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44<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Comprehensive check list of Cercosporoid fungi from Iran<br />
Bakhshi M 3 , Arzanlou M 1* and Babai-Ahari A 2<br />
1<br />
Assistant Professor of <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> and Mycology, <strong>Plant</strong> Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University<br />
of Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran.<br />
2<br />
Professors of <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> and Mycology, <strong>Plant</strong> Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of<br />
Tabriz, PO Box: 5166614766, Iran.<br />
3<br />
PhD Student of <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong>, <strong>Plant</strong> Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, PO Box:<br />
5166614766, Iran.<br />
Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M and Babai-Ahari A 2012 – Comprehensive check list of Cercosporoid<br />
fungi from Iran. <strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> 2(1), 44-55, doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Little is known about the biodiversity of cercosporoid fungi in Iran. We provide a comprehensive<br />
literature-based checklist for 89 cercosporoid species known to occur on different plant species in<br />
Iran. The complete annotated list covers 29 Cercospora species, 24 Ramularia, 21 Passalora and<br />
15 Pseudocercospora.<br />
Key words – hyphomycetes – taxonomy – mitosporic fungi<br />
Article Information<br />
Received 5 March 2012<br />
Accepted 6 March 2012<br />
Published online 10 April 2012<br />
*Corresponding author: Mahdi Arzanlou – e-mail – Arzanlou@hotmail.com<br />
Introduction<br />
Cercosporoid fungi are generally<br />
associated with leaf spots, but also can cause<br />
necrotic lesions on flowers, fruits, bracts, seeds<br />
and pedicels of numerous hosts in a wide range<br />
of climates worldwide (Agrios 2005, Crous et<br />
al. 2000, Goodwin et al. 2001), encompassing<br />
economically important pathogens of major<br />
agricultural crops such as cereals, vegetables,<br />
ornamentals, forest trees, grasses and many<br />
others (Goodwin et al. 2001). Furthermore, a<br />
number of cercosporoid fungi are considered as<br />
potential biocontrol agents of weeds (Morris &<br />
Crous 1994).<br />
The genus Cercospora was established<br />
by Fresenius in 1863. Since then many species<br />
have been assigned to this genus and there has<br />
been a significant expansion of the generic<br />
concept, including numerous Passalora-like<br />
fungi (Braun & Melnik 1997). The first<br />
monograph of Cercospora Fresen. s. lato. was<br />
published by Chupp (1954). Later, Deighton<br />
(e.g., 1967, 1976), Braun (1995), Braun &<br />
Melnik (1997) and then other authors narrowed<br />
the generic concept of Cercospora s. lato. and<br />
divided it into smaller units. Crous & Braun<br />
(2003) in their revision of cercosporoid fungi<br />
based on molecular sequence analyses and<br />
reassessment of morphological characters,<br />
recognized four true cercosporoid genera, viz.<br />
Cercospora, Pseudocercospora Speg., Passalora<br />
Fr. and Stenella Syd., and several other<br />
morphologically similar genera.<br />
Cercospora and allied genera have<br />
traditionally been treated as anamorphs of the<br />
ascomycetous genus Mycosphaerella Johanson,<br />
(e.g., Braun & Melnik 1997, Kim & Shin 1998,<br />
Crous & Braun 2003). However, a teleomorph<br />
connection for the majority of cercosporoid<br />
fungi still remains unknown, and a Mycosphaerella<br />
state has been proven for only a few<br />
species.<br />
With the advent of molecular<br />
techniques in recent years, sequence data from<br />
different protein coding and non-coding of<br />
genomic regions have widely been applied to
figure out phylogenetic relationships amongst<br />
wide arrays of fungal groups at different<br />
taxonomic levels of interest (Arzanlou 2007,<br />
Arzanlou 2008, Arzanlou 2010, Crous et al.<br />
2000, Crous et al 2009). Phylogenetic analysis<br />
based on concordance of multiple sequence<br />
