00_cover_Biennial Report 05-06.qxd - INSTAAR - University of ...

INSTAARInstitute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchAn Earth and Environmental Systems Instituteat the University of Colorado at Boulder2005–2006Biennial Report

Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of Colorado450 UCBBoulder, Colorado 80309-0450Tel 303/492-6287Fax 303/492-6388www.instaar.colorado.eduRL-11560 30th StreetBoulder, CO 80303Mountain Research Station818 County Road 116Nederland, Colorado 80466Tel 303/492-8842Fax 303/492-8841(Director: William B. Bowman)www.colorado.edu/mrs/INSTAAR Scientific Advisory CommitteeRay Bradley, Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MAWilliam Fitzhugh, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DCPeter Groffman, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NYAlex Guenther, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, COWilliam Harrison, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, FairbanksMatthew C. Larsen, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VAW. Berry Lyons, Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, ColumbusSusan Solomon, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, COMatthew Sturm, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Wainwright, AKSusan Trumbore, Earth System Science, University of California, IrvineDiana Wall, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort CollinsLarry Winter, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, COSteven C. Wofsy, Engineering & Applied Science, Harvard, Cambridge, MACoverINSTAAR activities in 2005–2006 included research investigations in many disciplines all over the worldas well as emphasis on graduate education and public outreach.

BiennialReport2005–2006Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of Colorado at Boulder

ContentsINTRODUCTIONINSTAAR: An Earth and Environmental Systems Institute .............................................. 3The State of the Institute .............................................................................................. 4Organizational Chart...................................................................................................... 5Support and Expenditures .............................................................................................. 6Map of Research Areas .................................................................................................. 7RESEARCH MISSIONResearch Spotlights ........................................................................................................ 8Arctic Workshop .......................................................................................................... 15INSTAAR Laboratories .................................................................................................. 16Mountain Research Station............................................................................................ 20Research Grants: Fiscal Years 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 .............................................. 21TEACHING MISSIONTheses Completed ........................................................................................................ 25Courses Taught by INSTAAR Faculty ............................................................................ 26Students........................................................................................................................ 28SOCIETAL MISSIONSocietal Outreach and Informal Education .................................................................... 33The Lost Seal Children’s Book........................................................................................ 36Outreach Spotlights ...................................................................................................... 37PEOPLESpotlights: Honors, Awards, and Recognition................................................................ 39Directorate Members .................................................................................................. 42Affiliates........................................................................................................................ 48Visiting Scientists.......................................................................................................... 51Postdoctoral Research Scientists .................................................................................. 51Senior Research and Professional Scientists and Research Support Personnel.................. 52Administrative, Classified, Computer, Editorial, and Library Staff.................................... 54SEMINARSNoon Seminars ............................................................................................................ 55Graduate Student Talks.................................................................................................. 57PUBLICATIONSJournal and Books ........................................................................................................ 59Information Center........................................................................................................ 60Publications .................................................................................................................. 612 | INTRODUCTION

INSTAAR: An Earth andEnvironmental Systems InstituteUniversity of Colorado at BoulderThe Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)develops scientific knowledge of physical and biogeochemicalenvironmental processes at local, regional, andglobal scales and applies this knowledge to improve society’sawareness and understanding of natural and anthropogenicenvironmental change. The world’s high-altitudeand high-latitude regions are the Institute’s traditional focusdue to their sensitivity to environmental change. INSTAARhas increasingly broadened its geographic focus in a widerange of interdisciplinary studies of Quaternary and modernenvironments, research into geochronology, human andecosystem ecology, hydrology, oceanography, landscapeevolution, biogeochemistry, and climate. INSTAAR’snational and international research leadership in these areasis augmented by exceptional strength in graduate educationas well as the exposure of undergraduates to the researchprocess, and by outreach to the public both locally andnationally.INSTAAR’s Research Activities integrate field studies, stateof-the-artlaboratory experiments, field and laboratory sampleanalysis, and numerical and laboratory modeling.INSTAAR efforts emphasize three main spheres of research.The Ecosystems Group focuses on biogeochemicalprocesses of terrestrial and aquatic systems, biodiversity,ecosystem disturbance and recovery, modeling of biotic patterns,ecological assessments, and surface-atmosphere gasexchange and atmospheric transport. Long-Term EcologicalResearch (LTER) studies in alpine and polar regions, involvingpopulations and communities, biogeochemistry, andecophysiology, are emphasized. Feedbacks of snow coverchanges on biogeochemistry and gas exchange processesare studied in both mid-latitude and in polar environments.Research tools include field experimental manipulations,isotopic tracers, long-term monitoring of ecosystem patternsand processes, modern analytical instrumentation, geographicinformation systems (GIS), remote sensing, fluxmeasurement techniques, and ecosystem modeling. BothINSTAAR and its Mountain Research Station offer worldclassfield and laboratory facilities to support these yearroundresearch efforts.The Geophysics Group applies quantitative field andnumerical methods to discover the properties and dynamicsof snow, ice, water, and sediments in the world’s oceans,glaciers, and land areas. Methods of analysis include theoreticaland numerical development; remote sensing; land,airborne, and ship-borne field experiments, all applied toresearch topics in hydrology, glaciology, frozen-ground studies,paleoclimatology, physical oceanography, and marinegeology. To facilitate such research, the EnvironmentalComputation and Imaging (ECI) Facility providesresearchers with supercomputer power and global connectionsto geophysical databases.The Past Global Change Group focuses on reconstructingthe dynamics of paleoenvironments and past climatevariability to enhance our understanding of the interactionsbetween all components of the earth system, includingatmosphere, ocean, land, ice, the biosphere, and humanecology. Integration of a variety of records from a globalnetwork of sites, including polar ice caps, continental alpineregions, and the world’s oceans, provides the capability totest conceptual and predictive global change models, tofacilitate the differentiation between natural and humaninducedchange, and to study the human impacts ofchanges. These efforts are enhanced by the Center forGeochemical Analysis of the Global Environment (GAGE),which promotes fundamental research in the developmentand application of analytical methods that reveal past andpresent changes in Earth’s climate, its land surface, andmajor biogeochemical cycles.INSTAAR’s Teaching Mission is directed toward fosteringan appreciation and understanding of the biological,chemical, and physical processes operating in continentaland ocean environments. The Mountain Research Stationand other study sites in the mountains of Colorado aid theeducational efforts of the Institute. INSTAAR supports theUniversity of Colorado’s educational mission and providesinterdisciplinary graduate and undergraduate classes andresearch opportunities; the Institute has led educationefforts that integrate students across multiple departmentsand colleges. Our teaching mission includes internationaleducational experiences for University of Colorado students,training of foreign students, and volunteer outreach to communityschools and various other external constituencies.INSTAAR’s Societal Mission consists of activities inresearch, education, and science leadership. These activitiesaddress critical concerns involving issues such as ecosystemresilience, biodiversity, water resources, agriculture, nationalsecurity, and resources in sites ranging from the alpine areasof the Rocky Mountains to the remote regions of the world.Our expertise is applied to predictive understanding of environmentalprocesses, including the maintenance of waterquality and anticipating and responding to long-term environmentalalterations. Changes and disturbance in highlatituderegions not only affect the lives of indigenous residentsbut also, through global teleconnections, have a bearingon the lives of people everywhere.Information regarding theInstitute of Arctic and AlpineResearch, the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)Program, the Mountain ResearchStation, and the journal Arctic,Antarctic, and Alpine Researchis available on the World WideWeb at, respectively:instaar.colorado.educulter.colorado.edu:1030/www.colorado.edu/mrs/instaar.colorado.edu/AAAR/INTRODUCTION | 3

The State of the InstituteA Message from the DirectorJames P. M. SyvitskiWhat are we? INSTAAR is an Earth andEnvironmental Systems Institute, with facilities andlaboratories located in Boulder, Colorado. INSTAAR is oneof seven research institutes located at the University ofColorado, Boulder. It has the honor to be the oldest. It wasinaugurated in 1951 but its origins extend back to theMountain Laboratory in Tolland, Colorado (1909–1919),and to University Camp located at Niwot, Colorado(1914–1920). University Camp was renamed Science Lodgein 1921, and in 1951, the Mountain Research Station(MRS). The MRS remains an important field station supportingINSTAAR research. INSTAAR environmental fieldresearch now extends to all major oceans (Arctic, Atlantic,Pacific, Indian, and Southern), coastal seas (Mediterranean,Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay), all major landmasses (Norththrough Central to South America, Africa, Australasia,Europe, Asia, and Ocean Islands), and the Polar Regions.Who are we? At the end of 2006, the governing body(Directorate) comprised 35 Fellows and Research Scientistsled by the Director, an Associate Director, and an ExecutiveCommittee. The Directorate consisted of 16 teaching faculty(3: Biology; 3: Geography; 5: Geology; 2: Civil, Architectural,and Environmental Engineering; 2: EnvironmentalStudies; 1: Anthropology); 6 Fellow/Professor-Emeriti; 3 federalResearch Scientists (NOAA, USGS); and 10 ResearchFaculty. The Directorate receives support from 40 professionalscientists, 8 post-doctoral scientists, and 65 graduatestudents. Other PhD-level Institute scientists include 39Research Affiliates (USGS, NCAR, NOAA, other Universities,and private companies) and 5 Visiting Scientists.During 2005–2006, the Institute supported 90 undergraduateresearch assistants. Institute members are loosely subdividedinto three research groups (Ecosystem Science,Geophysics, and Past Global Change), but considerablecross-group collaboration occurs. Staff and faculty withinour Center for Geochemical Analysis of the GlobalEnvironment are included in these groups. Our MountainResearch Station has a staff of 7 including faculty andinstructors. The Institute’s administrative staff of 10includes an Information Officer; the Managing Editor ofArctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research; the Chief FinanceOfficer; the Director’s Executive Assistant; a SystemsAdministrator; a Web Master, and 5 accountant techniciansand clerks, all to support the activities of our 291-memberInstitute (for details see http://instaar.colorado.edu/people/index.html).Research is expensive: The majority of our $18.4M revenuefor 2005–2006 came from federal agencies (59%), followedby the state of Colorado (CU: 19%), auxiliary laboperations (13%), and non-federal sources (9%). Of thefederal agencies, NSF remains the largest source of revenue,followed by the Departments of Commerce, Defense, andInterior. INSTAAR research involves about 220 contracts,grants, and gifts at any one time. The total operating expendituresfor 2005–2006 were $16M: 61% as salaries, tuition,and scholarships; 14% as operating expenses; 14% asrecharges and indirect cost recovery by CU; 7% for equipment;and 4% in travel.Honors, awards, and recognition: John C. Behrendt was elected President of the prestigiousAmerican Polar Society in spring 2006. Robert S. Anderson was elected a fellow of the AmericanGeophysical Union for “fundamental and pioneering contributionsin quantitative geomorphology, geochronology,hydrology, and glaciology.” John T. Andrews was elected a fellow of the AmericanGeophysical Union for his “seminal contributions to theQuaternary history of North America and the NorthAtlantic Basin.” Gifford Miller received the Easterbrook DistinguishedScientist Award at the Geological Society of America’s(GSA) 2005 annual meeting. The award is given annuallyby the society’s Quaternary Geology and GeomorphologyDivision to an individual who has shown unusual excellencein published research, as demonstrated by a singlepaper of exceptional merit or a series of papers that havesubstantially increased knowledge in Quaternary geologyor geomorphology. The ISI Web of Knowledge named James W.C. White asone of the most highly cited geoscientists for the period1981–2006. This select group comprised less than onehalfof one percent of all publishing researchers—anextraordinary accomplishment. Tim Seastedt won the 2005 Boulder County PacesetterEnvironment award from the Boulder Daily Cameranewspaper for his work on biological pest control of diffuseknapweed, an aggressive noxious weed that infestsabout 100,000 acres locally and 3 million acres in theWest.Books: With great effort and dedication, INSTAARspublished a series of books and special journal issues overthe last couple of years. These include: Behrendt, J. C., 2005: The Ninth Circle; a Memoir of Lifeand Death in Antarctica, 1960–62. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 255 pp. Hoffecker, J. F., 2005: A Prehistory of the North: HumanSettlement of the Higher Latitudes. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 140 pp. McKnight, D., and Emerling, D., 2006: The Lost Seal.Lafayette: Moonlight Publ., 34 pp. Trincardi, F., and Syvitski, J. P. M. (eds.), 2005:Mediterranean Prodelta Systems. Marine Geology,222–223: 520 pp.Hearty hellos: Marcia Kelly has joined INSTAAR as theExecutive Assistant to the Director, transferring in from the4 | INTRODUCTION

CU-Denver campus where she helped to manage theMathematics department. Dr. Diana Nemergut joined theDirectorate as an Assistant Professor with expertise in environmentalmicrobiology, and Dr. Cory Cleveland joined theDirectorate as a Research Faculty member with expertise interrestrial biogeochemistry, and its interactions with soilmicroorganisms.Fond farewells: Connie A. Woodhouse, Fellow ofINSTAAR and Physical Scientist of Paleoclimatology Branchof the NOAA National Climatic Data Center, has taken up afaculty position at the University of Arizona. Dr. Woodhousespecializes in paleoclimatology, dendrochronology,and climatology. Research Faculty member Irina Overeemhas taken a position as Assistant Professor at Delft Universityof Technology and will continue her research intostratigraphy, numerical modeling of fluviodeltaic processes,and arctic fluvial environments. MRS Climatologist MarkLosleben has departed after 25 years to take a position atthe University of Arizona as the Assistant Director of theNational Phenology Network–Arid Lands Research. VickyNelson, Executive Assistant to the Director, has retired fromCU after a full career working with a number of campusunits. Vicky is remembered for her organizational skills,fabulous holiday parties, and strong interest in all thingsIcelandic.Finally, after 12 years at the helm (1995–2007), I amstepping down as INSTAAR Director. During these years,the number of INSTAAR employees has doubled, alongwith our research income and operating expenditures. Ourincome portfolio has diversified, although the Institute stillrelies strongly on competitive grants from the NationalScience Foundation. Funds from the Department of Energyhave been replaced with funds from the Department ofDefense. The Institute has diversified its research agendaaround the broader theme of earth and environmental systems.INSTAARs have championed CU graduate certificatesin Hydrological Sciences and in Oceanography. INSTAARis affiliated with ever more departments, including Anthropology,Atmospheric & Ocean Sciences, EnvironmentalSciences, and Civil & Environmental Engineering, in additionto the historical association with Geological Sciences,Geography, and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. During acampus period of declining graduate student enrollment,the number of INSTAAR graduate students has continuedto grow. Our outreach program is large, with educationalbooks for lower school science students, programs for middleschool students, high school science fair awards, andeducation programs for high school teachers. INSTAARcontinues to mentor and train undergraduate students in awide variety of programs. With new large research programson the horizon, I leave the Institute in good shape and witha bright future. I join with INSTAAR’s prior directors, Mark,Bill, and Jack, in wishing the new Director a steady but defthand in dealing with the coming turbulence of the 21stcentury.INSTAAR organization chart as of January 2007INTRODUCTION | 5

Support at INSTAAR2004/2005 2005/2006Source of Funds New Awards K$ New Awards K$Federal AgenciesNSF 23 $ 4,002 27 $ 3,585Department of Defense 2 191 2 183EPA 0 0 1 29NASA 2 48 2 177Department of Interior 6 164 8 408Department of Agriculture 0 0 1 6Department of Commerce 4 159 11 815Non-Federal Agencies 18 532 13 467Gift Funds 0 0 1 805Total Awards Received 55 $ 5,096 65 $6,475CU General Funds $ 1,761 $ 1,747CU Match 47 16Auxiliary Funds $ 1,143 $ 1,207Total Revenue $ 8,038 $9,445Revenue tracked through other CU units: $ 628 $ 274Expenditures at INSTAARBudget Expenditures by FundContract and Grant Funds $ 5,257 $ 5,191General Funds 1,460 1,746Plant Funds 228 –262Auxiliary Funds 1,225 1,111Gift Funds 114 43Total Expenditures $ 8,284 $ 7,829Budget Expenditures by TypeSalaries (+ benefits, stipends, student aid) $ 4,935 $ 4,813Operating Expenses 1,188 1,099Travel 356 272Equipment 577 440Tuition 99 67Subcontracts 64 125Utilities 18 21Recharges + Indirect Cost Recovery 1,170 1,102Transfers –123 –110Total Expenditures $ 8,284 $ 7,8296 | INTRODUCTION

Where in the world is INSTAAR? Active research programs during 2005 or 2006.INTRODUCTION | 7

Research Spotlights2006GLACIERS ADDING MORE TO GLOBALSEA RISE THAN ICE SHEETS. Tad Pfeffergave a presentation at the national AmericanGeophysical Union (AGU) meeting titled“Disappearing Glacial Ice: a GlobalSynthesis” based on his work with fellowINSTAARs Mark Meier, Mark Dyurgerov,Robert Anderson, Suzanne Anderson, Shad O’Neel, andUrsula Rick. Their study was based on the several hundredthousand small glaciers and small, pancake-shaped icemasses known as ice caps spread around the world in polarand temperate regions. Because of the challenge in inventoryingeach individual glacier, the researchers used a mathematical“scaling” process to estimate and characterize moreremote glacier volumes, thicknesses, and trends by factoringin data like altitude, climate, and geography. Their researchshows that small glaciers and ice caps have been contributingmore to rising sea levels in recent years than the largeGreenland and Antarctic ice sheets. In total, the small glaciersand ice caps are shedding about 400 billion tons of iceyearly—nearly equal to the volume of Lake Erie. Earth’s sealevel currently is rising at about 3 millimeters per year andcould rise by several feet or more by the end of the centuryif warming on Earth continues, according to recent studies.SKI MOGULS MOVE UPHILL ...REALLY! David Bahr (INSTAAR Affiliate)and Tad Pfeffer have used time-lapse photographyto demonstrate that ski mogulsmove uphill, a counter-intuitive result. Theuphill propagating “kinematic waves” arecreated by skiers that scrape off the downhill side of onemogul and then pile that snow on the uphill side of thenext mogul. The net effect is that each mogul gains materialon top, loses material on the bottom, and thereforemigrates slowly uphill (centimeters a day). Mogul dynamicsresemble other “self-organizing” systems like flocks of birdsand LCD crystals. Furthermore, moguls move along ski trailslike electrons on a wire. By treating each trail junction as alogic gate, a fully functional (albeit very slow) computer canbe constructed from moguls. This research may help skiareas better plan how and where to place gates on trails. Skiracers might also benefit from understanding the physics ofmogul movement. The bumps that the last racer is skiingare compressed toward them compared to the first skier.Bahr and Pfeffer’s research is ongoing at the MaryJane/Winter Park Ski Resort.FIRST SHIP-BORNE MEASUREMENTSOF OZONE FLUXES TO THE OCEAN.Detlev Helmig, Jacques Huber, and other membersof INSTAAR’s Atmospheric Research Labhave worked with colleagues at NOAA andthe Max Planck INstitute in Mainz, Germany,to obtain the first ship-borne direct measurements of ozonefluxes to the ocean. Ozone is a greenhouse gas that canwarm the Earth’s climate by absorbing heat energy from theEarth. While scientists have learned a great deal about howozone is created and destroyed in the atmosphere, there arestill many missing pieces of the puzzle, especially for theoceans. The research team spent several years developingan ozone + NO chemiluminescence instrument that allowscontinuous ozone flux measurement by the eddy correlationtechnique from a sampling tower on the bow of a ship.Jacques Hueber (INSTAAR) andLudovic Bariteau (CIRES/NOAAESRL) installing a new ozone fluxinstrument on the NOAA researchvessel Ron Brown for participationin the TEXas Air Quality Study(TEXAQS 2006), Charleston, SC,July 2006. Photo: Jacques Hueber(INSTAAR).8 | RESEARCH MISSION

The instrument was deployed on NOAA’s research vesselRon Brown in collaboration with scientists from NOAA’sEarth System Research Laboratory. Ozone flux data wereobtained for a total of 7 weeks in 2006, covering more than1000 miles of ocean surface in the Gulf of Mexico and offthe coast of Chile. The new data will improve understandingof the basic physical processes at work and how theyrelate to feedbacks between atmospheric ozone and climatechange. The team is also developing a representation ofthose processes that can be incorporated into global climatemodels. This research is a collaboration between four institutesand supported by the U.S. National ScienceFoundation.DISCOVERY OF ANCIENT HUMANREMAINS SPARKS PARTNERSHIP,DOCUMENTARY. James Dixon helpeddiscover 10,300-year-old human remains insoutheast Alaska in 1996 that have providednew insights into the lives of ancient peopleand helped cement a partnership betweenlocal tribes and scientists. Dixon was a lead researcher whostudied the bones, the earliest human skeletal remains everfound in Alaska or Canada. In the project’s early days,Dixon recognized the significance of the cooperationbetween the Tlingit and Haida tribes, scientists, and governmentofficials. The successful partnership and the knowledgegained from the ancient bones and artifacts found inthe cave are explored in a new 30-minute documentarytitled “Kuwóot yas.éin—His Spirit Is Looking Out from theCave.” The documentary was released on video this summerby the Sealaska Heritage Institute in Juneau, Alaska, incollaboration with the Tongass National Forest, DenverMuseum of Nature and Science, and the National ParkService. It was funded in part by the National ScienceFoundation’s Office of Polar Programs.NO PERVASIVE HOLOCENE ICE-RAFTED DEBRIS (IRD) SIGNAL INTHE NORTHERN NORTHATLANTIC? John Andrews, AnneJennings, and colleagues have assembledmarine core records of ice-rafted debris(IRD) off north Iceland, East Greenland, andLabrador that are at odds with an earlier and oft-cited studyshowing a pervasive ~1.5 thousand year periodicity of IRDdelivery during the Holocene (last ~11,400 years). Andrewset al. used quantitative X-ray diffraction on the

Rebecca Anderson (INSTAAR,left) and Gifford Miller(INSTAAR) collect a lake corefrom a lake on the northernplateau of Baffin Island, ArcticCanada, July 2005. The lake coreprovides information on the historyof ice cover on the plateauover the last several thousandyears. Photo: J. Briner (Universityof Buffalo).time, probably as seedlings or saplings, confirming thebelief of tribal members that “witness trees” were still presentat the site. The temporal and spatial patterns of treeestablishment are consistent with the prevailing flood-drivenmodel of cottonwood establishment in western NorthAmerica; the initiation dates of the three major age classescoincide with probable flood events on Big Sandy Creek.The completed study provides the Park Service and its tribalpartners with data critical to managing the cottonwood forestat Sand Creek as both a natural and cultural resource.The study was the subject of a feature article in theDaily Camera, a Boulder-based newspaper: “Witnesses toHorror—CU Researchers Study Sand Creek Cottonwoods”by Erika Engelhaupt (April 29, 2006).EARTH’S PAST SUGGESTS FUTUREPOLAR MELTING MAY RAISE SEALEVEL SOONER THAN EXPECTED.Gifford Miller was a member of two researchteams that combined paleoclimate evidencefrom the Last Interglacial period with climateand ice sheet modeling to infer that Earth’swarming temperatures are on track to melt the Greenlandand Antarctic ice sheets sooner than previously thoughtand ultimately lead to a global sea level rise of at least 20feet. If the current warming trends continue, by 2100 theEarth will likely be at least 4º Fahrenheit warmer than present,with the Arctic at least as warm as it was nearly130,000 years ago. At that time, significant portions of theGreenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets melted, resulting in asea level about 20 feet (6 meters) higher than present day.These studies are the first to link Arctic and Antarctic meltingduring the Last Interglaciation, 129,000 to 116,000 yearsago. The results were published in two adjacent papers inthe March 24, 2006, issue of Science.2005ALASKA’S COLUMBIA GLACIERRETREATING RAPIDLY. Tad Pfeffer(INSTAAR and CEAE) leads a researchgroup that has documented the rapid tidewaterretreat of the Columbia Glacier inAlaska, one of the fastest moving glaciersin the world. Since the early 1980s,Columbia Glacier has retreated 9 miles from its originalendpoint in the Pacific Ocean at Prince William Sound, andhas reached flow speeds as high as 88 feet per day. The glacieris the largest single contributor to sea level rise amongall North American glaciers, and accounts for about 10% oftotal glacial discharge from the Alaska/Yukon region eachyear.The retreat of Columbia Glacier is part of a cyclic patternof slow advance and abrupt retreat typical of Alaskan tidewater(or ocean-terminating) glaciers, according to Pfeffer.The abrupt retreat was probably triggered by long-term meltand thinning, occurring over the past century or so for theColumbia Glacier, he added. The retreat of Columbia Glacieris being used as a model for apparently similar retreats nowbeginning on the outlet glaciers of southern Greenland. Anadditional question, Pfeffer said, is whether the same conditionscausing the worldwide shrinkage of land-terminatingglaciers will alter the cyclic pattern of tidewater glaciers, andprevent readvance, either in Alaska or Greenland. Since theretreat of Columbia Glacier began in the 1980s, the glacierhas thinned up to 1300 feet in places, and is increasinglyinfluenced by the upward pressure of underlying seawateron the part of the glacier that extends into the ocean.Pfeffer estimates that the tidewater glacier is about halfwaythrough its projected retreat. The glacier is predicted to fallback another 9 miles over the next 20–25 years and thenstabilize with its terminus near sea level.Pfeffer and doctoral student Shad O’Neel have beenworking with other researchers to monitor the glacier usingaerial photography, time-lapse photography, seismometers,and other instruments. Both Pfeffer and O’Neel presentedthe group’s latest results at the American GeophysicalUnion national conference in December.METHANE GYRATIONS IN PAST2000 YEARS SHOW HUMANINFLUENCE ON ATMOSPHERE.Dominic Ferretti, Jim White, and colleaguesfrom the U.S., New Zealand, and Australiaused pioneering stable isotopic techniqueson air samples extracted from the tiny bubblestrapped in Antarctic ice cores to show that methane,a potent greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere, has been10 | RESEARCH MISSION

altered by humans over the past 2000 years. Atmosphericmethane (CH 4 ) varied as expected over the past few centurieswhen methane concentrations in the atmosphere roseby nearly 300% and other greenhouse gas levels are knownto have increased sharply due to human influences. But theresults further back in time came as a shock. Measurementsof the stable carbon isotopes in methane ( 13 C of CH 4 )fluctuated much more than expected before the industrialrevolution. The gyrating ratio combined with other geochemicalmeasurements are evidence for massive fires set byhumans clearing land for agriculture and hunting for at least2000 years. A prominent feature is a huge drop in the 13 Cratio from ca. A.D. 1500–1600, and this was attributed todecreased grassland and forest burning by indigenous peoplesin the South and Central Americas, where populationwas devastated by diseases brought to the New World byEuropean explorers. The study is particularly importantbecause methane increases have had the second highestimpact on climate change over the past 250 years behindcarbon dioxide, accounting for about 20% of the warmingfrom all greenhouse gas increases. Methane is more powerfulthan carbon dioxide on a per molecule basis in slowingthe release of radiated heat away from Earth. Previous workby other groups indicates that methane emissions fromwildfires are likely to be higher during warm and dry periods,such as El Niño events, and may therefore increasewith future climate change.The paper was published in the September 9, 2005,issue of Science. Image: Central field tent at Law Dome,Antarctica, where drilling took place. Snow accumulation atLaw Dome is very high (greater than 1 m/year), enablingthe extraction of well-dated, high-resolution ice cores forgreenhouse gas analysis. (Photo: Vin Morgan, AustralianAntarctic Division, ACE, CRC).ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERSSTUDY POLLUTION OF COLORADOMOUNTAIN STREAMS BY MINES.Diane McKnight (INSTAAR and CEAE) andJeff Wong (CEAE) spoke with radio stationKUNC’s Gavin McMeeking about the pervasivepollution of Colorado mountain streams by mining andthe potential for remediation by environmental engineers.More than 19,000 abandoned mines in Colorado have pollutedmore than 7500 miles of streams (equal to the distancefrom Los Angeles to Sydney, Australia). This summerMcKnight and Wong are concentrating on Peru Creek inSummit County (Snake River Watershed). The creek’s bednear an abandoned mine is covered by metal oxides at alevel that prevents algal growth and is lethal to aquatic life.There are no stream insects and thus, no fish or riparianbirds. To help understand the transport of metals, Wong setup a salt injection tracer experiment that mimics the behaviorof some nonreactive solutes, such as zinc, and helps inquantifying how much iron oxide is being deposited.Undergraduate students in the CU Biomathematics Scholarsprogram based at INSTAAR participated in the downstreamsample collection. Computer modeling of the experiment’sdata will provide ideas for remediation, but much remains tobe learned and eventually millions of dollars will be neededto clean up this stream and many others. Ironically, anotherhurdle to successful remediation is the Clean Water Act,which mandates that any group working on remediationbecomes liable for the environmental damage. CongressmanMark Udall has proposed a “good samaritan” amendmentbut it has stalled in Congress. Two other INSTAAR gradstudents, Andrew Todd and Chi Yang (CEAE), are studyingthe combined effects of limited prey and metal toxicity onfish and birds in other less severely impacted stream reachesin the larger Snake River Watershed. The segment aired onKUNC on August 4, 2005.ANCIENT DIETS OF AUSTRALIANBIRDS POINT TO BIG ECOSYSTEMCHANGES. Gifford Miller led an internationalteam (INSTAAR, CarnegieInstitution, Australian National University,Wollongong University, and BatesCollege) to discover that the diet of twoflightless birds inhabiting Australia shifted soon afterhumans arrived ca. 50,000 years ago, coincident with arapid and dramatic shift in the ecosystem’s flora. Their discoveryis the best evidence yet that early humans may havealtered the continent’s interior with fire, changing it from amosaic of trees, shrubs, and grasses to the desert scrub evidenttoday. The researchers used isotopic studies of nearly1500 eggshell fragments of fossilized emu and Genyornisdating back 140,000 years. The analyses, which pinpointparticular plant groups ingested by the birds, indicated thatemus living before 50,000 years ago preferred nutritiousgrasses characteristic of milder temperatures and warm sum-Tents dot the skyline at FladeIsblink, a small ice cap at 81°Nin NE Greenland, summer 2006.Patterns in the surface hoardecorate the surface of the ice.Researchers from INSTAAR andthe Niels Bohr Institute at theUniversity of Copenhagen drilledthe ice cap. Photo: Bruce Vaughn(INSTAAR).RESEARCH MISSION | 11

