Declared Rare and Poorly Known Flora in the Moora District

WESTERN AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM NO. 28 

Declared Rare and Poorly Known Flora in the 

Moora District 

by 

Susan J. Patrick 

Andrew P. Brown 

Illustrations 

by 

Felicity Behan 

Amanda Lin 

Susan Patrick 

Margaret Pieroni 

John Rainbird 

Donna (Terrington) Jones 

Greg Keighery 

2001 

Published by the 

Department of Conservation and Land Management 

Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983


Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 


Western Australia 2001 

ISSN 0816-9713 

Cover illustration: 

Verticordia albida A.S. George 

by 

Margaret Pieroni 

Editors...........................................................................................................................Angie Walker and Jill Pryde 

Page preparation.................................................................................................................................. Angie Walker 

Maps..........................................................................................................CALM Information Management Branch 

ii

FOREWORD 

Western Australian Wildlife Management Programs are a series of publications produced by the Department of 

Conservation and Land Management (CALM). The programs are prepared in addition to Regional Management 

Plans to provide detailed information and guidance for the management and protection of certain exploited or 

threatened species (e.g. Kangaroos, Noisy Scrub-bird and the Rose Mallee). 

This Program provides a brief description of the appearance, distribution, habitat and conservation status of flora 

declared as rare under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act (Threatened Flora) and poorly known 

flora (Priority Flora) in CALM's Moora District and makes recommendations for research and management 

action necessary to ensure their continued survival. By ranking the Declared Rare Flora in priority order for 

these requirements, Departmental staff and resources can be allocated to those taxa most urgently in need of 

attention. 

Priority Flora that are under consideration for declaration as rare are also dealt with, but to a lesser extent than 

the Declared Rare Flora. However, the information available should assist in the ongoing work of assessment of 

their conservation status. 

This Program has been approved by the Executive Director, Department of Conservation and Land Management, 

the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority and the Minister for the Environment. 

Approved programs are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species' status and 

completion of recovery actions. 

Information in the Plan was accurate at August 1994. 

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

Foreword ......................................................... iii 

Acknowledgements ......................................... viii 

Abbreviations.................................................... ix 

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION .................... 1 

1. The Need for Management ........................... 1 

2. Objective of the Program.............................. 1 

3. Rare Flora Legislation and 

Guidelines for Gazettal............................ 3 

4. CALM's Priority Flora List........................... 5 

5. Responsibilities within the 

Department .............................................. 6 

6. The Moora District ....................................... 6 

6.1 Climate................................................. 7 

6.2 Geology, Landforms and Soils............. 7 

6.3 Vegetation............................................ 8 

7. Botanical History of the Moora 

District..................................................... 9 

PART TWO: DECLARED RARE 

FLORA IN THE MOORA DISTRICT ........ 11 

A. Extant Taxa............................................ 12 

Acacia forrestiana............................................ 12 

Acacia vassalii ................................................. 15 

Acacia sp. Dandaragan 

(S.van Leeuwen 269)................................... 18 

Anigozanthos humilis subsp. chrysanthus........ 21 

Anigozanthus viridis subsp. terraspectans ....... 24 

Asterolasia drummondii................................... 27 

Banksia tricuspis.............................................. 30 

Calectasia arnoldii ms ..................................... 34 

Chamelaucium griffinii ms............................... 36 

Conostylis micrantha ....................................... 38 

Darwinia acerosa............................................. 40 

Darwinia carnea .............................................. 42 

Daviesia bursarioides ...................................... 44 

Daviesia speciosa............................................. 47 

Drakaea elastica .............................................. 49 

Drakonorchis drakeoides ms ........................... 51 

Dryandra mimica ............................................. 54 

Dryandra serratuloides subsp. perissa ............ 56 

Dryandra serratuloides subsp. serratuloides... 58 

Eremophila microtheca.................................... 60 

Eremophila nivea............................................. 62 

Eucalyptus absita............................................. 65 

Eucalyptus argutifolia...................................... 68 

Eucalyptus balanites ........................................ 70 

Eucalyptus crispata.......................................... 72 

Eucalyptus dolorosa......................................... 74 

Eucalyptus impensa ......................................... 76 

Page 

Eucalyptus johnsoniana....................................78 

Eucalyptus lateritica.........................................81 

Eucalyptus leprophloia.....................................83 

Eucalyptus pruiniramis.....................................85 

Eucalyptus rhodantha var. petiolaris................87 

Eucalyptus rhodantha var. rhodantha ..............89 

Eucalyptus suberea...........................................92 

Gastrolobium appressum..................................94 

Gastrolobium hamulosum.................................97 

Grevillea batrachioides ....................................99 

Grevillea calliantha ........................................101 

Grevillea christineae.......................................103 

Grevillea pythara............................................105 

Hakea megalosperma .....................................107 

Hemiandra gardneri .......................................110 

Hemiandra sp. Watheroo (S.Hancocks 4) ......113 

Hensmania chapmanii ....................................116 

Leucopogon obtectus ......................................118 

Paracaleana dixonii ms..................................121 

Ptychosema pusillum ......................................123 

Restio chaunocoleus .......................................125 

Spirogardnera rubescens................................128 

Stawellia dimorphantha..................................131 

Stylidium scabridum .......................................133 

Thelymitra stellata ..........................................135 

Verticordia albida...........................................137 

Wurmbea tubulosa..........................................139 

B. Presumed Extinct Taxa........................142 

Calothamnus accedens ...................................142 

Lasiopetalum rotundifolium............................144 

Leucopogon marginatus .................................146 

Menkea draboides...........................................148 

Platysace dissecta...........................................150 

PART THREE: PRIORITY FLORA 

IN THE MOORA DISTRICT......................152 

A. Priority One Taxa.................................153 

Acacia carens..................................................153 

Acacia chapmanii subsp. australis ms............155 

Acacia cochlocarpa subsp. cochlocarpa ms...157 

Acacia congesta subsp. cliftoniana ms ...........159 

Acacia flabellifolia..........................................161 

Acacia lanceolata ms......................................163 

Acacia nodiflora .............................................165 

Acacia vittata ms ............................................167 

Andersonia longifolia .....................................169 

Arnocrinum gracillimum.................................171 

Chorizema humile...........................................173 

Conospermum densiflorum 

subsp. unicephalatum ................................175 

Conospermum scaposum ................................177 

Conostylis dielsii subsp. teres .........................179 

iv

Dampiera tephrea .......................................... 181 

Darwinia chapmaniana ms............................ 183 

Darwinia sp. Carnamah 

(J.Coleby-Williams 148) ........................... 185 

Daviesia pteroclada ....................................... 187 

Diuris tinkeri ms ............................................ 189 

Drosera marchantii subsp. prophylla ............ 191 

Dryandra borealis subsp. elatior ................... 193 

Dryandra fraseri var. oxycedra...................... 195 

Dryandra kippistiana var. paenepeccata ....... 197 

Dryandra stricta ............................................ 199 

Dryandra trifontinalis.................................... 202 

Eucalyptus absita x loxophleba ..................... 204 

Eucalyptus annuliformis ................................ 206 

Eucalyptus macrocarpa x pyriformis............. 208 

Eucalyptus subangusta subsp. virescens ....... 210 

Eucalyptus sp. Lesueur (E.A.Griffin 2481).... 212 

Gastrolobium rotundifolium .......................... 214 

Gompholobium sp. Gairdner Range 

(E.A.Griffin 2306)..................................... 216 

Goodenia arthrotricha ................................... 218 

Goodenia xanthotricha .................................. 220 

Grevillea althoferorum .................................. 222 

Grevillea curviloba ........................................ 224 

Grevillea delta ............................................... 226 

Grevillea humifusa ........................................ 228 

Grevillea murex.............................................. 230 

Grevillea pinifolia.......................................... 232 

Grevillea tenuiloba ........................................ 234 

Grevillea thyrsoides subsp. pustulata ............ 236 

Haloragis foliosa ........................................... 238 

Halosarcia koobabbiensis ms ........................ 240 

Homalocalyx chapmanii ................................ 242 

Hydrocotyle coorowensis ms ......................... 244 

Hypocalymma tenuatum ms ........................... 246 

Jacksonia pungens ms.................................... 248 

Jacksonia sp. Badgingarra 

(H.Demarz D6601) [sp. 14] ...................... 250 

Lasiopetalum ogilvieanum ............................. 252 

Lasiopetalum sp. Hill River 

(T.N.Stoate s.n.)........................................ 254 

Lechenaultia juncea....................................... 256 

Leucopogon plumuliflorus ............................. 258 

Macarthuria sp. Mullering 

(B.J.Keighery 517).................................... 260 

Malleostemon sp. Cooljarloo 

(B.Backhouse s.n. 16.11.88) ..................... 262 

Myriocephalus suffruticosus .......................... 264 

Phlebocarya pilosissima subsp. teretifolia..... 266 

Pityrodia viscida ............................................ 268 

Ptilotus caespitulosus..................................... 270 

Restio stenandra ms ....................................... 272 

Rumex drummondii ........................................ 274 

Scaevola eneabba .......................................... 276 

Schoenus andrewsii........................................ 278 

Stylidium drummondianum ............................ 280 

Stylidium pseudocaespitosum ........................ 282 

Synaphea quartzitica...................................... 283 

Tetratheca remota.......................................... 285 

Thomasia formosa ..........................................287 

Thomasia tenuivestita .....................................289 

Thomasia sp. New Norcia (Cayser s.n. 

