Key to Psathyrella
Key to Psathyrella
Key to Psathyrella
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Andreas Melzer<br />
Hauptstraße 5, 04509 Neukyhna, Germany, www.vielepilze.de<br />
<strong>Key</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Psathyrella</strong><br />
Updates:<br />
17.01.12 (many additions and modifications, drawings included), 25.02.12 (D 19 ff. changed, F 8/8* changed), 22.03.12 (D<br />
21/21*, B 3/3*, B 4/4* changed), 23.03.12 (C 7 P. piluliformis replaced by P. carinthiaca), 13.04.12 (parts F + G strongly<br />
modificated), 23.04.12 (P. bivelata integrated), 24.06.12 (P. piluliformis replaced by P. hydrophila), 29.06.12 (P. fusca<br />
replaced by P. tephrophylla), 2.07.12 (P.spadicea replaced by P. sarcocephala), 04.11.12 (P. laevissima und P. fragrans<br />
transferred from E8 <strong>to</strong> C9, number sequence in C and E changed)<br />
Introduction:<br />
The key includes most of the previously described <strong>Psathyrella</strong> species from Europe, in addition, some of<br />
which have since been transferred <strong>to</strong> other genera. Not included are currently P. excelsa, P. langei, P.<br />
radicellata, P. violaceopallens and P. wavereniana.<br />
The dicho<strong>to</strong>mous pairs are based predominantly on microscopic characteristics, <strong>to</strong> edit material also can be<br />
present for which no field notes. Only as an exception habitual or ecological characteristics of differentiation<br />
are used. However, it is certain that the difference between these clearly (e. g. tiny vs. large species; growing<br />
on sandy soil vs. dung). Measurements are rounded in the key part or for the benefit of the characteristic<br />
compared with the species descriptions slightly weighted differently.<br />
It is essential <strong>to</strong> key out some species more than once, because they show a considerable variability (e. g. P.<br />
senex) or may represent collective species (e. g. P. corrugis). However, it is not possible <strong>to</strong> consider each<br />
extreme (e. g. very large fruitbodys, unusual shape of cystidia, abnormally spores). Should also be noted that<br />
various features are developmentally variable (e. g. colored underlining of lamellae edge, thickened cell<br />
walls). To verify the determination must be used a detailed description.<br />
Also, it's often <strong>to</strong> try alternative routes.<br />
Notes on the features:<br />
When the spores measure waives the average values, since even the absolute would be relevant. It should be<br />
noted that both minimum and maximum may be exceeded occasionally (e. g. with interspersed 2-spored<br />
basidia). Done in this case, an orientation <strong>to</strong> the majority. The same applies <strong>to</strong> the determination of the spore<br />
shape and colour.<br />
A missing or existing germ pore is a useful feature, though not without problems. Are indispensable, fully<br />
mature spores under examination in potassium hydroxide (KOH) due <strong>to</strong> the better contrast is recommended.<br />
To assess the frequency and distribution of cheilocystidia often several preparations from different sections of<br />
lamellae are required. Close <strong>to</strong> the cap often dominate sphaeropedunculate or clavate marginal cells, may<br />
occur near the stem spread <strong>to</strong> the lamellae caulocystidia. The latter are not intended relevant characteristic.<br />
The decision whether pleurocystidia happen is <strong>to</strong> cut down only after a thorough search. Often pleurocystidia<br />
are very rare and only found close <strong>to</strong> the lamellae edge.<br />
The details of cap diameter and velum <strong>to</strong> give an idea of the habit of the fruitbody. Also, the habitat<br />
occasionally valuable or even allow clear conclusions. Other supplementary information is provided only<br />
when deemed appropriate (e. g. distinct pink colour of the hat during drying, presence of a pseudorhiza).<br />
Used abbreviations:<br />
C. = cap, Ch.= cheilocystidia, L. = lamellae, Pl. = pleurocystidia, P. = <strong>Psathyrella</strong>., Sp. = spores,<br />
St. = stipe, Syn. = synonym(s)
Used symbols:<br />
Sp.<br />
hyaline<br />
Sp. very<br />
bright<br />
Sp.<br />
moderately<br />
bright<br />
soil, litter sandy soil open<br />
habitat<br />
nerver<br />
expanding<br />
Sp. dark Sp. black L.edge<br />
white<br />
indoor in a short<br />
time<br />
after a long<br />
time<br />
L.edge<br />
coloured<br />
clamps<br />
absent<br />
CaCO3 + H20 + C + N2 + - H2O + KOH<br />
calcareous wet burned<br />
ground<br />
dung,<br />
fertilized<br />
Part A<br />
drying in KOH<br />
L.edge white,<br />
coloured<br />
underlined<br />
Pl. absent<br />
n +++<br />
n - - -<br />
very<br />
numerous<br />
very rare<br />
1 Cap with long brownish hairs.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 55(65) mm broad. Veil absent. Stem often very long. Sp. 12-18(20) x 6,5-<br />
9,5(10) µm, germ pore eccentric. Ch. 20-80 x 7-20 µm. Soil, leaf litter, pieces of<br />
wood.<br />
Parasola conopilus (FR.) ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
(Syn.: P. conopilus (FR.: FR.) A. PERS. & DENNIS, P. arata (BERK.) W. G. SMITH,<br />
P. atrospora A. H. SM., P. circellatipes BENOIST, P. graciloides (PECK) SACC., P.<br />
circellatipes var. microspora A. H. SM., P. conopilus var. subatrata (BATSCH)<br />
CITERIN & BON)<br />
1* Cap without hairs. 2<br />
2 (1) Pleurocystidia present. 3<br />
2* Pleurocystidia absent or very rarely. 9<br />
3 (2) Cystidia strikingly with crystals and/or at least partly thickwalled.<br />
Part B<br />
3* Cystidia without or only rarely with crystals and predominatingly thinwalled. 4<br />
4 (3) Basidia predominantingly 2-spored.<br />
(See also P. corrugis, P. orbitarum, P. pseudogracilis) 5<br />
4* Basidia predominantingly 4-spored. 8<br />
5 (4) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 17(20) µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad, during drying often pinkish. Veil scanty. L.adge mostly<br />
pigmented. Spores 12-17(20) x 6-9 µm, often apically prolonged. Pl. 35-65(80) x<br />
10-17,5(20) µm. Ch. (25)35-65(70) x 7,5-17,5 µm, clavate marginal cells near the<br />
margin of c. very numerous. Soil.
P. prona (FR.) GILLET ss. ÖRSTADIUS<br />
(Syn.: P. megaspora A. H. SM., P. subrubella A. H. SM.)<br />
5* Spores distinctly shorter. 6<br />
6<br />
(5) Spores 13-15 µm long.<br />
C. 20-40 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 13-15 x 7-8. Pl. 63-75 x 13-21 µm. Ch. 37-63<br />
x 13-20(23) µm, densely packed. Cystidia often with granules. Soil, Fagus forest.<br />
P. macrocystidiata ARNOLDS<br />
6* Spores shorter. 7<br />
7 (6) Pleurocystidia mostly slender fusiform, never subcapitate.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 11 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-9(10) x (5)5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 32,5-50(60) x<br />
7,5-12,5 µm. Ch. 20-35(45) x 7,5-10(12,5) µm, often closely packed. Soil, leaf<br />
litter.<br />
P. perpusilla KITS V. WAV.<br />
7* Pleurocystidia mostly utriform, often subcapitate.<br />
C. 3-10 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (10)11-11,5(12,5) x 5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 30-40 x<br />
10-17,5 µm. Ch. 27,5-40 x 7,5-15 µm. Dead grass, hay, straw, dung. 2-spored form<br />
of P. romagnesii.<br />
8 (4) Germ pore always or predominatingly distinctly visible.<br />
8* Germ pore absent or not distinctly visible.<br />
P. romagnesii KITS V. WAV.<br />
(Syn.: P. waverenii ARNOLDS)<br />
Part C<br />
Part D<br />
9 (2) Veil consisting of globose elements, spores punctate.<br />
C. 20-30 mm broad. Veil distinct, grey <strong>to</strong> greyish brown. Sp. 4,5-6,15(6,8) x 2,5-<br />
3,2(3,4) µm. Ch. not differentiated or shape like basidioles. On soil in a subtropical<br />
greenhouse; Spain.
P. ornatispora M. VILLARREAL & ESTEVE-RAVENTÓS<br />
9* Not so. 10<br />
10 (9) Germ pore absent or only very indistinctly visible. 11<br />
10* Germ pore always distinctly visible. 14<br />
11 (10) Spores often limoniform.<br />
C. 5-15 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6.5-9 x 4,5-6 µm. Ch. 30-46 x 12-15 µm,<br />
closely packed. Calcareous soil.<br />
P. submicrospora HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
11’ Spores never limoniform. 12<br />
12 (11) Spores in water not strikingly pale.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 80(100) mm broad. Veil scanty. Stipe with annulus. Sp. (7)8-10 x 4,5-6,5<br />
µm. Ch. 25-40 x 7,5-12,5 µm, closely packed. Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on or around stumps.<br />
P. leucotephra (BERK. & BROOME) P. D. ORTON<br />
12* Spores in water strikingly pale. 13<br />
13 (12) Spores in water very pale brownish.<br />
C. 5-15 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-12,5(13) x (5)5,5-8(8,5) µm, lager if 2spored<br />
basidia present. Ch. 25-40(50) x 7,5-15(17,5) µm. On aquatic plant<br />
(especially Typha and Phragmithes) just above the water.<br />
P. typhae (KALCHBR.) A. PEARSON & DENNIS<br />
(Syn.: P. subaustralis A. H. SM.)<br />
13* Spores in water very pale yellowish.<br />
C. 25-53 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 9-11,5(12,5) x 5,5-7 µm. Ch. 30-45 x 12,5-
17,5 µm. Stumps, dead wood.<br />
P. melanthina (FR.) ROMAGN.<br />
(Syn.: P. agaves (MAIRE) KONR. & MAUBL.)<br />
14 (10) Cheilocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 100 µm long.<br />
C. 10-30 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7-9 x 4,5-5,8 µm. Ch. (40)45-100 µm, often<br />
subcapitat. Soil, beetween grass.<br />
P. longicystidiata HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
14* Cheilocystidia shorter. 15<br />
15 (14) Spores in KOH pale.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6,3-8 x 4-5(5,5) µm. Ch. very rare,<br />
utriform; clavate marginal cells dominating. Only in buildings, caespi<strong>to</strong>se on<br />
wood, especially Yucca palm.<br />
P. lacuum HUIJSMAN<br />
15* Spores in KOH dark (brown). 16<br />
16 (15) Clamps absent. 17<br />
16* Clamps present. 18<br />
17 (16) Habit like Galerina.<br />
C. (1)4-12 mm breit. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-10,5 x 5,5-6 µm. Pl. absent or extremely<br />
rare. Ch. 24-31 x 9-12 µm. Nitrogen-rich soil.<br />
P. citerinii ESSARTIER<br />
17* Habit like Mycena.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. L. distant. Sp. 8-11,5(12,5) x 4,4-5,5 µm. Pl.<br />
absent or extremely rare. Ch. 15-45(55) x 6-16(20) µm. Nitrogen-rich soil.