data have placed Cercospora and allied genera<br />
in Mycosphaerella clade (Mycosphaerellaceae,<br />
Capnodiales, Dothideomycetidae) (Crous et al.<br />
2007, Crous et al. 2009). The genus Mycosphaerella<br />
is one of the largest genera in<br />
Ascomycetes and comprises several thousand<br />
species (Crous et al. 2001, Aptroot 2006, Crous<br />
et al. 2009).<br />
Contrary to earlier belief in monophyly<br />
of Mycosphaerella, recent work of Crous and<br />
co-workers on phylogeny of Capnodiales<br />
revealed Mycosphaerella to be polyphyletic,<br />
and it has been split into several families; those<br />
members of Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae<br />
and Schizothyriaceae have plant<br />
pathological relevance (Crous et al. 2007,<br />
2009). A bewildering diversity of anamorphs<br />
exists in these lineages and up to 30 anamorph<br />
genera have now been linked to<br />
Mycosphaerella (Crous et al. 2007, 2009,<br />
Arzanlou et al. 2007, 2008, Arzanlou &<br />
Bakhshi 2012). However, recent phylogenetic<br />
analysis based on multiple sequence data sets<br />
have shown this to be incorrect.<br />
Mycosphaerellaceae, in fact, consists of<br />
numerous genera with morphologically<br />
conserved Mycosphaerella-like teleomorphs,<br />
and distinct anamorphs (Crous et al. 2007,<br />
Crous et al. 2009). Species of Mycosphaerella<br />
have a worldwide distribution from tropical<br />
and subtropical to warm and cool regions and<br />
have adapted to different ecological niches as<br />
saprobes, plant pathogens or endophytes (Farr<br />
et al. 1995, Goodwin et al. 2001, Crous et al.<br />
2009).<br />
Cercosporoid fungi are common and<br />
widespread on a wide range of vascular plants,<br />
especially in tropical regions. The mainland of<br />
Iran covers diverse climatic zones with a great<br />
biodiversity of vascular plants and,<br />
accordingly, a high diversity of foliicolous<br />
fungi. The exploration of this fungal group is,<br />
however, far from being complete and the<br />
cercosporoid hyphomycetes from Iran are still<br />
insufficiently known. Therefore, a comprehensive<br />
examination of cercosporoid fungi in<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Iran, based on the current taxonomic<br />
classification (Crous & Braun 2003), is<br />
urgently needed. In order to contribute to the<br />
knowledge of this group of fungi in Iran, and in<br />
the hope that what is reported here will<br />
stimulate other researchers to study the<br />
diversity of cercosporoid fungi, we have<br />
assembled a checklist of these fungi recorded<br />
to date from Iran.<br />
Materials and Methods<br />
List of species<br />
The list of cercosporoid fungi was<br />
compiled using reports available in the<br />
literature. Most of the quoted works are the<br />
result of field research by Iranian mycologists,<br />
although a small number of reports have been<br />
documented by foreign investigators. The list<br />
includes cercosporoid species together with<br />
their host species from which they have been<br />
collected. The fungal nomenclature and<br />
taxonomy follows Crous & Braun (2003).<br />
Species names used in the original<br />
publications, which deviate from those in the<br />
latter publication, are cited as synonyms. The<br />
checklist is organised alphabetically by genus<br />
and species name.<br />
Results<br />
A list containing 29 species of<br />
Cercospora, 21 species of Passalora, 22<br />
species of Ramularia and 15 species of<br />
Pseudocercospora is given (Table 1).<br />
Cercospora species have been collected on 50<br />
host plants belonging to 41 genera and 28<br />
families. The highest numbers of cercosporoid<br />
parasites were recorded on representatives of<br />
the Fabaceae (with nine species), Malvaceae<br />
(with four species) and Euphorbiaceae (with<br />
three species). Passalora species were<br />
recordered on 29 host plants belonging to 23<br />
genera and 14 families, including the<br />
Asteraceae (with four species) and Apiaceae<br />
(with three species), which represent the host<br />
plant families with most Passalora species.<br />
