , 1038 

S i n g h , R . B . , 588, 820 

S i n g h , R . C . , 207 

167


S i n g h , R . K . , 1 1 5 , 950 

S i n g h , R.M., 588, 820 

S i n g h , R . P . , 150, 155, 805 

S i n g h , R . S . , 951 

S i n g h , S . , 341 

S i n g h , S . B . , 199 

S i n g h , Shiv Bahadur, 1090 

S i n g h , S . K . , 1143 

S i n g h , S . P . , 379, 469, 512, 

530, 5 8 1 , 807, 1169 

S i n g h , T . C . N . , 1091 

S i n g h , U . B . , 1092 

S i n g h , U . P . , 1039 

S i n g h , V e d p a l , 582 

S i n g h , V . B . , 1190 

S i n g h , Z . , 6 7 0 , 692 

S i n h a , A . K . , 9 8 1 , 1093 

Sittha, K . S . , 197 

S i n h a , M . L . , 909 

S i n h a , M.M., 678 

S i n h a , S . , 918 

S i n h a , S . C . , 356, 483, 8 1 1 , 

812 

S i n h a , S . S . N . , 583, 584 

Sivaraman, E . , 342 

Sivaswamy, N . , 473, 585 

S m a l l , W . , 1094 

S m a r t t , J . , 200 

S n e h l a t a , N . , 267 

Snyder, W.C., 1095 

S o d h i , J . S . , 767 

Sohan S i n g h , 201 

S o i t o u t , M . , 597 

S o l a n k i , M . S . , 770 

S o l o c o t z i , E . H . , 202 

Solomon, S . , 203, 813 

Somani, R . B . , 1096 

Sonavne, K . M . , 1204, 1205 

Sood, N . K . , 694 

S o o t h a , G . D . , 1206 

Sousa, J . A . , 204 

Spence, J . A . , 227, 1097, 

1207, 1211 

S q u i b b , R . L . , 1275 

Sreedharan, C , 1213 

S r e e k a n t a r a d h y a , R., 518 

S r e e n i v a s a y a , M . , 1098 

S r e e n i v a s a n , A . , 3 1 1 , 312, 

313, 314 

S r i k a n t h a m u r t h y , G . , 1099 

S r i k a n t i s , S . G . , 343 

S r i n i v a a a Rao, P . , 328 

S r i n i v a s a n , K., 814 

S r i n i v a s a n , K . S . , 265 

S r i n i v a s a n , M., 296 

S r i n i v a s a n , P . R . , 359 

S r i n i v a s a n , V . , 336, 531 

S r i n i v a s a n , V . K . , 560 

S r i v a s t a v a , A . S . , 679, 680, 

681 

S r i v a s t a v a , B . K . , 682 

S r i v a s t a v a , D . P . , 373, 749, 

750 

S r i v a s t a v a , G . P . , 356 

S r i v a s t a v a , J . L . , 680, 681 

S r i v a s t a v a , K . M . , 679 

S r i v a s t a v a , O . S . , 683, 684 

S r i v a s t a v a , R . P . , 944, 945 

S t e d e , W., 182 

S t o c k d a l e , F . , 685 

S t r e i l , M . , 1201 

Su, U T h e t , 1100 

Suard, C , 5 9 

Subba Rao, L . V . , 1196 

Subba Rao, N . S . , 843 

Subbaiah, T . V . , 1125 

Subramaniam, A . , 156 

Subramaniam, N . , 280 

Subramaniam, V . , 344 

Subramanian, C . V . , 1101 

Subramanian, K . S . , 640, 935, 

1102 

Subramanian, S . , 1103, 1104, 

1105, 1106 

Subramanian, T . R . , 607, 649, 

686, 687 

Subramanian, V . , 296, 1208 

Subramanya, R., 262, 263 

Subramanyam, K., 395 

Sugawe, G . T . R . , 205 

Sugiyama, T . , 309 

S u l l a d m a t h , V . V . , 856 

Sumathi, S . , 1209 

S u m m e r f i e l d , R . J . , 1159,1210 

Sundaram, N.V., 1050 

Sundaram, S . , 43 

S u n d a r a r a j a n , A . R . , 3 3 1 , 345 

Sundram, P . S . , 344 

S u r , S . C . , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2 , 517, 

797 

S u r e j , J . J . , 206 

S u r i n d e r S i n g h , 207 

S u r u l i v e l u , T . , 653, 688 

Suryanarayanan, S . , 850 

Susheela, A . , 266 

Susheelamma, N . S . , 346 

Swaminathan, M . , 262, 263, 

264, 265, 3 3 1 , 347, 358 

Swaminathan, M . S . , 532, 533 

Swamy, G . , 589 

T a i t t , E.G., 1211 

T a k a h a s h i , M . , 544 

T a l e y , Y . M . , 668 

T a l w a r , S . N . , 755 

Tandon, R . N . , 906 

Tandon, V . B . , 248 

T a r a , M.R., 327, 348, 349, 

350, 351 

T a r h a l k a r , P . P . , 144 

Tathode, M.N., 1107 

Tawde, S . , 352, 353, 354, 

355 

T a y l o r , T . , 623, 689 

T e e r a n d a j , G . H . , 815 

T e i x e i r a , C . G . , 893 

Ter H o r s t , K., 534 

Thacker, R.C., 1250 

Thakar, C . V . , 556 

Thakare, K . K . , 292 

Thakur, D . , 690 

T h a k u r t a , A . G . , 1 1 5 1 , 1152, 

1212 

Thevasagayam, E . S . , 691 

Thimmaiah, G . , 659 

T h i r u m a l a c h a r , M . J . , 1108 

T h o b b i , V . V . , 604 

Thomas, S . M . , 52 

Thombre, M.V., 5 6 1 , 562, 

563, 586, 719, 720 

Thomps t o n e , E . , 208 

T h o r a t , T . Y . , 816 

T i d k e , P . M . , 587 

T i l a k , K . V . B . R . , 837, 841 

T i w a r i , A . S . , 209, 340, 529 

T i w a r i , M . N . , 1168 

Tomer, R . P . S . , 1245 

T o r r e s , M . , 648 

Tosh, G . C . , 149 

T r i p a t h i , B . K . , 430 

T r i p a t h i , R . D . , 356 

T r i p a t h i , S . C . , 8 2 6 , 909 

T r i v e d l , K . A . , 210 

Trumble, H . C . , 226 

T u c k e r , C M . , 1109, 1110 

168

Author 

Index 

T u r n e r , F . , 535 

T y a g i , P . C . , 1170 

U d i t N a r a i n S i n g h , R . R . , 

1064 

U k i r d e , R . H . , 211 

Umadevi, 1166 

Umar, S . N . , 255 

U p p a l , B . N . , 212, 1111 

U r s , T . S . , 262, 263 

Vaheeduddin, S . , 536, 1112, 

1113 

Vaishampayan, S . M . , 692 

V a k i l , U.K., 3 1 1 , 312, 313, 

314 

V a k i l i , N . G . , 986, 988, 1114 

V a l d e z , R . B . , 1026 

V a l d i v i a , M.A., 1220 

Vamadevan, V . K . , 1213 

Vangala, R.R., 357 

Van-Schaik, P . H . , 466 

Van V e l s o n , R . J . , 1115 

V a r a d a r a j a n , T . , 1214 

Varma, B . K . , 693 

Vasudeva Menon, P . P . , 607, 

653, 688 

Vasudeva, R . S . , 1116, 1117, 

1118, 1119, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , 

1122, 1123, 1124, 1125 

Veda, 0 . , 537 

Veda, O . P . , 694 

Veeraswamy, R., 213, 214, 

215, 333, 387, 493, 538, 

539, 540, 5 4 1 , 695, 769, 

792, 803, 817, 818, 819, 

1215 

Velez F o r t u n e , J . , 402, 403, 

404 

Venkata Ram, C . S . , 1126 

Venkata Rao, S . , 262, 263 

Venkataraman, K . , 1216 

Venkateswara Rao, P . , 396 

V e n k a t e s w a r l u , J . , 6 6 

V e n k a t e s w a r l u , S . , 588, 820 

Venkata Seshu Reddy, K . , 696 

Venkatasubban, A . , 1217 

Venugopal, S . , 687 

Verma, Ajaykumar, 946 

Verma, B . K . , 697 

Verma, G . , 216 

Verma, S h a s h i , 698, 699, 700, 

7 0 1 , 702, 703 

V e r t e u i l , L . L . , 217, 218 

V i d h y a s e k a r a n , P . , 542 

V i e g a s , A . P . , 893 

V i j a y a l a k s h m i , D . , 358 

V i j a y a r a g h a v a n , P . K . , 359 

V i n c e n t , C , 5 9 

V i s h a k a n t a i a h , M., 704 

Vishwakarma, S . J . , 67 

Visweswara Gowda, B . L . , 704 

V i s w a n a t h , B . , 360, 1218 

V i s w a n a t h , B . N . , 632 

V i t a l , A . F . , 873 

V i t t a l , T . M . , 133 

V o e l c k e r , John Augustus, 219 

W a j i d k h a u , M., 923 

Wakankar, S . M . , 543, 821 

Walker, R.W., 103 

W a l l a c e , G . B . , 1127, 1128 

W a l l i s , E . S . , 10, 220, 221 

W a l t o n , R.R., 705 

Wangikar, P . D . , 1096 

W a t e r s t o n , J . M . , 1129 

W a t k i n s , J . M . , 222 

Watson, K . A . , 223 

W a t t , S i r George, 224, 225 

Weiss, F . , 1130 

Wenholz, H . , 397 

W e s t p h a l , E . , 398 

Whiteman, P . C . , 7, 8, 9, 1 0 , 

2 2 1 , 3 6 1 , 546 

Whyte, R.O., 226, 399 

Wiehe, P . O . , 1131 

W i l l i a m s , F . J . , 855, 1132, 

1133 

W i l l i a m s , I . H . , 706 

W i l l i a m s , R . J . , 1134 

W i l l i a m s , S . J . A . , 227, 1207 

W i l s i e , C . P . , 228, 544 

Wollenwebber, H.W., 1135 

Wood, J . I . , 937 

Woodford, R . C . , 545 