P. effibulata ÖRSTADIUS & E. LUDWIG<br />
18 (16) Spores in KOH dark blackish brown.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40(60) mm broad. Veil young distinct, a longer time as denticles on the<br />
edge of the cap. Sp. 10,5-15(15,5) x 6-8(9) µm. Ch. 25-47,5(60) x 7,5-17,5 µm,<br />
closely packed. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
Coprinopsis marcescibilis (BRITZELM.) ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSS.<br />
(Syn.: P. marcescibilis (BRITZELM.) SING., P. delicatella A. H. SM.,<br />
P. elwhaensis A. H. SM., P. involuta (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER)<br />
18* Spores in KOH brown. 19<br />
19 (18) Cheilocystidia lageniform, <strong>to</strong>p small.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35 mm broad. Veil strongly developed. L. narrow. Sp. 8-10(12) x 4,5-<br />
5,5(6) µm. Ch. 25-40(55) x 10-15 µm, partly with crystals. Pl. absent or extremely<br />
rare. Wet soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. canoceps (KAUFFM.) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. lanuginosa A. H. SM.)<br />
19* Cheilocystidia utriform, clavat or cylindrical, <strong>to</strong>p broadly obtuse. 20<br />
20 (19) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 8(9) µm long. 21<br />
20* Spores longer. 22<br />
21 (20) Spores 6,5-8 x 4-4,5(5) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Ch. 25-42,5 x 10-20 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. microsporoides HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
(Syn.: P. badiophylla var. microspora Kits v. Wav.)<br />
21* Spores 6,5-9 x (3,5)4-5(5,5) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 70(90) mm broad. Veil young distinct. Ch. (25)30-70(90) x 10-20 µm,<br />
closely packed. (Mostly) caespi<strong>to</strong>se on or near wood. Collective species,<br />
morphological not separable.
P. candolleana (FR.: FR.) MAIRE apud MAIRE & WERNER<br />
(Syn.: P. appendiculata (BULL.) MAIRE, P. coronata (FR.) M. M. MOSER, P.<br />
egenula (BERK. & BROOME) M. M. MOSER, P. elegans ROMAGN., P.<br />
hymenocephala (PECK) A. H. SM., P. jalapalensis A. H. SM., P. membranacea A.<br />
H. SM., P. microlepidota P. D. ORTON, P. proxima ROMAGN., P.<br />
pseudocandolleana A. H. SM., P. rugoproxima (PARKER) A. H. SM., P. rupchandii<br />
A. H. SM., P. sco<strong>to</strong>spora ROMAGN., P. spintrigera (FR.) KONR. & MAUBL., P.<br />
thiersii A. H. SM., P. candolleana var. solitaria A. H. SM.)<br />
22 (20) Spores 11,5-15,5 x (5,8)6,5-7 µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad. Veil scanty. Ch. 25-55 x 10-18 µm. Soil.<br />
P. badiophylla (ROMAGN.) PARK.-RHODES<br />
(Syn.: P. badiophylla var. neglecta (ROMAGN.) G. HIRSCH)<br />
22* Spores shorter. 23<br />
23 (22) Spores mostly phaseoliform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-11,5 x 5-6,5 µm. Ch. 30-45 x 10-18 µm.<br />
Salty, moist soil, near Cladium mariscus, Spain.<br />
P. halophila ESTEVE-RAVENTÓS & ENDERLE<br />
23* Spores not phaeseoliform. 24<br />
24 (23) Sporen up <strong>to</strong> 6,5 µm broad; veil cells always thinwalled.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 45 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-11 x 5-6,5 µm. Ch. 20-50 x 9-15 µm,<br />
closely packed. Caespi<strong>to</strong>se, soil and on a stump of Fagus.<br />
P. pseudogordonii KITS V. WAV.<br />
24* Sporen up <strong>to</strong> 5,5 µm broad; veil cells partly thickwalled.<br />
H. up <strong>to</strong> 45 mm broad. Vel. distinct. Sp. 8-10,5(12) x 5-5,5 µm. Ch 24,5-46,5 x 8-<br />
13,5 µm, closely packed. Soil.
Part B<br />
(Part A)<br />
P. bivelata CONTU<br />
1 Pileocystidia present.<br />
C. 1,5-9 mm broad. Veil scanty, consisting of globose elements. Sp. (7)7,5-9(9,5)<br />
x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 28-68 x 8-22 µm. Ch. 24-32 x 6-10 µm, partly with deposits and<br />
weakly thickened walls. Dung.<br />
P. coprinoides A. DELANNOY, CHIAFFI, CORTECOUISSE & EYSSARTIER<br />
(=P. tenuicula (P. KARST.) ÖRSTADIUS & HUHTINEN?)<br />
1* Pileocystidia absent. 2<br />
2 (1) Spores without distinctly visible germ pore. 3<br />
2* Spores with always distinctly visible germ pore. 6<br />
3 (2) Cystidia with strongly thickened neckwalls.<br />
C. 20-100 mm broad. Veil absent. Sp. 6,5-10(11) x 3,5-5,5(6,5) µm. Pl. (30)55-<br />
70(80) x 10-20(25) µm. Ch. 30-85 x 10-25 µm, closely packed. Margin of cap<br />
with Hairs, 60-130 x 7,5-10 µm (only at young caps distinct). Soil, wood, mostly<br />
caespi<strong>to</strong>se.<br />
P. sarcocephala (FR.) SING.<br />
(Syn.: P. imleriana VOLDERS, P. littenii A. H. SM.?, P. populorum TRUEBLOOD &<br />
A. H. SM.?, P. rhodospora WIEAVER & A. H. SM.?, P. spadicea (SCHAEFF.) SING.,<br />
P. variata A. H. SM.)<br />
3* Cystidia other. 4<br />
4 (3) Pleurocystidia fusiform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 6,5-9 x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. (32,5)35-55 x 10-<br />
15 µm. Ch. 22,5-55 x 7,5-12,5(15) µm, without crystals. Fire places.
P. pennata (FR.) A. PEARSON & DENNIS<br />
(Syn.: P. carbonicola A. H. SM.)<br />
4* Pleurocystidia utriform <strong>to</strong> lageniform. 5<br />
5 (4) Pleurocystidia mucronat, extension often bent.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. (6,5)7-8 x 4,5-5(5,5) µm. Pl. 25-65 x 9-<br />
15 µm. Ch. 25-45 x 7,5-14 µm, often with bent extension. Soil, moss.<br />
P. umbrina KITS V. WAV.<br />
(Syn.: P. galeroides ROMAGN., P. subumbrina KITS V. WAV. & ÖRSTADIUS)<br />
5* Pleurocystiden never mucronat.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40(55) mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 6,5-8,5(9) x 3,5-5 µm. Pl. 40-70 x<br />
10-16 µm, very numerous. Ch. (15)22-55(60) x 7,5-17,5 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. cortinarioides P. D. ORTON<br />
(Syn.: P. frustulenta (FR.) A. H. SM. ss. KITS V. WAV. non ss. A. H. SM., P.<br />
multicystidiata KITS V. WAV.)<br />
6 (2) Walls of cystidia indistinctly thickened, crystals present or absent. 7<br />
6* Walls of cystidia at least partly distinctly thickened, crystals present or<br />
absent. 12<br />
7 Cystidia with many crystals.<br />
C. 5-20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 5,5-7 x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 27,5-40 x 12,5-<br />
15(17,5) µm. Ch. 20-40 x 10-15(17,5) µm. Dead wood, stumps.<br />
P. pygmaea (BULL.: FR.) SING.<br />
7* Cystidia without or only with very indistinct crystals. 8<br />
8 (7) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 12,5 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad. Veil scanty. L. broadly adnate, distant. Sp. 9,5-12,5 x 5,5-
7(7,5) µm. Pl. 27-55 x 8,2-17 µm. Ch. 20,5-47 x 6,8-17 µm. Dry, calcareous soil.<br />
P. magnispora HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
8* Spores shorter. 9<br />
9 (8) Lamellae edge dominated by clavat marginal cells.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 60 mm broad. Veil distinct, in stark contrast <strong>to</strong> the fresh cap. Sp. 7-9,5 x<br />
4-5 µm. Pl. 30-55(70) x 10-20 µm, often with slightly thickened walls or mucoid<br />
drops. Ch. 20-40 x 9,5-15 µm, +/- "rhomboid", hardly protruding. Soil, pieces of<br />
wood.<br />
P. niveobadia (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
9* Lamellae edge with many cheilocystidia. 10<br />
10 (9) Pleurocystidia not forked.<br />
C. 5-20 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 8,5-10,5 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 30-60 x 7-16 µm.<br />
Ch. 20-45 x 7-16 µm, sometimes with crystals. Dung.<br />
P. sca<strong>to</strong>phila ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
10* Pleurocystidia often forked. 11<br />
11 (10) Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 80 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 70 mm broad. Veil distinct. St. often with annulus. Sp. 7,5-10 x 4,5-5,5<br />
µm. Pl. 55-80 x 13-19 µm. Ch. 30-50 x 14-18(20) µm. Stipe sometimes with<br />
annulus. Soil, wood.<br />
P. rostellata ÖRSTADIUS<br />
(Syn: P. malenconii FOUCHIER?)<br />
11* Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 60 µm long.<br />
C. 3-6 mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. 8-9 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 25-45(60) x 8-<br />
14 µm. Ch. 25-40 x 8-14 µm, clavate marginal cells small, scattered. Cow dung.
