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<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research<br />
REPORT 99<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
A Biodiversity Survey<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
2003
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research<br />
REPORT 99<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Staddon, S., Bracebridge, C., Fanning, E., & Howell, K.M. (eds)<br />
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism,<br />
Tanzania<br />
Wildlife Division<br />
WWF Tanzania Programme Office<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
University of Dar es Salaam<br />
Society for Environmental Exploration<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
2003
Report citation:<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania (2003) <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>: A biodiversity survey.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Enviromental Research Report 99. Society for Environmental<br />
Exploration UK, University of Dar es Salaam, Wildlife Division and WWF Tanzania<br />
Programme Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<br />
Section citation:<br />
Staddon S. & Bracebridge C. (2003). Results of mid-altitude miombo woodland. In<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>: A Biodiversity Survey. pp 7-11.<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
Enviromental Research Report 99. Society for Environmental Exploration UK,<br />
University of Dar es Salaam, Wildlife Division and WWF Tanzania Programme<br />
Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<br />
Staddon S. & Bracebridge C. (2003). Results of Afro-montane forest grassland mosaic: In<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>: A Biodiversity Survey pp.12-15. <strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
Enviromental Research Report 99. Society for Environmental Exploration UK,<br />
University of Dar es Salaam, Wildlife Division and WWF Tanzania Programme Office,<br />
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<br />
Staddon S. & Bracebridge C. (2003). Discusion and Re<strong>co</strong>mmendations: In<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>: A Biodiversity Survey pp.12 –15. <strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
Enviromental Research Report 99. Society for Environmental Exploration UK,<br />
University of Dar es Salaam, Wildlife Division and WWF Tanzania Programme Office,<br />
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<br />
Staddon S. & Bracebridge C. (2003). Conclusions: In <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>:<br />
A Biodiversity Survey pp. 22.<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Enviromental Research Report 99.<br />
Society for Environmental Exploration UK, University of Dar es Salaam, Wildlife<br />
Division and WWF Tanzania Programme Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<br />
The <strong>Frontier</strong>-Tanzania Environmental Research Report Series is published by:<br />
The Society for Environmental Exploration<br />
50-52 Rivington Street<br />
London, EC2A 3QP<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Tel: +44 (0)20 7613 3061<br />
Fax: +44 (0)20 7613 2992<br />
Email: research@frontier.ac.<strong>uk</strong><br />
Web Page: www.frontier.ac.<strong>uk</strong><br />
ISSN 1479-1161 (Print)<br />
ISSN 1748-3670 (Online)<br />
ISSN 1748-5124 (CD-ROM)<br />
© <strong>Frontier</strong>-Tanzania 2003, 2005
Worldwide Fund For Nature – Tanzanian Programme Office (WWF-TPO)<br />
The Worldwide Fund for Nature – Tanzanian Programme Office is a non-profit organisation, whose larger<br />
<strong>co</strong>unterpart WWF works worldwide on a range of <strong>co</strong>nservation, environmental and <strong>co</strong>mmunity-based<br />
projects. WWF-TPO has been working in the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> since July 2001, in<br />
<strong>co</strong>llaboration with the Wildlife Division, District <strong>co</strong>uncils of Njombe and Makete and local <strong>co</strong>mmunities, to<br />
establish and facilitate an effective management system for this newly gazetted area. It aims to support<br />
e<strong>co</strong>logical monitoring and research of the game reserve, initiatives to boost the e<strong>co</strong>nomy of local<br />
<strong>co</strong>mmunities and to reduce unsustainable use of natural resources within the reserve. WWF-TPO will work<br />
in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> until June 2005.<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> (Wildlife Division)<br />
The <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, located in the Southern highlands of Tanzania, was gazetted on 21 st<br />
August 2002, in re<strong>co</strong>gnition of it’s value as a water catchment area and it’s high biodiversity of flora and<br />
fauna. It <strong>co</strong>vers an area of 1,574 km 2 and an altitudinal range of 1 080m asl – 2 858m asl with two main<br />
habitat types, afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic and mid-altitude miombo woodland. It is managed by<br />
the Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, with initial support from WWF-TPO to<br />
implement effect management strategies.<br />
The University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM)<br />
The University of Dar es Salaam was established in July 1970 as a centre for learning and research in the<br />
arts and the physical, natural, earth, marine, medical and human sciences. The University is surveying and<br />
mapping the flora and fauna of Tanzania and is <strong>co</strong>nducting research into the maintenance and improvement<br />
of the environment and the sustainable exploitation of Tanzania’s natural resources.<br />
The Society for Environmental Exploration (SEE)<br />
The Society is a non-profit making <strong>co</strong>mpany limited by guarantee and was formed in 1989. The Society’s<br />
objectives are to advance field research into environmental issues and implement practical projects<br />
<strong>co</strong>ntributing to the <strong>co</strong>nservation of natural resources. Projects organised by The Society are joint initiatives<br />
developed in <strong>co</strong>llaboration with national research agencies in <strong>co</strong>-operating <strong>co</strong>untries.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Forest Research Programme (FT FRP)<br />
The Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam have been <strong>co</strong>nducting<br />
<strong>co</strong>llaborative research into environmental issues since July 1989 under the title of <strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania, of<br />
which one <strong>co</strong>mponent is the <strong>Frontier</strong>-Tanzania Forest Research Programme (FT FRP). Biological field<br />
surveys were <strong>co</strong>nducted in the <strong>co</strong>astal forests from 1989 to 1994, in the East Usambara mountains in<br />
<strong>co</strong>llaboration with EUCAMP, Tanga from 1995-2002, the Udzungwa mountains in <strong>co</strong>llaboration with<br />
MEMA, Iringa 1999-2001 and has <strong>co</strong>mmenced activities in the Mahenge mountains 2003.<br />
FOR MORE INFORMATION:<br />
Department of Zoology & Marine Biology<br />
University of Dar es Salaam<br />
P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
Tel: 255-22-2410462<br />
E-mail: zoology@udsm.ac.tz<br />
WWF-Tanzania Programme Office<br />
P.O. Box 63117, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,<br />
Tel: 255-22-2775346<br />
E-mail: tzrep@wwftz.org<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania<br />
P.O. Box 9473, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
Tel: 255-22-2700729<br />
E-mail: frontier@twiga.<strong>co</strong>m<br />
Society for Environmental Exploration<br />
50-52 Rivington Street, London, U.K.<br />
Tel: +44 20 76 13 30 61<br />
Fax: +44 20 76 13 29 92<br />
E-mail: research@frontier.ac.<strong>uk</strong><br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
P.O. Box 66, Illembula, Njombe<br />
District, Tanzania,<br />
Tel: 255-26-2730089<br />
E-mail: mpangawildlife@yahoo.<strong>co</strong>m
<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
Table of Contents .....................................................................................................................................................................iii<br />
Executive Summary..................................................................................................................................................................iii<br />
Foreward .....................................................................................................................................................................................iii<br />
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................iii<br />
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
2. Study Site............................................................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
2.1 Location ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
2.2 Geology and terrain.................................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
2.3 Climate....................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
2.4 History and status..................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
3. Methodology...................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
3.1 Flora ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
3.2 Fauna.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
3.3 Human resource-use................................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
4. Results................................................................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
4.1 Mid-altitude miombo woodland............................................................................................................................. 3<br />
4.2 Afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic................................................................................................................. 3<br />
5. Discussion and Re<strong>co</strong>mmendations ................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
5.1 Flora................................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
5.2 Fauna................................................................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
5.3 Human resource-use....................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
6. Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
7. Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 1: Taxonomic verifications.................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 2: Summary of sampling effort of each survey technique employed............................................................. 3<br />
Appendix 3: Summary of weather <strong>co</strong>nditions during each fieldwork phase................................................................... 3<br />
2a. Dry season phase:........................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
2b. Wet season phase:........................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 4: Summary details of worksite bases/zoological trapsites.............................................................................. 3<br />
Appendix 5: Summary details of vegetation plots............................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 6: Summary details of transects used to detect animal signs and human resource-use. ............................. 3<br />
6a. Dry Season....................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
6b. Wet Season ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 7: Vegetative Data................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 8: Mammal Data...................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 10: Reptile Data....................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 11: Amphibian Data................................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
Appendix 12: Butterfly Data.................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Appendix 13: Sketch map of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. ............................................................................. 3<br />
Appendix 14: Images of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> ...................................................................................... 3<br />
TABLE OF FIGURES AND TABLES<br />
Table 1 Summary of biodiversity taxa surveyed.........................................................................................................................iii<br />
Table 2 A summary of fauna re<strong>co</strong>rded in mid-altitude miombo woodlands of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
(refer to Appendix 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) .................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
Table 3 Summary results of a pole and timber cutting survey across miombo woodlands of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
<strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>............................................................................................................................................................................. 3<br />
Table 4 A summary of fauna re<strong>co</strong>rded in the afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong>. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Table 5 Summary results of a pole and timber cutting survey within forest-grassland mosaic of the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. ........................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
Table 6 A summary of floral diversity re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>................................. 3<br />
Table 7 A summary of faunal diversity and species of biological or <strong>co</strong>nservation interest re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. ........................................................................................................................................ 3<br />
Figure 1 Map of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>............................................................................................................. 3<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, in the Southern highlands of Tanzania, was gazetted in August 2002. It<br />
is situated in Njombe and Makete districts, Iringa region, and <strong>co</strong>vers 1,574 km2, en<strong>co</strong>mpassing mainly<br />
afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic and mid-altitude miombo woodland, with an elevational range of<br />
between 1,080m to 2,858m a.s.l.<br />
The area is well documented in terms of its water catchment properties, but little is known of the exact<br />
biodiversity values. In early 2002 WWF-TPO approached the <strong>Frontier</strong>-Tanzania Forest Research<br />
Programme (FT FRP) to <strong>co</strong>nduct a baseline biodiversity survey of the reserve. Jointly funded by both<br />
organisations, the survey was <strong>co</strong>mpleted over two 10-week fieldwork ‘phases’ during late 2002 and early<br />
2003, one phase <strong>co</strong>inciding with the dry season and one with the wet. This arrangement allowed temporal<br />
variations in species and habitats to be investigated and ac<strong>co</strong>unted for. Both zoological and vegetation work<br />
was <strong>co</strong>nducted throughout the reserve, including trapping, casual observations and <strong>co</strong>llections, large<br />
mammals and disturbance transects and vegetation plots. This report serves to detail the findings of the FT<br />
FRP biodiversity survey of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. It provides an inventory of flora and<br />
fauna <strong>co</strong>mpiled throughout both phases of fieldwork, highlighting re<strong>co</strong>rds of particular interest. An<br />
assessment of the level of human resource-use within the area was also made, giving the extent and<br />
potential threat of each form of ‘disturbance’ re<strong>co</strong>rded. Table 1 summaries species richness and species of<br />
particular <strong>co</strong>nservation and/or biological interest.<br />
Table 1 Summary of biodiversity taxa surveyed<br />
Taxa Miombo woodland Forest-grassland mosaic Total **<br />
Number<br />
of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
interest *<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
interest *<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
interest *<br />
Trees / shrubs 133 22 89 5 213 27<br />
Herbs / grasses 33 0 61 6 91 6<br />
Ferns 2 0 4 0 5 0<br />
Mammals 51 2 31 7 63 9<br />
Birds - - - - 199 18<br />
Reptiles 24 11 13 8 33 18<br />
Amphibians 13 2 15 3 24 5<br />
Butterflies 128 5 61 3 169 8<br />
Total 384 42 274 33 797 91<br />
* This includes species listed as range restricted, of <strong>co</strong>nservation <strong>co</strong>ncern, forest-dependent or for which the re<strong>co</strong>rd in the reserve represents a<br />
distribution or altitudinal range extension, but does NOT include the number of forest dwelling species<br />
** The total figures represent the number of species re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout both miombo woodland and forest-grassland habitats, they do not simply<br />
add the number of species found in both habitats as some repetition or overlap in species was noted<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> has significant <strong>co</strong>nservation value on local, national and international<br />
levels. The forest-grassland mosaic forms the WWF-designated E<strong>co</strong>-region 76, designated a <strong>co</strong>nservation<br />
status of Critical/Endangered. Southern and Eastern African flora and fauna <strong>co</strong>nverge in the Southern<br />
Highlands and over 120 plant and animal taxa are endemic to the area. Due to its rich grassland bird<br />
<strong>co</strong>mmunity, the area falls within the ‘Tanzanian/Malawi mountains’ Birdlife International Endemic Bird<br />
Area (No. 105). The area is a critical dry-season refuge for game including elephant, buffalo, Greater<br />
Kudu, duikers, dik-dik, bushpig, warthog, baboons, Vervet monkeys and Black and White <strong>co</strong>lobus. The<br />
Igando-Igawa wildlife <strong>co</strong>rridor links the north of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> with the Usangu<br />
<strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, itself linked to the Ruaha National Park. It is an area rich in biodiversity and is <strong>co</strong>mparable<br />
to the Kitulo Plateau, a recently gazetted National Park.<br />
With regard to fauna surveyed, the reserve is home to 487 species of which 59 species hold particular<br />
interest for their <strong>co</strong>nservation and biological value, such as the globally threatened Blue swallow (Hirundo<br />
atrocaerulea) and the locally vulnerable (IUCN) Black and White Colobus (Colobus angolensis sharpei).<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
It also has a rich diversity of flora with 309 species, of which 33 hold particular interest, such as the<br />
orchids, that are illegally traded to Zambia and Malawi, Brachy<strong>co</strong>rythis pleistophylla, Disa sp. and<br />
Roeperocharis bennettiana (Davenport & Ndangalasi 2001). The habitats and species of<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> are under threat from agriculture, char<strong>co</strong>al production, pitsawing,<br />
grazing, hunting and the illegal orchid trade. Despite the fire-climax nature of the grasslands, excessive and<br />
un<strong>co</strong>ntrolled burning may degrade areas of natural vegetation.<br />
The information <strong>co</strong>llected will be used for management planning by WWF-TPO and the Wildlife Division.<br />
The survey results will also form a baseline for future monitoring work.<br />
Animal specimens have been deposited at the Department of Zoology and Marine Biology, University of<br />
Dar es Salaam and sent on loan to: The British Museum of Natural History, London; California Academy<br />
of Sciences, California; Southern highlands Project, Mbeya; Chicago Field Museum, Chicago; Zoological<br />
Museum, Copenghagen. Appendix 1 provides <strong>co</strong>ntact details.<br />
Botanical specimens are held at the National Herbarium of Tanzania (NHT) in Arusha and Missouri<br />
Botanical Gardens, USA.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
FOREWORD<br />
The <strong>Kipengere</strong>/<strong>Mpanga</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> in South-western Tanzania is part of the <strong>co</strong>mmonly known as<br />
Southern Highlands that belong to the Southern Rift Montane Forest/Grassland E<strong>co</strong>-region – one of the<br />
areas renown for it’s unique habitats of high <strong>co</strong>nservation value. The <strong>Kipengere</strong>/<strong>Mpanga</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
itself is an important area for biodiversity <strong>co</strong>nservation due to the variety of habitats found there caused by<br />
variation in topography, altitude and climate, the major habitat types being heath grassland, riverine forest<br />
and miombo woodland/forest.<br />
The <strong>Kipengere</strong>/<strong>Mpanga</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> was established in 2001 by the Ministry of Natural Resources and<br />
Tourism (through the Wildlife Division) with support from WWF-Tanzania Programme Office (WWF-<br />
TPO) in order to <strong>co</strong>nserve these important features and habitats. Up until 2001, this was the only e<strong>co</strong>region<br />
in Tanzania that had no formal protection nor was it represented in the protected areas mosaic of<br />
Tanzania. Besides being a dry season refuge for large game such as the African elephant (Loxondonta<br />
Africana) and the African buffalo (Syncerus Caffer), the <strong>Kipengere</strong>/<strong>Mpanga</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> is a critical<br />
catchment for the Great Ruaha River and its associated Usangu wetlands.<br />
In order to understand the biodiversity of the <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> more thoroughly, WWF-TPO approached<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania (FT)-a <strong>co</strong>llaboration between the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and the Society<br />
for Environmental Exploration, in the UK; to undertake a biodiversity survey of the area. Jointly funded by<br />
both organisations, the survey was <strong>co</strong>mpleted over two 10 week field phases (dry and wet season) with the<br />
help of voluntary research assistants between July to September 2002 and March to June 2003. While the<br />
general importance of the area for <strong>co</strong>nservation have been appreciated for a number of years, the findings<br />
presented in this report are the results of the first mayor investigations to take place in the area. These<br />
findings provide baseline information on the biological values of the different habitats within the <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> as a basis for management planning and long term monitoring.<br />
We hope that this report will <strong>co</strong>ntribute to efforts to study and understand the unique e<strong>co</strong>systems of the<br />
Southern Highlands, adding important information to our understanding of biodiversity and opening doors<br />
to <strong>co</strong>ntinued research and <strong>co</strong>nservation efforts. Even more then that we hope that this information will<br />
<strong>co</strong>ntribute to the development of a thorough and well informed management plan, <strong>co</strong>nservation practices<br />
and monitoring programme to insure that future generations living, working and visiting this area will see it<br />
for the beauty that it is today.<br />
Dr. Hermann Mwageni<br />
Country Representative-WWF-TPO<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />
This report is the culmination of the advice, <strong>co</strong>-operation, hard work and expertise of many people. In<br />
particular we would like to acknowledge and thank the following people:<br />
WORLDWIDE FUND FOR NATURE – TANZANIAN PROGRAMME OFFICE<br />
Country Representative<br />
Project Executive for <strong>Mpanga</strong><br />
Botanist<br />
Dr. Herman Mwagene<br />
