Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. A potential folk ... - NERIST

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp.: A potential folk medicinal plant of North 

East India 

Janmoni Kalita, S. Sureshkumar Singh and Mohamed LatifKhan 

Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed University),Nirjuli – 791109 

(Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh, India 

Abstract 

Review Article 

In view of extensive ethno-medicinal importance and utilization in various forms of ethnomedicinal applications of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in 

the north eastern region, the present paper is an effort to compile the existing information on folklore medicine uses by different communities of north 

eastern India. The paper also encompasses to analyze the potential aspects in scientific identification of principle compounds and formulation of druglike 

leads based on basic and applied research activities and for development of sustainable exploitation and conservation strategies in the near future. 

The present work is an extensive review and analysis of published literature supplemented by actual field surveys conducted and consultation with local 

healers and peoples familiar with ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in different parts of the north eastern 

India. C. colebrookianum is known by more than thirty vernacular names among 20 different tribes and communities of north eastern region. The plant 

is used for treatment and cure of more than 16 different diseases and ailments. The use of young and tender leaves as decoction for antihypertensive 

purpose was the most common form of ethnomedicinal application for the species of C .colebrookianum among all ethnic tribes and communities in the 

region. A detailed investigation on the phytochemical, pharmacological properties of C. colebrookianum may lead to discover the potential lead 

compounds or molecules against life threatening diseases of human life such as hypertension, diabetes, etc. 

Key words: antihypertensive, Clerodendrum colebrookianum, drug, ethnomedicine, nephaphu, north eastern India. 

Received :12 Oct 2012 Accepted :22 Nov 2012 Published:30 Dec 2012 

INTRODUCTION 

he genus Clerodendrum L. (Verbenaceae) consisting 

Tof 400 – 500 specific and subspecific taxa which are 

widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world 

[1] 

. Among the total recorded species of the world, India 

[2] 

contributed 23 species of the genus . Many species of genus 

Clerodendrum occurring in Northeastern region have been 

reported to be useful in treatment of various ailments and diseases 

(anti-microbial, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, 

antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, indigestion, blood pressure (antihypertension), 

fever, ashthma, etc. by the local tribes of the 

region. Out of the total reported species of India, Clerodendrum 

colebrookianum has been considered as the most important 

medicinal species which is used in the treatment of hypertension 

[3,4,5]. 

by different tribes of north east India It has been reported that 

the Mizo people used the species as a cardio protective agent 

(mainly against high blood pressure) and have the belief that 

there are low percentage of hypertensive people in their 

community which is mainly because of regular intake of the 

[6] 

species as vegetables . However, the use of the plant for cure or 

treatment of diseases is based on administration of the leaves or 

flowers either by boiling or as vegetable. However, it has been 

difficult to explain the effect of the plant on these diseases at 

scientific level. Moreover, the scientific investigation has been 

made so far to reveal the role of active principle compounds in the 

treatment of these diseases. Therefore, it is very necessary to 

Address for correspondence* 

Janmoni Kalita 

Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of 

Science and Technology (Deemed University),Nirjuli – 791109 

(Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh, India 

E-mail: janmoni.kalita@gmail.com 

e ISSN: 2231-2218 

© 2012 Asian J Pharm Biol Res 

256 

understand the scientific reasons behind the use of these plants 

and to identify biologically active compounds or molecules 

capable of treatment and cure of these diseases. The present 

review is an attempt to analyse the information on ethno 

medicinal use of Clerodendrum colebrookianum as a potential 

ethno medicinal plant species in the north eastern states of India. 

Morphology, Distribution and Systematics of Clerodendrum 

colebrookianum 

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. (Synonymous to 

Clerodendrum glandulosum Coleb.), belongs to the family 

Verbenaceae. Globally the species is distributed in Bangladesh, 

Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri 

Lanka and Vietnam . In India, the species is distributed in the states 

of Assam, Meghalaya and Sikkim at altitudes between 1 to 4000 

[7] 

ft . asl . The species occupy every possible habitat such as 

roadsides, forest edges, moist, shady places and amidst bushes. It 

is a perennial shrub and has been reported to be endemic to north 

[8] 

eastern region of India . Out of the 23 species of Clerodendrum 

reported from India, Arunachal Pradesh has accounted 16 species 

[2] 

and 1 variety . It has been reported that the species is distributed 

from 500 to 800 m asl in Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare and Upper 

[2] 

Siang districts of Arunachal Pradesh . 

