Family 23. ARACEAE 1. Aglaonema Schott var. commutatum ...

Family 23. ARACEAE 

Literature: 

Hay, A et al. 1995. Checklist and Botanical Bibliography of the Aroids of Malesia, Australia, and 

the tropical western Pacific. Blumea supplement 8: 1-161. 

Mayo, SJ, J Bogner & PC Boyce. 1997. The genera of Araceae. Royal Botanic Garden Kew. 

1. Aglaonema Schott 

Revision: 

Nicolson, DH. 1969. A Revision of the genus Aglaonema (Araceae). Smithsonian Contribution to 

Botany 11: 1-69. 

Aglaonema commutatum Schott, Syn. (1856) 123; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182. 

var. commutatum --Type: drawing, Schott Aroideae No. 38 (W). 

Sulawesi (NE tip) and Philippines: LUZON (Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, 

Quezon, Camarines Sur), MINDORO, CAMIGUIN. 

var. elegans (Engl.) Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1968) 125; --Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 

51; --Aglaonema elegans Engl., Pflanzenreich 64 (IV.23 Dc.) (1915) 28 --Type: Pflanzenreich 64 

(IV. Dc) (1915) fig. 11. 

Philippines: C LUZON. Escapes from cultivation. 

var. maculatum (JD Hook.) Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1968) 125; --Aglaonema marantifolium var. 

maculatum JD Hook., --Nicolson, Baileya 15 (1967) 125. --Type: Chelsea, Royal Exotic Nursery 

(no collector cited) (K). 

Aglaonema cordifolium Engl., Pflanzenreich 64 (iv. 23 Dc) (1915) 29; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 183; 

--Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 46. --Type: Warburg 14604 (B, holo). Mindanao: 

Davao del Sur prov., Mt Dagatpan. 

MINDANAO: Zamboanga (Mt Tabuan), Davao (Mt Dagatpan). Known only from these 2 

collections. 

Aglaonema crispum (Pitcher & Manda) Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 54. – 

Type: Photograph labeled Schismatoglottis roeblinii on p. 141 of Pitcher & Manda, General Illustrated Catalogue o 

crispata (not Hooker) in Vick’s Magazine (1899, vol. 23, p. 71) and as Schismatoglottis picta in 

American Gardener (1898, vol. 19, fig. 122). 

LUZON: Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Deep shade of primary dispterocarp forest, 300-950m. 

Known only from this locality. 

Aglaonema densinervium Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1906) 134; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 183; -- 

Sulawesi (NE tip), Philippines: LUZON (Albay), POLILLO, CATANDUANES, MASBATE, 

SAMAR, LEYTE, NEGROS, SIQUIJOR, MINDANAO (Agusan del Norte, Davao, type 

locality, Davao Oriental, Bukidnon, Zamboanga), BASILAN. 

Nicolson, Smithsonian 

Aglaonema philippinense Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 21; --Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. 

Bot. 1 (1969) 57. --Neotype: Govt. Lab. 86 Gregory (B). This is also the holotype for A. latifolium. 

Luzon: Quezon prov., Atimonan. 

Aglaonema latifolium Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1906) 134. 

Philippines, Sulawesi and associated archipelagos. 

LUZON: Apayao, La Union, Cagayan, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Laguna, 

Quezon, Camarines Sur, POLILLO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY: Iloilo, NEGROS, 

SIQUIJOR, TAWI-TAWI, JOLO, MINDANAO: Davao. On slopes near streams in primary 

forests, below 1000m. 

Aglaonema simplex Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 152; --Nicolson, Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969)

39. 

Aglaonema maculatum Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 154. --Type: Kamel plate 195 in Sloane mss. No 4082 

(BM). 

Aglaonema stenophyllum Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 452; EPFP 4 (1924) 248; --Nicolson, Smithsonian 

Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 55. –Type: BS 30471 Ramos (US, lecto). Catanduanes: 

LUZON: Quezon prov (Mt Cadig), Camarines Norte, CATANDUANES, BILIRAN, 

SAMAR (Catubig River), MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, DINAGAT. Damp places in 

primary forest to 900m. 

Dubious species: 

Aglaonema haenkii (C Presl) Schott, Bonplandia 7 (1859) 30; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 183 as 

‘haenkei’; --Scindapsus haenkii C Presl,.Epim. Bot. (1849) 240. --Type: Haenke s.n. (PRC). 

Nicolson in Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 (1969) 59 lists this as a dubious binomial, 

probably pertaining to a species of Monteroideae (where it was first described). The type 

has not been located. –Hay et al. (1995) 5 

Aglaonema maculatum Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 154. --Type: Kamel plate 195 in Sloane mss. 

No.4082 (BM). 

A dubious binomial pertaining either to Aglaonema commutatum Schott or to Aglaonema 

crispum (Pitcher & Manda) Nicolson—see Nicolson in Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 1 

(1969) 60. –Hay et al. (1995) 6. 

2. Alocasia (Schott) G Don 

Revisions: 

Bunting, GS. 1962. The genus Schizocasia (Araceae). Baileya 10: 112-120. 

Hay, A & R Wise, 1991. The genus Alocasia in Australasia. Blumea 37: 499-545. 

Hay, A. 1999. Alocasia in the Philippines. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 51: xxxxxx 

Nicolson, DH. 1968. The genus Xenophya Schott. Blumea 16: 115-118. 

Alocasia atropurpurea Engl., Pflanzenreich 71 (iv.23E) (1920) 132; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 184. 

--Type: BS 19663 MacGregor (B). 

Alocasia boyceana A Hay, Gard. Bull. Sing. 51 (1999) 9. --Type: Cult. Botanischer Garten München 

ex Philippines. Cebu (orig. coll. Seidenschwarz, s.n., voucher M), J. Bogner s.n. (NSW, holo). 

Alocasia culionensis Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 135; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 184. --Type: 

Merrill 555 (B). 

Alocasia clypeolata A Hay, Gard. Bull. Sing. 51 (1999) 12. 

Alocasia heterophylla (C Presl) Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 220; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 184. – 

Type: Haenke (PR). 

Alocasia warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 25. --Type: Warburg 13652 (B, lost, PNH, lost), 

15723 (B lost) 

Alocasia manilensis Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 23. --Type: Warburg 12494 (B). 

Sulawesi and the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, 

Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, ALABAT, PANAY, NEGROS, SAMAR, JOLO. 

In primary forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Alocasia macrorhizos (L.) G Don, in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3 (1839) 631; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

(1698) t. 73 

The natural distribution of this species is unknown, but it has been considered wild in S 

185, as ‘macrorrhiza’.

India, Sri Lanka and Peninsular Malaysia. It is very widely distributed as a crop and as 

an ornamental plant. A number of varieties have been described (sometimes initially as 

species) from cultivation, with or without type material being cited, including A. indica 

var. metallica Schott, A. indica var. rubra (Hassk.) Engl., A. indica var. variegata (C. 

Koch & Bouche) Schott, A. indica var. violacea Engl., A. macrorrhizos var. marmorata 

Furtado, A. macrorrhizos var. nigra Furtado, A. macrorrhizos var. rubra (Hassk.) 

Furtado, A. macrorrhizos var. variegata (C. Koch & Bouche) Furtado, A. metallica 

Schott, A. plumbea van Houtte, A. variegata C. Koch & Bouche, Caladium plumbeum 

C. Koch, Colocasia indica var. atroviridis Hassk., Colocasia indica var. rubra Hassk., 

Colocasia odorata var. rubra Hassk., etc. Although these are of horticultural significance 

in some cases, they are of little or no botanical interest and are not entered in this 

checklist (but see Furtado in Gard. Bull. Sing. 11 (1941) 244-257). It may be appropriate 

to recognize them at the level of cultivar. --A Hay et al., Blumea Suppl. 8 (1995) 17. 

Alocasia maquilingensis Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 3; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 185. --Type: Baker 

868 (LBC, PNH lost), and several paratypes. 

Alocasia micholitziana Sander, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 51 suppl. (1912) xv, Fig. 9; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 185. --Type: NE Brown ex Hort. Sander (K). 