Mr Clement Mabula<br />
Mr Omari Kibure<br />
WILDLIFE DIVISION<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> Project Manager<br />
Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Natural Resources Department,<br />
Njombe<br />
Mr Issai Swai<br />
Mr Masawe & Mr Chisanyo<br />
Mr Msovella<br />
SOCIETY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLORATION<br />
Managing Director:<br />
Ms Eibleis Fanning<br />
Programme Development Manager: Mr Alessandro Badalotti & Ms Elizabeth Humphreys<br />
Programme Manager:<br />
Ms Ni<strong>co</strong>la Beharrell<br />
Operations Manager:<br />
Mr Matthew Wilson<br />
USDM<br />
FT Co-ordinators<br />
Dr. M.Mur<strong>uk</strong>e & Prof. K.M. Howell<br />
FRONTIER-TANZANIA<br />
DSM Co-ordinator:<br />
Project Co-ordinator<br />
Research Co-ordinators:<br />
Assistant Research Co-ordinators:<br />
Logistics Manager:<br />
Research Assistants:<br />
Field Assistants<br />
FT Drivers:<br />
<strong>Game</strong> Guards:<br />
Ms. Elizabeth Tapper<br />
Ms Jessica Ward<br />
Ms Claire Bracebridge & Ms Sam Staddon<br />
Ms Polly Anderson, Mr Peter Knamiller, Mr Steve Ryder, Ms<br />
Rosalind Salter & Ms Jillian Smith<br />
Ms Claire Latham<br />
Mr Emmanuel Salyeem (UDSM), Ms Helen Binks, Ms Elisabeth<br />
Bywaters, Mr Michael Carey, Mr Jimmy Choi, Ms Tamarind Falk,<br />
Ms Katy Grogan, Ms Laura Goodall, Mr Mark Harrison, Ms Ruth<br />
Jackson, Mr Melvin Jarman,, Mr Ed Jenner, Mr Donald Malone, Ms<br />
Marie Mapstone, Mr James Plumb, Mr Thomas Pynn, Mr<br />
Christopher Seagrove, Mr L<strong>uk</strong>e Sidebottom, Ms Keren Stead, Mr<br />
Andrew Stringer, Mr Daniel Taylor, Ms Jenny Williams & Mr<br />
Winston Woodward<br />
Mr Lumumba J. Hanyabwisye, Mr Simon Luponezo Lulandala, Mr<br />
Shabani Ali Magwila, Mr Abel Isaka Mgao, Mr Riziki Minila & Mr<br />
Ramathan Rajabu<br />
Mr Betram Hyera & Mr Rashid Limaga<br />
Mr Elias Korosso (Natural Resources Department, Usangu)<br />
Mr Stephen Mgaya (Natural Resources Department, Usangu)<br />
Mr Obed Ngaillo (Natural Resources Department, Njombe)<br />
Mr Kassion Luwanga (MBOMIPA Project, Anti-poaching Unit, Iringa)<br />
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Cook:<br />
Mr Kalisto Mwageni<br />
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY OF TANZANIA<br />
Ornithologist<br />
Mr Elias Mungaya<br />
We are also grateful to all of the taxonomists listed in Appendix 1 for providing us with the identifications<br />
of the zoological specimens.<br />
Editorial Comments:<br />
Ms Ni<strong>co</strong>la Beharrell, SEE; Prof. K. Howell, UDSM, Mr Clement Mabula,<br />
WWF-TPO & Dr Hermann Mwageni, WWF.<br />
We would also like to express gratitude to Mr Joseph Mbogela from Makete District Council for his<br />
support. Many people from the villages and towns of Ilembula, Njombe, <strong>Mpanga</strong>, Kimani, Mfumbi,<br />
Usalimwani, Wangama, Imalilo, Nkenja, Ikuwo and Matenga are also thanked for all their help and<br />
assistance. Lastly, many thanks go to the extreme hard work and motivation of the survey team.<br />
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1. INTRODUCTION<br />
In a <strong>co</strong>llaborative venture, the Wildlife Division (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism) and the<br />
Worldwide Fund for Nature–Tanzania Programme Office (WWF-TPO) are working to manage and protect<br />
the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> in the Southern Highlands. Although the area’s valuable water<br />
catchment properties are well documented, little is known of its biodiversity value. In order to rectify this<br />
situation, in early 2002 WWF-TPO approached the <strong>Frontier</strong>-Tanzania Forest Research Programme (FT<br />
FRP) to <strong>co</strong>nduct a detailed baseline biodiversity survey of the reserve 1 . Jointly funded by both<br />
organisations, the survey was <strong>co</strong>mpleted over two 10-week fieldwork ‘phases’ during late 2002 and early<br />
2003, one phase <strong>co</strong>inciding with the dry season and one with the wet. This arrangement allowed temporal<br />
variations in species and habitats to be investigated and ac<strong>co</strong>unted for.<br />
The objectives of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> Biodiversity Survey are:<br />
1. To <strong>co</strong>nduct a biological survey as a baseline against which future monitoring activities may be based in<br />
order to detect changes in biodiversity status;<br />
2. To provide information on the biological value of different sites within the area and assist in the<br />
identification of areas most suitable for biodiversity <strong>co</strong>nservation;<br />
3. To provide information on human disturbance and levels of resource use;<br />
4. To train Tanzanian personnel from USDM, expatriate volunteers and any others (project participants)<br />
in biological survey techniques;<br />
5. To provide a medium through which there is potential for project participants to gain the BTEC<br />
qualification Tropical Habitat Conservation (equivalent to a British A-level), funding dependent;<br />
6. To raise awareness of the biodiversity values of the Southern Highlands nationally and internationally<br />
through dis<strong>co</strong>very of unique taxa;<br />
7. To <strong>co</strong>ntribute to global biodiversity assessment and <strong>co</strong>nservation efforts through <strong>co</strong>llaboration with<br />
specialists elsewhere.<br />
This report serves to detail the findings of the FT FRP biodiversity survey of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong>. It provides an inventory of flora and fauna <strong>co</strong>mpiled throughout both phases of fieldwork,<br />
highlighting re<strong>co</strong>rds of particular interest. An assessment of the level of human resource-use within the area<br />
is also made, giving the extent and potential threat of each form of ‘disturbance’ re<strong>co</strong>rded. This report is<br />
aimed at managers, <strong>co</strong>nservationists and scientists alike and it is hoped that it will help in some way to<br />
ensure the future protection of this extremely valuable and interesting site.<br />
1 The FT FRP (a <strong>co</strong>llaboration between the University of Dar es Salaam and UK based Society for Environmental Exploration) has<br />
been successfully undertaking such surveys of Tanzania’s Eastern Arc and Coastal forests since 1989 and has produced a number<br />
of reports detailing their findings.<br />
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2. STUDY SITE<br />
2.1 Location<br />
The <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> lies in Tanzania’s Southern Highlands (Figure 1). Located in the<br />
Regions of Mbeya, R<strong>uk</strong>wa and Iringa, the Southern Highlands extend from the watershed of Lake Nyasa<br />
through the Matengo Plateau, the Poroto Mountains, the Livingstone Mountains and the <strong>Kipengere</strong> Range<br />
to the Mufindi Plateau. The <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> <strong>co</strong>vers an area of 1,574 km 2 (157,425 ha) in<br />
the east of the Southern Highlands and is situated within the Districts of Njombe and Makete, in the Region<br />
of Iringa. It is to be found at latitudes between 34 0 00 and 34 0 30’E and longitudes between 8 0 45’ and<br />
9 0 15’S. The nearest major settlements are Njombe (50 km to the south-east), Iringa (195 km to the northeast)<br />
and Mbeya (135 km to the west).<br />
2.2 Geology and terrain<br />
The Southern Highlands <strong>co</strong>mprises mountain ranges, plateaus and volcanoes and includes the two highest<br />
peaks in southern Tanzania, Mount Mtorwi and Mount Rungwe (2,961 and 2,960m a.s.l. respectively). Rift<br />
Valley faulting in the Late Cretaceous period formed these peaks while subsequent volcanic activity<br />
resulted in deposits of lava and ash, adding to the area’s geological interest (SHCP 2002).<br />
Altitude within the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> varies between 1,080m to 2,858m a.s.l. and can be<br />
divided into ‘midland’ (1,000 – 1,500m a.s.l.) and ‘highland’ (> 1,500m a.s.l) areas. The midlands are<br />
located in the northern half of the reserve, whilst to the south the highlands <strong>co</strong>rrespond to the <strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
Range and the southern section of the Lugala Mountains.<br />
Across the northern midlands a few small hills rise to 300m above generally low-lying terrain. The<br />
Mbarali, Mlombonje, Kimani, <strong>Mpanga</strong> and Kipera rivers drain northwards across this area, passing outside<br />
of the reserve and into the Usangu Wetlands and associated swamplands of the Great Ruaha River. The<br />
Lugala Mountains escarpment dissects the entire reserve, rising steadily from approximately 1,500m a.s.l in<br />
the north-east of the reserve (in the midlands) to 2,500m a.s.l at the south-eastern reserve border (in the<br />
highlands). The southern reserve borders lie along the east-west aligned <strong>Kipengere</strong> Range, which rises<br />
steeply above numerous valleys winding to the north and south.<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
<strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
Figure 1 Map of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
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2.3 Climate<br />
Whilst the Eastern Arc derives its moisture from inshore breezes from the Indian Ocean, the Southern<br />
Highlands receives its rainfall through <strong>co</strong>nvectional uplift from Lake Nyasa. Annual rainfall averages<br />
1,500mm across the area, but some areas receive up to 2,900mm a year, the highest in Tanzania. The<br />
majority of rain falls between November and April. Temperatures average a maximum of 22 0 C and a<br />
minimum of 10 0 C, although frost is <strong>co</strong>mmon on the highest ground between May and July. Temperatures<br />
of –7 0 C have been re<strong>co</strong>rded on the Kitulo Plateau, which neighbours the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
(SHCP 2002).<br />
2.4 History and status<br />
Whilst the highland area of the <strong>Kipengere</strong> Range remains sparsely populated, people have increasingly<br />
taken advantage of fertile soils by clearing areas for cultivation along river valleys and in lower-lying<br />
woodland to the north. Immigrants from Mbeya, Mbarali, Rungwe and Makambako have been blamed for<br />
such activities (Swai 1999). In areas where unreliable rainfall has meant cultivation is unprofitable, pole<br />
and timber extraction, char<strong>co</strong>al production and hunting has taken place. Loss of tree <strong>co</strong>ver and soil erosion<br />
have been associated with such land-use changes.<br />
Five major rivers drain from the highland areas of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, joining to form<br />
the Great Ruaha River. This river feeds wetland e<strong>co</strong>-systems of the Usangu plains and the Ruaha National<br />
Park, irrigates agricultural areas, serves the Mtera reservoir and supplies <strong>co</strong>untless human populations with<br />
water on it’s path to the Rufiji River and delta. National <strong>co</strong>ncern over the sustainability of water supplies<br />
from the Ruaha River became evident in 1995 when power rationing was put into operation in response to<br />
low water levels at the Mtera reservoir. Along with irrigation schemes and over-grazing in the Usangu<br />
plains, land-use changes in upland catchment areas have been blamed for this decrease in water supply<br />
predictability.<br />
Although the importance of the <strong>Kipengere</strong> highlands as a water catchment area prompted initial <strong>co</strong>ncerns<br />
regarding its <strong>co</strong>nservation as early as 1975, budget restrictions meant that it was not proposed as a <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> to the Prime Minister’s Office until 1999. The area received official re<strong>co</strong>gnition and government<br />
protection only on 21 st August 2002.<br />
The ‘<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> Project’ is a <strong>co</strong>llaborative undertaking between the Wildlife<br />
Division (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism) and WWF-TPO. The project initiated its work in the<br />
area by entering into discussion with District Councils and local <strong>co</strong>mmunities <strong>co</strong>ncerning the location of<br />
reserve borders. The project is currently undertaking demarcation of reserve boundaries and aims not only<br />
to provide patrols of the area but to develop Community Based Conservation (CBC) efforts in order to<br />
integrate the protection of natural resources with the future of local people. Public meetings and discussions<br />
with local <strong>co</strong>mmunity leaders have highlighted that In<strong>co</strong>me Generating Activities that do not <strong>co</strong>nflict with<br />
the <strong>co</strong>nservation goal are possible. These might include e<strong>co</strong>tourism, beekeeping, gardening, timber-tree,<br />
crop, livestock and fish farming. Building the capacities of Village Environmental Committees will allow<br />
them to establish and manage such alternative schemes as tree nurseries, reforestation initiatives and<br />
integration of environmental <strong>co</strong>nservation with farming activities.<br />
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3. METHODOLOGY<br />
Fieldwork was <strong>co</strong>nducted during two ten-week ‘phases’, one <strong>co</strong>inciding with the dry season and one with<br />
the wet. During the first phase survey work was carried out from four main ‘basecamps’, each lasting for<br />
two weeks. The se<strong>co</strong>nd phase had two four-week basecamps due to logistical <strong>co</strong>nstraints and road access<br />
during the wet season. These camps were positioned across the reserve in order to en<strong>co</strong>mpass as wide a<br />
variety of habitats and altitudes as possible. Work was <strong>co</strong>nducted from each basecamp during day<br />
excursions and from a number of ‘satellite camps’. These were located within a days walk from a basecamp<br />
and lasted for four or five days, enabling a small number of the survey team to access more remote areas.<br />
Survey work <strong>co</strong>ncentrated on investigations of the reserve’s flora, fauna and human resource-use. A variety<br />
of tried and tested techniques were used to study each of these, with methods based on those employed by<br />
FT FRP in the East Usambara Biodiversity Survey (SEE Methodology, 1998).<br />
3.1 Flora<br />
• Vegetation plots (VPs)<br />
Semi-permanent plots of 50 m x 50 m were temporarily established using four lengths of 50 m rope,<br />
aligned north-south and east-west using a <strong>co</strong>mpass. Within each VP work <strong>co</strong>ncentrated on trees and shrubs<br />
of 10 cm or greater diameter at breast height (dbh), in which each stem had to be > 10 cm dbh in order to<br />
be re<strong>co</strong>rded. The dbh of all such individuals was measured at 1.3 m using a calibrated dbh tape, from the<br />
up-slope side of individuals growing on a hillside and from the under-side of a lean of any individuals that<br />
were growing at an angle. Red gloss paint was used to mark the point of dbh measurement and to assign<br />
each tree with a plot number (above the line marking the point of measurement) and individual, sequential<br />
tree number (below the line). All data were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms and included the habitat,<br />
altitude, GPS location, soil and rock type, and water association of each VP.<br />
Vegetation plots were arranged in a stratified-random pattern across the reserve. Approximately equal<br />
numbers of VPs were established from each of the four main work bases and therefore within each of the<br />
major habitat types found within the reserve. Exact VP locations were chosen by the botanist or survey<br />
leader in order to gather data from sites representative of both habitat and altitude within the reserve.<br />
• Regeneration plots (RPs)<br />
In order to survey both regenerating trees and shrubs and the ground-layer flora, five plots of 2 m x 2 m<br />
were temporarily established within each VP, using red plastic tags in each <strong>co</strong>rner. Within each RP all<br />
vascular plants of less than 10 cm dbh were identified. Individuals were not <strong>co</strong>unted nor marked in any<br />
way. All data were again re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms, referenced to those for the VP in which the<br />
RP was located.<br />
• Opportunistic observations and <strong>co</strong>llection<br />
Plant material was observed and <strong>co</strong>llected on an opportunistic basis throughout the reserve. It was hoped<br />
that such work would supplement the standard quantitative methods employed by ensuring that those<br />
species not re<strong>co</strong>rded in either VPs or RPs were represented in the species inventory.<br />
A botanist was employed to identify all individuals re<strong>co</strong>rded in VPs and RPs and on the opportunistic basis.<br />
When necessary and if possible, up to six specimens of leaves and preferably flowers and fruits were taken<br />
to aid identification of an individual. All specimens were pressed and dried in the field and later identified<br />
in the University of Dar es Salaam herbarium and the National Herbarium of Tanzania, Arusha, with<br />
specimens also being sent to Missouri Botanical Gardens.<br />
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3.2 Fauna<br />
• Sherman traps<br />
Sherman traps (90mm x 80mm x 230mm) were used to survey the small mammal fauna of the reserve. At<br />
each main camp 50 traps were set for 8 nights. During the dry season phase each satellite camp used 8 traps<br />
which were set for 3 nights, whilst the wet season phase, teams used 25 traps for 4 nights. Traps were<br />
placed within different habitats and micro-habitats at each ‘trapsite’ and detailed habitat notes and location<br />
details were taken for each trap. Traps were baited with fried <strong>co</strong><strong>co</strong>nut and peanut butter and set before dusk<br />
each day. In the highest altitude sites grass and bracken was put in the trap as an insulator for any animals<br />
that might be captured. Traps were checked early in the morning and data regarding the capture of any<br />
animals and details of the individuals involved was re<strong>co</strong>rded on standardised data sheets. This included<br />
preliminary identification, sex, weight, biometrics and pelage <strong>co</strong>lour. If not taken as specimens, animals<br />
were marked by clipping a small area of fur in a given pattern and released unharmed.<br />
• Bucket pitfall drift fence<br />
During the wet season phase of work, one bucket pitfall trap line with a drift fence was in<strong>co</strong>rporated in to<br />
the main zoological worksite. The aim was to try to target more systematically the amphibian and reptile<br />
populations, as well as that of small mammals, in particular shrews. One 50m linear transect was created<br />
whereby eleven 10 litre plastic buckets, spaced 5 m apart, were sunk into the ground with their rims flush<br />
to ground level. A sheet of vertical plastic (approximately 0.5m high) was run along the bucket line<br />
crossing the centre of each bucket to form a ‘drift fence’. Animals moving into the area from either side<br />
would be channelled along the plastic towards the bucket traps. Traps were checked early each morning for<br />
the duration of the trapsite period and data regarding the identification of each animal captured was<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded on standardised data sheets.<br />
• Animal sign transects<br />
In order to survey larger and more cryptic animals, dung, tracks or other animal signs were re<strong>co</strong>rded along<br />
a 4m wide 200m long transect. Transects were arranged randomly throughout the reserve, starting in<br />
representative habitats and following a bearing selected by throwing a stick and following the direction in<br />
which it pointed. The bearing was kept using a <strong>co</strong>mpass and the transect <strong>co</strong>mpleted in four 50m sections,<br />
each temporarily demarcated by a length of rope. Data were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms that<br />
included the altitude and habitat of all transects. (These transects doubled as those to survey signs of human<br />
resource-use).<br />
• Bat netting<br />
Mist-nets were used to survey the bat fauna of the reserve. A variety of sizes of nets (3m, 6m, 9m and 12m<br />
long) were erected in various formations, generally along predicted bat flight-paths such as animal paths,<br />
rivers and streams. Detailed habitat notes and location details were taken for each net. Nets were opened at<br />
dusk for varying lengths of time during which they were checked every 15 minutes. Data regarding the<br />
capture of any animals and details of the individuals involved were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms.<br />
This included preliminary identification, sex, weight, biometrics and pelage <strong>co</strong>lour. If not taken as<br />
specimens, animals were released unharmed.<br />
• Bird survey<br />
Bird surveys were <strong>co</strong>nducted between dawn and dusk using a <strong>co</strong>mbination of sight, mist-nets and calls.<br />
Binoculars (8 x 42mm) and teles<strong>co</strong>pe (20 x 60) were used in direct observations. A <strong>co</strong>mbination of up to<br />
eight 9m and 12m long mist-nets were erected in various formations and opened from dawn until dusk for<br />
two days at each study site. Nets were checked every 30 minutes and birds were released unharmed after<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rding the identification, sex and age. No timed point-<strong>co</strong>unts or transects were used. An ornithologist<br />
was employed to implement these surveys and re<strong>co</strong>rd all species identified. Casual lists were also <strong>co</strong>llected<br />
by the field team and have been added to the bird list produced by the ornithologist. These are clearly<br />
marked as additional sightings in Appendix 9.<br />
• Timed man-hour searches<br />
The reptile and amphibian fauna of the reserve was surveyed through timed searches. Searches were<br />
<strong>co</strong>nducted during both the day and night and were of various lengths, with various numbers of survey<br />
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members. Data were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms and included the survey effort, habitat and<br />
altitude of each search, as well as the identification of any captures. If not taken as specimens, captures<br />
were released unharmed.<br />
• Sweepnetting<br />
Sweepnets were used to survey the low-flying butterfly fauna of the reserve. Netting took place around<br />
midday, employing up to four survey members. Netting sites were chosen to represent all habitats and<br />
altitudes within the reserve. Data were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms and again, included the survey<br />
effort, habitat and altitude of each netting session, as well as the identification of any butterfly captured. If<br />
not taken as specimens, butterflies were released unharmed.<br />
• Canopy traps<br />
Four Blendon-style canopy traps were used to survey high-flying butterflies not targeted by sweepnets.<br />
Traps were placed in different habitats between four and 10m above the ground, and were opened for a<br />
minimum of 8 days at each site, baited with fermented banana. Data were re<strong>co</strong>rded as for the sweepnetting<br />
and again if not taken as specimens, butterflies were released unharmed.<br />
• Opportunistic observation and <strong>co</strong>llection<br />
In order to supplement the standard and quantifiable methods listed above, all animal taxa were observed<br />
and <strong>co</strong>llected on an opportunistic basis throughout the reserve. It was hoped that this would allow a more<br />
<strong>co</strong>mplete inventory of the reserve’s fauna to be <strong>co</strong>mpiled. Local hunters and residents were also asked to<br />
produce a list of animals that they believed to be living within the reserve but that were not re<strong>co</strong>rded during<br />
the present survey.<br />
Available literature was used to make preliminary identifications of all species captured in the field,<br />
