Volume 10(1): Summer 2003 - The California Lichen Society (CALS)

Bulletin 

of the 

California Lichen Society 

Volume 10 No.1 Summer 2003

The California Lichen Society seeks to promote the appreciation, conservation and study of 

the lichens. The interests of the society include the entire western part of the continent, although 

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Board Members of the California Lichen Society: 

President: Bill Hill, P.O. Box 472, Fairfax, CA 94930, 

email: 

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Secretary: Judy Robertson (acting) 

Treasurer: Stephen Buckhout 

Editor: Charis Bratt, 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93015, 

e-mail: 

Committees of the California Lichen Society: 

Data Base: 

Charis Bratt, chairperson 

Conservation: Eric Peterson, chairperson 

Education/Outreach: Lori Hubbart, chairperson 

Poster/Mini Guides: Janet Doell, chairperson 

The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society (ISSN 1093-9148) is edited by Charis Bratt with 

a review committee including Larry St. Clair, Shirley Tucker, William Sanders and Richard 

Moe, and is produced by Richard Doell. The Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on technical 

topics in lichenology relating to western North America and on conservation of the lichens, 

as well as news of lichenologists and their activities. The best way to submit manuscripts is 

by e-mail attachments or on 1.44 Mb diskette or a CD in Word Perfect or Microsoft Word formats. 

Submit a file without paragraph formatting. Figures may be submitted as line drawings, 

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Contact the Production Editor, Richard Doell, at for e-mail requirements 

in submitting illustrations electronically. A review process is followed. Nomenclature 

follows Esslinger and Egan’s 7 th Checklist on-line at . The editors may substitute abbreviations of author’s 

names, as appropriate, from R.K. Brummitt and C.E. Powell, Authors of Plant Names, 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1992. Style follows this issue. Reprints may be ordered and will 

be provided at a charge equal to the Society’s cost. The Bulletin has a World Wide Web site at 

and meets at the group website . 

Volume 10(1) of the Bulletin was issued June 15, 2003. 

Front cover: Trichoramalina crinata (Tuck.) Rundel & Bowler was photographed by Andrew 

Pigniolo with an unidentified crust on a dead branch of Rhus integrefolia on Point Loma in 

April 2003. Ca. 1.5×. (see also Article on p. 9.)

Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 

Volume 10 No.1 Summer 2003 

California and New Zealand: Some Lichenological Comparisons 

Darrell Wright 

2/150A Karori Rd., Karori 

Wellington, New Zealand 

dwright3@xtra.co.nz 

Abstract: California and New Zealand are compared lichenologically with respect to lowland forests and cities. 

Usnea wirthii Clerc is reported as new to New Zealand. 

California lichenologists might wonder if there 

is any other place as fascinating for its lichens as 

their state, but there are a few areas of the world 

to challenge it, and New Zealand looks like a 

contender. Although it lacks a true desert such as 

the Mojave, it does on the other hand have areas of 

very high rainfall, reaching 6985 mm (275 inches) 

annually in parts of the South Island (Wards 

1976). California’s maximum, reached in eastern 

Del Norte County, is about 3810 mm (150 inches: 

Spatial Climate Analysis Service 2000). The range 

of habitats in New Zealand, although wide, would 

not be as wide as in California with its deserts and 

much higher mountains. Table 1 gives some other 

numeric com parisons. 

90% are gone in California; well over half are gone 

in New Zealand. The great kauri Agathis australis, 

(Araucariaceae) and podocarp forests of the North 

Island, especially those of totara, Podocarpus totara; 

matai, Prumnopitys (Podocarpus) taxifolia, and rimu, 

Dacrydium cupressin um (Podocarpaceae, note 1), 

were cut and replaced with pasture or with timber 

plantations. The timber plantations are mostly 

of Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata, introduced from 

California and now the construction timber of New 

Zealand. I have looked at several of these ubiquitous 

pine plantations, including one quite old one that is 

now public open space, and found few lichens in 

them. I suspect these plantations, especially the 

younger ones (they are harvested at about 30 years) 

Lichen 

Genera(1) 

Lichen 

Species(1) 

Species 

richness (2) 

Area 

km 2 (3) 

Latitude (3) 

Population 

/km 2 (4) 

Pop. increase 

since 1965 (4) 

CA 296 1442 3.6 406,000 33º - 42° N 84 116% 

NZ 308 1378 5.1 269,000 34º - 47° S 14 (!) 60% 

Table 1. Some comparisons between California and New Zealand 

Man’s impact on the vegetation of both California 

and New Zealand has been severe. Two pairs of 

maps in New Zealand Atlas (Wards 1976, p.104-107), 

comparing the vegetation of New Zealand in 1840 

with that in 1970, remind me of a map of the North 

Coast of California on display at the Humboldt 

Watershed Council in Eureka, comparing old 

growth forests in about 1950 with those of 1990: 

do not contribute much to New Zealand lichen 

habitat, although more of them, especially in rural 

areas, should be examined. The pristine lichen 

situation in New Zealand must have suffered 

badly then with the removal of these forests of 

phoro phytes, much as it has suffered in California, 

and in some areas there would have been a change 

towards a drier climate influencing even saxicolous 

1

Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 10(1), 2003 

communities. New Zealand, however, might be 

expected to be overall a better environment for 

lichens than California in view of its low human 

population density (Table 1) and correspondingly 

low atmospheric pollution, including acid rain, and 

the species richness numbers in Table 1 suggest that 

it is a better environment. 

Lowland Rainforest 

About 40 km north and east of Wellington, the 

capital city, is the southern end of the Tararua 

Range, part of a 190 km long spine in the lower 

third of the North Island with peaks reaching 1570 

m (5150 ft.). It is comparable to the Coast Ranges of 

California, separating the west coast which fronts 

on the Tasman Sea, that part of the Pacific Ocean 

separating New Zealand from Australia, from the 

Wairarapa Valley, comparable on a small scale to the 

Central Valley of California (although its climate is 

more like that of the Napa Valley). This part of 

the Tararuas is temperate lowland mixed beech 

(Nothofag us, Fagaceae) rain forest and looks more 

like coastal Washington State than California with 

tree trunks and the ground covered by bryo phytes 

and lichens (contrary to a theory advanced 

once on the Honolulu listserver that, when the 

mosses become luxuriant, the lichens recede). The 

appearance is something like the wet coastal forests 

of California dominated by Pseudotsuga and Sequoia. 

There are, of course, almost no vascular species in 

common. Nothofag us menziesii, the silver beech 

(the closest thing New Zealand has to a native 

oak) along with N. fusca and perhaps N. solandri 

is plentiful in this forest bordering the Waingawa 

River. I found other hardwood tree species as well, 

like kamahi, Weinmann ia racemosa (Cunoniaceae), 

and Five-finger, Pseudopan ax arboreus (Araliaceae), 

and a dense understory of shrubs like Coprosma 

(Rubiace ae), some of which are garden subjects in 

California. 

At the Mt. Holdsworth entrance to Tararua Forest 

Park west of Masterton, Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta 

take the place of the Parmeliaceae in California, with 

huge thalli hanging from tree branches and wet, 

bright green, muscicolous-terricolous individuals 

growing like lettuce along the trail (more than a 

third of Pseudocyphellar ia species here have green 

algal photobionts). I have not seen a statistical 

survey of this situation, but as early as 1865 the 

Scottish lichenologist, W. Lauder-Lindsay (quoted 

by Galloway 1985), noted a similar replacement 

on the South Island. Although California has its 

Pseudocyphellar ia species, three to be exact with a 

fourth, P. rainierensis, hoped for in Del Norte County, 

New Zealand has 50 Pseudocyphellari as according 

to Malcolm and Galloway (1997). Galloway (1985) 

notes that New Zealand and southern South 

America are the two great centers of speciation 

for this genus. One of the most remarkable species 

is P. coronata (figs. 1 and 2, back cover) in which 

red-brown pigment can be seen with the naked 

eye in natural cracks in the upper cortex. I did not 

observe it in pseudocyphellae of the lower cortex. 

A tangential removal of cortex (Hale 1979, p. 11) 

shows scattered red-brown areas at the interface 

between algal layer (green) and the yellow medulla. 

At 400x these are seen to be aggregations of fine, 

K+ purple, probably crystalline granules. Polyporic 

acid and unidentified anthraquin ones have been 

reported (C. Culberson 1969, 1970; C. Culberson et 

al. 1977) along with an array of 9 triterpen oids and 

3 pulvinic acid-related substances. In connection 

with the use of this lichen to produce fabric dyes 

Galloway (1985) notes: “Very often populations are 

devastated by collectors who imagine that because 

the lichen is usually well-developed and also often 

common, it must regenerate quickly. In the interests 

of conserving New Zealand’s unique lichen flora the 

use of lichens for dyeing must be strongly condemned” 

(italics mine). There are simply not enough lichens 

left in New Zealand or in California to be harvesting 

them on the scale required for making dyes. 

Another Pseudocyphellaria with a quite different, 

dissected appearance is P. episticta (fig. 3, back 

cover). It occurs inside the forest with Sticta (S. 

subcaperata, fig. 4, back cover) and is characteristic 

of partially shaded situations. I found it also in the 

Johnston Hill Reserve not far from my home in the 

city of Wellington. There are 13 species of Sticta 

in New Zealand (perhaps three in California) of 

which the evidently fairly common S. subcaperata 

is representative. The thallus photographed had 

fallen from a tree on the Waingawa River. 

Usneas, of which Galloway (1985) lists 16 for New 

Zealand (Tavares [1997] gives 24 for California in 

her preliminary key), are on trees and shrubs in 

well-lit places in the rainforest, including several 

“reds”, all subsumed by Galloway under U. 

2

Lichen Comparisons California/New Zealand 

rubicunda, although he notes the chemistry with 

salazinic and norstictic acids does not conform to 

the stictic acid chemistry of the type. In fact, some 

of these look like the candy-striped material with 

norstic tic and salazinic acids (confirmed by TLC, 

K+ bright red) which turned up a few years ago 

at Pt. Reyes, Marin County, California and which 

is similar morphologically and chemically to U. 

rubescens Stirton. Other specimens have other 

distributions of the orangish cortical pigment. 

Down in the forest where light levels are low, 

Usnea does not occur much, but individuals fallen 

from high up will be found lying on the forest 

floor (equally the case, for example, in redwood- 

Douglas fir forest at Prairie Creek Redwoods 

State Park, Humboldt Co., California). Handsome, 

very fertile U. xanthopha na turned up in this way. 

It has fumarprotocetrar ic acid (Galloway 1985) 

with a PD+ bright orange-red reaction in the inner 

medulla and an interesting PD+ bright yellow 

reaction just beneath the cortex (my observation), 

perhaps representing a second lichen product 

and the one responsible for the K+ brownish 

reaction which becomes reddish after a minute. I 

wondered how close it might be to U. rigida of the 

Pacific Northwest (Halonen et al. 1998), since the 

surface morphologies are similar. The CMA’s differ 

considerably, however: 7:26:33 for Wright 7428, 9: 

30:22 for U. rigida from data of Motyka (1936-1938), 

who synonymized U. xanthopha na under the New 

Zealand endemic U. xanthopoga, a quite different 

lichen according to Galloway’s account. 

Usnea wirthii Clerc, known in the Western Hemisphere 

from Chile and Peru (Clerc 1997) as well as 

from California and the Mediterranean region, is 

also present in New Zealand. I have 2 collections of 

this taxon, not yet chromatograph ed, Wright 7340 

(medulla K-, PD-; soralia K-, PD+ golden yellow: 

presumably the psorom ic acid chemotype), from 

Mt. Lees Reserve near Palmers ton North which 

agrees well with California material except for 

the lack of red spots, a condition which may be 

the norm for continental Europe (Clerc 1984) and 

which is encountered in California although rarely 

(Wright unpubl.). The second collection, this time 

with red spots, is Wright 7467 (medulla K+ yellow 

becoming quickly deep orange red, PD+ light 

orange; what may be incipient soralia are K- and 

PD-: presumably the norstict ic acid chemotype 

[Wright 2001, Tavares et al. 1998, p. 196]) from 

coastal brush on the flank of Makara Hill (400 m 

alt.) west of Wellington, establishing the known 

range in New Zealand as the Manawatu District 

(Palmers ton North) 120 km south to Wellington. 