LUZON: Apayao, Benguet. Thickets about limestone boulders, c. 1300m. 

Alocasia nycteris Medecilo, GC Yao & Madulid, J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1(2) (2007) 817, Figs. 

1-3. –Type: MP Medicilo 397 (PNH, holo; iso DLSU, DLSU-D). Panay: Aklan prov., Nabas, 

11°54’18”N, 121° 59’ 43”E, 3 Nov 2005. 

PANAY: Aklan (Nabas). 

Alocasia portei (Schott) Becc. & Engl. in DC, Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 645; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 185. 

Alocasia ramosii A Hay, Gard. Bull. Sing. 51 (1999) 27. 

Alocasia reversa NE Br., Gard. Chron. iii 8 (2) (1890) 38; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 185. --Type: NE 

Brown ex Hort. Sander sn (K*). 

Described from material cultivated in Europe, said to be from the Philippines. 

Alocasia sanderiana W Bull, Cat. (1884) 11; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 186. --Type: W. Bull, Cat. 

(1884) illus. p. 3; or NE Brown ex Bull (K) (specimen dated 1886). 

MINDANAO: Misamis, Agusan. Damp low altitude primary forests. A very beautiful 

species common in greenhouse cultivation in Europe and America. 

Alocasia scalprum A Hay, Gard. Bull. Sing. 51 (1999) 30. 

Alocasia sinuata NE Br., Gard. Chron. n.s. 24 (1885) 252; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 186. --Type: 

NE Brown ex W. Bull (K). 

Alocasia zebrina Schott ex van Houtte, Fl. des Serres et Jard. 15 (1863) 81. --Type: Fl. de 

Serres et Jard. 15 (1863) t. 1541-1542; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 186. 

Alocasia wenzelii Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 2; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 186. --Type: Wenzel 97 (not 

LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon. Primary forests at low and medium altitudes. 

Precedes A. zebrina C. Koch & Veitch, Wochenschr. für Gartnerei u. Pflanzenkunde 

(1863) 331 by about four months. 

located, PNH lost; W

(Don’t know where to put these)--- 

Alocasia liervalii Herincq, L’Hortic. Franç. (1869) 243. --Type: Not traced. 

Said to have been discovered by Porte and brought into commerce by Lieval. 

Cultivated: 

Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G Don, in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3 (1839) 631. 

Invalid names: 

Alocasia talihan Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3614, invalid name, no Latin description. --Type: Elmer 17381 

(NY, isotype). =Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. 

Alocasia urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3699, invalid name, no Latin description. --Type: 

Elmer 13857 (not located) 

3. Amorphophallus Blume 

Revision: 

Hetterscheid WLA. (in preparation) 

Amorphophallus dactylifer Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 252. --Type: PNH 78180 Gutierrez (L*, 

holotype). Luzon: Isabela prov., Sierra Madre Mtns, San Mariano, Disulap, alt. 500 ft, 18 May 1961. 

Amorphophallus declinatus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 252. --Type: Merrill 9419 (L*, holotype; 

isotypes in BO, K*, SING*, US*). 

Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm., Pflanzenreich 48 (iv.23 c) (1911) 73; -- 

Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 179. --Type: Williams 2654 (PNH, lost). Note: Williams 2684* is cited as 

isotype in K webpage. 

Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 289; EPFP 1 (1922) 179. --Type: 

FB 19560 Curran (PNH, lost) 

Amorphophallus merrillii K Krause, Notizb. KÖnigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5 (1912) 266; --Merr., 

EPFP 1 (1923) 180. --Type: BS 7177 Merrill (PNH, lost) 

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, Taxon 26 (1977) 338. --Type: 

Mulenschena Rheede, Hort. Malab. 11 (1692) pl. 19. 

Amorphophalus campanulatus Decne., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 3 (1834) 366; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 179. 

Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogner & Hett., Blumea 36 (1992) 467, Fig. 6-7. --Type: 

Bogner 2109 (M, holo). Palawan: Underground River, Piedras Point, Cliffs Head, altitude 0-40m, 

growing in humus deposits on limestone; living tubers originally collected by O Riegler, cultivated 

plants flowered in Munich Botanic Garden, 1991. Paratype: Hetterscheid H. AM. 124 (L), same 

origin as holotype. 

Amorphophallus rostratus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 273. --Type: Loher 2433 (K*, holo). 

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu var. konjac (C. Koch) Engl. in DC Monog. Phan. 2 (1879) 313; --Merr., EPFP 

1 (1922) 180. 

LUZON: Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, PANAY, 

MINDANAO. Low altitude forests and thickets. (Merrill, 1922: 180). 

Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett., Blumea 39 (1994) 275. --Type: Hetterscheid H. AM.036-T (L). 

Uncertain status:

Amorphophallus variabilis Blume, Rumphia 1 (1835) 146, t. 35, 37; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 180. 

From Hay et al. (1995) checklist, confined only to Java. 

4. Amydrium Schott 

Revision: 

Nicolson, DH. 1968. A revision of the genus Amydrium (Araceae). Blumea 16: 123-127. 

Amydrium magnificum (Engl.) Nicolson, Blumea 15 (1968) 125. --Type: Beccari P.S. s.n. (B, 

FI), from Sulawesi 

Epipremnum elmerianum Engl., Planzenreich 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 66; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 177. --Type: 

Elmer 7295 (B destroyed, BO, G, K, PNH lost). 

Epipremnum luzonense, K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 659. --Type: Ramos 10052 (PNH lost). 

Epipremnum miniatum Elmer ex Merr., LPB 10 (1938) 3622., invalid name, no Latin descr., --Type: based 

on Elmer 14522 (K, PNH lost, US), 15113 (K, PNH lost, US), 16422 (PNH lost). 

Epipremnum philippinense Engl. & K Krause, 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 137; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 177. --Type: 

Elmer 7623 (B, PNH lost), 9253 (B, PNH lost). 

Epipremnum sorsogonense Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 177. --Type: based on Elmer 16422 (K, US, 

PNH lost). 

Rhaphidophora warburgii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 116; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 176. --Type: 

Warburg (B). 

Philippines, Talaud Isls, SW and SE Sulawesi, New Guinea. LUZON: Cagayan, Isabela, 

Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan. Low 

to medium altitude (at least to 650m) primary forests, sometimes reported in secondary 

forests but perhaps a survivor than an invader. 

Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson, Blumea 15 (1968) 124. 

Epipremnopsis huegelii (Schott) Engl., 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 138; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 177, as ‘huegeliana’ 

Epipremnum truncatum Engl. & K Krause, 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 63; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 177. --Type: 

Elmer 7291 (B, PNH lost). 

Anadendron =Anadendrum 

5. Anadendrum Schott 

Anadendrum montanum Schott, Bonplandia 5 (1857) 45; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 174. 

var. montanum 

Thailand, Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak, 

Kalimantan), Sulawesi, Java, Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. 

Revision: 

J. Murata, in preparation. 

6. Arisaema Martius 

Arisaema laminatum Blume, Rumphia 1 (1835) 99. --Type: Rumphia 1 (1835) t. 27 (or material 

in L) 

Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 27 (1905) 90; EPFP 1 (1922) 

188. 

var. polyphyllum 

Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Benguet, 

Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, PANAY, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Forests

and open places, 1000-2400m. In the mossy forests often growing as an epiphyte on 

mossy trunk. 

var. angustifolium Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 336; EPFP 1 (1922) 188. 

LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Zambales. Pine and mossy forests, 800-2000m. 

Arisaema roxburghii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3 (1841) 18. --Type: Roxburgh s.n. (BM, CAL); if material not located, Roxburgh’ 

Arisaema cuspidatum Engl., in DC. Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 536; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 188. --Type: as for 

A. roxburghii Kunth. Note: Arisaema cuspidatum Engl. (Basionym: Arum cuspidatum Engl.) is 

superfluous later homonym. 

India, Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, Philippines. PALAWAN. Low altitude primary 

forests. 