P. fimeseda ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
12 (6) Cystidia without or with indistinct crystals. 13<br />
12* Cystidia with distinct crystals. 14<br />
13 (12) Pleurocystidia with thick-walled apex.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 60 mm broad. Veil distinct. St. often with annulus. Sp. 7-8(9) x (3,5)4-5<br />
µm. Pl. 60-80 x 7,5-14 µm, <strong>to</strong>p often bent, very numerous. Ch. 45-60(70) x 10-16<br />
µm, closely packed. Soil, dead wood (Fagus).<br />
P. spintrigeroides P. D. ORTON<br />
(Syn.: P. indecorosa A. H. SM., P. avelleneifolia var. perplexa A. H. SM.)<br />
13* Pleurocystidia with thinn-walled apex.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35(45) mm broad. Veil strongly developed, cells up <strong>to</strong> 100(150) µm long.<br />
Sp. (7)8-10 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 40-80 x 8-17,5 µm. Ch. 30-65 x (7,5)10-17,5 µm,<br />
often closely packed. Soil, dead wood.<br />
P. fibrillosa (PERS.: FR.) MAIRE<br />
(Syn.: P. artemisiae (PASS.) KONR. & MAUBL. ss. auct. rec., P. lanatipes A. H.<br />
SM., P. squamosa (P. KARST.) M. M. MOSER ss. M. M. MOSER ex A. H. SM. non<br />
P. KARST.)<br />
14 (12) Walls of pleurocystidia not completly thickened, predominantingly in the<br />
neck.<br />
C. 12-45 mm broad. Veil absent. Sp.(6)6,5-7(8) x 4-4,5 µm. Pl. 30-55(70) x 7,5-<br />
15(17,5) µm, sometimes with in NH4OH greenish deposits. Ch. 20-70 x 10-20<br />
µm, closely packed. Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on stumps.<br />
P. cernua (VAHL ex FR.: FR.) G. HIRSCH<br />
(Syn.: P. ivoeensis ÖRSTADIUS, P. papyracea (PERS.: FR.) .) VAŠUTOVÁ, P.<br />
polycephala (FR.) A. H. SM. ss. A. H. SM., P. sarcocephala (FR.) SING.)<br />
14* Walls of pleurocystidia completly thickened, not predominantingly in the<br />
neck.<br />
C. 10-45(60) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (7,5)8-11 x 4,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 40-60 x 12,5-
20 µm. Ch. 32,5-55(60) x 10-20 µm, closely packed. Solitary or caespi<strong>to</strong>se on<br />
stumps.<br />
P. olympiana A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. amstelodamensis KITS V. WAV., P. cloverae A. H. SM., P. ferrugipes A.<br />
H. SM., P. solitaria A. H. SM.?, P. olympiana f. amstelodamensis KITS V. WAV.,<br />
P. olympiana f. caespi<strong>to</strong>sa KITS. V. WAV.)<br />
Part C<br />
(Part A)<br />
1 Veil consisting of globose elements. 2<br />
1* Veil otherwise. 3<br />
2 Pileocystidia present.<br />
C. 1,5-9 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (7)7,5-9(9,5) x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 28-68 x 8-22<br />
µm. Ch. 24-32 x 6-10 µm, partly with deposits and weakly thickened walls. Dung.<br />
P. coprinoides A. DELANNOY, CHIAFFI, CORTECOUISSE & EYSSARTIER<br />
(see B 1)<br />
2* Pileocystidia absent.<br />
C. 5-23 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 8,5-11 x 4,5-6 µm. Pl. 28-54 x 13-18 µm.<br />
Ch. 21-54 x 10-14 µm. Manured lawn.<br />
P. albofloccosa ARENAL, VILLAREAL & ESTEVE-RAVENTÓS<br />
3 (1) Germ pore weakly <strong>to</strong> distinctly eccentric. 4<br />
3* Germ pore central. 5<br />
4 (3) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 13(13,5) µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 16 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 10-13(13,5) x 6,5-7 µm, germ pore mostly<br />
eccentric. Pl. 30-47,5 x 10-17,5 µm. Ch. 25-45 x 7,5-17,5 µm. Dung.<br />
P. saponacea F. C. MOLLER<br />
(Syn.: P. coprophila WATLING, P. equina A. H. SM., P. fimetaria WATLING)<br />
4* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 15(16) µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad, distinctly wrinkled, strikingly reddish tinted. Veil mostly<br />
distinct. Sp. (11,5)12,5-15,5(16) x 7-8(9) µm, germ pore weakly eccentric. Pl.<br />
52,5-100 x 12,5-30 µm. Ch. 35-75 x 10-25 µm, closely packed. Cystidia often<br />
with deposits, in NH4OH sometimes pale greenish. Soil, pieces of wood.
P. bipellis (QUEL.) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. barlae (BRES.) A. H. SM., P. brooksi A. H. SM., P. odorata (PECK)<br />
SACC.)<br />
5 (3) Spores rough.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 70 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7-8,5(9) x 3,5-4,5(5) µm. Pl. (20)25-<br />
50(60) x 9-15 µm. Ch. 22,5-35(45) x 10-12,5 µm, very rarely. Leaf litter in<br />
deciduous forest.<br />
P. pseudocasca (ROMAGN.) ex KITS V. WAV.<br />
5* Spores smooth. 6<br />
6 (5) Spores for a long time hyalin.<br />
C. 7-30 mm broad, during drying strikingly pink. L. pale. Veil absent. Sp. 12-14,5<br />
x 6-7 µm. Pl. 38-67 x 11-17 µm. Ch. 32-61 x 7,5-14 µm, frequently, lamellae<br />
edge with dots, consisting of thickwalled clavat cells. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. amarescens ARNOLDS<br />
6* Spores otherwise. 7<br />
7 (6) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 6,5 µm long. 8<br />
7* Spores longer. 10<br />
8 (7) Lamellae edge reddish underlined.<br />
C. 25-40 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 5-6 x 3-3,7 µm. Pl. 30-45 x 8-13,7 µm. Ch.<br />
17-37 x 8-12 µm, partly with slightly thickened walls. Stumps of Picea.<br />
<strong>Psathyrella</strong> carinthiaca P. VOTO<br />
8* Lamellae edge not reddish underlined. 9<br />
9 (8) Pleurocystidia utriform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 45 mm broad. Veil scanty. Fresh mushroom with sweetish odour. Sp. 5,5-<br />
6,5 x 3-3,5 µm. Pl. 40-52 x 10-17,5 µm. Ch. 30-40 x 10-15 µm, closely packed.<br />
Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on wood of conifers.
P. fragrans A. H. SM.<br />
9* Pleurocystidia lageniform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 45(50) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 5,5-6 x 3-3,5 µm. Pl. 32,5-45 x 10-<br />
15(17,5) µm. Ch. (15)20-35(40) x 7,5-15 µm, very scattered. Around stumps.<br />
P. laevissima (ROMAGN.) SING.<br />
10 (7) Spores in front view partly triangular or strikingly round. 11<br />
10* Spores in front view elliptical or ovoid. 13<br />
11 (10) Cystidia often with deposits, blueish green in NH4OH; on wood.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50(70) mm broad. Veil strongly developed, fibrils ochraceous <strong>to</strong> brown.<br />
Sp. 6,5-8,5(10) x 4,5-6 µm, triangular and strongly phaseoliform. Pl. (35)47,5-70<br />
x 9-22,5 µm. Ch. 30-55 x 8-20 µm. Dead wood of Populus (and Fagus).<br />
P. sylvestris (GILLET) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(Syn.: P. populina (BRITZELM.) KITS V. WAV., P. hispida HEINEM.?, P.<br />
lepido<strong>to</strong>ides A. H. SM.?)<br />
11* Cystidia without such deposits; soil. 12<br />
12 (11) Cheilocystidia mostly lageniform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30(45) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-10(11) x 4,5-7,5 x 4,5-6,5(7) µm,<br />
triangular (sometimes only few) or roundly. Pl. 30-50(60) x 10-15(17,5) µm,<br />
without or with always colourless deposits. Ch. (20)25-45 x 7,5-15 µm, closely<br />
packed. Calcereous soil, meadows.<br />
P. panaeoloides (MAIRE) SVRCEK ex ARNOLDS<br />
(Syn.: P. ovatispora A. H. SM.)<br />
12* Cheilocystidia mostly lageniform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-9 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 35-60 x 9-15 µm.<br />
Ch. 30-45 x 7,5-15 µm. Sandy soil, dunes.
P. seymourensis A. H. SM.<br />
13 (10) Spores very strikingly phaseoliform.<br />
(see also P. co<strong>to</strong>nea). 14<br />
13* Spores at most slightly phaseoliform. 17<br />
14 (13) Pleurocystidia lageniform, <strong>to</strong>p narrow.<br />
C. 10-25 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (8,5)9-11(12,5) x 5-6(7) µm. Pl. 35-60 x 8-<br />
13(15) µm. Ch. 25-40 x 8-20 µm, closely packed. Dunes, sandy soil.<br />
P. flexispora T. J. WALLACE & P. D. ORTON<br />
14* Pleurocystidia utriform, <strong>to</strong>p +/- broadly obtuse. 15<br />
15 (14) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 11,5(12,5) µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 28(35) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9,7-11,5(12,5) x 5,2-6(6,5) µm,<br />
mostly phaseoliform. Pl. 35-65 x (10)12-20 µm. Ch. 25-54 x 10-18 µm. Observed<br />
on a cornfield.<br />
P. agraria ENDERLE (ad. int.)<br />
15* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10 µm long. 16<br />
16 (15) Spores 8-10 x 5-6 µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 18 mm broad. Veil scanty or absent. Pl. 30-50 x 10-12,5(20) µm. Ch. 27-<br />
35 x 7,5-10(12) µm, rare. Soil.<br />
P. phaseolispora ARNOLDS<br />
16* Spores (6,5)7-9,5(10) x 4,5-5,5(6) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil distinct. Pl. 32,5-55(70) x 9-15(17,5) µm. Ch. 27,5-<br />
40(60) x 9-15 µm, rare. Solitary and caespi<strong>to</strong>se, soil.
P. fatua (FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(Syn.: P. exalbicans (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER ex BON, P. spadiceogrisea f.<br />
exalbicans (ROMAGN.) KITS. V. WAV.)<br />
17 (13) Cystidia with conspicuous deposits. 18<br />
17* Cystidia without conspicuous deposits. 24<br />
18 (17) Deposits in NH4OH without greenish colour. 19<br />
18* Deposits in NH4OH greenish. 20<br />
19 (18) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 11,5(12,5) x 6,5 µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50(75) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-11,5(13,5) x (4,5)5-7 µm. Pl.<br />
(35)47,5-65(80) x 12,5-17,5(20) µm. Ch. 30-70 x (7,5)10-17,5 µm, closely<br />
packed. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. tephrophylla (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER ex BON<br />
(Syn.: P. fusca (SCHUMACH.) A. PEARSON)<br />
19* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 9(10) x 5,5(6) µm.<br />
C. 5-30 mm breit. Veil distinct. St.base with annular zone. Sp. (7,5)8-9(10) x (4,5)<br />
4,75-5,5(6) µm. Pl. 53-60 x 12-16 µm. Ch. 32-61 x 10-15 µm. Soil.<br />
20 (18) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 15(16) µm long.<br />
P. conferta EYSSART. & CHIAFFI<br />
P. bipellis (QUEL.) A. H. SM.<br />
(see C 4*)<br />
20* Spores shorter. 21<br />
21 (20) Pleurocystidia +/- utriform (versiform).<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. (8)9-10(11) x 4,5-6 µm. Pl. (30)45-<br />
70(80) x 10-20(25) µm. Ch. 25-50(65) x 7,5-17,5(20) µm. Deposits distinct, in<br />
NH4OH blueish green, exceptionally absent. Wet soil.<br />
P. lutensis (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER ex BON<br />
(Syn.: P. vialis A. H. SM.?)