Work, S . H . , 1239 

W r i g h t , J . , 185 

W r i g h t , W.A., 961 

W u r s t e r , R . T . , 161 

W y l i e , A . P . , 551 

Y a d a h a l l i , Y . H . , 229, 230 

Yadav, D . , 707 

Yadav, D . S . , 186, 187, 2 3 1 , 

232, 515, 837 

Yadav, H . S . , 708 

Yadav, L . N . , 209, 821 

Yadav, R . P . , 678 

Yadav, R . S . , 568 

Yadav, V . N . , 807 

Yaseen, M., 709 

Yeow, Y . M . , 290, 1165 

Yogeswari, L . , 1070, 1136 

Z a i n , B . K . , 240 

Z a i n - U l - A b e d i n , M . , 240 

Z a l a v a d i a , R.V., 710 

Z i l e Singh see. S i n g h , Z. 

169

SUBJECT INDEX 

AGRONOMY 

C r o p p i n g s y s t e m s , 5 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 

2 4 , 2 5 , 2 6 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 3 6 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 5 , 4 6 , 

5 5 , 5 7 , 6 2 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 7 1 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 

8 0 , 8 4 , 8 7 , 9 6 , 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 5 , 

1 2 0 , 1 2 4 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 4 7 , 

1 5 5 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 8 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 2 , 1 8 1 , 

1 8 3 , 1 8 7 , 1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , 2 0 1 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 7 , 

209, 2 1 5 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 229 

C u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s , 1 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 9 , 

3 5 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 9 , 5 1 , 5 2 , 6 1 , 9 7 , 98, 1 0 1 , 

1 0 5 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 6 , 

2 0 0 , 2 0 2 , 203, 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 528 

F e r t i l i z a t i o n , 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 6 , 2 8 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 4 5 , 

5 0 , 5 3 , 5 6 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , 8 2 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 9 0 , 

9 5 , 9 7 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 5 , 

1 3 1 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 , 1 5 0 , 

1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 3 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 , 

1 7 5 , 1 7 6 , 1 8 4 , 1 9 0 , 1 9 3 , 1 9 4 , 1 9 5 , 2 0 5 , 

2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 213 

G e n e r a l , 1 0 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7 , 4 7 , 6 4 , 6 5 , 6 8 , 

7 1 , 7 6 , 8 1 , 8 3 , 8 6 , 9 4 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 4 , 

1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 9 , 146, 

1 4 8 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 7 , 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 0 , 

1 7 4 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 9 , 2 0 0 , 2 0 8 , 2 1 2 , 

2 1 7 , 2 1 8 , 219, 2 2 1 , 2 2 4 , 2 2 5 , 226, 2 3 1 , 

2 3 2 , 641 

H a r v e s t i n g , 9 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 227 

I r r i g a t i o n , 4 8 , 126 

P l a n t i n g d a t e , 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 3 2 , 3 8 , 5 4 , 5 8 , 

6 0 , 7 1 , 7 3 , 7 5 , 9 5 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 5 6 , 

1 6 6 , 1 7 1 , 1 9 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 7 , 1207 

P l a n t i n g d e n s i t y , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 38, 

5 1 , 6 0 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 8 8 , 9 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 8 , 

1 1 6 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 4 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 1 , 

1 9 2 , 1 9 8 , 205, 2 0 6 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 0 , 

2 2 7 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 0 , 1207 

R a t o o n i n g , 9 , 1 6 , 2 6 , 3 4 , 7 8 , 206 

Weed c o n t r o l , 1 , 3 , 3 2 , 4 4 , 7 4 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 

1 1 2 , 1 4 9 , 164 

BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION ( C o n t d . . ) 

C o m p o s i t i o n o f g r a i n , 1 9 4 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 4 , 2 5 9 , 

270, 2 7 1 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 9 , 283, 287, 290, 2 9 1 , 

2 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 5 , 

318, 320, 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 , 324, 3 3 1 , 333, 334, 

340, 3 4 1 , 3 4 5 , 3 4 6 , 3 5 6 , 798 

Cooking t i m e , 2 5 5 , 2 7 2 , 298, 333, 336, 340, 

360 

E s s e n t i a l o i l s , 278 

I r r a d i a t i o n e f f e c t s , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 313, 314 

N u t r i t i v e v a l u e , 2 3 8 , 2 4 0 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 3 , 249, 

2 5 0 , 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 6 , 2 5 7 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 2 , 263, 

2 6 4 , 2 6 5 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 7 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 2 , 

2 7 4 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 2 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 286, 2 8 7 , 2 8 8 , 

2 8 9 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 6 , 3 0 4 , 307, 3 1 6 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 

3 2 3 , 324, 325, 326, 3 2 9 , 330, 338, 3 3 9 , 

3 4 2 , 3 4 3 , 3 4 4 , 348, 3 5 8 , 641 

P r o t e i n c o n t e n t , 2 9 2 , 1165 

P r o t e i n q u a l i t y , 2 3 7 , 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 9 , 

2 7 3 , 280, 2 8 9 , 294, 2 9 9 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 9 , 316, 

317, 325, 326, 335, 337, 338, 347, 349, 

350, 3 5 1 , 354, 357, 359 

S t a r c h q u a l i t y , 308, 320, 3 2 8 , 332 

V i t a m i n c o n t e n t , 239, 244, 2 4 5 , 2 4 6 , 248, 

2 5 3 , 2 5 8 , 2 6 1 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 9 , 3 0 2 , 303 

BOTANY 

Anatomy, 383, 390, 396 

Embryo c u l t u r e , 389 

F l o r a l b i o l o g y , 367, 370, 3 7 4 , 3 7 9 , 387, 

3 9 4 , 395, 4 9 0 , 4 9 1 , 538 

M o r p h o l o g y , 363, 365, 373, 376, 380, 383, 

3 9 1 , 3 9 2 , 393, 397, 490 

O r i g i n , 1 2 8 , 2 0 0 , 224, 2 2 5 , 3 6 4 , 3 6 5 , 368, 

369, 3 7 2 , 378, 3 8 5 , 386, 3 8 8 , 399 

Taxonomy, 3 6 1 , 3 6 2 , 3 6 4 , 366, 368, 3 7 1 , 

3 7 5 , 377, 378, 3 8 1 , 384, 386, 398, 4 8 6 , 

808 

BIBLIOGRAPHIES, 233, 234, 2 3 5 , 2 3 6 , 319 

BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION 

A n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s , 2 6 9 , 2 8 1 , 290, 2 9 3 , 

300, 3 0 6 , 3 0 7 , 3 2 7 , 330, 334, 3 4 7 , 353, 

3 5 4 , 355 

A n t i n u t r i t i v e f a c t o r s , 352 

BREEDING 

A d a p t a t i o n , 1 8 , 8 3 , 1 0 0 , 4 2 8 , 4 3 8 , 4 3 9 , 

4 4 0 , 4 4 6 , 4 5 7 , 4 6 3 , 4 6 4 , 4 6 6 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 8 , 

4 8 9 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 1 0 , 5 1 6 , 5 3 4 , 545 

Disease r e s i s t a n c e , 8 3 , 3 9 2 , 4 0 7 , 4 3 5 , 4 5 1 , 

4 5 2 , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 4 5 5 , 4 5 6 , 4 8 0 , 4 9 8 , 5 0 4 , 