7. Caladium Ventenat 

Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent., Jard. Cels. (1800) t. 30; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 187. 

Native of S America Cultivated for its variegated leaves. Occasionally escaping from 

cultivation but never far away from settlements. 

8. Colocasia Schott 

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. (1832) 18. --Type: Sloane, Voy. 

Jamaica Nat. Hist. 2 (1725) t. 106, Fig. 1; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 186, as “esculentum” 

var. esculenta 

Note: Held to refer to non-cormeliferous forms. Some authors no longer recognize this 

and the following variety as separate. These infraspecific epithets are possibly more 

useful informally pertaining to certain cultivar groups. Other epithets may be used at 

subspecific or varietal rank, if necessary, to reflect discontinuities in the variation of wild 

types. 

var. antiquorum (Schott) Hubb. & Rehder, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 1 (1932) 5; --Colocasia antiquorum 

Schott, in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. (1832) 18. --Type: 1079.4 (LINN). 

Note: Held to refer to cultivated cormeliferous forms 

9. Cryptocoryne Fischer & Wydler 

Revisions: 

Jacobsen, N. 1985. The Cryptocoryne (Araceae) of Borneo. Nordic J. Bot. 5: 31-50. 

Jacobsen, N & M Mansor, 1995. The Cryptocoryne of the Peninsular Malaysia. Nordic J. Bot. (in 

press). 

Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 370; EPFP 1 (1922) 189. --Type: BS 31119 

Ramos & Edaño (B, BM, K, L, P, SING, US). 

Cryptocoryne coronata Bastm. & Wijng. Aqua Pl. 24(1) ()1999 23-28, Figs. –Type: van 

Wijngaarden sn, (L, holo; iso: C, M, K). Cult. ex Mindanao, 18 Nov 1998. 

MINDANAO. 

Cryptocoryne pygmaea Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 371; EPFP 1 (1922) 189. --Type: Merrill 8174; 

Copeland s.n. (according to Rataj both probably destroyed during the war. Neotype (Rataj): Ebalo

717 (GH, PNH, MICH). 

Cryptocoryne usteriana Engl. in Usteri, Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 50 (1905) 452; 

--Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 189. --Type: Usteri s.n., Guimaras (B, K). 

Note: This species has for some years been assumed to be identical with C. 

aponogetifolia, but live material from GUIMARAS (leg. Bogner) has proven that it is 

clearly distinct. Also described as “new” by Engler in Engler & Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 

54, Beibl. 118 (1916) 125. 

10. Cyrtosperma Griffith 

Revision: 

Hay, A. 1988. Cyrtosperma (Araceae) and its Old World Allies. Blumea 33: 427-469. 

1. Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 61; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 179. 

Epipremnopsis Engler =Amydrium 

11. Epipremnum Schott 

Revision: 

Boyce, PC. 1998. The genus Epipremnum Schott (Araceae-Monsteroideae-Monstereae) in West 

and Central Malesia. Blumea 43: 183-213. 

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., Pflanzenreich 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 60; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

177; PC Boyce, Blumea 43 (1998) 201, Fig. 5. --Type: Appendix laciniata Rumph., Herb. Amb. 5 

(1747) 489, t. 183, fig. 2. 

Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.) Schott, Prod. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 385. 

Epipremnum angustilobum K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 659. --Type: BS 12587 Fenix (B, PNH 

lost). 

Epipremnum glaucicephalum Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3620., Anglice, non rite publice. --Type: Elmer 15135 

(K, MO, PNH lost). 

Epipremnum merrilii Engl & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 137; --Raphidophora merrillii Engl., 

Bot. Jahrb. 37 (1905) 115; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 175. --Type: BS 5883 Curran (B, PNH lost). 

Tenasserim to New Guinea and Polynesia. LUZON: La Union, Mountain Province, 

Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, 

Sorsogon, POLILLO, PALAWAN, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets and 

forests from sea level to medium altitudes. 

Epipremnum pinnatum cv. aureum Allertonia 1 (1978) 347. --Type: L’Illustration Horticole pl. 381; 

--Scindapsus aureus (L. Linden & Andre) Engl., Pflanzenreich 37 (IV.23B) (1908) 80; --Merr., EPFP 

1 (1922) 178. 

Unknown in the wild, although sometimes escaping cultivation. Possibility exists that this 

may be a horticultural selection of E. pinnatum. 

Dubious species: 

Epipremnum robinsonii K Krause, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5 (1912) 266. --Type: BS 9181 Robinson (PNH lost). 

With no surviving type found and no traceable authentic material, the identity of Krause’s 

E. robinsonii is unresolved (Boyce, p. 211).

12. Homalomena Schott 

Literature: 

Furtado, CX. 1939. Araceae Malesicae II. Notes on some Indo-Malaysian Homalomena species. 

Gardens’ Bulletin Straits Settlement 10: 183-238 

Homalomena palawanensis Engl. ex Engl. & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 55. (iv.23Da) (1912) 

39; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 180. --Type: BS 912 Foxworthy (B). 

Homalomena elmeri Engl. ex Engl. & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 55. (iv.23Da) (1912) 42; --Merr., EPFP 1 

1923) 180. --Type: Elmer 13229 (B, K). 

PALAWAN 

Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 55. (iv.23Da) (1912) 

55; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 180. --Type: Warburg 12492 (B, lost, Bermejos 1526 (PNH lost), 

Ahern 3431 (PNH lost), Loher 2451 (CAL), Merrill 7279 (B lost), Piper 266 (PNG lost), 

Robinson 6933 (B lost), Balansa 4819 (P), Tulmy s.n. (P) 

LUZON: La Union, Isabela, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon, 

MINDORO, PANAY, PALAWAN, LEYTE, BILIRAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Along small 

streams in primary forests at low altitudes; common. 

Homalomena pygmaea (Hassk.) Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 18; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

181. 

var. pygmaea 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Kalimantan), 

Sulawesi, Java, Philippines. 

13. Pistia Linnaeus 

1. Pistia stratiotes L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 963; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 130; EPFP 1 (1922) 189. 

14. Pothoidium Schott 

Revision: 

Boyce, PC & A Hay. 2001. A taxonomic revision of Araceae Tribe Potheae (Pothos, Pothoidium, 

Pedicellarum) for Malesia, Australia and the tropical western Pacific. Teleopea 9: 449-572. 

1. Pothoidium lobbianum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 70; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

174; --Boyce & A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 559, Fig. 51. --Type: Lobb s.n. (K, holo). Luzon: ‘Manila’ 

Lanyu, the Philippines, Sulawesi, and Moluccas (Halmahera, Bacan). BATAN (Mt 

Iraya), LUZON: Apayao, Benguet (Baguio), Cagayan (Peñablanca), Isabela (Palanan), 

Bataan (Mt Mariveles; Lamao River; Morong), Rizal (Montalban; Boso-boso; Tanay), 

Laguna (Los Baños; Mt Makiling), Cavite, Batangas, Quezon (Atimonan; Guinayangan), 

Camarines Norte (Basud, Mt Nilisan), Camarines Sur (Bicol Ntional Park; Mt Isarog), 

Albay (Mt Malinao), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Pola River; 

Mt Yagaw), NEGROS (Mt Canlaon), BILIRAN, LEYTE, SAMAR: Catubig River; Western 

Samar (Bagacay), MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Sta Cruz), Agusan del Norte (Mt 

Urdaneta; Butuan), Surigao del Norte . Primary to disturbed lowland to hill forest on a 

variety of substrates including clays and volcanic-derived soils, 30–500 m altitude. 

BATAN: Mt Iraya, Ramos BS 80257 (K), 

LUZON: 

Locality not specified: Haenke s.n. (B);

Apayao: Gutierrez et al. PNH117267 (BM); 

Benguet: Kias (=Baguio), Elmer 6435 (K, US), 

Cagayan: Peñablanca, Bolster 123 (MO); 

Cagayan: Peñablanca, Callao, Adduru 65 (A, MO); 

Cagayan: Peñablanca, Littoc, Adduru 114 (A, MO); Adduru 199 (A, K, MO, US)], 

Isabela: Palanan, Barangay San Isidro, Sierra Madre Mts. E foothills, NW of Diago, c. 