Clerodendrum colebrookianum is a perennial shrub and 

grows up to 4 - 8 ft. height. Stem quadrangular, branches robust 

and sparsely pubescent with corky internodes. 

Leaves often 9 inch 

diameter, opposite, broad-ovate, acute, entire, petiolate, small 

lateral veins (6-9) with few glands clustered at the petiole and 

scattered beneath. Inflorescence terminal, compact, corymbose 

cymes. Flowers white in broad terminal compact, numerous, 

bracteates, pedicelate (2-4 cm). Bracts lanceolate or narrowly 

ovate, caduceus at the time of flowering. One bract is present for 

each flower and glands are present on lower surface. Calyx

Table 1: Systematic position of Clerodendrum 

colebrookianum Walp. 

Taxonomy Hierarchy 

Phylum 

Class 

Order 

Family 

Name 

Magnoliophyta 

Magnoliopsida 

Lamiales 

Verbenaceae 

Genus Clerodendrum L. 

Species Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. 

Table 2: Vernacular names of Clerodendrum colebrookianum in north eastern states of India. 

Asian J Pharm Biol Res |Oct-Dec 2012 | Vol-2 | Issue-4 

gamosepalous, persistent, sepaloid, campanulate with several 

peltate glands, sepals 5 and glandular. Calyx-teeth short 

triangular, reddish purple. Corolla gamopetalous, petals 5, white 

in colour, tube nearly glabrous, stamens 4, didynamous, filiform. 

Gynoecium has exerted style and shorter than stamen with 4 

loculi. Anthers reddish or marron, introse. Fruit is drupe, 

subglobose, glossy and bluish green in colour that turns on black 

[7] 

on drying . Clerodendrum colebrookianum is distinguished by 

having broadly ovate or cordate leaf blade with large peltate 

glands or glands on the abaxial surface of the leaf base and 

corymb thrysoid inflorescence (Figure 1a). The taxonomical 

State 

Arunachal Pradesh 

Assam 

Nagaland 

Mizoram 

Meghalaya 

Manipur 

Vernacular Names 

Tapen (Adi); Papua-toh (Bangni); Poto (Nishi); Potto ooh (Hill Miri); Doloin/Jylon (Aka); Dringi 

(Zeme- Naga); Papa tsitsu (Memba); Nephaphu (Nocte/Singpho/Khampti/Tangsa); Ongin (Adi, 

Apatani); Pherkhom (Mikir); Unpui (Kuki); Khangjela-shing (Monpa); Ganmakhei (Kilya-Naga), 

Huikam (Marring); Arum (Lotha -Naga, Konyak -Naga); Yananing (Sema-Naga). 

Nephaphu (Assmese/ Bodo Kachari/Tiwa/Miri), Naga sag (Tea tribes); Sgainyaopalai, Mismao 

(Dimasa Kachari); Anphui (Hmar); Mishimau (Barman); Puihnam (Lushai) 

Orematong, Umrem (Naga) 

Phuinum (Mizo) 

Jarem, Sia-long (Khasi); Dien-ja-rem-kyntheri, Jhr-khtung (Jaintia); Yay-iong (Garo) 

Kuthab, Kutab-manbi (Manipuri) 

Table 3. Uses of Clerodendrum colebrookianum against hypertension by various tribes of North East India. 

