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Plant Pathology & Quarantine — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7 

Comprehensive check list of Cercosporoid fungi from Iran 

Bakhshi M 3 , Arzanlou M 1* and Babai-Ahari A 2 

1 

Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University 

of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. 

2 

Professors of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of 

Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran. 

3 

PhD Student of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box: 

5166614766, Iran. 

Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M and Babai-Ahari A 2012 – Comprehensive check list of Cercosporoid 

fungi from Iran. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 2(1), 44-55, doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7 

Little is known about the biodiversity of cercosporoid fungi in Iran. We provide a comprehensive 

literature-based checklist for 89 cercosporoid species known to occur on different plant species in 

Iran. The complete annotated list covers 29 Cercospora species, 24 Ramularia, 21 Passalora and 

15 Pseudocercospora. 

Key words – hyphomycetes – taxonomy – mitosporic fungi 

Article Information 

Received 5 March 2012 

Accepted 6 March 2012 

Published online 10 April 2012 

*Corresponding author: Mahdi Arzanlou – e-mail – Arzanlou@hotmail.com 

Introduction 

Cercosporoid fungi are generally 

associated with leaf spots, but also can cause 

necrotic lesions on flowers, fruits, bracts, seeds 

and pedicels of numerous hosts in a wide range 

of climates worldwide (Agrios 2005, Crous et 

al. 2000, Goodwin et al. 2001), encompassing 

economically important pathogens of major 

agricultural crops such as cereals, vegetables, 

ornamentals, forest trees, grasses and many 

others (Goodwin et al. 2001). Furthermore, a 

number of cercosporoid fungi are considered as 

potential biocontrol agents of weeds (Morris & 

Crous 1994). 

The genus Cercospora was established 

by Fresenius in 1863. Since then many species 

have been assigned to this genus and there has 

been a significant expansion of the generic 

concept, including numerous Passalora-like 

fungi (Braun & Melnik 1997). The first 

monograph of Cercospora Fresen. s. lato. was 

published by Chupp (1954). Later, Deighton 

(e.g., 1967, 1976), Braun (1995), Braun & 

Melnik (1997) and then other authors narrowed 

the generic concept of Cercospora s. lato. and 

divided it into smaller units. Crous & Braun 

(2003) in their revision of cercosporoid fungi 

based on molecular sequence analyses and 

reassessment of morphological characters, 

recognized four true cercosporoid genera, viz. 

Cercospora, Pseudocercospora Speg., Passalora 

Fr. and Stenella Syd., and several other 

morphologically similar genera. 

Cercospora and allied genera have 

traditionally been treated as anamorphs of the 

ascomycetous genus Mycosphaerella Johanson, 

(e.g., Braun & Melnik 1997, Kim & Shin 1998, 

Crous & Braun 2003). However, a teleomorph 

connection for the majority of cercosporoid 

fungi still remains unknown, and a Mycosphaerella 

state has been proven for only a few 

species. 

With the advent of molecular 

techniques in recent years, sequence data from 

different protein coding and non-coding of 

genomic regions have widely been applied to

figure out phylogenetic relationships amongst 

wide arrays of fungal groups at different 

taxonomic levels of interest (Arzanlou 2007, 

Arzanlou 2008, Arzanlou 2010, Crous et al. 

2000, Crous et al 2009). Phylogenetic analysis 

based on concordance of multiple sequence 

data have placed Cercospora and allied genera 

in Mycosphaerella clade (Mycosphaerellaceae, 

Capnodiales, Dothideomycetidae) (Crous et al. 

2007, Crous et al. 2009). The genus Mycosphaerella 

is one of the largest genera in 

Ascomycetes and comprises several thousand 

species (Crous et al. 2001, Aptroot 2006, Crous 

et al. 2009). 

Contrary to earlier belief in monophyly 

of Mycosphaerella, recent work of Crous and 

co-workers on phylogeny of Capnodiales 

revealed Mycosphaerella to be polyphyletic, 

and it has been split into several families; those 

members of Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae 

and Schizothyriaceae have plant 

pathological relevance (Crous et al. 2007, 

2009). A bewildering diversity of anamorphs 

exists in these lineages and up to 30 anamorph 

genera have now been linked to 

Mycosphaerella (Crous et al. 2007, 2009, 

Arzanlou et al. 2007, 2008, Arzanlou & 

Bakhshi 2012). However, recent phylogenetic 

analysis based on multiple sequence data sets 

have shown this to be incorrect. 

