Welcome to the ISHS Brassica 2012 Symposium

With the patronage of 

Società di Ortoflorofrutticoltura Italiana (SOI) 

Società Italiana di Agronomia (SIA) 

Società Italiana di Genetica Agraria (SIGA) 

Società Italiana di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari (SISTAL) 

Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 

6 th International Symposium on Brassica and 18 th Crucifer Genetic Workshop - Catania (Italy) 12 - 16 November 2012 

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SPONSORS 


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Convener 

Ferdinando Branca - University of Catania 

ISHS Representatives 

Silvana Nicola – Chair of Vegetable Section 

Joao Silva Dias – Chair of Brassica Working Group 

Organizing Committee 

Salvatore Luciano Cosentino - University of Catania (President) 

Ferdinando Branca - University of Catania (Vice president) 

Alessandro Tribulato - University of Catania 

Giuseppe Noto - University of Catania 

Cherubino Leonardi - University of Catania 

Daniela Romano - University of Catania 

Francesco Giuffrida - University of Catania 

Giovanni Spagna - University of Catania 

Vittoria Catara - University of Catania 

Gianfranco Iapichino - University of Palermo 

Angela Roberta Lo Piero - University of Catania 

Scientific committee 

Nazzareno Acciarri (Italy) 

Ian Bancroft (UK) 

Ferdinando Branca (Italy, co-ordinator) 

Anne Maria Chevre (France) 

Dave Edwards (Australia) 

Karl Hammer (Germany) 

Giuseppe La Malfa (Italy) 

Genyi Li (Canada) 

Yon Pyo Lim (Korea) 

Jinglin Meng (China) 

Carlos Quiros (USA) 

Joao Silva Dias (Portugal) 

Elena Cartea (Spain) 

Editors 

Ferdinando Branca 

Alessandro Tribulato 


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Welcome to the ISHS Brassica 2012 Symposium 

Brassicas are widely grown around the world for many uses, as popular vegetable crops, 

oil production, and fodder, and their use is increasingly expanding to novel applications 

including nutraceutical, bioenergy, and biofumigation, among other uses. 

There has been an increased interest in several species belonging to the Brassicaceae 

family and many researchers around the world are now exploiting Brassica genome 

information for crop development and improvement. The growth of genetic and genomic 

resources is supporting the improvement and diversification of traditional Brassica 

crops, with applications for specific traits as well as exploiting new species that can be 

introduced as novel crops. 

The world economic crisis requires new solutions for building up a sustainable new 

economy and in this sense brassicas could offer several options for processing and 

produce innovation by its large diversity. 

When I accepted to organize the ISHS Brassica 2012 Symposium I was sure Sicily would 

have been a great location to invite researchers involved in brassicas to discuss how to 

exploit the great diversity found around the world in general and in our islands in 

particular. The Brassicaceae diversity expressed in Sicily has recently interested 

researchers because it represents an important area of domestication in the 

Mediterranean region expressing a crucial primary gene pool. 

The historical, naturalistic, social and gastronomic aspects of Sicily will provide an 

interesting backdrop for discussions and debate towards individuating, delineating and 

consolidating new research directions for future agriculture innovation. 

On behalf of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) and the 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISPA) of Catania University I cordially 

welcome you to the ISHS Brassica 2012 Symposium. 

Ferdinando Branca 

Convener 

Co-ordinator of the Scientific Committee 


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SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS PROGRAM 

MONDAY 12 th NOVEMBER 

08:30 Registration of participants, poster display and full text submission 

10:00 Opening Session 

Nicola S. - Chair of the ISHS Vegetable Section 

Silva Dias J. - Chair of the ISHS Brassica Working Group 

Cosentino S.L. – Director of DISPA and President of the Organising Committee 

Branca F. - Brassica 2012 Convener 

Session A1 - Crucifer Genetic Workshop 

11:30 Edwards D. - Characterising Diversity in the Brassica Genomes (Keynote lecture) 

12:00 Zou J., Long Y., Meng J.* - Breeding a Dynamic Population of New Type Brassica napus 

Containing Unique Elite Genes from Oilseed Brassica Subgenomes Via Genome Selection 

(Keynote lecture) 

12:30 Poster vision and discussion 

13:30 Lunch 


15:00 Hammer K.*, Laghetti G., Pignone D. - The Wild and the Grown - Remarks on Brassica 

(Keynote lecture) 

15:30 Cheng F., Mandáková T., Wang T., Lysak M.A.* - Reconstructing Ancestral Genome(s) of 

the Mesohexaploid Ancestor of Brassica rapa and Tribe Brasiceae 

15:45 Tang S.*, Preuss R., Robertson M., Buit T., Wiggins M., Gingera G., Zhao J., Ripley V., 

Meyer D., Thompson S., Channabasavaradhya C. - SNP-Based High Density Map of 

Brassica napus L. 

16:00 Mason A.S.*, Cowling W.A., Nelson M.N. - Meiotic Segregation is Initiated by Recent and 

Ancient Homoeologous Regions in the Haploid Genomes of Brassica Interspecific Hybrids 

16:15 Coffee break 


16:45 Parkin I.*, Koh C., Clarke C., Navab Z.H., Sharpe A. - Exploring the Brassica B Genome at 

the Whole Genome Sequence Level 

17:00 Diederichsen E.*, Konietzky S., Karlovsky P., Soquet-Juglard D., Häffner E. - Identification 

of Resistance Loci to Verticillium longisporum in Arabidopsis and Brassica 

17:15 Suay L., Zhang D., Eber F., Jouy H., Lodé M., Huteau V., Coriton O., Szadkowski E., 

Leflon M., Martin O.C., Falque M., Jenczewski E., Paillard S., Chèvre A.M.* - How 

Homologous Recombination is Boosted in Oilseed Rape 


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17:30 Xiao D., Zhao J., Basnet R.K., Pino del Carpio D., Bucher J., Bonnema G.* - Genetic 

Architecture of Flowering Time Variation in Brassica rapa: a Genetical Genomics 

Approach 


TUESDAY 13 th NOVEMBER 

Session B1 - Genetic Diversity Conservation and Use 

08:30 von Bothmer R. - Is There a Need for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Are Our Genetic 

Resources Safe for the Future? Examples in Brassica (Keynote lecture) 

09:00 McClung C.R.*, Aston T.L., Brock M.T., Dechaine J., Ewers B.E., Greenham K.M., 

Guadagno C.R., Khan S.L., Lou P., Weinig C., Xie Q, Yarkhunova Y. - As Easy as ABC: 

Applying the Circadian Clock Model Developed in Arabidopsis to Brassica Crops 

09:15 Teakle G.*, Walley P., Moore J., Stevenson S., Carder J., Collier R., Buchanan-Wollaston 

V., Hand P., Pink D., Barker G. - Genetic Diversity in Brassica Crops and Wild Relatives 

09:30 Artemyeva A.M.*, Budahn H., Bonnema G., Chesnokov Y.V. - Association Mapping of 

Agronomically Important Traits in Brassica rapa L. 

09:45 Cervenski J.*, Takac A., Popovic V., Glogovac S. - Possibility of Exploitation of Serbian 

Local Varieties and Landraces of Cabbages: Case of "Futoski cabbage" from Futog Region 

10:00 Chen B.*, Xu K., Gao G., Yan G., Li J., Wu X. - Analysis of Phenotypic Diversity in 

Chinese Collection of Brassica rapa L. 


Session B2 - Genetic Diversity Conservation and Use 

10:45 Silva Dias J. - History and Preliminary Evaluation of Galega Kale Landraces 

11:00 Allender C.*, De Cesare M. - Genetic Diversity in Brussels Sprouts and Conservation of F1 

Hybrids in Genebank Collections 

11:15 Branca F.*, Ragusa L., Tribulato A., Lo Scalzo R., Picchi V. - Evaluation of Sicilian Wild 

Brassica Species (n=9) for Glucosinolate Profile and Antioxidant Compounds 

11:30 Brullo S.*, Brullo C., Giusso del Galdo G., Fichera G., Branca F., Ilardi V., Salmeri C. - 

Taxonomic Implications of Seed Morphology and Seed Coat Sculptures in Brassica Sect. 

Brassica 

11:45 ISHS BUSINESS MEETING 


13:30 Lunch 

Session C1 - Biotechnology and Breeding 

15:00 Möllers C.*, Schatzki J., Ecke W., Becker H.C. - Genetic Variation and Inheritance of 

Secondary Seed Dormancy in Winter Oilseed Rape 

15:15 De Jonge J.*, Kodde J., Immink R., Angenent G., De Groot C., Groot S. - Environmental 

and Genetic Factors Controlling Shoot Apical Meristem Arrest in Brassica oleracea 


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15:30 Dduan Y., Shi J., Zhang L.*, Zhang M., He Q. - Expression of Transcriptional Factors and 

Structural Genes of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Purple-Heading Chinese Cabbage 

15:45 Niemann J.*, Wojciechowski A., Jędryczka M.,Kaczmarek J., Książczyk T., Janowicz J. - 

Interspecific Hybridization as a Tool for Broadening the Variability of Useful Traits in 

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) 

16:00 Rihan H.Z.*, Al-Issawi M., Al-Shamari M., Al-Swedi F., Fuller M.P. - The Effect of 

Molybdenum on Artificial Seed Production, Cold Tolerance and Up-Regulation of 

CBF/DREB1 of Brassica oleracea var botrytis 



16:45 Zhang L.*, Yu N., Zheng C., Hui M., Xu X., Niu N. - Inheritance of Cytoplasm Male 

Sterility and SCAR Markers Linked to Fertile Gene in Radish 

17:00 Zhang L., Ji X.H., Wang YG.*, Feng H. - Mapping of a Quantitative Trait Locus for the 

Bolting Trait in Brassica rapa under Vernalizing Conditions 

17:15 Zuluaga D.L., Prinzenberg A.E.*, Graham N., van Ommen Kloeke A.E.E., Klinder A., 

Wagstaff C., Verkerk R., Aarts M.A.E. - Overexpression of MYB29 Transcription Factor 

Increases the Beneficial Effects for Agriculture and Human Health of Brassica oleracea 

Plants 


WEDNESDAY 14 th NOVEMBER 

Session D1 - Nutraceuticals and Processing 

08:30 Mithen R. - High Glucoraphanin Broccoli – the Development of Beneforte Broccoli and 

Evidence of Health Benefits (Keynote lecture) 

09:00 Lola-Luz T.*, Gaffney M., Hennequart F. - Enhancement of Phenolic Compounds, 

Flavonoids and Isothiocyanate Content of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var italica) in 

Response to Seaweed Applications 

09:15 Lim Y.P.*, Park S.U., Kim S.Y., Park J.T., Chung S.O., Sung Y.J., Lee G.J., Hur Y.K., Jo 

M.H., Kim T.I., Lee E.M. - Nutriomic Approach on Chinese Cabbage Breeding 

09:30 Neugart S.*, Fiol M., Schreiner M., Rohn S., Zrenner R., Kroh L. W., Krumbein A - The 

Influence of Temperature on the Efficiency of Moderate UV-B Treatment on the Flavonoid 

Profile in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) and the Expression of Key Enzymes in 

Flavonoid Biosynthesis 

09:45 Steindal A.L.H.*, Mølmann J.B., Bengtsson G.B., Johansen T.J. - Effects of Day Length 

and Temperature on Health Related Compounds in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) 


Session D2 - Nutraceuticals and Processing 


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10:30 Wiesner M.*, Zrenner R., Krumbein A., Glatt H., Schreiner M. - Genotypic Variation of the 

Glucosinolate Profile in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) 

11:45 Ragusa L.*, Tribulato A., Picchi V., Lo Scalzo R., Branca F. - Variability in Antioxidant 

Compounds of Seeds and Sprouts of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) and Rocket 

(Eruca sativa) in Relation to Temperature and Germination Stage 

11:00 Bengtsson G.B.*, Velasco Pazos P., Schreiner M., Mølmann J., Johansen T.J., Steinberg A. 

L. H., Cartea E., Krumbein A., Lea P., Skaret J., Hagen S., Seljåsen R. - Sensory Quality 

and Health-Related Substances of Broccoli Grown at Different Latitudes 

Session E - Isatis Workshop 

11:15 Galletti S.*, Bagatta M. , Ragusa L., Argento S., Branca F., Iori R. - Nutraceutical Values of 

Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) Flower Buds of Ecotypes from Sicily, Italy 

11:30 Guarnaccia P.*, Pinio M., Testa G, Branca F. - Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.): an Innovative 

Crop for the Mediterranean Agro-Industrial System 

11:45 Parkin I.* , Kagale S., Robinson S. - Capturing the Leaf Transcriptome of Isatis tinctoria L. 

12:00 Spagna G., Todaro A., Palmeri R.* - Natural indigo from Isatis tinctoria L. for the 

valorisation of sicilian crops 


13:30 Lunch 

Session F - Agronomy 

15:00 Calabrese N.*, Carito A. - Agronomical Evaluation of Broccoli Raab Genotypes for Fresh 

Cut and Processing Products 

15:15 Adzic S.*, Prodanovic S., Girek Z., Pavlovic N., Cvikic D., Pavlovic S., Zdravkovic J. - 

Effect of the Application of Gibberellic Acid at Different Stages of the Late Head Cabbage 

Rosette on Vernalization and Seed Yield 

15:30 Grønbæk M.*, Kidmose U., Kristensen H.L. - Cultivars and Fertiliser Strategies Affect the 

Concentration of Glucosinolates in Curly Kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. sabellica L.) 

15:45 Lazzeri L.*, Malaguti L., Cinti S., De Nicola G.R.,Ugolini L., Bagatta M., Matteo R., 

Casadei N., D’Avino L. - The Brassicaceae Biofumigation System for Plant Cultivation and 

Defence. An Italian Twenty Year Experience of study and Application 

16:00 Gilardi G.*, Gullino M.L., Garibaldi A. - Success and Failures of Biofumigation with 

Brassicas 

16:15 Nicoletto C.*, Santagata S., Sambo P. - Effect of Compost Application on Qualitative 

Traits in Cabbage 


Session G - Pests and Diseases 

17:00 Sigillo L.*, Senape V., Serratore G., Bravi R. - Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. and 

Xanthomonas campestris Patovars: Two Important Seed-Borne Pathogens of Wild Rocket 

Fourth Range Production in the Southern Italy 


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17:15 Kaczmarek J.*, Brachaczek A.,Kasprzyk I., Sulborska A., Karolewski Z., Jędryczka M - 

Why to Study the Concentration of the Ascospores of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. 

biglobosa ? 

17:30 Velasco P.*, Lema M., Alonso I., Cartea M.E. - Antibiotic Effect of Glucosinolates and 

Derivatives on Different Brassica Diseases 

17:45 Godinho J.S.*, Balesdent M.H., Pereira E.M., Dias J.S. - Molecular Characterization of 

Portuguese Isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans Using PCR- ISSR and RAPD Markers 

20:00 Social dinner 

THURSDAY 15 th NOVEMBER 


08:30 Bartoszek A. - The Innovative Exploitation of Brassica Vegetables in the Health Quality 

Food Production Chain. From Field to Fork (Keynote lecture) 

09:00 Yokoi S.*, Furuyama Y., Takahashi M., Aoki W., Takahashi Y., Ebina S., Mimida N., 

Takahata Y. - QTL Analysis of Bolting Time in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Based on 

SNP Markers 

09:15 Domblides E.*, Domblides A.*, Zayachkovskaya T.,Bondareva L., Startsev V. - PCR-Based 

Identification of Cytoplasm Types in Male Sterile Accessions of Brassicaceae 

09:30 Yanaeva D.A.*, Khovrin A.N., Tereshonkova T.A. - Creating a Source Material for Breeding 

Radish for Greenhouses 

09:45 Yan G.*, Chen B., Xu K., Gao G., Lu P., Wu X., Li F., Li J. - Gene Expression Profiling of 

Developing Seeds in Brassica napus L. at Different Nitrogen Levels 

10:00 Wang C., Shi S.*, Wu J. - Useful Method for Distinguishing the Ploidy of Tube Plantlets 

Regenerated from Microspore Culture in Brassica napus L. 

10:15 Bondareva L.*, Startsev V. - Development of Heterosis Hybrids of White Head Cabbage 

Through Self-Incompatibility and Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 


Session H - Clubroot 

11:00 Hatakeyama K.*, Suwabe K., Tomita R.N, Kato T., Nunome T., Fukuoka H., Matsumoto S. - 

Molecular Cloning of Crr1a, a Gene for Resistance to Clubroot Disease (Plasmodiophora 

brassicae Woronin) in Brassica rapa L. 

11:15 Gravot A., Wagner G., Lariagon C., Delourme R.*, Manzanares-Dauleux M.J. - 

Deciphering the Functional Typology of Resistance QTL through Metabolomics 

11:30 Jonsson A.*, Wallenhammar A.C., Dixelius C. - Long-Term Soil Data Sets Reveal Shifts in 

Populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae 

11:45 Lewis M.*, Wakeham A., Kennedy R. - A Molecular Based Seedling Assay System to Study 

the Germination and Primary Infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae 

12:00 Peng G.*, Lahlali R., Pageau D., Hwang S.F., Hynes R.K., Anderson K., McDonald M.R., 

Gossen B.D., Strelkov S.E., Turkington T.K., Yu F.Q., Falk K.C., Boyetchko S.M., 


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McGregor L., Hupka D., Geissler J. - Crop Rotation and Cultivar Resistance Are Effective 

for Control of Clubroot on Canola while Bacillus subtilis Biofungicides Are Not 

12:15 Ramchiary N., Im S.B., Piao Z., Lim Y.P.* - Use of Genetics and Genomics Approaches to 

Fine Map the Clubroot Resistance “CRb” Locus in Brassica rapa 

12:30 Jing J., Chen J., Zhang T., Piao Z.* - QTL Mapping of Isolate-Specific Resistance to 

Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica rapa 

12:45 Schwelm A.*, Fogelqvist J., Dixelius C. - First Glance at the Genome of the Club Root 

Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae 


13:30 Lunch 


15:00 Li X., Ramchiary N., Dhandapani V., Choi S.R., Hur Y., Nou I., Yoon M.K., Lim Y.P.* - 

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Brassica rapa Revealed the Structural and Functional 

Conservation of Genetic Loci Governing Morphological and Yield Component Traits in the 

A, B, and C Sub-Genomes of Brassica Species 

15:15 Tollenaere R., Hayward A., Bayer P., Dalton-Morgan J., Campbell E., McLanders J., 

Lorenc M., Manoli S., Stiller J., Raman R., Raman H., Edwards D., Batley J.* - 

Identification and Characterisation of Candidate Blackleg Resistance Genes in Brassica 

napus Using Next Generation Sequencing 

15:30 Kagale S.*, Koh C., Bollina V., Clarke C., Sharpe A., Parkin I. - Genome Sequencing and 

Analysis of the Emerging Oilseed Crop Camelina sativa 

15:45 Artemyeva A.M.*, Rudneva E.N., Volkova A.I., Kocherina N.V., Chesnokov Y.V. - 

Identification of QTLs Determined Black Rot Resistance and Morphological Characters in 

Brassica rapa 



17:00 Closing session Concluding Remarks 

FRIDAY 16 th NOVEMBER 

Technical Tour 

08:30 - Departure 

Arrival - late afternoon 


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LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS 

KEYNOTE LECTURES 

The Innovative Exploitation of Brassica Vegetables in the Health Quality Food Production Chain. 

From Field to Fork 

Bartoszek A. 

Is There a Need for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Are Our Genetic Resources Safe for the 

Future? Examples in Brassica 

von Bothmer R. 

Characterising Diversity in the Brassica Genomes 

Edwards D. 

The wild and the Grown – remarks on Brassica 

Hammer K.*, Laghetti G., Pignone D. 

High Glucoraphanin Broccoli - the Development of Beneforte Broccoli and Evidence of Health 

Benefits 

Mithen R. 

Breeeding a Dynamic Population of New Type Brassica napus Containing Unique Elite Genes 

from Oilseed Brassica Subgenomes via Genome Selection 

Zou J., Long Y., Meng J.* 

SESSION A - CRUCIFER GENETIC WORKSHOP 

Oral presentations 

Reconstructing Ancestral Genome(s) of the Mesohexaploid Ancestor of Brassica rapa and Tribe 

Brasiceae 

Cheng F., Mandáková T., Wang T., Lysak M.A.* 

Exploring the Brassica B genome at the Whole Genome Sequence Level 

Parkin I.*, Koh C., Clarke C., Navab Z.H., Sharpe A. 

SNP-Based High Density Map of Brassica napus L. 

Tang S.*, Preuss R., Robertson M., Buit T., Wiggins M., Gingera G., Zhao J., Ripley V., Meyer D., 

Thompson S., Channabasavaradhya C. 

Meiotic Segregation is Initiated by Recent and Ancient Homoeologous Regions in the Haploid 

Genomes of Brassica Interspecific Hybrids 

Mason A. S.*, Cowling W. A., Nelson M.N. 


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Identification of Resistance Loci to Verticillium longisporum in Arabidopsis and Brassica 

Diederichsen E.*, Konietzky S., Karlovsky P., Soquet-Juglard D., Häffner E. 

How Homologous Recombination is Boosted in Oilseed Rape 

Suay L., Zhang D., Eber F., Jouy H., Lodé M., Huteau V., Coriton O., Szadkowski E., Leflon M., 

Martin O.C., Falque M., Jenczewski E., Paillard S., Chèvre A.M* 

Genetic Architecture of Flowering Time Variation in Brassica rapa; a Genetical Genomics 

Approach 

Xiao D., Zhao J., Basnet R.K., Pino del Carpio D., Bucher J., Bonnema G.* 

Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Brassica rapa Revealed the Structural and Functional 

Conservation of Genetic Loci Governing Morphological and Yield Component Traits in the A, B, 

and C Sub-Genomes of Brassica species 

Li X., Ramchiary N., Dhandapani V., Choi S.R., Hur Y., Nou I., Yoon M.K., Lim Y.P.* 

Identification and Characterisation of Candidate Blackleg Resistance Genes in Brassica napus 

Using Next Generation Sequencing 

Tollenaere R., Hayward A., Bayer P., Dalton-Morgan J., Campbell E., McLanders J., Lorenc M., 

Manoli S., Stiller J., Raman R., Raman H., Edwards D., Batley J.* 

Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Emerging Oilseed Crop Camelina sativa 

Kagale S.*, Koh C., Bollina V., Clarke C. , Sharpe A., Parkin I. 

Identification of QTLs Determined Black Rot Resistance and Morphological Characters in Brassica 

rapa L. 

Artemyeva A.M.*, Rudneva E.N., Volkova A.I., Kocherina N.V., Chesnokov Y.V. 

Poster presentations 

Agrobacterium Mediated TransforBalkayamation and integration of stress Genes into Cauliflower 

(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) 

Al-Swedi F.*, Al-Shamari M., Rihan H.Z., Lane S., Fuller M.P. 

Structural and Functional Divergence of the ABI1 Homeologous Genes in Brassica napus 

Babula-Skowrońska D.*, Ludwików A., Cieśla A., Jędryczka M., Sadowski J. 

Brassica rapa Genome Assembly v2.0: an Improved Genome of Brassica rapa 

Cheng F., Wang J., Wu J., Wang Z., Zhao X., Liu B., Lin K., Wang X.* 

QTL Analysis of Morphological Traits Using Different Population in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica 

rapa ssp. pekinensis) 

Choi S.R., Ramchiary N., Li X., Dhandapani V., Yu X., Lim Y. P.* 


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Crosses of Rapeseed-Radish Disomic Addition Line D with Brassica rapa L. to Evaluate the Effect 

of the Radish Chromosome in Pakchoi Background 

Ding Y., Budahn H.*, Schrader O., Li L., Bao M. 

Transcript Analysis of Genes Relating to Seed Oil Content in Brassica napus L. 

Doi H.*, Akaba-Takahashi M., Yamada-Akiyama H., Yokoi S., Takahata Y. 

Mapping Root and Flowering Time QTL in Brassica napus: Evidence For Pleiotropy 

Fletcher R.S.*, Mullen J.L., McKay J.K 

Isolation and Expression Analysis of an OguCMS-Related AT-Hook DNA Binding Protein, 

BoMF2, in Cabbage Flowers 

Guo Y., Zhang L., Liu H., Jian Y., Kang J.* 

Chromosomal Assignment of Radish Linkage Groups Using a Complete Set of Disomic Radish- 

Rapeseed Chromosome Addition Lines 

Hashida T., Nakatsuji R., Budahn H.*, Schrader O., Peterka H., Fujimura T, Kubo N., Hirai M. 

Morphological Variation of Resynthesized Brassica napus after Interspecific Hybridization 

Karim Md.M.*, Nukui S., Okazaki K. 

Radish Genetic Map Constructed by High-Density EST-Based Markers with Scaffold Sequences 

Kitashiba H.*, Li F., Kawanabe T., Fukushima A., Nishio T. 

Genome-wide Identification, Classification and Expression Analysis of Genes Encoding Putative 

Fasciclin-Like Arabinoganactan Proteins in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) 

Li J., Wu X. * 

The Mesopolyploid History of Australian and New Zealand Crucifers 

Mandáková T., Joly S., Mummenhoff K., Heenan P.B., Lysak M.A.* 

Whole-Genome Triplication and Species Radiation in the Southern African Tribe Heliophileae 

(Brassicaceae) 

Mandáková T., Mummenhoff K., Al-Shehbaz I.A., Mucina L., Mühlhausen A., Lysak M.A.* 

Gene Expression Diversity in Brassica C Genome Crops and Wild Relatives Assessed Using RNA- 

Seq 

Moore J.*, Teakle G., Walley P., Stevenson S., Carder J., Collier R., Buchanan-Wollaston V., Hand 

P., Pink D., Barker G. 


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Use of Natural Variability to Identify and Validate the Genetic Determinants of Oil Content in 

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) 

Nesi N.*, Bouchet A. S., Kergoat R., Confolent C., Baron C., Clouet V., Daligault J., Laperche A. 

Intertribal Hybridization between Brassica oleracea L. and Eruca sativa L. 

Nothnagel T., Budahn H.*, Schrader O., Klocke E. 

Identification of Metabolic QTLs for Glucosinolate Content in Brassica oleracea 

Sotelo T, Cartea M.E., Francisco M, Soengas P. * 

Genetics of Epidermal Cell Characters in Brassica rapa L. 

Takahashi Y.*, Yokoi S., Takahata Y. 

Production and Characterization of the Chromosome Addition Lines of Auto- and Alloplasmic 

Brassica napus with Single B Genome Chromosome of Brassica juncea 

Takashima M.*, Bang S. W., Kaneko Y. 

High-Throughput Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Discovery and Validation in Brassica 

napus L. 

Tang S.*, Wiggins M., Preuss R., Rider K., Ripley V., Gingera G., Stol C., Buyyarapu R., Ye L., 

Arora K., Elango N., Mansfield T., Evans C., Rounsley S., Meyer D., Thompson S., 

Channabasavaradhya C. 

Developing a Set of SNP Markers to Study Genetic Diversity in a Brassica A Genome Diversity 

Collection 

Tanhuanpää P.*, Tanskanen J., Manninen O. 

Effects of Suppression of Msh1 on Mitochondrial Genome in Brassica napus 

Terao Y.*, Imamura J. 

Changes in Gene Expression of Harvested Cabbage in Response to Mechanical Wound Stress 

Thammawong M.*, Umehara H., Yoshida M., Soga A., Kaneta T., Nakamura N., Ito Y., Nakano K., 

Shiina T. 

Comparative Genome Analysis, Identification of Flowering Pathway and Development of Genome- 

Wide Molecular Markers Based on Genome Sequence in Brassica juncea 

Yang J., Zhao X, He H., Qi X., Zhang M.* 

Genetic Dissection and Fine Mapping of Downy Mildew Resistance at Various Developmental 

Stages in Brassica rapa 

Yu S.*, Zhang F., Zhang S., Zhou W., Yu Y., Zhang D., Zhao X., Wang W. 


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High-Throughput Discovery of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms in 

Brassicaceae Species by ORG-EcoTILLING 

Zeng C.L., Wang G.Y., Wang J.B., Yan G.X. , Chen B.Y., Xu K., Li J., Gao GZ., Wu X.M.* 

Combined QTL Mapping and Transcriptomic Approach to Unravel the Genetics of Turnip 

Formation in Brassica rapa ssp. campestris 

Zhang N.*, Lin K., Raynoud R., Wang S., Habtemarim H., Sun Y., Menano T., Bucher J., Wu J., 

Cheng F., Liu B., Wang X., Bonnema G. 

SESSION B - GENETIC DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND USE 


As Easy as ABC: Applying the Circadian Clock Model Developed in Arabidopsis to Brassica Crops 

McClung C. R.*, Aston T. L., Brock M. T., Dechaine J., Ewers B. E., Greenham K. M., Guadagno 

C. R., Khan S. L., Lou P., Weinig C., Xie Q, Yarkhunova Y. 

Genetic Diversity in Brassica Crops and Wild Relatives 

Teakle G.*, Walley P., Moore J., Stevenson S., Carder J., Collier R., Buchanan-Wollaston V., Hand 

P., Pink D., Barker G. 

Association Mapping of Agronomically Important Traits in Brassica rapa L. 

Artemyeva A.M.*, Budahn H., Bonnema G., Chesnokov Y. V. 

Possibility of Exploitation of Serbian Local Varieties and Landraces of Cabbages: Case of "Futoški 

cabbage" from Futog region 

Cervenski J.*, Takac A., Popovic V., Glogovac S. 

Analysis of Phenotypic Diversity in Chinese Collection of Brassica rapa L. 

Chen B.*, Xu K., Gao G., Yan G., Li J., Wu X. 

History and Preliminary Evaluation of Galega Kale Landraces 

Silva Dias J. 

Genetic Diversity in Brussels Sprouts and Conservation of F1 Hybrids in Genebank Collections 

Allender C.*, De Cesare M. 

Taxonomic Implications of Seed Morphology and Seed Coat Sculptures in Brassica Sect. Brassica 

Brullo S.*, Brullo C., Giusso del Galdo G., Fichera G., Branca F., Ilardi V., Salmeri C. 

Evaluation of Sicilian Wild Brassica Species (n=9) for Glucosinolate Profile and Antioxidant 

Compounds 

Branca F.*, Ragusa L., Tribulato A., Bagatta M., Lo Scalzo R., Picchi V. 


16


Studies on Enrichment of Varieties Assortment at Autumn Cabbage Brassica oleracea L. var. 

capitata 

Ambarus S., Brezeanu C.*, Brezeanu P.M. 

Evaluation of Variation of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Populations Collected from 

Black Sea Region, Turkey 

Balkaya A.*, Yanmaz R. 

In Progress Activities of the Brassica Working Group of the European Cooperative Programme for 

Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR) 

Branca F., Bas N., Artemyeva A., De Haro A., Maggioni L. 

Bio-Morphological Characterization of the ECPGR Brassica Working Group Collection 

Branca F., Chiarenza G.L., Argento S., Ragusa L. 

Diversity of Kales Growing in Europe as Basis for Crop Improvement 

Branca F., Ragusa L., Poulsen G., Maggioni L., von Bothmer R., Tribulato A. 

Genetic Relationship of Sicilian Wild and Cultivated Brassicaceae Using Five SSR 

Branca F.* Tribulato A., Chiarenza G. L., Di Gaetano C., Calì F. 

S-SAP Markers - A Valuable Tool for Genetic Distance Analysis in Brassica rapa L. 

Budahn H.*, Artemyeva A. M., Chesnokov Y. V.* 

Evaluation of a Possible Breeding between Brassica napus Cultivar and Sinapis arvensis in the 

Field 

Buonamici A.*, Labriola M., Paffetti D., Tomaselli V., Travaglini D., Bottalico F., Balducci E. 

Materassi A., Fasano G., Vettori C. 

Preservation of Verzegnis Turnip 

Capone F., Valent E., Cattivello ., Dalla Costa L. 

Korea Brassica Resource Bank 

Kim J.A., Lee D. H., Lim Y.P.* 

Development and Application of a Simple Sequence Repeat Panel for the Fingerprinting of Canola 

(Brassica napus) Cultivars 

Li F.*, Xu K., Song WL., Chen BY., Gao GZ., Wu XM. 

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Iberian Landraces of Brassica oleracea by Molecular Markers 

Lopes V.R., Barata A.M.*, Nunes E., Cartea E., Soengas P., Allender C. , Bas N. 


17

Signals of Inter-Crossing between Leafy Kale Landraces and Brassica rupestris in South Italy 

Maggioni L., von Bothmer R., Poulsen G., Bagger Jorgensen R., Andersen B.A., Branca F. 

Using Controlled Deterioration Test on Determining Seed Vigour Performances of Cabbage 

(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) Seed Lots 

Öztürk B., Balkaya A.* 

Genetics of Low Temperature Response of Photosynthesis and Growth in Brassicaceae 

Prinzenberg A.E.*, Snel J., van der Schoor R., Harbinson J., Aarts M.G.M. 

Ethnobotanical Uses of Brassicaceae in Sicily 

Romano D.*, Parisi G., Toscano S., Scuderi D. 

Provenance-Related Seed Heterogeneity and Germination in Brassica insularis Moris 

Santo A.*, Mattana E., Grillo O., Bacchetta G. 

The Use of Brassicaceae by the Ancient Romans 

Toscano S.*, Scuderi D., Tribulato A., Romano D. 

SESSION C - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BREEDING 


Genetic Variation and Inheritance of Secondary Seed Dormancy in Winter Oilseed Rape 

Möllers C.*, Schatzki J., Ecke W., Becker H.C. 

Environmental and Genetic Factors Controling Shoot Apical Meristem Arrest in Brassica oleracea 

De Jonge J.*, Kodde J., Immink R., Angenent G., De Groot C. Groot S. 

Expression of Transcriptional Factors and Structural Genes of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Purple- 

Heading Chinese Cabbage 

Dduan Y., SHI J., Zhang L.*, Zhang M., He Q. 

Interspecific Hybridization as a Tool for Broadening the Variability of Useful Traits in Rapeseed 

(Brassica napus L.) 

Niemann J *, Wojciechowski A., Jędryczka M., Kaczmarek J., Książczyk T., Janowicz J. 

The Effect of Molybdenum on Artificial Seed Production, Cold Tolerance and Up-Regulation of 

CBF/DREB1 of Brassica oleraceae var botrytis 

Rihan H.Z.*, Al-Issawi M., Al-Shamari M., Al-Swedi F. and Fuller M.P. 

Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (Pak Choi) as Model Plant to Identify Genes Involved in Indole 

Glucosinolate Biosynthesis 

Zrenner R.*, Wiesner M., Krumbein A., Schreiner M. 


18

Inheritance of Cytoplasm Male Sterility and SCAR Markers Linked to Fertile Gene in Radish 

Zhang L.*, Yu N., Zheng C., Hui M., Xu X., Niu N. 

Mapping of a Quantitative Trait Locus for the Bolting Trait in Brassica rapa under Vernalizing 

Conditions 

Zhang L., Ji X.H., Wang Y.G.*, Feng H. 

Overexpression of MYB29 Transcription Factor Increases the Beneficial Effects for Agriculture 

and Human Health of Brassica oleracea Plants 

Zuluaga D.L., Prinzenberg A.E.*, Graham N., van Ommen Kloeke A.E.E., Klinder A., Wagstaff C., 

Verkerk R., Aarts M.A.E. 

QTL Analysis of Bolting Time in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Based on SNP Markers 

Yokoi S.*, Furuyama Y., Takahashi M., Aoki W., Takahashi Y., Ebina S., Mimida N., Takahata Y. 

PCR-Based Identification of Cytoplasm Types in Male Sterile Accessions of Brassicaceae 

Domblides E.*, Domblides A., Zayachkovskaya T., Bondareva L., Startsev V. 

Creating a Source Material for Breeding Radish for Greenhouses 

Yanayeva D.A.*, Khovrin A.N., Tereshonkova T.A. 

Gene Expression Profiling of Developing Seeds in Brassica napus L. at Different Nitrogen Levels 

Yan G.*, Chen B., Xu K., Gao G., Lu P., Wu X., Li F., Li J. 

Useful Method for Distinguishing the Ploidy of Tube Plantlets Regenerated from Microspore 

Culture in Brassica napus l. 

Wang C., Shi S.*, Wu J. 

Development of Heterosis Hybrids of White Head Cabbage Through Self-Incompatibility and 

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 

Bondareva L.*, Startsev V. 


Molecular Characterization of Stress Responsive Family Genes in Brassica rapa 

Ahmed N.U., Park J., Jung H., Thamilarasan S.K., Hur Y., Lim Y.P., Nou I.* 

Identification and Characterization of Cold Responsive Genes in Brassica 

Arasan S.K.T.K., Park J., Ahmed N.U., Jung H., Lim Y.P., Hur Y., Nou I.* 

Nutritional Enhancement of Broccoli Sprouts Through Manipulation of Growth Conditions 

Baima S.*, Maldini M., Natella F., Giusti A., Scaccini C., Morelli G. 


19

Unravelling Molecular Mechanisms Involved during Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mediated Induced 

Resistance in Plants 

Bejai S.*, Johansson A., Chen K., Leelarasamee N., Thoudal M., Kjellin J., Meijer J. 

Molecular Characterization of Brassicas Developed by EMS Mutagenesis with Tolerance to 

Sulfonylurea Herbicides 

Braun R.H., Christey M.C.*, Conner A.J., Gowers S. and Dumbleton A. 

On the Way to the Identification of a Downy Mildew Resistance Gene in Brassica oleracea L. 

Carlier J.*, Alabaça C., Rodrigues C., Coelho P., Monteiro A., Leitão J. 

Characterization and Improvement of Sicilian Landraces of Violet Cauliflower 

Chiarenza G. L., Tribulato A., Branca F. 

Organisation of Stem Canker Resistance QTL and Genome Duplications in Brassica napus 

Fopa Fomeju B., Falentin C., Lassalle G., Manzanares-Dauleux M.J., Delourme R.* 

Large scale genotyping in Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa 

Ganal M.W.*, Durstewitz G., Graner E.M., Plieske J., Polley A., Wieseke R. 

Dependence of Pistils Stigmas Viability in Winter Rape on Its Genetical Origin 

Gluhova N.A. 

Genetic Modification of Oilseed Rape to Create New Quality and Flower Characteristics 

Hegelund J.N.*, Lütken H., Müller R., Christensen B. 

Determination of Self-Incompatibility in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa) by Multiplex PCR 

Lee H. E.*, Chung H., Park H, Sang-Eun H., Jong-Gyu W. 

The Usefulness of AFLP Markers for Determining Genetic Distance in Oilseed Rape (Brassica 

napus l.) Breeding Materials 

Liersch A.*, Bartkowiak-Broda I., Krotka K., Wos H. 

An Efficient Regenertion System For Leaf of Heading Chinese Cabbge 

Liu X., Zhang L.*, Ru L., Li H. 

Change in the Expression of Anthocyanin Pathway Genes in Developing Brassica crops 

Lo Piero A.R., Lo Cicero L., Ragusa L., Branca F. 

Development of Highly Clubroot-Resistant Chinese Cabbage F1 Cultivar, ‘Akimeki’, 

Accumulating Three Resistance Genes, Crr1, Crr2 and CRb 

Matsumoto S. *, Hatakeyama K., Kato T., Takashita S., Miyazaki T. and Kondo T. 


20

Production of Doubled Haploid Plants of Brassica rapa Subspecies Using the Microspore Culture 

Technology for Core Collection Materials 

Park M.Y., Bonnema G., Park S., Lim Y.P.* 

Development of DH Inbred Lines Using Microspore Culture in Chinese Cabbage (Kimchi cabbage) 

(Brassica rapa L.) 

Park S.*, Yoon MK., Lim Y.P. 

Induction of Direct Somatic Embryogenesis from Immature Embryos of Brassica oleracea var. 

sabauda L. 

Pavlović S.*, Milojević J., Vinterhalter B., Adžić S., Zdravković J., Cvikić D., Mitić N. 

Evaluation of Intensity and Distance of Oilseed Rape Pollen Transfer 

Poplawska W.*, Liersch A., Jedryczka M., Kaczmarek J., Wolko J., Ogrodowczyk M., Bartkowiak- 

Broda I. 

Fingerprint Analysis of Selected Glutathione S-Transferase Superfamily Genes from Rape 

(Brassica napus) 

Puglisi I., Lo Cicero L., Lo Piero A.R.* 

Changes in Methylation Patterns in Brassica Oleracea L. during Time and in Response to Different 

Agroclimatic Conditions 

Raggi L.*, Ciancaleoni S., Albertini E., Fé D., Torricelli R., Negri V. 

Understanding the Root System in Brassica napus 

Rahman M. 

The Response Characteristics of Japanese Radish (Daikon) to Mechanical Wound Stress 

Shiina T.*, Umehara H., Yoshida M., Soga A., Kaneta T., Nakamura N., Ito Y., Nakano K., 

Thammawong M. 

Identification of Brassica rapa Homologue of Fusarium Wilt Resistance Gene, Foc-bo1 by 

Genome Synteny Analysis between B. oleracea and B. rapa 

Shimizu M.*, Ebe Y., Kawanabe T., Pu Z., Fujimoto R., Kaji M., Zhang Y. and Okazaki K. 

Quality Evaluation of Cultivars Types in Brassica oleracea L. 

Solovyova A.E., Artemyeva A.M.* 

Determination of Species, Varieties and Geographical Differences among Cabbage Genotypes 

Based on Electrophoresis of Storage Seed Proteins 

Startsev V.*, Bondareva L., Dobrutskaya E., Gins V., Farber C., Antoshkina M. 

Seed Quality Traits of DH Lines of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus l.) 

Szala L.*, Cegielska-Taras T., Adamska E., Kaczmarek Z. 


21

Creating Germplasm and New Tools to Investigate Post Harvest Senescence in Brassica oleracea L 

var. italica 

Walley P.G., Carder J., Skipper E., Pink D., Buchanan-Wollaston V. 

SESSION D - NUTRACEUTICAL AND PROCESSING 


Enhancement of Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids and Isothiocyanate Content of Broccoli 

(Brassica oleraceae var italica) in Response to Seaweed Applications 

Lola-Luz T.*, Gaffney M., Hennequart F. 

Nutriomic Approach on Chinese Cabbage Breeding 

Lim Y.P.*, Park S.U., Kim S.Y., Park J.T., Chung S.O., Sung Y.J., Lee G.J., Hur Y.K., Jo M.H., Kim 

T.I., Lee E.M. 

The influence of Temperature on the Efficiency of Moderate UV-B Treatment on the Flavonoid 

Profile in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) and the Expression of Key Enzymes in Flavonoid 

Biosynthesis 

Neugart S.*, Fiol M., Schreiner M., Rohn S., Zrenner R., Kroh L.W., Krumbein A. 

Effects of Day Length and Temperature on Health Related Compounds in Broccoli (Brassica 

oleracea var. italica) 

Steindal A.L.H.*, Mølmann J. B., Bengtsson G.B., Johansen T.J. 

Genotypic Variation of the Glucosinolate Profile in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) 

Wiesner M.*, Zrenner R., Krumbein A., Glatt H., Schreiner M. 

Variability in Antioxidant Compounds of Seeds and Sprouts of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. 

italica) and Rocket (Eruca sativa) in Relation to Temperature and Germination stage 

Ragusa L.*, Tribulato A., Picchi V., Lo Scalzo R., Branca F. 

Sensory Quality and Health-Related Substances of Broccoli Grown at Different Latitudes 

Bengtsson G. B.*, Velasco Pazos P., Schreiner M., Mølmann J., Johansen T. J., Steinberg A. L. H., 

Cartea E., Krumbein A., Lea P., Skaret J., Hagen S., Seljåsen R. 


Brassicas and Their Glucosinolate Content for the Biological Control of Soilborn in Protected 

Cultivation 

Argento S., Raccuia S.A., Branca F. 

Measurement of Sulphur Compounds in Brassica 


22

Baty-Julien C.*, Leroy G., Gourrat K. 

Thermal Processing of Green and Red Cultivars of Curly Kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. 

acephala var. sabellica) and Effects of Fresh and Processed Kale Extracts on Human Colon Cancer 

Cell Lines 

Borge G.I.*, Olsen H., Grimmer S., Saha S., Aaby K. , Wold A. B., Schmidt G., Skrede G. 

Glucosinolate profile in different Mediterranean Brassica species (n=9) 

Branca F.*, Ragusa L., Cartea E., Tribulato A., Velasco P. 

Phytochemical Profile of Kolhrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) Cultivated in Italy 

Branca F., Ragusa L., Lo Scalzo R., Picchi V., Argento S. 

Changes in Biochemical Qualitative Properties in Fresh-Cut Broccoli Genotypes during Storage 

Conversa G., Bonasia A., Lazzizera C., Elia A. 

Chemical and Nutraceutical Profile in Typical Italian Typologies of Cauliflower 

Di Cesare L.F.*, Migliori C., Lo Scalzo R., Campanelli G., Ferrari V. 

Identification of Intermediary Breakdown Products Formed by the Thermally Induced Degradation 

of Aliphatic Glucosinolates 

Hanschen F. S.*, Bauer A., Rohn S., Mewis I., Schreiner M., Kroh W. L. 

Characterization of the Main Glucosinolate Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Non Food 

Brassicaceae Seeds 

Lazzeri L., Bagatta M.*, D’Avino L., Ugolini L., De Nicola G. R., Casadei N., Cinti S., Malaguti S., 

Iori R. 

Intestinal Fermentability of Brassica: Methods for Evaluating and Minimizing Digestive 

Discomfort 

Leroy G., Baty-Julien C.*, Leguen V., Mabeau S. 

Evaluation of Some Quality Parameters of Minimally Processed Violet and White-Type 

Cauliflowers 

Licciardello F., Muratore G., Spagna G.*, Branca F., Ragusa L., Caggia C., Randazzo C., 

Restuccia C. 

Evaluation of Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Different Varieties of Cauliflower (Brassica 

oleracea var. botrytis) and their Changes during Conventional and Microwave Cooking 

Lupidi G., Acciarri N.*, Achilli M., Bramucci M., Marchini C., Amici A., Ferrari V. 

Effect of Hot Air Treatment on Quality and Shelf Life of Minimally Processed Cauliflower 

Miceli A.*, Vetrano F., Romano C., D’Anna F. 


23

Optimization of Methods of Myrosinase Activity Determination 

Piekarska A.*, Namieśnik J., Bartoszek A. 

Development of Modified Atmosphere Packages on the Quality of Sicilian Kale (Brassica oleracea 

var. acephala) Shoots 

Ragusa L.*, Melilli M.G., Branca F., Argento S., Raccuia A., Licciardello F., Restuccia C. 

Adapting Turnip-Tops and Turnip-Greens to Modern Consumer Habits 

Silva Dias J.*, Almeida A.B., Trindade P.B. 

Glucosinolates Composition in Brassicaceae 

Solovyova A.E., Artemyeva A.M.*, Schuetze W. 

Survey of Healthy Compounds in Plant Material from Different Species of Brassicaceae 

Tribulato A.* Branca F., Ragusa L., Lo Scalzo R., Picchi V. 

Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. and B. incana Ten. (Brassicaceae) as Mediterranean Traditional Wild 

Vegetables: a Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds 

Tripodi G.*, Verzera A., Dima G, Condurso C., Ragusa S., Raccuia S.A. 

SESSION E - ISATIS WORKSHOP 

Nutraceutical Values of Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) Flower Buds of Ecotypes from Sicily, Italy 

Galletti S.*, Bagatta M. , Ragusa L., Argento S., Branca F., Iori R. 

Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.): an Innovative Crop for the Mediterranean Agro-Industrial System 

Guarnaccia P., Pinio M., Branca F., Testa G. 

Capturing the Leaf Transcriptome of Isatis tinctoria L. 

Parkin I., Kagale S., Robinson S. 

Natural Indigo from Isatis tinctoria L. for the explotation of old crops 

SpagnaG. 1 , Todaro A. 2 , Palmeri R. 1 * 

SESSION F - AGROMONY 


Agronomical Evaluation of Broccoli Raab Genotypes for Fresh Cut and Processing Products 

Calabrese N.*, Carito A. 