Crossing mobile sand in searchof eggshells, Talaki, southernMadagascar, April 2006. Photo:Giff Miller (INSTAAR).mer rains. After 45,000 years ago, the eggshell evidenceshowed emus successfully switched to a diet of mostlyshrubs and trees characteristic of drier conditions. ButGenyornis, which also preferred the nutritious grass prior to50,000 years ago, failed to make the dietary switch andbecame extinct shortly after humans arrived. There were nosignificant swings in the continent’s climate during thatperiod, suggesting that humans indeed had a hand in theextinctions.The study was published in the July 8, 2005, issue ofScience. Image: enlargement of a painting of extinctGenyornis courtesy of Peter Trusler, from the book Wildlifeof Gondwana by P. Vickers-Rich and T. Rich (IndianaUniversity Press).NEW MARINE SUBSTRATESDATABASE FOR U.S. ATLANTICCONTINENTAL MARGIN. Chris Jenkinsand colleagues at the U.S. Geological Surveyreleased the first regional coverage of theusSEABED database, a large compilation ofsamples data on marine substrates for theU.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical miles out fromthe coast), in this case for the Atlantic margin. The databaseis now widely used by agencies and others for mapping,understanding, and managing the offshore region. Thecontinental shelf, in particular, serves a variety of purposes:recreation, benthic habitats conservation, fisheries, commerce,transportation, national defense operations, wastedisposal, and engineering activities. The usSEABED databaseis built using dbSEABED processing software createdby Jenkins. It has companion databases built along similarlines: for Australia, auSEABED, and globally, goSEABED.The databases rely on preexisting data, both published andunpublished, which the software has been able to integrateand quality filter. The usSEABED database, using thedbSEABED program, differs from other U.S. databases inthat it incorporates both numerical and linguistic data onsediment texture, biology, seafloor characteristics such ashardness or sediment ripples, acoustic properties, and geochemicaland geotechnical analyses. This broad-basedapproach increases the data density over the seabed, allowingfor more complete maps and information. Future regionalreleases will be for the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, andAlaskan margins.NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF SOILPUTS PLANT SPECIES AT RISK,ESPECIALLY THE RARE ONES.Katherine Suding (former INSTAAR postdoc;current assistant professor, Universityof California, Irvine) led a team from eightuniversities in compiling data from previousand ongoing nitrogen-loading experiments on the alpinetundra of Niwot Ridge and in eight other ecosystems acrossNorth America. They found that rare plant species are sixtimes more likely than abundant species to be lost due tonitrogen fertilization of soil. While nitrogen increases theproduction of most plants, an excess amount of it createscompetition among plants for space that tends to drive rareplants out of existence, causing a loss of biodiversity. Theteam determined that other plant traits may put abundantplant species at risk in some settings: short height (shortplants receive less sunlight in the midst of taller plants); theability to convert atmospheric nitrogen, via bacteria, into aform that plants can use (the cost of supporting the bacteriahurts the plants); and a short life span (longer-livingplants do not have to start the life cycle all over again). Theteam’s work on nearly a thousand plant species will helppredict how patterns of plant diversity will decline as Navailability continues to increase globally in terrestrialecosystems due to human activities. The project was initiatedthrough the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research(LTER) site, administered by INSTAAR, including experimentsby Tim Seastedt and Bill Bowman (both INSTAAR).The paper was published in the March 22, 2005, issueof Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America.HUMANS HAVE DRASTIC EFFECTON SEDIMENT TRANSFER TOWORLD’S COASTS. James Syvitski,Albert Kettner, and colleagues from theUniversity of New Hampshire analyzeddata from more than 4000 rivers aroundthe world that indicate humans are havingprofound and conflicting effects on the amount of sedimentcarried by rivers to coastal areas, with consequences formarine life and pollution control. The report found thathumans are stirring up much more sediment than expected,about 2.3 billion metric tons annually, through regionallydiverse patterns of agriculture and other soil erosion activi-12 | RESEARCH MISSION

ties. However, manmade reservoirs are simultaneouslyreducing the flux of sediment reaching the world’s coastsby about 1.4 billion metric tons per year. The net sedimenttransfer from an individual river to the ocean can greatlyaffect sensitive coastal zones, including nutrient balances,pollution levels, harbor dredging, coastal fish farms andcoral reefs, coastal wetlands, and seagrass communities. Inorder to make their analysis, the team had to create a newcomputer model capable of globally consistent estimates ofsediment flux near river mouths. The report was completedfor the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, alarge-scale effort by scientists to study how humans havebeen and will continue to affect the entire planet. The studywas published in the April 15, 2005, issue of Science.NOVEL TAXONOMIC WEB SITEASSISTS ANTARCTIC ECOLOGICALRESEARCH. Sarah Spaulding, RheaEsposito, and David Lubinski led a team ofscientists, graduate students, and undergraduatestudents to develop a dynamicweb database, “Antarctic FreshwaterDiatoms,” that combines ecological data collected overmore than a decade in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region.The database takes a technologically novel approach bylinking microscope images, scanning electron micrographs,original taxonomic descriptions, species geographic distributions,species assemblage data, maps, and permanentarchives. Members of the research team are continuallyadding new data and images; no technical web knowledgeis required. The interdisciplinary effort brought collaboratorsand students together from the University of Colorado,INSTAAR, University of Maine, CU Math-Bio Program, NSFResearch Experience for Undergraduates (REU), and NSFPartnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET).INSTAAR participants included Diane McKnight and ChiYang. The effort was principally funded by NSF’s McMurdoDry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program(MCMLTER) and an NSF supplement to the Niwot RidgeLTER program to encourage collaboration among undergraduatesin biological sciences and mathematics departments.Although just launched in late February 2005, the site isalready serving as a model for regional taxonomic databases,as an effective way to recognize and communicatespecies endemism and biodiversity.ARID AUSTRALIAN INTERIORLINKED TO LANDSCAPE BURNINGBY ANCIENT HUMANS. Gifford Millerand colleagues from the National Center forAtmospheric Research in Boulder and theAustralian National University in Canberraused global climate model simulations toevaluate the atmospheric and meteorological conditionsin Australia over time, as well as the sensitivity of theAustralian monsoon to different vegetation and soil types.Their results suggest that landscape burning by ancienthunters and gatherers may have triggered the failure of theannual Australian monsoon some 12,000 years ago, resultingin the desertification of the country’s interior that isevident today. The study builds on previous field-basedresearch of Miller’s team; they found that dozens of giantanimal species went extinct in Australia roughly 50,000years ago, probably due to ecosystem changes caused byhuman burning. The new study indicates such burning mayhave eventually altered the flora enough to decrease theexchange of water vapor between the biosphere and atmosphere,causing the failure of the Australian monsoon overthe interior. The earliest human colonizers are believed tohave arrived in Australia by sea from Indonesia about50,000 years ago, using fire as a tool to hunt, clear paths,signal each other, and promote the growth of certain plants.Fossil remains of browse-dependent birds and marsupialsindicate the interior was made up of trees, shrubs, andgrasses rather than the desert scrub environment presenttoday. Among other results, the research team found thata climate model simulating a forested Australia producedtwice as much annual monsoon precipitation over the continentalinterior as the model simulating arid scrub conditions.The study was published in the January 2005 issueof Geology.NSF AWARDS INSTAAR$4.9 MILLION TO CONTINUEALPINE ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH.The Niwot Ridge Long-Term EcologicalResearch project administered by INSTAARscientists will continue for at least 6 moreyears as a result of a $4.9 million grant fromthe National Science Foundation. Located adjacent toINSTAAR’s Mountain Research Station, Niwot Ridge is theonly multidisciplinary, long-term alpine and sub-alpineTree trunks of a former forestnow stick out of the surf zonedue to retreat of the coastline,Ganges delta, India, December2006. Irina Overeem (INSTAARAffiliate, Delft University ofTechnology) is studying theinfluence of climate change onsedimentary system dynamics ofthe Ganges delta in a joint Indo-U.S. project on “Large river systemsin monsoonal setting:response to climate change.”Photo: H. Reinink (DelftUniversity of Technology),December 2006.RESEARCH MISSION | 13

study site on the continent. The study area encompassesseveral thousand acres of tundra, talus slopes, glacial lakes,and wetlands straddling the Continental Divide 35 milesnorthwest of Boulder. The new grant will allow faculty andstudents to continue their studies of natural and humancausedchanges that occur over decades and centuries. The18 principal investigators on the new NSF award are mostlyfrom INSTAAR and other units at CU Boulder; other participantsare from University of Montana, University of Denver,and the U.S. Geological Survey. The leader of the project isMark Williams of INSTAAR. Topics of study range fromhydrology, geochemistry, and nutrient transport to paleoecology,microbiology, and ecology. The Niwot Ridge regionhas undergone recent climate warming as well as a fourfoldincrease in the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in thepast 20 years. The latter is believed to originate primarilyfrom automobile, agricultural, ranching, and industrial activity.These factors combined with other environmentalchanges have resulted in adverse affects on aquatic andterrestrial life in the sub-alpine and alpine environments.The NSF renewal grant for Niwot Ridge is the largest environmentalsciences grant to CU Boulder and helps the universityattract significant amounts of additional fundingfrom other sources for high-mountain research.Ken Hill (INSTAAR) hiking past Green Lake 5 during surface water sampling in the Green Lakes Valley, NiwotRidge, Colorado, July 2006. Photo: Ty Atkins (INSTAAR).14 | RESEARCH MISSION

Arctic WorkshopThe annual Arctic Workshop was started in 1970 byProfessor John T. Andrews at INSTAAR as a way ofcommunicating recent ideas and results from field and laboratorystudies. The workshops were designed as well tofocus on graduate student participation as a way to promoteprofessional development of students. The location ofthe Arctic Workshop began to alternate between Boulderand other host locations in 1983, and has since grown intoan annual internationally attended meeting hosted by academicinstitutes worldwide. Organization of the workshopswas assumed by W. T. Pfeffer in 2004, following the retirementof Professor Andrews. Oral presentations and a postersession presented during the three-day meeting allow coverageof past and present Arctic and Antarctic environments,and reflect the interdisciplinary spectrum of research in theNorth and South circumpolar regions. All researchers interestedin high-latitude environments are encouraged toattend. Student participation is a vital component of thesemeetings, and financial support is available to this end. TheU.S. National Science Foundation has generously supportedregistration, accommodation, and subsistence for presentinggraduate students, making this meeting into a great mediumfor students to explore a wide variety of research studies inthe Arctic and Antarctic regions.35th Annual Arctic Workshop,9–12 March 2005The 35th Annual Arctic Workshop was hosted inEdmonton, Canada, by the Canadian Circumpolar Instituteand the University of Alberta, Earth and AtmosphericSciences Department. The U.S. National ScienceFoundation offered generous support for graduate studentparticipation in the workshop. The Abstract and OrganizingCommittees were led by John England, with invaluable supportfrom Mark Furze, Roy Coulthard, Duane Froese, ElaineMaloney, Cindy Mason, Chantel Nixon, Anna Pienkowski-Furze, Ryan Danby, and Mark Nuttall. There were 120 participants,68 of whom were graduate students.36th Annual Arctic Workshop,16–18 March 2006The 36th Annual Arctic Workshop was hosted byINSTAAR. There were 114 participants from 9 countries,including Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, Canada,Russia, Germany, Iceland, and France. Of the participants,55 were graduate students. Student participation was supportedby the Arctic Natural Sciences Program at the U.S.National Science Foundation. Oral sessions were organizedthematically into lacustrine, marine, glacial history, atmosphericand meteorological processes, human dimensions,and archaeology. The poster session on Friday morningcomprised 41 posters. The Organizing Committee includedTad Pfeffer, David Lubinski, Wendy Roth, Anne Jennings,and Bill Manley. The abstracts of this meeting are still availablefrom the AW website (http://instaar.colorado.edu/meetings/AW2006/).The 2006 Arctic Workshop web site contains information about the meeting, searchable abstracts, and theproceedings in PDF format. Visit http://instaar.colorado.edu/aw/.RESEARCH MISSION | 15

INSTAAR LaboratoriesAmino Acid LaboratoryThe laboratory specializes in the extraction and quantificationof amino acids that are derived from indigenous proteinaceousresidues preserved in biominerals for a range ofenvironmental applications. Both quantitative amino acidcomposition and extent of racemization of several differentamino acids are targeted. The facility includes two HP-1100automated high-pressure liquid chromatographs (HPLCs)and ancillary support equipment. Usually one HPLC runs inreverse-phase mode and the other in ion-exchange mode.The laboratory currently focuses on the kinetics of aminoacid racemization in the eggshells of large flightless birdsfrom Australia, Madagascar, and Africa, and bivalve mollusksfrom high-latitude regions. The laboratory director isGifford Miller, with day-to-day operations overseen byStephen DeVogel. Graduate and undergraduate students usethe laboratory in their research projects and to gain researchexperience.AMS Radiocarbon Preparationand Research LaboratoryIn-house research focuses on method development in AMS14 C preparation and dating, calibration of the radiocarbontime scale, reconstruction of atmospheric and oceanic14 C activity in the past, and ultra-precise measurement of14 CO2 in the contemporary atmosphere. This laboratory isunder the direction of Scott Lehman.Atmospheric ResearchLaboratoryThis laboratory houses instrumentation for research onatmospheric chemistry, transport, and surface-atmospheretrace gas fluxes. This lab is heavily involved in field researchat continental, midlatitude sites as well as in the polarregions. The studies in snow-covered environments focuson the role of snow on surface fluxes of important atmospherictrace gases. A monitoring station on Pico Mountainin the Azores is equipped with a hydrocarbon monitor forinvestigations on the long-range transport of air pollutionacross the Atlantic Ocean. Another emphasis is the analysisof volatile organic compounds (VOC), in particular emissionsof biogenic VOC from vegetation. Measurements aremade by solid adsorbent sampling techniques, thermaldesorption instruments, and several gas chromatographswith different detection systems, including flame ionizationand mass spectrometry. The global distribution of nonmethanehydrocarbons is investigated by analysis of airsamples that are collected within the framework of theNOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Network.Another project involves deployment of eddy correlationflux instrumentation on the NOAA Ron Brown researchvessel for investigations on the uptake of ozone to theoceans. The Atmospheric Research Lab also pursuesresearch on boundary-layer dynamics and the vertical distributionof chemical species by vertical profile measurementsusing a tethered balloon platform with various balloonbornemeteorological and chemical sensors. The laboratorydirector is Detlev Helmig.A flux experiment on loblolly pine trees, Duke Forest, NC, August2005. INSTAAR’s Atmospheric Research Laboratory has beenstudying the emission of sesquiterpene compounds and theireffects on atmospheric aerosol production. Sesquiterpenes are biogenicorganic semi-volatile compounds released from vegetationfoliage. Photo: John Ortega (INSTAAR).Biogeochemistry LaboratoriesINSTAAR houses four laboratories that collectively areequipped to handle many of the major analytical techniquesin modern biogeochemistry. Chemical analyses of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus and multiple other elements inplants, soils, and water are routinely performed, as are avariety of microbial assays, a suite of chemical and opticalmeasurements of dissolved organic carbon, and GC- orIRGA-based measurements of several biogeochemically relevantgases. Beyond basic extraction and sample processingfacilities, major instrumentation includes (but is not limitedto): an autoanalyzer for N and P, atomic adsorption analyzerfor cations and metals, Carlo-Erba CHN analyzer, benchtopspectrophotometers and fluorometers, TOC/TN analyzers,and a TCD/FID gas chromatograph. The laboratories aresplit into individual direction by several INSTAAR faculty(McKnight, Townsend, Cleveland, Williams, and Seastedt)but function as a collaborative unit in many ways, includingin graduate research and education. They are consistentlyused by graduate students from INSTAAR and multipleother units across campus.16 | RESEARCH MISSION

Wendy Roth (INSTAAR) explains the process of analyzing marine sediment cores to a group of studentsfrom Southern Hills Middle School, INSTAAR Open House, April 2006. Roth is holding an image offoraminifera, microscopic single-celled organisms whose shells are important recorders of past climatechange. Photo: Casey A. Cass (University of Colorado).Core Processing LaboratoryThis room is equipped for splitting, photographing, colorlogging, describing, sampling, and measuring magneticproperties of sediment cores. Sinks are available for wetsieving samples for preparation of microscopic analysis orother needs. The facility is intended for use in analysis ofterrestrial, lake, and marine cores. There are two analyticalbalances available for weighing samples, a small oven, cartsfor transporting cores and samples, and plenty of counterspace. The lab is equipped with a McCrone mill for grindingsamples for X-ray diffraction analysis and has two PCsdedicated for processing XRD runs. John Andrews, GiffordMiller, Anne Jennings, Tom Marchitto, Jim Dixon, and theirpostdocs, graduate students, and undergraduate studentsare the principal users of this facility.Dendrochronology LaboratoryResearch in this laboratory concerns the use of dated, annualtree rings to investigate past climatic and environmentalconditions. The laboratory is fully equipped for preparing,dating, and measuring tree-ring widths for dendrochronlogicalstudies. The laboratory is under the direction of ConnieWoodhouse (University of Arizona, INSTAAR affiliate) withLaboratory Manager Jeff Lukas.Dissolved Organic MatterLaboratoryThis laboratory specializes in measuring the amount andcharacter of dissolved organic matter from diverse ecosys-tems. Major equipment includes Shimadzu TOC analyzer,Antec 9000 DON analyzer, Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer,FluroMax2 fluorometer, fractionation columns, andUlter-filtration. Mark Williams and Diane McKnight are incharge of the laboratory.Ecosystems LaboratoryThis laboratory is a sample preparation and microscopyfacility for the identification and counting of algae, invertebrates,and plant material in samples from soils, lakes, andstreams collected for the Niwot Ridge and McMurdo SoundLTER projects and from studies of acid mine drainagestreams in Colorado. The laboratory is supervised by DianeMcKnight and is used by students and researchers involvedin the LTER projects.Environmental Computingand Imaging FacilityThe ECI Facility, directed by James Syvitski, allows INSTAARresearchers to conduct numerically intensive modeling anddata manipulation, including geologic, hydrologic, andoceanographic modeling, statistical analysis of national toglobal databases, and GIS terrain analysis. The main computersare SUN servers offering 16 1 GHz SPARC Ultra 4CPUs, with 48 GB RAM, and >5 TB of usable hard drivespace across multiple RAID setups, supporting a distributedfiberoptic 20-terminal SunRay system. Multiple levels ofdaily backup, and monthly archives employ a SUN DLT IVtape drive. The ECI Facility is a climate-controlled restricted-RESEARCH MISSION | 17

access environment within the CU domain, protected by afirewall, connected to a 100 Mpbs LAN network throughCU’s network tied in to the NCAR, NOAA, NIST high performancecomputing system. These multi-processor servershave 24 hour on-site support, and use an APC 16K UPSwith a 20-minute uptime in case of a power failure, to allowfor proper shutdown during longer power outages. The ECIFacility supports many other computers, servers, andperipherals (DVD/CD ROMS and burners, disk and tapedrives, B&W and color LaserJet printers, color scanners, HPDesign Jet 5000PS 60" plotter, video-out digital camera, andLogitech 3-D visualization tools).HerbariumThis facility is housed at the Mountain Research Station. Itcontains a field collection of plants of the Front Range, specializingin plants of Niwot Ridge and environs.ICP-MS Trace ElementLaboratoryThis facility houses a Thermo Finnigan Element2 inductivelycoupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) for the measurementof trace and minor elements in carbonates, naturalwaters, and other materials. A Class 1000 clean room isused for sample preparation. The laboratory is directed byTom Marchitto.Kiowa Environmental ChemistryLaboratoryThis laboratory is the environmental chemistry laboratoryfor the Niwot Ridge/Green Lakes Valley Long-TermEcological Research Program. The laboratory is located atthe Mountain Research Station and is managed by ChristineSiebold and directed by Mark Williams. Equipped with anion chromatograph, a spectrophotometric flow injectionanalyzer, a spectrophotometric segmented flow analyzer,and an atomic absorption spectrometer, the laboratory analyzesair, snow, water, and soil samples collected by facultyand graduate students from alpine and sub-alpine ecosystemsfor major solutes and nutrients.Landscape Ecology andConservation LaboratoryThis laboratory conducts basic and applied research in threemain areas: the ecology, distribution, and conservationplanning of species, vegetation types, and ecosystems; multiscaledanalysis of treeline structure, composition, anddynamics; and more recently, the analysis of interactionsbetween environmental and social dynamics, including forecastingthe effects of these interactions on patterns ofdynamic changes and the ecological resilience of complexsocioecological systems. Research to date has focused onthe development and prototyping of methods and techniquesfor integrated regional ecological assessments,ecosystem characterization and regionalization mapping ofecosystem units, modeling of plant species and vegetationtype distributions, landscape analysis of ecotones at thealpine treeline, and integration of ecological knowledge intothe planning process. Recent work has included integratingdifferent technologies (modeling, GIS, remote sensing,development of knowledge bases, and reserve selectionalgorithms) to design regional networks of conservationreserves. Study areas include the western United States,with special emphasis on Colorado, the Pacific Northwest,and Southwestern regions, and western Europe. The laboratoryis directed by Patrick Bourgeron and managed by HopeHumphries.Limnology LaboratoryThis is an analytical laboratory for studying water and sedimentsamples. The laboratory is equipped for sample preparation,analysis of metals and major cations using the atomicabsorption spectrophotometer, and the preparative isolationof organic fractions using column chromatography. Thelaboratory is directed by Diane McKnight and is used bypostdocs, graduate students, and undergraduate studentsenrolled in McKnight’s classes.Micropaleontology LaboratoryThis is a foraminiferal analysis laboratory equipped withsieves and other equipment needed for preparation offoraminiferal samples, and binocular microscopes, faunalreference slides, and books for foraminiferal assemblageanalysis and picking of stable isotope and radiocarbon samples.An image analysis facility employing a binocular microscope,analog camera, and computer is available to allresearchers or students for computer imaging of foraminifers,plant macrofossils, mollusks, beetles, and other macrofossils.The laboratory is managed and supervised by AnneJennings.Oceanography LaboratoryThe purpose of this laboratory is to develop and deploymarine instruments related to understanding sedimentdynamics. Major equipment includes an underwater camerasystem for studying flocculation dynamics, a CTD, an attenuancemeter, and a LISST (in situ laser particle size analyzer).The laboratory also houses an extensive geophysicaldata library of analog and digital seismic and sidescan datafrom glacimarine environments. James Syvitski and EricHutton are in charge of the laboratory.Palynology LaboratoriesThese laboratories comprise two pollen sample preparationlaboratories and a pollen microscopy laboratory. The samplepreparation laboratories have standard equipment for chemicalpretreatment of sediment samples for micropaleontologicalanalyses of pollen and diatoms. The microscopy laboratoryhas two high-powered, research-grade light microscopeswith image analysis capabilities, several light microscopesfor student use, and a binocular microscope with18 | RESEARCH MISSION

camera equipment. These laboratories are supervised bySarah Spaulding.Quaternary GIS LaboratoryThis facility applies state-of-the-art tools and concepts withGeographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensingto a variety of environmental problems at high latitudes.Quantitative spatial analysis focuses on shoreline erosion inAlaska, as well as past and present glacier dynamics andice-field archaeology. Activities also support geospatial datasharing, community planning for Arctic GIS, online mappingtechnologies, and a variety of outreach. Other projectsinvolve graduate students with studies of paleoclimate,paleolimnology, and geomorphology from Australia toIceland. Under the direction of William Manley, and withGIS/RS Specialist Leanne Lestak, the lab includes four workstations,a large-format scanner, peripherals, and a range ofsoftware (ArcGIS, Imagine, ENVI, and others).Sample Preparation Laboratory,Mountain Research StationField collected soils and plants are dried, extracted,weighed, and filtered in this lab found in the John W. MarrBuilding at the MRS. Equipment includes drying ovens,shakers, filter manifolds, and gas exchange systems for plantand soil CO 2 exchange.Sedimentology LaboratoryThis laboratory provides high-quality data for research projectsfor INSTAAR Directorate members, postdocs, graduateand undergraduate students, and outside clients. The laboratoryperforms both chemical and physical analyses onsediments and other material and encourages students torun their own analyses. The lab is equipped to measuregrain size using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer(Malvern long bed mastersizer), total carbon and inorganiccarbon content (Coulometer), magnetic properties (MS,SIRM, and IRM), bulk density and mineralogy (SiemensD5000 X-ray Diffractometer). Sieves are available for bothdry and wet sieve analysis. The lab is equipped with ovens,two freeze dryers, a distilled water system, and analyticalbalances. The laboratory is coordinated by Wendy Roth,under the supervision of Suzanne Anderson.Snow and Ice LaboratoryThis laboratory is built around a 400-square-foot cold room,with facilities presently configured for experimental work inheat and mass transfer in snow as well as general electronicsand mechanical design and fabrication. The laboratory isdirected by Tad Pfeffer.Stable Isotope LaboratoryThis laboratory is a state-of-the-art analytical facility thatuses stable isotopes to understand the processes controllingenvironmental change on time scales relevant to humaninteractions with the environment. The research focuses onthe modern carbon and water cycles and paleoclimaterecords from ice cores, lake sediments, carbonates, andorganic matter. The laboratory houses 9 mass spectrometersand 12 gas preparation systems for analysis of stable isotopesof oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. The labshares a strong collaboration with the NOAA ClimateMonitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory, and analyzes isotopesin thousands of weekly samples of greenhouse gasesfrom a global network. The lab is currently analyzing samplesfrom major ice core profiles in Greenland andAntarctica. The stable isotope laboratory is supervised byJim White, managed by Bruce Vaughn, and utilizes a staffof five technicians, numerous graduate students, and postdocsto analyze over 48,000 samples per year.Trace Organic GeochemistryLaboratoryResearch in this laboratory is focused on quantitative reconstructionsof past sea-surface temperatures and applicationsof organic geochemistry to problems in paleoclimatologyand carbon cycle science. Major equipment includes traceorganic clean preparation facilities, automated pressurizedfluid extraction (Dionex ASE 200), automated solid phaseextraction (Gilson ASPEC XLi), gas chromatograph (HP6890 with 100-position autosampler, programmable temperaturevaporization [PTV] inlet, and FID). This laboratory isdirected by Scott Lehman.The Pico Mountain AtmosphericObservatory after an icing storm,Azores, Spring 2005. INSTAAR’sAtmospheric Research Laboratoryis continuing research on atmospherictransport and chemicalprocessing in the North Atlantic.Photo: Detlev Helmig(INSTAAR).Bruce Vaughn (INSTAAR)explains how ice cores fromAntarctica have recorded variationsin climate for hundreds ofthousands of years, INSTAAROpen House, April 2006. Suchvariations help put present climatechanges into a long-termperspective. Vaughn’s audiencewas a group of students fromSouthern Hills Middle School.Photo: Casey A. Cass (Universityof Colorado).RESEARCH MISSION | 19

Mountain Research StationKelly Matheson and KateSamelson (both CU Boulder) filtera water sample at Gold Lakefor phytoplankton and zooplankton,Boulder County, Colorado,winter 2006. Matheson andSamelson participated in a fiveweekend-longWinter Ecologyfield course offered through theMountain Research Station. Thecourse exposed students to awide range of wintertime studies.Photo: Sarah Spaulding(INSTAAR).INSTAAR’s Mountain Research Station (MRS), locatednear Nederland, 25 miles from Boulder, is an interdisciplinaryresearch facility of the University of Colorado devotedto the advancement of study of mountain ecosystems. Ourmission is to facilitate research and education to understandbetter the unique patterns and processes of biological andphysical systems in mountains, and how environmentalchanges may affect these processes.The MRS was established in 1921 and has continued toserve as an outstanding facility in field education andresearch. The MRS is uniquely located near a large diversityof biological communities and landforms, and has a longlegacy of environmental science programs. Research onnearby Niwot Ridge has contributed substantially to ourunderstanding of the environmental science of mountainsystems and is recognized internationally for its excellence.Approximately 40 researchers per year use the MRS as abase of operations, including faculty and students from CUand many other universities and federal laboratories in theU.S. and around the world. Major programs include theNSF-sponsored Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Researchprogram, active since 1980, which has focused on functioningof alpine and subalpine ecosystems. Other programsinclude an Ameriflux eddy-covariance program for monitoringbiosphere-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide run byRuss Monson, long-term atmospheric gas sampling byNOAA (including CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, chlorofluorocarbons,and ozone), and a microbial observatory led by SteveSchmidt. The MRS is a proposed core site for the NSFColorado Plateau National Ecological ObservatoryNetwork.The station’s teaching mission includes formal undergraduatefield courses, which have been offered at the MRSfor over seven decades and have become an integral part ofthe academic experience of many college students. TheMRS has had a NSF-sponsored Research Experiences forUndergraduates site program since 1994, which was recentlyrenewed through 2010. Several K–12 courses also use theMRS as a site to introduce students to field environmentalscience, including the CU Science Discovery program.The MRS participates in educational experiences for thegeneral public to increase the spread of science on mountainenvironments. Through formal interactions with U.S.federal agencies such as the Forest Service, theEnvironmental Protection Agency, and the National ParkService, the MRS has provided expertise to help regulatoryagencies make informed decisions about minimizing humanimpacts on mountain ecosystems. The MRS also providessummer seminars open to all on subjects of interest to bothscientists and nonscientists. The MRS is a popular site forsymposia and workshops aimed at decision making andinformation sharing, CU departmental retreats, and nationalscientific meetings.The Moores-Collins Lodge at the MRS, completed in2003, provides year-round housing for conferences andcourses. Users have included the Boulder Valley SchoolDistrict, the National Park Service, the U.S. GeologicalSurvey, and academic year classes from the CU campus.John Murgel (INSTAAR) locates a plot for the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments(GLORIA) project on Mount Albion (3820 m, 12,530 feet), Colorado, July 2006. North and South ArapahoPeaks and the Arapaho Glacier provide the backdrop to the research site in the Front Range of the southernRocky Mountains. Photo: Bill Bowman (INSTAAR).Students in the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)program run at the Mountain Research Station, on a hike near theD1 climate station on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, July 2006. GreenLakes 4 and 5 are visible in the valley below, with Arikaree,Navajo, and Apache Peaks on the skyline. From left to right,Arturo Montaño (CU Boulder), visiting student friend, MelissaMaxa (University of Minnesota), Mike Breed (faculty PI, EBIO),Galina Dvorkin (CU Boulder), Carolyn Brown (Pomona), KatieAlexander (Cornell), and Cielo Figueroa (University of PuertoRico). Photo: Bill Bowman (INSTAAR).20 | RESEARCH MISSION

