1997 No. 52 Part 1 - Bedfordshire Natural History Society
1997 No. 52 Part 1 - Bedfordshire Natural History Society
1997 No. 52 Part 1 - Bedfordshire Natural History Society
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The<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
<strong>Natural</strong>ist<br />
<strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1)<br />
Journal for the year <strong>1997</strong><br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong> 1998<br />
ISSN 0951 8959
BEDFORDSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 1998<br />
(Established 1946)<br />
Honorary Chairman:<br />
MrA. Cutts, 38 Mountfield Road, Luton LU2 7JN<br />
Honorary Se'cretary:<br />
Mr E. Newman, 29 <strong>No</strong>rse Road, Bedford MK410NR<br />
Honorary Treasurer:<br />
Mr C. Rexworthy, 66 Jeans Way; Dunstable LU5 4PW<br />
Honorary Editor (<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist):<br />
Miss R.A. Brind, 46 Mallard Hill, Bedford MK41 7QS<br />
Honorary Membership Secretary:<br />
MislY1.J. Sheridan, 28 Chestnut Hill, Linslade, Leighton Buzzard, Beds LU77TR<br />
Honorary Scientific Committee Secretary:<br />
Mr S. Halton, 7 <strong>No</strong>rth Avenue, Letchworth, Herts SG6 lDH<br />
Honorary Chairman ofBird Club:<br />
Mr B. Nightingale, 7 Bloomsbury Close,Woburn MK17 9QS<br />
Council (in addition to the above):<br />
MrJ.Adams, Mrs G. Dickens, Mr ~ Dove, Mr ~ Glenister, Mr D. Green,<br />
Mrs S. Larkin, Ms A. Proud, .Mr ~ Soper, Mr M.Williams<br />
Honorary Editor ( Muntjac):<br />
Mrs S. Larkin, 2 Browns Close, Marston Moreteyne, Bedford MK43 OPL<br />
Honorary Librarian:<br />
Mrs G. Dickins, 9 Ul1swater Road, Dunstable LU6 3PX<br />
Committees appointed by Council:<br />
Finance: MrA. Cufts, Mr S. Halton, Mr E. Newman, Mr C. Rexworthy,<br />
Mr K. Sharpe, Mrs M. Sheridan, Mr ~Wilkinson.<br />
Scientific: M~C.Baker, Miss R. Brind, Mr ~ CanJ?ings,'MrJ. Comont,<br />
MrA. Fleckney,Dr ~ Hyman, Mr ~ Irving, Mrs' H.Muir~Howie, Dr B. Nau,<br />
Mr E. Newman, Mr'D. Oden, Ms A. Proud, Mr R...Revels·,Mr H.Winter.<br />
Programme: Mrs G. Dickins, Mr.D. Green, MrJ. Niles, MsA. Proud.<br />
Registered Charity <strong>No</strong>. 268659<br />
(ii)
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) .(1998)<br />
THE BEDFORDSHIRE NATURALIST<br />
<strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> <strong>Part</strong> 1 (<strong>1997</strong>)<br />
Edited by R.A. Brind<br />
Photographic Editor: R.C. Revels<br />
CONTENTS<br />
Officers ofthe <strong>Society</strong><br />
.ii<br />
Report ofthe Council ~3<br />
Proceedings 4<br />
Report ofthe Treasurer , 7<br />
Statement ofAccounts 7<br />
Meteorology - Report.ofthe Recorder 9<br />
Geology and Palaeontology - Report ofthe Recorder 15<br />
Mammals - Report ofthe Recorder 24<br />
Mammals. Bats - Report ofthe Recorders<br />
D ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••29<br />
Fish - Report ofthe Recorder. 36<br />
Crayfish - Report ofthe Recorder 42<br />
Reptiles & Amphibians - Report ofthe Recorder 43<br />
Social Wasps - Report ofthe Recorder 44<br />
Dragonflies - Report ofthe Recorder : D •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••45<br />
Grasshoppers and Crickets - Report ofthe Recorder 47<br />
Bugs (Hemiptera - Heteroptera) - Rep9rt ofthe Recorder. 51<br />
Butterflies - Report ofthe Recorder 53<br />
The length and quality ofshrub-grassland boundaries as determinants of Gatekeeper butterfly<br />
abundance and distribution - B.Anderson· 58<br />
Macro-moths - Report ofthe Recorder 68<br />
Micro-moths - Report ofthe Recorder ; 72<br />
The Fungus Fora~ 1996,WhiteWood, Everton & PottonWood -<br />
Report ofthe Recorder ' 73<br />
Flowering Plants, Ferns and Fern Allies - Report ofthe Recorder 76<br />
British and Irish floristic elements applied to the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> flora - C.Boon 78<br />
Recorders <strong>1997</strong> 92<br />
The <strong>Society</strong><br />
cover iii<br />
Tetrad map of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
cover iv<br />
The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Bird Report for <strong>1997</strong> is published separately as <strong>Part</strong> 2 ofthe <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
<strong>Natural</strong>ist<br />
The <strong>Society</strong> would like to thank Bedford Museum, Bedford Borough Council for a grant<br />
towards publication'ofthe]ournal.<br />
'~<br />
Copyright © 1998 <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong>
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
THE BEDFORDSHIRE NATURALIST<br />
The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, <strong>Natural</strong>ist is the official Journal ofthe Be'dfordshire <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />
Socie~ a body which has been a prime contributor to botanical and zoological<br />
knowledge ofthe county. Published since 1946, the Journal is noted for its original<br />
papers on all aspects ofnatural history,'especially distribution, status, population, habitat<br />
and field ecology. It caters for the professional and amateur alike and aims for the<br />
middle ,ground.<br />
TheJournal is published in two parts; <strong>Part</strong> 1 comprises meteorology, geology and all<br />
aspects ofnatural history excluding birds. <strong>Part</strong> 2 comprises the annual bird report and<br />
all articles relating to birds.<br />
Relevant papers on the natural history ofthe county are welcomed. Guidelines are<br />
obtainable from the Editor who will be pleased to discuss inclusion ofany articles.<br />
Contact: Honorary Editor, <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist, BNHS clo Bedford Museum,<br />
Castle Lane, Bedford MK40 3XD<br />
Front cover: Adders are the subject ofa survey as part ofthe Greensand Ridge<br />
Project. Photo: Richard Revels.<br />
Copyright remains that of the photographers.<br />
2
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fot <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
REPORT OF COUNCIL FOR <strong>1997</strong><br />
The <strong>Society</strong> continued to maintain a high standard ofmeetings. During the year<br />
there were 31 field meetings and 18 indoor meetings. The Golden Jubilee "repeats"<br />
ran into <strong>1997</strong>, continuing the celebrations.<br />
Twelve ofthe outdoor meetings were sp.ecifically bird-related and organised by the<br />
Bird Club, the remainder being on very varied topics ranging from pond-dipping to<br />
'historic landscapes. A weekend field meeting was held in the Brecon Beacons National<br />
Park duringJune. Eight ofthese meetings were "repeats" ofthose held during the first<br />
year ofthe <strong>Society</strong> (1946/7). A "Badger Network Day" was held in conjunction with<br />
theWildlife Trust for <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> and the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Badger Network. The<br />
higWight ofthe year, to which many members contributed a great deal, was the<br />
Golden Jubilee Conference held at Silsoe College on 27th April.<br />
Because ofnumerous comments by members, a change was made to the venues for<br />
indoor meetings to enable members to park more easily and close to the hall. The<br />
<strong>1997</strong>/8 winter meetings were therefore held either in the villages ofElstow or<br />
Toddington as well as one or two at Haynes; Bird Club meetings continue to be held<br />
at Maulden meanwhile. -<br />
Six ofthe indoor meetings were in association with the Bird Club.These were very<br />
well attended with more modest attendances at other meetings.<br />
The publication ofthe latest <strong>Society</strong> book, The Butterflies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>,<br />
early in the year was received with some ofthe best reviews from expert critics and<br />
was eagerly purchased by members and non-members alike. To further celebrate the<br />
Golden]ubilee, Council has commissioned Richard Revels to illustrate a new book,<br />
Wild <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, which will cover some fifty ofthe more important wildlife sites in<br />
the county.<br />
Still behind the scenes, work has continued on the Red Data Book for <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, a<br />
joint venture with the other natural history groups. Thanks to the dedicated work of<br />
our Recorders and ot4er members, this is nearing completion; a concise version for<br />
general publication should be available in summer 1998.<br />
The finance committeeindicated that it would be prudent to raise subscription levels<br />
from 1998; Council and members duly approved this action later in the year. Because<br />
ofthe intended programme ofpublications over the next few years, the <strong>Society</strong> will be<br />
running a small annual deficit for some years to come which will be funded from the<br />
reserves. This is in line with Council's intention ofputting our large collection of<br />
records and our members' expertise to good use and for the benefit offuture<br />
generations ofnaturalists and historians.<br />
Council would like to thank the many people who have contributed to the work of<br />
the <strong>Society</strong> during the year, in particular the various Committees and the Recorders.<br />
Special thanks are due to four retiring Recorders - Vic Arnold (macro-moths), Chris<br />
Malumphy (Homoptera), Derek Reid (fungi), and Martin Palmer Goint bird<br />
Recorder). It should be noted that Derek has served the <strong>Society</strong> for 50 years and he<br />
will be much missed. Four members ofCouncil stepped down,Joan Childs, Rob<br />
Dazley, Phi! Irving and Paul Trodd; they have all been very active in promoting the<br />
<strong>Society</strong> over the years.<br />
3
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Ro Madgett stepped down as editor of "Muntjac" after four years during which we<br />
saw yet more improvements; Sue Larkin took on the post and is settling in well. To<br />
both we proffer our thanks for doing one ofthe most a"rduous, and sometimes<br />
thankless, jobs.within the <strong>Society</strong>. Council would also like to thank once again the<br />
members ofthe Bird Club for making it such a success.<br />
Membership ofthe <strong>Society</strong> 1993-<strong>1997</strong><br />
1993 1994<br />
Ordinary 450 430<br />
Associate 68 41<br />
Student 5 3<br />
Corporate 13 10<br />
Life 5 5<br />
Hon. Life 1 1<br />
Total· 542 490<br />
(Totals include Bird Club members)<br />
1995<br />
414<br />
48<br />
2<br />
7<br />
4<br />
1<br />
476<br />
1996<br />
395<br />
66<br />
6<br />
9<br />
4<br />
1<br />
481<br />
<strong>1997</strong><br />
394<br />
57<br />
5<br />
11<br />
3<br />
3<br />
473<br />
Council wishes to reverse the slight decline in membership over the past few years<br />
by actively promotingthe <strong>Society</strong> outside its normal activities.<br />
ERROL NEWMAN<br />
Hon. Secretary<br />
PROCEEDINGS<br />
Indoor Meetings<br />
8thJanuary, Bedford. "Ecology ofRinglet butterflies" by Dr S.Warrington.<br />
Chair: Mr C. Baker.<br />
21st Janua~ Dunstable. "Birds of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> - changes over the last 50 years" by<br />
Mr l? Trodd and Mr R. Dazley: Chair: Ms A. Proud.<br />
28thJanuary, Maulden. "The search for Sylvia" by Mr D. Cotteridge.<br />
Chair: Mr B. Nightingale.<br />
5th February, Bedford. "Moths, Little and Large" by Mr D. Manning and MrV Arnold.<br />
Chair: Mr R. Cornes.<br />
13th February, Luton. "Pond-life" by Mr S. Cham, Dr B. Nau and Mrs H. Muir-Howie.<br />
Chair: Mr D. Anderson.<br />
18th February, Dunstable. "Four Corners - craters, canyons, cacti, contrasts" by Dr &<br />
Mrs P. Madgett and Miss A. Madgett. Chair: Mrs K. Anderson.<br />
5th March, Bedford. "Planning and wildlife" by Mr R.Watts, Beds CC.<br />
Chair: Mr A. Cutts.<br />
11th March, Luton. "Insect life" by Mr C. Baker and Dr l? Hyman. Chair: Dr B. Nau.<br />
18th March, Maulden.Annual General Meeting.<br />
25th March, Maulden. Bird Club members' evening. Chair: Mr B. Nightingale.<br />
27th April, Silsoe. GoldenJubilee Conference.<br />
30th April, Maulden. "Springtime in Spain" by Mr M. Wilkes. Chair: Mr B. Nightingale.<br />
30th September, Maulden. "A tale ofsix birds" by Mr l? Cannings (<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Police<br />
Wildlife Liaison Officer). Chair: Mr B. Nightingale.<br />
4
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
9th October, Elsto~"<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> and the Historic landscape" by Mr S. Coleman<br />
(Historic Environment Information Officer, Beds CC). Chair: Mr J. Comont.<br />
15th October,T9ddington. "A closer lookat lichens" by MrT. Chester (Churchyards<br />
Co-ordinator ofthe British Lichen <strong>Society</strong>). Chair: Dr B. Nau.<br />
'26th October, Haynes & Priory Country Park, Bedford. National Badger Day - talks<br />
for BNHS·and the public. Organised in conjunction with <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Badger<br />
Network and theWildlife Trust.<br />
28th October, Maulden. "The agony and the ecstasy - ofbirdwatching" by Mr T. Marr.<br />
Chair: DrJ.T.R. Sharrock.<br />
13th <strong>No</strong>vember, Haynes. Royal Photographic <strong>Society</strong> slides show.<br />
Presenter: Mr R. Revels.<br />
19th <strong>No</strong>vember,Toddington. "Serengeti Safari" by Mr P Symonds. Chair: Mr C. Baker.<br />
25th <strong>No</strong>vember, Maulden. "Focus on owls" by Mr C. Shawyer (Director of<br />
Conservation for the Hawk & OwlTrust). Chair: Mr P Wilkinson.<br />
10th December, Haynes. Christmas social evening. Organiser: Mr R. Revels.<br />
Field Meetings<br />
Rutland Water 19thJanuary: Wintering birds. Leader: Mr P Almond.<br />
Lea Valley, Herts 16th February. Looking at birds starting from· Rye House Marsh<br />
Reserve. Leader: MrT. Donnelly.<br />
Haynes 23 February.Winter wildlife wander. Leaders: MrJ.Adams & Mr D. Parsons.<br />
River Ouzel 16th March. General natural history starting at TiddenfootWaterside<br />
Park. Leaders: Dr & Mrs P Madgett.<br />
Felmersham Gravel; Pits 5th April. Pond dipping. Leaders: Mr S. Cham & Mrs H.<br />
Muir-Howie.<br />
Blows Downs 20th April. Looking for spring migrants, starting at Skimpot Lane,<br />
Luton. Leader: Mr R. Dazley.<br />
Maulden Woods 4th May. Dawn Chorus. Leader: Mr P Trodd.<br />
Dunstable Sewage Treatment Works 7th May: Waders and other migrants.<br />
Leader: Mr P Trodd.<br />
Minsmere RSPB Reserve, Suffolk 18th May. Leader: Mr G. Redgewell.<br />
Great Hayes Wood ·lstJune. Botanical and invertebrate survey. Leader: Mr H.A. Smith.<br />
Wavendon Heath, near Wobufn 11th Ju~e. Looking for birds ofthe Greensand<br />
Ridge. Leader: Mr D. Odell.<br />
Totternhoe Knolls 14thJune. Butterflies. Leader: Mr C. Baker.<br />
Brecon weekend field trip 20th - 22ndJune. Organiser: Dr P Madgett.<br />
Pegsdon Hills 25th June. General natural history. Leader: Mr S. Halton.<br />
Willington to Great Barford 29thJune. Riverside walk starting at Willington<br />
Dovecote. Leader: Mr P Almond.<br />
West Wood, near Souldrop 6thJuly. General natural history. Leader: Mr M. Powell,<br />
Resident Forester.<br />
Flitwick Moor 11thJuly. Evening moth trapping. Leaders: Mr L. Field & Mr V. Arnold.<br />
Clapham Park, Bedford 17thJuly: General natural history. Leader: Mr J. Niles.<br />
Ickwellbury House 25th July. Evening bat survey. Leaders: <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Bat Group.<br />
Yelnow New Wood and Odell Great Wood 26thJuly. Butterflies.<br />
Leader: Mr H.A. Smith.<br />
5
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Sharpenhoe Clappers 3rdAugust. Butterflies. Leaders: Mr M. McCarrick and<br />
MrJ.Adams. .<br />
MarstonVale 17thAugust. Birds ofthe clay pits. Leader: Mr K. Sharpe.<br />
Whipsnade Heath 27th August. Dormouse box check. Leader: Mr C.Tack.<br />
Rammamere Heath 30th August. Heathland regeneration and Orthoptera survey.<br />
Leaders: Mr ~ Irving & Mr K. Sharpe.<br />
<strong>No</strong>rth <strong>No</strong>rfolk Coast 14th September. Looking for autumn migrants, starting at<br />
Cley. Leader: Mr D. Green.<br />
King's Wood, Heath and Reach 21st September. GoldenJubilee fungus foray.<br />
Leader: Dr D. Reid.<br />
'<br />
Maulden Wood 28th September. Looking for small mammals. Leader: Mr D. Anderson.<br />
Ashridge, Herts 25th October. General natural history. Leader: Mr S. Halton.<br />
Paxton Pits, Cambs 2nd <strong>No</strong>vember. Birdwatching. Leader: Mrs B. Matthews.<br />
Brogborough 9th <strong>No</strong>vember. Historic landscapes and natural history.<br />
Leader: Mr S. Coleman.<br />
RSPB Sandy Lodge 7th December. Birdwatching. Leader: Mr ~ Soper.<br />
Woburn Park 26th December. A Boxing Day walk through the Park.<br />
Leader: Mrs M. Sheridan.<br />
6
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
REPORT OF THE TREASURER<br />
The <strong>Society</strong> again received grants towards its publications including donations<br />
towards the book The Butteiflies and Moths of <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>; the sum of£11,225 was paid<br />
from the W oolwich Building <strong>Society</strong> for the book. The M & G Charifund Accumulative<br />
Units continued to do well, but this type ofinvestment can go down'as well·as up.<br />
The final year end position is that the total assets ofthe <strong>Society</strong> have increased by<br />
£101 and now stand at £58,<strong>52</strong>0.<br />
l?S.Clark<br />
Hon.Treasurer<br />
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT<br />
FORYEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER <strong>1997</strong><br />
1996<br />
OPENING BALANCE (Current Account and Building <strong>Society</strong> Account) 22,615<br />
<strong>1997</strong><br />
26,672<br />
INCOME<br />
Subscriptions (for ·<strong>1997</strong>)<br />
Subscriptions (for 1998 received in <strong>1997</strong>)<br />
Sales<br />
Journal and Bird Report sales<br />
Receipts from meetings<br />
Sundries/Donations/Grants<br />
Interest received from Building <strong>Society</strong><br />
Interest received from Bank (gross)<br />
Interest received from City of<strong>No</strong>ttingham Bonds<br />
Receipts from Publication Account<br />
SUB TOTAL - Income<br />
2,940<br />
787<br />
11<br />
48<br />
217<br />
3,564<br />
859<br />
46<br />
324<br />
8,796<br />
3,174<br />
1,090<br />
298<br />
8<br />
119<br />
5,734<br />
585<br />
84<br />
360<br />
6,983<br />
18,435<br />
EXPENDITURE<br />
Postage and stationery<br />
Sundries<br />
Insurance<br />
Officers' expenses<br />
Computer<br />
Bank charges (Safe Custody)<br />
MEETINGS<br />
Hire ofhalls<br />
Lecturers and leaders<br />
Programmes<br />
PUBLICITYIDEVELOPMENT/MEMBERSHIP<br />
Sundries (Postage, Printing)<br />
114<br />
73<br />
282<br />
179<br />
178<br />
13<br />
839<br />
456<br />
465<br />
921 1,163<br />
2,864<br />
273<br />
117<br />
286<br />
161<br />
23<br />
860<br />
633<br />
530<br />
5,798<br />
PUBLICATIONS ACCOUNT - EXPENDITURE<br />
Expenditure<br />
SUB TOTAL - EXPENDITURE<br />
CLOSING BALANCE (Current Account and Building <strong>Society</strong> Account)<br />
115<br />
4,739<br />
26,672<br />
16,<strong>52</strong>7<br />
24,348<br />
20,759<br />
7
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
STATEMENT OF ASSETS AS AT 31ST DECEMBER <strong>1997</strong><br />
FIXED ASSETS<br />
Display Boards<br />
Display Table<br />
Computer<br />
Projection Equipment<br />
CURRENT ASSETS<br />
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS<br />
Fixed Assets (see above)<br />
TOTAL ASSETS<br />
NET ASSETS OF THE SOCIETY<br />
1996<br />
171<br />
27<br />
1,237<br />
1,130<br />
2,565<br />
Stock at cost -Vertebrate Fauna of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
- Bird Atlas<br />
- Moths & Butterflies of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
Bank Current Account<br />
Woolwich Building <strong>Society</strong><br />
City of<strong>No</strong>ttingham Bonds to 30/6/99 (at 7.50%)<br />
City of<strong>No</strong>ttingham Bonds to 30/6/99 (at 7.50%)<br />
M & G CharifundAccumulation 475 Units Cost £10,000<br />
Bid Price at 21/12/97 5.250 pence per unit<br />
CURRENT LIABILITIES<br />
Subscriptions received during <strong>1997</strong> for 1998<br />
Cost Depreciation <strong>1997</strong><br />
Total perYear<br />
371 220 20 151<br />
69 49 7 20<br />
2,431 1680 486 751<br />
1,130 226 226 904<br />
1,826<br />
1996 <strong>1997</strong><br />
165 82<br />
3,400<br />
4,916<br />
2,995 5,062<br />
23,677 15,697<br />
3,000 3,000<br />
3,000 3,000<br />
19,617 24,937<br />
55,854 56,694<br />
2,565 1,826<br />
58,419 58,<strong>52</strong>0<br />
787 1,090<br />
57,~32 57,430<br />
ES. Clark<br />
Hon.Treasurer<br />
EA. Giles (EC.C.A.)<br />
Hon.Auditor<br />
8
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for '<strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
METEOROLOGY<br />
by Mike Williams<br />
In <strong>1997</strong> the weather in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> reflected both local and national events. In<br />
England andWales as a whole January <strong>1997</strong> was the driest since 1880, but in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> not quite as dry as January 1987. March was also very dry and very warm,<br />
warmer than in 1957 (the previous warmest January in the Silsoe record) and probably<br />
the warmest since .1938. A very dry March was followed by a very dry April. May saw<br />
the occurrence oftwo related and extreme weather events which affected the west of<br />
the county (and neighbouring parts ofBuckinghamshire); a fall ofvery large, damaging<br />
hail, and an equally damaging tornado.<br />
June was exceptionally wet with more than twice the average rainfall, but though the<br />
wettest June this century generally in England, in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> not quite as wet as June<br />
1958.August <strong>1997</strong> was generally the second hottest August in England in a sequence<br />
running from 1659.This was also true in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, but taking daytime maxima<br />
alonethis August (in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>) surpassed even record breaking 1995.The<br />
remainder ofthe year was less exceptional, but December proved to be an unusually<br />
stormy month with a notable gale on Christmas Eve. Overall it was another warm<br />
year, but rainfall exceeded 90% ofaverage despite some very dry months early on.<br />
From a natural history perspective the exceptional wetness ofJune may well have had a<br />
significant and probably detrimental effect on the county's wildlife.<br />
Januaryr<br />
The very cold weather oflate December persisted for the first ten days, and many<br />
inland waters remained completely or partially frozen including Brogborough and<br />
Stewartby. Some light snow also occurred at times, typical ofa cold easterly airstream<br />
in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> some 100 miles inland from the east coast. Thereafter milder<br />
conditions prevailed. The first halfofthe month was noteworthy for a run often days<br />
during which no sunshine was recorded. This was also a dry period, but with light rain<br />
on many ofthe remaining days.<br />
February<br />
This was an unusual month being very mild and wet (February on average being the<br />
driest month ofthe year). Strong and gusty winds were also commonplace throughout<br />
the month.<br />
March<br />
March continued the warm trend which had started in FebruaI)T, but it was a very<br />
dry month with rainfall less than 25% ofnormal. In consequence it was quite a sunny<br />
month.The most spring-like day was the 11th when the temperature reached 17.3°C<br />
(63°F) with 8.6 hours ofsunshine. Clear skies at this time also contributed to one of<br />
the month's two air frosts. Indeed daytime temperatures in particular were in excess of<br />
those to be expected in an average April. The month finished with four particularly<br />
fine days with maximum temperatures of 11.6°C, 13.0°C, 14.4°C and 16.1°C<br />
respectively, and 11.1,5.2,10.9 and 11.4 hours ofsunshine.<br />
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<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
April<br />
This was another very dry month, though with a little more rain than in March. All<br />
but 0.7mm oftpe 13.2mm total fell in the last seven days. Prior to that light showers<br />
occurred on just three days out of23. It was another warm month with a maximum of<br />
22.2°C (72°F) recorded on the 9th, a day which also recorded 10.4 hours ofsunshine.<br />
The clear skies however meant that night-time temperatures did not match the relative<br />
warmth.during the day with air frost occurring on seven nights.<br />
May<br />
This was the third warm, dry and sunny month in sequence, though less marked than<br />
in the previous two. The warmest periods were the first three days, mid-month (16th <br />
18th) and the last three days. A small area to the west ofthe county was severely affected<br />
on 17th May by violent storms including exceptionally large hail and a tornado which<br />
struckWootton. Details ofthese weather events are· described separately belo~ On a<br />
day whenWoburn Sands is reputed to have recorded 86mm ofprecipitation (Webb<br />
<strong>1997</strong>, 1998) Silsoe recorded just O.lmm.Weather records submitted to the Recorder<br />
from Cranfield (which was within the affected area) show a total of 17mm but with<br />
the householder absent on holiday at the time there is no way ofknowing how<br />
accurate this figure is, particularly as newspaper reports refer to the fire brigade<br />
pumping out twelve flooded houses in Cranfield on 17th May. The events of 17th May<br />
are an extreme example ofhow localised weather events can be, and emphasize the<br />
need for descriptive notes to be made ofsuch events and submitted to the Recorder.<br />
June<br />
June provided a marked contrast to the preceding months; it was extremely wet with<br />
more than twice the month's expected rainfall, and not unexpectedly it was less sunny<br />
than normal with daytime temperatures just a little below average. Perhaps because of<br />
the cloudy skies the nights were relatively warm.The wettest day ofall was 26thJune<br />
whenSilsoe recorded 34.2mm ofrainfall which in itselfis equivalent to about 75% of<br />
the normal rainfall for June.The 27th and 28th were also particularly wet days. The<br />
potentially damaging effect ofsuch excessive wetness at this time ofyear on the<br />
wildlife ofthe Cfounty has already been commented on. Across England andWales June<br />
<strong>1997</strong> was the wettest this century, but in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> June 1958 was wetter (total<br />
117.6mm), andJune 1987 was nearly as wet (total107.8mm).<br />
July<br />
The weather returned to a warm, dry and sunny format for July but without<br />
reaching any ofthe extremes experienced earlier in the year. The warmest day was the<br />
7th reaching 25.3°C (79.7°F).The 31st July was the wettest day (14.6mm) accounting<br />
for nearly· halfthe month's total rainfall.<br />
August<br />
This was an exceptional summer month. A daytime temperature·of26.7°C (80°F)<br />
was reached or exceeded on sixteen days, with the month's highest temperature of<br />
32.0°C (89.6°F) occurring on 11th August. It was particularly warm from 6th to 20th<br />
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<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for '<strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
with the hottest spell from 8th to 12th during which maximum temperatures exceeded<br />
30°C (86°F) on every day. Night-time temperatures were also well above average; only<br />
26th August recorded a minimum below 10°C (50°F). The first three weeks were also<br />
extr~mely dry, most ofthe month's rainfall (still only 50% ofaverage) falling in the last,<br />
somewhat cooler week.<br />
Looking at the mean maximum temperature for the month makes August <strong>1997</strong> the<br />
hottest on record at Silsoe (26.1°C compared with 25.8°C in both 1983 and 1995).<br />
However, comparing night-time minima shows 1983.as the warmest with a mean of<br />
19.4°C, compared with 11.6°C in 1995 and 14.3°C in <strong>1997</strong>. Overall August 1983 still<br />
remains the warmest ever for Silsoe, <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, with <strong>1997</strong> second and 1995 third.<br />
September<br />
Yet another dry, warm and sunny month, but daytime maxima seldom reached any<br />
extreme values. The warmest day occurred on 29th ofthe month with a temperature<br />
of24.1°C (75.4°F).The 18th ofSeptember was the wettest day (12.5mm) accounting<br />
for over 60% ofthe month's total. <strong>No</strong> air frost was recorded but it is likely that some<br />
places in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> experienced their first ground frosts at the end ofthe third week.<br />
October<br />
For once rainfall was above the average; only February and]une had previously seen<br />
totals above the norm in <strong>1997</strong>. However, October was the first ofthree months with<br />
~bove average rainfall. In October <strong>1997</strong> the majority ofthis rain fell on justfive days<br />
between 6th and 14th, the rest ofthe· month being dry and sunny.With clear skies, air<br />
frosts became frequent towards the end ofthe month and the minimum of-8.0°C<br />
recorded on the morning of29th October was the lowest since 3rdJanuary this year.<br />
<strong>No</strong>r did any colder nights occur in the remaining two months ofthe year.<br />
<strong>No</strong>vember<br />
<strong>No</strong>vember was mild throughout, with the mildest weather occurring mid-month.<br />
Frosts were infrequent and there was little else worthy ofcomment.<br />
December<br />
The last month of<strong>1997</strong> was quite variable in nature.The first four days were cold<br />
with a little snow and overnight frost. The next seven days were very mild with strong<br />
south-westerly winds and some rain. A large anticyclone over Siberia began to<br />
influence Britain's weather and there was a little sleet on the 16th and 17th before<br />
slightly milder conditions prevailed.The period from 23rd to 25th December was<br />
particularly mild with very strong winds (Christmas Eve) and rain. Temperatures then<br />
returned to near normal and it remained windy till the year's end.<br />
Summary<br />
Overall <strong>1997</strong> was a warm year, the warmest since 1988, including an exceptionally<br />
wetJune and a notably hot August.While many people may have been left with the<br />
impression that <strong>1997</strong> was a dry year, rainfall totals exceeded 90% ofaverage, helped by<br />
the very wet June. However, precipitation·in the summer months tends to evaporate<br />
11
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
very quickly so this rainfall will have contributed very little to ground waterlevels.<br />
There were also two extreme and localised weather events in May which are described<br />
in detail below. <strong>1997</strong> was certainly not without interest "meteorologically.<br />
All the figures in the above report are taken from Silsoe unless otherwise stated and a<br />
summary ofthe readings from this site appears inTable 1.The table has been modified<br />
from the format ofprevious years. Figures for ground frost were no longer available so<br />
the opportunity has been taken to show how the montWy means and totals compare<br />
with the longer term average, in this case for the period 1951-1980 at the original<br />