This is the first report of U. wirthii for New Zealand 

(W. Malcolm, pers. comm.). 

Urban Lichens 

All cities I have seen have a few lichens. The 

operative word is “few”: cover is typically low 

to very low and the assemblages are species 

poor. Berkeley, California, for example, has 

crustose species on the curb at the incredibly busy 

intersection of Ashby and Telegraph Avenues, and 

even Red Bluff, set in the center of a lichenological 

wasteland in the now chronically desiccated 

northern Central Valley, has significant Xanthor ia 

on street trees. Wellington, the capital city of New 

Zealand with a population of 350,000 at the south 

end of the North Island, is rather different in 

this respect. There is plentiful Xanthoria parietina 

around town, and it is not hard to find other lichens 

like the weedy Stereocaulon ramulosum in a garden 

in the Kelburn district about 3 km from the city 

center (fig. 7). In the same garden was Baeomyces 

heterophyl lus and four Cladonia species: C. fimbriata, 

Fig. 7. Stereocaulon ramulosum, 

Wright 7436. 0.5×. 

another member of the C. chlorophaea complex, C. 

ochrochlo ra (syn. C. coniocraea), and C. subulata with 

an unusual twisting growth habit (fig. 8). All four 

species are known also from California. Across 

3


in the city and is considered by Galloway to be 

probably a non-native species “whose range has 

been greatly increased by man and his activities.” 

At the edge of the city Pseudocyphellar ia cf. crocata 

does well on the pavement with Xanthoparmel ia 

scabrosa. There is even a common urban Usnea, the 

“intensely polymorphic” U. arida, which appears to 

belong to the U. fragilescens aggregate (Clerc 1987, 

p. 487 ff.). It reaches about 10 cm on trees in gardens 

here. 

Far and away the most remarkable urban 

lichen, however, is Xanthoparmelia scabrosa. I am 

reproducing here my posting on this species to the 

Honolulu lichen listserver in an edited version: 

Fig. 8. Cladon ia subula ta, 

Wright 7434. 0.6×. 

the street on the tile roof of St. Michael’s Church, 

Cladia cf. schizophora (fig. 9 and note 2) mingles with 

Xanthoparmel ia scabrosa. Downtown along a freeway 

exit Xanthoparmel ia mexicana, a species, indeed a 

genus, which Californians know only from rock, 

does well on a wooden fence rail; it is reported also 

from bark by Galloway (1985). Parmotre ma chinense, 

which I associate with comparatively clean coastal 

environments in California, is frequent on plantings 

Fig. 9. Clad ia cf. schizopho ra, 

Wright 7401. 9× 

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa is a finely isidiate species 

with a very interesting and complex secondary 

product chemistry (scabrosins, sulfur and nitrogen 

containing compounds with potent activity against 

human breast cancer [Ernst-Russell et al. 1999]) 

known from Argentina, Australia, Japan, New 

Guinea, and New Zealand. In New Zealand it has, 

at least by the standards of western North America, 

a remarkable distribution, on which Mason Hale 

commented in his monograph of the genus (Hale, 

1990): “It is especially common in New Zealand 

where it even grows on pavement and sidewalks 

in cities.” A stronger statement could be made: it 

is nearly ubiquitous and frequently abundant and 

luxuriant, as in the city of Wellington on sidewalks, 

asphalt, stone walls, and rocks (figs. 5 and 6, 

back cover). I have seen it on glass of a window 

in the Kelburn district. It is downtown where it 

grows in some cases even where automobiles are 

rolling and pedestrians are treading continually. 

I am not aware of any equivalent phenomenon 

in California. T. Ahti (pers. comm., 2002) reports 

that there is some Xanthoparmel ia on pavement in 

Australia, and M. McCanna in Virginia noted by e- 

mail that a Xanthoparmel ia does occur on pavement 

of the Blue Ridge Parkway there but not as 

luxuriantly as shown in figures 5 and 6 on the back 

cover of this issue of the Bulletin. Macrolich ens 

(Xanthoparmel ia, Flavoparmelia, even Heteroderm ia) 

may rarely be found on pavement in central and 

northern California on unused streets in housing 

developments which were abandoned before the 

homes were built and on other little used byways; 

X. scabrosa, however, is ex tremely common on 

streets and sidewalks, including busy ones. 

4

Some of this must have to do with the frequent 

light rainfall and comparatively unpolluted air 

of a city scoured fairly clean by winds from the 

Antarctic and elsewhere, and the use of catalytic 

converters to reduce motor vehicle emissions, 

but it would seem there must be 

something about this lichen as well 

that enables it to perform as it does. 

Does Xanthoparmel ia scabro sa convert 

SO 2 

and NO (x) 

products into scabrosi n, 

rendering those pollutants harmless 

The fine isidia, which could be 

transported by rain wash and to some 

extent on the feet of pedestrians, even 

on automobile tires, appear to be 

high ly effective propagule s.The damp 

climate with plentiful rain and fog 

must contribute also. I have observed 

X. scabrosa to be superabundant and 

luxuriant on high cliffs that receive 

much fog from the Cook Straits, 

which separate the North and South 

Islands, and on particularly mesic, 

protected sidewalks that still get a 

fair amou nt of sun. James Bennett 

of the University of Wisconsin and 

I will soon publish a survey and 

interpretation of the elemental 

content of X. scabrosa from clean and 

from polluted areas in New Zealand. 

Names of the New Zealand taxa 

follow Galloway (1985) for lichens and Metcalf 

(2002) for vascular plants. Names of the California 

taxa follow Esslinger (1997) for lichens and 

Hickman (1993) for vascular plants. 

Notes: 

1. Podocarpaceae, unfamiliar to most Americans, 

reach the Northern Hemisphere only in Asia. The 

native taxa closest to them are the Taxaceae: the 

Western Yew, Taxus brevifolia, and the California 

Nutmeg, Torreya californica, both uncommon to rare. 

Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae are gymnosperms 

which produce seeds not in cones but singly atop 

brightly colored receptacles. 

2. Cladia, a southern hemisphere genus is known to 

North Americans chiefly, I suspect, from photos of C. 

retipora (see, e.g., Nash [1996], p.44, fig.9), an unusual 

species comparable for its strong fenestration to 

Lichen Comparisons: Califronia/New Zealand 

Ramalina menziesii, although it is much smaller and 

less conspicuous. Cladia is much like Cladina but with 

a cortex, often with tiny perforations (except in C. 

retipora which has very large perforations compared 

with other Cladia species). In fig. 9 see below and to 

Fig. 10. A magnificent tree, probably Silver Beech, Nothofag us menzies ii, 

photographed on the bank of the Wainga wa River near the Pseudocyphellar ia and 

Sticta collecting sites. Note the abundant epiphytes, many of which are lichens 

(the large epiphyte in the center is a monocot flowering plant). 

the right of center. 

Notes for Table 1: 

1. California: S. Tucker, pers. comm., 11-2002; New 

Zealand: Malcolm and Galloway 1997. 

2. Species richness for purposes of this discussion = 

total spp. ÷ area x 1000 (species per square km x 1000), 

using values from references 1 and 3. 

3. Hammond Universal World Atlas, C.S. Hammond 

Co., New Jersey, 1965. 

4. Based on a population for California of 34 million 

(http://www.ca.gov/state/portal/myca_homepage. 

jsp, California Facts, California Demographics, 

accessed 11-7-02), and for New Zealand of 3.9 million 

(http://www. stats.govt.nz, Top 20 Statistics, accessed 

11-7-02). 

5


References Cited 

Clerc, P. 1984. Usnea wirthii – A new species of 

lichen from Europe and North Africa. Saussurea 

15: 33-36. 

Clerc, P. 1987. Systematics of the Usnea fragilescens 

aggregate and its distribution in Scandinavia. 

Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 479-495. 

Clerc, P. 1997. Notes on the genus Usnea Dill. ex 

Adanson. Lichenologist 29(3): 209-215. 

Culberson, C. 1969. Chemical and Botanical Guide 

to Lichen Products. University of North Carolina 

Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 

Culberson, C. 1970. Supplement to “Chemical 

and Botanical Guide to Lichen Products.” 

The American Bryological and Lichenological 

Society, St. Louis, Missouri. 

Culberson, C., W. Culberson, and A. Johnson. 1977. 

Second Supplement to “Chemical and Botanical 

Guide to Lichen Products.” The American 

Bryological and Lichenological Society, St. 

Louis, Missouri. 

Ernst-Russell, M.A., C. Chai, A. Hurne, P. Waring, 

D. Hockless, and J. Elix. 1999. Structure revision 

and cytotox ic activity of the scabrosin esters, 

epidithiopiperazinedi ones from the lichen 

Xanthoparmel ia scabrosa. Australian Journal of 

Chemistry 52: 279-283 

. 

Esslinger, T. L. 1997. A cumulative checklist for the 

li chen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi 

of the continental United States and Canada. 

ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/1997, 

most recent update July 17, 2002, Fargo, North 

Dakota. 

Galloway, D.J. 1985. Flora of New Zealand. 

Lichens. P.D. Hasselberg, Government Printer, 

Wellington, New Zealand. 

Hale, M.E. 1979. How to Know the Lichens. 

William Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 

Hale, M.E. 1990. A synopsis of the lichen genus 

Xanthoparmel ia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, 

Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to 

Botany 74: 189. 

Halonen, P., P. Clerc, T. Goward, I.M. Brodo, and 

K. Wolff. 1998. Synopsis of the genus Usnea 

(Lichenized Ascomy cetes) in British Columbia, 

Canada. The Bryologist 101(1): 36-60. 

Hickman, J., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher 

Plants of California. U.C. Press, Berkeley, 

California. 

Metcalf, L. 2002. Trees of New Zealand. New 

Holland Publishers, Auckland, New Zealand. 

Motyka, J. 1936-1938. Lichenum Generis Usnea 

Studium Monographicum. Pars Systematica. 

Published by the author, Leopoli. 

Nash, T.H. III, ed. 1996. Lichen Biology. Press 

Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 

Cambridge, England. 

Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State 

Uni versity. 2000. Average Annual Precipitation, 

California (map of precipitation averaged over 

the period 1961-1990). On-line at http:// 

www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/Precipita tion/Total/ 

States/CA/ca.gif, accessed November 11, 2002. 

Tavares, I. 1997. A preliminary key to Usnea in 

California. Bulletin of the California Lichen 

Society 4(2): 19-23. 

Tavares, I., D. Baltzo, and D. Wright. 1998. Usnea 

wirthii in western North America, pp. 187- 

199. In M. Glenn et al. (Eds.), Lichenographia 

Thomsonia na: North American Lichenology in 

Honor of John W. Thomson, Mycotax on Ltd., 

Ithaca, New York. 

Wards, I., ed. 1976. New Zealand Atlas. A.R. 

Shearer, Gov ernment Printe r, Wellington, New 

Zealand. 

Wright, D. 2001. Some species of the genus Usnea 

(licheniz ed ascomy cetes) in California. Bulletin 

of the California Lichen Society 8(1): 1-21. 

6

Pacific Northwest Lichens in Northern California 

Tom Carlberg 

Six Rivers National Forest 

Eureka, CA 95501 

tcarlberg@fs.fed.us 

Northern California and southern Oregon share 

many attributes of climate and geography, with 

the result that the lichen flora of these two political 

entities is similar. Common to both states are 

the coastal environs of the Pacific Ocean, the 

Klamath, Siskiyou and Cascade Mountains, the 

Coast Ranges, the Illinois and Klamath Rivers, 

and large fast-growing conifer forests that include 

both ubiquitous commercially valuable species and 

scarce remnant species. A number of lichen species 

approach the southern extent of their ranges here, 

becoming rare or confined to specific habitats, 

including Usnea longissima, Platismatia lacunosa, 

Ramalina thrausta, Nephroma bellum and others. 