Research Grants: Fiscal Years2004–2005 and 2005–2006Award money received from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2006.Please note that this list does not include grants that wereactive in this period but had received their funds before 1 July2004.Anderson, Robert: NSF. Caves as Records of River Incision,Tectonics, and Landscapes. 2005. $47,290.Anderson, Robert: NSF. Evolution of Plateaus in Western NorthAmerica: the Roan Plateau Example. 2006–2007. $75,688.Anderson, Suzanne; Anderson, Robert: NSF. The Linkage ofChemical and Mechanical Processes in the Evolution of HighSurfaces on the Front Range Crest, Colorado. 2005–2007.$198,689.Anderson, Suzanne: NSF. Collaborative Research: the Role ofLoess Weathering in Global Geochemical Cycles.2003–2007. $163,236.Anderson, Suzanne; Anderson, Robert: NSF. SGER: GlacialResponse to an Outburst Flood, Kennicott Glacier, Alaska.2005–2006. $35,000.Anderson, Suzanne; Andrews, John; Williams, Mark; Jennings,Anne; McKnight, Diane: NSF. Acquisition and Upgrade ofInstruments for Research on Water-Rock Interactions andSediment Transport. 2005–2006. $56,335.Andrews, John T.; Jennings, Anne: NSF. The Holocene Historyof Drift Ice at the Present-Day Limits off North Iceland andthe Eastern Canadian Margin. 2005–2007. $137,913.Barger, Nichole: Carnegie Institution of Washington. RegionalCarbon Storage Responses to Woody Encroachment inWestern Pinyon-Juniper System. 2005–2008. $63,480.Barger, Nichole; Woodhouse, Connie: National ParkFoundation. Regional versus Local Controls on Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Expansion on the Colorado Plateau: theRole of Climate, Atmospheric CO 2 , and Land Use Change.2003–2007. $60,000.Bourgeron, Patrick: Brown University. Linking the US-LTER withthe ILTER Network. 2004–2006. $24,724.Bourgeron, Patrick; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $21,285.Bowman, William: Department of the Interior. Is AtmosphericNitrogen Affecting Alpine Species Composition in RockyMountain and Glacier National Parks? Evaluation of Long-Term Species Changes and Response to N Fertilization.2005–2008. $77,183.Bowman, William D.; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long TermEcological Research: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $26,951.Dixon, E. James: Department of the Interior. Culture History ofBeringia: an Archeological Synthesis. 2000–2005. $5,854.Dixon, E. James: NSF. Archeological analysis and publication,On Your Knees Cave, S.E. Alaska. 2003–2007. $173,654.Dixon, E. James; Lee, Craig: Department of Agriculture.Proposal to Conduct Archeological/PaleobiologicalReconnaissance of Select Perennial Ice Patches on Custerand Gallatin National Forest Lands, Montana. 2005–2006.$6,161.Dyurgerov, Mark; Armstrong, Richard; Barry, Roger: NASA.Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) CoreFunctions: Populating and Mining the GLIMS GlacierDatabase to Assess Glacier Change with EOS Sensors.2004–2006. $230,555.Dyurgerov, Mark; Meier, Mark: NSF. Acceleration of GlacierWastage in the Arctic System: Facts, Causes and What toExpect. 2004–2007. $348,101.Helmig, Detlev: Department of Commerce. Study of AirTransport and Photochemistry in the North Atlantic Regionby Hydrocarbon Analysis at Pico Island/Azores. 2003–2007.$148,742.Helmig, Detlev; Guenther, Alex: NSF. Sesquiterpene Emissionsand Their Impact on Aerosol Formation in the United States.2006–2007. $188,141.Helmig, Detlev; Hare, Jeffrey; Fairall, Christopher; Ganzeveld,Laurens: NSF. Development of Ship-Borne Atmosphere-Ocean Ozone Flux Measurements by the Eddy CorrelationTechnique. 2004–2007. $409,980.E. James Dixon (left, INSTAAR)and William Harrison (right,University of Alaska GeophysicalInstitute) steam drilling to measurethe thickness of a small glacier,or “ice patch,” Wrangell–St. Elias National Park andPreserve, Alaska, July 2006.Photo: E. James Dixon(INSTAAR).RESEARCH MISSION | 21

Helmig, Detlev; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2005. $23,579.Helmig, Detlev; Milmore, Pam; Hannigan, Mike; Milford, Jana:Boulder County. Clearing the Air: Understanding Air Toxicsand Carbonyl Pollutant Sources at the Urban/MountainInterface. 2006–2008. $217,148.Hoffecker, John: NSF. Kostenki: Initial Upper Paleolithic inEastern Europe. 2002–2005. $7,875.Hoffecker, John: NSF. SGER: Reconnaissance of ArchaeologicalSites at Point Hope: Prehistory and History of the TikigaqPolicy. 2005–2006. $16,996.Jenkins, Chris: Columbia University. Parsing and Presentation ofDSDP Data. 2005. $15,000.Jenkins, Chris: Department of the Interior. Database and 3DMapping Techniques. 2003–2005. $75,000.Jenkins, Chris: DOD–Department of the Navy. SpatialVariability and Robust Interpolation of Seafloor SedimentProperties Using the Seabed Databases. 2004–2006.$87,301.Jenkins, Chris: Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. DataGathering for the GSMFC Bottom Mapping Project. 2006.$46,417.Jenkins, Chris: NSF. Collaborative Research: Corewall-IntegratedEnvironment for Interpretation of Geoscientific Data fromSediment and Crystalline Cores. 2006–2008. $40,909.Lehman, Scott: Corner Foundation. Discriminating Solar vs.Ocean Forcing of Holocene Climate From Observations of 14 C in the Ocean Mixed Layer. 2005–2006. $50,000.Lehman, Scott: Department of Commerce. Improving Detectionof Recently Added Fossil Fuel CO 2 in the Atmosphere Using14 C. 2004–2007. $318,115.Losleben, Mark: Department of Commerce. Carbon CycleAtmospheric Gas Collection. 2004–2006. $36,464.Losleben, Mark: Department of Commerce. HalocarbonAtmospheric Sampling. 2004–2006. $28,614.Losleben, Mark: Mactec Engineering and Consulting, Inc. SiteOperator Agreement, Castnet II Site 701 (CO94).2003–2008. $4,830.Manley, William: Department of the Interior. Inventory andMonitoring of Coastal Erosion for Alaska’s Arctic Network ofParks. 2005–2007. $273,696.Manley, William; Maslanik, James: NSF. High-ResolutionImagery and Terrain Model for Collaborative Research ofEnvironmental Change at Barrow, Alaska. 2002–2006.$35,909.Marchitto, Thomas: Columbia University. CollaborativeResearch: A High Resolution Record of Productivity and/orVentilation of the North-Eastern Pacific from Soledad Basin,Baja California. 2005. $20,773.Marchitto, Thomas: Columbia University. Reconstruction of theEnd Member Contributions to and Ventilation Rate ofGlacial-Age Lower Atlantic Deep Water. 2003–2005.$18,052.Marchitto, Thomas: NSF. Accurate Calibrationof Multiple Paleoceanographic Proxies in BenthicForaminifera. 2004–2006. $183,646.Marchitto, Thomas; NSF. Collaborative Research: A SIMS andICP-MS Calibration of Benthic Foraminferal ElementalChemistry. 2006–2007. $18,744.Marshall, Hans-Peter: NASA. Investigation of Spatial andTemporal Variation in Snowpack Properties Using Ground-Based High Resolution Microwave Radar Combined withDetailed Snowpack Characterization. 2006–2009. $177,080.Marshall, Hans-Peter: NSF. Collaborative Research: PolarimetricCharacteristics of Radio-Wave Scattering from WaterPathways Within Glaciers: Laboratory Experiments andComputer Simulations. 2005–2008. $69,785.McKnight, Diane: Department of the Interior. Glacier Change inRocky Mountain National Park. 2005–2007. $12,600.McKnight, Diane: Ohio State University. McMurdo Dry ValleysLong Term Ecological Research. 2005–2007. $197,082.McKnight, Diane; Flanagan, Colleen: EPA. Teacher’s Guide: MyWater Comes from the Mountains. 2005–2006. $29,070.McKnight, Diane; Ryan, Joseph: NSF. Stream-Sediment BedExchange of Colloids and Colloid-Associated Metals in AcidMine Drainage Environments. 2006–2007. $72,582.McKnight, Diane; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $15,495.Miller, Gifford: National Geographic Society. AepyornisExtinction and Environmental Change in Madagascar:Assessing Human Impacts through the Precise Dating andPaleoenvironmental Proxies Preserved in their Eggshells.2005–2006. $24,700.Miller, Gifford: NSF. Collaborative Research: A HoloceneContext for Current Arctic Warming Derived from theVanishing Plateau Ice Caps of North-Central Baffin Island.2005–2008. $308,102.Miller, Gifford: NSF. Collaborative Research: A Synthesis of theLast 2000 Years of Climatic Variability From Arctic Lakes.2005–2009. $149,577.Miller, Gifford: NSF. Collaborative Research: Identifying theFootprints of Human Colonization on Australian Ecosystemsand Climate. 2005–2008. $355,023.Miller, Gifford: NSF. High-Resolution Constraints on theMagnitude and Timing of Climate Change in Iceland overthe Past 15 ka. 2003–1005. $33,000.Miller, Gifford: NSF. Megafauna Extinction, EcosystemDisruption and Climate Change: Assessing the HumanFactor. 2000–2005. $36,196.22 | RESEARCH MISSION

Ogilvie, Astrid: NSF. HSD: Human and Social Dynamics inMyvatnssveit, Iceland from the Settlement to the Present.2006–2009. $549,109.Overeem, Irina: Research Foundation for the State University ofNew York. Collaborative Research: Modeling the SedimentFlux of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River. 2004–2005. $10,448.Overeem, Irina; Peckham, Scott: NSF. Collaborative Research:Modeling Sediment Delivery and Related Stratigraphy in aTidal Dominated Delta: Fly River, Papua, New Guinea.2005–2007. $92,791.Peckham, Scott: University of Alaska. Toward ImprovedProcess-Based Pan-Arctic Prediction of Land SurfaceMoisture and Energy Fluxes. 2004–2005. $15,000.Pfeffer, Tad: NSF. Seismological Investigation of ColumbiaGlacier Calving Mechanics. 2004–2007. $25,200.Pfeffer, Tad; Marshall, Hans-Peter: NASA. Snow Slope Stability:Modeling and Investigations. 2001–2005. $24,000.Pfeffer, Tad; Rick, Ursula: National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration. Ozone Fluxes into Snowpacks and TheirRole in the Tropospheric Ozone Budget. 2003–2006.$24,000.Seastedt, Timothy: Department of the Interior. Ph.D. GraduateAssistantship to Assist with the Development of a NationalPark Service Long-Term Monitoring Program. 2005–2009.$19,826.Seastedt, Timothy; Jamieson, Mary: Boulder County. AnEvaluation of the Establishment & Efficacy of the BiocontrolAgent “Mecinus janthinus” on the Invasive Weed “Linariadalmatica.” 2005. $4,000.Seastedt, Timothy; Liptzin, Daniel: NSF. Dissertation Research:The Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Ecosystem Functionin the Forest-Alpine Tundra Ecotone. 2005–2006. $11,996.Seastedt, Timothy; Miller, Elisa: NSF. Dissertation Research:Forest Fire Mitigation and Understory Invasion. 2005–2007.$11,956.Sievering, Herman; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $13,653.Stallard, Robert: Department of the Interior. Analysis of Riversand River Basins within Central Alaska. 2005–2007. $5,875.Stallard, Robert: Department of the Interior. Extended Analysisof Rivers and River Basins within Central Alaska.2005–2006. $20,605.Stallard, Robert: Department of the Interior. Analysis of RiverBasins within Alaska Network Parks. 2005–2007. $19,876.Syvitski, James: DOD–Department of the Navy. Modeling theEffect of Climatic and Human Impacts on MarginSedimentation. 2004–2005. $133,560.Syvitski, James: DOD–Department of the Navy. SedimentaryDynamics of RHNO, Korean and Other WorldDeltas/Estuaries. 2005–2007. $153,418.Syvitski, James: Indiana State University. CollaborativeResearch: Sediment Production and Alluvial Buffering in aSteepland River Basin; Waipaoa River Basin, New Zealand.2004–2006. $12,000.Syvitski, James: NSF. An Integrated Assessment of the Impactsof Climate Variability on the Alaskan North Slope CoastalRegion. 2001–2006. $57,046.Syvitski, James: University of New Hampshire. Understandingthe Changing Carbon, Nitrogen and Water Cycles in theEarth System. 2004–2007. $189,150.Syvitski, James: URS Corporation Southern. Desktop Study toCharacterize Possible Turbidity Currents in the Vicinity ofthe Hopa North Project. 2005. $7,000.Townsend, Alan; Cleveland, Cory: NSF. Interactions betweenRainfall, Nutrient Cycles and Decomposition in a LowlandTropical Rainforest. 2005–2008. $675,000.Townsend, Alan; Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $13,700.White, James: Department of Commerce. Stable Isotopes ofCO 2 in Aircraft Measurements to Constrain the U.S.Biosphere Carbon Sink, and Development of IsotopicStandards for Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases. 2002–2007.$375,000.White, James: NSF. Collaborative Research: Stable Isotopes ofIce in the WAIS Divide Deep Ice Core. 2006–2007. $97,000.White, James: NSF. Collaborative Research: Gases in Firn Airand Shallow Ice at the Proposed WAIS Drilling Site.2005–2007. $197,181.Astrid Ogilvie (INSTAAR) consultsin July 2006 with farmers inMyvatn, northern Iceland, whoare recounting their memories ofclimate change. Archaeologicalevidence suggests that near tothe farm where they live therewas a prosperous farm in Vikingtimes. Photo: Trond Woxen.RESEARCH MISSION | 23

Lucas Zukiewicz sampling snowfor the Niwot Ridge LTER project,Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Spring2006. The Niwot Ridge LTERproject is the single largest environmentalscience project at CUBoulder. Research at the site isfocused on ecosystem responsesto climate change in alpine tundra.Photo: Mark Williams(INSTAAR).White, James: University Corporation for AtmosphericResearch. High-Precision 12 CO 2 / 13 CO 2 Ratio MeasurementsUsing an Optical Fiber Based Difference FrequencyGeneration Laser Source. 2002–2005. $95,664.White, James; Flückiger, Jaqueline: NSF. Modeling Seasonal andRegional Patterns of Abrupt Climate Change. 2005–2008.$206,221.White, James: NSF. SGER: An Exploratory Look at StableIsotopes in an Ice Core from Flade Isblink. 2006–2007.$13,599.White, James; Townsend, Alan: NSF. IGERT: Carbon, Climate,and Society. 2000–2006. $776,375.Williams, Mark: Department of the Interior. Analysis ofPrimenet Data and Contributions to Final Report.2004–2006. $50,000.Williams, Mark: Idaho State University. Complexity acrossBoundaries: Coupled Human and Natural Systems in theYellowstone Northern Elk Winter Range. 2002–2005.$18,884.Williams, Mark: Mountain Studies Institute. New Tools forEvaluating Alpine Sensitivity and Water Quality in theUpper Animas Watershed. 2004–2005. $12,000.Williams, Mark: NSF. Long Term Ecological Research: TheLandscape Continuum Model—A Biogeochemical Paradigmfor High Elevation Ecosystems. 2005–2006. $102,000.Williams, Mark: State of Colorado. Isotope Tracing Analysis forLeadville Mine Drainage Tunnel, California Gulch SuperfundSite and Affected Areas. 2003–2006. $65,000.Williams, Mark; Ackerman, Andrew: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2005. $12,600.Williams, Mark; Blanken, Peter: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $17,929.Williams, Mark; Bowman, William; Townsend, Alan; Seastedt,Timothy; McKnight, Diane: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $635,323.Williams, Mark; Caine, T. Nelson: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $39,103.Williams, Mark; Neff, Jason: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2006. $11,840.Williams, Mark; Townsend, Alan; Seastedt, Timothy; Mcknight,Diane; Bowman, Christopher: NSF. Long Term EcologicalResearch: The Landscape Continuum Model—ABiogeochemical Paradigm for High Elevation Ecosystems.2004–2005. $862,000.Woodhouse, Connie: Denver Water Department. Contract withDenver Water Updates and Improvements of Tree-RingReconstructions of South Platte River Streamflow.2004–2005. $19,935.Woodhouse, Connie: Department of Commerce.Dendrochronical Research for Fire History and Drought.2006–2007. $48,528.Woodhouse, Connie: Department of Commerce. QualityControl Project for the International Tree-Ring Data Bank.2005. $18,876.Woodhouse, Connie: Pennsylvania State University. Climateand Woodland Expansion in the Western Great Plains, USA.2005–2006. $6,655.Woodhouse, Connie; Lukas, Jeff: Department of the Interior.Riparian Forest Age Structure and Past HydroclimaticVariability: Sand Creek Massacre NHS. 2005–2007. $11,000.24 | RESEARCH MISSION

Theses Completed2005Breiter, Nehalem Clare: How selective are biological controls?Evaluating the potential for nontarget herbivory byMecinus janthinus Germar [Coleoptera: Curculionidae], abiological control agent for Dalmatian (Linaria dalmaticaL. P. Mill.) and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris P. Mill.)[Scrophulariaceae]. Boulder: Thesis (MA) University ofColorado.Cory, Rose Merin: Redox and photochemical reactivity ofdissolved organic matter in surface waters. Boulder:Thesis (PhD) University of Colorado.Dunhill, Gita: Iceland and Greenland margins: A comparisonof depositional processes under different glaciologic andoceanographic settings. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) Universityof Colorado.Joslin, Justin Cale: Determining the role of chemical weatheringreactions and hyporheic exchange on silicate concentrationsin dry valley streams, Antarctica. Boulder:Thesis (MS) University of Colorado.Kristjánsdóttir, Greta Bjork: Holocene changes in climate,environment, and ocean reservoir age on the IcelandShelf: magnesium/calcium, 18 O, and tephrochronologyof core MD99-2269. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) University ofColorado.Marshall, Hans-Peter: FMCW radar and finite element modelingas tools for studying spatial variability in alpinesnowpacks. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) University ofColorado.Olafsdottir, Saedis: Currents and climate on the northwestshelf of Iceland during the deglaciation: high-resolutionforaminiferal research. Reykjavik: Thesis (MS) Universityof Iceland.Raby, Kim Scarlet: Use of water quality data for land managementdecisions: A case study in San Juan County,Colorado. Boulder: Thesis (MS) University of Colorado.Reed, Heather Elizabeth: Effects of fire and plant invasionon aspects of aboveground and belowground interactionsin an eastern tallgrass prairie. Boulder: Thesis (PhD)University of Colorado.Tanner, David: Non-methane hydrocarbon measurementsfor long-range transport studies at Pico Mountain,Azores, Portugal. Boulder: Thesis (MS) University ofColorado.Todd, Andrew Stuart: Mining legacies in the Snake Riverwatershed: The interaction of biogeochemistry, streamecology, and human use. Boulder: Thesis (PhD)University of Colorado.2006Cohen, Lana D.: Boundary layer characteristics and ozonefluxes at Summit, Greenland. Boulder: Thesis (MS)University of Colorado.Flanagan, Colleen: Understanding alpine watersheds in theColorado Front Range: Phytoplankton community analysisand watershed education. Boulder: Thesis (MS)University of Colorado.Hobson, Anne Carrie Hickey: Using remotely-sensednearshore suspended sediment as an indicator of environmentalchange on the Alaskan North Slope. Boulder:Thesis (PhD) University of Colorado.O’Neel, Shad: Understanding the mechanics of tidewaterglacier retreat. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) University ofColorado.Ortega, John: Landscape fluxes of reactive biogenic volatileorganic compounds from United States forests. Boulder:Thesis (PhD) University of Colorado.Tomaszewski, Timothy Edward: Atmospheric nitrogen depositionat a conifer forest: Canopy nitrogen uptake andphotosynthesis. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) University ofColorado.Turnbull, Jocelyn Christine: Development of a high precision14 CO2 measurement capability and application to carboncycle dynamics. Boulder: Thesis (PhD) University ofColorado.Yang, Chi: Effects of Acid Mine Drainage on Nesting TreeSwallows. Boulder: Thesis (MS) University of Colorado.David Tanner (INSTAAR) on hisway to the Pico Mountain AtmosphericObservatory, Azores,Spring 2006. Photo: M. Dziobak(Michigan TechnologicalUniversity).Jocelyn Turnbull (INSTAAR) discusses dating of bone with a visitingstudent from Southern Hills Middle School, INSTAAR OpenHouse, May 2005. Photo: David Lubinski (INSTAAR).TEACHING MISSION | 25

Courses Taught by INSTAAR FacultyUndergraduate students inCarol Kearn’s Field Ecologycourse measure plant diversityon Niwot Ridge, Colorado,July 2005. Photo: BillBowman (INSTAAR).2005Robert S AndersonGEOL 4241, Geomorphology (undergrads), Spring 2005GEOL 5700, Geomorphology (grads), Spring 2005GEOL 5700, Modeling Landscape Evolution, Spring 2005GEOL 4700, Glaciers & Permafrost, Fall 2005GEOL 5700, Geomechanics, Fall 2005GEOL 5700, Introduction to Geological Science Faculty, Fall2005William D BowmanEBIO 6000, Ecological Effects of Nitrogen Deposition,Spring 2005Thomas Nelson CaineGEOG 5183, Data Processing for the Earth Sciences, Spring2005GEOG 3023, Statistics For Earth Sciences, Fall 2005GEOG 4241, Principles of Geomorphology, Fall 2005Detlev HelmigATOC 6020, Atmospheric Trace Gas Fluxes, Fall 2005John F. HoffeckerANTH 4020/5020, Paleoanthropology, Spring 2005Timothy KittelEBIO 4140, Plant Ecology, Fall 2005Thomas MarchittoGEOL 3070, Introduction to Oceanography, Spring 2005GEOL 4700/5700, Rapid Climate Change, Spring 2005GEOL 4700/5700, Paleo Ocean and Climate, Fall 2005Diane Marie McKnightCVEN 6404, Advanced Aquatic Chemistry, Spring 2005CVEN 5401, Environmental Engineering Chemistry, Fall2005Gifford Hubbs MillerGEOL 3040, The Geologic Record of Global Change, Spring2005Tad PfefferCVEN 3698, Engineering Geology, Spring 2005CVEN 4718, Mechanics and Dynamics of Glaciers, Spring2005Timothy SeastedtEBIO 3170, Ecosystem Ecology, Spring 2005EBIO 5800, Invasive Plants, Fall 2005James P SyvitskiGEOL 4060/5060, Oceanography, Spring 2005James WhiteENVS 1000, Intro to Environmental Studies, Spring 2005GEOL 3520, Environmental Issues, Spring 2005Mark W WilliamsGEOG 4321/5321, Snow Hydrology, Spring 2005GEOG 3251, Mountain Geography, Spring 2005GEOG 1011, Environmental Systems II- Landscapes &Water, Fall 2005GEOG 3511, Introduction to Hydrology, Fall 20052006Robert S AndersonGEOL/GEOG 4241, Principles of Geomorphology, Spring2006GEOL 4700/5700, Modeling Landscapes, Spring 2006GEOL 5700, Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes,Spring 2006GEOL 5110, Geomechanics, Fall 2006GEOL 5700, Geomorphology, Fall 2006Suzanne Prestrud AndersonGEOG 1011, Environmental Systems II- Landscapes &Water, Spring 2006William BowmanEBIO 4140, Plant Ecology, Fall 2006Thomas Nelson CaineGEOG 3511, Introduction to Hydrology, Spring 2006James DixonMUSM 5011, Introduction to Museum Studies, Fall 2006Craig LeeANTH 4020, People of the Americas, Fall 2006Thomas MarchittoGEOL 3070, Introduction to Oceanography, Spring 2006GEOL 4700/5700, Marine Chemistry/Geochemistry, Fall2006Diane Marie McKnightCVEN 3434, Introduction to Applied Ecology, Spring 2006CVEN 5323, Applied Stream Ecology, Fall 200626 | TEACHING MISSION

Gifford MillerGEOL 1060, Global Change 1- Earth Sciences, Fall 2006GEOL 5420, Quaternary Dating Methods, Fall 2006Natalie MladenovCVEN 5323/ENVS 5840, Applied Stream Ecology, Spring2006Diana NemergutGEOL 5305, Global Biogeochemistry, Fall 2006Tad PfefferCVEN 2121, Analytical Mechanics, Spring 2006CVEN 3698, Engineering Ecology, Spring 2006CVEN 3698, Engineering Ecology, Fall 2006John PitlickGEOG 1011, Environmental Systems 2: Landscapes andWater, Fall 2006GEOL/GEOG 4241, Principles of Geomorphology, Fall 2006Adina RacoviteunuGEOG 4103, Introduction to Geographic InformationScience, Spring 2006Timothy SeastedtEBIO 3270, Ecosystem Ecology, Spring 2006James P SyvitskiGEOL 4060, Oceanography, Spring 2006Alan Ronald TownsendEBIO 1220, General Biology II, Spring 2006James WhiteENVS 1000, Introduction to Environmental Studies, Fall2006ENVS 3930, Internship, Fall 2006Mark W WilliamsGEOG 4311, Watershed Biogeochemistry, Spring 2006GEOG 4311, Seminar: Geographic Problems, Spring 2006Students in Giff Miller’s GraduateQuaternary Geochronology classevaluate paleosols and a complexdune sequence during a 3-dayfield excursion to the NebraskaSandhills, October 2006. Photo:Giff Miller (INSTAAR).INSTAAR graduate students Sean Bryan, Kurt Refsnider, RebeccaAnderson, and Candice Evans extract an OSL sample from 8.5 mdepth in a sand dune damming a former river valley during a fieldexcursion in Giff Miller’s Quaternary Geochronology class,Nebraska Sandhills, October 2006. Photo: Giff Miller (INSTAAR).TEACHING MISSION | 27

StudentsRebecca Anderson (INSTAAR) holdsup a surface marker to locate the siteof an ablation stake on one of severalrapidly melting ice caps on the northof Baffin Island, Arctic Canada,May 2006. Photo: J. Briner(University of Buffalo).Graduate and undergraduate students are an integralpart of INSTAAR, and they play important roles in theresearch conducted by the institute and its members.INSTAAR students are registered for degree programs in anappropriate department and college. The graduate studenthave a weekly seminar series at INSTAAR, fostering contactsbetween the students in those different departments.An annual retreat at the Mountain Research Station forincoming students and teaching faculty as well as a seniorstudent mentorship program have been established to facilitateintegration into INSTAAR. Financial support is availablefor INSTAAR graduate students as research assistantsemployed on research grants. Undergraduate support isavailable through special programs sponsored by INSTAAR,the university, industry, and agencies such as the NationalScience Foundation and are designed to encourage undergraduateparticipation in research. They include the SummerUndergraduate Research Program (SURE), SummerUndergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF), SummerMinority Access Research Training (SMART),Undergraduate Research Opportunities (UROP), UniversityMentoring Program (UMP), and Research Experience forUndergraduates (REU). Undergraduate research may lead tohonors theses and internships. These programs have contributedgreatly to the feasibility of including undergraduatestudents in INSTAAR research and to encouraging undergraduatestudents to continue to advanced degrees.Prospective graduate students should contact the departmentthat they wish to enter and apply for admission to theUniversity of Colorado. Suitable departments include CEAEngineering, EPO Biology, Geography, Geological Sciences,and Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (PAOS).Applications forms are available from the Graduate School,30 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0030.For specific INSTAAR-related questions, send email toinstaar-info@instaar.colorado.edu or contact individualINSTAAR professors directly (see the INSTAAR website athttp://instaar.colorado.edu). Marcia Kelly is the interim liai-son for graduate students and departments(Marcia.Kelly@Colorado.edu).Graduate StudentsStudent name, Degree, Department, Advisor. Approximatethesis topic or title.Paul Abood, MS, Geography, Mark Williams. The analysisof deposition data for PRIMENet National Parks.Craig Anderson, MS, Geography, Mark Williams. Snowhydrology, GIS, and remote sensing.Rebecca Anderson, MS, Geological Sciences, Gifford Miller.Nataly Ascarrunz, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Tim Seastedt. Carbon cycling and changes in land use.Ty Peter Atkins, MS, Geography, Mark Williams. Interestsrelate to aquatic chemistry and silica cycling in Hawaiianwatersheds.Yarrow Axford, PhD, Geology, Gifford Miller. Interests relateto Quaternary paleoclimate, arctic lakes, and climatechange.Tim Bartholomaus, MS, Geological Sciences, RobertAnderson.Maureen Mason Berlin, PhD, Geological Sciences, Robert S.Anderson. Knickpoint migration and landscape evolutionon the Roan Plateau, western Colorado.Carleton Bern, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, AlanTownsend. Nutrient cation cycling in tropical forests.Jessica Black, PhD, Geological Sciences, Gifford Miller.“Investigating the Holocene Thermal Maximum atHvitarvatn, Iceland.”Florence Bocquet, PhD, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,Detlev Helmig. “Ozone exchange at the air-snow interfaceat the polar site of Summit, Greenland; snow andavalanche studies.”Nehalem Breiter, MA, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Tim Seastedt. “How selective are biological controls?”Sean Bryan, MS, Geological Sciences, Tom Marchitto.Cynthia Cacy, PhD, Environmental Studies, Suzanne Anderson.“Chemical weathering in glacial environments.”Kaelin Cawley, PhD, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. Interests include dissolvedorganic matter chemistry and harmful algal blooms.Karie Cherwin, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt. Invasive plants in grassland ecosystems;restoration and ecosystem ecology.28 | TEACHING MISSION