5 1 2 , 536


BREEDING ( C o n t d . . ) 

G x E i n t e r a c t i o n s , 404, 4 3 7 , 4 4 6 , 4 7 8 , 485 

I n s e c t r e s i s t a n c e , 537 

I n t r o d u c t i o n s , 1 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 4 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 1 , 

4 1 4 , 4 2 4 , 4 3 4 , 4 4 3 , 4 4 7 , 4 4 8 , 4 7 2 , 4 7 5 , 

486, 4 8 8 , 4 9 2 , 5 0 9 , 534, 535, 1227 

M e t h o d o l o g i e s , 4 1 8 , 4 2 1 , 4 2 9 , 4 3 0 , 4 4 6 , 

4 5 8 , 4 6 2 , 4 7 1 , 4 7 6 , 499, 505, 507, 519, 

5 2 1 , 5 2 3 , 5 2 6 , 5 2 9 , 532, 716, 723 

M u t a t i o n , 6 5 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 , 4 2 0 , 4 3 1 , 433, 4 6 1 , 

4 7 3 , 4 7 9 , 4 8 7 , 4 9 3 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 6 , 500, 513, 

5 2 0 , 524 

New c u l t i v a r s , 4 6 , 144, 230, 4 0 5 , 406, 408, 

409, 4 1 2 , 413, 4 1 4 , 415, 416, 4 1 7 , 4 1 9 , 

4 2 2 , 4 2 4 , 425, 4 2 6 , 4 3 2 , 435, 4 3 6 , 4 4 1 , 

4 4 2 , 4 4 6 , 4 4 9 , 4 5 0 , 459, 4 6 0 , 4 6 7 , 4 7 4 , 

477, 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 , 4 8 3 , 4 8 4 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 5 , 497, 

5 0 1 , 5 0 2 , 5 0 3 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 5 , 518, 525, 

527, 5 2 8 , 530, 5 3 1 , 540, 5 4 1 , 542, 543 

N u t r i t i o n a l q u a l i t y , 3 8 , 8 3 , 243, 427, 444, 

465, 4 7 8 , 4 8 5 , 5 0 0 , 513, 533, 725 

P o l l i n a t i o n , 370, 374, 393, 4 0 1 , 4 2 3 , 4 4 5 , 

4 4 7 , 4 6 8 , 4 6 9 , 4 7 0 , 490, 4 9 1 , 506, 5 1 4 , 

517, 5 1 9 , 5 2 2 , 538, 539, 544, 744 

CYTOGENETICS 

C y t o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s , 363, 546, 547, 548, 

549, 550, 5 5 1 , 553, 554, 555, 557, 559, 

564, 566, 576 

Mutagen e f f e c t s , 4 7 3 , 583, 584, 585, 588 

P o l y p l o i d s , 547, 548, 550, 557, 558, 560, 

567, 568, 569, 575, 577, 5 8 1 , 5 8 2 , 587 

Wide c r o s s e s , 4 8 0 , 5 5 2 , 554, 555, 556, 5 6 i , 

5 6 2 , 563, 565, 570, 5 7 1 , 572, 573, 574, 

578, 579, 580, 586 

ECONOMICS, 589, 590, 5 9 1 , 5 9 2 , 5 9 3 , 594, 595, 

596, 5 9 7 , 1249 

ENTOMOLOGY 

C o n t r o l 

- B i o l o g i c a l , 599, 600, 6 0 2 , 603, 610, 6 1 1 , 

613, 614, 6 2 1 , 6 2 6 , 627, 6 6 1 , 709 

- C h e m i c a l , 598, 6 0 1 , 607, 609, 6 1 3 , 614, 

616, 6 2 0 , 636, 645, 6 4 6 , 6 4 9 , 6 5 1 , 652, 

653, 657, 658, 6 6 7 , 6 6 8 , 670, 672, 676, 

678, 680, 6 8 4 , 6 8 8 , 689, 6 9 0 , 6 9 1 , 692, 

6 9 7 , 698, 699, 700, 7 0 1 , 7 0 2 , 703, 705, 

707, 710, 1114 

- C u l t u r a l , 6 8 9 , 695 

- Host p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 6 0 4 , 615, 6 1 8 , 

6 2 2 , 627, 628, 6 3 3 , 6 4 7 , 6 5 5 , 663, 

6 6 6 , 6 6 9 , 6 7 1 , 6 9 4 , 1114 

ENTOMOLOGY ( C o n t d . . ) 

Crop l o s s , 6 0 4 , 6 1 2 , 6 1 4 , 6 1 5 , 616, 627, 

628, 645, 646, 6 4 8 , 654, 655, 659, 663, 

670, 672, 678, 679, 683, 695, 696, 704 

F i e l d p e s t s , 599, 606, 608, 6 1 1 , 6 1 2 , 613, 

6 1 4 , 615, 617, 6 1 8 , 619, 620, 6 2 1 , 622, 

623, 624, 625, 626, 6 2 7 , 6 2 9 , 6 3 2 , 633, 

6 3 4 , 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 6 4 1 , 

643, 6 4 4 , 645, 646, 648, 650, 6 5 1 , 652, 

653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 6 5 9 , 660, 

6 6 1 , 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 

669, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 6 7 6 , 677, 

678, 679, 680, 6 8 1 , 6 8 2 , 683, 6 8 4 , 685, 

686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 6 9 1 , 6 9 2 , 693, 

694, 695, 696, 698, 700, 7 0 1 , 702, 704, 

707, 936, 1114, 1115 

P o l l i n a t i n g i n s e c t s , 605, 706, 708 

Stored g r a i n i n s e c t s , 598, 629, 630, 6 3 1 , 

6 4 2 , 6 4 9 , 667, 6 7 1 , 6 9 7 , 710 

GENETICS 

P l a n t t y p e , 7 2 1 , 7 3 1 , 776, 778, 779, 797, 

803, 8 1 1 , 1189 

Induced m u t a t i o n s , 520, 575, 740, 7 4 1 , 814 

M u t a t i o n s , 715, 784, 787, 788, 797, 820 

Q u a l i t a t i v e 

- L i n k a g e , 148, 4 5 3 , 719, 720, 730, 732, 

733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 739, 756, 

764, 780, 782 

- Marker gene, 148, 4 5 1 , 453, 454, 7 1 1 , 

714, 717, 718, 719, 720, 7 2 1 , 729, 730, 

7 3 1 , 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 

739, 7 4 1 , 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 

749, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 762, 764, 

768, 769, 774, 775, 780, 7 8 1 , 782, 783, 

786, 794, 796, 802, 804, 808, 810, 8 1 1 , 

8 1 2 , 815 

- P l e i o t r o p y , 746 

- R e p r o d u c t i v e v a r i a n t s , 740, 748, 758, 

760, 778, 785, 793, 820 

Q u a n t i t a t i v e , 712, 763 

- C o r r e l a t e d e f f e c t s , 298, 336, 3 9 1 , 430, 

505, 524, 529, 713, 716, 722, 724, 725, 

728, 750, 753, 754, 7 6 1 , 765, 7 7 1 , 773, 

777, 806, 8 0 7 , 809, 818, 8 1 9 , 821 

- D i a l l e l a n a l y s i s , 723, 724, 798, 799, 801 

- D i s c r i m i n a n t f u n c t i o n , 752, 767, 791 

- Genetic advance, 4 3 0 , 7 5 1 , 755, 790, 792, 

807 

- H e r l t a b i l i t y , 1 4 8 , 430, 4 7 6 , 7 5 1 , 754, 

755, 7 6 1 , 765, 766, 772, 773, 789, 790, 

7 9 2 , 795, 799, 800, 806, 807, 816 

- H e t e r o s i s , 770, 805, 8 1 3 , 817 

- I n h e r i t a n c e , 725, 726, 727, 800 

172

S u b j e c t 

Index 

MICROBIOLOGY 

Cross i n o c u l a t i o n g r o u p s , 827, 835 

E f f e c t i v e n e s s , 827, 835 

Nematode i n f e c t i o n , 839 

N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 3 1 , 145, 190, 4 3 8 , 824, 

829, 832, 833, 840 

N i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 830 

N i t r o g e n o u s f e r t i l i z e r s , 8 2 9 , 833 

N o d u l a t i o n , 8 8 , 8 9 , 274, 8 2 2 , 824, 828, 

829, 8 3 1 , 8 3 2 , 833, 839 

N o n n o d u l a t i n g b a c t e r i a i n n o d u l e s , 834 

Rhizobium i n o c u l a t i o n , 825, 837, 840, 8 4 1 , 

843 

Rhlzosphere m i c r o f l o r a , 823, 826, 838, 1199 

Seed p e l l e t i n g , 825, 837 

S y m b i o t i c v a r i a b i l i t y , 836 

V i r u s i n f e c t i o n , 842 

PATHOLOGY 

B a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s , 8 7 1 , 893, 958, 959, 