21* Pleurocystidia lageniform. 22<br />
22 (21) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 8(9) µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad. Young with pileocystidia. Veil practically absent. Sp.<br />
(6,5)7-8(9) x 3,5-5 µm. Pl. 32,5-60(80) x 8-12 µm. Ch. 30-70(80) x 7,5-12,5 µm,<br />
closely packed. Numerous specimen with a common pseudorhiza. Soil.<br />
P. multipedata (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
22* Spores longer. 23<br />
23 Spores 9-11,5(12) x 4,5-6(7) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil absent. St. rooting. Pl. 35-65 x 10-15 µm. Ch. 27,5-<br />
50(65) x 7,5-15 µm. Smell like asphalt. Soil.<br />
P. supernula ÖRSTADIUS & ENDERLE<br />
(Syn.: P. narcotica KITS V. WAV.)<br />
23* Spores 11-13 x 6-7 µm.<br />
C. 15-33 mm broad. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Pl. up <strong>to</strong> 60 µm long. Ch. up <strong>to</strong> 65<br />
µm long. Soil.<br />
P. jacobssonii ÖRSTADIUS<br />
24 (17) Cheilocystidia (very) numerous, often closely packed.<br />
Clavate and sphaeropedunculate marginal cells not dominating.<br />
Because of unequal distribution of the marginal elements try alternatively Part F!<br />
Part E<br />
24* Cheilocystidia scattered <strong>to</strong> absent.<br />
Clavate and sphaeropedunculate marginal cells dominating.<br />
Because of unequal distribution of the marginal elements try alternatively Part E!<br />
Part F<br />
Part D<br />
(Part A)<br />
1 Parasitic on deformed basidiomycetes. 2<br />
1* Other locations. 3
2 Veil consisting of globose elements.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 16(25) mm broad. Veil strongly developed. Sp. 7-8,5(10) x 4-4,5 µm. Pl.<br />
25-60 x 12,5-14,8 µm. Ch. 20-45 x 9-15 µm. On different basidiomycetes.<br />
P. globosivelata GRÖGER<br />
(Syn.: P. friburgensis GRÖGER)<br />
2* Veil otherwise.<br />
C. 20-60 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6,5-12,5 x 5-10 µm. Pl. 40-70 x 9-15 µm. Ch.<br />
30-65 x 6-15 µm. On large Coprinus- and Coprinopsis-species.<br />
P. epimyces (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
3 (1) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 6 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 80 mm broad. Veil strongly developed, dark scaly. St. often with annular<br />
zone. Sp. 4,5-6 x 2,3-4 µm. Pl. 22,5-50 x 10-15 µm. Ch. 10-40 x 5-16(22) µm.<br />
Stumps (also conifers).<br />
P. maculata (PARKER) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. scobinacea (FR.) SING. ss. SING.)<br />
3* Spores longer. 4<br />
4 (3) Spores lentiform. 5<br />
4* Spores not lentiform. 6<br />
5 (4) Cap 15-30 mm broad.<br />
Veil scaly, persistent. Sp. 6-7,5 x 5-5,5 x 4-5 µm. Pl. 25-40 x 10-17 µm. Ch. 20-35<br />
x 10-16 µm. Dead wood (especially Fraxinus).<br />
P. hir<strong>to</strong>squamulosa (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
5* Cap 9-13 mm broad.<br />
Veil scanty. Sp. 6,5-7,5(8) x 4-5 x 3,5-4 µm. Pl. 34-50 x 8-14 µm. Ch. 25-50 x 7-<br />
12 µm. Sandy soil, dunes.
P. parva A. H. SM.<br />
6 (4) Spores strikingly ovoid or fusiform. 7<br />
6* Spores not strikingly ovoid or fusiform. 8<br />
7<br />
7*<br />
(6) Pleurocystidia often forked.<br />
C. 8-25 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 8,5-10,5 x 5-6 µm, often fusiform. Pl. 40-70<br />
x 10-16 µm. Ch. 30-60 x 8-18 µm. Clamps absent. Dead wood.<br />
P. romellii ÖRSTADIUS<br />
Pleurocystidia not forked.<br />
C. 30-90 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7,5-10 x 4,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 40-90 x 10-24 µm.<br />
Ch. 35-90 x 10-22 µm. Soil.<br />
P. larga (KAUFFM.) A. H. SM.<br />
8 (6) Spores in KOH pale. 9<br />
8* Spores in KOH dark. 14<br />
9 (7) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10(12) µm long. 10<br />
9* Spores shorter. 11<br />
10 (9) Clamps present.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-10(12) x 5-6,5 µm. Pl. 37,5-60(75) x 10-<br />
17,5 µm. Ch. 30-60 x 9-20 µm. Calcareous soil.<br />
P. clivensis (BERK. & BROOME) P. D. ORTON<br />
10* Clamps absent.<br />
C. 3-12 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 4,4-10 x 3,8-6 µm. Pl. 30-45 x 7,5-9 µm. Ch.<br />
30-42 x 7-9 µm. Costal dunes.
P. liciosae CONTU & PACIONI<br />
11 (9) Pleurocystidia often mucronat. 12<br />
11* Pleurocystidia otherwise. 13<br />
12 (11) Pleurocystidia often with curved extention.<br />
P. umbrina KITS V. WAV.<br />
(see B 5)<br />
12* Pleurocystidia often with straight extention.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 70(90) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-8 x 4-4,5 µm. Pl. 20-27,5(37) x 7,5-<br />
11(12,5) µm. Ch. 25-35 x 7,5-13 µm, mucronat, infrequently. Clavate marginal<br />
cells dominating. Solitary and caespi<strong>to</strong>se on tree stumps (also conifers).<br />
13 (9) Spores 6,5-8,5(9) x 3,5-5 µm.<br />
P. mucrocystis A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: <strong>Psathyrella</strong> chondrodermoides ROMAGN.)<br />
P. cortinarioides P. D. ORTON<br />
(see B 5*)<br />
13* Spores 5-6,5(7,5) x 3-3,5(5) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 80 mm broad. Veil scanty. Germ pore sometimes visible but always tiny.<br />
Pl. 37,5-70 x 7,5-17,5 µm, versiform, sometimes mucronat. Ch. 22,5-57,5 x 7,5-<br />
22,5 µm. Dead wood.<br />
P. hydrophila (BULL. EX MERAT) MAIRE<br />
(Syn.: P. alaskaensis A. H. SM., P. deceptiva A. H. SM., P. hydrophiloides KITS<br />
V. WAV., P. ogemawensis A. H. SM., P. piluliformis (BULL.: FR.) P. D. ORTON, P.<br />
subpapillata (P. KARST.) ROMAGN.)<br />
14 (8) Veil very strongly developed.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 75 mm broad. St. often with annular zone. Sp. 9-12,5(13) x (4,5)6-7,5<br />
µm, germ pore absent or tiny. Pl. 40-70(75) x (12,5)15-20(25) µm. Ch. 35-75(95)<br />
x 7,5-20 µm, closely packed. Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on stumps of conifers.<br />
P. caput-medusae (FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(Syn.: P. gruberi A. H. SM.?, P. pseudoco<strong>to</strong>nea A. H. SM., P. annulata A. H.<br />
SM.?)
14* Veil not very strongly developed or absent. 15<br />
15 (14) Cheilocystidia mostly closely packed. 16<br />
15* Cheilocystidia distracted, only partly closely packed. 18<br />
16 (15) Tiny species.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 4 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6-7,5 x 3,5-4 µm. Pl. 23-51 x 7,5-16 µm.<br />
Ch. 20-45 x 5,5-15 µm. Beetween Juncus effusus.<br />
P. scheppingensis ARNOLDS<br />
16* Larger species. 17<br />
17 (16) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 8 x 4,5 µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 45 mm broad, during drying often pinkish. Veil distinct. Sp. 6,5-8 x 3,6-<br />
4,5 µm, often limoniform. Pl. (30)35-55(60) x 8-14 µm. Ch. (25)27,5- 45(50) x<br />
7,5-10(12,5) µm. Soil (coniferous forest).<br />
17* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 12,5 x 7 µm.<br />
P. a<strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong>ides (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. caespi<strong>to</strong>sa WEHOLT, P. rannochii KITS. V. WAV.)<br />
P. magnispora HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
(see B 8)<br />
18 (15) Pleurocystidia with deposits, in NH4OH blueish green.<br />
P. cernua (VAHL: FR.) G. HIRSCH<br />
(see B 14)<br />
18* Pleurocystidia without deposits. 19<br />
19 (18) Cheilocystidia mucronat. 20<br />
19* Cheilocystidia not mucronat. 21<br />
20 (19) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-10 x 4,5-5,5(6) µm, germ pore absent or<br />
tiny. Pl. 25-75 x 9-16 µm, sometimes with granules. Ch. 30-50 x 7,5-17 µm, rare,<br />
mucronat. Soil.<br />
P. obtusata (PERS.: FR.) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. tubarioides A. H. SM.?, P. vyrnwyensis KITS V. WAV.)<br />
20* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 6 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad, margin encurved. Veil scanty. Sp. 4,6-5,6(6) x 3,6-4,1 µm.<br />
Pl. on average 40 x 10 µm. Ch. 10-30 x 5-15 µm. Fresh mushroom with sweetish<br />
odour. Stumps of Quercus.