Lana Cohen, MS, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,Detlev Helmig. “Boundary layer characteristics and ozonefluxes at Summit, Greenland.”Daniel Cordalis, MS, Geography, Mark Williams. Alpinehydrology and flowpaths.Rose Cory, PhD, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. “Effect of dissolved organicmatter on the photolysis of persistent organic pollutantsin Arctic surface waters.”Karen Cozzetto, PhD, Civil, Environmental andArchitectural Engineering, Diane McKnight. Interestsinclude controls on stream and hyporheic temperatures;climate drivers of interannual streamflow variation—Taylor Valley, Antarctica.Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi, PhD, Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology, Bill Bowman.Stephen DeVogel, PhD, Geological Sciences, Gifford Miller.Interests include late Quaternary extinctions and humaninducedecosystem changes, particularly in the southernhemisphere.Tiffany Duhl, MS, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, “Airquality modeling through improved urban vegetationcharacerization and enhanced understanding of biogenicsesquiterpene emissions.”Gita Dunhill, PhD, Geological Sciences, James Syvitski andAnne Jennings. “Greenland and Iceland margins: a comparisonof depositional processes under different glaciologicand oceanographic settings.”Adam Eisele, PhD, Mechanical Engineering, Detlev Helmig.Interests include air quality, specifically CommunityScaler Air Toxics Monitoring.Chandler Engel, MS, Geotechnical Engineering, Tad Pfeffer.Interests include calving mechanics of glaciers.Erika Engelhaupt, PhD, Environmental Studies, Alan Townsend.Soil biogeochemistry and ecosystem processes.Erick Robert Erwin, MA, Anthropology, James Dixon.Candice Evans, MS, Environmental Studies, Jim White.Interests include global greenhouse gasses, globalchange.Colleen Flanagan, MS, Environmental Studies, DianeMcKnight. Alpine aquatic ecosystems.Zan Frederick, MS, Geography, Suzanne Anderson. Interestsinclude big northern rivers, weathering, and bicycles.Zack Guido, MS, Geological Sciences, Robert Anderson.The Last Glacial Maximum in the San Juan Mountains,Colorado.Leora Nanus Gurdak, PhD, Geological Sciences, MarkWilliams. Sensitivity criteria for atmospheric pollution tolakes in the national parks of the Rocky Mountains.Kenneth Hill, MA, Geography, Mark Williams. “Hydrochemistryand atmospheric deposition in an alpinewatershed.”Nancy Hoalst-Pullen, PhD, Geography, Robert Stallard.“Assessment of soil-water interactions at multiple scalesin tropical catchments of Panama, Ecuador andMalaysia.”Keri Holland, PhD, Ecology andEvolutionary Biology, AlanTownsend. “The fate of excessnitrogen in alpine tundra.”Eric W. H. Hutton, PhD, GeologicalSciences (Geophysics), JamesSyvitski. “Modeling sedimentdelivery and dispersion within thecoastal ocean: scaling across spaceand time.”Tim Bartholomaus (INSTAAR) launches aportable water level logger as Donoho FallsCreek pours into a tunnel underneath theRoot-Kennicott Glacier behind him, Alaska,June 2006. Under certain hydrologic conditions,water backs up from this portal andfills the basin, forming Donoho Falls Lake.Bartholomaus is studying the dynamics ofthe Kennicott Glacier and its relation tosubglacial hydrologic conditions. Photo:Suzanne Anderson (INSTAAR).John Magee (ANU), SteveDeVogel (INSTAAR) and anassortment of curious youngTandroy boys among the sanddunes of southern Madagascar,April 2006. Photo: Giff Miller(INSTAAR).TEACHING MISSION | 29

Chrissy Fairbanks (CU Boulder undergraduate)takes samples to determinehow soil nutrients affect exotic speciesinvasions in thinned forest, Heil ValleyRanch, near Boulder, Colorado,Summer 2006. Photo: Elisa Miller(INSTAAR).Cynthia Cacy (ENVS) and SusanRiggins (INSTAAR) dig a soil pitat 3658 m (12,000 feet) elevationon Mount Osborne, Wind RiverRange, Wyoming, August 2006.The pit extends to bedrock atabout 1 m depth. Susan Rigginsis studying the processes thatbreak rock down to form regolith.Photo: Suzanne Anderson(INSTAAR).Mary Jamieson, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt.Justin Joslin, MS, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. Stream water chemistry inthe McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER, Antarctica.Kortney Kirkeby, MS, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight.David Knochel, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt.Joshua Koch, PhD, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. Interests include surfacewater/groundwater interactions and effects on nutrientfate and transport.Greta Bjork Kristjansdottir, PhD, Geological Sciences, JohnT. Andrews. Reconstructing late Quaternary paleoclimaticvariations on the Iceland shelf with Mg/Ca and 18 O inforaminifera.Robert Kysela, MS, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, DianaNemergut.Craig Lee, PhD, Anthropology, James Dixon. The earlyhuman occupation of southeastern Alaska.Isabelle Lheritier, MS, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. Climate-induced alterationsin dissolved organic matter on metal toxicity andUV radiation in Rocky Mountain streams.Dan Liptzin, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt. “Biotic constraints on regional biogeochemistryat the forest-tundra ecotone.”Nathaniel Logar, PhD, Environmental Sciences, Jim White.Stable isotopes, the carbon cycle, and climate change.Ken MacClune, PhD, Geological Sciences, Jim White.“System construction and method development for highspatial and temporal resolution measurements of thedeuterium of atmospheric methane.”Hans-Peter Marshall, PhD, Civil, Environmental andArchitectural Engineering, Tad Pfeffer. “Snow slope stability:modeling and investigations using FMCW radar andfinite elements.”Courtney Meier, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, BillBowman. Feedbacks between plant secondary chemicalsand soil microbial communities.Elisa Miller, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt. “Manipulating the physical and chemical propertiesof soil to inhibit exotic species invasions in thinnedmontane forest.”Matthew Miller, PhD, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. Interests: hydrology, watershed-scalebiogeochemistry, and dissolved organic matter(DOM) chemistry.Leora Nanus, PhD, Geography, Mark Williams. Sensitivitycriteria for atmospheric pollution to lakes in the nationalparks of the Rocky Mountains.Ashley Nielson, MA, Geography, Mark Williams. Interestsinclude water quality, hydrology, and biogeochemistry—specifically in alpine wetlands.Shad O’Neel, PhD, Geological Sciences (Geophysics), TadPfeffer. Interests include glacier dynamics, tidewater glaciers,and sea level change.John Ortega, PhD, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,Detlev Helmig. “Flux measurements of biogenic volatileorganic compounds using disjunct eddy sampling andion trap mass spectrometry.”Jan Pollmann, PhD, Atmospheric Chemistry, DetlevHelmig.Study of the global distribution of volatile nonmethanehydrocarbons from the NOAA CooperativeGreenhouse Gas Sampling Network.30 | TEACHING MISSION

Trevor Popp, PhD, Geological Sciences, James White.Paleoclimate via stable isotopes in ice cores.Ursula Quillmann, PhD, Geological Sciences, Anne Jenningsand Thomas Marchitto. “From fjord head to fjord mouth:Holocene climatic and environmental variability inIsafjardardjup, NW Iceland.”Kim Raby, MS, Environmental Studies, Mark Williams.Evaluating water quality and sensitive areas in high alpinecatchments.Adina Racoviteanu, PhD, Geography, Mark Williams. “GISfor high-altitude Inca sanctuaries in the Peruvian Andes.”Heather Reed, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, TimSeastedt. “Soil biodiversity and ecosystem function.”Sasha Reed, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, AlanTownsend/Steve Schmidt. “Biogeochemical cycling andmicrobiological communities of soils.”Kurt Refsnider, PhD, Geological Sciences, Gifford Miller.Interests include glacial geology and geomorphology.Ursula Rick, PhD, Program in Atmospheric and OceanicSciences, Tad Pfeffer. “Meltwater flow through the percolationfacies of arctic ice caps.”Susan Riggins, PhD, Geography, Suzanne Anderson.Interests include terrestrial weathering, specificallyregolith development.Sarah Sattin, MS, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, DianaNemergut.Annalisa Schilla, PhD, Geological Sciences, Jim White.The stable isotopic measurements of ice from the SipleDome ice core and implications for global climaticreconstruction.Brian Seok, PhD, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, DetlevHelmig. Studying biosphere-atmosphere interactions,snow-atmosphere gas exchange, and development ofanalytical instrumentation for air analysis.Alexandra Sinclair, PhD, Geological Sciences (Geophysics),James Syvitski. Sediment transport in a coastal oceanenvironment.Lee Stanish, PhD, Environmental Studies, Diane McKnight.Interests include examining the molecular and geneticbases for evolution and adaptations of Antarctic diatomsto environmental factors such as UV radiation, temperature,and ecological interactions.Sarah Stapleton, PhD, Environmental Studies, DianeMcKnight and Subhrendu Gangophadyay. Streamflowforecasting and climate change effects on salmon mortalityin the Pacific Northwest and forecasting effects of climatechange on the Rio Grande de Manati aquifer inPuerto Rico.David Tanner, MS, Mechanical Engineering, Detlev Helmig.“Non-methane hydrocarbon measurements for longrangetransport studies at Pico Mountain, Azores,Portugal.”Tim Tomaszewski, PhD, Environmental Studies, HermanSievering. Nitrogen deposition at subalpine forests.Jocelyn Turnbull, PhD, Geological Sciences, Scott Lehman.“Environmental measurements of atmospheric 14 CO 2 :development and applications.”Ryan Vachon, PhD, Geological Sciences, James White.“The distribution of stable isotopes of precipitationacross the United States.”Dylan Ward, PhD, Geological Sciences, Robert Anderson.“Tectonic and geomorphic processes of exhumation anduplift in the Alaska Range.”Lindsay Weber, MS, Environmental Studies, DianeMcKnight. Interests include water quality in the GreenLakes Valley, CO.William Wieder, PhD, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,Alan Townsend.Jeff Wong, MS, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight.Marcia Wyatt, PhD, Geological Sciences, Tom Marchittoand Peter Molnar.Chi Yang, MS, Civil, Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Diane McKnight. “Effect of acid minedrainage on success of tree swallow nesting in SnakeRiver, Colorado.”Undergraduate StudentsSome of the many INSTAAR Undergraduate Students2005–2006Student Name—Advisor(s)Rebecca Abbey—D. McKnightKatherine Alexander—D. McKnightLudovic Bariteau—D. HelmigKatie Barrett—D. McKnightC. Beckett Hart—S. AndersonNicole Bransford-Smith—C. Wolak, S. LehmanIan Brown—B. Vaughn, J. White, D. HelmigTodd Camnitz—B. Vaughn, J. WhitePatrick Cappa—C. Wolak, S. LehmanDan Carlson—D. HelmigKurt Carson—M. WilliamsCasey Coleman—J. AndrewsKyle Converse—D. HelmigMike Cox—D. McKnightBrendan Cusack—D. McKnightRyan Darby—D. HelmigJess Davis—E. MillerUrsula Quillmann (INSTAAR)presenting a poster at theInternational Symposium onForaminifera (FORAMS 2006) inNatal, Rio Grande do NorteState, Brazil, September 2006.TEACHING MISSION | 31

Katherine Alexander (REU student,INSTAAR) on Niwot Ridgeoverlooking the upper GreenLakes Valley, Colorado, June2006. Water samples were collectedfrom May to September toinvestigate the role of hydrologyin determining rates of in-lakeprocessing of carbon and nitrogenin alpine and sub-alpineecosystems. Photo: Matt Miller(INSTAAR).Gregory Diefenbach—J. AndrewsChristopher Dodson—U. QuillmanChrissy Fairbanks—E. MillerJustin Feis—T. SeastedtAndrew Gansky—S. DeVogel, G. MillerJacob Gelfand—S. DeVogel, G. MillerDevin Girtin—B. Vaughn, J. WhiteJaclyn Gorman—S. AndersonAlicia Greene—D. McKnightAnobha Gurung—H. Sievering, T. AckermanJason Shappiro—C. Wolak, S. LehmanJeff Harvey—D. HelmigJen Hoisington—E. MillerBethenie Hope—D. HelmigShannon Horn—D. McKnightCuong Hyunh—N. Mladenov, D. McKnightTom Ingersoll—D. McKnightSuzie Janicke—M. WilliamsDan Lopez—T. MarchittoErin Mannix—M. WilliamsSana Marsh—C. Wolak, S. LehmanKelly Matheson—M. WilliamsMelissa Maxa—W. BowmanDavid Millar—M. WilliamsMelissa Mora—D. McKnightJason Moran—B. Vaughn, J. WhiteThomas Morse—D. HelmigJohn Murgel—W. BowmanCassandra Nelson—S. AndersonMarnie Norris—N. Mladenov, R. Cory, D. McKnightVinny Omelio—E. MillerOlofron Plume—W. BowmanMatt Preston—S. DeVogel, G. MillerAmber Roche—D. McKnightKatie Ryder—E. MillerCindy Shand—E. Miller, T. SeastedtAmy Steiker—B. Vaughn, J. WhiteErin Temple—S. DeVogel, G. MillerKele Thrailkill—B. Vaughn, J. WhiteKristin Vietti—D. McKnightAndrew Vonesh—S. AndersonKyle Wald—D. McKnightMegan Wolz—D. McKnightMeghan Worley—B. Vaughn, J. WhiteLindsay Young—J. SyvitskiMelissa Maxa (University of Minnesota), pounds a PVCtube into the ground as part of a soil microcosm experimentinvestigating plant litter diversity on soil functionalecology, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, June 2006. Melissa wasa participant in the NSF-sponsored Research Experiencesfor Undergraduates (REU) at the Mountain ResearchStation. Photo: Bill Bowman (INSTAAR).32 | TEACHING MISSION

Societal Outreach andInformal EducationOver the last two years, societal outreach and informaleducational opportunities have become a strong partof INSTAAR’s mission. The institute continues to presentits popular Open House annually. Undergraduate studentsare often mentored through hands-on research projects.Outreach is facilitated through the INSTAAR web site, andwith a variety of online initiatives for sharing and illustratingscientific information. On a day-to-day basis, INSTAARmembers respond to inquiries from the public and themedia on a broad spectrum of scientific matters that relateto INSTAAR’s research. They regularly give lectures and presentationsto schools and civic groups and provide TV andradio interviews for the popular press.In May 2005, INSTAAR continued its successful seriesof open houses by hosting 172 eighth-graders from SouthernHills Middle School. The energetic students collectedsamples and learned about relationships among streamflow, water quality, and insect ecology at nearby BoulderCreek. By visiting a few of the many labs at INSTAAR andthe National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), the studentslearned how materials such as bones and soils areradiocarbon dated, how climate controls the extent of glaciersand sea ice, and how past droughts are recorded intree rings. In addition to the hands-on exercises, studentslearned about early human migration into Europe and theevolution of the Bering Land Bridge. The open house helpedconvey diverse aspects of earth science, use of sophisticatedinstrumentation and modeling, and the relevance of earthscience for important global and local issues.In April of the following year, INSTAAR again hosted182 eighth-graders from Southern Hills Middle School.Similar to the past, the students were divided into groups toparticipate in lab tours, lectures, science games, and streamsampling activities. Students’ knowledge of snow and icewas tested during a fun quiz show run by staff of the adjacentNSIDC. They learned about ancient artifacts frommelting glaciers in Alaska. And they “flew” along a threedimensionalvirtual tour of the Arctic, illustrating key findingsfrom the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment.INSTAAR continued strong involvement with severalCU initiatives to directly involve undergraduates and minoritystudents in scientific research. These included theSummer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program,the Summer Multicultural Access to Research Training(SMART) program, the Significant Opportunities inAtmospheric Research and Science (SOARS) program, andothers. For example, Detlev Helmig mentored seven studentswith research on volatile organic emissions, ozone,meteorology, and atmospheric toxins.Bill Bowman has taken the lead role for a ResearchExperiences for Undergraduates (REU) program at theMountain Research Station. The program has been fundedby the National Science Foundation since 1994, and wasjust renewed with funding through 2010. Students workone-on-one with faculty mentors on their own research topics.Forty percent of the REU alumni have gone on to graduateprograms, with another 20 percent working in researchsupport positions. Thirty percent of the participants arefrom under-represented groups, increasing the access ofminority students to careers in biological research.Highlights for outreach to local schools include: Several INSTAAR scientists—including Cory Cleveland,Natalie Mladenov, Craig Lee, and Bill Manley—helped tointerview and mentor young students at the High PeaksElementary School Science Fair. Suzanne Anderson spoke to a junior elementary class atthe Jarrow Montessori school about glaciers and climatechange. Diana Nemergut taught a Microbial Diversity course atBoulder Preparatory High School. She and AlanTownsend serve as board members for this unique andhighly successful charter school, which requires collegeacceptance for graduation. Diane McKnight and Karen Cozzetto reviewed curriculumfor the McMurdo Dry Valleys Interactive CD Set forStudents and Teachers, developed by Carol Landis at theByrd Polar Research Center. One CD is designed forgrades 8–10 and illustrates the research and ecology ofthe Dry Valleys region of Antarctica. An accompanyingteachers’ guide contains supplemental information andvideos about the streams, lakes, glaciers, and soil biota ofthe Dry Valleys. Karen Cozzetto spoke with elementary students at aone-room schoolhouse in Jamestown, Colorado. She readfrom The Lost Seal book with slides to describe scientificresearch in the harsh environments of Antarctica.Diana Nemergut (INSTAAR,right) shows Boulder Prep HighSchool students how to platebacteria onto Petri dishes, February2006. Photo: Lili Adeli(Boulder Prep).SOCIETAL MISSION | 33

William Manley (INSTAAR) explains how recent melting of glaciersand ice fields in Alaska and other regions has exposed archeologicalmaterials for the first time in hundreds to thousands of years,Visiting students from Southern Hills Middle School look at insects collected fromBoulder Creek as part of a lesson on macroinvertebrates, INSTAAR Open House,May 2005. Photo: David Lubinski (INSTAAR). Rebecca Anderson worked on an outreach effort withSandra Laursen of CIRES Outreach and Karl Mueller andAlan Lester in Geological Sciences. They created large-formatimages of Colorado from Digital Elevation Modelsthat were used in sixth-grade classrooms to teach studentsabout landforms and landscape processes. Theyalso led a teacher workshop in June of 2006 to incorporatethe images into classroom activities, including a fieldtrip to Rocky Mountain National Park.Highlights for outreach to the general public include: Mark Williams headlined “A Discussion on the Future ofWater in Colorado and Climate Change” with ChipBarry, head of the Denver Water Board. The audience ofover 100 Denver-area residents included former GovernorDick Lamm. Craig Lee gave a presentation at the Rocky MountainNational Park Research Conference on ice-field archaeology.His results on ancient bison skulls collected frommelting ice patches caught the attention of local media. Tim Kittel was a guest lecturer for two Semester at Seaprograms, covering such diverse topics as “WorldEcosystems,” “The Earth’s Climate System,” and“Conservation of Biodiversity Hotspots.” He was also aninstructor for summer undergraduate research experiencesin Brazil and the Dominican Republic. Over the last two years, Bob Anderson has helped developa new set of displays for the Yosemite National ParkVisitor Center. A team of earth scientists consulted withthe design team to upgrade displays with accurate informationdepicting the tectonic, igneous, and geomorphichistory of the park’s landscape and geology. The completelyremodeled Visitor Center will open on Earth Dayin 2007.Other highlights for 2005 and 2006 include: The research of Mark Williams and the Niwot RidgeLTER project was featured in Chapter 12, “AltitudeAddled,” of the acclaimed book Chasing Spring: anAmerican Journey through a Changing Season. Bill Manley released an online resource with geospatialvisualizations of monthly climate change in Alaska. Hehas also assisted with development of an interactive,online mapping application for Arctic research(ARMAP.org). A group of INSTAAR undergraduate and graduate studentswere interviewed by the Boulder Daily Camerawhile conducting research at the McMurdo LTER site inAntarctica. Their work on stream hydrology and ecologyappeared in an article entitled “Examining a FrozenDesert.” Astrid Ogilvie helped establish a hands-onarchaeology/cultural heritage outreach project for middleschools in northern Iceland. As president of the American Polar Society, JohnBehrendt helped organize the 50th anniversary of the lastInternational Geophysical Year. Behrendt and severalother INSTAAR scientists also helped with planning forthe fourth International Polar Year (IPY). David Anderson gave two presentations at the WhiteHouse. The talks on abrupt climate change drew fromINSTAAR research on ice sheets, sea-level rise, ocean circulation,and drought. Abrupt changes in Earth’s recentpast suggest that climate may shift rapidly in comingdecades.Other aspects of INSTAAR’s success with societal outreachare presented in this report’s “Outreach Spotlights”section.34 | SOCIETAL MISSION

A group of students from Southern Hills Middle School pose before the INSTAAR OpenHouse, April 2006. Photo: Casey A. Cass (University of Colorado).Karen Cozzetto (INSTAAR) leads a hands-on experiment to study the flow and waterchemistry of Boulder Creek, INSTAAR Open House, April 2006. Her group of studentswere from Southern Hills Middle School. Photo: Casey A. Cass (University ofColorado).Karen Cozzetto (INSTAAR) wades into Boulder Creek to lead a hands-on experiment to study its flow andwater chemistry, INSTAAR Open House, April 2006. Participating in the activity were groups of studentsfrom Southern Hills Middle School. Photo: Casey A. Cass (University of Colorado).Craig Lee (INSTAAR) gives a slide show about Ice FieldArchaeology to students from Southern Hills Middle School,INSTAAR Open House, April 2006. Photo: Casey A. Cass(University of Colorado).SOCIETAL MISSION | 35

The Lost Seal: A Scientific Children’sBook from the Long-Term EcologicalResearch (LTER) ProgramPainting of the lost seal beinglifted by a helicopter by Emily ofGranby Elementary, Worthington,Ohio, 2005–2006. Emily’spainting was part of a classroomactivity based on The Lost Seal.Emily wrote, “I drew this picture... because I thought it was coolwhen they scooted it into thetarp without hurting it. And theysaid that the winds were 144miles per hour. WOW, it mustbe cold out there!”Achance encounter between scientists working in theDry Valleys of Antarctica and a young Weddell seal isrecounted in the scientific children’s book, The Lost Seal.Diane McKnight and an international team of scientistswere working in the Dry Valleys in 1990 when they cameacross a Weddell seal, miles from his natural habitat onMcMurdo Sound. McKnight described the encounter in ahandout for K–12 classroom presentations. With theInternational Polar Year (IPY) approaching, the handout wasrevised and illustrated to become the second book in aseries published by the Long-Term Ecological Research(LTER) Schoolyard Program and Moonlight Publishing, LLC,in collaboration with the NSF, CU Boulder, and Byrd PolarResearch Center at the Ohio State University.The Lost Seal is an engaging introduction to the environmentof the Dry Valleys and is consistent with sciencestandards for 2nd through 5th graders. The story is setwithin the context of historical exploration of the region,the harsh conditions for life, and ongoing research onhydrology, limnology, and microbial ecology.Illustrated by Dorothy Emerling, The Lost Seal also featuresillustrations and comments by dozens of elementaryschool students from countries performing research in theDry Valleys. The story, with footage of the seal and photosof the Dry Valleys on DVD, was sent to 28 elementaryschool classrooms across Australia, New Zealand, theUnited Kingdom, and the United States.The materials packet served as the basis of classroomactivities, and the children’s artwork and comments, 413 inall, were sent back to INSTAAR. All the children’s artworkcan be found on The Lost Seal web site (http://www.mcmlter.org/lostseal), along with the materials packet.Once The Lost Seal was completed, sets of books were sentto each participating classroom.The Lost Seal links several outreach efforts. Artworkfrom children in four countries emphasizes the internationalnature of interest in the Antarctic in a way particularly suitedto the IPY. Creating the artwork became an activity indozens of classrooms across these countries, and sets ofbooks returned to the classrooms enable future activities.The web site, linked to educational clearinghouses, helpsreach a broad audience of K–12 teachers and students.Teachers can link their own classroom activity web sites toThe Lost Seal site. The book is for sale through distributorsto libraries, bookstores, and Internet-based vendors. Ateacher’s guide, which is under development, will be distributedsimilarly and sent to participating classrooms.The success of The Lost Seal has helped launch theLTER Schoolyard Series; two more children’s books are indevelopment from different LTER sites.Painting of a seal that has justhad a meal by Brandon ofLeongatha Primary School,Victoria, Australia, 2005–2006.Painting of the seal stuck in themountains by Helen of CombeDown Primary, Bath, England,2005–2006.Cover of The Lost Seal children’s book,with words by Diane McKnight(INSTAAR) and illustrations byDorothy Emerling, published in 2006.An encounter between scientists and ayoung Weddell seal in the Dry Valleysof Antarctica has inspired the bookand its publication, which coincideswith the International Polar Year (IPY).The book links multiple outreachactivities of the McMurdo Dry ValleysLTER project.36 | SOCIETAL MISSION

Outreach SpotlightsUNDERGRADUATE MENTORING:SUNLIGHT’S EFFECT ON AQUATICORGANIC MATTER. UndergraduateCuong Huynh (CU Boulder) is being mentoredby Natalie Mladenov and DianeMcKnight on a project to uncover new waysin which sunlight affects aquatic organic matter. Cuong’sefforts are funded by CU Boulder’s Undergraduate ResearchOpportunities Program (UROP) and Bioscience UndergraduateResearch Skills and Training Program (BURST).The main goal is to equip Huynh with an understanding ofthe research methods and skills in analytical and laboratorytechniques, while at the same time answering some interestingresearch questions.Degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) byultraviolet light—also known as “photobleaching”—cancause complex compounds in vegetation to be brokendown to simpler compounds which are more readily consumedby bacteria. Huynh has been running experimentsusing a high-powered solar simulator to reproduce the processof photobleaching with plant leachates and DOM samples.Huynh is also using a new statistical modeling tool inorder to quantify changes in the optical properties of DOMas a result of photobleaching.This research experience is a stepping stone to Huynh’smain interest: the chemical structure of plants and theirmedicinal properties. He plans to present the results of hisresearch at an international meeting in 2007—the InternationalAssociation of Theoretical and Applied Limnology(SIL2007).INSTAAR COLLABORATES ON LOCALWATERSHED CURRICULUM: “MYH 2 O.” Colleen Flanagan, under the direction ofDiane McKnight, led the development of ateacher curriculum guide and resource kit promotingawareness of the Boulder and St. Vrainwatersheds. The guide, entitled “My H 2 O,”blends Colorado state educational standards in science, languagearts, geography, and math into activities, educationalgames, story plots, and community action tasks. Theguide’s hands-on, minds-on projects are enhanced by aresource kit that contains supplies necessary to implementeach activity. Copies were distributed to area public andprivate schools in spring 2006, primarily for use in 4th- and5th-grade classrooms. The project was a joint effort byINSTAAR and the Niwot Ridge Long-Term EcologicalResearch Program (NWTLTER), with a number of collaboratorsin several local school districts and governmentalagencies.The curriculum supplements the children’s book MyWater Comes from the Mountains by Tiffany Fourment,funded by NWTLTER and INSTAAR and distributed toBoulder Valley and St. Vrain Valley school districts in 2004.Funding for the curriculum guide was provided by theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the CU BoulderOutreach Committee, the City of Boulder, and theWatershed Approach to Stream Health (WASH, a partnershipof communities in Boulder County formed to protectwater quality). Other support came through SchoolyardNWTLTER, connecting the Colorado Front Range communitieswith the alpine systems of the mountains, andadministered by INSTAAR.GRAD STUDENT PENS EDUCATIONALJOURNAL ABOUT ANTARCTICSCIENCE. Karen Cozzetto was the maincontributor to an educational web site entitled“77 Degrees South,” which showcases the life,times, and research of several groups of scientistsworking in the largest ice-free region of Antarctica:the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Cozzetto’s focus was on theAntarctic “Stream Team,” which studies the hydrology andecology of glacial meltwater streams and is managed byDiane McKnight. The website is geared toward middle andhigh school students and presents science and happeningson the southernmost continent in the form of fun journalentries with lots of photos. Journal topics range from glacierdynamics to diving in ice-covered lakes for low-light algaephotosynthesis research, from eclipses to the ins and outsof helicopter travel, and from the intricacies of environmentallymanaging our human waste to the top signs you’vebeen in the field for three months. Most of the entries fromthe 2005–2006 field season were by Cozzetto and postedwith the help of volunteer web site designer EmmaHernandez (Cozzetto was also the main contributor in2003–2004 and 2002–2003). The site has been viewed bypeople on all seven continents, and several journal entrieshave been selected for inclusion in National ScienceFoundation’s Digital Library for Earth System Education(DLESE). The website is supported and hosted by the NSF’sMcMurdo Dry Valleys Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER)program.Undergraduate Cuong Huynh (CUBoulder) running experiments using ahigh-powered solar simulator to reproducethe process of photobleachingwith plant leachates and dissolvedorganic matter samples, Boulder,Colorado, Fall 2006. Huynh is beingmentored by Natalie Mladenov andDiane McKnight (both INSTAAR) on aproject to uncover new ways in whichsunlight affects aquatic organic matter.Photo: Natalie Mladenov (INSTAAR).SOCIETAL MISSION | 37