1 0 6 1 , 1062, 1108 

Disease c o n t r o l , 1048 

- B i o l o g i c a l , 846, 847, 865, 879, 900, 919, 

9 2 4 , 930, 9 5 1 , 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 

990, 9 9 1 , 992, 1116, 1118, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , 

1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1194 

- C h e m i c a l , 856, 865, 888, 9 1 1 , 923, 927, 

963, 969, 976, 978, 979, 1032, 1068, 

1093, 1108 

- Host p l a n t r e s i s t a n c e , 852, 857, 859, 

860, 8 6 1 , 864, 865, 8 8 1 , 890, 897, 9 0 1 , 

902, 914, 929, 9 7 1 , 972, 975, 995, 998, 

1004, 1023, 1025, 1037, 1054, 1080, 

1102, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1119 

Fungal d i s e a s e s , 795, 845, 846, 847, 848, 

849, 850, 8 5 1 , 852, 854, 8 5 5 , 856, 857, 

858, 859, 860, 8 6 1 , 8 6 2 , 863, 864, 865, 

867, 868, 8 7 0 , 8 7 1 , 872, 873, 874, 879, 

880, 8 8 1 , 882, 883, 884, 887, 8 8 8 , 889, 

890, 8 9 1 , 8 9 2 , 894, 897, 898, 899, 900, 

9 0 1 , 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 910, 

912, 913, 914, 916, 918, 919, 920, 9 2 1 , 

922, 923, 9 2 4 , 927, 928, 929, 930, 9 3 1 , 

932, 9 3 3 , 937, 938, 939, 9 4 1 , 9 4 2 , 943, 

946, 947, 949, 950, 960, 9 6 1 , 9 6 2 , 963, 

964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 9 6 9 , 970, 9 7 1 , 

972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 

980, 9 8 1 , 983, 989, 9 9 1 , 9 9 2 , 993, 994, 

995, 996, 9 9 7 , 998, 1000, 1 0 0 1 , 1002, 

1003, 1004, 1 0 1 1 , 1018, 1019, 1 0 2 1 , 1025, 

1026, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1032, 1033, 1034, 

1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1 0 4 1 , 

1042, 1043, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1050, 1 0 5 1 , 

PATHOLOGY ( C o n t d . . ) 

Fungal diseases ( c o n t d . . ) 

1052, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1 0 5 9 ; 

1060, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 

1069, 1070, 1 0 7 1 , 1072, 1074, 1075, 1076, 

1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1 0 8 1 , 1082, 1083, 

1084, 1085, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 

1096, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1 1 0 1 , 1103, 1104, 

1105, 1106, 1107, 1109, 1110, 1 1 1 1 , 1112, 

1113, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1 1 2 1 , 

1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 

1129, 1130, 1 1 3 1 , 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 

1136 

Nematodes, 2 7 , 4 3 9 , 869, 877, 886, 908, 

909, 915, 917, 925, 934, 952, 953, 954, 

955, 956, 999, 1017, 1027, 1086, 1087 

V i r u s and v i r u s - l i k e d i s e a s e s , 677, 844, 

853, 858, 863, 866, 8 7 1 , 875, 876, 878, 

885, 887, 895, 8 9 6 , 926, 935, 936, 9 4 4 , 

945, 948, 957, 970, 9 8 2 , 984, 985, 986, 

987, 988, 989, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 

1009, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 

1020, 1 0 2 1 , 1022, 1023, 1024, 1044, 1049, 

1053, 1073, 1088, 1089, 1 0 9 1 , 1097, 1098, 

1100, 1102, 1114, 1115, 1130, 1133, 1134 

Unknown causes, 940 

PHYSIOLOGY 

C e l l b i o l o g y , 1146, 1164, 1200 

D e f o l i a t i o n , 1156 

E f f e c t s o f l i g h t , 7 , 59, 113, 1 7 1 , 1153, 

1159, 1162, 1197, 1207, 1210, 1213 

Enzymes, 1138, 1 1 4 1 , 1143, 1149, 1150, 

1160, 1163, 1168, 1172, 1175, 1176, 1182, 

1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1193, 1209, 

1217 

Growth r e g u l a t o r s , 32, 838, 1137, 1143, 

1157, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1178, 1179, 1 1 9 1 , 

1194, 1199 

M e t a b o l i s m , 1145, 1 1 8 1 , 1201 

P h o t o s y n t h e s i s , 438, 1143, 1145, 1154, 

1189, 1190 

P l a n t g r o w t h , 59, 8 5 , 396, 524, 1140, 1147, 

1148, 1153, 1158, 1167, 1192, 1198, 1210, 

1 2 1 1 , 1215, 1216, 1218 

P l a n t n u t r i t i o n , 5 5 , 5 6 , 1 3 1 , 135, 136, 

137, 138, 140, 806, 1142, 1 1 6 1 , 1177, 

1196, 1202, 1203, 1206 

Seed p h y s i o l o g y , 315, 598, 1139, 1142, 

1144, 1147, 1 1 5 1 , 1152, 1165, 1166, 1170, 

1 1 7 1 , 1173, 1174, 1179, 1180, 1195, 1204, 

1205, 1206, 1208, 1209, 1212, 1214, 1217 

S o i l s a l i n i t y e f f e c t s , 1155, 1188 

173

Pigeonpea 


UTILIZATION 

Cover c r o p , 223, 380, 474, 475, 1249 

F o r a g e , 9 , 7 1 , 78, 8 0 , 8 7 , 100, 1 0 3 , 1 2 4 , 

1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 8 8 , 3 8 0 , 474, 1220, 1223, 