recording site inWrest Park. Thirty years is the standard period over which longer term<br />
averages are calculated. It would be appropriate to use the more recent period of<br />
1961-1990, but the original site atWrest Park was closed down before the end of<br />
1990, and there is no single station in this area which provides a continuous record<br />
over the required period. Readers should also bear in mind that the data inTable 1 is<br />
from Silsoe College, about halfa mile from the original Wrest Park site, so the comparison<br />
with the long term means should be taken as indicative rather than absolute.<br />
Mean Mean Highest Lowest Rainfall Sunshine Air<br />
Max Min Temp Temp Frost<br />
°c °c °C °c mm hours days<br />
January 5.5 (-0.5) -1.5 (-2.0) 11.2 -10.2 13.2 (29%) 54.2 (103%) 20~<br />
February 10.5 (+4.0) 3.3 (+2.7) 13.8 -3.0 56.9 (159%) 66.3 (102%) 3<br />
March 13.3 (+3.9) 4.5 (+2.9) 17.3 -1.2 9.7 (25%) 1?1.9 (136%) 2<br />
April 14.5 (+2~1) 3.4 (-0.2) 22.2 -5.4 24.8 (34%) 186.0 (127%) 7<br />
May 17.8 (+1.7) 5.3 (-1.1) 25.1 -1.5 34.6 (86%) 257.3 (134%) 2<br />
June 19.1 (-0.3) 10.3 (+1.3) 25.5 5.9 112.5 (235%) 153.0 (76%) 0<br />
July 22.8 (+1.8) 11.4 (+0.3) 27.3 6.3 32.8 (67%) 223.2 (121% 0<br />
August 26.1 (+5.3) 14.3 (+3.4) 32.0 9.1 30.4 (51%) 195.3 (115%) 0<br />
September 20.2 (+1.8) 9.9 (+0.7) 24.1 2.0 20.0 (45%) 174.0 (120%) 0<br />
October 15.4 (+1.0) 5.2 (-1.3) 25.1 -8.0 58.6 (125%) 155.0 (148%) 8<br />
<strong>No</strong>vember 12.0 (+2.6) 5.0 (+1.8) 15.8 -4.0 51.7 (102%) 63.0 (99%) 5<br />
December 8.5 (+0.7) 3.0 (+1.4) 14.5 -1.8 <strong>52</strong>.4 (102%) 31.2 (63%) 6<br />
Year 15.5 (+2.1) 6.2(+0~9) 32.0 -10.2 499.3 (91%)1710.4 (1160/0) 53<br />
Table 1.Weather data for <strong>1997</strong> as recorded at Silsoe College<br />
The Events of 17th May <strong>1997</strong><br />
There were two separate but related weather events which occurred on Saturday<br />
17th May <strong>1997</strong>. One was the occurrence ofvery large hail almost a year after a similar<br />
event on 7thJune 1996· (Williams <strong>1997</strong>); the second was a major tornado ofstrength<br />
T3 on the TORRO Scale (Meaden 1976).The Recorder was out ofthe county on the<br />
relevant date (and subsequently) and the information presented here is from other<br />
sources.<br />
The 17th May was Cup Final day, and the afternoon saw the outbreak ofsevere<br />
thunderstorms and two (possibly three) tornadoes across the country.The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
12
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for'<strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
hailstorm affected an area includingWoburn,Woburn Sands, Ridgmont, Brogborough<br />
and Aspley Guise. According to BNHS member Barry Nightingale (pers. comm.)<br />
heavy rain began falling in the Woburn area at about 1630 hours followed by· hailstones<br />
about 1cm in diameter.The storm eased but then came a second burst with hailstones<br />
"between golfball and chicken egg size". Barry reported that such was the ferocity<br />
that plants with fleshy wide leaves in his garden were ripped to. shreds. In trying to<br />
rescue some ofhis patio pots Barry says he was forced to retreat under cover, his arms<br />
covered in bruises from the hailstones. Barry also reported that a neighbour, a market<br />
garner in Ridgmont, lost dozens ofpanes ofglass from his greenhouses. Other<br />
inhabitants reported smashed conservatories, greenhouses, and one instance ofa badly<br />
dented caravan. The Recorder also heard ofat least one car in Aspley Guise whose<br />
body work was badly damaged, and another in the Brogborough area (Ml) was<br />
similarly affected. In both instances repairs cost several thousand pounds.<br />
The rain/hail finally stopped at around 1900 hours. Barry concludes by saying that<br />
he had never witnessed the sheer ferocity ofhail or the size ofthe stones as he did on<br />
that Saturday.<br />
There were reports (Webb <strong>1997</strong>, 1998a, 1998b). that 86.4mm ofrain (approximately<br />
twice the average rainfall for the whole ofMay) fell atWoburn Sands between 1630<br />
and 1800 GMT, and that hailstones up to 38mm across were measured at the same<br />
location. Floodwater up to 1.Sm deep was reported in High Street. Some homes in<br />
Cranfield were reported flooded to a "depth ofO.Sm. Stagsden recorded irregularly<br />
shaped hailstones· 13mm to 18mm diameter.TheJournal ofMeteorology (J. Met. 1998)<br />
Fig. 1 A barn in Keeley Lane,Wootton, almost completely demolished by the T3 strength tornado of<br />
17th May <strong>1997</strong><br />
Photo courtesy ofTimes & Citizen<br />
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<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
reported "big chunks ofice about the diameter ofa 50-pence piece" in the<br />
Brogborough area (SP9638) denting the roofand bonnet ofa car. The old-style 50<br />
pence piece is 30mm across. From these measurements it would appear that the<br />
hailstones in the <strong>1997</strong> storm (up to 38mm diameter) exceeded those ofthe 1996 storm<br />
(up 25mm diameter) in size, though it is impossible to rule out local and unobserved<br />
(or unreported) variations.<br />
The other event,·ofa tornado, caused very significant damage inWootton, and was<br />
described at some length in the local press (<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Times & Citizen, Bedford &<br />
Kempston Herald). The worst affected areas were Tithe Barn Road, N eil Road, St Mary's<br />
Road and the lower part ofKeeley Lane. According to one resident at 6pm on 17th it<br />
became very black as though there was going to be a thunderstorm. Suddenly there<br />
was a tremendous noise and objects started hitting the windows. Main instances of<br />
damage were as follows:<br />
Roofdemolished, repair £10,000 (Tithe Barn Road), roof damaged (St Mary's<br />
Road), conservatory badly damaged by flying bricks (St Mary'sRoad), caravan lifted<br />
up and deposited nine metres from its original site, brick shed demolished, barn<br />
demolished (Keeley Lane). Up to thirty properties are reported to have been<br />
damaged in total.<br />
TheTORRO Tornado Scale was established in 1972 (Mead~n 1976) and like the<br />
Beaufort wind scale runs from TO (Light Tornado) up to T12 (Super Tornado).The<br />
Wootton event was classified as strength T3 (Strong Tornado) with wind speeds around<br />
100mph. This is the strongest form ofTornado to occur on an annual basis in Britain.<br />
Tornadoes with strengthT4 arid T5 occur about once every ten years, strengthT6 and·<br />
T7 about once a century. A tornado ofstrength T6 :occurred in Linslade on 21st May<br />
1950, and one ofstrength T6/7 at Woburn on 29th August 1672.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I am once again grateful for the provision ofdetailed meteorological records from<br />
Silsoe College, and also for additional records and/or notes from Dr. A. Aldhous<br />
(Potton), Mrs A. Bucknall (Cranfield), Mrs B. Chambers (Meppershall), Mr. B.<br />
Nightingale (Woburn) and MrA.Smith (Carlton). It is pleasing that more information<br />
on the county's weather (both quantitative and descriptive) is now being submitted to<br />
the Recorder.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
MEADEN, G.T. 1976 Tornadoes in Britain:Their intensities and distribution in space<br />
and timeJ Meteorology 1 242-251<br />
WEBB,].D.C. <strong>1997</strong> TORRO News Update May-June <strong>1997</strong>J Meteorology 22 267-270<br />
____1998a Large/Damaging Hailin <strong>1997</strong>J Meteorology 23 203-207<br />
____1998b Severe thunderstorms and large hail on Saturday 17 May <strong>1997</strong>J<br />
Meteorology 23 264-272<br />
WILLIAMS, M.C. <strong>1997</strong> Meteorology: Report ofthe Recorder Bedf. Nat. 51(1) 9-14<br />
Mike Williams is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Meteorology, a position he has held<br />
in an honorary capacity since 1981.<br />
14
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY<br />
by Peter Smart<br />
This report is based on the Recorder's research at specific Cretaceous locations<br />
within the coun~ once again no records having been received from other sources.This<br />
latter aspect is to be regretted but, despite the disadvantages ofan individualistic<br />
approach, a number ofinteresting and important discoveries can be added to the<br />
county's palaeontological data base.<br />
As in previous years, the Lower Cretaceous sediments were extensively studied, the<br />
Lower Albian beds around Leighton Buzzard being the focus ofthe writer's field work<br />
primarily to obtain specimens for the <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum before successive<br />
temporary sections were lost. This was ofparticular importance this year·due to the<br />
proposed closure ofthe Chamberlain's Barn quarry on 31st October, and the<br />
consequential loss ofa temporary exposure ofthe Gault-Woburn Sands junction beds<br />
that yielded a number ofrare and important ammonites (Smart <strong>1997</strong>).<br />
The Upper Aptian Parahoplites nuifieldiensis Zone beds near Clophill (around<br />
TL099380) were also investigated at intervals throughout the year on behalfofDr<br />
Raymond Casey, in the hope that ammonites indigenous to this Zone would be<br />
discovered in the large phosphatic concretions or doggers that occur - or should occur<br />
- in Beds 5 and 6 ofthe succession (Smart 1996). Unfortunately, thedoggers were<br />
again conspicuous by their absence but, on 4thJuly; the Recorder observed a single<br />
very large doggerin tipped material.This concretion, in a mixed matrix ofBeds 5 and<br />
6, is shown in Figure 1 before being excavated out and rolled some 50 metres to a safer<br />
position, the tip being in use for overburden dumping. Being too heavy to lift, the<br />
Figure 1. Large phosphatic concretion (dogger) in newly excavated and tipped overburden from Beds<br />
5 and 6 at western end ofClophill Fuller's Earth quar~ around TL099380. .<br />
Lower Cretaceous, Lower Greensand (Upper Aptian) Parahoplites nuifieldiensis Zone. 4 July <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Photo: PJSmart<br />
. 15
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
dogger was carefully .split into a number oflarge but manageable fragments weighing<br />
in total approximately 60kg which were then transported by dumper vehicle to the site<br />
office and the writer's car, a distance ofsome 1000 metres.<br />
Much to the Recorder's and Dr Casey's disappointment there proved to be no<br />
evidence ofan ammonite fauna within this particular dogger. Nevertheless, an<br />
interesting though small assemblage offossils occurred in the hard phosphatic matrix<br />
and the structure ofthe·dogger itselfwas unusual, not being solid throughout but<br />
having an ovoid core ofsoft white marly sand rougWy 200mm x 150mm in size. This<br />
soft core was encased in an extremely hard, dark grey phosphatic matrix rendered very<br />
brittle by numerous clusters ofnarrow; irregularly contorted serpulid worm tubes, each<br />
tube being lmm or less in diameter and with up to fifty or sixty tubes in each cluster.<br />
A small example was determined by Paul Jefferey ofthe <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum<br />
Dept. ofPalaeontology as Sarcinella plexus (T. de C. Sowerby) the individual tubes,<br />
however, being narrower than in the Museum material.<br />
Preservation ofthe clusters, which extended throughout the dogger, was exceptionally<br />
good due to the hardness ofthe matrix and several larger specimens were· later donated<br />
to the NHM collection. A typical example from the Clophill assemblage is shown in<br />
IOmm<br />
Figure 2. Clustered, irregularly contorted tubes ofthe serpulid worm Sarcinella plexus G. de C.<br />
Sowerby) in fragment ofthe large phosphatic dogger shown in Figure 1.<br />
Upper Aptian Parahoplites nuifieldiensis Zone, Clophill Fuller's Earth quarry (Beds 5 and 6). 4 July<br />
<strong>1997</strong>.<br />
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<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>-, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Figure 2, drawn from a specimen remainingin the Recorder's collection, and<br />
exhibiting the tubes so excellently preserved in the hard rock.The clustering ofthe<br />
tubes is characteristic ofthe species,which ranges from the LowerJurassic Sinemurian<br />
to the Lower Cretaceous Upper Albian. -<br />
The dogger also yielded a single small irregular echinoid (Sub-Order Spatangina)<br />
that was also taken up to the <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum in <strong>No</strong>vember, where it was<br />
determined byDrAndrew Smith as a species ofHemiaster or Tbxaster, based on the<br />
somewhat eroded phosphatic cast. The portion ofthe dogger that contained this<br />
natural cast was also in the Recorder's possession, and this was later sent separately to<br />
Dr Smith in December for a latex mould to be prepared from the impression in the<br />
rock. This, when completed, will show the echinoid's external test morphology, and<br />
both natural cast and associated matrix were also donated to the -Museum, Register<br />
number BMNH EE 6077.<br />
Other fossils from the dogger were. a single brachiopod and two large lamellibranchs,<br />
the former a small rhynchonellid (Cyclothyris sp.). Preservation ofthe three specimens<br />
was poor, the fossils being uncrushed but exposed to considerable abrasion by<br />
protruding through the surface rind.The lamellibranchs could be determined only to<br />
the genus Panopea, R gurgitis (Brongniart) being a fairly common, moderately large<br />
bivalve ranging through the Aptian and Albian, a range that includes the Parahoplites<br />
nuifieldiensis Zone at Clophill.<br />
It was stated in last year's report that the extension to the quarrying would be in a<br />
northerly direction during <strong>1997</strong> but this did not materialise, the present workings<br />
being at the southern end ofthe western side.There is no doubt-that the phosphatic<br />
nodules and doggers have become very uncommon in Beds 5 and 6 towards the<br />
western end ofthe quarry complex, the single example found this year confirming<br />
this. It is to be hoped that expansion ofthe pits in a northerly and easterly _direction<br />
will be undertaken within a year or two, exposing the beds some 100 metres north of<br />
where the doggers frequently occurred in past years.<br />
The Leighton Buzzard Albian sections were investigated more frequently this year,<br />
Chamberlain's Barn quarry being visited many times following the important<br />
ammonite discoveries made in the Gault-Woburn Sands junction beds (Smart 1996,<br />
<strong>1997</strong>).These beds became obscured early in the year due to infilling with overburden<br />
material and clay-contaminated sand which reached to the top ofBed 2, Beds 3(i) and<br />
above being obliterated by clay slip and downwash ofthe overlying Gault clays. By<br />
August only a 20m long section exposing Bed 3(ii) remained accessible and this<br />
disappeared under slipped Gault after the first heavy rains in September.The eastern<br />
side ofthe pit north ofthe southern section was, however, excavated over a short<br />
distance and this cut-back ofthe clays resulted in a temporary section exposing Beds 1<br />
to 5, approximately 140m north of Vandyke Road.<br />
This temporary section, at right angles to the eastern side, was a mere 19.8 metres in<br />
length yet yielded from the basal beds ofBed 3 a small assemblage ofextremely rare<br />
ammonites in addition to previously recorded species, some ofwhich had not been<br />
recorded from the area (R.'Casey, pers. comm. <strong>1997</strong>). Numerous visits were made to<br />
the location and several tonnes ofBed 3(i) and 3(ii) clays excavated out for close study.<br />
Clay slip ofthe overlying Lower Gault was a constant threat to the exposure, and on<br />
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<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
each visit it became necessary to dig away an ever-increasing quantity ofGault, particularly<br />
as the year progressed, creep and slumping ofthe clays becoming a serious problem.<br />
As in most sqft sedimentary rocks the majority offosslls in the clays are. crushed by<br />
pressure and are uncollectable except as impressions in matrix. "Solid" preservation of<br />
fossils, particularly· ammonites in the junction beds, are in the form ofphosphatic casts<br />
and represent a small proportion ofthe fauna. Many are imperfectly preserved, being<br />
fragmentary and forming part ofa gritty nodule; some are part-phosphatised with one<br />
side only being preserved uncrushed. Many specimens occurring in the junction beds<br />
consist ofbody-chambers only, the inner whorls and phragmocones being represented<br />
by impressions or crushed remnants in the clay. An example ofsuch body-chamber<br />
preservation is illustrated in the 1996 Report (Fig. 1, a - c), and species with<br />
compressed whorls such as Cleoniceras and Beudanticeras appear to be particularly<br />
vulnerable in this respect. Casey (1960-1980, p xxxiv) describes a method by which<br />
the complete form ofa part-phosphatised ammonite can be reconstituted, but his<br />
examples refer to those in relatively hard rocks including phosphorite.The Recorder<br />
has had no success in his attempts to reconstitute part-phosphatised specimens from the<br />
Leighton Buzzard Albian clays.<br />
The rare ammonites from Beds 3(i) and 3(ii) ofthe temporary section in Chamberlain's<br />
Barn pit, and subsequently presented to the <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum are:<br />
(a) Cleoniceras (Cleoniceras) aff. seunesi Bonarelli (BMNH- CA 1688)<br />
Cleoniceras (Cleoniceras) Spa (BMNH CA 1686)<br />
(b) Cleoniceras (Neosaynella) sublaeve (Casey) (BMNH CA 1685)<br />
(c) Cleoniceras (Cleoniceras) dimorphum Casey (BMNH CA 1682)<br />
(d) Cleoniceras (Cleoniceras) seunesi Bonarelli (BMNH CA 1683)<br />
Cleoniceras (Cleoniceras)jloridum Casey (BMNH CA 307)<br />
Protanisoceras (Protanisoceras) acteon (d'Orbigny) (BMNH CA 1687)<br />
Protanisoceras (Protanisoceras) blancheti (Pictet & Campiche) (BMNH CA 1689)<br />
Single specimens only were obtained ofthese species as listed, the <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />
Museum Register numbers being shown in parentheses. It is ofparticular interest that<br />
hitherto the distribution of (a), (b), (c) and (d) in the OK has not included the<br />
Leighton Buzzard district, the distribution of (a) and (d) being Kent and Surrey; (b)<br />
Kent, Surrey and the Isle ofWight; and (c) Kent (Casey 1960-1980,553-574).<br />
In addition to the listed species, three small well preserved specimens of Beudanticeras<br />
arduennense Breistroffer and one Douvilleiceras orbignyi Hyatt were collected during the<br />
year from this same temporary section, the first record ofthese two species made by<br />
the writer from the Gault-Woburn Sands junction beds in Chamberlain's Barn.The<br />
importance ofthis assemblage is that in addition to updating the ammonite<br />
biostratigraphy, it provides valuable confirmation ofthe continuing variability ofthe .<br />
Gault-Woburn Sands junction beds in Chamberlain's Barn pit, such variability already<br />
being demonstrated in sections further north and west by, principally, Lamplugh &<br />
Walker (1903); Lamplugh (1922);Wright &Wright (1947); Casey (1961); Owen (1972)<br />
and Smart (1977).<br />
The Gault clays above the junction beds were also investigated regularly, particularly<br />
with regard to vertebrate remains. Such fossils are generally uncommon and no reptilia<br />
were noted. Several teleost and shark teeth were collected from the middle Hoplites<br />
18
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
spathi Subzone clays, the most important being an exceptionally well preserved upper<br />
jaw anterolateral tooth ofthe hexanchid shark <strong>No</strong>torynchus aptiensis (Pictet). This was<br />
first discovered near the top ofthe Gault .(Bed 8), and is the first hexanchid tooth<br />
found by the Recorder in the Leighton Buzzard area for over two years.<br />
The tooth possesses three distal cusps in addition to the principal cusp, and is very<br />
unusual in having all four cusps undamaged.The majority ofthe specimens in the<br />
writer's collection, and those described previously which are now in the <strong>Natural</strong><br />
<strong>History</strong> Museum (Smart 1995a) have some kind ofimperfection such as a cusp devoid<br />
ofthe apical portion, a root eroded or broken, or the principal cusp mesial serrations<br />
worn down. It is unfortunate that a small part ofthe mesial edge ofthe root is missing,<br />
but this blemish is less important than the undamaged crown ofa tooth from a species<br />
ofshark that is extremely rare _in Lower Cretaceous sediments.The specimen is<br />
illustrated in Figure 3.<br />
Other interesting shark teeth in the small assemblage from the _Chamberlain's Barn<br />
Lower Gault were two anterior teeth of Synechodus recurvus (Trautschold), both<br />
discovered on the eastern side approximately 1.Sm above the Lyelliceras lyelli Subzone.<br />
These were not, however, associated despite their rarity, and the removal of20 - 25 kg<br />
ofclay from the exact position ofthese and the <strong>No</strong>torynchus aptiensis tooth, which was<br />
later washed and sieved for others withoutsuccess, confirmed that these three were<br />
isolated teeth almost certainly shed naturally during life.<br />
Relatively little field work was carried out during i 997 at other Cretaceous locations<br />
and none at all at Jurassic sites in the north ofthe county. Attention was focused on<br />
Chamberlain's Barn, in particular the temporary section that yielded the important<br />
2mm<br />
Figure 3. Upper jaw anterolateral tooth of<strong>No</strong>torynchus aptiensis (Pictet), a Lower Cretaceous<br />
hexanchid shark.<br />
Well preserved tooth, possibly from 3rd or 4th anterolateral file, lingual view.<br />
Hoplites dentatus Zone, middle Hoplites spathi Subzone, Chamberlain's Barn pit, Leighton Buzzard<br />
(near SP931264).<br />
PJS Coli. 15591 M<br />
19
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Cleoniceras and Protanisoceras specimens.This became necessary due to the impending<br />
closure ofthe quarry, learned ofby the Recorder during the summer and scheduled<br />
for 31st October.This news came as a severe blow, an extension ofthe pit in a northeasterly<br />
direction towards Shenley Hill being discussed less than a year before. It was<br />
therefore a great disappointment, to both the writer and <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum<br />
palaeontologists, to learn·ofthis and to have the closure confirmed by locked gates in<br />
<strong>No</strong>vember.There is hope that the quarry may re-open in a few years time although it<br />
is far too early to obtain tentative dates. Records made during the past few years,<br />
therefore, are ofconsiderable scientific importance as, apart from updating data, over a<br />
hundred specimens have been donated to the <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum from this one<br />
section in the Lower Greensand.<br />
Billington Road (Pratt's) quarry (around SP930241) was, however, surveyed on<br />
several occasions to take advantage ofan extensive expansion ofthe pit, the southern<br />
side being cut back southwards for approximately 100 metres then extended eastwards,<br />
this eastward excavation being ofconsiderable size and due to continue into 1998.The<br />
gritty phosphatic nodules were well in evidence in the junction beds but, as observed<br />
in other sections ofthe pit, were not rich in fossils. Several surveys and the breaking<br />
open ofnumerous nodules resulted in only one ammonite; a small Leymeriella<br />
(Neoleymeriella) regularis (Bruguiere) d'Orbigny Spa which was later presented to the<br />
<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum.An unusual discovery from this same nodule band was a<br />
large portion ofthe nautiloid Cymatoceras Spa which was also preserved as part ofa<br />
gritty nodule.The specimen measures 116mm x 96mm in size and is part ofthe bodychamber,<br />
the cephalopod when alive being well over 30cm in diameter.<br />
Figure 4. False bedding in Upper Aptian Woburn Sands, characteristic ofshallow water deposition<br />
under the influence ofstrong currents.<br />
Eastern side ofnew southerly extension, facing due east. Billington Road (Pratt's) quarry, Leighton<br />
-Buzzard (near SP 930241). <strong>No</strong>vember <strong>1997</strong><br />
Photo: PJSmart<br />
20
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fot <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Vertebrate remains in the junction beds and overlying H; dentatusZone clays were<br />
rare, the few shark teeth found being from previously recorded species. Ofparticular<br />
interest this yea.r, however, were the Upper AptianWoburn Sands exposed along the<br />
eastern and western sides ofthe new southerly extension.The false bedding ofthese<br />
sands, the beds more or less horizontal when observed in the southern face,were<br />
remarkably well demonstrated when seen "from the side", a view ofthese current<br />
bedded sands, rarely observed in Billington Road pit. <strong>Part</strong> ofthe eastern side ofthe<br />
new excavation was photographed in <strong>No</strong>vember and is shown in Figure 4.<br />
Following the closure ofChamberlain's Barn pit, Munday's Hill quarry (around<br />
SP936279) and the adjoining Nine Acre pit were paid three visits. The expected<br />
extension at the western end had not materialised, and the occasional thin streaks and<br />
lenses ofcalcareous debris in the iron-pan at the top ofthe silty beds had remained<br />
virtually unchanged since being exposed' (Smart 1995b).These streaks and lenses are<br />
undoubtedly made up ofcurrent-winnowed Shenley Limestone fragments and ironpan<br />
debris containing fauna ofa higher Zone than the true Shenley Limestone<br />
lenticles, indicating considerable re-working oflimestone deposits on the ocean floor.<br />
<strong>No</strong> identifiable'fossils were found in these deposits, although fragments offossil wood<br />
occurredin a lens near the south-west corner ofthe pit adjoining Nine Acre.<br />
The current excavations on the eastern side ofMunday's Hill pit were also<br />
disappointing, no unrecorded species occurring and the phosphatic nodule beds not<br />
being so well developed as in the exposures further west.<br />
The final field visit ofthe year was made to the Arlesey BrickWorks quarry<br />
(TL188348) in, <strong>No</strong>vember.The Butterley Brick Company has regrettably closed down,<br />
the quarry currently being a waste tip operated'by Shanks and McEwan Ltd. The<br />
Upper Gault, Cambridge Greensand and Lower Chalk'are still exposed and accessible<br />
at the eastern end ofthe quarry, parallel to the main railway line, but the vertical<br />
sections seen on previous occasions have now been lost. The present section consists of<br />
a slope ofapproximately 30° extending from the base ofthe Upper Gault exposureto<br />
the surface which, although facilitating field investigations, has blurred the Formation<br />
divisions., Macrofossils throughout the section were uncommon, as has been noted in<br />
previous reports, and none were found in the Upper Gault Stoliczkaia dispar Zone<br />
below the Cambridge Greensand. Two well preserved phosphatised specimens ofthe<br />
Lower Cretaceous brachiopod Moutonithyris dutempleana (d'Orbigny) were however<br />
obtained from the Cambridge Greertsand, a species previously recorded from this bed<br />
although never very common.The most interesting discovery on this single visit<br />
nevertheless came from the Lower Chalk (Chalk Marl) ,Mantelliceras mantelli Zone.<br />
The basal beds ofthe Chalk Marl were somewhat blurred by the matrix and small<br />
phosphatic pebbles ofthe Cambridge Greensand spread by the excavating plant, this<br />
extending some 2 metres up the slope from the Greensand horizon.The Chalk was<br />
traversed along its length ofapproximately lOOm several times, numerous fragments of<br />
large bivalves Inoceramus spp. being frequent in the higher beds. <strong>No</strong> other fauna was<br />
recorded until the sixth traverse ofthe section, when part ofa large tooth'was observed<br />
in-situ, protruding from a calcareous mudstone fragment in one ofthe several beds of<br />
mudstone in the Chalk Marl section. Some 10mm ofthe apical'portion ofthe tooth<br />
was visible, the mudstone slab being removed in its entirety and the specimen extracted<br />
21
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
by subsequently immersing the matrix in dilute ethanoic acid. The tooth was readily<br />
determined by its size and the numerous post-mortem cracks in the enameloid as an<br />
upper jaw tooth ofthe teleost Protosphyraena ferox Leidy, the first such specimen found<br />
by the Recorder in the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Lower Chalk.<br />
Species of Protosphyraena, FamilyPachycormidae, are very rare in OK Cretaceous<br />
sediments. A partial tooth identifiable only to generic level was discovered by the<br />
writer in the Lower Gault Hoplites dentatus Zone, upper Hoplites spathi Subzone of<br />
Munday's Hill quarry, Leighton Buzzard, in 1992.This was illustrated and discussed<br />
(Smart 1992) with a more complete tooth ofPferox from the Hertfordshire Lower<br />
Chalk for comparison, both specimens exhibiting typical post-mortem cracks in the<br />
enameloid surfaces. The Arlesey specimen, a maxilla tooth crown ofPferox, is in a<br />
better state ofpreservation. It measures 35.1mm in height to the estimated apex and is<br />
shown in Figure 5, a slightly larger symmetrical tooth being figured and described as a<br />
lower front tooth ofthis species byWoodward (1908).<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
My grateful thanks are due to Dr Colin Patterson, FRS, Dr Hugh Owen, Dr Peter<br />
Forey, Miss Alison Longbottom and Miss SallyYoung ofthe Department of<br />
Smm<br />
Figure 5. Upperjaw (maxilla) tooth crown ofthe large Cretaceous teleost fish Protosphyraenaferox Leidy.<br />
Upper Cretaceous Lower Chalk (Chalk Marl), Mantelliceras mantelli Zone,Arlesey BrickWorks quarry<br />
(TL188348), 11 <strong>No</strong>vember <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
PJS CoIl. 15592 M<br />
22
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Pa1aeontolo~ the ·<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> Museum for identifying material, allowing me<br />
access to the National collection, and for providing research facilities in furtherance of<br />
my hexanchid shark investigations. My sincere thanks also to Dr RaymondCasey FRS,<br />
for information relating to the revising ofhis monograph on Lower Greensand<br />
Ammonoidea, much ofit unpublished, particularly with regard to Upper Aptian<br />
ammonites.<br />
For consent to visit their various properties my sincere appreciation is also due to<br />
Shanks and McEwan Ltd.; Arlesey BrickWorks quarry; Bardon Aggregates Ltd,.<br />
Eastern Way, Heath & Reach, Leighton Buzzard; Hepworth Minerals and Chemicals<br />
Ltd., EasternWay, Heath and Reach, leighton Buzzard; MrJ. Gann and MrJ. Hedges of<br />
Laporte Earths, Luton; Mr Frank Garnett and Mr Peter Clarke ofthe Clophill Fuller's<br />
Earth quarry, and their staffwho are always very helpful.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