Teacher resource kit supplies forthe field activity “MacroinvertebrateMania!,” from theteacher curriculum guide “MyH 2 O,” developed by ColleenFlanagan under the direction ofDiane McKnight, Spring 2006.The guide promotes awareness ofthe Boulder and St. Vrain watersheds,and copies were distributedto area public and privateschools in Spring 2006. The projectwas funded by the NiwotRidge Long-Term EcologicalResearch Program. Photo:Colleen Flanagan (INSTAAR).INSTAAR SCIENTISTS DISCUSSPOLAR RESEARCH AT PUBLIC EVENTFOR UPCOMING INTERNATIONALPOLAR YEAR. John Behrendt, Jim White,Karen Cozzetto, and several other CUBoulder scientists shared their experiences inthe Arctic, Greenland, and Antarctic in a prelude to the nextInternational Polar Year, or IPY, in 2007. Titled “Countdownto IPY,” the free, public event focused on past and currentresearch efforts at Earth’s polar regions by CU Boulder facultyand graduate students. The event also included a briefhistory of IPY, an international, interdisciplinary researchcampaign last held in 1957, which will involve the efforts ofmore than 60 nations beginning next year. IPY will officiallyrun from March 2007 to March 2009 to allow for two fullseasons of field work in the Arctic and Antarctic.Participating scientists will use high-tech tools ranging fromsatellites, autonomous vehicles, and remotely operated climatestations to GPS, laser altimeters, and supercomputersto better understand the roles the polar regions play in avariety of global processes. Researchers involved in IPY willaddress such issues as dwindling sea ice, shrinking icesheets and glaciers, thawing permafrost, and creatures rangingfrom polar bears and penguins to marine life andmicrobes.THE NINTH CIRCLE: A MEMOIR OF LIFEAND DEATH IN ANTARCTICA,1960–1962. John Behrendt published anmemoir of his work with the United StatesAntarctic Research Program in the early1960s, when the Cold War was at its heightand research on the ice sheet was risky. TheAntarctic air squadron VX6 had an accident rate eight timesthat of U.S. Naval aviation in other parts of the world, andgraduate students and young scientists like BehrendtResearchers take a breakand play Frisbee at thebase of Canada Glacier,Taylor Valley, Antarctica,January 2006. Manyplayers are members ofthe 2005–2006 Antarctic“Stream Team,”which studied thehydrology and ecologyof glacial meltwaterstreams and is supportedby NSF’s McMurdoDry Valleys Long-TermEcological Research(LTER) program. Photo:Karen Cozzetto(INSTAAR).received hazard pay for their work. In Behrendt’s memoir werelive that era of scientific explorations with him. Hedescribes two seasons on the ice in Operation Deep Freeze,leading field parties, conducting scientific research, andstruggling against the elements. Behrendt led an over-snowgeophysical-glaciological-geologic-geographic explorationparty to the southern Antarctic Peninsula and to a mountainrange that was eventually named for him in recognitionof his work. Behrendt pioneered aerogeophysical surveysover the Transantarctic Mountains and the West AntarcticIce Sheet. In his reflections on the period from 1956 to1962, he notes the time was closer to the eras of ErnestSchackleton (Endurance voyage, 1914) and Robert F. Scottand Roald Amundsen’s treks to the South Pole(1911–1912) than to the present. Readers fascinated withthe 20th century frontier of our shrinking planet will relishhis adventurous account.OZONE AND THE OCEANS. ShellySommer created a poster display for theDiscovery Science Center that describes aproject, led by Detlev Helmig, to measureozone fluxes over the oceans. The displayalso explains the role of ozone in the tropospherevs. the stratosphere. The hands-on science center islocated in Fort Collins, Colorado, and serves 35,000 visitorseach year; many attendees are children from northernColorado and Wyoming. A companion web site, “Ozoneand the Oceans,” was created with the assistance of DavidLubinski. The site is an educational resource for grades 5–12that describes the science, introduces team members, andprovides updates on the project, a glossary, and downloadablePDFs of the Science Center posters. The site has beenadded to the Digital Library for Earth Science Education(DLESE) and the National Science Digital Library (NSDL).38 | SOCIETAL MISSION

Spotlights: Honors, Awards,and RecognitionDAVID ANDERSON RECEIVEDARTHUR S. FLEMING AWARD. DavidAnderson received the 2005 Arthur S.Fleming Award from George WashingtonUniversity for excellence in scientificresearch, one of three recipients. Theaward recognizes excellence in the federalworkforce. Recognized by the President ofthe United States, agency heads, and the private sector, thewinners are selected from all areas of the federal service.Anderson and his colleagues at NOAA have developed apopular and often-used archive of paleoclimate records ofpast climate change, the World Data Center forPaleoclimatology. These observations extend the instrumentalrecord of weather observations back thousands of years,providing a longer record of climate variability. The paleorecords also provide insights into possible future climatechange. The Fleming medal ceremony was held inWashington, DC, on June 13, 2006.JOHN BEHRENDT ELECTEDPRESIDENT OF THE AMERICANPOLAR SOCIETY. John C. Behrendt waselected President of the prestigiousAmerican Polar Society in spring 2006.The society, founded in 1934, has a missionto foster interest in research andexploration in the Arctic, Antarctic, and polar-like regions.Behrendt made his first trip to Antarctica in 1956 as a graduatestudent, where he wintered over at Ellsworth Station,and has continued his work in Antarctica on 12 additionalexpeditions, the last in 2003. He is one of two or three peoplein the world who have worked in the U.S. Program inAntarctica in parts of six successive decades. The BehrendtMountains in Ellsworth Land were named for him as a resultof an over-snow traverse that he led using Sno-Cats in thatarea in 1957–1958.Behrendt was employed by the U.S. Geological Surveyfor 31 years, has also been a member of the U.S. StateDepartment delegation to 22 Antarctic Treaty ConsultativeMeetings, and has authored two books about his Antarcticexperience, in 1998 and 2005, respectively—Innocents onthe Ice; a Memoir of Antarctic Exploration, 1957 and TheNinth Circle; a Memoir of Life and Death in Antarctica,1960–1962. His current research at INSTAAR includes thestudy of geophysical evidence for subglacial late Cenozoicvolcanism beneath the Antarctic ice sheet.In addition to Antarctica, Behrendt carried out geophysicalinvestigations in West Africa, the Atlantic continentalmargin of the U.S., and the Rocky Mountains. Hemakes his home in Boulder and always has a backpackready for another expedition to the world’s most remotecontinent.BOB ANDERSON ELECTED AFELLOW OF THE AMERICANGEOPHYSICAL UNION. Robert S.Anderson was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Geophysical Union for “fundamentaland pioneering contributions inquantitative geomorphology, geochronology,hydrology and glaciology.” Fellowship is bestowed ononly 0.1% of the total AGU membership of about 35,000in any given year and recognizes scientistswho have attained acknowledged eminencein the geophysical sciences.Anderson has been a leader in the distinctivecombination of rigorous field measurementsand numerical modeling. Hisapproach involves monitoring modern systems,numerical modeling of these systemsconstrained by modern rates, and establishmentof a chronology that constrains thelonger-term pace of landscape evolution. Hehas successfully applied this approach toclassic problems of geomorphology such aseolian transport, rock abrasion, and the evolutionof glacial valleys and whole landscapes.Anderson’s keen desire to understandthe processes that drive landscapeevolution has led him to work (1) at scalesfrom sand-grain trajectories to mountainranges, (2) in environments from deserts tothe Arctic, and (3) with techniques fromfluid mechanical simulation to cosmogenicradionuclide dating.Throughout his distinctive and variedscientific contributions, Anderson hasshared his work and publication historywith a long list of students and colleagues.Though the work has obviously benefitedfrom their talent and energy, Anderson’senduring and distinctive contribution is clearly visible. Hiscollaborative and generous approach continues with his roleas the founding editor of the new AGU journal JGR–EarthSurface.JOHN ANDREWS ELECTED AFELLOW OF THE AMERICANGEOPHYSICAL UNION. John T.Andrews was elected a Fellow of theAmerican Geophysical Union(Paleoceanography and PaleoclimatologyFocus Group) “for his seminal contributionsto the Quaternary history of North America and theNorth Atlantic Basin.” Fellowship is bestowed on only 0.1%of the total AGU membership of about 35,000 in any givenBob Anderson and John Andrews(both INSTAAR) on their way tothe American Geophysical Union(AGU) Fellowship honor’s ceremony,San Francisco, California,Spring 2006. Both Anderson andAndrews were elected AGUFellows. Fellowship is bestowedon only 0.1% of the total AGUmembership of about 35,000 inany given year and recognizesscientists who have attainedacknowledged eminence in thegeophysical sciences. Photo:Suzanne Anderson (INSTAAR).PEOPLE | 39

Giff Miller’s crew boarding theirchartered pirogue, a dugout outrigger,sailing to offshore islandsin search of Elephant Birdeggshells, southwesternMadagascar, April 2006. Photo:Giff Miller (INSTAAR).year and recognizes scientists who have attained acknowledgedeminence in the geophysical sciences. This awardrecognizes the contributions Andrews has made in publishinginnovative and thought-provoking papers at the cuttingedge of the discipline, in three principal areas: (1) studies ofthe behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, (2) papers on relativesea level history (methods, theory, and modeling), and(3) research on ice sheet/ocean interactions (includingHeinrich events).Andrews has been a driving force behind INSTAAR,helping to establish its international reputation for excellencein science; he also served as Chairman of the Departmentof Geological Sciences at CU Boulder. He was electedPresident of the Quaternary and Geomorphology Division ofthe Geological Society of America (GSA) and President ofthe American Quaternary Association (AMQUA), and heprovided leadership on several initiatives of the NationalScience Foundation and the National Academy of Sciences.John Andrews has inspired an entire generation of students,many of whom have gone on to establish successfulprograms at major institutions and universities elsewhere,spawning their own cadre of students. Thus John’s diasporaof highly trained students and their “offspring” form a trulyenormous group of researchers in the Quaternary geosciences.ALAN TOWNSEND NAMEDDIRECTOR OF THE NORTHAMERICAN NITROGEN CENTER.Alan Townsend was named Director of theNorth American Nitrogen Center (NANC),one of five centers around the world thattogether comprise the core structure of theSCOPE and IGBP sanctioned International NitrogenInitiative (INI). Nitrogen is essential for life, and our abilityto convert atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizers is amainstay of agricultural productivity, and thus of our abilityto feed billions of people. Yet, the global nitrogen cycle isalso being changed at a scale and pace that exceeds anyother major biogeochemical element, with a growing litanyof environmental and health consequences. Thus, theNorth American Nitrogen Center and the INI are dedicatedto optimizing the use of nitrogen in food production, whileminimizing the negative effects of nitrogen on humanhealth and the environment as a result of both food andenergy production. Core activities of the INI include scientificassessment, development of solutions to solve a widevariety of nitrogen-related problems, and interactions withpolicymakers to implement these solutions.GIFFORD MILLER: RECIPIENTOF THE 2005 EASTERBROOKDISTINGUISHED SCIENTISTAWARD. Gifford Miller received theEasterbrook Distinguished Scientist Awardat the Geological Society of America’s(GSA) 2005 annual meeting. The award isgiven annually by the Society’s QuaternaryGeology and Geomorphology Division to an individual whohas shown unusual excellence in published research, asdemonstrated by a single paper of exceptional merit or aseries of papers that have substantially increased knowledgein Quaternary geology or geomorphology. Recent recipientsinclude Wallace Broecker, Victor Baker, Richard Alley, TomDunne, and Edward Keller. Miller’s former advisor andINSTAAR fellow John Andrews wrote the citation, withcontributions by 19 individuals from several countries andwith a variety of connections.JAMES W. C. WHITE NAMED“HIGHLY CITED GEOSCIENTIST”BY ISI WEB OF KNOWLEDGE. JamesW.C. White was named one of the mosthighly cited geoscientists by the ISI Webof Knowledge for the period 1981–1999.This select group comprised less than0.5% of all publishing researchers—a truly an extraordinaryaccomplishment. The “highly cited” list atISIHighlyCited.com will grow to include the top 250 preeminentindividual researchers in each of 21 subject categories(life sciences, medicine, physical sciences, engineering, andsocial sciences) who have demonstrated great influence intheir field as measured by citations to their work—the intellectualdebt acknowledged by their colleagues. One of thegoals of the list is to identify individuals, departments, andlaboratories that have made fundamental contributions tothe advancement of science and technology in recentdecades.40 | PEOPLE

TIM SEASTEDT WINS THE 2005PACESETTER AWARD FOR ENVI-RONMENT. Tim Seastedt won the 2005Boulder County Pacesetter Environmentaward from the Boulder Daily Cameranewspaper for his work on biological pestcontrol of diffuse knapweed, an aggressivenoxious weed that infests about 100,000 acres locally and 3million acres in the West. Seastedt and his colleagues startedstudying knapweed population dynamics in 1997.Eventually they found several insect species that help eliminatethe weed without the need for chemical pesticide treatmentsonce every three years at an estimated cost of $20 to$40 per acre. The insect impacts were first noted in 2000and became very obvious in 2001. Some of the insects havealready dispersed across the Front Range of Colorado andothers are available from the State of Colorado, Departmentof Agriculture, Biological Pest Control Section. The DailyCamera has presented Pacesetter awards since 1985 to recognizeBoulder County residents who have made significantcontributions to the community. The categories for 2005include Lifetime Achievement, Youth, Quality of Life, Artsand Entertainment, Business, Science/Medicine/Health,Community Service, Environment, and Education. A communityreception and luncheon in honor of this year’s winnerswas held at the Millennium Harvest House in Boulderon January 19.Tim Seastedt (INSTAAR) pondersthe role that soil invertebratesplay in soil biogeochemicalprocesses in tropical Australia,November 2006. Photo: C. M.Tate (USGS).Aerial oblique view of the headwatersof the Kennicott Glacier andthe headwall of Mount Blackburn,Alaska, mid-May 2006. In summer2006, Tim Bartholomaus, SuzanneAnderson, and Robert Anderson(all of INSTAAR) installed 5 GPSmonuments on this glacier in orderto explore the dynamic response ofthe glacier to the outburst ofglacially dammed Hidden CreekLake. Photo: Robert S. Anderson(INSTAAR).PEOPLE | 41

INSTAAR Directorate MembersDavid M. AndersonFellow of INSTAAR; AdjointAssociate Professor ofGeological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder; Director, World DataCenter for Paleoclimatologyand Chief of PaleoclimatologyBranch of the NationalClimatic Data Center, U.S.Department of Commerce,National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.PhD: 1991, Brown University.Specialty: Paleoceanography, marine geology, quantitativepaleoenvironmental reconstruction.Research Interests: Research on the marine geologicrecord of climate change, with emphasis on quantitativeestimates of past ocean temperature and ocean upwelling/productivity. Projects include reconstructions of ocean carbonateion concentration related to the ocean’s role in theglobal carbon cycle, reconstruction of long-term trends inthe Asian summer monsoon, and projects to reconstructthe coastal ocean currents in the eastern Pacific and theirinfluence of the climates of North and South America.Robert S. AndersonFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1986,University of Washington.Specialty: Geomorphology,mechanics and timing oflandscape evolution.Research Interests: Myacademic interests focus onthe processes that drive landscape evolution, studiedthrough monitoring of modern systems, numerical modelingof these systems constrained by modern rates, andestablishment of a chronology that constrains the longerterm pace of landscape evolution. Recent research hasfocused on alpine landscapes and the glaciers and riversthat carve them.Suzanne PrestrudAndersonResearch Scientist ofINSTAAR; AssistantProfessor of Geography.PhD: 1995, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.Specialty: Geomorphology,weathering, hydrology,glaciology.Research Interests: Fieldbasedmechanistic understanding of the chemical and physicalprocesses that shape the Earth’s surface and controlchemical denudation rates. Current focuses include studyingthe effect of glaciers on chemical weathering rates and theglobal carbon cycle, the linkage between glacier dynamicsand subglacial hydrology, glacier outburst floods (jökulhlaups),and catchment-scale hydrology and hydrochemistry.Specializes in collection of detailed field observations toconstrain models of geomorphic systems.John T. AndrewsFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder; Fellow of NorwegianAcademy of Science andLetters. PhD: 1965;DSc: 1978, University ofNottingham, U.K.Specialty: Glacial andmarine sedimentology andchronologies, high-resolution marine studies.Research Interests: Late Quaternary history of ice sheet/ocean interactions and abrupt climate change during thelast 10,000 to 40,000 yrs. Identification of iceberg raftingevents. Detailed study of the paleoceanography of the EastGreenland and Iceland margins on Holocene time scales.John C. BehrendtFellow of INSTAAR. PhD:1961, University ofWisconsin, Madison.Specialty: Antarctic andmarine geophysics,glaciology.Research Interests:Presently studying lithosphericcontrols on the behavior ofthe West Antarctic Ice Sheet.Also investigating the tectonics of the West Antarctic riftsystem including the continental margin. Deep crustal seismicinvestigations of continental rifts and rifted continentalmargins. Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake studies.Atlantic continental margins of U.S. and West Africa. Useof gravity and aeromagnetic surveys to investigate continentaltectonics.Patrick S. BourgeronFellow of INSTAAR. PhD:1978, University DenisDiderot (formerly Paris 7),Paris, France.Specialty: Ecosystem, landscape,and plant ecology;statistical and numericalmodeling; biological diversity.Research Interests:42 | PEOPLE

Structure of hierarchically organized ecosystems; analysisand modeling of species distributions; multiscale mappingof biophysical and biotic patterns; selection of regional systemsof conservation networks; land use change; integrationof new technologies for ecological studies, ecologicalassessments, and conservation.William D. BowmanFellow and Director of theMountain Research Station ofINSTAAR; Professor ofEcology and EvolutionaryBiology, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1987, Duke University.Specialty: Plant ecology.Research Interests: Bioticcontrol over community andecosystem properties, resource use by plants, alpineecology.T. Nelson CaineFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geography, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1966, Australian NationalUniversity.Specialty: Geomorphologyand hydrology.Research Interests:Present-day processes of erosionand sedimentation inmountain environments. This includes studies of snowhydrology, streamflow generation, and sediment transport.It incorporates work on periglacial processes, mountain permafrost,and hillslope processes.Cory ClevelandResearch Scientist ofINSTAAR. PhD: 2001,University of Colorado atBoulder.Specialty: Terrestrial biogeochemistry.Research Interests: Howthe cycles of biologicallyimportant elements are mediatedby soil microorganismsin terrestrial ecosystems, and how soil biogeochemicalprocesses and soil microorganisms are being influenced byglobal change.E. James DixonFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Anthropology; Curator ofMuseum and Field Studies,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1979, BrownUniversity.Specialty: Archeology.Research Interests: Highlatitude/high altitude humanadaptations, circumpolarand paleoindian archeology, Quaternary science and geoarcheology.Mark B. DyurgerovFellow of INSTAAR; SeniorScientist and Professor ofInstitute of Geography,Russian Academy ofSciences. PhD: 1974,Moscow State University;Doctor of Science: 1990,Institute of Geography,Russian Academy ofSciences.Specialty: Glaciology and terrestrial hydrology.Research Interests: Mountain glaciers and ice caps inrelation to climate change and the global-water cycle, glaciermass balance monitoring, spatial and temporal distributionof glacier properties, measurement methods for glacier massbalance and runoff, all aspects of glacier regime and meltwaterproduction worldwide, with particular emphasis inthe Arctic, Alaska, and Central Asia.Detlev HelmigFellow and AssociateResearch Professor ofINSTAAR, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1989, University of Duisburg,Germany.Specialty: Surface-atmosphereinteractions, atmosphericchemistry and transport,atmospheric measurementtechniques, polar atmospheric chemistry, oceanic gasfluxes.Research Interests: Biosphere-atmosphere trace gas fluxesand their environmental controls, in particular emissions ofbiogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from vegetation;atmospheric transport; deposition processes andatmospheric chemistry; polar snow-atmosphere gasexchange processes; development, development, and applicationof analytical tools for field research; urban atmospheresand hazardous pollution; intercontinental atmospherictransport.PEOPLE | 43

Mervi Hjelmroos-KoskiFellow of INSTAAR; ResearchScientist, EnvironmentalHealth Sciences, School ofPublic Health, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley.PhD: 1981, University ofLund, Sweden; DSc: 1989,University of Stockholm,Sweden.Specialty: Palynology, pollen transport and deposition,pollination biology, long-distance transport of biologicalmaterial, airborne fungal spores.Research Interests: (1) Annual pollen deposition andpollen-climate calibrations in the Colorado Front Range, tobetter understand pollen-vegetation relationships and vegetationresponses to climate change; (2) composition ofatmospheric organic carbon with special reference to pollengrains and fungal spores; and (3) native vegetation responsesto invasive pollinators.John F. HoffeckerFellow of INSTAAR. PhD:1986, University of Chicago.Specialty: Archaeology andhuman paleoecologyResearch Interests: Theevolution of human adaptationsto cold environmentsduring the Quaternary period.Studies of archaeologicalsites in Eastern Europe andAlaska. Currently investigating the earliest modern humansites in Russia and the dispersal of modern humans intoEastern Europe (and related disappearance of localNeanderthals). Special focus on the role of technology inthe dispersal process. Current research also includes interdisciplinarystudy of coastal middens in northern Alaskaand the origins of modern Inuit culture with a focus ontechnological innovation.John T. HollinFellow Emeritus of INSTAAR;Research Scientist Emeritusof University of Colorado.PhD: 1972, PrincetonUniversity.Specialty: Glaciology,Quaternary, especially lastinterglacial history.Research Interests: Glacierand ice-sheet profiles, empiricaland theoretical. Sea-level evidence for Antarctic meltingand/or surging. Gondwana ice surges and Carboniferouscoal cyclothems.Anne E. JenningsFellow of INSTAAR;Assistant Professor ofGeological Sciences,University of Colorado. PhD:1989, University of Coloradoat Boulder.Specialty: Paleoceanography,glacial history,foraminifera.Research Interests:Paleoceanography, glacial history, and climate change inhigh-latitude regions, specifically Greenland, Baffin Island,Iceland, and Antarctica. Specializes in using foraminifera forinterpreting paleoenvironments and chronology on high-latitudecontinental shelves.Scott J. LehmanFellow and ResearchProfessor of INSTAAR. PhD:1989, University of Coloradoat Boulder.Specialty: Paleoclimatology,paleoceanography, radiocarbonresearch.Research Interests: Therole of the oceans in climatechange, cycling of heat, freshwater, and carbon by the oceans, paleotemperature applicationsof marine biomarkers and amino acids, dynamics andconsequences of abrupt climate change, radiocarbon calibration,bomb 14 C as a tracer in the recent carbon cycle.Wesley E.LeMasurierFellow of INSTAAR, Professorof Geology, University ofColorado at Denver. PhD:1965, Stanford University.Specialty: Volcanology andigneous petrology.Research Interests: (1)Volcanoes of Marie ByrdLand, Antarctica: origin andevolution of basaltic and felsic rocks; (2) relationship of volcanismin Antarctica (esp. Marie Byrd Land) to tectonicenvironment: West Antarctic rift system, Marie Byrd Landdome; (3) volcanic record of Cenozoic glacial history inMarie Byrd Land; (4) geology of hydrovolcanic rocks (hyaloclastites,pillow lavas); (5) Cenozoic volcanoes ofAntarctica: distribution and petrologic character.44 | PEOPLE

William F. ManleyFellow of INSTAAR. PhD:1995, University of Coloradoat Boulder.Specialty: QuaternaryGeology, GIS, paleoclimatology,and high-latitude environmentalchange.Research Interests:Pleistocene glacier fluctuationsand paleoclimate forcingfor Alaska, through field research and data analysis,including spatial analysis with GIS. Spatial analysis of modernAlaskan glaciers, including links between equilibriumline altitudes and climate. Icefield archaeology and remotesensing. Arctic coastal erosion and flooding.Tom MarchittoResearch Scientist ofINSTAAR; AssistantProfessor of GeologicalSciences, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1999, MIT/WHOI JointProgram.Specialty: Quaternary paleoclimate,paleoceanography,and past ocean chemistry.Research Interests: Rapid climate change during the lateQuaternary, particularly large-scale changes in ocean circulationand chemistry. Specializing in the use the calciticforaminifera as recorders of physical and chemical propertiesof seawater, including temperature, salinity, the isotopiccomposition of dissolved inorganic carbon, and the concentrationsof various nutrients.Diane M. McKnightFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Civil, Environmental andArchitectural Engineering,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1979,Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology.Specialty: Limnology, biogeochemistryof lakes andstreams.Research Interests: Research focuses on interactionsbetween hydrologic, chemical, and biological processes incontrolling the dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Thisresearch is carried out through field-scale experiments, modeling,and laboratory characterization of natural substrates.Main field sites are located in the Rocky Mountains and inthe Transantarctic Mountains, and include pristine andstressed ecosystems, such as acid mine drainage influenceson mountain streams. Conducts research focusing on interactionsbetween freshwater biota, trace metals, and naturalorganic material in diverse freshwater environments, includinglakes and streams in the Colorado Rocky Mountains,and in the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica. Developsinteractions with state and local groups involved in minedrainage and watershed issues in the Rocky Mountains. Aco-principal investigator in the McMurdo Dry Valleys LTERand in the Niwot Ridge LTER.Mark F. MeierFellow Emeritus of INSTAAR;Professor Emeritus ofGeological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1957,California Institute ofTechnology.Specialty: Glaciology, globalchange.Research Interests:Glaciers in the Earth system, causes and projections of sealevelchange, iceberg calving, surging and calving glaciers,climate change, and global change in general.Gifford H. MillerFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1975,University of Colorado atBoulder.Specialty: Quaternarystratigraphy, geochronology,and paleoclimatology.Research Interests: My primaryscholarly interests focus on gaining an improvedunderstanding of how the physical earth system operates.Toward this end, I am specifically interested in using theQuaternary as a means to reconstruct the coupled ocean/atmospheric/ice climate system. By reconstructing past environmentalchanges, it is possible to get a better understandingof the rates and magnitude of natural climate variability,and the various feedback mechanisms in the global climatesystem. I am also interested in the role of humans in themodification of landscapes and ecosystem on Quaternarytimescales.Diana R. NemergutResearch Scientist ofINSTAAR; AssistantProfessor of EnvironmentalStudies, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:2004, University of Coloradoat Boulder.Specialty: Microbial ecologyand evolution.Research Interests:Horizontal gene transfer in microbial communities. I amPEOPLE | 45

currently looking at the role of integrons in geneticexchange in soil and aquatic environments. I am interestedin the types of genes that can be exchanged via integrons,as well as the phylogenetic diversity of the organisms thatcontain integrons.Astrid E. J. OgilvieFellow of INSTAAR. PhD:1982, University of EastAnglia, Norwich, U.K.Specialty: The transcription,analysis, and calibration ofhistorical documentary climaterecords, in particularunpublished manuscriptsources, in Icelandic, Danish,Norwegian and Swedish.Research Interests: The environmental, social, andhuman history of countries bordering the North Atlanticregions, in particular Iceland, Greenland, Norway, and theUnited Kingdom; the past climate and sea-ice record ofIceland; human and social dynamics in the context of climaticand environmental changes.Scott D. PeckhamINSTAAR Fellow. PhD: 1995,University of Colorado atBoulder.Specialty: Surface waterhydrology, geomorphology,scaling analysis, and mathematicalmodeling.Research Interests:Physically based mathematicaland numerical modelingof watershed-scale hydrologic systems, source-to-sink sedimenttransport, scaling analysis, river networks, theoreticalgeomorphology, grid-based computational methods, efficientcomputer algorithms, and fluvial landscape evolutionmodels.W. Tad PfefferFellow of INSTAAR;Associate Professor of Civil,Environmental and ArchitecturalEngineering, Universityof Colorado at Boulder.PhD: 1987, University ofWashington.Specialty: Glaciology, continuummechanics, heattransfer.Research Interests: Dynamics of present and past glaciersand ice sheets, through field observational methods andnumerical modeling, with emphasis on analysis of stress,deformation and defracture, and iceberg calving and ice/ocean interaction. Also, heat and mass transfer in seasonaland perennial snowpacks and atmospheric and snowpacktemperature measurement methods.Tim R. SeastedtFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1979, University of Georgia.Specialty: Terrestrial ecosystemsand biogeochemistry.Research Interests: Bioticinteractions with physicaland chemical properties ofthe environment to control patterns of energy flow andmaterial cycling. Emphasis is placed on soil phenomena,particularly those of grassland and tundra ecosystems.Robert F. StallardFellow of INSTAAR; ResearchHydrologist of the U.S.Geological Survey. PhD:1980, MIT-WHOI.Specialty: Biogeochemistry,hydrology, and geomorphology.Research Interests: Myprincipal interest is the earthsurfaceenvironment andhow it changes on human and geologic time scales.Currently, my focus is the study of climate and land-usechanges and how these affect processes that control thecomposition and dispersal of dissolved and solid phases inrivers and trace gases in the atmosphere.James P. M. SyvitskiFellow and Director ofINSTAAR; Professor ofGeological Sciences,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1978,University of BritishColumbia (1) GeologicalSciences, 1st class, (2)Oceanography, 1st Class.Specialty: Sedimentology,oceanography, hydrology, numerical modeling (climate-icewater-sedimentinteractions), marine geophysics, slopeinstabilities, seafloor acoustics.Research Interests: Presently investigating: (1) the dischargedynamics of global rivers and the sediment load theycarry, (2) the morphology and deposits of continental margins,(3) the impact of high-energy weather events on ourcoastline; and (4) the impact of ice sheets on high-latitudeshelves and slopes.46 | PEOPLE