1228, 1230, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1 2 4 1 , 1256, 

1257, 1273 

F u e l , 1255, 1263 

Green manure, 2 1 , 2 7 , 3 4 , 7 1 , 8 5 , 100, 1 2 1 , 

1 2 4 , 1 2 7 , 134, 1 5 2 , 1 6 2 , 169, 1 7 2 , 196, 

204, 2 2 2 , 3 8 0 , 4 7 5 , 1254, 1263 

Hedge, 1237 

Human f o o d , 128, 297, 372, 1225, 1229, 

1232, 1235, 1 2 4 1 , 1253, 1258, 1263 

Lac h o s t , 1227, 1 2 4 1 , 1246 

L i v e s t o c k f e e d , 100, 128, 339, 4 7 5 , 1222, 

1242, 1243 

P o u l t r y f e e d , 1234, 1275 

P r o c e s s i n g , 1 , 1 2 8 , 178, 349, 350, 3 5 1 , 

4 0 0 , 1219, 1 2 2 1 , 1224, 1226, 1 2 3 1 , 1236, 

1244, 1245, 1247, 1248, 1250, 1 2 5 1 , 1252, 

1253, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1 2 6 1 , 1262, 1264, 

1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1 2 7 1 , 

1272 

Shade, 2 0 1 , 1233, 1263, 1274

W O R D 

I N D E X 

Aoanthomia tomentosicollis, 

623 

Acenaphthene, 581 

Aceria c a j a n i , 1022, 1023 

Acetocarmine t e s t , 379 

Adisura atkinsoni, 675 

A f l a t o x i n , 920 

Agromyza obtusa see 

Melanagromyza obtusa 

Agrosan, G . N . , 923 

A l a c h l o r , 44 

Albizzia lebheck, 661 

Albizzia odorotissima, 661 

A l c i d e s c o l l a r i s , 659 

A l d i c a r b , 653 

A l d r i n , 668 

A l i q u a t , 93 

Amiben, 93 

Amino a c i d s , 238, 249, 256, 

267, 276, 279, 280, 283, 

2 9 1 , 299, 309, 316, 3 2 2 , 

350, 3 5 1 , 354, 357, 358, 

485 

Amylase, 1218 

Anarsia epiphippias, 675 

Anaylostomia stercorea, 610, 

648, 651 

A n e u p l o i d , 520 

Angle of secondary 

b r a n c h i n g , 768 

A n t h e s i s , 395 

A n t i i n h i b i t o r , 731 

A n t i o x i d a n t , 1232 

Apantelee taragamal, 661 

Aphis c r a c c i v o r a , 651 

A p i s dorsata, 706 

Apis florea, 374 

A r a b i n o s e , 290 

A r a b i n o s i d a s e , 1149 

A r a d h i s hypogaea, 184, 250, 

286, 419 

A r g i n i n e , 344 

Arhar mosaic v i r u s 

i n f e c t i o n , 842 

Armillaria mellea, 960 

Aacoahyta imperfecta, 949 

A s h , 1228 

Aspergilli, 945, 1036 

Aspergillus giganteus, 850 

Aspergillus niger, 269, 1120, 

1122 

Aspergillus terreus, 1120, 

1122 

Aspergillus ustus, 945 

A t t a p u l g i t e , 697 

Atylosia, 368, 554, 555, 

556, 570, 572, 573, 574, 

579, 580, 586, 1023 

Atylosia lineata, 5 7 1 , 578 

Atylosia saarabaeoides, 571 

Atylosia seriaea, 571 

A u t o t e t r a p l o i d s , 547, 548, 

550, 557 

Azotobacter, 826 

B - 7 , 495 

B - 9 , 1178, 1179 

Babla t h o r n l e a v e s , 253 

Bacillus concomitans, 834 

Baaillus subtilis, 930, 979, 

1116, 1118, 1 1 2 1 , 1122, 

1123, 1124, 1125 

Bean, 271 

Bemisia tabaci, 1020, 1053 

Bengal gram, 238, 2 5 1 , 262, 

263, 265, 280, 282, 332 

B e n l a t e , 911 

B e n o t o n i t e , 697 

BHC, 645, 653 

B i o l o g i c a l v a l u e , 249, 2 5 1 , 

252, 287, 3 2 1 , 338 

B i s c u i t s , 1252, 1253 

B l a c k gram, 238, 280, 332 

B l o s s o m - t h r i p s , 670 

Boohmeria nivea, 1230 

Bordeaux m i x t u r e , 927, 963 

B o r e r s , 676 

Borooeras c a j a n i , 128 

Botryosphaeria 

xanthocephala, 1110 

Bracon c a j a n i , 602 

B r a n c h l e s s , 811 

B r a s s i c o l , 856, 923 

Broad l e a f l e t b a s e , 764 

Brudhus s p . , 669 

Bruchus albocallosus , 629 

Brudhus bacbicus, 615 

Bruohua c h i n e n s i s , 629 

Brudhus theobromae, 667 

Bud, 559 

B u l b i f o r m i n , 978, 979, 1123, 

1124, 1125 

Bux, 652 

C - 1 1 , 426 

C-26, 426 

Cajanone, 1045, 1194 

Callosobruohus c h i n e n s i s , 

265, 649, 665, 6 7 1 , 673, 

697 

C a l l o s o b r u c h e s maculatus, 

630, 6 3 1 , 710 

Canavalia s p . , 25 

Canavalia ensiformis, 844, 

1254 

Cancer, 348 

Cannabis indica, 434 

Canning pigeonpeas, 1272 

Canning q u a l i t y , 1262, 1264 

Captan, 856, 923 

C a r b a r y l , 607, 6 1 6 , 646, 

653, 6 7 2 , 684 

C a r b o f u r a n , 1027 

C a r b o h y d r a t e s , 2 9 1 , 1257 

C a r b o p h e n o t h i o n , 653 

C a r b o x y l a s e , 1143 

C a r o t e n e , 253 

- C a r o t e n e , 248 

ß - C a r o t e n e , 248 

Cassia obtusifolia, 320 

Cassia occidentalis, 320 

C a t a l a s e , 1152 

Catochrysops onejus, 615, 

617 

Catochrysops strabo, 668 

Cawnpore-132, 453 

Cawnpore m u t a n t , 452


Centroaema pubescens, 357, 

833 

Ceratoma ruficornis, 896 

Cercoseptoria 

aajanioola, 1038 

Ceraospora s p . , 9 7 0 , 1064, 

1092 

Ceraoepora oajani, 8 7 2 , 8 9 2 , 

1 0 0 1 , 1018, 1134 

Cercospora indica, 1092 

Cercospora instabilis, 937 

Ceresan w e t , 856 

Cerococcus c a t e n o r i u s , 636 

Cerulina, 605 

Ceuthorhynchus 

asperulus, 6 3 2 , 686 

Chaetoaeptoria 

wellmanii, 1000 

C h a l c i d l a r v a l p a r a s i t e , 599 

" C h e e s e , " 1258 

Chemical mutagens, 461 

Chickpea see Ciaer arietinum 

Chimera, 788 

C h l o r a l h y d r a t e , 569 

C h l o r o x u r o n , 74 

C h l o r p h e n a m i d i n e , 653 

Choanephora c u c u r b i t a r u m , 990 

C h o l i n e , 258, 261 

Chromatography, 315 

Chromosome d o u b l i n g , 581 

Chromosome number, 546 

Ciaer, 486 

Ciaer arietinum, 249, 2 5 1 , 

2 5 2 , 287, 310, 320, 3 2 2 , 

346, 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 598, 6 3 5 , 

1224 a l s o see Bengal gram 