Pseudocercospora species were recorded on 18<br />
host plants belonging to 15 genera and 12<br />
families. The highest numbers of<br />
Pseudocercospora parasites were recorded on<br />
the Solanaceae (three species). Ramularia<br />
species were collected on 30 host plants<br />
45
46<br />
Table 1 Cercosporiod fungi known from Iran.<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Species Hosts References<br />
Cercospora<br />
- acnidae Ellis & Everh.<br />
Amaranthus chlorostachys var. chlorostachys Willd. & Thell. Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
- althaeina Sacc. Althaea rosea Cav., Althaea sp. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973<br />
- apii Fresen. Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Euphorbia heterophylla L.,<br />
Pelargonium zonale, , Solanum lycopersicum L., Vigna<br />
sinensis (L.) Walp., Zanthedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng.<br />
Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
- beticola Sacc. Beta maritima L., B. vulgaris L., Spinacia oleracea L. Esfandiari 1946a, Esfandiari 1947, Khabiri 1952, 1958, Golato 1960,<br />
Eskandari 1964, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Eskandari et al. 1969, Vinnot-<br />
Bourgin et al. 1969, Altman et al. 1972, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973,<br />
Vaziri 1973, Alian et al. 2008<br />
- canescens Ellis & Martin Phaseolus vulgaris L., Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl Altman et al. 1972, Ershad 1995<br />
- cheiranthi Sacc. Cheiranthus cheiri L. Esfandiari 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- citrullina Cooke Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- datiscicola Esfand. Datisca cannabina L. Esfandiari 1951<br />
- elaeagni Heald & Wolf Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Ershad 1995<br />
- fukushiana (Mat.) Yam. Impatiens balsamina L. Hedjaroude 1983<br />
- gerberae Chupp & Viegas Gerbera jamesonii Hook. Ershad 1995<br />
- hydrangea Ellis & Everh. Hydrangea hortensia Siebold. Hedjaroude 1983<br />
- iridis Chupp Iris sp. Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
-kikuchii Matsumoto & Tomoy Glycine max (L.) Merr. Zad 1979, Majidieh-Ghassemi 198<br />
-lactuca-sativae Sawada = C. longissima<br />
Cooke & Ellis<br />
Lactuca sativa L. Banihashemi 1985, Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
- malayensis Stev. & Solh. Hibiscus esculentus L. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- medicaginis Ellis & Everh. Medicago sp. Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- mercurialis Pass. Mercurialis annua L. Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
-musae Zimm. Musa sapientum L. Amani et al. 2010<br />
- neriicola Ershad Nerium oleander L. Ershad 2002<br />
-ricinella Sacc. & Berl. Ricinus communis L. Petrak 1956, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
-scharifii Petr. Rosa sp. Petrak 1956<br />
- sorghi Ellis & Everh. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, S. halepense Pers. Mehrian & Rajoo 2004, Mehrian 2006, Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
-taurica Tranzsch. Heliotropium sp. Petrak 1939<br />
-traversiana Sacc. Trigonella foenum-graceum L. Scharif & Ershad 1966 as Cercospora sp., Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970,<br />
Ershad 1995<br />
- viola Sacc. Viola odorata L., V. sintenisii Becker, V. sylvestris Lam., Esfandiari 1948, Khabiri 1952, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966,<br />
Viola sp.<br />
Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995<br />
- zebrina Pass. Medicago sativa L. Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Species Hosts References<br />
-zonata Wint. = C. fabae Fautr. Vicia faba L. Esfandiari 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minnasian 1973,<br />
- Cercospora spp. Arachis hypogaea L., Capparis spinosa L., Citrus aurantium<br />
L., C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck., Citrus sp., Ficus carica L.,<br />
Gladiolus segetum Ker-Gawl., Glycine max (L.) Merr.,<br />
Hibiscus cannabinus L., Hydrangea hortensia Siebold.,<br />
Lactuca sativa L., Malus pumila Mill., <strong>Plant</strong>ago major L.,<br />