CASE~R. 1960-1980 The Ammonoidea ofthe Lower Greensand. Palaeontographical<br />
<strong>Society</strong> (Monograph) 1-660<br />
____1961 The Stratigraphical Palaeontology ofthe Lower Greensand.<br />
Palaeon:tology 3 487--:621<br />
LAMPLUGH, G.W 1922 On the Junction ofGault and Lower Greensand near<br />
Leighton Buzzard (<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>) .. QuarterlyJournal of the Geological <strong>Society</strong> of<br />
London 78 1-81<br />
____& WALKER,J.R 1903 A fossiliferous band at the top ofthe Lower<br />
Greensand near Leighton Buzzard. QuarterlyJournal ofthe Geological <strong>Society</strong> of<br />
London 59234-265<br />
OWEN, H.G. 1972 The Gault and its junction with the Woburn Sands in the Leighton<br />
Buzzard Area, <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> and Buckinghamshire. Proceedings of the Geologists'<br />
Association 83 287-312<br />
SMART, EJ. 1992 Geology and Palaeontology. Report ofthe Recorder. Bedf Nat. 47<br />
9-12<br />
____1995aHexanchid shark teeth (Chondrichthyes, vertebrata) fromthe Lower<br />
Cretaceous Albian ·sediments ofLeighton Buzzard, South-central England.<br />
Proceedings of the Geologists'Association 106 241-246<br />
____1995b Geology and Palaeontology. Report ofthe Recorder. Bedf Nat. 50(1)<br />
19-28<br />
___1996 Idem 51(1) 15-23<br />
____<strong>1997</strong> The basal Gault and Gault-Woburn Sands junction beds in<br />
Chamberlain's Barn quarry, Leighton Buzzard, <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, England.<br />
Proceedings of the Geologists'Association 108 287-292<br />
WOODWARD,A.S. 1908 The Fossil Fishes ofthe English Chalk. Palaeontographical<br />
<strong>Society</strong> (Monograph) Pt.IV 144-1<strong>52</strong> PI xxxi (7)<br />
WRIGHT, C.w. &WRIGHT, E.V 1947 The Stratigraphy ofthe Albian Beds at<br />
Leighton Buzzard. Geological Magazine 84 161-168<br />
Peter Smart is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Geology and Palaeontology, a •position<br />
he has held in an honorary capacity since 1986.<br />
23
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
MAMMALS<br />
by CliffTack<br />
Review of <strong>1997</strong><br />
Once again records were received from nearly one hundred observers and it is thanks<br />
to them that we can publish such a detailed mammal report.There were 28 species<br />
recorded during the year with another 450 tetrads marked onto the distribution maps.<br />
For the first three years ofthe survey we now have 2,560 tetrads mapped for 34<br />
species. This· is a fantastic effort by all concerned and I send my thanks to them all<br />
whether an observer with a single record or the stalwarts with many.<br />
Red-neckedWallabies have become a regular feature ofthe mammal reports in<br />
recent years and <strong>1997</strong> was no exception.With three records during the year there must<br />
be a continuous escape from captivity or an ability to live wild in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
There were two more species ofexotica reported during the year namelyWild Boar,<br />
Sus scrofa, and Mara, Dolichotis patagona. Together with a belated 1996 report of<br />
Chipmunks, Eutamias sp.,it seems there is no end to what can turn up in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
We welcome all records just in case a species mirrors the success in establishing itselfof<br />
Grey Squirrel or Muntjac Deer.<br />
Small mammal records were abundant in <strong>1997</strong> withYellow-necked Mouse being<br />
reported from three sites. The difficulty in identifying them fromWood Mice probably<br />
masks their true distribution. Another pleasing record was that Dormouse was found in<br />
another tetrad in the county. Its relative the Fat or Edible Dormouse was found in<br />
three more tetrads and early indications are that it is increasing in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> which<br />
is at the northern mbst part ofits very restricted ra~ge, perhaps aided by a series of<br />
mild winters.<br />
The carnivores in the county were all well recorded although the roads still take a<br />
heavy toll. Once again Badger road kills reached the 50 mark.<br />
Also, 11 ofthe 12 Ferret and Polecat records came from road kills. It is good to have<br />
the reports coming in but frustrating not to get more detail. Only two ofthe twelve<br />
were identified to a species so we really do need to collect the bodies or at least<br />
photograph them for identification purposes.With such a large number ofrecords it is<br />
probable that Polecat, Feral Ferret or perhaps both are breeding in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.We<br />
just need to prove it!<br />
Otter records are also increasing but as yet we have no evidence ofcubs being born<br />
in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> to sustain the population. Dave Odell was lucky enough to see one in<br />
its riparian habitat whereas Linda Parsons saw hers crossing the new Bedford bypass.<br />
Unfortunately, her husband Dave, a county mammal enthusiast, was not with her at the<br />
time.<br />
Deer records were the only disappointment ofthe year with only three species<br />
recorded during <strong>1997</strong> against the six species we had in 1996. Having said that the three<br />
species we did record, Chinese Water, Fallow and Muntjac, all showed an increase in<br />
the number ofrecords and, like the majority ofmammals included in the report, seem<br />
to be doing well in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
24
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fot <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
SYSTEMATIC LIST FOR <strong>1997</strong><br />
Red-necked Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus<br />
There were three records during the year. A road casualty was reported from SP93Z in<br />
the summer.The other records were.ofanimals seen at Millbrook (TL03E) in spring<br />
(TM) and finally one at Kingshoe Wood (SP93X) in late december (BP).<br />
Mole Talpa europaea<br />
An· extra 25 new tetrad records were added during the year making a total of279 for<br />
the first three years ofthe distribution survey.<br />
Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus<br />
The first record ofthe year was ofone·atTurvey (HW) on 16thJanuary.There were no<br />
records received from February which was the only month without a sighting. Animals<br />
were still active in Decelnber with reports fromWoburn on 18th (BN) and Studham<br />
on 20th (eT).There were 28 new tetrad records during the year bringing the total of<br />
tetrads to 246.<br />
Pygmy Shrew Sorex minutus<br />
Records were received from five tetrads during the year. One in February was found in<br />
a dormouse nestbox 1.5 metres above the ground at Souldrop (SP96W) (RW). In<br />
September one was caught on a BNHS small mammal trapping meeting at Maulden<br />
(TL03U) from 27 Longworth traps set (DA).<br />
Common Shrew Sorex araneus<br />
Recorded from 16 new tetrads during the year making a total of60 tetrads for the first<br />
three years ofthe·survey:<br />
Water Shrew NeomysJodiens<br />
There were no definite records although a dark shrew seenat.Wavendon during shrub<br />
clearing was probably this species (PI).<br />
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus<br />
There were 26. new tetrad records during.the year making Rabbit the most widely<br />
distributed mammal in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> with records from 291 tetrads. There was only one<br />
report ofmelanistic Rabbit and that was from Whipsnade.<br />
Brown Hare Lepus capensis<br />
The largest counts were of12 at Telegraph Hill in February (LJ) and of 17 in two. fields<br />
at Potsgrove in April (AP) There were 20 new tetrad records during the year making a<br />
total of169.<br />
Dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius<br />
There was a record from a new tetrad in March when the diagnostically gnawed<br />
hazelnuts werefound along the IcknieldWay (TL12J) (DA and KA). In this area there<br />
seems to be a high population just over the border in Hertfordshire (SHa). In the<br />
Studham area the only animals found in nestboxes were ofa low bodyweight and .<br />
probably did not breed due to another cool spring.<br />
Fat Dormouse Glis glis<br />
InJune some animals were reported from the loft ofa house inStudham.This was at a<br />
site where they have not been reported from in recent times. Also in Studham there<br />
was evidence in late September that Glis were using several dormouse nestboxes.They<br />
had gained entry by gnawing and enlarging the entrance holes. Two young animals,<br />
born in the summer, were found using the boxes. One was found alongside the edge of<br />
a wood and the other in an overgrown hedgerow.<br />
BankVole Clethrionomys glareolus<br />
Numbers were well down after the peak of 1996.This was illustrated by the cat catch<br />
chart fromWoburn (BN) where 38 were caught during the year, well down on the 91<br />
25
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
caught during 1996.As would be expected there was a summer peak ofnine caught in<br />
July and 11 in August. Elsewhere two were caught from 27 small mammal traps set at<br />
MauldenWoods in September (DA). There were 19 'new tetrad records during the year<br />
bringing the total to 48. .<br />
Short-tailedVole Microtus agrestis<br />
Fourteen more tetrad records were added during the year to make a total of<strong>52</strong>.<br />
Water Vole Arvicola. terrestris<br />
Reported from the River Lea in Luton during the spring but then low water levels<br />
and engineering works along the banks gave cause for concern at this former<br />
stronghold (BC, LJ). Early results from a survey byThe Wildlife Trust records evidence<br />
ofpresence on the rivers Gt. Ouse, Hiz and Flit. Animals were also reported from the<br />
RiverTil, nearYeldon (TS). There was also a sighting at TiddenfootWaterside Park<br />
(SP92B), ona BNHS walk in March (RA).<br />
Harvest Mouse Micromys minutus<br />
There were three records reported during the year. A disused nest found in TL14A<br />
(DP), a breeding nest with young near Biddenham (PN). and finally a dead animal<br />
found on a path at Stewartby in December (PS, RN).<br />
House Mouse Mus musculus<br />
Nine new tetrad records were received bringing the total to twenty-nine.<br />
Yellow-necked Mouse Apodemusjlavicollis<br />
Four records were received.The first was ofan animal trapped and released at Old<br />
Warden tunnel Nature Reserve in February (RL). Two males were caught by cats at<br />
Ickwell Green in April and May (ND) and finally a dead animal was also found in May<br />
at MauldenWood aC,AA).<br />
Wood Mouse Apodemus sylvaticus<br />
Four were caught from 27 small mammal traps ai MauldenWood in September (DA).<br />
As well as a common mammal ofwoods and hedgerows they also occur commonly in<br />
houses. Animals were reported from Studham (CB, PB),Whipsnade (LR), Gt. Barford<br />
(WC), Carlton (TS), Stondon (KW) andWoburn (EN).Twenty-one new tetrad<br />
records brings the total to 67.<br />
Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus<br />
A further 25 tetrad records were received during the year making a total of101.<br />
Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis<br />
Twenty-one new tetrad records were received during the year bringing the total to<br />
209. Black colour phase animals were reported from two new tetrads TL02B and<br />
TL14EThey were also seen at Kensworth andWoburn.There are now records ofblack<br />
squirrels from 24 tetrads.<br />
Fox Vulpes vulpes<br />
There were 32 new tetrad records added during the year which brings the total to 206.<br />
Badger Meles meles<br />
Recorded from 26 new tetrads making a total of141.There were two interesting<br />
sightings reported. In September a group of 11 was seen feeding on gleanings in a<br />
stubble field andin October one was seen killing and eating a hedgehog at Linslade<br />
(ME). There were 50 road deaths reported.<br />
Monthly totals are as follows:<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct <strong>No</strong>v Dec<br />
2 10 14 3 5 3 0 6 1 5 0 1<br />
Although an average number ofroad deaths was reporte"d it was notable that over fifty<br />
per cent ofthe total was reported from the first three months ofthe year.<br />
26
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Otter Lutra lutra ""<br />
Some excellent work on the Otter survey led to evidence ofotters being added for<br />
another 16 tetrads a G). This now makes a total of28.tetrads for the first three years of<br />
the surve~<br />
Reported sightings during the year included two animals seen in May: on the River<br />
Gt. Ouse (DO) and on the River Ivel (SH). In <strong>No</strong>vember one was seen in a much<br />
more dangerous situation when it crossed the new Bedford bypass at night (LP).<br />
Ferret or Polecat Mustela sp.<br />
There were 10 records ofeither Polecats or Polecat-type Ferrets.They must remain<br />
unassigned as no bodies were collected or detailed descriptions or photographs taken.<br />
Only one animal was seen alive which approached some badger watchers near Haynes<br />
in May aA, DE CW). All the other records were ofroad casualties with a peak of<br />
records in summer and autumn.There were singles at Luton and Haynes with the<br />
other seven around the Barton/Hexton area.<br />
Polecat Mustela putorius<br />
There were two records, both ofroad casualties: a female found on Bison Hill<br />
Whipsnade in September (AR) and an unsexed animal just south ofDunstable in<br />
October (CT).<br />
Mink Mustela vison<br />
Twenty-three new tetrad records were received, making a three year total of62 tetrads.<br />
On NewYear's Day one was seen eating a fish on the ice at Stewartby Lake (AC).<br />
Other animals were recorded from wide-spread sites across the county including<br />
Bromham Lake (BT), Bushmead, Dunstable Sewage TreatmentWorks,Kensworth,<br />
Rookery Pit andWhipsnade Wild Animal Park. Evidence ofMink occurence was also<br />
found along the main river systems during the Otter Survey OG).<br />
Weasel Mustela nivalts<br />
There were 28 new tetrad records making a total of87. Several ofthe records were of<br />
animals seen scurrying across roads and footpaths.<br />
Stoat Mustela erminea<br />
With another 27 new tetrad records added during the year the three year total now<br />
stands at 99. A family offour at Carlton (SP95M) inJune was causing more than a<br />
little consternation to a pair ofpheasants (TS). A rare sighting inthe county was that of<br />
a white stoat or ermine that was seen killing a rabbit at Barton Springs (TL02Z) in<br />
February ON).<br />
Chinese Water Deer Hydropotes inermis<br />
Only two new tetrad records were added during the year bringing the totaI up to 38.<br />
Twelve records were received ofsingle animals or two together.<br />
The largest counts were offive in two fields, at Potsgrove (SP93K) in April (AP), and<br />
seven feeding on maize at Eversholt in September aA,CW).<br />
Fallow Deer Dama dama<br />
Four new tetrad records were added during the year making a total of32. Seven were<br />
seen together atWaterloo Thorns (TL15 W) inJune (AP) with 11 at Eversholt in<br />
October (SP93X) aA, CW).Alsoreported from Hudnall Corner, Pegsdon, Studham<br />
andWoburn (outside deer park).<br />
Muntj~c Deer Muntiacus reevesi<br />
With another 28 new tetrad records added during the year the total now stands at 199.<br />
Two seen between Biddenham and Kempston Mill were notable as the observer had<br />
not seen any in this area for about 20 years (DO). A pair seen in Chicksands Wood had<br />
very dark coats with the male being described as being almost black OA).<br />
27
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
An unusual sight at Luton in August was that ofone jumping into the River Lea to<br />
escape when disturbed from cover alongside the riverbank (LJ).<br />
AC~OWLEbGEMENTS<br />
My sincerest thanks go to the following:<br />
].Adams (JA), R.Alberry (RA), Dr A.Aldhous (AA), ~Almond, D.Anderson (DA),<br />
K.Anderson (KA),V.Arnold,]. Baines, C. Baker (CB), ~ Baker (PB) , D. Bannister,<br />
M. Bannister (MB), Beds Badger Group, Beds Dormouse Group, M. Best, Beds, Cambs<br />
and <strong>No</strong>rthants Wildlife Trust, B. Bugess,A.Catchpole,]. Childs (JC), B. Clutton (BC),<br />
J. Comont, K. Coote, R. Corley;W Corley (WC), R. Cornes,A.Cutts (AC),]. Dawson,<br />
N. Dawson (ND), C. Day, R. Dazley,A. Fleckney, I. Furrokh,J~Green (JG), T.Gill,<br />
J. Gillet, P Glenister, S. Halton (SHa) , S. Heath (SH) , M. Holden,A. Hurst, R. Hutton,<br />
~ Irving (PI), L.Jarrett (LJ), G. Kennerley, R. Lawrence (RL), N. Lindsay, S. Lloyd,<br />
B. Madgett, P Madgett, D. Manning, B. Mason,T. Matcham (TM), M. Mercer,<br />
M. McCarrick, ~ Mourse,T. Moxey; R. Murphy,]. Newell (IN), E. Newman,<br />
D. Nicholls, B. Nightingale (BN) , P Nye (PN), R. Nye(RN), D. Odell (DO), K.Owen,<br />
M. Paine, M. Palmer, D. Parsons (DP), L. Parsons (LP), T. Peterkin, B. Philpot (BP),<br />
A. Proud (AP) , L. Raft (LR),A. Reeve (AR), R. Revels, D. Salt, R. Scanlon, K. Sharpe,<br />
J. Smith, ~ Smith (PS), T. Smith (TS), D. Stone,]. Stoughton,J. Street, L. Sullivan,<br />
A. Tack, C. Tack (eT), M.Tack, B. Thwaites (BT), ~ Trodd,Turney, C.Watts,<br />
A. Williams, ~ Williams, K. Winder (KW), H.Winter (HW), R.Woodall (RW),<br />
R. Woolnough.<br />
CIi:ffTack is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Mammal recorder, a position he has held in an<br />
honorary capacity since 1991.<br />
28
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fot <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
MAMMALS - BATS<br />
by Joan Childs and Tony Aldhous<br />
Bat records from 1987 to <strong>1997</strong><br />
In <strong>1997</strong> bats were recorded in 85 tetrads (2 kmx 2km squares). This is a little lower<br />
than in previous years: 1996 - 90, 1995 - 96, 1994 - 94, 1993 - 88, 1992 - 88, 1991 <br />
101 and 1990 - 98 tetrads. <strong>1997</strong>s records are approximately evenly spread across the<br />
county.There were 188 records ofbats during the year.The number oftetrad records is<br />
lower than the actual number ofbat records, because some tetrads will have more than<br />
one bat record, and some records will not be attributable to tetrads.<br />
Bat records for <strong>1997</strong> Bat records from 1987 to <strong>1997</strong><br />
Earliest active bat records<br />
The first flying bat, an unconfirmed pipistrelle, was seen on 11 March by Peter<br />
Almond in his garden in Bromham. A grounded 'bandit' pipistrelle was found on 9<br />
February in a garden in Studham, a 'brown' pipistrelle was found on 18 February in the<br />
swimming pool ofa house in Renhold, and an unidentified bat was seen on 25<br />
February flying in a bedroom in a house in Felmersham.<br />
Latest active bat record<br />
John Adams reported four bats flying in his garden (where he has a confirmed<br />
'bandit' pipistrelle roost) in Haynes on 19 October. An underweight confirmed<br />
pipistrelle was found on 20 October in Flitwick, and a confirmed brown long-eared<br />
bat was found in a house in Tempsford on 11 <strong>No</strong>vember.<br />
29
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Daubenton's Bat Myotis daubentonii (KuW, 1819)<br />
Confirmed records: 1 summer roost<br />
3 winter roosts<br />
2 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 6 sightings<br />
Summer roost: '<br />
<strong>No</strong>ne ofthe roosts known at Stockgrove Country Park were active during <strong>1997</strong>.The<br />
only active roost recorded was in OldWarden Tunnel.This was confirmed when three<br />
bats were mist-netted by Tony Aldhous (under licence from English Nature) on 26<br />
September as they emerged from the tunnel entrance. One ofthe bats was male, the<br />
other two female, one ofwhich had a chin spot indicating that it was probably born in<br />
<strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Winter roosts:<br />
Hibernating Daubenton's bats were found inJanuary, February and December. Old<br />
Warden Tunnel, Silsoe ice-house andWoburn rockery tunnel were the sites used by<br />
this species. Five bats were found in OldWardenTunnel during December, but the<br />
other records were for only one bat.<br />
Other records:<br />
Daubenton's bats were mist-netted by Tony Aldhous (under licence from English<br />
Nature) at Chicksands Base. A female was caught on 29 April, and three females were<br />
caught on 30 May. On 6 August a juvenile Daubenton's bat was found grounded in the<br />
centre ofBedford. After a few days in captivity the bat was released along the river in<br />
Bedford. Unconfirmed Daubenton's bats were reported flying over water at Strawberry<br />
Hill Farm in Knotting Green, Ickwell Bury, Sharnbrook Manor, Stockgrove Country<br />
Park, Rushmere House near Stockgrove, and Ampthill Park.<br />
N atterer's Bat Myotis nattereri (KuW, 1818)<br />
Confirmed records: 8 winter roosts<br />
2 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 2 sightings<br />
Winter roosts:<br />
Hibernating Natterer's bats were identified in Silsoe ice-house,Woburn ice-house,<br />
Woburn rockery tunnel, Linslade wine-cellar, Barton lime-kiln tunnel, Southill icehouse,<br />
Moggerhanger ice-house and OldWarden Tunnel.They were seen hibernating<br />
inJanuary, February and December.The maximum number seen together was 11 in<br />
OldWarden Tunnel. Silsoe, Southill andWoburn ice-houses all held good numbers.<br />
Although this species is uncommonly found in the summer, it is the commonest<br />
species recorded in the winter.<br />
Other records:<br />
A pregnant female Natterer's bat was caught by a cat in Ampthill on 6 July. The baby<br />
was still-born and the adult died later.·On 20 July a juvenile was found dead atnThe<br />
OldVicarage in Southill. Unconfirmed bats were located flying over the lake at Ickwell<br />
Bury, and flying in a Dutch barn at Strawberry H;ill Farm in Knotting Green.<br />
30
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
N octule Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774)<br />
Confirmed records: 2 summer roosts<br />
Unconfirmed records: 3 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
Two summer roosts were located in Stockgrove Country Park. One was a traditional<br />
roost located in an oak tree. The bats. were first recorded there on 9 June and were last<br />
recorded there on 23 June. Numbers peaked at 20. <strong>No</strong>ctules also roosted in a bat box<br />
on a Scot's· pine, which is the first time that noctules have been recorded in a bat box<br />
in the county. One bat was seen on 28 April, and numbers built up to three on 12 and<br />
26 May. On 26 May a bat was caught (under licence from English Nature) as it<br />
emerged, and it was found to be a male. Flying bats were seen feeding over the lake at<br />
Stockgrove between 21 April and 22 September. Despite·the large numbers ofbats<br />
roosting in the park, a maximum ofonly three was seen feeding over the lake at any<br />
one time (2 June).<br />
Other records:<br />
Flying bats were also seen at Ickwell Bury, Ickwell Green, and Rushmere House near<br />
Stockgrove. .<br />
Pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774)<br />
Wherever possible, pipistrelles were identified to species, either 45 kHz 'bandit'<br />
pipistrelles or 55 kHz 'brown' pipistrelles (see following page).<br />
45 kHz 'Bandit' Pipistrelle<br />
Confirmed records: 3 summer roosts<br />
1 winter roosts<br />
29 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 1 summer roosts<br />
7 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
The three confirmed summer roosts were one above the back door ofa house in<br />
Ickwell Green, the roost in Haynes which.peakedat 113 bats on 6 July and a roost in a<br />
house in Keysoe.<br />
The unconfirmed roost was in a house inWootton from which nine babies were<br />
found.<br />
Winter roost:<br />
Two bats were found on 25 March when a soffit board was removed from a house in<br />
Shefford.These bats may have been hibernating.<br />
Other records: A female was caught byTony Aldhous in a mist net at Chicksands<br />
Base on 30 May. The other 28 confirmed sightings were all ofgrounded, injured or<br />
dead bats, or bats that had entered buildings. On 15 July five dead bats were found in a<br />
garden in Ampthill. It· is unknown why the bats. died, but a neighbour was having<br />
major building work undertaken.<br />
The unconfirmed sightings were ofbats in flight from various locations in the<br />
county.<br />
31
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
55 kHz 'Brown' Pipistrelle<br />
Confirmed records: 3 summer roosts<br />
5 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 5 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
Three bat boxes were used at Stockgrove Country Park. Most boxes had one or two<br />
bats, but a maximum ofat least six bats were noted.<br />
Other records:<br />
The confirmed sightings were all ofgrounded or injured bats: a lactating female from<br />
Putnoe, Bedford, a juvenile male from Henlow; an injured female from Harrold, a catcaught<br />
bat from Flitwick and a female in a swimming pool in Renhold.<br />
The unconfinned sightings were all bats identified in flight from: Potton, Ickwell Bury,<br />
OldWarden, Rushmere House at Stockgrove, and King's Wood, Heath and Reach.<br />
Flying bats were also monitored at Stockgrove Country Park. 'Brown' pipistrelles<br />
tended to be out earlier than 'bandit' pipistrelles.<br />
Pipistrelles not identified to species<br />
Confirmed records: 6 summer roosts<br />
10 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 13 summer roosts<br />
21 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
The confirmed roosts were:<br />
A maternity roost of200+ bats in Great Barford which had a dead adult in the<br />
-water tank and, in the loft, three dead.babies and a fourth baby that later died.<br />
A maternity roost under the north-:facing eaves ofa house in Tempsford. There<br />
were droppings in the loft against both the north and south ends, and a baby bat<br />
was found in the house.<br />
A maternity roost in a house in Aspley Heath which had live and dead babies<br />
out ofthe roost.<br />
A roost under the gable end ofa house in Bedford where a baby bat had to be<br />
returned to the roost.<br />
A roost in the loft ofa house in Aspley Guise where a mother and baby were<br />
found in the kitchen, probably brought in by the cat. The baby died but the adult<br />
was· released.<br />
A roost in a house in Renhold where 40 dead bats were found in the roof._<br />
The unconfirmed roosts were in:<br />
Meppershall Church, the porch.ofMarston Moretaine church, under fascia boards on<br />
a house in Kempston, a maternity roost in a house in Aspley Guise, under fascia boards<br />
on a house in Shefford, a dead baby at a roost in a house in Bedford, and roostsc in three<br />
almost adjacent houses in one street in Potton where 11 bats were counted out ofone<br />
roost by the side ofa porch and another was under north-facing eaves.<br />
Other records:<br />
The confirmed sightings were grounded or injured bats, or baby bats where the<br />
roosts could not be located. One baby was found in the conservatory ofa house in<br />
Clapham and although there were a few droppings in the conservatory, a roost could<br />
32
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
not be found. Another baby was found by a householder on her drive in Pavenham<br />
and although·she had had a bat roost in the past, it was· not active this year.<br />
The unco~rmedsightings were grounded, injured or dead bats, bats in buildings,<br />
bats flying round gardens, and bats seen in Chicksands Wood, MauldenWood (at<br />
dawn), and flying around OldWarden Tunnel Nature Reserve.<br />
Unidentified bats<br />
Records:<br />
9 summer roosts<br />
1 winter roost<br />
18 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
Five ofthese were in houses, two in churches and two in farm buildings. Twenty-four<br />
bats were counted from one roost in a house next to RowneyWarren which had piles<br />
ofbat droppings in the loft. Eight bats were counted out ofa house in Ampthill.<br />
Winter roost:<br />
The report was ofa bat attempting to hibernate in a crevice behind a box on a house<br />
in Heath and Reach.<br />
Other records:<br />
There were eight records ofbats in houses, two ofbats in offices, and two ofbats<br />
setting offburglar alarms in offices. Three householders reported seeing bats in their<br />
gardens with possible roosts, and one bat was seen during work on a hotel in Bedford<br />
where it is possible that there was a roost. There were an additional two sightings of<br />
flying bats. Ma~y ofthese bats are likely to have been pipistrelles.<br />
Brown Long-eared Bat Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Confirmed records: 10 summer roosts<br />
9 winter roosts<br />
6 sightings<br />
Unconfirmed records: 8 summer roosts<br />
1 feeding roost<br />
3 sightings<br />
Summer roosts:<br />
The confirmed summer roosts were nine at Stockgrove and one in the loft ofa<br />
farmhouse in Studham.The unconfirmed roosts were in farmhouses, farm buildings<br />
and large houses in Heath and Reach, Renhold, Meppershall,Turvey and Sutton, and<br />
in Chicksands Priory andWillington Stables.The feeding roost was in a barn in<br />
Riseley.<br />
Winter roosts:<br />
The winter roosts were in Moggerhanger ice-house, Southill ice-house, Silsoe icehouse,<br />
OldWarden Tunnel,Whipsnade bear pit,Woburn rockery tunnel, Barton limekiln<br />
tunnel and Barton tunnel 3. In addition to the regularly surveyed sites, a hibernating<br />
bat fell out ofa barn in Everton during building work. Hibernating bats were<br />
found inJanuary, February and December. Records were usually ofa single bat, but<br />
two were found in Silsoe and Southill ice-houses andWoburn rockery tunnel, and a<br />
maximum offour bats were found in OldWarden Tunnel.<br />
33
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Other records:<br />
The six confirmed sightings were a grounded lactating female in Blunham with<br />
injuries consist~,nt with being hit by a car~ a grounded ba"t in Pavenham also with<br />
injuries consistent with being hit by a car, a grounded bat in Cranfield, a bat in a house<br />
inTempsford and another inWoburn, and two ba~s mist netted by Tony Aldhous<br />
(under licence from English Nature) in Swiss Gardens.The unconfirmed sightings<br />
were ofbats flying at OldWarden Tunnel and Strawberry Hill Farm in Knotting<br />
Green, and a bat in a wood-burner inWrestlingworth.<br />
Barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774)<br />
Confirmed records: 1 winter roost<br />
Winter roost:<br />
A hibernating barbastelle was found in OldWarden Tunnel.in February and<br />
December.The choice ofcrevice in this site leads us to believe that this is the same bat<br />
that has hibernated in the tunnel since December 1995 and is the sixth barbastelle<br />
record for the county this century.<br />
Joan Childs and Tony Aldhous are the <strong>Society</strong>'s joint Bat Recorders. They have<br />
held these positions in an honorary capacity since 1991.They run the<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Bat Group which produces an annual report and a quarterly<br />
newsletter Bats in Beds.<br />
34
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Daubenton's Bat<br />
N atterer's Bat<br />
<strong>No</strong>ctule<br />
Pipistrelle<br />
'Bandit' Pipistrelle<br />
'Brown' Pipistrelle<br />
Key for species<br />
distribution maps<br />
•<br />
Confirmed roost<br />
Confirmed bat and<br />
unconfirmed roost<br />