Nov. 1918).................................................291 

Thomasia sp. Green Hill (S.Paust 1322).........293 

Thysanotus vernalis ........................................295 

Verticordia argentea.......................................297 

Verticordia bifimbriata...................................299 

Verticordia comosa.........................................301 

Verticordia dasystylis subsp. oestopoia..........303 

Verticordia fragrans .......................................305 

Verticordia luteola var. rosea.........................307 

Verticordia spicata subsp. squamosa .............309 

B. Priority Two Taxa ................................312 

Acacia anarthros ............................................312 

Acacia aristulata ms .......................................314 

Acacia browniana var. glaucescens................316 

Acacia chapmanii subsp. chapmanii ms.........318 

Acacia dura.....................................................320 

Acacia lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa 

Cockleshell Gully variant 

(E.A.Griffin 2039) .....................................322 

Acacia plicata .................................................324 

Acacia recurvata ms .......................................326 

Acacia retrorsa ...............................................328 

Acacia telmica ................................................330 

Acacia wilsonii ms ..........................................332 

Andersonia gracilis.........................................334 

Anigozanthos humilis subsp. grandis ms ........336 

Arnocrinum drummondii.................................338 

Astroloma sp. Eneabba (N.Marchant s.n.) ......340 

Boronia ericifolia............................................342 

Calandrinia dielsii ..........................................344 

Calytrix chrysantha.........................................346 

Calytrix drummondii.......................................348 

Calytrix eneabbensis.......................................350 

Calytrix platycheiridia....................................352 

Calytrix superba .............................................354 

Caustis gigas ms .............................................356 

Comesperma rhadinocarpum .........................358 

Crassula helmsii .............................................360 

Daviesia debilior subsp. debilior....................362 

Daviesia dielsii ...............................................364 

Dryandra platycarpa ......................................366 

Epitriche demissus ..........................................368 

Eucalyptus abdita ...........................................370 

Eucalyptus angularis ......................................372 

Eucalyptus diminuta ms..................................375 

Gompholobium sp. Marchagee 

(B.R.Maslin 1427) .....................................376 

Goodenia trichophylla....................................378 

Grevillea biformis subsp. cymbiformis ...........380 

Grevillea bracteosa.........................................382 

Grevillea makinsonii.......................................384 

Grevillea synapheae subsp. pachyphylla 

Minyolo variant (S.Patrick & A.P.Brown 

SP 1139) ....................................................386 

v

Grevillea synapheae subsp. synapheae 

Mt Misery variant (S.D.Hopper 6333)...... 388 

Hakea longiflora ............................................ 390 

Hemigenia curvifolia...................................... 392 

Hensmania stoniella....................................... 394 

Hypocalymma serratulum ms......................... 396 

Hypocalymma tetrapterum............................. 398 

Hypocalymma xanthopetalum 

var. linearifolium ms ................................. 400 

Hypocalymma sp. Cataby 

(G.J.Keighery 5151).................................. 402 

Lasiopetalum sp. Coorow (E.Ried 101)......... 404 

Leucopogon glaucifolius................................ 406 

Lysinema elegans ........................................... 408 

Macarthuria apetala ...................................... 410 

Mesomelaena stygia subsp. deflexa ............... 412 

Monotoca leucantha....................................... 414 

Nemcia axillaris ............................................. 416 

Patersonia spirafolia...................................... 419 

Persoonia chapmaniana ................................ 421 

Persoonia filiformis........................................ 423 

Podotheca uniseta.......................................... 425 

Schoenus sp. Warradarge 


Schoenus sp. Wongan (E.A.Griffin 3841)...... 429 

Stenanthemum grandiflorum ms .................... 431 

Stenanthemum limitatum................................ 434 

Stylidium aeonioides ...................................... 436 

Stylidium diuroides subsp. paucifoliatum ...... 438 

Stylidium nonscandens................................... 440 

Thysanotus sp. Badgingarra 


Tricoryne robusta ms ..................................... 444 

Triglochin stowardii....................................... 446 

Trymalium urceolare...................................... 448 

Verticordia blepharophylla............................ 450 

C. Priority Three Taxa............................. 452 

Acacia aprica ms ........................................... 452 

Acacia cummingiana...................................... 454 

Acacia epacantha........................................... 456 

Acacia inophloia ............................................ 458 

Acacia isoneura subsp. isoneura ms.............. 460 

Acacia isoneura subsp. nimia ms................... 462 

Acacia ridleyana ............................................ 464 

Allocasuarina grevilleoides ........................... 466 

Allocasuarina ramosissima............................ 468 

Banksia micrantha ......................................... 470 

Banksia scabrella........................................... 472 

Beaufortia bicolor.......................................... 474 

Beaufortia eriocephala .................................. 476 

Calothamnus brevifolius ................................ 478 

Catocolea enodis ms ...................................... 480 

Chamelaucium conostigmum ms.................... 482 

Comesperma acerosum .................................. 484 

Conospermum eatoniae.................................. 486 

Conostephium minus...................................... 488 

Cryptandra nudiflora ..................................... 490 

Daviesia epiphyllum....................................... 492 

Desmocladus elongatus ms.............................494 

Desmocladus gigas ms....................................496 

Dryandra echinata..........................................498 

Dryandra pteridifolia subsp. vernalis.............500 

Dryandra speciosa subsp. macrocarpa .........502 

Dryandra tortifolia .........................................504 

Eucalyptus foecunda subsp. Coolimba 

(M.I.H.Brooker 9556) ...............................506 

Grevillea asparagoides...................................508 

Grevillea leptopoda ........................................510 

Grevillea spinosissima....................................512 

Grevillea thyrsoides subsp. thyrsoides............514 

Grevillea uncinulata subsp. florida ................516 

Grevillea uniformis.........................................519 

Guichenotia alba ............................................521 

Haemodorum loratum.....................................523 

Hakea myrtoides .............................................525 

Hakea spathulata............................................527 

Hemigenia pimelifolia.....................................529 

Isopogon drummondii.....................................530 

Isopogon tridens .............................................532 

Jacksonia anthoclada ms................................534 

Jacksonia carduacea ......................................536 

Kunzea incognita ms.......................................538 

Lasiopetalum lineare ......................................540 

Lepidobolus densus ms ...................................542 

Lepidobolus quadratus ms..............................544 

Leucopogon oliganthus...................................546 

Melaleuca sclerophylla...................................548 

Myriocephalus appendiculatus.......................550 

Nemcia acuta ..................................................552 

Olax scalariformis ..........................................554 

Patersonia argyria..........................................556 

Persoonia pungens..........................................558 

Persoonia rudis...............................................560 

Petrophile biternata........................................562 

Petrophile plumosa.........................................564 

Phlebocarya pilosissima 

subsp. pilosissima ......................................566 

Rinzia crassifolia ............................................568 

Scaevola globosa ............................................570 

Schoenus benthamii ........................................572 

Stenanthemum reissekii ..................................574 

Thysanotus anceps..........................................576 

Verticordia amphigia......................................578 

Verticordia densiflora var. roseostella ...........580 

Verticordia huegelii var. decumbens ..............582 

Verticordia insignis subsp. eomagis ...............584 

Verticordia luteola var. luteola.......................586 

Verticordia muelleriana 

subsp. muelleriana.....................................588 

Verticordia rutilastra......................................590 

Walteranthus erectus ......................................592 

PART FOUR: THE PLAN FOR 

MANAGEMENT ..........................................594 

1. Determining Priorities ...............................594 

2. Management and Research Actions...........594 

vi

(i) Fungal Disease .............................. 595 

(ii) Survey ........................................... 595 

(iii) Population Size and Few 

Populations................................. 595 

(iv) Transport Corridors....................... 596 

(v) Short-lived Disturbance 

Opportunists............................... 596 

(vi) Land Acquisition........................... 596 

(vii) Fencing.......................................... 597 

(viii) Mining........................................... 597 

(ix) Recreation ..................................... 598 

(x) Habitat Degradation ...................... 598 

(xi) Ex situ Germ Plasm Collections.... 598 

(xii) Re-introduction ............................. 598 

(xiii) Liaison........................................... 599 

(xiv) Monitoring .................................... 599 

(xv) Research........................................ 599 

(xvi) Linear Marking.............................. 600 

(xvii) Environmental Weeds ................... 601 

(xviii) Fire Regimes ................................. 601 

3. Priority Flora in the Moora District.......... 601 

4. Implementation and Term of the 

Management Program.......................... 601 

REFERENCES............................................. 617 

GLOSSARY.................................................. 629 

TABLES 

1. Moora District Declared Rare Flora 

scored (1-3) according to the 

degree of threat or urgency for 

management and research action ......... 602 

2. Moora District Declared Rare Flora 

ranked in priority order for 

management and research action ......... 604 

3. Priority One, Two and Three species 

lists with recommended status 

indicated .............................................. 605 

4. Changes in conservation status ................. 610 

5. Declared Rare and Poorly Known 

Flora in the Moora District. 

Conservation Status updated to 

December 1999................................... 611 

6. Taxa in the Moora District added to the 

CALM Priority Flora List updated to 

December 1999................................... 615 

FIGURES 

1. Location of the Moora District in 

relation to other CALM Management 

Regions of the State................................. 2 

2. The Moora District covered by this 

Program ................................................... 4 

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Work on this document has taken place over several years and a large number of people have provided advice 

and assistance during that time. 

Ray Cranfield and Phil Spencer of the Western Australian Herbarium, CALM carried out numerous field surveys, 

mainly during 1991-1992. Consultant Ted Griffin provided much population information and valuable 

discussion. 

At the Western Australian Herbarium, identification, taxonomic advice and other information was provided by 

Anne Cochrane, Richard Cowan, Anne Kelly, Brendan Lepschi, Neville Marchant, Terry Macfarlane, Bruce 

Maslin, Diana Papenfus, Barbara Rye and Paul Wilson. David Coates also gave much advice on the Program 

and Angie Walker edited the document with advice from Vicki Hamley. 

CALM Moora District staff, Matt Warnock, Ken Borland and David Rose, also provided much help and 

information for the fieldwork. 

Greg Keighery and Bronwyn Keighery were most helpful with discussion and information on many taxa. 

Alex George, Elizabeth George and Margaret Pieroni provided much information, particularly for species of 

Verticordia and Dryandra. 

Other specialist advice was given by the following: Jeni Alford (Tetratheca), Eleanor Bennett (Conospermum, 

Sterculiaceae), Jenny Chappill (Jacksonia), Bob Chinnock (Eremophila), Barry Conn (Hemiandra), Mike Crisp 

(Daviesia), Steve Hopper (Eucalyptus), Christina Lemsom (Andersonia), Allen Lowrie (Drosera, Stylidium), 

Bob Makinson, Peter Olde (Grevillea), Kelly Shepherd, Carol Wilkins (Sterculiaceae) and Annette Wilson 

(Astroloma). 

In the field, many people have been very helpful. Alison and John Doley, Bob Scott and Don Williams provided 

access to their land and showed us populations of species that occurred there. Charles Straughan of the Three 

Springs Shire and Alan Tinker showed us new populations that they had found. Guy Richmond provided new 

information on populations of Eremophila. Ray Hart (Hart, Simpson and Associates) also provided information.

ABBREVIATIONS 

Ca 

Carnamah Shire 

Ch 

Chittering Shire 

Co 

Coorow Shire 

D 

Dandaragan Shire 

Da 

Dallwallinu Shire 

est. 

Estimated number of plants 

G 

Gingin Shire 

I 

Irwin Shire 

KP 

Kings Park Herbarium 

Mi 

Minginew Shire 

Mo 

Moora Shire 

MRWA 

Main Roads W.A. 

TS 

Three Springs Shire 

VCL 

Vacant Crown land 

VP 

Victoria Plains Shire 

WATSCU 

Western Australian Threatened Species and 

Communities Unit 

WH 

as stated on WAHERB 

* WAHERB record only, population not seen more recently 

ii

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 

1. The Need For Management 

Western Australia has a unique flora world renowned for its diversity and high level of endemism. 

WACENSUS, the database of plant names for the State, lists 12 442 current taxa (species, subspecies, varieties 

and phrase-names) (July 1997) with the total likely to exceed 13 000 once botanists have completed surveying, 

searching and describing the flora. A significant proportion of the Western Australian total is concentrated in the 

south-west of the State, where there is also a large number of endemics due to a long history of isolation and 

climatic and geological stability (Hopper 1979). According to Briggs and Leigh (1996) the State has 45.9 

percent of the Australian total of threatened, rare or poorly known plant taxa, with 79 percent of these restricted 

to the south-west. Nearly 2 000 Western Australian taxa are currently listed as threatened or have been placed on 

the Department of Conservation and Land Management's (CALM) Priority Flora List because they are rare or 

poorly known (K. Atkins, personal communication). 

Although some plants are rare because of their requirement for a specific restricted habitat, the majority have 

become rare or threatened because of the activities of humans. Extensive land clearing and modification of the 

environment have resulted in the extinction of some species and threaten the survival of many others. Continued 

land clearing, plant diseases (particularly due to Phytophthora species), exotic weeds and pests, road works, 

urbanisation, grazing by domestic stock and increasing salinity continue to threaten the flora. 

The State Conservation Strategy, Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, and Conservation and Land Management Act 

1984 provide the guidelines and legislative basis for the conservation of the State's indigenous plant and animal 

species. CALM is responsible for the administration of the Wildlife Conservation Act, and hence, is responsible 

for the protection and conservation of flora and fauna on all lands and waters throughout the State. Section 23F 

of the Act gives the Minister responsible for the Act statutory responsibility for the protection of those plant taxa 

declared to be rare (i.e. threatened taxa). 

This Wildlife Management Program collates the available biological and management information on the 

Declared Rare Flora, and Priority One, Two and Three (poorly known) taxa of CALM's Moora District, as at 

12 August 1994. In 1994, 274 extant taxa were listed as Declared Rare Flora and a further 39 taxa were listed on 

the Schedule as Presumed Extinct. In addition to those that were declared rare, 1 582 taxa were listed on CALM's 

Priority Flora List as at February 1994. The majority of these taxa require further detailed survey to accurately 

assess their conservation status while others are rare, but not currently threatened, and require ongoing 

monitoring. Brown et al. (1998) provide illustrations of declared rare (threatened ) flora as at 1998. 

The Moora District covers some 25 000 km 2 of which much has been cleared for agriculture, particularly on the 

eastern side. Figure 1 shows the location of the Moora District in relation to the CALM management regions of 

the State. 

. 2. Objective of the Program 

The objective of this program for the Moora District is: 

To ensure and enhance, by appropriate management, the continued survival in the wild of populations of 

Declared Rare Flora and other plants in need of special protection. 

It aims to achieve this by: 

 

 

providing a useful reference for CALM staff and other land managers for the day to day management and 

protection of Declared Rare Flora populations and populations of other taxa that are poorly known and 

may be at risk; 

directing Departmental resources within the Region to those species most urgently in need of attention; 

iii

Figure 1. 

Location of the Moora District in relation to other CALM Management Regions of the State 

(figure is not available) 

iv

assisting in the identification of Declared Rare species and other species potentially at risk, and their likely 

habitats; and 

fostering an appreciation and increased awareness of the importance of protecting and conserving 

Declared Rare Flora and other species potentially at risk or in need of special protection. 

3. Rare Flora Legislation and Guidelines for Gazettal 

The Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 protects all classes of indigenous flora throughout the State. Protected flora 

includes: 

Spermatophyta - flowering plants, conifers and cycads 

Pteridophyta - ferns and fern allies 

Bryophyta - mosses and liverworts 

Thallophyta - algae, fungi and lichens 

Section 23F of the Act provides special protection to those taxa (species, subspecies, varieties, hybrids) 

considered by the Minister to be: 

 

 

 

In danger of extinction - the taxon is in serious risk of disappearing from the wild state within one or two 

decades if present land use and other causal factors continue to operate; 

Rare - less than a few thousand adult plants of the taxon existing in the wild; 

Deemed to be threatened and in need of special protection - the taxon is not presently in danger of 

extinction but is at risk over a longer period through continued depletion, or occurs largely on sites likely 

to experience changes in land use which could threaten its survival in the wild; 

or 

 

Presumed Extinct - taxa which have not been collected, or otherwise verified over the past 50 years 

despite thorough searching, or of which all known wild populations have been destroyed more recently. 

In addition, hybrids or suspected hybrids which satisfy the above criteria also must be: 

 

 

 

a distinct entity, that is, the progeny are consistent with the agreed taxonomic limits for that taxon group; 

capable of being self perpetuating, that is, not reliant on the parental taxa for replacement; and 

the product of a natural event, that is, both parents are naturally occurring and cross fertilisation was by 

natural means. 

Protection under Section 23F is achieved by declaring flora to be 'rare flora' by notice published in the 

Government Gazette. CALM's Policy Statement No. 9 discusses the legislation relating to Declared Rare Flora 

and outlines the criteria for gazettal. 

Under the provisions of Section 23F, the 'taking', by any person, of Declared Rare Flora is prohibited on any 

category of land throughout the State without the written consent of the Minister. A person breaching the Act is 

liable to a penalty of up to $10,000. The legislation refers only to wild populations and applies equally to 

Government officers and private citizens on Crown and private lands. 

'To take' in relation to any flora includes 'to gather, pluck, cut, pull up, destroy, dig up, remove or injure the flora 

or to cause or permit the same to be done by any means'. This includes not only direct destruction or injury by 

human hand or machine but also such activities as allowing grazing by stock, introducing pathogens, altering 

water tables so as to inundate or deprive the flora of adequate soil moisture, allowing air pollutants to harm 

foliage, and burning. 

v

Figure 2. 

The Moora District covered by this Program 

(Figure is not available) 

vi

The Schedule published in the Government Gazette is revised annually to accommodate additions and deletions 

to the list of Declared Rare Flora. 

 

 

 

The taxon (species, subspecies, variety) is well-defined, readily identified and represented by a voucher 

specimen in a State or National Herbarium. It need not necessarily be formally described under 

conventions in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but such a description is preferred and 

should be undertaken as soon as possible after listing on the schedule. 

Have been searched for thoroughly in the wild by competent botanists during the past five years in most 

likely habitats, according to guidelines approved by the Executive Director. 

Searches have established that the plant in the wild is either; rare, in danger of extinction; deemed to be 

threatened and in need of special protection. 

Plants may be deleted from the Declared Rare Flora Schedule where: 

 

 

 

recent botanical survey has shown that the taxon is no longer rare, in danger of extinction or otherwise in 

need of special protection; 

the taxon is shown to be a hybrid that does not comply with the inclusion criteria; 

the taxon is no longer threatened because it has been adequately protected by reservation of land where it 

occurs, or because its population numbers have increased beyond the danger point. 

4. CALM's Priority Flora List 

CALM maintains a Priority Flora List to determine priorities for survey of plants of uncertain conservation status. 

The List comprised 1582 taxa (at February 1994) that were poorly known and in need of high priority survey or 

are adequately surveyed but in need of monitoring. The poorly known taxa are possibly at risk but do not meet 

the survey requirements for gazettal as Declared Rare Flora (DRF), as outlined in Policy Statement No. 9. Only 

those plants considered to be threatened or presumed extinct on the basis of thorough survey can be included on 

the Declared Rare Flora Schedule. 

The Priority Flora List is divided into the following categories according to the number of known populations 

and the degree of perceived threat. 

Priority One - Poorly known Taxa 

Taxa which are known from one or a few (generally

Taxa which are considered to have been adequately surveyed and which, whilst being rare (in Australia), 

are not currently threatened by any identifiable factors. These taxa require monitoring every 5-10 years. 