State Tribe Plant parts Mode of administration References 

Arunachal Tangsa Leaves, twig Boiled in water and mixed with a few Nath and Bodoloi 1993 

Pradesh 

ground pieces of Allium sativum L. (Lasun / 

Tangsa) and salt, are prescribed orally as 

soup or decoction for a consecutive period 

of three months, twice a day, on alternate 

days at 200 g per dose 

Bangnis Leaves Decoction or juice given orally Gupta 2000 

Nishi Leaves Decoction (3-4 tea spoonful) twice daily Bhuyan 2003 

Apatani Leaves Boiled or infusion is taken orally Khongsai et al. 2011, 

Kala 2005 

Hill Miri Leaves Juice Tag and Das 2004 

Memba Leaves Decoction Rethy et al. 2010 

Adi Leaves Decoction taken 3-4 tea spoonful twice 

daily 

Srivastava and 

Choudhary 2008, 

Srivastava and Adi 

community 2009 

Monpa Leaves Decoction with sugar Namsa et al. 2011 

Assam Hmar Leaves Leaf juice are eaten after heating Nath and Choudhury 

2010 

Jaintia, Lushai Leaves Taken as raw Sajem and Gosai 2006, 

2010 

Moran Leaves Decoction Buragohain 2011 

Dimasa Kachari Leaves Leaf extract Tamuli and Sharma 

2010 

Zeme Leaves Soup Tamuli and Saikia 2004 

Mishing Young twig Boiled Gogoi et al. 2010 

Assamese Leaves Boiled and extract Gogoi et al. 2003 

257


Table 4: Uses of Clerodendrum colebrookianum against various ailments by different tribes of North East India. 

Disease State Tribe Plant parts Mode of administration References 

Abdominal pain Assam Tai-Ahom Leaves Three teaspoonful leaf extract 

is mixed with small amount of 

Kalita and Phukan 

2010 

common salt and is taken 

thrice daily 

Anthelmintic Assam Assamese Leaves - Jain and Saklani 

Antidote Nagaland Naga Leaves Infusion of leaves mixed with 

bark paste of the “menpan 

plant” is drunk 

1992 

Changkija 1999 

Blood purifier Assam Lushai Leaves - Sajem and Gosai 

2010 

Colics in infants Mizoram Mizo Leaves Juice of 5 ml twice daily Sharma et al. 2001 

Cough 

Arunachal 

Pradesh 

Adi, Nishi Leaves - Jain and Saklani 

1992 

Diabetes Assam Jaintia Leaves Taken raw Sajem and Gosai 

2006 

Barman 

community 

Leaves Decoction Das and Sharma 

2003 

Zeme Leaves Decoction Tamuli and Saikia 

2004 

Mizoram Mizo Leaves Decoction Sharma et al. 2001 

Diarrhoea and 

dysentery 

Gastric disorders 

Arunachal 

Pradesh 

Arunachal 

Pradesh 

Adi, Nishi Leaves Juice Jain and Saklani 

1992 

Dimasa 

Kachari 

Root Extract Tamuli and 

Sharma 2010 

Bangni Leaf, tender Decoction or juice Gupta 2006 

stem 

a 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

Figure 1: (a) Clerodendrum colebrookianum in its natural habitat, (b) flowering, (c) terminal panicle inflorescence with white 

flowers, (d) matured fruits and (e) seedling 

258


25 

20 

Number of tribes 

15 

10 

5 

0 

Abdominal pain 

Anthelmintic 

Antidote 

Blood purifier 

Colics in infants 

Cough 

Diabetes 

Diarrhoea and dysentery 

Fever 

Gastric disorders 

Headache 

Heart trouble 

Heart trouble 

Hypertension 

Malarial fever 

Reduce weight 

Rheumatism 

Stomachache 

Ailments 

Figure 2: Clerodendrum colebrookianum used in various ailments by different tribes of North East India. 

β-sitosterol Colebrin A Colebrin B 

Colebrin D 

Colebrin E 

Figure 3: Structures of isolated compounds from Clerodendrum colebrookianum (Source: Shrivastava and Patel, 2007b). 

hierarchy of C. colebrookianum is presented in Table 1. 

Ethno Botany And Ethno Medicine Of The Genus 

Clerodendrum 

Available published literatures on ethno botany and ethno 

medicine of the genus Clerodendrum, especially on 

Clerodendrum colebrookianum in north eastern region of India 

since last twenty years were consulted for the present review. A 

review of literatures pertaining to biological activities of the plant 

species was also conducted to verify the validity of the folklore 

claims. This study covered tribal communities such as Adi, 

Apatani, Bodos, Chakmas, Deories, Dimasas, Garos, Khasis, 

Kukies, Mishing, Nishi, Nocte, Shyams and Syngphos, 

Sonowals, Tai-Ahoms and Tai-Khamtis residing in six north 

eastern states in north eastern states of India. 