®<br />
Confirmed bat<br />
Unconfirmed roost<br />
Unconfirmed bat<br />
Brown Long-eared Bat<br />
Barbastelle<br />
35
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
FISH<br />
by Harvey Winter<br />
Introduction<br />
This report for the year <strong>1997</strong> differs from previous reports, consisting as it does. principally<br />
ofdistribution maps for all species· and hybrids recorded from five or more county tetrads.<br />
Although a fish recorder (EG.R. Soper) was numbered amongst the first recorders. appointed<br />
by the <strong>Society</strong> following its formation, complete tetrad maps have not been previously<br />
published.This report provides an opportunity to reproduce these maps to illustrate the<br />
extent recording has progressed during the succeeding 50 years.<br />
Briefmention ofall other species and natural hybrids recorded from less than five tetrads,<br />
including purely historical records, is made following the maps.<br />
It should be remembered that tetrad maps show the distribution of any species and offer a<br />
visual comparison to similar species only. Other details - the number ofsites within each<br />
tetrad, the dates and frequency ofrecords, etc - are not indicated. For details ofindividual<br />
sites. reference must be made to the separately maintained site records.<br />
Family CYPRINIDAE<br />
71--1------+-,,...........,...--+----+---1<br />
71--+----1-.,..-.0...--+----+---;<br />
36
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
71--+-----+--.....--+----+----l<br />
71--+-----+--.....--+----+----l<br />
61--+--\----...b...---+-=----+.o....t----l<br />
21--+-"'~~---+--.r---+.:-_;_;;_.......-=;-l<br />
9 SPOTL I<br />
Chub, Leuciscus cephalus<br />
71--+-----t--~-+----+---~<br />
41--++--~~--+-----.;;:;:/--,f----l<br />
71--+-----t--~-+----+---~<br />
41--++-----+----6.,..........,,~~f----l<br />
41--++----t---+-----I---1
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Family PERCIDAE<br />
71--+-,-----1-.,.-.:>"':""""--+-----+---1<br />
Family ANGUILLIDAE<br />
7b--J-----I-,..-.-o....---+-----+---1<br />
Family ESOCIDAE<br />
Family SILURIDAE<br />
71--1------+-t-.-----f----+-----I<br />
41--~-----P'!......---+--~1I!=l-_I_--1<br />
41--1-+---+--=---f----=l-+----I<br />
71--+-- -+-..,.......".......---+----.4-----l<br />
Family SALMONIDAE<br />
(right)<br />
Family COTTIDAE<br />
(far right)<br />
4t--+-f-----f'=
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Family GASTEROSTEIDAE<br />
71--i1------+->-~---t----1----1<br />
71---11------+-.0----....--+--+------1<br />
4f---11-+---1--___t_---lOq....+---1<br />
21--1----"::c-l--=-l---t---h:-<br />
E ~~.<br />
o<br />
C<br />
B<br />
A<br />
9 SPOTL I 2<br />
Ten-spined Stickleback,<br />
Pungitis pungitis<br />
Family COBITIDAE<br />
r--1r---...,.--'------r--~----,<br />
71--i1------+->-~___t_---1----i<br />
71--1----i--t'.........,--f---1----l<br />
6t----11--T---t--___t_-=--+---1----i<br />
61--i1--T--.,:od--___t_-=-+---1----i<br />
9 SPOTL I 2<br />
Spined Loach, Cobitis taenia<br />
Species and hybrids with fewer than five tetrads recorded<br />
Family Salmonidae<br />
Salmon Salmo salar<br />
Three records mentioned in the Victoria County <strong>History</strong>, all from the Great Ouse.The<br />
most recent is for 1880 from Kempston Mill.<br />
Brown Trout Salmo trutta<br />
Four county records, widely distributed.The most recent for 1996 from the River Ive!.<br />
Family Thymallidae<br />
Grayling Thymallus thymallus<br />
This species was last recorded from the River Ivel during the 1950s following introduction.<br />
39
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Fantily Cyprinidae<br />
Contnton Goldfish Carassius auratus<br />
Two counJy records. A record from the River Lea in Luton is obviously ofa released<br />
aquarium specimen. One current record from a still water site in the south ofthe<br />
county.<br />
Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella<br />
A lakeinWoburn Park, 1976, provides the onlyrecord ofthis species from the county.<br />
Fantily Cobitidae<br />
Weather Loach Misgurnis fossilis<br />
A record of1994 for Priory Country Park, Bedford presumably represents a released<br />
aquarium fish.<br />
Fantily Petrontyzonidae<br />
Lantpern Lampetra fluviatilis<br />
The most recent records are from the Great Ouse at Tempsford Mill and Goldlngton<br />
Mill, 1914.These are recorded by hand-written·notes made by].S.Elliott in his<br />
interleaved copy ofthe Victoria County <strong>History</strong> in the Bedford Museum collection. The<br />
<strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> of the Hitchin Region (1934) also mentions this species as once prolific in<br />
the River lvel at Tempsford and reaching as far upstream as Arlesey.<br />
Fantily Gadidae<br />
Burbot Lota Iota<br />
The Burbot is c9nsidered to be scarce, possibly now extinct, in this country: An<br />
unconfirmed press report (Anglers Mall, 2nd Oct, 1969) ofa specimen taken from the<br />
Great Ouse at Tempsford Sluice appears to be the only record ofthe species from this<br />
county.<br />
Hybrids<br />
Roach X Bleak<br />
A single specimen from the Great Ouse at Bedford in 1950 is the only record from the<br />
county. This fish was fully described by F.G.R. Soper in his report in Bedf. Nat. 5 (1950).<br />
Roach X Rudd<br />
Two records supplied by the National Rivers Authority; the River Hiz in 1991 and the<br />
River lvel in 1995.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ELLIOTT,].S. 1904 Unpublished notes in copy of Victoria County <strong>History</strong> of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
Vol. 1 (Ed. Doubleday, H.A. and Page, W) held at Bedford Museum.<br />
HINE, R.L. (Ed.) 1934 The <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> ofthe Hitchin Region.<br />
MARLBOROUGH, D. 1970 The status ofthe Burbot, Lota Iota (L) (Gadidae) in<br />
Britain] Fish. BioI. 2 217-222.<br />
SOPER, EG.R. 1950 Fishes Bedf Nat. 5 37.<br />
THOMPSON,A.R. 1904 Fishes in Victoria County <strong>History</strong> of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Vol. 1 (Ed.<br />
Doubleday, H.A. and Page,W) 98-101.<br />
40
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Thanks to the following individuals and organisation who have supplied records and<br />
information this year. Thanks also to everyone who has supplied records and assistance<br />
in years past enabling these maps to be produced.<br />
R.Allston,]. Bains, R. Bates, S. Cham, Ms J. Childs, M. Clark, C. Dean, Mrs H. Muir<br />
Howie, D. Nash, Dr B. Nau, M. Paine, N. Perkins,T. Peterkin, R. Revels, B. Ritchie,<br />
H.A.Smith, R. Spendlove and the Environment Agency.<br />
Harvey Winter is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Fish Recorder, a position he has. held in an<br />
honorary capacity since 1990. He is a Fellow of the Royal·Entomological <strong>Society</strong><br />
and Zoological <strong>Society</strong> of London.<br />
41
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
FRESHWATER CRAYFISH<br />
by Harvey Winter<br />
There were four reports ofcrayfish found in the county during <strong>1997</strong>, two ofwhich<br />
were ofthe native White-clawed Crayfish.<br />
White-clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes<br />
Several specimens were accidentally caught while rubbish was cleared from a stream<br />
running to the east ofBarton-le-Clay.This is a site long associated with crayfish but<br />
this is the first sighting recorded from there in recent years (DL, TP).<br />
The native species was also found to be present at the previously known site at a small<br />
stream near Shillington (RS).<br />
Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus<br />
An introduced <strong>No</strong>rth American species the Signal Crayfish is now widely established<br />
in this country and there were two new records from the county this· year.<br />
Recorded from Elstow Brook to the east ofBedford (RS).<br />
Recorded by the Environment Agency from the River Ouzel at a location south-west<br />
ofEaton Bray and just within the county boundary.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
Thanks to the following individuals and organisations for their records and assistance<br />
this year:<br />
T. Clough, D. Lomax, D. Nash,T. Peterkin, R. Revels, R. Spendlove and the<br />
Environment Agency.<br />
Harvey Winter is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Crayfish, a position he has held in<br />
an honorary capacity since 1992. He is also the <strong>Society</strong>'s Fish Recorder.<br />
42
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 1996 and <strong>1997</strong><br />
by Helen Muir-Howie<br />
A national research project on frog mortality was begun in 1996 to find the cause of<br />
"Red Leg" as this has been a mystery since the problem first appeared. Findings are<br />
beginning to suggest that high ammonia levels in the water may be to blame. I have<br />
not had.any reports ofsuspected red leg disease within <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> although each<br />
year I get records ofadult frogs dying in garden ponds during the winter. It may be<br />
that garden ponds cannot offer the right conditions for successful overwintering.<br />
Joan Childs reported frogspawn appearing for the first time in her garden pond in<br />
Potton; unfortunately it disappeared before hatching. I have also had records of<br />
Common Frog from Luton,Woburn, Bromham, Gt. Hayes Wood and Stotfold over the<br />
two year period.<br />
CommonToad records came·from Priory Country Park, Stockgrove Country Park,<br />
Ickwell, Luton, Carlton, Stotfold, Bromham and Cople Pits Nature Reserve.<br />
Common Newts were recorded in Luton and Bromham, and Great Crested Newts<br />
in Stotfold,Willington and Cople.<br />
1996 saw the start ofan Adder survey as part ofthe Greensand Ridge Project.Jim<br />
Foster, the Common Species Adviser with Berpetofauna Conservation came to<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> to visit King's Wood, Heath and Reach, and also Rammamere Heath to<br />
give advice·on how best to proceed with the survey. It was hoped the survey would<br />
continue through <strong>1997</strong> as well.<br />
Grass Snakes are being seen more·frequently in recent years mainly in known sites<br />
such as Felmersham~ Harold & Odell Country Park and Bromham, but occasionally in<br />
new sites such as a garden in Shortstown, Odell GreatWood and Great Hayes Wood.<br />
Common Lizards were seen in a garden in Cople and at Sharnbrook Summit.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I would like to thank the following people for supplying records:Vic Arnold,Joan<br />
Childs,Tony Smith, Peter Almond, Patty Phillips, Ann Hurst, Paul Madgett and Bridget<br />
Parsonage.<br />
Relen Muir-Howie is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Reptiles and Amphibians, a<br />
position she has held in an honorary capacity since 1977. She is also East<br />
Midlands representative for Herpetofauna Groups of Great Britain.<br />
43
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
SOCIAL WASPS<br />
by Richard Revels<br />
From my own observations and from other records received for <strong>1997</strong>, it seems to<br />
have been a generally poor year for social wasps. The cool, damp and dull weather<br />
duringJune was probably the main cause, affecting the aerial nesting species- more than<br />
the cavity nesting wasps.<br />
Hornet, ~spa crabro, records and sightings were down on the past few seasons, but it<br />
- is still widespread in the county. Records ofnests came from West Wood in the north<br />
and PottonWood in the east. Other sightings came from the OldWarden and Southill<br />
area, Turvey in the west, andWoburn and Linslade further south. Overall, the Hornet<br />
seems to be holding its own in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
The Tree Wasp, Dolichovespula sylvestris, was seen at Sharpenhoe on the BNHS<br />
meeting on 3rd August. Nancy Dawson had a nest in a ventilator grill ofher bathroom<br />
at Ickwell and TomThomas had to deal with about a dozen nests ofthis species in<br />
Luton, which is up on the last few years.<br />
TomThomas had considerably fewer nests ofthe Median wasp, D. media, to deal with<br />
this year, and this species seems to have been.generally much less plentiful during <strong>1997</strong><br />
than in the previous years. Dave Hillyard (Ace Pest Control) also reported fewer aerial<br />
nests that needed treating during <strong>1997</strong>; these were presumably mostly MedianWasps.<br />
TomThomas treated four SaxonWasp nests, D. saxonica, in the Luton area during <strong>1997</strong><br />
but I have no other records ofthe wasp this year.<br />
Both the CommonWasp, Vespula vulgaris, and the GermanWasp, T(germanica, still<br />
seem to be as common as ever within the county.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I should like to thank the following for sending me records:<br />
~Almond, C. Baker,V.Arnold, B. Chambers, M. Chandler, N. Dawson,]. Green,<br />
S. Hawkins, D. Hillyard, ~ Madgett, D. Manning, B. Nightingale, A. Smith,T. Thomas,<br />
A.Vaughan-Jones,H.Winter and I.Woiwod.<br />
Richard Revels is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Social Wasps, a position he has held<br />
in an honorary capacity since 1994.<br />
44
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
DRAGONFLIES<br />
by Steve Cham<br />
The year <strong>1997</strong> saw the wettest June across England andWalessince 1860 and one of<br />
the dullest. This is a critical month for the county's rarer species such as Braehytron<br />
pratense which had a shortened flight season because ofthe poor weather. Despite the<br />
wet conditions, water levels at many sites fell to all time lows during the summer.<br />
Cityfield Pit at Henlow; a previously good dragonfly site, was dry throughout the year,<br />
as was the marllake at Houghton Regis quarry. Neither ofthese sites supported any<br />
dragonflies during the year. At other sites, normally submerged ridges became visible<br />
above the water surface. The stagnant conditions experienced at many sites saw<br />
extensive algal blooms and duckweed (Lemna sp.) growth covering the water surface.<br />
This has a negative impact on dragonflies.<br />
On a more favourable note the White-legged Damselfly, Platyenemis pennipes,<br />
continues its expansion along the Rivers Ivel and Flit and was recorded at a number of<br />
sites for the first time. It now has a scattered distribution along the rivers from<br />
Tempsford as far down as the River Flit at Chicksands.<br />
The Scarce Blue-tailed Damselfly, Isehnura pumilio, had a reasonable season at Sundon<br />
Quarry where good numbers were observed during the flight season. There have been<br />
no records from Houghton Regis·Chalk Pit for several years and in view ofthe dry<br />
conditions at the site the future ofthis colony must be questionable.<br />
The Hairy Hawker, Braehytron pratense, also had a good season at Felmersham Nature<br />
Reserve. A number ofexuviae were found in early May. in areas ofSehoenopIeetus<br />
laeustris demonstrating successful development and emergence. Later in the same<br />
month territorial males were observed throughout the site, with ovipositing females on<br />
the lakes either side ofthe road.<br />
All other species were recorded in usual· numbers throughout the county.<br />
Thank you to all those who sent records for the year. I would like to put out a<br />
special request for as many records as possible over the next two seasons. I am in the<br />
process ofpreparing a publication for the BNHS, in line with the Lepidoptera book<br />
published by the <strong>Society</strong> last year, and would like to include as many records. and<br />
observations as possible. Ifanyone would like more RA70 recording cards or further<br />
details please contact me.<br />
New Tetrad Records<br />
Banded Damoiselle Calopteryx splendens SP92~TL04GS(3)<br />
White-legged Damselfly· Platyenemis pennipes TL13J*,TL15K,TL14QU*(4)<br />
Large Red Damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphulaTL04TX(2)<br />
Blue-tailed Dameselfly Isehnura elegans SP92~TL04X~TL13U(4)<br />
Azure Damselfly Coenagrion puella SP95T,TL04T,TL14~TL15L(4)<br />
Brown Hawker AeshnagrandisTL04T,TL15N(2)<br />
Southern Hawker A. eyaneaTL04TY(2)<br />
Migrant Hawker A. mixtaTL04S,TL15N(2)<br />
Broad-bodied Chaser Libellula depressa TL04G<br />
Four-spotted Chaser L. quadrimaeulata TL04X<br />
45
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong>·1) (1998)<br />
Black-tailed Skimmer Orthetrum cancellatum TL04TX(2)<br />
Common Darter Sympetrum striolatum TL15N<br />
Ruddy Dart~r S. sanquineum TL15N<br />
*New 10km record<br />
Steve Cham is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Dragonflies, a position he has held in<br />
an honorary capacity since 1987. He is also regional recorder (for the East<br />
Anglian region) for the national recording scheme for dragonflies.<br />
46
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part1},(1998)<br />
GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS<br />
by Kevin Sharpe<br />
<strong>1997</strong> was yet another record breaking year in more than one way. New squares are still<br />
being found for all the common species. Roesel's bush-crickets have continued to<br />
spread north in the county but, most importantly ofall, there is' a new addition to the<br />
county list, the Long-winged Cone-head.<br />
Oak Bush-cricket Meconema thalassinum<br />
~ecordedin 21 tetrads fromJuly to September, at SP92E/J, SP93F/H/M/N/Q,<br />
SP94S, SP9SZ, SP96V/~TL01I,TL03~TL04VIW/X/Z,TL14A/F/K and with one<br />
previous unrecorded tetrad oE<br />
SP93S - Woburn Park<br />
Dark Bush-cricket Pholidoptera griseoaptera<br />
Recorded in 48 tetrads from 18thJune to 4th <strong>No</strong>vember at SP92J, SP93N/T, SP94LI<br />
M/RIS, SP9SP/Q/U/VIZ, SP96VI~TL01C/D/E,TL02U,TL03U,TL04M/N/RI<br />
S/V/W/X/YIZ,TLOSA, TL06C,TL14A/F/K and with 15 previous unrecorded<br />
tetrads o:f:<br />
SP93E - Stockgrove Park; SP93F - King's Wood, Heath and Reach;<br />
SP93G - Lowes and CharleWood; SP93H - Wavenden Heath;<br />
SP93K - Potsgrove; SP93L - Woburn; SP93M/S - Woburn Park;<br />
SP93T - Ridgmont; SP93Y - Beckerings Park<br />
SP94G - Wharley End<br />
SP9SW - Stevington Country Park<br />
TL01D - Whipsnade Churchyard<br />
. TL04L - Great and Little Thickthorn Farm;TL04T - Shortstow1).<br />
Roesel's Bush-cricket Metrioptera roeselii (for distribution see Fig. 1)<br />
Recorded in 38 tetrads from 28thJuly to 30th October at SP92J, SP93M/NIT,<br />
TL02N/P/U,TL03F/K/L/N,TL04B/G,TLllI,TL14W and with 23 previous<br />
unrecorded tetrads o:f:<br />
SP92K - Ouzel Brook; SP92N - Ouzel Brook Bypass, SP92R - Stanbridgeford<br />
SP93F - AS; SP93N - Woburn; SP93S - Woburn Park<br />
SP94L/R - Cranfield<br />
TLO1C - Ravensdell Wood<br />
TL04L - A6/Wilstead;TL04M - Elstow Industrial Estate;TL04N - Elstow;<br />
TL04Q - Haynes;TL04R - Wilstead;TL04T - Shortstown;<br />
TL04X - Cotton End;TL04Y/Z - Cardington<br />
TL05F - Bedford;TL05G - ClaphamlAS;TLOSJ - Thurleigh Road verge<br />
TL06G - Riseley<br />
TL14Q - Stanford Mill<br />
Long-winged Cone-head Conocephalus discolor<br />
In 1996 I wrote an article "SOYears ofOrthoptera in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>" Bedf. Nat. 50(1). I<br />
finished the piece by speculating on what the next species would be:<br />
"For new species, how about Long-winged Cone-head? They could colonise.<br />
the county if they got here. At the moment they are found in Hertfordshire,<br />
near the boundary in the Pegsdon area, so could 'hop over' at any time."<br />
They are a small bush-cricket usually green with brown dorsal stripe on the head and<br />
pronotum withbrown wings. The abdomen underside is reddish-brown and<br />
47
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
71--+----h-~---I----+---f<br />
71--+----t--,-~---if------+--_f<br />
61--+---Ir--t--:::~----i--=---f---+----I<br />
61--+---J1---t-----if-=---+----+--_f<br />
51--+---r--t-----i'------+----::=-r_f<br />
41--+-+---+------1'-----+-+----1<br />
21--+--~~t-~---ir---\r_---+1:::_:etra:.;::/..;:.:o::,::;~:.:::::lt~n<br />
9<br />
SPOTL<br />
DINTY<br />
CHMSX<br />
B G L RW<br />
A F K V<br />
2 3<br />
Fig. 1 Distribution ofRoesel's Bushcricket,<br />
Metrioptera roeselii, in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
Fig. 2 Distribution ofLong-winged<br />
Cone-head, Conocephalus discolor, in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
Long-winged Cone-head, Conocephalus discolor, found by a footpath near Milebarn Farm, 6.9.<strong>1997</strong><br />
Photo: Charles Baker<br />
48
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>isffor <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
occasionally all-brown forms occur. Both sexes are fully winged, which extend<br />
normally to just beyond the abdomen and the hindwings are slightly longer than the<br />
forewings. Their length overall is about 16 to 22 mm, in both sexes. This species likes<br />
roughungrazed downland turf, urban wasteland, large. woodland rides and clearings,<br />
plus wet and dry heathland.<br />
The Long-winged Cone-head has now been recorded in the county so please keep an<br />
eye out for them and send me any records you may find. Thank you.<br />
SP93R - Eversholt<br />
- Singing male<br />
TL01C - Milebarn Farm/RavensdellWood - 1 male and 1 female<br />
TL02K - Cottage Bottom, Dunstable - Male<br />
TL02X - Cowslip Meadow, Luton<br />
- Male<br />
Speckled Bush-cricket Leptophyes punctatissima<br />
Recorded in 20 tetrads from]uly to October at SP92E, SP93T, SP95P/V/W, SP96V/W,<br />
TL04N/VIWIX/Z,TL05A, and with seven previous unrecorded tetrads which are:<br />
SP93F - King's Wood, Heath and Reach<br />
SP93G -·Charle and LowesWood,Woburn; SP93M/S - Woburn Park<br />
SP95Z - FelmershamPits<br />
TL04R - Wilstead<br />
TL14W - Biggleswade<br />
House Cricket Acheta domesticus<br />
Recorded in three tetrads in September atTL04M/N and one previous unrecorded<br />
tetrad o:f:<br />
TL03I - Cedar Close,Ampthill<br />
Slender Ground-hopper Tetrix subulata<br />
Recorded in\ten tetrads from]uly to <strong>No</strong>vember at SP93], SP95Z,TL02N,TL04Z,<br />
TL05A and with five previous unrecorded tetrads o:f:<br />
SP92E - Stockgrove Park<br />
SP93S - Woburn Park<br />
TL04M - Elstow Industrial Estate;TL04T - Harrowden<br />
TL24E - Sandy Heath<br />
Common Ground-hopper Tetrix undulata<br />
Recorded in eight tetrads from]uly to October at SP92E, SP92],TL04R and with five<br />
previous unrecorded tetrads o:f:<br />
SP93G - Charle Wood; SP93H -Wavenden Heath<br />
SP95X - Stevington Marsh<br />
TL04X - ExeterWood<br />
TL24E - Sandy Heath<br />
Common Green Grasshopper Omocestus viridulus<br />
Recorded in 14 tetrads from]uly to September at SP91Z, SP92EI], SP93F/H, SP95Q,<br />
TL01D,TL05A/F and with five previous unrecorded tetrads o:f:<br />
SP93S - Woburn Park<br />
SP95P -OdellWood; SP95V - Bromham Hospital<br />
TL04E - River Ouse Meadow<br />
TL14W - Biggleswade<br />
Field Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus<br />
Recorded in 54 tetrads from 7th May to 30th October at SP91Z, SP92EI], SP93F/GI<br />
H/I/K/L/M/N/S/T/Y, SP94RIS/Z, SP95Q/X/~SP96V/W/Y,TL01C/D/E/Z,<br />
TL04E/L/M/N/P/R/T/V/X/Y/Z,TL05A/F,TL11E/II],TL14A/F/KI~TL24E<br />
49
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
and with six previous unrecorded tetrads of<br />
SP91Y - Whipsnade Zoo<br />
SP94L - Cranfield Airfield<br />
SP95Z - Felmersham<br />
TL01I - Studham<br />
TL04S - Duck End;TL04W - Manor/Hammerhill Farms<br />
Meadow Grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus<br />
Recorded in 30 tetrads from 15th May to 30th October atSP91Z, SP93E/J, SP93FI<br />
G/H/N/TIY, SP94RIS/Z, SP95Q/VIWIX/Z, SP96V/~TLOlC,TL04WIX/Y,<br />
TL05A/F;TL14A/FIK and with two previous unrecorded tetrads of<br />
SP93S - Woburn Park<br />
TLllI - Luton Sewage Works<br />
Lesser Marsh Grasshopper Chorthippus albomarginatus<br />
Recorded in 42 tetrads from 7th May to 30th October at SP93H/I/M/NISITIY,<br />
SP94Z,TL04E/L/M/N/P/T/V/X/Y/Z,TL05A/F;TL14A/F/K/~TL24E and with<br />
15 previous unrecorded tetrads of<br />
SP92E - Stockgrove Park; SP92F/J - King's Wood, Heath and Reach<br />
SP93G - Charle/LowesWood<br />
SP93K - Potsgrove; SP93L - Woburn<br />
SP94G - Wharley End; SP94L - Cranfield Airfield<br />
SP94R - Bourne End; SP94S - Cranfield<br />
SP95Z - Felmersham<br />
SP96V - Sharnbrook Tunnel<br />
SP96Y - Newton Bromswold<br />
TL04S - Duck End;TL04W - Manor/Hammerhill Farm<br />
Mottled Grasshopper Myrmeleottix maculatus<br />
Recorded in three tetrads fromJuly to August at SP923, SP93H and TL24E.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I would like to thank the following for their records: P.Almond, K. and D.Anderson,<br />
C. Baker, S. Cham,A. Colston,]. Comont,]. Paul, M.]. Sheridan andJ.Widgery.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
MARSHALL,J. A. and HAES, E. C. M. 1990 Grasshoppers and Allied Insects of Great<br />
Britain and Ireland. Harley Books.<br />
SHARPE K. M. 1996 50Years ofOrthoptera. Bedf Nat. 50 58-62.<br />
Kevin Sharpe is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Grasshoppers and Crickets, a position<br />
he has held in an honorary capacity since 1992.<br />
50
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>isrfor <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
BUGS (Hemiptera-Heteroptera)<br />
by Bernard Nau<br />
In the year under review; <strong>1997</strong>, the number ofadditions to the County List is backto<br />
normal after an exceptionally high number in the preceding year. Both ofthe additions<br />
listed below were found on the same day, atWillington. Other species found at the<br />
same time include Chorosoma schillingi and Aelia acuminata, in neglected grassland<br />
adjoining gravel workings.The former was fairly common and included two mating<br />
pairs~ Each ofthese species is apparently consolidating after spreading from a nucleus at<br />
Sandy: Arenoc.orisfalleni is also apparently now well established, numbers being seen at<br />
Cox's Hill, Sandy, and'at MauldenWood.At the latter site Spathocera dahlmanni were<br />
seen again this year; on the 19thAugust three adults and two 5th instar nymphs were<br />
seen where previously seen.<br />
This year persistence was rewarded. During the last year or two I have been trying to<br />
find a small black shield-bug, Thyreocoris scarbaeoides, reputedly associated with violets.<br />
Only a single specimen had beenseen in the county, on rubbish on Sundon rubbish<br />
tip in September 1944 by Edgar Milne-Redhead. I deduced that the appropriate violet<br />
should be HairyViolet, as this is locally common on the chalk escarpment, and<br />
therefore I was concentrating on this plant. On 15th May <strong>1997</strong> I found a male and<br />
female under HairyViolet on Pegsdon Hills. Ten days later six were found under the<br />
same host on Bison Hill,Whipsnade, followed on the 27th by five at Sharpenhoe<br />
Cutting and seven on Barton Hills.Very satisfactory!<br />
It is good to be able to report further records ofa large but scarce <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
.species, Alydus calcaratus, in a disused sand quarry at Clophill, 7th August, and on a<br />
filled-in sandpit at Billington Road, Leighton Buzzard, 15thJune. A specimen ofthe<br />
tiny lace-bug Acalypta parvula, was swept by Rammamere Heath on 13th September, a<br />
new 10 km square record ofa species probably much overlooked. Nysius senecionis, a<br />
ground-bug only recently added to the British list, and Metapoplax ditomoides, another<br />
which has'exploded' from great rarity, were found at further sites in the county this<br />
year. New sites for the black Forget-me-not shield-bug, Sehirus luctuosus, were added at<br />
Aspley Wood, 2nd May, and SundonQuarry, 29th May:<br />
Bugs seen in exceptional numbers included: Coreus marginatus 99 at MauldenWood<br />
on 28th September and 20 at Hollington on 2nd October; and Palomena prasina 56 at<br />
the edge ofLeete Wood, Barton on 18th October.<br />
ADDITIONS TO THE COUNTY LIST<br />
[...] denotes the revised national Red Data Book status ('RDB') in Kirby (1992, A<br />
review of the scarce and threatened Hemiptera of Great Britain.JNCC).<br />
Coreidae<br />
Bathysolen nubilus (Fallen) : ['<strong>No</strong>table B']<br />
On 3rd August <strong>1997</strong> two adults and two nymphs were found on the former railway<br />
track atWillington, amongst rosettes ofCommon Storksbill (Erodium cicutarium)<br />
growing on sparsely vegetated'cinders'.The host plants are reportedly medicks, some<br />
ofwhich were present nearby. The British distribution is centred on Kent, with some<br />
scattered records from East Anglia, the London area and Buckinghamshire.Another<br />
51
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for 1?97, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
possible nymph ofthis species was seen in a disused sand quarry at Clophill on 7th<br />
August.<br />
Miridae<br />
Monosynamma bohemani (Fallen) : [RDB 3, 'Rare']<br />
AtWillington gravel quarry on 3rd August <strong>1997</strong> numbers ofMonosynamma were found<br />
on young willows growing on sand in a lagoon used to collect silt from gravel washing.<br />
Their identity is not a simple issue; three species ofMonosynamma are recognised from<br />
Britain byWoodroffe (The Entomologist, 100,217-222, Sept.1967). However,these can<br />
only be separated by comparing series ofspecimens, as differences between species are<br />
slight.The most widespread is M. sabulicola, which has been found in' habitat similar to<br />
Willington both in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> (in 1981 at Odell and Radwell) and elsewhere in the<br />
Midlands (Kirby, op. cit.); it also occurs in coastal dunes.The identity ofthe 1981<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> specimens was confmned by W. R. Dolling. A second species, M. bohemani,<br />
is known in Britain from only one site,VirginiaWater in Surrey, where it was found in<br />
the early 1960s (Woodroffe, 1962, Ent. mon. Mag., 98, 272). AtWillington I collected<br />
two male and three female Monosynamma and from measurements ofWoodroffe's<br />
diagnostic ratios (3rd antennal segment:vertex, andpronotum width: head width) all<br />
but one should be assigned to. bohemani. They do not overlap <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> sabulicola; the<br />
odd bug out has an exceptionally long 3rd antenna! segment which puts it far into the<br />
band for sabulicola. On the other hand, although the lengths ofthe Willington "bugs are<br />
generally below the range given byWoodroffe for M. sabulicola., they are larger than the<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> sabulicola.! Furthermore,Woodroffe (1967, op. cit.) points out that the<br />
British Monosyna111ma have to be regarded as 'a group ofsibling species pending further<br />
evidence'. In the light ofthe <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> situation it seems increasingly likely that<br />
sabulicola and bohemani are one species, and the Red Data Book ~tatus s40uld be·downgraded,<br />
in the meantime the Willington bugs are considered here as M. bohemani.<br />
Bernard Nau is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Bugs (Heteroptera), a position he has<br />
held in an honorary capacity since 1971. He is also organiser for the national<br />
recording scheme for terrestial Heteroptera. Email address<br />
nau.bs@btinternet.co.uk<br />
<strong>52</strong>
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
BUTTERFLIES<br />
by Charles Baker<br />
General<br />