Hedjaroude 1976, Pirnia et al. 2010<br />
Afzali et al. 2010, Scharif 1953, Ebrahimi 1964, Scharif & Ershad 1966,<br />
Scharif & Akhavizadegan 1967, Daftari & Behdad 1968, Vaziri 1973,<br />
Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973, Roohibakhsh & Ershad 1997<br />
Punica granatum L.<br />
Passalora<br />
- bolleana (Thum.) Braun = Cercospora Ficus carica L. Petrak 1956, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad<br />
bolleana (Thum.) Speg.<br />
1995<br />
- calotropidis (Ellis & Everh.) Braun =<br />
Cercospora calotropidis Ellis & Everh. = C.<br />
patouillardi Sacc.<br />
Calotropis procera Dryand Petrak 1953, Petrak 1956, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995<br />
- calystegiae (Speg.) Braun = Cercospora<br />
calystegiae Speg.<br />
Calystegia sp. Hedjaroude 1983<br />
- carlinae (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora<br />
carlinae Sacc.<br />
Calina sp. Petrak 1941<br />
- circumscissa (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora Amygdalus communis L., Cerasus avium (L.) Moench, C. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946a, Khabiri 1958, Vinnotcircumscissa<br />
Sacc.<br />
vulgaris Miller, Prunus domestica L.<br />
Bourgin 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- cousiniae Petr. Cousinia nekarmanica Rech. f., Cousinia sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951, Jorstad 1960, Ershad 1995<br />
- dubia (Riess) Braun = Cercospora dubia<br />
(Riess) Wint.<br />
Chenopodium brumale L. Hedjaroude 1976<br />
- fraxini (DC.) Arx Fraxinus excelsior L. Kalte et al. 2008<br />
-fraxinicola (Ershad) Braun & Crous =<br />
Cercospora fraxinicola Ershad<br />
Fraxinus rotundifolia Miller Ershad 2000<br />
- fulva (Cooke) Braun & Crous = Fulvia<br />
fulva (Cooke) Ciferri = Cladosporium<br />
fulvum Cooke.<br />
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Scharif & Ershad 1966, Ershad 1995<br />
- graminis (Fuckel) Hohn. Glyceria fluitans R.Br. Esfandiari 1948<br />
- kirchneri (Hegyi) Petr.<br />
Anethum graveolens L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Esfandiari & Petrak 1950, Esfandiari 1951, Petrak 1956, Scharif &<br />
Ershad 1966, Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973, Ershad 1995<br />
- microsora (Sacc.) Braun = Cercospora Tilia begonifolis Stev., Tilia sp. Petrak 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958, Scharif & Ershad 1966,<br />
microsora Sacc.<br />
Ershad 1995<br />
- miser (Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys &<br />
Hopple = Coprinus miser Karst.<br />
Salix sp. Saber & Esmaeili Taheri 2002<br />
- phaeopappi Petr. Phaeopappus aucheri (DC.) Boiss; P. kotschyi (Boiss. &<br />
Heldr) Boiss<br />
Petrak 1939, Esfandiari 1948, Golato 1960<br />
47
Species Hosts References<br />
- punctum (Delacr.) Petzoldt = Cercospora<br />
Petroselini Sacc.<br />
Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973<br />
- rhamni (Fuckel) Braun = Cercospora<br />
rhamni Fuckel<br />
Rhamnus frangula L. Vinnot-Bourgin 1958<br />
- rosae (Fuckel) Hohn. Rosa sp. Esfandiari 1948<br />
- scandicearum (Magnus) Braun = Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970<br />
Cercospora scandicearum Magnus<br />
- scariola Syd.<br />
Scariola orientalis (Boiss) Sojak Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951<br />
- smilacis (Thum.) Braun = Cercospora<br />
smilacis Thum = C. smilacina Sacc.<br />
Pseudocercospora<br />
- abelmoschi (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton =<br />
Cercospora abelmoschi Ellis & Everh. = C.<br />
hibisci Tracy & Earle<br />
- atromarginalis (Atk.) Deighton =<br />
Cercospora atromarginalis Atk.<br />
- cavarae (Sacc. & D.Sacc.) Deighton =<br />
Cercospora cavarae Sacc. & D.Sacc.<br />
- cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton = C. cruenta<br />
Sacc.<br />
- fici (Heald & Wolf) Liu & Guo =<br />
Cercospora fici Heald & Wolf<br />
- fuligena (Roldan) Deighton<br />
- gomphrenae Sawada ex Goh & Hsieh =<br />
Cercospora gomphrenae<br />
- jujubae (Chowdhury) Khan & Shamsi =<br />
Cercospora jujubae Chowdhury<br />
-kaki Goh & Hsieh = Cercospora kaki Ellis<br />