1.5 km 

SSE of Palanan Point, L. Co 3512 (A, K, KEP, L, PNH, US), 

Bataan: Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, Borden FB 3053 (K, US), Whitford 503 (K, US); 

Bataan: Morong, tractor road from Morong to Mt Natib, above Refugee Camp and 

Morong River, Soejarto et al. 7771 (K, MO, PNH)]; 

Rizal: Montalban, Loher 2462 (K, US); Loher 7046 (K); Loher 7047 (K, US); 

Rizal: Tanay, Merrill 2293 (K, US); 

Rizal: Bosoboso, Ramos BS 1015 (US); Vidal 3965 (K), 

Laguna: Los Baños, Steiner 512 (PNH, US); 

Laguna: Mt Makiling, Elmer 17887 (K, MO, US), 

Cavite: BS 22535 Ramos & Deroy (K, US); 

Batangas: BS 1831 Ramos (BM, MO), 

Quezon: Atimonan, Quezon National Forest Park, Croat 52994 (MO); 

Quezon: Guinayangan, Hinabaan, PNH 97846 Mendoza (K, PNH), 

Camarines Norte: Basud, Tuaca, Mt Nilisan, PPI 1228 Reynoso et al. (PNH, US); PPI 

1305 Reynoso et al. (PNH, US); 

Camarines Sur: Bicol National Park, c. 1 km from Mapolidan, Sinclair 9530 (E, PNH, 

SING); Camarines Sur: Mt Isarog, PNH 2901 Convocar (MO), 

Albay: Mt Malinao Tuui, Mucado 1670 (K), 

Sorsogon: Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Sulit PNH 3630 (MO); Elmer 14429 (BM, K, MO, US), 

MINDORO: 

Mindoro Oriental: Pola River, PNH 170249 Reed (PNH); BS 28231 Fenix (PNH); 

Mindoro Oriental: Mansalay, Mt Yagaw, E slope, Sulit & Conklin PNH 17686 (BM, K), 

NEGROS: 

Negros Occidental: Mt Canlaon, above Canlaon City, Nicolson 831 (US), 

BILIRAN: BS 18538 McGregor (MO). 

LEYTE: 

Wenzel 510 (BM, E, MO, US); Wenzel 992 (BM, MO). 

SAMAR: 

Western Samar: 4 km W of Barrio Bagacay, about 20 km W of Wright, along Ulat River, 

Nicolson 802 (B, K, US)] 

Catubig River, BS 24304 Ramos (US); 

MINDANAO: 

Davao del Sur: Santa Cruz, Williams 2936 (US). 

Agusan del Norte: Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Elmer 13444 (BM, K, MO, US); 

Agusan del Norte: Butuan, Weber 1049 (US), 

Surigao del Norte, Wenzel 3013 (K, MO); BS 19355 Wester (US). 

15. Pothos Linnaeus 

Revision: 

Boyce, PC & A Hay. 2001. A taxonomic revision of Araceae Tribe Potheae (Pothos, Pothoidium, 

Pedicellarum) for Malesia, Australia and the tropical western Pacific. Teleopea 9: 449-

572. 

Pothos cylindricus C Presl, Epim. Bot. (1849) 243; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 172; --Boyce & A Hay, 

Teleopea 9 (2001) 488, Fig. 13. --Type: Cuming 914 (PRG, holotype; isotype BM, E, FI, G, K, L, 

MO, P). 

Borneo (two records, both from Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi (a single record from 

Morowali prov.). 

LUZON, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Primary and secondary 

lowland to upper hill forest, often in well-drained sites, 40–900m. 

LUZON 

Camarines Sur: Mt Isarog, Madulid 6776 (MO); 

Camarines: Sagnay, BS 22143 Ramos (K, US); 

Albay: Mt Mayon, PNH 121125 Madulid & Reynoso (PNH); 

Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, SE side, near Lake Bulusan, Nicolson 759 (US); 

Sorsogon: FB 12250 Curran (K, US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Juban, PNH 37154 Edaño (BM, K, PNH); 

Sorsogon: Irosin (Mt Bulusan), PNH37822 Edaño & Gutierrez (A, PNH); 

PANAY 

Antique Prov., BS 32451 McGregor (SING); 

NEGROS 

Negros Oriental: Sibulan, Malanggo Sur, PNH 6774 Edaño (PNH); 

LEYTE 

Leyte: Palo, Elmer 7240 (A, E, K); 

Leyte: Wenzel 387 (BM, MO, US); 

Leyte: Barrio Putok, near lumber camp about 22 km SW of Tacloban City, Nicolson 817 

(US); 

SAMAR 

Samar: Oras, Barrio Bantayan, Sitio Kadapnan, PNH 5721 Castro & Añonuevo (A, 

PNH); 

MINDANAO 

Compostela Valley: Compostela, Barrio Maparat, 70 km NE of Davao City, Nicolson 707 

(US); 

Davao: Bagio, Mr Onglionto’s land, Nicolson 713 (US); 

Davao: Mampising, behind Apocon School, Nicolson 720 (US); 

Davao: Mayo Bay, BS 481 Piper (US); 

Davao del Sur: Santa Cruz, Williams 2937 (K, US). 

Pothos dolichophyllus Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 4; --Boyce & A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 495, Fig. 

16; --Pothos rumphii Schott var. dolichophyllus (Merr.) Nicolson, Amer. J. Bot. 54 (1967) 496. 

--Type: BS 23708 Ramos (PNH, holotype, presumed destroyed; isotypes in P, US*). Luzon, 

Sorsogon Prov., Jul-Aug 1915, 

Pothos acuminatissimus Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) 175; EPFP 1 (1922) 172. --Type: BS 24125 Ramos (PNH, 

holotype, presumed destroyed; isotype in US*). Samar, Catubig River at Tagabiran, 10 Feb. 1916, 

LUZON, PALAWAN, LEYTE, SAMAR, CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, MINDANAO. 

Primary to secondary dipterocarp forest in valleys, on slopes and ridges, 110–900m. 

LUZON: 

No precise locality information, Loher 7033 (K); 

Quezon: FB 9656 Curran (US); 

Laguna, Mt Banahaw, Loher 7052 (K); 

Quezon: Lucban, Elmer 9268a (BM, E, K, MO, US);

Quezon: Atimonan, Quezon National Forest Park, Croat 53005 (MO); 

Camarines Sur: Sagnay, BS 22132 Ramos (P, US); 

Camarines Sur: Naga City, Mt Isarog, PPI 8141 Barbon et al. (US); 

Albay: Mayon Volcano, PNH 18238 Mendoza (PNH); 

Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, S side, near Lake Bulusan, Nicolson 758 (US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, pathside around Lake Bulusan, Nicolson 776 (US), Nicolson 777 

(US), Nicolson 778 (US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, above Lake Bulusan, Nicolson 782 (US); 

Sorsogon: Lake Bulusan, Sinclair & Edaño 9616 (E, K, PNH, SING, US); 

Sorsogon: Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Elmer 15854 (A, C, K, MO, P, US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Juban, PNH 37152 Edaño (PNH); 

PALAWAN: 

Taytay, Merrill 9761 (P, US); 

LEYTE: 

Leyte: Wenzel 22 (BM, MO, US); 

Leyte: near lumber camp above Putok River, Nicolson 821 (US); 

SAMAR: 

Mt Purog, PNH 15426 Edaño (PNH); 


Western Samar: Loquilocon Barrio, 10 km W of Wright, Nicolson 804 (PNH, US); 

CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, BS 14707 Ramos (BM, K, US); 

MINDANAO: 

Lanao del Norte: vicinity of Olangu, near Momungan, Zwickey 835 (A). 