CXTA-1, 450 

C I T A - 2 , 450 

C I T A - 3 , 450 

Clavigralla gibbosa, 6 1 1 , 

6 1 3 , 626, 644 

Clavigralla horrens, 613 

C l e i s t o g a m y , 374, 758 

C l u s t e r b e a n , 1257 

C o - 1 , 4 1 6 , 4 1 9 , 4 9 7 , 510, 

541 

C o - 2 , 540 

C o f f e e , 636 

C o h e r i t a b i l i t y , 819 

C o l c h i c i n e , 4 7 9 , 582 

C o l l e t o t r i c h u m s p p . , 9 2 3 , 

1096 

Colletotrichum c a j a n i , 8 6 2 , 

970, 1 0 3 9 , 1096, 1109 

Colletotriohum truncation, 

923, 950 

Colobodea dolichotis, 687 

Colocasia antiquoram, 434 

Common b e a n , 877 

C o m p o l i t i s c h l o r o d a e a , 709 

Composites, 471 

Copper, 269 

C o p r a n t o l , 923 

Corcyra c e p h a l o n i c a , 642 

C o r t i c i u m rolfsii, 983 

Cosmolyce bacticus, 615 

Coumarin, 1166, 1169 

Cover c r o p s , 1 5 1 , 152 

Cowpeas, 2 7 1 , 273, 2 8 8 , 2 9 1 , 

299, 342, 598, 6 8 9 , 877, 

1224 

C r e e p i n g , 782 

Cross p o l l i n a t i o n s , 538 

Crotalaria, 2 7 , 202 

Crotalaria junoea, 4 6 9 , 1254 

Crotalaria medicaginea, 320 

Crude f i b e r , 1228 

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, 3 4 1 , 

598 

Cyanodon dactylon, 32 

Cyperus rotundus, 112 

Cyrtozemia c o g n a t a , 658 

C y s t e i n e , 273 

C y s t i n e , 304, 344 

C y t a s e , 1218 

D a l a p o n , 469 

Dasychira mendosa, 693 

DDT, 6 0 1 , 620, 645, 646, 923 

D e f i c i e n c y symptoms, 135 

D e h y d r a t i o n , 349, 1 2 5 1 , 

1259, 1260 

D e h y d r o f r o z e n , 1260 

Demarchus pubipennie, 656 

Dendroohium gigasporum, 922 

Dense i n f l o r e s c e n c e , 764 

DES, 473 

Desmodium distortum, 844 

Desmodium gyroides, 845 

D h a n i a , 253 

D i a z i n o n , 636 

D i e l d r i n , 691 

D i e t h y l - d i t h i o c a r b a m a t e , 247 

D i g e s t i b i l i t y , 328, 329, 332 

D i g e s t i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t , 

272 

D i m e t h o a t e , 6 0 7 , 646, 670, 

6 7 8 , 684, 692 

Diphaulaca, 608 

D i p h e n a m i l , 74 

Diplodia c a j a n i , 1055, 1056, 

1057 

D i p t e r e x , 620 

D i s u l f o t o n , 652 

D i t h a n e M-45, 923 

D i t h a n e Z - 7 8 , 923 

Dolichos, 635 

Dolichos biflorus, 4 8 , 292, 

835 

Doliahos lablab, 139, 188, 

287, 310, 1254 

Dwarf m u t a n t , 779 

Eiphosoma annulatum, 602 

Elasmopalpus 

rubedinellus, 648 

Empoasca s p p . , 1114 

Empoasca fibilis, 651 

Empoasca kerri, 936 

EMS, 4 3 1 , 473, 4 7 9 , 583, 820 

Enbutox, 149 

E n d o s u l f a n , 607, 609, 672, 

678, 6 8 4 , 6 8 8 , 692, 698, 

699, 7 0 1 , 702 

E n d r i n , 6 7 0 , 680, 6 9 1 , 692 

E n s i l a g e , 80 

E p i d i t h i u m , 1257 

EPTC, 93 

E r e p t a s e , 1218 

E r i o p h y i d , 677 

Erysiphe aiahoraoearum, 1055 

Eryeiphe polygons, 1055 

Ethephon, 1157 

Etiella zinckenella, 618 

Euaelatoria s p p . , 709 

Eucelis c r i t i c a , 684 

Euohrysops onejus, 643 

Eucosma c r i t i c a , 617, 661 

Euderus agromyzae, 627 

Euderua lividus, 600 

E u p r o c t i s s c i n t i l l a n s , 664 

176

Word Index 

E x e l a s t i s atomosa, 556, 604, 

606, 615, 622, 624, 655, 

668, 669, 678, 690, 694, 

702, 705 

F a s c i a t i o n , 717, 812 

F a t s , 2 9 1 , 1228 

F a t t y a c i d s , 305 

F e n i t r o t h i o n , 607, 646, 688 

F e n t h o a t e , 607 

F i x a t i o n , 559 

F l a t t e n e d p o d , 741 

Flower c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 729, 733, 

749, 780, 783 

Fodder, 535 

Forage, 1 5 1 , 152 

Frankliniella 

s u l p h u r e a , 6 9 2 , 708 

F r e e z i n g , 1269 

French bean, 631 

F r o s t , 425 

F r o s t damage, 160 

Frozen pigeonpeas, 1269 

F r u c t o s e , 315 

Fusarium, 4 4 3 , 5 0 4 , 540, 

845, 855, 867, 9 0 1 , 912, 

9 2 1 , 939, 964, 967, 969, 

972, 980, 9 8 1 , 983, 993, 

1028, 1029, 1 0 3 1 , 1093, 

1095, 1105, 1106, 1134, 

1136 

Fusarium cajani, 938 

F u s a r i u m lateritium, 938 

Fusarium lateritiwi . f. sp. 

cajani, 1082,1083,1084,1085 

Fusarium lateritiumvar. 

uncinatum, 1003, 1128, 1135 

Fusarium merismoides, 847 

Fusarium oxysporum f. s p . 

udum, 8 9 1 , 894, 9 4 1 , 9 4 2 , 

1032, 1037, 1043, 1045, 

1072, 1076, 1107 


ciceri, 942 


vasinfeotum, 942 

Fusarium udum, 1 0 , 425, 435, 

512, 556, 846, 855, 863, 

870, 8 8 0 , 888, 889, 894, 

897, 900, 902, 924, 9 2 8 , 

929, 930, 9 3 2 , 933, 943, 

965, 997, 998, 1 0 0 4 , 1 0 1 9 , 

Fusarium udum ( c o n t d . . ) 

1 0 2 1 , 1028, 1030, 1035, 

1040, 1 0 4 1 , 1042, 1046, 

1047, 1059, 1060, 1065, 

1066, 1067, 1068, 1070, 

1 0 7 1 , 1077, 1095, 1099, 

1 1 0 1 , 1105, 1112, 1113, 

1116, 1118, 1119, 1120, 

1 1 2 1 , 1122, 1123, 1124, 

1126, 1135, 1136 

Fusarium udum v a r . 

cajani, 1030 

Fusarium vasinfeotum, 859, 

879, 884, 9 2 1 , 943, 968, 

9 7 1 , 994, 1002, 1003, 

1126 

FW-450, 469 

G a l a c t o s e , 290 

- G a l a c t o s i d a s e , 1149 

ß - G a l a c t o s i d a s e , 1150 

G a l l - d i s e a s e , 866 

G a m m a - i r r a d i a t i o n , 3 1 1 , 312, 

314, 524, 575, 1200 

Gamma-radiation, 313, 583 

Gamma r a y s , 402, 403 

G e r m i n a t i o n , 1139, 1142, 

1170, 1180, 1188, 1204, 

1205, 1216, 1217, 1218 

Germplasm, 486 

Gibberella, 921 

Gibberella fujikuroi v a r . 