The coastal influence that extends strongly to the 

Cascade Mountains in Oregon does not penetrate 

as far inland in California, with the result that lichen 

species widely distributed in western Oregon are 

confined to more coastal areas in California. 

As a result of an ongoing correspondence with 

Dr. Shirley Tucker at the University of California, 

Santa Barbara, there is new information available 

regarding the occurrence of some lichens in 

northern California that are considered to be 

infrequent to common in the Pacific Northwest but 

are apparently either unreported from California 

in the literature or reported only in secondary 

sources (keys or general texts). These omissions 

came to light as a result of Dr. Tucker’s review of 

a species list from the Six Rivers National Forest 

cryptogamic herbarium, and her review of selected 

specimens towards the eventual revision of A 

Catalog of California Lichens (Tucker & Jordan 1979). 

Some of the lichens discussed are new reports for 

California, although given that none are truly rare 

in the Northwest, their absence from the published 

literature is probably more a matter of omission, 

undercollecting, and the limited number of lichen 

surveys that have taken place in the area. 

Alectoria lata (Taylor) Lindsay – Primary citation in 

Brodo & Hawksworth (1977); secondary citations 

in Brodo et al. (2001) and Tucker & Jordan (1979). 

Brodo & Hawksworth (1977) cite a Weber collection 

(Weber Lich. Exs. 417) from the summit of Horse 

Mountain. Recent collections of A. lata have been 

made by Darrell Wright and Doug Glavich (Wright, 

pers. comm., Glavich, pers. comm.) in what is 

now the Horse Mountain Botanical Area in Six 

Rivers National Forest. It is also known from Elk 

Valley Ridge in Six Rivers National Forest (Hoover 

LDH01). The Northwest Lichen guild considers 

it uncommon enough to include it in their Listed 

Macrolichens in the Pacific Northwest (2003). 

Cornicularia normoerica (Gunn.) Du Rietz – Primary 

citation in Sigal & Toren (1974); secondary citations 

in Brodo et al. (2001) and Tucker & Jordan (1979). 

This lichen might be underreported because 

of its affinity for exposed rocky alpine and 

subalpine habitats, although as with Alectoria lata 

it is included in Listed Macrolichens in the Pacific 

Northwest. Collected from the summit of Broken 

Rib Mountain in the Broken Rib Botanical Area in 

Six Rivers NF (Carlberg 00633). 

Icmadophila ericitorum (L.) Zahlbr. – Common on 

conifers in the older redwood forests, this lichen 

has one primary citation in Tucker & Kowalski 

(1975) and secondary citations in Brodo et al. (2001), 

Jørgensen & Goward (1994), and Tucker & Jordan 

(1979). The common name is “fairy puke”. It is 

distributed across most of Canada but is largely 

absent from North America, except for a few areas 

of incursion, extending no further south than 

Northern California on the Pacific coast (Brodo et 

al. 2001). The Six Rivers collection (Isaacs/McFarland 

23) is from the southern part of the forest. 

Leptogium polycarpum P.M. Jørg. & Goward – No 

primary citations; secondary citation in Brodo et al. 

(2001). Goward et al. (1994) list this lichen as rare in 

British Columbia; McCune & Geiser (1997) describe 

it as one of the most common Leptogium species in 

western Oregon. The two reported locations in 

California are both associated with riparian areas. 

In Six Rivers NF (Carlberg 00612) it was found in the 

headwaters of the Little Van Duzen River. The other 

location is in the Mattole River valley (Carlberg 

7


00658). It is only recently described (Jorgensen & 

Goward 1994) and may appear in collections under 

other names. 

Leptogium subaridum Jørgensen & Goward – No 

primary or secondary citations. This appears to 

be a first report for California, although as with 

L. polycarpum it was newly described in 1994 

(Jorgensen & Goward [1994]). Two collections, both 

from riparian areas in Six Rivers NF (Carlberg 00560 

and 00600). 

Parmelia pseudosulcata Gyelnik – No primary 

citations; two secondary citations in Goward et al. 

(1994) and Hale & Cole (1988). In Six Rivers NF 

(Isaacs/Bergman 42). 

Peltigera neckeri Hepp ex Müll. Arg – No primary 

or secondary citations. One collection from Six 

Rivers (Isaacs/Bergman 51) from a densely-forested 

north slope, and another from private land near the 

coast (Carlberg 00436), in an oak pocket in a tanoak- 

Douglas-fir forest. 

Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyelnik) Gyelnik – No 

primary citations; one secondary citation in Brodo 

et al. 2001. Occurs with some frequency in moist 

coastal forests on the immediate coast near the town 

of Orick (Carlberg 00056, 00801) and on the Samoa 

Peninsula near Arcata (Glavich, pers. comm.). 

Peltigera ponojensis Gyelnik – No primary citations; 

three secondary citations in Brodo et al. 2001, 

Goward et al. (1994) and McCune & Geiser (1997). 

The Six Rivers occurrence is on the immediate 

coast, but another location on Grizzly Creek on 

the Shasta-Trinity National Forest (Carlberg 00748) 

demonstrates that this species has the potential for 

a broader range in northern California. 

Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray – No primary 

citations; one secondary citation in Hale (1979). 

Dr. Tucker included a request in the CALS Bulletin 

(Winter 2002) for information on California 

collections of this species. It is not mentioned in 

Hale & Cole (1988). The three locations in Six Rivers 

NF are very different, one being a moist location 

at the top of Mill Creek where it is abundant in 

mosses on rocks and soil. The other two are both 

in the Broken Rib Botanical Area, but occur there 

sparsely and are restricted to the bases of trees. 

I would be interested to hear from others who have 

collections of any of these species, since there is a 

strong possibility that these lichens are not really 

unusual for California. If so it argues strongly for 

an accessible database of California lichens that 

reports at least the verified presence of taxa in the 

state, and at best includes information regarding 

abundance and location, and the likelihood of new 

species based on their presence in adjacent areas. 

Brodo, I.M., S. Duran Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff. 2001, 

Lichens of North America. Yale University 

Press, New Haven CT. 

Brodo, I.M. & D.L. Hawksworth. 1977. Alectoria and 

allied genera in North America. Opera Botanica 

42:1-164. 

Glavich, D. 2001. Personal communication. USDA 

Forest Service. 

Goward, T., B. McCune, D. Meidinger. 1994. The 

lichens of British Columbia, part 1 – foliose 

and squamulose species. Research Program, 

Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. 

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1979. How to know the lichens. 2nd 

Edition. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 

Hale, M.E. & M. Cole. 1988. Lichens of California. 

University of California Press, Berkeley. 

Jørgensen, P.M. & T. Goward. 1994. Two new 

Leptogium species from western North America. 

Acta Botanica Fennica 150:75-78. 

McCune, B. & L. Geiser. 1997. Macrolichens of 

the pacific northwest. Oregon State University 

Press, Corvallis, OR. 

Northwest Lichen Guild. 2003. Listed 

macrolichens in the Pacific Northwest. http: 

//www.proaxis.com/~mccune/listed.htm. 

Accessed April 2003. 

Sigal, L.L. & D. Toren. 1974. New distribution of 

lichens in California. The Bryologist 77: 469- 

470. 

Tucker, S.C. & D.T. Kowalski. 1975. New state 

records of lichens from northern California. 

The Bryologist 78:366-368. 

Tucker, S.C. & W.P. Jordan. 1979. A catalog of 

California lichens. Wassmann Journal of 

Biology 36:1-105. 

Wright, D. 2001. Personal communication. 

California Lichen Society. 

8

An Exciting Find 

Charis C. Bratt 

Santa Barbara Botanic Garden 

1212 Mission Canyon Road 

Santa Barbara, CA 93104 

cbratt@sbbg.org 

Years ago when I first started studying lichens, 

I was inspired by specimens at the Smithsonian 

Institution which were collected in the late 1800s 

and the early 1900s. Hasse’s book of southern 

California lichens listed many species and their 

distributions. Small wonder that I was led to start 

searching for those that I had seen or read about. 

Teloschistes californica, or T. villosus as it was known 

then, was represented at the Smithsonian by lovely 

specimens and was described in Hasse from Lower 

California (Baja), Point Loma near San Diego, near 

Newport and as far north as Santa Cruz Island 

where it was collected by Blanche Trask. Hasse’s 

Exsiccati #134 of this species was collected at San 

Quintin Bay in Baja. This may indicate that it was 

not plentiful at Point Loma. For over 20 years now, 

this species has eluded me on mainland California. 

In all my explorations of Point Loma and in the 

Newport area, it has not been found. I have found it 

in Baja and I have collected it on 6 of the 8 Channel 

Islands, but not Catalina or Santa Cruz Islands. 

It was not included in the Flora of Santa Catalina 

Island. 

Trichoramalina crinata, or Ramalina crinata as it 

was called then, is another species represented in 

the Smithsonian collections and in Hasse’s book. 

It, too, is found in Baja but only the Point Loma 

location was given for California. Hasse’s Exsiccati 

#115 was collected at Point Loma in 1909 which 

would lead us to suppose that it existed there in 

quantity. 

After the lichen walk at Point Loma in April, I 

was shown a different area of Point Loma. While 

there, Andrew Pigniolo handed me a tiny specimen 

asking what the thing with black cilia was (see 

front cover image). I knew immediately that he 

had found Trichoramalina! Quite obviously, he 

would not have picked it had he know its rarity. 

The specimen now resides at the Santa Barbara 

Botanic Garden as proof that it still exists in 2003. A 

few other small specimens were located in the area. 

Andy is now working with people from the City of 

San Diego to see if some protection can be given to 

the area as there are other rare things known from 

this place. 

It was a very exciting day for Andy, Kerry Knudsen 

and me. It also points out that the more people we 

have in the field looking at lichens, the more we 

are going to find and learn about. Nothing could 

demonstrate this more clearly than last issue’s 

article and pictures of Texosporium sancti-jacobi. 

There has been an explosion of sitings since then 

which will be presented in the December issue. 

Happy lichening! 

References 

Hasse, H.E. 1913. The Lichen Flora of Southern 

California, Contributions from the United States 

National Herbarium, Vol. 17, Part 1. 

Millspaugh, C.F., L.W. Nuttall. 1923. Flora of Santa 

Catalina Island. Field Museum, Publication 212, 

Vol. V, Chicago, IL. 

9


Clarification of three Umbilicaria species new to California 

Eric Peterson 

Nevada Natural Heritage 

1550 E. College Pkwy, Suite 145 

Carson City, NV 89706 

peterson@govmail.state.nv.us 

In 1998 I reported Umbilicaria lambii Imshaug and 

U. rigida (Du Rietz) Frey as new to California in the 

Proceedings of the First Conference on Siskiyou 

Ecology (Peterson 1998). Unfortunately those 

proceedings were informally published, leading to 

a difficult-to-find, and potentially invalid, report of 

the species. This note is to establish a more tangible 

report that the two species occur in California. 

Further, the only published specimen report of 

Umbilicaria phaea var. coccinea Llano in California 

was more than 50 years ago (Llano 1950), so two 

locations for that taxon are also reported here. 

Umbilicaria lambii and U. rigida were found on the 

same ultramafic rock outcrop near Sanger Peak in 

Del Norte County, California. The site was along a 

wind (and fog) swept ridge at ca. 1700 m elevation 

and within 50 km of the Pacific Coast. The original 

specimens collected by myself with Martin Hutten 

were identifiable but small, so I collected additional 

voucher specimens at a later date. U. lambii is 

rather unusual for the genus in that it has a nearly 

squamulose growth form. Previously U. rigida was 

known from Oregon and northward, while U. lambii 

was known from Washington and northward. 