however a variety of experts were <strong>co</strong>nsulted in order to verify the identification. Wherever possible, two<br />
individuals (one male, one female) of each species re<strong>co</strong>rded were taken as specimens and sent to<br />
taxonomists (Appendix 1). Specimens were also taken of anything that <strong>co</strong>uld not be <strong>co</strong>nfidently identified<br />
in the field or cross-referenced to a specimen already taken. Where indirect evidence was used, for instance<br />
in the animal sign transects, identifications were based on discussion with trained <strong>Game</strong> Guards and locally<br />
employed Field Assistants and by using available literature.<br />
3.3 Human resource-use<br />
• ‘Disturbance transects’<br />
Signs of human resource-use (or ‘disturbance’) were re<strong>co</strong>rded along a 4m wide 200m long transect. Such<br />
signs were taken to include evidence of pole and timber cutting, fire, char<strong>co</strong>al production, cultivation and<br />
pitsawing. In order to <strong>co</strong>mpare the extent of wood extraction with natural growth rates, the number of live,<br />
naturally dead and cut poles (5-15cm dbh) and timbers (> 15cm dbh) were re<strong>co</strong>rded along the entire<br />
transect. Transects were arranged randomly throughout the reserve, starting in representative habitats and<br />
following a bearing selected by throwing a stick and following the direction in which it pointed. The<br />
bearing was kept using a <strong>co</strong>mpass and the transect <strong>co</strong>mpleted in four 50m sections, each temporarily<br />
demarcated by a length of rope. Data were re<strong>co</strong>rded on standard re<strong>co</strong>rding forms that included the altitude<br />
and habitat of all transects. (These transects doubled as those to survey signs of large and cryptic animals).<br />
• Opportunistic observations<br />
Observations of human resource-use were made in each vegetation plot and throughout the reserve. Again,<br />
it was hoped that this would <strong>co</strong>mplement the standard quantifiable methods employed and give a fuller<br />
picture of the state of the reserve with regards to human impact.<br />
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4. RESULTS<br />
1,878 researcher-days were spent <strong>co</strong>nducting a survey of floral and faunal diversity and human resourceuse<br />
of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. Survey work was <strong>co</strong>nducted during the dry season between<br />
26 th June and 4 th September 2002, and during the wet season between 5 th April and 9 th June 2003. Please<br />
refer to Appendix 2 for a detailed ac<strong>co</strong>unt of survey effort for each of the following research areas; flora,<br />
fauna and human resource-use.<br />
Two major habitats were found to dominate the reserve; mid-altitude miombo woodland and afro-montane<br />
forest-grassland mosaic. This variation in habitat reflects greater differences in altitude and geology and the<br />
results presented below are given ac<strong>co</strong>rding to these two habitats, as the species found within them differ<br />
greatly.<br />
4.1 Mid-altitude miombo woodland<br />
In order to survey the mid-altitude miombo woodland, two basecamps were located in the northern area of<br />
the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> during the dry season fieldwork phase and one during the wet season<br />
phase.<br />
4.1.1 Flora<br />
The mid-altitude miombo woodlands in the gently undulating north of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> were found to be interspersed with areas of riverine woodland along water <strong>co</strong>urses and open<br />
grasslands, presumably as a result of clearance for cultivation.<br />
• Miombo woodlands<br />
At least 101 species of trees and shrubs representing 31 families and 31 species of herbs and grasses<br />
representing 15 families (Appendix 7) were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of miombo woodland in the reserve.<br />
One near-endemic shrub species was found in the miombo woodland, Barleria nyasensis. This is restricted<br />
to the mountains of Tanzania at the north and north eastern end of Lake Nyasa and the adjoining Nyika<br />
plateau of Malawi / Zambia.<br />
Some species were identified as being targeted for timber extraction, in particular Pterocarpus angolensis<br />
and Afzelia quanzensis. In addition, char<strong>co</strong>al production also threatened woodland tree species, especially<br />
Brachystegia boehmii, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum spp. and Terminalia sericea.<br />
Temporary settlements have been built within miombo woodland areas, thus damaging various tree species,<br />
such as Brachystegia spp., Acacia drepanolobium, Acacia nilotica, Acacia nigrescens and Acacia<br />
polyacantha.<br />
• Riverine woodlands<br />
At least 32 species of trees and shrubs representing 19 families and 2 species of herbs and grasses<br />
representing 2 families (Appendix 7) were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of riverine woodland in the reserve. Two<br />
species of liane and two species of fern were also re<strong>co</strong>rded in the riverine habitat, representing one and two<br />
families respectively.<br />
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4.1.2. Fauna<br />
The mid-altitude miombo woodlands of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> were found to <strong>co</strong>ntain a<br />
number of larger game animals, as well as a high diversity of birds and butterflies and many interesting<br />
herpetofauna.<br />
Table 2 A summary of fauna re<strong>co</strong>rded in mid-altitude miombo woodlands of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
(Appendix 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12)<br />
Taxa Number of families Number of species<br />
Mammals 24 51<br />
Birds* 54 199<br />
Reptiles 10 24<br />
Amphibians 4 13<br />
Butterflies 5 128<br />
Total 97 415<br />
*Bird numbers presented are for the mid-altitude miombo woodland and the Afromontane forest-grassland mosaic together, as birds are a taxa that<br />
move easily between habitats and are thus not easy to segregate into habitat types.<br />
• Mammals<br />
At least 51 species of native mammal representing 24 families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of mid-altitude<br />
miombo woodland in the reserve (Appendix 8). Although the identification of most species is certain, those<br />
of species that were captured remains tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications (i.e. all small<br />
mammals, including bats) and some of the dung found <strong>co</strong>uld only be identified to genus. All taxonomy and<br />
nomenclature follows that of Kingdon (1997).<br />
Remains of an elephant (Loxodonta africana) were found in miombo woodland, on the northern end of the<br />
Lugala ridge. The bones were thought to be around 15 years old and local knowledge suggests that<br />
elephants have not been found within the reserve for at least 10 years. Old hippopotamus tracks were found<br />
at Kimani river, again suggesting the presence of larger mammals in the area.<br />
Despite not being re<strong>co</strong>rded during the present survey, local knowledge would suggest that the following<br />
species are currently, although often seasonally, present in wooded areas of the reserve; Lion (Panthera<br />
leo), Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha), Slender mongoose<br />
(Herpestes sanguinea), Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Eland (Taurotragus oryx), Harvey’s duiker<br />
(Cephalophus harveyi) and Rock hyrax (Procavia johnstoni).<br />
Interestingly, despite low to no previous re<strong>co</strong>rds of leopard in this area evidence from this survey points to<br />
the presence of this large cat within the game reserve. Tracks near the Kimani waterfalls and a Tanzanian<br />
field assistant’s observation that a dead calf was killed by a leopard suggest the possibility of the presence<br />
of this species. The <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> provides many suitable habitats, such as rocky<br />
outcrops and open woodland, and the presence of Greater K<strong>uk</strong>u, bushbuck and duiker provide a viable food<br />
source for leopard to survive in this area.<br />
Dung from several smaller carnivores, both felids and canids, were found reflecting the diversity and<br />
abundance of small mammal and antelope populations. These included: Serval (Felis serval), Caracal<br />
(Felis caracal), Wild cat (Felis sylvestris), Fox (Vulpes sp.), Bat-earred fox (Otocyon megalotis) and the<br />
African civet (Civettictis civetta).<br />
Two species of bushbabies were observed during nightwalks, the Greater galago (Otolemur<br />
crassicaudatus) and the Senegal dwarf galago (Galago senegalensis), as well as an interesting sighting of<br />
the Lord Derby’s Anomalure (Anomalurus derbianus), a gliding rodent.<br />
Domestic <strong>co</strong>ws and goats were seen grazing throughout the area of miombo woodland surveyed, although<br />
particularly near to the northern reserve borders (Section 4.1.3).<br />
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• Birds<br />
At least 199 species of bird representing 54 families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> (Appendix 9) in a variety of habitats, which included areas of mid-altitude miombo woodland,<br />
riverine habitats within the woodland, open grassland, montane forest and rocky cliffs. All identifications<br />
are <strong>co</strong>nsidered certain, except six species indicated with a question mark. All taxonomy and nomenclature<br />
follows that of Baker (2002).<br />
The Miombo grey tit (Parus griseiventris) was observed although the identification is not certain. The<br />
Miombo grey tit is normally an inhabitant in miombo woodland in Western Tanzania. The Ashy starling<br />
(Cosmopsarus uni<strong>co</strong>lor) is an endemic to Tanzania and it was en<strong>co</strong>untered at it’s extreme southern limit in<br />
the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> game reserve. Shelley’s Sunbird (Cinnyris habessinica) was re<strong>co</strong>rded, this species<br />
is generally un<strong>co</strong>mmon and previously only known from Morogoro and Songea areas.<br />
• Reptiles<br />
At least 24 species of reptile representing ten families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of mid-altitude miombo<br />
woodland in the reserve (Appendix 10). All identifications of species that were captured remain tentative<br />
whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. All taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Spawls et al.<br />
(2002).<br />
An uncertain identification of a Black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) was made from one observation,<br />
which if <strong>co</strong>nfirmed would represent a Tanzanian range extension for the species, which is normally found<br />
in eastern and northern parts only.<br />
Several interesting captures represent range extensions geographically or altitudinally. Both the Tropical<br />
spiny agama (Agama armata) and Red-headed rock agama (Agama agama), found in the lowlands, have<br />
been previously re<strong>co</strong>rded in central and north-eastern Tanzania only. The Angolan dwarf gecko<br />
(Lygodactylus angolensis) has previously only had a few scattered re<strong>co</strong>rds and is rare in Tanzania, as is the<br />
Yellow-throated plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus flaviculatus). No re<strong>co</strong>rds have been re<strong>co</strong>rded in Southern<br />
Tanzania for the Tree skink (Mabuya planifrons) and the Leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis). Further<br />
range extensions are that of the Walhberg’s skink (Mabuya wahlbergi), found only in the east and to the<br />
south of Lake Tanganyika and the Snake-eyed skink (Panaspis megalurus), a Tanzanian endemic<br />
previously re<strong>co</strong>rded from the central and Usangu plains. The Velvety-green night adder (Causus resimus),<br />
has a patchy distribution in East Africa normally found around Lake Victoria, moving into Western Kenya,<br />
also along the <strong>co</strong>astal belt of Kenya (Spawls et. al 2002). Turner’s thick-toed gecko (Pachydactylus<br />
turneri) has a patchy distribution as it is secretive and is probably under <strong>co</strong>llected. It has been re<strong>co</strong>rded on<br />
the Kenyan and Tanzanian border and in northwest Rwanda, so the re<strong>co</strong>rding here represents a range<br />
extension.<br />
• Amphibians<br />
At least 13 species of amphibian representing four families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of mid-altitude<br />
miombo woodland in the reserve (Appendix 11). All identifications remain tentative whilst awaiting<br />
taxonomic verifications. All taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Channing (2001).<br />
The Natal sand frog (Tomopterna natalensis), if positively identified, is a range extension, as it normally<br />
inhabits open habitats in South Mozambique to the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa.<br />
Several specimens of toad (Bufo spp.) were taken and may provide some interesting results once formally<br />
identified.<br />
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• Butterflies<br />
One hundred and twenty eight species of butterfly representing five families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of<br />
mid-altitude miombo woodland in the reserve (Appendix 12). At least four species from the family<br />
Hesperidae, 25 species of the family Lycaenidae, 62 species of Nymphalidae, three species of Papilionidae<br />
and 34 species of Pieridae were re<strong>co</strong>rded. Dry season specimens have been identified, whilst identifications<br />
for the wet season phase remain tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. All taxonomy and<br />
nomenclature follows that of Larsen (1991).<br />
The wet season work provided over 30 additional species to the list, predominantly to the Lycaenidae and<br />
Hesperidae families. Both of these families are still under represented as they are small butterflies and often<br />
difficult to see and catch. Most species were widely distributed, occupying open savanna habitats.<br />
Of the species of interest, Charaxes <strong>co</strong>ndoni is a Tanzanian endemic known only from Nyumbenitu,<br />
Dabaga and Mufindi in Iringa region to Njombe, Kitesa and T<strong>uk</strong>uyu in Mbeya region. Bicyclus <strong>co</strong>ttrelli is<br />
known from Brachystegia woodland in Angola, Congo, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and west Tanzania.<br />
Thus, this re<strong>co</strong>rd is the most easterly re<strong>co</strong>rd so far. Finally Hemioalus <strong>co</strong>ecilus <strong>co</strong>ecilus is a range-restricted<br />
endemic subspecies known from Brachystegia woodland in Zambia and south west Tanzania.<br />
4.1.3. Human resource-use<br />
Survey work aimed at investigating the level of human resource-use within the reserve revealed one of the<br />
major uses of the woodland habitat to be the production of char<strong>co</strong>al. Species targeted for char<strong>co</strong>al<br />
production include Brachystegia spiciformis and Combretum schumannii. Poles are also no doubt cut for<br />
local firewood. A number of recent and past pitsaw sites were also found within the woodlands, a number<br />
of which were for the production of Pterocarpus angolensis (Mninga) timber, although it is thought that<br />
Afzelia quanzensis is also exploited for timber. In order to assess the degree of both pole and timber cutting<br />
within the reserve, quantitative methods were used to <strong>co</strong>mpare the number of live and naturally dead stems<br />
with the number of cut stems (Table 3). Results are based on surveys of fifty-nine 200m transects, each<br />
split in to four 50m sections.<br />
Table 3 Summary results of a pole and timber cutting survey across miombo woodlands of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
<strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Total Total no. Live (% Average Dead (% Average Cut (% of Average<br />
transect sampled of total) live per of total) dead per total) cut per<br />
length<br />
(m)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
Poles 11,800 4866 3902 (80) 330 714 (15) 60.5 250 (5) 21.2<br />
Timbers 11,800 1118 951 (85) 80.6 115 (10) 9.7 52 (5) 4.6<br />
A total of 4866 poles and 1118 timbers were surveyed along transect lines. Although the survey of pole and<br />
timber cutting was not systematic, from the data obtained it was clear that areas for pole cutting were<br />
utilised from easy access points, such as human paths running through the game reserve between villages.<br />
An average of 21.2 poles were cut per hectare. Close proximity to villages also increased the chances of<br />
finding pole cutting. Timber cutting was observed at a much lower frequency with an average of 4.6 per<br />
hectare. However 12 pit sawing sites, some only one month old, were seen around Kimani waterfalls and<br />
heading north towards the village at the edge of the reserve. Obviously many cut timbers would have been<br />
removed from the woodland already. As well as re<strong>co</strong>rding levels of pole and timber cutting, the survey<br />
outlined above also revealed that 33 % of transects (78 out of the 236 50m sections) had been damaged to<br />
some degree by fire with most naturally dead poles and timbers dying from this cause (an average of 60.5<br />
and 9.7 per hectare)<br />
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A variety of evidences indicating the activities of poachers were found within miombo woodlands in the<br />
reserve. These included the burning of grassy vegetation to stimulate new re-growth, wire snares, small<br />
mammal basket-traps, signs of dogs, fishing dams and remains of dwellings.<br />
As stated previously (Section 4.1.2), domestic <strong>co</strong>ws and goats were found grazing in the area, particularly<br />
towards the north where the reserve borders the main Iringa/Mbeya road along which numerous villages<br />
are located. People are still living in the reserve and certain areas, particularly along the Little Ruaha<br />
valley, were found to be cultivated.<br />
4.2 Afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
In order to survey the afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic, two basecamps were located in the southern<br />
area of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> during the dry season work and one during the wet season.<br />
4.2.1. Flora<br />
The afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic is found in the mountainous south of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
<strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. Wide-open grasslands occur on the upper- and mid-slopes and hilltops, whilst closedcanopy<br />
forests are <strong>co</strong>mmon in the valleys and gullies, where they are associated with underground water<br />
supplies. Small patches of bamboo forest also occur in the upper reaches of valleys originating along the<br />
<strong>Kipengere</strong> Range.<br />
• Grasslands<br />
At least 28 species of tree and shrub representing 16 families and 50 species of herbs and grasses<br />
representing 19 families (Appendix 7) were re<strong>co</strong>rded in grassland areas of the forest-grassland mosaic in<br />
the reserve.<br />
One near-endemic species of herb was identified in the grasslands, Eriosema <strong>uk</strong>ingense. This is restricted<br />
to the mountains of Tanzania at the north and north eastern end of Lake Nyasa and the adjoining Nyika<br />
plateau of Malawi / Zambia.<br />
Three orchid species were re<strong>co</strong>rded, Brachy<strong>co</strong>rythis pleistophylla, Disa sp. and Roeperocharis bennettiana.<br />
These species are threatened by the illegal orchid trade to Zambia and Malawi.<br />
Small fields of pareto (Pyethrum sp.) flowers can be found on grassy hillsides, along with the vegetable<br />
simson, cultivated for <strong>co</strong>mmercial and domestic use respectively (Section 4.2.3).<br />
• Forests<br />
At least 61 species of tree and shrub representing 35 families (Appendix 7) and 11 species of herbs and<br />
grasses representing 8 families (Appendix 7) were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the forested areas of the forest-grassland<br />
mosaic in the reserve. One liane and four species of fern were also re<strong>co</strong>rded in the montane forest patches,<br />
representing one and four families respectively.<br />
Four important timber tree species were identified within the forests, Hagenia abyssinica, O<strong>co</strong>tea<br />
usambarensis, Podocarpus latifolius and Podocarpus milanjianus.<br />
4.2.2. Fauna<br />
The afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> was found to <strong>co</strong>ntain<br />
many birds of <strong>co</strong>nservation interest, a number of forest-dependent mammals, a high diversity of rodents<br />
and again many interesting herpetofauna (Table 4).<br />
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Table 4 A summary of fauna re<strong>co</strong>rded in the afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Taxa Number of families Number of species<br />
Mammals 15 31<br />
Birds 54 199<br />
Reptiles 4 13<br />
Amphibians 5 15<br />
Butterflies 5 61<br />
Total 83 319<br />
*Bird numbers presented are for the mid-altitude miombo woodland and the Afromontane forest-grassland mosaic together, as birds are a taxa that<br />
move easily between habitats and are thus not easy to segregate into habitat types.<br />
• Mammals<br />
At least 31 species of native mammals representing 15 families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of forestgrassland<br />
mosaic areas of the reserve (Appendix 8). Although the identification of most species is certain,<br />
those of species that were captured remains tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications (i.e. all small<br />
mammals including bats). All taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Kingdon (1997).<br />
Two primate species, Moloney’s monkey (Cer<strong>co</strong>pithecus mitis moloneyei) and the Black and White<br />
Colobus (Colobus angolensis sharpie) were re<strong>co</strong>rded frequently in every forest patch in the gullies of the<br />
mountains. These are Southern Highland endemic subspecies, which are forest dependent and thus<br />
vulnerable to local activities, such as pitsawing. The Black and White Colobus is listed in IUCN as locally<br />
vulnerable.<br />
There was a wide diversity and abundance of small mammal species, predominantly found in the montane<br />
forest areas. These were all forest dependent species, so again potentially vulnerable to forest destruction.<br />
Such species found were the: Soft-furred rat (Promys cf. delectorum), Climbing shrew (Sylvisorex sp.) and<br />
the Mouse shrew (Myosorex sp.), the latter of which is likely to be localised to the area. The Lesser<br />
pouched rat subspecies (Beamys hindei major) has a restricted range situated in montane forests of<br />
Southern Tanzania and Malawi. The Four-striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) has a dis<strong>co</strong>ntinuous<br />
distribution, although it is not un<strong>co</strong>mmon and therefore not threatened. The Narrow-footed woodland<br />
mouse (Grammomys <strong>co</strong>mete) has a restricted range of the wet montane areas of north and south Lake<br />
Nyasa.<br />
Indirect signs indicated the presence of a small carnivores in the highland area: Black-backed jackal (Canis<br />
mesomelas), Serval cat (Felis serval) and Wild cat (Felis sylvestris).<br />
Domestic <strong>co</strong>ws, goats, sheep and donkeys were seen grazing throughout grassy areas of the forestgrassland<br />
mosaic, however they were absent from the forest patches (Section 4.2.3).<br />
• Birds<br />
At least 199 species of bird representing 54 families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, in<br />
a diverse array of habitats, including open grassland, montane forest, miombo woodland, riverine forest and<br />
rocky cliffs. All identifications are <strong>co</strong>nsidered certain, except six species, which are indicated with a<br />
question mark in the bird list (Appendix 9). All taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Baker (2002).<br />
Interesting findings included the possible sighting of the Blue Swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea), which is<br />