s u b g l u t i n a n s , 1131 

Gibberella singulation, 1096 

G i b b e r e l l i c a c i d , 1137 

G i b b e r e l l i n , 1172, 1199 

Gigas c h a r a c t e r s , 569 

Gigas l e a f , 787 

G l o b u l i n , 276, 316, 344, 

346, 353, 354 

Glomerella singulation, 1096 

Glucosamine, 290 

Glycine javanica, 188 

Glycine max, 250, 286, 322 

Glycine soja, 287, 1230 

G l y c o p r o t e i n , 290 

Glyricidia maculata, 686 

Green gram, 238, 280, 332, 

631 

Green manure, 152, 424 

G r i s e o f u l v i n , 888 

Groundnut, 439 

Growth h a b i t , 4 5 1 , 732, 782, 

804 

G w a l i o r - 3 , 4 8 1 , 543, 713 

Hadronotus antestiae, 6 1 1 , 

626 

H a e m o g l u t i n i n s , 279, 357 

Hard s e e d , 1204 

H a r v e s t i n g , 177 

HC1, 569 

H e l i c o v e r p a armigera see 

Heliothis armigera 

Heliothis armigera, 615, 

620, 625, 645, 646, 662, 

668, 672, 694, 696, 702, 

709 

Heliothis virescens, 618, 

648 

Heterodera cajani, 839, 917, 

953, 954, 955, 956 

Heterodera vigni n. s p . , 908 

H e x a p l o i d s , 568 

HN0 3 , 569 

HY-3a, 518 

HY-3c, 518 

H y b r i d v i g o r , 7 70 

H y d r o l y s i s , 1250 

H y d r o x y p r o l i n e , 290 

H y p o l i p i d a e m l c a c t i v i t y , 323 

IAA, 1199 

Indigofera hirsuta, 27 

I n d o r e N o . 5 , 409 

Induced male s t e r i l i t y , 469 

I n h i b i t o r s , 357, 731 

I n o c u l a n t s , 832 

I n o c u l a t i o n , 837 

I n s e c t I n f e s t a t i o n , 265 

I n t e r c r o p p i n g , 164, 183, 229 

In vitro c u l t u r e , 1167 

I o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , 461 

I P - 1 5 , 408 

I P - 4 1 , 452 

I P - 8 0 , 452 

Ipomaea batatua, 434 

177

Pigeonpea 


I r o n , 330 

I s o l a t i o n , 405, 423 

J a s s i d s , 6 7 6 , 698 

K a f f i r c o r n , 262 

K a k i , 414 

K a n k e - 3 , 425 

Kanke-9, 425 

K a o l i n i t e , 697 

K h a r g o n e - 2 , 4 8 1 , 510 

Kidney b e a n s , 500 

L a b l a b vulgaris, 434 

L a c - h o s t , 102 

L a c t a t i n g , 1257 

L a t h y r i s m , 335 

L a t h y r u s s a t i v u e , 249, 259, 

2 8 1 , 4 3 7 , 593 

Leaf t h i c k n e s s , 733 

L e a f l e t number, 783 

L e a f l e t shape, 720, 7 3 1 , 

733, 780, 782 

L e c t i n , 290 

Leghaemoglobin, 839 

Legume b a c t e r i o l o g y , 832 

Lens c u l i n a r i s , 310 

Lena esculenta, 249, 259, 

287, 322, 437 

L e n t i l , 238, 2 8 0 , 2 8 8 , 3 4 1 , 

5 9 8 , 631 

L e u c i n e , 241 

Leveillula taurica, 1134 

L i c o p e n e , 248 

Lima b e a n , 6 3 1 , 877 

L i m i n g , 114 

L i n o l e i c a c i d , 259 

L i p a s e , 1218 

L i t t l e - l e a f , 926 

L y s i n e , 265, 2 7 1 , 2 8 9 , 295, 

344 

Maarophoma, 961 

Maarophoma c a j a n i , 868 

Maarophoma c a j a n i c o l a , 1038 

Maarophoma phaseoli, 8 7 4 , 

907, 983 

Madurasia obscurella, 700 

M a l a t h i o n , 607, 636, 672 

M a l e i c h y d r a z i d e , 1169 

M a l t e s e , 1218 

M a l v i , 446 

Manganese, 269 

Manihot utilissima, 434 

Maruca testulalis, 634, 675 

M a t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e , 726 

MCPB, 9 3 , 149 

Medicago s p p . , 8 3 4 , 1230 

M e d i c i n a l p r o p e r t i e s , 253 

Megachile s p p . , 605, 706 

Megaahile lanata, 374 

Melanagromyza obtusa, 599, 

600, 606, 609, 612, 614, 

615, 6 2 0 , 6 2 2 , 627, 628, 

637, 6 3 8 , 639, 647, 654, 

6 5 5 , 6 6 6 , 669, 678, 679, 

6 8 0 , 6 8 1 , 683, 694, 695, 

704 

Melanagromyza phaeeoli, 700 

Malanospora 

brevirostrata, 850 

Meloidogyne, 2 7 , 439 

Meloidogyne incognita, 839, 

886 

M e p h o s f o l a n , 652 

M e t a n i l y e l l o w , 306, 307 

M e t h i o n i n e , 2 4 1 , 256, 267, 

2 7 1 , 273, 287, 298, 335 

M e t h y l demeton, 620 

M i c e , 240 

M i l l i n g l o s s e s , 1244 

M i n t o , 405 

MMS, 479 

M o l a s s e s , 1257 

Molybdenum, 269 

Monocrotophos, 607, 678, 688 

Moong see Mung 

M o r p h o l o g i c a l , 822 

M o s a i c , 876, 8 7 8 , 8 9 5 , 896, 

1088 

Moth b e a n , 631 

M u k t a , 4 1 5 , 417, 459, 460 

M u l t i c a r p e l l a t e , 820 

Mung, 698, 699, 700, 7 0 1 , 

7 0 2 , 703, 1224 

Musa paradieiae, 245 

Mutagens, 741 

M u t a n t , 721 

M u t a t i o n b r e e d i n g , 494 

Mycosphaerella s p . , 1064 

Mycovellosiella c a j a n i , 795, 

1025, 1134 

NAA, 1 1 9 1 , 1199 

N a r c o t i c , 384 

N a t u r a l c r o s s i n g , 393, 4 4 5 , 

4 6 8 , 4 9 0 , 506, 522, 539, 

544 

Neem l e a v e s , 253 

Nematodes, 839, 877, 1017 

Nematospora c o r y l i , 1127 

Neocosmoapora vasinfecta, 

8 8 2 , 994, 1069 

Net p r o t e i n u t i l i z a t i o n 

(NPU), 238, 241 

New Era 4 0 - 6 , 454 

New v i r u s d i s e a s e , 1089 

New w i l t , 1133 

New y e l l o w s , 1133 

N i c o t i n i c a c i d , 246, 389 

N i t r o - B T - s t a i n e d , 379 

N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n , 190, 829, 

833 

N i t r o g e n u p t a k e , 190 

N - m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 830 

N o d u l a t i o n , 136, 829 

Nodule b a c t e r i a , 835 

No-eye, 4 0 5 , 414 

N o n f l o w e r i n g , 760 

N o n - s p e c i f i c i t y , 840 

Norman, 2 7 , 474 

N o t c h l e s s l e a f l e t apex, 764 

NP-69, 4 5 3 , 454 

NP-132, 454 

NP(WR)-15, 413 

NP(WR)-18, 413 

N u m e r i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , 

361 

Obcordate l e a f l e t s , 746, 808 

Obcordate l e a v e s , 762 

Oblong o b o v a t e , 747 

Oblong t r i f o l i a t e , 7 4 2 , 759 

178

Word Index 

Obovate l e a f l e t s , 775 

Obovate l e a v e s , 782 

Oedocephalum 

c o p r o p h i l u m , 850 

O i d i o p s i s s p . , 1033 

Oidiopsis taurica, 947, 

1 0 1 1 , 1111 

O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s , 315 

Oncideres amputator, 651 

O p y r y o s c o l e x , 1257 

Orosius argentatus, 926 

Oxalyl-CoA s y n t h e t a s e , 1138 

Oxamyl, 1086 

Oxidase, 1218 

Oxyrhaohis tarandus, 661 

O x y s o l , 153 

P-4587, 511 

P-4785, 511 

P a l m i t i c a c i d , 259 

Pant A - 1 , 422 

Pant A - 2 , 4 2 2 , 515 

Pant A - 3 , 4 2 2 , 515 

P a r a q u a t , 3, 9 2 , 105 

P a s t u r e s , 832 

Path a n a l y s i s , 818 

Pea, 273, 3 4 1 , 587 

P e a r l m i l l e t , 262 

Pellicularia filamentosa, 927 

Penicillia, 945 

Pennisetum typhoideum, 87 

P e p t a s e , 1218 

P e r o x i d a s e , 1141 

P e t a l c o l o r , 768 

Phaeeolue, 202, 368 

Phaeeolue aconitifolius, 292 

Phaseolus aureus see 

Vigna radiata 

Phaseolus c a l o a r t u s , 337, 

338 

Phaeeolue c o c c i n e u s , 439 

Phaeeolue limeneis, 310 

Phaeeolue lunatus, 250, 273, 

286, 318, 357, 439 

Phaeeolue mungo see 

Vigna mungo 

Phaeeolue r a d i a t u s see 

Vigna radiata 

Phaeeolue vulgarie, 139, 

272, 273, 279, 287, 309, 

310, 3 4 1 , 598 

Phoma, 854, 9 6 1 , 962 

P h o r a t e , 698, 700, 702, 703 

Phosalone, 688 

Phosphamidon, 609, 658 

Phosphate u p t a k e , 140 

Phosphine, 598 

P h o s p h o l i p i d , 1232 

Phosphorus a p p l i c a t i o n , 150, 

163, 166, 175 

Phosphorus p l a cement, 150 

P h o t o p e r i o d , 171 

Phoxim, 649 

P h y c i t i n a e , 635 

P h y l l o d y , 87 5 

Phyllosticta s p p . , 937, 

1063, 1064 

Phyllosticta c a j a n i , 873, 

1052, 1063 

P h y t i n , 345 

Phytophthora, 855, 975, 976, 

1132 

Phytophthora c a j a n i , 855 

Phytophthora dreohsleri v a r . 

c a j a n i , 973, 974, 975, 977 

Pigeonpea c y s t nematode, 934, 

952 

Pisum sativum, 139, 249, 

259, 287, 310, 322, 437 

P l a n t h a b i t , 738 

P l a n t h e i g h t , 768 

P l e i o t r o p y , 746, 787 

Plume moth, 612 

Pod b o r e r s , 607, 652, 653, 

663 see a l s o 

H e l i o t h i s armigera 

Pod b u g , 612 

Pod c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 719, 729, 

7 3 1 , 733, 738, 768, 780, 

782, 804 

Pod f l y see Melanagromyza 

obtu8a 

Pod h a b i t , 451 

Pod s i z e , 768 

P o i n t e d l e a f apex, 794 

P o l l e n v a r i a b i l i t y , 379 

P o l l i n a t i o n , 367 

Polyembryony, 394 

P o l y p l o i d y , 558 

P o l y s a c c h a r i d e s , 297, 346 

Popus, 405 

P r a b h a t , 483 

P r a t y l e n c h u s s p p . , 886 

P r o l i f e r a t i o n d i s e a s e , 985 

179 

Prometryne, 3, 4 4 , 7 4 , 92 

P r o s t r a t e , 745 

P r o t e a s e , 1209 

P r o t e i n , 263, 265, 2 7 1 , 274, 

276, 289, 2 9 1 , 295, 4 2 7 , 

478, 4 8 5 , 5 0 0 , 725, 726, 

1228, 1240 

P r o t e i n c o n t e n t , 8 9 , 108, 

116, 153, 194, 298, 3 0 1 , 

329, 333, 437, 722, 798 

P r o t e i n d i g e s t i b i l i t y , 257, 

272, 288 

P r o t e i n E f f i c i e n c y R a t i o 

(PER), 265, 268, 270, 2 7 1 , 

272, 3 2 1 , 326, 358 

P r o t e i n h y d r o l y s a t e s , 1252, 

1253 

P r o t e i n a s e , 1173 

P r o t o z o a , 1257 

Pseudococcus c i t r i , 1115 

Pseudomonas s p p . , 893 

Puooinia s p p . , 864 

Pusa A g e t i , 415, 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 , 

460 

Pyrenochaeta c a j a n i , 1038 

P y r i d o x i n e , 389 

Pythium s p p . , 1078 

Pythium aphanidermatum, 983 

Pythium splendeus v a r . 