Mycosphaerellaceae, in fact, consists of 

numerous genera with morphologically 

conserved Mycosphaerella-like teleomorphs, 

and distinct anamorphs (Crous et al. 2007, 

Crous et al. 2009). Species of Mycosphaerella 

have a worldwide distribution from tropical 

and subtropical to warm and cool regions and 

have adapted to different ecological niches as 

saprobes, plant pathogens or endophytes (Farr 

et al. 1995, Goodwin et al. 2001, Crous et al. 

2009). 

Cercosporoid fungi are common and 

widespread on a wide range of vascular plants, 

especially in tropical regions. The mainland of 

Iran covers diverse climatic zones with a great 

biodiversity of vascular plants and, 

accordingly, a high diversity of foliicolous 

fungi. The exploration of this fungal group is, 

however, far from being complete and the 

cercosporoid hyphomycetes from Iran are still 

insufficiently known. Therefore, a comprehensive 

examination of cercosporoid fungi in 


Iran, based on the current taxonomic 

classification (Crous & Braun 2003), is 

urgently needed. In order to contribute to the 

knowledge of this group of fungi in Iran, and in 

the hope that what is reported here will 

stimulate other researchers to study the 

diversity of cercosporoid fungi, we have 

assembled a checklist of these fungi recorded 

to date from Iran. 

Materials and Methods 

List of species 

The list of cercosporoid fungi was 

compiled using reports available in the 

literature. Most of the quoted works are the 

result of field research by Iranian mycologists, 

although a small number of reports have been 

documented by foreign investigators. The list 

includes cercosporoid species together with 

their host species from which they have been 

collected. The fungal nomenclature and 

taxonomy follows Crous & Braun (2003). 

Species names used in the original 

publications, which deviate from those in the 

latter publication, are cited as synonyms. The 

checklist is organised alphabetically by genus 

and species name. 

Results 

A list containing 29 species of 

Cercospora, 21 species of Passalora, 22 

species of Ramularia and 15 species of 

Pseudocercospora is given (Table 1). 

Cercospora species have been collected on 50 

host plants belonging to 41 genera and 28 

families. The highest numbers of cercosporoid 

parasites were recorded on representatives of 

the Fabaceae (with nine species), Malvaceae 

(with four species) and Euphorbiaceae (with 

three species). Passalora species were 

recordered on 29 host plants belonging to 23 

genera and 14 families, including the 

Asteraceae (with four species) and Apiaceae 

(with three species), which represent the host 

plant families with most Passalora species. 

Pseudocercospora species were recorded on 18 

host plants belonging to 15 genera and 12 

families. The highest numbers of 

Pseudocercospora parasites were recorded on 

the Solanaceae (three species). Ramularia 

species were collected on 30 host plants 

45

46 

Table 1 Cercosporiod fungi known from Iran. 


Species Hosts References 

Cercospora 

- acnidae Ellis & Everh. 

Amaranthus chlorostachys var. chlorostachys Willd. & Thell. Pirnia et al. 2010 

- althaeina Sacc. Althaea rosea Cav., Althaea sp. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973 

- apii Fresen. Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Euphorbia heterophylla L., 

Pelargonium zonale, , Solanum lycopersicum L., Vigna 

sinensis (L.) Walp., Zanthedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

Pirnia et al. 2010 

- beticola Sacc. Beta maritima L., B. vulgaris L., Spinacia oleracea L. Esfandiari 1946a, Esfandiari 1947, Khabiri 1952, 1958, Golato 1960, 

Eskandari 1964, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Eskandari et al. 1969, Vinnot- 

Bourgin et al. 1969, Altman et al. 1972, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973, 

Vaziri 1973, Alian et al. 2008 

- canescens Ellis & Martin Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl Altman et al. 1972, Ershad 1995 

- cheiranthi Sacc. Cheiranthus cheiri L. Esfandiari 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- citrullina Cooke Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- datiscicola Esfand. Datisca cannabina L. Esfandiari 1951 

- elaeagni Heald & Wolf Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Ershad 1995 

- fukushiana (Mat.) Yam. Impatiens balsamina L. Hedjaroude 1983 

- gerberae Chupp & Viegas Gerbera jamesonii Hook. Ershad 1995 

- hydrangea Ellis & Everh. Hydrangea hortensia Siebold. Hedjaroude 1983 

- iridis Chupp Iris sp. Pirnia et al. 2010 

-kikuchii Matsumoto & Tomoy Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zad 1979, Majidieh-Ghassemi 198 