P. obscurotristis ENDERLE & M. WILHELM<br />
21 (19) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 5,5(6) µm broad.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40(50) mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. St. often disproportionately<br />
long. Sp. 7-9,5(10) x (4)4,5-5,5(6) µm, germ pore absent <strong>to</strong> distinct. Pl. (25)30-<br />
60(70) x 10-17,5(20) µm. Ch. 20-60(70) x (6)10-17,5(20 µm. Soil, pieces of<br />
wood.<br />
P. senex (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. badia KITS. V. WAV., P. capita<strong>to</strong>cystis KITS V. WAV., P. communis A. H.<br />
SM., P. distans A. H. SM., P. fallax A. H. SM., P. friesii KITS V. WAV., P. fusca<br />
(SCHUM.) A. PEARS. ss. KITS V. WAV., P. fuscospora A. H. SM., P. ocellata<br />
(ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER, P. ploddensis KITS V. WAV., P. pseudotrepida A. H.<br />
SM., P. twickelensis KITS V. WAV., P. fulvescens var. brevicystis KITS V. WAV.)<br />
21* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 4,5 µm broad. 22<br />
22<br />
(21) Spores very bright.<br />
C. 10-18 mm broad. Veil strongly developed. Sp. 7-8(9) x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 35-50 x<br />
12,5-17,5 µm. Ch. 30-40 x 7,5-15 µm. Soil.<br />
P. kitsiana ÖRSTADIUS<br />
(Syn.: P. obtusata var. abberans KITS V. WAV., P. umbrina var. utriformis KITS.<br />
V. WAV., P. rhombispora KEIZER & ARNOLDS?)<br />
22* Spores somewhat darker. 23<br />
23 (22) Spores in water reddish brown.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 19 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7-8 x 4-4,5 µm. Pl. 30-50(55) x 12,5-<br />
15(17,5) µm. Ch. 27,5-45 x 7,5-15 µm. Soil.<br />
P. dennyensis KITS. V. WAV.<br />
23* Spores in water orange brown.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 32 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-8,5 x 4-4,5 µm. Pl. (30)35-45(50) x
(7,5)9-13 µm. Ch. 25-45 x 7,5-12,5 µm. Soil.<br />
Part E<br />
(Part C)<br />
P. romseyensis KITS. V. WAV.<br />
1 Veil consisting of globose elements. 2<br />
1* Veil otherwise. 4<br />
2 (1) Pileocystidia present.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Sp. 5,8-7,4 x 3-3,7 µm. Pl. 20-30 x 4-9,5 µm.<br />
Pileocystidia 50 x 11 µm. Clamps only in the mycelium. Dung, especially wild<br />
boar.<br />
P. tenuicula (P. KARST.) ÖRSTADIUS & HUHTINEN<br />
(Syn.: P. berolinensis E. GERHARDT, P. minima PECK, P. granulosa ARNOLDS?,<br />
<strong>Psathyrella</strong> coprinoides A. DELANNOY, CHIAFFI, CORTECOUISSE &<br />
EYSSARTIER?, Coprinus parvulus ULJÉ & KEIZER)<br />
2* Pileocystidia absent. 3<br />
3 (2) Pleurocystidia broadly obtuse at <strong>to</strong>p.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 14 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7,5-9(9,5) x 4-5,5 µm. Pl. 20-37,5 x<br />
7,5-12 µm. Ch. 18-36 x 6-12 µm, closely packed. Dung.<br />
P. sphaerocystis P. D. ORTON<br />
3* Pleurocystidia narrow at <strong>to</strong>p.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 8 mm broad, Veil scanty. Sp. 7,8-8,5(9) x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 26-28 x 7,5-<br />
8,5 µm. Ch. 18-27 x 7,5-9,5 µm. Cow dung.
P. granulosa ARNOLDS<br />
(= P. tenuicola (P. KARST.) ÖRSTADIUS & HUHTINEN?)<br />
4 (1) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10(10,5) µm long. 5<br />
4* Spores longer.<br />
Part G<br />
5 (4) Pleurocystidia often forked. 6<br />
5* Pleurocystidia not or very rarely forked. 7<br />
6 (5) Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 80 µm long.<br />
P. rostellata ÖRSTADIUS<br />
(see B 11)<br />
6* Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 45(60) µm long.<br />
C. 3-6 mm broad. Veil scanty up <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. 8-9 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 25-45(60)<br />
x 8-14 µm. Ch. 25-40 x 8-14 µm. Cow dung.<br />
P. fimeseda ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
(see B 11*)<br />
7 (5) Cystidia with a large oily inclusion (in KOH yellow).<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50(75) mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. (6,5)7-9(9,5) x 4,5-5,5(6)<br />
µm. Pl. 40-85 x 10-20 µm. Ch. 27,5-65 x 10-17,5 µm, closely packed. Soil,<br />
pieces of wood, stumps.<br />
P. gossypina (BUL.: FR.) A. PEARS. & DENNIS<br />
(Syn.: P. delineata A. H. SM., P. xanthocystis P. D. ORTON)<br />
7* Cystidia otherwise. 8<br />
8 (7) Spores with a large, circulary oil drop.<br />
C. 5-20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-10,5 x 5-6,2 µm. Pl. (30)36-52 x 6,8-19<br />
µm, utriform, beside many sphaeropedunculate cells. Ch. 22-40(50) x 6,8-19<br />
µm, scattered, clavate marginal cells up <strong>to</strong> 30(40) x 13,5(20) µm, frequently.<br />
Muddy or wet soil.<br />
P. ephemera A. H. SM.<br />
8* Spores not so. 9<br />
9 (8) Cheilocystidia often (sub-) capitat.<br />
P. senex (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
(see D 21)<br />
9* Cheilocystidia mostly not (sub-) capitat. 10<br />
10 (9) Cheilocystidia not rarely, but not closely packed. 11
10* Cheilocystidia frequently, mostly closely packed.<br />
11 (10) Lamellae edge never pigmented.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 9 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-10 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 45-70 x 12,5 -<br />
17,5(20), <strong>to</strong>p often forked. Ch. 35-50(55) x 10-16 µm. Soil.<br />
Part H<br />
P. minutissima KITS V. WAV.<br />
11* Lamellae edge at least partly pigmented. 12<br />
12 (11) Clavate marginal cells often thickwalled and brownish. 13<br />
12* Clavate marginal cells not or only very rarely so. 14<br />
13 (12) Spores 7-9 x 4,5-5,5 µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Pl. 47,5-65 x 18-21 µm, utriform or<br />
sublageniform, at <strong>to</strong>p often with deposits. Ch. 30-45 x 9-12,5 µm, not<br />
frequently. Dunes, sandy soil.<br />
P. dunensis KITS V. WAV.<br />
13* Spores 6,5-7(8) x (4)4,5(5) µm.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 60 mm broad, during drying often slightly pinkish. Veil scanty. Pl. 37-<br />
60 x 12,5-17 µm, utriform, sometimes subcapitat. Ch. 30-48 x 12-17 µm. Soil,<br />
pieces of wood.<br />
P. pseudocorrugis (ROMAGN.) BON ss. ROMAGN.<br />
(Syn.: P. borgensis KITS V. WAV.)<br />
14 (12) On sandy soil, dunes.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-10,5(12) x 4,5-6,5(7) µm. Pl. 35,5-<br />
52,5 x 10-16,5 µm, utriform, fusiform or lageniform, spheropedunculate cells<br />
also present. Ch. 24,5-50 x 9,5-15 µm, distracted.<br />
14* On dung.<br />
P. dunarum KITS V. WAV.<br />
P. sca<strong>to</strong>phila ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
(see B 10)
Part F<br />
(Part C)<br />
1 Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10 µm long. 2<br />
1* Spores above 10 µm long. 11<br />
2 (1) Pleurocystidia narrow at the <strong>to</strong>p. 3<br />
2* Pleurocystidia broadly obtuse at the <strong>to</strong>p. 4<br />
3 (2) Spores 7-10 x 4,5-5,5(6) µm.<br />
P. obtusata (PERS.: FR.) A. H. SM.<br />
(see D 20)<br />
3* Spores 6,5-8 x 3,5-4,5 µm.<br />
C. 5-20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Pl. 25-50 x 8-15 µm, lageniform and subutriform.<br />
Ch. 20-40 x 6-13 µm, near margin of cap very rare. Cow dung.<br />
P. merdicola ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
4 (2) Lamellae edge almost exclusively with clavate marginal cells. 5<br />
4* Lamellae edge with +/- many cystidia. 7<br />
5 (4) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 4,5 µm broad.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7-8,7 x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. 30-50(55) x 8-<br />
15(20) µm. Ch. 20-33 x 8-13,5 µm, very rare. Soil.<br />
P. praecox A. H. SM.<br />
5* Spores broader. 6<br />
6 (5) Cheilocystidia rarely.<br />
P. niveobadia (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(see B 9)<br />
6* Cheilocystidia practically absent.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. 7-8 x 4,5-5 µm. Pl. 35-45(55) x 10-12 µm.<br />
Soil.<br />
P. casca KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
7 (4) Lamellae edge at least partly pinkish underlined.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-9,5(10) x 4-5,5 µm, walls subparallel. Pl.<br />
32-50 x 10-12,5(16) µm. Ch. 25-37,5(45) x 10-18 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.
P. pseudocorrugis (ROMAGN.) BON ss. K.V.WAV., ARNOLDS, ENDERLE<br />
(see also E 15*)<br />
7* Lamellae edge not pinkish underlined. 8<br />
8 (7) Pleurocystidia often +/- (sub-) cylindrical.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 60 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (7)7,5-9 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. 30-45(70) x 10-<br />
17(20) µm. Ch. 32,5-47,5 x 10-20 µm. Soil.<br />
P. phegophila ROMAGN.<br />
8* Pleurocystidia not (sub-) cylindrical. 9<br />
9 (8) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 6,5 µm broad.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-11,5 x 5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 39-52 x 12-17 µm.<br />
Ch. 40-50 x 11-14 µm. Muddy soil.<br />
P. lutulenta ESTEVE-RAV. & M. VILLAREAL<br />
9* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 5,5(6) µm broad. 10<br />
10 (9) Spores thickwalled.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 60(75) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-10(10,5) x 4-5,5 µm, shape and size<br />
variable. Pl. (27,5)32,5-60(67,5) x (10)12,5-17,5(22) µm. Ch. 25-50 x 12,5-17,5<br />
µm. Soil, pieces of wood, solitary or gregarious.<br />
P. spadiceogrisea (SCHAEFF.: FR.) MAIRE<br />
(Syn.: P. groegeri G. HIRSCH, P. vernalis (J. E. LANGE) M. M. MOSER, P.<br />
spadiceogrisea f. mammifera (ROMAGN.) KITS V. WAV., P. spadiceogrisea f.<br />
vernalis (J. E. LANGE) KITS V. WAV.)<br />
10* Spores thinwalled.<br />
P. fatua (FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(see C 13*)<br />
11 (1) Cheilocystidia partly longer than pleurocystidia.<br />
C. 4-13 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 11-14,5 x 6-7 µm. Pl. 32,5-65 x 8-18 µm. Ch.<br />
20-80 x 6-28 µm. Dung.
P. stercoraria ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
11* Not so. 12<br />
12 (11) Pleurocystidia narrow at the <strong>to</strong>p. 13<br />
12* Pleurocystidia broadly obtuse at the <strong>to</strong>p. 18<br />
13 (12) Cheilocystidia mixed with slender clavate and irregulary cells.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad, durind drying often pinkish. Veil practically absent. St.<br />
rooting. Lamellae edge pinkish underlined, interrupted by colourless parts.Sp.<br />
(11,5)12,5-15,5 x 6,5-7 µm, sometimes giant spores. Pl. 50-67,5(75) x 10-13,2 µm.<br />
Ch. 30-45 x 7-10 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. corrugis (PERS.: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(Syn.: P. atrolaminata K. V. WAV., P. corrugis f. corrugis ENDERLE, P. corrugis f.<br />
gracilis ENDERLE, P. gracilis (FR.) QUEL., P. gracilis f. atrolimbata K. V. WAV., P.<br />
gracilis f. clavigera K. V. WAV., P. gracilis f. corrugis K. V. WAV., P. gracilis var.<br />
corrugis (PERS.: FR.) A. PERS. & DENNIS, P. gracilis var. fulva A. H. SM., P.<br />
melanophylla K. V. WAV., P. melanophylloides K. V. WAV., P. ochracea K. V.<br />
WAV., P. pallens P. KARST., P. polycystis (ROMAGN.) K. V. WAV., P. caudata (FR.)<br />
QUÉL. non ss. RICKEN)<br />
13* Cheilocystidia mixed with broad clavate or sphaeropedunculate cells. 14<br />
14 (13) Lamellae edge at least partly pinkish underlined. 15<br />
14* Lamellae edge not pinkish underlined. 16<br />
15 (14) Lamellae edge small pinkish underlined.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 17 mm broad. Veil scanty. Spores 11,5-12,5 x 6,5-7 µm. Pl. 47,5-70 x<br />
12,5-15 µm. Ch. practically absent. Soil.<br />
P. infida QUÉL.<br />
(= P. prona (FR.) GILLET?)<br />
15* Lamellae edge broad pinkish unterlined, especially near margin of cap.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad, during drying often pinkish. Veil scanty. Spores (11,5)12,5-<br />
15,5(16) µm, sometimes giant spores, often with a different shape. Pl. 35-65(80) x<br />
10-17,5(20) µm. Ch. (25)35-65(70) x 7,5-17,5 µm. Clavate marginal cells very<br />
denseley packed near the margin of cap. Soil.<br />
P. prona (FR.) GILLET<br />
(Syn.: P. picta (ROMAGN.) BON, P. prona var. prona f. picta (ROMAGN.) KITS V.<br />
WAV., P. prona var. prona f. prona (ROMAGN.) KITS V. WAV., P. sublanata A. H.<br />
SM.)