Umbilicaria phaea var. coccinea is unusual for the 

genus in that it has a deep red color. It is commonly 

called the “lipstick lichen” because in its habitat, it 

looks like someone took a tube of red lipstick and 

dotted the rock. The taxon was found at 2 locations 

near Interstate Highway 5, Siskiyou County. It is 

abundant in the area, frequently growing right 

along side of var. phaea. U. phaea var. coccinea is a 

rather locally distributd taxon, occurring in the 

drier, eastern portion of the Klamath region of 

northern California and southern Oregon, and with 

several disjunct populations in eastern Oregon and 

eastern Washington. 

Specimens 

Umbilicaria lambii: EBP #2485 (OSC) and EBP #2539 

(hb. Peterson, hb. McCune, OSC); on ultramafic 

rock; subalpine rocky outcrops among dense 

shrubs and sparse trees (Abies sp., Picea breweriana, 

Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii); along trail 

to Sanger Peak on S side before it crosses ridge; 

41°55.2’N, 123°39.2’W; 1700 m elevation; 1 June 

1997 (#2485) and 15 August 1997 (#2539). 

Umbilicaria phaea var. coccinea: EBP #1527 (hb. 

Peterson); on rock; chaparral and oak savanna 

on NW facing slope with rocky ground (Quercus 

garryana, Ceanothus spp.); 1 km E of Hilt, Jefferson 

road, NE side of small rock quarry at end of county 

road; 41°59.8’ N, 122°36.5’W; 900-1100 m elevation; 

17 May 1996. EBP #2458 (hb. Peterson); on rock, 

basalt; chaparral dominated by Ceanothus, lower 

slope, S face; along Klamath River upstream from 

Shasta River – just SW of intersection of HWY 96 

and Interstate 5, along an annual creek just after 

HWY 96 curves right when going south from 

intersection; 41°50.9’ N, 122°34.4’W; m elevation; 

3 May 1997. 

Umbilicaria rigida: EBP #2494 (OSC) and EBP #2540 

(OSC); on ultramafic rock; subalpine rocky outcrops 

among dense shrubs and sparse trees (Abies sp., 

Picea breweriana, Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga 

menziesii); along trail to Sanger Peak on S side 

before it crosses ridge; 41°55.2’ N, 123°39.2’W; 1700 

m elevation; 1 June 1997 (#2494) and 15 August 

1997 (#2540). 

Literature Cited 

Llano, GA 1950. A Monograph of the Lichen Family 

Umbilicariaceae in the Western Hemisphere. 

Navexos P-831. Office of Naval Research, 

Washington, D.C. 281 pp. 

Peterson, E. B. 1998. Lichens of the Klamath 

Region: what do we know and why haven’t 

we found endemics In: J. K. Beigel, E. S. Jules, 

and B. Snitkin (eds.), Proceedings of the First 

Conference on Siskiyou Ecology. Siskiyou 

Regional Education Project and The Nature 

Conservancy, Portland, Oregon. 

10

Questions and Answers 

Janet Doell 

1200 Brickyard Way #302 

Point Richmond, CA 94801 

rdoell@sbcglobal.net 

When talking to the general public about lichens 

on field trips or at workshops, I am asked certain 

questions which are of common interest to those 

attending. Three such questions are answered 

below. The column is meant to serve people who 

are new to lichens and do not have easy access to 

lichen literature. 

1. Question: How are lichens classified 

Answer: This question was addressed in this 

column a few years ago. It keeps reappearing, 

however. Maybe it is time to take it up again. 

Whatever method of classification is used, the 

huge input of information becoming available 

to lichenologists in the modern world leads to 

constant change and rearrangements. Taxa come 

and taxa go and sometimes taxa return. The 

advent of scanning electron microscopy was one 

new source of information some years ago, soon 

followed by the results of ongoing DNA and other 

molecular studies. 

Classification involves placing individuals in 

groups according to their similarities in morphological, 

chemical and molecular characteristics. In 

some branches of biology cladistics are used – that 

is, grouping according to known ancestry. Phenetics 

is another method of classification, which is 

more numerical and relies on overall percentage 

similarities. Lichenologists, on the whole, have 

continued to use traditional, evolutionary systematics. 

In our newest major lichen text, The Lichens 

of North America, by Brodo and the Sharnoffs, classification 

follows this model. 

We start with the kingdom. Lichen names all refer 

to the fungal partner only, and lichens are thus in 

the Kingdom Fungi. 

The lichen forming fungi are divided into two 

Classes (sometimes called Phyla): 1. Basidiomycetes, 

of which there are only a few, where the spores are 

formed outside the basal cell called a bacidium, 

and 2. Ascomycetes, in which the spores are formed 

internally in a sac-like ascus. In this class we find 

80% of lichens. 

Then there are two subclasses: 1. Euascomycetes 

in which the asci have single layered walls and 

the ascocarps (fruiting bodies) have paraphyses 

(specialized fungal filaments) in the hymenium 

(spore bearing layer). 2. Loculoascomycetes, 

without true paraphyses and with double walled 

asci. 

These subclasses are divided into orders. The names 

of these orders end in “ales”, i.e., Caliciales, and 

these divisions are based on general characteristics 

of asci and apothecia and type of photobiont (algal 

or cyanobacterial partner). The largest order is 

that of the Lecanorales, which is divided into suborders. 

The orders are divided into families, names ending 

in “aceae”, i.e., Caliciaceae. These divisions are 

based on general morphological characters and 

reproductive details . 

Within the families you find the genera, i.e., 

Calicium, determined by more details about 

chemicals, spore structure and other features. From 

11


there you go to species. The question of exactly 

what determines a species in lichenology probably 

deserves an answer all its own. Perhaps in the next 

Bulletin 

2. Question: How do toxic compounds actually 

kill a lichen 

Answer: Absorption of toxic compounds causes 

degradation of the chlorophyl until photosynthesis 

is no longer possible and the lichen has no source 

of nourishment. 

3. Question: What can one do to keep a lichen 

alive on a rock or manmade surface 

Answer: This question is asked so often that the 

British Lichen Society has published a free brochure 

on the subject, also including advice on how to get 

rid of an unwanted lichen. I quote: 

“Over the past few years many different substances 

have been painted onto buildings to encourage 

more rapid colonization. These include yogurt, 

beer, skimmed milk, thin porridge and, in Japan, 

rice water. To all these substances a small quantity 

of PVA (polyvinyl acetate) adhesive may be added. 

This acts as a binder, improves the adhesion of the 

nutrient and possibly allows more gradual release 

over a longer period. On very alkaline materials, 

such as new concrete, a slightly acid substance 

will assist in neutralizing the high alkalinity. Dilute 

cow slurry is frequently used, the urine present 

providing the acid content and the brown staining, 

caused by the slurry, giving an immediate toning 

down of the concrete. Little work so far has been 

done to determine the frequency of application or 

strength required. The evidence from those who 

have tried these methods seems to show that they 

work. Various timings have been suggested but it 

is probably worth trying about four applications at 

yearly intervals. Even a single application would 

probably assist, but due to the very alkaline nature 

of new concrete it would be more effective to give 

at least a second coat after about two years. On 

more acid stones, such as granite and sandstone, 

it is suggested that, especially in polluted areas, 

powdered chalk be added to the mixture to 

neutralize this acidity to some extent. To aid 

colonization, coarsely ground up pieces of lichen 

can be added to the mixture before it is painted 

on to the surface. Care should be taken to use only 

lichens that are growing abundantly in the local 

area, and which are found in a similar microhabitat 

to that on which they are placed.” 

References 

Brodo, I.M., S.D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. 2001. 

Lichens of North America. Yale University 

Press, New Haven. 

Dobson, Frank S. 1996. Lichens on Manmade 

Surfaces. British Lichen Society, London. 

Gries, C. 1996. In Lichen Biology. Thomas H. Nash 

III, Editor. Cambridge University Press, New 

York. 

12

Literature Reviews and Remarks 

Kerry Knudsen 

33512 Hidden Hollow Drive 

Wildomar, CA 92595 

kk999@msn.com 

The Lichens of Wisconsin by John Thomson 

(Wisconsin State herbarium, 2003) sets the standard 

for what a state lichen flora should be. 148 genera 

and 615 species are covered including species to 

be expected in the area but not yet collected. The 

keys are relatively easy and excellent. They can be 

utilized experimentally in California to key a crust 

to genus or find a Lecidea segregate. The descriptions 

of species are in the concise minimalist style of 

Thomson’s Arctic floras. Like Hasse’s equally short 

descriptions, they can contain gems of information 

mined from the author’s direct observations of 

numerous specimens. 

The comprehensiveness, the concise descriptions, 

and efficient keys of Thomson’s flora should be 

the principle characteristics of any good state flora. 

These virtues guarantee its value for use by nonlichenologist 

professionals, who can utilize it in the 

context of ecological and biodiversity studies, land 

management and other work, and for the serious 

amateur who is ready to graduate from macrolichen 

guides. It is hoped that one day we will see Hale’s 

Lichens of California surpassed by a state flora 

equaling Thomson’s Lichens of Wisconsin. 

One of the imperatives of lichenology in the 

beginning of the 21 st century is to establish a finelydetailed 

model of the distribution of lichens in 

North America and Mexico. To show how much 

work has to still be done in this area, the Preface to 

Lichens of Wisconsin gives an illuminating example. 

A lichen workshop was held in Wisconsin in April, 

2002. After making field collections in northern 

Wisconsin, participants in the workshop were given 

preview copies of Lichens of Wisconsin to key out 

their collections. The workshop produced 130 new 

county records and 47 new state records (which are 

included in Appendix 1.) And Wisconsin is not only 

a state where Thomson himself collected for years, 

but was also collected by his graduate students 

Mason E. Hale Jr. and William L. Culberson. 

Though the Sonoran Flora will be the ultimate 

and magisterial reference for the lichen flora of 

Southern California, and will be the touchstone 

of accurate determinations, only a state flora of 

California will bring into proper perspective the 

unique natural history of cismontane Southern 

California and its relation to Northern California’s 

lichen flora. Lichens of Wisconsin does that service 

for its state. Wisconsin is divided into two natural 

provinces. Glaciers covered most of the state. But 

the “Driftless Area” in southwestern Wisconsin 

has not been glaciated in the last two million years 

and forms a province with contiguous parts of 

Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois. Thomson’s flora, for 

instance, shows the links of these two provinces 

through its mapping of disjunctive occurrences of 

northern lichens in southern microhabitats. 

In the historical development of scientific literature, 

the artificial floras of states prepare the way for 

national and continental floras. 

Unfortunately, there will be no volumes on the 

lichen flora of North America included among 

the many projected volumes of the Flora of North 

America which is slowly being published. In this, 

Australia is far ahead of the United States. So 

far twenty-six books of the Australian flora have 

been published since 1981, including three on the 

lichen flora, the latest of which is Volume 58A, 

Lichens 3, in 2001. This volume is written mostly 

by Australian and New Zealand lichenologists 

including Dr. Patrick M. McCarthy and Dr. David 

J. Galloway, but also includes sections written 

by such eminent international authorities as Dr. 

Othmar Breuss, familiar to users of the Sonoran 

flora for his excellent work on Endocarpons and 

13


Placidiums. While probably not of much utilitarian 

value to Californians, Lichens 3 nonetheless brings 

into perspective the global distribution of lichens, 

something that should always be kept in mind 

as one develops an understanding of one’s local 

flora and is an unavoidable fact in studying lichen 

genera or in the conservation of lichens. 

I did find one section very helpful, especially 

combined with Hasse’s flora and Bruce Ryan’s 

CD. McCarthy has written an absolutely excellent 

illustrated section on the global genus Verrucaria, 

which in the natural history of Australia represents 

a temperate intrusion into their flora. 

In fact, A. Aproot cites McCarthy’s “Trichotheliales 

and Verrucariaceae” from Lichens 3 in the slim 

amount of references he used in preparing 

“Pyrenocarpous Lichens and Related Non- 

Lichenized Ascomycetes from Taiwan,” published 

in the hardback Journal of the Hattori Botanical 

Laboratory, No. 93, 2003. In an amazing feat, Andre 

Aproot and Laurens Sparrius, at the invitation of 

Prof. Ming-Jou Lai, collected in two weeks 101 

pyrenocarpous lichens and related ascomycetes, 

of which 96 were new records for Taiwan. And in 

those two weeks they went everywhere, from the 

tops of mountains at 3500 meters to the seashore 

to collect Verrucarias off volcanic outcrops and 

Verrucaria hocstetler off a coral reef. Taiwan “has 

become one of the best-known tropical areas for 

pyrenocarpous lichens in the world,” to quote a 

modest Aproot on page 156. 