Alan R. TownsendFellow and Associate Directorof INSTAAR; AssociateProfessor of Ecology andEvolutionary Biology,University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1994, StanfordUniversity.Specialty: Biogeochemistry/ecosystem ecology.Research Interests: Carbonand nitrogen dynamics at regional to global scales; phosphoruscontrols over C and N in moist tropical systems;nutrient controls over soil carbon storage; human healtheffects of a changing N cycle.James W. C. WhiteFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geological Sciences,Director of the EnvironmentalStudies Program, Universityof Colorado at Boulder. PhD:1983, Columbia University.Specialty: Global change,paleoclimate dynamics, biogeochemistry.Research Interests: Stableisotope laboratory: global scale climate and environmentaldynamics, carbon dioxide concentrations and climate fromstable hydrogen isotopes peats and other organics, climatefrom deuterium excess and hydrogen isotopes in ice cores;isotopes in general circulation models; modern carbon cycledynamics via isotopes of carbon dioxide and methane.Mark W. WilliamsFellow of INSTAAR; Professorof Geography, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD:1991, University of California,Santa Barbara.Specialty: Alpine biogeochemistry,hydrology, andsnow hydrology.Research Interests: Theprocesses that determine thehydrochemistry and biogeochemistry of high-elevationbasins including the storage and release of solutes from thesnowpack, biogeochemical modifications of snowpackrunoff, nutrient cycling, and hydrologic pathways and residencetime. Current projects include the Rocky Mountains,Ecuadorian and Bolivian Andes, and Central Asian areas ofKazakhstan, Kirghizia, and China.Connie A.WoodhouseINSTAAR Affiliate; AssociateProfessor, Department ofGeography & RegionalDevelopment, University ofArizona. PhD: 1996,University of Arizona.Specialty: Paleoclimatology,dendrochronology, climatology.Research Interests: Research has focused on the generationand interpretation of high-resolution records of climatefor the past 2000 years. Current research projects concerntree-ring reconstructions of drought for the Great Plains andRocky Mountains, as well as investigations into the mechanismsof long-term drought and impacts on ecosystems anddisturbance regimes. Other work addresses millennial-lengthreconstructions of temperature and atmospheric circulationfor the northern Rockies and western United States. Recentprojects target ways to generate dendrohydrologic reconstructionsthat are more useful to water resource managers.A group of INSTAAR Directoratemembers, March 2007. Photo:Tad Pfeffer (INSTAAR).PEOPLE | 47

INSTAAR AffiliatesScott Munro (on left; TorontoUniversity) introduces VladimirKonovalov (INSTAAR Affiliate,Hydrometeorological Institute,Republic of Uzbekistan) beforehis lecture at the Department ofGeography, Toronto University,Canada, September 2006.EcosystemsRichard BoyceDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern KentuckyUniversity. PhD: 1990, Yale University. Plant physiologicalecology.Paul BrooksAssistant Professor, Hydrology and Water Resources,University of Arizona. PhD: 1995, University of Colorado atBoulder. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients,hydrological linkages between terrestrial and aquatic systems,effects of disturbance on natural systems.Jeff ConnorNatural Resources Specialist, National Park Service, RockyMountain National Park. BA: 1976, Bard College. Invasiveexotic plant and animal management, high-elevation vegetationrestoration, avian species monitoring, recreationalimpact monitoring and mitigation, burn area emergencyrehab, wildlife and vegetation management.Hector GalbraithCEO, Galbraith Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO. PhD:1986, Glasgow University. Anthropogenic disturbances andarctic/alpine bird and plant communities.Stephen JacksonAssistant Professor, Botany, University of Wyoming. PhD:1983, Indiana University. Verification of the range of vegetationresponses to environmental changes, and delineationof the relationships between modes of response and themagnitudes and rates of environmental forcing.Timothy KittelNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado StateUniversity. PhD: 1986, University of California, Davis.Ecological response to climate variability at interannualthrough centennial time scales.James R. McGoodwinDepartment of Anthropology, University of Colorado atBoulder. PhD: 1973, University of Texas. Fisheries, marineand environmental policy; human responses to climatic andenvironmental variability and change.Amy MillerInstitute for Computational Earth Systems Science,University of California–Santa Barbara. PhD: 2002,University of Colorado at Boulder. Plant physiological ecology/ecosystemecology, uptake of organic and inorganicnitrogen by alpine tundra plants.Cynthia NevisonNational Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). PhD:Stanford University. Ocean nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxidebudget, carbon-nitrogen biogeochemistry, stratosphere-troposphereinteractions.Herman SieveringProfessor, Environmental Science Program & PhysicsDepartment, University of Colorado at Denver. PhD: 1971,University of Illinois. Atmospheric physics and chemistry.Sarah SpauldingResearch Associate, California Academy of Sciences. PhD:1996, Colorado State University. Environmental, geologic,and evolutionary change through paleoecology, systematics,and biogeography of freshwater diatoms.Heidi SteltzerPostdoctoral Research Scientist, Department of ForestSciences, Colorado State University. PhD: 1999, Universityof Colorado at Boulder. Ecosystem development, nutrientretention, and scaling plant effects.Howard E. TaylorResearch Chemist and Project Chief, EnvironmentalAnalytical Chemistry and Water Quality Project, NationalResearch Program, Water Resources Division, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Boulder, CO. PhD: 1970, Colorado StateUniversity. Water chemistry and trace element analysis.Andrew ToddAquatic specialist, Trout Unlimited. PhD: 2005, Universityof Colorado at Boulder. Biogeochemistry, stream ecology,and human use.48 | PEOPLE

GeophysicsEdmund AndrewsChief River Mechanics Project, National Research Program,U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center. PhD: 1977,University of California–Berkeley. Sedimentation in alluvialrivers.David B. BahrRegis University, Denver, Colorado. PhD: 1993, Universityof Colorado at Boulder. Glaciology and computer science.Gary ClowChief, Cryospheric Studies Project, U.S. Geological Survey,Earth Surface Dynamics program, Denver Federal Center.Climate observing systems, permafrost, borehole paleothermometry,climate modeling.Andrew G. FountainProfessor, Department of Geology, Portland State University.PhD: 1992, University of Washington. Glacier hydrology.Aslaug GeirsdottirChairman, Department of Geosciences, University ofIceland. PhD: 1988, University of Colorado at Boulder.Glacial geology, sedimentology, quaternary stratigraphy,paleoclimate.Pierre JulienProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado StateUniversity. PhD: 1983, Laval University. Hydrology and sedimenttransport modeling.Vladimir G. KonovalovChief, Department of Regional Projects, Central AsianRegional Research, Hydrometeorological Institute, Republicof Uzbekistan. PhD: 1964, Leningrad State University,USSR; 1983, USSR Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, USSR.Glaciology and hydrometeorology.Irina OvereemAssistant Professor, Delft University of Technology. PhD:2002, Delft University of Technology. Testing fluviodeltaicmodels, sediment supplies in Arctic coastal zones, largeriver systems in monsoonal settings.Scott PeckhamCEO of Rivix. PhD: 1995, University of Colorado at Boulder.Surface water hydrology, geomorphology, scaling analysis,and mathematical modeling.John PitlickAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, University ofColorado at Boulder. PhD: 1988, Colorado State University.Geomorphology and sediment transport modeling.Lincoln PratsonAssistant Professor, Division of Earth & Ocean Sciences,Duke University. PhD: 1993, Columbia University. Marinegeology and geophysics.Past Global ChangeLesleigh AndersonResearch Geologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Earth SurfaceProcesses, Denver Federal Center. PhD: 2005, University ofMassachusetts Amherst. Paleolimnology, oxygen and carbonisotope geochemistry, Holocene paleoclimate and paleohydrologyin Alaska, Yukon, and the western U.S.Larry BensonU.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center. PhD: 1974,Brown University. Quaternary fluctuations of closed basinlakes.Parker E. Calkin Emeritus Professor of Geology, StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo. PhD: 1963, Ohio StateUniversity. Glacial Geology, Geomorphology, QuaternaryGeology.P. Thompson DavisProfessor, Natural Sciences Department, Bentley College.PhD: 1980, University of Colorado at Boulder. Glacial andQuaternary stratigraphy, cosmogenic exposure dating, lacustrinesedimentology, tephrochronology, palynology.Walter DeanMississippi Basin Carbon Project, Branch of RegionalGeochemistry, Research Geologist, U.S. Geological Survey.PhD: 1967, University of New Mexico. Holocene Climatesof the Pacific Coasts Project.Rajiv Sinha (Indian Institute ofTechnology) and Irina Overeem(INSTAAR Affiliate, DelftUniversity of Technology) visit adike in the Ganges River delta,India, December 2006. Sinha andOvereem are collaborators in ajoint Indo-U.S. project, “Largeriver systems in monsoonal settings:response to climatechange.” Photo: H. Reinink (DelftUniversity of Technology).PEOPLE | 49

Dennis EberlHydrologist, Project Chief, U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder.PhD: 1971, Case Western Reserve University. Geochemistry,clay mineralogy, X-ray diffraction, crystal growth.Aslaug GeirsdottirChairman, Department of Geosciences, University ofIceland. PhD: 1988, University of Colorado at Boulder.Glacial geology, sedimentology, quaternary stratigraphy,paleoclimate.Daniel GrossmanFreelance Journalist. PhD: 1993, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology. Radio stories and magazine articles; workingon climate change trade book.Richard F. MadoleScientist Emeritus, Earth Surface Processes Team, U.S.Geological Survey. PhD: 1963, Ohio State University.Surficial geology, geomorphology, Quaternary stratigraphyand dating techniques, and the application of these disciplinesto determining recurrence intervals of naturalhazards.Owen MasonResearch Associate, GeoArch Alaska. PhD: 1990, Universityof Alaska, Fairbanks. Coastal geomorphology, geoarchaeology,northwest Alaska prehistory.Gregory McCabePhysical Scientist, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO. PhD:1986, Louisiana State University. Hydroclimatic processesand hazards.Daniel R. MuhsResearch Geologist, Earth Surface Processes Team, U.S.Geological Survey. PhD: 1980, University of Colorado.Quaternary geology and paleoclimatology, soils, geomorphology,geochronology.Alan R. NelsonGeologic Hazards Team, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden,CO. PhD: 1978, University of Colorado at Boulder.Paleoseismology and active faulting of U.S. PacificNorthwest, Holocene sea-level history applied to neotectonics,earthquake and tsunami hazards.Richard ReynoldsU.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center. PhD: 1975,University of Colorado at Boulder. Geologic records of climatechange; environmental magnetic studies.Robert S. ThompsonTeam Chief Scientist, Earth Surface Processes Team, U.S.Geological Survey. PhD: 1984, University of Arizona.Paleoclimatology, palynology, plant macrofossil studies,plant-climate relations, vegetation change, and paleohydrology.Robert S. WebbPhysical Scientist, NOAA Climate Diagnostics Center,Boulder, Colorado. PhD: 1981, Brown University. Paleoclimateresearch, past and future global change. Reconstructinglate Quaternary climate change from the geologicrecord and using numerical models to investigate the mechanismsof past climate and environmental change.Alexander P. WolfeAssociate Professor, Department of Earth & AtmosphericSciences, University of Alberta. PhD: 1994, Queen’sUniversity. Paleolimnology, freshwater diatoms, environmentalchange as registered in the sediments of arctic andalpine lakes.Connie WoodhouseAssociate Professor, Department of Geography & RegionalDevelopment, University of Arizona. Ph.D.: 1996,University of Arizona. Paleoclimatology, dendrochronology,climatology.50 | PEOPLE

INSTAAR Visiting Scientists,2005–2006Dr. Áslaug GeirsdóttirUniversity of Iceland.Host: Gifford Miller.Dr. Yu’suke KuboUniversity of Tokyo.Host: James SyvitskiDr. Snehalata HuzurbazarUniversity of Wyoming.Host: Tad Pfeffer.Dr. Hans Petter SejrupUniversity of Bergen.Hosts: John Andrews and Gifford Miller.Dr. Daekyo CheongKangwon National University.Host: Irina Overeem.Postdoctoral Research ScientistsNichole BargerPhD: 2003, Colorado State University. Nutrient cycling inarid ecosystems and the use of dendrochronological techniquesto examine piñon-juniper woodland expansion inthe western U.S.Cory ClevelandPhD: 2001, University of Colorado at Boulder. Terrestrialbiogeochemistry and microbial ecology.Dominic FerrettiPhD: 1999, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.Experimental technique development and isotopic analysisof atmospheric trace gases as indicators of climate change.Jacqueline FlückigerPhD: 2003, University of Bern, Switzerland. Modeling thedynamics of glacial climate change.Hope HumphriesPhD: 1993, Colorado State University. Landscape ecology,ecological modeling, conservation planning.Mark KesslerPhD: 2002, Scripps Institution of Oceanography–Universityof California, San Diego. Geomorphology, modeling patternformation in natural systems.Hans-Peter MarshallPhD: 2005, University of Colorado at Boulder. Glaciology,snowpack variability, remote sensing, snow slope stability.Natalie MladenovPhD: 2004, University of Colorado at Boulder. Aquatic ecology,organic matter cycling in streams and wetlands, andsavanna ecohydrology.Natalie Mladenov (INSTAAR)demonstrates fluorescence of liquidsto a group of students fromSouthern Hills Middle School,INSTAAR Open House, April2006. Photo: Casey A. Cass(University of Colorado).PEOPLE | 51

Senior Research and Professional Scientistsand Research Support PersonnelJacques Hueber (INSTAAR)climbing the jackstaff towerof the NOAA research vesselRon Brown for installation ofa new ozone flux experiment,Charleston, SC, July 2006.Photo: Ludovic Bariteau(CIRES/NOAA ESRL).Senior Research ScientistChris JenkinsPhD, Cambridge, UK. Research interests: Marine geosciences,seabed information processing and mapping,development of Geographic Information System (GIS) visualizationsand rule-based GIS expert systems.Professional Scientists andResearch Support PersonnelTodd AckermanPrimary Duties: LTER data and information management.Research Interests: Data management and information technology.Supervisor: Tim Seastedt.Henry AdamsPrimary Duties: Tree-ring sample collection, preparation,dating, measurement, and quality-control analysis. ResearchInterests: Dendroecology, effects of climate change onforests, tree ecophysiology. Supervisor: Connie Woodhouse.Kathy AndersonPrimary Duties: Paleoclimatological studies on a continentalscale in North America, using pollen, plant macrofossils,and modern vegetation to look at past and future climateand vegetation changes. Supervisor: Connie Woodhouse.Florence BocquetPrimary Duties: Assistant laboratory manager of theAtmospheric Research Laboratory. Development, testing,and application of analytical tools for field measurements.Research Interests: Arctic/Antarctic snow-atmosphere gasexchange. Supervisor: Detlev Helmig.Tara ChesleyPrimary Duties: Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis inwater. Supervisor: Bruce Vaughn.Kurt ChowanskiPrimary Duties: Maintaining and operating instrumentsmeasuring total dissolved nitrogen and carbon. ResearchInterests: Dissolved organic matter. Supervisor: MarkWilliams.Stephen DeVogelPrimary Duties: Laboratory manager, Amino Acid Lab.Supervisor: Gifford Miller.Allison DrakePrimary Duties: Isotopic analysis in greenhouse gases,paleoclimate modeling. Supervisor: Bruce Vaughn.Mark DreierPrimary Duties: Assistant laboratory manager in StableIsotope Laboratory. Provide technical expertise with thehardware, develop new systems, maintain old systems, andrebuild mass spectrometers and vacuum pumps. Supervisor:Bruce Vaughn.Sylvia EnglundPrimary Duties: Isotopic analysis in greenhouse gases.Research Interests: Stable isotopes in atmospheric carbondioxide and methane. Changes in biogeochemical cyclescaused by invasive species. Supervisor: Bruce Vaughn.Rhea EspositoPrimary Duties: Assisting with scientific paper preparation.Research Interests: Antarctic diatoms. Supervisor: SarahSpaulding.Jacques HueberPrimary Duties: Development of instrumentation for atmosphericmeasurements. Non-methane hydrocarbon measurementsfrom NOAA greenhouse gas network flasks.Supervisor: Detlev Helmig.Eric HuttonPrimary Duties: Maintain and develop numerical modelsthat predict the spatial and temporal distribution of marinesediments. Research Interests: Sediment transport, computationalfluid dynamics, and geophysics. Supervisor: ScottPeckham.52 | PEOPLE

Chris JarosSupervisor: Diane McKnight.Albert KettnerPrimary Duties: Develop numerical code of hydrologicalprocess model HYDROTREND, develop and maintain webbasedGIS applications, collect paleoclimate data for scenariomodeling (Geo clutter project). Research Interests:Programming and GIS applied to Earth science issues.Supervisor: James Syvitski.Richard KraemerPrimary Duties: Stable isotopes in atmospheric methane.Research Interests: Stable isotopes in atmospheric methaneand the biological sources. Supervisor: James White.Mark LoslebenPrimary Duties: Long-term climatic database management,atmospheric and precipitation measurements. ResearchInterests: Long-term climatic trends and related processeseffecting Niwot Ridge. Supervisor: Bill Bowman.Jeff LukasPrimary Duties: Tree-ring sample collection, dating, measuring,and data analysis. Research Interests: Climate variabilityin the interior West and its effects on human activities andecosystems. Supervisor: Connie Woodhouse.Eric ParrishPrimary Duties: Create graphics and GIS-based products,information, and image management, scientific illustration,and support. Research Interests: Scientific illustration,ArcGIS, remote sensing and graphic software applications.Supervisor: E. James Dixon.Radiocarbon Preparation and Research, which providesradiocarbon dating services to the NSF-ESH community aswell as in-house research. Research Interests: Improvedradiocarbon dating techniques. Supervisor: Scott Lehman.Joanne TurnerPrimary Duties: Geoarchaeological assistant. ResearchInterests: Earliest peopling of the Americas and sources ofraw materials for stone tools. Supervisor: James Syvitski.Bruce VaughnPrimary Duties: Oversight of the operation of the StableIsotope Lab, which performs isotopic analyses on atmosphericCO 2 , CH 4 , polar ice cores, water, and organic materials.The facility is comprised of several labs, and housesmultiple prep systems, offline extraction systems, computingfacilities, and six mass spectrometers. Research Interests:Collaborative isotopic studies in ice cores, glaciers, atmosphericgases, and global change in general. Supervisor: JimWhite.Kris WhitePrimary Duties: Research assistant providing support toTownsend and White for the Carbon, Climate, and SocietyInitiative IGERT Program. Supervisor: Alan Townsend.Chad WolakPrimary Duties: Laboratory manager, SedimentGeochemistry Lab. Research Interests: Climate reconstructionusing alkenone-derived sea-surface temperatures.Supervisor: Scott Lehman.Jan PollmannPrimary Duties: Quantification of anthropogenic and biogenicvolatile organic compounds using gas chromatographytechniques. Research Interests: Anthropogenic and biogenictrace gas sources and their measurement. Supervisor:Detlev Helmig.Christine SeiboldPrimary Duties: Environmental Chemistry LaboratoryManager. Research Interests: Long-term ecological researchchemistries. Supervisor: Tim Seastedt.Steve SeiboldPrimary Duties: Manager, Mountain Research Station.Supervisor: Bill Bowman.David TannerPrimary Duties: Instrument development, atmosphericmeasurements, field site research. Maintenance of existinginstruments. Supervisor: Detlev Helmig.Jocelyn TurnbullPrimary Duties: Management of Laboratory for AMSJ. P. Steffensen (University ofCopenhagen) and Bruce Vaughn(INSTAAR) inspect the ice core drill ontop of Flade Isblink, a small ice cap at81°N in NE Greenland, summer 2006.This collaborative project with theNiels Bohr Institute at the University ofCopenhagen tested new drilling fluidsfor use in the upcoming IPY-NEEMdeep drilling, as well as obtaining anice record to see if this small isolatedice cap survived the Holocene climaticoptimum. Photo: Simon Sheldon(University of Copenhagen).PEOPLE | 53

Administrative, Classified, Computer,Editorial, and Library StaffLarry BowldsManaging Editor of INSTAAR’s interdisciplinary journal:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (AAAR).Kathryn CleggAccounting Technician III, provides grants and contractmanagement.Mary FentressAccounting Technician III, provides grants and contractmanagement.Sedrick FrazierAccounting Technician III, provides grants and contractmanagement.Jenifer Hall-BowmanAdministrative Assistant II, provides assistance for Journaland Information Center.Courtney HoskinsAdministrative Assistant II, provides administrative supportfor the Institute.Marcia KellyExecutive Assistant to Director, provides administrative supportto the Director of the Institute, the Chief FinancialOfficer, Institute Committees, and Institute Members.David LubinskiWebmaster (part-time).Vicky NelsonAssistant to Director, provides administrative support to theDirector of the Institute, the Chief Financial Officer, InstituteCommittees, and Institute Members.Wendy RothSediment Lab Coordinator.Shelly SommerManager of INSTAAR’s Information Center.Chad StoffelSystem/Network Administrator.Julie HughesChief Financial Officer, acts as main financial officer for theinstitute and its faculty.Overview of plateau country with ice patchesin the distance, south-central Montana,August 2006. The haze is a result of fires in thePacific Northwest. Photo: Craig Lee (INSTAAR).54 | PEOPLE

INSTAAR Noon SeminarsSpring 2005Tad Pfeffer, INSTAAR Associate Director, Institute Meeting.Detlev Helmig, INSTAAR, “Ozone smog at South Pole?New data from a tethered balloon experiment reveal unexpectedatmospheric chemistry in the Antarctic troposphere.”William Bowman, INSTAAR, “Are we there yet? Critical Nloads for alpine vegetation and ecosystem response.”Jacqueline Flückiger, INSTAAR, “Modeling glacial climate:bipolar seesaw and the ocean as a trigger for HeinrichEvents.”Robert F. Stallard, INSTAAR and U.S. Geological Survey,“Rapid hydrologic assessment: topical tropical examples.”Elena Yakimenko, former research scientist at the Institute ofGeography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,“Pleistocene stratigraphy of the East European Plain: paleoreconstructionsand controversies.”Raimund Muscheler, NCAR, “Cosmogenic radionucliderecords—rich sources of information about climate changesand its causes.”Bill Manley, INSTAAR, “Advanced geospatial visualizationsand data sharing for Arctic science.”Jerry Meehl, NCAR, “Future climate change: the IPCC processand results from global coupled climate models.”Astrid Ogilvie, INSTAAR, “The fish can sing: cod, climateand currents in Icelandic waters from the settlement to thefuture.”Paul Goldberg, Boston University, “Cave sediments andhumans.”Áslaug Geirsdóttir, University of Iceland, “Now you see it,now you don’t: Holocene glacier and climate variability inIceland.”Bette Otto-Bliesner, NCAR, “Glacial climates and abrupt climatechange: results from global coupled climate models.”Jim White, INSTAAR, “Have humans really messed withmethane for 2000 years?”Robbie Toggweiler, GFDL/NOAA, Princeton, “Origin of the100,000-yr cycle in atmospheric CO 2 .”Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Laboratoire d’Océanographie deVillefranche sur mer, France, “Response of marine ecosystemsto elevated carbon dioxide and biogeochemical consequences.”Irina Overeem, INSTAAR, “Numerical modeling of theimpact of an enhanced monsoon on the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system.”Cory Cleveland, INSTAAR, “Nutrient controls over Ccycling in tropical rain forests.”John Hoffecker, INSTAAR, “Climate change, vulcanism, andthe dispersal of modern humans in Europe: the view fromKostenki.”Fortunat Joos, Climate and Environmental Physics,University of Bern, “Climate–carbon cycle interactions.”Scott Lehman, INSTAAR, “Response of Norwegian sea surfaceand air temperature to solar forcing.”Reto Knutti, NCAR, “Uncertainty in projections of futureclimate.”Pilots perform last-minute checksbefore flying INSTAAR researchersto the center of Flade Isblink,a small ice cap at 81°N in NEGreenland, summer 2006. There,along with colleagues from theUniversity of Copenhagen, theyobtained an ice core and surfaceradar profiles. Photo: BruceVaughn (INSTAAR).Fall 2005James Syvitski, INSTAAR Director, INSTAAR GeneralMeeting.Scott Peckham, INSTAAR, “Hydrologic modeling and terrain:advances in computational and visualization methods.”SEMINARS | 55

Sarah Spaulding, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, “Reporton algae in streams in North America: diatoms are behavingbadly.”Hans-Peter Marshall, INSTAAR, “Snowpack spatial variability:towards understanding its effect on remote sensingmeasurements and snow slope stability.”Spring 2006James Syvitski, INSTAAR Director, Institute Meeting.Jeff Connor, National Park Service, “The political realities ofintegrating research results into land management decisions:suggestions on how to effectively present your results in ameaningful way to land managers.”Lesleigh Anderson, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, “NorthPacific atmospheric circulation change and effective moisturevariability in the Yukon Territory, Canada.”Erin Pettit, University of Washington, “A year in the life of apolar glacier.”Eugene Kelly, Colorado State University, “The biogeochemistryof silica in grassland ecosystems of North America.”Detlev Helmig, INSTAAR, “Where does all the dirty air go?”Insights from INSTAAR’s research at the PICO-NARE(Azores/Portugal) observatory.Walter Dean, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, “Sedimentgeochemical records of productivity and oxygen depletionalong the margin of western North America during the past20,000 years: teleconnections with the Atlantic andCaribbean.”Pieter Tans, NOAA, “Can we still avoid major climatechange caused by humans?”John Behrendt, INSTAAR, “Subglacial volcanism revealed byaerogeophysical surveys over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet(WAIS)—comparisons with Iceland.”Alexander Kirdyanov, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest,Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, “Tree-ringrelated studies in Siberia (Russia): state of the art andprospects.”Cynthia Nevison, NCAR, “Oceanic fluxes and their influenceon seasonal and interannual variability in atmosphericCO 2 , O 2 /N 2 and N 2 O.”Connie Woodhouse, NOAA, INSTAAR, “Dendrohydrology:research to applications.”Dennis Darby, Old Dominion University, “Healy-OdenTrans-Arctic Expedition (HOTRAX) and preliminary results.”Carrie Morrill, NOAA/CIRES, “Testing the North Atlanticfreshwater forcing hypothesis of abrupt climate change.”Ingrid Hendy, University of Michigan, “Catastrophic collapseof the Cordilleran ice sheet during the last glacial.”Fall 2006James Syvitski, INSTAAR, INSTAAR Institute Meeting.David Lawrence, National Center for Atmospheric Research,“A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradationin a global climate model: implications for global climatechange feedbacks.”Andrew G. Fountain, Departments of Geology andGeography, Portland State University, “Historic glacierchanges in the American West.”Dennis D. Eberl, U.S. Geological Survey, “Tales of quantitativemineral analysis: application to geological problems.”Diane McKnight, INSTAAR, “Glacial meltwater streams inthe McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: ecosystems waitingfor water.”Andrew Todd, Trout Unlimited, “Effects of acid rockdrainage on stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss):an in situ, caged fish experiment.”Hans-Peter Marshall, INSTAAR, “Spatial variability of thesnowpack: experiences with measurements at a wide rangeof length scales with several different high precision instruments.”Patric DeDecker, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences,The Australian National University. “Preliminary findings onthe geochemical and microbiological fingerprinting ofAustralian aeolian dust: Implications for (past) climates, theenvironment, health and the oceans.”Thomas Ager, U.S. Geological Survey, “Ecosystem historyof southeastern and south-central Alaska.”Mark Hernandez, Environmental Engineering, University ofColorado at Boulder, “Source tracking of airborne microorganisms.”Stave Leavitt, University of Arizona, “CO 2 and tree rings:influence on water-use efficiency and tree growth.”56 | SEMINARS