5. Responsibilities within the Department 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reviewing Departmental policy on Declared Rare Flora is the responsibility of the CALM Corporate 

Executive; 

Identification of Declared Rare Flora is the initial responsibility of Herbarium staff, but should, with 

appropriate training, become a Regional responsibility also; 

Locating Declared Rare Flora is the responsibility of Bioconservation Group (CALMScience) staff, 

Wildlife Branch and the Western Australian Threatened Species and Communities Unit (WATSCU) 

(Nature Conservation Division) and Regional Services Division staff; 

Determination of land status and preparation of material for notification to landowners is the responsibility 

of Wildlife Branch; 

Hand-delivered notification to landowners of Declared Rare Flora populations is the responsibility of 

Regional staff and Wildlife Branch; 

Maintenance of Declared Rare Flora information and database, and dissemination of these data are the 

responsibility of Wildlife Branch; 

Advice on management prescriptions is the responsibility of staff of Bioconservation Group 

(CALMScience), Regional Ecologists (Regional Services Division), Wildlife Branch and WATSCU staff; 

Coordination of Recovery Plans and Interim Recovery Plans for threatened taxa is the responsibility of 

WATSCU; 

Management, protection and regular inspection of Declared Rare Flora populations is the responsibility of 

staff of the Moora District; 

Enforcement matters relating to the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act are the responsibility of 

Wildlife Officers in the Midwest Region; 

Implementation and revision of the Management Program is the responsibility of the Moora District 

Threatened Flora Recovery Team. 

6. The Moora District 

The CALM Moora District runs north from Lancelin (110 km north of Perth) along the coast for 200 km to 

Dongara. It extends inland on the southern boundary for 120 km to the east and south of Calingiri. On the 

eastern side it follows the eastern boundaries of the Moora, Coorow, Carnamah and Three Springs Shires until 

south of Mingenew where the Midlands Road forms the northern boundary west to Dongara. The District is 

approximately 140 km across at its widest point. 

There was formerly an extension 25 km further north of Dongara on the western side, but during the course of 

work on this program the northern boundary was rationalised, losing that section and including part of the Shire 

of Mingenew. 

CALM’s Swan Region bounds the southern side of the District with the Merredin District of the Wheatbelt 

Region to the east and the Geraldton District to the north, which with the Moora District form the southern part 

of the Midwest Region. There are nine Shires included within the boundaries of the District, all of the Shires of 

Three Springs, Carnamah, Coorow, Dandaragan, Moora and Victoria Plains, and parts of the Shires of Irwin, 

Mingenew and Gingin. 

viii

The District covers an area of 25 000 km 2 with eight national parks and more than ninety nature reserves 

(400 000 hectares of conservation reserves) managed by CALM. It includes the Lesueur National Park, an area 

long recognised (with the Stirling Range and Fitzgerald River areas) for its diverse flora, with an exceptionally 

high number of rare and endemic species. 

6.1 Climate 

The climate of the Moora District is Mediterranean with cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers, with a 

moderately reliable rainfall. Rainfall varies from an average annual rainfall in the south west of the District of 

about 600 mm at Lancelin, decreasing northwards to 550 mm at Jurien, and around 500 mm at Dongara. It 

increases to over 650 mm along the escarpment from Mt Lesueur to Dandaragan but generally decreases inland 

to about 350 mm along the eastern boundary of the District, occurring mainly between May and August. Moora 

is situated on the border between the drier wheatbelt climate, with less than four wet months in the year, and the 

moister climate towards the coast, with five wet months annually. 

Mean maximum temperatures in this area vary from 30.5 o C near the coast to 32.5 o C inland, with the mean 

minimum varying from 9 o C to 10 o C. 

6.2 Geology, Landforms and Soils 

The western part of the District coincides with the Perth Sedimentary Basin, which is separated by the Darling 

Fault from the mainly granitic rocks of the Yilgarn Block to the east. The Mesozoic rocks of the Perth Basin are 

sedimentary, mainly sandstones and siltstones. These are covered patchily by unconsolidated sediments. 

The Darling Fault is the most important geological feature in the District, running in a north-south direction and 

seen as an elongated depression, sometimes known as the Urella Trough, running east of the Urella Fault. It is 

occupied by a creek originally running south from the Yarra Yarra Lakes south of Three Springs and Lake 

Eganu, south west of Coorow, joining the Moore river at Moora, which follows the fault south to Mogumber. 

A Tertiary or Pleistocene coastline runs 16-32 km inland of the present coast, and south of Jurien Bay this is 

marked by the Gingin Scarp, which separates the plateau from the coastal plain. A band of Proterozoic 

sedimentary rocks (the Moora Group) occurs between Moora and Carnamah, immediately east of the fault. 

These are made up of sandstones, siltstones, limestone and chert rocks. 

The soils of the District west of the Darling fault are principally sands whereas those to the east of the Fault are 

generally heavier loams and gravels. 

The Moora District can be divided into five regions: 

Swan Coastal Plain 

Gently undulating, usually less than 100 m above sea level, with westward or internal drainage. The plain 

incorporates three subdivisions: 

Coastal Belt 

Consists of two Quaternary dune systems. The younger of these, the Quindalup Dune System, is formed of 

fixed and mobile sand dunes, forming a narrow band along the coast. The older, the Spearwood Dune 

System, consists of dunes lithified to limestone. On the western edge, straight, sandy beaches are separated 

by low limestone headlands. Caves on the coastal belt have in some cases been formed by water from ponded 

rivers percolating through the dune limestone, and others may have been formed in the same way. 

ix

Bassendean Dunes 

This system runs east of the coastal belt from north of the Hill River, widening towards the south. Leached 

Pleistocene dunes have a subdued topography, with numerous interdunal swamps. They form a plain behind 

the coastal belt. 

Eneabba Plain 

This includes alluvial fans and part of the coastal belt. The alluvial fans have been built out, particularly in 

the Eneabba area, where westward-flowing rivers slowed as they decreased in gradient approaching the 

coastal belt. Some sandy stream channels have blown out to produce dunes. 

Dissected Region 

Situated between the Gingin and Dandaragan Scarps, a dissected area with westward drainage and with laterite 

capped remnants of an earlier uplifted plain, forming hills 250-300 m in height, with laterite capping over softer 

sedimentary rocks. Where the laterite is dissected, breakaways fringe the hills. Resistant Triassic sandstone 

inland of Jurien Bay produces the mesas of Mt Peron and Mt Lesueur. 

Dandaragan Plateau 

A flat or gently undulating plateau 200-300 m in elevation, with poorly developed drainage and bounded by the 

Dandaragan Scarp to the west and the Gingin Scarp to the south west. It is laterite capped, but the laterite on this 

plateau is still covered by quartz sand. Erosion around the margins of the plateau has produced breakaways. 

Yarra Yarra Region 

Low lying land to the west of the Darling Scarp, with swamps, lake systems, associated dune deposits and 

intermittent internal drainage. 

Darling Plateau 

The Darling Scarp forms the eroded western edge of the Darling Plateau which is expressed as undulating plains 

on the eastern side of the District, drained in this area by the Moore River. Features of the Plateau include low 

granitic hills and saline lakes. The Darling Scarp degenerates to a series of low hills by the time it reaches the 

southern boundary of the District, and these extend north to beyond Moora. 

References 

Baxter and Lipple (1985), Carter and Lipple (1982), Lowry (1974). 

6.3 Vegetation 

The CALM Moora District falls within the South-West Botanical Province (Beard 1980) and includes parts of 

the Irwin, Avon and Darling Botanical Districts. The flora of the District is very diverse, with areas of high 

species-richness including the northern sandplains and the Gairdner Range. 

The Swan Coastal Plain, the Drummond Subdistrict of the Darling Botanical District, extends north from the 

Moore River to just south of Green Head. Its eastern boundary is the Darling Scarp. It has mainly yellow sandy 

soils and is low lying, with dune systems and swampy areas. Banksia low woodland occurs on leached sands 

with melaleuca swamps in wet areas and there are a few areas of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri 

(E. calophylla) woodland on less leached soils, mainly on the eastern side. In the south, there are rare 

occurrences of tuart (E. gomphocephala) woodland. Scrub heath occurs on limestone, heath with patches of 

thicket on the sand ridges, and heath in the swamps. 

The north east side of the Drummond Subdistrict includes the Dandaragan Plateau which lies between the Gingin 

Scarp and the Darling Fault from the southern boundary of the Moora District north to about Dinner Hill. The 

sedimentary rocks of the Plateau give rise in the western half, to brownish sands or loamy sands with gravel 

beneath, which supported marri woodland, although most has now been cleared as these are good agricultural 

soils. The eastern half of the Plateau has deep sands, most of which are covered with banksia low woodland, and 

in the southern part where the sand overlies laterite, there are heaths in which Dryandra species are dominant. 

x

South of Moora and to the east of the Darling Fault, running from Mogumber east to New Norcia, the Moora 

District includes a small section of the northern part of the Dale Subdistrict of the Darling Botanical District. 

This area has wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo) and York gum (E. loxophleba) woodland on lateritic gravels and is 

part of the Northern Jarrah Forest Subregion, which does not extend further north due to lower rainfall, jarrah 

only extending to about 10 km south of the southern boundary of the Moora District on the Great Northern 

Highway. The ridges support dryandra heath. 

The north-western part of the District is included in the Irwin Botanical District (the Northern Sandplains 

Region). This area is underlain by sedimentary rocks, which form a series of plateaux at the same level as the 

Dandaragan Plateau. These have been eroded on the western side and are broken up by rivers, but the uneroded 

surfaces form extensive sandplains, supporting rich heathlands, the kwongan or scrub heaths. On the coast, as is 

found further south, there are two distinct dune systems, corresponding to the Spearwood and Quindalup 

Systems. The consolidated dunes north from Jurien to the Arrowsmith River support scrub heath on the 

limestone with illyarrie (E. erythrocorys). Further north this species occurs in thickets of Acacia, Melaleuca and 

Allocasuarina. The Eneabba Plain consists of mineral-rich deposits of beach sands, which support scattered 

small trees of pricklybark (E. todtiana), over tall shrubs and species rich low heath. Where fires are frequent, 

low shrubs predominate. 

Within the Irwin Botanical District lies the Lesueur National Park and Coomallo Nature Reserve which are 

situated inland from the town of Jurien, ca. 220 km north of Perth. The area has an exceptionally diverse flora, 

with 800 species, representing nearly 6.2 percent of the State’s known vascular flora. The Lesueur National Park 

has seven species of declared rare flora, nine endemic taxa, 111 regionally endemic taxa and 81 taxa at their 

northern or southern limits. The heath on the lateritic uplands and sandstones forms an intricate mosaic of 

vegetation units, whilst deeper soils on lower areas support woodland of wandoo, marri and powderbark wandoo 

(E. accedens). 

The southern boundary of the Irwin District runs eastwards through the southerly part of the Watheroo National 

Park as far east as Dalwallinu. These areas have lower rainfall and on deep sands the Banksia-Xylomelum 

community has shrubs to 3 m (or 6 m if long unburnt) including Banksia attenuata, B. burdettii, B. prionotes and 

woody pear (Xylomelum angustifolium) with Actinostrobus arenarius and Grevillea leucopteris. From 

Dalwallinu, the eastern boundary of the Irwin District runs north westwards to Coorow then north through Three 

Springs. To the east of this boundary lies the Avon Botanical District (the Wheatbelt Region). Two sections of 

the Avon District occur on the eastern side of the Moora District, with its western boundary approximately along 

the Darling fault. The southerly section runs from Calingiri north to Moora and Watheroo and east to the 

Dalwallinu area. Now largely cleared, much of this part of the District originally supported woodland of wandoo 

and York gum, or York gum and salmon gum on loams, and scrub heath on the sandplains, Acacia-Allocasuarina 

thickets on ironstone gravels and Melaleuca thickets and samphires on salt flats. 

The northern wheatbelt section occurring in the Moora District is situated from southeast of Coorow, north with 

its westerly margin along the Midlands Highway, then north from Three Springs. This is similar to the southern 

section. 

7. Botanical History of the Moora District 

The District was explored by Europeans as early as 1801, when an expedition in the French ship Naturaliste, 

under the command of Captain Hamelin, visited the coast, naming Jurien Bay, Mt Lesueur and Mt Peron, after a 

naval administrator and the expedition’s artist and naturalist, respectively. 

After the foundation of the Swan River Colony in 1829, more extensive exploration took place. John Septimus 

Roe, Surveyor General, led an expedition in 1836 from York, reaching the site of New Norcia after travelling 

further east. Plant specimens were collected during this expedition. 

Capt. George Grey’s exploration party marched south in 1839 along the coastal strip from the Murchison River 

to Perth, after losing their boats at the mouth of the Murchison. 

Extensive botanical exploration and collecting was first undertaken by James Drummond who arrived with 

Captain Stirling’s colonising party as honorary Government Naturalist. He settled at Toodyay where he farmed 

xi

and added to his income by collecting botanical specimens for sale to patrons in Europe. In the summer of 1841 

he, with his son and two other settlers, went north from Toodyay to the Victoria Plains, which extend from northeast 

of New Norcia northwards (Erickson 1969). In 1842 he made two collecting trips to that area, reaching the 

site of Moora on the first trip and travelling further east to the Wongan Hills (east of the Moora District) on the 

second. 

In 1850 he visited the station of his son, James, at Dandaragan and collected in that area. He continued north 

with a party overlanding stock from the Swan to Champion Bay (Geraldton) by way of the Lesueur-Coomallo 

area, where he noted the exceptional richness of the area, and the Arrowsmith and Irwin Rivers. 

Ludwig Preiss, a German botanist, visited the Victoria Plains in 1839 and made collections which he distributed 

to European herbaria on his return to Germany in 1842. They were labelled “Quangen Plains, Victoria” 

(Lehmann 1844). 

L. Diels and E. Pritzel, German botanists, visited Moora on a journey to Geraldton early in 1901, and also visited 

Dandaragan in December of that year (Diels 1906). 

In the east of the District, the Midland Railway reached Moora in 1894, so that land along the line and within 

easy reach of it was mostly taken up for agricultural settlement by 1900. This was also the case around 

Dandaragan. At that time the sandplains could not be used for crop farming and there was little settlement 

between Dandaragan, Watheroo and the coast, apart from fishing settlements at Jurien Bay, Green Head and an 

isolated farm at Cockleshell Gully. However, advances in farming techniques allowed the sandplains to be 

worked from the 1950s, further decreasing the remaining areas of natural vegetation. 

Charles Gardner, who was appointed Government Botanist in 1929, collected extensively in the District over the 

next thirty years. He visited the Lesueur area several times between 1931 and 1946 and recommended that the 

area should be reserved. This important area was subsequently the subject of several studies (Griffin and 

Hopkins 1985 and Martinick and Associates 1988). A comprehensive report on the Lesueur area was published 

with much information on the vegetation and flora (Burbidge et al. 1990) and in 1992 the Lesueur National Park 

was gazetted as a Class ‘A’ reserve for national park. 