The Bryologist has published two important 

articles of special interest to Californians. 

In the last issue of 2002, Vol. 105(4), John W. 

Shead and Halmut Mayrhoffer’s “New Species of 

Rinodina (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) 

from Western America,” describe seven new species 

with distributions in California. The descriptions of 

all the new western species are excellent and the 

drawings of spore development are of immediate 

practical value when you are analyzing your 

mount. Transcending the value of the new taxa 

is a key to the Rinodina species of Western North 

America which is very easy to use if you read the 

article carefully. 

In the first issue of The Bryologist in 2003, Vol. 6(1), 

Clifford M. Wetmore published “The Caloplaca 

squamosa Group in North and Central America,” 

with fine color photographs. It is an elegant piece of 

work describing the diversity of this evolutionaryrelated 

group in four species with an easy-to-use 

key. To fully appreciate Wetmore’s achievement one 

should read the selection of specimens examined in 

the process of the formulation of each taxon. 

Of interest to all of us who have ever examined 

a lichen without ignoring those “anomalies,” is 

“Lichenicolous Fungi: Interactions, Evolution, 

and Biodiversity” by James D. Lawrey and Paul 

Diederich in The Bryologist, Vol. 6(1). In an exciting 

intellectual tour-de-force they roam through the 

subject of lichenicolous fungi throwing around 

facts, ideas, and hypotheses with the joy and agility 

of Cirque du Soleil acrobats juggling Ming dynasty 

vases. All serious lichen collectors should read 

and re-read this essay and consider developing a 

segregated collection of lichenicolous fungi because 

in the future these undetermined collections will be 

of value. 

Last but not least are two items printed in 2003 but 

probably now unavailable. Frank Burgatz’s ASU 

Herbarium Lichen Calendar of 2003 is graced with 

beautiful pictures of Sonoran species. A great deal 

were the sturdy T-shirts sold by the Northwestern 

Lichenologists. They feature Letharia columbiana, 

looking like the mandala of an alien civilization. 

The lichen design is absolutely stunning in yellow 

on a black T-shirt. I could have sold five straight 

off on the last Nature Conservancy walk I went 

on. If they are still available, buy one. Amiable 

Erin Martin has done a wonderful job handling the 

promotion and sales. 

Lichens of Wisconsin and issues of the Bryologists 

are available through the ABLS website at http: 

//www.unomaha.edu/~abls/ 

The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 

is available through the Hattori website at http: 

//www7.ocn.ne.jp/~hattorib/ 

For Northwest Lichenologist T-shirts try http:// 

www.proaxis.com/~mccune/nwl.htm 

14

News and Notes 

CALS Field trip to Redwood Regional Park, 

General Meeting, and Birthday celebration 

January 11, 2003 

Redwood Regional Park is one of the many parks 

in the East Bay Regional Park district. Situated 

above Skyline Blvd. in Oakland, many trails have 

spectacular views of the San Francisco Bay. Also, 

the Bay Area Ridge trail runs lengthwise through 

the park. Twelve lichen enthusiasts met at the 

Redwood Gate on the east side of the park. We 

focused on lichen ecology. Close to the parking 

lot was a large grassy area with some non-native 

trees. A creek lined with willows was close by. 

A small amount of chaparral scrub was on the 

hillside. We looked at various trees in the grassy, 

open area. Noticeable was the predominance of 

the Xanthorian assemblage on the non-native trees 

especially on the lower part of the trunks. Xanthoria 

parietina was present and Physcia adscendens was 

very common. The willows along the creek had 

many more species and numbers of lichens than 

any of the other trees we observed. The lichens 

found there were common in the Bay area: 

Parmotrema chinense, Evernia prunastri, Parmelia 

sulcata, Punctilia subrudecta, Flavoparmelia caperata, 

Physconia isidiigera, Xanthoria candelaria, Melanelia 

sp., Heterodermia leucomelaena, Hypotrachyna revoluta, 

Usnea sp., and a variety of crustose lichens. Even 

the picnic tables where we had lunch had lichen 

growth. 

After lunch, we drove to a Serpentine prairie in 

the park and walked a short trail. Again, Xanthoria 

species were very common on the shrubs along the 

path. 

Participating were Arlyn Christopherson, Irene 

Winston, Shelly Benson, Cherie Bratt, Janet and 

Richard Doell, Bill Ferguson, Bill Hill, Kathy 

Faircloth, Susanne Altermann, Judy Robertson, 

and Kuni Kitajima. 

Following the field trip we drove to the Brickyard 

Landing Clubhouse in Pt. Richmond. 

We held our annual General Meeting followed by a 

delicious pot luck dinner. Some of the dishes were 

Coq au Vin, stuffed squash, spinach salad, polenta, 

and a salad of black rice, apples, and nuts. After 

dinner, we had a Birthday cake to celebrate the 9 th 

anniversary of the California Lichen Society. 

After the the eating was over, the board members 

present held their board meeting. 

It was a special day for all attending. 

Reported by Judy Robertson. 

CALS field trip to Fairfield Osborne Preserve, 

Sonoma County 

March 1, 2003 

The day was mostly sunny and slightly cool when 

14 people met in the SSU parking lot to carpool to 

Fairfield Osborne Preserve, named in honor of the 

pioneer ecologist, Fairfield Osborne. The preserve 

was established by the Roth Family in 1972. It was 

acquired by The Nature Conservancy, but is now 

owned and managed by Sonoma State University. 

A group of dedicated volunteers are working to 

protect and restore the natural communities on the 

Preserve as well as foster ecological understanding 

through education. 

Our group spent much time at the large valley oak 

near the parking lot. At least 25 species of lichens 

were counted on trunk, branches and twigs. With 

a simple key, Judy led the participants through 

identification of the most common lichens present: 

Flavopunctelia flaventior, and Flavoparmelia caperata, 

Parmelia sulcata and Parmotrema chinense, Physcia 

adscendens, Physconia sp., Xanthoria polycarpa and 

Teloschistes chrysophthalmus. 

We walked up the trail on a nearby hillside looking 

for lichens found on soil banks. At least 4 species 

of Cladonia, 2 species of Leptogium, Leptochidium 

albociliatum, and 2 species of Peltigera were on 

display. We also observed Diploschistes muscorum 

15


parasitizing many of the Cladonia patches. 

We headed to the vernal pool for lunch. Again 

using the simple key to lichens of Sonoma County, 

we identified Hypogymnia imshaugii and H. tubulosa. 

Other species on the oaks were: Physconia americana, 

Physcia stellaris, and Hypotrachyna revoluta. 

Across the small bridge we found Normandina 

pulchella and Waynea stoechadiana, on the trunk 

of a small live oak with Lobaria pulmonaria, 

Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis, P. anomola and 

Nephroma helveticum nearby. 

As we returned on the same route, we observed the 

crustose lichens on the rocks. Common was Lecidea 

tessellata, with a variety of Aspicilia sp., Caloplaca sp., 

and Xanthoparmelia sp. 

This was a very enjoyable day for all participating: 

Bill Hill, Kathy Faircloth, Earl Alexander, Don 

Brittingham, Janet and Richard Doell, Jessica 

Wilson, Daniel George, Devi Rao, Irene Winston, 

Walter Levison, Celia Chong, Kuni and leader Judy 

Robertson 

In addition to the lichens listed above, these species 

are known to occur at Fairfield Osborne Preserve: 

Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel 

Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein 

Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti 

Cladonia chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel 

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. 

Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader 

Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. 

Cladonia ochrochlora Florke 

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. 

Collema furfuracium (Arnold) Du Rietz 

Collema nigrescens (Hudson) DC. 

Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann 

Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman 

Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. 

Fuscopannaria leucostictoides (Ohlsson) P.M. Jorg. 

Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. 

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Florke) H. Mayrh. & 

Poelt 

Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl. 

Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. 

Lecanora muralis (Schreber) Rabenh. 

Lecidea atrobrunnea (Ramond ex Lam. & DC.) 

Schaerer 

Leptogium corniculatum (Hoffm.) Minks 

Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. 


Melanelia elegantula (Zahlbr.) Essl. 

Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. 

Melanelia subolivaceae (Nyl.) Essl. 

Neofuscelia verruculifera (Nyl.) Essl. 

Nephroma laevigatum Ach. 

Ochrolechia subpallescens Vers. 

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. 

Parmelliela cyanolepra (Tuck.) Herre 

Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale 

Parmotrema stuppeum (Taylor) Hale 

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. 

Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrader 

Peltigera membranaceae (Ach.) Nyl. 

Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. 

Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (Nadv.) Essl. 

Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. Ex Humb.) Furnr. 

Physcia biziana (Massal) Zahlbr. 

Physcia callosa Nyl. 

Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau 

Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J.W. Thomson 

Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. 

Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. 

Physconia isidiigera (Zahlbr.) Essl. 

Punctilia stictica (Duby) Krog 

Punctilia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog 

Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. 

Ramalina leptocarpha Tuck. 

Ramalina menziesii Taylor 

Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio 

Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. 

Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. 

Teloschistes exilis (Michaux) Vainio 

Umbilicaria phaea Tuck. 

Usnea arizonica Mot. 

Usnea ceratina Ach. 

Usnea hirta (L.) F. H. Wigg 

Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyelnik) Hale 

Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyelnik) Hale 

Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. 

Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold 


16

News and Notes 

Point Loma Lichen Foray 

March 23, 2003 

Cherie Bratt’s energy and excitement for lichens 

has spread to a small but growing group of lichen 

enthusiasts in the far southern points of California. 

On Sunday, March 23 rd , Cherie led a CALS group on 

a tour of the lichens of Cabrillo National Monument 

in San Diego. Cabrillo National Monument is 

located at the tip of a windswept and sometimes 

for the Monument in addition to conducting a 

transplant study. 

Lichenologists led the way into the park and with 

the assistance of park ranger Andrea Compton, 

we were allowed to explore sensitive areas while 

Ms. Compton mapped lichen locations with GPS 

equipment. A rock wall along the path to the 

lighthouse introduced us to some of the common 

crustose lichens in the park, like Dimelaena radiata 

(Tuck.) Hale & Culb. Once we entered the coastal 

sage scrub vegetation, we were 

introduced to Pertusaria sp. on 

a low drought deciduous shrub 

called Euphorbia misera. Cherie 

explained that early visitors 

to Point Loma had described 

abundant fruticose lichens 

growing on the Euphorbia and 

another drought deciduous 

shrub called Lycium californicum. 

As modern visitors, we were 

limited to crustose species 

including Buellia sp. and Arthonia 

sp (possibly Arthonia polygramma 

based on CALS member Kerry 

Knudsen’s skillful analysis). In a 

shaded patch of lemonadeberry 

(Rhus integrifolia) we passed some 

foliose Parmotrema hypoleucinum 

(Steiner) Hale. 

foggy peninsula called Point Loma on the west side 

of San Diego Bay. In addition to its association with 

the landing of the explorer Cabrillo, Point Loma 

is known for it’s historic lighthouse and beautiful 

vistas. From the 19 th century to today the lighthouse 

has been a landmark stop for visitors to San Diego, 

and the specific locale of ‘Point Loma’ has often 

made it onto historic lichen collection labels 

where other locality descriptions are otherwise too 

general to be useful. Cherie’s previous research in 

the 1980s was able to compare historic collections 

and descriptions with current conditions (Bratt, 

1986) and as part of her research she prepared 

a lichen checklist (Bratt, 1997) and photo album 

Soil crusts provided another 

dimension to the lichens and we 

found ourselves crawling around 

on our hands and knees looking 

at a white sterile Leproloma sp., 

Diploschistes diacapsus, and an Endocarpon sp. that 

Kerry Knudsen later keyed as Endocarpon loscosii 

Mull. We also found Xanthoparmelia coloradoensis 

loosely attached to the soil in several areas. 