Effect of the Application of Gibberellic Acid at Different Stages of the Late Head Cabbage Rossete 

on Vernalization and Seed Yield 

Adzic S.*, Prodanovic S., Girek Z., Pavlovic N., Cvikic D.,Pavlovic S., Zdravkovic J. 


24

Cultivars and Fertiliser Strategies Affect the Concentration of Glucosinolates in Curly Kale 

(Brassica oleraceae L. var. sabellica L.) 

Grønbæk M.*, Kidmose U., Kristensen H.L. 

The Brassicaceae Biofumigation System for Plant Cultivation and Defense. An Italian Twenty Year 

Experience of Study and Application 

Lazzeri L.*, Malaguti L., Cinti S., De Nicola G. R.,Ugolini L., Bagatta M., Matteo R., Casadei N., 

D’Avino L. 

Success and Failures of Biofumigation with Brassicas 

Gilardi G.*, Gullino M. L., Garibaldi A. 

Effect of Compost Application on Qualitative Traits in Cabbage 

Nicoletto C.*, Santagata S., Sambo P. 

Poster presentation 

Biological and Productive Characterization of Different Brassicaceae Grown in the South of Italy 

Anastasi U. * , Cosentino S., Copani V., Sidella S. 

Strengths and Weaknesses Traits for Brassica Vegetable Crops Production of Turkey 

Balkaya A. 

Effects of Bio-Fertilizers on Broccoli Cultivars in Organic Farming 

Boari F., Calabrese N., Schiattone M.I., Cantore V. 

Quality Traits of Some Cauliflower Cultivars Grown in the “Valle dell’Ofanto” Area (Italy) as 

Affected by Post-Harvest Storage 

Candido V., Galgano F.*, Castronuovo D., Miccolis V., Favati F. 

Effects of Coverage with Nonwoven, and Fertilizer Level on the Wild Rocket in Organic Farming 

Cantore V., Pace B., Schiattone M.I., Calabrese N., Boari F. 

Characteristics and Seed Production of Sicilian Landraces of Violet Cauliflower 

Chiarenza G.L.*, Alonso Alos M., Argento S., Pinio M., Branca F. 

Seed Production and Plant Characterization of Sicilian Landraces of Broccoli 

Chiarenza G.L., Pinio M., Branca F., Cavallaro C. 

Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Two Broccoli Cultivars 

Conversa G., Bonasia A., La Rotonda P., Elia A. 


25

Characterization of Different Brassicaceae Grown in Southern Italy for Glucosinolates Profile 

Copani V., Anastasi U., Ruberto G., Cosentino S., Sidella S. 

Phenology, Grain Yield and Quality of Ethiopian Mustard Grown in Southern Italy 

Copani V.*, Cosentino S., Anastasi U., SortinoO., Lazzeri L. 

Effectiveness of Biofumigating Brassica Treatments in Greenhouse to Control Root-Knot 

Nematodes on Tomato and Melon 

De Mastro G.*, D’Addabbo T., Ruta C., Verdini L. 

Morphological and Productive Characterization and Oil Yield of Brassica napus Grown in 

Different Areas in Italy 

Del Gatto A., Raccuia S. A.*, Signor M., Argento S. 

Morphological and Productive Characterization of Brassica carinata Grown in Different Areas in 

Italy 

Del Gatto A., Raccuia S.A.*, Signor M., Melilli M.G. 

Root Length Density and Yield Traits of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) as 

Affected by Different Techniques of Seedling Growing and Transplanting 

Gherbin P.*, Miccolis V., Candido V. 

Effects of NaCl Salinity on Yield, Quality and Mineral composition of Broccoli and Cauliflower 

Giuffrida F.*, Giurato R., Leonardi C. 

Growth, Gas Exchange and Water Relations in Broccoli and Cauliflower as Affected by NaCl 

Salinity 

Giuffrida F.*, Scuderi D., Giurato R., Leonardi C. 

Effects of Different Fertilization Levels on Iberis semperflorens Pot Culture 

Iapichino G.*, Camerata Scovazzo G. 

Humic Acid Improved Growth and Yield Components of Hydroponic Greenhouse Grown Pak-Choi 

(Brassica chinensis) 

Javanmardi J.*, Sehat M., Zahed M. J. 

Secondary Plant Metabolite Profile and Concentration in Leafy Asian Brassica Vegetable Affected 

by Organic and Mineral Nitrogen Supply 

Krumbein A.*, Schreiner M., Ruehlmann J. 

Effect of a Brassica juncea Cover Crop on a Mono-Succession of Melon 

Miceli A.*, Romano C., Vetrano F., D’Anna F. 


26

Quality comparison between Organic - and Conventional - Grown Cauliflowers: Results from the 

3 rd Year of Valorbio Project 

Migliori C.*, Lo Scalzo R., Di Cesare L. F., Campanelli G., Ferrari V. 

Effect of Anaerobic Digestates Application on Qualitative Traits in Early and Late Cauliflower 


Characteristics and Seed Production of Italian and Iberian Type of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. 

acephala) Grown in Sicily 

Ragusa L.*, Chiarenza G.L., Pinio M., Tribulato A., Branca F. 

Use of Brassica napus L. var. oleifera D.C. to Develop Sustainable Strategies in the 

Phytoextraction 

Ruta C.*, Brunetti G., Cassano D., De Mastro G. 

Effects of Harvest Time and plant density on Yield and Quality of Chinese Cabbage for Fresh-cut 

Production 

Scuderi D.*, Giuffrida F., Leonardi C. 

Response of Matthiola incana (L.) W. T. Aiton to Cultivation in Mediterranean Climate 

Scuderi D.*, Toscano S., Romano D. 

Characterization of the Economic system for Exploiting Sicilian Landraces of Cauliflower and 

Kohlrabi 

Timpanaro G., Branca F., Foti V.T., Di Vita G. 

Strong Heterosis in Yield is Seen in Chinese Cabbage F1 Hybrid Cultivars 

Tomaru* Y., Kawanabe T., Abe H., Saeki N., Konno S., Shimizu M., Tomita H., Okazaki K., Kaji M., 

Dennis E.S., Fujimoto R. 

Collard Green (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Cultivation in Sicily 

Vetrano F., Moncada A., Romano C., D’Anna F., Miceli A.* 

SESSION G - PESTS AND DISEASES 


Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. and Xanthomonas campestris Patovars: Two Important Seed-Borne 

Pathogens of Wild Rocket Fourth Range Production in the Southern Italy 

Sigillo L.*, Senape V., Serratore G., Bravi R. 

Why to Study the Concentration of the Ascospores of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa? 

Kaczmarek J.*, Brachaczek A.,Kasprzyk I., Sulborska A., Karolewski Z., Jędryczka M. 


27

Antibiotic Effect of Glucosinolates and Derivatives on Different Brassica Disesases 

Velasco P.*, Lema M., Alonso I., Cartea M.E. 

Molecular Characterization of Portuguese Isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans Using PCR-ISSR 

and RAPD Markers 

Godinho J.S.*, Balesdent M.H., Pereira E. M., Dias J.S. 


Evaluation of Sicilian Wild and Cultivated Brassica Genotopyes for Resistance to Xanthomonas 

campestris pv. campestris 

Bella P., Ragusa L., Strano C.P., Tribulato A., Branca F., Catara V. 

Feeding Preference and Development of the Cabbage Moth, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae), on Cabbage Varieties 

Cartea M.E.*, Soengas P., Lema M., Velasco P. 

Study of Induced Systemic Resistance in Cabbage Against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 

Following Biological and Chemical Seed Treatment 

Desai D., Braun R., Visnovsky S., Pitman A., Christey M.* 

The Inhertance of Brown Heart Susceptibility in Swede (Brassica nabobrassica) 

Fadhel F.*, Fuller M., Burchett F., Jellings A. 

New Disease of Wild and Cultivated Rocket in Italy 

Gilardi G.*, Gullino M.L., Garibaldi A. 

Optimal Time of Fungicide Application of Oilseed Rape Against Sclerotinia Stem Rot 

Kaczmarek J.*, Brachaczek A., Jedryczka M. 

Receptor Kinase-Mediated Regulation of Seed Size in Arabidopsis thaliana 

Gacek K., Marcos J.G. 

Occurrence of Blackleg on Rapeseed in China 

Li Q., Hu B.*, Rong S., Hou S., Fei W., Jiang Y., Chen F., Wu X., Fan Z., Lei W. 

Investigations on the Resistance of Some Processing White Head Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. 

var. capitata subvar. alba), Varieties to Root–Knot Nematodes [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & 

White) Chitwood] 

Özbakır M., Balkaya A.*, Mennan S. 

Effect of Flooding on the Survival of Leptosphaeria spp. in Canola Stubble 

Peluola C., Fernando W.G.D., Huvenaars C., Kutcher H.R., Peng G.* 


28

Fine Mapping of Race-Specific Blackleg Resistance Genes in Brassica napus L. 

Tang S.*, Zhao J., Gore S., Ripley V., Wiggins M., Preuss R., Rider K., Ubayasena L., Powers C., 

Meyer D., Thompson S., Channabasavaradhya C. 

SESSION H - CLUBROOT 


Molecular Cloning of Crr1a, a Gene for Resistance to Clubroot Disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae 

Woronin) in Brassica rapa L. 

Hatakeyama K.*, Suwabe K., Tomita R.N, Kato T., Nunome T., Fukuoka H., Matsumoto S. 

Deciphering the Functional Typology of Resistance QTL Through Metabolomics 

Gravot A., Wagner G., Lariagon C., Delourme R.*, Manzanares-Dauleux M.J. 

Long-term Soil Data Sets Reveal Shifts in Populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae 

Jonsson A.*, Wallenhammar AC., Dixelius C. 

A Molecular Based Seedling Assay System to Study the Germination and Primary Infection by 

Plasmodiophora brassicae 

Lewis M.*, Wakeham A., Kennedy R. 

Crop Rotation and Cultivar Resistance Are Effective for Control of Clubroot on Canola While 

Bacillus subtilis Biofungicides Are Not 

Peng G.*, Lahlali R., Pageau D., Hwang S.F., Hynes R.K., Anderson K., McDonald M.R., Gossen 

B.D., Strelkov S.E. , Turkington T.K., Yu F.Q., Falk K.C., Boyetchko S.M., McGregor L., Hupka D., 

Geissler J. 

Use of Genetics and Genomics Approaches to Fine Map the Clubroot Resistance “CRb” Locus in 

Brassica rapa 

Ramchiary N., Im S.B., Piao Z., Lim Y.P.* 

QTL Mapping of Isolate-Specific Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica rapa 

Jing J., Chen J., Zhang T., Piao Z.* 

First Glance at the Genome of the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae 

Schwelm A.*, Fogelqvist J., Dixelius C. 


Biological Control of Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) by an Endophytic Fungus 

Auer S. 


29

Identification and Mapping of Clubroot Resistance Genes 

Chu M., Yu F., Falk K.C. and Peng G.* 

Clubroot Resistance Breeding in Oilseed Rape 

Diederichsen E.*, Frauen M. 

Search for Genetic Resistance to Clubroot in Brassica Collection, Interspecific Hybrids and 

Mutants of Brassica napus 

Jedryczka M.*, Wojciechowski A., Olejniczak J., Niemann J., Kaczmarek J. 

Infectious Potential for Clubroot in French Oilseed Rape Fields 

Jestin C.*, Leflon M., Waller F., Pinochet X. 

Induced Resistance is Involved in Suppressing Clubroot on Canola by Several Biocontrol Agents 

Lahlali R., Peng G.*, McGregor L. , McDonald M.R., Yu F., Gossen B.D., Hwang, S.F., Hynes 

R.K., Boyetchko S.M., Geissler J. 

The Effect of Micronutrients on the Germination and Infection of Plasmodiophora brassicae 


Occurrence of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Finnish Turnip Rape and Oilseed Rape Fields 

Rastas M.*, Latvala S., Hannukkala H. 

Characterization of the RPb1 Gene, Mediating Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in 

Arabidopsis thaliana 

Rehn F., Stolz A., Galfe N, Reinhardt S., Mukherjee O., Diederichsen E., Siemens J.* 

The New Approach of Clubroot Control (Plasmodiophora brassicae) Using Plants Extracts and 

Catch Crops 

Robak J.*, Gidelska A. 

Testing of Resistance to Clubroot of Interspecific Hybrids Within the Genus Brassica Using 

Hydroponic Cultures 

Starzycki M., Jedryczka M.*, Starzycka E., Kaczmarek J. 

Genetic Variability Among Plasmodiophora brassicae Collections From Different Regions in 

Germany 

Strehlow B.*, Struck C. 

In-Field Distribution of Plasmodiophora brassicae Measured Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR 

and the Influence of Soil Physiochemical Parameters on Disease Development 

Wallenhammar AC.*, Almquist C., Söderström M., Jonsson A. 


30

Session A 

CRUCIFER GENETIC WORKSHOP 

Oral presentation 


31

Session A-1 

CHARACTERISING DIVERSITY IN THE BRASSICA GENOMES 

Keynote lecture 

Edwards D. 

University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, 

Australia. 

E-mail: dave.edwards@uq.edu.au 

The genome sequence of an organism provides the basis for gene discovery, the analysis of genetic 

variation and the association of genomic variation with heritable traits. Genome sequence variation 

can vary from single nucleotide polymorphisms to presence/absence of large regions or 

rearrangements. Second generation sequencing technologies and applied bioinformatics tools can 

provide an unprecedented insight into genome structure and variation, with applications for 

understanding the evolution of Brassica species and advancing crop breeding strategies. 

Advances in data production and bioinformatics capability now make the re-sequencing of complex 

polyploid genomes routine. This provides the opportunity to expand genomics from gene and 

molecular genetic marker discovery to developing a broader understanding of the role of diversity 

in adaptation and selection. This, in turn, enables comparative genomic approaches to truly 

comprehend the effect of diversity on genome structure and how this impacts on the form and 

function of organisms, their growth and development, and response to environment, pests and 

diseases. 

The sequencing and re-sequencing of different Brassica varieties has identified genome wide 

variation. Bioinformatics tools have been produced and applied to interrogate and annotate this 

abundant data, and genome wide variation has been integrated with genetic maps and phenotypic 

information. The Brassica genomes, when combined with genome diversity information provide an 

insight into the evolution of these important crop plants and their wild relatives together with tools 

to advance breeding of improved varieties with enhanced agronomic traits 

The characterisation of diversity across Brassica genomes will provide an understanding of recent 

selection pressures on plant genomes, the genomic components that contribute to adaptation, and 

the genes that have been the target of selection. This may lead to significant increases in crop 

production. 


32

Session A-1 

BREEEDING A DYNAMIC POPULATION OF NEW TYPE BRASSICA NAPUS 

CONTAINING UNIQUE ELITE GENES FROM OILSEED BRASSICA SUBGENOMES 

VIA GENOME SELECTION 


Zou J., Long Y., Meng J.* 

National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 

430070, China. 

E-mail: jmeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn 

Various evolutionary driving forces, such as different chromosomal events followed by natural 

selection in various environments, sexual and geographic isolation, caused the divergence of each 

of the Brassica basic genome (A, B and C) to subgenomes composing different Brassica species in 

which unique genes embodied. Intersubgenomic hybrid oilseed, which were obtained from 

conventional rapeseeds (B. napus, A n A n C n C n , superscripts representing the name of species were 

introduced to define each subgenome. and new type B. napus obtained by intensive introgression of 

subgenome A r from B. rapa (A r A r ) and C c from B. carinata (B c B c C c C c ) shows great heterosis 

potential for oilseed production. A genepool of a new type B. napus has been developed and its 

complexity of genetic structure has been revealed by molecular markers. Hundreds of elite plants 

have been selected from the pool to cross with more than 100 selected elite lines or commercial 

hybrids of B. napus with various subgenomic introgressions of either A r , C c or A j (from B. juncea). 

SNP-chip/GBS will be applied for genomic selection against the offspring from the crosses, and the 

genetic effect for key SNP markers has been evaluated with several training populations, both diparental 

and natural of B. napus. A route for breeding a dynamic population of new type Brassica 

napus containing unique elite genes from all of subgenomes of oilseed Brassicas via genomic 

selection will be discussed. 


33

Session A-1 

THE WILD AND THE GROWN – REMARKS ON BRASSICA 


Hammer K. 1 *, Laghetti G. 2 , Pignone D. 2 

1 Former Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany; 

2 CNR – Institute of Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy. 

E-mail: khammer.gat@t-online.de 

Brassica is a genus of the Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). The wild races are concentrated in the 

Mediterranean area with one species in CE Africa (Brassica somalenesis Hedge et A. Miller) and 

several weedy races reaching E Asia. Amphidiploid evolution is characteristic for the genus. The 

diploid species Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (n = 8), Brassica rapa L. emend. Metzg. ( n = 10, syn.: B. 

campestris L.) and Brassica oleracea L. (n = 9) all show a rich variation under domestication. From 

the naturally occurring amphidiploids Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (n = 18), Brassica napus L. 

emend. Metzg. (n = 19) and the rare Brassica carinata A. Braun (n = 17) also some vegetable races 

have developed. The man-made Brassica ×harmsiana O.E. Schulz (Brassica oleracea × Brassica 

rapa, n = 29, n = 39) or similar hybrids serve also for the development of new vegetables. Brassica 

tournefortii Gouan (n = 10) from another Brassica-cytodeme, different from the Brassica rapa 

group, is occasionally grown as a vegetable in India. Brassica has developed two hotspots under 

cultivation, in the Mediterranean area and in E Asia. 

Cultivation by man has changed the different Brassica species in a characteristic way. The large 

amount of morphologic variation, which exceeded in many cases variations occurring in distinct 

wild species, has been observed by the classical botanists by adding these variations to their natural 

species by using Greek letters. Later taxonomists used the category botanical variety (var.). In this 

way impressive systems have been established, e.g. for Brassica oleracea. Later on, the other 

species followed. The variation from E Asia, particularly in the species Brassica rapa and Brassica 

juncea, was much later included into the investigations, simply because of lacking information. But 

also this material was included, in the last one hundred years, in classifications according to the 

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICNBN (McNeill et al. 2006). An overview is 

provided of the infraspecific taxa in Brassica vegetable species. This is one possibility to 

demonstrate the rich variation of the cultivated races. Included here are our experiences with field 

studies in the Mediterranean area (especially Italy) and E Asia (Korea, China). A short discussion is 

devoted to the classification of material according to the International Code of Nomenclature for 

Cultivated Plants, ICNCP (Brickell et al. 2009). Reducing the possibilities for classification largely 

to cultivars and cultivar groups, this Code is certainly adapted to modern agri- and horticulture, 

including the seed business.Whereas cultivated plants experience a fast evolution, depending on the 

speed of breeding progress in different periods of the last less than 10.000 years, starting from the 

so called Neolithic revolution, wild plants are following usually slower evolutionary pathways over 

a much longer time span. It is difficult to classify wild and cultivated plants under the same system. 

But Brassica provides material, also showing a complex reticulate evolution difficult to classify, 

which can help developping ways for a general framework. 


34

Session A-1 

RECONSTRUCTING ANCESTRAL GENOME(S) OF THE MESOHEXAPLOID 

ANCESTOR OF BRASSICA RAPA AND TRIBE BRASICEAE 

Cheng F. 1 , Mandáková T. 2 , Wang X. 1 , Lysak M.A. 2 * 

1 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; 

2 RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. 

E-mail: lysak@sci.muni.cz 

Together with 46 other genera is Brassica forming a monophyletic tribe Brassiceae comprising 

altogether about 238 species. Recent genetic, cytogenetic and genomics studies provided 

compelling evidence for an ancient whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by all members 

of the Brassiceae. The WGT event occurred 5 to 14 million years ago, post-dating the Brassicaceaespecific 

Alpha whole-genome duplication but pre-dating more recent origins of Brassica 

allotetraploids (e.g., B. carinata, B. juncea, B. napus). Several molecular studies placed the 

Brassiceae together with three other tribes into lineage II, one of the three well-supported lineages 

resolved in the Brassicaceae phylogeny. However, genome evolution as well as phylogenetic 

relationships in lineage II and 18 other tribes treated as expanded lineage II remain far from settled. 

Recent analysis of the draft genome sequence of B. rapa (Wang et al. 2011, Nat. Genet.) revealed 

three differentially fractioned subgenomes reflecting the mesohexaploid origin of Brassica. The 

available B. rapa sequence data and multi-species genome comparisons allowed us to get insight 

into the structure of the three ancestral subgenomes and subsequently to reconstruct “diploid” 

ancestral karyotype(s) which participated in the origin of the Brassiceae mesohexaploid progenitor. 

A general overview of the genome evolution in Brassica, the Brassiceae and closely related tribes 

will be given. 


35

Session A-2 

SNP-BASED HIGH DENSITY MAP OF BRASSICA NAPUS L. 

Tang S. 1 *, Preuss R. 1 , Robertson M. 1 , Buit T. 1 , Wiggins M. 1 , GingeraG. 2 , Zhao J. 2 , Ripley V. 2 , 

Meyer D. 1 , Thompson S. 1 , Channabasavaradhya C. 1 

1 Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA; 

2 Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc, 101-421 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N-4L8, Canada. 

E-mail: stang3@dow.com 

Brassica napus L., an allotetraploid (AACC, 2n = 4x = 38) formed from the diploid B. rapa (AA, 

2n = 2x = 20) and B. oleracea (CC, 2n = 2x = 18), is the most important vegetable oilseed crop in 

the world. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the most useful marker for genetic diversity 

study, genetic mapping, association mapping and molecular breeding because of its abundance in 

the genome and amenability for high throughput genotyping. Research has indicated that 18,000- 

30,000 SNPs with even genome distribution are needed in order to efficiently identify the genes/loci 

for important traits through precision mapping and association mapping in major crops like B. 

napus. In this poster, we describe the construction of a high density consensus map for B. napus 

based on the SNPs identified at Dow AgroSciences (DAS) using different genome complexity 

reduction and next-generation sequencing technologies. Due to the low polymorphisms (10-25%) 

among modern canola lines, we developed and obtained eight di-haploid (DH) populations, which 

can map more than 90% of the validated SNP markers at DAS, for consensus map construction. By 

now, a total of 6,300+ SNP markers have been mapped in four of the eight DH populations, and a 

consensus map of 2,559.2 cM has been constructed for trait mapping, gene isolation and molecular 

breeding at DAS. 


36

Session A-2 

MEIOTIC SEGREGATION IS INITIATED BY RECENT AND ANCIENT 

HOMOEOLOGOUS REGIONS IN THE HAPLOID GENOMES OF BRASSICA 

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS 

Mason A. S. 1, 2 *, Cowling W.A. 3, 4 2, 3, 4 

, Nelson M.N. 

1 

School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 

(present address); 

2 

School of Plant Biology; 

3 

The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 

Crawley 6009, Perth, Australia; 

4 

Canola Breeders Western Australia Pty Ltd, 15/219 Canning Highway, South Perth, WA 6151, 

Australia. 

E-mail: annaliese.mason@uq.edu.au 

The Brassica A, B and C genomes diverged from a common hexaploid ancestor, as evidenced by 

whole genome triplication in these diploidised genomes that have subsequently been reshaped 

through chromosome rearrangements. Relatively recent polyploidy events have also brought the 

three genomes together in pairwise combinations: B. juncea (2n = AABB = 36), B. napus (2n = 

AACC = 38) and B. carinata (2n = BBCC = 34). Therefore, these allotetraploid species possess 

genomes containing regions of both ancient and recent homoeology. In previous cytogenetic 

research, it was observed that meiotic chromosome pairing occurred between regions of recent A, B 

and C genome homoeology and within each of the A, B and C genomes (presumably between 

regions of ancient genome triplication). However, little direct evidence has been obtained for 

genetic recombination between mapped regions of recent or ancient homoeology. We used two 

experimental populations derived from the crosses (B. juncea × B. napus (F1: AABC)) × B. carinata 

(BBCC) and (B. juncea × B. carinata (F1: BBAC)) × B. napus (AACC) to investigate meiotic 

segregation and recombination between and within the Brassica A, B and C genomes. Essentially 

normal homologous pairing and recombination occurred between the A genomes of B. juncea and 

B. napus in the AABC × B. carinata population, with few non-homologous associations observed. 

However, molecular karyotyping of the BBAC × B. napus population revealed very high 

frequencies of A-C association in regions of known recent homoeology, as well as A-A and C-C 

associations between regions of ancient homoeology. These results indicate that regions of 

homology, recent homoeology and ancient homoeology in the A, B and C Brassica genomes all 

retain sufficient similarity to allow meiotic pairing and segregation in interspecific Brassica 

hybrids. 


37

Session A-3 

EXPLORING THE BRASSICA B GENOME AT THE WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE 

LEVEL 

Parkin I. 1 *, Koh C. 2 , Clarke C. 2 , Navabi Z.H. 1 , Sharpe A. 2 

1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N0X2, Canada; 

2 National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, S7N0W9, Canada. 

E-mail: isobel.Parkin@AGR.GC.CA 

Progenitors of the three Brassica diploid species, B. rapa (A genome), B. oleracea (C genome and 

B. nigra (B genome) form the apices of U’s triangle, and together with the amphidiploid species 

formed from their pairwise hybridization, encompass all economically important Crucifereae crops. 

Brassica nigra although perhaps the oldest recorded Brassica species, with references from 3000 

BC, has been neglected, especially with respect to breeding improvements, largely due to its use as 

a mustard crop being usurped by B. juncea, since B. nigra could not be easily mechanically 

harvested. As well as representing effectively half the genome of the important mustard crop B. 

juncea, the B genome harbours favourable alleles for a number of important agronomic traits, 

specifically resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Although closely related at the gene sequence 

level there has been limited success in transferring useful traits from the B genome into the A or C, 

the reasons for which are still debated. We have developed a whole genome sequence for B. nigra, 

combining the high sequence coverage of Illumina next generation sequencing (NGS) with the 

improved scaffolding offered by large insert Roche 454 mate-pair libraries. The current assembly 

covers 452 Mb, an estimated 71% of the predicted 632 Mb genome and has been linked to the 

genetic map with high density sequence tag mapping. We will present the results of comparative 

genome analysis between the three Brassica diploid genomes, which offers insights into the unique 

nature of the Brassica B genome and its potential for furthering our knowledge of Brassica genome 

evolution. 


38

Session A-3 

IDENTIFICATION OF RESISTANCE LOCI TO VERTICILLIUM LONGISPORUM IN 

ARABIDOPSIS AND BRASSICA 

Diederichsen E. 1 *, Konietzky S. 1 , Karlovsky P. 2 , Soquet-Juglard D. 1 , Häffner E. 1 

1 Freie Universität Berlin, Angewandte Genetik, Berlin, Germany; 

2 Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 

Germany. 

E-mail: elke.diederichsen@web.de 

Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne fungus infecting cruciferous hosts. It penetrates host roots, 

grows towards the xylem and spreads within the xylem vessels to colonise the whole plant. Infected 

plants show a complex pattern of disease symptoms and developmental reactions, incl. premature 

seed ripening, chlorosis or stunting. Brassica species as well as Arabidopsis thaliana are hosts of 

Verticillium longisporum. This study aims at the identification of genes controlling disease 

parameters and implications host development. 

We identified host accessions in Arabidopsis and Brassica alboglabra that differed strikingly in 

their susceptibility to V. longisporum and used these as parents for mapping experiments. In B. 

alboglabra, a closely related species of B. oleracea, we could identify 2 major QTL that explained 

significant proportions of the variation for the degree of fungal colonisation and AUDPC in F3 

families. QTL for the control of different stunting parameters showed some overlap with QTL for 

AUDPC or colonisation. Two major QTL controlling differences in developmental velocity were 

identified that did not show interdependence to disease resistance. As for B. alboglabra, fungal 

shoot colonisation was the most reliable resistance parameter in repeated experiments with 

Arabidopsis. Resistance to Verticillium-induced stunting was inherited more independent from 

resistance to shoot colonisation than in B. alboglabra. QTL for colonisation resistance did show 

linkage with QTL that controlled development or with the morphological marker erecta. Finemapping 

of different disease parameters in the erecta region in near-isogenic lines revealed a close 

linkage of loci controlling either stunting or colonisation resistance. 

QTL and candidate genes from Arabidopsis will be used to identify homologs/ orthologs in B. 

alboglabra and to check for co-localization with QTL that were identified in this species. Cloning 

of genes conferring either colonisation resistance or stunting resistance from Arabidopsis will allow 

the functional analysis of both types of resistance. 


39

Session A-3 

HOW HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION IS BOOSTED IN OILSEED RAPE 

Suay L. 1 , Zhang D. 1 , Eber F. 1 , Jouy H. 1 , Lodé M. 1 , Huteau V. 1 , Coriton O. 1 , Szadkowski E. 1 , Leflon 

M. 2 , Martin O.C. 3 , Falque M. 3 , Jenczewski E. 4 , Paillard S. 1 , Chèvre A.M 1 *. 

1 

INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu, France; 

2 

CETIOM, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, Campus de Grignon, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France; 

3 

UMR Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, Gif sur Yvette, France; 

4 

INRA - Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin, Route de Saint-Cyr 78026 Versailles Cedex, France. 

E-mail: anne-marie.chevre@rennes.inra.fr 

Selection and population bottlenecks have reduced the genetic variability within oilseed rape 

(Brassica napus, AACC, 2n=38) varieties whereas a large genetic diversity is available among its 

progenitors (B.rapa, AA, 2n=20 and B.oleracea, CC, 2n=18). We previously showed that it is 

possible to tap into the genetic diversity of B.rapa by boosting the homologous recombination 

between A genomes in AAC hybrids. This boost may be driven either by the number of C 

chromosomes remaining as univalents in meiosis or by the nature of these chromosomes. To test 

these alternative hypotheses, we produced AA hybrids carrying in addition 0, 1, 3, 6 or 9 univalents. 

The nature of C chromosomes was determined by molecular markers and cytogenetic controls 

which showed a meiotic behaviour close to the one expected. The genetic map lengths for each 

hybrid were established and then compared to that of the control AA without C chromosomes in 

addition. These comparisons revealed that the recombination rates were 1.4 and 2.7 times higher in 

the hybrids carrying C6 or C9 alone than in the control. Furthermore, this enhancement factor 

reached 3.1 and 4.1 in hybrids carrying 6 and 9 C chromosomes. Overall, the presence of C9 

chromosome was the main factor affecting the recombination rate. Interestingly, we found that its 

presence was also the main factor reducing crossover interference. The consequences of such results 

for breeding programmes and gene cloning will be presented. 


40

Session A-3 

GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF FLOWERING TIME VARIATION IN BRASSICA 

RAPA; A GENETICAL GENOMICS APPROACH 

Xiao D. 1, 3 , Zhao J. 1, 4 *, Basnet R.K. 1, 2 , del Carpio D.P. 3 , Bucher J. 1 , Bonnema G. 1, 2 * 

1 

Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands, 

Guusje.Bonnema@wur.nl; 

2 

Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands; 

3 

Horticultural college,Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China; 

4 

Horticultural college, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001, Baoding, China; 

5 

Institute for Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany. 

E-mail: dong.Xiao@wur.nl 

The present study aims to understand and to identify gene networks involved in flowering time and 

identifying genes underlying flowering time QTL by a genetical genomics approach. We 

constructed a genetic map of DH68 (Yellow Sarson x Pak Choi) based on B. rapa homologues of A. 

thaliana flowering time genes. These markers connect the physical and genetic B. rapa maps which 

is a prerequisite for genetical genomic studies. The DH68 population was used to identify flowering 

time QTL (fQTL) under different environments and in different years. The same population was 

profiled for the whole genome transcript variation. A genome wide eQTL analysis was performed 

and gene networks in flowering time were constructed. The combined data allowed us to prioritize a 

small number of flowering time candidate genes for further study on functional roles. A major 

regulatory role for BrFLC2 is illustrated. 


41

Session A-3 

QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI MAPPING IN BRASSICA RAPA REVEALED THE 

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CONSERVATION OF GENETIC LOCI 

GOVERNING MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD COMPONENT TRAITS IN THE A, B, 

AND C SUB-GENOMES OF BRASSICA SPECIES 

Li X. 1 , Ramchiary N. 1, 2 , Dhandapani V. 1 , Choi S. R. 1 , Hur Y. 3 , Nou I.S. 4 , Yoon M.K. 5 , Lim Y.P. 1 * 

1 

Molecular Genetics and Genomics Lab, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National 

University, Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; 

2 

Department of Biological Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, 

Guwahati 781 014, Assam, India; 

3 

Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; 

4 

Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam, 540-742, Korea; 

5 

National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, 203 Cheoncheon-ro, jangan-gu, 

Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-706, Republic of Korea. 

E-mail: joewin72@naver.com 

Brassica rapa is an important crop species that produces vegetables, oilseed, and fodder. Although 

many studies reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, the genes governing most of its 

economically important traits are still unknown. In this study, we report QTL mapping for 

morphological and yield component traits in B. rapa and comparative map alignment between B. 

rapa, B. napus, B. juncea, and Arabidopsis thaliana to identify candidate genes and conserved QTL 

blocks between them. A total of 91 QTL were identified in different crucifer blocks of the B. rapa 

genome. A few blocks contained more QTL than other duplicated paralogous blocks. Through 

synteny analysis with A. thaliana, B. rapa candidate genes and intronic and exonic single nucleotide 

polymorphisms in the parental lines were detected from whole genome re-sequenced data, a few of 

which were validated by mapping them to the QTL regions. Comparative mapping identified 5 key 

major evolutionarily conserved crucifer blocks (R, J, F, E, and W) harboring QTL for 

morphological and yield components traits between the A, B, and C sub-genomes of B. rapa, B. 

juncea, and B. napus. The information for these candidate genes could be used for breeding B. rapa 

and other related species. 


42

Session A-3 

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF CANDIDATE BLACKLEG 

RESISTANCE GENES IN BRASSICA NAPUS USING NEXT GENERATION 

SEQUENCING 

Tollenaere R. 1 , Hayward A. 1 , Bayer P. 2 , Dalton-Morgan J. 1 , Campbell E. 1 , McLanders J. 1 , Lorenc 

M. 2 , Manoli S. 2 , Stiller J. 2 , Raman R. 3 , Raman H. 3 , Edwards D. 2 , Batley J. 1 * 

1 

Centre for Integrative Legume Research and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University 

of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; 

2 

Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 

University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; 

3 

NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga, 

NSW 2650, Australia. 

E-mail: j.batley@uq.edu.au 

A thorough understanding of the relationships between plants and pathogens is essential if we are to 

continue to meet the agricultural needs of the world’s growing population. The identification of 

genes underlying important quantitative trait loci (QTL) is extremely challenging in complex 

genomes such as Brassica napus (canola, oilseed rape or rapeseed). However, recent advances in 

next generation sequencing (NGS) enable much quicker identification of candidate genes for traits 

of interest. Here we demonstrate this with the identification of candidate disease resistance genes 

from Brassica napus for its most devastating fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg 

fungus). These two species are locked in an evolutionary arms-race whereby a gene for gene 

interaction confers either resistance or susceptibility in the plant depending on the genotype of the 

plant and pathogen. Preliminary analysis of the complete genome sequence of the diploid progenitor 

of B. napus: B. rapa, identified numerous candidate CC-NBS-LRR and TIR-NBS-LRR domain 

protein encoding genes, several of which were clustered around a region syntenic with major loci 

for blackleg resistance in B. napus. Molecular analyses of the candidate genes using B. napus NGS 

data are presented and the difficulties associated with identifying functional gene copies within the 

highly duplicated Brassica genome are discussed. 


43

Session A-3 

GENOME SEQUENCING AND ANALYSIS OF THE EMERGING OILSEED CROP 

CAMELINA SATIVA 

Kagale S. 1 *, Koh C. 2 , Bollina V. 1 , Clarke C. 2 , Sharpe A. 2 , Parkin I. 1 

1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N0X2, Canada; 

2 National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, S7N0W9, Canada. 

E-mail: sateesh.Kagale@AGR.GC.CA 

Camelina sativa (false flax), a novel oilseed crop with several desirable agronomic and oil-quality 

attributes, is being developed as an industrial oil platform crop. Camelina seed oil holds great 

potential to be a viable and sustainable feedstock for biofuel and bio-lubricant production, thus 

having significant economic impact. However, currently limited genomic or genetic resources are 

available for this emerging oilseed crop. To enable genomics-assisted breeding for further 

improvement of Camelina, we have assembled a draft genome sequence of a doubled haploid line 

(DH55). To achieve this, we generated 170 Gb of raw sequence using Illumina HiSeq2000 and 

Roche pyrosequencing platforms. A total of 80 Gb high quality sequence, equivalent to ~100-fold 

genome coverage, was assembled resulting in 41,000 scaffolds with an N50 size of 946 Kb 

spanning 620 Mb, representing 78% of the estimated 790 Mb genome of Camelina. High density 

sequence tag mapping in a segregating population is being utilized to assist with aligning the 

genome sequence to the genetic map and to construct chromosome scale pseudomolecules. Whole 

plant transcriptome based on RNAseq data derived from multiple tissues collected from various 

stages throughout the life cycle of Camelina is being characterized to help assist in the genome 

annotation process. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Camelina draft genome with other 

sequenced crucifer genomes (Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis) has revealed striking conservation of 

gene synteny and provided evidence for a whole genome triplication event. It is evident from 

preliminary analyses that the proportion of genes retained in each of the subgenomes within 

Camelina is higher than that observed in Brassica rapa, suggesting that Camelina may have 

undergone a relatively recent polyploidization event. The genome sequence of Camelina is expected 

to enrich the sequence resources of Brassica genomes and provide novel insights into the evolution 

of polyploid genomes within Brassicaceae. 


44

Session A-3 

IDENTIFICATION OF QTLS DETERMINED BLACK ROT RESISTANCE AND 

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN BRASSICA RAPA L. 

Artemyeva A.M.*, Rudneva E.N., Volkova A.I., Kocherina N.V., Chesnokov Y.V. 

N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Bol’shaya Morskaya Str. 44, 190000 St.- 

Petersburg, Russia. 

E-mail: akme11@yandex.ru 

Here we report on quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of 43 morphological and phenological traits 

(flowering time, growth-related traits, leaf, seed, flower and fruit traits), and black rot resistance 

traits in B. rapa using two DH mapping populations (DH38: РC175 x YS143 and DH30: VT115 x 

YS143) resulted from crosses between Yellow sarson, Pak choi, and Vegetable turnip accessions, 

obtained from Wageningen University. Plants of DH populations have been grown in the field and 

greenhouse conditions in St.-Petersburg area, Russia, during three years. For flowering time 3 QTLs 

for DH30 and 7 for DH38 were detected, 4-5 QTLs for growth-related traits, 12-15 for leaf traits, 12 

QTLs for flower, seed, fruit traits. Principal component analysis and co-localization of QTL 

indicated that some components of the genetic control of leaf and growth-related traits and of 

flowering time might be the same. Evaluation of resistance of B. rapa DH lines to 6 races of black 

rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris and X. arboricola, determined large differences between 

lines. QTL analysis allowed obtained for DH30 five SSR markers linked to resistance for five races 

of pathogen in linkage groups 3, 7, and 9. For DH38 it is obtained 16 markers linked to resistance 

for six races in R01, R02, R03, R04, R05, R06, R08, and R09. The most important loci of resistance 

in two populations are located in R03 and R06.For the first time in Russia genetic components 

(QTLs) determined valuable characters in B. rapa were established. 

This work is partially supported by grant of Russian Foundation for Basic Research 10-04-00446. 


45

Session A 

CRUCIFER GENETIC WORKSHOP 



46

Poster A-1 

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION AND INTEGRATION OF 

STRESS GENES INTO CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS L.) 

Al-Swedi F.*, Al-Shamari M., Rihan H.Z, Lane S., Fuller M.P 

School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science &Technology 

University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. 

E-mail: fadil.al-swedi@plymouth.ac.uk 

Cauliflower is member of the cruciferaceae family and cultivated all over the world as in important 

culinary vegetable with associated health promoting properties. It is however, easily damage by 

abiotic stresses (salinity, drought and frost) during its growth. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is the 

enzyme implicated in the resistance of plant to free radicals and overexpression of these can confer 

resistance abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and frost. In the last 2 decades, dramatic 

progress has been made in the application of recombinant DNA technology, including direct gene 

transfer to plants. The Agrobacterium mediated transformation system has proven to be the most 

commonly used protocol for the introduction of new genes and expressed in Brassica plants. This 

study is efforts to transfer constitutively expressed APX gene into cauliflower by Agrobacterium 

mediated method. 


47

Poster A-2 

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE OF THE ABI1 HOMEOLOGOUS 

GENES IN BRASSICA NAPUS 

Babula-Skowrońska D. 1 *, Ludwików A. 2 , Cieśla A. 1 , JędryczkaM. 1 1, 2 

, Sadowski J. 

1 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland 

2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 

61-614 Poznan, Poland. 

E-mail: dbab@igr.poznan.pl 

Whole-genome duplication as result of the paleopolyploidyzation process and the extensive 

chromosomal rearrangements have been confirmed by numerous studies in the Brassica species. A 

consequence of this process is duplication of individual genes and hence their large proportion are 

members of multi-gene families. Despite the sequence homology, these genes often exhibit 

significant differences in the expression patterns in effect of their sub- or neofunctionalization 

process. Understanding of the evolution and functional divergence of duplicated genes is significant 

for genetic improvement of crops and formation of new phenotypes. In this study we intended to 

determine mechanisms of structural and functional divergence of the detected ABI1 homeologous 

genes arising from polyploidy in Brassica napus. The ABI1 gene encodes protein phosphatase 2C 

and belong to PP2C family, group A. It is a key component and repressor of the abscisic acid 

(ABA) signaling pathway involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways through 

reversible phosphorylation of proteins. In Arabidopsis ABI1-encoding gene was identified as 

unique gene, but is represented by 6 copies in the allotetraploid B. napus genome. We identified and 

initially characterized 5 out of 6 ABI1 homeologs in B. napus. Based on sequence analysis, we 

determined their structure and genome origin (A or C genome). Although, a high sequence and 

structure similarity level among these ABI1 homeologs is observed, they exhibit changes in the 

expression profiles in different tissues, stages of development and in response to the abiotic and 

biotic stresses. One of major mechanism regulating the expression of duplicated genes (except 

changes in DNA sequence) are cis-acting effects. Therefore, we initiated the detailed analysis of 

gene expression regulation by using promoter-GUS and -GFP fused constructs. The promoter 

activity of 2 homeologs with GUS and GFP assays is analyzed in transgenic B. napus and A. 

thaliana. Additionally, in preliminary analysis, in silico identification of potential cis-regulatory 

elements in promoter regions of all ABI1 homeologs was carried out. The selected aspects of this 

studies will be discussed. 


48

Poster A-3 

BRASSICA RAPA GENOME ASSEMBLY V2.0: AN IMPROVED GENOME OF BRASSICA 

RAPA 

Cheng F. 1 , Wang J. 2 , Wu J. 1 , Wang Z. 2 , Zhao X. 2 , Liu B. 1 , Lin K. 3 , Wang X. 1 * 

1 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, 

China. 

2 BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; 

3 Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. 

E-mail: wangxw@mail.caas.net.cn 

We updated the B. rapa genome from V1.0 to V2.0. In the new assembly V2.0, 150bp paired-end 

reads were generated to assemble the contigs by using a Kmer size of 91. To improve scaffolding, 

we further sequenced 2.6Gb and 3.2Gb libraries with the insert size of 40kb and 20kb, respectively. 

The B. rapa genome v2.0 reached a scaffold N50 ~1.2Mb, which was much improved from the 

version 1.0 (scaffold N50 ~348Kb). The assembled size of version 2.0 was ~370Mb, about 76% of 

the predicted 485Mb B. rapa genome size and 85Mb more than the version 1.0. We used also 

mRNA-seq data from different organs and different developmental stages of B. rapa to improve the 

prediction of gene models. In totally, we annotated 48,266 genes in this updated genome, which 

was 7,092 more than that in the version 1.0. 


49

Poster A-4 

QTL ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS USING DIFFERENT POPULATION 

IN CHINESE CABBAGE (BRASSICA RAPA SSP. PEKINENSIS) 

Choi S.R., Ramchiary N., Li X., Dhandapani V., Yu X., Lim Y.P.* 

Plant Genomics Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. 


Plant morphology is one of the main characters in breeding of leafy vegetable. A QTL analysis was 

performed to identify the genetic regions for responsible plant morphological trait. A total of 32 

traits such as heading habit and leaf related trait were investigated in two different populations, 

DH/RIL population, with year replication. Transgressive segregations were observed for most of the 

traits in two populations. A total of 215 QTLs having the LOD thresholds decided by applying 

permutation (1000 repetitions) test were detected in DH population and 63 QTL regions affecting 

28 morphological traits represent at least over two times. Twenty two common traits which were 

measureed in DH population were investigated in RIL population. A total of 98 QTLs affecting 19 

traits were distributed in 10 linkage groups. A total of 13 QTLs belongs to 8 traits were represented 

by repetition experiment at least over two times. In comparison of the results, QTLs by different 

population type and seasons, we identified 26 consensus QTLs and candidate genes corresponding 

to traits. These robust QTL results provide useful information for further research and breeding. 


50

Poster A-5 

CROSSES OF RAPESEED-RADISH DISOMIC ADDITION LINE D WITH BRASSICA 

RAPA L. TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF THE RADISH CHROMOSOME IN 

PAKCHOI BACKGROUND 

Ding Y. 1 , Budahn H. 2 *, Schrader O. 2 , Li L. 1 , Bao M. 1 

1 Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing, PR China; 

2 Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding 

Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany. 

E-mail: holger.budahn@jki.bund.de 

A complete set (a-i) of disomic rapeseed-radish chromosome addition lines (2n=38+2) was 

described by Budahn et al. (2008). Some radish traits which may be interesting for Brassica rapa 

should be transferred using the set of rapeseed-radish addition lines as a bridge between radish and 

B. rapa. Gene Hs1 Rph providing resistance against beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii 

(Schmidt), was mapped on radish chromosome d. 

In this study, the rapeseed-radish addition line d was used, as female parent, for crosses with 

Brassica rapa. Pakchoi was used as pollen donor in the crosses/backcrosses after emasculation of 

the female parent. F1 hybrids and the progenies from backcrosses were identified by morphological 

investigation, cytological and molecular marker techniques. The presence of alien radish 

chromosome d was tested by chromosome specific SSR markers developed by Hashida et al. 

(poster this conference). Only individuals with the alien radish chromosome were used for the 

further backcrosses. Finally 15 individuals which contained radish chromosome d were obtained 

from BC3 generation. Further cytological studies should be carried out to confirm elimination of the 

C-genome chromosomes before stabilization of Pakchoi-radish chromosome addition by self 

pollination. Transfer of the radish chromosome d should be a model system for the transfer of all 

other radish chromosomes with traits of great importance for B. rapa. 


51

Poster A-6 

TRANSCRIPT ANALYSIS OF GENES RELATING TO SEED OIL CONTENT IN 

BRASSICA NAPUS L. 

Doi H.*, Akaba-Takahashi M., Yamada-Akiyama H., Yokoi S., Takahata Y. 

Fac. of Agric., Iwate Univ. 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550 JAPAN. 

E-mail: hdoi@iwate-u.ac.jp 

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. To improve the 

quantity of oil in seeds, basic and applied studies have been attempted. In oil content of seeds, a 

large genetic variation has been known in rapeseed. We performed microarray analysis in 

developing seeds between different oil content lines (high and low oil content) to identify the 

genes contributing to differences of oil contents. Consequently, 220 genes showed more than 3fold 

higher expression in common to the two high oil lines (144, CN71) compared with low oil 

line (96). And also, it was revealed that many genes relating to the acyl-lipid metabolism of 

Arabidopsis thaliana showed higher expression in the high oil content lines. In the present study, 

we examined transcript expression levels of identified genes in developing seeds of different oil 

content lines in rapeseed. 

For expression analysis, genes, which showed higher expression in high and/or low oil content 

lines and related to lipid metabolism, were selected. Transcript expression of these genes was 

analyzed in the developing seeds collected at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 DAP. 