N. Speck carried out fieldwork in the District for his thesis on the vegetation of the Irwin District (Speck 1958) 

and John Beard carried out fieldwork for vegetation mapping from 1962 onwards, particularly from 1973-77 

(Beard 1976a, 1976b, 1979a, 1979b). 

Considerable recent study has been undertaken in the important area of the Northern Sandplains, which is 

roughly equivalent to the Irwin Botanical District (George et al. 1979, Griffin et al. 1983, Griffin and Keighery 

1989, Griffin 1990, 1992, 1994). 

Numerous other studies have been made on a more local scale, many relating to reserves and areas of potential 

mining in the District (e.g. Bell and Loneragan (1985), Burbidge and Boscacci (1989), Crook et al. (1984), 

Elkington and Griffin (1984), Elkington (1987), Foulds and McMillan (1985), Froend (1988), Griffin (1991), 

Hopkins and Hnatiuk (1981) and Lamont (1976). 

xii

PART TWO: DECLARED RARE FLORA IN THE MOORA DISTRICT 

In 1994, 54 taxa of Declared Rare Flora were known to be extant within the boundaries of the Moora District. 

Five species listed as presumed extinct on the Declared Rare Flora Schedule are also included. While they have 

been collected from the Moora District in the past, no extant populations are known. 

A brief description of the morphology, distribution, habitat, and conservation status is provided for each taxon. 

Where appropriate, the impact of certain factors such as fire, mechanical disturbance, weed invasion and 

Phytophthora dieback is noted from observations made in the field during routine monitoring and from 

discussion with District and research staff. Recommendations are made for management and protection action to 

ensure the continued survival of populations of each taxon. 

Descriptions of taxa were compiled by consulting references and from discussion with botanists. Distribution 

and habitat were recorded from Departmental Rare Flora files and records in the Western Australian Herbarium. 

Emphasis was placed on the particular habitat characteristics of locations in the Moora District. Conservation 

status was determined from field observations, and population and location data on Departmental files. A brief 

summary of the number and condition of populations throughout the range of the taxon and threats to population 

survival is provided. A table for each taxon lists the location, land status, date of last survey, number of plants 

and condition for populations. The list of known populations generally refers to those in the Moora District only 

and populations which occur outside the District are not listed but referred to in the description of the species’ 

distribution. Not only populations which have been recently surveyed are included, but also those represented 

only by a Herbarium specimen if they are from a different locality. These are denoted by an asterisk and are 

included because they may indicate the former wider range of a species, where it may still occur in as yet 

undiscovered populations, although some of these are known to have been destroyed since the time of collection. 

Precise locality details are contained on Departmental files and a computer database. 

Of the 54 extant taxa included in this Program, 30 are endemic to the Moora District. Grevillea pythara is not 

known from the Moora District but occurs just outside it in the Merredin District. It was discovered after the 

Program for that District was completed and has been included in this Management Program so that it may be 

included in surveys for further populations that may lie within the Moora District. Eucalyptus argutifolia has 

been included although the only population in the District is not typical, but further survey is important. 

During the course of preparation of this Program, survey work has led to the recommendation that five taxa be 

removed from the Declared Rare Flora Schedule (Caladenia cristata, Diuris recurva, Gastrolobium callistachys, 

Grevillea saccata and Wurmbea drummondii) as more populations were discovered, indicating that their 

conservation status is more secure than was originally thought. These have now been deleted from the Schedule 

of Declared Rare Flora and are listed as Priority 4 taxa. 

On the other hand, two taxa were recommended for declaration as rare flora during the course of preparation of 

the Program: Grevillea pythara and Verticordia albida. These have now been listed as Declared Rare Flora. 

Survey work has also resulted in the known range of two taxa being extended into the District from further south 

(Ptychosema pusillum and Drakaea elastica), and in the discovery of 98 new populations of Declared Rare 

Flora. 

xiii

PART FOUR: THE PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT 

The objective of this Wildlife Management Program is to ensure and enhance, by appropriate management, the 

continued survival in the wild of populations of Declared Rare Flora and other plants in need of special 

protection. 

1. Determining Priorities 

Part Two assesses the abundance and conservation status of each Declared Rare Flora taxon within the Moora 

District and makes recommendations for protection, research and management. On the basis of these 

recommendations, each taxon was ranked on a scale of 0 to 3 under 19 categories recognised as potential threats 

or management and research requirements (Table 1). Taxa with no threat or urgency for management and 

research action were given a score of 0. Those with a high degree of threat were allocated a score of 3. The 

scores were summed for each of the 54 taxa and for each threat/requirement category. Table 1 summarises the 

perceived threats, and management and research requirements for each Declared Rare Flora in the District. 

Table 2 lists the 54 Declared Rare Flora in priority order according to the urgency of their requirement for 

protection and management action. Taxa with a high ranking score are most threatened and/or most in need of 

action. It is intended that all requirements for each taxon, as outlined in the previous species treatments, will be 

implemented. Work will be conducted, programmed or deferred according to priority, available funds and 

existing resources and workloads. Attention is directed to Table 2 to determine which taxa should have priority 

for management actions. This will enable resources and staff within the Moora District to be allocated where 

most urgently required. 

Taxa most in need of attention for a particular management or research requirement can be determined from 

Table 1. 

Ranking the categories illustrates which threats/requirements are the most critical in the Moora District. The 

Table indicates those taxa that are (or may be) threatened by particular activities, in addition to providing for 

continued research and management once requirements listed for the critically threatened taxa are fulfilled. 

2. Management and Research Actions 

Overall rankings of threatened taxa based on the 19 categories of threat, management requirements and research 

requirements (Table 1) are shown in Table 2. These data suggest that the following taxa warrant immediate 

management and research action: 

Acacia vassalii 

Gastrolobium hamulosum 


Grevillea calliantha 

Chamelaucium griffinii 

Grevillea christineae 

Conostylis micrantha 

*Grevillea pythara 

Daviesia bursarioides 

Hemiandra gardneri 

Daviesia speciosa Hemiandra sp. Watheroo (S.Hancocks 4) 

Eremophila nivea 

Stawellia dimorphantha 

Gastrolobium appressum 

Verticordia albida 

* Located on border of Moora District within Merredin District but was not included in the Management 

Program for that District, who will carry out management actions. 

Specific management or research actions for all threatened flora in the Moora District are outlined below. 

xiv

(i) Fungal Disease 

Little research information is currently available to assess the impact of the soil-borne pathogens, Phytophthora 

species, on Declared Rare Flora in the Moora District. Since the discovery of dieback near Cataby in 1986, 

infections involving five species of Phytophthora have been located by the Northern Sandplains Dieback 

Working Party, mainly on the sandplains on the western side of the District from the southern boundary north to 

the Eneabba area. Most infections are small and localised. Plants not destroyed by direct infection may be 

affected indirectly by structural and ecological changes in the affected vegetation. Disturbances such as road 

construction are known to promote the spread of the disease, particularly in moist, relatively low-lying sites 

unless carried out under strictly controlled hygiene conditions. Urgent research on the impact of dieback on 

Declared Rare Flora is required and all work at their populations and in native vegetation should observe hygiene 

procedures. 

The Moora District Dieback Protection Plan (1990) divides the District into three dieback hazard zones. The 

degree of hazard to which a taxon may be subjected, according to the location of its populations within these 

zones, has been used to rank the taxa as well as the degree of susceptibility of the individual taxon. 

Taxa which may be at risk from Phytophthora are: 

Asterolasia drummondii 

Banksia tricuspis 

Daviesia speciosa ms 

Dryandra mimica 

Dryandra serratuloides 

(ii) Survey 

Further survey of suitable habitat for new populations is a requirement for many of the Declared Rare Flora in the 

Moora District. Some taxa are in need of urgent attention, either because of the small number or size of known 

populations, or their poor representation in conservation reserves. Some are in need of resurvey of known 

populations which have not been visited within the last ten years, or where insufficient data are available. 

Taxa in most urgent need of further survey are: 



Eucalyptus balanites 

Eucalyptus dolorosa 

Grevillea batrachioides 

Grevillea pythara 

Hemiandra sp. Watheroo 

Ptychosema pusillum 



(iii) Population Size and Few Populations 

A number of Declared Rare Flora are known from few populations or have very small population sizes, making 

them particularly vulnerable to localised disturbance. The total number of populations for each taxon, including 

those occurring outside the District was taken into consideration. 

Taxa at risk through low numbers in some or all of their known populations, or which are known from one 

population only are: 




Darwinea carnea 


Eucalyptus absita 



Eucalyptus leprophloia 

Eucalyptus rhodantha var. petiolaris 





Hensmania chapmanii 


Spirogardnera rubescens 



595

(iv) Transport Corridors 

Populations located near roads, railways and firebreaks are vulnerable to damage or destruction by maintenance 

operations. Such activities in the vicinity of Rare Flora populations require careful monitoring. Approximately 

110 populations, over a quarter the total number of populations of Declared Rare Flora in the Moora District 

occur on, or partly on, road and to a lesser extent, rail reserves. Most of these reserves are narrow and can be 

affected, both directly and indirectly, by the use and nature of adjoining lands. Threats include weed invasion, 

periodic grazing, drift of chemical sprays and fertilisers, fenceline maintenance and periodic burning. The 

vegetation on road reserves can also be affected by rubbish dumping, uncontrolled vehicle access, wildflower 

picking and camping. 

The majority of road reserves are vested in local authorities or Main Roads W.A., and rail reserves in Westrail. 

Accidental damage can occur during road works such as maintenance operations (grading, weed control), 

drainage works, road/rail upgrading, metal dumps and sand/gravel extraction. 

Other utilities such as power-lines, water pipelines and Telstra lines generally follow road and rail reserves, so 

that any maintenance, upgrading or management of these utilities close to known populations can damage plants. 

This can be in the form of mechanical damage by machinery and equipment, or by chemicals used to control 

weeds around poles or along pipelines. 

Management and field personnel within Shires and government agencies need to know where the populations of 

Declared Rare and Priority Flora occur to avoid accidental destruction of plants. This is carried out currently by 

notification letters from CALM and the use of linear markers in the field. See (xvii). 

The following taxa are most threatened: 



Anigozanthus humilis subsp. chrysanthus 


Daviesia bursarioides ms 


Dryandra serratuloides subsp. serratuloides 







Restio chaunocoleus 

Spirogarnera rubescens 



(v) Short-lived Disturbance Opportunists 

Some taxa are favoured by disturbance, either because they cannot compete with associated species in 

undisturbed vegetation or disturbance is essential for recruitment. Included in this category are taxa favoured 

both by fire and by physical disturbance of the soil such as occurs when road edges are graded or firebreaks are 

ploughed. A population which no longer exists as adult plants is considered to be present in the soil as a seed 

bank, awaiting suitable disturbance to promote seedling growth, unless the population site has become degraded 

and is now unlikely to support the population. 

Taxa in this category, which present special management difficulties, are: 

Anigozanthos humilis subsp. chrysanthus 

Anigozanthus viridis subsp. terraspectans 



Paracaleana dixonii ms 


(vi) Land Acquisition 

Acquisition of land by the Department, either by donation, exchange or purchase, is required for those taxa not 

well represented on conservation reserves. This would enable appropriate management and protection practices 

to be implemented on land maintained, as much as possible, in a natural state. Plants occurring on land reserved 

for nature conservation are generally considered to be less threatened than those on land designated for other 

purposes. It should be noted, however, that presence on a reserve contributes to, but does not guarantee,

population survival. Reserves are subject to threats such as weed invasion, disease infection, drought, altered 

drainage and water tables, uncontrolled fires and where approved, mining activities. 

Negotiations are currently under way for acquisition of some sites within the District. Where land is not 

available for this purpose, other alternatives (e.g. establishment in suitable habitats in reserves) need to be 

considered. 

The following are priority taxa for land acquisition: 


Chamelaucium griffinii ms 

Darwinia acerosa 

Darwinia carnea 









(vii) Fencing 

Declared Rare Flora populations on private property are often on farmland where they require protection from 

grazing by domestic stock. In some situations landholders themselves have excluded stock, and in others CALM 

has provided fencing materials as part of formal agreements. 

Rabbits are also a widespread problem, particularly on sandy soils and granite outcrop areas. 

The following taxa require protection from grazing, either by fence construction or agreement with landowners to 

exclude stock from population localities: 




Eremophila microtheca 


Eucalyptus pruiniramis 





(viii) Mining 

Mineral sand mining occurs in the District particularly in the Eneabba and Cataby areas, in both of which 

Declared Rare Flora and Priority taxa occur. Mining activities which may affect Declared Rare Flora include 

exploration (clearing of survey lines and drilling operations), spread of Phytophthora, actual mine site 

establishment, provision of services (road-making, power) and increased recreation activity by mine workers. 

Close liaison between companies, CALM, the Department of Minerals and Energy, the Department of 

Environmental Protection and the Environmental Protection Authority is essential. 

Other forms of mining in the District include gravel/sand mining by local authorities and extraction of bentonite 

from lakes in the Watheroo area. Oil is extracted from an area now north of the District but included within it 

when the Program began. This has affected a road verge population of Conostylis micrantha, which is adjacent 

to an access road. 

Coal mining was proposed in the Lesueur area in 1989 and part of the impact zone would have affected the 

eastern section of the now Lesueur National Park, where populations of several Declared Rare Flora are located. 

(Burbidge and van Leeuwen 1990). 

Taxa most at risk are: 

Anigozanthus viridis subsp. terraspectans 



Leucopogon obtectus 


ii

(ix) Recreation 

A number of taxa in the District are located at sites where they are actually or potentially at risk from recreational 

activities. These may include camping, bushwalking and off-road vehicle use. Risk may be from trampling, 

picking or the spread of Phytophthora species. Taxa occurring in high profile situations (e.g. along major 

highways) where they may be subject to picking, are also included in this category. Recreation should be 

controlled or excluded from sensitive sites depending on the degree of threat. Provision of fencing may be 

necessary. Work has been undertaken in the Lesueur National Park to allow access in the most suitable areas to 

prevent recreational activities from causing such damage. 

The following taxa need to be monitored to ensure that they will not need protection from some aspect of 

recreational damage: 

Asterolasia nivea 



Eucalyptus rhodantha 



Paracaleana dixonii ms 



Thelymitra stellata 

(x) Habitat Degradation 

There are a number of threats that may cause habitat degradation to populations of Declared Rare Flora both on 

conservation reserves and on other lands. For example, exposure and reduced water availability has been found 

to be an important factor affecting some taxa, particularly those growing in shallow soils. Other causes of habitat 

degradation are the rise in water table, and salinity. 