globally threatened species. The Scarlet-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia jonhstoni) is a biome restricted species<br />
found only in alpine moorlands from 3 000 – 4 500m asl, thus it is also a threatened species.<br />
Other range restricted birds, which are endemic to Southern Tanzania, especially the southern highlands<br />
are: Mountain Greenbul (Andropadus nigriceps race chlorigula), Churring Cisti<strong>co</strong>la (Cisti<strong>co</strong>la njombe),<br />
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Montane Marsh Widowbird (Euplectes psammocromius), <strong>Kipengere</strong> seedeater (Serinus cabanist) and<br />
Yellow-browed seedeater (Serinus whytii).<br />
The Black stork (Ci<strong>co</strong>nia nigra) and White stork (Ci<strong>co</strong>nia ci<strong>co</strong>nia) are migratory species that have been<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded in the upland grasslands of the neighbouring Kitulo Plateau Proposed National Park and<br />
Important Bird Area (IBA) (Birdlife International). Although the Kitulo IBA forms a <strong>co</strong>ntiguous habitat to<br />
that of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, neither species were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the reserve during the<br />
current study. Neither fieldwork phase <strong>co</strong>incided well with the migratory season however and local<br />
<strong>co</strong>mmunities do report sightings of these birds within the reserve between December and January. The<br />
Lesser Fal<strong>co</strong>n (Fal<strong>co</strong>n naumani) is another migratory species that it is thought likely to be visiting the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
The presence of Denham’s bustard (Neotis denhami) in the Kitulo IBA strongly suggests that it may also<br />
inhabit the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. As it still relatively widespread it has yet to be listed by<br />
Birdlife International as threatened, however due to a <strong>co</strong>nstantly shrinking habitat it is thought to be the<br />
most threatened bustard in Africa (Collar et. al. 1994). The Kitulo Plateau is <strong>co</strong>nsidered one of the only<br />
remaining viable sites for this species and thus the adjacent <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> <strong>co</strong>uld prove<br />
to be an important extension of this site.<br />
An un<strong>co</strong>nfirmed identification of Mrs Moreau’s warbler (Bathmocercus winifredae) was made through<br />
both call and observation in some forest patches. This species is globally threatened and thus it is hoped<br />
that the identification can be verified in the near future. This species is previously known from the Uluguru,<br />
Ukaguru and Udzungwa mountains, part of the Eastern Arc chain.<br />
• Reptiles<br />
At least 13 species of reptile representing four families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of forest-grassland<br />
mosaic in the reserve (Appendix 10). All identifications of species that were captured remain tentative<br />
whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. All taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Spawls et al.<br />
(2002).<br />
The reptile <strong>co</strong>llections and observations provided some very interesting findings with several range<br />
extensions both geographically and altitudinally. The Tubercle-nosed chamelon (Chameleo tempeli) and<br />
Goetze’s chamelon (Chameleo goetzei goetzei) are both South Tanzanian endemics to montane areas. They<br />
seemed to have a high abundance within the reserve. Two dwarf gecko species represent altitudinal range<br />
extensions with the Angulate dwarf gecko (Lygodactylus angularis), normally found within the range of 1<br />
600 – 2 300m asl but found here at 2 750m a.s.l, and the Angola darf gecko (Lygodactylus angolensis),<br />
predominantly a low-altitude savanna species yet caught at 2 500m a.s.l here. There were two new re<strong>co</strong>rds<br />
for Southern Tanzania within the skink family with the Speckle-lipped skink (Mabuya maculilabris) and<br />
the Striped skink (Mabuya striata ) being re<strong>co</strong>rded in the highlands.<br />
• Amphibians<br />
At least 14 species of amphibian representing four families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the forest-grassland mosaic in<br />
the reserve (Appendix 11). All identifications remain tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. All<br />
taxonomy and nomenclature follows that of Channing (2001).<br />
Several toads were caught but were identified to genus only. These may prove to be interesting once<br />
positively identified. The Nyika dwarf toad (Bufo nyikae) and Fuelleborn’s stream frog (Strongylopus<br />
fuellebornii) both caught in the grasslands, represent range extensions, as they have previously only be<br />
known from the open grasslands in the highlands between the border of Malawi and Zambia.<br />
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• Butterflies<br />
Sixty one species of butterfly representing five families were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the areas of forest-grassland<br />
mosaic in the reserve (Appendix 12). At least two species of the family Hesperiidae, 13 species of<br />
Lycaenidae, 29 species of Nymphalidae, six species of Papilionidae and 11 species of Pieridae were<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded. All identifications remain tentative whilst awaiting taxonomic verifications. All taxonomy and<br />
nomenclature follows that of Larsen (1991). Of interest was Harpendyreus juno, which is a southern rift<br />
endemic found only in the mountains of northern Malawi and Tanzania’s Southern Highlands.<br />
4.2.3. Human resource-use<br />
Survey work aimed at investigating the level of human resource-use within the reserve revealed the major<br />
use of the forest-grassland mosaic to be the grazing of <strong>co</strong>ws and, particularly, goats. Grazing is particularly<br />
damaging due to the associated burning of areas to stimulate fresh re-growth. The transect survey revealed<br />
that almost a third, 30.8 % of transects (48 out of the 156 50m sections) had been damaged by fire to some<br />
degree.<br />
Pressure from cultivation was also evident in the forest-grassland mosaic, although generally restricted to<br />
areas close to the borders in the south-west of the reserve, near to the villages of Matenga and Ikuwo. Small<br />
(c. 1 hectare) plantations of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) and Black Wattle (Acacis meansee) were found in<br />
this area, where bamboo was also found to be growing freely. Particularly evident in the south-east of the<br />
reserve, near to the village of Imalilo, were small plots on open grassy hillsides in which pareto (Pyethrum<br />
sp.) flowers (to be sold for the <strong>co</strong>mmercial production of insecticides) and simson vegetables (the seeds<br />
from which are used to produce oil for local <strong>co</strong>oking needs) were cultivated.<br />
The harvesting of terrestrial orchid tubers for the culinary delicacy, Chikanda or Kinaka, was found to<br />
occur from grassland areas of the reserve. 4.2% of transects (11 out of 256 50m sections) were found to<br />
reveal evidence of tuber harvesting. Orchid plants grow individually and are patchily distributed in the<br />
highlands, thus it is highly likely that these findings underrepresent the orchid digging activities. Further<br />
evidence was observed casually.<br />
Certain areas of forest would appear to be under pressure from pole cutting, presumably for firewood, but<br />
not to the extent of the northern miombo woodland areas. Three pitsaw sites were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the forested<br />
valleys, one of which was near to the basecamp near Matenga village. It is believed that the presence of the<br />
field team forced the loggers to abandon the site until the field work was <strong>co</strong>mpleted in that area. In order to<br />
assess the degree of both pole and timber cutting within the reserve, quantitative methods were used to<br />
<strong>co</strong>mpare the number of live and naturally dead stems with the number of cut stems (Table 5). Results are<br />
based on surveys of thirty nine 200m transects, each split in to four 50m sections.<br />
Table 5 Summary results of a pole and timber cutting survey within forest-grassland mosaic of the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Total Total no. Live (% Average Dead (% Average Cut (% of Average<br />
transect sampled of total) live per of total) dead per total) cut per<br />
length<br />
(m)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
hectare<br />
(ha)<br />
Poles 7,800 1693 1402 (83) 179.7 187 (11) 23.9 104 (6) 13.3<br />
Timbers 7,800 690 601 (87) 77 84 (12) 10.8 5 (1) 0.6<br />
A total of 1,693 and 690 poles and timbers were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the transect survey. Of these, 104 poles and 5<br />
timbers were cut, which represents 13.3 and 0.6 per hectare, respectively. These numbers are much lower<br />
than those found in the mid-altitudinal areas of the reserve. This reflects the evidence that grazing is the<br />
predominant problem en<strong>co</strong>untered within the highland parts of the reserve. Eleven percent and twelve<br />
percent of the poles and timbers were dead, an average of 23.9 and 10.8 per hectare respectively. Most of<br />
these were caused by burning found along 30% of the transect (47 out of 156 50m sections).<br />
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Evidence of hunting was found in snares set for duiker, bushpig , Scrub hares and ‘Mole rats’ on rocky<br />
hilltop outcrops and by remains of Suni bones. Poachers camps were observed, one in the valley and two in<br />
the highland area of the Lugala range. These latter two were well equipped with <strong>co</strong>oking pots, firewood<br />
store and bedding of grass within a small cave, indicating the recent use of this area for traps and burning to<br />
flush out large mammals.<br />
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5. DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
5.1 Flora<br />
An interesting and varied flora was re<strong>co</strong>rded across the two main habitats of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong>; mid-altitude miombo woodland and afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic (Table 6).<br />
Table 6 A summary of floral diversity re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Taxa Miombo woodland * Forest-grassland mosaic Total **<br />
Number of<br />
families<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Number of<br />
families<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Number of<br />
families<br />
Number<br />
of species<br />
Trees and 41 133 45 89 63 213<br />
shrubs<br />
Herbs and 17 33 24 61 31 91<br />
grasses<br />
Ferns 2 2 4 4 4 5<br />
Total 60 166 73 150 98 309<br />
* The figures given for miombo woodland include those for the patches of riverine woodland found within that habitat<br />
** The total figures represent the number of species re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout both miombo woodland and forest-grassland habitats, they do not simply<br />
add the number of species found in both habitats as some repetition or overlap in species was noted<br />
The diversity of trees and shrubs is greatest within the miombo woodlands of the reserve, however the<br />
number of both herb and grass species is much greater in the afro-montane forest grassland mosaic. Simple<br />
species diversity does not however reflect the biological or <strong>co</strong>nservation interest of the species involved, as<br />
this is anticipated to be greater within the forest-grassland mosaic. Mid-altitude miombo woodland is<br />
widespread, <strong>co</strong>vering large areas of Tanzania and beyond, and is well studied. The afro-montane forestgrassland<br />
mosaic on the other hand, has a very small <strong>co</strong>verage, ranging only across Tanzania’s Southern<br />
Highlands. The forest-grassland mosaic forms the WWF-designated E<strong>co</strong>-region 76, designated a<br />
<strong>co</strong>nservation status of Critical/Endangered. Southern and eastern African flora (and fauna) <strong>co</strong>nverges in the<br />
Southern Highlands and over 120 plant and animal taxa are endemic to the area. Two near-endemic plants<br />
were re<strong>co</strong>rded within the reserve, a woodland shrub, Barleria nyasensis, and a grassland herb, Eriosema<br />
<strong>uk</strong>ingense. Both of these species are restricted to the mountains at the north end of Lake Nyasa, including<br />
the Nyika plateau of Malawi and Zambia.<br />
• Mid-altitude miombo woodland<br />
A high variety of tree, shrub, herb and grass species were re<strong>co</strong>rded within the miombo woodlands and<br />
riverine woodlands of the reserve. The latter habitat <strong>co</strong>vers only a limited area however it is of great<br />
importance to the species found there and depends heavily on reliable water supplies. Species of particular<br />
interest are those which are currently <strong>co</strong>nsidered to be threatened by human activities. Pterocarpus<br />
angolensis and Afzelia quanzensis are exploited locally for timber and a number of pitsaws were found<br />
within the woodlands of the reserve. Brachystegia boehmii, Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum<br />
schumannii and Terminalia sericea are species favoured for the production of char<strong>co</strong>al and a number of<br />
char<strong>co</strong>al burning sites were found, along with large amounts of cutting in certain areas (Section 4.1.3 and<br />
5.3). Due to the temporary settlements of the Wamang’ati from Shinyanga and Mbeya, who have moved<br />
into the reserve with their cattle, several miombo woodland species are being damaged. These include:<br />
Brachystegia spp., Acacia drepanolobium, Acacia nilotica, Acacia nigrescens and Acacia polyacantha.<br />
• Afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
The mosaic is a botanically rich mixture of open grasslands, closed-canopy forests and small patches of<br />
bamboo forest. The latter is a particularly rare sub-habitat within an already restricted and threatened<br />
major-habitat. Grasslands in the mosaic have been destroyed across the Southern Highlands for plantations<br />
of exotic trees such as wattle (Acacis sp.) and pine (Pinus sp.); for <strong>co</strong>mmercial and local farming for maize<br />
and wheat schemes; pyrethrum; Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), peas and groundnuts; and through<br />
general pressures from an increasing local human population. Livestock grazing will also effect the floristic<br />
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<strong>co</strong>mposition of the grasslands. Four timber species within the montane forests were identified (O<strong>co</strong>tea<br />
usambarensis, Hagenia abyssinica, Podocarpus latifolius, and Podocarpus milanjianus) and evidence of<br />
pitsawing demonstrates local villages use of these species.<br />
As already <strong>co</strong>ncluded, this <strong>co</strong>mbination of habitats is depended upon by a number of specialised animals<br />
and animals of <strong>co</strong>nservation or biological interest / importance. Of particular interest floristically are a<br />
number of orchid species (Disa spp.and Roeperocharis bennettiana), which despite being supposedly<br />
protected by CITES II classification, are illegally harvested and exported to Zambia and Malawi where the<br />
tuber is sold as a culinary delicacy (Section 4.2.3 and 5.3).<br />
5.2 Fauna<br />
An extremely diverse and interesting fauna was re<strong>co</strong>rded within the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong><br />
during the current study, both within areas of miombo woodland and forest-grassland mosaic (Table 7).<br />
Table 7 A summary of faunal diversity and species of biological or <strong>co</strong>nservation interest re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>.<br />
Taxa Miombo woodland Forest-grassland mosaic Total **<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
Number of<br />
species<br />
Species of<br />
biol./<strong>co</strong>ns.<br />
interest *<br />
interest *<br />
interest *<br />
Mammals 51 2 31 7 63 9<br />
Birds - - - - 199 18<br />
Reptiles 24 11 13 8 33 18<br />
Amphibians 13 2 15 3 24 5<br />
Butterflies 128 5 61 3 169 8<br />
Total 216 20 119 22 488 58<br />
* This includes species listed as range restricted, of <strong>co</strong>nservation <strong>co</strong>ncern, forest-dependent or for which the re<strong>co</strong>rd in the reserve represents a<br />
distribution or altitudinal range extension, but does NOT include the number of forest dwelling species<br />
** The total figures represent the number of species re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout both miombo woodland and forest-grassland habitats, they do not simply<br />
add the number of species found in both habitats as some repetition or overlap in species was noted<br />
As with floral diversity, the diversity of nearly all animal taxa was greatest within the miombo woodlands,<br />
however this again in no way reflects the biological or <strong>co</strong>nservation interest of the species involved, which<br />
is far greater within the forest-grassland mosaic. As stated previously, mid-altitude miombo woodland is<br />
widespread and the species found within it have generally been well documented. As also stated, the forestgrassland<br />
mosaic not only has a very small <strong>co</strong>verage but has been given a <strong>co</strong>nservation status of<br />
Critical/Endangered. Little biological, and in particular faunal, research has been carried out in the habitat,<br />
with many past <strong>co</strong>nservation-aimed surveys, if not in savanna habitats, <strong>co</strong>ncentrating on the prestigious<br />
Eastern Arc forests and to a lesser extent, Coastal forests. These facts imply that the current survey is of<br />
particular value, both in revealing which species are to be found within the reserve (and possibly thus<br />
across the Southern Highlands) and to what extent are they threatened.<br />
• Mid-altitude miombo woodland<br />
Many game species were re<strong>co</strong>rded within the reserve’s miombo woodland during this study and discussion<br />
with local <strong>co</strong>mmunities suggest that many more are present. One aim of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> Project is to increase the flow of game animals between the northern miombo woodlands of the<br />
reserve and the Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, located to the north. This northern area of the reserve is <strong>co</strong>nsidered<br />
a wildlife <strong>co</strong>rridor for many game animals and it is hoped that through increased protection and<br />
management of the area more animals will migrate into the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> from the<br />
Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> during the dry season. The species involved include elephant (Loxodonta africana)<br />
(which ac<strong>co</strong>rding to local residents have not been found within the reserve for at least 10 years), buffalo<br />
(Syncerus caffer) (thought by locals to be present but not re<strong>co</strong>rded during the current study), Greater kudu<br />
(Tragelaphus strepsiceros), duikers (Cephalophus sp.), dik-dik (Madoqua sp), bushpig (Potamochoerus<br />
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larvatus), warthog (Pha<strong>co</strong>choerus aethiopicus), baboons (Papio sp.) and vervet monkeys (Cer<strong>co</strong>pithecus<br />
(aethiops) pygerythrus). This ‘Igando-Igawa’ wildlife <strong>co</strong>rridor acts as a link not only between the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> and the Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, but also as a link to the Ruaha National<br />
Park, which is adjacent to the northern end of the Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. A free flow of animals between<br />
all three of these protected areas is hindered by the presence of a major highway and many villages<br />
(between the Usangu <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> and the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>) and may not <strong>co</strong>me<br />
immediately, but it is certainly to be en<strong>co</strong>uraged and aimed for in the mid- to long-term future. Careful<br />
management and some protection status would be essential as the narrow <strong>co</strong>rridor area would be<br />
particularly susceptible to hunting and poaching.<br />
One species of fruit bat, Epomophorus labiatus, and four species of insectivorous bats were re<strong>co</strong>rded in the<br />
mid-altitude areas, but this is likely to be an under representation of the bat diversity in the reserve.<br />
It is predicted that a significantly higher diversity of birds may exist within miombo woodlands than was<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded during the current study. With further surveys it is thought that the number of species may<br />
increase up to 300 across the whole reserve, justification in itself for increased protection and management<br />
of the area. Amongst the avifauna re<strong>co</strong>rded within the miombo woodlands was the Ashy starling<br />
(Cosmopsarus uni<strong>co</strong>lor). This species is endemic to Tanzania and the re<strong>co</strong>rd within the reserve represents<br />
the extreme southern limit of its distribution. The Miombo Grey Tit (Parus griseiventris) was also re<strong>co</strong>rded<br />
in the reserve, normally being found in Western Tanzania.<br />
Reptilian surveys revealed a wealth of information about this under-studied taxon both within miombo<br />
woodlands of the reserve and within the Southern Highlands at large. In total, the re<strong>co</strong>rds of seven species<br />
within the reserve represent their first re<strong>co</strong>rding within the Southern Highlands, with some species<br />
previously only re<strong>co</strong>rded as far away as the southern shores of Lake Victoria; the Tropical Spiny agama<br />
(Agama armata), the Red-headed Rock agama (Agama agama), Leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis),<br />
Tree skink (Mabuya planifrons), Wahlberg’s snake-eyed skink (Panaspis wahlbergi), Snake-eyed skink<br />
(Panaspis megalura) and the Velvety-green night-adder (Causus resimus). Three other species were of<br />
particular interest, due to rarity and scattered re<strong>co</strong>rds, the Angolan dwarf-gecko (Lygodactylus angolensis),<br />
the Yellow-throated plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus flavigularis) and the Nile monitor lizard (Varanus<br />
niloticus).<br />
A relatively low diversity of amphibians was re<strong>co</strong>rded within the miombo woodlands of the reserve,<br />
however one interesting frog was re<strong>co</strong>rded, the Natal sand frog (Tomopterna natalensis), which represents<br />
a range extension from Southern Mozambique.<br />
Butterfly diversity was great within the areas of miombo woodland surveyed, particularly within the<br />
Nymphalidae family. Of interest were three species: two southern Tanzanian endemics, Charaxes <strong>co</strong>ndoni<br />
and Hemiolaus <strong>co</strong>eculus <strong>co</strong>eculus and a southern range extension, Bicyclus <strong>co</strong>ttrelli.<br />
• Afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
A seemingly healthy population of Black and White <strong>co</strong>lobus (Colobus angolensis sharpei) was observed,<br />
with troops of 6 to10 or more individuals appearing to inhabit forest patches in different valleys on the<br />
northern side of the <strong>Kipengere</strong> Range. This species is reliant on good quality forests and due to a<br />
<strong>co</strong>mbination of this dependency and hunting pressures, it is currently listed as locally vulnerable by IUCN.<br />
That a presumably viable population exists within the reserve is a good indicator of the quality of the forest<br />
(for other species) and justifies every <strong>co</strong>nservation effort aimed particularly at the montane forests. A<br />
healthy, population of Moloney’s monkey (Cer<strong>co</strong>pithecus mitis moloneyi) was also observed within<br />
patches of forest. This particular sub-species is endemic to the Southern Highlands and again, is a forestdependent<br />
species reliant on the maintenance of good quality forest <strong>co</strong>ver for its <strong>co</strong>ntinued survival. A<br />