Graduate Student TalksSpring 2005Ryan Vachon, INSTAAR, “The reality of high-altitude icecoring.”Dan Liptzin, INSTAAR, “Nutrient dynamics in the foresttundraecotone, Niwot Ridge.”Jessica Black, INSTAAR, “Sinking by iceberg, a hair-raisingtale of survival on a barge, in the midst of a swarm of icebergs...(or — Holocene history of Hvitarvatn, Iceland).”Kenneth Mack, INSTAAR, “A quick overview of a 5-boxmodel for 13 C-CH 4 data to constrain methane source estimates.”Jocelyn Turnbull, INSTAAR, “Science, sushi and the stratosphere:all about my summer doing science in Japan on anNSF fellowship.”Nataly Ascarrunz, INSTAAR, “Precipitation effects on soilbiogeochemistry: moving dirt around eastern Bolivia.”Florence Bocquet, INSTAAR, “Air-snow interactions:Summit, Greenland and Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Two differentplaces in the world, two different stories.”Annalisa Schilla, INSTAAR, “Climate insights from the SipleDome Ice Core.”Rose Cory and Chris Jaros, INSTAAR, “Pony Lake, CapeRoyds, Ross Island, Antarctica: interested in a chance-of-alifetimetime-share opportunity?”Tara Chesley, INSTAAR, “Mineralogy, sediment, andforaminiferal history of Djúpáll, Iceland: reconstructing apast record.”John Hollin, INSTAAR, “Glaciological expeditions to NorthEast Land, Spitsbergen, in 1951 and 1955.”Dan Cordalis, INSTAAR, “Mountain hydrology: using environmentalisotopes to characterize sources and flowpaths ofacid mine drainage.”Yarrow Axford, INSTAAR, “Warm times in the Arctic: usinglake sediments to reconstruct past temperatures on Icelandand Baffin Island.”Fall 2005Rhea Esposito and Shannon Horn, INSTAAR, “Communityassemblage and endemism in Dry Valley stream diatoms:two facets of diatom response to climate change.”Tiffany Duhl, INSTAAR, “Uptake and emission of biogenicvolatile organic compounds (VOC) by plants.”Paul Abood, INSTAAR, “A deposition discussion: issuessurrounding atmospheric inorganic N deposition measurement.”Craig Anderson, INSTAAR, “Modeling spatially distributedsnowpack properties to enhance our understanding ofsnow-elk relationships in the Northern Elk Winter Range,Yellowstone National Park.”Lana Cohen, INSTAAR, “Science at the Summit: year-roundinvestigations at the Greenland Environmental Observatory(GEOSummit).”Maureen Mason, INSTAAR, ”Knickpoint migration on theRoan Plateau, Colorado.”Ursula Rick, INSTAAR, “Meltwater movement on theGreenland Ice Sheet.”Aurelie Justwan, Norsk Polarinstitutt, “Variability of theIrminger Current during the Holocene.”Shad O’Neel, INSTAAR, “Complete carnage at ColumbiaGlacier: iceberg calving and fast flow... What are welearning?”Jan Pollmannn, INSTAAR, “The tale of atmospheric hydrocarbons:what do we know, what do we not know and whydo we care?”Dylan Ward, INSTAAR, “The use of cosmogenic radionuclidesin stratigraphy: application to the Nenana Gravel,Alaska Range.”Duane White, INSTAAR, “Big glaciers, limited erosion: constrainingthe Pleistocene history of the Lambert Glacier, EastAntarctica with cosmogenic exposure ages.”Trevor Popp and Shad O’Neel, INSTAAR, Practice talks forAGU.Rebecca Anderson (INSTAAR,left) and Dale Hess (University ofBuffalo) look ahead to the roadback to the cabin after a day offield work on northern BaffinIsland, April 2006. Photo: J.Briner (University of Buffalo).SEMINARS | 57

Trevor Popp, INSTAAR, “An ice chorus: paleoclimate resultsfrom Greenland and Antarctica ice cores and a look to thefuture.”Cynthia Cacy, INSTAAR, “Chemical weathering in loesssoils of the Matanuska Valley, Alaska.”Ken MacClune, INSTAAR, “The atmospheric methanesource: on the decline in the 21st century.”Sean Bryan, INSTAAR, “Conversations with forams: interpretingpast ocean conditions.”James Syvitski, INSTAAR Director, “How to be successful inscience.”Fall 2006Jan Pollman, INSTAAR, “Evaluation and measurements ofthe global distribution of hydrocarbons.”Ursula Rick and Maureen Berlin, INSTAAR, “How to getfunding as a graduate student and beyond.”Field crew during typical windy conditionsfor the annual snow survey for theNiwot Ridge LTER project, Green LakesValley, Colorado, Spring 2006.Continental divide in the background.The snow survey was featured in BruceSturtz’s 2006 book Chasing Spring. Thefield crew consisted of CU undergraduateand graduate students, along withNWT LTER field personnel. Photo:Mark Williams (INSTAAR).Spring 2006Henry Adams and Jeff Lukas, INSTAAR, “Boring trees, interestingscience: adventures in dendrochronology in the semiaridWest.”Adina Racoviteanu, INSTAAR, “The SPOT5-derived glacierinventory of Cordillera Blanca, Peru: a contribution to theGLIMS Glacier Database.”Jessica Black, INSTAAR, “Diatoms as proxies for a fluctuationHolocene ice cap margin in Hvítárvatn, Iceland.”Rebecca Anderson, INSTAAR, “Ice cap retreat in northernBaffin Island: providing a context for current Arcticwarming.”Colleen Flanagan, INSTAAR, “Climate variability and phytoplanktoncommunity composition in an alpine lake,Colorado.”John Behrendt, INSTAAR, “Innocents on the Ice: a younggrad student’s oversnow traverses in Antarctica during theIGY era.”Craig Lee, INSTAAR, “Ice patch archeology: the global phenomenaand the need for focused surveys in the RockyMountain West.”Zach Guido, INSTAAR, “LGM glacier retreat rates and thetiming of terrace formation in the Animas River drainage,San Juan Mountains, Colorado.”Tad Pfeffer, INSTAAR, “How to write a fundable proposal.”John Hollin, INSTAAR, “Film footage of Wilkes Station,Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year, 1958.”Tim Bartholomaus, INSTAAR, “Glacier sliding and subglacialwater pressures: Kennicott Glacier’s response to the2006 Hidden Creek Lake Jökulhaup (a summer in theWrangell Mountains, Alaska).”Sean Bryan, INSTAAR, “Searching for Earth’s past climate inold mud: the process of deep sea sediment coring.”Kaelin Cawley, INSTAAR, “Biogeochemical and ecologicalconsequences of dissolved organic carbon released fromsoot particles from global firestorms at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Was the Strangelove Ocean a blackwaterocean?”Florence Bocquet, INSTAAR, “Ozone exchange at the airsnowinterface at the polar site of Summit, Greenland.”Susan Riggins, INSTAAR, “Regolith development in alpinelandscapes: Osborn Mountain, Wyoming and Niwot Ridge,Colorado.”Rebecca Anderson, INSTAAR, “Rapidly melting ice caps ofnorthern Baffin Island: insights from satellite imagery, cosmogenicand conventional radiocarbon dating.”Brian Seok, INSTAAR, “Improving our understanding oftrace gas transport mechanisms through the snowpack.”Tiffany Duhl, INSTAAR, “The development of a low-cost,technologically modest method for determining urban fractionalvegetation cover and type for use in urban air qualitymodels.”Jessica Black, INSTAAR, “Diatoms as proxies for a fluctuatingHolocene ice cap margin in Hvitarvatn, Iceland.”58 | SEMINARS

Journal and BooksArctic, Antarctic, andAlpine ResearchINSTAAR publishes an international quarterly journal,Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research (formerly Arctic andAlpine Research). It is a refereed interdisciplinary journaldevoted to original research papers, shorter contributions,resulting correspondence, and book reviews. This internationallyauthored and circulated journal reports on scientificor cultural aspects of arctic/subarctic, antarctic/subantarctic,and alpine/subalpine environments and related paleoenvironments.The content of the journal reflects areas ofresearch performed at INSTAAR.Suzanne Anderson and Anne Jennings were the Editorsof the journal. Larry Bowlds was the Managing Editor,assisted by Jenifer Hall-Bowman. The Book Review Editorwas James Dixon. At the end of 2006, Suzanne Andersonresigned and was replaced by William Bowman.The old Editorial Board, composed of INSTAAR andUniversity of Colorado faculty, was disbanded and replacedby a new Editorial Board, composed of the Editors, theManaging Editor, 11 Associate Editors (from the Universityof Colorado, elsewhere in the United States, Canada, andthe United Kingdom), and the Book Review Editor. Theinternational Interdisciplinary Board also was disbanded.Peer reviewers are selected by the Associate Editors. TheEditors make final decisions on all papers.During 2005, 106 papers were submitted to the journal,the same number as in 2004. Volume 37 (2005) contained644 pages. First authors from 19 countries produced 73research papers, including 26 from the United States; 6 fromthe United Kingdom; 5 from Canada; 4 each from Chinaand Switzerland; 3 each from Australia, Finland, Germany,and Norway; 2 each from Austria, France, India, Japan,Spain, and Sweden; and 1 each from the Czech Republic,Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands.During 2006, 141 papers were submitted to the journal,an increase of 33% from 2005. Volume 38 (2006) contained641 pages. First authors from 20 countries produced69 research papers, including 18 from the United States; 10from Canada; 7 from the United Kingdom; 4 from Denmark;3 each from Australia, Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland;2 each from Chile, China, the Czech Republic, Italy,Japan, and Norway; and 1 each from Germany, Iceland,Poland, the Republic of Georgia, South Africa, and Spain.Subscriber numbers remained fairly constant. About 700copies of each issue were distributed to subscribers(libraries, individuals, and students), exchange partners, andothers.Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research has an impactfactor of 1.045. (An impact factor is the ratio of citations ofrecent articles to the number of recently published articles.)It was ranked number 17 out of 30 in the Physical Geographycategory and number 76 out of 140 in the EnvironmentalSciences category in Institute of Scientific Information’sJournal of Citation Reports (2005).ISSN 1523-0430http://instaar.colorado.edu/AAAR/index.html (journal home page)http://www.bioone.org (full text online)http://aaar.allentrack2.net/ (manuscript submission site)Vol. 38, No. 2MAY 2006The journal has a dedicated web site (http://instaar.colorado.edu/AAAR/index.html) that includes general informationabout the journal, contents and abstracts from 1996to the present, instructions for manuscript submission, andsubscription information. Full text from 2003 to the presentis available online at BioOne (http://www.bioone.org)through institutional subscriptions. Full text from 1969 to2003 is available at JSTOR (http://www.JSTOR.org) throughinstitutional subscriptions. During 2006, the journal becameavailable as full text on EBSCOhost (http://search.epnet.com/), a subscription service for academic libraries. Late in2006, the journal began working with MetaPress to establisha stand-alone web site for full text access. The site isexpected to become active during the first half of 2007, andthis will permit the journal to offer online as well as printsubscriptions for the first time.Occasional PapersINSTAAR also publishes an irregular monograph series, theOccasional Papers. This series is a miscellaneous collectionof reports and papers on work performed by INSTAAR personneland their associates that is generally too long or toodata intensive for publication in research journals. OccasionalPaper No. 57, Water Quality Characteristics for theSnake River, Peru Creek, and Deer Creek in Summit County,Colorado: 2001 to 2002, by Andrew S. Todd, Diane M.McKnight, and Sabre M. Duren, was published in 2005.Occasional Paper 58, Glaciers and the Changing EarthSystem: a 2004 Snapshot, by Mark B. Dyurgerov and Mark F.Meier, was also published in 2005.PUBLICATIONS | 59

INSTAAR Information CenterA photo of the INSTAARInformation Center, taken for apaper Shelly Sommer gave in collaborationwith the NationalSnow and Ice Data Center Libraryat the Polar Libraries Colloquy,Rome, May 2006. Photo: ShellySommer (INSTAAR).The Information Center is the specialized sciencelibrary of INSTAAR. It is a unique, focused collectionof materials, information resources, and services that forwardsINSTAAR research. Main subject areas include climaticchange, ecology, earth sciences, the Quaternary, andcold regions.The collection of print materials includes books, journals,reports, theses, and reprints of faculty publications. Acomputer in the Information Center provides access to anonline catalog of all materials in the collection, the bibliographicdatabase Arctic & Antarctic Regions, and the widerangingresources of the CU Boulder library system. TheInformation Center web site athttp://instaar.colorado.edu/other/info_center coordinatesavailable information sources, including journals held in theInformation Center, INSTAAR theses and other publications,electronic journals, bibliographic databases, dataclearinghouses, and web resources.Library services include help with research requests andsearching techniques; retrieval of information sources; andindividual and group instruction in effective online searching,catalog and database use, interlibrary loan, and othertopics.The Information Center room provides study areas and aplace for group discussions and meetings.Shelly Sommer manages the Information Center, assistedby Jenifer Hall-Bowman.Librarian Shelly Sommer, updating the Information Center webpage. Photo: Tad PfefferShelly Sommer (INSTAAR) discusses the science of maps andmapmaking to a group of visiting students from Southern HillsMiddle School, INSTAAR Open House, May 2005.60 | PUBLICATIONS

Publications2005Adams, P. N., Storlazzi, C. D., and Anderson, R. S., 2005:Nearshore wave-induced cyclical flexing of seacliffs.Journal of Geophysical Research–Earth Surface, 110(F2): article F02002. doi:10.1029/2004JF000217.Aldega, L., and Eberl, D. D., 2005: Detrital illite crystalsidentified from crystallite thickness measurements insiliciclastic sediments. American Mineralogist, 90 (10):1587–1596.Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., Barber, D. C., and Clark, P.U., 2005: Comment on Catastrophic ice shelf breakupas the source of Heinrich event icebergs, by C.L. Hulbeet al. Palaeoceanography, 20.doi:10:1029/2004PA001086.Alpers, C. N., Hunerlach, M. P., May, J. T., Hothem, R. L.,Taylor, H. E., DeWild, J. F., and Lawler, D. L., 2005:Geochemical characterization of water, sediment, andbiota affected by mercury contamination and acidicdrainage from historical gold mining, Greenhorn Creek,Nevada County, California, 1999–2001. U.S. GeologicalSurvey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5251.Anderson, D. M., and Woodhouse, C. A., 2005:Climate change: Let all the voices be heard. Nature, 433(7026): 587–588.Anderson, L., Abbott, M. B., Finney, B. P., and Burns,S. J., 2005: Regional atmospheric circulation change inthe North Pacific during the Holocene inferred fromlacustrine carbonate oxygen isotopes, Yukon Territory,Canada. Quaternary Research, 64: 21–35.Anderson, L., Abbott, M. B., Finney, B. P., and Edwards,M. E., 2005: Paleohydrology of the southwest YukonTerritory, Canada, based on multi-proxy lacustrine sedimentcore analyses from a depth transect. TheHolocene, 15 (8): 1172–1183.Anderson, R. S., Walder, J. S., Anderson, S. P., Trabant,D. C., and Fountain, A. G., 2005: The dynamicresponse of Kennicott Glacier to the Hidden Creek Lakeoutburst flood. Annals of Glaciology, 40: 237–242.Anderson, S. P., 2005: Glaciers show direct linkagebetween erosion rates and chemical weathering fluxes.Geomorphology, 67 (1-2): 147–157.Andrews, J. T., 2005: Late Quaternary marine sedimentstudies of the Iceland shelf, Paleoceanography andland/ice sheet/ocean interactions. In Caseldine, C.,Russell, A., Hardardottir, J., and O. Knudsen (eds.),Iceland—Modern processes and past environments.London: Elsevier, 5–24.Bachelet, D., Lenihan, J., Neilson, R., Drapek, R., andKittel, T., 2005: Simulating the response of naturalecosystems and their fire regimes to climatic variabilityin Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35 (9):2244–2257.Balascio, N. L., Kaufman, D. S., Briner, J. P., and Manley,W. F., 2005: Late Pleistocene glacial geology of the ofthe Okpilak-Kongakut Rivers region, northeastern BrooksRange, Alaska. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research,37 (4): 416–424.Balascio, N. L., Kaufman, D. S., and Manley, W. F., 2005:Equilibrium-line altitudes during the last glacial maximumacross the Brooks Range, Alaska. Journal ofQuaternary Science, 20: 821–838.Bardgett, R. D., Bowman, W. D., Kaufmann, R., andSchmidt, S. K., 2005: Linking aboveground and belowgroundecology: A temporal approach. Trends in Ecologyand Evolution, 20: 634–641.Barger, N. N., Belnap, J., Ojima, D. S., and Mosier, A.,2005: NO gas loss from biologically crusted soils inCanyonlands National Park, Utah. Biogeochemistry, 75:373-391.Behrendt, J. C., 2005: The Ninth Circle: A Memoir of Lifeand Death in Antarctica, 1960–1962. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press.Belnap, J., Welter, J. K., Grimm, N. B., Barger, N. N., andLudwig, J., 2005: Linkages between microbial and hydrologicprocesses in arid and semi-arid watersheds.Ecology, 86: 298–307.Benson, L., Madole, R., Landis, G., and Gosse, J., 2005:New data for Late Pleistocene Pinedale alpine glaciationfrom southwestern Colorado. Quaternary ScienceReviews, 24 (1-2): 49–65.Chris Jenkins (right, INSTAAR)sniffs a gassy mud sample withThomas Wever (FWG, Kiel),Baltic Sea, February 2006. Jenkinswas taking part in engineeringtests for the German Navy andU.S. Office of Naval Research tohelp calibrate models of howdropped objects bury themselvesinto soft seafloors. These modelswill help locate the thousands ofmines still buried in the BalticSea from the World Wars as wellas future port security. Photo:Chris Jenkins (INSTAAR).PUBLICATIONS | 61

Stern view of FS Planet, a twinhulledsemisubmersible vessel,Baltic Sea, February 2006. ChrisJenkins (INSTAAR) was takingpart in engineering tests for theGerman Navy and U.S. Office ofNaval Research to help calibratemodels of how dropped objectsbury themselves into soft seafloors.These models will helplocate the thousands of minesstill buried in the Baltic Sea fromthe World Wars as well as futureport security. Photo: ChrisJenkins (INSTAAR).Bern, C. B., Townsend, A. R., and Farmer, G. L., 2005:Unexpected dominance of parent-material strontium ina tropical forest on highly weathered soils. Ecology, 86(3): 626–632.Black, J., Miller, G., Geirsdóttir, Á., Manley, W., andBjörnsson, H., 2004 [published in 2005]: Sedimentthickness and Holocene erosion rates derived from aseismic survey of Hvítárvatn, central Iceland. Jökull, 54:37–56.Black, J., Miller, G., Geirsdóttir, Á., Manley, W., andBjörnsson, H., 2005: Erratum: Sediment thickness andHolocene erosion rates derived from a seismic survey ofHvítárvatn, central Iceland. Jökull, 55: 120.Booth, R. K., Jackson, S. T., Forman, S. L., Kutzbach,J. E., Bettis, E. A., Kreig, J., Wright, D. K., 2005: Asevere centennial-scale drought in mid-continentalNorth America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages.The Holocene, 15 (3): 321–328.Bourgeron, P. S., and Humphries, H. C., 2005:Canyonlands integrated ecological assessment—PhaseI: Ecosystem characterization at the Canyon CountryEcological Research Site. Technical Research Report. TheNature Conservancy Moab Project and U. S. GeologicalSurvey Canyonlands Research Station.Bowling, D. R., Burns, S. P., Conway, T. J., Monson, R. K.,and White, J. W. C., 2005: Extensive observations ofCO 2 carbon isotope content in and above a high-elevationsubalpine forest. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19(3), article GB3023. doi:10.1029/2004GB002394.Bowman, W. D., 2005: The response of alpine plants toenvironmental change—Feedbacks to ecosystem function.In Huber, U. M., Bugmann, H. K. M., andReasoner, M. A. (eds.), Global change and mountainregions: A state of knowledge overview. Dordrecht:Springer.Boyce, R. L., Clark, R., and Dawson, C., 2005: Factorsdetermining alpine species distribution on Goliath Peak,Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, andAlpine Research, 37 (1): 88–96.Briner, J. P., Kaufman, D. S., Manley, W. F., Finkel, R. C.,and Caffee, M. W., 2005: Cosmogenic exposure datingof late Pleistocene moraine stabilization in Alaska.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117: 1108–1120.Briner, J. P., Miller, G. H., Davis, P. T., and Finkel, R.,2005: Cosmogenic exposure dating in Arctic glaciallandscapes: Implications for the glacial history of theNortheastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. CanadianJournal of Earth Sciences, 42: 67–84.Brook, E. J., White, J. W. C., Schilla, A. S. M., Bender,M. L., Barnett, B., Severinghaus, J. P., Taylor, K. C.,Alley, R. B., Steig, E. J., 2005: Timing of millennial-scaleclimate change at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, duringthe last glacial period. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24,1333–1343.Brooks, P. D., McKnight, D. M., Elder, K., 2005: Carbonlimitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks:Potential feedbacks between growing season and wintercarbon fluxes. Global Change Biology, 11 (2): 231–238.Brooks, P. D., O’Reilly, C. M., Diamond, S. A., Campbell,D. H., Knapp, R., Bradford, D., Corn, P. S., Hossack, B.,and Tonnessen, K., 2005: Spatial and temporal variabilityin the amount and source of dissolved organic carbon:Implications for ultraviolet exposure in amphibianhabitats. Ecosystems, 8 (5): 478–487.Cleveland, C. C., Townsend, A. R., and McKnight,D. M., 2005: Trophic Dynamics. In Anderson, M. G.,McDonnell, J. J. (eds.), Encyclopedia of HydrologicalSciences. John Wiley & Sons, 1557–1574.Cory, R. M., and McKnight, D. M., 2005: Fluorescencespectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidizedand reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter.Environmental Science & Technology, 39 (21):8142–8149.Diamond, S. A., Trenham, P. C., Adams, M. J., Hossack,B. R., Knapp, R. A., Stark, S. L., Bradford, D., Corn,P. S., Czarnowski, K., Brooks, P. D., Fagre, D., Breen,B., Detenback, N., and Tonnessen, K., 2005: Estimatedultraviolet radiation doses in wetlands in six NationalParks. Ecosystems, 8: 462–477.Dixon, E. J., Manley W. F., and Lee C. M., 2005: Theemerging archaeology of glaciers and ice patches:Examples from Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Parkand Preserve. American Antiquity, 70 (1): 129–143.Doran, P. T., Priscu, J. C., Lyons, W. B., Walsh, J. E.,Fountain, A. G., McKnight, D. M., Moorhead, D. L.,Virginia, R. A., Wall, D. H., Clow, G. D., Fritsen, C. H.,McKay, C. P., and Parsons, A. N., 2005: Comment on62 | PUBLICATIONS

“El Nino suppresses Antarctic warming” by N. Bertler etal. Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (7): article L07706.Duan, J. G., and Julien, P.Y., 2005: Numerical simulationof the inception of channel meandering. Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms, 30 (9): 1093–1110.Dyurgerov, M., 2005: Mountain glaciers are at risk ofextinction. In Huber, U., Bugmann, H., and Reasoner,M., Global change and mountain regions: An overviewof current knowledge. Springer, 177–184.Dyurgerov, M., and Meier, M., 2005: Glaciers and theChanging Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot. University ofColorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchOccasional Paper 58.Eakin, C. M., Woodhouse, C., and Cook, E. R., 2005: Treerings and western drought. Bulletin of the AmericanMeteorological Society, 86 (6): S49.Ebnet, A. F., Fountain, A. G., Nylen, T. H., McKnight,D. M., and Jaros, C. L., 2005: A temperature-indexmodel of stream flow at below-freezing temperatures inTaylor Valley, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 40:76–82.Erickson, T., Williams, M. W., and Winstral, A., 2005:Persistence of topographic controls on the spatial distributionof snow depth in rugged mountain terrain,Colorado, USA. Water Resources Research, 41 (4): articleW04014. doi:10.1029/2003WR002973Farmer, E. C., deMenocal, P. B., and Marchitto, T. M.,2005: Holocene and deglacial ocean temperature variabilityin the Benguela upwelling region: Implications forlow-latitude atmospheric circulation. Paleoceanography,20 (2): article PA2018. doi:10.1029/2004PA001049,2005.Ferretti, D. F., Miller, J. B., White, J. W. C., Etheridge,D. M., Lassey, K. R., Lowe, D. C., MacFarling Meure,C. M., Dreier, M. F., Trudinger, C. M., van Ommen,T. D., and Langenfelds, R. L., 2005: Unexpected changesto the global methane budget over the past 2000 years.Science, 309 (5741): 1714–1717.Flessa, K. W., and Jackson, S. T., 2005: Forging a commonagenda for ecology and paleoecology. Bioscience,55 (12): 1030–1031.Forman, S. L., Marin, L., Pierson, J., Gomez, J., Miller,G. H., and Webb, R. S., 2005: Aeolian sand depositionalrecords from western Nebraska: Landscaperesponse to droughts in the past 1500 years. TheHolocene, 15: 973–981.Fountain, A. G., Jacobel, R. W., Schlichting, R., andJansson, P., 2005: Fractures as the main pathways ofwater flow in temperate glaciers. Nature, 433 (7026):618–621.Fountain, A. G., Schlichting, R. B., Jansson, P., andJacobel, R. W., 2005: Observations of englacial waterpassages: A fracture-dominated system. Annals ofGlaciology, 40: 25–30.Fudge, T. J., Harper, J. T., Humphrey, N. F., and Pfeffer,W. T., 2005: Diurnal water-pressure fluctuations:Timing and pattern of termination below Bench Glacier,Alaska, USA. Annals of Glaciology, 40: 102–106.Gaylord, A. G., Tweedie, C. E., Sadak, M., Webber, P.,Brown, J., Sheehan, G., Manley, W. F., Lestak, L., andAuerbach, N., 2005: The importance of metadata forarchiving and promoting spatial data discovery. Berichtezur Polar und Meeresforschung, 506: 48–52.Gillli, A., Anselmetti, F. S., Ariztegui, D., Beres, M.,McKenzie, J. A., and Markgraf, V., 2005: Seismicstratigraphy, buried beach ridges and contourite drifts:The late Quaternary history of the closed Lago Cardielbasin, Argentina (49˚S). Sedimentology, 52 (1): 1–23.Gillli, A., Ariztegui, D., Anselmetti, F. S., McKenzie, J. A.,Markgraf, V., Hajdas, I., and McCulloch, R. D., 2005:Mid-Holocene strengthening of the southern westerliesin South America—sedimentological evidences fromLago Cardiel, Argentina (49˚S). Global and PlanetaryChange, 49: 75–93.Goff, J. A., Mayer, L. A., Traykovski, P., Buynevich, I.,Wilkens, R., Raymond, R., Glang, G., Evans, R. L.,Olson, H., and Jenkins, C., 2005: Detailed investigationsof sorted bedforms, or “rippled scour depressions,”within the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory,Massachusetts. Continental Shelf Research, 25 (4):461–484.Gooseff, M. N., Bencala, K. E., Scott, D. T., Runkel, R. L.,and McKnight, D. M., 2005: Sensitivity analysis ofconservative and reactive stream transient storage modelsapplied to field data from multiple-reach experiments.Advances in Water Resources, 28 (5): 479–492.Guo, J., and Julien, P. Y., 2005: Shear stress in smooth rectangularopen-channel flows. Journal of HydraulicEngineering–ASCE, 131 (1): 30–37.Guo, J., Julien, P. Y., and Booij, R., 2005: Modified logwakelaw for turbulent flow in smooth pipes. Journal ofHydraulic Research, 43 (4): 431–434.E. James Dixon (left, INSTAAR)and William Harrison (right,University of Alaska GeophysicalInstitute) steam drilling to measurethe thickness of a small glacier,or “ice patch,” Wrangell-St.Elias National Park and Preserve,Alaska, July 2006. Photo: E.James Dixon (INSTAAR).PUBLICATIONS | 63

Bob Anderson (INSTAAR) on amedial moraine on Root Glacier,with the Mile-High Icefall in thedistance, Wrangell Mountains,Alaska, June 2006. Bob wasworking with Suzanne Anderson(INSTAAR) to sample rocks fromthe glacier margin to study provenanceof solutes in the glacieroutlet stream. Photo: SuzanneAnderson (INSTAAR).Guo, J., Julien, P. Y., and Meroney, R. N., 2005: Modifiedlog-wake law for zero-pressure-gradient turbulentboundary layers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 43 (4):421–430.Gupta, A. K., Das, M., and Anderson, D. M., 2005: Solarinfluence on the Indian summer monsoon during theHolocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (7): articleL17703. doi:10.1029/2005GL022685Gupta, A. K., and Anderson, D. M., 2005: Mysteries ofthe Indian monsoon system. Journal Geological Societyof India, 65 (1): 54–60.Harper, J. T., Humphrey, N. F., Pfeffer, W. T., Fudge, T.,and O’Neel, S., 2005: Evolution of subglacial waterpressure along a glacier’s length. Annals of Glaciology,40: 31–36.Hart, R. J., Taylor, H. E., Antweiler, R. C., Fisk, G. G.,Anderson, G. M., Roth, D. A., Flynn, M. E., Peart, D. B.,Truini, M., and Barber, L. B., 2005: Physical and chemicalcharacteristics of Knowles, Forgotten, and MoquiCanyons, and effects of recreational use on water quality,Lake Powell, Arizona and Utah. U.S. GeologicalSurvey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5120.Heikkinen, M. A., Hjelmroos-Koski, M. K., Haggblom,M. M., and Macher, J. M., 2005: Bioaerosols. In Ruzer,L. S., and Harley, N. H. (eds.), Aerosols Handbook:Measurement, Dosimetry and Health Effects. BocaRaton: CRC Press, 291–342.Heldmann, J. L., Toon, O. B., Pollard, W. H., Mellon, M. T.,Pitlick, J., McKay, C. P., and Andersen, D. T., 2005:Formation of Martian gullies by the action of liquidwater flowing under current Martian environmental conditions.Journal of Geophysical Research–Planets, 110(E5): article E05004.Hinzman, L., Bettez, N., Chapin, F. S., Dyurgerov, M.,Fastie, C., Griffith, B., Hollister, B., Hope, A.,Huntington, H. P., Jensen, A., Kane, D., Lynch, A.,Lloyd, A., McGuire, A. D., Nelson, F., Oechel, W. C.,Osterkamp, T., Racine, C., Romanovsky, V., Stow, D.,Sturm, M., Tweedie, C., Vourlitis, G., Walker, M.,Webber, P., Welker, J., Winker, K., and Yoshikawa, K.,2005: Evidence and implications of recent climatechange in terrestrial regions of the Arctic. ClimaticChange, 72: 251–298.Hochella, M. F., Moore, J. N., Putnis, C. V., Putnis, A.,Kasama, T., and Eberl, D. D., 2005: Direct observationof heavy metal-mineral association from the Clark ForkRiver Superfund Complex: Implications for metal transportand bioavailability. Geochimica et CosmochimicaActa, 69 (7): 1651–1663.Hoffecker, J. F., 2005: Innovation and technologicalknowledge in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia.Evolutionary Anthropology, 14(5): 186–198.Hoffecker, J. F., 2005: What is technology? The Review ofArchaeology, 26 (1): 25–29.Hoffecker, J. F., 2005: Incredible journey: Plains bisonhunters in the Arctic. The Review of Archaeology, 26(2): 18–23.Hood, E., Williams, M. W., and McKnight, D. M.,2005: Sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aRocky Mountain stream using chemical fractionationand stable isotopes. Biogeochemistry, 74 (2): 231–255.Huber, U. J., Markgraf, V., and Schäbitz, F., 2004 [publishedin 2005: Geographical and temporal trends in LateQuaternary fire histories of Fuego-Patagonia, SouthAmerica. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23: 1079–1097.Hutton, E. W. H., Syvitski, J. P. M., and Kubo, Y.,2005: The numerical modeling of river deltas. In Chen,Z., Saito, Y., and Goodbred, S. (eds.), 2005: Mega-deltasof Asia-Geological Evolution and Human Impact. APNconference proceedings, Beijing: China Ocean Press,255–261.Jackson, S. T., Betancourt, J. L., Lyford, M. E., Gray, S. T.,and Rylander, K. A., 2005: A 40,000-year woodrat-middenrecord of vegetational and biogeographical dynamicsin north-eastern Utah, USA. Journal ofBiogeography, 32 (6): 1085–1106.Jaisi, D. P., Kukkadapu, R. K., Eberl, D. D., Dong, H. L.,2005: Control of Fe(III) site occupancy on the rate andextent of microbial reduction of Fe(III) in nontronite.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69 (23):5429–5440.Jean, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stivenard, M., Landais, A.,Vimeux, F., Johnsen, S. J., Sveinbjvrnsdottir, A. E., andWhite, J. W. C., 2005: Rapid deuterium-excessComptes Rendus Geosciences, 337: 957–969.Johnson, B. J., Miller, G. H., Magee, J. W., Gagan, M. K.,Fogel, M. L., and Quay, P., 2005: Carbon isotope evidencefor an abrupt reduction in grasses coincident with64 | PUBLICATIONS