Photo by Mary Ann Hawke 

Left to right: Neil Buscaron, Jo Ellen Kassebaum, Cherie Bratt, Kerry Knudsen, 

Nola Lamken, Andrea Compton and in front, Andy Pigniolo 

As we returned to the Bayside Trail, we noted 

Caloplaca sp. brightly radiating color on World 

War II era cement. Back at the head of the trail, 

we wound our way down the peninsula toward 

the top of the cliffs and beautiful views of the bay. 

Sunny exposures of a loose sandstone bank along 

the trail formed a substrate for bright patches of 

Pleopsidium sp., and shaded Adenostoma fasciculatum 

branches glowed with neon Chrysothrix candelaris 

17


(L.) J.R. Laundon. Portions of the sandstone bank 

demonstrated the importance of lichens as a soil 

stabilizer and how the removal of lichens by graffiti 

artists had destabilized a large portion of the bank. 

More stabile portions of the shaded bank were 

painted with Lepraria sp. and included large carpets 

of Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Grams ex D. 

Hawks. The sparsely scattered orange apothecia of 

Caloplaca luteominia var. luteominia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. 

also covered large portions of the sandstone bank. 

After getting some great views of lichens and the 

bay, we retraced our steps and drove down to the 

ocean side of Point Loma for a look at an isolated 

boulder that retained several of the historically 

documented fruticose species. A short trek through 

thick lemonadeberry bushes led us to a fuzzy 

boulder covered with Roccella peruensis (Krempelh) 

Darb. and Niebla sp. This is one of the few mainland 

localities for Roccella in the state. The rock was also 

covered with a variety of crustose lichens and 

provided a whole lesson in itself. 

We called it a day in the early afternoon but the 

hike was a treat to all those who were able to attend 

and we hope one of many hikes to come. In the past 

weeks, the trip has spawned additional interest in 

the lichens of Point Loma and the San Diego area 

and it contributed to a better appreciation of the 

lichen flora by park staff. Thanks again to the 

enthusiasm and leadership of Cherie Bratt which 

continues to spread in the south. Our Point Loma 

hikers included Neil Bouscaren, Andrea Compton, 

Nola Etta, Mary Ann Hawke, JoEllen Kassebaum, 

Kerry Knudsen, and Andrew Pigniolo. Thanks 

again to our leader Cherie Bratt. 

References 

Bratt, Charis C., 1986, Point Loma Lichens - Now 

and Then. In Conservation and Management of 

Rare and Endangered Plants. Thomas S. Elias, 

Editor. California Native Plant Society. 

Bratt, Charis C., 1994, Lichens of Cabrillo 

National Monument, Point Loma, San Diego. 

Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 4(1). 

Reported by Kerry Knudson. 

Sonoma Workshop 

An Introduction to the Foliose and Fruticose 

Lichens, Darwin Hall, Room 201, 

Sonoma State University, Cotati, CA 

February 8, 2003 

Lawrence Glacy, Don Brittingham and Kuni 

Kitajima participated in this introductory 

workshop held at SSU. After a short introduction 

to lichens, we spent the morning looking at about 

30 specimens of different lichens. We divided them 

into foliose, fruticose and crustose species, then 

began to look at identification characters: color, 

reproductive structures, morphological features, 

comparing and contrasting like and unlike 

specimens. After lunch in the sun in the University 

quad, we resumed using the same specimens and 

Hale and Cole’s Lichens of California with Irwin 

Brodo’s Lichens of North America keys to identify 

the specimens to genus. The participants left with 

a good introduction to common lichens in the area 

as well as morphological search images to take out 

in the field. 

Thank you to Dr. Chris Kjeldsen for arranging the 

use of the classroom. 


Conservation Committee Report 

The Conservation Committee of our California 

Lichen Society met face to face for the first time 

on Friday January 17, 2003 at the California Native 

Plant Society’s state office in Sacramento. 

Present were all 5 members of the Board appointed 

Conservation Committee: Eric Peterson (chair), 

Greg Jirak, Cherie Bratt, David Magney and Cheryl 

Beyer. In addition we had CALS Board members 

Bill Hill (president) and Boyd Poulsen (vice 

president and potential addition to the committee), 

and some invaluable advisors: Roxanne Bittman of 

the California Natural Heritage Program, David 

Tibor of the Native Plant Society (whose meeting 

room we were in), and Sue Wainscott of the Nature 

Conservancy who came with Cheryl Beyer from 

Las Vegas. CALS would like to thank these folks 

for their time and their invaluable input. 

18

News and Notes / Upcoming Events 

First we decided on our mission statement: “To 

maintain genetic diversity of lichens and to 

conserve them in their natural habitat.” 

We considered and resolved further our operating 

structure and procedures for determining how 

lichens will be considered for listing as rare or 

sensitive in California. It was decided to essentially 

use the CNDDB (California Natural Diversity Data 

Base) ranking system which is used in all states and 

several other countries by state Natural Heritage 

Programs or their equivalents (the CNDDB in 

California). The programs and the ranking system 

were initiated by The Nature Conservancy about 

30 years ago and a lot of thought has gone into this 

ranking system over the years. 

We noted that lichens are different enough from 

vascular plants that we may possibly need to 

consider somewhat different views for their 

conservation. In particular, air quality seems to be 

a rather important added issue for the survival of 

some species. The definition of a ‘population’ or 

‘occurrence’ may be controversial, although we 

agreed that the standards established by CNDDB 

appear to be adequate for our purposes. 

We significantly modified the ‘preliminary red 

list’ we have had on our CALS website for a few 

years now, and the new list will be reborn on the 

CALS website under a different name. All in all 

we amazed ourselves with how much we got 

done, and in such a short time. But this is just the 

beginning, albeit a good one. 

Prepared by Bill Hill and Eric Peterson. 

Soil Crust Class 

Several CALS members participated in the Jepson 

Herbarium’s Biotic Soil Crust class taught by 

CALS member Dr. Larry St. Clair of Brigham 

Young University. It was taught at the Desert 

Research Station in Zzyzx, CA, a facility which 

is administered by CSU Fullerton. The class 

combined lab and field studies to help us gain a 

better understanding of soil crusts and their several 

components: microfungi, green algae, diatoms, 

lichens and mosses. 

.. 

California is somewhat unique in the area of 

environmental laws in that, besides the Federal 

regulations available to all states, we have CEQA 

(the California Environmental Quality Act) 

and most states have no equivalent state level 

legislation. 

As far as our functioning structure, we have a 

voting ‘conservation committee’ of 5 members 

(which we considered increasing to 7) that reports 

to the CALS Board of Directors, and we will form a 

body of ‘scientific advisors’ which serve to provide 

scientific input to the rankings of individual taxa. 

CALS members and other individuals will have the 

opportunity to participate by ‘sponsoring’ specific 

taxa. Sponsoring will involve the collection of 

background information on the taxa; more details 

will be given in the near future. 

Photo by Kate Kramer 

Left to right - Cindy Hopkins, Mary Ann Hawke, Dave 

Silverman, Cherie Bratt, Adrian Howard, Boyd Poulsen, Ellen 

Cypher, Sue Wainscott, Richard Strong, Kate Kramer, Larry 

St. Clair. 

Reported by Charis Bratt. 

19


Upcoming Events 

20 

Calaveras Big Trees State Park 

Friday, June 20, 2003 

Calaveras Big Trees State Park lies on the west slope 

of the central Sierra on the Highway 4 corridor. 

Featured in the park are two separate groves of 

Sequoiadendron giganticum (giant Sequoia) along 

with the flora of the surrounding mixed conifer 

forests. We will be visiting Big Trees Creek to view 

the submerged water lichen Hydrotheria venosa and 

Eric Peterson is looking for a lichen of the Caliciales 

group that is only known to be found on giant 

Sequoia. We will meet at the north Grove parking lot 

just to the right of the kiosk entrance station. Meet 

at 10:00 A.M. and we will car pool to the pristine 

South Grove. If interested contact Boyd Poulsen at 

(209) 795-5400 or boydpoulsen@hotmail.com 

UC White Mountain Research Station, 

Inyo County 

July 11-14, 2003 

The White Mountain Research Station (WMRS) 

is a multi-campus research unit of the University 

of California. WMRS was established in 1950 

to provide laboratory, teaching, and housing 

facilities for researchers doing field work in the 

Eastern Sierra. While WMRS was originally used 

for research in high-elevation physiology, it is 

now used also by scientists in such diverse fields 

as archaeology, astronomy, atmospheric science, 

ecology, geology, plant biology, and zoology. 

Housing will be at the Crooked Creek Conference 

Center, located at the edge of the Patriarch Grove 

and at an elevation of 10,150 feet. The fee is $45 

per night which includes room and board (and the 

meals are very good). We will meet Friday evening 

for dinner. Saturday and Sunday we will be out in 

the field. 

The field trip will end at noon on Sunday. We will 

be preparing a checklist of lichens of the area. 

Collecting will be limited to reference specimens. 

For more information, contact Judy Robertson at: 

jksrr@aol.com. 

Lichens of the Lagunas 

Mount Laguna, Cleveland National Forest, 

San Diego County 

August 22-24, 2003 

The Mount Laguna area is in a mixed conifer 

forest at an elevation of 6,000 feet overlooking the 

Anza Borrego Desert. The area offers a variety of 

lichen habitats from shaded forest and canyons, 

exposed metamorphic and granitic rock outcrops, 

oak woodland, and chaparral. Black oak, (Quercus 

kellogii) bark offers an important substrate for a 

variety of lichens. The Pacific Crest trail passes 

through the area and a variety of short hikes and 

drives will provide access to the range of lichen 

habitats in the area. 

The base of operations for the weekend trip will 

be a CALS member’s recreational summer cabin. 

The cabin is not large but it should provide 

working room in the evenings, indoor plumbing, 

and kitchen and barbecue facilities. Camping is 

available adjacent to the cabin without cost or 

in two nearby Forest Service campgrounds. The 

nearby Mount Laguna Lodge provides rooms at 

moderate rates for less rustic lichenologists, but 

reservations will be needed. 

We will meet Friday evening to set up camp. 

Saturday and Sunday will be spent on field 

excursions exploring the lichens of the area and 

enjoying the beautiful desert views. Day trippers 

from San Diego are welcome but it is an hour 

commute one-way. Saturday night we will pull 

together for a potluck meal. The field trip will 

officially end Sunday after lunch. Collecting 

reference specimens for the San Diego County Plat 

Atlas project will be permitted. 

For more information and directions, contact 

Andrew Pigniolo at ArcheoAndy@aol.com or 858 

490-0447.

Upcoming Events 

San Pedro Valley Park, San Mateo Co. 

Saturday, Sept. 6, 2003 

This 1,150 acre park has three fresh-water creeks, 

which flow year round through lush valleys: the 

south and middle forks of the San Pedro Creek and 

Brooks Creek. They are of particular significance 

because they provide some of the few remaining 

spawning areas for migratory Steelhead in San 

Mateo county. 

Join us for a lichen walk through this interesting 

area. We will learn basic information about lichens 

and explore the park for common species. 

Directions: Coming from the North (San Francisco) 

or South (San Jose) use Highway 280 to Highway 

1. Take Highway 1 South to the city of Pacifica 

(San Mateo County). Turn east onto Linda Mar 

Boulevard. Follow Linda Mar Boulevard until it 

ends (about 2 miles) at Oddstad Boulevard. Turn 

right on Oddstad. Proceed on Oddstad Boulevard 

one block to the park entrance. 

For more information about the Park, one Website to 

visit is: http://www.bahiker.com/southbayhikes/ 

sanpedro.html. 

For information about the field trip, contact Judy 

Robertson at jksrr@aol.com or 707 584-8099. 