& Everh.<br />
- phyllitidis (Hume) Braun & Crous =<br />
Cercospora petunia (Saito) Muller & Chupp<br />
- punicae (Henn.) Deighton = Cercospora<br />
punicae Henn.<br />
- rubi (Sacc.) Deighton = Cercospora rubi<br />
Sacc.<br />
- salvadorae (Maire) Deighton =<br />
Cercospora salvadorae Maire<br />
48<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Smilax aspera L., S. excels L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958<br />
Hibiscus cannabinus L.<br />
Esfandiari 1947, 1948, Scharif & Ershad 1966, Scharif & Akhavizadegan<br />
1967 as Cercospora sp., Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970<br />
Solanum nigrum L. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995<br />
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Hedjaroude 1983<br />
Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl. Kaiser et al. 1968 as Cercospora sp., Vaziri 1973<br />
Ficus carica L. Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
Solanum nigrum L. Physalis alkekengi L. Aghajani & Ahmadi 2010<br />
Gomphrena globosa L. Hedjaroude 1983<br />
Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. Ershad & Khosravi 1996<br />
Diospyros kaki L., D. lotus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Khabiri 1958, Golato 1960,<br />
Scharif & Ershad 1966, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970<br />
Petunia var. Hort. Ershad 1995<br />
Punica granatum L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Golato 1960, Ershad 1995<br />
Rubus sp. Hedjaroude 1976<br />
Salvadora persica L. Ershad 1990
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
Species Hosts References<br />
- sphaerella-eugeniae (Sacc.) Crous, Eugenia jambos L. Ershad 1990<br />
Alfenas & Barreto = Cercospora eugeniae<br />
(Rangel) Chupp-Tis<br />
- vitis (Lev.) Speg. = Cercospora vitis (Lev.) Vitis sylvestris Gmel, V. vinifera L. Esfandiari 1947, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Hedjaroude 1976, Ershad<br />
Sacc.<br />
Ramularia<br />
1990<br />
-alpine (Massal.) Nannf.= Ovularia alpine<br />
Massal.<br />
Alchemilla sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951<br />
-anchusae Massal. Anchusa italica Retz., A. ovate Lehm. Petrak 1953, Khabiri 1958, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Moaven et al.<br />
2003<br />
- beccabungae Fautr. Veronica beccabunga L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941<br />
- bornmulleriana (Magnus) Braun = Onobrychis sintenisii Bornm. Petrak 1939<br />
Ovularia bornmulleriana Magnus<br />
- cynarae Sacc.= R. carthami Zaprom. Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb., C. tinctorius L. Minassian 1971, Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1969 as Cercospora carthami<br />
Sundar & Ramakr., Altman et al. 1972, Ebrahimi & Minassian 1973 as<br />
Ramularia sp.<br />
- geranii Fuckel var. geranii Geranium pyrenaicum L. Hedjaroude & Abbasi 2000<br />
- heraclei (Oud.) Sacc. Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fischer, Heracleum sp. Esfandiari 1948, Ershad 1995<br />
- iranica Petr. Acantholimon sp. Petrak 1949, Esfandiari 1951<br />
- lamii Fuckel = R. leonuri Sacc. & Penz. = Leonurus cardiac L., Mentha arvensis L. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1969 as R. menthicola Sacc., Hedjaroude 1983,<br />
R. menthae Sacc.<br />
Ershad 1995, Anonymous 2005 as R. menthicola Sacc.<br />
- macrospora Fres. Campanula rapunculus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b, Scharif & Ershad 1966<br />
- marrubii Massal.= R. sideritis Hollos. Sideritis sp. Petrak 1939<br />
- primulae Thum. Primula aqualis L. Aghapour et al. 2010<br />
- rhabdospora (Berk. & Broome) Nannf. =<br />
R. plantaginea Sacc.<br />
<strong>Plant</strong>ago lanceolata L. Esfandiari 1948<br />
- rubella (Bonord) Nannf. = Ovularia<br />
obliqua (Cooke) Oud.<br />
Rumex crispus L., Rumex sp. Esfandiari 1948, Vinnot- Bourgin et al. 1969, Ershad 1995<br />
- rubicola Ershad Rubus caesius L. Ershad 2000<br />
- rufomaculans Peck Polygonum sp. Khabiri 1958<br />
- rumicis Kalchbr. & Cooke = R. decipiens<br />
Ellis & Everh.<br />
Rumex crispus L., Rumex sp. Vinnot-Bourgin et al. 1970, Ershad 1995, Fotouhifar et al. 2003<br />