Ten highly expressed genes in high and/or low oil content lines including 2 genes of unknown 

function were tested. Of these genes, 3 genes showed higher expression in high oil content lines 

during early stages of seed development (30-40 DAP). Ten highly expressed genes relating to 

lipid metabolism, which consist of 6 genes in plastid and 4 genes in endoplasmic reticulum, were 

also tested. Four genes showed higher expression in high oil content lines during seed 

development. These results suggested that genes selected from microarray analysis might be 

related to the difference of oil contents in seeds. 


52

Poster A-7 

MAPPING ROOT AND FLOWERING TIME QTL IN BRASSICA NAPUS: EVIDENCE 

FOR PLEIOTROPY 

Fletcher R.S. 1, 2 *, Mullen J.L., McKay J.K. 

1 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort 

Collins, Colorado, 80523; 

2 Cargill Specialty Canola Oils, Fort Collins, CO 80524. 

E-mail: richard_fletcher@cargill.com 

Despite their obvious role in sensing and responding to the soil environment, the biology of plant 

roots remains a neglected topic of research. Clearly, an understanding of the variation that exists at 

phenotypic and genotypic levels benefits basic understanding and breeding efforts aimed at 

improving crop production. Here, we sought to understand the genetic architecture of the 

quantitative trait, root pulling force (RPF; the vertical force required to remove a plant from the 

soil), and its relationship to other agronomically relevant traits. Our field experiments in 2009 and 

2010 were grown under irrigated and non-irrigated treatments utilizing a doubled haploid (DH) 

population derived from a cross between an annual and a biennial inbred variety. We measured: 

days to flower (DTF), wet shoot biomass, root diameter, seed yield and RPF and performed QTL 

analyses of these traits in the R/qtl software environment using our genetic linkage map constructed 

from 397 markers. We found a strong genetic correlation between DTF and RPF under both 

irrigated and non-irrigated conditions (rg = 0.66 (p

Poster A-8 

ISOLATION AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF AN OGUCMS-RELATED AT-HOOK 

DNA BINDING PROTEIN, BOMF2, IN CABBAGE FLOWERS 

Guo Y., Zhang L., Liu H., Jian Y., Kang J.* 

Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry 

Sciences,Beijing 100097, China. 

E-mail: kangjungen@nercv.org 

AT-hook DNA binding proteins play an important role in regulating cell-specific gene expression. 

One of the AT-hook DNA binding protein, BoMF2 is a novel type of transcription factor that 

regulated gene expression through chromatin modification in stamen development and critical for 

OguCMS in Brassica oleracea. It was cloned by using a up-regulated expression EST sequence in 

OguCMS cabbage stamens as a querying probe. The full length cDNA of BoMF2 was deduced as 

1025bp with a 5’-UTR of 71 bp and 3’ UTR of 171bp. The open reading frame (ORF) comprises 

783bp, encoding a putative protein of 260 amino acids (molecular weight of 27.20KD and an 

isoelectric point (pI) value of 9.550). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the BoMF2 was closely 

related to At2g42940(AHL16) in Arabidopsis. Detailed real time RT-PCR illuminated it was 

preferentially expressed in cabbage anther, had an expression peak in tetrad to early microspore 

stages of anther development and up-regulated 12.4 times in OguCMS cabbage flower buds. Based 

on onion epidermis cells transient expression assays with plasmids pA7-BoMF2-GFP, We 

confirmed that BoMF2 appeared to be localized in the nucleolus. In general, these results indicated 

that BoMF2 is a novel AT-hook DNA binding protein that may be involved in anther development 

and play an important role in the anther abortion of OguCMS. 


54

Poster A-9 

CHROMOSOMAL ASSIGNMENT OF RADISH LINKAGE GROUPS USING A 

COMPLETE SET OF DISOMIC RADISH-RAPESEED CHROMOSOME ADDITION 

LINES 

Hashida T. 1 , Nakatsuji R. 1 , BudahnH. 2 *, Schrader O. 2 , Peterka H. 2 , Fujimura T. 3 , Kubo N. 1 , Hirai 

M. 1 

1 

Kyoto Prefectural University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto, Japan; 

2 

Julius Kühn- Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding 

Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany; 

3 

University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences. Tsukuba, Japan, 


Radish, Raphanus sativus L. (2n = 18), is a vegetable with high economic importance, especially in 

Asia. It is used also as fodder and oil crop. Some linkage maps of radish were published, but never 

assignment of linkage groups to radish chromosomes was possible. Budahn et al. (2008) described a 

complete set of disomic radish-rapeseed chromosome addition lines (a-i) offering the chance to 

anchor genetic maps. Nakatsuji et al. (2011) developed a radish map with 336 markers on nine 

linkage groups with a total length of 672 cM. 

19 SSR- and 1 STS marker (at least two for each linkage group) were assigned to the radish 

chromosomes. No incongruence between the linkage groups and the assigned chromosomes was 

detected. Additionally three of the nine radish chromosomes (c, d and h) were characterized 

cytogenetically by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S- and 18S/25S-rDNA probes. 

These tools have also been used to assign the linkage groups of two other radish maps. The 

anchored linkage map should be used further for QTL analysis of agronomically important traits. 


55

Poster A-10 

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF RESYNTHESIZED BRASSICA NAPUS AFTER 

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION 

Karim Md. M.*, Nukui S., Okazaki K. 

Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan. 

E-mail: mkovick81@gmail.com 

Brassica napus (AACC, 2n=38) originated from interspecific hybridization of B. rapa (AA, 2n=20) 

and B. oleracea (CC, 2n=18) followed by the amphidiploidization (AC, 2n=19) of the F1 hybrid 

through spontaneous chromosome doubling. Generally B. napus is more productive than B. rapa 

but its duration is much longer compared to B. rapa. In Bangladesh, short duration rapeseed 

varieties are advantageous to grow as a catch crop between two major rice growing seasons (Aman 

and Boro rice). To develop short duration B. napus varieties that fit in Bangladesh’s cropping 

system, short duration varieties of B. oleracea (B. alboglabra and CrGc) and B. rapa (Tori-7 

and BARI Sarisha-14) were crossed to produce resynthesized B. napus plants. Chromosome 

doubling was confirmed by root-tip chromosome counting. Out of 1681 crosses, 17 hybrids have 

been developed through ovary culture where cross-ability 〔(No. of plants obtained/ No. of flowers 

pollinated) × 100〕 ranged from 0.0 to 1.4 % among five different cross combinations. Using B. 

oleracea as a female parent produced more F1 hybrids compared to the reciprocal crosses. Different 

leaf types (B. rapa, B. oleracea and mixed types) and flower colors (yellow and white) were found 

in the resynthesized B. napus individuals. Plant heights varied from 34 cm to 93 cm and pollen 

fertility ranged from 34 to 96%. The F2 generation showed distinguishable variation in days to 

flowering (44 to 61 days). Between the F1 and the F2 generations, pollen fertility was found similar 

in the same line and variation in plant heights was higher in the F2. Further research is to investigate 

characteristics of the F3 generation. 


56

Poster A-11 

RADISH GENETIC MAP CONSTRUCTED BY HIGH-DENSITY EST-BASED MARKERS 

WITH SCAFFOLD SEQUENCES 

Kitashiba H.*, Li F., Kawanabe T., Fukushima A., Nishio T. 

Tohoku Univ. Agr. Sci., Sendai, 981-8555, Japan. 

E-mail: kite@bios.tohoku.ac.jp 

Radish (Raphanus sativus L. n=9) is one of the major vegetative crops in Asia. Radish called 

‘Daikon’ has some unique morphological or physiological traits. To construct a genetic linkage 

map, we designed mainly expressed sequence tag (EST)-based single nucleotide polymorphism 

(SNP) markers, and genotyped F2 plants obtained by crossing of inbred line 'Aokubi' as a root 

thickening type and inbred line 'Sayatori' as a non-thickening type by dot-blot analysis. Nine 

hundred and sixty-five dot-blot SNP markers and 46 SSR markers were assigned to nine linkage 

groups with a total length of 844.5 cM. By BLASTN, most sequences of the EST-SNP markers 

were found to have homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Since Shirasawa et al. (2011) 

constructed a radish genetic map with 843 DNA markers including EST-SSR and RAPD, the 

current map and the previous one were integrated to form a high density genetic linkage map with 

about 1,600 markers using 120 consensus EST-SSR markers. Additionally, genomic DNA of inbred 

line 'Aokubi' was sequenced by a Next Generation Sequencer, Illumina GAIIx. One hundred thirtynine 

Gb data were assembled into 265,257 scaffolds, in which the longest size was 147 kb and N50 

was 13.9 kb. Assembled sequences, 309 Mb, covered half of expected genomic size of radish. More 

than 1,500 (97%) DNA markers in the integrated map were contained in the scaffolds. Comparison 

of the genome structure of R. sativus and the A, B, and C genomes of Brassica species is in 

progress and will be discussed. 


57

Poster A-12 

GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS 

OF GENES ENCODING PUTATIVE FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGANACTAN 

PROTEINS IN CHINESE CABBAGE (BRASSICA RAPA L.) 

Li J., Wu X.* 

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of 

Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. 

China. 

E-mail: wuxm@oilcrops.cn 

Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs), a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), have 

both predicted AGP-like glycosylated regions and putative fasciclin (FAS) domains, which are 

suggested to function in cell adhesion and communication. Previous studies have identified 21, 27, 

and 34 FLAs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum 

aestivum), respectively. In this study, we identified 33 FLAs in the annotated genome of Chinese 

cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis line Chiifu-401-42). Sequence analysis indicated that FAS 

domains each contain two highly conserved regions, named H1 and H2, and that 17 FLAs from B. 

rapa (BrFLAs) possess both of these regions. Prediction of glycosylphatidylinositol (GPI) 

modification sites suggested that 15 BrFLAs were GPI-anchored to the plasma membrane. 

Additionally, 25 BrFLAs may have been duplicated during the processes that shaped the triplicated 

genome of the mesopolyploid B. rapa. Expression analyses indicated that BrFLA1, BrFLA11, 

BrFLA13, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32 were specifically expressed in inflorescence. Meanwhile, 

BrFLA9 (homologous to AtFLA12) is specifically expressed in stem, and BrFLA6/22 (homologous 

to AtFLA11) is also highly expressed in stem, suggesting BrFLA6/9/22 may have the same 

functions as AtFLA11/12 in A. thaliana. The identification and bioinformatic analysis of FLAs in B. 

rapa lays a foundation for studying their biological functions in plant growth and development as 

well as evolutionary history of this gene family in A. thaliana and B. rapa. 


58

Poster A-13 

THE MESOPOLYPLOID HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND 

CRUCIFERS 

Mandáková T. 1 *, Joly S. 2 , Mummenhoff K. 3 , Heenan P.B. 4 , Lysak M. A. 1 * 

1 RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; 

2 Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Montreal Botanical 

Garden, Montreal, Canada; 

3 FB Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany; 

4 Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand. 


Whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, cyclically increasing the genetic diversity of angiosperm 

plants, are at different rates followed by genome fractionation toward diploid-like genomes. During 

recent years, several bona fide diploid species were shown to be ancient polyploids. The incidence 

and age of WGD events, as well as the extent of subsequent genome diploidization vary widely 

between angiosperm phyla. 

Due to the feasibility of comparative chromosome painting (CCP) in the Brassicaceae, we could 

reconstruct the fate of a mesopolyploid WGD event in “diploid” Australian and New Zealand 

crucifer species. CCP analysis showed that genomes of endemic Australian species (Stenopetalum 

nutans, S. lineare, and Ballantinia antipoda with n=4, 5, and 6, respectively) descended from the 

eight ancestral chromosomes (AK1-AK8) through an allopolyploid WGD. Nuclear and maternal 

gene phylogenies corroborated the hybrid origin of the mesotetraploid ancestor and suggest that the 

WGD occurred - 6 to 9 million years ago (mya). Similarly, the ancestral genome of ten New 

Zealand Pachycladon species (all with n=10) originated through a mesopolyploid event involving 

two genomes with the eight ancestral chromosomes, 1 to 2 mya. Both, presumably independent, 

WGD events were followed by taxon-specific reductions of chromosome number, with less 

extensive inter-genomic reshuffling in the evolutionary younger Pachycladon ancestor. Intergenomic 

rearrangements and chromosome “fusions” were mediated by inversions, whole-arm 

translocations, and by end-to-end translocations associated with centromere inactivation and/or loss. 

Our data underline the importance of multiple whole-genome duplication events in the angiosperm 

genome evolution, elucidate diploidization mechanisms transforming polyploid genomes into 

“diploid” ones, and demonstrate that chromosome number per se is not a reliable indicator of ploidy 

level. 


59

Poster A-14 

WHOLE-GENOME TRIPLICATION AND SPECIES RADIATION IN THE SOUTHERN 

AFRICAN TRIBE HELIOPHILEAE (BRASSICACEAE) 

Mandáková T. 1 *, Mummenhoff K. 2 , Al-Shehbaz I. A. 3 , Mucina L. 4 , Mühlhausen A. 2 , Martin A. 2 , 

Lysak 1 * 

1 

RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech 

Republic; 

2 

Osnabrück University, Biology Department, Botany, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; 

3 

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; 63166-0299; 

4 

Curtin Institute for Biodiversity & Climate, Department of Environment & Agriculture, Curtin 

University, Perth, 6845, Australia. 


The unigeneric tribe Heliophileae includes 90 Heliophila species, all endemic to southern Africa. 

The tribe is morphologically the most diversified Brassicaceae lineage in every aspect of habit, 

foliage, flower, and fruit morphology. Despite this diversity, virtually nothing is known about its 

origin and genome evolution. Here we present the first in-depth information on chromosome 

numbers, rDNA in situ localization, genome structure, and phylogenetic relationship within the 

Heliophileae. Chromosome numbers in 27 Heliophila species range from 2n=16 to 2n=88, but 

2n=20 and 22 prevail in 77% of species. Chromosome-number variation largely follows three major 

lineages (A, B, and C) resolved in the ITS phylogeny. The B-clade species possess mostly 2n=20, 

while 2n=22 is the dominating number in the C-clade ones. The numbers and positions of 5S and 

45S rDNA loci vary between species and cannot be employed as phylogenetically informative 

characters. Seven species with different chromosome numbers and from the three ITS clades were 

analyzed by comparative chromosome painting. In all species analyzed, 90% of painting probes 

unveiled three homeologous chromosome regions in Heliophila haploid chromosome complements. 

These results suggest that all Heliophila species, and probably the entire tribe Heliophileae, 

experienced a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event. We hypothesize that the mesohexaploid 

ancestor arose through hybridization between genomes resembling the Ancestral Crucifer 

Karyotype with n=8. The WGT has been followed by species-specific chromosome rearrangements 

(diploidization) resulting in descending dysploidy towards extant quasi-diploid genomes. More 

recent neopolyploidization events are reflected by higher chromosome numbers (2n=32-88). The 

WGT might have contributed to diversification and species radiation in the Heliophileae. 


60

Poster A-15 

GENE EXPRESSION DIVERSITY IN BRASSICA C GENOME CROPS AND WILD 

RELATIVES ASSESSED USING RNA-SEQ 

Moore J. 1 *, Teakle G. 2 , Walley P. 2 , Stevenson S. 2 , Carder J. 2 , Collier R. 2 , Buchanan-Wollaston V. 2 , 

Hand P. 3 , Pink D. 3 , Barker G. 2 

1 Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; 

2 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9RZ, UK; 

3 Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK. 

E-mail: Jonathan.Moore@warwick.ac.uk 

Diversity in wild and cultivated plants can be partly explained by allelic diversity, and partly by 

differences in gene expression. We wished to survey gene expression diversity in leaf and root 

tissues among accessions in our Brassica C genome and oleracea Diversity Fixed Foundation Set 

collections. 

Using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform we analysed mRNA expression in leaf and 

root tissue from 130 diverse accessions of wild and cultivated C genome Brassicas from our 

collections. By aligning the sequence reads from expressed genes to a draft annotated B.oleracea 

genome sequence, we were able to identify genes whose expression varied significantly between 

wild C genome accessions, between crop morphotypes and between leaf and root tissues in 

individual morphotypes. By clustering expression across accessions we were able to develop a view 

of the diversity of the collections, complementary to the view provided by analysis of genetic 

variation. This data set also gives us window into identifying cases of differential splicing of 

individual genes between accessions and tissues, the use of different paralogous genes by different 

lineages, and potentially allows us to associate gene expression with phenotypic variation. 


61

Poster A-16 

USE OF NATURAL VARIABILITY TO IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE THE GENETIC 

DETERMINANTS OF OIL CONTENT IN RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) 

Nesi N.*, Bouchet A.S., Kergoat R., Confolent C., Baron C., Clouet V., Daligault J., Laperche A. 

UMR1349 Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP) INRA- 

AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université Rennes1, INRA Centre de Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, 

35650 Le Rheu, France. 

E-mail : nathalie.nesi@rennes.inra.fr 

The increased production of rapeseed oil is a major objective and can go through the increase of 

seed yield and / or oil content of the seed. This latter trait is under complex genetic determinism: 14 

QTLs were identified in the 'Darmor-bzh x Yudal' doubled haploid population (DY-DH). Genetic 

studies conducted in other populations have revealed additional genomic regions. However, 

conventional approaches for QTL detection have the major limitation to restrict genetic diversity 

study. Association mapping approaches explore a range of genetic variability larger and thus appear 

as a solution. 

An initial characterization of genetic diversity for the oil content of rapeseed has been initiated and 

will help to bring results on the validation of QTLs. For this, we focused on a QTL on chromosome 

A01 (QTL-DYA01), which is stable under different environments and accounts for about 13% of 

the phenotypic variability for oil content. A collection of 95 genotypes maximizing the genetic 

diversity of winter oilseed rape (hereafter referred to as the WOSR-95 population) was investigated 

and the following steps were performed: 1) analysis of diversity using neutral molecular markers 

(SSR) allowed structuring the WOSR-95 population, 2) genotyping of the WOSR-95 population for 

markers linked to QTL-DYA01 was performed, 3) the phenotypic data (oil content) were acquired 

during two years of field testing. Data analysis was to combine the genetic diversity observed in the 

different markers with the phenotypic variability observed in the field. 

The expected results are: 1) validation of QTL-DYA01 on a collection of winter rape and 2) 

initiation of a process of association genetics to identify the determinants of oil content in oilseed 

rape. 


62

Poster A-17 

INTERTRIBAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN BRASSICA OLERACEA L. AND ERUCA 

SATIVA L. 

Nothnagel T., Budahn H.*, Schrader O., Klocke E. 

Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding 

Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany. 


Cauliflower cv. Korso was pollinated by a rucola breeding line to transfer CMS Ogura cytoplasm 

from Brassica oleracea to Eruca sativa. The five F1 plants showed an intermediate phenotype, an 

almost normal growth habit and expressed male sterility. But no seed set was obtained after 

pollination with the Eruca parent. Therefore allotetraploid hybrids generated by colchicine 

treatment were backcrossed with Eruca. BC1 plants were transferred to soil after embryo rescue. 

The BC1 plants showed a more or less normal seed set and the seeds were sown directly into soil. 

All BC2 plants expressed male sterility and showed full seed set compared to rucola parent. Under 

glasshouse conditions, BC3 progenies were investigated for important agronomical traits such as 

plant vigour, biomass production, flowering, male sterility and seed set. 

Hybrid status and elimination of Brassica genomic DNA in backcross generations were checked 

using RAPD markers and GISH analysis. Mitochondrial as well as plastid DNA was tested by 

Southern hybridization. The ploidy level was determined using flow cytometry. Flower-biological 

and flower-histological investigations were carried out for each backcross progeny. Usefulness of 

male-sterile Eruca sativa material for hybrid breeding will be discussed. 


63

Poster A-18 

IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLIC QTLS FOR GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT IN 

BRASSICA OLERACEA 

Sotelo T., Cartea M.E., Francisco M., Soengas P.* 

Group of Brassica Genetics and Breeding. Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC). PO Box 28, 36080 · 

Pontevedra, Spain. 

E-mail: psoengas@mbg.csic.es 

Brassica oleracea include vegetables and forages of economical importance like, cabbage, broccoli 

or kale. Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites present in B. oleracea and other Brassicaceae. 

These compounds and their breakdown products have been shown to confer pest and disease 

resistance. Certain glucosinolates have anticarcinogenic activities in mammals. To identify loci 

controlling glucosinolate quantitative variation in B. oleracea we carried on an mQTL mapping 

experiment using the population BolTBDH, derived by crossing a DH of broccoli and a DH rapid 

cycling. One hundred and fivety five individuals were sowed in a greenhouse in a randomized 

design with two replications. Seed, leaf, and flower buds samples were taken from each individual 

and the content of glucosinolates was analyzed by UHPLC. Individual analyses were carried on by 

glucosinolate and sample type with PLABQTL. Significant mQTLs were spread all over the 9 

linkage groups of B. oleacea and they explained a percentage of phenotypic variability ranging 

from 10-50% in seeds, from 10-53% in leaves and from 12-50% in flower buds. mQTL for 

individual glucosinolates were integrated using a meta-analysis with BioMercator 2.1. Twenty-two 

consensus mQTLs were detected in total, from these, 13 were present in seed, 15 in leaves and 15 in 

flower buds. Three mQTLs were exclusively found in flower buds, while one mQTL was 

exclusively found in seeds or leaves, indicating a metabolic regulation of glucosinolate synthesis 

which is mostly independent of the organ. Eight mQTLs determine the content of aliphatic 

glucosinolates and two mQTLs the content of indolic glucosinolates. The rest of consensus mQTLs 

determined the content of combinations of the three types of glucosinolates. Currently, a syntenic 

analysis comparing the B. oleracea genome with that of Arabidopsis is carried on to find candidate 

genes responsible for the variability of the consensus mQTLs detected. 


64

Poster A-19 

GENETICS OF EPIDERMAL CELL CHARACTERS IN BRASSICA RAPA L. 

Takahashi Y.*, Yokoi S., Takahata Y. 

Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 

Iwate 020-8550, Japan. 

E-mail: ytakahata@iwate-u.ac.jp 

Genetic analysis of epidermal cell characters, the presence or absence of seed coat mucilage and 

leaf hairs, were performed in a large lumber of accessions of Brassica rapa L. While the accessions 

with non-mucilaginous seed coat and hairy leaf are found in Europe and the Eastern Japan, the 

accessions with mucilaginous seed coat and hairless leaf are found in South Asia and the Western 

Japan. In order to understand the reason why such geographic differentiation occurred, the 

phylogenetic analysis based on 21 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci for 189 accessions was 

carried out. And a linkage analysis of epidermal cell characters in F2 population derived from 

crossing between DH lines of European and Asian turnip was demonstrated. 

Phylogenetic analysis showed that the accessions could be categorized into two groups, the West 

and the East in Eurasia. The population structure was also detected between the Eastern Japan and 

the Western Japan. The results of a linkage analysis exhibited that one and two genes control the 

presence of seed coat mucilage and leaf hairs, respectively. These two characters are controlled by 

different genes. The candidate gene, BrGL2 (an ortholog of GLABRA 2) and BrGL1 (an ortholog of 

GLABRA 1), single copy genes in B. rapa was linked the seed coat mucilage and leaf hairs, 

respectively. 

It is reported that the epidermal cell characters are involved in biological functions. Seed coat 

mucilage relates to retain seed germination rate in high osmotic pressure and seed longevity, and 

leaf hairs relate to protect plants against insect and to increase freezing tolerance. We will discuss 

the artificial and natural selection for epidermal cell characters. 


65

Poster A-20 

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHROMOSOME ADDITION 

LINES OF AUTO- AND ALLOPLASMIC BRASSICA NAPUS WITH SINGLE B 

GENOME CHROMOSOME OF BRASSICA JUNCEA 

Takashima M. 1, 2 *, Bang S.W. 1 , Kaneko Y. 1 

1 

Labolatory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Minemachi 350, 

Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan; 

2 

United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture And 

Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan. 

E-mail: mihonotakkyubin@yahoo.co.jp 

It is one of the important breeding object to investigate B genome chromosome in Brassica. 

Therefore, we have tried to product B genome chromosome addition lines and to study about each 

B genome chromosomes. 

Auto- and alloplasmic Brassica napus with single B genome chromosome (MALs) (AACC+1b, 

2n=39) were bred from backcrossing progenies of the interspecific F1 hybrids between B. napus 

(AACC) and Brassica juncea (AABB). The alien chromosomes of the B genome were identified 

using the B genome specific microsatellite markers, the chromosome configuration of pollen 

mother cells (PMCs) at metaphase I (MI) and morphological characteristics. Therefore, 7 types of 

alloplasmic and autoplasmic MALs were totally identified. Alloplasmic MAL were 6 types, a-h 

except for the e- and the f type, in autoplasmic ones were also 6 types, except for the a- and f type. 

These 7 types of MAL plants showed predominantly the chromosome configuration of 19II+1I in 

MI. In morphological traits, it is suggested that B genome chromosome were affected the external 

form tending to appear in the form of a flower in particular. Transmission rate of B genome 

chromosome from MAL were revealed from 1.9 to 36.4%. It is possible that added B genome 

chromosome can be maintained the next generations. 

The B. napus with single B genome chromosome (MALs) may provide the useful material for 

studying the relationships of B genome chromosomes between A or C genome chromosomes in 

genera Brassica. 


66

Poster A-21 

HIGH-THROUGHPUT SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) DISCOVERY 

AND VALIDATION IN BRASSICA NAPUS L. 

Tang S. 1 *, Wiggins M. 1 , Preuss R. 1 , Rider K. 1 , Ripley V. 2 , Gingera G. 2 , StollC. 3 , Buyyarapu R. 1 , Ye 

L. 1 , Arora K. 1 , Elango N. 1 , Mansfield T. 1 , Evans C. 1 , Rounsley S. 1 , Meyer D. 1 , Thompson S. 1 , 

Channabasavaradhya C. 1 


2 Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc., 101-421 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N-4L8, Canada; 

3 Dow AgroSciences GmbH, Herberner Straße 43a, D-48268 Greven, Germany. 


Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is the most useful marker for genetic diversity study, fine 

mapping, association mapping and molecular breeding because of its abundance in the genome and 

amenability for high throughput genotyping. Development of SNP markers for canola molecular 

breeding is very challenging because of the polyploidy nature of Brassica napus L. as well as lack 

of reference genome sequence availability. However, combination of next-generation sequencing 

with genome complexity reduction technologies provided a rapid, efficient and cost-effective 

approach for SNP discovery in model and non-model organisms, including polyploid species such 

as B. napus L. Here, we describe a high-throughput SNP discovery in B. napus by sequencing of 

reduced representation libraries generated using Restriction-Site Associated DNA (RAD), 

Complexity Reduction of Polymorphic Sequence (CRoPS®) and in-house genome complexity 

reduction technologies or through shotgun resequencing. After sequencing, all reads were aligned to 

assembled contigs and an in-house SNP discovery pipeline was used for SNP discovery. The SNP 

discovery pipeline used sequencing depth at SNP position and other parameters, thus enabled us to 

distinguish allelic (intragenomic) variants (true SNPs) from non-allelic (intergenomic) variants 

(nucleotide polymorphisms between paralogs, false SNPs). More than 95,000 putatively 

intragenomic SNPs were identified by sequencing 18 B. napus lines, which captured more than 80% 

diversity of 397 B. napus lines used at Dow AgroSciences. After high throughput validation with 

Illumina Infinium Bead Chips, 65-90% of the putative SNPs identified from different technologies 

were polymorphic among the 397 B. napus lines. 


67

Poster A-22 

DEVELOPING A SET OF SNP MARKERS TO STUDY GENETIC DIVERSITY IN A 

BRASSICA A GENOME DIVERSITY COLLECTION 

Tanhuanpää P. 1 *, Tanskanen J. 1 , Manninen O. 2 

1 Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland 

2 Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. 

E-mail: pirjo.tanhuanpaa@mtt.fi 

A collection of Brassica rapa accessions was gathered mostly from genebanks. The accessions 

originated from different countries and represented mostly oilseed types. The aim was to study 

genetic diversity in the collection using SNP markers developed in the project. For discovering 

SNPs, resequencing with amplicon sequencing was used applying the recently released B.rapa 

genome sequence. Amplicons were designed to include one intron, to be 350-400 bp long and to 

amplify only from one site in the genome. Primers were developed for 384 amplicons, including 

143 genes of specific interest, and the rest to cover the whole genome of B.rapa evenly. The 

functioning of primer pairs was tested in one genotype: PCR products were run on the gel to verify 

that only one clear product was amplified. Over 80 % (=315) of the primer pairs met this criterium, 

and were used for amplicon amplification from 8 selected genotypes. PCR products were 

normalized to the same concentration, and pooled from each genotype. Adapters with MID 

sequences were ligated for identification of the different genotypes, and all the amplicons were 

finally sequenced in one 454 sequencing run on Junior GS. SNP or indel differences between 

genotypes in the amplicons were visually scored in Tablet software. A total of 384 suitable SNP/ 

indel differences were selected for SNP analysis with Illumina Golden Gate genotyping assay, 

which is based on Illumina BeadArray technology. For some amplicons, more than one SNP/indel 

was selected, so 262 different genes were included in the BeadArray. Results of the diversity 

analysis will be discussed in the poster. 


68

Poster A-23 

EFFECTS OF SUPPRESSION OF MSH1 ON MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME IN BRASSICA 

NAPUS 

Terao Y.*, Imamura J. 

Tamagawa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamagawa-Gakuen, Machida, TOKYO,194-8610, 

Japan. 

E-mail: troyo7ba@agrs.tamagawa.ac.jp 

Msh1 gene is a nuclear gene that contributes stability of mitochondrial genome through control of 

the DNA recombination between short repeats distributed in the genome. To understand the effects 

of Msh1 on the stability of mitochondrial genome in cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) Brassica 

napus, which produced by cell fusion between oilseed rape and radish CMS line. We constructed an 

RNAi vector with a part of Msh1 gene of Brassica rapa cv. ‘Sunshine’ and introduced in B.napus 

cv. ‘Westar’ by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The transgenic m rapeseeds showed some 

abnormalities of the morphology such as male semi-sterility and bushy-type shoot in the T0 

generation, and leaf variegation was observed in the next generation. We will show the results of 

the Msh1 suppression on the mitochondrial genome in the T0 and T1 generations. 


69

Poster A-24 

CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OF HARVESTED CABBAGE IN RESPONSE TO 

MECHANICAL WOUND STRESS 

Thammawong M. 1 *, Umehara H. 1 , Yoshida M. 2 ,. Soga A. 2 , Kaneta T. 1 , Nakamura N. 1 , Ito Y. 1 , 

NakanoK. 3 , Shiina T. 1 

1 

National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, 

Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan; 

2 

Kanagawa Agricultural Technology Center, 1617, Kamikitsusawa, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259- 

1204; 

3 

Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. 

E-mail: manasika@affrc.go.jp 

Mechanical stress, imposed on plant cells by a variety of physical stimuli during harvesting and 

handling of fresh horticultural products, induces a wide range of cellular responses through cellular 

receptor, signal transduction, and gene activation. To understand response behavior of cabbage to 

mechanical stresses (wounding and dropping), the characteristics of gene expression related to 

stress signal transduction and cellular response of cabbage were investigated during 300 min since 

the application of the stress. Quantitative real-time PCR data showed that candidate stressresponsive 

genes respond differently to specific stress application. The wounding treatment 

(punching the cabbage leaf by a cork borer) significantly induced the transient expression of 

calmodulin (CaM)-encoding genes, BoCam1 and BoCam2, within an hour after the treatment. 

These genes are considered to be involved in stress signal cascades in plant cells, including 

cabbage. The increased expression of phospholipase D (PLD)-encoding genes, BoPLD1 and 

BoPLD2, was also detected after the treatment. In response to the wound stress, the expression of 

BoCam1 and BoPLD2 appeared to be highly induced than that of BoCam2 and BoPLD2, 

respectively. The dropping treatment (letting the cabbage head dropped from a height of 40 cm 

against a cork) predominantly induced the BoCam1, BoCam2, BoPLD1, and BoPLD2 expression. 

Additionally, the stable increased expression characteristics of genes were observed in wounded 

cabbage caused by dropping treatment. In conclusion, CaM-encoding genes and PLD-encoding 

genes are likely wound-responsive genes that are induced to high expression levels after 

encountering stress. Moreover, because of their predominant response to the mechanical stress, 

CaM-encoding genes and PLD-encoding genes should be taken into consideration in further study 

of postharvest mechanical stress as it may be associated with the signaling cascade and cellular 

stress response in cabbage. 


70

Poster A-25 

COMPARATIVE GENOME ANALYSIS, IDENTIFICATION OF FLOWERING 

PATHWAY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME-WIDE MOLECULAR MARKERS 

BASED ON GENOME SEQUENCE IN BRASSICA JUNCEA 

Yang J. 1, 2 , Zhao X. 1, 2 , He H., Qi X. 4 , Zhang M. 1, 2 * 

1 

Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, 

Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China; 

2 

Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development & Quality Improvement, Ministry of 

Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China; 

3 

Biomarker Technologies Inc., Beijing, 101300, China; 

4 

College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. 

China. 

E-mail: mfzhang@zju.edu.cn 

Brassica. juncea (n=18) was theoretically derived from interspecific hybridization of B. rapa 

(n=10) and B. nigra (n=8) according to the ‘U-triangle’ and evolutionally possessed unique traits so 

far. We employed high-throughput sequencing approach to analyze the survey of genome of B. 

juncea. Totally, 28.35 Gb data was retained to estimate the genome size of B. juncea as 978 M and 

the genome contained high proportion of repeat because of a fat tail in the distribution displays. 

After the initial assembly of genome, we got 1537 and 12982 N50 of contig and scaffold in size. 

Comparative analysis of GSS of B. juncea and genome of B. rapa revealed that 42.35% reads were 

mapped to the B. rapa genome and little difference on mapped pari-end reads and single-end reads 

suggesting more structure variation in B. juncea genome than B. rapa genome. The mapped reads 

were 98.15 % identity to B. rapa genome suggsting close phylogenetic relationship between B. 

juncea and B. rapa. We detected 2816069 SNP sites with high heterozygosity and 155210 structure 

variation (SV) between B. juncea and B. rapa. Most SNP and SV were located in exon, intron, 

transposon and intergenic region of genome. Furthermore, the 1-3 bp Indel polymorphisms were 

observed to be dominant in genome and 3 bp-sized Indel was most abundant in CDS. These SNP, 

SV and Indel polymorphisms caused encoding different protein, changed gene function and lost 

function of gene. We identified vernalization-dependent and photoperiod-dependent flowering 

pathways coexist in allopolyploid B. juncea suggesting better adaptation for survival during 

evolution. Genome-wide molecular markers were developed including 1171640 SNP, 49941 indel, 

SSR and 538 structure variation (SV) markers totally after re-sequencing another inbred line in B. 

juncea. Taken together, high-throughput sequencing approach even low genome coverage is 

pushing forward the molecular genetics especially in non-model plant. 

Keywords: Brassica juncea, comparative genome analysis, flowering pathway, high-throughput 

sequencing, molecular marker. 


71

Poster A-26 

GENETIC DISSECTION AND FINE MAPPING OF DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE AT 

VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN BRASSICA RAPA 

Yu S.*, Zhang F., Zhang S., Zhou W., Yu Y., Zhang D., Zhao X., Wang W. 

Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing Vegetable Research 

Center, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of 

Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China. 

E-mail: yushuancang@nercv.org 

Downy mildew, caused by Hyaloperonospora parasitica, is a destructive disease of the Chinese 

cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Previously, a doubled-haploid (DH) population derived 

from a cross between 91-112 and T12-19 via microspore culture was used to localize the genetic 

factors affecting downy mildew resistance, and a major QTL BraDM was detected on linkage group 

A08. In this study, a rapid leaf disk test for resistance/susceptibility of downy mildew was 

established and used to investigate the resistance in this DH population at three developmental 

stages of adult plants (rosette, heading and flower stages). In a detailed linkage map, four QTLs 

were identified involving in downy mildew resistance. Of these, the major QTL BraDM identified 

previously at seedling stage was found to be effective at every developmental stage; the others only 

effective at certain developmental stages. BraDMa1 on linkage group A06 was effective at rosette 

stage; BraDMa2 on linkage group A04 and BraDMa3 on linkage group A08 showed effective at 

heading stage. To fine mapping BraDM, we constructed a BC1 population, including 650 

individuals, which was derived from two DH lines, DH-88 (highly resistant to downy mildew) and 

DH-60 (highly susceptible to downy mildew) with the similar genetic background but heterozygous 

at BraDM loci. Five InDel markers and one CAPS marker were mapped flanking BraDM, limiting 

BraDM to a interval of 1.4 cM with the flanking marker of BVIDT0801 and kbrb058m10-1. By 

Blast analysis, the physical distance between BVIDT0801 and kbrb058m10-1 is 194 kb with 42 

open reading frames in this interval. This information will be helpful for future identification and 

isolation of the candidate gene. The tightly linked markers that we have developed for BraDM will 

be a useful tool in the marker-assisted selection of this gene in Brassica rapa improvement 

programs. 


72

Poster A-27 

HIGH-THROUGHPUT DISCOVERY OF CHLOROPLAST AND MITOCHONDRIAL 

DNA POLYMORPHISMS IN BRASSICACEAE SPECIES BY ORG-ECOTILLING 

Zeng CL. 1, 2 , Wang GY. 1 , Wang JB. 3 , Yan GX. 1 , Chen BY. 1 , Xu K. 1 , Li J. 1 , Gao GZ. 1 , Wu XM. 1 * 

1 

Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crop Research Institute, 

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China; 

2 

College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China; 

3 

Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan 

University, Wuhan, 430072, China. 


Information on polymorphic DNA in organelle genomes is essential for evolutionary and ecological 

studies. However, it is challenging to perform high-throughput investigations of chloroplast and 

mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. In recent years, EcoTILLING stands out as one of the most 

universal, low-cost, and high-throughput reverse genetic method, and the identification of natural 

genetic variants can provide much information about gene function, association mapping and 

linkage disequilibrium analysis and species evolution. Up to now, no report exists on whether this 

method is applicable to organelle genomes and to what extent it can be used. 

To address this problem, we adapted the CEL I-based heteroduplex cleavage strategy used in 

Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) for the discovery of nucleotide 

polymorphisms in organelle genomes. To assess the applicability and accuracy of this technology, 

designated ORG-EcoTILLING, at different taxonomic levels, we sampled two sets of taxa 

representing specimens from Brassicaceae with 3 chloroplast genes (accD, matK and rbcL) and 1 

mitochondrial gene (atp6). The method successfully detected nine, six and one mutation sites in the 

accD, matK and rbcL genes, respectively, in 96 Brassica accessions. These mutations were 

confirmed by DNA sequencing, with 100% accuracy at both inter- and intraspecific levels. We also 

detected 44 putative mutations in accD in 91 accessions from 45 species and 29 genera of 7 tribes. 

Compared with DNA sequencing, the false negative rate was 36%. However, 17 mutations detected 

in atp6 were completely identical to the sequencing results. 

These results suggest that ORG-EcoTILLING is a powerful and cost-effective alternative method 

for high-throughput genomewide assessment of inter- and intraspecific chloroplast and 

mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. It will play important roles in evolutionary and ecological 

biology studies, excavating related genes associated with agronomically important traits of high 

yield and fine cytoplasmic quality, and identifying point mutations of mitochondrial genes leading 

to diseases in humans and animals. 


73

Poster A-28 

COMBINED QTL MAPPING AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACH TO UNRAVEL 

THE GENETICS OF TURNIP FORMATION IN BRASSICA RAPA SSP. CAMPESTRIS 

Zhang N. 1 *, Lin K. 1 , Raynoud R. 1 , Wang S. 1 , Habtemarim H. 1 , Sun Y. 1 , Menano T. 1 , Bucher J. 1 , 

Wu J. 2 , Cheng F. 2 , Liu B. 2 , Wang X. 2 , Bonnema G. 1 

1 Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, Wageningen, AJ 6700, The Netherlands; 

2 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, 

China. 

E-mail: ningwen.zhang@wur.nl 

Brassica rapa displays enormous morphological diversity in the organs used for consumption and is 

an excellent model to study genetics and mechanisms underlying the morphological characteristics 

and their inter-relationships. In this research we aim to understand the genetic basis and 

physiological mechanisms that underlie turnip formation. To achieve this goal, several strategies 

have been applied. Two RIL (recombinant inbred lines) populations have been developed in which 

a Japanese vegetable turnip VT-115 is used as the common mother, and the father genotypes for the 

crosses are an oil type RC-144 and a pakchoi type PC-105. Genetic linkage maps of both 

populations were constructed and several QTL underlying turnip formation and other 

morphological traits were mapped. Gene expression studies using a customized B. rapa oligomicroarray, 

RNA-seq and qRT-PCR techniques identified a group of candidate genes that were 

differentially expressed during turnip development of a homozygous Japanese vegetable turnip line 

DH-VT-117. Knowledge of the genes that reside in the QTL region that showed different 

expression levels during turnip formation will unravel the genetic mechanism that define storage 

organ formation. 


74

Session B 

GENETIC DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND 

USE 



75

Session B-1 

IS THERE A NEED FOR THE SVALBARD GLOBAL SEED VAULT AND ARE OUR 

GENETIC RESOURCES SAFE FOR THE FUTURE? EXAMPLES IN BRASSICA 


von Bothmer R. 

The Svalbard Global Seed Vault, NordGen, Alnarp, Sweden. 

E-mail: roland.von.bothmer@slu.se 

Climate change, escalating environmental problems and need for an increased but sustainable food 

production puts a high pressure on an efficient use of the world’s plant genetic resources (PGR). 

There are today several immediate threats for conservation. We are not only loosing material in 

nature and in cultivation but even worse - in our gene banks! Disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis 

and flooding as well as technical, economical and political problems may cause severe losses of 

valuable material in gene banks. These damages are due to the fact that there is an ineffective or in 

many cases non-existing back-up system for many of the gene banks in the world. With these 

perspectives the Global Seed Vault was established in 2008. The Vault is situated in the arctic area 

at 78 o N – in the northernmost larger settlement on earth. Here permafrost is prevailing keeping a 

constant temperature in the rock of -5 o . The Vault has an extra cooling device for keeping the 

temperature down to – 18 o , standard for gene bank material. Svalbard is a geologically and 

politically stable area, which makes it an ideal place for the international efforts for an effective and 

safe back up security system for all unique gene bank accessions of the world. Full capacity of the 

Vault is ca 3 million accessions, which is well above the estimated number of unique accessions. 

Brassica species will be taken as examples of material stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. 


76

Session B-1 

AS EASY AS ABC: APPLYING THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK MODEL DEVELOPED IN 

ARABIDOPSIS TO BRASSICA CROPS 

McClung C.R. 1 *, Aston T.L. 2 , Brock M.T. 2 , Dechaine J. 3 , Ewers B.E. 2 , Greenham K.M. 1 , 

Guadagno C.R. 2 , Khan S.L. 1 , Lou P. 1 , Weinig C. 2 , Xie Q. 1 , Yarkhunova Y. 2 

1 Dartmouth College USA; 

2 University of Wyoming USA; 

3 Central Washington University USA. 

E-mail: c.robertson.mcclung@dartmouth.edu 

Arabidopsis thaliana has served as a model species for the study of the architecture and function of 

the circadian clock. Experimental disruption of the clock via large-effect mutations reduces fitness. 

Therefore, it is of both academic and practical interest to explore the extent to which the circadian 

clock model developed in Arabidopsis can be generalized to other plants, especially crop plants, and 

to ask whether manipulation of the circadian clock can enhance agricultural yield. Accordingly, we 

have extended our studies to Brassica rapa, an agricultural crop closely related to Arabidopsis. 

Using a recombinant inbred population derived from cultivated oil seed and rapid cycling varieties 

we have mapped Quantitative Trait Loci for circadian period, water use efficiency (WUE), shade 

avoidance, and other morphometric traits. There is striking colocalization of QTL for circadian 

period with QTL for shade avoidance and WUE. Current efforts emphasize the exploration of the 

possible mechanistic relationship underlying this colocalization. With regard to crop accessions, 

history of domestication appears to affect the evolution of net carbon assimilation and stomatal 

conductance among replicates grown in either controlled or field settings, Specifically, oil seed 

varieties have higher values of both traits than do cabbage and turnip vegetable crops, and take 

longer to recover from drought. Brassica rapa has undergone triplication through two whole 

genome duplication events since its separation from Arabidopsis. This triplication has been 

followed by considerable fractionation (gene loss). Fractionation following whole genome 

duplication is not random in that dosage sensitive genes, such as those that are highly networked or 

those whose products contribute to protein complexes, are preferentially retained. We tested the 

hypothesis that circadian clock genes, which are dosage sensitive, should be preferentially retained 

in B. rapa and found that this is indeed the case. 


77

Session B-1 

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN BRASSICA CROPS AND WILD RELATIVES 

Teakle G. 1 *, Walley P. 1 , Moore J. 1 , Stevenson S. 1 , Carder J. 1 , Collier R. 1 , Buchanan-Wollaston V. 1 , 

Hand P. 2 , Pink D. 2 , Barker G. 1 

1 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9RZ, UK; 

2 Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK. 

E-mail: graham.teakle@warwick.ac.uk 

Allelic variation is the basic raw resource for crop improvement. However, elite breeding 

germplasm generally has a lower genetic diversity than the wider species genepool. In addition, the 

wild species relatives are a potentially rich source of alleles for sustainable crop improvement that 

is largely untapped. 

We are addressing these issues by generating Brassica diversity collections composed of 

homozygous lines which we refer to as Diversity Fixed Foundation Sets (DFFSs). We have 

produced DFFSs for B. napus (BnaDFFS), B. oleracea (BolDFFS) and the wild C genome species 

(BCgDFFS). Homozygocity simplifies the genetic analysis of the lines and greatly improves the 

reproducibility of phenotypic analysis. One of the key purposes of these diversity sets is to identify 

novel sources of beneficial traits and we will present results for recent screens. 

We have used two approaches to determine the allelic variation in the BolDFFS and BCgDFFS. In 

the first we identified a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole genome 

resequencing of the parents of three B. oleracea mapping populations. 1560 of these SNPs were 

selected on the basis of wide genome coverage and polymorphism in each population and converted 

to KASPar SNP markers. In addition to using the KASPar markers for genetic analysis of the 

diversity sets, we also used them to update and integrate the genetic maps for the three mapping 

populations to greatly improve our ability to link quantitative trait loci to genome sequence data for 

candidate gene identification. In the second approach we performed transcriptome sequencing of 

standardised leaf and root samples of these lines and will present this data in a separate paper. For 

B. napus we are using the new Illumina B. napus 60K Infinium array to provide a very detailed 

analysis of the allelic variation. 


78

Session B-1 

ASSOCIATION MAPPING OF AGRONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TRAITS IN BRASSICA 

RAPA L. 

Artemyeva A.M. 1 *, Budahn H. 2 , Bonnema G. 3 , Chesnokov Y.V. 1 

1 

N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Saint-Petersburg, Russia; 

2 

Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding 


3 

Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 


Association mapping in plants uses linkage disequilibrium (LD) that is present in natural and 

breeding populations including collections of plant genetic resources in genebanks. Using this tool, 

the genetic diversity expressed as allelic polymorphisms can be related to the observed phenotypic 

variation. We have used VIR core collection of Brassica rapa L. for association mapping of 

agronomical valuable characters. Phenotypic variation of bolting time, growth related traits (plant 

and leaf sizes), leaf morphological traits connected with quality, biochemical and immunological 

traits (resistance to 6 races of black rot and leaf spot) was evaluated and genetic diversity was 

measured using a set of 135 SSR- and 123 S-SAP (CACTA) markers. Cluster analysis revealed 

accurate positions of B. rapa accessions in two major clusters: East-Asian vegetables include 

subclusters of Chinese cabbage divided into four groups, pak-choi and Japanese greens; Indo- 

European-Asian cluster is divided on oilseeds according to their geographical origin and separate 

group of turnips in Nepal-Indian subcluster. Genetic distance was calculated by NTSYSpc, cluster 

analysis by Neighbor joining method. The phenotypic traits were integrated into the tree and closely 

related molecular markers were checked for influence on these traits. Significance levels of 

associations were checked by parametric and nonparametric tests. We have found two markers for 

each of the following traits: bolting time, plant diameter and weight, leaf type, lamina length, - 

width, -edge, -color, -hairs and -surface, petiole presence, -length, -width, -thickness, -color and - 

border. Our results should be useful for screening of collection and breeding material. 