Taxa which appear to be at risk due to habitat degradation in these categories are: 

Drakonorchis drakeoides 

Dryandra serratuloides subsp. perissa 

Dryandra serratuloides subsp. serratuloides 

(xi) Ex situ Germ Plasm Collections 

Collection and long term storage of germ plasm (seed or tissues) from wild populations of Declared Rare Flora 

provides a source of propagation material for future re-establishment, in addition to ensuring protection of 

populations, or more importantly, taxa, from extinction. Collection should be carried out according to the 

protocols provided by the Threatened Flora Seed Centre at the Western Australian Herbarium. 

Priority for collection of this material will depend upon the degree of threat to the taxon. The majority of species 

in the District are not represented in ex situ germ plasm collections. 

Those taxa which are represented by few populations and/or low individual numbers are of highest priority: 







(xii) Re-introduction 

Taxa poorly represented on conservation reserves may need to be considered for re-establishment in suitable, less 

vulnerable habitats on land designated for nature conservation. 

Taxa most urgently requiring re-establishment into the wild by CALM staff under approved Wildlife 

Management Programs or Interim Management Guidelines as outlined in CALM Policy Statement No. 29 are: 




iii

(xiii) Liaison 

Many Declared Rare Flora populations occur on or adjacent to land not managed by CALM. This requires close 

association and cooperation with private landowners, local authorities, land managers and government agencies 

(e.g. Western Power, Westrail and Main Roads W.A.) to ensure their continued survival. Departmental staff are 

required to provide advice and assistance, regarding conservation and management, to landholders and other 

agencies with Declared Rare Flora populations on land under their control. Landowners are requested to arrange 

their operations so that the area will not be destroyed or damaged in any way. 

Critical taxa for staff liaison with landowners are: 






Daviesia bursarioides 

Drakaea elastica 




Eucalyptus rhodantha var. rhodantha 

Eucalyptus rhodantha var. petiolaris 









Stylidium scabridum 


Wurmbea tubulosa 

(xiv) Monitoring 

Where possible, all populations in the Moora District should be inspected annually to observe fluctuations in 

population numbers and to monitor changes in the habitat. Where detrimental changes are seen, this should be 

followed by appropriate management actions. Species which require most frequent monitoring are those likely to 

be affected by factors such as weed invasion, accidental damage, drought, fungal disease and those disturbance 

opportunists which decline rapidly after the initial disturbance event. 

A network of permanent monitoring quadrats should be established on populations of the most threatened taxa of 

Declared Rare Fora within the District. Through the detailed mapping of individual plants in small populations, 

and permanent sample plots for smaller species and larger populations, subsequent surveys can provide 

information on population dynamics, plant longevity and regeneration. Monitoring quadrats require annual 

inspection. 

The following taxa are the highest priority for annual monitoring: 













(xv) Research 

Only a few of the Declared Rare Flora within the Moora District have been subject to detailed studies. Research 

into the taxonomy, genetic systems, population biology and ecology of the other taxa is needed to determine the 

best means of protecting and managing populations and particularly if re-introduction is considered necessary. 

Response to fire, drought tolerance, susceptibility to Phytophthora species and other introduced pathogens and 

impact of exotic bees on native pollinators (particularly of members of the Orchidaceae) require special attention. 

Taxa currently being researched in some detail include Darwinia carnea, Daviesia bursarioides, D. speciosa, 

Drakaea elastica, Dryandra mimica, Eremophila nivea, Eucalyptus absita, E. argutifolia, E. impensa, Grevillea 

calliantha, G. christineae, G. pythara and Stylidium scabridum. 

iv

The following taxa are most urgently in need of research: 

Population Biology and Breeding Systems 

Plant Diseases 

Fire Response 

Taxonomic 






Drakaea elastica 





Eucalyptus impensa 

Eucalyptus lateritica 



Asterolasia drummondii 


Hakea megalosperma 




Eremophila microtheca 

Eucalyptus argutifolia 

(xvi) Linear Marking 

Populations in need of linear marking are generally located along linear reserves (road and rail reserves) and 

firebreaks and are often associated with utilities such as powerlines, water pipelines and Telstra lines. In all these 

situations they are vulnerable to damage or destruction by maintenance operations. Permanent, but discreet, 

marker pegs need to be installed at all Declared Rare Flora populations occurring along linear routes within 

CALM land. Main Roads W.A. has developed a field marking system for demarcating environmentally 

significant areas on road reserves. CALM uses this system to mark DRF and Priority Flora populations along 

linear routes both on CALM land and on other areas. Local Shires have been encouraged to adopt such a system. 

Taxa with populations on CALM and other lands most urgently in need of linear marking are: 


Anigozanthos viridis subsp. terraspectans 


Eucalyptus johnsoniana 







v

(xvii) Environmental Weeds 

Control of weeds in and near Rare Flora populations on CALM land should be conducted by District staff. The 

following taxa most urgently require weed control or eradication in some or all of their populations. 




(xviii) Fire Regimes 

All populations of Declared Rare Flora should be excluded from prescribed burns on CALM and other lands 

until appropriate research has been carried out and then only be burnt in accordance with specific fire regimes 

developed by both research and regional staff. These taxa will also need to be protected (by construction of 

protective breaks or by reduction of fuels in surrounding areas) where possible from potential uncontrolled fires 

unless such fires fit the conditions determined for the particular fire regime developed for that taxon. Those taxa 

which are obligate seeders should not be burnt on a frequency less than that required for the plants to produce 

adequate post-fire seed for successful recruitment events and sustainable regeneration of the population. Species 

which are lignotuberous and resprout after fire may be reduced in their capacity for regeneration after frequent 

fires. 

Taxa considered to be at greatest risk from frequent fire or requiring protection/exclusion from fire until specific 

fire regimes are developed are: 








Restio chaunocoleus 



3. Priority Flora in the Moora District 

The conservation status of the Priority Flora (poorly known but thought to be rare) in the Moora District is 

assessed in Part Three. Recommended status, based on recent surveys, is listed in Table 3. For Priority taxa the 

most urgent requirement is further survey to enable an accurate assessment of their conservation status. Usually 

Priority One and Priority Two taxa are in most need of survey because of the low numbers of populations and 

small population sizes. 

4. Implementation and Term of the Management Program 

A recovery team will be appointed which will oversee and report annually to CALM’s Corporate Executive on 

the implementation of this Management Program. 

This Program shall run for a period of 10 years, unless subsequent research or changes to the Schedule of 

Declared Rare Flora cause it to be superseded earlier. During this period, CALM may institute any changes to 

the provisions outlined in this Program as are found, through further research, to be necessary for conservation of 

the Declared Rare Flora in the District. 

vi

REFERENCES 

Aplin, T.E.H. (1969). Poison plants of Western Australia. Journal of Agriculture of Western Australia 10, 248- 

257. 

Aplin, T.E.H. (1973). Poison plants of Western Australia. The toxic species of the genera Gastrolobium and 

Oxylobium. Bulletin 3772. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W.A. 

Aston, H.I. (1973). Aquatic plants of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 

Barker, R.M. (1990). New species, new combinations and other name changes in Hakea (Proteaceae). Journal of 

the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 13, 95-110. 

Baxter, J.L. and Lipple, S.L. (1985). Perenjori, Western Australia. 1:250 000 Geological Series - Explanatory 

Notes. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Perth. 

Beard, J.S. (1976a). The vegetation of the Dongara area, W.A. Vegmap Publications, Perth. 

Beard, J.S. (1976b). The vegetation of the Perenjori area, W.A. Vegmap Publications, Perth. 

Beard, J.S. (1979a). The vegetation of the Moora and Hill River areas, W.A. Vegmap Publications, Perth. 

Beard, J.S. (1979b). The vegetation of the Perth area, W.A. Vegmap Publications, Perth. 

Beard, J.S. (1980). A new phytogeographic map of Western Australia. Research Notes 3, 37-58. 

Bell, D.T. and Loneragan, W.A. (1985). The relationship of fire and soil type to floristic patterns within 

heathland vegetation near Badgingarra, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western 

Australia 67, 98-109. 

Benl, G. (1971). A key for the determination of the genus Ptilotus R. Br. (Amarantaceae). Mitteilungen der 

Botanischen Staatssammlung Munchen 9, 135-176. 

Bennett, E.M. (1982). A guide to the Western Australian she-oaks (Allocasuarina and Casuarina species). 

Western Australian Naturalist 15(4), 77-105. 

Bennett, E.M. (1991). Common and aboriginal names of Western Australian plant species. Wildflower Society 

of Western Australia, Eastern Hills Branch, Boya, W.A. 

Bennett, E.M. (1995). Conospermum. In: Orchard, A.E. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 16. CSIRO Australia, 

Melbourne, pp 224-271. 

Bentham, G. (1855). Plantae Mullerianae. Mimoseae. Linnaea 26, 621. 

Bentham, G. (1863-1878). Flora Australiensis, Vols. 1-7. Lovell Reeve & Co., London. 

Blackall, W.E. and Grieve, B.J. (1974, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988). How to know Western Australian wildflowers. 

Parts I, II, IIIA, IIIB, I (2nd edition). University of Western Australia Press, Perth. 

Blakely, W.F., McKie, E.N. and Steedman, H.S. (1938). Descriptions of four new species and two varieties of 

eucalypts. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 63, 65-69. 

Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1988). Rare or threatened Australian plants. Special publication No. 14. Australian 

National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra. 

Briggs, J.D. and Leigh, J.H. (1996). Rare or threatened Australian plants. 1995 revised edition. CSIRO 

Publishing Victoria. 

vii

Brittan, N.H. (1960). New Western Australian species of Thysanotus R. Br. Journal of the Royal Society of 

Western Australia 43, 10-11. 

Brittan, N.H. (1981). Revision of the genus Thysanotus R. Br. (Liliaceae). Brunonia 4(1), 67-181. 

Brittan, N.H. (1987). Thysanotus. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 45. Australian Government 

Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 308-338. 

Brooker, M.I.H. and Blaxell, D.F. (1978). Five new species of Eucalyptus from Western Australia. Nuytsia 2(4), 

220-231. 

Brooker, M.I.H. and Hopper, S.D. (1986). Notes on the informal subgenus “Monocalyptus” of Eucalyptus 

(Myrtaceae) and the description of three new upland species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 

5(3), 341-356. 

Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (1990). Field guide to eucalypts, Vol. 2. South Western and Southern 

Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 

Brooker, M.I.H. and Hopper, S.D. (1991). A taxonomic revision of Eucalyptus wandoo, E. redunca and allied 

species (Eucalyptus series Levispermae Maiden - Myrtaceae) in Western Australia. Nuytsia 8(1), 1-189. 

Brooker, M.I.H. and Hopper, S.D. (1993). New series, subseries, species and subspecies of Eucalyptus 

(Myrtaceae) from Western Australia and from South Australia. Nuytsia 9(1), 1-68. 

Brown, A., Thomson-Dans, C. and Marchant, N. (eds) (1998). Western Australia's Threatened Flora. Department 

of Conservation and Land Management. Como, W.A. 

Brown, N.E. (1914). Plantarum Novarum in Horti Regii Conservatorium. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 

[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew], 189. 

Burbidge, A.A., Hopper, S.D. and van Leeuwen, S. (eds) (1990). Nature conservation, landscape and recreation 

values of the Lesueur area. A report to the Environmental Protection Authority from the Department of 

Conservation and Land Management. Bulletin 424. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth. 

Burbidge, A.A. and van Leeuwen, S. (eds) (1990). The Hill River project and the proposed conservation reserve 

at Lesueur. A report to the Environmental Protection Authority from the Department of Conservation and 

Land Management. Occasional Paper 1/9. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Burbidge, A.H. and Boscacci, L.J. (1989). A spring reconnaissance survey of the flora and fauna of the Southern 

Beekeepers Reserve. Technical Report No. 22. Department of Conservation and Land Management, W.A. 

Burgman, M.A. (1983). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Gastrolobium appressum 

C.A. Gardner, Hemiandra gardneri O.H. Sargent, Regelia megacephala C.A. Gardner, Jacksonia 

eremodendron E. Pritzel, Adenanthos stictus George. Unpublished Report 20. Department of Fisheries and 

Wildlife, Perth. 

Carlquist, S. (1969). Studies in Stylidiaceae: New taxa, field observations, evolutionary tendencies. Aliso 7, 43- 

44. 

Carlquist, S. (1976). New species of Stylidium, and notes on Stylidiaceae from South Western Australia. Aliso 

8(4), 447-463. 

Candolle, A. de (1839). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, Vol. 7. Treuttel et Murtz, Paris, 

p. 767. 

Carolin, R.C. (1974). Nigromnia, a new genus of Goodeniaceae. Nuytsia 1(4), 292-293. 

viii

Carolin, R.C. (1990a). Nomenclatural notes and new taxa in the genus Goodenia (Goodeniaceae). Telopea 3(4), 

517-570. 

Carolin, R.C. (1990b). Nomenclatural notes, new taxa and the systematic arrangement in the genus Scaevola 

(Goodeniaceae) including synonyms. Telopea 3(4), 477. 

Carolin, R.C. (1992). Goodeniaceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 35. Australian Government 


Carter, J.D. and Lipple, S.L. (1982). Moora, Western Australia. 1:250 000 Geological Series - Explanatory 

Notes. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Perth. 

Chapman, A.R. and Maslin, B.R. (1992). Acacia miscellany 5. A review of the A. bivenosa group (Leguminosae: 

Mimosoideae: Section Phyllodineae). Nuytsia 8(2), 249-283. 

Chinnock, R.J. (1985). Five endangered new species of Myoporaceae from south-western Australia. Nuytsia 5(3), 

391-400. 

Cooke, D.A. (1984). Patersonia argyrea, a new species of Iridaceae from the Gairdner Range, Western 

Australia. Nuytsia 5(1), 155-158. 

Cooke, D.A. (1986). Iridaceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 46. Australian Government 


Craven, L.A. (1987a). A revision of Homalocalyx F. Muell. (Myrtaceae). Brunonia 10(2), 139. 

Craven, L.A. (1987b). A taxonomic revision of Calytrix Labill. (Myrtaceae). Brunonia 10(1), 1-138. 

Crisp, M.D. (1982). Daviesia spiralis and Daviesia debilior (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), two new species 

occurring in the Wongan Hills, Western Australia. Nuytsia 4(1), 9-16. 

Crisp, M.D. (1985). Conservation of the genus Daviesia. Australian National Botanic Gardens. Occasional 

Publication No. 6. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Crisp, M.D. and Weston, P.H. (1987). Appendix 1. Cladistics and legume systematics, with an analysis of the 

Bossiaeeae, Brongniartieae and Mirbelieae. In: Stirton, C.H. (ed.), Advances in legume systematics, Part 3. 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 

Crisp, M.D. and Mollemans, F.H. (1993). Nemcia effusa (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae), a new species from south-west 

Western Australia, and a key to Nemcia. Nuytsia 9(2), 223-232. 