Whiskeytown National Park, Shasta County 

October 3-6, 2003 

Whiskeytown National Park has nine major 

plant communities including mineral seeps along 

Willow Creek, a subalpine meadow at the top of 

Shasta Bally and old growth forests. CALS will 

be surveying the lichens present in the Park as 

well as establishing some long term monitoring 

plots. During the 3 day weekend, participants 

will be divided into groups to cover different 

habitats in the Park. We will be collecting reference 

specimens and participants will be responsible for 

identification of specimens collected. 

McClellan Ranch Park, Santa Clara Co. 

Saturday, Oct. 25, 2003, 10 am 

This 23.5 acre park is owned and maintained as a 

nature preserve by the City of Cupertino. Stevens 

Creek flows through the park, shaded by western 

sycamores, black cottonwoods, willows and other 

riparian trees. 

This fertile land was supporting a thriving 

population of Native Americans when Juan 

Bautista De Anza camped nearby in 1776. His 

expedition named the creek there Arroyo San José 

Cupertino. Today it is known as Stevens Creek, 

after Captain Elisha Stephens who settled there 

in 1859. In 1975 it was designated as a Nature and 

Rural Preserve. Each year thousands of children 

and adults participate in naturalist-led activities in 

the park. 

Join us for a lichen walk. We will learn basic 

information about lichens and explore the park for 

common species. 

Directions: McClellan Ranch Park is located in 

the city of Cupertino, Santa Clara County. Take 

Highway 85 to the Stevens Creek Boulevard exit in 

Cupertino. Go west on Stevens Creek for about a 

mile until it intersects with Stevens Canyon Road. 

Make a left turn onto Stevens Canyon Road, then 

proceed for about a third of a mile (heading south), 

until you see McClellan Road on your left. You may 

have to drive slowly to find the street sign. Follow 

McClellan Road about one quarter of a mile, until 

you see a golf course on your right. At this point 

slow down; the park will be on your immediate 

left. There is currently no admission fee. 

For more information about McClellan Ranch Park, 

please call Cupertino Parks and Recreation at 408 

777-3120, or www.cupertino.ord/update/rec/ 

facility.html. 

For more information about the field trip, contact 

Judy Robertson at jksrr@aol.com or 707 584-8099. 

If you are interested in participating in this project, 

please contact Judy Robertson at jksrr@aol.com 

21


An Introduction to Crustose Lichens 

2003 Darwin Hall, Rm 207, SSU, Cotati, CA 

November 15, 2003 

Judy Robertson will lead us through a Saturday 

workshop introducing the beginner to the 

identification of crustose lichens. Using a ‘teaching 

set’ of prepared crustose specimens, participants 

will learn how to section an apothecium, to identify 

various kinds of spores, to stain ascus tips, as well 

as to use keys to identify the specimens. Coffee and 

tea will be provided. Please bring a lunch. 

Again, if you are interested in any of the above field 

trips or workshop, or would like more information, 

contact Judy Robertson at jksrr@aol.com, or 707 

584-8099. 

MSSF Fungus Fair. Look for more information 

about the Fungus Fair to be held in December 2003 

on the CALS Website or the SFMS Website. 

In the meantime, CALS members might want to 

consider helping with the lichen display, which 

CALS has put together at the Fair for the past 

dozen years 

Ongoing Lichen Identification Workshops 

Darwin Hall, Room 207, Sonoma State University. 

The 2 nd and 4 th Thursday of every month, 5 pm. to 

8:30 pm. 

our specimens, use the classroom dissecting and 

compound scopes and a variety of keys to identify 

them. 

We help one another at difficult places in the keys 

and get feedback about our methods. This is a 

great time to work on those specimens you have 

collected but have not had time to ID, those that 

you have had difficulty identifying or just learning 

about lichens. We have snacks and enjoy hearing 

about the latest good collecting spot. There is no 

cost for our workshops but be prepared to pay a 

$2.50 parking fee. 

Southern California Activities 

Information on other field trips and workshops for 

Southern California is not available at this time. If 

you are interested, please be sure that your name 

and email address are on the Southern California 

distribution list kept by Andrew Pigniolo at 

ArcheoAndy@aol.com. 

Sierra Nevada Activities 

There is an informal group that meets every first 

Saturday of the month in Reno, Nevada, at the 

home of Eric Peterson. We meet from 10:00 A.M. till 

3:00 P.M. and the highlight of the day is a potluck 

lunch at 12:00 noon. Any interested parties are 

welcome to join in. Just contact Tamara Sasaki at 

530 581-4315 or E-mail to tsasaki@parks.ca.gov. 

Join us every 2 nd and 4 th Thursday of each month 

for these Lichen ID sessions at SSU. We bring 

22

Announcements 

Our Heartfelt Thanks 

The California Lichen Society would like to thank 

our benefactors and donors for 2003. Their support 

is greatly appreciated and helps in our mission to 

increase the knowledge and appreciation of lichens 

in California. 

Benefactors: 

Charis C. Bratt 

Boyd Poulsen 

Donors: 

Robert Egan 

Dana Ericson 

Bill Hill 

Elisabeth Lay 

Donna Maytham 

Patti Patterson 

Curt Seeliger 

Dr. Shirley Tucker 

The CALS Reference Collection 

The CALS Reference Collection is available to any 

CALS member to borrow for up to one month. 

The entire collection or any number of specimens 

can be loaned. The borrowing member will be 

responsible for all postage. The specimens in the 

CALS Reference Collection are: 

Acarospora socialis H. Magn. 

Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. 

Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris 

Arthonia pruinata (Pers.) A.L. Sm. 

Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. 

Buellia halonia (Ach.) Tuck. 

Caloplaca cerina (Hedwig) Th. Fr. 

Caloplaca coralloides (Tuck.) Hulting 


Candelariella rosulans (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. 

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon 

Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. 

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel 

Cladonia firma (Nyl.) Nyl. 

Cladonia furcata (Hudson) Schrader 

Cliostomum griffithii (Sm.) Coppins 

Cyphelium tigillare (Ach.) Ach. 

Dimelaena radiata (Tuck.) Hale & Culb. 

Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman 

Diplotomma penichrum (Tuck.) Szat. 


Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale 

Graphis scipta (L.) Ach. 

Heterodermia leucomelos (L.) Poelt 

Heterodermia namaquana Brusse 

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrh. & 

Poelt 

Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog 

Hypogymnia mollis L. Pike & Hale 

Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. 

Lasalia papulosa (Ach.) Llano 

Lecanora caesiorubella ssp. merrillii Imshaug & 

Brodo 

Lecanora confusa Almb. 

Lecanora pacifica Tuck. 

Lecanora sierrae Ryan and Nash with Candelariella 

aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. 

Lecanora stobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer 

Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. 

Lecidea tessellata Flörke 

Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D. 

Hawksw. 

Leptochidium albociliatum (Desmaz.) Choisy 


Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J.W. Thomson 

Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue 

Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner 

Melanelia glabra (Schaerer) Essl. 

Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. 

Nephroma bellum (Sprengel) Tuck. 

Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. 

Nectria parmeliae (Berk. & Culb.) D. Hawksw. 

Ochrolechia laevigata (Rasanen) Vers. ex Brodo 

23


Ochrolechia oregonensis H. Magn. 

Opegrapha herbarum Mont. 

Parmelia sulcata Taylor 

Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti 

Parmotrema hypoleucinum (Steiner) Hale 

Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrader 

Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. 

Pertusaria flavicunda Tuck. 

Pertusaria lecanina Tuck. 

Pertusaria texana Mull. Arg. 

Pertusaria xanthodes Mull. Arg. 

Physcia aipolia (Ehrl. ex Humb.) Furnr. 

Physcia clementei (Sm.) Lynge 

Physcia millegrana Degel. 

Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. 

Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg 

Placidium lacinulatum (Ach.) Breuss 

Platysmatia glauca (L.) Culb. & C. Culb 

Platysmatia stenophylla (Tuck.) Culb. & C. Culb. 

Psora tuckermanii R. Anderson ex Timdal 

Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog 

Pyrrhospora quernea (Dickson) Korber 


Ramalina leptocarpha Tuck. 

Ramalina menziesii Taylor 

Rinodina hallii Tuck. 

Sigridea californica (Tuck.) Tehler 

Staurothele elenkinii Oksner 

Syzygospora physciacearum Diederich 

Teloschistes exilis (Michaux) Vainio 

Thelomma mammosum (Hepp) A. Massal. 

Tremella parmeliarum Diederich 

Tuckermannopsis platyphylla (Tuck.) Hale 

Umbilicaria phaea Tuck. 

Usnea rubicunda Stirton 

Usnea wirthii Clerc 

Vermilicinia cephalota (Tuck.) Spjut & Hale 

Vermilicinia procera (Rundel & Bowler) Spjut 

Vouauxiella lichenicola (Lindsay) Petrak & Sydow 

Vulpicida canadensis (Räsänen) J. E. Mattsson & 

M.J. Lai 

Waynea stoechadiana (Abbassi Maaf & Roux) Roux 

& Clerc 

Xanthoparmelia cf cumberlandia (Gyelnik) Hale 

Xanthoparmelia taractica (Kremp.) Hale 

Xanthoria fulva (Hoffm.) Poelt & Petutschnig 

Xanthoria polycarpa (Hoffm.) Rieber 

Contact Judy Robertson at jksrr@aol.com or 707 

584-8099 to obtain reference specimens. 

The Ryan Reference Collection 

Dr. Bruce Ryan of Arizona State University has 

donated these lichens to the California Lichen 

Society – “Ryan Reference Collection”. A CALS 

member may borrow any of these specimens for up 

to one month. The borrowing member must pay all 

postage costs. 

Specimens with a “*” are not listed in the 6 th 

checklist. 

The specimens in The Ryan Collection are: 

Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Arnold 

Ahtiana sphaerosporella (Mull. Arg.) Goward 

Ahtiana pallidula (Tuck. ex Riddle) Goward & Thell 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) Arnold 

Aspicilia mastrucata (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr.* 

Bellemerea alpina (Sommerf.) Clauzade & Roux 

Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & Hawksw. 

Bryoria cf. fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. 

Hawksw. 

Bryoria fremontii (Tuck.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. 

Bryoria pseudofuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & 

D. Hawksw. 

Buellia erubescens Arnold 

Buellia stillingiana Steiner 

Calicium glaucellum Ach. 

Caloplaca californica Zahlbr. 

Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. 

Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm. ex Ach.) Wade 

Caloplaca peliophylla (Tuck.) Zahlbr. 

Caloplaca saxicola (Hoffm.) Nordin 

Caloplaca squamosa (de Lesd.) Zahlbr. 

Caloplaca stellata Wetm. & Karnef.* 

Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr.* 


Candelariella rosulans (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. 

Cladidium bolanderi (Tuck.) Ryan 

Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr. 

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel 

Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. 

Dendrographa leucophaea (Tuck.) Darbish 

Dendrographa minor Darbish 

Dimalaena californica (H. Magn.) Sheard 

Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch 

Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flotow 

Diplotomma venustum (Korber) Korber 


24

Announcements 

Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirton) Hale 

Fulgensia bracteata (Hoffm.) Räsänen 

Heterodermia erinacea (Ach.) W.A. Weber 

Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea (Räsänen)Timdal 

Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) Choisy 

Hypocenomyce sierrae Timdal* 

Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog 

Hypogymnia mollis L..Pike & Hale 

Lecanactis californica Tuck. 

Lecanactis cf nashii Egea & Torrente* 

Lecania dudleyi Herre 

Lecania fructigena Zahlbr. 

Lecanographa dimelaenoides (Egea & Torrente) Egea 

& Torrente 

Lecanographa hypothallina (Zahlbr.) Egea & Torrente 

Lecanora argopholis (Ach.) 

Lecanora bicincta Ramond 

Lecanora bipruinosa Fink 

Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. ssp. merrillii Imshaug & 

Brodo 

Lecanora campestris (Schaer.) Ach. Hue 

Lecanora circumborealis Brodo & Vitik. 

Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. ex Crombie 

Lecanora demissa (Flot.) Zahlbr. 

Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl. 

Lecanora garovaglii (Körber) Zahlbr. 

Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Linds. 

Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo 

Lecanora kofae Ryan & Nash 

Lecanora mellea W.A. Weber 

Lecanora mughicola Nyl. 

Lecanora muralis (Schreber) Rabenh. 

Lecanora novomexicana Magnusson 

Lecanora opiniconensis Brodo 

Lecanora oreinoides ( Korb.) Hertel & Rambold 

Lecanora pachysoma B.C. Ryan & Poelt* 

Lecanora phaedrophthalma Poelt 

Lecanora phryganitis Tuck. 

Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. 

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. 

Lecanora pseudomellea B.D.Ryan 

Lecanora semitensis (Tuck.) 

Lecanora sierrae Ryan & Nash 

Lecanora subcarnea (Liljeblad) Ach. 

Lecanora subrugosa (Nyl.) Lumbsch & Feige 

Lecanora sulfurescens Fee* 

Lecanora tropica Zahlbr.* 

Lecanora valesiaca (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb. 

Lecanora weberi B.D. Ryan 

Lecanora xanthosora B.D. Ryan & Poelt 

Lecidella cf scabra (Taylor) Hertel & Leuck 

Lecidella euphorea (Flörke) Hertel 

Leptogium furfuraceum (Harm.) Sierk 

Leptogium hirsutum Sierk 

Leptogium tenuissimum (Dickson) Körber 

Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J.W. Thomson 

Lobothallia alphoplaca (Wahlenb.) Hafellner 

Neofuscelia atticoides (Essl.) Essl. 

Niebla homalea (Ach.) Rundel & Bowler 

Opegrapha brattiae Egea & Torrente* 

Parmotrema hypoleucinum (Steiner) Hale 

Pertusaria californica Dibben 

Pertusaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) Erichsen 

Pertusaria ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. 

Pertusaria tejocotensis de Lesd. * 

Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. 

Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis (Ach.) H. Magn. 


Reinkella parishii Hasse 

Rhizocarpon bolanderi (Tuck.) Herre 

Rhizoplaca cavicola Rosentreter & Ryan* 

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf 

Rhizoplaca haydenii (Tuck.) W.A. Weber 

Rhizoplaca melanophthalma (DC.) Leuck. & Poelt 

Rhizoplaca peltata (Ramond) Leuck. & Poelt 

Rhizoplaca subdiscrepans (Nyl.) R. Sant. 

Rhizoplaca tubulosa Rosentreter & McCune* 

Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & Fletcher 

Roccellina franciscana (Zahlbr. ex Herre) Follm. 

Schizopelte californica Th. Fr. 

Sigridea californica (Tuck.) Tehler 

Teloschistes californicus Sipman 

Tephromela nashii Kalb* 

Thelomma occidentale (Herre) Tibell 

Trapeliopsis wallrothii (Flörke) Hertel & Gotth. 

Tuckermannopsis orbata (Nyl.) M.J. Lai 

Umbilicaria phaea var. coccinea Llano* 

Waynea stoechadiana (Abbassi Maaf & Roux) Roux 

& Clerc 

Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyelnik) Hale 

Contact Judy Robertson at jksrr@aol.com or 707 

584-8099 to obtain reference specimens from the 

Ryan ollection. 

25


CALS Educational Grants Program 

$500.00 Available For 2003 

CALS offers small academic grants to support 

research pertaining to the Lichens of California. 

No geographical constraints are placed on grantees 

or their associated institutions. The Educational 

Grants Committee administers the Educational 

Grants Program, with grants awarded to a person 

only once during the duration of a project. 

Grant applicants should submit a proposal containing 

the following information: 

1. Title of the project, applicant’s name, address, 

phone number, e-mail address. Date submitted. 

2. Estimated time frame for project. 

3. Description of the project: outline the purposes, 

objectives, hypotheses where appropriate, and 

methods of data collection and analysis. Highlight 

aspects of the work that you believe are 

particularly important and creative. Discuss 

how the project will advance knowledge of 

California lichens. 

4. Description of the final product: We ask you to 

submit an article to the CALS Bulletin, based 

on dissertation, thesis or other work. 

5. Budget: summarize intended use of funds. 

If you received or expect to receive grants or 

other material support, show how these fit into 

the overall budget. 

The following list gives examples of the kinds 

of things for which grant funds may be used if 

appropriate to the objectives of the project: 

• Expendable supplies 

• Transportation 

• Equipment rental 

• Laboratory services 

• Salaries 

• Living expenses 

CALS does not approve grants for outright 

purchase of high-end items such as cameras, 

computers, software, machinery, or for clothing. 

6. Academic status: state whether you are a graduate 

student or an undergraduate student. 

7. Academic support: one letter of support from 

a sponsor, such as an academic supervisor or 

major professor, should accompany your application. 

The letter can be enclosed with the 

application, or mailed separately to the CALS 

Grants Committee Chair. 

8. Your signature, as the person performing the 

project and the one responsible for dispersing 

the funds. 

The proposal should be brief and concise. 

The Education Grants Committee brings its recommendations 

for funding to the CALS Board of 

Directors, and will notify applicants as soon as 

possible of approval or denial. 

Review 

Proposals are reviewed as received, by members of 

the committee using these criteria: Completeness, 

technical quality, consistency with CALS goals, intended 

use of funds, and likelihood of completion. 

Grant Amounts 

CALS grants are made in amounts of $500.00 or 

less. 

Obligations of Recipients 

1. Acknowledge the California Lichen Society in 

any reports, publications, or other products 

resulting from the work supported by CALS. 

2. Submit a short article to the CALS Bulletin. 

3. Submit any relevant rare lichen data to the 

California Natural Diversity Data Base using 

NDDB’s field survey forms. 

How To Submit An Application 

Please email your grant application to: 

Lori Hubbart, Chair of CALS Educational 

Grants Program: lorih@mcn.org 

Or mail a hardcopy to: 

Lori Hubbart 

P.O. Box 985 

Point Arena, CA 95468 

(Announcements continued on p. 28) 

26

President’s Message 

The California Lichen Society continues 

to mature, with each issue of our Bulletin 

serving as a mile-mark on our journey. 

Several local study groups that we were 

talking about starting in previous issues, 

are now meeting – Southern California with 

Cherie Bratt and Andrew Pigniolo organizing 

them, the Reno-Sierra Nevada with people 

meeting with Eric Peterson, and of course 

our regular alternate Thursday workshop at 

Sonoma State University with Judy and Ron 

Robertson. Mikki McGee has been imparting 

her knowledge of lichen microscope 

technique to some enthusiastic members 

at her place, a few people at a time, with a 

possible West Bay group forming out of this. 

There may be other local lichen study groups 

forming that I don’t even know about. 

I took my own suggestion to heart and sent 

an email invitation to several people living 

near me, and now we have a primordial North Bay group going out on impromptu 

local Sunday morning lichen jaunts. We even had a few friends and neighbors join us, 

and they say that now they can’t miss noticing the lichens wherever they go. One time 

I set up my microscopes and lichen books on the tailgate of my car parked by roadside 

rocks, and we had an instant lichen lab right where the lichens were growing – we 

could spend a month of Sundays at that one rock, identifying lichens, especially now 

with wonderful resources available like the “Lichens of North America” by Brodo and 

the Sharnoffs. 

It is heartening to see how the internet is serving as a constant notice about us to the 

world. New members continually find us these days online through our website, 

and by people joining our yahoogroup mail list. We could exploit this considerably 

more than we have, but even using simple e-mail is turning out to be a most useful 

tool for us. A case in point: Darrell Wright, the founding editor of our Bulletin, now 

lives in New Zealand where the lichens are bountiful but library resources are more 

scarce. He emailed me the other day that “Could you go photocopy some articles 

at the University library and send them to me” So I went to the library, but rather 

than photocopy, I scanned the articles into my laptop with my portable scanner and 

emailed the articles back to Darrell. The megabytes of JPG files nearly choked his e- 

mail inbox, and I had to send it all in two separate batches. He printed out the pages 

27


on his printer, color illustrations and all, better than photocopy quality he said. 

It didn’t cost us a cent in postage, and I doubt that he could have gotten them 

more quickly any other way. I can see it coming – chatroom lichen workshops 

online, comparing webcam photos thru the microscope. Although workshops by 

remote control may be a thing in our future for those who live far from scheduled 

workshops and fieldtrips, I still urge you to organize and announce, by email lists 

and otherwise, your own lichen hikes and gatherings – you may just find a new 

lichen enthusiast neighbor to collaborate with. 

We are also flexing our professional expertise by committing ourselves for further 

field surveys. Recently we participated in the first fieldtrip of a biodiversity survey 

of Tomales Bay in Marin County, and there is a potential for doing a lichen survey 

in Whiskeytown National Recreation Area in Northern California. 

Our Conservation Committee has now met in person, and a working structure 

and procedure is shaping up under the adept guidance of our chairperson 

Eric Peterson. And we have made some progress in developing a database for 

members to record their collections. It turns out we find that Daniel George, a new 

member who is my nearby neighbor, is adept with Microsoft Access. More on that 

project later. Now to get to that backlog of unidentified lichens. 

– Bill Hill 

(cont. from p. 26) 

Items for Sale 

CALS has the following items for sale. Checks 

should be made out to The California Lichen 

Society. 

1. A CALS mini guide to some common California 

Lichens, text by Janet Doell, photography by 

Richard Doell. A pocket sized book illustrating 41 

lichen species, with an introduction and descriptive 

notes for each photo. Designed as an introduction 

to California lichens for anyone interested in the 

natural world who would like to learn something 

about lichens. Price $10.00 (tax included), $12.00 

if mailed. To order contact Janet Doell at 510 236- 

0489, or e-mail her at rdoell@sbcglobal.net. 

2. CALS lichen poster. This colorful 30” x 20” poster 

features 21 lichens. Photography by Richard Doell. 

You can see a picture of the poster at the CALS 

Web site: http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/rlmoe/ 

cals.html. To order contact Janet Doell as outlined 

above. 

3. Hand Lens. $5.00 (tax included), $7.00 if mailed. 

These are Waltex 4 × 6 × 10 magnifiers (2 fold out 

lenses in a single holder; they are superimposed 

for the highest magnification). To order contact 

Judy Robertson at 707 584-8099 or e-mail her at 

jksrr@aol.com. 

For lichen identification supplies, including 

chemical kits, please contact Charis Bratt at 805 

682-4726, ext. 152, or e-mail her at cbratt@sbbg.org. 

28

The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society 

Vol. 10, No. 1 Summer 2003 

Contents 

California and New Zealand: Some Lichenological 

Comparisons Darrell Wright 1 

Pacific Northwest Lichens in Northern California Tom Carlberg 7 

An Exciting Find Charis C. Bratt 9 

Clarification of Three Umbilicaria species New 

to California Eric Peterson 10 

Questions and Answers Janet Doell 11 

Literature Reviews and Remarks Kerry Knudsen 13 

News and Notes 15 

Upcoming Events 20 

Announcements 23 

Presidents Message 27 

Back Cover: 

Fig. 1. Pseudocyphellaria coronata (Wright 7404), Holdsworth entrance, Tararua Forest 

Park, New Zealand. 0.5×. 

Fig. 2. Thallus of 7404 with tangential sections of cortex removed to show the spotty red 

pigment at the phycobiont-mycobiont interface. 5×. 

Fig. 3. Pseudocyphellaria episticta (Wright 7408) from within the rainforest near the 

Waingawa River. 0.7×. 

Fig. 4. Sticta subcaperata (Wright 7409) from near 7408. 0.6×. 

Fig. 5. Xanthoparmelia scabrosa (Wright 7300) carpeting the edge of a freeway offramp in 

the Thorndon district of Wellington, the capital of New Zealand. On the fence in 

the foreground is X. mexicana (Wright 7299). 

Fig. 6. Closeup of the Xanthoparmelia scabrosa “carpet”.

1 

4 

2 

5 

3 

Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta, and 

Xanthoparmelia from New Zealand. 

See the article by Wright on p. 1. 

Legend on overleaf. 

6

Volume 10(1): Summer 2003 - The California Lichen Society (CALS)

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