hawaiianum, 1079 

Q u i n a l p h o s , 678 

R a g i , 262, 264, 308 

R a n c i d i t y , 1232 

R a t o o n i n g , 514 

R a t s , 256, 268, 282, 285, 

287, 304, 342 

Reducing s u g a r s , 1250 

R e d u v i i d , 626 

Rhizobium, 8 9 , 274, 832 

Rhizoctonia, 5 4 0 , 8 9 9 , 1026 

Rhizoctonia ferruginea, 937, 

1110 

Rhizootonia s o l a n i , 9 9 3 , 9 9 4 

Rhynohosia minima, 876 

R i c e , 264 

Root n o d u l e s , 833


R o s e t t e d i s e a s e , 987 

R o t y l e n c h u l u s reniformis, 

869, 9 2 9 , 1012, 1086, 1087 

Rounded l e a f , 744 

Rumen l i q u o r , 1257 

S-5, 441 

S - 8 , 510 

S - 1 8 , 542 

S-103, 512 

S A - 1 , 477 

S a l t t o l e r a n c e , 1188 

S a p o n i n , 254 

Sohisotetranyohus, 633 

Sclerotinia s c l e r o t i n u m , 1129 

Seed c o a t c o l o r , 719, 720, 

729, 7 3 2 , 7 8 3 , 810 

Seed c o l o r , 4 5 1 , 739, 749, 

780, 794 

Seed p e l l e t i n g , 8 2 5 , 832 

Seed s i z e , 799 

S e l f i n g , 470 

S e p a l o i d , 4 5 3 , 454 

S e p a l o i d f l o w e r , 760 

S e r o l o g i c a l t e c h n i q u e s , 832 

Sharda, 415, 4 1 7 , 4 5 9 , 460 

S h o r t s t i g m a , 785 

S i l i c i o u s e a r t h , 697 

Simple l e a f , 4 5 3 , 4 5 4 , 759, 

760 

Small l e a f l e t s , 775 

Smear t e c h n i q u e , 576 

Sodium a s i d e , 1027 

Sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e , 112 

S o l u b l e c a r b o h y d r a t e s , 320 

Somatic v a r i a t i o n , 566 

Sorghum, 619 

Sorghum bicolor, 77 

Sorghum vulgare, 184 

Soybean, 2 6 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 7 1 , 299, 

318, 4 3 9 , 5 0 0 , 5 9 8 , 6 3 1 , 

689, 877 

Spike d i s e a s e , 1098 

Spreading h a b i t , 794 

Standard p e t a l c o l o r , 804 

Stem c o l o r , 732 

S t e m f l y , 676 

S t e r i l e m u t a n t s , 4 3 1 , 758 

S t e r i l i t y , 8 5 2 , 8 5 3 , 8 5 7 , 

8 6 3 . 8 8 5 , 8 8 7 , 9 5 7 , 1044, 

1073 

S t e r i l i t y m o s a i c , 677, 9 3 5 , 

9 3 6 , 948, 982, 1005, 1006, 

1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 

1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 

1016, 1017, 1 0 2 1 , 1022, 

1023, 1102, 1133 

S t i c k e r s , 825 

S t i p u l e l e n g t h , 735 

Storage l i f e , 1144 

S t r a i n s , 835 

Stylo8anth.es gracilis, 833 

Sucrase, 1218 

S u c r o s e , 315 

S y m b i o t i c , 836 

Synahytrium 

918 

phaseoli-radiata, 

Synahytrium umbilicatum, 1050 

T - 5 , 498 

T - 7 , 4 9 5 , 5 0 1 , 516 

T - 1 6 , 424, 498 

T - 1 7 , 5 0 1 , 516 

T - 2 1 , 502, 5 1 1 , 5 1 6 , 527 

T - 2 4 , 432 

T - 4 1 , 4 2 4 , 498 

T - 5 0 , 424, 498 

T - 5 1 , 4 2 4 , 498 

T - 8 0 , 424 

T - 8 2 , 424 

T - 8 4 , 503 

T - 1 3 6 - 1 , 432 

Taeniothrips distalis, 517, 

707 

Taeniothrips 

nigrioornis, 

6 9 2 , 708 

T a m a r i n d , 405 

T a p i o c a , 1257 

Taraostigmodee s p . , 650 

TCA, 149 

Temperate, 832 

Testa c o l o r , 733, 735, 768 

Tetranychus s p p . , 651 

T e t r a p l o i d s , 520, 560, 5 6 7 , 

5 6 8 , 5 7 5 , 577, 587 

T h i a m i n , 2 3 9 , 389 

T h i r a m , 8 5 6 , 923 

Thosea asperiens, 619 

T h r e o n i n e , 265 

T h r i p s , 698 

180 

TIBA, 1143 

Toxaphene, 667 

T r i c h l o r p h o n , 653 

T r i o h o p t i l u s c o n g r u a l i s , 674 

T r i f l u r a l i n , 4 4 

Trifolium s p p . , 832 

T r i p l o i d s , 568 

T r i t h i o n , 668 

T r o p i c a l , 832 

T r o p o t o x , 149 

Trychogrammatoidae 

armigera, 709 

T r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r s , 279, 

288, 352, 358 

T r y p t o p h a n , 256, 267, 287, 

295, 298, 300, 304, 327 

Tur 1 5 - 1 5 , 467 

Tur I P I - 5 , 481 

Tylenchorhynohus s p p . , 1012 

Type-105, 436 

T y r o s i n e , 344 

U j j a i n - 7 , 543 

U n i f o l i a t a , 742 

UPAS-120, 4 2 2 , 525 

Urease, 1175, 1176, 1182, 

1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 

1187, 1193, 1217, 1218 

Uredo c a j a n i , 898, 1134 

U r i c a c i d , 265 

Uromyoes dolicholi, 903, 

1018, 1129 

V a r i t o x , 149 

Vegetable t y p e s , 297 

V e i n c o l o r , 719, 720, 732, 

736, 739 

V e l v e t bean, 1254 

Vermicularia c a p s i c i , 963 

Vesak, 253 

Vioia faba, 598 

Vigna, 202 

Vigna aconitifolia, 5 9 8 , 6 3 1 

Vigna c a p e n e i s , 439 

Vigna c a t j a n g , 322, 359 

Vigna mungo, 1 7 , 7 0 , 183, 

2 4 9 , 259, 2 9 2 , 3 2 2 , 339, 

3 4 6 , 4 3 7 , 4 6 5 , 545, 598

Word Index 

Vigna nilotica, 79 

Vigna radiata, 1, 7, 139, 

183, 249, 273, 292, 322, 

337, 338, 3 A 1 , 346, 4 3 7 , 

465, 545, 598 

Vigna sinensis, 139, 2 7 2 , 

287, 2 9 1 , 292, 337, 338, 

3 4 1 , 357, 437, 8 4 4 , 1188 

Vigna u m b e l l a t a , 250 

Vigna unguiculata, 250, 286, 

310, 318, 357 

V i t a m i n , 291 

V i t a m i n A, 2 4 4 , 248, 302 

V i t a m i n B 1 , 239, 275, 302, 

389 

V i t a m i n B Complex, 289 

Zero t i l l a g e , 173 

Z i n e b , 927 

Zonabris pustulata, 634 

2 - 4 - D , 1199 

2-4-DB, 149 

3D-8104, 449 

3D-8111, 449 

3D-8127, 449 

V i t a m i n C, 253 

V i t a m i n G ( B 2 ) , 245 

Voandzeia subterranea, 434 

Water h y a c i n t h , 587 

White f l o w e r c o l o r , 781 

W i l t r e s i s t a n c e , 393, 415, 

426, 542, 563, 802 

W i t c h e s ' broom, 985, 986, 

988, 1114, 1115 

Woroninella u m b i l i c a t a , 

1034, 1050 

Xanthomonas s p p . , 1108 

Xanthomonas c a j a n i , 958,1108 

Xanthomonas malvacearum, 1035 

Xanthomonas phaseoli, 1061 

Xanthomonas phaseoli f. s p . 

cajani, 1 0 6 1 , 1062 

X - r a y , 433, 473 

Xylocopa, 605 

Y e l l o w mosaic, 1020, 1024, 

1053 

181

APPENDIX 

P I G E O N P E A 

S Y N O N Y M Y 

L a n g u a g e N a m e ( s ) 

E n g l i s h A l b e r g a , A n g o l a p e a , C o n g o p e a , 

G u n g o , G u n g o p e a , N o - e y e - p e a , 

P i g e o n p e a , P o r t o R i c a n p e a , 

R e d g r a m , Y e l l o w - d h a l 

F r e n c h A m b r e ' v a d e , P o i s d ' A n g o l e , 

P o i s p i g e o n 

S p a n i s h G u a n d u , G a n d u l , Q u i n c h o n c h o s 

I n d i a n 

l a n g u a g e s 

B e n g a l i 

G u j a r a t i 

H i n d i 

K a n n a d a 

M a l a y a l a m 

M a r a t h i 

S a n s k r i t 

T a m i l 

T e l u g u 

T u r , R a h a r , O r h o r 

T u v e r 

A r h a r 

T o g a r i 

T h u v a r a m 

T u v e r 

A d h a k i , T u v a r i , T u v a r i k a 

T h u v a r a i 

K a n d u l u 

L o c a l 

n a m e s 

A r m e n i a 

C o n g o 

P h i l i p p i n e s 

S o m a l i 

V e n e z u e l a 

Y e w o f - a t e n 

O h o t a - f a r e n g o t a 

K a d y o s 

S a l b o c o - g h e d 

Q u i n c h o n c h o s 

ICR 80-0039 

183

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