The <strong>1997</strong> butterfly season started very early with the unusually warm weather in<br />
March and April leading to exceptionally early emergence ofsome species.The<br />
deterioration ofthe weather inJune may have interfered with flight and egg-laying of<br />
some species which could result in lower numbers in 1998.July and August were<br />
mostly hot and dry and species flying at this time were mostly around in good<br />
numbers.The warm spells which continued into October allowed a third generation to<br />
emerge in some speci~s. Both the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Chalk Grasslands Butterfly Survey and<br />
the various transect walks continued to play a key role in monitoring butterfly<br />
numbers. References to them in the paragraphs that follow relate to the report by<br />
Herbert (1998) in which the results are set out in detail.<br />
The totals ofsightings and number ofspecies ( ) for the various transects were:<br />
1995 1996 <strong>1997</strong><br />
Barton Hills 2822. (25) 3673 (28) 4485 (27) (GB & DW).<br />
Blows Downs ~ north 1571 (25) 984 (19)* 1477 (23) (EM and others)<br />
Blows Downs - west 2057 (22) 895 (23)* 731 (21)* (EM and o~hers)<br />
Bradgers Hill 2449 (21) 2202 (16) 2150 (22) (TT)<br />
Dunstable Downs 1302 (20) 1069 (27) 1018 (25) (PO and others)<br />
Galley &Warden Hills 1947 (21) 2872 (27) 3131 (24) (MM)<br />
Hill Rise, Bedford 579 (19) 943 (22) 1133 (22) (B&YA)<br />
PottonWood 4112 (25) 4251 (22) 9284 (22) (I~BF)<br />
Priory Park, Bedford 2532 (20) 2680 (21) 1920 (19) (RB & EN)<br />
Sharpenhoe Clappers 5837 (30) 7079 (29) (D&LC)<br />
Sundon Quarries <strong>52</strong>15 (28) 2676 (27) (PG)<br />
Totternhoe Quarry 1793 (29) 2565 (30) 2215 (26) (AW & LJB)<br />
Whipsnade Downs 4223 (28) 8026 (29) 7464 (28) (GH and others)<br />
*- not comparable with other years.<br />
Comparisons with 1996 in the paragraphs on individual species (below) are based on<br />
up to eight ofthe transect reports for which such comparison can be made. Owing to<br />
unavoidable variations in the level ofmonitoring ofsome transects, it has not been<br />
possible to use the same transects for these comparisons as in the 1996 report.The<br />
totals for 1996 are given in ( ) after the <strong>1997</strong> totals.<br />
Skippers<br />
Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris and Essex Skipper Thymelicus lineola<br />
Usually not distinguished in transect counts. Numbers similar to 1996 (total for 8<br />
transect sites was 1273 (1338); increased at 5 out ofthe8 sites). On 23July 185 Essex<br />
Skippers were counted in about 200 yards on a field track near Haynes (CB & lCA).<br />
Large Skipper Ochlodes venata<br />
More common in <strong>1997</strong> than in 1996.The total for 8 transect sites was 766 (370) but<br />
increased at only 4 out ofthe 8 sites. A large increase in the number seen on- Galley<br />
andWarden Hills accounted for much ofthe increase on the totals.<br />
53
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages<br />
A good year with much increased numbers on several sites including Barton Hills,<br />
Sharpenhoe cClappers and Totternhoe Knolls and Quarry.The total for the 4 transect<br />
sites on which it was found was 82 (27); increased.at 3 out ofthe 4 sites. The clay pits<br />
in the MarstonVale continued to be a focus for this species. A welcome recovery after a<br />
number ofyears with low numbers.<br />
Grizzled. Skipper Pyrgus malvae<br />
Increased substantially onWhipsnade Downs (47 (23)) but fewer were seen on<br />
Dunstable Downs (17 (36)). It was not seen on two other transectsites so the total<br />
count on· the 4 transect sites on which it was found in 1996-7 was only 64 (62).<br />
Records in Great Hayes Wood and adjacent to Odell GreatWood (HAS) were two<br />
new sites and some were also seen in the clay pits in the MarstonVale.<br />
Whites<br />
Wood White Leptidea sinapis<br />
<strong>No</strong> reports have been received ofWoodWhite being seen. One can only hope it is still<br />
hanging on in the coun~<br />
CloudedYellow Colias croceus<br />
Only one unconfirmed report was received.<br />
Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni<br />
Although this species. seemed particularly common in the spring in Chicksands Wood<br />
(TCA) and some other areas, the total for the 8 transect sites was 418 (607). It increased<br />
at only lout ofthe 8 sites. Several courting pairs were seen on the Downs·in mid<br />
May. This is the only time when itis possible to· see the uppersides ofthe wings ofthis<br />
species which always rests with the wings closed.<br />
Large White Pieris brassicae<br />
More common than in 1996 on many sites. The total for 8 transect sites was 1391<br />
(212); increased at all 8 sites.<br />
Small White Pieris rapae<br />
Especially common towards the end ofthe season with 1490 counted on one occasion<br />
in PottonWood.The total for 8 transect sites was 6992 (1123); increased at 7 out ofthe<br />
8 sites.<br />
Green-veined White Pieris napi<br />
Appeared variable in numbers but the total for 8 transect sites was 2012 (426). Much<br />
ofthe difference was due to the large numbers in PottonWood although 7 out ofthe<br />
8 sites showed an increase.<br />
Orange Tip Anthocharis cardamines<br />
Reported as abundant in the Haynes area (TCA and K&MW) and numbers were<br />
slightly up on most transect sites. The total for 8 transect sites was 114 (68); increased at<br />
5 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Hairstreaks<br />
Green Hairstreak Callophrys rubi<br />
Perhaps slightly less common, the total for 5 transect sites was 32 (42); increased at only<br />
2 out ofthe 5 sites on which it was found.<br />
Purple Hairstreak Quercusia quercus and White-letter Hairstreak Satyrium w-album<br />
We have no counts ofthese species but they could both be seen in their usual haunts.<br />
Several new sites for the latter were reported, including HalseyWood (HAS), Studham<br />
Common(CB) andWoburn (EN).<br />
54
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Black Hairstreak Satyrium pruni<br />
Very few were seen, probably because they were already over by the time people<br />
started looking for them.<br />
Coppers, Blues and Metalmarks<br />
Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas<br />
Had a good year on some sites such as ChicksandsWood (TCA) andWhipsnade<br />
Downs.The total for 8 transect sites was 59 (42); increased at 5 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Small Blue Cupido minimus<br />
Abundant on some sites. An opportunity to visit Kensworth Quarry revealed great<br />
, areas 'ofKidneyVetchand many Small Blues, a welcome sight in this working quarry<br />
which is not normally accessible. New sites reported included the old Dunstable to<br />
Luton railway line (SH) and the Barton A6 cutting (RCR).The total for 3 transect<br />
sites was 25 (13); increased at only lout ofthe 3 sites on which it was found.<br />
Brown Argus Aricia agestis<br />
Seemed to be much less common generally: The total for8 transect sites was 636<br />
(1599); declined at all the 8 sites. Only a few were seen at Cople Landfill site where it<br />
was present in hundreds in 1996 (RCR).A partial 3rd brood was flying in late<br />
September and early October.<br />
Common Blue Polyommatus icarus<br />
Numbers similar to those in 1996.The total for 8 transect sites was 1022 (1039);<br />
increased at only 4 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Chalkhill Blue Lysandra coridon<br />
Very abundant on some ofthe downland sites. Through the season 1780 were counted<br />
on Barton Hills and 1291 on Sharpenhoe Clappers.The total for the 6 transect sites on<br />
which it was found was 4402 (3198); increased at 3 out ofthe 6 sites. Groups ofmales<br />
could be seen on dung and rabbit carcases.<br />
Holly Blue Celastrina argiolus<br />
Numbers overall were similar to 1996.The total for 8 transect sites was 208 (211);<br />
increased.at 4 out ofthe 8 sites. It was common in the spring but high levels of<br />
parasitism were found on the summer caterpillars (RCR).The autumn flight was<br />
sparse and a number ofparasites emerged in the autumn from the resulting pupae<br />
(RCR).<br />
Duke ofBurgundy Hamearis lucina<br />
Was flying very early and was more common than in 1996 with a total of67 (34) in<br />
Totternhoe Quarry and onWhipsnade Downs, the only 2 sites on which it was seen.<br />
Nymphalids<br />
White Admiral Ladoga camilla<br />
Scarce in Chicksands Wood where forestry operations may have damaged the<br />
honeysuckle (TCA) but excellent numbers were present inWest Wood where 30 were<br />
counted on 9 July between 4 and 6 pm (HAS).Two examples ofthe black form<br />
without the white bands, ab. nigrina, were seen there on one day (RCR).<br />
Red Admiral u'nessa atalanta<br />
Widespread though less common than in 1996.The total for 8 transect sites was 47<br />
(150).<br />
Painted Lady Cynthia cardui<br />
Very few seen, far less than in a "normal" year and in marked contrast to 1996.The<br />
total for 8 transect sites was 4 (1707).<br />
55
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae<br />
A large immigration ofSmallTortoiseshell was reported on the East Coast at the end<br />
ofAugust and it is possible that their abundance in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> was 0in part due to<br />
this. The total for 8 transect sites was 1465 (790); increased at 7 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Peacock Inachis io<br />
Seemed to be slightly down in numbers in the late summer flight, although over 100<br />
were counted on one transect walk onWhipsnade Downs.The total for 8 transect sites<br />
was 886 (1818); increased at only 2 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Comma Polygonia c-album<br />
As in 1995 the warm weather in April allowed early egg-laying so oat the beginning of<br />
the next emergence many ofthe butterflies were the hutchinsonii form.The total for 8<br />
transect sites was 103 (83); increased at 5 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Fritillaries<br />
Dark Green Fritillary Argynnis aglaja<br />
The highlight ofthe year in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> 0was the sighting ofnumbers ofthis fine<br />
species on Barton Hills, Smithcombe and Sharpenhoe Clappers.The total for the 2<br />
transect sites was 13 (3). The presence ofseveral females raises hopes that breeding<br />
colonies are now established there. Perhaps they will spread out into other areas.<br />
Singletons seen elsewhere include Cranfield (DA), CharleWood (DB) and a probable<br />
in Southill Park (DB). On a historical note, both N.Dawson and T.J.Thomas have<br />
written that the record for OldWardenTunnel in 1984, included in ArnoldOet al.<br />
(<strong>1997</strong>), was a mis-identification.<br />
Silver-washed Fritillary Argynnis paphia<br />
As in previous years there were several sightings in the county, including one in Odell<br />
GreatWood (PA, HAS). Other sightings were reported from just over the county<br />
boundary in Markyate and further west in the Chilterns but it is still not clear whether<br />
these represent releases or natural spread.<br />
Browns<br />
Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria<br />
Numbers were up on some downland transect sites but reported as somewhat down in<br />
numbers in some woods. The total for 8 transect sites was 459 (343); increased at 6 out<br />
ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Wall Brown Lasioml1wta megera<br />
Although still presenton Sharpenhoe Clappers in reduced numbers, the virtual<br />
absence ofthis species elsewhere continues to cause concern.The total for 8 transect<br />
sites was 30 (70); declined at all the 8 sites. The few that appeared late in the season are<br />
unlikely to have produced any offipring.Very little seems to be known about the<br />
natural fluctuations in numbers ofthis species so we do not know ifthe low numbers<br />
are due to natural or man-made causes~<br />
Marbled White Melanargia galathea<br />
Continues to be found in new localities and 0appears to be now breedingin sites where<br />
single individuals were seen in previous years. A sighting in Conduit Street in Bedford<br />
showed the value ofwatching out for the unexpected (B&YA). Numbers were up on<br />
most downland sites: the total for 8 transect sites was 1707 (1249); increased at o6 out of<br />
6 sites where it was found.<br />
56
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Gatekeeper Pyronia tithonus<br />
Present in its usual large numbers in Chicksands Wood OCA) and well represented<br />
elsewhere.The total for 8 transect sites was 3432 (3622); increased at 5 out ofthe 8<br />
sites.<br />
Meadow Brown Maniola jurtina<br />
Remains very common though counts were slightly down on some sites compared<br />
with 1996, particularly at Priory Park.The total for 8 transect sites was 4667 (5936);<br />
increased at only 1 out ofthe 8 sites.<br />
Ringlet Aphantopus hyperantus<br />
Also common with numbers up on 1996.The total for 8 transect sites was 1674 (971);<br />
increased at all the 8 sites.<br />
Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus<br />
Continues to be an anomaly; being locally common but absent from other sites which<br />
appear equally suitable.The total for 8 transect sites was 1750 (1807);·increased at 4 out<br />
ofthe 8 sites.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I am grateful to the following for providing the records without which this report<br />
could not have been compiled:J.C.Adams, D.Aldred,A.Aldhous, E and EAlmond,<br />
B. andYAnderson, D..and K.Anderson,VWArnold, EM.Baker,D.Ball,R.Bates,<br />
M.Beauchamp, G.Bellamy, S.Brennan, L.J.Brown,A.Bucknall, L.Carman, C.Carpenter,<br />
D. and L.Chandler,].E.Childs, B.M.Clutten,].Comont, N.Dawson, R.Dunham,<br />
B.Fensome, S.J.Furlong, EGlenister,A.Golding, D.Gregory, D. and M.Green, EHall,<br />
S.EHalton, S.Hawkins, G.Herbert, E and G.Hooper, C.Horton, EHuckle,A.Hurst,<br />
Elrving, L.R.Jarrett, E and K.Kavanagh, Land S.Kimsey, D.Longe, M.McCarrick,<br />
P.Madgett,J.Mayhead, E.Milne, B.S.Nau, ENewbery, E.Newman, B.Nightingale,<br />
].Niles, R.A.Nye, EOliver,J.O'Sullivan, D.Parsons,VL.Perrin, S.Pittman, R.C.Revels,<br />
K.M.Sharpe, H.A.Smith, D.Smith, ESmith, D.Tyler,A. and G.Warne,A.Warren, C. and<br />
].Watts, K. and M.Weeden, D.Whitfield, M.Williams, LEWoiwod and to all the others<br />
who contributed to th~ Chalk Grassland Butterfly Survey and to members ofthe. Beds<br />
and <strong>No</strong>rthants Branch ofButterfly Conservation and others who helped with the<br />
transect walks.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ARNOLD,VW, BAKER, C.R.B., MANNING, D.V,WOIWOD, LE <strong>1997</strong> The<br />
Butteiflies and Moths of <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong>. 408 pp.<br />
HERBERT, G. 1998 <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Butteifly Transects Report <strong>1997</strong> incorporating Chalk<br />
Grassland & Woodland Butteifly Surveys. Beds and <strong>No</strong>rthants Branch of<br />
Butterfly Conservation. 20pp.<br />
Charles Baker is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder ofButterflies, a position he· has held in<br />
an honorary capacity since 1993. He is a co-author of the recent BNHS<br />
publication, The Buttefjlies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
57
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
THE LENGTH AND, QUALITY OF SHRUB-GRASSLAND BOUNDARIES<br />
AS DETERMINANTS OF GATEKEEPER BUTTERFLY ABUNDANCE<br />
AND DISTRIBUTION<br />
by Brian Anderson<br />
Introduction<br />
The Gatekeeper (or Hedge Brown) butterfly, Pyronia tithonus (Linn.) (Lepidoptera:<br />
Satyrinae), has for some years been reported as extending its range. There seems to<br />
have been a northward extension ofrange ofabout 1 0<br />
oflatitude between 1940 and<br />
the present day (reports ofa distribution extending into southern Scotland in the<br />
nineteenth century have been largely discounted). (Ford 1945, Heath et al1984,<br />
Thomas & Lewington 1992, Pollard &Yates 1993, 7 & 125,Thomson 1980).This is<br />
anecdotally illustrated by a commentfrom Keele (Emley 1996): "This species was<br />
unheard ofin <strong>No</strong>rth Staffordshire 10 years ago but now it is quite common.At Keele<br />
we are getting increasing numbers...". Indeed, a great deal ofthe increase in range (on<br />
average about 120km) has occurred since 1970.This raises questions as to how the<br />
species colonises new areas (or recolonises areas subjected to previous extinction) and<br />
what factors may influence the abundance ofthe Gatekeeper in any particular location<br />
or habitat type.<br />
This study investigates the possible link between the length of "optimum" margin<br />
(or ecotone) and the index ofabundance (Pollard&Yates 1993,10-20) for a range of<br />
sites, and the pathways ~hat may exist for the mutual reinforcement ofpopulations c-<br />
between two Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) towards the north ofBedford.<br />
The shrub-grassland boundary as a determinant of abundance index:<br />
methodology<br />
The preferred habitat (or more strictly biotope) ofthe Gatekeeper is a shrubby area<br />
with ample sunlight and tall grass and herbs at the foot ofthe shrubs. Such biotopes are<br />
represented by open scrub, wood margins and relatively (but not totally) unmanaged<br />
hedges. The definition ofwhat constitutes an ideal margin for the successful<br />
establishment and maintenance ofa Gatekeeper population is, from the standpoint of<br />
this paper, subjective. Initially, it was assumed, on the basis ofa pilot study (Anderson &<br />
Sparkes, unpublished data) that defining the optimum or adequate habitat would be<br />
relatively straightforward. However, after a number offrequently walked transects in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> were selected for the analysis, together with one from <strong>No</strong>rfolk, and had<br />
been visited, it was clear that the proposed methodology was too simplistic. It had been<br />
assumed that a simple linear measurement ofthe margin would suffice, qualified by<br />
double-edged areas such as green lanes and woodland rides, and the need to quantify<br />
shrub-g~as'slandmargins in open scrub. However, the visits, and discussion with regular<br />
site recorders showed that careful observation would 'be required. In particular:<br />
• Some woodland rides and edges met the condition that there were tall grasses<br />
and herbs at the edge oftrees, but often there was no shrublayer and the ride<br />
vegetation was lush and very tall (Woiwod <strong>1997</strong>).<br />
58
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
• Open scrub on a number ofsites was on over-grazed grassland and did not meet<br />
the condition ofthe adjoining herb layer. The amount ofscrub included in the<br />
study 'Yas limited to that not more than 10 metres from the transect, since over<br />
greater distances Gatekeepers were unlikely to be included in the transect survey.<br />
• Conversely, some sunken lanes supported significant Gatekeeper populations<br />
although there were few shrubs.<br />
• Management ofthe sites played a significant role: a shrub margin might appear<br />
on one visit to be ideal, but later in the season, wholesale mowing 'Y0uld reduce<br />
the suitability significantly.<br />
As a result, the methodology was adapted to take account ofwhat might be called<br />
the microtopography.Thelinear distances were derived both from pacing the transects<br />
and from maps. The indices ofabundance were taken from Herbert (<strong>1997</strong>): only one<br />
year was' chosen as variations in abundance from year to year are significant and<br />
different sites have been recorded over different numbers ofyears (Parkwood LNR had<br />
its first transect recording in <strong>1997</strong>).Also,the use ofonly one year was aqopted with<br />
some confidence since Gatekeeper populations at different sites show close synchrony<br />
(Pollard &Yates 1993 68).<br />
The shrub-grassland boundary as a deterntinantof abundance index: results<br />
Figure 1 shows the index ofabundance plotted against optimum habitat length for<br />
some 12 sites. The data are given numerically in Table 1.<br />
1400 ~~..~~_._--_._-_.-._-~---_._-----~_._--_ -<br />
1200<br />
C.J<br />
1000 u<br />
s::<br />
C':$<br />
'"0 C:::s<br />
800<br />
~<br />
4-<<br />
0<br />
>< 600<br />
C.J<br />
"0 s::<br />
~<br />
400<br />
200<br />
I-Tr--t<br />
f--Jl-i<br />
The trend line has been<br />
constrained to pass through<br />
the origin.<br />
o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000<br />
Fig. 1 Length ofoptimum habitat vs. abundance<br />
Length of optimum habitat (m)<br />
59
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Table 1: Length ofoptimum habitat vs index of abundance<br />
Site name and Grid Length ofsuitable [997 index of Index per lOOm<br />
number reference habitat on transect (m) abundance<br />
1. Hill Rise TL0451 770 156 20<br />
2.Parkwood TL0451 1030 59* 6<br />
3. Priory TL0749 1350 434 32<br />
4. Snettisham (<strong>No</strong>rfolk) TF6533 1040 138* 13<br />
5. Whipsnade TLOO18 2250 1067 47<br />
6. PottonWood TL2550 800 120 15<br />
7. Sharpenhoe TL0630 1310 990 76<br />
8. Warden Hills TL0926 1580 266 17<br />
9. Dunstable Downs TL0020 1120 180* 16<br />
10. Blows Downs <strong>No</strong>rth TL0322 1060 144 14<br />
11. Blows downs West TL0322 620 216t 35<br />
12. Barton TL0930 1550 310 20<br />
13. Totternhoe SP9822 1160 202 17<br />
* Interpolated data included. t <strong>Part</strong>ial data: remainder ofemergence estim~ted from<br />
mean ofall other sites normalised against available date from site.<br />
It is intuitively clear from the<br />
regression line ip. Figure 1 that there is<br />
a relationship between the optimum<br />
habitat length and the Gatekeeper<br />
population as represented by the<br />
index. A simple linear regression<br />
suggests that about 10 percent ofthe<br />
population size can be attributed a<br />
linear measure ofsuitable habitat (but<br />
see note on statistics).<br />
Fig. 2 Schematic of<br />
the hedge network<br />
directly linking<br />
Parkwood and Hill<br />
Rise LNRs.The<br />
sites are<br />
approximately<br />
lkm apart.<br />
HI<br />
Parkwood LNR<br />
Hedges and hedge-like structures<br />
as corridors for Gatekeeper<br />
dispersal: Methodology<br />
The fact that a large and apparently<br />
isolateq Gatekeeper population exists<br />
on Hill Rise LNR (TL065510) has<br />
been mentioned elsewhere (Anderson<br />
1996).The establishment ofregular<br />
transect recording at the new<br />
Parkwood LNR (transect start at<br />
TL045513) led to speculation that the<br />
respective Gatekeeper populations<br />
might be"linked by the exchange of<br />
H6<br />
1-13<br />
H2<br />
114<br />
Hill Rise<br />
LNR<br />
115<br />
Roatl<br />
60
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
the occasional adult. Over the <strong>1997</strong> season, regular surveys were conducted over the<br />
hedges that most directly linked Parkwood and Hill Rise - these are shown<br />
schematicallyin Figure 2.<br />
Initially , the use ofmark and recapture techniques was considered to establish<br />
whether the two populations were linked, but an examination ofthe results presented<br />
in Anderson (1996, <strong>1997</strong>) indicated that the chance ofrecapturing a marked individual<br />
in one reserve whose origin was in the other was small (less than 4 percent ofabout 10<br />
individuals). Thus, it was decided that the study would be conducted using the<br />
abundance index and mobility studies.<br />
Results<br />
The results ofthe survey ofthe hedges Hi to H4 are shown in Table 2:<br />
Survey week<br />
Hedge number and weekly mean<br />
Ht H2 H3 H4<br />
18 4 0.3 0 1<br />
19 7 2 0 1.5<br />
20 5 0 2 1.3<br />
21 6 2 0 0<br />
22 3 0 0 0.5<br />
23 1 0 0 0<br />
Abundance 26 4.3 2 4.3<br />
The survey weeks are those used in the Butterfly National Monitoring Scheme<br />
Over the same period, a more general survey was conducted over the whole area<br />
lying between Hill Rise and Parkwood. In total, some 15 Gatekeepers were seen, all<br />
but one flying along a hedge or hedge-like feature. It can be seen from Table 2 that the<br />
largest number ofGatekeepers in the hedge survey was seen at" Hi.This may be<br />
thought unsurprising since it is so close to Parkwood, but in fact it is over 190m from<br />
the nearest suitable habitat on the reserve.<br />
The direction ofGatekeeper flight on each hedge was also recorded. In the majority<br />
ofcases (where any flight direction was discernible) the insects flew along the hedge <br />
there was little inclination for individuals to flyaway from the hedge.<br />
Discussion<br />
(i) Population size and shape<br />
This study was prompted in part by a comment made byWarren (1992) that the<br />
Gatekeeper needs an area ofnot less than 1- 2ha to maintain a viable population. This<br />
seemed counter-intuitive - an area parameter for a species like the Meadow Brown,<br />
Maniola jurtina, is quite valid; it is a species ofopen grassland. But the Gatekeeper is a<br />
species whose populations are, for the most part, geographically linear in distribution.<br />
However,Warren was doing no more than reflecting the conventionalwisdoIn ofthe<br />
late eighties - butterflies were sedentary or they were mobile - they had closed or<br />
open populations. AltHough these descriptions still have some use, this view has been<br />
61
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
largely rej ected for population studies over time (Warren 1998: personal<br />
communication): butterfly populations are regarded as complex dynamic structures.<br />
This change in ullderstanding is prefigured by Pollard andYates (1993,226), where<br />
they state that, certainly for common and widespread butterflies, species occur in more<br />
or less interconnectedpopulations and that "it is likely that, in anyone year, only some<br />
ofthese populations reach their resource limit; these 'successful' populations may<br />
produce a surplus ofindividuals which disperse to, and so sustain the less successful<br />
populations".This approach to interconnectivity has been formalised byThomas<br />
(1995) whose work on metapopulations has shown that the elements ofa more<br />
widespread population can be seen as a mosaic ofsmaller, perhaps temporary,<br />
populations with varying degrees ofconnectivity:<br />
Gatekeeper population size has been shown above to be a function ofsuitable habitat<br />
length. As was discussed above, establishing habitat suitability is not always a simple<br />
matter.The Gatekeeper requires seral stage 3 (tall grass and herbs with scattered shrubs)<br />
to establish a viable population (Shreeve 1992a).This statement conceals details which<br />
are definite habitat requirements or restrictions: the turfheight should be between 5<br />
and 20cm (Brakefield et a11992) or 8 to 15cm (Porter et al 1992). Sheltered sites<br />
offering respite from the wind, and aestivation and warming spots are ofbenefit, as is a<br />
range ofperennial nectar sources and topographical or botanical features allowing<br />
perching at a continuous range ofheights up to 2m. <strong>No</strong>rth-facing sites, over-lush<br />
growth and heavy shading are generally not favoured.<br />
In an interesting study by Dover (1996), where a number offactors that that may<br />
influence the abundance ofGatekeepers is examined, it is shown that the distribution<br />
of Gatekeepers on a N 0rth Hampshire farm is strongly influenced by nectar sources<br />
and shelter. Nectar sources were the principal positive variable in determining the<br />
abundance offemales, and shelter was the primary variable for males. Dover also shows<br />
a significant negative variable for Gatekeeper abundance,for those cases where the<br />
hedge was adjacent to a farm track. He concludes that frequently used farm tracks may<br />
coat the vegetation with dust, thus reducing the palatability ofthe grasses used by the<br />
larvae (Agrostis, Festuca and Poa species and others), and that farm tracks may act as<br />
wind tunnels, reducing butterfly activity. This last assertion is not supported by this<br />
current study, nor by other studies which have found green lanes ofpositive benefit <br />
indeed, Dover undermines his own argument in his calculation ofshelter scores for<br />
butterflies. It may be that Dover has missed one factor from his analysis: farm tracks<br />
tend to be managed more frequently than similar boundaries.The current study<br />
certainly found that on those sites where apparently suitable habitat was subject to<br />
frequent mowing, the Gatekeeper abundance was reduced.The fact that Dover finds a<br />
greater negative effect for females than males adds weight to the assumption that the<br />
effect on the larval foodplant is significant. Further, an examination ofthe natural<br />
history ofthe Gatekeepersuggests that mowing would have a deleterious effect on<br />
numbers. Eggs are attached singly to grass blades adjacent to shrubs; the larvae rest in<br />
the basal area during the day and the pupae are suspended low in the foodplant<br />
(Brakefield 1992).The net result is that close mowing will induce significant mortality.<br />
I t must also be admitted that modern ploughing techniques reduce habitat by<br />
cultivating closer to hedges, whether adjacent to a track or not (Baker & Arnold <strong>1997</strong>).<br />
62
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Dover also concludes that the presence of Cow Parsley, Anthriscus sylvestris, is<br />
negatively correlated with Gatekeeper abundance, since by July the dead stalks swamp<br />
other emergept vegetation. One site extensively examined during the present study<br />
(Hill Rise) does not provide" support for this conclusion - a relatively high Gatekeeper<br />
abundance is correlated with extensive Cow Parsley growth.<br />
Summarising, it is clear that whether assessed by numerical and statistical survey, by<br />
mobility studies or by subjective assessment ofnumbers, the size ofa Gatekeeper<br />
population is strongly dependent on the length ofgood habitat.<br />
But does this have anything to do with how the species colonises or recolonises?<br />
(ii) Colonisation, recolonisation and movement between colonies<br />
It is demonstrated in the results ofthis study that the Gatekeeper benefits from the<br />
linear nature ofits population distribution in that corridors for dispersal are presented<br />
anywhere where a network ofhedges, wood edges or patches ofopen scrub exist: the<br />
population shape itselfpresents opportunities for movement. It is an established fact<br />
that Gatekeepers will change their flight direction when they meet a hedge or other<br />
tall vegetation (Shreeve 1992b).This tends to be observed as the butterfly approaches<br />
the obstacle at some angle and then flies along a direction parallel to it. Anderson<br />
(1996,<strong>1997</strong>) showed Gatekeepers are more likely to fly along a hedge than over it,<br />
although gaps or sections ofreduced height will facilitate access to both sides. Both<br />
males and females will be seeking shelter and nectar, males will be patrolling for mates<br />
(Shreeve 1992a) and females seeking egg-laying sites. Further studies on the influence<br />
oflandscape features on butterfly mobility are given in Dover and Fry (1996) and<br />
Dover et al (1996). J<br />
The results reported on surveys on the hedges linking Hill Rise and Parkwood<br />
LNR's (Table 2 ) suggest that hedges may act as conduits for movement between the<br />