Compostela Valley: Compostela, Maparat Barrio, 70 km NE of Davao, Nicolson 699 

(PNH, US); 

Agusan del Norte: Butuan, Weber 1044 (A, US); 

Surigao: Sukailang, PNH 10237 Mendoza & Convocar (A); 

Pothos inaequilaterus (C Presl) Engl., in DC, Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 88; Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 37; --M 

--Scindapsus inaequilaterus C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1851) 240. — [Pothos cumingianus Schott, 

Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5 (1855) 19 (‘cummingianus’) & Aroideae, 24 (1856–1857) t.50 & Prodr. 

Syst. Aroid. (1860) 570–571, nom. superfl. pro P. inaequilaterus]. — Type: Cuming 908 (PRG, 

holo; iso: BM, E, G, K, L, LE, M, P). Luzon: Albay prov., 1841. 

LUZON: Quezon (Atimonan, Quezon National Park), Camarines Norte (Balu, Bicol 

National Park), LEYTE, SAMAR: Western Samar (Wright, Loquilocon), MINDANAO: 

Compostela Valley (Barrio Marapat, 70 km NE of Davao City), Agusan del Norte 

(Butuan, Barrio San Mateo, Sitio Tungao), Surigao del Norte (Mt Kabatuan). Secondary 

forest, 400–900m. 

LUZON: 

Quezon: Atimonan, Quezon National Forest Park, Croat 53004 (MO), 

Camarines Norte: Balu, Bicol National Park, Mabesa 836 (A) 

LEYTE: Wenzel 357 (A, BM, MO, US) 

SAMAR: 

Western Samar: Wright, Barrio Loquilocon, Nicolson 808 (US) 

Catubig River, BS 24474 Ramos (A, BO, K, MO, P, SING, US), 

MINDANAO: 

Compostela Valley: Compostela, Barrio Maparat, 70 km NE of Davao City, Nicolson 708 

(K, PNH, US) 

Agusan del Norte: Tungao logging camp, Villan PNH 98071 (PNH); 

Agusan del Norte: Butuan, Barrio San Mateo, Sitio Tungao, Mendoza PNH 41913 

(SING), Surigao del Norte: Wenzel 3056 (A, BO, K, MO);

Surigao del Norte: Mt Kabatuan, PNH 10533 Mendoza & Convocar (PNH, SING). 

Pothos insignis Engl., Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 4 (1879) 267; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1881) 180; 

Pflanzenreich 21(IV.23B) (1905) 39–40; --Boyce & Poulsen, Kew Bull. 49 (1994) 523–528; --Boyce 

& A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 508, Fig. 41. --Type from Sarawak. 

[Pothos basilanensis Furtado, nom. nud. in sched. BM]. 

Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah), Philippines. 

PALAWAN, BASILAN. Lianescent, hemi-epiphytic or lithophytic trunk or treelet climber 

at base of ridges or near rivers in primary to disturbed primary mixed dipterocarp forest 

on shales or limestone, 10–1200m. 

PALAWAN: 

Bualbualan, PNH 6043 Alcacid (A); 

Chromite Mine site, S. Dransfield & Madulid 1048 (K); 

Penigisan, Ølsen 355 (C); 

Puerto Princesa, Irawan River valley, base of Mt Beaufort at Tatanarom, Soejarto & 

Madulid 6117 (A); 

Singnapan, Ransang, PNH 126215 Vendivil & San Juan (UKMB, PNH). 

BASILAN: BS 15435 Reillo (BM, K, US); 

Pothos luzonensis (C Presl) Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5 (1855) 19; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

173; --Engl. in A & C DC, Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 93–94 & in Engl., Pflanzenreich 21(IV.23B) 

(1905) 42–43; --Boyce & A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 550, Fig. 47; --Goniurus luzonensis C Presl, 

Epimel. Bot. (1851) 244. –Type: Cuming 1045 (PRG, holo; iso BM, E, G, K, L, LE, M, MO, P). 

Luzon, Albay Prov., 1841. 

LUZON, SAMAR. Dense hill to upper hill forest, 700–1100m. 

LUZON: 

Ilocos Norte: Mt Semenublan, E of Nueva Era, Iwatsuki et al. 234 (AAU, BKF, C, K, 

KYO, L, MO, PNH); Ilocos Norte: Mt Semenublan, E of Nueva Era, Iwatsuki et al. 243 

(BKF, C, K, KYO, L, MO, PNH, SING); Ilocos Norte: Mt Tagki, Nueva Era, PNH 121685 

Vendivil & Reynoso (K, PNH); 

Abra: Massisiat, Mt Portoc, Sitio Garau, PNH 1660 Alcasid et al. (A, K, PNH); 

Zambales: Mt Marangay, BS 44533 Ramos & Edaño (BO, L, LE, SING); 

Bataan: FB 5948 Curran (US); 

Rizal: Montalban, Loher 7036 (K, US); Loher 7037 (K, US); 

Rizal: Balacbac, BS 13067 Loher (P); 

Quezon: Kinatakutan, FB 30841 Oro (SING); 

Camarines: BS 1529 Ramos (A, BM, L, MO, SING); 

Camarines Sur: Mt Isarog, Vidal 3967 (A, K). 

SAMAR: 

Mt Catubig, Wright, Sulit PNH 6399 (L); 

Pothos ovatifolius Engl., Pflanzenreich 21 (iv.23B) (1905) 40; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 173; --Boyce & 

A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 497, Fig. 17. --Type: Vidal 3969 (K, holotype). Luzon, Albay, Mar 1886. 

Pothos merrillii K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 657. --Type: Merrill BS 7211 (B, holo). Siquijor, Sept 

1910. 

Sumatra (P. Simeulue, Benkulu, P. Enggano), Peninsular Malaysia (P. Tioman), Borneo 

(Sarawak, Sabah), Philippines. 

LUZON: Quezon (Mt Binuang; Mt Pular; Lucban; Atimonan, Quezon National Park; Mt 

Cadig), Camarines Sur (Mt Isarog), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan; Mt Juban), PALAWAN (Lake 

Manguao; Penigisan), BALABAC (Dalawan Bay), NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos 

Mtns), SIQUIJOR, BOHOL, LEYTE (Cabalian; near lumber camp above Barrio Putok, 

c. 22km SW of Tacloban City), SAMAR: Catubig River; Western Samar (Wright,

Loquilocon), BASILAN (Lamitan), MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (vicinity of Dansalan- 

Ramain Road; vicinity of Olangu near Momungan), South Cotabato (Koronadal, Taplan/ 

Lamsoal, Miasong, Tupi), . Davao del Norte (Hijo, Odell Plantation), Agusan del Norte 

(Butuan, Barrio San Mateo, Sitio Tungao, Ojot River, km 22; Mt Urdaneta). Primary to 

degraded secondary lowland to lower montane forest, 70-1400m. 

LUZON: 

Quezon: Mt Binuang, BS 28549 Ramos & Edaño (BO, P, US); 

Quezon: Mt Pular, BS 19367 Ramos (US); 

Quezon: Lucban, Elmer 9243 (E, K, MO, US); 

Quezon: Atimonan, Quezon National Forest Park, 25 km E of Lucena, Soejarto et al. 

7823 (A, MO); Croat 52982 (MO); 

Quezon: Mt Cadig, PNH 40154 Edaño (BM, K); 

Camarines Sur: Covangcognon, Pili, Mt Isarog, PNH 2892 Convocar (A); 

Sorsogon: FB 12247 Curran (US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Juban, PNH 37200 Edaño (BM, K, PNH); PNH 75424 Ramos & Edaño 

(SING); Sorsogon: Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Elmer 15204 (A, BM, BO, C, K, MO, P, US); 

Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, SE side, along path around Lake Bulusan, Nicolson 762 (B, K, 

US); Sorsogon: Mt Bulusan, along road to Bulusan Lake, vicinity of crossing, PNH 2623 

Sulit (PNH); 

PALAWAN: 

Taytay, Lake Manguao (Danay), valley stream leading into NNW bay of lake, Ridsdale 

SMHI 362 (BO); 


BALABAC: Dalawan Bay, Ølsen 540 (C); 

NEGROS: 

Negros Oriental, Dumaguete (Cuernos Mtns), Elmer 9618 (BM, BO, E, K, MO, US); 

BOHOL: BS 42820 Ramos (BO, K, P); 

LEYTE: 

Cabalian, BS 41549 Ramos (BO, P, SING, US); 

near lumber camp above Putok Barrio, c. 22 km SW of Tacloban City, Nicolson 819 (K, 

US); 

SAMAR: 


Wright, Barrio Loquilocon, Nicolson 806 (PNH, US); 

BASILAN: 

Lamitan, Bureau of Animal Husbandry Breeding Station, E side of Banis Malsony, JV 

Santos 4154 (US); 

MINDANAO: 

Lanao del Sur: vicinity of Dansalan-Ramain road, Zwickey 171 (A); 

Lanao del Norte: vicinity of Olangu, near Momungan, Zwickey 714 (A). 