- rumicis-scutati Allesch. Rumex scutatus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946a, Esfandiari 1946b<br />
- sambucina Sacc. Sambucus ebulus L. Petrak & Esfandiari 1941, Esfandiari 1946b<br />
- simplex Pass. Ranynchulus oxyspermus Willd. Moaven et al. 2003<br />
- uredinicola Khodap. & Braun Melampsora sp. Khodaparast & Braun 2005<br />
- urticae Ces. Urtica dioica L., U. urens L. Esfandiari 1948, Vinnot-Bourgin 1958<br />
- valeriana (Speg.) Sacc. Valeriana sisymbrifolia Vahl. Petrak 1939<br />
Ramularia sp. Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Potentila sp., Rumex sp. Khabiri 1952, Vaziri 1973, Hedjaroude 1976<br />
49
elonging to 22 genera and 17 families,<br />
including the Polygonaceae (with five species)<br />
and Rosaceae (with three species), which<br />
represent the host plant families with most<br />
Ramularia species.<br />
Discussion<br />
Despite their widespread distribution,<br />
current knowledge on the cercosporoid fungi of<br />
Iran is scant. Hopefully, the information<br />
gathered here will provide both a reference<br />
work and be an incentive for further work<br />
aimed at disclosing the diversity of<br />
cercosporoid fungi in Iran.<br />
Since the description of the genus<br />
Cercospora, the taxonomy of this genus as well<br />
as the description of individual species within<br />
this group has proven burdensome. While<br />
Cercospora was defined at genus level by<br />
morphology, species definition was based<br />
largely on host association. A significant<br />
problem pertaining to the taxonomy of<br />
Cercospora is the degree of host-specificity of<br />
the various species. Most species are still<br />
defined based on host, and they are assumed to<br />
be host-specific or restricted at least to a family<br />
of plants (Chupp 1954). However, the<br />
tenability of many species may be called into<br />
question because some taxa, including C. apii,<br />
the type species of Cercospora, have been<br />
shown to be non host-specific (Crous & Braun<br />
2003).<br />
Most hyphomycetous genera linked to<br />
Mycosphaerella have conventionally been dealt<br />
with as part of the cercosporoid fungi (Crous &<br />
Braun 2003). In most cases cercosporoid fungi<br />
have been treated as asexual fungi, and<br />
teleomorphs have been confirmed for only a<br />
few species. Groenewald et al. (2006) detected<br />
the two mating type genes in approximately<br />
even proportions in C. beticola, C. zeae-maydis<br />
and C. zeina populations, and speculated that a<br />
sexual cycle may occur regularly in these<br />
species. However, the actual sexual stage was<br />
not observed. Hence, the application of the<br />
criterion of intersterility is also mainly limited<br />
in cercosporoid fungi.<br />
Iran is one of the richest biodiversity<br />
hotspots in the world. This is due to the variety<br />
of climatic zones ranging from subtropical and<br />
tropical rain forests to wetlands. Despite this<br />
wealth, however, little information is available,<br />
50<br />
<strong>Plant</strong> <strong>Pathology</strong> & <strong>Quarantine</strong> — Doi 10.5943/ppq/2/1/7<br />
regarding cercosporoid fungi and their<br />
distribution as well as host range in Iran. Most<br />
publications describe the species from<br />
herbarium material and no cultures of<br />
cercosporoid fungi are present in the country.<br />
It is difficult to rely solely on morphology<br />
for the species identification in this group.<br />
Since the combination of morphological and<br />
phylogenetic analyses of new proposed taxa in<br />
Cercospora complex is very important in order<br />
to avoid misidentification, in our opinion,<br />
future work should be focused on phylogenetic<br />
analysis of cercosporoid fungi. Hence, we are<br />
currently busy with phenotypic and molecular<br />
characterization of cercosporoid fungi of Iran<br />
based on single spore cultures.<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
The authors would like to thank the<br />
Research Deputy of the University of Tabriz,<br />
Iran for financial support.<br />
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