two sites. However, there is a strong suggestion that hedge Hi may support a small,<br />
possibly temporary, population ofGatekeepers.The abundance index for Parkwood in<br />
<strong>1997</strong> was 59. For Hi it was 26. It is hard to believe that the equivalent of44 percent of<br />
the population ofParkwood migrated to a .section ofhedge some 190m away. Hi" is a<br />
mixed hedge with shrubs Hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna, Crab Apple, Malus,<br />
Blackthorn, Prunus spinosa, Roses, Rosa, Dogwood, Cornussanguinea, Bramble, Rubus<br />
fruticosus and Elder, Sambucus nigra, Tall herbs such as Ragworts, Senecio, Bristly Oxtongue,<br />
Picris echioides, Black Horehound, Ballota nigra, and Knapweeds, Centaurea, as<br />
well as the larval foodplant mentioned above. There are also some standard trees of<br />
Oak, Quercus robur, and Poplar, Populus.<br />
It is not clear whether the limit ofthe population at Hi is determined by the<br />
apparent length ofadequate habitat - the path adjacent is mown during the<br />
Gatekeeper emergence and may create a limit to the species' abundance (but see note<br />
on statistics).<br />
The other surveyed hedges on the Hill Rise-Parkwood route do not seem to have<br />
resident populations - indices for H2 to H4 inclusive were each less than 5, and<br />
mobility studies showed that these Gatekeepers were tending to fly long (greater than<br />
10m) distances along the hedge without stopping.This is unsurprising in that hedges<br />
H2 to H4 tend to have rather sparse herb and grass boundaries, and H4 is especially of<br />
63
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
limited suitability to Gatekeepers as the shrubs are widely spaced and heavily shaded by<br />
trees. Nevertheless, the total ofsome 11 individuals on HZ to H4 represents the group<br />
that is available for colonisation elsewhere. FromAndersoti (1996, <strong>1997</strong>) it is possible to<br />
very.rougWy esti~ate the actual numbers ofGatekeepers that may leave Hill Rise and<br />
so be potential colonisers. Mark and recapture studies and transect recording showed<br />
that the total emergence'was around 1,500 (scaled for <strong>1997</strong>) and the weekly mean was<br />
around 50 respectively. This would suggest about 30 individuals leaving Hill Rise over<br />
a season. Ifhalffly north, then 15 would reach the junction ofH4 and HS shownin<br />
figure·Z. H5 was recorded as having an index of8 in <strong>1997</strong>. It therefore seems<br />
reasonable to assume that between 8 and 13 Gatekeepers could reach the northern end<br />
ofH3 where the only serious impediment to progress is reached in the form ofa busy<br />
road. Although one Gatekeeper was seen within Srn ofthe road on H3, it seems likely<br />
that the butterflies would tend to fly along hedge H6 bordering the road rather than<br />
flying across the road. The situation is different for butterflies moving south from Hi <br />
here the hedge ends abruptly within Zm ofthe road, and Gatekeepers may be able to<br />
take a visual cue from the hedge on the other side. Again a Gatekeeper was seen within<br />
Zm ofthe road edge, this time· flying south, eventually returning north on the other<br />
side ofthe hedge. The conclusions cannot be conclusive but the movement of<br />
Gatekeepers north to south from Hi to H4 (and hence to Hill Rise) seems to be more<br />
likely than the reverse, even though Hill Rise has the largest abundance. Since a<br />
network ofhedges extends north from Parkwood to Clapham ParkWood, it is likely<br />
that linkage exists between these two sites, although it has not been examined in this<br />
study.<br />
A similar but more detailed study ofthe Ringlet, Aphantopus hyperantus, by Sutcliffe<br />
andThomas (1995) shows the butterfly using woodland rides as corridors between<br />
glades, rather than direct flight through the woodland.They suggest (from a combinationof<br />
mark and recapture and mobility studies) that over 98% ofRinglets choose<br />
these routes, even though the ride entrance typically represented less than 1% ofthe<br />
glade perimeter. This method ofmigration is more or less analogous to the Gatekeeper<br />
routes described here. An earlier study by Shreeve (199Zb) on the Heath Fritillary<br />
Mellicta athalia comes to the same conclusion about movement between coppiced<br />
areas. Further, the study suggests that that the ratio ofadults staying in an area of<br />
optimum habitat to those migrating elsewhere is ofthe same order as that suggested by<br />
the indices mea,sured at Hill Rise, Parkwood/Hl and H2 to H4/HS (i.e. about 1%).<br />
It is probably also worth noting that the route Hi to H4 was observed as being used<br />
as a corridor by Orange Tips, Anthocharis cardamines, Holly Blues, Celastrina argiolus and<br />
SpeckledWoods, Parage aegeria during the <strong>1997</strong> season, and was probably the route by<br />
which Ringlets recently reached Hill Rise.<br />
Why has the Gatekeeper expanded its range?<br />
It will have been noticed that the foregoing has described the way in which the size,<br />
shape and mobility ofGatekeeper populations are dependent upon the geometry of<br />
the landscape.What has not been discussed is why the Gatekeeper has expanded its<br />
range in the last 60 years. It may be thought surprising that this has occurred, especially<br />
since networks ofhedges and wood edges have been so reduced.There is no evidence<br />
64
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fo'r <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
that the increase in range is reflected in an increase in abundance in the areas where<br />
the Gatekeeper is already established. Brakefield (1987) suggested that the phenology<br />
(the effects of~easonal change on the life history ofan organism) effectively limited the<br />
northern range ofthe Gatekeeper. Unlike the Meadow Brown, where the flight period<br />
becomes shorter with increasing latitude, the. Gatekeeper's flight period is a very slow<br />
function oflatitude and this. may limit its northward expansion.The main reason for<br />
the expansion seems to be climate change (Pollard &Yates 1993, 227-233).The<br />
northward expansion ofthis and·other species has reached the attention ofthe national<br />
press (Dean & N eale 1998). It is by no means clear where the northern limit ofthe<br />
Gatekeeper's range will eventually be set.<br />
A note on statistics<br />
The trend line at Figure 1 has been constrained to pass through the origin on the<br />
assumption that no suitable habitat will be·· correlated with a zero count - this<br />
obviously ignores casual sightings.The regression plot shows a noticeable scatter of<br />
points around the line. Itis possible to quantify some ofthe errors that lead to this<br />
scatter.<br />
(i) Observer error. Different observers obtained the data for the various sites. In two<br />
references by Pollard andYates (1993,26 & 200), the effect ofdifferent observers is<br />
examined. In the first there was no discernible difference. In the second the<br />
differences were ofthe order of± 30%. Observer error of ± 15% is taken for this<br />
study - such variation may be taken as systematic and not random.<br />
(ii) Transect length.The use ofpacing and maps is an inexact method ofestimating<br />
the length ofoptimum habitat. An error of± 10% is presumed.<br />
The error bars in figure 1 represent these errors.<br />
Besides these errors, there are others, which it has not been possible to estimate<br />
numerically: These include the precise effect ofaspect and shelter, the condition of<br />
larval foodplants, the frequency, method and extent ofmanagement, and the degree of<br />
predation and parasitism. The effect ofall sources oferrors can be given as the Standard<br />
Error, and is measured from the data as ± 70 on the abundance index.The Gatekeeper<br />
index per lOOm has been calculated in Table 1. Irrespective ofthe conclusions that may<br />
be drawn from the trend line and the associated Standard Error, it is worth noting that<br />
8 ofthe site indices per unit length are within ± 5 of15 Gatekeepers per lOOm. Ifthe<br />
data arepartitioned into units of5, then the mode ofthe indicesis 15 -19. This number<br />
is a good predictor ofthe <strong>1997</strong> season for the 8 sites. It is also true that at hedge Hl<br />
the Gatekeeper abundance per lOOm is around 20.The sites where the indices fall well<br />
outside this range probably have special factors. The two highest index sites<br />
(Sharpenhoe andWhipsnade) have exceptionally favourable sections oftransect both in<br />
terms ofthe floristic quality and the aspect. The lowest (Parkwood) may have suffered<br />
from mowing and scrub clearance in 1996 in preparation foritsformal declaration as<br />
an LNR. Extension ofthe methodology to earlier years shows some degree of<br />
consistency, declining in the earliest years (Anderson.1998, unpublished data).<br />
65
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This paper would not have been possible without the recording, help and advice from<br />
the following:Y Anderson, C. Baker, R. Bates, G. Bellamy, D. Chandler, D. Gregory,<br />
G. Herbert,J. McLeod, E. Milne,J. Munro,T. Tween, A. Warren, I. Woiwod and all<br />
those who contributed to the supply ofdata from the transect walks. Any mistakes are<br />
entirely my own.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ANDERSON, B. E. 1996 Preliminary studies on the Gatekeeper butterfly Pyronia<br />
tithonus (Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) at an urban site in Bedford. Beclf Nat.<br />
50 (<strong>Part</strong> 1) 82-86.<br />
ANDERSON, B. E. <strong>1997</strong> The importance ofhedges in the thermal regulation of<br />
butterflies. Beclf Nat. 51 (<strong>Part</strong> 1) 74-80.<br />
BAKER, C.R. B.,ARNOLD,VW <strong>1997</strong> Habitats for butterflies and moths in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. The Butteiflies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. Arnold,VW, Baker, C.<br />
R. B., Manning, D.V,Woiwod, I.l? (auth.). <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />
<strong>Society</strong>, Bedford.<br />
BRAKEFIELD, l? M., SHREEVE,T. G., THOMAS,J. A. 1992 Avoidance, concealment<br />
and defence. The Ecology ofButteiflies in Britain. Dennis, R. H. L. (ed.)<br />
93-119. Oxford.<br />
DEAN,]., NEALE, G. 1998 Butterflies find warm welcome. Sunday Telegraph<br />
September 13th 1998,14.<br />
DOVER,].W 1996 Factors affecting the distribution ofSatyrid butterflies on arable<br />
farmland.] App. Ecol. 33 723-734.<br />
DOVER,].W, FR~ G. (1996) The effect oflandscape elements on butterfly<br />
distribution and movement. Paper presented at the Butterfly Conservation<br />
symposium Conserving Lepidoptera in a Changing Environment. Warwick.<br />
DOVER,].W, SPARKS,T. H., GREATOREX-DAVIES, N. (1996) The importance<br />
ofshelter for butterflies in open landscapes. Ibid.<br />
EMLE~D.W (1996) Keele butterflies:The Gatekeeper. (Web address at http://<br />
www:keele.ac.uk/university/nathist/gate.htm).<br />
FORD, E. B. 1945 Butteiflies 342 Collins, London.<br />
HEATH,]., POLLARD, E.,THOMAS,].A. 1984 Atlas of butteiflies in Britain and<br />
Ireland. 129Viking, Harmondsworth.<br />
HERBERT, G. <strong>1997</strong> <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> and <strong>No</strong>rthamptonshire butterfly report <strong>1997</strong>. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
and <strong>No</strong>rthamptonshire branch ofButterfly Conservation.<br />
POLLARD, E.,YATES,T.]. 1993 Monitoring .butterflies for ecology and conservation..<br />
Chapman and Hall, London.<br />
PORTER. K., STEEL, C.A.,THOMAS,].A.1992 Butterflies and communities. The<br />
Ecology ofButterflies in Britain. Dennis, R. H. L. (ed). 139-177. Oxford.<br />
SHREEVE,T. G. 1992a Adult behaviour. The Ecology ofButterflies in Britain. Dennis, R.<br />
H. L. (ed) 22-45. Oxford.<br />
SHREEVE,T. G. 1992b Monitoring butterfly movements The Ecology ofButterflies in<br />
Britain. Dennis, R.H. L. (ed). 120-138. Oxford.<br />
66
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
SUTCLIFFE, O. L., THOMAS, C." D. 1996 Open corridors appear to facilitate dispersal<br />
ofRinglet.butterflies Aphantopus hyperantus between woodland clearings.<br />
Conservation Biology 10 5 1359-1365.<br />
THOMAS, C. D. 1995 Ecology and conservation ofbutterfly metapopulations in the<br />
fragmented British landscape. Ecology and conservation ofButteiflies. Pullin,A. S.<br />
(ed.) Chapman and Hall London.<br />
THOMAS,].A., LEWINGTON R. 1991 The Butteiflies ofBritain and Ireland. 175.<br />
Dorling Kindersley for the National Trust, London.<br />
THOMSON, G. 1980 The Butteiflies of Scotland. Croom Helm, London.<br />
WARREN, M. S. 1992 Butterfly populations. The Ecology ofButteiflies in Britain. R. H.<br />
S. Dennis (ed.) 73-92. Oxford.<br />
WOIWOD, I. E <strong>1997</strong> Monitoring population change and density: The Butteiflies and<br />
Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. 61-78.Arnold,VW, Baker, C. R. B., Manning, D.V,<br />
Woiwod, I. E (auth.). <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong>, Bedford.<br />
Address: 64 Eagle Gardens, Bedford MK41 7FE.<br />
Brian Anderson has had a lifelong interest in butterflies.'He was involved in the<br />
early stages of establishing the Local Nature Reserve at Hill Rise in Bedford<br />
where he currently records butterflies on a transect route, as well as other<br />
taxonomic groups.<br />
Male Gatekeeper, Pyronia tithonus.<br />
Photo: Richard Revels<br />
67
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
MACRO-MOTHS<br />
by Len Field<br />
This being my first year as recorder I have very much been getting my "feet under<br />
the table" and so give my apologies to those people I perhaps should have spoken to<br />
and have not. I effectively took over in May and by then the season was well underway<br />
and· I have been trying to catch up ever since.<br />
<strong>1997</strong> followed the trends ofrecent years whereby it has been getting warmer earlier.<br />
This has had the effect ofmaking the moth·recording season longer although it is<br />
possible to see moths in all months ofthe year. This year there were a number of<br />
earliest ever records for some species.<br />
Generally, however, the number ofrecorded sightings is down on previous years even<br />
with the more common moths. 1996 was considered to be a peak year due to the<br />
activity involved in the completion ofthe book The Butteiflies and Moths of <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
but <strong>1997</strong> was even down on 1995.This may be due to the earlier start to the season. as<br />
there is no evidence ofincreases in numbers ofthe moths recorded.<br />
Since the last recorder's report there have been forty-four new 10Km square records.<br />
Some ofthese relate to late 1996 and earlier records only just received. Thirteen ofthe<br />
new records relate to SP93 from Mrs Kelso who has just reported records covering the<br />
years 1993 to <strong>1997</strong>.Apart from one record still to be confirmed there were no new.<br />
county records for last year. This possible new record came from the eastern side ofthe<br />
county.<br />
One other record worth identifying was the second sighting for the county ofthe<br />
Scarce SilverYThe seciond record was found in SP95, as was the first. This is a moth<br />
that may not get the attention that it deserves. A more detailed look at any captures<br />
may turn up some interesting results.<br />
All numbers and English names areas per A Recorder's Log Book or Label List of British<br />
Butteiflies and Moths byl.D. Bradley and D.S.Fletcher (Curwen, London 1979).<br />
INDIVIDUAL SPECIES RECORDS FOR <strong>1997</strong><br />
380 Red Tipped Clearwing<br />
Recorded by Bernard Nau at Priory Park Bedford (TL05).<br />
1633 Small Eggar<br />
Once again recorded as larvae but numbers appear to be well down on 1996.As in<br />
previous years records were only from SP95.<br />
1637 Oak Eggar<br />
Recorded at Biggleswade (TL14) in his garden by R.e.Revels.<br />
1642 The Lappet<br />
Apparently plentiful in the 1980s. Only recorded 4 times in the 1990s and no records<br />
for the last two years.<br />
1680· Maidens Blush<br />
Recorded for the first time in 1996 at The Lodge, Sandy (TL24) byJoan Childs.<br />
1749 Dark Spinach<br />
Recorded for the first time since 1991 at Studham (TL01) by Charles Baker.<br />
1790 The Tissue<br />
First record since 1986. Recorded at Ridgmont (SP93) by Mrs Kelso on 1st April <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
68
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> .<strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
1835 White Spotted Pug<br />
<strong>No</strong> records received for the first time since 1980.There were never many records but<br />
none this year.<br />
1864 The Streak<br />
<strong>No</strong> records received for the fIrst time since 1981.<br />
1874 Dingy Shell<br />
Recorded at the <strong>Society</strong> moth evening at Flitwick Moor on 11th July <strong>1997</strong>.This is the<br />
first record since 1985.<br />
1972 Convolvulus Hawk Moth<br />
Three records in <strong>1997</strong>. All three were new 10Km square records. This is a migrant<br />
hawk moth and can turn up at any place but these moths are readily available from<br />
dealers as larva and we have to consider the possibility ofreleases or escapees. The new'<br />
records are Melchbourne (TL06) by M.J.Webb on 2nd September <strong>1997</strong>, a dead<br />
specimen was found by N.Dawson in a supermarket in Shefford (TL13) on 5th<br />
September <strong>1997</strong> and a larva was handed to David Manning on 24th October <strong>1997</strong><br />
from SP95 but unfortunately it did not survive.<br />
1984 Humming Bird Hawk Moth<br />
<strong>No</strong>t recorded in the county for the first time since 1988.Another migrant that was<br />
recorded in ten 10Km squares in 1996.<br />
2029 Brown Tail<br />
Larvae web handed in to the Luton Council Pest Control Department on 13th May<br />
<strong>1997</strong>.The record' comes' from TL02R. Could become an unwanted visitor.<br />
2040 Four Dotted Footman<br />
Recorded from the Rothamsted trap at Cockayne Hatley (TL24) on 6thJuly <strong>1997</strong><br />
and from ChicksandsWood (TL14) by Mark Hammond on the 14thJune <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
2268 The Suspected<br />
Recorded at the <strong>Society</strong> moth'evening on 11thJuly <strong>1997</strong> at Flitwick Moor (TL03).<br />
This is the first record since 1990.<br />
2447 Scarce SilverY<br />
Recorded by BrotherJohn Mayhead at Turvey Abbey on 10thAugust <strong>1997</strong>.This is the<br />
second record for the county. Both are for SP95.<br />
2465 The Four Spotted<br />
This is a species that is declining nationally and we are lucky to now have four<br />
recorded sites for this moth.The fourth site is Eaton Bray (SP92) 28thJuly <strong>1997</strong> where<br />
it was captured in a Rothamsted trap.<br />
From the above it would seem that a number ofspecies are in decline and 1 am sure<br />
that this is not the case. I have tried to higWight the effect that·it has on the county<br />
records ifthese moths are not recorded for one year. I am sure that they' are still there<br />
to be recorded and, as demonstrated by the 32 new 10Km records, will be seen by<br />
somebody ifthey are looked for.<br />
As mentioned earlier there is one possible new record for the countrThe moth is<br />
the Oblique Striped (1718). Recorded byJoan Childs at Potton (TL24) on 6th August<br />
<strong>1997</strong>. This is some 70 miles from its n9rmal range. It was apparently plentiful across the<br />
border in Cambridgeshire and the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> specimen was confirmed by moth<br />
trappers from Cambridgeshire.This is a moth to look out for in 1998.<br />
NOTE: For those people who would like to annotate their copy of The Butteiflies and<br />
69
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> I have listed below the new 10Km square records, including the<br />
1996 sightings.<br />
SP92 2371 (1996. Rothamsted record), 2465<br />
SP931705,1707,1715,1766,1790,1794,1839,<br />
1853,1883,2157,2331,2336 and 2338<br />
SP95 1870, 1972, 2033, 2265 and 2336<br />
SP96 2369<br />
TL01 1647,1749,1812,1840,1856,1882 and<br />
2033<br />
TL02 2029,2088 and 2301<br />
TLOS 380<br />
TL06 19<strong>52</strong> and 1972<br />
TL131972<br />
TL14 1637,2040 and 2147<br />
TL23 1653 (omitted from book in error) and 2033<br />
TL24 1647,1680,2033 and 2040 2<br />
7 t___+-----t-...,.......e.~--f----t___---1<br />
61-+---T---t----+-=---+---+------I<br />
41--+-7----t----+---+---T----I<br />
31--+-+----+-----H+~-+----1<br />
The revised map by 10Km square with number of<br />
species is as opposite. I 9 SPOTL 2 3<br />
Number ofspecies recorded in each<br />
10km square - as at 31/12/97<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
My thanks go to the following people who have kept records during <strong>1997</strong> and<br />
enabled me to produce the above report for the year:<br />
R.C.Revels,].Childs, D.Manning, H.A.Smith,T.Thomas, C.Baker, LWoiwod, Brother<br />
J.Mayhead, C.Aylott, M.Williams,T.Smith, P]ewess, PKelso, H.Winter, PAlmond,<br />
A.Hurst, N.Dawson, M.].Webb, ].Barnwell and last but not leastVic Arnold who has<br />
given me advice and guidance when I have needed it and also for providing the<br />
equipment for the moth evening in]uly:<br />
Len Field is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Macro-Moths, a position he took on in<br />
an honorary capacity in <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
70
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist fat <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
MICRO-MOTHS<br />
by David Manning<br />
My report for <strong>1997</strong> includes the recording often species new to the county list.<br />
These records can be added·to the <strong>Society</strong>'s book, The Butterflies and Moths of<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> as follows:<br />
Haplotinea insectella (Fabricius) (212)<br />
One in the RIS trap at Eaton Bray in August <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight: June to August (week 32)*<br />
Larval Food: Stored animal and vegetable products. Fungi out ofdoors.<br />
Map: SP92<br />
Coleophora conyzae Zeller (<strong>52</strong>1)<br />
One in RIS trap at Cockayne Hatley inJuly 1996.<br />
Flight:July (week 27)*<br />
Larval Foodplants: Ploughman's spikenard and Common fleabane<br />
Map:TL03<br />
Coleophora asteris Miihlig (562)<br />
One specimen ofthis coastal species to MV (mercury vapour) light at Sharnbrook on<br />
20 August <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight: July, August (week 34)*<br />
.Larval Foodpla~t: Sea aster<br />
Map: SP95<br />
Elachista alpinella Stainton (599)<br />
One to MV light at Sharnbrook on 18 July and one in the RIS trap at Cockayne<br />
Hatley in the week 20-26 August <strong>1997</strong><br />
Flight:July to September (weeks 29,34)*<br />
Larval Foodplant: Sedges<br />
Map: SP95, TL24<br />
Elachista adscitella Stainton (622)<br />
One netted at ChicksandsWood by.C.R.B.Baker on 14June <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight: May to August (week 24)*<br />
Larval Foodplant:Tufted hair-grass and Blue moor-grass<br />
Map:TL14<br />
Aroga velocella (Zeller) (796)<br />
One moth swept from heather at Cooper's Hill on 11 July <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight: May,July and August (week 28)*<br />
Larval Foodplant: Sheep's sorrel<br />
Map:TL03<br />
71
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1)· (1998)<br />
Gelechia senticetella Staudinger (801a)<br />
Two in the RIS trap at Eaton Bray in <strong>1997</strong>.This moth from Southern Europe was first<br />
found in Britain in 1988· and is now recorded in a few s·outhern counties.<br />
Flight: July, August (weeks 31,32)*<br />
Larval Foodplant:Junipers, including garden varieties<br />
Map: SP92<br />
Syncopacma taeniolella (Zeller) (847)<br />
One netted on chalk grassland at Studham on 23 July <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight: July (week 30)*<br />
Larval Foodplants: Bird's-foot trefoil, clovers and medicks<br />
Map:TLOl<br />
Cydia pallifrontana (Lienig &Zeller) (1243)<br />
Several swept from foodplant at Souldrop on 3 June <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Flight:June,July (week 22)*<br />
Larval Foodplant:Wild liquorice<br />
Map: SP96<br />
Pempeliella diluta (Haworth) (1462)<br />
One in the RIS trap at Eaton Bray in 1996.<br />
Flight: July, August (week 30)*<br />
Larval Foodplant:Wild thyme<br />
Map: SP92<br />
* Flight times recorded in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. Standard week numbers are described in<br />
Arnold et al (<strong>1997</strong>) and are those used by the Rothamsted Insect Survey (RIS).<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I would like to thank the following for records and assistance: ~A1mond,VArnold,<br />
C.Baker, G.Buss, Mrs B.Bowskill,].E.Childs, P.Jewess, B.S.Nau,A.Riley; R.Revels,<br />
H.A.Smith,I.Woiwod.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ARNOLD,VW, BAKER, C.R.B., MANNING, D.\!: andWOIWOD, I.~ <strong>1997</strong> The<br />
Buttedlies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong><br />
408pp.<br />
David Manning is the <strong>Society</strong>'s recorder for Micro-Moths, a 'position he has held<br />
in an honorary capacity since 1986. He is a co-author of the recent BNHS<br />
publication The Butteiflies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>.<br />
72
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
GOLDEN JUBILEE FUNGUS FORAY, <strong>1997</strong><br />
KING'S WOOD NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE<br />
and STOCKGROVE PARK., HEATH and REACH<br />
by Derek Reid<br />
The annual fungus foray was held at King'sWood National Nature Reserve and<br />
Stockgrove Park, Heath and Reach, on Sunday 21st September <strong>1997</strong> and was led by<br />
Dr Derek Reid.About 20 people attended including a number ofvisitors.<br />
It was on Sunday 12th October, 1947,that the <strong>Society</strong> held its first Fungus Fora)',<br />
with the venue being "King's Wood and Rushmere, Heath and Reach".The leader on<br />
that occasion was the eminent mycologist Dr R.WG. Dennis, then Head ofthe<br />
Mycology Section, ofthe Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew:<br />
A report ofthis foray duly appeared in the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist <strong>No</strong> 3 for the year<br />
1948, and the hope was expressed thatThe Fungus Foray would become an annual<br />
event in the <strong>Society</strong>'s programme. So it is fitting that this year we celebrated this 50th<br />
anniversary by returning to approximately the same location as that visited by those<br />
early members ofthe <strong>Society</strong>, fifty years ago. However the report ofthe inaugural foray<br />
was published in an extraordinary manner, under the title "The 1948 Fungus Foray"<br />
which was. held at Aspley Wood.The report was divided into two parts comprising (a) a<br />
species list from AspleyWood (b) a similar list ofspecies from King's Wood or<br />
Rushmere. However, species found at both Aspley Wood, 1948 and in King's Wood or<br />
Rushmere, 1947 were listed only·once, i.e. under Aspley Wood, with an asterisk to<br />
indicate that they also occurred in King's Wood or Rushmere. So, to obtain the<br />
complete list of speci~s·collected on the inaugural foray of 1947, one has to extract the<br />
names from both parts ofthe published report. Even then there is a paragraph at the<br />
end ofthe report headed "Moulds" - and it is impossible to know when or from where<br />
the five listed mould species were collected.<br />
In general the species collected from King's Wood and Rushmere 1947 were<br />
common and unexceptional, although Lepiota lilacea remains a distinct rarity at<br />
N ationallevel, and has never again been found in the county.<br />
It would have been satisfactory to produce a table showing a comparison between<br />
the list ofspecies found in 1947 with those gathered during the current foray. However,<br />
the original foray list is so short, comprising a mere 31 species that it cannot<br />
possibly be taken as repr~sentative ofthe abundance offungi in the woodland under<br />
consideration, which I know to be higWy productive. Such a short list is totally inadequate<br />
to serve as a base line against which to monitor changes in species composition<br />
over the last 50 years. Furthermore the areas surveyed in 1947 and <strong>1997</strong> are not<br />
strictly comparable since Rushmere was includ~d in 1947, but was not visited in <strong>1997</strong>.<br />
Finally, comparison oflists from a given site compiled from single visits can also be<br />
higWy misleading, even when taking into account the time ofyear when the collections<br />
were made, the extant weather conditions, and the transient nature offungi.<br />
One thing is certain, those original forayers back in 1947 would be surprised to learn<br />
that 50 years on we are continuing to add new species offungi to the County List, at a<br />
fairly constant rate. Still much more work remains to be undertaken to help increase<br />
our knowledge ofthe composition ofthe Mycological Flora of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, and the<br />
73
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
distribution ofthe various species within the county, but such data are being sl,owly<br />
accumulated.<br />
Returning to the current foray, it is interesting to note that a total of 165 species was<br />
collected ofwhich 9 ofthe species were new to the county.<br />
Ofthe novelties Amanita rubescens var. annulosulphurea is merely a variant ofthe well<br />
known "Blusher" (A. rubescens var. rubescens) with a yellow ring on the stem.<br />
Small species ofMycena always present a problem ofidentification, but M. amicta,<br />
which has a greyish cap paling with age is notable for having a pale grey-brown stem<br />
with a blue-green tint·at the base. Microscopically it has ellipsoid spores, measuring 7<br />
10 x 4-5f..lm, which are amyloid, and narrowly elongate cystidia. Occasional collections<br />
ofM.amicta are met with, in which the cap shows evanescent radial blue-green fibrils;<br />
this variant is sometimes recognised as var. iris.<br />
Russula heterophylla var. chlora was the cause ofconfusion in the field, since it very<br />
closely resembles R. violeipes, in having a uniformly pale citron-yellow cap. However,<br />
the presence ofvery elongated, tapering, thick-walled refractive hairs on the cap cuticle'<br />
demonstrated its true affinity.<br />
The earth ball· Scleroderma areolatum, is so similar to the common S. verrucosum that it<br />
cannot be distinguished with any degree ofconfidence until spore measurements have<br />
been made.The spores ofboth species are globose with a strong spiny ornament, but<br />
whereas those of S. areolatum measure 11-14f..lm diameter those ofS. verrucosum have·a<br />
range of9-11f..lm (exclusive ofthe ornament). In the field it is sometimes possible to<br />
observe that the scales on the surface ofthe fruitbody of S. areolatum are each<br />
surrounded by a halo ofsmall granules, a feature not present in S. verrucosum.<br />
Scleroderma bovista shows some features ofboth S. areolatum and S. verrucosum on the<br />
one hand, and S. citrinum on the other. Like the two former species it has a thin<br />