South Cotabato: Koronadal, Taplan/Lamsoal, Miasong, Tupi, PPI 5443 Gaerlan et al. 

(US); Davao del Norte, Hijo, Odell Plantation, PNH 33692 Gachalian (L, PNH); 

Agusan del Norte: Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Elmer 14014 (A, E, BO, MO, US); 

Agusan del Norte: Butuan, Barrio San Mateo, Sitio Tungao, Ojot River, km 22, PNH 

42452 Mendoza (PNH, US). 

Pothos philippinensis Engl., Pflanzenreich 21 (iv.23B) (1905) 315; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 173. – 

Type: FB 369 Barnes (B, lectotype, selected by Boyce & A Hay, 2001; isolectotype US*). Luzon: 

Bataan prov., Lamao River, Mar. 1904, Engler cited two conspecific syntypes. The second is 

Whitford 341 (K, US). Luzon: Bataan prov., Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, May 1904. The specimen

chosen as lectotype is a fertile one annotated with this name by Engler. 

Pothos peninsularis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3628 [non Alderw. (1920)], not validly published; no Latin descr. 

--Voucher: Elmer 17050 (A, MO, NY*). Luzon, Sorsogon Prov., Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Aug. 1916. 

LUZON: Apayao, Isabela (Divilacan; Palanan), Nueva Ecija (Mt Umingan), Bulacan 

(Angat), Bataan (Lamao), Rizal, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), PALAWAN (Penigisan; Mt 

Pulgar), SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting). Lowland to hill, primary to secondary rainforest, 

20–650m. 

LUZON: 

Apayao:,BS 28190 Fénix (BM, K, P, US) 

Isabela: Divilacan, Barangay Bicobian, lower slopes of Tan-awan ridge, c. 15 km NW of 

Palanan Point, L Co 3548 (A, K, L, PNH, US); 

Isabela: Palanan, Barangay Dimapnat, ISU 556 Ridsdale et al. (K, L); 

Nueva Ecija: Mt Umingan, BS 26414 Ramos & Edaño (US); 

Bulacan: Angat, BS 34031 Ramos & Edaño (SING); 

Bataan: Lamao River, Mt Mariveles, Williams 486 (A, K, US). 

Bataan: Lamao Forest Reserve, BS 1640 Foxworthy (A, BO, K, US); 

‘Manila’ (actually, Rizal prov., E of Manila), Loher 2457 (K); 

Sorsogon: Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Aug. 1916. 

PALAWAN: 


Puerto Princesa (Mt Pulgar) Elmer 13039 (E); 

SIBUYAN: Mt Giting-giting, Madulid 6913 (A, PNH); 

Pothos scandens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 698; --Boyce & A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 461, Fig. 1 & 2. 

Pothos hermaphroditus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 90; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 172; --Backer & 

Bakh.f., Fl. Java, 3 (1968) 104; --Batis hermaphrodita Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed.1 (1837) 791. --Type: 

Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 57 (K, neotype, designated by Boyce, 2000). Luzon, Laguna Prov., Mt 

Makiling, Nov. 1912. 

Pothos longifolius C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1849) 242; --Schott, Aroideae (1856–1857) 22, t.34 & Prodr. Syst. 

Aroid. (1860) 563–564; --Engl. in A & C DC, Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 82–83 & in Engl., 

Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 25, nom. illeg., non Pothos longifolius Hoffmans., Verz. Pfl. 102: 

Nachtr. 3 (1826) 53 (Mexico) nec Pothos longifolius Link & Otto ex Steud., Nom. ed. 2 (1841) 391 

(Venezuela). --Type: Cuming 682 (PRG, holo; iso BM, E, G, K, P)]. Luzon: Quezon prov. 

Widespread from Madagascar, through India and the Himalaya to SW China, S through 

Indochina. In Malesia: Sumatra (only known from P. Simeulue), Peninsular Malaysia, 

Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan), Java, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser 

Sunda Isls (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa), and Moluccas (Sula Isls, Seram, Mangole, 

Ambon). On trees and rocks in primary and secondary wet to dry lowland to hill 

evergreen tropical to subtropical forest, occasionally on sea cliffs, in hedges or scrub or 

in coconut plantations, on a variety of substrates including clay, limestone and granite. 

Sea-level to 1000m. 

LUZON: 

‘Manila’, Barthe s.n. (P); Callery s.n. (P); Gaudichaud s.n. (P); 

Zambales: Mt Pinatubo, PNH 4722 Fox (A, PNH); 

Bataan: Morong, Vidal 1990 (A, K); 

Rizal: BS 4 Ramos (US); 

Rizal: BS 13622 Ramos (BM, MO, US); 

Rizal: BS 19211 Reillo (BM, K, P, US); 

Rizal: Bosoboso, BA 2792 Merrill (BM, K, P, US); 

Rizal: Loher 7044 (K); Loher 7045 (K); Loher BS 14778 (A);

Laguna: Laguna: Los Baños, Elmer 9412 (E, K); near Banos Luconia (=Los Baños), 

Wilkes s.n. (A). 

Laguna: Los Baños, path along Molawin Creek between Colleges of Agriculture and 

Forestry, Laguna: Los Baños (Mt Makiling), Elmer 18005 (A, C, BM, K, MO, P, US); 

Gonzalez 1667 (K); PNH 7071 Sulit (A, PNH); Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 57 (A, BM, K, MO, 

P, US); Nicolson 748 (US); 

Laguna: Mt Makiling, Sitio Kalbano, above Forestry College, Lagrimas PNH 9715 (A); 

Laguna: Mt Makiling, path near Mud Springs, Nicolson 840 (US); 

Batangas, Mt Makiling, Vidal 1989 (A, K); 

Laguna: FB 24911 Mabesa (P); 

Camarines Sur: NE Isarog, Vidal 3966 (A, K); 

Albay: Daraga, Vidal 1950 (K); 

MINDORO: 

Mindoro Oriental: N coast, Subaan River inland from San Teodoro, Coode 5378 (K, L, 

PNH); 

Mindoro Oriental: Mt Halcon, PNH 3382 Edaño (A, PNH); 

Mindoro Oriental: Mansalay, Mt Yagaw, S slope, PNH18976 Conklin (A, PNH); 

LEYTE: 

Leyte, Wenzel 265 (MO); 

Leyte, Mainit, PNH 170403 Celis (PNH); 

SAMAR: 

Samar, Catubig River, BS 24475 Ramos (BM, K, P, US); 

MINDANAO: 

Davao: Copeland 959 (US); 

Pothos tener Wall., in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 454 ‘tenera’; --Boyce & A Hay, Teleopea 9 (2001) 490, 

Fig. 14, 15. 

Pothos rumphii (C Presl) Schott, Aroideae 1 (1853) 24; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 173. 

Pothos tener Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 454 (‘tenera’). — Scindapsus arborum C Presl, Epimel. Bot. 

(1851) 242. — Scindapsus tener (Wall.) C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1851) 242. —[Pothos gracilis Roxb., Fl. Ind. 

1 (1820) 454; Schott, Aroideae (1856–1857) 24, t.52 & Prodr. Syst. Aroid. (1860) 572–573; Miq., Flora Ned. 