79

Session B-1 

POSSIBILITY OF EXPLOITATION OF SERBIAN LOCAL VARIETIES AND 

LANDRACES OF CABBAGES: CASE OF "FUTOSKI CABBAGE" FROM FUTOG 

REGION. 

Cervenski J.*, Takac A., Popovic V., Glogovac S. 

Institute of field and vegetable crops, Department for Organic production and biodiversity. 

Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia. 

E-mail: jcervenski@gmail.com 

Many varieties of cabbage are grown in Serbia, but two local varieties, Futoški i Srpski melez, 

predominate the cabbage production in Central Serbia and the Vojvodina Province. Their advantage 

over the introduced varieties is that they are better suited to the local taste and methods of use 

(pickling of whole heads or sauerkraut, preparation of traditional local dishes and fresh 

consumption). It should be noted that local cabbage populations are widely grown in remote parts of 

Serbia. A recently completed SEED-Net Project was aimed at collecting local cabbage populations 

on the territory of Serbia. Populations were collected in the locations of Boljevac, Čurug, Deronje, 

Donji Katun (Varvarin), Futog, Taras (Elemir), Leskovac. The sources of collected materials were 

mostly local markets, home gardens and home stores in isolated villages, where old farmers still 

maintain land races of various brassicas in small quantities and for domestic use. These cabbages 

have juicier and thinner leaves, which predisposes their heads for fine grating and also makes them 

pliable and easy to roll up during food preparation. It is characteristics like these that give the local 

populations an advantage over hybrids. The climatic and soil characteristics in the typical and 

traditional production area favor the production of late cabbage varieties. Fresh cabbage from 

Vojvodina production area is a good raw material for fresh use and biological fermentation. The 

winter cabbage is suitable for biofermentation and long storage in the form of sauerkraut. The 

fermented Futoski cabbage has been certified at one point as a product with geographic origin. 


80

Session B-1 

ANALYSIS OF PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN CHINESE COLLECTION OF BRASSICA 

RAPA L. 

Chen B.*, Xu K., Gao G., Y. G., Li J., Wu X. 

Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, 

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China. 


To investigate phenotypic variation of 1 962 Brassica rapa germplasm in oilcrops middle-term 

genebank of China, we identified and evaluated their 13 phenotypic traits (leaf shape, seed color, 

resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, resistance to turnip mosaic virus, and resistance to 

Peronospora parasitica, growth period, plant height, branch height, plant branch, pods per plant, 

seeds per pod, thousand seeds weight, and theoretical yield per plant). The variation degree and 

distribution of 13 phenotypic traits were obtained. Results indicated that winter-type accessions 

from Shanxi province had longer growth periods, while spring-types from Qinghai, Gansu and 

Inner-Mongolia provinces had shorter growth periods. Semi-winter-types from Sichuan and Yunnan 

provinces had more pods per plant, and those from Sichuan province had higher plant height also. 

Spring-types from Tibet had larger seed size. 

According to their geographic regions, phenotypic traits group and proportion of sample, a 

collection of 244 B.rapa landraces was selected from 1 962 B.rapa germplasm. Genetic diversity 

results showed that Chinese B.rapa landraces possessed abundant morphological polymorphism 

with higher average diversity index(as 1.709) than that of alien germplasm(as 1.250).Genetic 

diversity of different ecotypes showed that semi-winter-type had the richest diversity,and then 

followed by the spring-type and the winter accessions. UPMGA(unweighted pair group method 

with arithmetic mean) results showed that 244 representative B.rapa landraces could be classified 

into 4 groups(I,II,III and IV) with a genetic similarity coefficient as 0.204.The 4 groups involved 

117,38,34,and 55 landraces, respectively. The group I,II,III and IV were mainly consisted of semiwinter 

ecotype, spring ecotype, spring ecotype and winter ecotype, respectively. Based on principal 

coordinates analyses, 244 landraces were separated into 3 gene pools including spring, semi-winter 

and winter resources, which were consistent with UPGMA result. 


81

Session B-2 

HISTORY AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF GALEGA KALE LANDRACES 

Silva Dias J.* 

Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 

Lisboa, Portugal. 

E-mail: mirjsd@gmail.com 

Galega kale is usually a headless leafy cole with long petioles and large midribbed leaves inserted 

on an elongated stem, reaching over one meter at maturity, before bolting. Galega kale is the key 

ingredient of the traditional Portuguese soup called “Caldo Verde”, meaning “Green Broth”. In the 

past Galega kale was seen in most home gardens and surrounding most vegetables patches, 

producing tender fresh leaves thus, always available, when the “Caldo Verde” was to be prepared. 

Nowadays, due to the concentration of people in urban areas and the lack of home gardens, the 

Galega kale leaves are now mainly mass produced by specialized growers, and transformed by 

processors where they are finely chopped, packed and delivered to local supermarkets in Portugal 

and to other European countries with large Portuguese communities. Traditionaly, growers carefully 

select their own landraces for non-bolting and paid particular attention to specific morphological 

traits. The rudimentary process of seed production used by the growers and the lack of isolation, 

allowing intercrossing between kales and surrounding cabbages, contributed to a great 

morphological heterogeneity. Besides Galega kales landraces are being increasingly lost due to 

absence of selection and seed production by young generation of growers. As there are no breeding 

cultivars of Galega kale available in the market, kale cultivars, mainly of marrow stem kale, are 

imported from France but they lack market quality and are susceptible to diseases. Some landraces 

of Galega kales were collected in the past but there has been no comprehensive programme for 

characterising these genetic resources. A breeding programme was introduced to produce cultivars 

adapted to large scale growing and processing of finely chopped greens for “Caldo Verde”. In a 

preliminary evaluation, some landraces were eliminated while others selected by yield parameters, 

leaf characteristics and shelf life. 


82

Session B-2 

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN BRUSSELS SPROUTS AND CONSERVATION OF F1 

HYBRIDS IN GENEBANK COLLECTIONS 

Allender C.*, De Cesare M. 

Warwick Crop Centre, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK. 

Email: Charlotte.Allender@warwick.ac.uk 

Genebanks aim to conservation and manage the genepool diversity of crop species and ensure its 

continuing availability for research and plant breeding. In addition to the obvious sources of crop 

genetic diversity seen in crop wild relatives and landraces, useful variation may also be found in 

early F1 hybrid varieties, particularly where these were derived from regional breeding 

programmes. Such F1s represent potentially regionally adapted genetic variation in a form which is 

relatively derived and may be easier to incorporate into crop improvement programmes than 

unimproved landraces. A good example is that of Brussels sprouts in the UK, where the first F1 

hybrids were developed in the 1980s. Seed from early F1 hybrids is conserved in Warwick Genetic 

Resources Unit, but as the parental lines are not, regeneration following standard protocols is 

problematic, and although the seed is kept under ideal conditions for long-term storage, inevitably 

viability will reduce. 

We used microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity in a range of open-pollinated and F1 

hybrid Brussels sprouts, and to follow the allelic diversity in four accessions as they underwent a 

series of regeneration treatments. None of the treatments would recreate the F1 hybrid itself, but as 

the core aim of the genebank is to conserve allelic variation, a regeneration which offered the best 

compromise between resources required and alleles conserved would be extremely useful. 


83

EVALUATION OF SICILIAN WILD BRASSICA SPECIES (N=9) FOR GLUCOSINOLATE 

PROFILE AND ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS 

Branca F. 1 *, Ragusa L. 1 , Tribulato A. 1 , Bagatta M. 2 , Lo Scalzo R. 3 , Picchi V. 3 

1 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5 - 

95123 Catania, Italy; 

2 

CRA- Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali, Bologna, Italy; 

3 

CRA-IAA, Research Unit for Food Technology via G. Venezian, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy. 

E-mail: fbranca@unict.it 

Mediterranean wild Brassicaceae species (n=9) are of great interest for their use to improve 

Brassica oleracea crops as well as other brassicas. Among the tasks of the Brassica Working Group 

(BWG) of the European Cooperative Program for Genetic Resources (ECPGR), managed by 

Bioversity International, priority was given to the safeguard of the these species and the related 

gene pool. DISPA in the frame of the EU GEN RES “AEGRO” project 

(http://aegro.jki.bund.de/aegro) coordinated the case of study of the Sicilian wild population mainly 

related to B. incana, B. macrocarpa, B. rupestris and B. villosa, which were compared with a kale 

landrace and a population of B. montana collected in central Italy. 

The activities of AEGRO project were committed mainly to individuate wild Brassica populations 

in Sicily, to collect and conserve seed samples, to characterize and evaluate then for several traits 

such as antioxidant compounds. 

A lot of wild population seeds was used for sowing and set up, by the obtained plantlets, an 

evaluation field at the experimental farm of Catania University. After one year from transplanting, 

leaves samples were collected for each plant in view to have three bulk replicates for each 

population. 

The phytochemical content was analyzed for the total glucosinolates and their profile, ascorbic acid, 

total polyphenols and carotenoid content, and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH and crocin 

bleaching assay (CBA). 

The highest values of glucosinolates was detected in a population in B. rupestris, the ascorbic acid 

in B. montana, total polyphenols in B. montana, β-caroten and antochyanin showed highest values 

in B. rupestris. The data of antioxidant capacity gave interesting results for B. Montana for DPPH 

and B. incana for CBA. Interestingly, a significant reciprocal correlation was found between the 

two methods of antioxidant capacity measurement (rxy = 0.705). 

A positive significant correlation by simple regression analysis has been found between total 

polyphenols and antioxidant capacity, with the highest index (rxy = 0.811, p

Session B-2 

TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF SEED MORPHOLOGY AND SEED COAT 

SCULPTURES IN BRASSICA SECT. BRASSICA 

Brullo S. 1 , Brullo C. 1 , Giusso del Galdo G. 1 , Fichera G. 1 , Branca F. 2 , Ilardi V. 3 , Salmeri C. 3 

1 Dipartimento di Scienze biologiche, geologiche e ambientali, Università di Catania 

2 Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia, 5 - 

95123 Catania, Italy. 

3 Dipartimento di Biologia ambientale e Biodiversità, Università di Palermo 

E-mail: salvo.brullo@gmail.com 

The seed coat is the direct interface between embryo and external environment, acting as main 

modulator in the plant life cycle with key functions of regulation and protection. The taxonomic 

value of the macro-and micro-morphological characters of seeds and outer coats has been clearly 

demonstrated in angiosperms systematics, being very conservative and stable features. Several 

reports were published for Brassica species (Stork et al. 1980; Koul et al. 2000, Zeng et al. 2004; 

Karcz et al. 2005) which showed highly diverse morphology and complex coat patterns providing 

valuable characters for the analysis of taxonomic treatment and evolutionary relationships. 

Brassica Sect. Brassica is a rather controversial group including several wild taxa and cultivated 

varieties and landraces of B. oleracea. This study aims to characterize the seed morphology and 

seed coat patterns in all wild species of this Section, defining their systematic and phylogenetic 

implications. 

Eighteen exomorphic parameters, including shape, size, color, surface texture, were detected from 

50 seeds for each accession. SEM investigations were carried out on 5-10 seeds from each sample, 

considering the arrangement and shape of epidermal cells, the architecture of anticlinal and 

periclinal cell walls (primary sculptures), their fine cuticular ornamentation (secondary sculptures). 

Seed coat sculptures at low magnification (20X) have a reticulate model. Higher magnifications 

(200-500X), however, provide more complex patterns, classified in 4 basic types: simple reticulate, 

micro-reticulate, reticulate-foveate, reticulate-rugose, on account of fine network profile. 

Significant differences are found in the overall cell shape (± polygonal or irregular) and the size, 

height and alignment of the meshes, which may be lax to compact, sharply angled to smooth, 

regular or irregular. Great variation among different taxa and populations is also observed in the 

anticlinal and periclinal cell walls and cell lumen, which can be straight to ± undulate, depressed, 

concave, flat or convex, smooth to ± markedly wrinkled, foveolate and / or papillose. 

Based on these data, information from seed morphology and microsculpturing clearly provide 

taxonomic features useful to define distinct species. Combined with other morphological, genetic 

and biochemical data, they can help to clarify and better define the taxonomic position and 

phylogenetic relationships amongst the critical taxa of the genus Brassica. 


85

Session B 

GENETIC DIVERSITY, CONVERVATION AND 

USE 



86

Poster B-1 

STUDIES ON ENRICHMENT OF VARIETIES ASSORTMENT AT AUTUMN CABBAGE 

BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. CAPITATA 

Ambaruss S. 1 , Brezeanu C. 1 *, Brezeanu P.M. 1 

1 Vegetable Research and Development Station, Bacau, Romania. 

E-mail: creola.brezeanu@yahoo.com 

Improving the assortment of varieties at vegetables from cabbage group needs a permanent 

attention and is motivated by the fact that the variety remains one of the main drivers of growth of 

production. In Romania is all the more so, whereas it creation of varieties in vegetables from the 

cabbage group was given a limited space, compared to other vegetable species. The local 

assortment can be improved by creating open-pollinated varieties and F1 hybrids. Difficulties in 

creating open-pollinated varieties of these species are due to allogamy involving depreciation of 

original material (population), by consangvinization, migration and genetic drift. Our breeding 

objectives considered at creating of a new variety were: productivity, quality, crack resistance, age 

of maturity, storage resistance, resistance to diseases and pests. Silviana variety, a new variety of 

autumn cabbage, open pollinated with superior characteristics and qualities comparing the existing 

range of cultures, represents the result of our breeding activity. This variety was obtained through a 

complex of methods (individual selection on families, selecting half "SIB"), in a biological material 

already existing in culture. Genotype was easily separated from the existing population mass, 

because the selection was made on elite quantitative attributes, especially the qualitative features of 

vegetative edible part, so before bloom. Silviana variety is superior to those existing in culture and 

is distinguished by: productivity, leaf softness - high demand of consumers for industrial use of 

autumn cabbage (pickling). 


87

Poster B-2 

EVALUATION OF VARIATION OF KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. ACEPHALA) 

POPULATIONS COLLECTED FROM BLACK SEA REGION, TURKEY 

Balkaya A. 1 *, Yanmaz R. 2 

1 

University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Samsun, Turkey 

abalkaya@omu.edu.tr 

2 

University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Ankara, Turkey 

E-mail: abalkaya@omu.edu.tr 

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is one of the most important crops in the Black Sea Region 

of Turkey. In the first experiment year, 127 kale populations were collected from different 

geographical areas in this region. All populations of native kale genotypes were examined for 

morphological characteristics. Phenotypic diversity in their plant characters was assessed. Data 

were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that the first five PC axes 

explained 67.0% of the total multivariate variation. Data were subjected to cluster analysis and 

several groups were identified with most of the populations. Clustered into ten groups, a 

dendrogram was prepared to evaluate morphological differences among populations. It revealed 

high variation. The results provide information on the diversity and it can assist geneticists and 

breeders to identify the populations with unique characteristics for inclusion in future breeding 

activities. 


88

Poster B-3 

IN PROGRESS ACTIVITIES OF THE BRASSICA WORKING GROUP OF THE 

EUROPEAN COOPERATIVE PROGRAMME FOR PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES 

(ECPGR) 

Branca F. 1 , Bas N. 2 , Artemyeva A. 3 , De Haro A. 4 , Maggioni L. 5 

1 



2 

Centre for Genetic Resouces (CGN), Wageningen, The Netherland; 

3 

N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) St.-Petersburg, Russia; 

4 

Plant Breeding Department Institute of Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), Cordoba, Spain; 

5 Biodiversity International, Rome, Italy. 

During Phase VIII (2009-2013) of the ECPGR Programme, its Brassica Working Group (BWG) 

decided to focus attention of all members to the priority actions represented by the development of 

AEGIS (A European Genebank Integrated System), and to characterise collections both of B. rapa, 

which could be defined as a multicrop species for its multiple utilisation, and of wild Brassica 

species (n=9) distributed in the Mediterranean basin,. For these species, there are a number of 

accessions held in the European collections that are poorly characterized. 

It was agreed to identify about 100 ‘unknown’ accessions of Brassica rapa and 20 accessions of 

wild Brassica species (n=9) with the aim of characterizing and evaluating them for several aspects 

such as bio-morphological traits, oils and nutraceutical compounds, DNA analysis, etc. The 

members of the Brassica WG are contributing to this initiative in relation to their main interest and 

competences. The activities are mainly cofinanced by specific projects which the members are 

carrying out and/or by the economical supports of breeders, research institutes/universities that are 

interested in regeneration, characterisation and evaluation activities. The results will also contribute 

to the implementation of AEGIS, since accessions will be proposed to be included as part of the 

European Collection. The characterization and evaluation activities will adopt common standards 

and descriptors. 

The activities foreseen will be carried out by DISPA-University of Catania (UNICT), the Centre for 

Genetic Resources, the Netherlands(CGN), the Institute of Sustainable Agriculture of Cordoba 

(CSIC-Spain), and N.I.Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR). Brassica WG members 

discussed the minimum descriptors which will be similar to those previously used in the GENRES 

project CT99 108-112. Antioxidant compounds will be analysed with common protocols, whereas 

for DNA molecular analysis, standard AFLP and SSR primers will be utilised. 

The characterisation fields will be set up in Sicily by UNICT where the climatic conditions are 

optimal for wild Brassica species (n=9) whereas B. rapa will be grown in St. Petersburg. 

As far as the antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds are concerned, samples of roots, leaves and 

inflorescences of B. rapa accessions and of leaves of wild Brassica species, accessions will be 

freeze-dried by UNICT and VIR, whereas for the molecular analysis UNICT will extract the DNA 

from young leaf samples. At the end of the project, all data acquired will be available via the 

website of the Bras-EDB. 


89

Poster B-4 

BIO-MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ECPGR BRASSICA 

WORKING GROUP COLLECTION 

Branca F. 1 *, Chiarenza G.L 1 ., Argento S. 2 , Ragusa L. 1 

1 



2 

ISAFOM-CNR Stradale Vincenzo Lancia, Blocco Palma I - Zona industriale 95121 Catania, Italy. 


A project planned by the Brassica WG involves the comparison of various populations of wild 

brassicas in the same environmental condition, with the aim to establish a collection of well 

characterized and diverse wild accessions. The accessions selected mainly on the basis of their 

availability and obtained from various European genebanks. We characterized 26 accessions of wild 

brassicas including Brassica barrelieri, Brassica balearica, Brassica bourgeaui, Brassica cretica, 

Brassica desnottesii, Brassica drepanensis, Brassica fruticulosa, Brassica hilarionis, Brassica 

insularis, Brassica incana, Brassica macrocarpa, Brassica montana, Brassica oleracea wild type, 

Brassica rapa, Brassica rupestris and Brassica villosa. The bio-morphological characterization was 

performed by the main IBPGR descriptors. 

The data obtained were processed using the program SPSS by applying the hierarchical cluster 

analysis with the method of the complete linkage furthest neighbour. The cluster obtained classify 

the studied accessions in six main groups that have different characteristics. Group A is mainly 

different from the other groups for the pyramidal shape of the plants; group B is different for mainly 

to a less wavy leaf margin and leaves hairless; group C is different for higher transverse dimension 

of the plant, for the higher longitudinal and transverse dimension of the petiole and for the higher 

number of scars; Group D is different for the higher plant height, for the leaf blade length and width 

and for the main tomentosity of the leaves; Group E is mainly different for less height and diameter 

of the plant, for less length and width leaf blade and for less length and width petiole. It differs for 

less number of leaves per plant; Group F differs mainly for the presence of anthocyanin in the leaf, 

for the high numer of leaves per plant and for plant branching. 


90

Poster B-5 

DIVERSITY OF KALES GROWING IN EUROPE AS BASIS FOR CROP 

IMPROVEMENT 

Branca F. 1 *, Ragusa L. 1 , Poulsen G. 2 , Maggioni L. 3 , von Bothmer R. 4 , Tribulato A. 1 

1 



2 

Nordic Genetic Resources Center, Alnarp, Sweden 

3 

Bioversity International, Maccarese (Rome), Italy 

4 

Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 

Alnarp, Sweden 


Kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC.) Alef.) seems to be the most ancient crop 

belonging to B. oleracea cultigroup which is grown in European countries mainly in home gardens 

and peri-urban farms to satisfy the requirements of family and local communities. The produce is 

represented mainly by shoots which are utilized to prepare several traditional foods whereas the old 

leaves are utilized for feeding animals. Kale seems to be the ancestor of several B. oleracea 

vegetable crops because it is very similar to B. oleracea wild type, distributed along the European 

Atlantic coasts, and to several wild Brassica species (n=9), which are widespread around the 

Mediterranean basin. Kale was probably the first step of human selection for exploiting the large 

diversity present in the Brassica wild species (Snogerup et al. 1990). Recent linguistic and literary 

studies indicate the Mediterranean basin as the candidate center where domestication of vegetable 

brassicas took place and where kale is mainly grown and utilized. Kale, as a minor crop, is not well 

exploited and the traditional landraces are mainly propagated and maintained in cultivation by old 

growers in some European countries. The landraces are disappearing as a consequence of changed 

social and economic conditions and of introduction of new cultivars/crops providing higher yields. 

The kale collection studied was established in the frame of the Brassica Working Group (BWG) of 

the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR). We characterized 23 

accessions, collected and/or conserved by eleven European genebanks and by some BWG members 

involved in kale utilization. Fifteen of these accessions were represented by landraces, five by 

commercial cultivars and three by B. oleracea wild types growing along European Atlantic coasts. 

We utilized several bio-morphological descriptors to detect kale diversity in Europe and to compare 

it with commercial cvs and B. oleracea wild type populations. 

The data acquired ascertained the wide diversity of kales growing in Europe for several descriptors. 

The descriptors, which appeared more discriminating traits were plant branching and shape, as well 

as several leaf and petiole traits. Factorial and cluster analysis of this European kale collection 

grouped the accessions in relation to their geographic area. The data recorded show similar results 

obtained recently by Nordic European researchers on the basis of AFLP genetic analysis utilizing a 

similar kale collection Sweden (Christensen et al., 2011). 


91

Poster B-6 

GENETIC RELATIONSHIP OF SICILIAN WILD AND CULTIVATED BRASSICACEAE 

USING FIVE SSR 

Branca F. 1* , Chiarenza G.L. 1 , Tribulato A. 1 , Calì F. 2 , Di Gaetano C. 3 , 

1 Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Italy 

2 U.O.C. di Genetica Medica, Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria 

SS, Troina, Italy 

3 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin,10126 Turin , Italy 


The Mediterranean basin have played an important role as centre of origin and diversification of 

several brassicas mainly related to B. oleracea which share an important primary gene pool with 

several wild Brassica species (n=9) of great interest for genetic improvement. In this frame we 

analyzed fifth-one accessions conserved by DISPA of Catania University of which represented 

mainly cauliflower and broccoli (eleven landraces, fourteen Sib-lines, twelve F1 hybrids set up by 

DISPA and six commercialized hybrids) and by several wild populations of B. incana, B. 

macrocarpa, B. rupestris and B. villosa. Five SSRs (microsatellite) markers (BoTHL1, 

PBCGSSRBo39, BoPLD1, BoAP1 and BoABI1) were used to assess genetic similarity among 

them. Among the markers utilized BoTHL1 showed eight alleles, PBCGSSRBo39 eleven alleles, 

BoPLD1 six alleles, BoAP1 showed twelve 12 alleles and BoABI1 nine alleles. Some alleles of 

some primers are present in commercial Hydrid F1 studied whereas the wild populations different 

alleles of both the broccoli and cauliflower F1 hybrids and landraces studied. A pairwise genetic 

distance (FST distance with sample size bias correction) was calculated for all genetic materials and 

a dendrogram of relationships was produced. All broccoli cultivars clustered with cauliflower 

cultivars as expected from the low genetic distance that exists between the two varieties 

(FST=0.0261). Major genetic differences were found within the wild species. The phylogenetic 

analysis grouped most of the wild species within the same cluster. The principal component 

analysis confirmed the previous results 


92

Poster B-7 

S-SAP MARKERS – A VALUABLE TOOL FOR GENETIC DISTANCE ANALYSIS IN 

BRASSICA RAPA L. 

Budahn H. 1 *, Artemyeva A.M. 2 , Chesnokov Y.V. 2 

1 Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding 


2 N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Saint-Petersburg, Russia. 


Transposable Elements (TEs) contribute significantly to diversification between and within plant 

species. Therefore transposon based molecular markers could have special benefits for phylogenetic 

studies. Sequence-Specific Amplification Polymorphism (S-SAP) analysis was developed by 

Waugh et al. (1997). Among the Class II TEs of Brassica species, CACTA elements are of special 

interest, having highly conserved ends and highly variable internal sequences. Bot1-related 

sequences were found in different Brassica species. For S-SAP analysis fluorescence labeled Bot1primers 

(Alix et al. 2008) have been combined with unlabeled Mse+3 or Eco+3 AFLP primers. 

Separation of amplification products on LI-COR 4300 DNA analyzer produced complex patterns of 

DNA fragments highly polymorphic in a core collection of 96 Brassica rapa accessions. Twelve 

primer combinations generated 123 polymorphic markers. Mean PIC value of the 123 S-SAP 

markers was 1.47-fold that of 149 SSR markers tested in the same core collection. The set of total 

272 S-SAP and SSR markers was used for genetic distance analysis and association studies for 

morphological traits, metabolite content and resistance traits. 


93

Poster B-8 

EVALUATION OF A POSSIBLE BREEDING BETWEEN BRASSICA NAPUS CULTIVAR 

AND SINAPIS ARVENSIS IN THE FIELD 

Buonamici A. 1 *, Labriola M. 1, 2 , Paffetti D. 2 , Tomaselli V. 3 , Travaglini D. 2 , Bottalico F. 2 , Balducci 

E. 1 , Materassi A. 4 , Fasano G. 4 , Vettori C. 1 

1 

Plant Genetics Institute, CNR, UOS FI, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; 

2 

Department of Agricultural and Forest Economics, Engineering, Sciences and Technologies, 

University of Florence, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy; 

3 

Plant Genetics Institute, CNR, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; 

4 

Institute for Biometeorology, CNR, UOS SS, Via Traversa la Crucca 3, Località Baldinca, 07100 

Li Punti, Sassari, Italy. 

E-mail: anna.buonamici@igv.cnr.it 

Plant biodiversity studies have been performed in the Migliarino-San Rossore-Massaciuccoli 

Regional Park in Tuscany (Italy) within the frame of the European project LIFE08 NAT/IT/342 

DEMETRA. This project aims at developing a quick monitoring index (QMI) to rapidly assess the 

potential risk generated by transgenic plants in characterized ecosystems or biotopes. For this 

reason test areas have been selected inside the protected area to evaluate plant (weeds and trees), 

animal, and soil microoganisms biodiversity. The proximity of the selected test area to cropped 

surfaces where Genetically Modified Plants (GMPs) might be cultivated has been taken into 

account. GMPs could spread pollen and hybridize with their wild relatives. To evaluate potential 

hybridization, Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Del. (oil seed-rape) were cropped. B. napus forms 

spontaneous hybrids with both of its wild progenitor species, B. rapa (wild turnip) and B. oleracea 

(wild cabbage) and there has been much interest in the extent of sexual compatibility between 

Brassica napus (oilseed rape) and wild Brassica species. Some wild plant species belonging to 

Brassicaceae have been selected in the protected areas, to evaluate possible hybridization and gene 

flow. The choice of Brassicaceae has been done considering the pollinating fauna and the flowering 

period. Sinapis arvensis was considered as one possible candidate to hybridize with oilseed rape. If 

GM oilseed rape is to be grown the possibility of his modified trait being transferred to S. arvensis 

needs serious consideration as the species are widespread. 

Due to the close genomic relationship between these taxa, SSR primers designed for different 

Brassica species were tested to amplify both in Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis. Therefore we 

looked for S. arvensis populations and oilseed B. napus cultivars which would hybridize in the 

field. Analysis are in progress. 


94

Poster B-9 

PRESERVATION OF VERZEGNIS TURNIP 

Capone F. 1 , Valent E. 1 , Cattivello C. 2 , Dalla Costa L. 3 

1 Cirmont - Centro internazionale di ricerca per la montagna; 

2 ERSA - Agenzia Regionale per lo sviluppo rurale FVG; 

3 Università degli Studi di Udine. 

E-mail: federico.capone@uniud.it 

Turnip of Verzegnis is an ecotype of Brassica rapa subsp. rapa, grown by local inhabitants both for 

human and animal food and as source of income. Strange enough, in the local dialect, people of 

Verzegnis are called Gnaùs, that means “turnip”. 

Actually Verzegnis’ turnip is not well know and its cultivation is not frequent, not only in Carnia 

district, but in the entire Friuli Venezia Giulia. 

Cultivation is quite complex due to the difficulties in finding seeds and the limited number of 

farmers (they are few and old). 

Experimental activities about turnip are included in FuturBioErbe project; the main goal of the 

project is to recover and preserve turnip of Verzegnis increasing the growing area and promoting 

the diffusion in the region Friuli Venezia Giulia. 

During the first two years several activities were performed. First of all was important to collect 

seeds among old farmers. Seeds were cultivated in different greenhouse (in pots or in land). Then 

plants were selected from a jury of farmers and experts on turnip. 

In the second year plants were isolated and during blooming were manually fertilized to obtain a 

good number of seeds. Then seeds were grown in plateaux and new plants were transplanted in 

Verzegnis area during summer 2012 to be compared with Milan’s turnip. 

In the next ad last year different agronomic techniques of cultivation will be tested and qualitative 

and quantitative analysis will be performed between Verzegnis and Milan turnips. 


95

Poster B-10 

KOREA BRASSICA RESOURCE BANK 

Kim J. A. 1 , Lee D. H. 1 , Lim Y. P. 1 * 

1 Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Deapartment of Horticulture, Chungnam National 

University, Daejeon, Korea. 


The genus Brassica, phylogenetically related to Arabidopsis thaliana, is one of economically 

important crops and a botanical model of plant polyploidization and rapid phenotypic evolution. We 

established the Korea Brassica Genome Resource Bank (KBGRB) in order to supply basic plant 

materials for structural/functional genomics and breeding of Brassica. Since the establishment of 

KBGRB in 2004, KBGRB has supported genomic materials for Multinational Brassica Genome 

Sequencing Project and collected over 10,000 accessions of Brassicas from different areas in the 

world. KBGRB has collected seeds including inbred lines and mapping population of various 

Brassica species, and DNA stocks including BAC libraries and cDNA libraries of Brassica rapa. 

Moreover, all germplasms of KBGRB have been propagated, maintained, and distributed to the 

scientists in the world. Currently, KBGRB has collected 11,041 accessions of Brassica species, 

33,159 clones for cDNA libraries, and 222,336 clones for BAC libraries, and 1,398 genetic markers. 

KBGRB has distributed more than 621,345 clones, 280 genetic markers and 6,210 accessions of 

seed to researchers over 10 countries since 2004. Information and other requests for genomic 

resources of Brassica are accessible at http://www.brassica-resource.org. 


96

Poster B-11 

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT PANEL 

FOR THE FINGERPRINTING OF CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS) CULTIVARS 

Li F.*, Xu K., Song WL., Chen BY., Gao GZ., Wu XM. 

Key Laboratory of Oil Crops Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crop Research Institute, 

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062 China. 


Canola (Brassica napus) is an economically important oil crop and many new cultivars have been 

developed and released every year to meet the market demand and environment challenges. For 

example, in China, the candidate cultivars in regional trial increased from 98 in 2004 to 201 in 

2011. To maintain varietal purity and protect breeder and consumer rights, a reliable and definitive 

panel for cultivar fingerprinting becomes critical. In this study, 12 DH lines derived from distinctly 

different geographic regions were used to evaluate 97 SSR markers by a 3730XL DNA Analyzer. 

Considering PIC (polymorphism information content), repeatability, discrimination power and 

markers position in chromosome, 40 SSR markers were selected. Since the homozygote of the DH 

lines, we can differentiate the different loci and allele variations. In total, 52 loci with 136 alleles 

were detected. Using these markers, the genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting of 201 candidate 

canola cultivars were investigated. As a result, all markers showed distinct polymorphism among 

the candidate cultivars, whilst, 52 loci with only 131 alleles were detected, which was lower than 

the DH lines, indicating that the selective effect in the breeding process narrowed the genetic 

background. PCA (principal components analysis) and population structure analysis revealed clear 

difference between CMS (Cytoplasmic male sterility) and GMS (Genic male sterility) hybrids, as 

well as among ecological regions in CMS. Three pairs of previously unknown identical candidate 

cultivars showed genetic similarity of 0.95 - 1.0, indicating the threshold of genetic similarity for 

variety identification should be under 0.95 at least. In addition, most of the similar varieties were 

bred by the same breeder and the most distinct ones came from different province or breeders, 

which was in accordance with the pedigree information. In conclusion, the SSR panel developed in 

this study is applicable not only for the fingerprinting of canola cultivars but also for analysis of 

population structure. 


97

Poster B-12 

ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN IBERIAN LANDRACES OF BRASSICA 

OLERACEA BY MOLECULAR MARKERS. 

Lopes V.R. 1 , Barata A.M. 1 *, Nunes E. 2 , Cartea E. 3 , Soengas P. 3 , Allender C. 4 , Bas N. 5 

E-mail: violeta.lopes@inrb.pt 

1 BPGV, INRB, I.P., Quinta S. José S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Barga, Portugal; 

2 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; 

3 Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Aptdo. 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Spain; 

4 Warwick Crop Centre, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF United Kingdom; 

5 Centre for Genetic Resources, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA Wageningen, Netherlands. 

E-mail: ana.barata@inrb.pt 

Brassica oleracea landraces are widely represented in European collections of plant genetic 

resources and those originating from the Iberian Peninsula are a significant source of genetic 

variation to conserve. In total, 542 landrace accessions are from Portugal (held at Banco Português 

de Germoplasma Vegetal) and 250 accessions are from Spain (Misión Biológica de Galicia). 

The objective of this project was to evaluate a sub-set of landrace accessions with two molecular 

marker systems; ITS and SSR. A selection of the most diverse material was used for molecular 

evaluation, 100 acccessions of B. oleracea from the Iberian collections were analysed. This subset 

consisted of three different morphotypes. Fifty accessions of kale (B. oleracea acephala), 18 

accessions of cabbage (B. oleracea capitata) and 32 tronchuda (B. oleracea costata) were included 

in the study. 

The study was performed on the ITS1 and ITS2 regions and 10 SSR markers. Based on ITS and 

SSR data, the results are similar: cabbage and tronchuda landraces form independent clusters 

whereas kale landraces are grouped in different clusters where Portuguese and Galician landraces 

clustered together. The relevance of these results to the proposed European Collection of plant 

genetic resources to be developed as part of the AEGIS concept (A European Genebank Integrated 

System) is discussed. 


98

Poster B-13 

SIGNALS OF INTER-CROSSING BETWEEN LEAFY KALE LANDRACES AND 

BRASSICA RUPESTRIS IN SOUTH ITALY 

Maggioni L. 1, 2 , von Bothmer R. 2 , Poulsen G. 3 , Bagger Jorgensen R. 4 , Andersen B.A. 4 , BrancaF. 5 

1 

Bioversity International, Maccarese, Rome, Italy; 

2 

Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 

Alnarp, Sweden; 

3 

Nordic Genetic Resource Center, Alnarp, Sweden; 

4 

Biosystems Division, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of 

Denmark – DTU, Roskilde, Denmark; 

5 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Italy. 

In South Italy, landraces of leafy kales are grown in home gardens, sometimes in close proximity to 

populations of wild relatives. Inter-crossing between wild and cultivated populations might affect 

allele frequency patterns of the respective populations. This has implications for genetic resources 

conservation, understanding of domestication processes and overall variability of the brassica 

genepool currently in use. AFLP studies on brassica germplasm collected in Calabria and Sicily 

show evidence that inter-crossing between leafy kale and Brassica rupestris is a common 

occurrence. 


99

Poster B-14 

USING CONTROLLED DETERIORATION TEST ON DETERMINING SEED VIGOUR 

PERFORMANCES OF CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. CAPITATA) SEED 

LOTS 

Öztürk B. 1 , Balkaya A. 2 * 

1 Variety Registration and Seed Certification Centre, Ankara, Turkey; 

2 University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Samsun, Turkey. 


In this research, the effects of controlled deterioration test on cabbage seeds were investigated by 

using seed lots from four white head cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata) varieties. Seed lots from 

Bafra, Yalova 1, Yalova Sarmalık and Bayraklı 85 varieties were used as experimental material in 

this work. This study have been conducted in seed germination and test laboratories of Food, 

Agriculture and Livestock, Variety Registration and Seed Certification Center, emergence tests 

have been conducted in a glass greenhouse of variety registration and seed certification center. In 

this study, emergence tests were conducted by sowing seed lots with % 77- 98 germination in peat. 

Controlled deterioration test was conducted in 40-45 o C with 20 % moisture content and within 24 - 

48 hours applications. As a result, 45 o C temperature 20% moisture content and 48 hours duration 

for controlled deterioration test. Results of this research provided us to classify seed lots according 

to their performance by using controlled deterioration test. 


100

Poster B-15 

GENETICS OF LOW TEMPERATURE RESPONSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND 

GROWTH IN BRASSICACEAE 

Prinzenberg A.E.*, Snel J., van der Schoor R., Harbinson J., Aarts M.G.M. 

WUR, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen. 

E-mail: aina.prinzenberg@wur.nl 

Temperature is an important factor determining plant growth and performance. One of the first 

physiological parameters that is affected by low temperature is photosynthetic efficiency. However, 

very little is known about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of photosynthesis in cold and 

the underlying genetics. 

We use photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), determined by chlorophyll fluorescence 

imaging, as an indicator for low temperature stress. An automated phenotyping system allows us 

high throughput and precise measurement of plant growth and chlorophyll fluorescence over the 

course of the day. Like this we obtain a unique dataset that provides information about the 

physiological status and growth of plants in response to low temperature at different time points 

during the stress and during recovery. 

Screening a collection of different Brassica oleracea varieties we could show that the 

photosynthetic efficiency responded very quickly to the environmental changes and we could also 

establish correlations between photosynthetic and growth parameters in response to the low 

temperature conditions. These responses were predominantly genotype and not seed lot specific. 

The detected natural variation and genetic determinism for cold responses is a promising start for a 

quantitative genetic analysis. We are currently analysing the data of a recombinant inbred lines 

population of Brassica rapa to determine genetic loci involved in low temperature performance. 

Future experiments with a collection of Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions will allow us to 

conduct an association mapping analysis and by homology search against the Brassica genome 

increase our power to determine candidate genes. Elucidating this genetic basis will provide useful 

information for future breeding programs and furthermore allow us to conclude on the 

corresponding physiological mechanisms for cold adaptation. 


101

Poster B-16 

ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF BRASSICACEAE IN SICILY 

Romano D.*, Parisi G., Toscano S., Scuderi D. 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: dromano@unict.it 

In the recent years, wild plants have increasingly become of relevant interest for several reasons: (1) 

the renewed interest in local traditional and neglected food plants; (2) the potential medicinal value 

of these species; (3) the intangible cultural heritage of their use. The erosion of traditional 

knowledge due to the depopulation of rural areas and the death of elderly people contrasts with the 

interest in local plant food and medicinal sources of the most cultured young and middle-aged of the 

urban classes. The Brassicaceae species are widely represented in Sicily: according to Pignatti 

(1982) in the island 116 species, belonging to 54 genera, are present among wild and cultivated 

ones. Some of these species have an ethnobotanical interest. 

In this frame the aims of the work was to carry out an ethnobotanical survey, though interviews to 

representatives of small rural communities, on wild Brassica species in view to identify the 

traditional use and to compare the overall data on ethnobotanical literature related to Sicily. 

The results showed that we have information about sixty species, sometimes linked only to the 

dialect name. The main use is linked to the food. For example, the bitter taste and the traditional 

culinary preparations increase the value of different species (Brassica fruticulosa Cyr., B. nigra (L.) 

Koch, Bunias erucago L., Diplotaxis erucoides DC., D. tenuifolia (L.) DC., Nasturtium officinale 

(R.) Br., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis alba L., S. arvensis L., etc.) for food. Some species, 

Brassica rupestris Raf., B. oleracea L., Nasturtium officinale L., Raphanus raphanistrum L.) were 

used in popular medicine. Particular is the use of Matthiola incana L. that is adopted in folklore 

manifestations related to St. Joseph’s Day, when the flowers are used to completely decorate the 

horses, thus masking the unpleasant smell. 


102

Poster B-17 

PROVENANCE-RELATED SEED HETEROGENEITY AND GERMINATION IN 

BRASSICA INSULARIS MORIS 

Santo A.*, Mattana E., Grillo O., Bacchetta G. 

Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, 

Università degli Studi di Cagliari, V.le S. Ignazio da Laconi 11-13, 09123 - Cagliari, Italy. 

E-mail: andrea.santo85@gmail.com 

Morphological seed heterogeneity, defined as the production of different types of seeds by a single 

individual, appears in many different species of angiosperms and it is also reported for the genus 

Brassica. B. insularis is a member of the B. oleracea L. group which occurs only in Corsica, 

Sardinia, Sicily (Pantelleria) and Tunisia (La Galite) and is inserted in the Annex II of Habitats 

Directive 92/43/EEC. Seeds of B. insularis, collected in 2010 from three Sardinian populations 

[Planu Sartu and Masua (SW Sardinia) and Isola dei Cavoli (SE Sardinia)], were analyzed through 

an image analysis system. In addition, germination tests were conducted on seeds from each 

population, in the light (12/12), at a range of constant temperatures (5-25°C) and at an alternating 

temperature regime (25/10°C). The morphocolorimetric analysis, clearly identified seeds from 

different populations (in 97.6% of the cases) and discriminated three chromatic categories (black, 

orange and brown) for seeds belonging to the “Isola dei Cavoli” population, with a percentage of 

correct identification of 90%, while seeds of the two other populations were morphologically 

homogenous. Germination ranged from 45% to 60% for “Planu Sartu” and “Isola dei Cavoli” 

populations, respectively and temperature had not a significant effect. Seed moisture content (%) 

did not vary significantly among chromatic categories, highlighting as heterogeneity was not related 

to different stages of seed maturation. Germination was highly influenced both from colour and 

temperature, and high germination percentages (ranging from 50% to 80% for black and orange 

seeds, respectively) were detected at 5°C. These results showed the significant variability in 

morphology and germination among B. insularis seeds from different provenances, indicating the 

presence of morphological and physiological seed heterogeneity in this species. 


103

Poster B-18 

THE USE OF BRASSICACEAE BY THE ANCIENT ROMANS 

Toscano S.*, Scuderi D., Tribulato A., Romano D. 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: stefania.toscano@unict.it 

There are two main sources of information on plants used by the Romans: archaeological evidence 

and classical literature. The Latin texts describing plants and their uses are several. Probably the 

most extensive information is available from Plinius the Elder work but generally there are 

difficulties to identify plants from the author’s descriptions. This may be because there are 

problems in translation, or simply that the writer did not describe the plant accurately, or in 

sufficient detail. Some plants have changed due to cultivation or cross-fertilisation, thus genotypes 

described may no longer resemble to their modern counterparts. Among the plants known by the 

Romans, the Brassicaceae played an important role, partly because many of these species are native 

to the Mediterranean basin. 

With the aim to achieve as much information as possible on the Romans botanical knowledge on 

Brassicaceae species, the operas of nine Latin authors were studied and each species was listed in a 

specific data base. For every identified species we listed the Latin name, family, origin and uses. 

The latter have been classified into 5 groups: food, medicinal, utilitarian, magical and ornamental. 

Specifically, 41 taxa (both species and subspecies) belonging to 21 genera were identified. Romans 

devoted particular attention to the Brassica genera. Marcus Porcius Cato, for instance, narrated the 

therapeutic applications of some species in the CLXV chapter of ‘De Agricultura’. Plinius the Elder 

in the Naturalis Historia (chapter XIX) described different typologies, cultivation cycles, in order to 

extend the production time, of some Brassica, as well as grafting methods adopted for propagation 

of some species. Some plants of this important family have been mentioned by Plinius the Elder for 

the sweet scent of their flowers like Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire in Jahandiez & Maire and M. 

incana (L.) R. Br. in Aiton. 


104

Session C 

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BREEDING 



105

Session C-1 

GENETIC VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF SECONDARY SEED DORMANCY IN 

WINTER OILSEED RAPE 

Möllers C.*, Schatzki J., Ecke W., Becker H.C. 

Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 8, 37075 

Göttingen, Germany. 

E-mail: cmoelle2@gwdg.de 

Secondary seed dormancy in oilseed rape is a phenomenon that allows seeds to survive for many 

years in the soil without germination. Following soil cultivation, dormant seeds may germinate in 

subsequent years and they are the main reason for the occurrence of voluntary oilseed rape plants in 

successive crops. Genetic reduction of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape could provide a mean to 

reduce the frequency of volunteer plants and especially the dispersal of transgenic oilseed rape. 

However, little is known about the genetic variation, the inheritance and the genotype x 

environment interactions on the secondary seed dormancy of winter oilseed rape. 

The objective of the present study is to analyze the genetic variation, the genotype × environment 

interactions and the inheritance of secondary seed dormancy, and to estimate correlations to other 

seed traits in a set of 28 current winter oilseed rape cultivars and in the winter oilseed rape DH 

population Express 617 x R53 tested in multilocational field experiments. Among the cultivars, 

secondary seed dormancy ranged from 8% to 56% and the heritability was high (0.97). A large and 

significant variation for secondary seed dormancy was also detected among the DH lines which 

ranged from 5 to 96%; the heritability was with h 2 =0.85 again high. Two major and three minor 

QTL for secondary seed dormancy were detected which together explained 42% of the phenotypic 

variance. Two of the QTL for secondary seed dormancy on N13 and N18 showed overlapping 

confidence intervals with QTL for germination rate and the additive effects had opposite signs, 

indicating that secondary dormancy is related to a low seed germination rate. Results showed that 

secondary seed dormancy is a heritable trait and that selection for low secondary seed dormancy is 

possible. 


106

Session C-1 

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS CONTROLING SHOOT APICAL 

MERISTEM ARREST IN BRASSICA OLERACEA 

De Jonge J. 1 *, Kodde J. 1 , Immink R. 1 , Angenent G. 1 , De Groot C. 2 , Groot S. 1 

1 Plant Research International, Wageningen University; 

2 Bejo Zaden. 

Email: jennifer.dejonge@wur.nl 

Genetic and environmental factors influence shoot apical meristem (SAM) development in plants. 

The interplay between these factors can lead to abnormalities, such as SAM arrest, resulting in a 

stop of further organ development. This phenomenon is also called blindness and develops mostly 

in the early phase of plant development. Prior to the differentation of the SAM the young plants can 

develop no, one or two normal leaves. Brassica oleracea suffer from this arrest that can result in 

significant production losses, for plant raisers and breeding companies. 

Our aim is to study environmental and genetic factors influencing the occurrence of blindness. We 

developed an assay to induce blind plants in susceptible genotypes of Brassica oleracea, by 

incubating seeds at 0-1 °C for several days. After this cold treatment, most of the seeds germinate 

and produce a high number of blind plants. This percentage of blind plants varies per genotype 

pointing towards a genetic component controling blindness. A Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) 

analysis, using AGDH mapping population, revealed one locus with a significant contribution to the 

sensitivity for blindness. This QTL was reproducible for three sequential seed productions. At the 

moment we are determining the transcriptome of blind and normal lines of the population, aiming to 

identify the differentially expressed gene or genes in the QTL location. Expression of three 

meristem related genes (BoSTM, BoCLV1, BoCLV3) was analysed with two contrasting lines from 

the population to determine the optimal sampling moment for the genome-wide expression studies. 

All three genes were down regulated early during seedling development in plants of a blindness 

sensitive line compared to a resistant one. 

Additionally we are quantifying cell proliferation by studying DNA synthesis in intact tissue of 

normal and blind plants to proof that the SAM is arrested and that during the development of 

blindness SAM cells of blind plants show lower rates of DNA synthesis until the complete arrest. 