European settlement of Lake Eyre, South Australia. TheHolocene, 15: 888–896.Johnston, R. R., Fountain, A. G., Nylen, T. H., 2005: Theorigin of channels on lower Taylor Glacier, McMurdo DryValleys, Antarctica, and their implication for waterrunoff. Annals of Glaciology, 40: 1–7.Jorgeson, J., and Julien, P. Y., 2005: Peak Flow Forecastingwith CASC2D and Radar Data. Water International, 30(1): 40–49.Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stiévenard, M., Landais, A.,Vimeux, F., Johnsen, S. J., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A. E., andWhite, J. W. C., 2005: Rapid deuterium-excesschanges in Greenland ice cores: A link between theocean and the atmosphere, Comptes RendusGeosciences, 337 (10-11): 957–969.Julien, P. Y., 2005: Boundary shear stress in smooth rectangularopen channels. Journal of HydraulicEngineering–ASCE, 131 (1): 30–37.Julien, P. Y., 2005: Statistical methods of modeling lateralmovement of the Rio Grande. Geomorphology, 71:139–155.Julien, P. Y., Richard, G., and Albert, J., 2005: Streamrestoration and environmental river mechanics. Journalof River Basin Management, 3 (3): 191–202.Kelsey, H. M., Nelson, A. R., Hemphill-Haley, E., Witter,R. C., 2005: Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lakereveals a 4600 year record of great earthquakes on theCascadia subduction zone. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, 117 (7/8): 1009–1032. doi:10.1130/B25452.1Khan, S. M., Imran, Bradford, J. S., and Syvitski, J. P. M.,2005: Numerical modeling of hyperpycnal plume.Marine Geology, 222-223: 193–211.Konovalov, V., and Agaltseva, N., 2005: Projected changeof glaciers size and river runoff in the different scenariosof future climate. Exchange of Intellectual Property, 4(8): 37–47.Konovalov, V., and Nakawo, M., 2005: Analogous simulationof the annual runoff of Heihe River (China,Qilianshan). Bulletin of Glaciological Research, 22:19–29.Konovalov, V., and Williams, M. W., 2005: Multi-yearoscillations of glacier regime and river discharge inCentral Asia in recent years. [in Russian] Meteorologyand Hydrology, 9.Kroonenberg, S. B., Simmons, M. D., Alekseevski, N. I.,Aliyeva, E., Allen, M. B., Aybulatov, D. N., Baba-Zadeh,A., Badyukova, E. N, Hinds, D. J., Huseynov, D.,Ibrahimov, B., Mamedov, P., Overeem, I., Povalishnikova,E. N., Rusakov, G. V., Suleymanova, S., andSvitoch, A. A., 2005: Two deltas, two basins, one river,one sea: The modern Volga delta in the North CaspianBasin as an analogue of the Neogene Paleo-Volga delta,Productive Series, South Caspian Basin. In Giosan, L.,and Bhattacharya, J. P. (eds.), River Deltas—Concepts,Models, and Examples. SEPM Special Publication 83:231–256.Kubo, Y., Syvitski, J. P. M., Hutton, E. W. H., andPaola, C., 2005: Advance and application of the stratigraphicsimulation model 2D-SedFlux: From tank experimentto geological scale simulation. SedimentaryGeology, 178: 187–195.Kulp, M., Penland, S., Williams, S. J., Jenkins, C., Flocks,J., and Kindinger, J., 2005: Geologic framework, evolutionand sediment resources for restoration of theLouisiana coastal zone. Journal of Coastal Research, 44:56-71.Landvik, J. Y., Ingolfsson, O., Meinert, J., Lehman, S. J.,Solheim, A., Elverhoi, A., and Ottesen, D., 2005:Rethinking Late Weichselian ice sheet dynamics incoastal NW Svalbard. Boreas, 34 (1): 7–24.Legates, D. R., and McCabe, G. J., 2005: A re-evaluationof the average annual global water balance. PhysicalGeography, 26 (6): 467–479.Legates, D. R., Lins, H. F., and McCabe, G. J., 2005:Comments on “Evidence for global runoff increase relatedto climate warming” by Labat et al., Advances inWater Resources, 28 (12): 1310–1315.LeJeune, K. D., Suding, K. N., Sturgis, S., Scott, A., andSeastedt, T. R., 2005: Biological control insect use offertilized and unfertilized diffuse knapweed (Centaureadiffusa Lamarck) in a Colorado grassland. EnvironmentalEntomology, 34: 225–234.LeMasurier, W. E., and Rocchi, S., 2005: Terrestrial recordof post-Eocene climate history in Marie Byrd Land, WestAntarctica. Geografiska Annaler, 87A: 51–66.Ken Hill (INSTAAR) and KurtChowanski (INSTAAR) samplinggroundwater wells for later chemicaland isotopic analysis, nearthe Tundra Lab, Niwot Ridge,Colorado, July 2006. Photo: TyAtkins (INSTAAR).PUBLICATIONS | 65

Archaeologist Tom McGovern(City University of New York) atthe site of Hofstathir, a large ceremonialhall in Viking times,Iceland, July 2006. Astrid Ogilvie(INSTAAR) is collaborating withMcGovern and other colleaguesfrom a number of disciplines toestablish social and environmentalchanges in northern Icelandfrom early times to the present.Photo: Astrid Ogilvie(INSTAAR).Li, F., Dyt, C., Griffiths, C. M., Jenkins, C., Rutherford, M.,and Chittleborough, J., 2005: Seabed sediment transportand offshore pipeline risks. Australian Southeast.Australian Petroleum Production & ExplorationAssociation Journal, 45: 523–534.Litaor, M. I., Seastedt, T. R., Walker, M. D., Carbone, M.,and Townsend, A., 2005: The biogeochemistry ofphosphorus across an alpine topographic/snow gradient.Geoderma, 124 (1-2): 49–61.Lyons, W. B., Welch, K. A., Carey, A. E., Doran, P. T., Wall,D. H., Virginia, R. A., Fountain, A. G., Csatho, B. M.,and Tremper, C. M., 2005: Groundwater seeps in TaylorValley Antarctica: An example of a subsurface meltevent. Annals of Glaciology, 40: 200–206.MacGregor, K. R., Riihimaki, C. A., and Anderson, R. S.,2005: Spatial and temporal evolution of sliding velocityon a small alpine glacier: Bench Glacier, Alaska, USA.Journal of Glaciology, 51 (172): 49–63.Madole, R. F., VanSistine, D. P., and Michael, J. A., 2005:Distribution of late Quaternary wind-deposited sand ineastern Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey ScientificInvestigations 2875.Magirl C. S., Webb, R. H., and Griffiths, P. G., 2005:Changes in the water surface profile of the ColoradoRiver in Grand Canyon, Arizona, between 1923 and2000. Water Resources Research, 41 (5): articleW05021.Mahowald, N. M., Artaxo, P., Baker, A., Jickells, T. D., Okin,G. S., Randerson, J. T., and Townsend, A. R., 2005:Impacts of biomass burning emissions and land use onAmazonian atmospheric phosphorus cycling and deposition.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 (4): articleGB4030. doi:10.1029/2005GB002541.Marchitto, T. M., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., and Hemming, S. R.,2005: Deep Pacific CaCO 3 compensation and glacialinterglacialatmospheric CO 2 . Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters, 231: 317–336.Markgraf, V., and McGlone, M., 2004 [published in 2005]:South temperate ecosystem responses. In Lovejoy, T. E.,and Hannah, L. (eds.), Climate Change and Biodiversity.New Haven: Yale University Press, 142–156.Marshall, H.-P., Koh, G., and Forster, R. R., 2005:Estimating alpine snowpack properties using FMCWradar. Annals of Glaciology, 40: 157–162.Masson-Delmotte, V., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Stievenard, M.,Johnsen, S. J., White, J. W. C., Werner, M.,Sveinbjornsdottir, A., and Fuhrer, K., 2005: GRIP deuteriumexcess reveals rapid and orbital-scale changes inGreenland moisture origin. Science, 309: 118–121.Masson-Delmotte, V., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Cattani,O., Falourd, S., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S. J., Jensen, D. D.,Sveinsbjornsdottir, A., White, J. W. C., Popp, T., andFischer, H., 2005: Holocene climatic changes inGreenland: Different deuterium excess signals atGreenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and NorthGRIP.Journal of Geophysical Research–Atmospheres, 110(D14): article D14102.McCabe, G. J., and Clark, M. P., 2005: Trends and variabilityin snowmelt runoff in the western United States.Journal of Hydrometeorology, 6 (4): 476–482.McKnight, D. M. (ed.), 2005: Part 9. Ecological andHydrological Interactions. In Anderson, M. G.,McDonnell, J. J. (eds.), Encyclopedia of HydrologicalSciences. John Wiley & Sons.Meier, M. F., Bahr, D. B., Dyurgerov, M. B., andPfeffer, W. T., 2005: Comment on “The potential forsea level rise: New estimates from glacier and ice caparea and volume distribution” by S. C. B. Raper and R. J.Braithwaite, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (17): articleL17501. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023319Meko, D. M., and Woodhouse, C. A., 2005: Tree-ringfootprint of joint hydrologic drought in Sacramento andUpper Colorado River basins, western USA. Journal ofHydrology, 308 (1-4): 196–213.Miller, A. E., Schimel, J. P., Meixner, T., Sickman, J. O.,and Melack, J. M., 2005: Episodic rewetting enhancescarbon and nitrogen release from chaparral soils. SoilBiology & Biochemistry, 37 (12): 2195–2204.Miller, G. H., Fogel, M. L., Magee, J. W., Gagan, M. K.,Clarke, S., and Johnson, B. J., 2005: Ecosystem collapsein Pleistocene Australia and a human role in megafaunalextinction. Science, 309: 287–290.Miller, G. H., Mangan, J., Pollard, D., Thompson, S. L.,Felzer, B. S., and Magee, J. W., 2005: Sensitivity of theAustralian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation:Implications for human impact on continental moisturebalance. Geology, 33: 65–68.Miller, G. H., Wolfe, A. P., Briner, J. P., Sauer, P. E., andNesje, A., 2005: Holocene glaciation and climate evolu-66 | PUBLICATIONS

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Cynthia Cacy (ENVS) and SusanRiggins (INSTAAR) dig a soil pitat 3658 m (12,000 feet) onMount Osborne, Wind RiverRange, Wyoming, August 2006.The low-relief summit of MountOsborne is bounded by glaciallycarved troughs on the sides.Susan Riggins is studying theprocesses that break rock downto form regolith. Photo: SuzanneAnderson (INSTAAR).Principato, S. M., Jennings, A. E., Kristjansdottir, G. B.,and Andrews, J. T., 2005: Glacial-marine or subglacialorigin of diamicton units from the southwest and NorthIceland shelf: Implications for the glacial history ofIceland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 75: 968–983.Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Collatz, G. J., Giglio,L., Still, C. J., Kasibhatla, P., Miller, J. B., White, J. W.C., DeFries, R. S., and Kasischke, E. S., 2005: Fire emissionsfrom C 3 and C 4 vegetation and their influence oninterannual variability of atmospheric CO 2 and 13 CO 2 .Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19 (2): article GB2019.Reed, H. E., Seastedt, T. R., and Blair, J. M., 2005:Ecological consequences of C 4 grass invasion of a C 4grassland: A dilemma for management. EcologicalApplications, 15: 1560–1569.Regonda, S. K., Rajagopalan, B., Clark, M., and Pitlick, J.,2005: Seasonal cycle shifts in hydroclimatology over thewestern United States. Journal of Climate, 18 (2):372–384.Reheis, M. C., Reynolds, R. L., Goldstein, H., Roberts, H.M., Yount, J. C., Axford, Y., Cummings, L. S., andShearin, N., 2005: Late Quaternary eolian and alluvialresponse to paleoclimate, Canyonlands, southeasternUtah. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117 (7-8):1051–1069.Reid, J. M., Reid, J. A., Jenkins, C. J., Hastings, M. E.,Williams, S. J., and Poppe, L. J., 2005: usSEABED:Atlantic coast offshore surficial sediment data release.U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 118, version 1.0.Reynolds, R. L., and Rosenbaum, J. G., 2005: Magneticmineralogy of sediments in Bear Lake and its watershed,Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming: Support for paleoenvironmentaland paleomagnetic interpretations. U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1406.Richard, G. A., Julien, P. Y., Baird, D. C., 2005: Casestudy: Modeling the lateral mobility of the Rio Grandebelow Cochiti Dam, New Mexico. Journal of HydraulicEngineering–ASCE, 131 (11): 931–941.Richard, G. A., Julien, P. Y., Baird, D. C., 2005: Statisticalanalysis of lateral migration of the Rio Grande, NewMexico. Geomorphology, 71 (1-2): 139–155.Riihimaki, C. A., MacGregor, K. R., Anderson, R. S.,Anderson, S. P., and Loso, M. G., 2005: Sedimentevacuation and glacial erosion rates at a small alpine glacier.Journal of Geophysical Research–Earth Surface, 110(F3): F03003. doi:10.1029/2004JF000189Seastedt, T. R., 2005: Soil biology and the emergence ofadventive grassland ecosystems. In Jarvis, S. C., Murray,P. J., and Roker, J. A. Optimization of nutrient cycling68 | PUBLICATIONS

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Tim Bartholomaus (INSTAAR)stands next to a GPS receiver andits solar panel on KennicottGlacier, Alaska, June 2006. Thisstation has been in the debriscoveredice for over a month,during which time melting hasexposed the poles on which it ismounted. Bartholomaus, with R.S. Anderson and S. P. Anderson(both INSTAAR), is studyingdynamics of the KennicottGlacier. Photo: SuzanneAnderson (INSTAAR).Fairall, C. W., Helmig D., Ganzeveld L., and Hare J., 2006:Water-side turbulence enhancement of ozone depositionto the ocean. Atmospheric Chemistry and PhysicsDiscussions, 6: 5137–5162.Farmer, G. L., Licht, K. J., Swope, J. R., and Andrews, J.T., 2006: Isotopic constraints on the provenance offine-grained sediment in LGM tills from the RossEmbayment, Antarctica. Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters, 249: 90–107.Fenton, C. R., Webb, R. H., and Cerling, T. E., 2006: Peakdischarge of a Pleistocene lava-dam outburst flood inGrand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Quaternary Research, 65(2): 324–335.Fernandez, D. P., Neff, J. C., Belnap, J., and Reynolds, R.L., 2006: Soil respiration in the cold desert environmentof the Colorado Plateau (USA): Abiotic regulators andthresholds. Biogeochemistry, 78 (3): 247–265.Ferretti, D., Miller, J., White, J., Etheridge, D., Lassey, K.,and Lowe, D., 2006: Stable isotopes provide revisedglobal limits of aerobic methane emissions from plants.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 6:1–9.Fisher, D. A., Wake, C., Kreutz, K., Yalcin, K., Steig, E.,Mayewski, P., Anderson, L., Zheng, J., Rupper, S.,Zdanowicz, C., Demuth, M., Waszkiewicz, M., Dahl-Jenson, D., Goto-Azama, K., Bourgeois, J. B., Koerner,R. M., Sekerka, J., Osterberg, E., Abbott, MB., Finney, B.P., and Burns, S. J., 2006. Stable isotope records fromMount Logan, Eclipse ice cores and nearby JellybeanLake. Water cycle of the North Pacific over 2000 yearsand over five vertical kilometers: Sudden shifts and tropicalconnections. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire,58 (2-3), 337–352.Flückiger, J., Knutti, R., and White, J. W. C., 2006:Oceanic processes as potential trigger and amplifyingmechanisms for Heinrich events. Paleoceanography, 21,article PA2014.Francis, D. R., Wolfe, A. P., Walker, I. R., and Miller, G.H., 2006: Interglacial and Holocene temperature reconstructionsbased on midge remains in sediments of twolakes from Baffin Island, Nunavut, Arctic Canada.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,236: 107–124.Fréchette, B., Wolfe, A. P., Miller, G. H., Richard, P. J. H.,and deVernal, A., 2006: Palynology, vegetation and climateof the last interglacial on Baffin Island, ArcticCanada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 236: 91–106.Friedman, J. M., Auble, G. T., Andrews, E. D., Kittel, G.,Madole, R. F., Griffin, E. R., and Allred, T. M., 2006:Transverse and longitudinal variation in woody riparianvegetation along a montane river. Western NorthAmerican Naturalist, 66 (1): 78–91.Fuentes, M., Kittel, T. G. F., and Nychka, D., 2006:Sensitivity of ecological models to their climate drivers:Statistical ensembles for forcing. EcologicalApplications, 16 (1): 99–116.Goff, J. A., Jenkins, C. J., and Calder, B., 2006: Maximumlikelihood resampling of noisy, spatially correlated data.Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7 (8): articleQ08003.Gooseff, M. N., Lyons, W. B., McKnight, D. M.,Vaughn, B. H., Fountain, A. G., and Dowling, C.,2006: A stable isotopic investigation of a polar deserthydrologic system, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 38 (1): 60–71.Guo, J., and Julien, P. Y., 2006: Closure to “Modified logwakelaw for turbulent flow in smooth pipes” by JunkeGuo and Pierre Y. Julien. Journal of Hydraulic Research,43 (4): 432–434.Granshaw, F. D., and Fountain, A. G., 2006: Glacierchange (1958–1998) in the North Cascades NationalPark Complex, Washington, USA. Journal of Glaciology,52 (177): 251–256.Gray, S. T., Betancourt, J. L., Jackson, S. T., and Eddy,R. G., 2006: Role of multidecadal climate variability in arange extension of pinyon pine. Ecology, 87 (5):1124–1130.Griffiths, P. G., Hereford, R., and Webb, R. H., 2006:Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainagebasins in the Mojave Desert, USA. Geomorphology, 74(1-4): 232–244.Gröcke, D. R., Elias, S. A., Miller, R. M., and Schimmelmann,A., 2006: Hydrogen isotopes in chitin. QuaternaryScience Reviews, 25: 1850–1864.Guo, J., and Julien, P. Y., 2006: Closure to “Efficient algorithmfor computing Einstein integrals” by Junke Guo74 | PUBLICATIONS

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Tributaries to the ColoradoRiver that incise northwardinto the Roan Plateau oil shalecountry, western Colorado.This landscape inspires thePhD research of Maureen Berlin(INSTAAR), who is studyingknickpoint migration and landscapeevolution on the plateau.Photo: Robert S. Anderson(INSTAAR).Muhs, D. R., 2006: Loess deposits, origins and properties.In Elias, S. A.. (ed.), Encyclopedia of QuaternaryScience. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1405–1418.Muhs, D. R., 2006: Paleosols and wind-blown sediments:An overview. In Elias, S. A. (ed.), Encyclopedia ofQuaternary Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2075–2086.Muhs, D. R., and Benedict, J. B., 2006: Eolian additions tolate Quaternary alpine soils, Indian Peaks WildernessArea, Colorado Front Range. Arctic, Antarctic, andAlpine Research, 38: 120–130.Muhs, D. R., and Budahn, J. R., 2006: Geochemical evidencefor the origin of late Quaternary loess in centralAlaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 43:323–337.Muhs, D. R., Simmons, K. R., Kennedy, G. L., Ludwig,K. R., and Groves, L. T., 2006: A cool eastern PacificOcean at the close of the last interglacial complex.Quaternary Science Reviews, 25: 235–262.Nelson, A. R., Kelsey, H. M., and Witter, R. C., 2006:Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadiasubduction zone. Quaternary Research, 65 (3):354–365.Nemergut, D. R., Anderson, S. P., Cleveland, C. C.,Martin, A. P., Miller A. E., Seimon, A., and Schmidt,S. K., 2006: Microbial community succession in anunvegetated, recently-deglaciated soil. MicrobialEcology. doi:10.1007/s00248-006-9144-7Nichols, J. E., Booth, R. K., Jackson, S. T., Pendall, E. G.,and Huang, Y. S., 2006: Paleohydrologic reconstructionbased on n-alkane distributions in ombrotrophic peat.Organic Geochemistry, 37 (11): 1505–1513.Norris, J. R., Jackson, S. T., and Betancourt, J. L., 2006:Classification tree and minimum-volume ellipsoid analysesof the distribution of ponderosa pine in the westernUSA. Journal of Biogeography, 33 (2): 342–360.Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Pálsson, G., 2006: Weather andwitchcraft in the sagas of Icelanders. In McKinnel, J.,Ashurst, D., and Kick, D. (eds.), The Fantastic in OldNorse/Icelandic Literature: Sagas and the British Isles.Durham: The Centre for Medieval and RenaissanceStudies, Durham University, 731–741.Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Pálsson, G., 2006: Reflections onwetlands in Iceland. In Huse, P. (ed.), Intimate Absence.Norway: Henie Onstad Art Center/Delta Press, 99–101.Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Marshall, S. J., Overpeck, J. T., Miller,G. H., Hu, A., and CAPE Last Interglacial ProjectMembers, 2006: Simulating arctic climate warmth andicefield retreat in the last interglaciation. Science, 311:1751–1753.Overpeck, J. T., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Miller, G. H., Alley,R. B., Muhs, D. R., and Marshall, S. J., 2006: Icesheets and sea level: Response. Science, 313: 1043a.Overpeck, J. T., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Miller, G. H., Muhs,D. R., Alley, R. B., and Kiehl, J. T., 2006: Paleoclimaticevidence for future ice-sheet instability and rapid sealevelrise. Science, 311: 1747–1750.PUBLICATIONS | 77

Mount Gould (2912 m, 9553feet) above Lake Josephine,Glacier National Park, Montana,July 2006. The lake lies near thesite of experimental plots used toestablish critical loads for anthropogenicN deposition. Photo: BillBowman (INSTAAR).78 | PUBLICATIONSPeters, N. E., Shanley, J. B., Aulenbach, B. T., Webb, R. M.,Campbell, D. H., Hunt, R., Larsen, M. C., Stallard,R. F., Troester, J., and Walker, J. F., 2006: Water andsolute mass balance of five small, relatively undisturbedwatersheds in the US. Science of the Total Environment,358 (1-3): 221–242.Pollmann, J., Helmig, D., Hueber, J., Tanner, D., andTans, P., 2006: Evaluation of solid adsorbent materialsfor cryogen-free trapping—gas chromatographic analysisof atmospheric C2–C6 non-methane hydrocarbons.Journal of Chromatography A, 1134 (1-2): 1–15.Principato, S. M., Geirsdottir, A., Johannsdottir, G. E., andAndrews, J. T., 2006: Late Quaternary glacial anddeglacial history of eastern Vestfirdir, Iceland using cosmogenicisotope ( 36 Cl) exposure ages and marine cores.Journal of Quaternary Science, 21: 271–286.Raup, B., Racoviteanu, A., Singh Khalsa, S. J., Helm, C.,Armstrong, R., and Arnaud, Y., 2006: The GLIMSGeospatial Glacier Database: A new tool for studyingglacier change. Global and Planetary Change.doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.018.Reid, J. A., Reid, J. M., Jenkins, C. J., Zimmermann, M.,Williams, S. J., and Field, M. E., 2006: usSEABED:Pacific coast (California, Oregon, Washington) offshoresurficial-sediment data release. U.S. Geological SurveyData Series 182.Restrepo, J. D., and Syvitski, J. P. M., 2006: Assessing theeffect of natural controls and land use change on sedimentyield in a major Andean river: The Magdalenadrainage basin, Colombia. Ambio, 35: 65–74.Reyes, A. V., Wiles, G. C., Smith, D. J., Barclay, D. J., Allen,S., Jackson, S., Larocque, S., Laxton, S., Lewis, D.,Calkin, P. E., and Clague, J. J., 2006: Expansion ofalpine glaciers in Pacific North America in the first millenniumAD. Geology, 34 (1): 57–60.Reynolds, R. L., Reheis, M. C., Neff, J. C., Goldstein, H.,and Yount, J., 2006: Late Quaternary eolian dust in surficialdeposits of a Colorado Plateau grassland: Controlson distribution and ecologic effects. Catena, 66 (3):251–266.Reynolds, R. L., Reheis, M. C., Yount, J., and Lamothe, P.,2006: Composition of aeolian dust in natural traps onisolated surfaces of the central Mojave Desert: Insightsto mixing, sources, and nutrient inputs. Journal of AridEnvironments, 66 (1): 42–61.Riihimaki, C. A., Anderson, R. S., Safran, E. B., Dethier,D. P., and Finkel, R., 2006: Longevity and progressiveabandonment of the Rocky Flats surface, Front Range,Colorado. Geomorphology, 78: 265–278.

Rocchi, S., LeMasurier, W. E., and Di Vincenzo, G., 2006:Oligocene to Holocene erosion and glacial history inMarie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, inferred from exhumationof the Dorrel Rock intrusive complex and fromvolcano morphologies. Geological Society of AmericaBulletin, 118 (7-8): 991–1005.Roberts, H. M., Muhs, D. R., and Bettis, E. A., 2006:Loess records: North America. In Elias, S.A. (ed.),Encyclopedia of Quaternary Sciences. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1456–1466.Schaefer, H., Whiticar, M. J., Brook, E. J., Petrenko, V. V.,Ferretti, D. F., and Severinghaus, J. P., 2006: Ice recordof 13 C for atmospheric CH 4 across the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition. Science, 313 (5790), 1109–1112.Seabaugh, J. L., Dong, H. L., Kukkadapu, R. K., Eberl,D. D., Morton, J. P., and Kim, J., 2006: Microbial reductionof Fe(III) in the Fithian and Muloorina illites: Contrastingextents and rates of bioreduction. Clays andClay Minerals, 54 (1): 67–79.Sinitsyn, A. A., and Hoffecker, J. 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Woodhouse, C. A., 2006: Tree-ring analysis of winter climatevariability and ENSO in Mediterranean California.Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di FisicaC–Geophysics and Space Physics, 29 (1): 65–71.Woodhouse, C. A., Gray, S. T., and Meko, D. M., 2006:Updated streamflow reconstructions for the UpperColorado River Basin. Water Resources Research, 42 (5):article W05415.Woodhouse, C. A., and Lukas, J. J., 2006: Drought, treerings, and water resource management. CanadianWater Resources Journal, 31: 297–310.Woodhouse, C. A., and Lukas, J. J., 2006: Multi-centurytree-ring reconstructions of Colorado streamflow forwater resource planning. Climatic Change, 78 (2-4):293–315.Yanites, B. J., Webb, R. H., Griffiths, P. G., and Magirl,C. S., 2006: Debris flow deposition and reworking bythe Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. WaterResources Research, 42 (11): article W11411.Zazula, G. D., Froese, D. G., Elias, S. A., Kuzmina, S., LaFarge, C., Reyes, A. V., Sanborn, P. T., Schweger, C. E.,Smith, C. A. S., and Mathewes, R. W., 2006: Vegetationburied under Dawson tephra (25,000 yr 14 C BP) andlocally diverse late Pleistocene paleoenvironments ofGoldbottom Creek, Yukon, Canada. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 242: 253–286.Zhang, G. X., Dong, H. L., Jiang, H. C., Xu, Z., and Eberl,D. D., 2006: Unique microbial community in drillingfluids from Chinese Continental Scientific drilling.Geomicrobiology Journal, 23 (6): 499–514.Zhou, L., White, J. W. C., Conway, T. J., Mukai, H.,MacClune, K., Zhang, X., Wen, Y., and Li, J., 2006:Long-term record of atmospheric CO 2 and stable isotopicratios at Waliguan Observatory: Seasonally averaged1991–2002 source/sink signals, and a comparisonof 1998–2002 record to the 11 selected sites in theNorthern Hemisphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,20 (2): article GB2001.80 | PUBLICATIONS

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