-lactuca-sativae Sawada = C. longissima 

Cooke & Ellis 

Lactuca sativa L. Banihashemi 1985, Pirnia et al. 2010 

- malayensis Stev. & Solh. Hibiscus esculentus L. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- medicaginis Ellis & Everh. Medicago sp. Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- mercurialis Pass. Mercurialis annua L. Pirnia et al. 2010 

-musae Zimm. Musa sapientum L. Amani et al. 2010 

- neriicola Ershad Nerium oleander L. Ershad 2002 

-ricinella Sacc. & Berl. Ricinus communis L. Petrak 1956, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966 

-scharifii Petr. Rosa sp. Petrak 1956 

- sorghi Ellis & Everh. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, S. halepense Pers. Mehrian & Rajoo 2004, Mehrian 2006, Pirnia et al. 2010 

-taurica Tranzsch. Heliotropium sp. Petrak 1939 

-traversiana Sacc. Trigonella foenum-graceum L. Scharif & Ershad 1966 as Cercospora sp., Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970, 

Ershad 1995 

- viola Sacc. Viola odorata L., V. sintenisii Becker, V. sylvestris Lam., Esfandiari 1948, Khabiri 1952, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966, 

Viola sp. 

Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995 

- zebrina Pass. Medicago sativa L. Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973



-zonata Wint. = C. fabae Fautr. Vicia faba L. Esfandiari 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973, 

- Cercospora spp. Arachis hypogaea L., Capparis spinosa L., Citrus aurantium 

L., C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck., Citrus sp., Ficus carica L., 

Gladiolus segetum Ker-Gawl., Glycine max (L.) Merr., 

Hibiscus cannabinus L., Hydrangea hortensia Siebold., 

Lactuca sativa L., Malus pumila Mill., Plantago major L., 

Hedjaroude 1976, Pirnia et al. 2010 

Afzali et al. 2010, Scharif 1953, Ebrahimi 1964, Scharif & Ershad 1966, 

Scharif & Akhavizadegan 1967, Daftari & Behdad 1968, Vaziri 1973, 

Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973, Roohibakhsh & Ershad 1997 

Punica granatum L. 

Passalora 

- bolleana (Thum.) Braun = Cercospora Ficus carica L. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 

bolleana (Thum.) Speg. 

1995 

- calotropidis (Ellis & Everh.) Braun = 

Cercospora calotropidis Ellis & Everh. = C. 

patouillardi Sacc. 

Calotropis procera Dryand Petrak 1953, Petrak 1956, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995 

- calystegiae (Speg.) Braun = Cercospora 

calystegiae Speg. 

Calystegia sp. Hedjaroude 1983 

- carlinae (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora 

carlinae Sacc. 

Calina sp. Petrak 1941 

- circumscissa (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora Amygdalus communis L., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, C. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946a, Khabiri 1958, Vinnotcircumscissa 

Sacc. 

vulgaris Miller, Prunus domestica L. 

Bourgin 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- cousiniae Petr. Cousinia nekarmanica Rech. f., Cousinia sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951, Jorstad 1960, Ershad 1995 

- dubia (Riess) Braun = Cercospora dubia 

(Riess) Wint. 

Chenopodium brumale L. Hedjaroude 1976 

- fraxini (DC.) Arx Fraxinus excelsior L. Kalte et al. 2008 

-fraxinicola (Ershad) Braun & Crous = 

Cercospora fraxinicola Ershad 

Fraxinus rotundifolia Miller Ershad 2000 

- fulva (Cooke) Braun & Crous = Fulvia 

fulva (Cooke) Ciferri = Cladosporium 

fulvum Cooke. 

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ershad 1995 

- graminis (Fuckel) Hohn. Glyceria fluitans R.Br. Esfandiari 1948 

- kirchneri (Hegyi) Petr. 

Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Esfandiari & Petrak 1950, Esfandiari 1951, Petrak 1956, Scharif & 

Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973, Ershad 1995 

- microsora (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora Tilia begonifolis Stev., Tilia sp. Petrak 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966, 

microsora Sacc. 

Ershad 1995 

- miser (Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & 

Hopple = Coprinus miser Karst. 

Salix sp. Saber & Esmaeili Taheri 2002 

- phaeopappi Petr. Phaeopappus aucheri (DC.) Boiss; P. kotschyi (Boiss. & 

Heldr) Boiss 

Petrak 1939, Esfandiari 1948, Golato 1960 

47


- punctum (Delacr.) Petzoldt = Cercospora 

Petroselini Sacc. 

Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973 

- rhamni (Fuckel) Braun = Cercospora 

rhamni Fuckel 

Rhamnus frangula L. Vinnot-Bourgin 1958 

- rosae (Fuckel) Hohn. Rosa sp. Esfandiari 1948 

- scandicearum (Magnus) Braun = Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970 

Cercospora scandicearum Magnus 

- scariola Syd. 

Scariola orientalis (Boiss) Sojak Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951 

- smilacis (Thum.) Braun = Cercospora 

smilacis Thum = C. smilacina Sacc. 

Pseudocercospora 

- abelmoschi (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton = 

Cercospora abelmoschi Ellis & Everh. = C. 

hibisci Tracy & Earle 

- atromarginalis (Atk.) Deighton = 

Cercospora atromarginalis Atk. 

- cavarae (Sacc. & D.Sacc.) Deighton = 

Cercospora cavarae Sacc. & D.Sacc. 

- cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton = C. cruenta 

Sacc. 

- fici (Heald & Wolf) Liu & Guo = 

Cercospora fici Heald & Wolf 

- fuligena (Roldan) Deighton 

- gomphrenae Sawada ex Goh & Hsieh = 

Cercospora gomphrenae 

- jujubae (Chowdhury) Khan & Shamsi = 

Cercospora jujubae Chowdhury 

-kaki Goh & Hsieh = Cercospora kaki Ellis 

& Everh. 

- phyllitidis (Hume) Braun & Crous = 

Cercospora petunia (Saito) Muller & Chupp 

- punicae (Henn.) Deighton = Cercospora 

punicae Henn. 

- rubi (Sacc.) Deighton = Cercospora rubi 

Sacc. 

- salvadorae (Maire) Deighton = 

Cercospora salvadorae Maire 

48 


Smilax aspera L., S. excels L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958 

Hibiscus cannabinus L. 

Esfandiari 1947, 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Scharif & Akhavizadegan 

1967 as Cercospora sp., Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970 

Solanum nigrum L. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995 

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Hedjaroude 1983 

Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl. Kaiser et al. 1968 as Cercospora sp., Vaziri 1973 

Ficus carica L. Scharif & Ershad 1966 

Solanum nigrum L. Physalis alkekengi L. Aghajani & Ahmadi 2010 

Gomphrena globosa L. Hedjaroude 1983 

Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Ershad & Khosravi 1996 

Diospyros kaki L., D. lotus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958, Golato 1960, 

Scharif & Ershad 1966, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970 

Petunia var. Hort. Ershad 1995 

Punica granatum L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Golato 1960, Ershad 1995 

Rubus sp. Hedjaroude 1976 

Salvadora persica L. Ershad 1990



- sphaerella-eugeniae (Sacc.) Crous, Eugenia jambos L. Ershad 1990 

Alfenas & Barreto = Cercospora eugeniae 

(Rangel) Chupp-Tis 

- vitis (Lev.) Speg. = Cercospora vitis (Lev.) Vitis sylvestris Gmel, V. vinifera L. Esfandiari 1947, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Hedjaroude 1976, Ershad 

Sacc. 

Ramularia 

1990 

-alpine (Massal.) Nannf.= Ovularia alpine 

Massal. 

Alchemilla sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951 

-anchusae Massal. Anchusa italica Retz., A. ovate Lehm. Petrak 1953, Khabiri 1958, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Moaven et al. 

2003 

- beccabungae Fautr. Veronica beccabunga L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941 

- bornmulleriana (Magnus) Braun = Onobrychis sintenisii Bornm. Petrak 1939 

Ovularia bornmulleriana Magnus 

- cynarae Sacc.= R. carthami Zaprom. Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb., C. tinctorius L. Minassian 1971, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1969 as Cercospora carthami 

Sundar & Ramakr., Altman et al. 1972, Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973 as 

Ramularia sp. 

- geranii Fuckel var. geranii Geranium pyrenaicum L. Hedjaroude & Abbasi 2000 

- heraclei (Oud.) Sacc. Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer, Heracleum sp. Esfandiari 1948, Ershad 1995 

- iranica Petr. Acantholimon sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951 

- lamii Fuckel = R. leonuri Sacc. & Penz. = Leonurus cardiac L., Mentha arvensis L. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1969 as R. menthicola Sacc., Hedjaroude 1983, 

R. menthae Sacc. 

Ershad 1995, Anonymous 2005 as R. menthicola Sacc. 