Crisp, M.D. (1995). Contributions towards a revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). III. A synopsis of the 

genus. Australian Systematic Botany 8, 1155-1249. 

Crook, I.G., Williams, A.A.E., Chatfield, G.R. and Moore, S.A. (1984). Nature reserves of the Shire of 

Dandaragan, Vol. 1. Western Australian Nature Reserve Management Plan No. 5. Department of Fisheries 

and Wildlife, Perth. 

Diels, L. and Pritzel, E. (1904-5). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae Occidentalis. Botanische Jahrbucher fur 

Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 35. 

Diels, L. (1906). Die Pflanzenwelt von West-Australien sudlich des Wendekreises. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 

Dixon, I.R. (1991). Tinsel Lilies. Calectasia of Western Australia. Australian Plants 16(131) 307. 

Dixon, R. (1990). Calytrix in WA. Propagation and cultivation. Australian Plants 15(123), 324-329. 

Dixon, R. and Keighery, G. (1992). WA Lilies. Australian Plants. 17(133), 7-19. 

ix

Domin, K. (1923). Nemcia, a new genus of the Leguminosae. Preslia 2, 26-31. 

Elkington, J.E. (1987). Report on the vegetation at Cooljarloo W.A. Unpublished report for TIO2 Corporation. 

Ekomin Pty. Ltd., South Perth. 

Elkington, J.E. and Griffin, E.A. (1984). Botanical survey of thirteen mineral claims on Reserves C27886 and 

C31030. Unpublished report by Ekomin Pty. Ltd. for Allied Eneabba. 

Elliot, R. and Jones, D. (1980-1990) Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cultivation. Lothian, 

Melbourne. 

Elliot, R. and Jones, D. (1990). Calytrix for horticulture. Australian Plants 15(123), 306-320. 

Erickson, R. (1969). The Drummonds of Hawthornden. Lamb Patterson Ltd., Perth. 

Erickson, R, George, A.S., Marchant, N.G. and Morcombe, M.K. (1979). Flowers and plants of Western 

Australia. Reed, Sydney. 

Erickson, R. (1981). Triggerplants. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, W.A. 

Everist, S.L. (1981). Poisonous plants of Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 

Fitzgerald, W.V. (1903). Descriptions of some new species of West Australian plants. Proceedings of the 

Linnaean Society of New South Wales 28, 104-105. 

Fitzgerald, W.V. (1904). Additions to the West Australian flora. Journal of the West Australian Natural History 

Society 2(1), 3-36. 

Fitzgerald, W.V. (1905). Some new species of West Australian plants. Journal of the West Australian Natural 

History Society 2(2), 23. 

Fitzgerald, W.V. (1912). New West Australian plants. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 50, 23. 

Foreman, D.B. (1990). New species of Petrophile R. Br. (Proteaceae) from Western Australia. Muelleria 7(2), 

301-310. 

Foulds, W. and McMillan, R.P. (1985). An ecological study of heathlands of the Leeman area, Western 

Australia. Unpublished report to the Australian Heritage Commission. 

Froend, R.H. (1988). Investigations into species richness patterns in the Northern Sandplain Region of Western 

Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Botany Department, University of Western Australia. 

Gardner, C.A. (1928). Contributiones Florae Australiae Occidentalis. 7. Journal of the Royal Society of Western 


Gardner, C.A. (1931). Enumeratio Plantarum Australiae Occidentalis: A systematic census of the plants 

occurring in Western Australia. Government Printer, Perth. 

Gardner, C.A. (1934). Contributiones Florae Australiae Occidentalis 8. Journal of the Royal Society of Western 

Australia 19, 81. 


Australia 27, 183. 

Gardner, C.A. and Bennetts, H.W. (1956). The toxic plants of Western Australia. Western Australian 

Newspapers Ltd., Perth. 

x

Gardner, C.A. and George, A.S. (1963). Eight new plants from Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society 

of Western Australia 46, 134. 



George, A.S., Hopkins, A.J.M. and Marchant, N.G. (1979). The heathlands of Western Australia. In: Specht, 

R.L. (ed.), Ecosystems of the world. 9A. Heathlands and related shrublands. Descriptive studies. Elsevier, 

Amsterdam, pp 211-230. 

George, A.S. (1981). The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Nuytsia 3(3), 239-473. 

George, A.S. (1984a). Olacaceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 22. Australian Government 


George, A.S. (1984b). The Banksia book. Kangaroo Press in association with The Society for Growing 

Australian Plants - N.S.W. Ltd. 

George, A.S. (1984c). Dryandra mimica, a new species of Proteaceae from south-west Western Australia. 

Nuystia 5(1), 49-51. 

George, A.S. (1991). New taxa, combinations and typifications in Verticordia (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae). 

Nuytsia 7(3), 231-394. 

George, A.S. (1995). Synaphea. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 16. Australian Government 


George, A.S. (1996). New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R. Br. (Proteaceae: 

Grevilleoideae). Nuytsia 10(3), 313-408. 

George, E.A. and George, A.S. (1994). New taxa of Verticordia (Myrtaceae : Chamelaucieae) from Western 


Grayling, P.M. (1989). An investigation of taxonomy, reproductive biology and hybridity in four taxa of 

Eucalyptus of extreme rarity. Honours thesis, Department of Biology, University of Western Australia. 

Grayling, P.M. and Brooker, M.I.H. (1992). Four new species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) from Western 


Grieve, B.J. and Blackall, W.E. (1982). How to know Western Australian wildflowers, Part IV. University of 

Western Australia Press, Nedlands, W.A. 

Griffin, E.A., Hnatiuk, R.J. and Hopper, S.D. (1982). Flora conservation values of vacant crown land south of 

Mount Adams, Western Australia. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes 7, 31-47. 

Griffin, E.A., Hopkins, A.J.M. and Hnatiuk, R.J. (1983). Regional variations in mediterranean type shrublands 

near Eneabba, south-western Australia. Vegetatio 52, 103-127. 

Griffin, E.A. (1985). Studies in the genus Dryandra R. Br. (Proteaceae) 1. Species distribution, ecology and 

conservation status. Western Australian Herbarium Research Notes 11, 1-40. 

Griffin, E.A. and Hopkins, A.J.M. (1985). The flora and vegetation of Mt. Lesueur, Western Australia. Journal 

of the Royal Society of Western Australia 67, 45-58. 

Griffin, E.A. and Keighery, B.J. (1989). Moore River to Jurien sandplain survey. Western Australian Wildflower 

Society, Perth. 

Griffin, E.A. (1990). Floristic survey of remnant vegetation in the Dandaragan area. Western Australia. 

Resource Management Technical Report No. 143. Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W.A. 

xi

Griffin, E.A., Hopper, S.D. and Hopkins, A.J.M. (1990). Flora. In: Burbidge, A.A., Hopper, S.D. and van 

Leeuwin, S. (eds), Nature conservation, landscape and recreational values of the Lesueur area. A report to 

the Environmental Protection Authority from the Department of Conservation and Land Management. 

Bulletin 424. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, pp 39-69. 

Griffin, E.A. (1991). Flora and vegetation of Watheroo Bentonitic Lakes. Unpublished report for Bentonite 

(Aust.) Pty. Ltd. 

Griffin, E.A. (1992). Floristic survey of remnant vegetation in the Bindoon to Moora area, Western Australia. 


Griffin, E.A. (1994). Floristic survey of northern sandplains between Perth and Geraldton. Western Australia. 


Harris, J.G. and Harris, M.W. (1994). Plant identification terminology. An illustrated glossary. Spring Lake 

Publishing, Spring Lake, Utah. 

Hawkeswood, T.J. (1984a). Nine new species of Calothamnus Labill. (Myrtaceae: Leptospermoideae) from 

Western Australia. Nuytsia 5(1), 123-153. 

Hawkeswood, T.J. (1984b). Calothamnus accedens T.J. Hawkeswood (Myrtaceae), a rare and endangered new 

species from Western Australia. Nuytsia 5(2), 305-310. 

Hewson, H.J. (1982). Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 8. Australian 

Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 231-357. 

Hill, K.D. and Johnson, L.A.S. (1992). Systematic studies in the eucalypts. 5. New taxa and combinations in 

Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia. Telopea 4(4), 563. 

Hoffman, N. and Brown, A. (1984). Orchids of south-west Australia. University of Western Australia Press, 

Nedlands, W.A. 

Hoffman, N. and Brown, A. (1992). Orchids of south-west Australia. Second Edition. University of Western 

Australia Press, Nedlands, W.A. 

Holliday, I. and Watton, G. (1975). A field guide to Banksias. Rigby, Adelaide. 

Holliday, I. (1989). A field guide to Melaleucas. Hamlyn, Australia. 

Hooker, W.J. (1840). Icones Plantarum. Tab CCXCV. 

Hooker, W.J. (1844). Icones Plantarum. Tab DCXVII. 

Hooker, W.J. (ed.) (1855). The journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany 7, 121. 

Hopkins, A.J.M. and Hnatiuk, R.J. (1981). An ecological survey of the Kwongan south of Eneabba, Western 

Australia. Wildlife Research Bulletin of Western Australia 9, 1-33. 

Hopper, S.D. (1979). Biogeographical aspects of speciation in the southwest Australian flora. Annual review of 

ecology and systematics 10, 399-422. 

Hopper, S.D. (1987). Haemodoraceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 45. Australian 

Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 57-110, 112-126. 

Hopper, S.D. (1993). Kangaroo paws and catspaws. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, 

W.A. 

xii

Jones, D.L. (1988). Native orchids of Australia. Reed, Australia. 

Keighery, G.J. (1985). Waltheranthus, a new genus of Gyrostemonaceae from Western Australia. Botanische 

Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 106, 107-113. 

Keighery, G.J. (1987). Arnocrinum, Hensmania and Stawellia. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 

45. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 249-254. 

Keighery, G.J. (1990). Patersonia spirafolia (Iridaceae), a new species from south-western Australia. Nuytsia 

7(2), 137-139. 

Keighery, G.J. (1992). A new species of Guichenotia (Sterculiaceae) from south-western Australia. Nuytsia 8(3), 

319-321. 

Kelly, A.E., Coates, D.J., Herford, I., Hopper, S.D., O’Donahue, M. and Robson, L. (1990). Declared rare flora 

and other plants in need of special protection in the Northern Forest Region. Western Australian Wildlife 

Management Program No. 5. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Kelly, A.E., Taylor, A., Langley, M.A., Spooner, A. and Coates, D.J. (1993). Declared rare flora and other 

plants in need of special protection in the metropolitan area. Western Australian Wildlife Management 

Program No. 10. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra and Department of Conservation 

and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Kelly, A.E. and Coates, D.J. (1995). Rose mallee recovery plan. Western Australian Wildlife Management 

Program No. 14. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Kelly, A.E., Napier, A. and Hopper, S. (1995). Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western Australia. 

CALMScience Supplement 2. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A., 206 p. 

Lamont, B.B. (1976). A biological survey and recommendations for rehabilitating a portion of Reserve 31030 to 

be mined for heavy minerals during 1975-81. Unpublished report by Wait-Aid Ltd. for Allied Eneabba Pty. 

Ltd. 

Lamont, B.B. and van Leeuwen, S.J. (1988). Seed production and mortality in a rare Banksia species. Applied 

Ecology 25, 551-559. 

Lee. A.T. (1973). A new genus of Papilionaceae and related Australian genera. Contributions from the New 

South Wales National Herbarium 4(7), 412-430. 

Lehmann, J.G.C. (ed.) (1844-1848). Plantae Preissianae sive Enumeratio Plantarum, quas in Australasia 

Occidentalie et Meridionali - occidentali annis 1838-41 Collegit Ludwig Preiss, Vols 1 & 2. Meissner, 

Hamburg. 

Leigh, J., Briggs, J. and Hartley, W. (1981). Rare or threatened Australian plants. Australian National Parks and 

Wildlife Service, Canberra. 

Leigh, J., Boden R. and Briggs, J. (1984). Extinct and endangered plants of Australia. Macmillan Company of 

Australia Pty. Ltd., Melbourne. 

Lesueur National Park and Coomallo Nature Reserve. Draft Management Plan (1994). Department of 

Conservation and Land Management for the National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority, Perth. 

Lewis, J. (1981). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Conostylis tomentosa S.D. 

Hopper ms, Isopogon tridens (Meisn.) F. Muell., Leucopogon obtectus Benth. Unpublished Report 8. 

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth. 

xiii

Lievense, D. (1981). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Eucalyptus pendens M.I.H. 

Brooker, E. johnsoniana M.I.H. Brooker, Banksia tricuspis Meisn. Unpublished Report 7. Department of 

Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth. 

Lindley, J. (1839-1840). A sketch of the vegetation of the Swan River Colony. Appendix to the first 23 volumes 

of Edwards Botanical Register. James Ridgway, London. 

Lowrie, A. (1987). Carnivorous plants of Australia, Vol. 1. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, 

W.A. 

Lowrie A. and Carlquist, S. (1991). Studies in Stylidium from Western Australia: new taxa; rediscoveries and 

range extensions. Phytologia 71(1), 5-28. 

Lowry, D.C. (1974). Dongara-Hill River, Western Australia. 1:250 000 Geological Series - Explanatory Notes. 

Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Lucas, G. and Synge, H. (eds) (1978). The IUCN plant red data book. International Union for Conservation of 

Nature and Natural Resources, Morges, Switzerland. 

Macfarlane, T.D. (1980). A revision of Wurmbea (Liliaceae) in Australia. Brunonia 3(2), 145-208. 

Macfarlane, T.D. (1987). Haemodorum, Phlebocarya and Wurmbea. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, 

Vol. 45. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Marchant, N.G. and Keighery, G.J. (1979). Poorly collected and presumably rare vascular plants of Western 

Australia. Kings Park Research Notes, No. 5. Kings Park and Botanic Garden, West Perth. 

Marchant, N.G., Wheeler, J.R., Rye, B.L., Bennett, E.M., Lander, N.S. and Macfarlane, T.D. (1987). Flora of the 

Perth Region, Vols 1 & 2. Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, South Perth. 

Marchant, N. and Lowrie, A. (1993). New names and new combinations in 35 taxa of Western Australian 

tuberous and pygmy Drosera. Kew Bulletin 47, 315-328. 

Maiden, J.H. and Blakely, W.F. (1928). Descriptions of fifty new species and six varieties of Western and 

northern Australian acacias, and notes on four other species. Journal of the Royal Society of Western 

Australia. 13, 1-36. 

Makinson, R.O. and Olde, P.M. (1991), A new species of Grevillea (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from south-west 

Western Australia. Telopea 4(2), 351-354. 

Martinick, W.G. and Associates. (1988). Gairdner Range: Coal project. Vegetation types, Vegetation mapping 

and rare plants. Unpublished report for CRA Exploration Pty. Ltd. Perth. 