16 (14) Pleurocystidia with evenly tapering neck, partly (sub-) capitat.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil scanty. St. with a long pseudorhiza. Sp. 10,5-15(16) x<br />
5-8(8,5) µm. Pl. 42,5-80 x 7,5-15(17,5) µm, partly slightly capitat. Ch. 22,5-40 x<br />
7,5-10(12,5) µm, clavate marginal cells very frequently. Soil.<br />
P. longicauda P. KARST.<br />
(Syn.: P. caudata (FR.) QUÉL. ss. RICKEN)<br />
16* Pleurocystidia with +/- cylindrical neck, not (sub-) capitat. 17<br />
17 (16) Cheilocystidia mixed with many slender clavate and irregular marginal cells.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad. Veil practically absent. Sp. 11-14,5 x 6,5-7,5 µm, sometimes<br />
giant spores. Pl. 35-82 x 9-17 µm. Ch. 22,5-55 x 6-15 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. corrugis (PERS.: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(see also F 13)<br />
17* Cheilocystidia mixed with few clavate marginal cells.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 13 mm broad. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. 11,5-13,5 x 6,5-7 µm. Pl. 40-75<br />
x 10-12 µm. Ch. 35-47,5 x 8-12,5 µm. Soil.<br />
P. pellucidipes (ROMAGN.) GALLANT ex M. M. MOSER<br />
18 (12) Clavate marginal cells strikingly large (up <strong>to</strong> 50 x 25 µm).<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35 mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. 8-11,5 x 4,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 40-65 x<br />
10-20 µm. Ch. 37,5-50 x 9-15 µm. Wet soil, on remnants of Typha, Phragwithes,<br />
Cirsium.<br />
P. almerensis KITS V. WAV.<br />
18* Clavate marginal cells not strikinglyly large. 19<br />
19 (18) Clavate marginal cells with often thickened walls.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad, during the drying out almost always pinkish. Veil scanty. St.<br />
rooting. Sp. 10-13,5(15) x 6-7(7,5) µm, sometimes giant spores. Pl. 35-80(100) x<br />
10-20 µm, broadly fusiform or utriform. Ch. 20-60(75) x 7,5-17,5(20) µm. Soil,<br />
pieces of wood.
P. pseudogracilis (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(Syn.: P. opaca (ROMAGN.) KITS V. WAV. ss. ROMAGN., P. prona var. utriformis<br />
KITS V. WAV.)<br />
19* Clavate marginal cells thinwalled.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 8(15) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. (9,5)10-12,5(15) x (5,5)6-7(7,5) µm. Pl.<br />
32,5-55 x 10-17,5 µm. Ch. 25-40 x 7,5-12,5 µm. Dead grass, hay, straw, dung.<br />
Part G<br />
(Part E)<br />
P. romagnesii KITS V. WAV.<br />
(see also A 7*)<br />
1 Spores up 19 µm long.<br />
Hut 5-20 mm broad. Veil scanty. L. distant. Sp. 12-19 x 7-10 µm. Pl. 45-70(80) x<br />
9,5-13,5 µm. Ch. (24,5)27-50 x 8-20 µm, moderately frequently, also many<br />
clavate marginal cells present. Calcareous, dry soil.<br />
P. calcarea (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
1* Spores shorter. 2<br />
2 (1) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 14,5(15,5) µm long. 3<br />
2* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 12,5(14) µm long. 13<br />
3 (2) Lamellae edge pinkish underlined. 4<br />
3* Lamellae edge not pinkish underlined. 8<br />
4 Lamellae edge pinkish underlined with colourless gaps.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil practically absent. Sp. 11-14,5 x 6,6-7 µm. Pl. (40)55-<br />
85(90) x 7,5-15,5(17,5) µm. Ch. 25-57,5(70) x 7,5-15 µm, mixed with slender<br />
clavate and irregulary cells, these sometimes with thickened walls. Soil, pieces of<br />
wood.<br />
P. corrugis (PERS.: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(see also F 13)<br />
4* Lamellae edge continuously pinkish underlined. 5<br />
5 (4) Pleurocystidia utriform, <strong>to</strong>p broadly obtuse.<br />
P. pseudogracilis (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(see F 20)<br />
5* Pleurocystidia lageniform or fusiform, <strong>to</strong>p narrow. 6<br />
6 (5) Pleurocystidia fusiform with short neck.<br />
C. mostly 2-5 mm broad, never expanding, during the drying out almost always<br />
pinkish or reddish. Veil scanty or absent. Sp. 9-14 x 5-6,5(7,5) µm (larger if 2sporiged<br />
basidia present). Pl. 35-60(70) x 10-15 µm. Ch. 40-60 x 10-15 µm. Wet<br />
soil.
P. orbitarum (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(Syn.: P. prona f. orbitarum (ROMAGN.) KITS V. WAV.)<br />
6 Pleurocystidia lageniform. 7<br />
7 (6) Cap 2-20 mm broad.<br />
C. never expanding. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. (9,5)10-13,5 x 5,5-7 µm. Pl.<br />
(35)40-70(80) x 10-15(17,5) µm. Ch. 25-50 x 7,5-12,5 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. orbicularis (ROMAGN.) KITS. V. WAV.<br />
(Syn.: P. bernhardii Kits v. Wav.)<br />
7* Cap up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad.<br />
C. during drying often pinkish. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. 10-13,5(14,5) x (5,5)6-<br />
7(8) µm. Pl. 40-70(85) x 8-15 µm. Ch. 20-55 x 5-13 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. microrhiza (LASCH: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(Syn.: P. badiovestita P. D. ORTON, P. bifrons (BERKELEY) A. H. SM. ss. KITS V.<br />
WAV., P. squamifera P. KARST., P. subrosea P. KARST., P. stellata (ROMAGN.) M.<br />
M. MOSER ex BON)<br />
8 (3) Clamps absent.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad, fresh purplish brown. Veil scanty. Sp. (9)10-14,5(15,5) x<br />
5,5-8 µm. Pl. (35)40-65(80) x 11-20 µm. Ch. 20-55(60) x 10-15(20) µm. Soil,<br />
pieces of wood.<br />
P. vinosofulva P. D. ORTON<br />
(Syn.: P. riparia A. H. Sm.?)<br />
8* Clamps present. 9<br />
9 (8) Pleurozystiden utriform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. 10- 14 x 6,5-8(8,5) µm. Pl.<br />
(30)40-70(75) x (10)12,5-22,5(27,5) µm. Ch. 25-55(70) x 10-17,5(20) µm. Dunes,<br />
sandy soil, plant roots enclosing.
P. ammophila (DURIEU & LEV.) P. D. ORTON<br />
(Syn.: P. arenulina (PECK) A. H. SM.)<br />
9* Pleurozystiia lageniform or fusiform. 10<br />
10 (9) Pleurocystidia mostly (sub-) capitat (Fig 35).<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. 11,5-13,5 x 6,5-7 µm. Pl. 40-<br />
60 x 7,5-14(17,5) µm. Ch. 30-45 x 6-10 µm. Around a stump of Fagus on a costal<br />
dune.<br />
P. ridicula KITS V. WAV.<br />
10* Pleurocystidia not or rarely (sub-) capitat. 11<br />
11 (10) Pleurocystidia lageniform.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 25 mm broad. Veil distinct. Sp. (9)10-12,5(13,5) x (4,5)5-7 µm. Pl.<br />
(20)30-55(60) x 10-17,5 µm. Ch. 25-50 x 7,5-15 µm. Dung, fertilized soil.<br />
P. hirta PECK<br />
(Syn.: P. coprobia (J. E. LANGE) A. H. SM.)<br />
11* Pleurocystidia fusiform with short neck. 12<br />
12 (11) Cap fresh striate, colour predominatingly brown, spores up <strong>to</strong> 7 µm broad.<br />
C. 6-25 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 10-14 x (4,5)5-7 µm. Pl. 35,5-60 x 9,5-16,5<br />
µm. Ch. 24,5-60 x 8-16,5 µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. albidula (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(Syn.: P. prona var. prona f. albidula (M. M. MOSER) KITS V. WAV.)<br />
12* Cap fresh not striate, colour predominatingly grey, spores up <strong>to</strong> 8,5 µm<br />
broad.<br />
C. 10-25 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 11,5-14,5 x 6,5-8,5 µm. Pl. 32-70 x 10-17,7<br />
µm. Ch. 22-55 x 5,5-16,5 µm. Soil, dung.
P. potteri A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. argentata A. H. SM., P. a<strong>to</strong>mata ss. J. E. LANGE, P. prona f. cana KITS<br />
V. WAV.)<br />
13 (2) Lamellae edge pinkish underlined. 14<br />
13* Lamellae edge not pinkish underlined. 17<br />
14 (13) Lamellae edge continuously pinkish underlined.<br />
P. microrhiza (LASCH: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(see C 7*)<br />
14* Lamellae edge indistinctly or not continuously pinkish underlined. 15<br />
15 (14) Cheilocystidia mixed with slender clavate and irregulary cells.<br />
C. 10-25 mm broad. Veil practically absent. Sp. 10-12,5 x 5-7(7,5) µm. Pl.<br />
(40)46,5-70(80) x 8-13,5(16,5) µm. Ch. 24,5-55 x 7-13,5 µm. Clavate and<br />
irregulary marginal cells often with thickend. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. corrugis (PERS.: FR.) KONR. & MAUBL.<br />
(see also F 13)<br />
15* Without irregulary cells. 16<br />
16 (15) Cheilocystidia mostly with a long neck.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30(50) mm broad. Veil scanty. Lamellae edge sometimes pigmented near<br />
the margin of cap. Sp. (9)10-12(12,5) x 5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 47,5-72,5 x 10-17,5(19)<br />
µm. Ch. (27,5)32,5-50(60) x 7,5-12,5 µm. Mossy, poor soil.<br />
P. dicrani (A. E. JANSEN) KITS V. WAV.<br />
16* Cheilocystidia mostly with a short neck.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 70 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp.(8,5) 9-11,5(12) x (5)5,5-6,5(7) µm. Pl. 40-<br />
80 x 10-16(17,5) µm. Ch. 30-60 x 12,5-15 µm, sometimes with slightly tickened<br />
walls. Lamellae edge in aging often pigmented. Soil, pieces of wood, under Fagus<br />
(and Castanea sativa).<br />
P. fage<strong>to</strong>phila ÖRSTADIUS & ENDERLE<br />
(Syn.: P. murcida (FR.) KITS V. WAV. ss. auct. rec.)<br />
17 (13) Clamps absent.<br />
C. 10-20 mm broad, strikingly purplish. Veil scanty. Sp. 9,5-11,5(12) x 5-6 µm.<br />
Pl. 39-48 x 9-12 µm. Ch. 30-58 x 9-14 µm. Fertilized soil, dung.