peridiallayer, a short pseudostipe, and possesses clamp connections; in contrast to these<br />
two taxa in which the spore ornament consists ofprominent isolated spines, in S. bovista<br />
it comprises a complete reticulum very similar to that ofthe spores ofS. citrinum.<br />
Ofthe Discomycetes collected, only Catinella olivacea was new to the county.This<br />
species produces small, sessile shallowly saucer-shaped, dark olive coloured discs, to<br />
10mm diam., on wet logs. The spores, which are elliptic with a slight median<br />
constriction, have a range of7-11 x 4-Sf..lm, and are initially almost hyaline, but<br />
gradually become olive brown.There are also cylindrical paraphyses in the hymenium<br />
with the tips capped by an amorphous brown substance.<br />
The remaining additions to the County List are all microfungi, but ofthese mention<br />
should be made ofthe discovery of Puccinia conii, since this is a rare rust throughout<br />
Britain, despite the frequency ofits host, Hemlock, Conium maculatum.<br />
The list ofspecies follows:<br />
Agaricus bitorquis S; Amanita citrina var. alba K; A. phalloides K; A. rubescens mc.* var.<br />
annulosulphurea S; Boletus badius S; B. chrysenteron S; B. pruinatus S; B. subtomentosus S; Calocybe<br />
(== Tricholoma) carnea S; Clitocybe clavipes S; C. fragrans S; C. gibba (infundibuliformis)· S; C. odora S;<br />
C. phaeopthalma S; C. rivulosa S; Collybia cirrhata S; C. conjluens S; C. dryophila S; C.fusipes S, K;<br />
C. maculata S; C. peronata S; Coprinusatramentarius S; C. comatus S; C. lagopus S; C. plicatilisS;<br />
Entoloma rhodopolium S; Gymnopilus penetrans S; Hebeloma crustuliniforme S; H. mesophaeum S;<br />
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca S, K; Hypholoma fasciculare K; Inocybe asterospora K; 1. bongardii K; 1.<br />
74
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
rimosa ifastigiata) S; Laccaria laccata S; L. proxima S; Lactarius britannicus S; L.turpis S; Leccinum<br />
scabrum S; L. versipelle S, K; Lepiota cristata K; L. sistrata K; Lyophyllum connatum S; L. decastes S;<br />
Marasmius oreade~ S; M. rotula S; Melanoleuca melaleuca S; * Mycena amicta S; M.galericulata S; M.<br />
galopus S; M. galopus var. candida S; M. haematopus K; M. pura S; M. speirea K; M. vitilis S;<br />
Paxillus atrotomentosus S; R involutus S; Pholiota tuberculosa S; Pleurotus pulmonarius S; Pluteus<br />
cervinus S; Psathyrella candolleana S; R marcescibilis S; R piluliformis (hydrophila) S; Rickenella fibula<br />
S; Russula aeruginea S; R. atropurpurea S; R. betularum S; R. cyanoxantha S; R. delica K; R.fragilis<br />
S; * R. heterophylla var chlora S; R.lepida S; R. nigricans K; R. ochroleuca S; R. parazurea S; R.<br />
xerampelina S, K; Tricholoma fulvum S.<br />
Botryobasidium candicans S; Bjerkandera adusta S, K; Clavulina cinerea S; Clavulinopsis helvola S;<br />
Coriolus versicolor S; Daedaleopsis confragosa S; Fistulina hepatica S; Ganoderma adspersum S;<br />
Heterobasidion annosum S; Hirschioporus abietinus S; Hyphoderma (Basidioradulum) radula S;<br />
Laetiporus sulphureus S; Merulius tremellosus S; Mycoacia uda S; Peniophora quercina S; Phaeolus<br />
schweinitzii S; Phellinus ferreus S; Phlebiella (Trechispora) vaga K; Piptoporus betulinus S; Polyporus<br />
badius S; Radulomyces confluens K; Resinicium bicolor S; Stereum hirsutum S; S. ran-leale K; S. rugosum<br />
S; Trechispora farinacea S.<br />
Calocera pallidospathulata S; C. viscosa S; Dacrymyces stillatus S.<br />
Myxarium nucleatum S; Tremella mesenterica K.<br />
Auricularia auricula-judae S.<br />
Geastrum triplex S; Lycoperdon nigrescens ifoetidum) S; L. perlatum S, K; Phallus impudicus S, K; *<br />
Scleroderma areolatum S; * S. bovista S; S. verrucosum S, K; Vascellum pratense S, K.<br />
Kuhneola uredinis S, K; Melampsora populnea K; Melampsoridium betulinum S, K; Phragmidium<br />
violaceum S, K; Puccinia annularis S, K; R arenariaef arenariae (On Moehringia trinervia) S; R<br />
arenariaef lychnidearum S, K; * R conii K; R glechomatis S, K; Pucciniastrum circaeae K; R epilobii K.<br />
Aleuria aurantia K; Bulgaria inquitlans K; * Catinella olivacea S; Chlorociboria aeruginascens S;<br />
Coprobia granulata K; Helvella crispa S; Mollisia cinerea S; Orbilia inflatula S; O. xanthostigma K;<br />
Rhytisma acerinum S, K; Trochila ilicina K.<br />
Chaetosphaerella phaeostroma S; Cordyceps militaris S; Creopus gelatinosus S; Diatrype stigma S;<br />
Diatrypella quercina S; Erysiphe circaeae S,K; E. galeopsidis K; E. heraclei (On Angelica and<br />
Heracleum) S,K; E. sordida (On Plantago) K; Hypoxylonfragiforme S; H. multiforme S, K;<br />
Lasiosphaeria hirsuta S; Microsphaera alphitoides S, K; Nectria cinnabarina S, K; N episphaeria S;<br />
Rhopographus filicinusS, K; UnCinula bicornis (On Acer campestre) K; Xylaria hypoxylon S, K.<br />
Paecilomycesfarinosus K; * Ramularia ajugae K; *·R.lactea (On Viola sp.) K; Sepedonium<br />
chrysospermum S, K;<br />
Spinellus fusiger K;<br />
Ceratiomyxafruticulosa S; Fuligo septica S; Lycogala epidendrum S, K.<br />
* New County Record<br />
Total Number ofSpecies = 165<br />
Total new to the County = 9<br />
Derek Reid has been the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Fungi since 19<strong>52</strong>. He has now<br />
stood down after many years ofleading the annual fungus forays and providing<br />
expert advice on fungi in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. He was formerly Head ofMyc.ology at<br />
the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for many years and is a<br />
mycologist of world· renown.<br />
75
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN ALLIES<br />
(Spermatophyta and Pteridophyta)<br />
by Chris Boon .<br />
There are now only two full years ofrecording to go'for the BSBI Atlas 2000 project.<br />
There is still much 10km recording required from odd corners ofthe county - roadside<br />
verges, field corners, waste places etc. - to ensure the presence ofruderal weeds and all<br />
common species are noted. Data already obtained from the Flora Group, from. surveys<br />
sponsored by the County Council and from other sources have been entered into the<br />
Biological Records Centre at Bedford Museum.The database is now virtually up-todate<br />
with all botanical records collected in the county from 1987 to <strong>1997</strong>, numbering<br />
nearly 120,000 records in all.<br />
Probably the most interesting discovery ofthe year was by Philip Irving ofa boggy<br />
area ofWavendon Heath which is in a low part ofwhat was, up to several years ago, the<br />
large Fuller's earth extraction site - now infilled.Whether the wet area was part ofthe<br />
refill or was always present is not known.The assemblage ofrarewetland <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
plants in this site (SP93H) is exceptionaLTwo rare rushes Juncus bulbosus, Bulbous<br />
Rush, andJsquarrosus, Heath Rush, are present. Also two rare ferns, Blechnum spicant,<br />
Hard Fern, and, most surprising ofall, two young plants of Osmunda regalis, Royal Fern.<br />
Finally a rare sedge Carex echinata, Star Sedge, completed the excitement. All these<br />
records are from tetrad SP93H.The higher sandy areas in the vicinity also contained<br />
many unusual plants - in all 125 species were recorded from the area on two visits in<br />
May andJuly which, for an acid heath site, is a good number. It is to be hoped the area<br />
can be conserved.What makes it more interesting is that the nearby SSSI ofWavendon<br />
Heath Ponds has been known to contain many ofthese rarities. Hard Fern was known<br />
in the county only from the Ponds, where there are still a few old plants, whilst the<br />
new site, only about 500 metres away, has many young plants.<br />
Many of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>'s plants occur only in one or two sites and are thus very<br />
vulnerable. Many ofthese have been checked out during the year and the following<br />
sample offindings are ofinterest. Stellaria neglecta, Greater Chickweed, is still present in<br />
profusion on Pennyfather's Moors (TL03T) in Maulden. Potentilla anglica, Trailing<br />
Tormentil, is still hanging on in Kidney Wood, Luton (TL01Z). Viola canina subsp.<br />
canina, Heath Dog-violet, is still at Waterloo Thorns (TL15V), with Genista tinctoria,<br />
Dyer's Greenweed, but appears to be decreasing. However, Viola palustris, MarshViolet,<br />
could not be found at its only site on Cooper's Hill,Ampthill (TL03I), but, during the<br />
coming winter, the Wildlife Trust will be carrying out some clearance ofBracken and<br />
scrub in the. area so, hopefully, conditions will be favourable for its survival.<br />
Some plants were thought to have disappeared from the county in recent years. One<br />
ofthese was Nepeta cataria, Cat Mint.There are now; I believe, three populations on<br />
record from Knocking Hoe, Dunstable Downs and Pavenham. Cerastium pumilum,<br />
DwarfMouse-ear, was recorded by John Dony in his 1976 Atlas along the main railway<br />
lines in the north ofthe county, but it had not been seen for ten years or more until<br />
Mark Powell refound it (TL06A);still on the railway. A more remarkable return was<br />
Erica tetralix, Cross-leaved Heath, last recorded as a native in about 1880, from Maulden<br />
Wood (TL03U).This was first noted by Patrick Cook ofForest Enterprise a few years<br />
ago atthe base ofa recently planted pine tree. It was presumably brought in on the<br />
76
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
roots ofthe young tree and seems to be thriving and is flowering well. It will be<br />
interesting to see how long it survives as its normal habitat is damp heathland whereas,<br />
in MauldenWqod, it is on rather dry sandy soil.<br />
The vegetation ofmany ofthe county's country parks is ofgreat interest and many<br />
rare plants are found within their boundaries. However, an exceptional discovery was a<br />
colony ofabout 50 Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata in a wild part ofHarrold/<br />
Odell Country Park (SP95T).A1so in a lake nearby is a thriving colony ofRanunculus<br />
lingua,Greater Spearwort.The presence ofthese species shows how valuable such sites<br />
are in the cQunty.<br />
One ofthe botanical features ofthe verge edges ofthe main arterial roads has· been<br />
the salt tolerant plants spreading inland, with the commonest being the grass Puccinellia<br />
distans, Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass. Until the last few years Cochlearia danica,Danish<br />
Scurvy-grass, was noted from only one or two locations but it has recently increased<br />
dramatically. The M1 from the northern county boundary to theToddington junction<br />
Gunction 12) passes through 12 tetrads (ofwhich four are only very short stretches). In<br />
the remaining eight I was able to record C. danica in quantity from seven tetrads at a<br />
reasonable motorway speed. On a joint meeting with the Hertfordshire Flora Group<br />
we were walking along the AS near Kensworth when one ofthe Herts group, Gerald<br />
Salisbury, noted a plant of Spergularia marina (Lesser Sea-spurrey).This was the first<br />
county record for this species; we were about 2 metres inside the county boundary<br />
(TL01N). <strong>No</strong> doubt it will spread along the roads and become a regular member of<br />
the county's flora.<br />
NEW COUNTY RECORDS<br />
CARYOPHYLLACEAE<br />
Spergularia marina Lesser Sand-spurrey<br />
Roadside AS nr Kensworth.TL01N (GS).<br />
POACEAE<br />
Sasa palmata Broad-leaved Bamboo<br />
<strong>Natural</strong>ised on pond edge,Woburn Park. SP93R(CB).<br />
ASTERACEAE<br />
Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican Fleabane<br />
In pavement crack, Hightown Road, Luton. (First recorded 1994.) TL02W (SH).<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I'would like to thank all those who have sent in records and especially those who are<br />
taking part in the'Flora Project.<br />
].Adams, C. Baker, E Baker, G. Bellamy, C. Boon, R. Brind, C. Carpenter,]. Comont, E<br />
Cook, D. George, D. Gowing, S. Hawkins,A. Hurst, P Irving, T. James,VJohnston, K.<br />
Kavanagh, P Kavanagh, R. Maycock, E Phillips, M. Powel1, R. Revels, G. Salisbury, P<br />
Smart,T. Smith,J.Wakeley, R.Woolnough.<br />
Chris Boon is the <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorder for Flowering Plants, Ferns and Fern Allies,<br />
a position he has held in an honorary capacity since 1986. He has also been<br />
Recorder for <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> for the Botanical <strong>Society</strong> of the British Isles (BSBI)<br />
since 1982.<br />
77
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
BRITISH AND IRISH FLORISTIC ELEMENTS APPLIED TO THE<br />
BEDF'ORDSHIRE FLORA<br />
by Chris R. Boon<br />
Introduction<br />
The native British and Irish vascular plants have been classified into a new system of<br />
floristic elements which are based on the geographical range ofthe plants in the<br />
<strong>No</strong>rthern Hemisphere (Preston and Hill, <strong>1997</strong>). The major purposes ofthis<br />
classification are to establish categories ofplants with similar climatic requirements and<br />
.to highlight those which may have similarities in dispersal history. Two criteria are<br />
defined, firstly by nine major biomes which approximate to latitudinal distribution and<br />
secondly by six categories related to the eastern limit ofdistribution. Using a<br />
combination ofthese two criteria, each species can be assigned a floristic element. As<br />
shorthand, a two digit number, with the first representing the major biome number<br />
and the second representing the eastern.limit, can be defined. In Britain and Ireland<br />
1481 species have been so classified and it is the native ranges ofthese species which<br />
have been used for the purposes ofthe classification, not the ranges as modified by<br />
introduction. The individual distributions ofsubspecies are often not well known and<br />
thus, inthese cases, the range ofthe species is used. Species that have not been<br />
included in the analysis are, firstly, those endemic to Britain and Ireland and, secondly,<br />
nine other species for which there is insufficient reliable distribution data.<br />
The present paper assesses the vascular plants of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> in relation to these<br />
British and Irish floris,tic elements. The main aims are:<br />
a. to place the plants in their floristic element, and<br />
b. to investigate whether the extinctions that have occurred are related to particular<br />
elements.<br />
A secondary purpose is to provide a list ofall the native plants that are considered to<br />
be present in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> at the end ofthe 20th Century.<br />
Definitions ofthe floristic elements<br />
The definitions ofthe floristic elements are relatively complicated in detail but the<br />
following presents an outline ofthe full definitions given in Preston and Hill (<strong>1997</strong>).<br />
As mentioned above, each category is assigned two digits with the first digit, the major<br />
biome category (MBC), being assigned to those plants occurring in one·or more of<br />
the major terrestrial biomes ofthe world which are defined by vegetation types which,<br />
in turn, are governed by climate. <strong>No</strong>rth ofthe tropics these biomes are related to both<br />
latitude and altitude, since an increase in the latter can be equivalent to an increase in<br />
the former.. There are four major biomes ofrelevance here which are as follows (with<br />
the assigned digit after the name):<br />
(a) Arctic-montane (1) - Species north of, or above, the tree line.<br />
(b) Boreal-montane (4) -"Main distribution within the coniferous forest zone.<br />
(c) Temperate (7) - Main distribution within the broad-leaved deciduous forest zone.<br />
(d) Southern (9) - South ofthe broad-leaved deciduous forest zone.<br />
Many species' distributions straddle· these biomes and, to take this into account, five<br />
further MBCs are defined as follows:<br />
78·
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
(e) Boreo-arctic Montane (2) - Species occurringin(a) and (b).<br />
(f) Wide-boreal (3) - Distribution·centred in. (b) but occur widely in· (a) and (c).<br />
(g) Boreo-te11?-perate (5) - Species occurring in (b) and (c).<br />
(h) Wide-temperate (6) - Distribution centred in (c) but occur widely in (b) and (d).<br />
(i) Southern-temperate (8)- Species occurring in (c) and (d).<br />
, The second digit, the eastern limit category (ELC) , is assigned in relation to<br />
longitude. The main criteria are given here (with the assigned digit after the name)<br />
and apply to the main distribution· ofthe species.<br />
(a) Oceanic (1) - Species restricted to the Atlantic zone (from <strong>No</strong>rway south to<br />
Portugal).<br />
(b) Suboceanic (2) - Species extending east of (a) to Sweden, western Central Europe<br />
and the western Mediterranean.<br />
(c) European (3) - Species ofmainly European distribution with an eastern limit of<br />
60 0 E.<br />
(d) Eurosiberian (4) - Species with an eastern limit between 60 0 E and 120 0 E.<br />
(e) Eurasian (5) - Species with an eastern limit east of 120 0 E.<br />
(f) Circumpolar (6) - Species found in Europe,Asia and <strong>No</strong>rth America.<br />
In all there are 40 floristic elements defined for the plants ofBritain and Ireland with<br />
betWeen three and six ELCs for each MBC from 1 to 8. The Southern major biome<br />
(9) is a special case for which three special elements are defined based on the species'<br />
Mediterranean distribution.<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> flora<br />
All the plants that have been recorded from <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> since Gerarde (1597) to the<br />
present day, and which occur in the list ofBritish and Irish natives in Preston and Hill<br />
(<strong>1997</strong>), are considered. The total number ofspecies is 903. However, ofthese, 62<br />
species have been introduced to <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> (Appendix 1) and are not within their<br />
native range. It should also be noted that seven species, now only present as<br />
introductions, were formerly natives (see Appendix 1). This results in the numberof<br />
species that have been recorded in the county, and are considered native, being 841.<br />
The number ofspecies that have become or are consid.ered to be extinct in the<br />
county is 96 (Appendix 2). This is 11.4% ofthe native flora and results in the number<br />
ofextant native species being 745 (Appendix 3). This figure is 50.3% ofthe 1481<br />
species given in Preston and Hill (<strong>1997</strong>).Thus <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> has approximately one half<br />
ofthe native British and Irish vascular flora.<br />
Thirty three ofthe 43 defined floristic elements can be applied to the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
flora, and the total numbers for each floristic element are shown inTable 1. The only<br />
major biome category that does not have any representation in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> is, as<br />
might be expected, the Arctic-montane biome which contains four floristic elements<br />
(13 to 16). Four further elements, two in the Boreo-arctic Montane (21 and 24) and<br />
two in the Boreal-montane (41 and 42) MBCs are also absent. The remaining two<br />
absentees are in theWide-boreal (34) and Southern (93) MBCs.<br />
In. the full list in Preston and Hill (<strong>1997</strong>) some species are shown as being doubtfully<br />
native in Britain and Ireland and these are indicated in the lists in the Appendices.<br />
However, for the purposes ofthe present study this qualification has been ignored and<br />
79
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
all species are considered ofequal status. Ofthe 48 endemic species listed for Britain<br />
and Ireland three are recorded for <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. These are Euphrasia anglica, E.<br />
pseudokerneri and Ulmus plotii which are assigned·to the floristic element.Oceanic<br />
Temperate (71). Ofthese, E. anglica is 'extinct, having only been recorded on a single<br />
occasion, U plotii may no longer occur in the county but E. pseudokerneri is still<br />
relatively frequent. Ofthe nine non-endemic species not included in the original<br />
paper because oflack ofdata, two occur in the county. These are Poa humilis and<br />
Rorippa microphylla.<br />
Floristic elements<br />
It is clear from Table 1 that a large number ofspecies, 376, occur in the Temperate<br />
elements (71-76) which is 50.5% ofthe county's native flora. The majority ofthese,<br />
221, occur in the EuropeanTemperate element (73). These numbers parallel the<br />
situation in the British and Irish flora ofwhich over 37% (557) are assigned to the<br />
Teniperate major biome with 297 in the EuropeanTemperate element. It is interesting<br />
to note that within the Temperate major biome the proportion ofspecies assigned to<br />
the European Temperate element is 53.3% for the British and Irish flora and 58.8% for<br />
the <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> flora. These proportions are remarkably close.<br />
Ifwe consider all the "temperate" major biomes, which include the floristic elements<br />
from 51 to 86, theproportions ofthe numbers within each biome compared to the<br />
totals are very similar as shown in Table 2. As might be expected, because ofthe<br />
location of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> in the southern halfofBritain and at a latitude which is<br />
approximately central within the Temperate major biome, 94.1% ofits flora occurs<br />
within these four MB1Cs. It is clear from Table 1 that for most ofthe other 14 floristic<br />
elements the numbers ofspecies indicate that they are somewhat peripheral to the<br />
location of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> with respect to Europe as a whole. This is to be expected<br />
from their definitions given above.<br />
Clearly the Montane biomes are represented in the county by very few species. The<br />
Boreo-arctic Montane biame (elements 23 and 26) is represented by one species in<br />
each element'. Carex dioica in (element 26) which was recorded in 1805 but not since<br />
and Leymus arenarius in (element 23) which has only been recorded as a casual species.<br />
The Boreal-montane biome is currently represented by four species Alchemilla filicaulis,<br />
Coeloglossum viride, Potamogeton praelongus and Vaccinium myrtillus. All are very rare in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> and, indeed, R praelongus may be extinct.<br />
The other two non-temperate biomes are worthy ofmention. Firstly theWideboreal,<br />
which is a small group of 18 species that are frequent throughout Britain and<br />
Ireland. Ofthese, ten still occur in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> (elements 35 and 36) and there has<br />
only been one loss, Chrysosplenium alternifolium. Also there are only two introductions<br />
assigned to this major biome. Secondly, in the Southern biomes (elements 91 and 92),<br />
51 species have been recorded for <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> out ofa national total of114.<br />
However, as might be expected a high proportion, 17 (33.3%), are considered<br />
introductions.<br />
80
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Floristic Elements Total in Total Introd. Native Extinct Native Loss % of<br />
Br+Hb in vc30 in vc30 in vc30 in vc30 in vc30 1597- Br+Hb<br />
<strong>No</strong>. Major Biome Eastern 1600- 1597- 1597- 1597- 1597- <strong>1997</strong> <strong>1997</strong> in vc30<br />
Limit <strong>1997</strong> -<strong>1997</strong> <strong>1997</strong> <strong>1997</strong> <strong>1997</strong> % %<br />
23 Boreo-arctic Montane European 10 1 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0<br />
26 Circumpolar 25 1 0 1 1 0 100.0 0.0<br />
subtotal 35 2 1 1 1 0 100.0 0.0<br />
35 Wide-boreal Eurasian 1 1 0 1 0 1 0.0 100.0<br />
36 Circumpolar 17 13 2 11 1 10 9.1 58.8<br />
subtotal 18 3 2 12 1 11 8.3 61.1<br />
43 Boreal-montane European 27 1 0 1 0 ~ 0.0 3.7<br />
44 Eurosiberian 9 1 0 1 0 1 0.0 11.1<br />
45 Eurasian 5 1 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0<br />
46 Circumpolar 50 10 0 10 7 3 70.0 6.0<br />
subtotal 91 13 1 12 7 5 58.3 5.5<br />
51 Boreo...;temperate Oceanic 8 1 0 1 1 0 100.0 0.0<br />
<strong>52</strong> Suboceanic 8 2 O. 2 1 1 50.0 12.5<br />
53 European 48 24 0 24 3 21 12.5 43.8<br />
54 Eurosiberian 67 55 4 51 6 45 11.8 67.2<br />
55 Eurasian 38 35 1 34 6 28 17.6 73.7<br />
56 Circumpolar 64 50 2 48 11 37 22.9 57.8<br />
subtotal 233 167 7 160 28 132 17.5 56.7<br />
61 Wide-temperate Oceanic 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.0 0.0<br />
63 European 3 1 0 1 0 1 0.0 33.3<br />
64 Eurosiberian 11 11 0 11 0 11 0.0 100.0<br />
65 Eurasian 5 5 0 5 0 5 0.0 100.0<br />
66 Circumpolar 14 10 1 9 0 9 0.0 64.3<br />
subtotal 34 28 2 26 0 26 0.0 76.5<br />
71 Temperate Oceanic 48 11 1 10 4 6 40.0 12.5<br />
72 Suboceanic 28 20 0 20 4 16 20.0 57.1<br />
73 European 297 247 6 241 20 221 8.3 74.4<br />
74 Eurosiberian 120 100 3 97 8 89 8.2. 74.2<br />
75 Eurasian 38 28 1 27 2 25 7.4 65.8<br />
76 Circumpolar 26 22 0 22 3 19 13.6 73.1<br />
subtotal 557 428 11 417 4t 376 9.8 67.5<br />
81 Southern-temperate Oceanic 25 4 1 3 0 3 0.0 12.0<br />
82 Suboceanic 54 28 4 24 2 22 8.3 40.7<br />
83 European 106 76 6 70 4 66 5.7 62.3<br />
84 Eurosiberian 81 66 7 59 4 55 6.8 67.9<br />
85 Eurasian 17 13 2 11 0 11 0.0 64.7<br />
86 Circumpolar 13 11 1 10 0 10 0.0 76.9<br />
subtotal 296 198 21 177 10 167 5.6 56.4<br />
91 Mediterranean-atlantic 67 14 11 3 0 3 0.0 4.5<br />
92 Submediterranean-Subatlantic 47 37 6 31 8 23 25.8 48.9<br />
subtotal 114 51 17 34 8 26 23.5 22.8<br />
?? Undesignated 9 2 0 2 0 2 0.0 22.2<br />
TOTAL 1387 892 62 841 96 745 11.4 53.7<br />
NB. The total number ofBritish and Irish species for all floristic elements is 1481<br />
Table 1. Numbers ofspecies in the floristic elements that occur in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
81
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Major biome British 0/0 of total<br />
British<br />
vc30 % oftotal<br />
vc30<br />
Boreo-temperate (51-56) 233 15.7 132 17.7<br />
~66) Wide-temperate (61 34 2.3 26 3.5<br />
Temperate (71-76) 557 37.6 376 50.5<br />
Southern-temperate (81-86) 296 20.0 167 22.4<br />
Total 1120 75.6 701 94.1<br />
All biomes 1481 745 50.3<br />
Table 2. Species numbers in the "temperate" major biomes<br />
Extinctions<br />
TheWide-temperate major biome (elements 61 to 66) contains 34 species which are<br />
frequent throughout Britain and Ireland. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> contains 26 ofthese as natives.<br />
Those not present have a coastal distribution and would not be expected to occur in<br />
an inland county as native species. Within this group there have been no extinctions<br />
and all are frequent throughout the county.<br />
However, from .the rest ofthe major biomes there have been many extinctions with<br />
11.4% ofthe native vascular species ofthe county being lost over the years, this<br />
accounting for 96 species (Appendix 2). Ifwe take the extinctions as occurring<br />
uniformly over the period from 1597 to <strong>1997</strong> then there is a loss ofapproximately one<br />
species every four years. However, ifwe consider that very little was recorded in<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> before Abbot (1798) then, during the last 200 years, the rate ofloss has<br />
been approximately one species every two years.<br />
Ifwe consider the "temperate" major biomes, excluding the Wide-temperate, the<br />
losses from the Temperate biome is 9.8% and the Southern-temperate biome is 5.6%,<br />
together accounting for 51 species whilst 17.5%, accounting for 28 species, have been<br />
lost from the Boreo-temperate biome. Overall, 79 species (82.3%) ofthe total losses<br />
for the county are from these biomes which account for 10.6% ofthe recorded native<br />
flora. Whilst in no way acceptable, this level ofloss is probably fairly typical fOf this<br />
part ofBritain and further research would show in detail from which habitat types the<br />
losses have occurred. A cursory inspection reveals that a good proportion are from<br />
wetland habitats, which agrees with the findings ofDony (1977).<br />
Two particular floristic elements have suffered significant decreases from a relatively<br />
small number ofspecies. Firstly, the Circumpolar Boreal-montane element (46), which<br />
contains 50 species from the Britain and Ireland, has ten species which have been<br />
recorded from <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. Ofthese, seven have been lost leaving Carex curta,<br />
Coeloglossum viride and Potamogeton praelongus as the only representatives. C. viride is not<br />
under threat in its present locations but C. curta was last recorded about 10 years ago<br />
and, as indicated earlier, the latter may already be lost. This element has lost 70.0% of<br />
its species.<br />
The Submediterranean-Subatlantic element (92) has not suffered to quite the same<br />
extent. It contains 47 species nationally with 31 recorded locally as native ofwhich<br />
eight have been lost (25.8%) leaving 23 species.<br />
As a proportion these two peripheral elements have suffered the greatest losses. It<br />
might be expected that some species in these elements are on the limits oftheir ranges<br />
in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> and are therefore more susceptible to climatic or habitat changes.<br />
82
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for'<strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
The Mediterranean-Atlantic element (91) has a high proportion ofintroduced<br />
species with only three native to the county and with no extinctions. One species,<br />
Tbrilis nodosa, is not uncommon whilst the other two are 'very rare, Aceras<br />
anthropophorum and Umbilicus rupestris. The latter has only been recorded recently for<br />
the first time (Boon, <strong>1997</strong>).<br />
Conclusions<br />
The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> flora has been categorised by floristic elements and analysis has<br />
shown that the native flora present today consists mainly ofspecies (94.2%) within the<br />
four major biomes having a "temperate" content whilst 50.5% ofthe flora is contained<br />
within the Temperate major biome category. Overall 11.4% ofthe native flora has<br />
been lost and itis calculated that the rate ofloss over the last 200 years has been<br />
approximately one species every two years. In the "temperate" biomes the losses are<br />
10.6% whilst, in the peripheral biomes, the percentage losses are significantly higher.<br />
In particular the Circumpolar Boreal-montane element has suffered a 70.0% loss whilst<br />
the Submediterranean-Subatlantic element has lost 25.8%.<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
I would like to thank Chris Preston and Rosemary Brind for their helpful comments<br />
on the early drafts ofthis paper.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
ABBOT, C. 1798 Flora Bedfordiensis. Bedford 360pp<br />
BOON, C. R. <strong>1997</strong> Flowering plants ferns and fern allies. Report ofthe Recorder<br />
for 1996. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist 51 94-95<br />
DO~].G. 1977 Changes in the flora of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong>, England, from 1798 to 1976.<br />
Biological Conservation 11 307-320<br />