Maslin, B.R. (1975). Studies in the genus Acacia (Mimosaceae). 4. A revision of the series Pulchellae. Nuytsia 

1(5), 388-494. 

Maslin, B.R. (1978). Studies in the genus Acacia (Mimosaceae). 7. The taxonomy of some diaphyllodinous 

species. Nuytsia 2(4), 215-216. 

Maslin, B.R. (1979). Studies in the genus Acacia (Mimosoideae). 9. Additional notes on the series Pulchellae 

Benth. Nuytsia 2(6), 354-367. 

Maslin, B.R. (1995). Acacia miscellany 13. Taxonomy of some Western Australian phyllocladinous and 

aphyllodinous taxa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Nuytsia 10(2), 151-179. 

McCusker, A. (1981). Glossary. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 1. Australian Government 

Publishing Service, Canberra. 

xiv

McGillivray, D.J. (1986). New names in Grevillea (Proteaceae). The Author, Castle Hill, New South Wales. 

McGillivray, D.J. and Makinson, R.O. (1993). Grevillea. Proteaceae. A taxonomic revision. Melbourne 

University Press. 

McNee, S. (1986). The pollination biology of Eucalyptus rhodantha. M. Appl. Sc. thesis, Curtin University, 

Perth. 

Meisner, C.F. (1855). Leguminosae quaedam Australasicae novae. Botanische Zeitung (Berlin) 13, p. 10, 29. 

Millar, K.A.G. (1982). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Unpublished report 19. 


Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. In: Engler, A. (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich. IV. 278 (Heft 35). H.R. Engelmann, 

Weinheim. 

Mollemans, F.H., Brown, P.H. and Coates, D.J. (1993). Declared rare flora and other plants in need of special 

protection in the Merredin District (excluding the Wongan-Ballidu Shire). Western Australian Wildlife 

Management Program No. 9. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Canberra, ACT and 

Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W A. 

Moora District dieback protection plan (1990). Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, 

W.A. 

Morrison, D.A. (1992). Lechenaultia. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 35. Australian Government 

Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Mueller, F. v. (1858-1882). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Government Printer, Melbourne. 

Munir, A.A. (1979). A taxonomic revision of the genus Pityrodia (Chloanthaceae). Journal of the Adelaide 

Botanic Gardens 2(1), 1-138. 

Napier, A.C., Taylor, A. and Hopper, S.D. (1988a). Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western 

Australia. Field Guide No. 3. Greenough Region. Department of Conservation and Land Management, 

Como, W.A. 

Napier, A.C., Taylor A. and Hopper, S.D. (1988b). Survey of rare and poorly known eucalypts of Western 

Australia. Field Guide No 5. Forests and Metropolitan Regions. Department of Conservation and Land 

Management, Como, W.A. 

Norman, C. (1939). Notes on the genus Platysace Bunge. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 77, 207-211. 

Olde, P.M. (1986). New names in Grevillea. Australian Plants 13(108), 362-376. 

Olde, P.M. and Marriott, N.R. (1993). New species and taxonomic changes in Grevillea (Proteaceae : 

Grevilleoideae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9(2), 237-304. 

Olde, P. and Marriott, N. (1994-5). The Grevillea book, Vols. 1-3. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, New South 

Wales. 

Orchard, A.E. (1975). Taxonomic revisions in the family Haloragaceae. I. The genera Haloragis, 

Haloragodendron, Glischrocaryon, Meziella and Gonocarpus. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and 

Museum 10, 1-299. 

Orchard. A.E. (1977). Taxonomic revision in the family Haloragaceae II. Further notes on Haloragis, 

Haloragodendron and Gonocarpus. Nuytsia 2(3), 126-144. 

xv

Orchard, A.E. (1990). Haloragaceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia. Vol. 18. Australian Government 


Papenfus, D., Brown, A. and Bunny, F. (1996). Foote’s Grevillea (Grevillea calliantha), Interim recovery plan. 

Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australian Threatened Species and 

Communities Unit, Wanneroo, W.A. 

Patrick, S.J. (1985). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. possibly extinct and 

extremely rare plants of the Wheatbelt of Western Australia. Unpublished report 28. Department of 

Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Patrick, S.J. and Hopper, S.D. (1982). A guide to the gazetted rare flora of Western Australia. Supplement 1. 

Report No. 54. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth. 

Paust, S. (Downes, S.) (ca. 1973). Key to Lasiopetalum. Unpublished manuscript. 

Paust, S. (1974). Taxonomic studies in Thomasia and Lasiopetalum (Sterculiaceae). Nuytsia 1(4), 348-366. 

Perry, D.H. (1971). In the footsteps of James Drummond with Charles Austin Gardner. Western Australian 

Naturalist 11(8), 178-180. 

Poellnitz, Karl von (1934). Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 35, 163. 

Rajput, M.T.M. and Carolin, R.C. (1992). Goodeniaceae. In: A.S. George (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 35. 

Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 34-80. 

Rechinger, K.H. (1984). Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia: a reconsideration. Nuytsia 5(1), 75-122. 

Rogers, R.S. (1920). Contributions to Australian orchidology. Transactions of the Royal Society of South 

Australia 44, 322-359. 

Rye, B.L. (1980). Rare and geographically restricted plants of Western Australia. Wongan Hills species. 

Unpublished report 4. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth. 

Rye, B.L. and Hopper, S.D. (1981). A guide to the gazetted rare flora of Western Australia. Report No. 42. 


Rye, B.L. (1995). New and priority taxa in the genera Cryptandra and Stenanthemum (Rhamnaceae) of Western 


Sainsbury, R.M. (1985). A field guide to Dryandra. University of Western Australia Press. Nedlands, W.A. 

Sainsbury, R.M. (1987). A field guide to isopogons and petrophiles. University of Western Australia Press, 

Nedlands, W.A. 

Sainsbury, R.M. (1991). A field guide to smokebushes and honeysuckles. (Conospermum and Lambertia). 

University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, W.A. 

Sampson, J.F. (1988). The population genetic structure of Eucalyptus rhodantha Blakely & Steedman and its 

allies Eucalyptus crucis Maiden and Eucalyptus lane-poolei Maiden. Ph.D. thesis, University of Western 

Australia. 

Sampson, J.F. and Hopper, S.D. (1989). Survey of endangered poison plants of Western Australia. Field Guide. 

Informal publication. Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management in association 

with the World Wildlife Fund Australia. 

xvi

Sampson, J.F. and Hopper, S.D. (1990). Endangered poison plants of Western Australia. Final report World 

Wildlife Fund Project P105. Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management/World 

Wildlife Fund Australia. 

Sampson, J.F., Hopper, S.D. and Coates, D.J. (1990). Eucalyptus rhodantha. Wildlife Management Program No. 

4. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Como, W.A. 

Sargent, O.H. (1927). Notes on the genus Hemiandra R. Br. Journal of Botany 65, 175. 

Scott, J.K. & Yeoh, P.B. (1995). The rediscovery and distribution of Rumex drummondii (Polygonaceae) in 

south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 397-405. 

Shaw, E.A. (1970). A revision of the genus Menkea. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard 

University. No. 200, 175-189. 

Short, P.S. (1983). A revision of Angianthus Wendl., sensu lato (Compositae: Inulae: Gnaphaliinae), 1. 

Muelleria 5(2), 143-214. 

Short, P.S. (1989). A revision of Podotheca Cass. (Asteraceae: Inuleae: Gnaphaliinae). Muelleria 7, 39-56. 

Speck, N.H. (1958). The vegetation of the Darling-Irwin Botanical Districts. Ph.D. thesis (Botany), University of 

Western Australia. 

Stauffer, H.U. (1968). Santalales studies 4. Spirogardnera, a new genus of Santalaceae from Western Australia. 

Naturforschente Gesellschaft in Zurich 113, 307 (translation). 

Strid, A. (1987). New species of Beaufortia and Chamelaucium (Myrtaceae), Drosera (Droseraceae) and 

Pultenaea (Fabaceae) from SW Australia. Plant Systematics and Evolution 155, 339-347. 

Taylor, J.M. and Crisp, M.D. (1992). A revision of Chorizema (Leguminosae: Mirbeliaceae). Australian 

Systematic Botany 5, 249-335. 

Taylor A. and Hopper, S. (1988). The Banksia atlas. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No. 8. Bureau of Flora 

and Fauna, Canberra and Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia. Australian 

Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 

Thompson, J. (1976). A revision of the genus Tetratheca (Tremandraceae). Telopea 1(3), 139-215. 

Thongpukdee, A. (1987). Tricoryne In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 45. Australian Government 

Publishing Service, Canberra 

Toelken, H.R. (1981). The species of Crassula in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 3(1), 57- 

90. 

Trudgen, M.E. (1986). Reinstatement and revision of Rinzia Schauer (Myrtaceae, Leptospermeae, Baeckeinae). 

Nuytsia 5(3), 415-439. 

Turczaninow, N. (1862). Generum Plantarum Hucusque Non Descriptorum. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des 

Naturalistes de Moscou 35(2), 325. 

van Leeuwen, S. (1985). An investigation of the biology and conservation status of Banksia tricuspis, a gazetted 

rare species. Thesis Grad. Dip. Nat. Resources. W.A. Institute of Technology, Perth. 

Watson, L. (1962). A taxonomic revision of the genus Andersonia R. Br. (Epacridaceae). Kew Bulletin 16, 85- 

128. 

Weston, P. (1994). The Western Australian species of subtribe Persooniinae (Proteaceae: Persoonioideae: 

Persoonieae). Telopea 6(1), 51-165. 

xvii

Wilson, K.L. (1981). Revision of the genus Mesomelaena (Cyperaceae). Telopea 2(2), 181-195. 

Wilson, K.L. and Johnson, L.A.S. (1989). Casuarinaceae. In: George, A.S. (ed.), Flora of Australia, Vol. 3. 

Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp 100-189. 

Wilson, P.G. (1971). Taxonomic notes on the family Rutaceae, principally of Western Australia. Nuytsia 1, 197- 

207. 

Wilson, P.G. (1987). The names Asterolasia F. Muell. and Urocarpus Harvey (Rutaceae). Nuytsia 6(1), 7-8. 

xviii

GLOSSARY 

abaxial 

achene 

acuminate 

acute 

adaxial 

adnate 

alternate 

annual 

annular 

anther 

anthesis 

apiculate 

appendage 

appressed 

aril 

article 

ascending 

attenuate 

auricle 

awl-shaped 

awn 

axil 

axis 

beak 

bifurcate 

the side away from the axis (compare adaxial) 

a small, dry indehiscent fruit with a single locule and a single seed (ovule), and 

with the seed attached to the ovary wall at a single point 

tapering gradually to a protracted point 

terminating in a distinct but not protracted point, the converging edges 

separated by an angle less than 90 degrees 

the side toward the axis (compare abaxial) 

fusion of unlike parts, as the stamens to the corolla (compare connate) 

of leaves or other lateral organs, borne singly at different heights on the axis; 

of floral parts, on a different radius, e.g. describing the position of stamens 

with respect to petals. cf. opposite 

a plant whose life span ends within one year after germination 

in the form of a ring 

the expanded, apical, pollen bearing portion of the stamen 

the flowering period, when the flower is fully expanded and functioning 

terminating in a short, sharp, flexible point 

a structure arising from the surface or extending beyond the tip of another 

structure 

pressed closely against but not united with 

an appendage growing at or near the hilum of the seed; fleshy thickening of the 

seed coat 

a segment of a jointed stem or of a fruit with constrictions between the seeds 

growing erect after an oblique or semi-horizontal beginning 

tapering gradually 

a small ear-shaped appendage 

short, narrowly triangular, and sharply pointed like an awl 

a bristle-like appendage, e.g. on the tip or back of the lemma of a grass floret 

the angle between a leaf or bract and the axis bearing it. adj. axillary 

a stem, (commonly used for the main stem of a whole plant or of an 

inflorescence) 

a prominent terminal projection, especially of a carpel or fruit 

two-forked; divided into two branches 

xix

act 

bracteole 

branchlet 

bulb 

calli 

callosity 

calyx 

calyx-tube 

campanulate 

capitate 

capitulum 

capsule 

carpel 

cheiridium 

cilia 

clavate 

claw 

clone 

column 

compressed 

cone 

connate 

connective 

conspecific 

a leaf-like structure, different in form from the foliage leaves and without an 

axillary bud, associated with an inflorescence or flower 

a small bract-like structure borne singly or in pairs on the pedicel or calyx of a 

flower 

a small branch 

an underground bud with thickened fleshy scales, as in the onion 

small outgrowths in the throat of the corolla 

a hardened or thickened area 

the sepals of one flower collectively 

a tube formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals. cf. hypanthium 

bell-shaped 

head-like, or in a head-shaped cluster 

a racemose inflorescence with sessile flowers compacted on a flattened and 

expanded, or rounded apex of a peduncle 

a dry fruit formed from two or more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity to 

release the seeds 

a simple pistil formed from one modified leaf, or that part of a compound pistil 

formed from one modified leaf 

the joined bracts beneath the flower in Calytrix, which form a sleeve-like 

structure 

in unicellular plants, gametes, spores etc., minute hair-like protoplasmic 

protrusions whose movement confers motility on the cell; in higher plants, 

hairs more or less confined to the margins of an organ. sing. cilium; adj. ciliate 

club-shaped 

a narrow, stalk-like basal portion of a petal, sepal or bract 

a group of individuals originating from a single parent plant by vegetative 

reproduction 

a structure extending above the ovary and incorporating stigma, style and 

stamens 

flattened in one plane, either dorsally (bringing the front and back closer 

together) or laterally (bringing the sides closer together) 