P. purpureobadia ARNOLDS<br />
17* Clamps present. 18<br />
18 (17) Germ pore indistinct, small.<br />
P. magnispora HEYKOOP & G. MORENO<br />
(see B 8)<br />
18* Germ pore distinct. 19<br />
19 (18) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 7,5 µm broad. 20<br />
19* Spores smaller. 21<br />
20 (19) Stipe with a short pseudorhiza; spores dark brown.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 15 mm broad, with umbo. Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. 10-12,5(13,5) x<br />
(5,5)6,5-7(7,5) µm. Pl. 35-68(74) x 7,5-10(14,5) µm. Ch. 27-44 x 5,5-15 µm. Soil.<br />
P. opaca (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER ex KITS V. WAV. ss. KITS V. WAV.<br />
20* Stipe without pseudorhiza; spores reddish brown.<br />
H. 12-30 mm broad. Veil practically absent. Sp. (9)9,5-12,5(14) x (5,5)6-7,5 µm.<br />
Pl. 23-55 x 9-14 µm. Ch. 22-45 x 7,5-13 µm. Calcareous, poor soil.<br />
P. mesobromionis ARNOLDS<br />
18* Spores smaller. 19<br />
21 (19) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 5,5 µm broad.<br />
H. 10-20 mm broad. St. rooting. Sp. 8-11 x 4,5-5,5 µm. Pl. similar the Ch., very<br />
rarely. Ch. 40-62 x 8-12(15) µm. Soil, pieces of wood.<br />
P. bifrons (BERKELEY) A. H. SM. ss. A. H. SM.<br />
21* Spores broader. 22<br />
22 (21) Veil strongly developed, scaly.<br />
C. 16-40 mm broad. Sp. 8-11(11,5) x 4,5-6(7) µm. Pl. (35)50-80 x 8-20 µm. Ch.<br />
32,5-57,5 x 8-12,5 µm. Wet soil.
P. gordonii (BERK. & BROOME) A. PEARS. & DENNIS<br />
(Syn.: P. abortiva A. H. SM., P. candidissima A. H. SM., P. pervelata KITS V.<br />
WAV., P. variabilissima A. H. SM., P. vestita (PECK) A. H. SM.)<br />
22* Veil scanty, not scaly. 23<br />
23 (22) Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 50 µm long. 24<br />
23* Pleurocystidia up <strong>to</strong> 75(90) µm long. 26<br />
24 (23) Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on dead wood (Salix).<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 40 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 9-11 x 5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 35-50 x 12,5-22,5<br />
µm. Ch. 35-50 x 12,5-22,5 µm.<br />
P. s<strong>to</strong>rea (FR.) M. M. MOSER ex BON<br />
24* On muddy soil. 25<br />
25 (24) Cap 3,5-10 mm broad.<br />
Veil scanty. Sp. 11-11,5(12,5) x (5,5)6-6,5 µm. Pl. 40-50 x 10-15 µm. Ch. 30-40 x<br />
10-16 µm.<br />
P. palustris (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
25* Cap 12-30 mm broad.<br />
Veil scanty. St. rooting. Sp. 10-12 x 5,5-6,5 µm. Pl. 35-50 x 10-16 µm, very short.<br />
Ch. 30-38 x 9-15 µm.<br />
P. trepida (FR.) GILLET<br />
26 (23) Cheilocystidia predominantingly utriform. 27<br />
26* Cheilocystidia predominantingly lageniform. 29<br />
27 (26) Pileipellis as cutis.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35(50) mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. (8)9-11(12) x 5-6,5 µm. Pl.<br />
(35)47,5-70(90) x 15-25 µm. Ch. (30)35-60(65) x 10-25 µm. Caespi<strong>to</strong>se on<br />
hardwood stumps.
Coprinopsis pannucioides (J. E. LANGE) ÖRSTADIUS & E. LARSSON<br />
(Syn.: P. cuspitata A. H. SM., P. pannucioides (J. E. Lange) M. M. Moser)<br />
27* Pileipellis as hymeniderm. 28<br />
28 (27) Clavate marginal cells strikingly large (up <strong>to</strong> 50 x 25 µm); on wet soil.<br />
P. almerensis KITS V. WAV.<br />
(see F 18)<br />
28* Clavate marginal cells not strikinglyly large; not on wet soil.<br />
P. fage<strong>to</strong>phila ÖRSTADIUS & ENDERLE<br />
(see G 16*)<br />
29 (26) Stipe with a short pseudorhiza.<br />
P. pellucidipes (ROMAGN.) GALLANT ex M. M. MOSER<br />
(see G 27)<br />
29* Stipe without a Pseudorhiza.<br />
Part H<br />
(Part E)<br />
P. dicrani (A. E. JANSEN) KITS V. WAV.<br />
(see G 16)<br />
1 Spores median often constricted.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 75(100) mm broad. Veil distinct, scaly. Stem at the base usually<br />
yellowish. Sp. (6)6,5-8(9) x 3,5-4,5 µm. Pl. (32,5)35-50(75) x 10-17,5 µm. Ch.<br />
30-65 x (7,5)10-15, polymorph. Solitary and caespi<strong>to</strong>se, soil.<br />
P. co<strong>to</strong>nea (QUÉL.) KONR. & MAUBL.)<br />
(Syn.: P. alboalutacea A. H. SM., P. duchesnayensis A. H. SM., P. insignis A.<br />
H. SM., P. lacrymabunda (FR.) M. M. MOSER ss. A. H. SM., P. olivaceopallida<br />
A. H. SM., P. subvolvata A. H. SM.)<br />
1* Spores otherwise. 2<br />
2 (1) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 6 µm broad.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20(30) mm broad, wrinkled. Veil scanty. Sp. (7,5)8,5-9(10) x 5-6 µm.<br />
Pl. (28)38-65 x 12-19 µm. Ch. 15-43 x 8-15 µm. Soil.<br />
P. reticulata (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER<br />
(Syn.: P. romagnesiana BON)
2* Spores maximally 5(5,5) µm broad. 3<br />
3 (2) Pleurocystidia with often constricted apex. 4<br />
3* Pleurocystidia without often constricted apex. 6<br />
4 (3) Cheilocystidia lageniform.<br />
C. 10-50 mm broad. Veil strongly developed. St. often with annulus. Sp. (6)6,5-<br />
9(10) x 4-4,5(5) µm. Pl. 40-50 x 15-18 µm. Ch. 30-55 x 12-15 µm. Fresh<br />
mushroom with sweetish odour. Dead wood, bark chips, soil.<br />
P. suavissima AYER<br />
(Syn.: P. sacchariolens ENDERLE)<br />
4* Cheilocystidia utriform. 5<br />
5 (4) Spores (6,5)7-8(9) x 4-5(5,5) µm.<br />
C. 10-50 mm broad. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Stem usually strikingly short. Pl.<br />
(37,5)40-70 x 10-20 µm. Ch. (22,5)27,5-60 x (7,5)10-17,5(20) µm. Larger<br />
clavate marginal cells often brownish. Muddy or wet soil.<br />
P. noli-tangere (FR.) A. PEARSON & DENNIS<br />
5* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 7,5 µm long.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 16 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6,2-7,5 x 3,7-4,5 µm. Pl. 33-57,5 x 9,5-<br />
17,5 µm. Ch. 22-40(50) x 8-15 µm. Soil.<br />
P. mookensis KITS V. WAV.<br />
6 (3) Spores up <strong>to</strong> 8(9) µm long. 7<br />
6* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 10(10,5) µm long. 9<br />
7 (6) Spores pale reddish yellow.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 35 mm broad. Veil strongly developed, cells up <strong>to</strong> 300 µm long. Sp. 6-8<br />
x 3,5-5 µm. Pl. 30-80 x 6-14 µm. Ch. 25-60 x 6-15 µm. Dead wood, stumps<br />
(Fagus).<br />
P. squamosa (P. KARST) M. M. MOSER ex A. H. SM.<br />
(Syn.: P. artemisiae var. microspora KITS V. WAV.)