- macrospora Fres. Campanula rapunculus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Scharif & Ershad 1966 

- marrubii Massal.= R. sideritis Hollos. Sideritis sp. Petrak 1939 

- primulae Thum. Primula aqualis L. Aghapour et al. 2010 

- rhabdospora (Berk. & Broome) Nannf. = 

R. plantaginea Sacc. 

Plantago lanceolata L. Esfandiari 1948 

- rubella (Bonord) Nannf. = Ovularia 

obliqua (Cooke) Oud. 

Rumex crispus L., Rumex sp. Esfandiari 1948, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1969, Ershad 1995 

- rubicola Ershad Rubus caesius L. Ershad 2000 

- rufomaculans Peck Polygonum sp. Khabiri 1958 

- rumicis Kalchbr. & Cooke = R. decipiens 

Ellis & Everh. 

Rumex crispus L., Rumex sp. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995, Fotouhifar et al. 2003 

- rumicis-scutati Allesch. Rumex scutatus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946a, Esfandiari 1946b 

- sambucina Sacc. Sambucus ebulus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b 

- simplex Pass. Ranynchulus oxyspermus Willd. Moaven et al. 2003 

- uredinicola Khodap. & Braun Melampsora sp. Khodaparast & Braun 2005 

- urticae Ces. Urtica dioica L., U. urens L. Esfandiari 1948, Vinnot-Bourgin 1958 

- valeriana (Speg.) Sacc. Valeriana sisymbrifolia Vahl. Petrak 1939 

Ramularia sp. Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Potentila sp., Rumex sp. Khabiri 1952, Vaziri 1973, Hedjaroude 1976 

49

elonging to 22 genera and 17 families, 

including the Polygonaceae (with five species) 

and Rosaceae (with three species), which 

represent the host plant families with most 

Ramularia species. 

Discussion 

Despite their widespread distribution, 

current knowledge on the cercosporoid fungi of 

Iran is scant. Hopefully, the information 

gathered here will provide both a reference 

work and be an incentive for further work 

aimed at disclosing the diversity of 

cercosporoid fungi in Iran. 

Since the description of the genus 

Cercospora, the taxonomy of this genus as well 

as the description of individual species within 

this group has proven burdensome. While 

Cercospora was defined at genus level by 

morphology, species definition was based 

largely on host association. A significant 

problem pertaining to the taxonomy of 

Cercospora is the degree of host-specificity of 

the various species. Most species are still 

defined based on host, and they are assumed to 

be host-specific or restricted at least to a family 

of plants (Chupp 1954). However, the 

tenability of many species may be called into 

question because some taxa, including C. apii, 

the type species of Cercospora, have been 

shown to be non host-specific (Crous & Braun 

2003). 

Most hyphomycetous genera linked to 

Mycosphaerella have conventionally been dealt 

with as part of the cercosporoid fungi (Crous & 

Braun 2003). In most cases cercosporoid fungi 

have been treated as asexual fungi, and 

teleomorphs have been confirmed for only a 

few species. Groenewald et al. (2006) detected 

the two mating type genes in approximately 

even proportions in C. beticola, C. zeae-maydis 

and C. zeina populations, and speculated that a 

sexual cycle may occur regularly in these 

species. However, the actual sexual stage was 

not observed. Hence, the application of the 

criterion of intersterility is also mainly limited 

in cercosporoid fungi. 

Iran is one of the richest biodiversity 

hotspots in the world. This is due to the variety 

of climatic zones ranging from subtropical and 

tropical rain forests to wetlands. Despite this 

wealth, however, little information is available, 

50 


regarding cercosporoid fungi and their 

distribution as well as host range in Iran. Most 

publications describe the species from 

herbarium material and no cultures of 

cercosporoid fungi are present in the country. 

It is difficult to rely solely on morphology 

for the species identification in this group. 

Since the combination of morphological and 

phylogenetic analyses of new proposed taxa in 

Cercospora complex is very important in order 

to avoid misidentification, in our opinion, 

future work should be focused on phylogenetic 

analysis of cercosporoid fungi. Hence, we are 

currently busy with phenotypic and molecular 

characterization of cercosporoid fungi of Iran 

based on single spore cultures. 

Acknowledgements 

The authors would like to thank the 

Research Deputy of the University of Tabriz, 

Iran for financial support. 

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