Indië 3 (1856) 181–182; Engl. in A. & C. DC, Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 91–92, nom. illeg., non Pothos gracilis 

Rudge (1805)]. — Type: Adpendix arborum Rumph., Herb. Amb. 5 (1747) t.181, fig.2, see below. 

Pothos rumphii Schott in Schott & Endl., Melet. Bot. (1832) 21 & Aroideae (1856–1857) 24 & Prodr. Syst. 

Aroid. (1860) 572; Engl. in A. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 2 (1879) 89–90 & Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 4 (1879) 

267 & in Becc., Malesia 1 (1882) 263 & Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 4; K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. 

Südsee (1901) 210; Engl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 38–39, Fig.16; Engl. & K Krause, Nova 

Guinea 8 (1910) 247; Merr., Enum. Philippine Pl. 1 (1922) 173; Elmer, Leafl. Philippine Bot. 10(133) (1938) 

3628; Hay in Johns & Hay, Stud. Guide Monocot. Papua New Guinea 1 (1981) fig.28; Peekel ex Henty, Fl. 

Bismarck Archipelago (1984) 66, fig.108; Hay, Aroids of Papua New Guinea (1990) fig.33; Hay, Blumea 

40 (1995) 402–404. — Scindapsus rumphii (Schott) C Presl, Epimel. Bot. (1851) 242. — Type: Adpendix 

porcellanica Rumph., Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) t.182, fig.1. 

Pothos rumphii Schott var. giganteus Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 4; K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. 

Schutzgeb. Südsee (1901) 210; Engl. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 21 (IV.23B) (1905) 38–39; Engl. & K Krause, 

Nova Guinea 8 (1910) 247. — Type: Papua New Guinea, Madang Prov., Gogol River, Lauterbach 932 

(SING, lecto, selected by Hay (1995)). 

[Pothos insignis auctt. non Engl. Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 4 (1879) 267: Engl. in K. Schum. 

& Hollrung, Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 19 & in K. Schum., Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. 

& Mus. Berl.-Dahlem 2 (1898) 99; Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 267.]. 

16. Rhaphidophora Hasskarl 

Revision: 

Boyce, PC. 2000. The Genus Rhaphidophora Hassk. (Araceae-Monteroideae-Montereae) in the 

Philippines. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 52: 213-256.

Rhaphidophora acuminata Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 265; EPFP 1 (1922) 175. --Type: Wenzel 

1139 (MO, PNH lost). 

Rhaphidophora lagunensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3072; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 175. --Type: Elmer 17812 

(BM, FI, K, L, MO, PNH lost) 

LUZON: LAGUNA, BATANGAS, SORSOGON, LEYTE. Primary forests from low 

altitudes to 1100m. 

Rhaphidophora banosensis PC Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 222, Fig. 2; --Rhaphidophora 

stenophylla Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3073, nom. illeg.; non K Krause (1912); --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

176. --Type: Elmer 18449 (MO, PNH lost). 

LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling). Forest margins at low altitudes. 

Rhaphidophora cretosa Boyce, Gard. Bull. Sing. 52 (2000) 228. 

Scindapsus fragilis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3702. --Type: Elmer 13658 (K, MO, NY, PNH lost) 

Philippines. 

Rhaphidophora elmeri Engl. & K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44, Beibl. 101 (1910) 11; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 175. -- 

LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns). Forests at 

medium altitudes. 

Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1 (1863) 129. –Type: 

Rhaphidophora copelandii Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 115; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 175. --Type: 

Copeland 1193 (B, PNH lost) 

Rhaphidophora grandifolia K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44, Beibl. 101 (1910) 11; --Merr., EPFP 1 1922) 175. 

--Type: Elmer 9464 (B, K, LE, MO, PNH lost) 

Rhaphidophora palawanensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 451; EPFP 4 (1924) 247. --Type: Merrill 11570. 

Palawan. 

LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, PALAWAN, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos 

Mtns), MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Forests and thickets, 400-1600m.. 

Rhaphidophora liukiuensis Hatusima, Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 20 (1962) 57, Fig. 1. 

Ryukyus (Yaeyama), Taiwan (Lanyu) and the Philippines: BATAN: Mt Iraya, in thickets, 

300m. Locally frequent. Hatusima 28919. 

Rhaphidophora monticola K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44, Beibl. 101 (1910) 12; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 176. --Type: Elmer 10098 (BM FI, K, L, LE, MO, PNH lost) 

Rhaphidophora bulusanensis Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3630. --Type: Elmer 16790 (FI, K, L, NY, MO, 

PNH lost) 

LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, NEGROS, LEYTE. Primary forests, ascending into the 

mossy forest, 700-1200m. 

Rhaphidophora perkinsae Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 115; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 176 

as ‘perkinsiae’. --Type: Loher 2458 (K), 2459 (K), 2460 (K), Elmer 6305 (K, NY, PNH lost). 

LUZON: Benguet, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon. In primary forests on trees and in 

thickets about limestone cliffs and boulders, altitude 1000-1600m. 

Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 37 (iv.23B) (1908) 137; -- Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 1 

Rhaphidophora rigida K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 657; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 176. --Type: Elmer 

10220 (B, K, NY, MO, PNH lost) 

LUZON: Sorsogon, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Lanao, Agusan. Forests from the 

lowlands to c. 1250m. 

Rhaphidophora todayensis K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 658; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922)

176. --Type: Elmer 10849 (B, BM, FI, K, L, NY, MO, PNH lost) 

MINDORO, MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo, Todaya). Forests at low altitudes. 

Status--- 

Rhaphidophora sylvestris (Blume) Engl. in DC, Monog. Phan. 2 (1879) 239;--Merr., EPFP 4 (1925) 

248. 

Java, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea. PALAWAN: BS 15527 Fenix. 

17. Schismatoglottis Zollinger & Moritzi 

Revision: 

Hay, A & Yuzammi. 2000. Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) in Malesia I. Telopea 9 (1): 1-177. 

Schismatoglottis bogneri A Hay, Telopea 9 (2000) 105. –Type: J Bogner 1629 (M, holo; iso K). 

Luzon: Ifugao prov., near Banawe, 22 June 1983. 

LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya (Dupax), Laguna (Mt Makiling), MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental (Puerto 

Galera). Forest edges, along trail, low altitudes to 1500m. 

Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (1846) 83; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 181; --A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 106; --Calla calyptrata Roxb., Fl. Ind. 3 (1842) 

514. –Type: Arisarum esculentum Rump., Herb. Amboin. 5 (1747) t. 111, Fig. 1 (Lecto, selected by 

A Hay, 1996). –Epitype: Zippelius sn (L, designated by A Hay, 2000) from Moluccas, Ambon. 

SW China to Indochina eastward to Vanuatu, throughout Malesia except for extremely 

seasonal areas. 

LUZON: Bataan, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas (Mt Mukulod), Quezon, Albay, ALABAT, 

CATANDUANES (San Miguel, Tagbak), PANAY, LEYTE, SAMAR (Mt Sarawag; Catubig 

River), MINDANAO: Compostela Valley, Agusan (Esperanza), Davao (Mt McKinley; Mt 

Apo), South Cotabato (Koronadal; Mt Matutum). Lowland and lower montane forests, 

usually along forest edges and stream banks, damp cliffs and other wet and well-drained 

sites. 

Schismatoglottis edanoi Hay, Telopea 9 (2000) 121. --Type: PNH 15317 Edaño (GH, holo; iso L). 

Samar: Mt Sarawag, forest on ridgetop altitude c. 150m, 3 December 1951. 

SAMAR. Known only from the type locality. 

Schismatoglottis luzonensis Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 88, not 121 (=S. plurivenia). 

--Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182, pro parte, excluding BS 30875 (=S plurivenia Alderw.); --A Hay & 

Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 128. --Type: Merrill 5047 (PNH, holo, presumably lost). Neotype 

(designated by A Hay & Yuzammi, 2000): BS 75547 Ramos & Edano (NY, SING, UC). 