7* Spores distinctly darker. 8<br />
8 (7) Sporen up <strong>to</strong> 3,5(4) µm broad, black.<br />
H. up <strong>to</strong> 50 mm broas, Veil strongly developed. Stem with scales. Sp. 7-8,5 x 3-<br />
3,5(4) µm. Pl. 30-50 x 7-14 µm. Ch. 30-50 x 7-14 µm. Sandy soil, floodplain<br />
forest with Alnus; Switzerland.<br />
P. immaculata HORAK & GRIESSER<br />
8* Spores up <strong>to</strong> 5 µm broad, brown.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 20 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 6,5-9 x 3,5-5 µm. Pl. 25-48 x 7-14 µm.<br />
Ch. 15-40 x 6-14 µm. Wet soil.<br />
P. rubiginosa A. H. SM.<br />
9 (6) On Phragmites and Scirpus just above the water.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 10 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-10 x 5,5-6 µm. Pl. 37,5-52,5 x 10-15<br />
µm. Ch. 35-50 x 11-15 µm.<br />
P. basii KITS V. WAV.<br />
9* Other habitat. 10<br />
10 (9) Stem with annulus.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30 mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 8-10 x 4,5-5,5(6) µm. Pl. 45-67,5 x 12,5-<br />
17,5 µm. Ch. 27,5-50 x 10-17,5 µm. Beetween Sphagnum (and other moss).<br />
P. sphagnicola (MAIRE) J. FAVRE<br />
10* Stem without annulus. 11<br />
11 (10) Sphaeropedunculate marginal cells partly thickwalled. 12<br />
11* Sphaeropedunculate marginal cells always thinwalled and colourless. 13<br />
12 (11) Large sphaeropedunculate marginal cells thickwalled and brownish.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 30(45) mm broad. Veil scanty. Sp. 7-10(10,5) x 4-5(5,5) µm. Pl. 35-<br />
60(88) x 8-15(17,5) µm, fusiform. Ch. 25-45 x 7,5-13(15) µm. Soil, stumps.<br />
P. fulvescens (ROMAGN.) M. M. MOSER
12* Large sphaeropedunculate marginal cells thickwalled and colourless.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 45 mm broad, during the drying mostly pinkish. Veil distinct. Sp. 8-<br />
10(10,5) x (4)4,5-5,5(6) µm. Pl. 35-55(65) x 10-17,5 µm. Ch. 20-55 x 7,5-15<br />
µm. Soil, buried wood.<br />
P. impexa (ROMAGN.) BON<br />
13 (11) Spores at base mostly truncated.<br />
C. up <strong>to</strong> 50(75) mm broad, distinctly wrinkled. Veil scanty <strong>to</strong> distinct. Sp. 6,5-<br />
8(9) x 3,5-4,5(5) µm. Pl. 40-90 x 12,5-17,5 µm, fusiform <strong>to</strong> utriform. Ch. 30-60<br />
x (9)10-13(15) µm. Cystidia some times subcapitat. Stumps of conifers.<br />
13* Spores not so.<br />
abberans, obtusata var.<br />
D21*<br />
abortiva G22<br />
agaves A13*<br />
agraria C15<br />
alaskaensis C7<br />
albidula G12<br />
albidula, prona var. prona f.<br />
G12<br />
alboalutacea H1<br />
albofloccosa C2*<br />
almerensis F18, G28<br />
amarescens C6<br />
ammophila G9<br />
amstelodamensis B14*<br />
amstelodamensis, olympiana<br />
f. B14*<br />
annulata D14<br />
appendiculata A21*<br />
arata A1<br />
arenulina G9<br />
argentata G12*<br />
artemisiae B15*<br />
a<strong>to</strong>mata ss. LANGE G12*<br />
a<strong>to</strong>ma<strong>to</strong>ides D17<br />
atrolaminata F13<br />
atrolimbata, gracilis f. F13<br />
atrospora A1<br />
badia D22<br />
badiophylla A22<br />
badiovestita G7*<br />
barlae C4*<br />
basii H9<br />
bernhardii G7<br />
berolinensis E2<br />
bifrons ss. A. H. SM. G21<br />
bifrons ss. K. V. WAV. G7*<br />
P. pertinax (FR.) ÖRSTADIUS<br />
(Syn.: <strong>Psathyrella</strong> chondroderma (BERK. & BROOME) A. H. SM.)<br />
delicatella A18<br />
delineata E7<br />
dennyensis D23<br />
dicrani G16, G29*<br />
distans D22<br />
duchesnayensis H1<br />
dunarum E14<br />
dunensis E13<br />
effibulata A17*<br />
elegans A21*<br />
elwhaensis A18<br />
ephemera E8<br />
epimyces D2*<br />
equina C4<br />
exalbicans C16*<br />
exalbicans, spadiceogrisea f.<br />
C16*<br />
fage<strong>to</strong>phila G16*, G28*<br />
fallax D22<br />
fatua C16*, F10*<br />
ferrugipes B14*<br />
fibrillosa B13*<br />
fimeseda B11*, E7*<br />
fimetaria C4<br />
flexispora C14<br />
fragrans C9*<br />
friburgensis D2<br />
friesii D22<br />
frustulenta B5*<br />
fulva, gracilis var. F13<br />
fulvescens H12<br />
fusca C19<br />
fusca ss. K. V. WAV. D22<br />
fuscospora D22<br />
galeroides B5<br />
globosivelata D2<br />
gordonii G22<br />
Index<br />
maculata D3<br />
magnispora B8, D17*, G18<br />
malenconii B11<br />
mammifera, spadiceogrisea f.<br />
F10<br />
marcescibilis A18<br />
megaspora A4<br />
melanophylla F13<br />
melanophylloides F13<br />
melanthina A13*<br />
membranacea A21*<br />
merdicola F3*<br />
mesobromionis G20*<br />
microlepidota A21*<br />
microrhiza G7*, G14<br />
microspora, artemisiae var.<br />
H7*<br />
microspora, badiophylla var.<br />
A21<br />
microsporoides A21<br />
minima E2<br />
minutissima E11<br />
mookensis H5*<br />
mucrocystis D12*<br />
multicystidiata B5*<br />
multipedata C22<br />
murcida G16*, G28*<br />
narcotica C23<br />
neglecta, badiophylla var. A22*<br />
niveobadia B9, F6<br />
noli-tangere H5<br />
obscurotristis D20*<br />
obtusata D20, F3<br />
ocellata D22<br />
ochracea F13<br />
odorata C4*<br />
ogemawensis C7<br />
P. senex (PECK) A. H. SM.<br />
(see D 21)<br />
pseudogordonii A24<br />
pseudogracilis F19, G5<br />
pseudotrepida D22<br />
purpureobadia G17<br />
pygmaea B7<br />
ranochii D17<br />
reticulata H2<br />
rhodospora B3<br />
rhombispora D21*<br />
ridicula G10<br />
riparia G8<br />
romagnesiana H2<br />
romagnesii A6*, F19<br />
romellii D7<br />
romseyensis D23*<br />
rostellata B11, E7<br />
rubiginosa H8*<br />
rugoproxima A21*<br />
sacchariolens H4<br />
saponacea C4<br />
sarcocephala ss.<br />
KRIEGLST. B14<br />
sarcocephala ss. auct. B3<br />
sca<strong>to</strong>phila B10, E14*<br />
scheppingensis D16<br />
scobinacea D3<br />
sco<strong>to</strong>spora A21*<br />
senex D21, E9, H13*<br />
seymourensis C12*<br />
singeri A21*<br />
solitaria B14*<br />
solitaria, candolleana var.<br />
A21*<br />
spadicea B3<br />
spadiceogrisea F10<br />
sphaerocystis E3<br />
sphagnicola H10
ipellis C4*, C18<br />
bivelata 24*<br />
borgensis E13*<br />
brevicystis, fulvescens var.<br />
D22<br />
brooksi C4*<br />
caespi<strong>to</strong>sa D17<br />
caespi<strong>to</strong>sa, olympiana f.<br />
B14*<br />
calcarea G1<br />
cana, prona f. G12*<br />
candidissima G22<br />
candolleana A21*<br />
canoceps A19<br />
capita<strong>to</strong>cystis D22<br />
caput-medusae D14<br />
carbonicola B4<br />
carinthiaca C8<br />
caudata F13<br />
caudata F16<br />
cernua B14, D18<br />
chondroderma H12<br />
circellatipes A1<br />
citerinii A17<br />
clavigera, gracilis f. F13<br />
clivensis D10<br />
cloverae B14*<br />
communis D22<br />
conferta C19*<br />
connata, microrhiza f. F22<br />
conopilus A1<br />
consimilis B7<br />
coprinoides B1, C2<br />
coprobia G11<br />
coprophila C4<br />
coronata A21*<br />
corrugis F13, F18, G4, G15<br />
corrugis, corrugis f. F13<br />
corrugis, gracilis f. F13<br />
corrugis, gracilis var. F13<br />
cortinarioides B5*, D13<br />
co<strong>to</strong>nea H1<br />
cuspitata G27<br />
deceptiva C7<br />
gossypina E7<br />
gracilis F13<br />
gracilis, corrugis f. F13<br />
graciloides A1<br />
granulosa E3*<br />
groegeri F10<br />
gruberi D14<br />
halophila A23<br />
hirta G11<br />
hir<strong>to</strong>squamulosa D5<br />
hispida C11<br />
hydrophila C7<br />
hydrophiloides C7<br />
hymenocephala A21*<br />
imleriana B3<br />
immaculata H8<br />
impexa H12*<br />
indecorosa B13<br />
infida F15<br />
insignis H1<br />
involuta A18<br />
ivoeensis B14<br />
jacobssonii C23*<br />
jalapalensis A21*<br />
kitsiana D22<br />
lacrymabunda ss. A. H. SM.<br />
H1<br />
lacuum A15<br />
laevissima C9<br />
lanatipes B13*<br />
lanuginosa A19<br />
larga D7*<br />
lepido<strong>to</strong>ides C11<br />
leucotephra A12<br />
liciosae D10*<br />
littenii B3<br />
longicauda F16<br />
longicystidiata A14, B2<br />
lutensis C21<br />
lutulenta F9<br />
macrocystidiata A5<br />
olivaceopallida H1<br />
olympiana B14*<br />
opaca ss. K. V. WAV. G20<br />
opaca ss. Romagn. F19<br />
orbicularis G7<br />
orbitarum G6<br />
orbitarum, prona f. G6<br />
ornatispora A9<br />
ovatispora C12<br />
pallens F13<br />
palustris G25<br />
panaeloides C12<br />
pannucioides G27<br />
papyracea B14<br />
parva D5*<br />
pellucidipes F17*, G29<br />
pennata B4<br />
perplexa, avelleneifolia var.<br />
B15<br />
perpusuilla A6<br />
pertinax H13<br />
pervelata G22<br />
phaseolispora C16<br />
phegophila F8<br />
picta F15*<br />
picta, prona var. prona f. F15*<br />
piluliformis D13*<br />
ploddensis D22<br />
polycephala B14<br />
polycystis F13<br />
populina C11<br />
populorum B3<br />
potteri G12*<br />
praecox F5<br />
pratensis G24<br />
prona A4, F15*<br />
prona, prona var. prona f. F15*<br />
proxima A21*<br />
pseudocandolleana A21*<br />
pseudocasca C5<br />
pseudocorrugis ss. K. V. WAV.<br />
F7<br />
pseudocorrugis ss. ROMAGN.<br />
E13*<br />
pseudoco<strong>to</strong>nea D14<br />
spintrigera A21*<br />
spintrigeroides B13<br />
squamifera G7*<br />
squamosa H7<br />
stellata G7*<br />
stercoraria F11<br />
stigma<strong>to</strong>spora C5<br />
s<strong>to</strong>rea G24<br />
suavissima H4<br />
subaustralis A13<br />
subcernua B7<br />
sublanata F15*<br />
submicrospora A11<br />
subpapillata C7<br />
subrosea G7*<br />
subrubella A4<br />
subumbrina B5<br />
subvolvata H1<br />
supernula C23<br />
sylvestris C11<br />
tenuicula E2<br />
tephrophylla C19<br />
thiersii A21*<br />
trepida G25*<br />
tubarioides D19<br />
twickelensis D22<br />
typhae A13<br />
umbrina B5, D12<br />
utriformis, prona var. F19<br />
utriformis, umbrina var.<br />
D21*<br />
variabilissima G22<br />
variata B3<br />
vernalis F10<br />
vernalis, spadiceogrisea f.<br />
F10<br />
vestita G22<br />
vialis C21<br />
vinosofulva G8<br />
vyrnwyensis D19<br />
waverenii A6*<br />
xanthocystis E7