surprisingly low bat diversity was offset by an extremely rich rodent fauna, <strong>co</strong>mprising many forestdwelling<br />
species and two sub-species of restricted range; the Narrow-footed woodland mouse (Grammomys<br />
<strong>co</strong>metes) and the Lesser pouched rat (Beamys hindei major), and a species of shrew, Myosorex sp., which<br />
is believed to be localised to the areas it inhabits.<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
The results of the ornithological survey in the forest-grassland mosaic were extremely interesting, revealing<br />
the presence of one globally threatened species; the Blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea), five rangerestricted<br />
species; the Churring cisti<strong>co</strong>la (Cisti<strong>co</strong>la njombe), the <strong>Kipengere</strong> seedeater (Serinus<br />
melanochrous), the Yellow-browed seedeater (S. whytii), the Uhehe fiscal (Lanius marwitzi) and the<br />
Mountain Marsh widowbird (Euplectes psammocromius), and one biome-restricted species; the Scarlettufted<br />
sunbird (Nectarina johnstoni). All of these species were re<strong>co</strong>rded across the open grasslands of the<br />
forest-grassland mosaic, where it is also predicted that a number of migratory species may visit and<br />
Denham’s bustard (Neotis denhami) may reside. The neighbouring Kitulo Plateau Proposed National Park<br />
and Important Bird Area (Birdlife International) is <strong>co</strong>nsidered one of the few remaining viable sites for the<br />
latter species and it is thought that the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> <strong>co</strong>uld offer a much-needed<br />
extension of the site for this highly threatened species. An un<strong>co</strong>nfirmed identification of Mrs Moreau’s<br />
warbler (Bathmocercus winifredae) was made within some patches of forest and it is hoped that this may<br />
be verified in the near future as the species is globally threatened. The great ornithological wealth and<br />
diversity of the reserve is <strong>co</strong>nsidered justification enough in itself for the protection and <strong>co</strong>nservation of the<br />
whole area.<br />
Over sixty percent of the reptile species re<strong>co</strong>rded within the forest-grassland mosaic were of particular<br />
interest for a variety of reasons, including that the re<strong>co</strong>rd in the reserve represents an extension of the<br />
previously reported altitudinal range at which the species is normally found, such as the Angulate and<br />
Angolan Dwarf geckos (Lygodactylus angularis and Lygodactylus angolensis respectively). The Tuberclenosed<br />
chameleon (Chamaeleo tempeli) is endemic to Tanzania , the Goetze’s chameleon (Chamaeleo goetzi<br />
goetzi) is a Tanzanian endemic subspecies and the Ukinga Mountain skink (Mabuya brauni) is of restricted<br />
range. The Speckle-lipped skink (Mabuya maculilabris) represents a range extension with no previous<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rds in the Southern Highlands.<br />
Despite a low overall amphibian diversity, two species represent range extensions with previous re<strong>co</strong>rds<br />
from the border of Malawi and Zambia. These are Nyika dwarf toad (Bufo nyikae) and Fuelleborn’s stream<br />
frog (Strongylopus fullebornii).<br />
Unsurprisingly, a relatively low re<strong>co</strong>rded butterfly diversity reflected the <strong>co</strong>ld weather <strong>co</strong>nditions<br />
experienced across the forest-grassland mosaic. Two species were range restricted to Southern Tanzania,<br />
Harpendyreus juno and Neo<strong>co</strong>enyra heckmanni heckmanni. One species was the first re<strong>co</strong>rding in the<br />
Southern highlands, Papilio demodocus demodocus.<br />
5.3 Human resource-use<br />
A wide variety of forms of human resource-use were re<strong>co</strong>rded throughout the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong>. Some were specific to a particular habitat whilst others were widespread in both miombo<br />
woodlands and the forest-grassland mosaic.<br />
• Mid-altitude miombo woodland<br />
One major use of, and thus threat to, the miombo woodland would appear to be from the production of<br />
char<strong>co</strong>al. Numerous tracks allow a high degree of access to the relatively flat terrain on which the<br />
woodland is found, en<strong>co</strong>uraging the cutting of poles and timbers and their burning in piles for the<br />
<strong>co</strong>mmercial production of char<strong>co</strong>al. Species targeted are thought to include Brachystegia spiciformis and<br />
Combretum schumannii. Pterocarpus angolensis and Afzelia quanzensis are targeted for the production of<br />
timber and evidence was found of both old and current pitsaws within the reserve. Again, the network of<br />
tracks allows easy removal and transport of the timber. Employees of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong><br />
<strong>Reserve</strong> Project had to deal with illegal char<strong>co</strong>al production and timber harvesting during the fieldwork for<br />
the current study. Five percent of both poles and timbers were found to be cut, however many more were<br />
observed casually, thus, it is predicted that this number would increase if more of the area were to be<br />
systemmatically surveyed. Most areas that showed evidence of cutting were easy access from paths and<br />
tracks, for example near to Kimani waterfalls and the surrounding area.<br />
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A variety of evidences pointed to the activities of poachers within miombo woodlands of the reserve.<br />
Along with direct effects on the animal populations targeted (mainly antelope), threats from such activities<br />
include fire damage to the woodland habitat. Grasses are burnt in order to stimulate fresh re-growth which<br />
it is hoped will en<strong>co</strong>urage herbivores and grazers into the area to feed. Fires burn un<strong>co</strong>ntrolled however and<br />
although some fire disturbance is of no negative impact to the habitat, repeated and sustained burning can<br />
only do harm. If more herbivores were to eventually start to enter the reserve via the wildlife <strong>co</strong>rridor, this<br />
may result in future <strong>co</strong>mpetition with cattle and goats for the new flush of grasses. The fires may also aid<br />
poachers as it flushes out animals from the burning area and allows easy hunting for target species.<br />
Grazing by domestic <strong>co</strong>ws and goats was found within areas to the north of the reserve, whilst settlement<br />
and cultivated land was found particularly along the Little Ruaha river valley. The village of <strong>Mpanga</strong> is<br />
also of <strong>co</strong>urse within the reserve boundaries, although efforts are underway on the part of the<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> Project to relocate the whole village. Whilst the cultivation was of<br />
limited range and distribution and <strong>co</strong>nsidered to be of minimal threat to the <strong>co</strong>nservation of the reserve as a<br />
whole, the grazing was more widespread and it is suggested that actions be taken to move the grazers<br />
elsewhere.<br />
• Afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
One of the major uses of, and thus threats to, areas of forest-grassland mosaic would appear to be from the<br />
grazing of cattle and in particular goats. Grazing will have its own pressures on grassland species itself,<br />
however the situation is made worse by the deliberate burning of areas to stimulate re-growth. Thirty<br />
percent of the transects surveyed showed signs of fire-damage. Although the natural grassland is fireclimax,<br />
repeated and unmanaged burning may pose a serious threat. The grazing pressure was <strong>co</strong>nsidered<br />
far greater than in the northern woodland areas of the reserve. In terms of management, further study would<br />
be required to understand and assess the extent of impact that grazing has on the grassland e<strong>co</strong>system,<br />
particularly if this practice has <strong>co</strong>ntinued for many years and the e<strong>co</strong>system has, to some extent, adapted to<br />
it. Zoning may be appropriate with <strong>co</strong>ntrolled grazing areas, zero grazing areas and open grazing areas. As<br />
this is the major threat from human activities within the forest-grassland mosaic, it needs careful<br />
<strong>co</strong>nsideration within any management strategy.<br />
Certain areas were found to be under pressure from cultivation, however these were restricted to areas close<br />
to the reserve borders in the south-west of the reserve, near to the villages of Matenga and Ikuwo. Small (c.<br />
1 hectare) plantations of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) and Black Wattle (Acacis meansee) were also found<br />
in this area. Despite its biodiversity value being minimal, the current borders include a heavily populated<br />
and cultivated area within this region of the reserve. It is strongly suggested that during ‘ground-truthing’<br />
for the reserve borders, this area be made to lie outside of the reserve, thus saving the need to relocate many<br />
people and destroy many crops for minimal biodiversity gain. Of minimal <strong>co</strong>ncern is the cultivation of<br />
pareto (Pyrethrum sp.) flowers and simson vegetables particularly towards the south-eastern <strong>co</strong>rner of the<br />
reserve. The threat of spread of these species from generally small and well-tended plots near to the reserve<br />
borders is not <strong>co</strong>nsidered serious. The spread of an exotic bamboo (Bambusa simensis) grown in villages<br />
for the production of pombe <strong>co</strong>uld possibly pose a greater threat to native vegetation, however this is still<br />
not <strong>co</strong>nsidered a serious problem.<br />
A serious threat to many species of orchid found within grasslands of the forest-grassland mosaic is the<br />
illegal harvesting and subsequent trade of orchid tubers. Tubers are dug up by local villagers or those from<br />
further afield, primarily for sale in Zambian markets as the culinary delicacy Chikanda or Kinaka. Despite<br />
all orchids receiving CITES II classification, the practice of tuber harvesting has been re<strong>co</strong>gnised in the<br />
neighbouring Kitulo Plateau Proposed National Park and may well be widespread throughout the Southern<br />
Highlands (Davenport & Ndangalasi 2001). It is suggested that if the trade is to be <strong>co</strong>ntrolled in any way,<br />
an in-depth survey should be <strong>co</strong>nducted into the harvesting and sale of tubers, <strong>co</strong>nsidering potential<br />
alternatives for local in<strong>co</strong>me-generating activities. It was ascertained from local villagers that they are able<br />
to earn Tsh 4,000 for a 10 litre bucket of tubers.<br />
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Amounts of both pole and timber cutting were low in the forest-grassland mosaic when <strong>co</strong>mpared to the<br />
miombo woodlands, being 6% and 1% of the total pole and timber <strong>co</strong>unt and an average of 13.3 and 0.6 per<br />
hectare, respectively. This rate is not high and is sustainable for the time being. However, pitsawing is a<br />
<strong>co</strong>ncern in the south west <strong>co</strong>rner of the reserve, near Matenga village, where one site was in use. The forest<br />
patches in the grassland-forest mosaic are all small and thus, vulnerable to human activities, which threaten<br />
the whole forest e<strong>co</strong>system.<br />
Evidence of hunting for (small) antelope and Scrub hares (Lepus saxatillus), was found across grasslands of<br />
the forest-grassland mosaic. Traps set to catch hares were evident on many rocky hill-tops.<br />
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6. CONCLUSION<br />
The findings of this biodiversity survey of the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> are extremely interesting<br />
and reveal the area to be of great importance for a variety of both habitats and species. The re<strong>co</strong>rds of many<br />
range-restricted or globally threatened birds species, for example the <strong>Kipengere</strong> seedeater (Serinus<br />
melanochorus), the Churring cisti<strong>co</strong>la (Cisti<strong>co</strong>la njombe) and the Blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea),<br />
demonstrate the importance of the montane grasslands. The re<strong>co</strong>rds of forest-dependent species such as the<br />
Black and White <strong>co</strong>lobus (Colobus angolensis sharpei) for example highlight the significance of the<br />
montane forest patches. The re<strong>co</strong>rds of game such as the Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and the<br />
extent of suitable habitat demonstrate not only the importance of the miombo woodlands but also of the<br />
areas recently appointed status as <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>. The numerous re<strong>co</strong>rds of endemic and restricted range<br />
species and those re<strong>co</strong>rds representing extensions of previously reported distributional or altitudinal range<br />
demonstrate the lack of previous biological investigations in the area and thus its importance in terms of<br />
scientific dis<strong>co</strong>very. This is in particular true of the herpetofauna. These re<strong>co</strong>rds also indicate the reserve’s<br />
importance in terms of long-term <strong>co</strong>nservation interests and the high esteem under which it should be held.<br />
This can be seen as especially true as, in terms of biodiversity and ‘intactness’, it can easily be <strong>co</strong>mpared to<br />
the neighbouring Kitulo Plateau. This area is soon to receive the highest form of re<strong>co</strong>gnition under the<br />
government through its gazettement as a National Park and is already re<strong>co</strong>gnised as an Important Bird Area<br />
by Birdlife International.<br />
A variety of human activities do however currently threaten both habitats and species and the long-term<br />
future of the reserve. These include the grazing of domestic animals, the production of char<strong>co</strong>al and timber,<br />
the hunting of wild animals and the harvesting and subsequent illegal trade of orchid tubers. Increased<br />
protection through carefully designed management plans should aim to reduce the impact of all such forms<br />
of human resource-use within the reserve. The area holds great potential for tourism, such as trekking and<br />
bird / primate watching. Sensitively implemented tourist activities <strong>co</strong>uld bring in much needed revenue to<br />
both the reserve and inhabitants of nearby villages and towns. It is vital however that all work aimed at<br />
protecting and managing the reserve should involve discussion with and the involvement of local<br />
<strong>co</strong>mmunities at all stages. In all decisions, their future should be <strong>co</strong>nsidered alongside that of the reserve.<br />
Finally, work aimed at <strong>co</strong>nserving the <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> for biodiversity will also protect<br />
the water sources that feed various wetland e<strong>co</strong>-systems, irrigate agricultural areas and supply <strong>co</strong>untless<br />
human populations with water far beyond the reserve borders.<br />
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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
Baker, N. E. & Baker E.M. (2002). Important Bird Areas in Tanzania: A first inventory. Wildlife<br />
Conservation Society of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania<br />
Britton P.L. (1980) (ed.) Birds of East Africa. East African Natural History Society, Nairobi.<br />
Channing, A. (2001). Amphibians of Central and Southern Africa. Cornell University Press, USA.<br />
Coates Palgrave, K. (1996). Trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town.<br />
Collar N.J., Crosby M.J. & Stattersfield A.J. (1994) Birds to Watch 2. The world list of threatened birds.<br />
Birdlife International.<br />
Davenport T.R.B & Ndangalasi H.J (2001) Orchid Harvest – An assessment of the harvesting and trade of<br />
orchid tubers across Tanzania’s Southern Highlands. Unpublished report, Wildlife Conservation Society,<br />
Mbeya, Tanzania.<br />
Heywood, V. H. (1993). Flowering plants of the world . BT Batsford Ltd, London.<br />
IUCN (1994) Guidelines for protected areas management categories. International Union for Conservation<br />
of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.<br />
Kielland, J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House Publishers (Melbourne & London).<br />
Kingdon, J. 1974. East African Mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. Vol. 2B: Hares and rodents.<br />
University Chicago Press, Chicago.<br />
Kingdon, J. 1989. East African mammals. An atlas of evolution in Africa. Vol. 2A: Insectivores and bats.<br />
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.<br />
Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon field guide to East African Mammals. Academic Press, London, 464<br />
pages.<br />
Knox, E.B. 2000. List of East African Plants (LEAP). Database <strong>co</strong>mpiled largely from the Flora of<br />
Tropical East Africa (Rotterdam: Balkema) and Beentje (1994).<br />
Larsen, T. B. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
Mabberley, D.J. (1997). The Plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge<br />
Univeristy Press, Cambridge, UK.<br />
Passmore, N. I. And V. C. Carruthers. 1995. South African frogs: a <strong>co</strong>mplete guide. Southern book<br />
publishers, Johannesburg.<br />
Polhill, D. 1988. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Index of <strong>co</strong>llecting localities. Royal Botanical Gardens,<br />
Kew.<br />
SEE, 1998. Methodology report (SEE, 1996. <strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Forest Research Programme: Methodology<br />
report ‘Old and New’. L. Stubblefield & P. Cunneyworth eds. Technical paper of the Society for<br />
Environmental Exploration, London).<br />
Sinclair I. (1993) Sasol Birds of Southern Africa. Wah Press (pte) Ltd, Singapore.<br />
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Spawls S., Howell K., Drewes R & Ashe J. (2002) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. Academic<br />
Press, Hong Kong.<br />
Stevenson T. & Fanshawe J. (2002) Field guide to the birds of East Africa. T. & A. D. Poyser, London.<br />
Spawls, S., Howell, K., Drewes, R. and Ashe, J. 2002. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa.<br />
Academic Press, London, UK.<br />
Stattersfield, A.J., Crosby, M.J., Long, A.J. and Wege, D.C. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World.<br />
Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation.BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7, BirdLife International.<br />
Stuart, C. & Stuart, T. (1994). A field guide to the tracks & signs of Southern and East African wildlife.<br />
Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town.<br />
Van Wyk, B. & Van Wyk, P. (1997). Field guide to trees of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers (Pty) lTd,<br />
Cape Town.<br />
Walker, C. 1996. Signs of the Wild. Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town.<br />
Zimmerman, D.A., Turner, D.A. & Pearson, D.J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Russel<br />
Friedman Books, South Africa.<br />
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APPENDIX 1: TAXONOMIC VERIFICATIONS.<br />
BOTANY<br />
Omari Kibure WWF P.O. Box 77226, Dar es Salaam<br />
tbtp1997@yahoo.<strong>co</strong>m or psumbi@wwftz.org<br />
ZOOLOGY<br />
Mammals:<br />
Prof. Kim Howell University of Dar es Salaam Department of Zoology<br />
P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
khowell@twiga.<strong>co</strong>m<br />
Dr. Bill Stanley Chicago Field Museum Mammal Section, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605,<br />
USA<br />
stanley@fieldmuseum.org<br />
Amphibians:<br />
Prof. Kim Howell University of Dar es Salaam Department of Zoology<br />
P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
khowell@twiga.<strong>co</strong>m<br />
Prof. J. Poynton British Natural History Museum Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, UK.<br />
Reptiles:<br />
Prof. Kim Howell University of Dar es Salaam Department of Zoology<br />
P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
khowell@twiga.<strong>co</strong>m<br />
Dr. R.C. Drewes California Academy of Sciences Department of Herpetology, Golden Gate Park<br />
San Francis<strong>co</strong>, California 94118, USA<br />
bdrewes@calacademy.org<br />
Butterflies:<br />
Dr. Tim Davenport Wildlife Conservation Society Southern Highland Conservation Project,<br />
P.O. Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania<br />
trbd@twiga.<strong>co</strong>m<br />
Birds:<br />
Mr. Elias Mungaya Wildlife Conservation Society P.O. Box 70919. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<br />
of Tanzania<br />
Stonechat2@avu.org<br />
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APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY OF SAMPLING EFFORT OF EACH SURVEY<br />
TECHNIQUE EMPLOYED.<br />
Survey technique Target taxa Sampling effort per major habitat type:<br />
(and sampling unit) Woodland Forest-grassland<br />
Total<br />
mosaic<br />
DRY WET DRY WET<br />
Flora<br />
Vegetation plot Trees, shrubs, herbs 15 - 9 5 29 VPs *<br />
Opportunistic obs./<strong>co</strong>llection Trees, shrubs, herbs - - - - -<br />
Fauna<br />
Sherman traps (trap-nights) Small mammals 875 1500 850 1200 4425 trap-nights<br />
Animal signs transects Larger mammals 40 19 25 14 98 transects<br />
Bat netting (mist-net hours) Bats 242 1462 450 745 2899 Mist-net hours<br />
Bird surveys (weeks work) Birds - 1.5 4 1.5 7 weeks work<br />
Timed searches (man-hours) Herpetofauna 30 86 22 73 211 Man-hours<br />
Sweep-netting (man-hours) Butterflies 24 20 10 12 66 Man-hours<br />
Canopy traps (trap-days) Butterflies 64 80 42 80 266 Trap-days<br />
Opportunistic obs./<strong>co</strong>llection All animal taxa - - - - -<br />
Human resource-use<br />
Transects Human resource-use 40 19 25 14 98 transects<br />
Opportunistic observation Human resource-use - - - - -<br />
* Ac<strong>co</strong>mplished over both fieldwork phases.<br />
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APPENDIX 3: SUMMARY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING EACH<br />
FIELDWORK PHASE.<br />
2a. Dry season phase:<br />
16<br />
35<br />
14<br />
30<br />
12<br />
25<br />
Rainfall (mm)<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
20<br />
15<br />
Temperature (deg C)<br />
Rainfall (mm)<br />
Min. temp<br />
Max. temp<br />
4<br />
10<br />
2<br />
5<br />
0<br />
0<br />
1<br />
4<br />
7<br />
10<br />
13<br />
16<br />
19<br />
22<br />
25<br />
28<br />
31<br />
34<br />
37<br />
40<br />
43<br />
Days<br />
2b. Wet season phase:<br />
25<br />
40<br />
35<br />
20<br />
30<br />
Rainfall (mm)<br />
15<br />
10<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
5<br />
0<br />
1<br />
4<br />
7<br />
10<br />
13<br />
16<br />
19<br />
22<br />
25<br />
28<br />
31<br />
34<br />
37<br />
40<br />
43<br />
46<br />
49<br />
52<br />
Temperature (deg C)<br />
Rainfall (mm)<br />
Min. temp (oc)<br />
Max. temp (oc)<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
Day<br />
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APPENDIX 4: SUMMARY DETAILS OF WORKSITE BASES/ZOOLOGICAL<br />
TRAPSITES.<br />
Site Latitude Longitude Altitude Major habitat type<br />
DRY SEASON PHASE<br />
Basecamp 1 S 08 0 53’ 07.8’’ E 034 0 24’ 51.5’’ 1 270 m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 1 S 08 0 51’ 55.1’’ E 034 0 18’ 50.0’’ 1 360 m asl Woodland<br />
Basecamp 2 S 08 0 55’ 37.1’’ E 034 0 12’ 28.4’’ 1 200 m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 2 S 08 0 57’ 52.0’’ E 034 0 12’ 24.7’’ 1 360 m asl Grassland & woodland<br />
Satellite camp 3 (A) S 08 0 57’ 06.3’’ E 034 0 08’ 52.8’’ 1 220 m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 3 (B) S 08 0 55’ 35.3’’ E 034 0 07’ 51.4’’ 1 180 m asl Cultivation & woodland<br />
Basecamp 3 S 09 0 09’ 19.5’’ E 034 0 21’ 48.6’’ 2 540 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
Satellite camp 4 S 09 0 08’ 38.5’’ E 034 0 25’ 07.9’’ 2 230 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
Satellite camp 5 S 09 0 07’ 16.8’’ E 034 0 18’ 23.6’’ 2 600 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