107

Session C-1 

EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS AND STRUCTURAL GENES OF 

ANTHOCYANIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN PURPLE-HEADING CHINESE CABBAGE 

Dduan Y., Shi J., Zhang L.*, Zhang M., He Q. 

State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area, College of Horticulture, Northwest A 

& F University, Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology and Germplasm Create in Northwest 

China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. 

Email: lugangzh@163.com 

To investigate the mechanism of anthocyanin production in our new purple-heading Chinese 

cabbage, the expression of structural genes and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin 

biosynthesis was examined between the purple line (11S96) and its non-purple parent (09S17) by 

the real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR, as well as their leaves cross-section were observed 

and the anthocyanin content was measured. Leaf cross-section showed that the anthocyanin 

distribution is non-uniform in the purple heading leaf, specially enriched in the epidermis and its 

adjacent the mesophyll cells. Comparison with the negligible amount of anthocyanin in the nonpurple 

parent, the anthocyanin in purple line is up to 0.80mg•g -1 •FW in purple inner heading leaves. 

Q-PCR analysis indicated that the EBGs(Early Biosynthesis Genes)CHS, CHI, F3H, F3’H, 

LBGs(Late Biosynthesis Genes)UFGT and GST, as well as the regulatory gene MYB0 and 

MYB1 were up-regulated in the inner leaves of purple heading; the other three LBGs, DFR, ANS, 

LDOX and the regulatory gene MYB2, MYB4, MYB12 and MYB111were high up-regulated in all the 

leaves of the purple heading, which means that there is probably close relationship between these 

genes and the anthocyanin accumulation in this purple-heading Chinese cabbage, and MYB2 and 

MYB4 may play the dominant role in it. 


108

Session C-1 

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION AS A TOOL FOR BROADENING THE 

VARIABILITY OF USEFUL TRAITS IN RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) 

Niemann J. 1 *, Wojciechowski A. 1 , Jędryczka M. 2 , Kaczmarek J. 2 , KsiążczykT. 2 , Janowicz J. 1 

1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland; 

2 Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland. 

E-mail: niemann@up.poznan.pl 

Amphidiploid rapeseed as a very important oil plant became widely cultivated crop in many 

countries in the world. The big increase of rapeseed acreage is causing some new problems 

connected with yielding and cultivation of this species. Moreover, searching of forms with 

improved traits is highly desirable. From that point of view interspecific crossing is a valuable tool 

for widening the variability of useful traits, e.g. seed quality and resistance to some diseases such as 

clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, results of crossing of winter rape 

(2n=4x=38, AACC) with five other species from the Brassica genus are being presented. Altogether 

from all cross combinations 140 siliquae containing in total 1623 ovules from which isolated 

embryos were incubated in vitro. In this way from all cross combinations 568 embryos were placed 

on the specified media. The highest effectiveness was received in the cross winter rape, MS-8 line × 

B. campestris ssp. pekinensis (61.4 %). In two next combinations this effectiveness took out 53.1 % 

(MS-8 × B. fruticulosa) and 51.1% (MS-8 × B. campestris ssp. trilocularis). The lower 

effectiveness was being observed in combinations, where amphidiploid forms were took as parental 

components, i.e. MS-8 line (maternal form) and B. carinata and B. juncea, where 20.5% and 27.4% 

of ovules contain embryos, respectively. Finally, 284 plants were rooted on Nitsh & Nitsh medium 

(H3). Futhermore, these studies are supplemented by a cytological characterization of individual, 

interspecific hybrids of Brassica showing their chromosome complement. 


109

Session C-1 

THE EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON ARTIFICIAL SEED PRODUCTION, COLD 

TOLERANCE AND UP-REGULATION OF CBF/DREB1 OF BRASSICA OLERACEA 

VAR. BOTRYTIS 

Rihan H.Z.*, Al-Issawi M., Al-Shamari M., Al-Swedi F., Fuller M.P. 

School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of 

Plymouth, UK, PL4 8AA. 

Email: hail.rihan@plymouth.ac.uk 

The production of cauliflower clones multiplied by tissue culture and distributed as artificial seeds 

could be useful alternative to F1 hybrid varieties and could also be useful in the context of the 

maintenance of elite clonal germplasm in cauliflower breeding programmes. A full protocol for the 

production of cauliflower artificial seeds was optimised by the encapsulation of cauliflower 

microshoots derived from the meristematic layer of cauliflower curd. The effect of different 

concentrations of Molybdenum (Mo) used with cauliflower microshoots liquid culture media 

ranged between 0 to 240 ppm on both number and average weight of the microshoots produced was 

investigated. The use of concentrations higher than 30 ppm Mo completely killed the explants. 

While the number of developing microshoots was not significantly affected by Mo concentration up 

to 30 ppm, the use of 30 ppm Mo significantly reduced the growth of microshoots assessed as 

average fresh weight. The use of 15 ppm concentration of Mo improved the cold tolerance of 

artificial seeds both with and without acclimation by low temperature (4 o C). The expression of 

CBF/DREB1 the cold/drought transcription factor was also affected by presence of Mo especially in 

conjunction with low temperature acclimation. Moreover, the use of 15 ppm Mo had the capacity to 

up-regulate CBF/DREB1 without any cold treatment. The results obtained in this study could have 

an important application for the use of an exogenous application of Mo to raise the efficiency of 

cauliflower cold hardiness even in the absence of cold acclimation. 


110

Session C-2 

INHERITANCE OF CYTOPLASM MALE STERILITY AND SCAR MARKERS LINKED 

TO FERTILE GENE IN RADISH 

Zhang L.*,Yu N., Zheng C., Hui M., Xu X., Niu N. 



China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China 

E-mail: lugangzh@163.com 

To identify the inheritance of Cytoplasm Male Sterility and molecular markers closely linked to the 

CMS restorer gene in radish(Raphanus sativus L.), RAPD and SCAR technology combined with 

bulked segregation analysis were used to analyze 360 plants of four F2 and three BC1 populations. 

The results showed that the fertile gene and sterility gene were a pair of independent genetical 

alleles, and the fertile gene complete dominanted the expression of sterility gene in the genetic 

process. Two RAPD markers S88-1526 and S1344-415 linked to fertile gene locus were identified 

from 500 RAPD primers. These two molecular markers were located on two sides of the sterility 

gene with a distance of 4.2cM and 6.9cM respectively. One RAPD molecular marker S88-1526 

were successfully converted to SCAR maker as scar-88, whose recombination frequency was 4.28% 

with a genetic distance 4.24 cM to the fertile gene locus in population BC1. 


111

Session C-2 

MAPPING OF A QUANTITATIVETRAIT LOCUS FOR THE BOLTING TRAIT IN 

BRASSICA RAPA UNDER VERNALIZING CONDITIONS 

Zhang L., Ji XH., Wang YG. 1 *, Feng H. 

Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China. 

E-mail: lnrc7864@163.com 

Premature bolting can occur during spring cultivation of heading Chinese cabbage in East Asia 

when the plants encounter low temperatures (vernalization), which leads to economic loss. The aim 

of this study was to identify genes responsible for varietal differences in the bolting trait in Brassica 

rapa under environmental conditions that promote vernalization. To achieve this goal we 

constructed a linkage map with 107 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and 54 insertion/deletion (InDel) 

markers based on a segregating population of 186 F2 individuals. The resulting map consisted of 10 

linkage groups and covered a total length of 947.1 cM, with an average genetic distance of 5.84 cM 

between adjacent markers. QTL analysis of the bolting trait was performed by two phenotypic 

evaluations (bolting index and flowering time) based on the scores in an F2 population in the spring 

of 2010, and scores in F2:3 families in autumn 2010 and spring 2011, respectively. A total of 26 

QTLs that controlled bolting were detected, accounting for 2.6% to 31.2% of the phenotypic 

variance. The detected QTLs with large effects clustered mainly on linkage groups A02, A06, and 

A07. These QTLs will be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in a breeding program for late 

bolting or bolting-resistant cultivars in Brassica rapa crops. 


112

Session C-2 

OVEREXPRESSION OF MYB29 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR INCREASES THE 

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FOR AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN HEALTH OF BRASSICA 

OLERACEA PLANTS 

Zuluaga D.L. 1 , Prinzenberg A.E.*, Graham N. 2 , van Ommen Kloeke A.E.E. 3 , Klinder A. 4 , Wagstaff 

C. 4 , Verkerk R. 5 , Aarts M.G.M. 1 

1 

Wageningen University, Laboratory of Genetics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the 

Netherlands; 

2 

Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton 

Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; 

3 

VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Animal Ecology, 

De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherland;s 

4 

Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, 

Reading, RG6 6AP, UK; 

5 

Wageningen University, Product Design and Quality Management Group, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD 

Wageningen, the Netherlands. 

E-mail: dianazuluagaa@gmail.com 

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites naturally produced by cruciferous plants. Their 

active enzymatic hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), play important roles in human health 

and agriculture. GSLs, and especially ITCs, are considered the main responsible for the cancer 

preventative properties of Brassica plants. For instance Sulforaphane, the ITC generated from the 4- 

Methylsulphinylbutyl GSL (glucoraphanin), is released when several Brassica crops, especially B. 

oleracea varieties, are consumed. Conversely, different kinds of ITCs, derived from aliphatic and 

aromatic glucosinolates, are highly toxic to several plant pests and pathogens. These properties 

make them useful as a more sustainable alternative to chemical fumigants. For example, Allyl ITC, 

the hydrolysis product of the 2-propenyl aliphatic GSL (sinigrin), is demonstrated to be toxic to 

Nematodes, Fungi and some herbivores. DH AG1012 genome has a high similarity to the Broccoli 

genome, thus being a potential B. oleracea model for studying and improving Broccoli. On the 

other hand, Winspit, a wild B. oleracea genotype which has an AOP2 functional allele, produces the 

Alkenyl GSLs sinigrin and gluconapin in high quantities compared to other B. oleracea wild 

populations and cultivars. Therefore, the glucosinolate gene set present in Winspit makes it an 

interesting genotype for soil biofumigation in agriculture. In this work, we isolated the Winspit 

MYB29 gene and used it for overexpression and expression of it in the DH AG1012 genotype. A 

complete expression analysis of the genes controlling the Aliphatic GSL pathway was done for the 

transgenic and control plants. Additionally, the antigenotoxic activity of the DH AG1012 

expressing WinMYB29 was evaluated. In this research, the difference in the functionality of AOP2 

gene between wild and cultivated genotypes was crucial for studying the aliphatic GSL pathway 

and the role that MYB29 plays in the production of glucoraphanin and sinigrin in B. oleracea. 


113

Session C-3 

THE INNOVATIVE EXPLOITATION OF BRASSICA VEGETABLES IN THE HEALTH 

QUALITY FOOD PRODUCTION CHAIN. FROM FIELD TO FORK 


Bartoszek A. 

Dept. of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Gdansk University of Technology, 

Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdansk, Poland. 

E-mail: agnieszka.bartoszek@pg.gda.pl 

The specific chemical composition of vegetables belonging to Brassicaceace, as regards both 

nutrients and non-nutrients, renders them particularly suitable for the health food production chain. 

The ability of these plants to accumulate heavy metals may be utilised for phytoremediation of 

arable soils, but also as a vehicle to fortify foods in micronutriens such as selenium. The bioactive 

organosulfur compounds: glucosinolates and their degradation products, glutathione or Smethylmethionine 

owing to their chemical properties can target a number of biological processes 

implicated in human organism homeostasis. Consequently, rationally exploited brassica vegetables 

may be a promissing ingredient for research based production of foods addressing both general 

public, as well as specific groups of consumers. Moreover, isothiocyanates, released upon 

myrosinase catalysed hydrolysis of glucosinolates, due to their reactivity towards amino groups, 

may play a role of “chemical detoxification system” neutralising carcinogenic amines formed 

during heat processing of meat foods. The agricultural waste of brassica crops containing 

glucosinolates and their degradation products represents a valuable raw material for crop protection 

in the process of biofumigation, at the same time constituting green manure. The multidirectional 

opportunities and examples of innovative exploitation of chemical and biological properties of 

brassica vegetables will be discussed. 


114

Session C-3 

QTL ANALYSIS OF BOLTING TIME IN RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.) BASED ON 

SNP MARKERS. 

Yokoi S.*, Furuyama Y., Takahashi M., Aoki W., Takahashi Y., Ebina S., Mimida N., Takahata Y. 

Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, 

Iwate 020-8550 JAPAN. 

E-mail: shyokoi@iwate-u.ac.jp 

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable, especially in East Asia. Radish accounts 

for the largest cultivation area and annual production of all vegetable cultivated in Japan. 

Bolting time is an important developmental/agronomic trait, and variation exists among radish 

cultivars. Their bolting habits are generally influenced by temperature, light intensity and/or daylength. 

Bolting time is one of a major determinant for root thickness in radish, because it has been 

known that the positive correlation exists between bolting time and root thickness, that is a 

phenomenon which root development of thickening was restricted after bolting. Because of this 

reason, late bolting cultivar has been selected in conventional breeding process. Recently, a number 

of molecular markers linked to important agronomic traits have been developed in many plants. 

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has also been desired for the development of new cultivars and the 

introduction of bolting traits in radish breeding program. 

Two Radish cultivars, Yumehomare and Taibyo-sobutori, ( late flowering and early flowering 

phenotypes, respectively) were used in this study. In each parent, homozygosity was increased by 5 

successive selfings. We crossed two genotypes and generated F2 population. One hundred and 

eighty eight F2 progenies and their parent plants were grown and 11 morphological traits such as 

plant height, leaf number, bolting time, root diameter were investigated at different growth stages. 

Using 103 SNP markers, 9 linkage groups (LGs) were constructed. QTL analysis revealed that 

among QTLs relating bolting time, a major QTL was detected on LG4. This QTL region is a 

comparative with the particular region of Arabidopsis chromosome 5 containing FLC 

(FLOWERING LOCUS C). We will present the locations of QTLs controlling the important 

agronomic traits including bolting time. 


115

Session C-3 

PCR-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF CYTOPLASM TYPES IN MALE STERILE 

ACCESSIONS OF BRASSICACEAE 

Domblides E.*, Domblides A., Zayachkovskaya T., Bondareva L., Startsev V. 

All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production; Odintsovo region, 

Moscow district, VNIISSOK, p/o Lesnoi Gorodok, 143080, Russia. 

E-mail: domblides@mail.ru 

The plant collection being maintained at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and 

Seed Production contains 43 accessions, including both fertile and sterile plants of white cabbage, 

savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, daikon and radish. 

Appropriate primers were selected out of summarized publication data to type the sterile cytoplasm 

among the accessions belonging to Brassicaceae. 

Out of all primers 12 pairs were 138Xba and 138Eco, Orf138-F1 and Orf138-R, Orf138-F2 and 

OrfB-R1, ogu-5 'and ogu-3', orf138-5 'and orf138-3 ', Og-1 and Og-2, F * and R *, P11 and P12, 

orfBF and orfBR, orfBF' and orfBR2, P6 + (orfB) and P6-(orfB), Me6 and Em7 to identify Ogura 

cytoplasm. Three primer pairs pol-5 'and pol-3', Orf224f and Orf224r, P21 and P32 were used to 

find polima cytoplasm. The napus cytoplasm can be determined with two pairs of primers nap-nap- 

5 and 3, P21 and P22. Such primers as rad-5 'and rad-3' were also taken to detect normal radish 

cytoplasm. 

As a result, the Ogura type cytoplasm was clearly defined in cabbage, daikon and radish according 

to specified PCR products observed. 

On the contrary, no locus associated with cytoplasm sterility of napus, polima and Ogura was found 

in supposed sterile samples of Savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts and kohlrabi. 

The orf138 locus is known as a marker of Ogura type cytoplasm and used to characterize the CMS. 

The aligned sequence of the products obtained with primers Orf138-F2 and OrfB-R1 in accessions 

of radish, daikon and cabbage showed their similarity to the mitochondrial locus Orf138 

corresponded to type A Ogura sterility. 

It is worth mentioning that all samples had the deletion of two nucleotides AA at position 20-21. 

Moreover, an A/G base substitution at position 18 was observed in radish and cabbage sterile 

accessions. Additionally, a G/A base substitution was detected at position 410 in the samples of 

cabbage. 


116

Session C-3 

CREATING A SOURCE MATERIAL FOR BREEDING RADISH FOR GREENHOUSES. 

Yanaeva D.A.*, Khovrin A.N., Tereshonkova T.A. 

Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Company Agrofirma POISK 500, vil. Vereya, 

Ramenskoye district, Moscow Region, Russia. 

E-mail: yandiana2003@mail.ru 

In recent years in Russia the production of radish in the greenhouse with the use of cassette 

technology, includingis of sliding hydroponic shelving, with periodic underflooding, supplementary 

lighting, and established the parameters of the microclimate. 

The use of radish F1 hybrids is the best solution to uniformity of products. 

The purpose of our research is the creation of F1 hybrids of radish with such features as: early 

ripening (18-20 days), high-yield (3.5 kg/m 2 or more), resistant to the shooting and the deficiency of 

light (winter cultivation), the ability to form roots at low temperatures, low erect rosette leaf, root 

crops dense rounded form. 

In our work to create a of heterotic F1 hybrids of radish, we used the line ogura-CMS and the 

phenomenon of self-incompatibility. As a result, four sterile lines and their fertile analogs have been 

obtained.. Were created four self-incompatibility inbred lines POK-2, KMN-3, KMN-8 and KRR-2. 

Of them KMN lines is characterized by high capacity combination on the feature "root mass" and 

the high value of the maternal effect. The line KMN is also valuable in the breeding to the shorten 

of leaf rosettes. 

In the course of the study of population consisting of 90 radish varieties and F1 hybrids of different 

origin and 17 inbred lines of second-and fourth-generation the following correlations was revealed: 

hypocotyl length with the length of the leaves (r = 0,72), root diameter (r = 0,83 ), the inverse length 

of the hypocotyl strong relationship with productivity (r = -0,76) and product yield of roots (r = - 

0,72). 


117

Session C-3 

GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF DEVELOPING SEEDS IN BRASSICA NAPUS L. 

AT DIFFERENT NITROGEN LEVELS 

Yan G.*, Chen B., Xu K., Gao G., Lu P., Wu. X., Li F., Li J. 

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of 

Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430062, P. R. 

China. 


Nitrogen is one of the major fertilizers to Brassica napus L.. To assess the influence of nitrogen 

fertilizer on protein and oil content, and identify nitrogen-response genes and their networks, we 

carried out 4 nitrogen gradients using B. napus cultivars Zhongshuang 11 and Parter (from 

Germany). Oil content and protein abundance in matured seeds were investigated. The gene 

expression profiles of seeds at 25 days after pollination (DAP) between nitrogen fertilizer-treated 

(180 kg ha –1 ) and blank-control of both cultivars were conducted using microarray, and the 

expressions of ACCase, DGAT2 and PEPC of seeds at different development stages between the 

treatment and control were analyzed. Our results indicate that (1) oil content was reduced but the 

decline was obviously higher in Parter than in Zhongshuang 11, whereas protein percentage was 

enhanced of both cultivars. (2) 827 and 3676 genes between treatment and control of Zhongshuang 

11 and Parter were differentially expressed with 2-folds or even more, respectively. Among these 

differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 287 DEGs including 151/80 up-/down regulated and 4 10fold 

or more change genes were shared between the two comparisons. About 50% DEGs could 

found functional hits and assigned biological roles, such as catalytic, binding and transcriptional 

regulation activities. The remaining genes have unknown hits at this moment. (3) Compared gene 

expression levels between treatment and control, the expression levels of ACCase and DGAT2 had 

no obvious difference for the two cultivars during 7-25 DAPs; however, at 31 DAP, they were 

down regulated significantly in Zhongshuang 11, and both were up regulated 1 fold in Parter. The 

expression peaks of PEPC were brought forward in treatments of the two cultivars. The three genes 

responding to nitrogen fertilizer existed genotype differences. Our results shade light on exploring 

mechanism of nitrogen response and nitrogen-tolerance genotype identification in B. napus. 


118

Session C-3 

USEFUL METHOD FOR DISTINGUISHING THE PLOIDY OF TUBE PLANTLETS 

REGENERATED FROM MICROSPORE CULTURE IN BRASSICA NAPUS L. 

Wang C., Shi S.*, Wu J. 

Plant Sciense and Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. 

E-mail: shishuwen@hotmail.com 

The microspore culture protocol in B. napus was established successfully in 1980s and has been 

used in breeding and other research areas. However, about 10-60% haploid plants appeared in some 

populations of plants regenerated from colchicine-treated microspores and could not be 

distinguished by eyes observing at seedling stage. Thus, the use of B. napus microspore culture 

system was decreased in breeding programs. For the ploidy identification of the plantlets, by using 

techniques of chromosome analysis and DNA content determination by flow cytometry is labor 

intensive, time-consuming and cost expensive, which cannot be used to identify a large numbers of 

plants. So, the ploidy level of the tube plantlets from B. napus microspores was studied through 

determining its chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells. 

Methods: A piece of middle tissue was excised from the leaflet of the tube plantlets from lines 

3163 etc. and put on slide to remove its mesophyll cells, then placed a drop of 1.2% I-IK on the 

epidermis with staining for two mins. Stained chloroplasts were counted under bright field 

microscope. A total of 10 stomata containing 20 guard cells per leaflet were tested for each plantlet 

each genotype. These plantlets determined were transplanted to field to check further their ploidy 

by the morphological characters at flowering and seed setting phases. 

Results: The plantlet having 6-8, 10-13 or 15-24 chloroplasts per stomata in more than 7 out of 10 

stomata per leaflet is haploid, doubled haploid and tetraploid, respectively, which is consistent with 

traits of the flowers and seed set in plants tested grown in field. This chloroplast counting procedure 

is an effective and reliable method for rapid and easy distinguishing the ploidy level of a large 

numbers of plantlets from the microspore culture so as to eliminate or double haploids early, to 

increase the efficiency of doubled haploid system in B. napus. 


119

Session C-3 

DEVELOPMENT OF HETEROSIS HYBRIDS OF WHITE HEAD CABBAGE THROUGH 

SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY AND CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY 

Bondareva L.*, Startsev V. 

Laboratory of breeding and seed production of Cole crops, All-Russian Research Institute of 

Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production, 143080, Moscow region, Odintsovo dist., p. VNIISSOK, 

Selectsionnyaya str., 14. 

E-mail: lyuda_bondareva@mail.ru 

The main objective in breeding of white head cabbage in Russia is to increase productivity, quality 

and disease resistance through heterosis. The hybrid seed production of cabbage is based on selfincompatibility 

and utilization of cytoplasmic male sterility. 

The horticultural characteristics of new inbred lines of cabbage developed in the All-Russian 

Research Institute of Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production are as follows: 

� earliness of ripening (80-85 days from seeding stage till the stage of industrial ripeness of head); 

� increased yield due to larger or more marketable heads (head weight averages 5 kg); 

� resistance to Fusarium wilt and black root. 

The inbred line with a marker trait correlated with ripeness was developed. Using saturating 

crossing, the lines with the Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility were developed. For each sterile line 

the maintainer lines of several groups of ripeness were selected. Using these lines, the new hybrid 

combinations of three groups of ripeness (early-, mid-, and late-ripening) were developed. Work on 

the identification of genes responsible for these traits is underway. The maintaining of the original 

male sterile lines is carried out through in vitro micropropagation. 


120

Session C 

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BREEDING 



121

Poster C-1 

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF STRESS RESPONSIVE FAMILY GENES IN 

BRASSICA RAPA 

Ahmed N. U. 1 , Park J. 1 , Jung 1 H., Arasan S.K.T.K., Hur Y. 2 , LimY. 3 , Nou I. 1 * 

1 Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, Korea; 

2 Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea; 

3 Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea. 

E-mail: nis@sunchom.ac.kr 

Brassica is a very important vegetable group worldwide and for these crops biotic and abiotic 

stresses are major concern now. To address this concern, enhancement of resistance against stresses 

exploiting stress resistance related genes, offers the most efficient approach. Among the stress 

resistance related genes, chitinase and thaumatin-like genes are playing vital roles for enhancement 

of resistance in Brassica. In this study, 3,429 ESTs, obtained from the full-length cDNA library of 

Brassica rapa cv. Osome, were well annotated using bioinformatics tools and clustered into 

different functional categories including stress related genes. From these stress related genes, 3 

chitinase and 2 thaumatin-like genes were identified and more 27 chitinase and 18 thaumatin-like 

genes were collected from the Brassica database. By sequences analysis and comparison study, 30 

chitinase and 20 thaumatin-like genes were confirmed and these genes showed a high degree of 

homology with other published stress related genes. In addition, an organ specific expression of 

these genes was observed in chinese cabbage plants. Among the chitinase genes, seven genes 

showed responses after infection with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans in cabbage and ten 

genes showed responses after salt, drought and PEG stress treatments in chinese cabbage. On the 

other hand, seven thaumatin-like genes showed responses after cold, salt, drought and ABA stress 

treatments. All these data revealed that these genes may be involved in resistance against biotic and 

abiotic stresses for Brassica. 


122

Poster C-2 

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COLD RESPONSIVE GENES IN 

BRASSICA 

Arasan S. K. T. K 1 , Park J. 1 , Ahmed N. U. 1 , Jung H. 1 , LimY. P. 2 , Hur Y. 3 , Nou I. 1 * 

1 Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, Korea; 

2 Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea; 

3 Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Korea. 

E-mail: nis@sunchom.ac.kr 

Brassica is a very important vegetable group worldwide. Cold stress is the major environment 

factor that limits the productivity of Brassica. Plants differ in their tolerance to chilling and freezing 

are major concerns and molecular biology techniques offer the most efficient approaches to address 

these concerns. In this study, we collected 903 ESTs of stress chilled tandem and consensus 

sequences from B. rapa tissue-specific EST database (BrTED) and analyzed cold treated Br24K 

microarray data. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of these ESTs revealed 94.2% of sequences well 

annotated towards reeds one dimensional concept and obtained 113 sequences responsive to abiotic 

stimulus under the category of biological process (BP). We then identified 20 highly cold 

responsive genes from abiotic stimulus group and Br24k microarray data and further analyzed 

expression after applying cold stresses (22 °C, 3 °C, -2 °C and -6 °C) in chinese cabbage. All genes 

responded to cold and freezing stress except BrCRG4 and 15. BrCRG 1, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18 and 19 

were highly expressed at 3°C and BrCRG2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, 16, 17 and 20 were highly expressed 

at -2 and -6°C. These results revealed that the identified genes may be useful resources for 

developing cold and freezing tolerant Brassica. 


123

Poster C-3 

NUTRITIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF BROCCOLI SPROUTS THROUGH 

MANIPULATION OF GROWTH CONDITIONS 

Baima S. 1 *, Maldini M. 1 , Natella F. 1 , Giusti A. 2 , Scaccini C. 1 , Morelli G. 1 

1 National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition – INRAN, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Rome; 

2 Department of Experimental Medicine- Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and 

Endocrinology - University “Sapienza” of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome. 

E-mail: baima@inran.it 

The consume of Brassicaceae, widely diffused in the world, is highly recommended because of 

their recognised beneficial role. Young seedlings (sprouts), in particular, represent enriched sources 

of vitamins, minerals, and health promoting bioactive substances respect to adult plants. In addition, 

sprouts can be easily grown all year round at home representing a good alternative to increase 

vegetable consumption. Interestingly, many of the health promoting bioactive molecules are 

produced or vary their concentration in response to environmental growth conditions. In fact, to 

survive and grow under abiotic stress conditions, crops have evolved sophisticated adaptative 

response mechanisms based on a high metabolic plasticity. 

In this work, we aim at studying the influence of different light and temperature regimes, as well as, 

of some chemical and hormonal treatments on bioactive molecules production in broccoli sprouts. 

We focused our attention mainly on glucosinolates, anthocyanins and phenolics compounds for 

their recognised health promoting role. We have developed a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS 

(MRM) method to analyse and quantify glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts. The results showed that 

exposure to light increase the glucosinolates and anthocyanins content in broccoli sprouts. Also, 

abiotic stresses (sucrose, mannitol, NaCl) and some stress responses hormones were able to increase 

accumulation of anthocyanins and glucosinolates, with sucrose being the most effective. 

In addition in vitro studies to test the potential health promoting effect of extracts of broccoli 

sprouts grown under different conditions on different cell culture system are in progress. 


124

Poster C-4 

UNRAVELLING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED DURING BACILLUS 

AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS MEDIATED INDUCED RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 

Bejai S.*, Johansson A., Chen K., Leelarasamee N., Thoudal M., Kjellin J., Meijer J. 

Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala Biocenter, Swedish University of 

Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden. 

E-mail: sarosh.Bejai@slu.se 

Many bacteria are known to provide beneficial effects to plants. Colonization of plants by specific 

plant growth promoting bacteria can enhance plant growth and tolerance to a wide range of 

pathogens. The general mechanism through which bacteria induce systemic resistance (ISR) in 

plants has been reported to involve jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) responses. The molecular 

mechanisms underlying priming from the time of recognition or beneficial bacterial to stress 

challenge of the plants are not fully elucidated. 

In our laboratory, we study the mechanisms by which Bacillus amyloliquefaciens promotes plant 

growth and defense in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous transcriptomic, 

metabolomic and hormonal studies revealed a major resource allocation upon priming by B. 

amyloliquefaciens. Further studies using A. thaliana JA, SA and ET signaling mutants and GUS 

reporter lines revealed a complex strategy being employed by B. amyloliquefaciens to evade 

hemibiotrophic and nectrophic pathogen onslaught. We also demonstrated the involvement of a 

novel transcription factor during priming and defense against pathogens. 

Unraveling the underlying molecular machinery on the detection of bacteria mediated MAMPs and 

subsequent downstream signaling and response events have been in focus since the past decade. We 

show that some receptors have a parallel role in MAMP and PAMP perception systems. A higher 

degree of MAMP suppression was observed during the initial stages of colonization by B. 

amyloliquefaciens. 


125

Poster C-5 

MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF BRASSICAS DEVELOPED BY EMS 

MUTAGENESIS WITH TOLERANCE TO SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES 

Braun R.H. 1 , Christey M.C. 1 *, Conner A.J. 2 , Gowers S. 1 , Dumbleton A. 3 

1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 

8140, New Zealand; 

2 AgResearch Ltd, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; 

3 PGG Wrightson Seeds, PO Box 175, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand. 

The sulfonylureas are an extensively used class of herbicides that include commercial products such 

as chlorsulfuron. The mode of action of chlorsulfuron is to inhibit the chloroplast-localised enzyme 

AHAS (AcetoHydroxyAcid Synthase), a key enzyme in the formation of branched chain amino 

acids. This leads to a deficiency in these amino acids and the accumulation of the AHAS substrate, 

2-ketobutyrate, which is toxic. Point mutations in the AHAS gene can result in herbicide-tolerant 

phenotypes by altering the herbicide binding site while retaining the catalytic activity of the 

enzyme. Five conserved domains are implicated in resistance to AHAS inhibitors across a range of 

naturally occurring and artificially generated resistant genotypes. 

In previous work, Brassica napus (rape) rapid cycling lines with increased resistance to 

chlorsulfuron were developed through EMS mutagenesis of seeds. This material was then used to 

develop traditionally bred herbicide tolerant Cleancrop brassicas including HT Rape TM . 

Molecular analyses of the conserved domains of the AHAS gene indicate a proline to leucine 

substitution in Domain A is responsible for the resistance. 


126

Poster C-6 

ON THE WAY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE 

GENE IN BRASSICA OLERACEA L. 

Carlier J. 1 *, Alabaça C. 1 , Rodrigues C. 1 , CoelhoP. 2 , Monteiro A. 3 , Leitão J. 1 

1 FCT, BioFIG, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 

2 Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-505 Oeiras, Portugal; 

3 Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 


E-mail: jcarlier@ualg.pt 

We have recently mapped the dominant and monogenically inherited downy mildew resistance 

locus Pp523 to the chromosome C8 of Brassica oleracea L. and constructed a physical-map (BAC 

contig) that encompasses this locus, using two BAC libraries available at the Plant Genome 

Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, USA. A minimal tiling path constituted by 13 BAC 

clones and spanning the resistance locus was also identified. Presently, STS markers derived from 

this physical map are being used to select clones from a genomic BAC library constructed in our 

laboratory for the downy mildew resistant line. This new BAC library contains 17280 clones with 

an average insert size of 125 Kbp, which represent approximately 3.5 equivalents of the broccoli 

genome. To date, 18 clones from this new library were selected and assembled in a contig (with two 

small gaps) that cover the major part of the previously mapped locus region. The assemblage of 

overlapping BACs has been done by PCR using STS markers derived from BAC-end sequences, 

followed by a confirmation of the sequences of the PCR products against the original BAC-end 

sequences. The BAC-end sequences of 12 of the newly identified clones were aligned with the B. 

oleracea genomic sequences available in the Brassica database (BRAD), allowing a more precise 

positioning in the genome. 


127

Poster C-7 

CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SICILIAN LANDRACES OF VIOLET 

CAULIFLOWER 

Chiarenza G.L.*, Tribulato A., Branca F 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISPA) - University of Catania, Via Valdisaavoia, 5 

- 95123 Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: gchiare@unict.it 

In Italy several landraces of cauliflower are grown because of their popularity in different regions. 

During the last twenty years, at DISPA, Sicilian cauliflower landraces have been collected, 

characterized, evaluated and conserved with the aim to identify genotypes of interested. Sib lines 

and F1 hybrids, obtained by anther culture, have been obtained during breeding programs with the 

aim to enhance nutraceutical and agronomical traits in this crop. These activities allowed to supply 

qualified propagation materials to the local growers and to use the wide gene pool for F1 hybrids 

release. In the present work we characterized two local cultivars of Sicilian purple cauliflower, two 

selective lines of first-generation, four selective lines of second-generation, three selective lines of 

third-generation, one selective lines of fourth-generation, and four F1 hybrids obtained at DOFATA 

(former DISPA). 

Morpho-biometric parameters such as fresh and dry weight, longitudinal and transverse dimension, 

core diameter, grain size, angle of curvature and chromatic parameters were collected in order to 

define qualitative traits of the curds and to highlight differences among the genotypes. 

A sample of lyophilized curd was used to determine, for every genotype, the total content of 

glucosinolate compounds (ISO 9167-1 1992), particular attention was paid to glucorafanina and 

glucobrassicina; moreover ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, anthocyanins and β-carotene were 

determined as well. 

Molecular analysis were performed using microsatellite known in the literature for this crop. The 

study of the genetic profile allowed us to detect the traits of agronomic and/or technological value 

of the characterized genotypes. 

The morphological characterization highlighted different traits of the different genotypes; the 

analysis of antioxidant compounds allowed to identify high values of Sicilian genetic materials 

compared to commercial F1 hybrids. Molecular analysis provided an accurate classification of 

materials by dividing them into cultivars, selective lines, DISPA hybrids and commercial hybrids. 


128

Poster C-8 

ORGANISATION OF STEM CANKER RESISTANCE QTL AND GENOME 

DUPLICATIONS IN BRASSICA NAPUS 

Fopa Fomeju B. 1 , Falentin C. 1 , Lassalle G. 1 , Manzanares-Dauleux M. J. 2 , Delourme R. 1* 

1 INRA, UMR IGEPP, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France; 

2 AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR IGEPP, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France. 

E-mail: regine.delourme@rennes.inra.fr 

Taking into account the structural organisation of Brassica genomes will allow to understand the 

impact of genome duplications and rearrangements on the organisation, the effects and the diversity 

of genetic factors involved in complex traits. For quantitative resistance, fine comparative analysis 

of the genomic regions carrying the QTL would provide data on the potential diversity of the 

underlying factors, according to the number of QTL in duplicated regions and to the similarity 

between these regions. With the assumption that the combination of QTL with different 

mechanisms or different effects on the pathogen can increase the sustainability of the resistance 

trait, the diversity of the involved QTL should be assessed to be able to rationalize their use in plant 

breeding. Previous studies led in our laboratory identified genetic factors for quantitative resistance 

of oilseed rape to stem canker through linkage analysis and association mapping approaches. The 

recent development of high throughput genotyping has opened new perspectives of analysis. 

The aims of this study are i) to take advantage of dense SNP genotyping data to make a more 

detailed association analysis between markers and resistance trait and ii) to study the structural 

organisation of QTL for resistance in relation to the duplications occurring in B. napus genome. 

To identify with more precision the marker-resistance trait associations, we conducted a genomewide 

association analysis on a panel of 117 oilseed rape varieties using 3228 SNP markers and 

phenotyping data collected on one year disease trial. By a synteny approach with Arabidopsis 

thaliana genome, we put in relation the position of the QTL and the duplications occurring in the 

oilseed rape genome. 

Knowledge of the structural organisation of the genetic factors involved in quantitative resistance 

will provide evidences on the potential diversity usable for plant improvement. 


129

Poster C-9 

LARGE SCALE GENOTYPING IN BRASSICA NAPUS, BRASSICA OLERACEA AND 

BRASSICA RAPA 

Ganal M.W.*, Durstewitz G., Graner E.-M., Plieske J., Polley A., Wieseke R. 

TraitGenetics GmbH, Am Schwabeplan 1b, 06466 Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany. 

E-mail: ganal@traitgenetics.de 

While most SNP development projects in the Brassicas have focused on the allopolyploid Brassica 

napus (AC), SNPs in the diploid ancestors Brassica oleracea (C) and Brassica rapa (A) are also of 

interest since these two species are important vegetables. We have investigated the use of a 

combined panel of Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa lines to identify SNPs that 

are polymorphic not only in Brassica napus but also in one of the two ancestral species. 

Furthermore, we have used the data from the two ancestral species to discriminate intergenomic 

SNPs, i.e. those between the A and C genome of Brassica napus from useful or intragenomic SNPs, 

i.e. those that are located in one of the two genomes and only present between different lines. Using 

this approach, it was possible to obtain a very high success rate for developed SNP markers both 

with respect to polymorphism and functionality in the different Brassica species. We will also 

report on data concerning the development of specific allele calling procedures for the diploid 

Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa species as well as for Brassica napus. The respective success 

rates and accuracy is exemplified based on the analysis of germplasm from the three species as well 

as from mapping populations. 


130

Poster C-10 

DEPENDENCE OF PISTILS’ STIGMAS VIABILITY IN WINTER RAPE ON ITS 

GENETICAL ORIGIN 

Gluhova N.A. 

Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine 

61060 Ukraine, Kharkov, Moskovskiy pr., 142. 

E-mail: gluhovanet@mail.ru 

Peculiarity of stigmas of pistils’ viability, dynamics of seed setting in winter rape varieties and 

forms differing in erucic acid and glucosinolates content and, as well as, forms with sporophytic 

self-incompatibility and the original mutant sterile form are studied. The researches have been 

carried out in 2011-2012 ys. in the experimental fields of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. 

Yuryev, Kharkov, Ukraine. Varieties and original forms of winter rape differing in the content of 

erucic acid and glucosinolates were used as the initial material. The forms of “00” type (a low 

content of erucic acid and glucosinolates) were studied and self-pollinated lines – 110M-10, 127M- 

10, 132M-10; the forms of “0+” type – selfed lines 124-10, 221-10, 305-10; the forms of “+0” type 

– cultivars Victor, Janus, Emerald; forms of “++” type – cultivars Fyedorovskiy, Marens, Uspikh, 

as well as, self-incompatible forms 5C, 15C-10, 32C-10 and the original sterile form of mutant 

origin were used. In the cluster 7-8 buds were left and castrated. As an insulating material Agrofiber 

P-17 of the Polish trademark was used. The viability of pistils’ stigmas was studied by means of 

artificial pollination of castrated flowers with the three-day interval. The number of seed setting 

pods was counted on 3 insulators at an average. Viability in stigmas of the pistil lasted 3-7 days, in 

the forms of “+0”, “++” type, 7-15 days in the cultivars and forms of “0+”, “00” type, 14-21 days in 

the self-incompatible and sterile forms. A fast loss of sensitivity to pollen by pistil’s stigma was 

observed in the forms of “+0” and “++” types. On the contrary, in self-incompatible and sterile 

forms a gradual increase of sensitivity of pistil’s stigma to pollination and its gradual fall. It has 

been noted that in comparison with 2011 pistil viability period in self-incompatible and original 

sterile forms decreased by 19 % approximately, in the rape forms of “00” and “0+” types – by 12 % 

roughly. The forms of rape, of “+0” and “++” types responded less to temperature changes, duration 

of viability undergone the least changes, decreased by 9 %. The rape forms of “+0” and “++” types 

are defined by a greater number of seed setting pods at flowers’ pollination on the date of castration 

(on the average 4,8-5,0 seedpods) and a sharp reduction in seed setting during flowering (flower’s 

life). A maximum of sensitivity of a pistil’s stigma to pollen in “00” and “0+” forms was on the 3 rd 

– 6 th day after castration. The pollination of self-incompatible and sterile forms can be carried out 

quite long, starting from the 4 th day after castration up to the 16 th day, but to obtain hybrids of 

winter rape on the basis of self-incompatibility and CMS it is necessary to have sources with a 

prolonged period of pollen-forming ability. 


131

Poster C-11 

GENETIC MODIFICATION OF OILSEED RAPE TO CREATE NEW QUALITY AND 

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS 

Hegelund J.N.*, Lütken H., Müller R., Christensen B. 

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Institute for Agri Technology Faculty of Science 

and Food Innovation University of Copenhagen Agrotech A/S DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark DK- 

2630 Taastrup, Denmark. 

Email: jnh@life.ku.dk 

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is among the most important oilseed crops in the world. 

Genetically, oilseed rape is a close relative to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, both found in 

the Brassicaceae family. A translational science approach, where molecular knowledge from 

Arabidopsis within floral development and hormonal signalling is combined with practical knowhow 

from ornamental breeding, flower and senescence physiology, holds great prospective for crop 

improvement. Potentially, new plant cultivars with changed characteristics affecting crop yield and 

performance could be generated. In the present study, we transform oilseed rape with a wild type 

strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. During transformation, A. rhizogenes root-loci-genes (rolgenes) 

are integrated into the rape genome resulting in the generation of hairy roots. After selection 

of putative rol-transformed roots followed by regeneration of plants in vitro, plants with a changed 

morphology can be generated. The rape transformation method comprises expression optimization 

of bacterial virulence-genes in A. rhizogenes, explant type and regeneration experiments. Positive 

transformants in rape will be validated on DNA and RNA levels using polymerase chain reaction 

(PCR) and quantitative real time PCR. In ornamentals, the presence of rol-genes results in plant 

compactness, increased rooting and changed flower characteristics, however, on the molecular level 

rol-gene induced changes are not well characterised. Via the hormonal signalling pathways 

characterised in Arabidopsis and the insertion of rol-genes into oilseed rape, we aim to broaden the 

understanding of the functions of rol-genes on phenotypes related to flowering and crop yield. 


132

Poster C-12 

DETERMINATION OF SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN CHINESE CABBAGE (BRASSICA 

RAPA) BY MULTIPLEX PCR 

Lee H.E. 1 *, Chung H. 2 , Park H.Y. 3 , Sang-Eun H. 4 , Jong-Gyu W. 1 

1 

Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticulture & Herbal Science, Rural 

Development Administration, Suwon 440-706, South Korea; 

2 

Department of Life Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, South Korea; 

3 

Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejeong Univ. Seoul 143-747, South Korea; 

4 Solgent Co., Ltd. 756-27,Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-348, South Korea. 

E-mail: helee72@korea.kr 

Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of several mechanisms plants, which evolved to prevent inbreeding 

and to promote outcrossing. SI is genetically controlled by a single locus that has been designated 

as S. Generally, the S haplotypes of Brassicaceae crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, radish, and 

Chinese cabbage, has been investigated by conventional test-cross. However, it takes several 

months to determine the S haplotypes using traditional breeding methods, and the results obtained 

are sometimes uncertain because of environmental effects and physiological factors. To overcome 

these difficulties, simple and reliable methods for crossing have been developed in many crops. 

However, effective method to detect S haplotypes has not been reported due to their higly 

polymorphic sequences. In this study, we developed newly multiplex PCR primer based on 

sequences of S-locus receptor kinase (SRKs) and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG) of Brassica rapa. The 

designed primers gave different sizes of amplification from genomic DNA of five S haplotypes 

(S22,S25, S46,S54, and S55) on a 2% agarose gel. The multiplex PCR is a simple and fast method 

for marker assisted selection (MAS). The results of this study suggest that the multiplex PCR 

methods will effectively be utilized to identify the S haplotypes of Brassicaceae breeding lines at 

the early seedling stage. 


133

Poster C-13 

THE USEFULNESS OF AFLP MARKERS FOR DETERMINING GENETIC DISTANCE 

IN OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) BREEDING MATERIALS 

Liersch A. 1 *, Bartkowiak-Broda I. 1 , KrotkaK. 1 , Wos H. 2 

1 

Department of Oilseed Crops, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research 

Institute, ul. Strzeszynska 36, Poznan, Poland; 

2 

Plant Breeding Company Strzelce Ltd. Group PBAI, ul.Glowna 20, Strzelce, Poland. 

E-mail: alal@nico.ihar.poznan.pl 

Potential benefit of heterosis in practical hybrid breeding depends on specific combining ability and 

genetic distance of parental lines. The level of genetic diversity between parents has been proposed 

as a predictor of F1 performance and heterosis for biomass and seed yield. 

The objectives of this study was to estimate the genetic distance between breeding materials which 

can be utilized in the breeding of Polish winter oilseed rape hybrids. The collection of 78 genotypes 

included 25 CMS ogura and 36 restorer lines. The set of genotypes was completed with winter B. 

napus cultivars and genotypes of European and Asian origin. 

In order to determine genetic distance in oilseed rape genotypes the analyses of AFLP markers were 

performed. 11 primer-enzyme combinations (EcoRI and MseI) were used. Genetic distance among 

genotypes were estimated in accordance with Nei and Li (1979) coefficient of dissimilarity. The 

genotypes were grouped using the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average. 

A total of 262 reproducible, polymorphic markers were obtained. Genetic distance ranged from 0.1 

within CMS ogura lines (MS 2 and MS 3) to 0.79 within CMS ogura and restorer line. UPGMA 

clustering based on Nei and Li coefficient of dissimilarity separated the 78 genotypes into five 

distinct clusters: CMS ogura (2); restorer lines (2) and one cluster representing European cultivars 

and Polish breeding lines. 

AFLP dendrogram grouped genotypes closely related by pedigree with respect to bredeer and/or 

country of origin. 


134

Poster C-14 

AN EFFICIENT REGENERTION SYSTEM FOR LEAF OF HEADING CHINESE 

CABBGE 

Liu X., Zhang L.*, Ru L., Li H. 



China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. 

E-mail: lugangzh@163.com 

The effects of different combination of hormones, cutting treatments and inoculation methods on 

regeneration rate of adventitious bud were studied in four heading Chinese cabbage with leaf as 

explants. The results showed that the best regeneration rate and regeneration coefficient reached as 

high as 87.63% and 2.62 respectively in MS+4.0 mg.L -1 6-BA+ 0.28 mg.L -1 NAA.The leaf was cut 

off close to the hypocotyl, and the whole leaf with petiole were kept as explants. The explants were 

then made to stand on its leaf stub. Comparing the four genotypes, the highest regeneration rate 

reached 87.63% in 06J28, while the highest regeneration coefficient reached 3.76 in 92S105. The 

best result was also got in the medium supplemented with 0.3 mg.L -1 TDZ and 0.28 mg.L -1 NAA in 

06J28, the best regeneration rate and regeneration coefficient were 80.73% and 1.89 respectively, 

and TDZ showed similar effect with 6-BA. 