Catanduanes. 

LUZON: Rizal (Montalban), Quezon (Guinayangan, Hinakaan), Camarines Sur 

(Kamugong River), CATANDUANES, PANAY: Capiz (Agsaman River; Jamindan), 

BOHOL, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (vicinity of Tanculan). On boulders and steep 

embankments along forest streams, low altitudes up to 300m. 

Schismatoglottis merrillii Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 89; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182; 

--A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 129. --Type: BS 12679 Fenix (PNH, holo, lost; B, lecto 

(designated by A Hay & Yuzammi, 2000), isolecto B, BM, K, US*). Luzon: Benguet prov., Sablang 

(=Sablan), November 1910. 

Schismatoglottis ramosii Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 98; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182. 

--Type (fide Hay & Yuzammi, 2000): as in S. merrillii. 

Schismatoglottis rizalensis Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 100. --Type: FB 3351 Ahern’s collector 

(B, holo; K*, US*, iso). Luzon: Rizal prov. 

LUZON: Abra (Massisiat), Mountain Province, Benguet (Baguio; Sablan), Rizal 

(Montalban; Arambibi), Quezon (Guinayangan, Hinakaan). Cliffs and ledges along forest

streams, from low altitude (in S Luzon) to 1200-1800m in the highlands of N Luzon. 

Schismatoglottis mindanaoana Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 103; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 182; --A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 130. --Syntype: MS Clemens 1225, Merrill 

7320, 

Elmer 11753. None survives at B, rest cited as at BS Manila, presumed lost; duplicates not yet 

located. –Neotype: Elmer 13489 (designated by Hay & Yuzammi, 2000), isoneo BO, G, GH, K, L, 

NY, U, UC). Mindanao: Agusan del Norte prov., Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. 

MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Davao (Mt Apo), Agusan del Norte (Mt 

Urdaneta; Agusan River), Surigao del Norte (Mt Kabatuan). Lithophytic along small 

forest streams, lithophytic (but not rheophytic), low and medium altitudes up to 800m. 

Schismatoglottis plurivenia Alderw., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ser. 3, 4 (1922) 209; --A Hay & 

Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 139. --Type: FB 1243 Borden (B, holo; iso NY, US). Luzon: Bataan 

prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, June 1904. 

Schismatoglottis luzonensis Engl., Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 121, not 88; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

182, excluding Merrill 5047. 

Schismatoglottis latifolia auct. non Miq.: Engl. Pflanzenreich 55 (iv.23Da) (1912) 117, pro parte, quoad 

specim. cit. Philipp.; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182 (both as ‘var. viridis Engl.’, i.e. nom. superfl. pro 

var. typ.); --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3634. 

Alocasia merrillii Engl. & K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54, Beibl. 118 (1916) 124; --K Krause & Engl., 

Pflanzenreich 71 (iv.23E) (1920) 79, non Schismatoglottis merrillii Engl. (1912). –Type: Merrill 8072 

(B, holo). Mindanao: Zamboanga. 

Schismatoglottis cardiophylla Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 136. --Type: BS 45387 Ramos & Edaño 

(PNH, holo, presumed lost; iso K*, NY*, UC, US*). Luzon: Aurora prov., Casiguran, 11 June 1905. 

Philippines, Talaud Isls, C Sulawesi. 

LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, Aurora (Casiguran), Zambales (Mt Pinatubo), Pampanga (Mt 

Abu), Bataan (Mt Mariveles, Lamao River), Rizal (Mt Lumutan), Laguna (Mt Makiling), 

Schismatoglottis pusilla Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1 (1881) 184; --A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 

(2000) 142. --Type: Jagor 1018a (B, holo). Leyte. 

Schismatoglottis irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3632 (invalid name, no Latin). Based on: Elmer 14594 

(BM, G, K, L, U, UC, US). 

Schismatoglottis hastata Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3701 (invalid name, no Latin). Based on: Elmer 17828 (K, 

GH, NY*). 

LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Irosin, Mt Bulusan), CATANDUANES: 

Catanduanes (Masangasibaki), PANAY: Antique (Mt Balingaso, 10km NE of Libertad), 

Capiz (Jamindan), LEYTE. Wet places in forest floor, altitude 350-1000m. 

Schismatoglottis samarensis A Hay in A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 143. --Type: PNH 

6043 Sulit (GH, holo). Samar: Western Samar prov., Loquilocon, April-May 1948. 

SAMAR. Known from two collections. Primary rainforest, possibly on limestone, altitude 

c. 100m. 

Schismatoglottis warburgiana Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25 (1898) 20; --Engl. Pflanzenreich 55 

(iv.23Da) (1912) 90, Fig. 57; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 182; --A Hay & Yuzammi, Telopea 9 (2000) 

159. –Type: Warburg 14605 (B, holo, 2 sheets). Mindanao: Davao prov., Sagapan 

MINDANAO: Davao. Known only from the type collection. Lowland hill forest with ebony, 

altitude c. 600m. 

18. Scindapsus Schott 

Scindapsus curranii Engl. & K Krause, Pflanzenreich 37 (iv.23B) (1908) 138; --Merr., EPFP 1 

(1922) 178. --Type: FB 8014 Curran & Merritt (B, PNH lost), FB 8027 Curran & Merritt (PNH 

lost). 

Philippines.

Scindapsus cuscuaria (Aublet) C Presl, Epim. Bot. (1849) 242. 

Java (naturalized), Philippines (naturalized) 

Scindapsus falcifolius K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 37 (1905) 119; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 178. 

--Type from Sulawesi. 

Sulawesi. Not accredited to the Philippines in Hay et al. (1995) checklist. Merrill cites a 

Warburg specimen from JOLO (B). 

Scindapsus hederaceus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 185; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 178. 

S Vietnam, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sabah), Java, Philippines. 

Scindapsus philippinensis K Krause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45 (1911) 660. --Type: Merrill PNH 7303 

(B, PNH lost) 

Scindapsus pictus Hassk., Flora 25 (2), Beibl. 1 (1842) 11. 

Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, Kalimantan), 

Philippines, Sulawesi, Java. 

LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, NEGROS, LEYTE. In primary forests at 

low altitudes. 

19. Spathiphyllum Schott 

Revision: 

Nicolson, DH. 1968. The genus Spathiphyllum in the East Malesian and West Pacific islands. 

Blumea 16: 119-121. 

Spathiphyllum commutatum Schott, Osterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7 (1857) 158; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 

178. 

Pacific islands, New Guinea (Papua), Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines. 

LUZON: Isabela, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, POLILLO, BILIRAN, 

MINDORO, LEYTE, MINDANAO. In damp primary forests at low and medium altitudes. 

20. Typhonium Schott 

Revision: 

Hay, A. 1993. The genus Typhonium (Araceae-Areae) in Australasia. Blumea 37: 345-376. 

Sriboonma, D., J. Murata & K. Iwatsuki. 1994. A revision of Typhonium (Araceae). Journal of the 

Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo Sect. 3, 15: 255-314. 

Typhonium blumei Nicolson & Sivadasan, Blumea 27 (1981) 494. 

Introduced in Australia, Sulawesi, Philippines and elsewhere. 

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 134; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 187. 

Australia, New Guinea (Papua), Lesser Sunda Isls, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, 

Philippines. 

Typhonium roxburghii Schott, Aroideae 2 (1855) t. 17. 

Typhonium divaricatum (L.) Decne. Var. motleyanum (Schott) Engl., in DC. Monog. Phan. 2 (1879) 612; -- 

Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 187. 

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, Kalimantan), Sulawesi, 

Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea (Papua). Introduced in the Philippines.

Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott, Wien. Zeitschr. Für Kunst, Literatur, Theater, Mode (23 rd June 

1829) 732. 

Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines (Introduced) 

Genera represented by non escaping cultivated elements only: 

Anthurium 

Monstera 

Philodendron 

Syngonium 

Zantedeschia

Family 23. ARACEAE 1. Aglaonema Schott var. commutatum ...

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