Basecamp 4 S 09 0 06’ 20.1’’ E 034 0 05’ 14.7’’ 2 360 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
Satellite camp 6 S 09 0 04’ 29.6’’ E 034 0 11’ 08.6’’ 1 680 m asl Grassland & woodland<br />
Satellite camp 7 S 09 0 08’ 07.0’’ E 034 0 06’ 24.5’’ 2 600 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
WET SEASON PHASE<br />
Basecamp 1 S 09 0 06’ 10.8’’ E 034 0 05’ 09.2’’ 2 200 m asl Forest-grassland mosaic<br />
Satellite camp 1 S 09 0 06’ 52.3” E 034 0 07’ 02.5” 2 210m asl Grassland & woodland<br />
Satellite camp 2 S 08 0 08’ 07.6” E 034 0 24’ 51.7” 1 290m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 3 S 09 0 08’ 35.4’’ E 034 0 07’ 32.5’’ 2 813m asll Afro-alpine moorland<br />
Satellite camp 4 S 09 0 04’ 29.8” E 034 0 11’ 10.4” 1 680m asl Cultivation & woodland<br />
Basecamp 2 S 08 0 55’ 34.4” E 034 0 12’ 20.0” 1 265m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 5 S 08 0 58’ 21.3” E 034 0 17’ 47.8” 2 028m asl Grassland<br />
Satellite camp 6 S 08 0 59’ 10.0” E 034 0 21’ 33.1” 1 558m asl Woodland<br />
Satellite camp 7 S 09 0 04’ 25.4” E 034 0 16’ 25.4” 2001m asl Grassland & woodland<br />
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APPENDIX 5: SUMMARY DETAILS OF VEGETATION PLOTS.<br />
Vegetation<br />
Plot number<br />
Latitude (S) Longitude (E) Altitude<br />
(m asl)<br />
Major Habitat<br />
Type<br />
1 08°53' 13.4" 034°24' 151.1" 1 302 Woodland<br />
2 08°50' 46.9" 034°21' 34.2" 1 287 Grassland<br />
3 08°55'58.1" 034°23' 56.9" 1 374 Woodland<br />
4 08°54' 36.1" 034°24' 08.4" 1 393 Woodland<br />
5 08°51' 03.6" 034°26' 27.6" 1 484 Woodland<br />
6 08°52'34.8" 034°16' 58.7" No veg plot<br />
7 08°52' 41.0" 034°17' 23.1" - Grassland<br />
8 08°55' 43.6" 034°12' 31.0" - Grassland<br />
9 08°57' 01.1" 034°12' 48.7" 1 200 Woodland<br />
10 08°54' 21.5" 034°15' 07.4" 1 350 Woodland<br />
11 08°53' 43.4" 034°12' 46.9" - Grassland<br />
12 08°52' 52.5" 034°09' 17.4" 1 230 Riverine forest<br />
13 08°58' 29.1" 034°13' 08.5" 1 290 Woodland<br />
14 08°58' 03.4" 034°12' 41.9" 1 400 Woodland<br />
15 08°56' 23.5" 034°09' 20.2" - Forest-grassland<br />
16 09°10' 33.9" 034°20' 21.5" No veg plot<br />
17 08°54' 28.4" 034°15' 10.1" - Woodland<br />
18 09°07' 21.8" 034°22' 14.1" 2 700 Grassland & Woodland<br />
19 09°09' 34.2" 034° 21' 51.2" - Forest & Grassland<br />
20 09°08' 36.7" 034°25' 11.8" 2 230 Forest & Grassland<br />
21 09°09' 04.8" 034° 22' 31.9" 2 324 Forest<br />
22 09°09' 34.2" 034°21' 51.2" 2 600 Forest<br />
23 09°07' 00.0" 034°15' 46.3" 2 450 Forest<br />
24 09°09' 08.4" 034°20' 56.7" 2 540 Forest & Grassland<br />
25 09°06' 11.8" 034°05' 07.5" 2 200 Forest<br />
26 09°04' 35.5" 034°11' 15.5" No veg plot<br />
27<br />
28<br />
29<br />
30<br />
31<br />
32<br />
09°06’ 37.0"<br />
09°06’<br />
09°06’ 37.0"<br />
09°06’ 23.2"<br />
08°58’ 23.2"<br />
08°58’ 05.7"<br />
034°04’ 50.1"<br />
034°0<br />
034°04’ 50.1"<br />
034°05’ 26.1"<br />
034°17’ 52.1"<br />
034°18’ 08.8"<br />
1 680<br />
2 255<br />
2 377<br />
2 308<br />
2 053<br />
1 956<br />
Woodland & Grassland<br />
Forest<br />
Grassland<br />
Montane forest<br />
Woodland<br />
Woodland<br />
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APPENDIX 6: SUMMARY DETAILS OF TRANSECTS USED TO DETECT<br />
ANIMAL SIGNS AND HUMAN RESOURCE-USE.<br />
6a. Dry Season<br />
Transect Latitude (S) at Longitude (E) at Grid Ref Grid Ref Major habitat type<br />
number start<br />
start (E) (N)<br />
1 08°53' 47.4" 034°24'31.7" 06 54908 90 16386 Woodland<br />
2 08°53'23.2" 034°24' 02.1" 06 54006 90 17132 Woodland<br />
3 08°54' 02.2" 034°25'28.5" 06 56642 90 15923 Woodland<br />
4 08°50' 47.2" 034°21' 34.8" 06 49526 90 21940 Woodland<br />
5 08°50' 29.7" 034°21' 40.2" 06 49692 90 22478 Woodland<br />
6 08°50' 01.3" 034°21' 35.5" 06 49551 90 23350 Woodland<br />
7 08°55' 58.3" 034°23' 56.5" 06 53819 90 12370 Woodland / Grassland<br />
8 08°54' 35.3" 034°24' 08.2" 06 54185 90 14916 Woodland<br />
9 08°54' 36.0" 034°24' 03.6" 06 54044 90 14896 Woodland<br />
10 08°54' 35.3" 034°24' 09.8" 06 54235 90 14916 Woodland<br />
11 08°51' 01.8" 034°26' 28.3" 06 58492 90 21457 Woodland<br />
12 08°50' 54.1" 034°26' 36.5" 06 58742 90 21694 Woodland<br />
13 08°52' 41.0" 034°17' 37.7" 06 42267 90 18472 Woodland<br />
14 08°52' 26.0" 034°18' 03.7" 06 43066 90 18930 Woodland<br />
15 08°52' 07.2" 034°18' 29.8" 06 43866 90 19504 Woodland<br />
16 08°51' 35.0" 034°18' 35.0" 06 44025 90 20492 Woodland<br />
17 08°51' 00.4" 034°18' 15.6" 06 43437 90 21558 Woodland<br />
18 08°50' 31.8" 034°17' 55.8" 06 42836 90 22438 Woodland<br />
19 08°57' 13.4" 034°12' 13.7" 06 32343 90 10138 Woodland<br />
20 08°56' 36.3" 034°12' 24.6" 06 32682 90 11277 Woodland<br />
21 08°55' 53.7" 034°11' 58.2" 06 31877 90 12588 Woodland<br />
22 08°53' 36.7" 034°12' 43.0" 06 33262 90 16792 Woodland / Grassland<br />
23 08°54' 06.5" 034°12' 30.0" 06 32860 90 15877 Woodland<br />
24 08°54' 53.8" 034°12' 40.4" 06 33172 90 14422 Woodland<br />
25 08°55' 35.0" 034°12' 43.3" 06 33259 90 13160 Woodland<br />
26 08°55' 19.2" 034°13' 16.3" 06 34267 90 13640 Woodland<br />
27 08°55' 01.4" 034°12' 48.6" 06 33422 90 14188 Woodland<br />
28 08°53' 27.6" 034°09' 29.9" 06 27361 90 17000 Woodland<br />
29 08°53' 06.3" 034°10' 57.6" 06 30041 90 17644 Grassland<br />
30 08°57' 41.3" 034°12' 13.6" 06 32338 90 09281 Woodland / Grassland<br />
31 08°58' 02.7" 034°12' 41.3" 06 33181 90 08622 Woodland / Grassland<br />
32 08°58' 05.6" 034°12' 44.3" 06 33273 90 08532 Woodland / Grassland<br />
33 08°58' 06.6" 034°13' 34.8" 06 34816 90 08496 Woodland / Grassland<br />
34 08°58' 05.8" 034°13' 19.2" 06 34339 90 08522 Woodland / Grassland<br />
35 08°57' 49.6" 034°12' 51.9" 06 33508 90 09022 Woodland<br />
36 08°55' 34.0" 034°07' 55.4" 06 24463 90 13215 Woodland<br />
37 08°55' 23.3" 034°08' 05.7" 06 24781 90 13545 Woodland<br />
38 08°53' 10.0" 034°11' 03.1" 06 30209 90 17532 Woodland<br />
39 08° 52' 09.5" 034°10' 43.8" 06 29626 90 19392 Woodland<br />
40 08°52' 56.9" 034°10' 13.4" 06 28691 90 17938 Woodland<br />
41 09°10' 34.4" 034°20' 21.1" 06 47137 89 85392 Bush/Scrub/Thicket<br />
42 09°10' 02.0" 034°20' 01.0" 06 46526 89 86390 Grassland<br />
43 09°09' 11.8" 034°20' 29.5" 06 47402 89 87926 Grassland<br />
44 09°07' 28.2" 034°22' 08.9" 06 50449 86 91100 Grassland<br />
45 09°07' 21.3" 034°18' 28.2" 06 43713 89 91336 Grassland<br />
46 09°07' 48.4" 034°18' 54.9" 06 44526 89 90498 Rock / Barren<br />
47 09°08' 20.7" 034°25' 04.8" 06 55815 89 89556 Grassland<br />
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Transect Latitude (S) at Longitude (E) at Grid Ref Grid Ref Major habitat type<br />
number start<br />
start (E) (N)<br />
48 09°08' 09.4" 034°25'12.1" 06 56040 89 89904 Grassland<br />
49 09°08' 06.3" 034°25' 06.9 06 55883 89 89997 Grassland<br />
50 09°09' 18.1" 034°21' 49.5" 06 49846 89 87818 Grassland<br />
51 09°09' 31.6" 034°22' 19.2" 06 50751 89 87397 Grassland<br />
52 09°09' 35.8" 034°21' 48.6" 06 49819 89 87272 Grassland / Forest<br />
53 09°06' 23.1" 034° 16' 38.7" 06 40375 89 93136 Grassland<br />
54 09°06' 02.6" 034°06' 09.3" 06 21163 89 93828 Grassland / Cultivation<br />
55 09°05' 41.0" 034°08' 09.9" 06 24847 89 94482 Grassland / Cultivation<br />
56 09°06' 57.5" 034°05' 27.0" 06 19866 89 92146 Grassland<br />
57 09°07' 52.9" 034°06' 06.3" 06 21060 89 90440 Grassland<br />
58 Grassland<br />
59 09°06' 29.1" 034°05' 07.1" 06 19261 89 93020 Grassland<br />
60 09°06' 19.8" 034°05' 04.8" 06 19194 89 93306 Forest<br />
61 09°04' 43.9" 034°11' 23.6" 06 30273 89 95495 Woodland / Grassland<br />
62 09°05' 10.4" 034°11' 07.4" 06 30770 89 96 306 Woodland / Grassland<br />
63 09°10' 24.1" 034°09 07.4" 06 26573 89 85780 Grassland<br />
64 09°08' 39.0" 034°07' 43.9" 06 24035 89 89014 Grassland<br />
6b. Wet Season<br />
Transect<br />
number<br />
Latitude (s) at<br />
start<br />
Longitude (E)<br />
at start<br />
Grid Ref<br />
(E)<br />
Grid Ref (N) Major Habitat<br />
Type<br />
1a 09 07 '44.4" 034 07' 26.8" 06 23522 89 90784 Grassland<br />
1b 09 06' 19.0" 034 05' 02.7" 06 19131 89 93420 Grassland<br />
2 09 06' 45.3" 034 04' 51.8" 06 18795 89 92614 Grassland<br />
3 09 06' 38.8" 034 04' 52.1" 06 18805 89 92816 Grassland<br />
4 09 06' 45.8" 034 05' 16.8" 06 19557 89 92598 Forest<br />
5 09 06' 16.0" 034 04' 49.1" 06 18715 89 93516 Forest<br />
6 09 06' 38.1" 034 05' 25.4" 06 19823 89 92832 Grassland<br />
7 09 06' 32.9" 034 05' 11.1" 06 20143 89 92992 Forest<br />
8 09 08' 41.4" 034 07' 47.2" 06 24137 89 89032 Grassland<br />
9 09 09' 08.4" 034 08' 00.1" 06 24531 89 88204 Rock / grassland<br />
10 09 10' 04.3" 034 08' 57.7" 06 26283 89 86482 Rocky / grassland<br />
11 09 07' 05.6" 034 05' 36.2" 06 20149 89 91986 Grassland<br />
SC41 09 04' 53.4" 034 11' 04.3" 06 30177 89 96018 Woodland<br />
SC42 09 05' 18.4" 034 11' 52.4" 06 31644 89 95244 Woodland<br />
12 08 55' 01.8" 034 12' 07.9" 06 32181 90 14180 Grassland<br />
13 08 55' 19.4" 034 11' 21.3" 06 30756 90 13644 Grassland<br />
14 08 55' 20.8" 034 13' 38.4" 06 34941 90 13588 Woodland<br />
15 08 56’ 24.2" 034 12’ 47.5" 06 33380 90 11645 Woodland<br />
16 08 58’ 38.2" 034 12’ 54.4" 06 33378 90 07530 Woodland<br />
17 08 53’ 38.6" 034 11’ 45.1" 06 31493 90 16737 Woodland<br />
18 08 57' 05.5" 034 17' 40.8" 06 42336 90 10346 Grassland<br />
19 08 59' 33.3" 034 19' 44.5" 06 46096 90 05794 Grassland<br />
20 08 58' 43.6" 034 18' 40.0" 06 44133 90 07328 Grassland/woodland<br />
21 08 57' 01.8" 034 12' 12.2" 06 32299 90 10494 Grassland<br />
22 08 56' 57.0" 034 10' 36.9" 06 29389 90 10651 Woodland<br />
23 08 56' 05.4" 034 13' 00.4" 06 33777 90 12222 Woodland<br />
24 08 56' 56.4" 034 12' 52.5" 06 33536 90 10656 Woodland<br />
25 08 54' 23.2" 034 15' 33.1" 06 38453 90 15346 Woodland<br />
26 08 59' 26.8" 034 19' 48.5" 06 46309 90 05832 Grassland<br />
27 08 59' 43.8" 034 21' 09.8" 06 48700 90 05462 Woodland<br />
28 08 59' 19.1" 034 21' 50.7" 06 49953 90 06214 Woodland<br />
29 09 00' 22.3" 034 20' 24.8" 06 47321 90 04280 Montane Forest<br />
30 09 06’ 12.4” 034 16’ 00.0 06 39198 89 93560 Grassland<br />
31 09 04’ 17.0” 034 17’ 20.4” 06 41663 89 97096 Woodland<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>, A biodiversity Survey<br />
APPENDIX 7: VEGETATIVE DATA<br />
Plant species re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> following Mabberley (1997)<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Annonaceae<br />
Artabotrys stolzii Diels<br />
Friesodielsia obovata (Benth) Verdc.<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Acanthaceae<br />
Barleria nyasensis C.B.Clarke<br />
Justicia betonica L.<br />
Justicia heterocarpa T. Anders.<br />
Justica sp.<br />
Mimulopsis solmsii<br />
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forsk.) Sweet<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Near-endemic to Southern highland area<br />
Adiantaceae<br />
Pellaea quadripinnata (Forssk-) Prantl. MF Fern<br />
Amaranthaceae<br />
Centemopsis gracilenta (Hiern) Schinz WL Herb<br />
Anacardiaceae<br />
Lannea edulis Sond.) Engl<br />
Ozoroa insignis Delile<br />
Rhus sp.<br />
Rhus quartiniana A.Rich<br />
Sclerocarya birrea A.Rich)Hochst<br />
Apocynaceae<br />
Carissa spinarum L.<br />
Diplorhynchus <strong>co</strong>ndylocarpon (Muell.Arg.) Pichon<br />
Landolphia buchananii (Hallier.f.) Stapf<br />
Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
RWL<br />
WL<br />
RWL & MF<br />
RWL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Liane<br />
Liane<br />
Aquifoliaceae<br />
Ilex mitis ( Linneus) Radlkofer MF Tree<br />
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Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Araliaceae<br />
Cussonia spicata Thumb .<br />
Polyscia fulva(Hiern.) Harm<br />
Schefflera sp.<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
MF & EF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Edible young shoots / flowers for Colobus monkeys<br />
Asclepiadaceae<br />
Stigmatorhynchus umbelliferus K.Schum.) Schltr. WL Herb<br />
Asparagaceae<br />
Asparagus setaceus<br />
Asparagus sp.<br />
MF<br />
MF &RWL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Balsaminaceae<br />
Impatiens pseudozombensis Grey-Wilson EF & MF Herb<br />
Berberidaceae<br />
Beriberis holstii AFGL Tree<br />
Boraginaceae<br />
Cynoglossum johnstonii L AFGL Herb<br />
Brassicaceae<br />
Agianthus bipartitus E. Green AFGL <br />
Burseraceae<br />
Commiphora africana (A.Rich./ Engl<br />
Commiphora caerulea B.D. BurH<br />
Commiphora mossambicensis (Oliv.) Engl.<br />
Commiphora ugogensis<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Caesalpiniaceae<br />
Alfzelia quanzensis Welw<br />
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle<br />
Bauhinia thonningii Schumacher<br />
Bobgunnia madagascariensis Desv.<br />
Brachy<strong>co</strong>rythis pleistophylla<br />
Brachystegia boehmii Thunb<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Brachystegia microphylla Harms<br />
Brachystegia manga De Wild<br />
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth<br />
Chamaecrista mimoxoides<br />
Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dann<br />
Dolichos ichthyophone<br />
Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin<br />
Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe<br />
Tamarindus indica L.<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Timber species<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production / Edible young fruits/seed for<br />
monkeys<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Capparidaceae<br />
Boscia angustifolia A.Rich.<br />
Cadaba farinose Forsk.<br />
Maerua parvifolia Pax<br />
WL<br />
RWL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Celasteraceae<br />
Catha edulis [M.Vahl.]Forssk.ex Endl<br />
Elaeodendron buchananii [Loes.]Loes<br />
Maytenus acuminata [L.f.]Loes<br />
Maytenus heterophylla [Eckl.&Zeyh]N.Robson<br />
Maytenus senegalensis<br />
Mystroxylon aethiopicum [Thunb.]Loes<br />
MF &EF<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
RWL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Twigs chewed by humans for mental stimulation<br />
Chrysobalanaceae<br />
Prinari capensis [Oliver.]R.Grah WL & AFGL Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Clusiaceae<br />
Garcinia buchananii Baker.<br />
Garcinia livingstonei T.Anders<br />
Garcinia kingaensis Engl.<br />
Hypericum revolutum Vahl<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
EF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Combretaceae<br />
Combretum zeyheri Sond<br />
Combretum molle G.Don.<br />
Combretum sp.<br />
Terminalia prunioides Laws<br />
Terminalia kaiseriana F.Hoffm<br />
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex. DC<br />
Terminalia sp.<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Used for char<strong>co</strong>al production<br />
Commelinaceae<br />
Commelina africana WL & AFGL Herb<br />
Compositae<br />
Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf.<br />
Aster tansaniensis L<br />
Athrixia rosmarinifolia Ker-Gawler<br />
Bidens lineariloba Oliv<br />
Bidens ochracea (O.Hoffm.) Sherff<br />
Chrysanthemoides monilifera<br />
Cineraria grandiflora L<br />
Cirsium buchwaldii O. Hoffm<br />
Di<strong>co</strong>ma anomala Sond<br />
Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch. Bip<br />
Helichrysum kirkii Oliver<br />
Helichrysum odoratissimum L. Sweet,<br />
Helichrysum panduratum Miller<br />
Helichrysum tillandsiifolium Miller<br />
Hyperi<strong>co</strong>phyllum elatum N.E. Br<br />
Laggera crispate Shultz- Bp ex Koch<br />
Senecio subsessilis Oliv & Hiern<br />
Senecio sp.<br />
Stoebe kilimandscharica O. Hofm<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Vernonia brachcalyx Demf. & AFGL(T)<br />
Vernonia exertiflora Bak<br />
Vernonia stenocephala Olv.<br />
EF<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Cornaceae<br />
Cornus volkensii Harms MF Shrub<br />
Crassulaceae<br />
Crassula alba Forssk. AFGL Herb<br />
Cyatheaceae<br />
Alsophila capensis Forssk. MF Fern<br />
Cyperaceae<br />
Scleria bulbifera A.Rich<br />
Cyperus sp.<br />
Dipterocarpaceae<br />
Monotes glaber A.DC<br />
Monotes sp.<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Sedge<br />
Sedge<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Ebenaceae<br />
Diospyros fischeri Gurke.<br />
Diospyros mespiliformis<br />
Diospyros whyteana [Hiern.]F.White.<br />
Euclea divinorumHiern.<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Ericaceae<br />
Agarista salicifolia<br />
Agauria salicifolia (Commerson Ex Lam.) Hook. F.ex Oliv<br />
Blaeria johnstonii Engl.<br />
Erica sp<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL & EF<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL & WL & EF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Shrub<br />
Euphorbiaceae<br />
Antidesma venosum<br />
Acalypha psilostachya Hochst.<br />
Bridelia cathartica Betol.f.<br />
Bridelia duvigneaudii<br />
Clutia abyssinica Taub&Spanch<br />
Clutia paxii Knauf<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
AFGL & EF<br />
EF<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Euphorbia heterochroma Pax<br />
Euphorbia matabelensis Pax<br />
Euphorbia usambarica Pax<br />
Margaritaria dis<strong>co</strong>idea (Baill.)Webster<br />
Macaranga kilimandscharica Pax.<br />
Phyllanthus sp.<br />
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax<br />
Tragia furialis Bajer<br />
Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg.<br />
Uapaca nitida Muell. Arg.<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Herb<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Ripe fruits edible to humans, baboons & monkeys<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Fla<strong>co</strong>urtiaceae<br />
Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn<br />
Fla<strong>co</strong>urtia indica (Burm.f.) Merrill,<br />
On<strong>co</strong>ba spinosa<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Gentianaceae<br />
Swertia abyssinica Hochst. AFGL & MF Herb<br />
Geraniaceae<br />
Pelargonium luridum (Andr.) Sweet AFGL Herb<br />
Gleicheniaceae<br />
Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) underw. MF & RWL Fern<br />
Gramineae<br />
Aria caryophyllea<br />
Aristida adscenscionis<br />
Cymbopogon giganteus<br />
Elionorus muticus<br />
Eulalia villosa (Taub) Nees<br />
Eragrostis canescens K. Schum<br />
Festuca abyssinica<br />
Heteropogon <strong>co</strong>ntortus<br />
Heteropogon melanocarpus<br />
Hyparrhenia cymbaria<br />
Hyparrhenia rudis<br />
Loudetia simplex<br />
Loudetia superba De.Not<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL & AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL & WL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
All grasses threatened by grazing of livestock<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Loudetia simplex (Nee) C.E. Hubbard<br />
Melinis minutiflora<br />
Panicum atrosanguineum<br />
Rhynchelytrum nerviglume (Franch) Chior<br />
Trachypogon spicatus<br />
Vulpia bromoides<br />
Zonotriche inamoena<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Grass<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Hamamelidaceae<br />
Trichocladus ellipticus Ecklon & Zeyher MF Tree<br />
Hypoxidaceae<br />
Hypoxis sp. AFGL Herb<br />
Iridaceae<br />
Aristea alata Baker,<br />
Dierama cupuliflorum Klatt<br />
Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel<br />
Gladiolus de<strong>co</strong>ratus Baker<br />
Moraea carsonii Baker<br />
Lamiaceae<br />
Ocimum sp.<br />
Satureja uhligii L.<br />
MF<br />
AFGL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Lauraceae<br />
O<strong>co</strong>tea usambarensis Engl. MF Tree<br />
Liliaceae<br />
Aloe secundiflora WL Herb<br />
Lobeliaceae<br />
Lobelia giberroa Hemsl. MF Tree<br />
Loganiaceae<br />
Nuxia <strong>co</strong>ngesta Fresen.<br />
Strychnos matopensis S. Moore<br />
Strychnos potatorum L.F.<br />
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Ly<strong>co</strong>podiaceae<br />
Huperzia verticillata L.f MF Tree<br />
Malvaceae<br />
Thespesia garkeana (F.H.) Exell & Hill WL Shrub<br />
Melastomataceae<br />
Dissotis trothae Gilg. EF & AFGL Tree<br />
Meliaceae<br />
Ekebergia capensis Sparrman .<br />
Entandrophragma caudatum<br />
Lepidotrichilia volkensii [Gurke.]J.Leroy<br />
Turraea floribunda Hochst<br />
AFGL & RWL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
Melianthaceae<br />
Bersama abyssinica MF Shrub<br />
Menispermaceae<br />
Stephania abyssinica (Dillon & A. Rich) Walp AFGL Herb<br />
Mimosaceae<br />
Acacia depranolobium<br />
Acacia nigrescens Oliver<br />
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del.<br />
Acacia polyaccantha Willd.<br />
Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne<br />
Acacia sp.<br />
Acacia senegal [ L.]Wild.<br />
Albizia antunesiana Harms<br />
Albizia gummifera [J.F.Gmel]C.A.Sm.<br />
Albizia harveyi Fournier<br />
Albizia versi<strong>co</strong>lor<br />
Albizia sp.<br />
Faidherbia albida Del.<br />
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
RWL & WL<br />
WL<br />
MF & EF<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Acacia species threatened by building of temporary<br />
settlements<br />
Monimiaceae<br />
Xymalos monospora (Harvey) Warb. MF Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Moraceae<br />
Ficus amadiensis De Wild<br />
Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.<br />
Ficus natalensis Hochst.<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Mussaceae<br />
Ensete ventri<strong>co</strong>sum (Welw.) Cheesman MF Herb<br />
Myrsinaceae<br />
Embelia schimperi Vatke<br />
Maesa lanceolata Forssk<br />
Myrsine africana (L.)<br />
Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R.Br.<br />
Myrtaceae<br />
Syzygium <strong>co</strong>rdatum Krauss<br />
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC<br />
Ochnaceae<br />
Ochna puberula N.Robson<br />
Ochna cyanophylla N.Robson<br />
Ochna holstii Engl.<br />
Ochna sp.<br />
Olacaceae<br />
Olax obtusifolia De Wild<br />
Ximenia Americana L.<br />
Ximenia caffra Sonder<br />
Oleaceae<br />
Jasminum fluminense Vell.<br />
Jasminum odoratissimum (Gilg) P.S. Green<br />
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw<br />
Schrebera trichoclada (Welw)<br />
MF<br />
MF & RWL<br />
MF<br />
AFGL & MF<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
RWL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
MF<br />
WL & AFGL<br />
WL<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Oliniaceae<br />
Olinia rochetiana A. Juss MF & EF Tree<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Orchidaceae<br />
Brachy<strong>co</strong>rythis pleistophylla Reichb f.<br />
Disa sp.<br />
Roeperocharis bennettiana Reichb.f.<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Illegal trade of edible orchid tubers to Malwai & Zambia<br />
Illegal trade of edible orchid tubers to Malwai & Zambia<br />
Illegal trade of edible orchid tubers to Malwai & Zambia<br />
Osmundaceae<br />
Osmunda regalis L RWL Fern<br />
Papilionaceae<br />
Abrus schimperi Bak<br />
Adenocarpus mannii (Hook.f.) Hook.f<br />
Aeschynomene abyssinica – A Rich) Vatke<br />
Aeschynomene rubrofarinacea (T) F. White<br />
Argyrolobium stolzii Harms<br />
Clitoria ternatea L.<br />
Crotalaria natalitia Meissn.<br />
Crotalaria sp.<br />
Dalbergia nitidula Welw. Ex Baker<br />
Desmodium sp.<br />
Dolichos kilimandscharicus Taub<br />
Droogmansia pteropus (Bak) De Wild<br />
Eriosema flexuosum Staner<br />
Eriosema psoraloides (Lam)Donn<br />
Eriosema <strong>uk</strong>ingense De Wild<br />
Eriosema verdickii Lam.ex DC.<br />
Erythrina abyssinica Lam.ex DC<br />
Indigofera atriceps Hook .f.<br />
Indigofera paniculata Pers<br />
Humularia drepanocephala M. Micheli ex Th. Durand<br />
Humularia sp.<br />
Kotschya recurvifolia (Tamb.) F. White<br />
Mucuna stans Baker<br />
Mucuna sp.<br />
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Tanb.) Engl<br />
Pseudeminia <strong>co</strong>mosa (Bak.) Verdc<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis DC<br />
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw<br />
Tephrosia linearis (Willd.) Pers.<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
WL & AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
RWL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL & AFGL<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
WL<br />
EF<br />
RWL & AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
EF<br />
WL<br />
EF & WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL & RWL<br />
WL<br />
<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Edible tubers for humans<br />
Near-endemic species to Southern highland area<br />
Timber species<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Vigna vexillata (L) A. Rich<br />
Zeroderris stuhlmanii (Taub.) Mendonca & P.Sousa<br />
WL<br />
WL & RWL<br />
Herb<br />