135

Poster C-15 

CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF ANTHOCYANIN PATHWAY GENES IN 

DEVELOPING BRASSICA CROPS 

Lo Piero A.R.*, Lo Cicero L., Ragusa L., Branca F. 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 98 - 

95123, Catania, Italy; 

E-mail: rlopiero@unict.it 

Plant-based foods contain significant amount of bioactive compounds which often provide both 

basic nutrition and desirable health benefits. In the last decades, special attention has been paid 

towards cruciferous edible plants due to their richness in secondary metabolites functioning as 

antioxidants. Among them, colored cauliflower and cabbage are very eye-catching, commercially 

available vegetables characterized by the presence of high levels of anthocyanin pigments fulfilling 

important protective role against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, and, endowed of potent 

nutritional and healthy properties as component of the human diet. In this respect, the consumption 

of pigmented Brassica species has been strictly related to the reduction of the risk of certain chronic 

diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway has 

been elucidated in many herbaceous and tree plants and most of the structural gene encoding the 

enzymes responsible for each steps have been isolated from Brassica genus. In this study, we 

monitored the expression patter of three structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic 

pathway: PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), DFR (dihydroflavonol-4-reductase) and GST 

(glutathione S-transferase) during the development of different Brassica crops; the anthocyanin 

content was also measured in order to correlate gene expression with pigment accumulation. The 

results reveal that the induction of gene expression simultaneously occurs or slightly precedes the 

maximum levels of anthocyanin accumulation. 


136

Poster C-16 

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY CLUBROOT-RESISTANT CHINESE CABBAGE F1 

CULTIVAR, ‘AKIMEKI’, ACCUMULATING THREE RESISTANCE GENES, CRR1, 

CRR2 AND CRB 

Matsumoto S. 1 *, Hatakeyama K. 1 , Kato T. 1 , Takashita S. 2 , Miyazaki T. 2 , Kondo T. 2 

1 NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu,Mie,514-2392, Japan; 

2 Nippon Norin Seed Corporation, 6-6-5Takinogawa, Kita-ku,Tokyo,114-0023, Japan. 

E-mail: ssmats@affrc.go.jp 

Clubroot is a serious disease affecting Chinese cabbage cultivation. Cultivars with clubroot 

resistance (CR) play an important role in controlling the disease. However, this resistance has been 

broken down by genetic variability of the pathogen. Four pathotypes (group 1 to group 4) were 

identified in Japanese field isolates through the use of two commercial CR F1 cultivars of Chinese 

cabbage. In this study we tried to accumulate CR genes by DNA marker-assisted selection for 

development of F1 hybrid Chinese cabbage cultivar with high resistance and high quality. ‘Parental 

line No.9’ (PL9) carries two CR genes, Crr1 and Crr2, which were introduced from genetic 

resource ‘G004’ derived from European fodder turnip ‘Siloga’ and shows high resistance to 

clubroot isolates from pathotype group 1 which is pathogenic to most of Japanese Chinese cabbage 

F1 cultivars, group 2 and group 4, but not group 3. The parents of F1 hybrid ‘Akiriso’, T-line and Vline, 

were crossed with PL9, respectively. T-line harboring another CR gene, CRb, confers 

resistance to pathotype group 3 and V-line is resistant to Verticillium yellows. The progenies were 

selected by DNA makers linked to Crr1 and Crr2, and backcrossed with each parent. The DNA 

marker selection and backcrossing were repeated by 5 times and two introduced resistance genes 

became homozygous by self-pollination. Of new parental lines acquiring Crr1 and Crr2, T-line 

pyramided with three CR genes showed resistance to all 4 pathotypes. Since CRb is a dominant 

resistant gene, F1 hybrid between new parental lines also showed highly resistant in pot and field 

tests. Except of clubroot resistance, phenotypic characters of new F1 hybrids were completely as 

same as those of ‘Akiriso’. We dominated a new F1 hybrid as ‘Akimeki’ which is the first F1 

cultivar with resistance to all isolates from pathotype group 1 to group 4 and Verticillium yellows. 


137

Poster C-17 

PRODUCTION OF DOUBLED HAPLOID PLANTS OF BRASSICA RAPA SUBSPECIES 

USING THE MICROSPORE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY FOR CORE COLLECTION 

MATERIALS 

Park M.Y. 1 , Bonnema G. 2 , Park S. 3 , Lim Y.P. 1 * 

1 

Plant Genomics Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; 

2 

Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB 

Wageningen, The Netherlands; 

3 

National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Suwon 441-440, Korea. 

Email: joewin72@naver.com 

For genetic mapping studies, biparental segregating populations are often useful; however, 

recombination is limited, giving rise to large genomic regions under QTL, and only alleles present 

in both parents can be studied. In Wageningen UR, a core collection is being developed 

representing all Brassica rapa morphotypes or subspecies and geographic origins. As most B. rapa 

accessions are heterozygous and heterogeneous, we started a project to fix the collection through 

microspore culture. The resulting Diversity Fixed Foundation Set will be an interesting resource for 

association mapping studies, which have as advantage that they present the allelic variation present 

in the collection and recombination is increased for mapping studies. Nineteen accessions of eight 

subspecies of B. rapa were used for microspore culture to develop doubled haploid lines. Eight 

morphotypes were represented: 3 Chinese cabbage, 2 Chinese turnip cabbage, 3 Pak choi, 5 Turnip, 

3 Broccoletto, 1 Mizuna, 1 Komatsuna and 1 Turnip green from the 19 accessions examined. 

Embryos were obtained for 13 accessions, representing six subspecies (Komatsuna and Turnip 

green had no response). The embryo yields differed significantly among these 13 accessions. We 

regenerated normal plants from 10 accessions that survived more than 4 weeks in the soil using 

microspore culture. Nine accessions flowered after 4 weeks vernalization at 5 ℃ and seeds were 

harvested from 5 accessions. From Mizuna, we obtained 3,791 seeds from one plant and a total of 

7,318 seeds were harvested from 5 accessions representing 4 subspecies (Chinese cabbage, Chinese 

turnip cabbage, Pak choi, and Mizuna). At present, we carry out experiment for obtain more seeds 

and induce embryos from the other plant materials. 


138

Poster C-18 

DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLE HAPLOID INBRED LINES USING MICROSPORE 

CULTURE IN CHINESE CABBAGE (KIMCHI CABBAGE) (BRASSICA RAPA L.) 

Park S. 1 *, Yoon MK. 1 , Lim Y.P. 2 

1 

Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Suwon 

440-706, Korea; 

2 

Plant Genomics Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. 

E-mail: psh@korea.kr 

Chinese cabbage (Kimchi cabbage) is one of the most important vegetables in Korea. In every meal 

times, adult korean enjoy Kimchi made of Chinese cabbage(Kimchi cabbage). To develop high 

quality varieties, breeders tried to make inbreds carrying functional materials in Chinese cabbage 

breeding programmes. To make genetically fixed inbred in short time, we tried to use microspore 

culture. Several varieties were used under different culture conditions to develop doubled haploid 

(DH) plants. Among 21 varieties collected from Korea and China, 18 varieties produced embryos 

and developed into plants. We started microspore cultivation from 9 th in February and finished 14 th 

in May 2012. The total number of plants developed from microspore was 1,244, 596, and 947 in 

Feb., Mar., and Apr., respectively. The effective condition of microspore cultivation was varied 

according to the variety. Using 11-FF197 accession, medium consisted of 'NLN (1X) + AgNO3 

(1mg/L) + Sucrose (13%) + NAA (0.05mg/L) + BAP (0.05mg/L)' produced 11 plants from 20 buds. 

For 11-FF302 accession, the medium consisted of 'NLN (1X) + AgNO3 (1mg/L) + Sucrose (13%)' 

produced 265 plants from 10 buds. 

Thirteen combinations of medium were used to find the most appropriate conditions for microspore 

cultivation in Chinese cabbage. However, the effect of plant hormone, micro nutrients, and even 

NLN concentration was varied following to variety. Even though, we developed 2,813 plants using 

microspore cultivation of 18 selected varieties showing yellow inner leaf color in Chinese cabbage. 


139

Poster C-19 

INDUCTION OF DIRECT SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM IMMATURE 

EMBRYOS OF BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. SABAUDA L. 

Pavlović S. 1 *, Milojević J. 2 , Vinterhalter B. 2 , Adžić S. 1 , Zdravković J. 1 , Cvikić D. 1 , Mitić N. 2 

1 Institute for Vegetable Crop doo, Karadjordjeva 71, 11420 Smederevska Palanka, Serbia; 

2 Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Despot Stefan Boulevard 142, 11000 

Belgrade, Serbia. 

E-mail: suzapavlovic@gmail.com 

An efficient plant propagation system through somatic embryogenesis by using immature zygotic 

embryos was established in Savoy cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L.). The effects of 

zygotic embryo age, presence of 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (B5-D) in the 

culture medium, and the pH (5.0 and 5.8) of the B5 plant growth regulator (PGR)-free (B5-0) 

induction media were investigated. It appeared that the developmental stage of the immature 

zygotic embryos used as explants was the most important factor for somatic embryogenesis. 

Highest frequency of somatic embryogenesis (86.67%) was achieved directly on zygotic embryos at 

cotyledonary stage (1.8 mm long) of development that cultured on B5-0 medium. Optimal pH of the 

medium was 5.0. Mean number of primary somatic embryos per explant on B5-0 pH 5.0 medium 

was 7.2. The inclusion of 2,4-D into the induction medium significantly reduced both frequency of 

somatic embryogenesis (to 53.34 %) and mean number of embryos per explant (to 2.62) in 

cotyledonary zygotic embryos. After transferring to PGR-free Murashige and Skoog (MS-0) 

medium 69.69% of the primary somatic embryos of the Savoy cabbage produced secondary somatic 

embryos (SSEs). Effective recurrent somatic embryogenesis may be an appropriate practical 

solution for clonal propagation and genetic modifications of Savoy cabbage. 


140

Poster C-19 

EVALUATION OF INTENSITY AND DISTANCE OF OILSEED RAPE POLLEN 

TRANSFER 

Poplawska W. 1 *, Liersch A. 1 , Jedryczka M. 2 , Kaczmarek J. 2 , Wolko J. 1 , Ogrodowczyk M. 1 , 

Bartkowiak-Broda I. 1 

1 

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - National Research Institute, ul. Strzeszynska 36 , 

60-479 Poznan, Poland; 

2 

Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, 

Poland. 

E-mail: wiesp@nico.ihar.poznan.pl 

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg.) is both self-and cross-pollinated. The 

frequency of outcrossing is dependent on the genotype of the cultivar and environmental conditions. 

Cross pollination is estimated to be between 0 and 90% depending on cultivar. Outcrossing mainly 

occurs between fields in the neighborhood but also pollen dispersal is observed in long distance. 

The extent of gene flow of genetically different types is largely dependent on the scale of pollen 

production and dispersal and on distance between fields in a particular season and place. 

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distance of pollen dispersal in 

Polish environmental conditions to determine the size of the buffer zone between the crops of 

different types of oilseed rape. 

The experimental fields were isolated by at least 5 km from other oilseed rape plantations. The 

monitoring of intensity and distance of pollen oilseed rape transfer was done in season 2011 and 

2012 using passive and active pollen traps. Passive traps were placed at five compass directions 

around the field at the distance of 140 m in increments of 5 m. Hirst-type volumetric pollen traps 

(Burkard Manufacturing, UK) were positioned on a linear transect in the direction of the prevailing 

wind (S-E) at the distance of 10, 90 and 180 m from the edge of the field. Calculation of pollen 

concentrations was based on pollen number visualized on Vaseline-covered and stained Melinex 

tapes that were mounted on microscope slides and quantified with light microscopic techniques. 

The results show that the highest intensity of pollen was generally found in the first 40 m from the 

edge of field, at each compass direction, a decrease in intensity with increasing distance was 

observed. However, in the peak of flowering pollen grains flow up to 180 m of the investigated 

distance. 


141

Poster C-20 

FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE 

SUPERFAMILY GENES FROM RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS) 

Puglisi I., Lo Cicero L., Lo Piero A.R.* 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 98 - 

95123, Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: rlopiero@unict.it 

Phone: +39-95-7580238 

The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are a widely distributed family of detoxifying 

dimeric enzymes found in both invertebrates and vertebrates, plants, yeast and bacteria. GSTs 

catalyze the nucleophilic addition of glutathione (GSH) to the electrophilic groups of a large variety 

of hydrophobic toxic chemicals. Following their uptake, the conjugation of such molecules to GSH 

increases their solubility and facilitates their further metabolic processing. In plants, the conjugated 

products are either sequestered in the vacuole or transferred to the apoplast thus potentially 

contributing to reclaim cells from unwanted compounds. It is well documented that plant GSTs 

show major transcriptional regulation as the levels of their transcripts markedly increase in response 

to a wide variety of stressful conditions, such as herbicides, chilling, hypoxic stress, dehydration, 

wounding and pathogen attack. However, the regulation of existing GSTs (post-translational 

regulation) by reversible covalent modification is still poorly investigated. This in silico study was 

designed to identify the putative correlation between structural and functional characteristics of 

plant GST classes belonging to Brassica napus. Consequently, the protein sequences of the 

expressed GSTs have been retrieved from UniGene, classified and then analyzed in order to assess 

the evolutionary trend. Moreover, the fingerprint analysis was performed with SCAN Prosite in the 

attempt to correlate meaningful signature profile and biological information. The fingerprint 

analysis revealed that specific signature profiles related mainly to protein phosphorylation are in the 

GST classes thus suggesting that they might be subjected to reversible activation by 

phosphorylation-mediated regulation. This approach provides the knowledge of the relationship 

between the presence of conserved signature profile and biological function in the view of future 

selection of GSTs which might be employed in either mutagenesis or genetic transformation 

studies. 


142

Poster C-21 

CHANGES IN METHYLATION PATTERNS IN BRASSICA OLERACEA L. DURING 

TIME AND IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIONS 

Raggi L.*, Ciancaleoni S., Albertini E., Fé D., Torricelli R., Negri V. 

Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia 

(Italy). 

E-mail: lorenzo.raggi@gmail.com 

Among the Strategies for Organic and Low-input Integrated Breeding and Management 

(SOLIBAM) project aims, there is the identification of epigenetic modifications caused by farming 

under different agronomic and/or pedoclimatic conditions. SOLIBAM project is funded by the 

European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (GA 245058, coord. Véronique 

Chable, INRA). 

Plants of two hybrid varieties of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck), Iron Man (IM) 

and Santee (SN) were grown in three experimental fields in 2010-2011 and in four experimental 

fields in 2011-2012 under different climatic and management conditions: low input (LI) and organic 

agriculture (OA). Young and healthy leaves were collected from both varieties and from each 

experimental field at three different dates during winter time. Differences in methylation state of 

samples collected in 2010-2011 were identified applying the Methylation-Sensitive Amplified 

Polymorphism technique (M-SAP) using 5 different primer combinations on genomic DNA 

extracted from 36 samples (2 plants for each of the 2 hybrids, grown in 3/4 different experimental 

fields and collected at 3 different times). 

M-SAP analysis of materials collected in 2010-2011 revealed the presence of 210 amplicons, 25 

specific of IM, 13 of SN and 172 that were found in both hybrids. Among the amplicons from 

methylated regions, 83 in IM and 64 in SN underlined changes in methylation patterns in 

relationship to different sampling dates, while 17 in Iron Man and 19 in Santee are putatively 

related to the different agro climatic growing conditions. Intriguing enough, 9 of these amplicons 

are common between the two analyzed hybrids. 

The best M-SAP primer combinations will be used to analyze samples collected in 2011-2012 to 

eventually confirm the presence/absence of amplicons putatively related to response to abiotic stress 

and different climatic and management conditions. Dynamics of methylation patterns modification 

in Brassica oleracea are reported and discussed. 


143

Poster C-22 

UNDERSTANDING THE ROOT SYSTEM IN BRASSICA NAPUS 

Rahman M. 

Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA. 

E-mail: md.m.rahman@ndsu.edu 

Rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.) has both winter and spring form available. Scarce information 

on genetic control of root system in B. napus is available. This work investigated the roots 

morphology and its possible contribution to seed yield in B. napus. The work was conducted at a 

greenhouse of North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA. Root establishment in pots was 

observed visually for the parents, F1, F′1, and F2 progenies. The winter type has vigorous root 

system whereas the spring type has weakly developed root system. The root system was scored on a 

scale of 1 to 5 on the basis of root development in the pots. Plants with weak bottom and surface 

roots, such as those observed in spring type parents were scored 1, followed by 2 which has more 

bottom and surface roots, 3 has intermediate bottom and surface roots, 4 has strong bottom and 

surface roots, and 5 has the strongest bottom and surface roots resembling the root system of the 

winter parents. The F2 root system data was divided into two groups for inheritance study. The 

plants scored as a 1 formed the first group, and all other root types formed second group. The F1 and 

F′1 of winter and spring crosses showed a vigorous root system, indicating the dominant nature of 

vigorous root system in B. napus. Vigorous root system was found to be controlled by three genes. 

Root length showed positive and significant correlation with seed yield/plant for both cross and 

reciprocal cross, whereas dry root weight was not significantly correlated with seed yield. 

Significant and positive correlation was also observed between root length and late flowering, and 

dry root weight and late flowering. This is the first report on genetics of root system and its 

contribution to seed yield in B. napus. 


144

Poster C-23 

THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE RADISH (DAIKON) TO 

MECHANICAL WOUND STRESS 

Shiina T. 1 *, Umehara H. 1 , Yoshida M. 2 , Soga A. 2 , Kaneta T. 1 , Nakamura N. 1 , Ito Y. 1 , Nakano K. 3 , 

Thammawong M. 1 

1 

National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, 

Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan; 

2 

Kanagawa Agricultural Technology Center, 1617, Kamikitsusawa, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259- 

1204; 

3 

Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. 

Email: shiina@affrc.go.jp 

The postharvest damage caused by physical stresses (compression, shock, vibration) during 

packing, storage, and transportation in bulk influences the quality and the yield of fresh produce. 

We found three predominant types of physical damage characteristics (abrasion, peeling, and 

bruising) of Japanese radish (Daikon, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) under the bulk transport 

simulation. Additionally, the types of damage including abrasion, peeling and bruising of Daikon 

were observed differently, depending on the specific layers in the container. In order to understand 

the basic changes in molecular mechanisms in relation to mechanical/physical stress of Daikon, we 

have utilized mechanical wounding as the stress stimulus to study the expression of candidate 

stress-responsive genes in Daikon. The predominant increases in RsCHI (chalcone isomeraseencoding 

gene) and RsPAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase-encoding gene) expression levels were 

observed at 4 h and 6 h after the wounding treatment. In contrast, the expression level of RsSOD 

(superoxide dismutase-encoding gene) was detected at low level, and the significant increase in 

expression of RsSOD was found at 10 h and 12 h after the treatment. An increase in expression of 

candidate stress-responsive genes of Daikon demonstrates the change in cellular response to the 

mechanical wound stress. Overall, it appears that the physical damage of Daikon was likely affected 

by transport under bulk condition. Moreover, applying a mechanical wounding stimulus clearly 

affected the expression of stress-responsive genes (RsCHI and RsPAL). The rapid expression of 

these genes may consequently affect the cellular metabolism and quality changes of Daikon. The 

further study in order to find acceptable level of gene expression to avoid the development of severe 

damage of Daikon should be taken into consideration. Additionally, the appropriate design of 

packaging conditions for the actual transport condition will enable to distribute Japanese radishes 

by newly developed bulk container without the unacceptable level of damages. 


145

Poster C-24 

IDENTIFICATION OF BRASSICA RAPA HOMOLOGUE OF FUSARIUM WILT 

RESISTANCE GENE, FOC-BO1 BY GENOME SYNTENY ANALYSIS BETWEEN B. 

OLERACEA AND B. RAPA. 

Shimizu M. 1, 2 *, Ebe Y. 1 , Kawanabe T. 3 , Pu Z. 4 , Fujimoto R. 1 , Kaji M. 3 , Zhang Y. 4 , Okazaki K. 1 

1 Graduate school of Technology and Science, Niigata University; 

2 JSPS Research Fellow; 

3 Watanabe Seed Co., Ltd; 

4 Northeast Agricultural University, China. 

Email: motoki_lipton@yahoo.co.jp 

Brassica crops are severely infected by the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 

conglutinans. Fusarium wilt disease leads to leaf yellowing, wilting, defoliation, stunted growth, 

and plant death. As a result, plants suffer severe losses in both yield and quality. In our previous 

study, the fusarium wilt disease resistance gene, Foc-Bo1,was identified by QTL analysis in 

Brassica oleracea. Foc-Bo1 was located on the linkage group 7. The analysis of fine-mapping 

revealed that Foc-Bo1 was located in 0.7 cM intervals between the two molecular markers. 

In this study, the comparative analysis between Foc-Bo1 region and the B. rapa genome sequence 

(Brassica DB) showed 22 genes in the syntenic region of B. rapa genome. The B. oleracea BAC 

and cosmid clones harboring the Foc-Bo1 region were sequenced. We found putative disease 

resistance genes, which are named as FocBo1 A and FocBo1 B . Similarly, B. rapa homologues were 

named as FocBr1 A and FocBr1 B . To characterize the two candidate genes in B. rapa, we carried out 

RNA sequence analysis using the resistant (R09) and susceptible (S11) lines. Comparison of the 

number of copies of the two genes (FocBr1 A and FocBr1 B ) revealed high level of expression of 

FocBr1 A and FocBr1 B in the resistant line, but no expression in the susceptible line. For MAS with 

FocBr1-specific markers, simultaneous phenotyping and genotyping in the F2 population derived 

from F1 hybrid between R09 and S11 revealed an almost perfect match between phenotyping and 

genotyping. These results indicate that FocBr1 A and FocBr1 B are candidate genes that confer 

resistance against fusarium wilt. FocBr1 and FocBo1 are probably originated from a common 

ancestor gene. Our study indicates that genome synteny analysis between Brassica species is very 

useful for identifying disease resistance genes. 


146

Poster C-24 

QUALITY EVALUATION OF CULTIVARS TYPES IN BRASSICA OLERACEA L. 

Solovyova A.E., Artemyeva A.M.* 

N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Saint-Petersburg, Russia. 

Email: akme11@yandex.ru 

Crops belonging to the Brassica genus are widely grown in Russia. Russian world-wide Brassica 

oleracea L. collection kept in N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) includes 2724 

accessions. For an intraspecies differentiation of Brassica collections morphological and ecologogeographical 

approaches were used by T.V. Lizgunova (1984). For instance the collection of white 

cabbage was divided into 7 eco-geographical groups and 33 cultivars types, distinguished on 

morphological, biological and agronomic traits; Savoy – into 5 groups and 16 types; cauliflower – 

into 6 groups and 18 types, etc. 

Biochemical composition of all B.oleracea crops has been investigated. 50-90% accessions 

depending of crops from VIR collection, belonging to all cultivars types, were evaluated for dry 

matter, sugars, vitamin C, organic acids, protein, carotene, chlorophylls, total glucosinolates and 

nitrates content. The cultivars types of all crops evaluated in this study display a wide diversity of 

characters for selection and combination of interesting genotypes for important characters to obtain 

improved varieties. Among the cultivar types the sources of nutritive and bioactive substances were 

revealed. 


147

Poster C-25 

DETERMINATION OF SPECIES, VARIETIES AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES 

AMONG CABBAGE GENOTYPES BASED ON ELECTROPHORESIS OF STORAGE 

SEED PROTEINS 

Startsev V.*, Bondareva L., Dobrutskaya E., Gins V., Farber C., Antoshkina M. 

Laboratory of breeding and seed production of Cole crops, All-Russian Research Institute of 

Vegetable Breeding and Seed Production, 143080, Moscow region, Odintsovo dist., p. VNIISSOK, 

Selectsionnyaya str., 14. 

E-mail: lyuda_bondareva@mail.ru 

Each breeding line can be identified by polypeptide components. Cruciferins belong to the class of 

globulins, one of the groups of Brassica seed storage proteins. Specific patterns of polypeptide 

components within a genome may help to identify inter-genomic hybrids. 

Differences in A-genomic species have been found, to which all East-Asian Brassica species belong 

and which are characterized by the high molecular components 26-28. Components 23 and 28 are 

relatively consistent in these species. Species that represent this genome lack the molecular 

components 8 and 22. 

The specific components (positions 4, 8, 12, 18, 22, and 25) found in white head cabbage can be 

considered as markers. At the same time they can differ in their manifestation. Although the 

differences in cruciferin polypeptide composition among studied varieties were found they were too 

scant and cannot be used as molecular markers for reliable cultivar identification. 

The same genotypes of white head cabbage growing in geographically distant regions (Turkey, 

Uzbekistan, Central, North-West and South Regions of Russia) showed differences in their 

cruciferin polypeptide compositions concerning the combination of basic components of different 

intensity. Among three studied cauliflower varieties growing in Russia and Uzbekistan one 

speciman cultivated in Russia showed differences in its cruciferin spectrum. The cruciferin 

spectrum of 20% of genotypes was characterized by scant component at position 12. The 

manifestation of other components was similar. 


148

Poster C-26 

SEED QUALITY TRAITS OF DH LINES OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA 

NAPUS L.) 

Szala L. 1 *, Cegielska-Taras T. 1 , Adamska E. 2 , Kaczmarek Z. 2 

1 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Research Division 

Poznan, Poland; 

2 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland. 

Email: lszala@nico.ihar.poznan.pl 

The objective of the study was to estimate winter oilseed rape DH lines in terms of fat, protein, fiber 

(NDF and ADF) and glucosinolate content, as well as the seed colour and to specify the effect of 

the influence of environment on these traits . 

44 doubled haploid lines obtained from F1 hybrids of the reciprocal crosses between yellow-seeded 

DH Z-114 and black-seeded DH H2-26 were studied in two years. Analysis of variance indicated 

that both sources of variation tested in the trial, years and genotypes were significant for all traits, 

with the exception of NDF content. In this case only genotypes were significantly different. . A 

significant interaction years ×DH lines was found for fat, protein, ADF and glucosinolate content, 

as well as for seed colour. 

Double haploid lines were also studied in terms of the positive effects of transgression for fat and 

protein content and negative for NDF, ADF and glucosinolates content. Among 44 examined 

genotypes, 10 DH lines revealed positive effects of transgression for fat content and two DH lines 

for protein content. Three lines with negative transgression were found for NDF content and one for 

ADF content. The results from both years of research have revealed significant negative correlation 

between seed colour and fat, NDF, ADF content in the direction of the lighter colour, the lower fat 

and fiber content. Significant positive correlation was noticed between NDF, ADF and fat content. 

Protein content was negatively correlated with NDF and ADF content but significant correlation 

between protein and fat content was not observed. 


149

Poster C-27 

CREATING GERMPLASM AND NEW TOOLS TO INVESTIGATE POST HARVEST 

SENESCENCE IN BRASSICA OLERACEA L VAR. ITALICA 

Walley P.G., Carder J., Skipper E., Pink D., Buchanan-Wollaston V. 

The University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK. 

Natural plant senescence is a complex trait that marks the end of a photosynthetically active period 

in a plants life cycle. This may end with the death of the plant or the beginning of a dormant period. 

Crop plants that are harvested during their vegetative phase are placed into artificial stress induced 

senescence resulting from the removal of a water supply. Physiological signs of stress include 

wilting and rapid yellowing. Broccoli is particularly prone to post harvest yellowing; this is a major 

factor that contributes to the short shelf life of this crop. To explore the polygenic nature of this 

trait, we trialed lines from a unique ‘broccoli x broccoli’ doubled haploid (DH) population and 

mapped significant QTL for yellowing and broccoli morphological traits onto a new B. oleracea L 

var. italica linkage map. 

We have mapped two ‘days to yellowing’ (dty) QTL, these have no significant correlations to QTL 

for morphological traits (head diameter, butt diameter, water loss) therefore the effect was not due 

to pleiotropy. Using markers linked to the QTL, lines that contained beneficial alleles were selected 

for our backcross (BC) program. We have generated a further set of DH lines from the BC1. These 

lines have been genotyped, and useful recombinants were trialed in 2010. We are currently at BC3 

in the resource development program. Selected recombinants that help to delineate QTL will act as 

a further resource to map candidate genes. This poster outlines the development of the population, 

linked resources and their utility. 


150

Poster C-28 

BRASSICA RAPA SSP. CHINENSIS (PAK CHOI) AS MODEL PLANT TO IDENTIFY 

GENES INVOLVED IN INDOLE GLUCOSINOLATE BIOSYNTHESIS 

Zrenner R.*, Wiesner M., Krumbein A., Schreiner M. 

Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Department of 

Quality Research, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany. 

E-mail: zrenner@igzev.de 

Glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites of the order Brassicales and are contributing to the 

plant defense systems. Epidemiological studies generated considerable pharmacological interest in 

the breakdown products of glucosinolates due to their beneficial biological activities in mammalian 

consumers. However recently, Brassica extracts were found to be mutagenic, especially 1methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl 

glucosinolate (1MOI3M-GS) produces DNA adducts in mammalian cells. 

Therefore identification of genes involved in formation of specific secondary metabolite profiles are 

important for breeding activities to produce vegetables enriched in healthy compounds and depleted 

in others (1MOI3M-GS). 

A secondary metabolite profiling studies identified Pak Choi as interesting Brassica model. Elicitor 

treatments revealed that methyl jasmonate application specifically increased the 1MOI3M-GS 

content up to 30-fold in Pak Choi while induction in Arabidopsis thaliana was low. Transcriptome 

analysis with the 2×104k Brassica Array identified genes putatively involved in 1MOI3M-GS 

biosynthesis. In planta functional analysis was performed using Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion 

mutants in the respective homologs, and putative candidates were verified by heterologous 

expression of the Pak Choi genes in Arabidopsis. Using this strategy we identified Brassica rapa 

oxygenases involved in 1MOI3M-GS biosynthesis. 


151

Session D 

NUTRACEUTICAL AND PROCESSING 



152

Session D-1 

HIGH GLUCORAPHANIN BROCCOLI – THE DEVELOPMENT OF BENEFORTE 

BROCCOLI AND EVIDENCE OF HEALTH BENEFITS 


Mithen R. 

Institute of Food Research 

E-mail: richard.mithen@ifr.ac.uk 

I shall briefly review the evidence from epidemiological studies and cell and animal models for 

health benefits of sulforaphane, and then describe the development of high glucoraphanin broccoli, 

and current human intervention studies that seek to obtain evidence of health benefits. I will 

describe the genetic basis to the high glucoraphainin trait and its effect on sulphur metabolism and 

partitioning, and evidence from human studies that consuming high glucoraphanin broccoli perturbs 

lipid metabolism. 


153

Session D-1 

ENHANCEMENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FLAVONOIDS AND 

ISOTHIOCYANATE CONTENT OF BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEAE VAR 

ITALICA) IN RESPONSE TO SEAWEED APPLICATIONS 

Lola-Luz T. 1 *, Gaffney M. 1 , Hennequart F. 2 

1 Teagasc, Horticulture Development Department, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown Dublin 

15, Ireland; 

2 Oilean Glas Teo, Kilcar. Co. Donegal, Ireland. 

E-mail: theodora.lolaluz@teagasc.ie 

Broccoli is one of the main vegetable crops grown in Ireland, these vegetables are rich in vitamins 

as well as phytochemicals like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and isothiocyanates. A diet rich in 

brassicas has been associated with the inhibition of chemically induced carcinogenesis in humans. 

A series of field experiments was carried out to evaluate the effect of pure novel cold process 

commercial seaweed extract on yield and quality of two broccoli cultivars (Ironman and Red 

Admiral) over a two year period. Treatments included water control, dry and calcified seaweed, 

liquid seaweed application of 3L/ha, 30L/ha and 300L/ha. Liquid seaweed extracts were applied 

once a month. Cold process seaweed extracts increased all bioactive compounds significantly in 

both cultivars consistently for the duration of the trial. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), 

and total isothiocyanate content (TIC) were higher in all seaweed treatments compared to the 

control. In the green broccoli trial (Ironman) TPC ranged from 40-87 mg/ 100g FW, TFC ranged 

from 5.7-8.4 mg/L and TIC ranged from 1.6- 4.2 μM/L. In the purple broccoli trial (Red Admiral), 

TPC ranged from 49-154 mg/100 g FW, TFC from 7.7-20 mg/L and TIC from 5-11 μM/L. Seaweed 

treated plants had significantly higher phytochemical content. Application rate was not a 

statistically significant factor. In both crops, seaweed application increased yield but only at the 

highest rate. In Ironman, the yield increase reached 5.5% and in Red Admiral, 24.6%. Results 

indicate that seaweed extract has an effect on the yield of both broccoli cultivars but only at the 

highest application rate. There was a consistent effect on the increase of the phytochemical content 

of treated plants, even at the lowest application rate. The response of broccoli cultivars in terms of 

increase in phytochemicals suggests the potential utilisation of cold processed seaweed extracts in 

the production of high value vegetables with increased health benefits. 


154

Session D-1 

NUTRIOMIC APPROACH ON CHINESE CABBAGE BREEDING 

Lim Y.P. 1 *, Park SU. 1 , Kim SJ. 1 , Park JT. 1 , Chung SO. 1 , Sung YJ. 1 , Lee GJ. 1 , Hur Y.K. 1 , Jo M.H. 2 , 

Kim T.I. 2 , Lee E.M. 2 

1 Plant Genomics Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; 

2 Future High-Technology Agriculture Research Division, Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural 

Research and Extension Services, Yesan 340-861, Korea. 


Development of nutriomics in relation to functional foods is becoming an imperative issue for 

human health. Brassica species have a lot of attention as important vegetables containing very high 

amounts of functional compounds such as glucosinolates, β-carotene, lutein, phenolic acids, 

flavonoids, etc. Since the draft sequencing of the Chinese cabbage genome was completed, 

functional genomics research has been rapidly expanded to understand metabolic pathways and 

regulatory mechanisms of related genes. Since the establishment of Korea Brassica Genome 

Resource Bank in 2004, our research group has supported genomic materials for Multinational 

Brassica Genome Sequencing Project and collected over 10,000 accessions of Brassicas from 

different areas in the world. Meantime, Collected germplasms were analyzed for their functional 

compounds and selected the accessions which have high level of functional compounds, such as 

glucosinolates, vitamins, β-carotene, lutein, flavonol, Fe, Ca, etc. With the accessions and 

microspore culture, we have developed doubled haploid lines and finally selected inbred lines 

containing high concentration of specific compounds. Our research group also analyzed the 

metabolic pathways and functions of genes related to the production of secondary metabolites; i.e., 

identification of 39 full length CDs for carotenoids from Brassica. Further study of the genetically 

fixed lines with specific amount of functional compounds under controlled environment cultivation 

system would produce more significant data for the nutriomics research. 


155

Session D-1 

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF MODERATE UV-B 

TREATMENT ON THE FLAVONOID PROFILE IN KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA 

VAR. SABELLICA) AND THE EXPRESSION OF KEY ENZYMES IN FLAVONOID 

BIOSYNTHESIS 

Neugart S. 1 *, Fiol M. 2 , Schreiner M. 1 , Rohn S. 2 , ZrennerR. 1 , Kroh L. W. 2 , Krumbein A. 1 

1 

Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Theodor- 

Echtermeyer-Weg 1, D-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; 

2 

Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Gustav-Meyer- 

Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; 

3 

Universität Hamburg, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, 

Germany. 

E-mail: neugart@igzev.de 

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) has a wide spectrum of structurally different flavonol 

glycosides. The 71 flavonol glycosides identified, can be non-acylated or acylated with different 

hydroxycinnamic acids. [1] The aim of this study was to investigate if subsequent doses of moderate 

UV-B radiation can enhance flavonol glycosides and how temperature influences the efficiency of 

moderate UV-B radiation. 

The cultivar ‘Winterbor’ was grown to a 4-5 leaf stage in the greenhouse at ambient conditions. 

Plants were exposed to multiple UV-B doses of 0.5 KJ m -2 d -1 applied as 5 subsequent treatments 

(total dose 2.5 KJ m -2 ) with 24 h acclimatization in between. The experiments were conducted 

either at 5°C or at 15°C and ambient PAR. 

Generally, the efficiency of subsequent doses of moderate UV-B radiation on flavonol glycoside 

concentration was higher at 15°C than at 5°C, and the response of flavonol glycosides was 

structure-specific as well. E.g. at 15°C the monoacylated quercetin tri-and tetraglycosides were 

increased after treatment with UV-B doses of 1.5 KJ m -2 up to 2.5 KJ m -2 while the corresponding 

kaempferol glycosides decreased. Molecular investigations using semi-quantitative real-time RT- 

PCR showed concomitantly enhanced mRNA expression of flavonol 3’-hydroxylase. A 

consequence of these results could be a new crop management for Brassica species to enhance the 

health promoting secondary metabolite profile of vegetables. 


156

Session D-1 

EFFECTS OF DAY LENGTH AND TEMPERATURE ON HEALTH RELATED 

COMPOUNDS IN BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. ITALICA) 

Steindal A.L.H. 1 *, Mølmann J.B. 1 , Bengtsson G.B. 2 , Johansen T.J. 1 

1 

Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arctic Agriculture 

and Land Use Division, P.O. Box 2284, NO-9269 Tromsø, Norway; 

2 

Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, NO- 

1430 Ås, Norway. 

E-mail: jorgen.molmann@bioforsk.no 

Cultivation conditions in Norway generally have lower temperatures during the summer and much 

longer days (24 h photoperiod in the high north) compared to more southerly latitudes. It has been 

claimed that fruits and vegetables grown at northern latitudes can be healthier and tastier than those 

grown further south. Previous studies, including on carrot, strawberry and blackcurrant, indicate 

that such northern produce can have special qualities, such as higher content of vitamin C and ” 

better” flavor. The content of health related chemicals in northern broccoli, have not been studied 

before, and this was the main subject for our study. We have specifically looked at the content of 

vitamin C, glucosinolates, the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, and soluble sugars. In our 

experiments, broccoli plants were grown in climate chambers under controlled light and 

temperature regimes. Long and short days were combined with high and low temperatures. 

Our preliminary results showed a higher content of vitamin C at low growth temperatures (15/9 °C 

day / night) compared to higher temperatures (18/12 °C day / night), while the flavonols had the 

highest content at high temperature and short day treatment. These results, as well as other findings, 

will be presented and discussed. 


157

Session D-2 

GENOTYPIC VARIATION OF THE GLUCOSINOLATE PROFILE IN PAK CHOI 

(BRASSICA RAPA SSP. CHINENSIS) 

Wiesner M. 1, 2 *, Zrenner R. 1 , Krumbein A. 1 , Glatt H. 2 , Schreiner M. 1 

1 Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Department of 

Quality Research, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; 

2 German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, 

Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. 

E-mail: wiesner@igzev.de 

Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites of Brassica crops. Glucosinolates are �-D-thioglucoside- 

N-hydroxysulfates containing amino acid-derived variable side chains. Upon tissue damage 

glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by plant derived myrosinase and breakdown products, like 

isothiocyanates, nitriles, and oxazolidinethiones are renowned for biological activity and toxicity. 

Brassica rapa var. chinensis is one of the most consumed Brassica vegetable in Asian countries. 

Here we present the classification of diverse pak choi cultivars regarding their glucosinolate profile 

and relative mRNA expression level of involved genes to further establish pak choi as Brassica 

model plant for further studies. 

From 12 days old sprouts and mature plants of 13 pak choi cultivars glucosinolates were determined 

using an established extraction procedure followed by HPLC-MS. Data of identified glucosinolates 

were subjected to principle component analysis and three groups of pak choi sprouts could be 

distinguished. The group differences were marked by variations in the aliphatic glucosinolate 

profile such as the differing levels of 3-butenyl and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl as well as by their varying 

proportional ratios. Additionally, the three groups of pak choi sprouts varied by the presence or 

absence of 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl. This classification is also reflected by the relative mRNA 

expression level of 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase. Due to the ontogenetic modifications during 

plant development in mature leaves, the relative amounts of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates 

show only small variations between the different cultivars. Thus, it is not possible to use the 

glucosinolate profiles of mature pak choi plants for differentiation in cultivar groups. 

The distinct differences in the glucosinolate profile of sprouts will be used in future studies for in 

vitro and in vivo analyses. E.g. in feeding studies the additive, synergistic or suppressive effects of 

various glucosinolate compositions and their corresponding breakdown products within the same 

Brassica plant tissue might be linked to health related functional effects. 


158

Session D-2 

VARIABILITY IN ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS OF SEEDS AND SPROUTS OF 

BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. ITALICA) AND ROCKET (ERUCA SATIVA) 

IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND GERMINATION STAGE. 

Ragusa L. 1 *, Tribulato A. 1 , Picchi V. 2 , Lo Scalzo R. 2 , Branca F. 1 

1 



2 

CRA-IAA, Research Unit for Food Technology via G. Venezian, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy. 

E-mail: luciaragusa84@hotmail.it 

Brassicaceae family is well known to be rich in bioactive compounds such as sulphur containing 

glycosides called glucosinolates and antioxidants. The glucosinolates are naturally hydrolyzed by 

the myrosinase enzyme or enteric microflora into isothiocyanates that are known to efficiently 

reduce risks of degenerative diseases. 

Antioxidant compounds are generally represented by ascorbic acid, polyphenols and carotenoids. 

Recently the request of vegetables sprouts on the market increased as consequence of their richness 

in vitamins, minerals, proteins and enzymes, especially for what regards those belonging to the 

Brassicaceae family. 

We investigated the variation of glucosinolate profile and the antioxidant compounds (total phenols, 

ascorbic acid and carotenoids) content during germination process at 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C of 

broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and rocket (Eruca sativa). 

Germination rate differed in relation to the species and temperature, being detected higher in the 

rocket and at 20 °C. 

The glucosinolate profile differed among the two species and in relation to the temperatures; in 

broccoli six components have been identified while two were present in rocket. 

The phenols well correlated within the experiment showing different amount in relation to the two 

species. In broccoli the highest amount of antioxidant was detected at 10 °C and 20 °C, while in 

Rocket only at 10 °C. 

Seeds extracts showed the lowest response. The same trend was found for total phenols and 

ascorbic acid content. A simple linear regression test was performed, with the best response 

between the two antioxidant assays, followed by the significance between antioxidant assays and 

phenols content. No regression was found between glucosinolates content and antioxidant indexes. 


159

Session D-2 

SENSORY QUALITY AND HEALTH-RELATED SUBSTANCES OF BROCCOLI GROWN 

AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES 

Bengtsson G.B. 1 *, Velasco Pazos P. 2 , Schreiner M. 3 , Mølmann J. 4 , Johansen T.J. 4 , Steindal 

A.L.H. 4 , Cartea E. 2 , Krumbein A. 3 , Lea P. 1 , Skaret J. 1 , Hagen S. 1 , Seljåsen R. 5 

1 


1430 Ås, Norway; 

2 

Plant Genetics Department, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Aptdo. 28, ES-36080 Pontevedra, 

Spain; 

3 

Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/ Erfurt e.V., Theodor- 

Echtermeyer-Weg 1, DE-14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; 

4 

Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arctic Agriculture 

and Land Use Division, P.O. Box 2284, NO-9269 Tromsø, Norway; 

5 

Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arable crops 

division, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886 Grimstad, Norway. 

E-mail: gunnar.bengtsson@nofima.no 

A semi-field experiment was conducted 2009 to 2011 to investigate possible differences in effects 

of primarily ambient temperature and solar radiation on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. 

Lord) grown at four northern latitudes: Spain (Galicia, 43°), Germany (Brandenburg, 52°) and 

Norway (Grimstad, 58°; Tromsø, 69°). All other growing conditions were kept identical at the 

locations, i.e. soil, seeds, fertilization, precipitation shelter, insect netting, and use of specially 

designed pots with water supply according to the plant´s need. Florets prepared from broccoli heads 

of commercial maturity were randomized and used for analysis of intensity of sensory attributes and 

contents of glucosinolates, flavonol aglycons and vitamin C. 

The development of broccoli heads was normal during three summer seasons with the exception of 

Spain for two summer seasons, probably due to too high temperature. Therefore, the experiment 

was repeated two autumn seasons in Spain and those samples were used for sensory analysis. Most 

of the sensory attributes measured were significantly different between the locations. Preliminary 

results for flavonol contents and profile also indicate large differences between the locations. 

(All authors have contributed with large and important parts of the work.) 


160

Session D 

NUTRACEUTICAL AND PROCESSING 



161

Poster D-1 

BRASSICAS AND THEIR GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT FOR THE BIOLOGICAL 

CONTROL OF SOILBORN IN PROTECTED CULTIVATION 

Argento S. 1 , Raccuia S. A. 1 , Branca F. 2 

1 ISAFOM-CNR Stradale Vincenzo Lancia, Blocco Palma I - Zona industriale 95121 Catania, Italy; 



E-mail: s.argento@isafom.cnr.it 

Soil-borne diseases is a widespread problem in protected cultivation in Sicily especially after the 

prohibition of methyl bromide use. Secondary metabolites of some Brassica species are 

biofumigant able to contrast the main soil-borne agents in a view to establish health and 

environmental friendly farming. 

In order to assess the effectiveness in nematodes control (Meloidogyne spp.) on tomatoes was 

carried out, adopting factorial design, a field trial in an representative farm of protected cultivation 

(Ragusa) using the flour of dry plants of Brassica juncea, Eruca sativa, Raphanus sativus and 

Brassica macrocarpa. The first three species were previously studied by some Authors as 

biofumigant, while B. macrocarpa is an endemic Sicilian wild species appears interesting since 

recent scientific evidence showed high glucosinolate content in leaves, 90% represented by sinigrin, 

and the effectiveness of its dry leaves inserted into the soil to control root-knot nematodes in tomato 

crops (Meloydogine spp.). Sinigrin content in the tissue of the Brassica species studied varied 

between 3.1 μM g -1 d.m of B. juncea and 7.3μM g -1 d.m. of E. sativa, while for R. sativus and B. 

macrocarpa were ascertained about 4.7 μM g -1 d.m. . 

Flour was distributed underground (0, 60 and 90 g m -2 ), the mean dose corresponded to the active 

principle contained in the commercial formulate (Nematorin) applied in 3 g m -2 as reported on the 

instructions. Disease index detected on the tomato roots at the end of the growing cycle (Lamberti 

score, 1971), although low in general, resulted in all thesis lower than the control (0.30) and the 

commercial formulated (0.20), whereas it was and between 0 (E. sativa 60 g m -2 and R. sativus 90 g 

m -2 ) and 0.13 (B. juncea 90 g m -2 ). 


162

Poster D-2 

MEASUREMENT OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IN BRASSICA 

Baty-Julien C. 1 *, Leroy G. 1 , Gourrat K. 2 

1 Vegenov - BBV, Penn Ar Prat, 29250 St Pol de Léon, France; 

2 ChemoSens Platform, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, 

UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon. France. 

E-mail: baty@vegenov.com 

Sulphur compounds are involved in sensory quality of Brassica vegetables. Vegenov has developed 

tools to measure the volatile sulphur compounds and their precursors: S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide 

(methiin) and glucosinolates. This work was realised on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. 

botrytis). The aim was to analyse volatile sulphur compounds which contribute to the flavour and 

odour of cooked cauliflower and relate them to individual glucosinolates and methiin contents in 

raw cauliflowers. 

For analysis of the volatile sulphur compounds, extractions were taken by Solid Phase 

MicroExtraction (SPME) from headspace on cooked cauliflower samples. Qualitative analysis and 

semi-quantitative analysis were performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry 

(GC/MS). More than one hundred compounds were identified by this method. Gas chromatography 

coupled with olfactometry on two very differently cooked cauliflowers allowed us to identify key 

odorant compounds amongst the molecules identified by GC/MS. 

Individual glucosinolate contents were determined after extraction and desulfatation by HPLC- 

DAD. Our method allowed us to identify 21 glucosinolates. In cauliflower, we identified 13 of 

them: Glucoiberin, Epiprogoitrin, Progoitrin, Glucoraphanin, Sinigrin, Gluconapin, 4-OHglucobrassicin, 

Glucoerucin, Glucoiberverin, Glucobrassicin, Gluconasturtiin, 4methoxyglucobrassicin 

and Néoglucobrassicin. S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide was also determined by 

HPLC-DAD after an ethanol extraction and a derivatization step with dansyl chloride. 

These analyses were performed to explain different sensory characteristics measured by sensory 

analysis. Qualified panellists were trained to identify and score the perceived intensity of 22 

characteristics describing odour, flavour and texture of raw and cooked cauliflowers. These tools 

can be useful to help “Brassica vegetable companies” (breeders, producers, industry etc.) evaluate 

and improve the quality of their products. 