(loosely) in Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and 

bracteoles associated with the flowers 

fused to another organ (or other organs) of the same kind 

the part of an anther that connects the lobes 

of the same species 

xx

convolute 

cordate 

corm 

corolla 

corymb 

crisped 

crown 

cuneate 

cuspidate 

cyme 

decumbent 

decurrent 

decussate 

dehiscent 

deltoid 

dentate 

denticulate 

dichotomous 

disc 

distal 

divaricate 

dorsal 

dorsiventral 

double-conic 

of the arrangement of corolla lobes in a bud, a form of imbricate aestivation in 

which each segment has one edge overlapping the adjacent segment, like a 

furled umbrella 

of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the base; heart-shaped 

a fleshy, swollen stem base, usually underground, in which food reserves are 

stored between growing seasons 

the petals of a flower collectively 

a racemose inflorescence in which the pedicels of the lower flowers are longer 

than those of the flowers above, bringing all flowers to about the same level 

curled 

the part of a tree or shrub above the level of the lowest branch 

wedge-shaped 

tapering into a sharp, rigid point 

an inflorescence in which each flower, in turn, is formed at the tip of a growing 

axis and further flowers are formed on branches arising below it 

spreading horizontally but then growing upwards 

extending downwards beyond the point of insertion, e.g. of a lamina extending 

downwards to form a flange along the petiole 

in pairs, with successive pairs borne at right angles to each other 

breaking open at maturity to release the contents 

triangular, with the sides of about equal length 

toothed 

finely toothed 

forking into two equal branches resulting from the division of the growing 

point 

a plate or rim of tissue, derived from the receptacle of a flower, occurring 

between whorls of floral parts 

remote from the point of origin or attachment. cf. proximal 

widely spreading 

relating to the back or outward surface of an organ in relation to the axis, as in 

the lower surface of a leaf 

having structurally different upper and lower surfaces 

relating to the shape of eucalypt buds, when the hypanthium and operculum are 

of the same size and cone shape 

xxi

drupe 

ellipsoid 

elliptic 

endemic 

entire 

ephemeral 

epidermis 

exserted 

falcate 

family 

filament 

filiform 

flexuose 

floral 

floret 

follicle 

free 

fruit 

fusiform 

genus 

glabrescent 

glabrous 

gland 

glandular 

glaucous 

a succulent fruit formed from one carpel, having the seed(s) enclosed in an 

inner stony layer of the fruit wall. adj. drupaceous (which is often used to 

mean drupe-like but not strictly a drupe) 

a solid body elliptic in long section and circular in cross section 

oval in outline, widest at the centre 

having a natural distribution confined to a particular geographical region 

having a smooth margin, not dissected or toothed 

short-lived 

the outermost cellular layer of a non-woody plant or organ 

protruding, e.g. of stamens with respect to a corolla tube 

sickle-shaped 

a group of one to many genera believed to be related phylogenetically, usually 

clearly separable from other such groups 

the stalk of a stamen; a thread one or more cells thick; in blue-green Algae, a 

trichome enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath. cf. anther 

thread-like 

with curves or bends; sinuous; somewhat zigzagged 

belonging to or associated with a flower 

a grass flower, together with the lemma and palea that enclose it (often applied 

to flowers in Cyperaceae and Asteraceae) 

a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from one carpel and dehiscing along the line of 

fusion of its edges 

not fused or united (with other organs) 

the seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after 

flowering 

spindle-shaped, broadest near the middle and tapering toward both ends 

a group of species believed to be related phylogenetically and usually clearly 

separable from other such groups, or a single species without close relatives. 

pl. genera 

becoming glabrous 

without hairs 

a structure, without or on the surface of a plant, with a secretory function 

bearing glands; functioning as a gland 

blue-green in colour, with a whitish bloom (as in the juvenile leaves of many 

eucalypts) 

xxii

glume 

habit 

habitat 

halophyte 

hastate 

herb 

herbaceous 

hilum 

hyaline 

hybrid 

hypanthium 

one of the paired bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; a chaffy bract in the 

grasses or sedges 

the growth form of a plant, comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation 

the environment in which a plant lives 

a plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high 

concentrations of salt in its tissues 

arrowhead-shaped but with the basal lobes turned outward rather than 

downward 

any vascular plant that never produces a woody stem. cf. forb 

not woody; soft in texture 

a scar on the seed indicating its point of attachment 

translucent, almost like clear glass 

an offspring of genetically different parents (in a Flora, usually applied where 

the parents are of different species) 

a cup or tube bearing floral parts above the base, and often above the top, of 

the ovary of a flower 

imbricate of perianth parts, having the edges overlapping in the bud. Fig. 25 

incurved 

indumentum 

indusium 

inferior 

inflexed 

inflorescence 

internode 

involucre 

juvenile 

keel 

keeled 

labellum 

lamina 

bent or curved inwards or upwards; of leaf margins, curved towards the adaxial 

surface 

the epidermal coverings of a plants, collectively. 

tissue covering the sorus of a fern; the pollen cup of Goodeniaceae. 

of an ovary, at least partly below the level of attachment of the other flora 

parts. cf. superior 

bent sharply upwards or forwards 

the group or arrangement in which flowers are borne on a plant 

the portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive leaves or 

leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence) 

a whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower cluster 

of leaves, formed on a young plant and different in form from the adult leaves 

a ridge like the keel of a boat; in particular, a boat-shaped structure formed by 

fusion of the two anterior petals of a flower in Fabaceae 

of leaves or bracts, folded and ridged along the midrib 

a lip; in Orchidaceae, the distinctive median petal that serves as an alighting 

platform for pollinating insects 

the blade of a leaf 

xxiii

lanceolate 

leaflet 

legume 

lignotuber 

ligule 

limb 

linear 

lunate 

mallee 

marginal 

mericarp 

midrib 

mucro 

nerve 

node 

obconical 

obcordate 

oblanceolate 

oblique 

oblong 

of a leaf, about four times as long as it is broad, broadest in the lower half and 

tapering towards the tip 

one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf 

a fruit characteristic of the families Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and 

Papilionaceae formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or 

indehiscent 

a woody swelling below or just above the ground, containing adventitious buds 

from which new shoots develop if the top of the plant is cut or burnt (common 

in the shrubby eucalypts and in many other fire-tolerant Australian shrubs) 

a tongue-shaped or strap-shaped organ; the flattened part of the ray corolla in 

the Asteraceae; the membranous appendage arising from the inner surface of 

the leaf at the junction with the leaf sheath in many grasses and some sedges 

the upper free, spreading portion of a corolla or perianth that is connate at the 

base 

very narrow in relation to the length, and with the sides parallel 

crescent-shaped 

a growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber 

(usually applied to shrubby eucalypts); a plant having the above growth habit 

occurring at or very close to the margin 

a section of a schizocarp; one of the two halves of the fruit in the Apiaceae 

the central, and usually the most prominent, vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ 

a sharp, abrupt terminal point. adj. mucronate 

a vein 

the level (transverse plane) of a stem at which one or more leaves arise 

cone-shaped but attached at the narrower end 

of a leaf blade, broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the 

pointed end 

similar in shape to lanceolate but attached at the narrower end 

of a leaf or leaflet, larger on one side of the midrib than on the other, i.e. 

asymmetrical. Fig. 23 

having the length greater than the width but no many times greater, and the 

sides parallel. Fig. 23 

obovate similar in shape to ovate but attached at the narrower end. Fig. 23 

obtuse 

operculum 

blunt or rounded at the apex, the converging edges separated by an angle 

greater than 90 degrees 

a lid or cover becoming detached at maturity by abscission; in Eucalyptus (for 

example), a cap covering the bud and formed by fusion or cohesion of perianth 

parts 

xxiv

opposite 

orbicular 

ovate 

ovoid 

ovule 

panicle 

paniculate 

papilla 

pappus 

pedicel 

peduncle 

peltate 

penicillate 

perennial 

perianth 

petal 

petiole 

phyllode 

phylloclade 

pinna 

pinnule 

pilose 

pinnate 

pinnatifid 

of leaves, borne at the same level but on opposite sides of the stem; of floral 

parts, on the same radius. cf. alternate 

circular or nearly so 

shaped like a section through the long axis of an egg, and attached by the wider 

end. Fig. 23 

egg-shaped (in three dimensions) 

an immature seed 

a compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are 

borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these 

indeterminate and much branched 

a small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an 

extension of one epidermal cell. adj. papillose 

a tuft (or ring) of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla 

in Asteraceae and possibly representing the calyx; a tuft of hairs on a fruit 

the stalk of a flower. adj. pedicellate 

the stalk of an inflorescence; in ferns, the stalk of a sporocarp. adj. 

pedunculate 

of a leaf, having the stalk attached to the lower surface of the blade, not the 

margin (also applied in the same sense to other stalked structures) 

pencil-shaped; tufted like an artist's brush 

a plant whose life span extends over more than two growing seasons 

the calyx and corolla of a flower, especially where the two are similar 

a member of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs 

of a flower, usually soft and coloured conspicuously 

the stalk portion of a leaf 

a leaf whose blade is much reduced or absent, and whose petiole and rachis 

have assumed the functions of the whole leaf. cf. cladode 

a very leaf-like, photosynthetic stem of a plant whose true leaves are much 

reduced. cf. cladophyll 

one of the primary divisions or leaflets of a pinnate leaf 

a leaflet of a bipinnate leaf 

hairy, the hairs soft and clearly separated but not sparse 

divided into pinnae; once-compound. cf. bipinnate 

cut deeply into lobes that are spaced out along the axis (of the leaf). cf. 

palmatifid 

xxv

pinnatisect 

pistil 

placenta 

plumose 

pod 

pollen presenter 

pollination 

procumbent 

prostrate 

pruinose 

puberulous 

pubescent 

pulvinus 

punctate 

pungent 

raceme 

rachis 

receptacle 

recurved 

reflexed 

reticulate 

retrorse 

revolute 

rhizome 

rhomboid 

scabrid (= scabrous) 

scale 

scape 

dissected down to the midrib but having the segments confluent with it 

a free carpel or a group of fused carpels 

a region, within an ovary, to which ovules are attached 

like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a central axis 

a leguminous fruit 

the modified style end in Banksia 

the transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive 

region of a female organ, e.g. from anther to stigma 

trailing or spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes 

lying flat on the ground 

having a whitish, waxy, powdery bloom on the surface 

covered with minute, soft, erect hairs 

covered with short, soft, erect hairs 

a swelling at the base of the stalk of a leaf or leaflet, often glandular or 

responsive to touch 

marked with dots 

ending in a stiff, sharp point; having an acrid taste or smell 

an indeterminate inflorescence in which a main axis produced a series of 

flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. adj. 

racemose 

the axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; pl. rachises. secondary rachis: 

the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf 

the axis of a flower (= torus); in ferns, an axis on which sporangia arise 

curved or curled downwards or backwards 

bent sharply downwards or backwards 

forming a network 

directed backwards or downwards. cf. antrorse 

rolled downwards or backwards 

a horizontal underground stem 

quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse 

rough to the touch 

a reduced or rudimentary leaf 

the stem-like, flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves 

xxvi

scarious 

sclerophyllous 

sepal 

dry and membranous 

with leaves stiffened by sclerenchyma 

a member of the (usually green) outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding 

the fertile organs of a flower 

serrate toothed, with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward. Fig. 24 

sessile 

seta 

shrub 

simple 

sinuate 

sinus 

solitary 

spathe 

spathulate (= spatulate) 

species 

spike 

spikelet 

spine 

spindle-shaped 

spinescent 

spinose 

spiral 

stamen 

staminode 

standard 

without a stalk (when applied to a stigma, indicates that the style is absent, the 

stigma being 'sessile' on the ovary) 

a bristle or stiff hair 

a woody plant less than 5 metres high, either without a distinct main axis, or 

with branches persisting on the main axis almost to its base 

undivided; of a leaf, not divided into leaflets; of a hair or an inflorescence, not 

branched 

with deep, wave-like depressions along the margin. cf. undulate 

a notch or depression in the margin of an organ 

of flowers, borne singly, not grouped in an inflorescence 

a large bract ensheathing an inflorescence 

spoon-shaped; broad at the tip and narrowed towards the base 

a taxon comprising individuals, or populations of individuals, capable of 

interbreeding to produce fertile offspring; the largest group of individuals 

between which there are no distinguishable, consistent differences in form or 

reproductive mechanisms 

an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without 

stalks. adj. spicate 

a unit of the inflorescence in grasses, sedges and some other monocotyledons, 

consisting of one to many flowers and associated glumes 

a stiff, sharp-pointed structure, formed by modification of a plant organ, e.g. a 

lateral branch or a stipule 

broadest near the middle and tapering toward both ends 

ending in a spine; modified to form a spine 

bearing spines 

of leaves or floral organs, borne at different levels on the axis, in an ascending 

spiral. cf. cyclic 

the male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament 

a modified stamen which is sterile, producing no pollen, often rudimentary 

the posterior petal in the flower in Papilionaceae 

xxvii

stellate 

stem 

stigma 

stipe 

stipule 

stolon 

striate 

style 

subshrub 

subulate 

subterete 

sucker 

sulcate 

superior 

taxon 

tepal 

terete 

terminal 

tessellate 

throat 

tomentum 

tortuous 

torus 

trifoliate 

trigonous 

triquetrous 

truncate 

tuber 

star-shaped; consisting of star-shaped cells 

the main axis or a branch of the main axial system of a plant, developed from 

the plumule of the embryo and typically bearing leaves 

the pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually 

sticky 

a small stalk 

one of a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons 

a prostrate or trailing stem that produces roots at the nodes 

striped with parallel longitudinal lines or ridges 

the usually narrowed portion of the pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary 

a small shrub 

narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point 

almost terete 

a shoot originating from below ground 

grooved; furrowed 

attached above, as an ovary that is attached above the point of attachment of 

the other floral whorls 

a group or category, at any level, in a system for classifying plants or animals 

a perianth segment in a flower in which all the perianth segments are similar in 

appearance 

cylindrical or nearly so; circular in cross-section 

at the apex or distal end 

with a chequered pattern 

of a corolla tube, the top, where the tube joins the lobes 

a covering of dense, matted, woolly hairs. adj. tomentose 

twisted or bent 

see receptacle 

having three leaves 

three-angled 

three-edged; with three protruding angles 

with an abruptly transverse end, as if cut off 

a storage organ formed by swelling of an underground stem or the distal end of 

a root 

xxviii

tubercle 

tuberculate 

tuberous 

turgid 

umbel 

undulate 

unisexual 

united 

urceolate 

valve 

vein 

venation 

verticillate 

vesicle 

vestigial 

villous 

viscid 

whorl 

a small wart-like outgrowth 

covered with tubercles 

swollen; of roots, tuber-like 

swollen; expanded or inflated 

a racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a 

cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length 

wavy, i.e. not flat. cf. sinuate 

bearing only male or only female reproductive organs 

fused together 

urn-shaped 

one of the segments of a dehiscent fruit, separating from other such segments at 

maturity 

a strand of vascular tissue 

the arrangement of veins in a leaf 

arranged in one or more whorls 

a bladder-like sac or cavity filled with gas or liquid 

reduced from the ancestral condition and no longer functional. cf. 

rudimentary 

shaggy with long, weak hairs 

of a surface, sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion 

a ring of leaves, bracts or floral parts borne at the same level on an axis 

wing 

References 

Harris and Harris (1994), McCusker (1981). 

a membranous expansion of a fruit or seed, which aids dispersal; a thin flange 

of tissue extended beyond the normal outline of a stem or petiole; a lateral 

petal of a flower in Papilionaceae 

xxix

Declared Rare and Poorly Known Flora in the Moora District

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?