<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Pedaliaceae<br />
Sesamum angustifolium WL Herb<br />
Piperaceae<br />
Peperomia tetraphylla Forsk<br />
Piper capense L.F.<br />
Podocarpaceae<br />
Podocarpus latifolius<br />
Podocarpus milanjianus<br />
EF<br />
MF<br />
MF & EF<br />
MF & EF<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Polygalaceae<br />
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen WL Tree<br />
Polygonaceae<br />
Oxygonum dregeanum Meisn<br />
Rumex abyssinica Jacq<br />
WL<br />
AFGL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Proteaceae<br />
Faurea rochetiana (Arich) Pic. Serm<br />
Faurea saligna Harvey<br />
Protea gaguedi J Gmelin<br />
Protea humifusa<br />
Protea wentzeliana Engl.<br />
WL & AFGL<br />
WL<br />
WL & AFGL &EF<br />
AFGL<br />
WL & AFGL & EF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Pteridaceae<br />
Pteridium aquilinum MF Fern<br />
Rhamnaceae<br />
Rhamnus prinoides L. WL Shrub<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Hagenia abyssinica (Brucer) J.F. Gmel<br />
Prunus africana [Hook.f.]Kalkman<br />
MF<br />
AFGL & MF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Timber species<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Anthospermum usambarense K. Schum<br />
Canthium burttii Bullock.<br />
Catunaregum spinosa<br />
Crossopteryx febrifuga (G.Don) Benth<br />
Coffea mufindiensis<br />
Fadogia ancylantha Hiern<br />
Hymenodictyon floribundam [Stend.&Hochst] R.Robinson<br />
Keetia venosa<br />
Oxyanthus pyriformis<br />
Oxyanthus speciosus DC.<br />
Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern.) Bremek.<br />
Pavetta gardeniifolia A.Rich.<br />
Pavetta schumanniana K. Schum<br />
Psydrax whitei Bridson<br />
Psychotria zombamontana<br />
Psychotria sp.<br />
Pyrostria lobulata Bridson<br />
Rothmannia fischeri [K.Sschum]Bullock<br />
Rothmannia engleriana (K. Schum.) Keay<br />
Rytigynia sp.<br />
Sperma<strong>co</strong>ce dibrachiata Oliver<br />
Tricalysia <strong>co</strong>riacea (Benth.) Hlern.<br />
Tricalysia verd<strong>co</strong>urtiana Robbrecht<br />
Tricalysia sp.<br />
Vanguera infausta Burch<br />
Vangueria sp.<br />
EF & AFGL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
EF & AFGL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
RWL & MF<br />
WL<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
WL<br />
RWL<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Ranunculaceae<br />
Clematis villosa WL Herb<br />
Rutaceae<br />
Clausena anisata Willd. J. D. Hook ex-Benth<br />
Vepris stolzii Veroorn<br />
WL & MF<br />
MF<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Santalaceae<br />
Osyridocarpos schimperianus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) A.DC<br />
Osyris quadripartite Hohst et steud<br />
Thesium kilimandscharicum<br />
<strong>Frontier</strong> Tanzania Environmental Research Report 99<br />
EF<br />
EF<br />
AFGL<br />
<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Sapindaceae<br />
Allophylus africanus P. Beauv.<br />
Dodonaea vis<strong>co</strong>sa Jacq.<br />
Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell.<br />
MF<br />
EF &RWL<br />
WL<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Shrub<br />
Sapotaceae<br />
Englerophytum natalense<br />
Manilkara sp.<br />
Scrophulariaceae<br />
Halleria lucida L.<br />
Sopubia <strong>co</strong>nferta .S.Moore<br />
Striga latericea Vtke.<br />
Wahlenbergia polycephala<br />
MF<br />
RWL<br />
EF<br />
MF<br />
AFGL<br />
AFGL<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Herb<br />
Smilacaceae<br />
Smilax aspera L. MF Shrub<br />
Solanaceae<br />
Solanumincanum L. WL Shrub<br />
Sterculiaceae<br />
Dombeya burgessiae Gerrard ex Harv.<br />
Dombeya rotundifolia Harvey<br />
Sterculia quinqueloba [a Gurke] K.Schum<br />
Thespesia garckeana F.Hoffm.<br />
WL<br />
AFGL & WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Strychnaceae<br />
Strychnos henningsii RWL Shrub<br />
Thymelaeaceae<br />
Gnidia mollis C.H.Wright.<br />
Gnidia glauca [ Fresen.]Gilg<br />
Peddiea fischeri Engl.<br />
Peddiea polyantha Gilg.<br />
MF<br />
EF<br />
EF<br />
MF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Shrub<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Habitat Life Form Notes<br />
Tiliaceae<br />
Grewia bi<strong>co</strong>lor A.Juss.<br />
Grewia monti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Triumfetta tomentosa Bojer<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
WL<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Herb<br />
Ulmaceae<br />
Celtis africana Burm.f. MF Tree<br />
Velloziaceae<br />
Xerophyta spekei Bak. WL Shrub<br />
Verbenaceae<br />
Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv.<br />
Vitex mombasae Vatke.<br />
Vitex doniana Sweet.<br />
Vitex payos Pieper Moldenke<br />
Violaceae<br />
Rinorea ferruginea Engl.<br />
Rinorea ilicifioloa<br />
WL<br />
WL & RWL<br />
RWL<br />
RWL<br />
MF<br />
MF<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Tree<br />
Shrub<br />
Tree<br />
Vitaseae<br />
Cyphostemma kilimandscharicum [Gilg.]Des<strong>co</strong>ings. EF & MF Shrub<br />
Zygophyllaceae<br />
Balanites aegyptiaca AFGL Tree<br />
Key to Abbreviations:<br />
WL = Miombo woodland<br />
RWL = Riverine woodland<br />
MF = Montane forest<br />
AFGL = Afromontane grassland<br />
EF = Forest edge<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
APPENDIX 8: MAMMAL DATA<br />
Mammal species re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> following Kingdom (1997). Voucher specimens are currently under going formal<br />
taxonomic verification (Appendix 1).<br />
Species Common name Local name Evidence Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded<br />
from<br />
ANOMALURIDAE<br />
Anomalurus derbianus** Lord Derby’s<br />
Zevu<br />
Observed/heard<br />
anomalure<br />
Notes<br />
BATHYERGIDAE<br />
Heliophobius<br />
argenteocinereus**<br />
Silky blesmol Fako Found dead &Mole-hills WL & FGM<br />
BOVIDAE<br />
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater kudu Tandala mkubwa Observed/dung/print WL<br />
Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Mbwala Dung WL<br />
Sylvicapra grimmia** Common duiker Digi digi Observed/dung WL & FGM<br />
Redunca fulvorula* Mountain reedbuck Tohega Dung FGM<br />
Redunca sp.** Reedbuck Pongo Dung/track WL<br />
Raphicerus campestris** Steinbuck Pongo Observed WL Observed quickly, ID probable<br />
oreotragus oreotragus** Kilpspringer Kidisa Track FGM<br />
Neotragus moschatus Suni Paa Dung WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Madoqua kirkii* Kirk’s dik dik Digi digi Dung WL & FGM<br />
Madoqua sp.** Dik dik Digi digi Dung WL & FGM<br />
Cephalophus monti<strong>co</strong>la* Blue duiker Digi digi Dung WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Cephalophus sp.** Duiker Digi digi Dung WL & FGM<br />
CANIDAE<br />
Canis mesomelas* Black-backed jackal Mbweha Dung FGM<br />
Otocyon megalotis** Bat-earred fox Umbamwitu Dung WL Probable ID<br />
Vulpes sp. Fox Umbamwitu Dung/track WL Probable ID<br />
CERCOPITHECIDAE<br />
Papio cynocephalus Yellow baboon Nyani Observed/dung/tracks WL & FGM<br />
Cer<strong>co</strong>pithecus (aethiops) Vervet monkey Ngedere Dung WL<br />
pygerythrus<br />
Cer<strong>co</strong>pithecus mitis moloneyi Moloney’s monkeys Kima Observed FGM<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Common name Local name Evidence Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded<br />
from<br />
COLOBIDAE<br />
Colobus angolensis sharpei<br />
Black and white<br />
<strong>co</strong>lobus<br />
Mbega Observed FGM Listed by IUCN as locally vulnerable. forest<br />
dependent. Sub-species restricted to Southern<br />
highlands<br />
CRICETIDAE<br />
Beamy hindei major Lesser pouched rat Panya Caught FGM Dependent on forest and dense woodland. Subspecies<br />
is restricted in range to montane southern<br />
Tanzania and Malawi.<br />
FELIDAE<br />
Felis caraca** Caracal Duma Dung WL Probable ID<br />
Felis serval Serval cat Pacapori Dung / track WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Felis sylvestris Wild cat Pacapori Dung WL & FGM<br />
Panthera pardus** Leopard Chui Track/remains of dead<br />
calf, killed by leopard<br />
WL<br />
Probable ID<br />
GALAGONIDAE<br />
Galago senegalensis<br />
Senegal dwarf<br />
Komba Observed/heard WL<br />
bushbaby<br />
Otolemur crassicaudatus Greater galago Komba Observed/heard WL<br />
HERPESTIDAE<br />
Atilax paluderiosus** Water mongoose Nkuchiro Seen/track/dung WL<br />
Mungos mungo Banded mongoose Nkuchiro Observed/tracks/dung WLv Forest dwelling species<br />
Mungos sp. Mongoose Nkuchiro Dung FGM<br />
HIPPOPOTAMIDAE<br />
Hippopotamus amphibius** Hippopotamus Kiboko Track, but old WL Uncertain ID<br />
HIPPOSIDERIDAE<br />
Hipposideros caffer/ruber Leaf-nosed bat Popo Caught WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Notes<br />
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<strong>Mpanga</strong> / <strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong>; A Biodiversity Survey<br />
Species Common name Local name Evidence Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded<br />
from<br />
HYSTERICIDAE<br />
Hystrix africaeaustralis**<br />
South African<br />
porcupine<br />
Nungu nungu Quill WL Southern Tanzania is an area of overlap for this<br />
species and the crested porcupine<br />
LEPORIDAE<br />
Lepus saxatillus Scrub hare Sungura Observed/dung/traps WL & FGM<br />
Pronolagus rupestris** Smiths red rabbit Sungura Observed/heard/dung WL<br />
MACROSCELIDINAE<br />
Elephant<strong>uk</strong>us sp.** Lesser elephant shrew Panya Caught WL<br />
MURIDAE<br />
Aethomys sp. Bush rat Panya Caught WL<br />
A<strong>co</strong>mys spinossimus Spiny mouse Panya Caught WL<br />
Hylomyscus cf. denniae* African woodmouse Panya Caught WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Grammomys <strong>co</strong>mete<br />
Narrow-footed<br />
woodland mouse<br />
Panya Caught FGM Forest dwelling species, restricted in range to wet<br />
montane areas north and south of Lake Nyasa<br />
Dendromus sp.* Climbing mouse Panya Caught WL & FGM<br />
Mus minutoides** Common mouse Panya Caught WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Lophuromys flavopunctatus Bruh-furred mouse Panya Caught FGM<br />
Praomys cf. delectorum Soft-furred mouse Panya Caught FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Rhabdomys pumilio Four-striped mouse Panya Caught FGM Di<strong>co</strong>ntinuous distribution<br />
MUSTELIDAE<br />
Aonyx capensis African clawless otter Fisimaji Observed/dung WL Patchily distributed, although still widely<br />
distributed, threatened by humans<br />
Mellivora capensis* Honey badger Nygere Dung WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Ictonyx striatus* Zorilla Kicheche Dung WL<br />
MYOXIDAE<br />
Graphiurus murinus African dormouse Panya Caught WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
PTEROPODIDAE<br />
Epomophorus labiatus Epauletted fruitbat Popo Caught WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
SCUIRIDAE<br />
Paraxerus ochraceus** Ochre bush squirel Kongogo Observed WL<br />
Notes<br />
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Species Common name Local name Evidence Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
SORICIDAE<br />
Crocidura sp. White-toothed shrew Panya Caught WL & FGM<br />
Myosorex sp. Mouse shrew Panya Caught FGM Forest dwelling species, likely to be localised in<br />
the area<br />
Sylvisorex sp. Climbing shrew Panya Caught FGM Forest dependent species<br />
SUIDAE<br />
Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig Nguruwe Dung / diggings WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Pha<strong>co</strong>choerus aethiopicus* Warthog Ngiri Dung / diggings WL<br />
THRYONOMIDAE<br />
Thrynomys cf. gregorianus Cane rat Ndezi Dung / Diggings WL<br />
TUBILIDENTATA<br />
Orycteropus afer Aardvark Muhanga Burrow WL Patchily distributed, although still widely<br />
distributed, threatened by humans<br />
VESPERTILIONIDAE<br />
Miniopterus schreibersii** Long-fingered bat Popo Caught WL<br />
Pipistrellus sp.* Pipistrelle Popo Caught WL & FGM<br />
S<strong>co</strong>toecus hirundo** Evening bat Popo Caught WL<br />
VIVERRIDAE<br />
Civettictis civetta** African civet Fungo Seen WL<br />
Genetta sp.** Genet Kanu Dung WL<br />
* Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during dry season<br />
** Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during wet season<br />
No * if re<strong>co</strong>rded in both the dry and wet season.<br />
WL = mid-altitude habitats<br />
FGM = afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
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APPENDIX 9: BIRD DATA<br />
Birds species re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong> /<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> following Baker (2002).<br />
Species Common Name Notes<br />
NON-PASSERINES<br />
Threskiornithidae – Idis and<br />
spoonbills<br />
Bostrychia hagedash*<br />
Phalacro<strong>co</strong>racidae – Cormorants<br />
Phalacro<strong>co</strong>rax africanus<br />
S<strong>co</strong>pidae - Hamerkop<br />
S<strong>co</strong>pus umbretta<br />
Ci<strong>co</strong>niidae<br />
Ci<strong>co</strong>nia nigra*<br />
Ci<strong>co</strong>nia ci<strong>co</strong>nia*<br />
Anatidae - Ducks and Geese<br />
Anas sparsa<br />
Alopochen aegyptiacus** (FT)<br />
Accipitridae - Vultures, Eagles,<br />
Kites, Hawks<br />
Macheiramphus alcinus*<br />
Accipiter tachiro *<br />
Accipiter badius *<br />
Batiste rufipennis *<br />
Buteo augur<br />
Pandion haliaetus *<br />
Milvus migrans*<br />
Kaupifal<strong>co</strong> monogrammicus**<br />
Terathopius ecaudatus**<br />
Circaetus cinereus **<br />
Polemaetus belli<strong>co</strong>sus**<br />
Stephanoaetus rubricata** (FT)<br />
Lophaetus occipitalis** (FT)<br />
Fal<strong>co</strong>nidae – Fal<strong>co</strong>ns<br />
Fal<strong>co</strong> biarmicus<br />
Fal<strong>co</strong> naumani*<br />
Fal<strong>co</strong> peregrinus** (FT)<br />
Fal<strong>co</strong> tinnunculus**<br />
Numididae – Guineafowls<br />
Numida mealeagris<br />
Phasianidae - Fran<strong>co</strong>lins and<br />
Quails<br />
Fran<strong>co</strong>linus levaillant<br />
Fran<strong>co</strong>linus afer**<br />
Hadada Ibis<br />
Long-tailed <strong>co</strong>rmorant<br />
Hamerkop<br />
Black stork<br />
White stork<br />
Black river duck<br />
Egyptian goose<br />
Bat hawk<br />
African goshawk<br />
Shikra<br />
Grasshopper buzzard<br />
Augur buzzard<br />
Osprey<br />
Black kite<br />
Lizard buzzard<br />
Bateleur<br />
Brown snake-eagle<br />
Martial eagle<br />
African crowned eagle<br />
Long-crested eagle<br />
Lanner fal<strong>co</strong>n<br />
Lesser fal<strong>co</strong>n<br />
Peregrine fal<strong>co</strong>n<br />
Common fal<strong>co</strong>n<br />
Helmeted guineafowl<br />
Red-winged fran<strong>co</strong>lin<br />
Red-necked spurfowl<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Otididae – Bustards<br />
Neotis denhami*<br />
Denham's bustard<br />
Species Common Name Notes<br />
S<strong>co</strong>lopacidae - Snipes, Godwits,<br />
Sandpipers<br />
Actitis hypoleu<strong>co</strong>s*<br />
Common sandpiper<br />
Columbidae - Pigeons and Doves<br />
Columba arquatrix*<br />
Columba Guinea*<br />
PegionTreron calva<br />
Aplopelia larvata<br />
Streptopelia lugens<br />
Streptopelia senegalensis<br />
Streptopelia decipiens *<br />
Streptopelia capi<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Streptopelia semitorquatus<br />
Turtur chal<strong>co</strong>spilos<br />
Turtur afer *<br />
Turtur tympanistria<br />
Oena capensis *<br />
Psittacidae – Parrots<br />
Poicephalus meyeri<br />
Agapornis personatus<br />
Musophagidae – Tura<strong>co</strong>s and<br />
Go-away Birds<br />
Taura<strong>co</strong> livingstonii<br />
Taura<strong>co</strong> schalowi*<br />
Corythaixoides personata<br />
Cuculidae - Cuckoos<br />
Cuculus clamosus** (FT)<br />
Centropodidae - Coucals<br />
Centropus superciliosu<br />
Strigidae – Owls<br />
Bubo africanus<br />
Bubo lacteus *<br />
Strix woodfordii<br />
Caprimulgidae – Nightjars<br />
Caprimulgus guttifer<br />
Caprimulgus natalensis *<br />
Apodidae – Swifts<br />
Telacanthura ussheri*<br />
Neafrapus boehmi *<br />
Apus aequatorialis *<br />
Apus barbatus<br />
Apus affinis *<br />
Apus apus<br />
Olive pigeon<br />
Speckled pigeon<br />
African green pigeon<br />
Lemon dove<br />
Dusky turtle dove<br />
Laughing dove<br />
Mourning dove<br />
Ring-necked dove<br />
Red-eyed dove<br />
Emerald-spotted wood dove<br />
Blue-spotted wood dove<br />
Tambourine dove<br />
Namaqua dove<br />
Brown parrot<br />
Yellow-<strong>co</strong>llared lovebird<br />
Livingstone's tura<strong>co</strong><br />
Schalow's tura<strong>co</strong><br />
Bare-faced go-away bird<br />
Black cuckoo<br />
White-browed <strong>co</strong>ucal<br />
Spotted eagle owl<br />
Verreaux's eagle owl<br />
African wood owl<br />
Usambara nightjar<br />
Swamp nightjar<br />
Mottled spinetail<br />
Böhm's spinetail<br />
Mottled swift<br />
Black swift<br />
Little swift<br />
Eurasian swift<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Alcedinidae – Kingfishers<br />
Corythornis cristata<br />
Halcyon albiventris<br />
Malachite kingfisher<br />
Brown-hooded kingfisher<br />
Megaceryle maxima<br />
Ceryle ridis<br />
Halcyon senegalensis**<br />
Meropidae - Bee-eaters<br />
Merops pusillus<br />
Merops apiaster**<br />
Coraciidae – Rollers<br />
Eurystomus glaucurus<br />
Phoeniculidae – Wood-hoopoes<br />
Phoeniculus purpuceus** (FT)<br />
Upupidae – Hoopoes<br />
Upupa africana** (FT)<br />
Bucerotidae - Hornbills<br />
Tockus alboterminatus<br />
Bycanistes brevis*<br />
Tockus nasutus**<br />
Torcus erythrorhynchus**<br />
Bu<strong>co</strong>rnus leadbeateri** (FT)<br />
Lybiidae - Barbets and<br />
Tinkerbirds<br />
Pogoniulus bilineatus*<br />
Pogoniulus Chryso<strong>co</strong>nus**<br />
Lybius melanopterus**<br />
Lybius melanopterus**<br />
Indicatoridae – Honeyguides<br />
Indicator variegatus*<br />
Indicator indicator<br />
Picidae – Woodpeckers<br />
Dendropi<strong>co</strong>s fuscescens*<br />
Dendropi<strong>co</strong>s griseocephalus *<br />
Giant kingfisher<br />
Pied kingfisher<br />
Woodland kingfisher<br />
Little bee-eater<br />
European bee-eater<br />
Broad-billed roller<br />
Green wood hoopoe<br />
African hoopoe<br />
Crowned hornbill<br />
Silvery-cheeked hornbill<br />
African grey hornbill<br />
Red-billed hornbill<br />
Southern ground hornbill<br />
Yellow-rumped tinkerbird<br />
Red fronted tinkerbird<br />
Brown-breasted barbet<br />
Black-<strong>co</strong>lored barbet<br />
Scaly-throated honeyguide<br />
Greater honeyguide<br />
Cardinal woodpecker<br />
Olive woodpecker<br />
PASSERINES<br />
Hirundinidae - Swallows and<br />
Martins<br />
Psalidoprocne holomelas*<br />
Hirundo senegalensis*<br />
Hirundo abyssinica<br />
Hirundo daurica<br />
Hirundo atrocaerulea<br />
Hirundo smithii *<br />
Hirundo rustica *<br />
Hirundo fuligula** (FT)<br />
Delichon urbica *<br />
Psalidoprocne orientalis**<br />
Black roughwing<br />
Mosque swallow<br />
Lesser striped swallow<br />
Red-rumped swallow<br />
Blue swallow<br />
Wire-tailed swallow<br />
European swallow<br />
Rock martin<br />
House martin<br />
White-headed saw-wing<br />
Globally threatened species<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Motacillidae - Wagtails, Pipits,<br />
Longclaws<br />
Motacilla clara<br />
Anthus cinnamomeus<br />
Macronyx croceus<br />
Macronyx fuellebornii *<br />
Anthus lineiventris**<br />
Mountain wagtail<br />
Grassland pipit<br />
Yellow-throated longclaw<br />
Fülleborn's longclaw<br />
Striped pipit<br />
Campephagidae - Cuckoo<br />
Shrikes<br />
Campephaga flava *<br />
Pycnonotidae – Greenbuls<br />
Andropadus nigriceps race<br />
chlorigula<br />
Pycnonotus barbatus<br />
Picnonotus barbatus<br />
Turdidae - Thrushes, Robins,<br />
Wheatears, Chats, Akalats<br />
Monti<strong>co</strong>la saxatilis*<br />
Turdus olivaceus *<br />
Cossypha caffra<br />
Cossypha heuglini<br />
Cer<strong>co</strong>trichas leu<strong>co</strong>phrys *<br />
Saxi<strong>co</strong>la torquata<br />
Pogonocichla stellata<br />
Cichladusa arquata**<br />
Sylviidae – Warblers<br />
Bathmocercus winifredae*<br />
Chloropeta similis*<br />
Sylvietta whytii *<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la brunnescens<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la aridulus *<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la njombe<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la galactotes*<br />
Prinia Prinia subflava*<br />
Apalis thoracica<br />
Camaroptera brachyura<br />
Bradipterus cinnamomeus*<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la lais**<br />
Cisti<strong>co</strong>la cantans**<br />
Cist<strong>co</strong>la chiniana**<br />
Apalis melanocephala**<br />
Chloropeta natalensis**<br />
Hippolais icterina**<br />
Muscicapidae – Flycatchers<br />
Muscicapa caerulescens*<br />
Bradornis pallidus*<br />
Myioparus plumbeus**<br />
Black cuckoo shrike<br />
Mountain greenbul<br />
Yellow-vented bulbul<br />
Common bulbul<br />
Rock thrush<br />
Olive thrush<br />
Cape robin chat<br />
White-browed robin chat<br />
White-browed scrub robin<br />
Stonechat<br />
White-starred robin<br />
Collared palm thrush<br />
Mrs Moreau's warbler<br />
Mountain yellow warbler<br />
Red-faced crombec<br />
Pectoral-patch cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Desert cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Churring cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Winding cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Tawny-flanked prinia<br />
Bar-throated apalis<br />
Grey-backed camaroptera<br />
Cinnamon bracken warbler<br />
Wailing cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Singing cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Rattling cisti<strong>co</strong>la<br />
Black-headed apalis<br />
Dark-capped yellow warbler<br />
Icterine warbler<br />
Ashy flycatcher<br />
African grey flycatcher<br />
Dusky flycatcher<br />
Range Restricted to Southern<br />
Tanzania, threatened<br />
Range restricted Uluguru, Ukaguru &<br />
Udzungwas. Globally threatened<br />
Range restricted to southern<br />
Highlands<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Platysteirdae - Wattle-eyes and<br />
Batis<br />
Batis mixta<br />
Batis molitor *<br />
Forest batis<br />
Chin-spot batis<br />
Monarchidae - Monarch<br />
Flycatchers<br />
Elminia albicauda*<br />
Trochocercus albonotatus**<br />
Timaliidae - Babblers, Iiadopsis,<br />
Chatterers<br />
Turdoides jardineii *<br />
White-tailed blue flycatcher<br />
White-tailed crested<br />
flycatcher<br />
Arrow-marked babbler<br />
Paridae - Tits<br />
Parus griseiventris** (FT) Miombo grey tit Range restricted to Miombo<br />
woodland in Western Tanzania<br />
Nectariniidae – Sunbirds<br />
Anthreptes <strong>co</strong>llaris<br />
Nectarinia amethystina<br />
Nectarinia venusta<br />
Nectarinia mediocris<br />
Nectarinia johnstoni<br />
Nectarinia kilimensis *<br />
Cinnyris manoensis**<br />
Cinnyris shelleyi** (FT)<br />
Cinnyris mariquensis** (FT)<br />
Anthreptes longuemarei**<br />
Cyanomitra olivacea**<br />
Nectarinia famosa**<br />
Zosteropidae – White-eyes<br />
Zosterops senegalensis<br />
Collared sunbird<br />
Amethyst sunbird<br />
Variable sunbird<br />
Eastern double-<strong>co</strong>llared<br />
sunbird<br />
Scarlet-tufted sunbird<br />
Bronze sunbird<br />
Miombo double-<strong>co</strong>llared<br />
sunbird<br />
Shelley’s sunbird<br />
Mari<strong>co</strong> sunbird<br />
Western violet-backed<br />
sunbird<br />
Olive sunbird<br />
Malachite sunbird<br />
Yellow white-eye<br />
Biome restricted species found only<br />
in alpine moorlands from 3 000 – 4<br />
500m asl. Threatened<br />
Locally and generally un<strong>co</strong>mmon,<br />
500 – 1 200m asl from Morogoro and<br />
Songea<br />
Oriolidae – Orioles<br />
Oriolus larvatus<br />
Oriolus auratus** (FT)<br />
Laniidae – Shrikes<br />
Lanius cabanisi *<br />
Lanius <strong>co</strong>llaris *<br />
Lanius marwitzi<br />
Corvinella melanoleuca*<br />
Eurocephalus rueppelli<br />
Lanus <strong>co</strong>llurio**<br />
Black-headed oriole<br />
African golden oriole<br />
Long-tailed fiscal<br />
Common fiscal<br />
Uhehe fiscal<br />
Magpie shrike<br />
White-crowned shrike<br />
Red-backed shrike<br />
Range restricted species<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Mala<strong>co</strong>notidae - Puffbacks,<br />
Tchagras, Boubous, Bush<br />
Shrikes<br />
Dryos<strong>co</strong>pus cubla<br />
Laniarius aethiopicus<br />
Laniarius funebris<br />
Mala<strong>co</strong>notus sulfureopectus*<br />
Laniarus fuelleborni**<br />