163

Poster D-3 

THERMAL PROCESSING OF GREEN AND RED CULTIVARS OF CURLY KALE 

(BRASSICA OLERACEA L. CONVAR. ACEPHALA VAR. SABELLICA) AND EFFECTS OF 

FRESH AND PROCESSED KALE EXTRACTS ON HUMAN COLON CANCER CELL 

LINES 

Borge G.I. 1 *, Olsen H. 1, 2 , Grimmer S. 1 , Saha S. 3 , Aaby K. 1 , Wold A.B. 4 , Schmidt G. 1 , Skrede, G. 1 

1 


1430 Ås, Norway; 

2 

Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Postbox 1033 Blindern, NO-0315, Norway; 

3 

Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, England; 

4 

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO- 

1432 Ås, Norway. 

E-mail: grethe.iren.borge@nofima.no 

Curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. sabellica) is a leafy green or red/purple 

colored vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family. The plant is robust and tolerates a broad 

range of agricultural and climatic conditions. Brassica vegetables can be subjected to various forms 

of processing before storage and to make them more suitable for human consumption. Common 

processing steps include blanching, freezing, thermal treatments and, occasionally, warm-holding. 

Processing affects the plant tissue and the phytochemicals present, and may lead to alteration in 

health-related qualities. Processing may influence phytochemicals positively by releasing 

compounds and increasing their bioavailability, or negatively by physical loss and chemical 

degradation of the phytochemicals. Thus, it is crucial to gain more knowledge on the fate and final 

concentration of the phytochemicals before and after vegetable processing, in order to estimate the 

availability of the phytochemicals in the human diet. 

Green and red cultivars of curly kale, grown at an experimental field in Ås, Norway, were evaluated 

for phytochemicals before and after processing involving blanching, freeze storage, and different 

heat treatments; boil-in-water, boil-in-bag and sous vide, as well as warm holding of the processed 

kale. The levels of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, vitamin C, glucosinolates, carotenoids and 

antioxidant capacity were followed during the different processing steps. Heat treatments 

significantly reduced the concentration of health-related phytochemicals, and the results on the 

different processing methods will be presented. The processing affected the two kale cultivars 

differently, with a greater loss of phytochemicals in the green cultivar compared to the red kale 

cultivar. Extracts of the kale cultivars were used in cell proliferation studies with three human colon 

cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29 and HCT 116), and the fresh plant material had a stronger 

antiproliferative effect than extracts from processed plant material. 


164

Poster D-4 

GLUCOSINOLATE PROFILE IN DIFFERENT MEDITERRANEAN BRASSICA SPECIES 

(N=9) 

Branca F. 1 *, Ragusa L. 1 , Cartea M.E. 2 , Tribulato A. 1 , Velasco P. 2 


2 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, MBG-CSIC, Spain 


Mediterranean basin represent an important centre of origin and diversification of Brassicaceae and 

above all of Brassica oleracea because are widespread several Brassica wild species (n=9) which 

seem support an intense genetic flux among them. In fact, the genetic self-incompatibility system 

characterize some populations and landraces favors the genetic recombination and the set-up of 

several forms and types within the same crop, such as in broccoli, cauliflower, kale, etc. That is 

observed mainly for bio-morphological traits but great variance has ascertained for antioxidant 

profile. 

We compare Glucosinolate (GLS) profile of wild and cultivated Brassica species (n=9) analyzed by 

DISPA (Catania, Italy) and MBG (Pontevedra, Spain) in view to define variation occurs among 

crops and origin. In particular, DISPA grew and analyzed twelve wild species from Italy, thirtyeight 

kale grown in four European countries, nine cauliflower landraces and four commercialized 

cultivars, four broccoli landraces and three commercialized cultivars. MGB grew and analyzed 

eleven kale, five cauliflower, ten cabbage, three Brussels sprouts, three kolhrabi and three broccoli 

among landraces and commercialized cultivars . 

Leaves were immediately transferred to the laboratory and frozen at -80 °C. All samples from 

laboratory and field experiments were lyophilized. The dried material was powdered and utilized 

for GLS analysis. The extraction protocols were similar for both laboratories in Italy and Spain. The 

data acquired were utilized to prepare the numerical matrix used to analyze any correlation among 

GLS compounds and for principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Variation of 

glucosinolate compounds showed several positive and negative correlations between and within the 

aliphatic, indolic and aromatic type. 

The accessions studied were classified in seven groups different for GLS profile characterized by 

main GLS compounds such as the group were the main are represented by Neo-Glucobrassicin and 

Gluconasturtiin, or by Gluconapin, or by Progoitrin and other minor GLSs, or by Glucoraphanin, 4- 

OH Glucobrassicin and Glucobrassicin, or by Glucoiberin and Sinalbin, or by Glucoerucin, or 

finally by Sinigrin and Glucoibervirin. 

The wild Brassica populations showed the highest variability among them and the other Brassica 

crops, but the major part of the genetic materials analyzed clustered in the same truss. The 

commercial cultivars seem to be similar to some landraces and clustered in the biggest truss. Of 

course we registered great variability for GLS profile among and within the crops analyzed 

according to the recent scientific evidence about the genetic base of metabolic pathways for GLS 

synthesis. 


165

Poster D-5 

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF KOLHRABI (BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. 

GONGYLODES) CULTIVATED IN ITALY 

Branca F. 1 , Ragusa L. 1 , Lo Scalzo R. 2 , Picchi V. 2 , Argento S. 3 


2 CRA-IAA, Research Unit for Food Technology via G. Venezian, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy 

3 CNR Institute for Mediterranean Agriculture and Forest Systems – UOS Catania, Italy 


Cruciferous vegetables provide important nutrient such as vitamins A, folic acid, calcium, and 

dietary fiber and are low in calories and fat. Brassicaceae family have significant amounts of 

bioactive compounds such as sulphur containing glycosides called glucosinolates, but also 

antioxidants compounds such as total polyphenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids. 

Among them, Kolhrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes) is a native plant from northern 

Europe. Stems of kohlrabi may be white, purple or green depending on the cultivar. This plant can 

be eaten raw or steamed or in another way, they are a source of vitamin C and potassium. The 

present work provides a phytochemical survey on five Kolhrabi genotypes (CR13, CR17, CR22, 

CR25 and CR29) cultivated in southern Italy by measuring the content in glucosinolates (GLS), 

total phenols (TPC), ascorbic acid (AsA), total anthocyanins (ATH), total carotenoids (CAR) and 

antioxidant capacity on different part of the plant (skins, trunks and leaves) and putting into 

relationship these parameters. 

In the leaves have been found four glucosinolates, such as glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, 

gluconasturtiin and neo-glucobrassicin but the main has been glucoraphanin. The glucosinolates 

found in the trunk have been same of the leaves more glucoerucin, but in the trunk the 

glucosinolates value was generally lower than in leaves. It has to be pointed out an elevated 

variability of glucosinolates presence in trunks, as it can be inferred from the deviation standard 

values. 

Total polyphenols amount has been found slightly higher in leaves than trunks and the same trend 

was found for ascorbic acid. For anthocyanins the high values has been found for leaves in 

comparison with skins, except for CR 17 skin, that showed the highest amount. For total 

carotenoids the value have been similar for all accessions. 

The data of antioxidants capacity differed in accordance with the used method: they have been 

generally established higher in leaves for DPPH quenching, with the exception of CR22 and CR29 

in trunks, with a very strong variability, while the peroxyl radical (ROO . ) scavenging had high 

values in leaves and in skins, with the highest one in skins of CR17, due to the presence of 

anthocyanins, enforced by the highest simple regression value (rxy=0.81). 

As expected, significant simple regression values have been found between DPPH quenching and 

AsA content, and between ROO . and CAR, but, interestingly, an unusual rxy value of 0.50 has been 

found between GLS and DPPH, suspecting a role of glucosinolates in the antioxidant capacity. 


166

Poster D-6 

CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL AND QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES IN FRESH-CUT 

BROCCOLI GENOTYPES DURING STORAGE 

Conversa G., Bonasia A., Lazzizera C., Elia A. 

Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 

via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy. 

Cruciferous vegetables crops are rich source of phytochemicals which are known to possess 

antioxidant activity. In particular, broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. conv. botrytis (L.) Alef. var. 

cymosa Duch.] is recognised as health-promoting vegetable. It is one of the most important 

vegetables produced in Southern Italy, frequently consumed by people. The content of bioactive 

compounds varies with the genotype, processing, and post-harvest. Therefore, a study was planned 

to characterize and evaluate changes in fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW), in total phenolics content 

and antioxidant activity in fresh-cut processed florets of seven broccoli cultivars (TSX-0788 F1 - 

cv1, TRI-8006 F1 cv2, SRX 1340 F1 – cv3, SRX 1350 F1 – cv4, SRX 3090 F1 – cv5, SRX 1332 F1 – 

cv6, Parthenon – cv7) after 7, 14, and 21 days of fresh storage at 5 °C in OPP packaging. 

Corymbs were harvested in spring from a commercial farm located in Foggia (Southern of Italy) 

province. Post-harvest storage was stopped on day 14 th for cv1, cv2 cv3 cv4 because of off-odours 

and yellow discoloration occurred. Results indicate that at harvest cultivars cv1, cv2, cv3, cv4, cv5, 

and cv6 showed the highest corymb DW concentration (13.9 g 100 g -1 FW, on average) followed by 

cv7 (12.2 g 100 g -1 FW). After 14 d of storage corimb DW concentration decreased from 1.9 (cv4) to 

0.1 (cv7) g 100 g -1 FW. The reduction in FW ranged from 0.11 (cv5) to 0.23% (cv6) and from 0.36 

(cv5) to 0.69% (cv4), respectively after 7 and 14 d of storage. On average, at harvest and after 7 d of 

storage total polyphenolic content was 1.25 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g -1 FW and it 

increased up to 1.46 mg GAE g -1 FW after 14 d of storage. At harvest and after 14 d of cold storage 

antioxidant activity was, on average, 8.4 and 10.2 µmol eq trolox g -1 FW. 


167

Poster D-7 

CHEMICAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL PROFILE IN TYPICAL ITALIAN TYPOLOGIES 

OF CAULIFLOWER 

Di Cesare L. F. 1 *, Migliori C. 1 , Lo Scalzo R. 1 , Campanelli G. 2 , Ferrari V. 2 

1 CRA-IAA, Research Unit of Food Technology, via G. Venezian, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; 

2 CRA-ORA, Research Unit of Horticulture, via Salaria, 2, 63030, Monsampolo del Tronto, Ascoli 

Piceno, Italy. 

E-mail: luigi.dicesare@entecra.it 

A comparison between four different typologies of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L, var. botrytis) 

characterized by the colour of the head (Verde di Macerata, Violetto di Catania, Bianco Jesino, 

Verde Romanesco) was made. 

Samples were conventionally cultivated in one growing season in the field of CRA-ORA, 

Monsampolo del Tronto (AP) and subjected to a comparative quality chatacterization: sulphur 

volatile substances, glucosinolates, ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, total carotenoids and 

antioxidant capacity. 

As regards the amount of sulphur volatiles, fundamental for the organoleptic impact after cooking, 

the Bianco Jesino and Violetto di Catania showed the highest content. 

The glucosinolates, recognized as healthy compounds by their potential anticancer activity, were 

characterized for the single compounds, glucoraphanin, glucobrassicines and sinigrin with different 

amounts in each typology, with the lowest presence in Bianco Jesino as total amount. 

The nutraceutical profile, evaluated by the ascorbic acid, total polyphenols and total carotenoids 

dosage, revealed the presence of interesting amounts in Violetto di Catania and Verde Romanesco, 

confirmed by the measurements of antioxidant capacity. 

These indexes can be used as important tools and markers for establishing the typical cauliflower 

within a determined territory. In this particular case, Violetto di Catania and Verde Romanesco 

resulted the best cv according to their nutracetical potential. 


168

Poster D-8 

IDENTIFICATION OF INTERMEDIARY BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS FORMED BY THE 

THERMALLY INDUCED DEGRADATION OF ALIPHATIC GLUCOSINOLATES 

Hanschen F. S. 1 *, Bauer A. 1 , Rohn S., Mewis I. 3 , Schreiner M. 3 , Kroh L.W. 1 

1 

Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Department of 

Food Chemistry and Analysis, TIB 4/3-1, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; 

2 

University of Hamburg, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, D-20146 Hamburg, 

Germany; 

3 

Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V., Department of 

Quality, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany. 

Brassica plants such as cabbage, broccoli or mustard contain glucosinolates (GSL), sulfur 

containing secondary plant metabolites. (1) Especially their enzymatically formed hydrolysis 

products – e.g. isothiocyanates (ITC) and nitriles – are of particular interest in food research 

because of their alleged anticarcinogenic effects. Thermal processes such as cooking and canning 

degrade GSL and ITCs and nitriles will be formed. (2) 

The aim of the current study was the investigation of thermal degradation pathways of aliphatic 

GSL, such as sinigrin (allyl GSL), in model systems. The influence of various parameters on the 

GSL-breakdown, e.g. the pH value, temperature, iron ions, and water content, were studied to 

identify factors influencing the breakdown and the degradation pathways of the GSL. 

GSL-breakdown as well as formation of the volatile breakdown products (nitrile and ITC) and nonvolatile 

products, e.g. D-thioglucose and D-glucose, were investigated using high-performance 

liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-flame 

ionization detection (GC-FID). 

The thermally induced degradation of GSL and the resulting breakdown products were found to be 

dependent on the water content of the sample, on the concentration of iron(II), and on the pH value 

of the medium. Under aqueous conditions (pH 5.3) the aliphatic GSL sinigrin degraded to Dglucose 

and the corresponding ITC. Basic medium reduces the thermal stability of the GSL as well 

as of the ITC, as reported previously. (3, 4) Iron(II) reduces, especially in presence of additional 

vitamin C, the GSL concentration and the corresponding nitrile and D-thioglucose was formed. 

Under dry conditions the desulfo-GSL was identified for the first time as an intermediary 

breakdown product in the thermal degradation of aliphatic GSL. 


169

Poster D-9 

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT AND FATTY 

ACID COMPOSITION IN NON FOOD BRASSICACEAE SEEDS 

Lazzeri L., Bagatta M.*, D’Avino L. , Ugolini L., De Nicola G. R., Casadei N., Cinti S., Malaguti 

L., Iori R. 

Agricultural Research Council, Industrial Crop Research Center (CRA-CIN), via di Corticella 133, 

I-40128, Bologna, Italy. 

E-mail: manuela.bagatta@entecra.it 

Plants of the Brassicales order, and, in particular, the species belonging to the Brassicaceae family, 

are characterised by the presence of the myrosinase (MYR)-glucosinolate (GLs) system, an efficient 

internal defensive system that plays a role in the control of several types of pathogens. When plants 

are damaged by wounding or by a pathogen attack GLs are hydrolyzed by MYR and release 

isothiocyanates (ITCs), bio-active degradation products harmful to pathogens or pests. The 

exploitation of this system has led to the definition of the “Biofumigation” technique arising from 

the use of the biocidal properties of ITCs released from GL containing plants and materials. In 

addition, Brassicaceae seeds are characterized by an oil content ranging from 10 to 45 % of their 

dry matter. Brassicaceae oils contain different fatty acid compositions that confer important 

tribological properties for the production of bioenergy, lubricants and molecules for lipochemistry. 

For a better exploitation and knowledge of the Brassicaceae biodiversity, our research group has 

been collecting seeds from several wild and cultivated non food species. They have been analyzed 

for their GL and fatty acid composition. Furthermore, plants from the most interesting species 

selected for their GL and fatty acid profile were tested for their adaptability to the full-field 

cultivation. In the present work, a collection of seeds of about sixty Brassicaceae species, preserved 

and available at CRA-CIN, has been characterized. The results confirm a wide variation in their 

profile bringing out interesting perspectives for their application in non food fields. 


170

Poster D-10 

INTESTINAL FERMENTABILITY OF BRASSICA: METHODS FOR EVALUATING AND 

MINIMIZING DIGESTIVE DISCOMFORT 

Leroy G. 1 , Baty-Julien C. 1 *, Leguen V. 2 , Mabeau S. 1 

1 Vegenov - BBV, Penn Ar Prat, 29250 St Pol de Léon, France; 

2 Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 

Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne EA3882, 6 Rue de l'Université, 

29334 Quimper Cedex, France. 

E-mail: baty@vegenov.com 

Brassica vegetables are spontaneously cited by consumers as causing digestive discomfort after 

their consumption. The sensory and nutritional laboratory of Vegenov has applied a method first 

developed on artichoke to identify a solution to limit the disturbance after cauliflower consumption. 

Bloating and flatulence were the main symptoms caused by cauliflower. First, the fibre compounds 

suspected to cause inconvenience was identified with bibliographic research and we optimized a 

dosage method to determine fibre content. The compounds suspected were cellulose and pectin. 

Secondly, we evaluated the different factors altering the amount of pectin and cellulose e.g. 

agronomic factors (varieties, size) and technological factors (storage, cooking treatment etc.). Thus, 

thanks to a better understanding of fibre content changes, it was possible to identify solutions to 

limit fibre content and therefore digestive discomfort. Biochemical analyses showed a high 

variation of fibre content with a drop by 35 % in the case of a particular association of preservation 

and cooking treatment. An in vivo study was performed in order to understand better the 

effectiveness of these potential solutions on digestive discomfort perception. We developed 

methods for assessing intestinal discomfort by measuring gas production (using a breath hydrogen 

monitor) and registering the perceptions of the panel during the study with a health questionnaire. 

We observed that the “digestion friendly” option significantly reduced gastrointestinal symptoms 

like bloating, abdominal pain and stool emissions. With our method, we were able to find a solution 

to reduce digestive discomfort. This approach can also be used for other vegetables that cause 

digestive discomfort. 


171

Poster D-11 

EVALUATION OF SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF MINIMALLY PROCESSED 

VIOLET AND WHITE-TYPE CAULIFLOWERS 

Licciardello F., Muratore G., Spagna G., Branca F., Ragusa L., Caggia C., Randazzo C., Restuccia 

C. 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 98 - 


E-mail: fabio.licciardello@unict.it 

The impact of minimal processing technology on the shelf-life of Violet and White-type 

cauliflowers packaged in two different films was evaluated during 21 days of storage at 4°C. White 

cauliflower was characterized by a weight loss by 8% after 5 days of storage in the perforated film, 

as a result of moisture loss, while packaging in the permeable film was effective at reducing the 

weight loss to about 0.3%. For what concerns the Violet-type cauliflower, the weight loss in the 

perforated film exceeded 22% after 5 days, while it was limited to 0.3% in the permeable film. The 

colorimetric analysis on racemes did not reveal, for each cultivar, significant differences during 

storage, while important changes were observed on the cut surfaces of the White cultivar. The use 

of a perforated film allowed the headspace gas composition to remain at environmental levels 

throughout storage, while with the use of a permeable film, both cauliflower varieties reached a 

steady-state O2 level ranging from 11 to 13% and a CO2 level of 8.5% after 72 hours. Although the 

initial mesophilic bacteria counts in both cultivars were high, all the analyzed samples were in 

compliance with the recommended microbial limits of total plate counts (8 log cfu/g). Count values 

of moulds and yeasts reached the limit values (5 log cfu/g) after a few days of storage, especially 

for the White-type packaged in the perforated film, while a different behaviour was shown by 

Enterobacteriaceae, which evidenced a higher load throughout the considered storage period in 

samples packaged in the permeable film. 

The use of a non-perforated, permeable packaging determines a suitable atmosphere, limiting 

moisture loss. Violet cauliflower is more suitable for minimal processing due to the color stability 

on the cut surface area, however microbial quality of raw materials represents an essential condition 

for the shelf life extension. 


172

Poster D-12 

EVALUATION OF PHENOLICS, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT 

VARIETIES OF CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. BOTRYTIS) AND THEIR 

CHANGES DURING CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE COOKING 

Lupidi G. 1 , Acciarri N. 2 *, Achilli M. 3 , Bramucci M. 1 , Marchini C. 3 , Amici A. 3 , Ferrari V. 2 

1 

School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC) Italy; 

2 

CRA-ORA Agricultural Research Council Research Unit for Vegetable Crops. 63030 Monsampolo 

del Tronto (AP), Italy; 

3 

Department of Bioscience and Biotecnology, University of Camerino, 62032 

Camerino (MC) Italy. 

In this work the antioxidant activity of different types (white, green, violet and orange) of 

cauliflower florets and stems, and their changes during conventional and microwave cooking, were 

investigated. The different samples of cauliflower florets and stem were cooked by conventional 

boiling or by microwave over up to 300 seconds. Total phenolics retained after the different 

cooking methods in the florets and stems were determined as the total retained antioxidant activity 

evaluated with ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay. 

The results showed that most of the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity in cauliflower 

were lost during cooking on all cauliflower varieties tested, with lower losses when microwave was 

used under particular conditions. Phenolics content and total antioxidant activity of the samples 

correlate very well with all used methods. The loss of activity resulted lower for orange and violet 

cauliflower with respect to white or green varieties, when we used microwave method in the 

presence of a small amount of water and dedicated commercial cooking bags. The decrease in 

concentration of different phenolic components was also evaluated by HPLC-MS, as a function of 

cooking methods. The results obtained suggest that some common cooking treatments can be used 

on the different varieties of cauliflower to enhance the nutritional value of these vegetables, 

increasing bioavailability of potential health-promoting constituents. 


173

Poster D-13 

EFFECT OF HOT AIR TREATMENT ON QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF MINIMALLY 

PROCESSED CAULIFLOWER 

Miceli A.*, Vetrano F., Romano C., D’Anna F. 

Dipartimento dei Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 90128, 

Palermo, Italy. 

E-mail: alessandro.miceli@unipa.it 

Cauliflower, as other cabbages, has a high nutritional value due to its content of vitamins, 

antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic compounds. Cauliflower inflorescences are harvested when they 

are still totally immature. The request of minimally processed vegetable is continuously increasing, 

and there is a growing interest for new fresh cut products. Cauliflower is suitable to be used as a 

minimally processed vegetable, but harvesting and the following processing can cause a severe 

stress determining the appearance of accelerated senescence symptoms. The effect of hot air 

treatment on minimally processed cauliflower was investigated. Florets were put in PE sealed bags 

before treating at 48°C for 180 min and then stored at 4°C for 21 days. During storage period, 

weight loss, color, firmness, SSC and pH were evaluated. Cauliflower showed a good shelf life and 

overall quality maintenance. Hot air treatment reduced its susceptibility to browning. 


174

Poster D-14 

OPTIMIZATION OF METHODS OF MYROSINASE ACTIVITY DETERMINATION 

Piekarska A.*, Namieśnik J., Bartoszek A. 

Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk, Poland. 

E-mail: p-anna1@wp.pl 

The enzyme myrosinase (ß-thioglucosidase glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1) is found mostly in 

Brassicaceace plants that also contain glucosinolates (GLS), a sulfur-containing secondary 

metabolites. Myrosinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the thioglucosidic bond in GLS releasing a 

range of products of different structure depending on the parent GLS, hydrolysis conditions, 

presence of ferrous ions and additional protein factors. The final compounds, mainly 

isothiocyanates (ITC), are known to trigger a number of health promoting effects, most importantly 

they inhibit tumorigenesis and play the role in the prevention of heart diseases. ITC are also a major 

component of plant natural protection system against phytophages and therefore they have found 

application in the ecological method of crop protection (biofumigation). 

However, to fully exploit the potential of Brassicas the indepth understanding of enzymatic 

mechanism behind their biological activity is required. This implies that the reliable and 

reproducible methods of determination of myrosinase activity are needed. In literature, different 

protocols are described and accordingly the published values of myrosinase activity vary 

substancially. Therefore, we decided to optimize the procedures of two direct methods of 

determination of myrosinase activity: spectrophotometric and pH-stat assay. The optimization was 

carried out for a wide range of concentrations for two substrates (sinigrin, glucotropaeolin) and 

commercial myrosinase prep. Also the influence of sample preparation method and temperature 

conditions were investigated. The optimized protocols were then verified with the use of plant 

samples including edible parts of Brassica vegetables and seeds. 


175

Poster D-15 

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGES ON THE QUALITY OF 

SICILIAN KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. ACEPHALA) SHOOTS 

Ragusa L. 1 *, Melilli M. G. 2 , Branca F. 1 , Argento S. 2 , Raccuia S.A. 2 , Licciardello F. 1 , Restuccia C. 1 

1 



2 

CNR Institute for Mediterranean Agriculture and Forest Systems - UOS Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: luciaragusa84@hotmail.it; mariagrazia.melilli@cnr.it 

Since some decades, in the present global economic crisis the request for fresh-cut products is 

showing an increasing trend, and it is one of the most remunerative sectors of the agriculture. 

In this frame we pointed our attention to diversity fresh-cut vegetable items by several minor and/or 

underutilized crops and in some case by wild species gathered and utilized as vegetables in Sicily. 

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) seems to be of great interest for fresh-cut production both 

for its environmental friendly growing techniques and nutraceutical properties, as it is rich in 

antioxidants compounds as ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, carotenoids and glucosinolates. 

The use of low oxygen (O2) and high carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere appeared useful for 

maintain quality and extend shelf-life for several vegetables. In this condition the plant reduces 

respiration process that involves a complex biochemical reactions, delayed ripening and senescence 

and also reduces fungal development. Besides refrigeration is important for elongate the shelf-life 

but modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is an important complementary technique. 

We studied a kale Sicilian type tested with three modified atmosphere (air, 70%N2:30CO2; 

100%CO2), three temperature levels (0, 4 and 8°C) and three time storage (0, 3 and 7 days). 

Every day and at any temperature were monitored percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide, 

chromatic parameters (L*, a* and b*) and dry weight to observe the variation. 

Results showed the best method was utilization of 70% N2:30% CO2 at temperature of 4°C, the 

product is kept in good condition for all seven days. This study has allowed of knowledge the 

respiration process and variation of color of the leave in relation at modified atmosphere, time and 

temperature of storage. 


176

Poster D-16 

ADAPTING TURNIP-TOPS AND TURNIP-GREENS TO MODERN CONSUMER HABITS 

Silva Dias J.*, Almeida A.B., Trindade P.B. 



E-mail: mirjsd@gmail.com 

Turnips are very common in Portugal and produce three distinct vegetables: turnip-roots, turnipgreens 

and turnip-tops. Turnip-tops and turnip-greens are unique and very popular vegetables in 

Portugal used in traditional dishes. In fact, there are food festivals in Portugal featuring only turniptops 

dishes. 

Turnip-tops are the fructiferous stems with the flower buds and the surrounding leaves. Turnipgreens 

are the young leaves, grown following a spinach like growing technique with a high density 

population of plants, and harvested when reaching about 20 cm. There are special turnip landraces 

used by growers for each of these specialized productions. Although in recent years there was a 

decline in consumption of both vegetables, associated with the loss in competitiveness towards 

other vegetables and consumer requirements. 

The production of frozen turnip-tops and turnip-greens is an interesting way for adapting a 

traditional vegetable to the modern consumer habits. A summary of the results of two agronomic 

trials: i) influence of population and harvest date in the yield, morphology and quality of turnipgreens; 

and ii) influence of cultivars and harvest dates in the yield and quality of turnip-greens, will 

be presented. 


177

Poster D-17 

GLUCOSINOLATES COMPOSITION IN BRASSICACEAE 

Solovyova A.E. 1 *, ArtemyevaA.M. 1 , Schuetze W. 2 

1 N.I.Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), Saint-Petersburg, Russia; 

2 Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Ecological 

Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Quedlinburg, Germany. 


Glucosinolates (GSL) are important secondary metabolites in plants, which are responsible for taste, 

flavour, provide anticancerogenic, antioxidative, immune stimulated and antithrombotic effects for 

human health and from other side they are ranked among natural pesticides against diseases and 

pests and can be used as natural biofumigators in soil after ploughing in their biomass as green 

fertilizing. GSL give rise to a wide range of biologically active breakdown products 

isothiocyanates, indoles, and oxazolidinethiones upon ensymatic degradation by the endogenous 

ensyme myrosinase. In our studies it was carried out analysis of total and component content of 

glucosinolates in five genera of Brassicaceae: Sinapis alba, Lepidium sativum, Eruca sativa, 

Diplotaxis muralis, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa by HPLC method. 21 component of 

glucosinlates profile were determined, among them 15 aliphatic GSL, four indol GSL and two 

benzoyl GSL. Although the new glucosinolates were not found, significant differences in total 

amounts and glucosinolate profiles between crops and cultivars were determined. All studied 

accessions of white mustard and six accessions of Indian mustard with high level – more than более 

40 μmol/g of sinalbin and sinigrin respectively – are convenient for biofumigation. 17-compound 

GSL content of Brassica rapa was revealed. Some leafy forms with high level of nutritious value 

are recommended for breeding to improve quality of food, for medicinal purposes, and to enlarge an 

assortment of cruciferous vegetables. Large potential of variability of glucosinolates component 

content permits to recommend the use concrete forms and cultivars of cruciferous plants in different 

directions: for valuable food products and for soil fumigation. 


178

Poster D-18 

SURVEY OF HEALTHY COMPOUNDS IN PLANT MATERIAL FROM DIFFERENT 

SPECIES OF BRASSICACEAE 

Tribulato A. 1 , Branca F. 1 , Ragusa L. 1 , Lo Scalzo R. 2 , Picchi V. 2 

1 



2 

CRA-IAA Research Unit for Food Technology, via G. Venezian, 26 20133 Milano, Italy. 

E-mail: atribula@unict.it 

The content in healthy compounds is becoming a strong instrument for evaluating the quality of 

plant material. For this purpose, seeds, initial and 7-days sprouts of Brassica and other species have 

been analyzed and compared for their phytochemical content (ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, total 

carotenoids, anthocyanin and glucosinolates) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH method). 

In the seeds the ascorbic acid resulted more highest, with 7,6 mg g-1s.s., for broccoli “Ramoso 

calabrese medio precoce” , the total polyphenols content showed more highest amount for white 

mustard, the total anthocyanins resulted present only in rocket “coltivata a foglia lobata” and the 

total carotenoids content showed more highest amount for leek “S.Giovanni 90”, broccoli “Ramoso 

calabrese medio precoce”, Bruxelles sprouts “Mezzo nano” and wild mustrad. 

In the sprouts the contents in antioxidant compounds generally has been increasing of initial sprouts 

at 7 days for more highest species. 

The contents in glucosinolates in the seeds showed value more higher than to 0 and 7 days, but 

among the different days the highest value has been for spouts at 0 day. 

A strong variability has been obviously found in the glucosinolates profile, but the trend in their 

production resulted in a descending trend from seeds to 7-days sprouts. 

On the other hand, the main hydrosoluble phytochemicals assayed (total phenols and ascorbic acid) 

resulted in an ascending trend from seeds to 7-days sprouts. The antioxidant capacity generally 

resulted higher in 7-days sprouts, with some exception in seeds. Non Brassica species had a low 

amount in phytochemicals, while a low correlation by simple regression has been found only 

between total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. 


179

Poster D-19 

BRASSICA FRUTICULOSA CYR. AND B. INCANA TEN. (BRASSICACEAE) AS 

MEDITERRANEAN TRADITIONAL WILD VEGETABLES: A VALUABLE SOURCE OF 

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 

Tripodi G. 1 , Verzera A. 1 , Dima G. 1 , Condurso C. 1 , Ragusa S. 2 , Raccuia S.A. 3 

1 Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; 

2 Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; 

3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISAFoM, 95121 Catania. 

Two species of Brassicaceae (Crucifer) family, used and appreciated as traditional wild vegetables, 

including Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. and Brassica incana Ten., were examined as potential source of 

bioactive volatile compounds. The volatile constituents released by the chopped leaves and roots 

were extracted and analysed by solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatography - mass 

spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). A large number of volatile constituents were identified: alcohols, 

aldehydes, esters, acids, ketones, terpenes, C13-norisoprenoides and sulfur compounds. Volatiles 

included isothiocyanates with a well known anticancer activity; the largest amount resulted in the 

roots with 3-butenyl isothiocyanate the most represented in both species, of great interest also the 

good amount revealed in the leaves of Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. The revaluation of these plants, a 

vegetable source of high antioxidant power, will be interesting for consumer health by the 

production of new commercial herbal products and/or dietary supplements of high quality and low 

cost. 


180

Session E 

WORKSHOP ISATIS 



181

Session E 

NUTRACEUTICAL VALUES OF WOAD (ISATIS TINCTORIA L.) FLOWER BUDS OF 

ECOTYPES FROM SICILY, ITALY 

Galletti S. 1 *, Bagatta M. 1 , Ragusa L. 2 , Argento S. 3 , Branca F. 2 , Iori R. 1 

1 

CRA- Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali, Bologna, Italy; 

2 



3 

CNR – Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, Catania, Italy. 

Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) is a wild plant widely diffused throughout Europe, Italy included. In 

ancient times it was exploited as a dye-plant, to obtain the indigo colour, until the appearance of the 

synthetic dye on the markets at the beginning of 1900. Recently this plant was rediscovered also for 

its cosmetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Belonging to Brassicaceae family, woad contains 

glucosinolates, bioactive compounds possessing nutraceutical properties. Although woad is not 

considered as an edible vegetable worldwide, rural people living around Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, 

are accustomed to collect the flower buds from the extensively diffused wild plants in the late 

winter, to be consumed after boiling as ingredients for salads or omelets. 

In order to investigate the nutraceutical value of woad, fresh flower buds were collected on Mount 

Etna slopes in Sicily over two years and analysed for their bioactive compound content. Woad 

samples contained considerable amounts of glucosinolates, ranging from 80 up to over 100 µmol g -1 

dw, which are values higher than those found in other Brassica vegetables. Only gluconapin and the 

most interesting glucobrassicin, which is the natural precursor of indole-3-carbinol, a multiple 

antitumorigenic compound, were found. High mean values were also recorded for total polyphenols 

and flavonoids (25 GAE mg g -1 dw and 7 CE mg g -1 dw, respectively). Consequently, also the 

antioxidant activity (ORAC) of the woad flower buds resulted among the highest reported for other 

Brassica vegetables, being about 300 µmol TE g -1 dw. 

Since processing can partly reduce the glucosinolate content of vegetables, different cooking ways, 

such as boiling and microwaving, were compared. Boiling for 10 min caused losses of 34% of total 

glucosinolates, while microwaving (10 min, 800W) only reduced the glucosinolate amount by 3%. 

The results obtained suggest that woad flower buds could be considered as a functional food with 

possible antitumoral properties. 


182

Session E 

WOAD (ISATIS TINCTORIA L.): AN INNOVATIVE CROP FOR THE 

MEDITERRANEAN AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM 

Guarnaccia P., Pinio M., Testa G., Branca F., 

Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie ed Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania 

E-mail: paolo.guarnaccia@unict.it 

The genus Isatis (Brassicaceae) encompasses about 30 species, most of them producing in their 

leaves the blue pigment indigo (indigotin), one of the oldest natural dyes known to man. Isatis 

tinctoria L., the earliest known source of indigo in Europe where it was cultivated since the Middle 

Ages, is a biennial and mainly outbreeding species not yet subjected to any formal breeding 

programme and expressing a variety of phenotypes which differ for morphological and 

phytochemical characteristics. 

Indigo is not found as a native compound in plants, but as a product of a secondary metabolite 

named indoxyl. Since the biosynthetic pathway of indigo production has not yet completely 

understood, the purity and quality of the natural product could not be controlled, being it one of the 

main reasons for their replacement by synthetic indigo at the end of the 19 th century. New 

technologies to process indigo products have recently been developed encouraging the importance 

of the reintroduction of indigo-producing plants into European farming in order to make naturally 

dyed products available to a much wider market to fulfill the increasing interest amongst consumers 

for ecological standards and natural products made from renewable sources. 

As a result of the historical disappearance of plant indigo-producing farming, there is a considerable 

lack of knowledge regarding the basic cultivation of these plants and its indigo production. The 

“Impronte” research project (www.impronte.org) funded by Sicilian Region (PSR 2007-13, Mis. 

124) started in 2011 and will run until 2013. It aims to give Sicilian farmers a way to make a high 

quality indigo product to satisfy present and future demands from industry. There are eight partners 

representing all links in the production chain: growing the crops, ensuring seed supplies, improving 

yields, extracting the indigo, purifying the product and testing it for dye quality. 

First results show a wide genetic variability of Isatis tinctoria L., with good adaptation to the 

Mediterranean climate conditions, giving large biomass production and high indigo yields during 

the first vegetative year. This low technology-demanding crop could represent an interesting 

alternative to the traditionally cultivated vegetables in this region thanks to the positive influence of 

the moderate temperatures, that allow successive harvests during an extended growing season, and 

of the intense light regimes, that increase indigo precursor content 


183

Session E 

CAPTURING THE LEAF TRANSCRIPTOME OF ISATIS TINCTORIA L. 

Parkin I., Kagale S., Robinson S. 

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, CANADA. 

Woad or Isatis tinctoria is a valuable member of the Brassicaceae that has been utilized in 

traditional medicine since antiquity but it is most commonly known for its previous use in the 

production of blue dye for the textile industry. In our lab I. tinctoria has proved a compelling 

species for studying pathways producing health-promoting compounds but also as a control species 

for the study of the plants response to low temperatures. There are few genomics or genetic 

resources available for I. tinctoria, in order to assist in our research we have developed a snapshot 

of the woad transcriptome using Roche 454 next generation sequencing. Young leaves were used to 

develop a cDNA library, for which 374,719 good quality, filtered reads were generated (average 

length, 325 bp). These reads were assembled into 32,533 Isotigs using Newbler v2.6, 80% of which 

showed strong sequence similarity to 12,852 and 30 annotated nuclear and plastid genes of 

Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. A summary of the developed transcriptome and its use in a 

larger study comparing 15 Brassicaceae species with adaptive phenotypes of interest will be 

discussed. 


184

Session E 

NATURAL INDIGO FROM ISATIS TINCTORIA L. FOR THE VALORISATION OF 

SICILIAN CROPS 

Spagna G. 1 , Todaro A. 2 , Palmeri R. 1 * 

1 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, via S.Sofia, 98 - 

95123, Catania, Italy; 

2 

SAGA – Dipartimento dei Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze 13, 

90128, Palermo, Italy; 

E-mail: rpalmeri@unict.it 

Isatis tinctoria L. or woad (Brassicaceae) is an upright herbaceous biennal species up to 120 cm in 

height. It is in Mediterranean countries, a common plant cultivated through out centuries to produce 

the blue dye indigo. With increasing concern for sustainability and a demand from consumers for 

naturally sourced products, there is a revival of interest in natural indigo as an agricultural crop 

product. Indigo is formed after the extraction of indigo precursors in the leaves of these plants: 

mainly isatans in woad These compounds are extracted by steeping leaves in warm water. With 

woad, the addition of alkali to the steep water releases free indoxyl, which forms indigo after a 

vigorous aeration. Indigo is hydrophobic and insoluble in water, so that it sediments readily, and the 

solid indigo can be readily washed and dried. Indigo is synthesized from two precursor molecules of 

indoxyl, deriving from plant secondary metabolism. Recently clarified the nature of indigo 

precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.), by identifying the major indoxyl glycoside as isatan A 

(indoxyl-3-O-(60-O-malonyl-b-D-ribohexo-3-ulopyranoside)), and by correcting the structure of the 

related isatan B (indoxyl-3-O-b-D-ribohexo-3-ulopyranoside). The seasonal variation of indoxyl 

glycosides in woad leaves was investigated and the influence of various post-harvest treatments was 

studied and Isatans A and B disappeared completely when the leaf material was submitted to a 

conventional drying process. In contrast, the indican content in leaves increased significantly, and 

the extent of this increase was temperature-dependent. These precursor can be identified and 

quantified by HPLC method since their quantity in dependent on the species and the harvest period. 

The modern extraction method of indigo from woad uses the water solubility of the indigo 

precursors in steeping the leaves in hot water. The precursors are broken down to indoxyl and sugar 

moieties by endogenous enzymes in plant (glycosidases), but in the extraction method this is done 

by alkali with aeration. The purity of plant-derived indigo even with the modern extraction method 

is somewhat low when compared to the synthetic indigo. Natural indigo contains besides indigo, 

impurities such as indirubin, indigo-brown, indigo gluten and mineral matter. Several authors 

indicate that indigo can be extracted from woad with a purity of 90% if three conditions are met: the 

leaves contain a sufficiently high yield of indigo precursors; the leaves are rinsed free of soil; and 

the indigo is sedimented in an acid medium. 


185

Session F 

AGRONOMY 



186

Session F 

AGRONOMICAL EVALUATION OF BROCCOLI RAAB GENOTYPES FOR FRESH CUT 

AND PROCESSING PRODUCTS 

Calabrese N.*, Carito A. 

CNR - Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari ; via Amendola 122/o; 70126 Bari. 

E-mail: nicola.calabrese@ispa.cnr.it 

Broccoli raab (Brassica rapa L) also called turnip top or rapini, is widely cultivated in central and 

southern Italy; the edible portion is composed of the green-immature inflorescences (heads) and the 

tender stems with its most young leaves. In the last years the interest of the consumers to this 

vegetable is rising; moreover, a substantial increase of consumption could come from processed 

(frozen) or fresh-cut products (FCP), that offer to consumers convenience, high nutritional value 

and flavour while still maintaining their freshness. 

This paper provides information on the suitability of different genotypes of broccoli raab to obtain 

frozen and FCP. In addition growing techniques to improve yield and quality were investigated. 

Two year open field trials were carried out on five genotypes of broccoli raab. Sowing time and 

plant density were also evaluated in order to enlarge the harvest season of vegetables. Total yield, 

biometric traits and colour measurements were determined on broccoli raab plants at each harvest. 

To prepare FCP, young stems, leaves and inflorescences were selected, trimmed, washed and 

drained. Panel tests were arranged on the FCP to evaluate organoleptic attributes; the results were 

graphically represented by sensorial profiles. 

‘Quarantina’ and ‘Fasanese’ genotypes resulted best suitable for fresh cut production; total yield 

was higher than others, whereas the refuse percentage of products was very low. The number of 

axillary heads was highest in ‘Mezzo tempo di Fasano’. Plant density affected total yield and 

morphological and qualitative traits of all broccoli raab genotypes. 


187

Session F 

EFFECT OF THE APLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF 

THE LATE HEAD CABBAGE ROSSETE ON VERNALIZATION AND SEED YIELD 

Adzic S. 1 *, Prodanovic S. 2 , Girek Z. 1 , Pavlovic N. 1 , Cvikic D. 1 , Pavlovic S. 1 , Zdravkovic J. 1 

1 Institute for Vegetable Crops, Karadjordjeva 71, Smederevska Palanka, Serbia; 

2 Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, Serbia. 

E-mail: sladjan.adzic@gmail.com 

Seed production of head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) in conditions of continental 

climate is carried out by introducing plant in a specific developmental stage of vegetative rosettes, 

in the meteorological conditions under which the vernalization process occur. Vernalization is a 

physiological process of transformation vegetative meristemic tissue into generative tissue, and in 

this way avoiding one stage of organogenesis – cabbage head. This process takes place in 

conditions of low positive temperatures, with a specified duration, which is possible in our country 

in the period of autumn and winter. Only a limited number of plants during this cold period 

experience this transformation. Experiment on one late head cabbage genotype, was set up in 

Institute for Vegetable Crops, in four replications with three sowing dates (15 th August, 1 st 

September, and 15 th September). The seedling was planted, in field conditions at 20 th October 2010, 

in the experimental field size 70x50 cm (28 500 plants per ha). Plants were treated with gibberellic 

acid (GA3), concentration of 300 ppm. Application of GA3 was conducted in two periods: before 

the beginning and at the end of the period with optimum temperature for vernalization. The results 

of this experiment showed statistically significant differences of sowing dates and seed treatment on 

yield (p> 0.05). Also, results showed statistically significant differences of interaction between 

sowing date and the percentage of blossom treated plants at both levels of significance (p> 0.01, p> 

0.05). A minimum percentage of blossom plant was 40 and a maximum 80, and average yield 

varied from 539 kg to 1621 kg. 


188

Session F 

CULTIVARS AND FERTILISER STRATEGIES AFFECT THE CONCENTRATION OF 

GLUCOSINOLATES IN CURLY KALE (BRASSICA OLERACEAE L VAR. SABELLICA L) 

Grønbæk M.*, Kidmose U., Kristensen H. L. 

Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark. 

E-mail: Marie.Gronbaek@agrsci.dk 

Curly kale contains glucosinolates which have been of great interest since they were shown to have 

some health beneficial effects such as a preventive effect against cancer. Choice of cultivar and 

application of nitrogen and sulphur fertilisers during production are known to have an influence on 

glucosinolate concentration in other Brassica species. The aim of this study was to investigate the 

interactions between choice of cultivars, nitrogen and sulphur fertiliser on glucosinolate 

concentration in a crop of curly kale. Modern and traditional cultivars from the NordGen 

germplasm collection were used in this study. 

In a first experiment the traditional ‘Tiara’ and modern ‘Reflex’ cultivars were grown at 90, 135, 

185 or 230 kg N ha-1 in a field experiment during the season of 2011. In a second experiment the 

‘Reflex’ cultivar was grown at 90, 135 or 185 kg N ha-1 combined with 0 or 30 kg S ha-1 during 

the same period. Glucosinolates were extracted from freeze dried leaves and analysed by highperformance 

liquid chromatography. 

The results showed that the traditional cultivar ‘Tiara’ had a higher total concentration of 

glucosinolates but a lower yield of edible leaves compared to the modern cultivar ‘Reflex’. The 

ratio of aliphatic to indole glucosinolates was highest in ‘Reflex’. The highest concentration of 

glucosinolates was obtained at different levels of nitrogen in the two experiments, whereas 

application of sulphur always increased the glucosinolate concentration irrespective of nitrogen 

application in ‘Reflex’. 

These findings underline the importance of the choice of cultivar and fertiliser strategy for nitrogen 

and sulphur when we aim for bio-enrichment seen in a future health perspective. 


189

Session F 

THE BRASSICACEAE BIOFUMIGATION SYSTEM FOR PLANT CULTIVATION AND 

DEFENSE AN ITALIAN TWENTY YEAR EXPERIENCE OF STUDY AND 

APPLICATION 

Lazzeri L. 1 *, Malaguti L. 1 , Cinti S. 1 , De Nicola G.R. 1 , Ugolini L. 1 , Bagatta M. 1 , Matteo R. 2 , Casadei 

N. 1 , D’Avino L. 1 

1 Agricultural Research Council - Industrial Crop Research Centre (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella, 

133, I-40128, Bologna, Italy; 

2 CRA-CIN external collaborator. 

E-mail: luca.lazzeri@entecra.it 

Among non-chemical alternatives to pesticides, the use of natural compounds with a high biological 

activity presents several environmental benefits, mainly due to their renewability and 

biodegradability, that generally allows a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to the 

use of conventional compounds. In particular, in these last twenty years, interesting perspectives 

were provided by the study and the exploitation of the typical glucosinolate (GL) – myrosinase 

(MYR) defensive system of the Brassicaceae family. The high biocidal activity of the GL-MYR 

hydrolysis derived products has been observed in vitro on several soil-borne fungi, nematodes and 

insects and provides a natural and practical alternative to chemical fumigants for controlling some 

soil borne pathogens and pests. Over these years, plants from several Brassicaceae species were 

selected as biofumigant green manures. In addition, some plants materials based on residual 

defatted seed meals containing high GL content were characterized, formulated, patented and tested 

in full-field application. Since several years, they have been marketed in different countries as dry 

pellets or as a component of liquid formulation for a distribution to epigeal or hypogeal plant 

apparatus. A review about the biofumigant system, reporting the results of its efficacy in application 

fields as horticulture, floriculture, fruit cultivation and post-harvest treatment, will be presented. 

Finally, environmental aspects of the application of biofumigant system in alternative to 

conventional pesticides will be discussed, taking into account also the secondary benefits of 

biobased products such as the fertilizing and biostimulant properties. The synergic application of 

these natural compounds, year after year, can maximize the biofumigation containing effect and can 

offer the farmer a new option in plant cultivation and management. 


190

Session F 

SUCCESS AND FAILURES OF BIOFUMIGATION WITH BRASSICAS 

Gilardi G., Gullino M. L., Garibaldi A. 

Center of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), 

University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy. 