GERARDE,].· 1597 The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. London pp. 648-650,<br />
1061-1064<br />
PRESTON, C. D., HILL, M. O. <strong>1997</strong> The geographical relationships ofBritish and<br />
Irish vascular plants. BotanicalJournal of the Linnean <strong>Society</strong> 124 1-120<br />
NB. In all appendices nomenclature follows Stace, C.A. <strong>1997</strong> New FI~ra of the British<br />
Isles (2nd Edition) CUP<br />
Appe~dix 1. British and Irish native species introduced in <strong>Bedfordshire</strong><br />
Aconitum napellus 73<br />
Apera interrupta 84<br />
Arbutus unedo 91<br />
Armeria maritima 36<br />
Bolboschoenus maritimus 84<br />
Bupleurum falcatum 85<br />
Carduus tenuijlorus 82<br />
Chenopodium vulvaria 84<br />
Cochlearia danica 71<br />
Cyperus longus 83<br />
Cystopteris fragilis 36<br />
Erodium moschatum 91<br />
Euphorbia cyparissias 73<br />
Euphorbia lathyris 83<br />
Fritillaria meleagris 73<br />
Fumaria bastardii 91<br />
Fumaria capreolata 92<br />
Fumaria muralis 81<br />
Galanthus n'ivalis 83<br />
Gastridium ventricosum 91<br />
83
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Geranium sanguineum 73<br />
Gy,nnocarpium dryopteris 56<br />
Gymnocarpium robertianum 56<br />
Helleborus foetidus 82<br />
Hypericum androsaemum 92<br />
Juncus gerardii 66<br />
Lathyrus aphaca 92 §<br />
Lepidium latifolium 84<br />
Leucojum aestivum 83<br />
Leymus arenarius 23<br />
Lithospermum purpureocaeruleum 83<br />
Lonicera xylosteum. 74<br />
Marrubium vulgare 84<br />
Matthiola sinuata 91<br />
Medicago minima 84<br />
Medicago polymorpha 92<br />
Mibora minima 82<br />
Muscari neglectum 84<br />
Myosotis sylvatica 75<br />
Onopordum acanthium 74<br />
Parapholis incurva 91<br />
Parentucellia viscosa 91<br />
Pinus sylvestris 45<br />
Polemonium caeruleum 54<br />
Polypogon monspeliensis 91<br />
Prunus padus 55<br />
Puccinellia distans 54<br />
Ruscus aculeatus 92<br />
Salix pentandra 54<br />
Salvia verbenaca 91<br />
Saponaria officinalis 73<br />
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 85<br />
Silene gallica 92<br />
Sisyrinchium bermudiana 61<br />
Sonchus palustris 74<br />
Spergularia marina 86<br />
Stratiotes aloides 54<br />
1axus baccata 73<br />
Teucrium chamaedrys 83<br />
IYifolium glomeratum 91<br />
IYifolium squamosum 91<br />
Verbascum virgatum 82<br />
Introduced species formerly present.as native<br />
Aquilegia vulgaris 73<br />
Buxus sempervirens 92 )<br />
Chenopodium urbicum 74<br />
Colchicum autumnale 73<br />
Erica tetralix72<br />
Galium pumilum 73<br />
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 74<br />
Nymphoides peltata 75<br />
Salvia pratensis 73<br />
~~after name indicates species doubtfully native in Britain and Ireland.<br />
Appendix 2. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> extinct species categorised by floristic element<br />
26 - Circumpolar Boreo-arctic Montane<br />
Carex dioica<br />
36 - Circumpolar Wide-boreal<br />
Chrysosplenium alternifolium<br />
46 - Circumpolar Boreo-montane<br />
Drosera anglica<br />
Ham1narbya paludosa<br />
Pinguicula vulgaris<br />
Potamogeton alpinus<br />
Pyrola minor<br />
IYichophorum cespitosum<br />
Vaccinium oxycoccos<br />
51 - Oceanic Boreo-temperate<br />
Narthecium ossifragum<br />
<strong>52</strong> - Suboceanic Boreo-temperate<br />
Myriophyllum alterniflorum<br />
53 -European Boreo-temperate<br />
Lycopodiella inundata<br />
Nardus stricta<br />
Pedicularis palustris<br />
54 - Eurosiberian Boreo-temperate<br />
Apera spica-venti<br />
Dianthus deltoides<br />
Geum rivale<br />
84
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for'<strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Melampyrum pratense<br />
Sagina nodosa<br />
Salix repens<br />
55 - Eurasian Boreo-temperate<br />
Antennaria dioica<br />
Cicuta virosa<br />
Maianthemum bifolium<br />
Platanthera bifolia<br />
Stellaria palustris<br />
Thalictrum minus<br />
56 - Circumpolar Boreo-temperate<br />
Botrychium lunaria<br />
Drosera rotundifolia<br />
Equisetum hyemale<br />
Equisetum sylvaticum<br />
Juniperus communis<br />
Lycopodium clavatum<br />
Parnassia palustris<br />
Potamogeton friesii<br />
Potentilla palustris<br />
Rhynchospora alba<br />
Utricularia minor<br />
71 - Oceanic Temperate<br />
Carex binervis<br />
Erica cinerea<br />
Genista anglica<br />
Hypericum elodes<br />
72 - Suboceanic Temperate<br />
Apium inundatum<br />
Eria tetralix<br />
Polygala serpyllifolia<br />
Potamogeton polygonifolius<br />
73 - European Temperate<br />
Alchemilla xanthochlora<br />
Anagallis minima<br />
Aquilegia vulgaris<br />
Arnoseris minima<br />
Campanula patula<br />
Carexhostiana<br />
Colchicum autumnale<br />
Cynoglossum germanicum<br />
Dianthus armeria<br />
Filago lutescens<br />
Fritillaria meleagris<br />
Galium pumilum<br />
Hypericum montanum<br />
Oreopteris limbosperma<br />
Pedicularis sylvatica<br />
Ranunculus sardous<br />
Salvia pratensis<br />
Silene noctiflora<br />
Stachys germanica<br />
Viola tricolor<br />
74 - Eurosiberian Temperate<br />
Ceratophyllum submersum<br />
Chenopodium urbicum<br />
Epipactis palustris<br />
Frangula alnus<br />
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae<br />
Pulicaria vulgaris<br />
Sium latifoliiu111<br />
Utricularia vulgaris<br />
75 - Eurasian Temperate<br />
Carex elata<br />
Nymphoides peltata<br />
76 - Circumpolar Temperate<br />
Eleocharis. uniglumis<br />
Rumex maritimus<br />
Thelypteris palustris<br />
82· - Suboceanic Southern-temperate<br />
Baldellia ranunculoides<br />
Moenchia erecta<br />
83 - European Southern-temperate<br />
Fumaria parviflora<br />
Hypochaeris glabra<br />
Mentha pulegium<br />
Oenanthe silaifolia<br />
84 - Eurosiberian Southern-temperate<br />
Lythrum hyssopifolia<br />
Medicago sativa<br />
Potamogeton trichoides<br />
Schoenus nigricans<br />
92 - Submediterranean-Subatlantic<br />
Buxus sempervirens<br />
Carex divisa<br />
Epilobium lanceolatum<br />
Filago pyramidata<br />
Himantoglossum hircinum<br />
Ophrys sphegodes<br />
Verbascum pulverulentum<br />
Vulpia unilateralis<br />
85
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Appendix 3. <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> native species assigned to floristic elements<br />
35 - Eurasian Wide-boreal<br />
Ranunculus" acris<br />
36 - Circumpolar Wide-boreal<br />
Caltha palustris<br />
Cardamine pratensis<br />
Deschampsia cespitosa<br />
Equisetum arvense<br />
Eriophorum angustifolium<br />
Festuca rubra<br />
Hieracium murorum agg-.<br />
Luzula multiflora<br />
Ranunculus trichophyllus<br />
Tephroseris integrifolia<br />
43 - European Boreo-montane<br />
Alchemilla filicaulis<br />
44 - Eurosiberian Boreo-montane<br />
Vaccinium myrtillus<br />
46 - Circumpolar Boreo-montane<br />
Carex curta<br />
Coeloglossum viride<br />
Potamogeton praelongus<br />
<strong>52</strong> - Suboceanic Boreo-temperate<br />
Callitriche hamulata<br />
53 - European Boreo-temperate<br />
Alopecurus geniculatus<br />
Anthyllis vulneraria<br />
Calluna vulgaris<br />
Carex echinata<br />
Carex panicea<br />
Catabrosa aquatica<br />
Convallaria majalis<br />
Deschampsia flexuosa<br />
Galeopsis tetrahit<br />
Galium mollugo<br />
Hypericum maculatum<br />
Juncus bulbosus<br />
Leontodon autumnalis<br />
Montia fontana<br />
Ranunculus auricomus<br />
Rhinanthus minor<br />
Salix aurita<br />
Silene dioica<br />
Thymus polytrichus<br />
Veronica officinalis<br />
Viola palustris<br />
54 - Eurosiberian Boreo-temperate<br />
Agrostis capillaris<br />
Alopecurus pratensis<br />
Angelica sylvestris<br />
Betula pendula<br />
Betula pubescens<br />
Carex acuta<br />
Carex nigra<br />
Carex ovalis<br />
Carex pallescens<br />
Cerastium fontanum<br />
Cirsium palustre<br />
Dactylorhiza incarnata<br />
Dactylorhiza maculata<br />
Dryopteris' carthusiana .<br />
Elymus caninus<br />
Festuca pratensis<br />
Galeopsis speciosa<br />
Galium palustre<br />
Gnaphalium sylvaticum<br />
Lathyrus pratensis<br />
Leucanthemum vulgare<br />
Listera ovata<br />
Luzula pilosa<br />
Molinia caerulea<br />
Myosotis arvensis<br />
Nuphar lutea<br />
Paris quadrifolia<br />
Potentilla erecta<br />
Ribes nigrum"§<br />
Rumex acetosa<br />
Sagina procumbens<br />
Sagittaria sagittifolia<br />
Salix cinerea<br />
Scutellaria galericulata<br />
Stellaria graminea<br />
Thalictrum flavum<br />
trifolium medium<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Tussilago fmftra<br />
Urtica dioica<br />
Veronica chamaedrys<br />
86
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for' <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Veronica scutellata<br />
Vicici sepium<br />
Vicia sylvatica<br />
Viola canina<br />
55 - Eurasian Boreotemperate<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Achillea ptarmica<br />
Anthriscus sylvestris<br />
Calamagrostis epigejos<br />
Festuca ovina<br />
Filipendula ulmaria<br />
Galeopsis. bifida<br />
Galium uliginosum<br />
Galium verum .<br />
Geranium pratense<br />
Glechoma hederacea<br />
Gnaphalium uliginosum<br />
Gymnadenia cotiopsea<br />
Heracleum sphondylium<br />
Lamium album<br />
Linaria vulgaris<br />
Oxalis acetosella<br />
Persicaria bistorta<br />
Populus tremula<br />
Potamogeton compressus<br />
Ranunculus repens<br />
Salix caprea<br />
Solidago virgaurea<br />
Sorbus aucuparia<br />
Tanacetum vulgare<br />
Utricularia australis<br />
Valeriana officinalis<br />
Vicia cracca<br />
56 - Circumpolar Boreotemperate<br />
Adoxa moschatellina<br />
Agrostis canina<br />
Alopecurus aequalis<br />
Arabis hirsuta<br />
Athyrium filixlemina<br />
Campanula rotundifolia<br />
Carex rostrata<br />
Carex viridula<br />
Cerastium arvense<br />
Chamerion angustifolium<br />
Epilobium palustre<br />
Equisetum jluviatile<br />
Equisetum palustre<br />
Erigeron acer<br />
Gentianella amarella<br />
Hippuris vulgaris<br />
Limosella aquatica<br />
Mentha arvensis<br />
Menyanthes trifoliata<br />
Milium ejfusum<br />
Myosotis laxa<br />
Persicaria amphibia<br />
Phalaris arundinacea<br />
Poa nemoralis<br />
Potamogeton berchtoldii<br />
Potamogeton natans<br />
Potamogeton obtusifolius<br />
Potamogeton peifoliatus<br />
Potentilla anserina<br />
Ranunculus sceleratus<br />
Rorippa palustris<br />
Rubus idaeus<br />
Sanguisorba officinalis<br />
Sparganium emersum<br />
Stachys palustris<br />
1Yiglochin palustre<br />
Veronica serpyllifolia<br />
63 - European Widetemperate<br />
Ranunculus peltatus<br />
64 - Eurosiberian Widetemperate<br />
Anthoxanthum odoratum<br />
A triplex patula<br />
Atriplex prostrata<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris<br />
Elytrigia repens<br />
Fallopia convolvulus<br />
Poa annua<br />
Poa trivialis<br />
Rumex acetosella<br />
Schoenoplectus lacustris<br />
Spergula arvensis<br />
65 - Eurasian Widetemperate<br />
Chenopodium album<br />
Eleocharis palustris<br />
Plantago major<br />
Polygonum arenastrum<br />
Stellaria media<br />
66 - Circumpolar Widetemperate<br />
Agrostis stolonifera<br />
Alislna plantago-aquatica<br />
Juncus bufonius<br />
Phragmites australis<br />
Poa pratensis<br />
Polygonum aviculare<br />
Potamogeton pectinatus<br />
Prunella vulgaris<br />
Taraxacum officinale agg.<br />
71 - Oceanic Temperate<br />
Ceratocapnos claviculata<br />
Conopodium majus<br />
Dactylorhiza praetermissa<br />
Hyacinth 0ides non-scripta<br />
Oenanthejluviatilis<br />
Ulex europaeus<br />
72 - Suboceanic<br />
Temperate<br />
Carex pulicaris<br />
Carex strigosa<br />
Centaurea nigra<br />
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium<br />
Galium saxatile<br />
Glyceria declinata<br />
Helleborus viridis<br />
Hypericum pulchrum<br />
Juncus squarrosus<br />
Linaria repens<br />
Lysimachia nemorum<br />
Ornithopus perpusillus<br />
Polypodium interjectum<br />
Potentilla sterilis<br />
Ribes rubrum §<br />
73 - European<br />
Temperate<br />
Acer campestre<br />
Aethusa cynapium<br />
Agrimonia procera<br />
Agrostis vinealis<br />
Ajuga reptans<br />
87
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Alliaria petiolata<br />
Allium oleraceum<br />
Allium ursinum<br />
Allium vineale<br />
Anthriscus caucalis<br />
Aphanes arvensis<br />
Aphanes australis<br />
Arrhenatherum elatius<br />
Arum maculatum<br />
Asperula cynanchica<br />
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum<br />
Astragalus glycyphyllos<br />
Atropa belladonna<br />
Bellis perennis<br />
Berberis vulgaris<br />
Berula erecta<br />
Blechnum spicant<br />
Blysmus compressus<br />
Brachypodium sylvaticum<br />
Brassica nigra<br />
Briza media<br />
Bromopsis erecta<br />
Bromopsis ramosa<br />
Bromus commutatus<br />
Bromus racemosus<br />
Callitriche platycarpa<br />
Callitriche stagnalis<br />
Campanula latifolia<br />
Campanula trachelium<br />
Cardamine amara<br />
Cardamine flexuosa<br />
Carex hirta<br />
Carex paniculata<br />
Carex pilulifera<br />
Carex remota<br />
Carex spicata<br />
Carpinus betulus<br />
Cephalanthera damasonium<br />
Cerastium d!ffusum<br />
Cerastium pumilum<br />
Cerastium semidecandrum<br />
Chaenorhinum minus<br />
Chaerophyllum temulum<br />
Circaea lutetiana<br />
Cirsium acaule<br />
Cirsium eriophorum<br />
Clematis vitalba<br />
Clinopodium acinos<br />
Clinopodium ascendens<br />
Cornus sanguinea<br />
Corylus avellana<br />
Crataegus laevigata<br />
Crataegus monogyna<br />
Crepis biennis<br />
Crepis capillaris<br />
Cynosurus cristatus<br />
Cytisus scoparius<br />
Danthonia decumbens<br />
Diplotaxis. tenuifolia<br />
Dipsacus fullonum<br />
Dipsacus pilosus<br />
Draba muralis<br />
Dryop teris affinis<br />
Dryopteris dilatata<br />
Epilobium montanum<br />
Epilobium obscurum<br />
Epilobium parviflorum<br />
Epipactis phyllanthes<br />
Epipactis purpurata<br />
Euonymus europaeus<br />
Eupatorium cannabinum<br />
Euphorbia amygdaloides<br />
Euphrasia nemorosa<br />
Fagus sylvatica<br />
Festuca gigantea<br />
Filago minima<br />
Fraxinus excelsior<br />
Galeopsis angustifolia<br />
Galium aparine<br />
Galium odoratum<br />
Genista tinctoria<br />
Gentianella geY1nanica<br />
Geranium columbinum<br />
Geranium pyrenaicum §<br />
Geranium robertianum<br />
Glyceria fluitans<br />
Glyceria notata<br />
Groenlandia densa<br />
Helianthemum nummularium<br />
Helictotrichon pratense<br />
Helictotrichon pubescens<br />
Hippocrepis comosa<br />
Holcus mollis<br />
Hordelymus europaeus<br />
Hordeum secalinum<br />
Hottonia palustris<br />
Hypericum humifusum<br />
Hypericum tetrapterum<br />
88<br />
Inula .conyzae<br />
Jasione montana<br />
Juncus .acutiflorus<br />
Juncus conglomeratus<br />
Lamiastrum galeobdolon<br />
Lamium hybridum<br />
Lamium purpureum<br />
Lapsana communis<br />
Lathraea squamaria<br />
Lathyrus linifolius<br />
Lathyrus nissolia<br />
Lathyrus sylvestris<br />
Leontodon hispidus<br />
Lepidiu111 campestre<br />
Ligustrum vulgare<br />
Linum catharticum<br />
Lotus pedunculatus<br />
Luzula campestris<br />
Luzula sylvatica<br />
Lysimachianummularia<br />
Lythrum portula<br />
Malus sylvestris<br />
Malva moschata<br />
Malva neglecta .<br />
Melampyrum arvense<br />
Melica uniflora<br />
Mentha aquatica<br />
Mercurialis perennis<br />
Moehringia trinervia<br />
Mycelis muralis<br />
Myosotis discolor<br />
Myosurus minimus<br />
Nymphaea alba<br />
Oenanthe fistulosa<br />
Ononis repens<br />
Ophrys insectifera<br />
Orchis mascula<br />
Orchis morio<br />
Orchis ustulata<br />
Persicaria mitis<br />
Petasites hybridus<br />
Petrorhagia prolifera<br />
Phyllitis scolopendrium<br />
Pilosella officinarum<br />
Pimpinella major<br />
Platanthera chlorantha<br />
Poa compressa<br />
Polygala vulgaris<br />
Polygonum rurivagum
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Potentilla anglica<br />
Primula elatior<br />
Primula vulgaris<br />
Prunus avium<br />
Prunus spinosa<br />
Pulsatilla .vulgaris<br />
Quercus petraea<br />
Quercus robur<br />
Ranunculus aquatilis<br />
Ranunculus flammula<br />
Ranunculus fluitans<br />
Ranunculus penicillatus<br />
Ribes uva-crispa<br />
Rorippa sylvestris<br />
Rosa arvensis<br />
Rosa canina<br />
Rosa micrantha<br />
Rosa obtusifolia<br />
Rosa rubiginosa<br />
Rosa stylosa<br />
Rosa tomentosa<br />
Rumex hydrolapathum<br />
Rumex obtusifolius<br />
Rumex palustris<br />
Rumex sanguineus<br />
Sambucus nigra<br />
Sanicula europaea<br />
Saxifraga granulata<br />
Scabiosa columbaria<br />
Scleranthus annuus<br />
Sedum acre<br />
Senecio aquaticus<br />
Senecio sylvaticus<br />
Senecio viscosus<br />
Serratula tinctoria<br />
Sorbus aria<br />
Sorbus torminalis<br />
Stachys officinalis<br />
Stellaria neglecta<br />
Stellaria uliginosa<br />
Symphytum officinale<br />
Symphytum tuberosum<br />
Teesdalia nudicaulis<br />
Thymus pulegioides<br />
Tilia platyphyllos<br />
Trifolium dubium<br />
Trifoliu.m ochroleucon<br />
Trisetum flavescens<br />
Ulmus glabra<br />
Ulmus minor<br />
Ulmus procera §<br />
Valeriana dioica<br />
Valerianella dentata<br />
Valerianella locusta<br />
Valerianella rimosa<br />
~ronica agrestis<br />
~ronica montana<br />
Viburnum lantana<br />
Vicia hirsuta<br />
Vicia lathyroides<br />
Vicia tetrasperma<br />
Viola odorata<br />
Viola reichenbachiana<br />
Viola riviniana<br />
Viscum album<br />
74 - Eurosiberian<br />
Temperate<br />
Alnus glutinosa<br />
Anchusa arvensis<br />
Anemone nemorosa<br />
Arabidopsis thaliana<br />
Arctium lappa<br />
Artemisia absinthium<br />
Artemisia vulgaris<br />
Barbarea vulgaris<br />
Brachypodium pinnatum<br />
Butomus umbellatus<br />
Carduus crispus<br />
Carduus nutans<br />
Carex acutiformis<br />
Carex caryophyllea<br />
Carex disticha<br />
Carex pseudocyperus<br />
Carex riparia<br />
Carlina vulgaris<br />
Centaurea scabiosa<br />
Chenopodium ficifo lium<br />
Chenopodium polyspermum<br />
Chenopodium rubrum<br />
Cirsium vulgare<br />
Cruciata laevipes<br />
Cuscuta europaea<br />
Cynoglossum officinale<br />
Dactylorhiza fuchsii<br />
Echium vulgare<br />
Epilobium roseum<br />
Epilobium tetragonum<br />
Filipendula vulgaris<br />
Fragaria vesca<br />
Fumaria vaillantii<br />
Geranium pusillum<br />
Geum urbanum<br />
Humulus lupulus §<br />
Hypericum· hirsutum<br />
Hypochaeris maculata<br />
Isolepis setacea<br />
Juncus compressus<br />
Knautia arvensis<br />
Lepidium ruderale<br />
Lithospermum officinale<br />
Lychnis flos-cuculi<br />
Lycopus europaeus<br />
Medicago lupulina<br />
Melampyrum cristatum<br />
Myosotis scorpioides<br />
Myosoton aquaticum<br />
Neottia nidus-avis<br />
Nepeta cataria<br />
Oenanthe aquatica<br />
Onobrychis viciifolia §<br />
Orobanche elatior<br />
Pastinaca sativa<br />
Phleum phleoides<br />
Phleum pratense<br />
Pimpinella saxifraga<br />
Populus nigra<br />
Potamogeton lucens<br />
Potentilla argentea<br />
Primula veris<br />
Ranunculus lingua<br />
Rhamnus cathartica<br />
Rubus caesius<br />
Salix fragilis §<br />
Salix purpurea<br />
Scirpus sylvaticus<br />
Scrophularia nodosa<br />
Senecio erucifolius<br />
Senecio jacobaea<br />
Silaum silaus<br />
Sinapis arvensis<br />
Sonchus arvensis<br />
Stachys sylvatica<br />
Stellaria holostea<br />
Succisa pratensis<br />
Tilia cordata<br />
Tragopogon pratensis<br />
89
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for 1?97, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
Trifolium pratense<br />
Tripleurospermu111 inodorum<br />
1}pha angustifolia<br />
Verbascum nigrum<br />
Verbascum thapsus<br />
Veronica beccabunga<br />
Viola arvensis<br />
Viola· hirta<br />
75 - Eurasian Temperate<br />
Arctium minus<br />
Bidens tripartita<br />
Campanula glomerata<br />
Carex sylvatica<br />
Chelidonium majus<br />
Cirsium arvense<br />
Epipactis helleborine<br />
Herminium monorchis<br />
Lysimachia vulgaris<br />
Lythrum salicaria<br />
Myriophyllum spicatum<br />
Odontites vernus<br />
Persicaria maculosa<br />
Picris hieracioides<br />
Plantago media<br />
Polystichum aculeatum<br />
Ranunculus circinatus<br />
Rorippa amphibia<br />
Salix triandra §<br />
Salix viminalis §<br />
Sedum telephium<br />
Seseli libanotis<br />
Thlaspi arvense<br />
Tbrilis japonica<br />
76 - Circumpolar<br />
Temperate<br />
Asplenium· ruta-muraria<br />
Astragalus danicus<br />
Bidens cernua<br />
Calystegia sepium<br />
Chenopodium glaucum §<br />
Chenopodium hybridum §<br />
Clinopodium vulgare<br />
Dryopteris filix-mas<br />
Glyceria maxima<br />
Koeleria macrantha<br />
Lemna trisulca<br />
Monotropa hypopitys<br />
Myriophyllum verticillatum<br />
Ophioglossum vulgatum<br />
Persicaria hydropiper<br />
Pteridium aquilinum<br />
Sparganium erectum<br />
Veronica catenata<br />
Viburnum opulus<br />
81 - Oceanic Southerntemperate<br />
Anagallis tenella<br />
Lepidium heterophyllum<br />
Ulex minor<br />
82 - Suboceanic<br />
Southern-temperate<br />
Aira praecox<br />
Bunium bulbocastanum<br />
Callitriche obtusangula<br />
Digitalispurpurea<br />
Hydrocotyle vulgaris<br />
Iberis amara<br />
Ilex aquifolium<br />
Iris foetidissima<br />
Lactuca virosa<br />
Leontodon saxatilis<br />
Lonicera periclymenum<br />
Narcissus pseudonarcissus<br />
Oenanthe crocata<br />
Oenanthe lachenalii<br />
Orobanche rapum-genistae<br />
Osmunda regalis<br />
Petroselinum segetum<br />
Ranunculus hederaceus<br />
Ranunculus parviflorus<br />
Scrophularia auriculata<br />
Stachys arvensis<br />
Teucrium scorodonia<br />
83 - European Southerntemperate<br />
Aira caryophyllea<br />
Ajuga chamaepitys<br />
Alopecurus myosuroides<br />
Anacamptis pyramidalis<br />
Anisantha sterilis<br />
Anthemis arvensis<br />
Anthemis cotula<br />
Ballota nigra<br />
Bromus hordeaceus<br />
Carex distans<br />
Carex flacca<br />
Carex pendula<br />
Centaurium erythraea<br />
Cerastium. brachypetalum §<br />
Cerastium glomeratum<br />
Chrysanthemum segetum<br />
Coronopus squamatus<br />
Equisetum telmateia<br />
Euphorbiaexigua<br />
Euphorbia peplus<br />
Euphorbia platyphyllos<br />
Filago vulgaris<br />
Fumaria densiflora<br />
Fumaria officinalis<br />
Fumaria parviflora<br />
Geranium dissectuln<br />
Geranium molle<br />
Hedera helix<br />
Holcus lanatus<br />
Hypochaeris radicata<br />
Iris pseudacorus<br />
Juncus effusus<br />
Juncus subnodulosus<br />
Kickxia elatine<br />
Kickxia spuria<br />
Legousia hybrida<br />
Lemnagibba<br />
Lolium perenne<br />
Lotus glaber<br />
Matricaria recutita<br />
Myosotis ramosissima<br />
Ornithogalum angustifolium<br />
Orobanche minor<br />
Papaver argemone<br />
Papaver rhoeas<br />
Phleum bertolonii<br />
Picris echioides §<br />
Ranunculus bulbosus<br />
Ranunculus ficaria<br />
Reseda lutea<br />
Rubus fruticosus agg.<br />
Rumex pulcher<br />
Sagina apetala<br />
Sambucus ebulus §<br />
Saxifraga tridactylites<br />
Senecio vulgaris<br />
Sherardia arvensis<br />
90
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (part 1) (1998)<br />
Sisymbrium oJficinale<br />
Sonchus asper<br />
Sonchus oleraceus<br />
Spergularia rubra<br />
Spiranthes spiralis<br />
Trifolium striatum<br />
Valerianella carinata<br />
Veronica arvensis<br />
Veronica hederifolia<br />
Vicia sativa<br />
84 - Eurosiberian<br />
Southern-temperate<br />
Agrimonia eupatoria<br />
Alisma lanceolatum<br />
Anagallis arvensis<br />
Apium graveolens<br />
Apium nodijlorum<br />
Arenaria serpyllifolia<br />
Cardamine hirsuta<br />
Carex divulsa<br />
Carex muricata<br />
Carex otrubae<br />
Centaurium pulchellum<br />
Chenopodium murale<br />
Cichorium intybus<br />
Conium maculatum<br />
Convolvulus arvensis<br />
Cuscuta epithymum<br />
Dactylis glomerata<br />
Daucus carota<br />
Erodium cicutarium<br />
Erophila verna<br />
Festuca arundinacea<br />
Galium tricornutum §<br />
Geranium rotundifolium<br />
Hordeum murinum<br />
Hyoscyamus niger<br />
Hypericum peiforatum<br />
Juncus articulatus<br />
Juncus inflexus<br />
Lactuca serriola<br />
Lamium amplexicaule<br />
Lithospermum arvense<br />
Malva sylvestris<br />
Misopates orontium<br />
Ononis spinosa<br />
Papaver dubium<br />
Plantago coronopus<br />
Plantago lanceolata<br />
Potentilla reptans<br />
Pulicaria dysenterica<br />
Ranunculus arvensis<br />
Reseda luteola<br />
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum<br />
Rumex conglomeratus<br />
Rumex crispus<br />
Salix alba<br />
Sanguisorba minor<br />
Scandix pecten-veneris<br />
Silene latifolia<br />
Stellaria pallida<br />
7brilis arvensis §<br />
Trifolium arvense<br />
Trifolium campestre<br />
Trifolium fragiferum<br />
Urtica urens<br />
Veronica polita<br />
Vulpia myuros<br />
85 - Eurasian Southerntemperate<br />
Agrostis gigantea<br />
Epilobium hirsutum<br />
Euphorbia helioscopia<br />
Lotus corniculatus<br />
Origanum vulgare<br />
Potamogeton crispus<br />
Silene vulgaris<br />
Solanum dulcamara<br />
Solanum nigrum<br />
Verbena oJficinalis §<br />
Veronica anagallis-aquatica<br />
86 - Circumpolar<br />
Southern-temperate<br />
Asplenium trichomanes<br />
Ceratophyllum demersum<br />
Lemna minor<br />
Persicaria lapathifolia<br />
Poa angustifolia<br />
Potamogeton pusillus<br />
Samolus valerandi<br />
Spirodela polyrhiza<br />
7}pha latifolia<br />
Zanichellia palustris<br />
91 - Mediterranean<br />
Atlantic<br />
Aceras anthropophorum<br />
7brilis nodosa<br />
Umbilicus rupestris<br />
92 - Submediterranean<br />
Subatlantic<br />
Blackstonia peifoliata<br />
Bryonia dioica<br />
Catapodium rigidum<br />
Ceterach oJficinarum<br />
Daphne laureola<br />
Geranium lucidum<br />
Luzulaforsteri<br />
Medicago arabica<br />
Mercurialis annua<br />
Minuartia hybrida<br />
Ophrys apifera<br />
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum<br />
Papaver hybridum<br />
Parietaria judaica<br />
Polystichum setiferum<br />
Sedum album §<br />
Sison amomum<br />
7amus communis<br />
Trifolium micranthum<br />
Trifolium subterraneum<br />
Vicia parvijlora<br />
Vulpia bromoides<br />
?? - Undesignated<br />
Poa humilis<br />
Rorippa microphylla<br />
ENDEMIC SPECIES<br />
71 - Oceanic Temperate<br />
Euphrasia anglica<br />
Euphrasia pseudokerneri<br />
Ulmus plotii<br />
§ after name indicates species<br />
doubtfully native in Britain<br />
and Ireland.<br />
91
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist for <strong>1997</strong>, <strong>No</strong>. <strong>52</strong> (<strong>Part</strong> 1) (1998)<br />
RECORDERS <strong>1997</strong><br />
Meteorology: Mr M.C.Williams, 2 Ivel Close, Barton-le-Cley, Bedford MK4S 4NT<br />
Geology and Palaeontology: Mr ~ Smart, 46 BreconWay, Bedford MK41 8DD<br />
Mam.mals: Mr C. Tack, 1 Gate Cottage,WhipsnadeWild Animal Park, Dunstable<br />
LU62LR<br />
Mammals (Bats): Ms J. Childs, 16 Judith Gardens, Potton SG19 2RJ<br />
Dr A. Aldhous, 16 Judith Gardens, Potton, se19 2RJ<br />
Birds: Mr D. Odell, 74 The Links, Kempston, Bedford MK42 7LT<br />
Mr M. Palmer, 48 Gilbert Close, Kempston, Bedford MK42 8RN<br />
Bird·Ringing Co-ordinator: Mr D.S. Woodhead, 26 Batcheldor Gardens, Bromham,<br />
Bedford MK43 8SP<br />
Reptiles and Amphibians: Mrs H. M. Muir-Howie, "Vivarium", 19 Molivers Lane,<br />
Bromham, Bedford, MK43 8JT<br />
Fish and Crayfish: Mr H.Winter, 34 The.Silver Birches, Kempston MK42 7TS<br />
Grasshoppers and Crickets: Mr K. Sharpe, 22 Russett Close, Stewartby, MK43 9LG<br />
Dragonflies: Mr S. Cham, 45 Weltmore Road, Luton LU3 2TN<br />
Bugs (Heteroptera): Dr B.S. Nau, 15 Park Hill, Toddington, Dunstable, Beds LUS 6AW<br />
Bugs (Homoptera): Dr C. Malumphy, 36 Winsdon Road, Luton LUl SJT<br />
Lacewing Flies: Dr B.Verdcourt,The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,<br />
Richmond, SurreyTW9 3AB<br />
Butterflies: Mr C. Baker, 3 Holywell Close, Studham, Dunstable LU6 2PB<br />
Moths (macro): Mr L. Field, 24 Kingsdown Avenue, Luton LU2 7BU<br />
Moths (micro): Mr D.\!: Manning, 27 Glebe Rise, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 lJB<br />
Hoverflies: MissL. Smart, 273 Park Street, Luton LUl 3HH<br />
Social Wasps:Mr R. Revels, 73 London Road, Biggleswade SG18 8EE<br />
Flowering Plants, Ferns and Fern Allies: Mr C. R. Boon, 68 Mill Lane, Greenfield,<br />
Bedford MK4S SDF<br />
Lichens: Mrs EB.M. Davies, "Rose Cottage", 69 The Hill,Wheathampstead, St. Albans<br />
AL48PR<br />
Fungi: Dr D.A. Reid,38 <strong>No</strong>rfolkWay, Elmer Sands, Middleton-on-Sea,West Sussex<br />
P0226JF<br />
Sites: Miss R. Brind, clo Bedford Museum, Castle Lane, Bedford MK40 3XD<br />
Where a species is not covered by one ofthe <strong>Society</strong>'s Recorders please pass the record<br />
on to Miss R.Brind, Bedford Museum, Castle Lane, Bedford MK40 3XD.<br />
92
BEDFORDSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY<br />
The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>' <strong>Natural</strong>·<strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong> was formed in 1946 and its main function<br />
is to record the fauna and flora ofthe county. For this purpose it has over twenty<br />
active Recorders who cover many branches ofnatural history study and whose annual<br />
reports are published in. The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> <strong>Natural</strong>ist. Members also receive a quarterly<br />
newsletter, The Muntjac~and programmes ofmeetings. These latter include field<br />
meetings to siteshaving'a natural.history interest within the county and occasional<br />
meetings further afield. During·the wir~.tet months there are illustrated lectures,<br />
normally held at on~ ofthe following places: Toddington, Elstow; Haynes and<br />
Maulden. The <strong>Society</strong> depends on the annual subscriptions which are devoted to<br />
carrying out its 'work, as all officers are honorary. Membership is open ,to everyone,<br />
whether resident in the county or not.<br />
'<br />
THE BEDFORDSHIRE BIRD CLUB<br />
The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Bird Club was set up in 1993 by birdwatchers, from both inside and<br />
outside the BNHS, to cater for their specialist needs. Its main functions are, t9 record<br />
and document the'avifauna within the county and to provide a forum for local'"<br />
birdwatchers. Members receive the annual bird report as <strong>Part</strong> 2 of The BedfOrdshire<br />
<strong>Natural</strong>ist and also receive a bimontWy newsletter, The Hobby, and programmes of<br />
indoor and outdoor meetings. The winter meetings are held on,the last Tuesday of<br />
the month between September and April at MauldenVillage hall. Field meetings are<br />
equally spread between venues with a bird interest within the county and much<br />
further afield. The Club has a very active core ofits membership participating in both<br />
locally and nationally organised surveys.<br />
PUBLICATIONS<br />
The <strong>Society</strong> has an excellent record ofpublications in addition to its annual Journal.<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Wildlife published in 1987 gives a broad overview ofour wildlife habitats,<br />
flora, fauna and geology. The <strong>Bedfordshire</strong> BirdAtlas maps the distribution ofbreeding<br />
birds within the county from 1968 to 1977, and this was followed by extensive<br />
fieldwork to produce the more recent Atlas ofthe Breeding Birds of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> 1988 <br />
92. The Butterflies and Moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> published in <strong>1997</strong> is the most comprehensive<br />
survey ofthe·butterflies and moths of<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> ever produced, summarising the<br />
history and current distribution ofmore than 1,300 species found in the county as<br />
well as looking at changes in'habitats and recent population studies.<br />
MEMBERSHIP<br />
For membership details ofthe <strong>Bedfordshire</strong>. <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>History</strong> <strong>Society</strong> and the<br />
<strong>Bedfordshire</strong> Bird Club, write to:<br />
Hon. Membership Secretary; 28 Chestnut Hill, Linslade, Leighton Buzzard,<br />
Beds LU7 7TR<br />
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