Tchagra australis**<br />
Black-backed puffback<br />
Tropical boubou<br />
Slate-<strong>co</strong>loured boubou<br />
Sulphur-breasted bush shrike<br />
Fulleborn’s black boubou<br />
Black-crowned tchagra<br />
Prionopidae - Helmet Shrikes<br />
Prionops retzii<br />
Prionops plumatus<br />
Dicruridae – Drongos<br />
Dicrurus adsimilis<br />
Retz's helmet shrike<br />
White-crested helmet shrike<br />
Drongo<br />
Corvidae – Crows<br />
Corvus albus<br />
Corvus albi<strong>co</strong>llis<br />
Sturnidae – Starlings<br />
Onychognathus walleri *<br />
Onychognathus morio<br />
Onychognathus tenuirostris*<br />
Cosmopsarus regius *<br />
Cosmopsarus uni<strong>co</strong>lor*<br />
Cinnyricinclus leu<strong>co</strong>gaster<br />
Lamprotornis elizabeth*<br />
Lamprotornis superbus<br />
Ploceidae - Weavers, Queleas,<br />
Bishops<br />
Ploceus baglafecht *<br />
Euplectes psammocromius<br />
Euplectes diadematus** (FT)<br />
Ploceus Zanthops*<br />
Quelea quelea**<br />
Dinemellia Dinemelli**<br />
Anaplectes rubriceps**<br />
Emberizidae - Waxbills, Cordonbleus,<br />
Mannikins<br />
Lagonosticta senegala<br />
Lagonosticta rubricata*<br />
Lagonosticta rhodopareia *<br />
Estrilda rhodopyga*<br />
Estrilda astrild *<br />
Lonchura cucullata<br />
Lonchura bi<strong>co</strong>lor** (FT)<br />
Cryptospiza jacksoni**<br />
Vidua obtusa** (FT)<br />
Pied crow<br />
White-necked raven<br />
Waller's starling<br />
Red-winged starling<br />
Slender-billed starling<br />
Golden-breasted starling<br />
Ashy starling<br />
Violet-backed starling<br />
Southern blue-eared starling<br />
Superb starling<br />
Baglafecht weaver<br />
Mountane marsh widowbird<br />
Black-winged red bishop<br />
Holubs’ golden weaver<br />
Red-billed quelea<br />
White-headed buffaloweaver<br />
Red-headed weaver<br />
Red-billed firefinch<br />
African firefinch<br />
Jameson's firefinch<br />
Crimson-rumped waxbill<br />
Common waxbill<br />
Bronze mannikin<br />
Black and white mannikin<br />
Red-faced crimsonwing<br />
Borad-tailed paradise<br />
whydah<br />
Endemic to Tanzania, re<strong>co</strong>rd<br />
represents extreme southern limit of<br />
its distribution<br />
Range restricted to southern<br />
highlands<br />
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Species Common Name Notes<br />
Fringillidae - Canarys and Seedeaters<br />
Serinus mozambicus<br />
Serinus whytii *<br />
Serinus melanochrous*<br />
Yellow-fronted canary<br />
Yellow-browed seedeater<br />
<strong>Kipengere</strong> seedeater<br />
Range restricted<br />
Range restricted to southern<br />
highlands<br />
Emberizidae – Buntings<br />
Emberiza tahapisi *<br />
Emberiza cabanisi**<br />
Cinnamon rock bunting<br />
Cabanis’s bunting<br />
* Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during dry season<br />
** Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during wet season<br />
No * if re<strong>co</strong>rded in both the dry and wet season.<br />
FT = field team observations not ornithologist<br />
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APPENDIX 10: REPTILE DATA<br />
Reptiles species re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> following Spawls, et al. (2002). Voucher specimens are currently<br />
undergoing taxonomic verification (Appendix 1)<br />
Species Common name Evidence Major habitat Notes (based on Spawls et al. 2002)<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded from<br />
AGAMIDAE<br />
Agama armata Tropical spiny agama Caught/observed WL Tanzanian range extension, normally found in the central plains,<br />
usually from 1,400-2,000m. Our findings are at 1,225m<br />
Agama agama Red-headed rock agama Observed WL Tanzanian range extension, normally found in central and northeastern<br />
parts<br />
BOIDAE<br />
Python natalensis*<br />
Southern african rock<br />
python<br />
Observed<br />
WL<br />
CHAMAELEONIDAE<br />
Chameleo dilepis Flap-necked chameleon Caught/observed WL<br />
Chamaeleo tempeli Tubercle-nosed chameleon Caught/observed FGM Southern Tanzanian endemic normally found in woodland and forest<br />
at 1 500 – 2 400 m a.s.l. Re<strong>co</strong>rded here at 2 540 m a.s.l. thus an<br />
altitude range extension.<br />
Chamaeleo goetzi goetzi Goetze’s chameleon Caught/observed Southern Tanzanian endemic subspecies.<br />
CHELONIAN<br />
Geochelone pardalis** Leopard tortoise Shell WL Almost no re<strong>co</strong>rds from S and W Tanzania, except for between Lake<br />
R<strong>uk</strong>wa & northern Lake Nyasa<br />
Pelusios sinuatus** Serrated hinged terrapin Caught WL<br />
COLUBRIDAE<br />
Duberria lutrix Slug-eater Caught/observed fgm Found from 1 000 – 2 600 m asl in high grassland & moist savanna<br />
Philothamnus semivarietus** Spotted bush snake Observed WL<br />
Philothamnus sp. Green snake Observed WL<br />
Prosymna sp.** Shovel-snouts Caught FGM<br />
Psammophylax variablis Grey-bellied skaapsteker Caught/found dead FGM<br />
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Species Common name Evidence Major habitat Notes (based on Spawls et al. 2002)<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded from<br />
GEKKONIDAE<br />
Hemidactylus platycephalus** Tree gecko Caught/observed WL<br />
Lygodactylus angolensis* Angolan dwarf gecko Caught/observed WL & FGM Particularly rare in Tanzania where there is only a few scattered<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rds. Scattered re<strong>co</strong>rds at low-altitude savanna in Kenya &<br />
Tanzania, thus an altitudinal range extension as re<strong>co</strong>rded here at 2<br />
500 m asl<br />
Gekkonidae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Lygodactylus cf. angularis Angulate dwarf gecko Caught/observed FGM Normally found in woodland and forest at 1 600 – 2 300 m a.s.l.<br />
Re<strong>co</strong>rded here at 2 720 m a.s.l. thus an altitude range extension. Also<br />
a disjunct range.<br />
Lygodactylus sp. Dwarf Gecko Observed FGM<br />
Pachydactylus turneri** Turner’s thick-toed gecko Caught WL Patchy distribution from Ke/Tz border & NW Rwanda.<br />
GERRHOSAURIDAE<br />
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis** Yellow-throated plated<br />
lizard<br />
Gerrhosaurus major* Greater plated lizard Observed WL<br />
Observed/tail caught WL Very few re<strong>co</strong>rds from S and W Tanzania, except for Lake Rutwa &<br />
Kibondo.<br />
SCINICIDAE<br />
Heliobolus sp.** Sand lizard Caught, but squashed by WL<br />
vehicle<br />
Mabuya brauni* Ukinga mountain skink Caught/observed FGM Range restricted to grassland and savannah > 2 200 m a.s.l. in the<br />
Ukinga Mountains (southern Tanzania) and Nyika (northern<br />
Malawi).<br />
Mabuya maculilabris** Speckle-lipped skink Caught FGM Range extension as no re<strong>co</strong>rds from Southern Highlands<br />
Mabuya megalura** Long-tailed skink Caught/obersved WL & FGM<br />
Mabuya planifrons Tree skink Caught/observed WL Range extension, as no re<strong>co</strong>rds from S.Tanzania<br />
Mabuya striata** Striped skink Caught/observed WL & FGM Sporadic re<strong>co</strong>rds in NE & E Kenya and lacking from S & W.<br />
Tanzania and N. Uganda<br />
Mabuya varia Variable skink Caught/observed WL & FGM<br />
Panaspis megalura** Snake-eyed skink Observed WL Tz endemic, mid-altitude in central and Usanu plains, range<br />
Panaspisa wahlbergi*<br />
Wahlberg’s snake-eyed<br />
skink<br />
extension<br />
Caught/observed WL Tanzanian range extension, normally found in the east and to the<br />
south of Lake Tanganyika<br />
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Species Common name Evidence Major habitat Notes (based on Spawls et al. 2002)<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded from<br />
VARANIDAE<br />
Varanus niloticus Nile monitor lizard Observed WL Sporadic re<strong>co</strong>rds of this species in south-western Tanzania only<br />
VIPERIDAE<br />
Bitis arietans Puff adder Caught, Shed skin WL<br />
Causus resimus* Velvety-green night-adder Caught/observed WL Tanzanian range extension, normally found to the south of Lake<br />
Victoria<br />
Causus sp.** Night adder Observed WL Either rhombic or snouted species<br />
* Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during dry season<br />
** Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during wet season<br />
No * if re<strong>co</strong>rded in both the dry and wet season.<br />
WL = mid-altitude habitats<br />
FGM = afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
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APPENDIX 11: AMPHIBIAN DATA<br />
Amphibians species re<strong>co</strong>rded in <strong>Mpanga</strong>/<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> <strong>Reserve</strong> following Channing (2001). Voucher specimens are currently<br />
undergoing taxonomic verification (Appendix 1).<br />
Species Common name Major habitat Notes (based on Channing 2001)<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded from<br />
ARTHROLPETIDAE<br />
Arthroleptis stenodactylus Squeaker WL Forest-dependent species<br />
Athroleptis sp. Squeaker WL<br />
Schoutedenella xenochirus** Plain squeaker FGM Known from N. Malawi to NE Angola. Forest patches in open<br />
grassland from 1,800-2,500m<br />
BUFONIDAE<br />
Schismaderma careens* Red toad WL<br />
Bufo gutturalis** Guttural toad WL<br />
Bufo taitanus** Toad WL<br />
Bufo gutturalis* Guttural toad FGM<br />
Bufo nyikae** Nyika dwarf toad FGM Known from open grassland in highlands between Malawian and<br />
Zambian borders<br />
Bufo sp. A* Toad WL & FGM<br />
Bufo sp.B**<br />
FGM<br />
Bufo sp.C**<br />
FGM<br />
Bufo sp.D**<br />
FGM<br />
HYPEROLIDAE<br />
Hyperolius sp. Tree frog FGM<br />
PIPIDAE<br />
Xenopus cf. laevis* Common platanna WL & FGM<br />
Xenopus petersi** Peter’s platanna WL<br />
RANIDAE<br />
Athroleptella hewetii** Hewitt’s moss frog WL<br />
Afrana angolensis Angola river frog WL & FGM<br />
Afrana sp.A River frog FGM<br />
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Natal puddle frog WL<br />
Ptychadena anchietae* Anchieta’s grass frog WL<br />
Ptychadena sp.* Grass frog FGM<br />
Strongylopus fasciatus** Striped stream frog FGM<br />
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Strongylopus fuellebornii Fuelleborn’s stream frog FGM Known from open grasslands in highlands between the border of<br />
Malawi and Zambia<br />
Species Common name Major habitat Notes (based on Channing 2001)<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rded from<br />
Tomopterna natalensis** Natal sand frog WL Range extension as northern range is Southern Mozambique.<br />
Unknown sp.**<br />
FGM<br />
* Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during dry season<br />
** Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during wet season<br />
No * if re<strong>co</strong>rded in both the dry and wet season.<br />
WL = mid-altitude habitats<br />
FGM = afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
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APPENDIX 12: BUTTERFLY DATA<br />
Butterfly species caught in <strong>Mpanga</strong> /<strong>Kipengere</strong> <strong>Game</strong> reserve following Larsen (1996), voucher specimens are currently undergoing<br />
taxonomic verification (Appendix 1).<br />
Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
HESPERIDAE<br />
Acada biseriatus** Axehead skipper WL<br />
Caprona sp.**<br />
WL<br />
Celaenorrhinus galenus galenus* Orange sprite FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Spialia sp. **<br />
WL<br />
Zenonia zeno** Orange spotted skipper W;<br />
Unknown sp.**<br />
FGM<br />
LYCAENIDAE<br />
Cf. Apharitis sp.**<br />
FGM<br />
Actizera lucida* Rayed blue FGM<br />
Athene lunulata** Red spot ciliate blue WL<br />
Axiocerses amanga** Bush scarlet WL<br />
Axiocerses tjoane**<br />
WL<br />
Axiocerses sp.A**<br />
WL<br />
Axiocerses sp.B**<br />
WL<br />
Azanus ubaldus* Desert Babul blue WL<br />
Cacyreus lingeus** Common bush blue WL<br />
Cacyreus palemon palemon* Geranium blue FGM<br />
Cacyreus virilis Eastern bush blue WL & FGM<br />
Cacyreus sp.**<br />
WL<br />
Ei<strong>co</strong>chrysops sp.**<br />
FGM<br />
Euchrysops malathana* Smokey bean cupid WL & FGM<br />
Harpendyreus juno FGM Southern rift endemic in northern Malawi and TZ<br />
southern highlands<br />
Hemiolaus <strong>co</strong>eculus <strong>co</strong>eculus Azure hairstreak WL Forest dwelling species, range-restricted endemic<br />
subspecies from zambia and SW Tz.<br />
Iolaus sidus** Red-lined sapphire WL<br />
Iolaus sp.**<br />
WL<br />
Leptotes jeanneli**<br />
WL<br />
Leptotes pirithous Common zebra blue WL<br />
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Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
Lycaenidae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Leptotes sp. **<br />
WL<br />
Lepidochrysopos sp.* Commodore FGM<br />
Lepidochrysops desmond**<br />
WL<br />
Lepidochrysops polydialecta**<br />
WL<br />
Lepidochrysops sp.A**<br />
WL<br />
Lepidochrysops sp.B*<br />
WL<br />
Lepidochrysops sp.C**<br />
WL<br />
Lycaena abboti* Small <strong>co</strong>pper FGM<br />
Lycaena phlaeas** Small <strong>co</strong>pper WL<br />
Pseudonacaduba sochela** African line blue WL<br />
Spindasis sp.**<br />
FGM<br />
Uranothauma <strong>co</strong>rdatus** FGM Above 1,500m<br />
Uranothauma nubifer* Black heart FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Zizulo hylax* Tiny Grass Blue WL<br />
Unknown sp.**<br />
WL<br />
NYMPHALIDAE<br />
Acraea alicia**<br />
FGM<br />
Acraea anacreon bomba<br />
FGM<br />
Acraea eponina eponina* Dancing Acraea FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Acraea encedon encedon* Encedon Acraea WL & FGM<br />
Acraea goetzei*<br />
FGM<br />
Acraea insignis insignis* FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Acraea leu<strong>co</strong>pyga*<br />
WL<br />
Acraea neobule neobule* Wandering donkey WL<br />
Acraea natalica* Natal Acraea FGM<br />
Acraea sotikensis* Sotik Acraea WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Acraea sp.A**<br />
WL & FGM<br />
Acraea sp.B**<br />
WL<br />
Acraea sp.C**<br />
FGM<br />
Acraea sp. D**<br />
FGM<br />
Amauris cf. echeria**<br />
FGM<br />
Amauris ellioti junia Ansorge’s danaid FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Antanartia dimorphica** Dimorphic admiral FGM<br />
Bebearia <strong>co</strong>calia** Spectre WL<br />
Bicyclus <strong>co</strong>ttrelli* bush brown WL Forest dwelling species, southern most re<strong>co</strong>rd now<br />
Bicyclus anyana anyana* Squinting bush brown WL<br />
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Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
Nymphalidae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Bicyclus campus** Hill bush brown WL<br />
Bicylus ena** Grizzled brown bush WL<br />
Bicyclus safitza safitza** Common bush brown WL<br />
Byblia anvatara acheloia African Joker WL<br />
Byblia ilithyia** Joker WL<br />
Byblia sp. A**<br />
WL<br />
Byblia sp.B**<br />
WL<br />
Catacroptera cloanthe** Pirate WL<br />
Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes Bush charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes ansorgei levicki**<br />
FGM<br />
Charaxes acuminatus** Mountain pearl charaxes FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes berkeleyi** Berkley’s charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes bohemani Large blue charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes brutus** White barred charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes candiope candiope*<br />
Green veined charaxes<br />
Charaxes cithaeron kennethi Blue spotted charaxes WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes <strong>co</strong>ndoni* charaxes WL Forest dwelling species, Tanzanian endemic from Iringa<br />
and Mbeya regions<br />
Charaxes druceanus proximans Silver barred charaxes WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes etesipe taventensis* Savannah charaxes WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes ethalion** Satyr charaxes WL & FGM<br />
Charaxes etheocles** Demon charaxes WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes guderiana rabaiensis Blue spangled charaxes WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Charaxes jasius saturnus Foxy charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes kirkii** Kirk’s charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes lasti** Silver streaked charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes pollux** Black-bordered charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes protoclea azota Flame bordered charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes varanes vologeses Pearl Charaxes WL<br />
Charaxes sp** Charaxes WL<br />
Cnodontes vansomereni* Van Someren’s Buff WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Danaus chrysippus aegyptius African queen WL & FGM<br />
Eurytela dryope angulata Golden piper WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Hamanumida daedalus Guineafowl WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Issoria sp. ** FGM Forest dwelling species, not below 1,700m<br />
Junonia artaxia Commodore WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Junonia denone** Dark blue pansy WL<br />
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Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
Nymphalidae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Junonia hierta cebrene Yellow pansy WL & FGM Found in Kenya and Somalia <br />
Junonia natalica natalica Natal pansy WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Junonia orithya madagascariensis* Blue pansy FGM<br />
Melanitis leda africana Common evening brown WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Neo<strong>co</strong>enyra duplex**<br />
FGM<br />
Neo<strong>co</strong>eenyra heckmanni heckmanni** Fritillary FGM Found in southern Tanzania only<br />
Neptis morosa** Morose sailor WL<br />
Neptis penningtoni** Pennington’s sailor WL<br />
Neptis serena serena* River sailor WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Neptis saclava marpessa Small spotted sailor WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Neptis sp.A**<br />
WL<br />
Neptis sp.B**<br />
WL<br />
Phalanta phalantha aethiops* Common leopard fritillary FGM<br />
Precis octavia sesames Gaudy <strong>co</strong>mmodore WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Precis antilope Darker <strong>co</strong>mmodore WL<br />
Precis archesia** Garden inspector WL<br />
Precis ceryne ceryne Marsh <strong>co</strong>mmodore WL<br />
Precis artaxia* Commodore WL<br />
Precis pelarga** Fashion <strong>co</strong>mmodore WL<br />
Precis tugela aurorina* Eared <strong>co</strong>mmodore WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Pseudoacrea boisduvali tremeni* Trimens false acrea WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Pseudoacrea lucretia expansa False chief WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Salamis anacardi* Clouded mother of pearl WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Vanessa cardui* Painted lady FGM<br />
Ypthima antennata**<br />
WL<br />
PAPILIONIDAE<br />
Graphium leonidas leonidas* Veined swordtail WL<br />
Graphium sp.A**<br />
WL<br />
Papilio bromius** Broad green banded swallowtail FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Papilio desmondi usambarensis* FGM Forest dwelling species. Southern extent of range<br />
extended from Uluguru Mountains to here with this<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rd<br />
Papilio demodocus demodocus* Citrus swallowtail WL & FGM Range extended to the Southern Highlands with this<br />
re<strong>co</strong>rd<br />
Papilio fulleborni fulleborni** FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Papilio phorcas nyikanus FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
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Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded<br />
from<br />
Papilionidae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Papilio sp.A**<br />
FGM<br />
Notes<br />
PIERIDAE<br />
Appias sp. **<br />
WL<br />
Appias sabina** Sabine albatross FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Belenois creona severina* Common white WL & FGM<br />
Belenois rubrosignata kongwana* Red-edged white WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Belenois aurota aurota* Caper white WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Belenois gidica* Pointed caper WL<br />
Belenois sp.A**<br />
WL<br />
Belenois sp.B**<br />
WL<br />
Catopsila florella** African emigrant WL<br />
Colias electo pseudokecate Africa clouded yellow FGM<br />
Colotis evenina**<br />
WL<br />
Colotis euippe omphale* Round winged orange tip WL<br />
Colotis antevippe gavisa* Large orange tip WL<br />
Colotis aurora dissociates* Sulphur orange tip WL<br />
Colotis auxo** Yellow orange WL<br />
Colotis evagore antigone Tiny orange tip WL<br />
Colotis daira** Black marked orange tip WL<br />
Colotis danae pseudacaste Scarlet tip WL<br />
Colotis ione* Purple tip WL Forest dwelling species<br />
Colotis eris eris Banded gold tip WL<br />
Colotis regina** Regal purple tip WL<br />
Colotis vesta** Veined orange WL<br />
Colotis sp.A **<br />
WL<br />
Colotis sp.B **<br />
WL<br />
Colotis sp.C**<br />
WL<br />
Dixeia doxo <strong>co</strong>stata* African small white WL<br />
Eurema brigitta brigitta Small grass yellow WL & FGM<br />
Eurema desjardinsi** Angled grass yellow WL<br />
Eurema hecabe solifera Common grass yellow WL & FGM<br />
Eurema hapale** Marsh grass yellow WL<br />
Eurema regularis Regular grass yellow WL & FGM<br />
Eurema senegalensis** Forest green yellow WL & FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Eurema upembana**<br />
FGM<br />
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Species Common name Major Habitat re<strong>co</strong>rded Notes<br />
from<br />
Pieridae <strong>co</strong>nt.<br />
Eurema sp.A**<br />
FGM<br />
Eronia leda Autumn leaf vagrant WL<br />
Mylothris agathina Eastern dotted border WL<br />
Mylothris sagela** Dusky dotted border WL<br />
Mylothris rueppelli rhodesiana* Ruppell’s dotted border FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Nepheronia thalassina** Blue vagrant FGM Forest dwelling species<br />
Pina<strong>co</strong>pteryx eriphia eriphia* Zebra white WL Forest dwelling species<br />
* Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during dry season<br />
** Species re<strong>co</strong>rded only during wet season<br />
No * if re<strong>co</strong>rded in both the dry and wet season.<br />
WL = mid-altitude habitats<br />
FGM = afro-montane forest-grassland mosaic<br />
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APPENDIX 13: SKETCH MAP OF THE MPANGA/KIPENGERE GAME<br />
RESERVE.<br />
SC1<br />
BC1<br />
SC2<br />
SC3B<br />
BC2<br />
BC2<br />
SC3A<br />
SC2<br />
SC5<br />
SC6<br />
SC7<br />
BC1<br />
BC4<br />
SC6<br />
SC4<br />
SC1<br />
SC5<br />
SC4<br />
SC7<br />
SC3<br />
BC3<br />
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ADDITIONAL KEY TO MAP:<br />
Dry season base camps<br />
Wet season base camps<br />
Dry season satellite camps<br />
Wet season satellite camps<br />
Evidence of orchid diggings<br />
Pitsawing areas<br />
Char<strong>co</strong>al burning<br />
Evidence of poacher’s camps and traps<br />
Areas of heavy grazing<br />
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APPENDIX 14: IMAGES OF THE MPANGA/KIPENGERE GAME RESERVE<br />
The reserve <strong>co</strong>mprises<br />
northern lowlands dissected<br />
by the Lugala Mountains and<br />
bordered to the south and<br />
west by the <strong>Kipengere</strong><br />
Range. This photo was taken<br />
near to the village of<br />
Machimbo and shows the<br />
Lugala escarpment beyond<br />
the lowlands.<br />
Taken from within the<br />
reserve on the track to<br />
<strong>Mpanga</strong> village, this photo<br />
shows the typical miombo<br />
woodland that dominates<br />
the northern lowlands.<br />
Dense miombo<br />
woodland can be<br />
seen here on slopes<br />
at the northern<br />
extent of the Lugala<br />
escarpment.<br />
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The southern<br />
mountain ranges<br />
can clearly be seen<br />
here dominating<br />
over the northern<br />
lowlands.<br />
Unique forest-grassland<br />
mosaics <strong>co</strong>ver<br />
mountaintops in the<br />
reserve, as can be seen<br />
here in the vicinity of<br />
Imalilo and Wangama<br />
villages.<br />
Dick Kajangu, Rosalind Salter, Clement<br />
Mabula, Israel Mwasese and Issai Swai<br />
(photo by Sam Staddon).<br />
The Kimani waterfalls not only provide<br />
water for the Usangu Wetlands, but also<br />
the potential for tourism activities within<br />
the area.<br />
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