Extensive field surveys were carried out in different areas 

of the state during 2010-2011. Different medicinal uses and 

utilization patterns of Clerodendrum colebrookianum were 

collected with the structured interviewed with the local 

inhabitants and cross check was done (Appendix A). Specimen 

were collected and identified by consulting the research paper and 

[2,7] 

available flora references and Herbaria at Botanical Survey of 

259


India (BSI) Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh were also consulted for 

validation of identifications. The specimens are deposited in the 

Herbarium of Forestry Department, NERIST, Arunachal Pradesh 

for further research work. 

It has been found that the species is known by 33 different 

vernacular names by the 35 tribal communities of north eastern 

region of India (Table 2). The species is widely used by 20 

different tribes of six states of North East India for the treatment 

of hypertension (Table 3). Of the plant parts, leaf was used in 

majority of cases. In addition to hypertension, the species have 

also been used against other ailments like diabetes, blood 

purification, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, heart trouble, 

cough etc. (Table 4). However, majority of tribal communities of 

north eastern states used the species against hypertension (Figure 

2). Preparations were found to be used in the form of decoction, 

juice, leaf extract, raw, soup, boiled, infusion etc. The present 

study also reveals that use of the plant as a home remedy for the 

treatment of hypertension is not confined to a particular group of 

ethnic tribe or a particular community but it is widely used by a 

large number of tribal communities belonging to different states 

of north eastern region of India. 

The chemical constituent of C. colebrookianum shows 

the presence of phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, 

[1] 

steroids etc. . Furthermore, GC MS analysis of C. 

colebrookianum hexane extract shows the presence of 28 

[8] 

compounds . Five new steroids, colebrin A-E were also isolated 

[9] 

from the aerial parts of the species . Moreover, presence of β- 

sitosterol and sterol compounds in the leaves of C. 

[10, 11] 

colebrookianum has already been reported (Figure 3). β- 

sitosterol, a bioactive phytoconstituent that decrease the serum 

cholesterol and also have cardio protective potentiality which is 

a valid scientific basis for consuming it for better health in north 

[12] 

east region of India . Earlier it had been indicated a beta 

blocking effect on toads and dogs and a gradual fall of blood 

[5] 

pressure within humans . Antihypertensive property of C. 

colebrookianum has been reported from the leaf extract of the 

[13] 

species . It has been reported that C. colebrookianum extract 

has role in ameliorating experimentally induced insulin 

resistance and hypertension and provides the first 

pharmacological evidence for protective role of C. 

colebrookianum leaf against experimentally induced metabolic 

[8] 

syndrome . 

The pharmacological study of C. colebrookianum 

indicates the immense potential for the treatment of diabetes and 

hypertension. But still, the full potential of C. colebrookianum 

has not been explored. Most of the research has been in vivo and 

helped validate the applicability on the human system. In vitro 

studies could have facilitated a better understanding the mode of 

action of C. colebrookianum. 

The current research also shows leaves are used 

extensively for medicinal purposes. Moreover, there has not been 

any report regarding cultivation of the species by the local 

people. This is one of the major concerns for the sustainable 

utilization and conservation because of over harvesting from the 

wild which may lead to depletion of the population or extinction 

of the species particularly from its habitat. In addition, 

anthropogenic disturbances may lead the degradation of the 

species from natural habitats. Thus, there is an urgent need for 

exploration, documentation, identification and prioritization of 

important medicinal plant species. 

CONCLUSION 

The information from the present study needs thorough 

phytochemical investigation along with clinical trials. In Silico 

screening of the biochemical compounds and metabolites may 

lead to finding or predicting potential drug candidates against life 

threatening diseases and other bioactive compounds of other uses. 

Development of database, proper harvesting and cultivation 

techniques and also awareness programs in the state as well as 

region level for the conservation and management of potential 

species are utmost important. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The authors are grateful Dr. A. A. Mao, Joint Director, 

Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh for identification of 

Clerodendrum species. The authors thank local guides and 

villagers for cooperation and support during the field work. 

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