E-mail: giovanna.gilardi@unito.it 

The use of Brassica species as green manure is a type of biofumigation involving the release of 

isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, nitriles or oxazolidinethiones that control multiple soil-borne 

problems. Biofumigation can be achieved by incorporating fresh plant material, seed meals, or dried 

plant material treated to preserve isothiocyanate activity or by using brassica intercrops. Thus, 

brassica residues can provide varying levels of pathogen control, either alone or when combined 

with other disinfestation methods. However, some recent studies indicate that the effectiveness of 

organic amendments including brassica residues is variable and, in some cases, soil amendmendts 

with Brassica products can enhance disease severity. The negative effect of these amendments may 

result from increased pathogen inoculum potential when the substrate serves to sustain saprophytic 

growth of plant pathogens or from the increase of inoculum potential of pathogens carried out by 

using the brassica amendments. Some examples of success and failure of the use of biofumigation 

against soil-borne pathogens of vegetable crops will be reported. 


191

Session F 

EFFECT OF COMPOST APPLICATION ON QUALITATIVE TRAITS IN CABBAGE 


Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment – University of 

Padova – Agripolis – Italy. 

E-mail: carlo.nicoletto@unipd.it 

The use of alternative fertilizers plays nowadays an increasing importance because of increase of 

price of mineral fertilizers and organic matter decrease in cultivated soils. Veneto Region plays an 

active role in waste recycling and composting activities that allows to use new organic matter 

sources in order to improve soil properties. In this study we evaluated the effect of compost use on 

the agronomic and nutritional qualitative traits of cabbage. 

The experiment was conducted at the University of Padova considering the following theses: 

control unfertilized (F0), treatment with mineral fertilizers (FMIN) in which the 100% of the 

nitrogen requirement was supplied in mineral form, treatment where 50% of the nitrogen 

requirement was made in mineral form and the remaining demand with compost (F50), 100 % of 

nitrogen requirements necessary for the culture was made from compost (F100) and 200% of 

demand in nitrogen was supplied through compost (F200). Dry matter content, antioxidant capacity 

(AOA), total phenols (TP), ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic acids, organic nitrogen and nitrate (NO3) 

were evaluated as qualitative traits. It was also determined the quantity of Al, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, P, Zn 

and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb). 

Results showed that AOA and TP were higher in plants grown with F0 and F200. About AA values 

the most interesting result was observed in F200 too. The main phenolic acids detected were 

chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid on which fertilizer treatment did not significantly influenced. 

However, for both acids, the highest values were measured by plants cultivated with F200. In 

assessing the content of NO3, plants of the thesis that during the crop cycle were held to a higher 

proportion of available nitrogen (F50 and FMIN), showed the highest concentrations of nitrogen 

compounds. Concerning heavy metals Cd, Hg, Pb were below the detectable limit. 


192

Session F 

AGRONOMY 



193

Poster F-1 

BIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT 

BRASSICACEAE GROWN IN THE SOUTH OF ITALY 

Anastasi U.*, Cosentino S., Copani V., Sidella S. 



E-mail: umberto.anastasi@unict.it 

A number of Brassicaceae such as Rapeseed (B. napus L. var. oleifera D.C.), Ethiopian mustard 

(Brassica carinata A. Braun), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern), White mustard (Sinapis 

alba L.) and Oil radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) can provide raw materials for 

food and non-food sectors, since their biomass is rich in a spectrum of valuable constituents 

distributed in the seeds (mainly oil and fatty acids, protein) as well as in other tissues (above all 

glucosinolates) of the plant. Glucosinolates can be useful as bioactive ingredients (e.g. in reducing 

the risk of cancer in humans) and as biocide agents (e.g. in controlling different biotic constraints of 

the crops). Therefore, these species are considered interesting as cash and catch crops to promote 

the transition towards the sustainability of cereal based farming systems prevalent in semiarid 

environment of southern Italy. For these reasons, an experiment was carried out, in a plain area in 

the province of Catania (eastern Sicily). A set of nineteen cultivars (variety and hybrids) belonging 

at the above-mentioned species were compared in large plots replicated three time arranged in a 

randomised-blocks. The sowing was performed in winter period. Weather data were recorded, and 

the main phenological stages of the plants were measured during the cropping cycle. At harvest, 

grain yield and its components were determined. Seed samples were analysed in order to 

characterise the lipid and protein components. The data were processed using analysis of variance. 

The time course of temperature and the amount of rainfall throughout the growing seasons were in 

accordance to that of the long-term period. 

The results highlighted an appreciable variability among the genotypes in terms of duration of the 

biological cycle and its phases. The genotypes reached the flowering stage from the end of March to 

the start of May, and ended the cycle (seed ripening) between mid-May and mid-June. In particular, 

the earliest genotypes were found within B. carinata, B. juncea, Sinapis and Raphanus. On the other 

hand, two cultivars of B. carinata reached the better performance in terms of grain yield, near to 2 t 

ha -1 . Significant differences between the tested genotypes were observed for oil and protein content 

of the grain. 

The experiment revealed that overall, the studied cultivars evidenced a good adaptability and some 

of them ensured an acceptable production level under the semiarid environmental conditions of 

Sicily. 


194

Poster F-2 

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES TRAITS FOR BRASSICA VEGETABLE CROPS 

PRODUCTION OF TURKEY 

Balkaya A.* 

University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Samsun, Turkey. 


Brassicas are widespread as wild, weedy and cultivated forms throughout Turkey. Vegetable 

brassica crops are an important and highly diverse group of crops grown world-wide that belong 

mainly to the species Brassica oleracea and Brassica campestris. Turkey has a significant place in 

world vegetable production. Turkey is fourth after China, India and the United States in world 

vegetable production. The total production of vegetable species in Turkey is 26.700.000 ton. In 

Turkey, cabbage is the most economically important member of the genus Brassica. The type of 

vegetables grown in Turkey has been diversified in the recent years. New crops include Brussels 

sprouts, Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, Pak choi and aromatic vegetables. Among many factors that 

make Turkey a strong vegetable sector, appropriate ecological conditions, proximity to foreign 

markets, and implement new technologies quickly transferred into the country, include the fact that 

labor costs are still low compared to developed countries. In this study, it was given as 

comprehensive strengths and weaknesses traits for Brassicas vegetable production of Turkey. 


195

Poster F-3 

EFFECTS OF BIO-FERTILIZERS ON BROCCOLI CULTIVARS IN ORGANIC 

FARMING 

Boari F., Calabrese N., Schiattone M. I., Cantore V. 

1 Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR, via Amendola 122/O -Bari, Italy. 

E-mail: francesca.boari@ispa.cnr.it 

Results of open field trial to study the effects of bio-fertilizers, applied by fertigation, on growth 

traits, morphological, yield and qualitative characteristics of different cultivars of broccoli 

(Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenk), are reported. Gas exchange parameters as net assimilation, 

transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency, were also evaluated during the 

cropping cycle. 

In addition, the results of a trial to compare the effects of conventional and organic grown 

techniques on the growth and yield traits of seedlings (cv. Marathon) are showed. 

The trials has been carried out in winter period in Valenzano (Bari, Southern Italy) on a clay-loam 

soil. Three levels of organic fertilization (0 - 60 and 120 kg ha -1 of NewFert based on fleshing 

hydrolyzed, by Chimica Dr. Fr. D’Agostino s.p.a., Bari-IT) on 4 cultivar of broccoli (‘Marathon’, 

‘Lord’, ‘Chevalier’, ‘Iron’), were compared. 

The different fertilizer treatments affected significantly the diameter of the inflorescence, which 

increased with the increase of the dose of bio-fertilizer and ascorbic acid content that, instead, was 

reduced. The cultivars showed good qualitative characteristics especially nitrate content that did not 

exceed 350 mg kg -1 f.w. The most productive cultivar was 'Chevalier' (11.8 t ha -1 ). Nitrate content 

was low, particularly in 'Lord' and 'Marathon' (161 mg kg -1 f.w), while a high level of ascorbic acid 

was recorded for 'Chevalier' and 'Iron' (72 mg 100 g -1 f.w.). 'Chevalier' and 'Iron' presented the best 

characteristics for what concern colour, more green and shiny. 

The type of seedlings did not result in significant effects on biometric and production parameters. 


196

Poster F-4 

QUALITY TRAITS OF SOME CAULIFLOWER CULTIVARS GROWN IN THE “VALLE 

DELL’OFANTO” AREA (ITALY) AS AFFECTED BY POST-HARVEST STORAGE 

Candido V., Galgano F.*, Castronuovo D., Miccolis V., Favati F. 

University of Basilicata, School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, 

Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10 - 85100 Potenza - Italy. 

E-mail: fernanda.galgano@unibas.it 

In this research, carried out at Gaudiano (41°03' N; 15°42' E, Southern Italy - Basilicata Region), 

some quality characteristics of the “Valle dell’Ofanto” cauliflower, that has been recently appointed 

the certification of collective brand, were investigated. In particular, 6 white head cauliflower 

cultivars, characterized by a different length of the cultivation cycle (2 early, 2 medium and 2 late 

cultivars), were studied. 

The above cultivars were transplanted in open field at the middle of August 2004 and harvested 

from the middle of October 2004 to the end of March 2005. At harvest time yield traits and head 

sizes of cauliflowers were measured. Among the qualitative traits, color, dry matter, nitrate and 

vitamin C content were assessed on the fresh florets and after a storage period lasting 15 days at 0 

°C and 95% R.H. The “Valle dell’Ofanto” cauliflower, showed to be characterized by a high 

content in sugars and vitamin C, even if significant differences in some qualitative parameters (e.g. 

vitamin C and nitrate content) were affected by cultivars and crop cycle length. On the other hand, 

the storage at controlled temperature and R.H. did not substantially change the qualitative 

characteristics of the heads, but caused only a slight increase of dry matter and soluble solids levels, 

especially in those cultivars more susceptible to weight loss. 


197

Poster F-5 

EFFECTS OF COVERAGE WITH NONWOVEN, AND FERTILIZER LEVEL ON THE 

WILD ROCKET IN ORGANIC FARMING 

Cantore V., Pace B., Schiattone M. I., Calabrese N., Boari F. 

Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR, via Amendola 122/O - Bari, Italy. 

E-mail: francesca.boari@ispa.cnr.it 

The results of a study conducted to assess the effects of coverage with non-woven fabric (NW) and 

fertilization level on yield and quality of wild rocket in organic farming, are reported. The work is 

focused also to asses the variations of soil and air temperature near the canopy, caused by the cover 

with nonwoven. 

The research was carried out during autumn-winter period in southern Italy. Two cropping 

techniques (crop covered with NW and not covered, indicated respectively NWC and NC) and 3 

levels of organic fertilization (0 – 1 and 2 t ha -1 of guano) on wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. 

DC.), were compared. 

The covering with NWC has influenced the microclimate near the plants. In particular, air 

temperature at the surface of the soil and that of soil of 5 cm in depth, as average of the crop cycle, 

were respectively about 0.8 and 1.8 °C higher than those in the crop not covered. Moreover, the 

coverage with NWC has resulted in a lower thermal excursion, reducing the risk of frost damage. 

NWC has enhanced the weight of the plants and the total yield, but has increased also the 

percentage of waste. Yield and ascorbic acid content increased by increasing the fertilizer level in 

the 2 nd picking. In NWC, the nitrate content of the second picking leaves has remained low and did 

not change increasing the level of fertilizer, at the contrary of the NC crop in which it increased 

with the increase of fertilizer. 


198

Poster F-6 

CHARACTERISTICS AND SEED PRODUCTION OF SICILIAN LANDRACES OF 

VIOLET CAULIFLOWER 

Chiarenza G.L. 1 *, Alonso Alos M. 2 , Argento S. 4 , Pinio M. 3 , Branca F. 3 

1 

Science and Technology Park of Sicily (PSTS); 

2 

Escuela Tècnica Superior de Ingegnerìa Agronòmica Y Del Medio Natural – Valenca, Spain 

3 



4 

ISAFOM-CNR Stradale Vincenzo Lancia, Blocco Palma I - Zona industriale 95121 Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: gchiare@unict.it 

In Italy there are several landraces of cauliflower very popular for local communities of different 

regions. These landraces are endangered by introduction of new F1 hybrids which risk to 

contaminate traditional gene pool with a serious genetic drift. In this frame DISPA since twenty 

years have collected, characterized, evaluate and conserve these landraces identified genotypes of 

interested and have set up sib lines and F1 hybrids by DHs of interest for their nutraceutical traits. 

These activities are supplying for qualified propagation materials both to satisfy local market 

demand and GDOs and to support functional foods chains. In this context Sicilian violet cauliflower 

landraces, characterised by high rusticity and adaptability to Mediterranean climatic condition could 

allow friendly environmental crops and contain the use of pesticides and fertilizers with a reduced 

environmental impact in agriculture. 

We were characterised and evaluated fourteen landraces of cauliflower growing in several areas of 

Sicily, utilising the principal IBPGR descriptors used for this crop. Six curds for each landraces, 

harvest at commercial ripening time were collected to detect some characters such as fresh weight, 

longitudinal and transverse dimensions, core diameter, grain size, colour, angle of curvature and the 

chromatic parameters (L* a* b*) of the curd. 

With regard to seed production we registered seed yield collecting six plants for landraces at seed 

physiological maturity. 

The landraces characterized showed significant differences especially for some characters that 

seemed more variables such as the plant height, number of leaves for main stem, longitudinal 

dimension and shape of the leaf and colour of the margin. 

The plant biometric parameters showed high variance mainly for fresh weight, height, diameter, 

angle of curvature, chromatic parameters and dry weight of the curd. Seed production has presented 

a significant variance among the landraces. 

The range of seed production varied from 0,8 to 12,27 q/ha. 


199

Poster F-7 

SEED PRODUCTION AND PLANT CHARACTERIZATION OF SICILIAN LANDRACES 

OF BROCCOLI 

Chiarenza G.L. 1 *, Pinio M. 2 , Branca F. 2 ,Cavallaro C 2 . 

1 Science and Technology Park of Sicily (PSTS); 



E-mail: g.chiare@unict.it 

Broccoli seems to have been domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean where it began the process 

of diversification that has given rise to current types and cultivar of which many are today grown in 

south Italy and in Sicily. The denomination of the landraces occurred often in relation to the colour, 

harvest period, locality. 

We were characterised and evaluated 10 different local cultivars of broccoli growing in several 

areas of Sicily utilising the principal IBPGR descriptor used for this crop. 

Six curds of each landraces harvest at commercial ripening were collected to detect some characters 

such as the fresh weight, longitudinal and transverse dimension, diameter core, grain size, colour, 

angle of curvature and the chromatic parameters of the system (L* a* b*) of the curd. 

With regard to seed production we registered seed yield collecting six plants for landraces at seed 

physiological maturity. 

The landraces characterized showed significant differences especially for some characters that 

seemed more variables such the plant height, number of leaves for main stem, longitudinal 

dimension of the leaf, section of the petiole and the margin of the leaf. 

The plant biometric parameters showed high variance mainly for fresh weight, height, maximum 

diameter, angle of curvature, chromatic parameters a* and b*. 

Seed production has presented a significant variation among the landraces in the study probably this 

is related to the biological materials and environmental conditions in Sicily. The range of seed 

production varied from 2,5 to 21,75 q/ha. 


200

Poster F-8 

GROWTH AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF TWO CULTIVAR OF BROCCOLI BRASSICA 

OLERACEA L. CONV. BOTRYTIS L. ALEF. VAR. CYMOSA DUCH. 

Conversa G., Bonasia A., La Rotonda P., Elia A. 

Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 

via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy. 

The dry weight (DW) accumulation and partitioning, and the N uptake and allocation for two 

broccoli cultivars ('Parthenon' - Sakata seeds- and 'Montecarlo' - Syngenta seeds ) grown in a 

Mediterranean climate. Experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three 

replications. Transplanting was performed on September 25 st 2008 (plant density 3.5 m -2 ). Plants 

were fertilized with 130 kg·ha -1 of N and 120 kg·ha -1 of P2O5. Starting from 21 days after transplant 

up to commercial maturity of the corymbs, 8 destructive samplings were done. At each sampling, 

fresh and the dry weight of leaves, stalks and corymbs, leaf area and leaf number, was recorded. 

Kjeldahl-N concentration was also determined on dried plant parts material. DW data for each 

cultivar were used for modelling dry mass with three non linear functions (logistic, Gompertz and 

Hill), each one fitted using time (days after transplanting) and thermal time (day-degrees - °CD) as 

independent variables. The best fit was obtained with the logistic function using °CD as 

independent variable. Nitrogen uptake data for each cultivar were also used for modelling the 

decrease in N concentration in the DW as affected by plant DW increase, by using the exponential 

curve: %N = aDW -b . Cultivar 'Parthenon' had higher leaf number and area than 'Montecarlo', but 

leaf DW was not different between the two cultivars. 'Montercarlo' showed higher stalk DW than 

'Parthenon'. No differences were observed in the harvest index (0.26) and in the corymbs fresh yield 

(11.4 t ha -1 , on average). Total N uptake was higher in 'Montecarlo' (194.2 kg ha -1 ) than in 

Parthenon (183.4 kg ha -1 ), while corymb N uptake was 74 and 71 kg ha -1 , respectively. 


201

Poster F-9 

CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT BRASSICACEAE GROWN IN SOUTHERN 

ITALY FOR GLUCOSINOLATES PROFILE 

Copani V. 1 , Anastasi U. 1 *, Ruberto G. 2 , Cosentino S. 1 , Bidella S. 1 

1 

Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari – Sezione Scienze Agronomiche. 

Università degli Studi di Catania Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania. Italy; 

2 

Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare CNR. Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126, Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: umberto.anastasi@unict.it 

Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites synthesized by the Brassicaceae., The quantity 

and quality of such constituents in the tissues of a given Brassica species changes as far as the 

developmental stage and the part of the plant are concerned and also as a result of the influence of 

the genotype, growing environment and agronomic management. These phytochemicals are known 

for a range of biological properties (anti-nutritive, anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, anti-pest, antidisease) 

and therefore are taken into consideration for possible medical, food/feed and agricultural 

uses. Currently, within the sustainable and organic farming systems, there is interest for plants 

synthesizing GLSs, which can be used for crop protection applying different biofumigation 

strategies including break-crops, green manures and derived biobased formulations (pellets and 

liquid), substantially based on the activation of glucosinolates-myrosinase system, which occurs 

after the damage of the plant tissue as a result of the enzymatic (Myrosinase, Myr) hydrolysis of 

GLSs in iso-thio-cyanates (biocidal substances). In southern Italy where a number of crops, 

especially some vegetables widespread both in the field and greenhouse (potato, tomato, etc.), are 

susceptible to a range of soil-borne pathogens and pests, the use of GLSs-Myr system is considered 

an effective control tool alternative to conventional fumigation and synthetic agrochemicals. In this 

view, an experiment was carried out to assess the content and composition of GSLs in different 

Brassicaceae such as Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern, Sinapis alba L. and 

Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers. grown in eastern Sicily. A set of nineteen cultivars were 

sowing in winter period in large plots replicated three time arranged in a randomised-blocks. 

Representative plant samples were collected intact at two significant stages of biological cycle 

(flowering and seed maturity). Total aboveground biomass was weighted to determine the dry 

matter yield, and representative sub-samples of whole plant were crushed and freeze-dried for GLSs 

extraction and determination. In addition, the defatted meal of harvested seed samples of each 

genotype was analyzed for GLSs. The data were subjected to ANOVA. 

The comparison of the tested genotypes revealed appreciable variation in GLSs profile, and 

differences between the sampling during the growing cycle were found highlighting the possibility 

to establish an optimal combination between dry matter accumulation and GLSs concentration in 

the plant tissues to maximize the biofumigation effect. This result seems to be easier to reach with 

some of the studied species, mainly B. juncea and R. sativus. 


202

Poster F-10 

PHENOLOGY, GRAIN YIELD AND QUALITY OF ETHIOPIAN MUSTARD GROWN IN 

SOUTHERN ITALY 

Copani V. 1 *, Cosentino S. 1 , Anastasi U. 1 , Sortino O. 1 , Lazzeri L. 2 

1 

Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari – Sezione Scienze Agronomiche. 

Università degli Studi di Catania Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania. Italy; 

2 

Centro di ricerca per le colture industriali (CRA-CIN) Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna Italy. 

E.mail: v.copani@unict.it 

The knowledge of the behaviour of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) genotypes on 

different sites and seasons is a key step of the research to assess the opportunity of spreading this 

multifunctional crop (food and non-food) in farming systems of southern Italy, which are based 

almost always on cereals. For these reasons, a two-year experiment (2007-2008 and 2008-2009) 

was carried out in central-eastern Sicily, in a hilly and plain representative area. Three cultivars of 

Ethiopian mustard selected from the Italian germplasm source (ISCI7, CT 207, CT 204) were sown 

in autumn-winter period in large plots replicated three time arranged in a randomised-blocks. 

During the trials, weather data were recorded. The main phenological stages of the plants were 

measured throughout the cropping cycle and grain yield was determined at harvest. Grain samples 

were analysed for oil, protein and glucosinolate content. 

The data were statistically analysed using appropriate 3-way ANOVA. In each experimental site, 

the time course of weather conditions during the growing seasons conformed to that of the longterm 

period. 

The results indicated that, although the differences between the genotypes, the duration of the 

growing cycle was appreciably conditioned by the site. The earlier genotypes, CT 204 and to a 

minor extent ISCI 7, reached better performance in terms of grain yield, and oil, protein and 

glucosinolate yields. Therefore, the choice of genotype represents a crucial aspect for Ethiopian 

mustard cultivation in southern Italy, but owing to the significant interactive effect of this factor 

with the other ones (year and site), the biological and productive behaviour of the studied cultivars 

was markedly affected by the different weather conditions occurred during the trials. 

Overall, it was possible to establish that the tested cultivars have a good adaptation to the semiarid 

environmental conditions of Sicily, and that the agronomic management of the crop does not 

require significant changes of the mechanization and farm structure. 


203

Poster F-11 

EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOFUMIGATING BRASSICA TREATMENTS IN GREENHOUSE 

TO CONTROL ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES ON TOMATO AND MELON 

De Mastro G. 1 *, D’Addabbo T. 2 , Ruta C. 1 , Verdini L. 1 

1 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70124, 

Italy; 

2 CNR-Institute of Plant Protection, via Amendola 122/D 70126 Bari, Italia. 

E-mail: giuseppe.demastro@uniba.it 

Intensive vegetable cropping systems enhanced infestations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne 

spp.) and related damages in Salento region, southern Italy. Sustainable alternatives to chemicals for 

the control of these pests may be represented by nematicidal green manures or plant-derived 

formulations. Biofumigating green manures of Brassica plants may be limited by the need to insert 

a brassica crop within intensive rotations with short intervals among the crops. Technical feasability 

and effectiveness of brassica green manure biofumigation for the control of root-knot nematodes 

were investigated in a greenhouse experiments on a tomato - melon succession. Green manures of 

Brassica juncea and Eruca sativa were compared with a brassica seed meal commercial pellet, 

alone or combined with E. sativa manure, two commercial formulations of quillay or tagetes, 

chemical nematicide cadusaphos and an untreated soil. 

In the tomato crop, green manure of E. sativa resulted in the lowest M. incognita population 

densities and gall formation, as its results were not significantly different from chemical but lower 

than B. juncea green manure, the pellet and quillay formulation. This last treatment was statistically 

similar to the untreated control. E. sativa green manure, either alone or combined with the pellet, 

provided also a tomato yield two-three times higher than control, whereas B. juncea and cadusaphos 

almost doubled the yield of untreated soil. 

In the following melon crop the lowest nematode densities were recorded in soil treated with 

cadusaphos ot the commercial pellet. Green manure of E. sativa, alone or combined with the pellet, 

resulted in a higher suppressivity than B. juncea, whereas a limited nematicidal activity emerged for 

the quillay formulation. The highest melon yield were provided by the seed meal pellet, followed by 

the combination of E. sativa green manure and pellet and by both single green manures. 


204

Poster F-12 

MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION AND OIL YIELD OF 

BRASSICA NAPUS GROWN IN DIFFERENT AREAS IN ITALY 

Del Gatto A. 1 , Raccuia S.A. 2 *, Signor M. 3 , Argento S. 2 

1 CRA-CIN, Via Cagiata, 90 60027 Osimo (AN); 


3 ERSA Servizio ricerca e sperimentazione del Friuli Via Sabbatini, 5 33050 Pozzuolo del Friuli 

(UD). 

E-mail: salvatore.raccuia@cnr.it 

Despite the potential offered by the rape cultivation as biofuels crop, in Italy its cultivation is still 

almost absent. A further motivation to the spread this crop might arise from the exploitation of 

secondary products (flour and cake) useful in application fields. 

In 2010-2011, thanks to the Project EXTRAVALORE the agronomic evaluations were carried out 

on 38 varieties of rape, the most spread in the Italian market, purchased by 16 seed companies. The 

genetic screening was performed three different localities of Italy: in the North (Palazzolo - UD), 

Centre (Osimo - AN) and South Italy (Cassibile - SR). 

The environments significantly influenced the morpho-phenological traits and the production of the 

studied varieties. The best performances were obtained in Central Italy, where the the rape, on 

average of genotypes, flowered before than in North and South Italy. Moreover the plant height 

resulted higher, these results confirm the good adaptability to this environment for this crop. 

Among the cultivars, “Zoom” and “Albatross”, showed yields close to 4.8 t ha -1 ; other fifteen 

varieties have exceeded the average value. As regards the seed oil content, two cultivars 

(“Katabatic” and “Adriana”) showed an average value of 480 g kg -1 . 

In the northern Italy it has been obtained intermediate yields, with a more marked delay in 

flowering. The differences among genotypes resulted more marked than that recorded in the other 

environments; “DK Expower” was the most productive, with “Hornet”, “Hybriswing” and “Fregat”, 

with values higher than 3.0 t ha -1 . The highest oil content was recorded in “Albatross” and 

“Primus”, with values higher than 480 g kg -1 . In Sicily, because of the the weather condition some 

cultivars (“Kutiba”, “Ilia”, “Tassilo”, “Adriana” and “Anaconda”) have not been able to flowering, 

probably for the lack of vernalization.The seed yields and the seed oil content, lower than 450 gkg -1 , 

resulted the lowest as compared to the other environments. 


205

Poster F-13 

MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BRASSICA 

CARINATA GROWN IN DIFFERENT AREAS IN ITALY 

Del Gatto A. 1 , Raccuia S.A. 2 *, Signor M. 3 , Melilli M. 2 

1 CRA-CIN, Via Cagiata, 90 60027 Osimo (AN); 


3 ERSA Servizio ricerca e sperimentazione del Friuli Via Sabbatini, 5 33050 Pozzuolo del Friuli 

(UD). 

E-mail: salvatore.raccuia@cnr.it 

In recent years the cultivation of Brassica carinata has been attracting the interest of the research, 

even in countries characterized also by unfavorable climatic conditions for its cultivation thanks to 

its features such as, the more vigorous and productive potential, the greater resistance to biotic and 

abiotic stresses than rapeseed for oil in winter season and the absence of dehiscence of the siliques. 

Recent evaluations of the Italian territory, however, have highlighted the lower productivity, 

especially with regard to oil yield, due to oil content in the seeds, 10% lower, as compared to 

rapeseed. A further motivation to the spread this crop might arise from the exploitation of secondary 

products (flour and cake) useful in application fields. In 2010-2011, under the Project 

EXTRAVALORE agronomic evaluations were performed on four commercial varieties of B. 

carinata, in different areas of Italy: the North (Palazzolo - UD), Centre (Osimo - AN) and South 

Italy (Cassibile - SR). 

The environments significantly influenced the morpho-phenological traits and the production of the 

studied varieties. The best performances were obtained in Central Italy, where the B. carinata 

reached the highest grain yields. On average of the three environments the two varieties “CT 180" 

and “CT 204” have exceeded the production of 2 t ha -1 of grain, reaching the yield of 1 t ha -1 of oil 

only in the locality of Central Italy. The differences among genotypes for oil content suggests the 

necessity of breeding programs for the creation of varieties with higher oil content to fill the gap, 

due mainly to the relatively recent interest in this crop and the consequent lack of progress in 

genetic improvement obtained. 


206

Poster F-14 

ROOT LENGTH DENSITY AND YIELD TRAITS OF BROCCOLI (BRASSICA 

OLERACEA L. VAR. ITALICA PLENCK) AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES 

OF SEEDLING GROWING AND TRANSPLANTING 

Gherbin P.*, Miccolis V., Candido V. 

University of Basilicata, School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, 

Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10 - 85100 Potenza - Italy. 

E-mail: piergiorgio.gherbin@unibas.it 

The research was carried out in Lavello plain (South of Italy, Basilicata region, 41°03' N; 15°42' E, 

180 m asl), in order to study the response of broccoli (cv Marathon F1) both root length density 

(RLD) and corymbs yield as affected by: 1) different techniques of production of seedlings 

(containers of volume equal to 13, 46, 90 and 180 cm 3 ), 2) different periods of transplant 

(24/08/2005 and 26/09/2005) and 3) different procedures of transplantation (with or without 

biodegradable container). A double rows lay out of planting (40 cm between rows, 30 cm between 

plants on the row, 170 cm between the doubled rows ), for a crop density of 2.94 plants m -2 , was 

performed. The harvest started on 02/11/2005 and 12/12/2005, and ended after 10 and 20 days 

respectively for the two transplantation times. Along with harvests, soil samples were taken at 

different positions (close to the plant, between the rows, between the doubled rows) and at different 

depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 cm) in order to measure RLD according to Newman’s method (1966). 

The results showed that the RLD and the corymbs yield (as so as all the main yield components) 

were significantly influenced by: 1) the volume of containers, from 1.9 to 2.4 cm cm -3 and from 9.7 

to 13.5 t ha -1 respectively for the smallest and the largest container; 2) the time of transplant, with 

values of 2.4 , 1.9 cm cm -3 and 14.6, 10.9 t ha -1 respectively for the first and the second time; 3) the 

presence of the container at transplant, with values of 2.0, 2.3 cm cm -3 and 12.9, 13.5 t ha -1 for the 

transplant with and without container, respectively. Moreover, with reference to the RLD, were 

observed, as expected, a reduction with: 1) increasing distance from the plant (values from 3.3 to 

1.3 cm cm -3 respectively for samples collected near the plant and between the doubled rows) and 2) 

with increasing depth (values from 3.7 to 0.8 cm cm -3 respectively for the 0-20 and the 40-60 cm 

layer). 


207

Poster F-15 

EFFECTS OF NACL SALINITY ON YIELD, QUALITY AND MINERAL COMPOSITION 

OF BROCCOLI AND CAULIFLOWER 

Giuffrida F.*, Giurato R., Leonardi C. 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Catania University, Via Valdisavoia, 5 – I 95123, 

Catania, Italy. 

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of NaCl salinity on yield, quality and 

mineral composition of Broccoli and Cauliflower. Brassica oleracea L. var. italica and Brassica 

oleracea L. var. botrytis plants were grown in a substrate culture (sand) using three nutrient 

solutions containing 0 (control), 20 or 40 mM NaCl. The electrical conductivity of control nutrient 

solution was 1.9 dS m -1 . The increase of NaCl caused a decrease in the marketable yield from 9.9 

(control) to 6.2 t ha -1 (40mM NaCl) and from 27.9 (control) to 19.9 t ha -1 (40 mM NaCl) in broccoli 

and cauliflower, respectively. The dry matter percentage of heads increased as consequence of salt 

stress more in cauliflower than broccoli, whereas the rises of soluble solids (+25%) and titratable 

acidity (+40%) were similar in both species. In both crops, head concentrations of Na + , Cl - , N, P 

and S increased with the rise of NaCl in the nutrient solution, whereas Ca 2+ and K + decreased. 

Salinity influenced also the quality characteristics of broccoli and cauliflower after 10 days of 

storage at 4°C. Dry matter, titratable acidity and total soluble solids increased as consequence of 

storage more in salinized treatments than unstressed control. 


208

Poster F-16 

GROWTH, GAS EXCHANGE AND WATER RELATIONS IN BROCCOLI AND 

CAULIFLOWER AS AFFECTED BY NACL SALINITY 

Giuffrida F.*, Scuderi D., Giurato R., Leonardi C. 



In the present investigation we studied the effects of NaCl on the growth and physiological response 

of broccoli and cauliflower. A control nutrient solution and two salinized treatments with different 

NaCl concentrations (20 and 40 mM) were assayed under greenhouse conditions. Plants were 

cultivated by using an open soilless system and the electrical conductivity of the basic nutrient 

solution was equal to 1.9 dS m -1 . The rise of the NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution caused 

a similar decrease in plant dry weight of cauliflower and broccoli that varied, respectively, from 

226.9 to 201.1 g plant -1 and from 236.5 to 208.2 g plant -1 . The reductions of plant dry weight were 

not related to the assimilation rate of the plants being the net photosynthesis not influenced by NaCl 

salt stress. The total water potential of leaves decreased significantly at the increase of NaCl 

concentration with a reduction of about 80% in cauliflower and 160% in broccoli. The important 

effect of NaCl salinity on the water status of both crops was confirmed by the results of leaf relative 

water content that decreased with increasing salinity from 90.5% (0 mM NaCl) to 82.4% (40 mM 

NaCl) and from 92.4% (0 mM NaCl) to 81.4% (40 mM NaCl) in cauliflower and broccoli, 

respectively. The exposure to NaCl salinity determined an increase of Na + and Cl - concentrations on 

plant tissues and a nutrient (K + , Ca 2+ ) imbalances due to ion antagonism effects. Moreover, the old 

leaves showed the highest concentrations of Na + and Cl - to preserve the integrity of the young 

leaves and reproductive organs. The results obtained on plant water relations, gas exchange and ion 

content in the tissues demonstrated that the negative response of broccoli and cauliflower to salt 

stress depends on both osmotic and ion specific effects. 


209

Poster F-16 

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION LEVELS ON IBERIS SEMPERFLORENS 

POT CULTURE 

Iapichino G.*, Camerata Scovazzo G. 

Dipartimento dei Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, Università di Palermo, Italy. 

E-mail: giovanni.iapichino@unipa.it 

The genus Iberis (family Brassicaceae) includes 30 species of annual and perennial herbs and 

subshrubs that grow in a wide area from western and central Europe to the Mediterranean Basin. 

Iberis semperflorens L. is a perennial evergreen subshrub (30-60 cm high) endemic to southern 

Italy and Sicily. Due to its abundance of white flowers and extensive flowering period occurring 

during the winter months, the species has good potential for pot cultivation and outdoor ornamental 

use in Mediterranean-type climates. Reliable and efficient propagation methods for I. semperflorens 

nursery production have been determined. However, there are limited information on cultural 

techniques of this winter flowering species. The aim of this research was to compile fertilizer pot 

culture recommendations for this unexploited Mediterranean species. Plug plants bearing 8-10 

leaves were transplanted into plastic pots (16 cm in diameter ) containing a 3 peat:1 perlite growing 

medium fertilized with various levels of Osmocote 16 N – 8 P – 10 K (0.75, 1.5, 3.5 g l -1 ). Plant 

height, number of leaves per plant and number of inflorescences per plant were monitored during 

the growing cycle. Our results suggest a good adaptation of I. semperflorens to pot cultivation and 

significant relation between fertilization levels and flowering response. 


210

Poster F-17 

HUMIC ACID IMPROVED GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF HYDROPONIC 

GREENHOUSE GROWN PAK-CHOI (BRASSICA CHINENSIS) 

Javanmardi J., Sehat M., Zahed M.J. 

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran; 

Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 

E-mail: jamaljavanmardi@gmail.com 

Effects of humic acid supplementation into a hydroponic greenhouse production system of Pak 

Choi (Brassica chinensis) were studied. Fifty mL of different levels of humic acid (HA) from 1000 

to 11000 mg/L were applied four times in a weekly manner. Growth parameters plant height and 

diameter, leaf number and chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, dry matter percent, number of 

deformed leaves and flowering percent were studied. All plants treated with 11000 mg/L HA 

showed malformed leaves and 30% of plants were aborted. There was no significant difference 

among treatments for leaf chlorophyll content. The highest leaf number, leaf fresh weight and dry 

matter percent were observed at 5000 mg/L HA. A 12% increase in plant fresh weight was observed 

in 5000 mg/L HA comparing to control plants. The highest flowering percent in pak choi plants was 

observed at 6000 mg/L HA. According to results, application of 5000 mg/L HA is recommended 

for the highest yield of pak choi in hydroponic system. 


211

Poster F-18 

SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITE PROFILE AND CONCENTRATION IN LEAFY 

ASIAN BRASSICA VEGETABLE AFFECTED BY ORGANIC AND MINERAL 

NITROGEN SUPPLY 

Krumbein A.*, Schreiner M., Ruehlmann J. 

Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 

Grossbeeren, Germany. 

Email: krumbein@igzev.de 

Leafy Asian Brassica vegetables are gaining increasing attention by European consumers since they 

contain rich sources of health promoting secondary plant metabolites such as glucosinolates, 

flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophylls (Krumbein et al. 2005). In this study, we test our 

hypothesis that low N supply dependent on organic or mineral N supply via various N uptake will 

increase the concentrations of flavonoids and glucosinolates but decrease the concentrations of 

carotenoids and chlorophylls in leafy Brassica vegetables. 

The leafy Asian Brassica specie Brassica juncea was grown in the field with four different levels of 

farmyard manuare (0, 30, 60, 90 t ha -1 ) corresponding to the N supply of 0, 15, 30, 45 kg ha -1 , 

respectively. In addition, four treatments with mineral N supply (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha -1 ) were tested. 

Secondary plant metabolites were determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS² (1, 2). 

Increasing mineral N supply resulted in increasing N uptake of the plant up to 107 kg ha -1 while the 

N uptake of organic fertilised plants was independent of the level supplied with amounts between 

13 and 20 kg ha -1 . Various relationships were calculated between N uptake and secondary plant 

compounds investigated. Generally, N depletion is known to stimulate activation of the flavonoid 

and glucosinolate pathway via a number of genes and enzymes (3, 4). Interestingly, N supply of 30 

kg ha -1 led to a plant N uptake of 20 kg ha -1 for organic fertilised plants in comparison to 56 kg ha -1 

for mineral fertilised plants resulting in lower flavonoid and glucosinolate concentrations by 30 % 

and 22 %, respectively in mineral N fertilised plants. Our result highlights the importance of N 

availability for formation of secondary plant metabolites dependent on N supply form used. 


212

Poster F-19 

EFFECT OF A BRASSICA JUNCEA COVER CROP ON A MONO-SUCCESSION OF 

MELON 

Miceli A.*, Romano C.,Vetrano F., D’Anna F. 

Dipartimento dei Sistemi Agro-Ambientali, Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 90128, 

Palermo, Italy. 

Email: alessandro.miceli@unipa.it 

The ban of methyl bromide and the need for low environmental impact of agriculture has recently 

increased the interest in the biofumigant effects of Brassica species on soil-borne pathogens. Many 

researches have tested the toxic effects of Brassica green manures on several soil-borne pathogens 

in vitro, but field studies have not assessed definitely the efficiency of biofumigation at the field 

scale and the effect on crop development and production quality. The aim of this research was to 

evaluate the effect of a winter-spring cover crop of Brassica juncea compared to bare soil on a 

mono-succession of melon. The biomass of the B. juncea plants or of the weeds eventually 

developed in bare soil, used as control, were managed as follows:(i) crushed and left on the soil as 

organic mulching; (ii)crushed and incorporated into the soil; (iii) crushed and incorporated into the 

soil under PE mulching along melon crop rows. Soil changes during the two years trial were 

monitored by evaluating: organic matter content, availability and content of mineral elements and 

Cation Exchange Capacity. Marketable and unmarketable production, fruit weight and fruit quality 

(thickness of the epicarp and pulp, percentage of edible part, soluble solid content, firmness, etc.) 

were evaluated on melon. The use of Brassica juncea as a cover crop influenced soil characteristics 

and was effective on melon compared to bare soil when the biomass was incorporated to the soil, 

while no difference was found on melon production and quality when PE mulching was used. 


213

Poster F-20 

QUALITY COMPARISON BETWEEN ORGANIC- AND CONVENTIONAL-GROWN 

CAULIFLOWERS: RESULTS FROM THE 3 RD YEAR OF VALORBIO PROJECT 

Migliori C. 1 *, Lo Scalzo R. 1 , Di Cesare L.F. 1 , Campanelli G. 2 , Ferrari V. 2 

1 CRA-IAA, Research Unit of Food Technology, via G. Venezian, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy; 

2 CRA-ORA, Research Unit of Horticulture, via Salaria, 2, 63030, Monsampolo del Tronto, Ascoli 

Piceno, Italy. 

E-mail: luigi.dicesare@entecra.it 

The aim of VALORBIO research project, funded by Italian Ministry of Agriculture, is the 

valorization of typical horticulture products by the extended use of organic farming. Specifically, 

the presence of healthy chemicals was monitored in different genotypes of cauliflower (Brassica 

oleracea L, var. botrytis) by comparing conventional and organic agrosystems. 

Four cauliflower genotypes were cultivated in 12-years certified organic fields at CRA-ORA, 

Monsampolo del Tronto (AP), and the conventional ones according to consolidated practice of 

conventional agriculture. The considered cultivars were Emeraude (green), early and late Velox 

(green) and Jesino (white). 

As nutraceutical quality traits, the amount of sulphur volatiles and glucosinolates were measured as 

well as ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, total carotenoids and antioxidant capacity. 

The differences between the two systems of cultivation were discussed by comparing what 

happened in the previous years, such as a general increase of volatiles and glucosinolates in organic 

samples and a general equilibrium of antioxidant compounds in organic and conventional systems. 


214

Poster F-21 

EFFECT OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTATES APPLICATION ON QUALITATIVE TRAITS 

IN EARLY AND LATE CAULIFLOWER 


Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment - University of 

Padova - Agripolis - Italy. 

E-mail: carlo.nicoletto@unipd.it 

The use of anaerobic digestates coming from organic matrices as fertilizers, in reference to 

qualitative and nutritional traits in cauliflower was evaluated. These matrices plays nowadays an 

increasing importance since they could be employed as a source of organic matter and nutrients to 

the soil. The sludge used derived from the anaerobic digestion of plant material as by product 

obtained from fruit distillation. 

The experiment was conducted at the University of Padova considering two varieties of cauliflower 

(early and late). The following treatments were considered: control unfertilized (F0), treatment with 

mineral fertilizers (FMIN) in which the 100% of the nitrogen requirement was supplied in mineral 

form, 50% of the nitrogen requirement was made in mineral form and the remaining demand with 

digestate (F50), 75 % of nitrogen requirements was supplied with digestate (F75) and 100% of 

demand in nitrogen was supplied through digestate (F100). Dry matter content, antioxidant capacity 

(AOA), total phenols (TP), ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic acids, organic nitrogen and nitrate (NO3) 

were evaluated as qualitative traits in corymb. It was also determined the quantity of Al, Ca, Cu, K, 

Mg, P, Zn and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb). 

Concerning the dry matter percentage, F0 plants and the early variety showed higher values. About 

AOA, TP, AA and phenolic acids all theses showed high values and none of them was influenced 

by fertilization. Antioxidant compounds content was affected also by genotype and the early variety 

showed the highest values. In assessing the percentage of nitrogen and NO3 values, F50 and FMIN 

plants showed the highest concentrations of nitrogen compounds whereas, increasing digestate 

percentage, a decrease of these values was observed. Heavy metals content was very low or absent 

in the edible part. High levels of mineral compounds were found and they were not influenced by 

digestate application. 


215

Poster F-22 

CHARACTERISTICS AND SEED PRODUCTION OF ITALIAN AND IBERIAN TYPE OF 

TALE (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. ACEPHALA) GROWN IN SICILY 

Ragusa L. 1 *, Chiarenza G.L. 1 , Pinio M. 2 , Tribulato A. 2 , Branca F. 2 

1 

Science and Technology Park of Sicily (PSTS), Stradale Vincenzo Lancia, Blocco Palma I - Zona 

industriale 95121 Catania; 

2 



Kale is an underutilized crop which seems to be the first results of domestication process of 

Brassica oleracea wild type complex. This crop is still now grown in all European countries in 

home gardens and periurban vegetable farms and it is appreciated for its rusticity and the high 

bioactive molecule. Kale leves, in fact, contain high amounts of total polyphenols, ascorbic acid and 

glucosinolates. 

Seeds are important for a wide range of horticultural crops, their development depends by many 

factors such as genetic, physiological and environmental. An important prerequisite for the 

successful production of seeds are the optimal timing of harvest. 

In view to enhance kale production and provide to the growers qualified genotypes attention was 

paid to the evaluation of twenty-three types of kale grown in Italy and the Iberian peninsula for seed 

production; to the landraces four commercial cultivars were compared. 

Besides seeds production in the experiment plants characterization, according to the main IBPGRI 

descriptors, was performed. 

Seeds were sown in seedling trays and were transplanted when they had 4-5 expanded leaves. An 

experimental field with plant density of 2 plant m -2 was realized with the aim to determine seed 

yield. The experimental design was a split-plot with three replicates. Siliquas were collected from 

two plants for each repetition when the seeds reached the physiological maturity. 

Seeds production showed a significant differences among the compared genotypes; it varied from 

0,59 q ha -1 to 25,69 q ha -1 respectively for one Italian and one Iberian type, in general the Italian 

landraces showed to be more productive. Plants characterization allowed to highlight that the 

descriptors which appeared more discriminating were plant shape, and as well as several leaf and 

petiole traits. 


216

Poster F-23 

USE OF BRASSICA NAPUS L. VAR. OLEIFERA D.C. TO DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE 

STRATEGIES IN THE PHYTOEXTRACTION 

Ruta C. 1 *, Brunetti G. 2 , Cassano D. 2 , De Mastro G. 1 

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agroambientali e Territoriali, Università Aldo Moro – Bari (Italy); 

2 Dipartimento di Biologia e Chimica Agro-Forestale ed Ambientale, Università Aldo Moro – Bari 

(Italy). 

Email: claudia.ruta@uniba.it 

Phytoextraction is an emerging green technology to extract heavy metals from polluted soils. 

Brassica napus L. var. oleifera D.C. is known for its metal tolerance and accumulator useful but 

also is cultivated also for energy purposes. To increase the advantages of phytoextraction, this 

species should also be evaluated for the ability to produce products with economic value that would 

certainly be an additional benefit. Therefore, a promising alternative could be thermochemical 

conversion process. The biomass produced by phytoremediation, combined with biomass 

generation and its commercial utilization as an energy source, can be turned into profit making 

operation and the remaining ash can be used as bio-ore. 

This study evaluates the phytoextractive capacities and the biomass production of two commercial 

varieties, Betty (Apsob sementi) and PR46W31 (Pioneer Hi Breed), which could be used either for 

energy purposes. 

Seeds of Betty (Apsob sementi) and PR46W31 (Pioneer Hi Breed) were sowed in pot on a multimetal 

contaminated soil sampled in protected area of Alta Murgia (Southern Italy). 

An uncontaminated agricultural soil collected nearly was used to fill control. At the end of the 

experiment, the morphological parameters were measured to define biomass yield. The 

phytoextraction potential of the heavy metal concentrations in the plant parts were determined with 

ICP-EOS spectrometer and the bioaccumulation coefficients calculated. 

The results obtained are very interesting considering that we are restoring a protected area where 

other methods may prove impractical. 

The morphological data obtained show that plant growth increases on the multi-metal contaminated 

soil compared to control, producing considerable biomass. In our conditions, although both varieties 

are tolerant to heavy metals, B. napus PR46W31 demonstrated the best capacity of multi-metal 

absorption. In particular, in this experiment, ‘PR46W31’ behaves as Cr hyperaccumulator. 

An evaluation of the potential biomass obtainable in a phytoremediation process expressed in 

energetic terms showed a positive balance, adding energy production to the environmental benefits 

of phytoremediation. 


217

Poster F-24 

EFFECTS OF HARVEST TIME AND PLANT DENSITY ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF 

CHINESE CABBAGE FOR FRESH-CUT PRODUCTION 

Scuderi D.*, Giuffrida F., Leonardi C. 

Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISPA) - University of Catania, Via Valdisaavoia, 5 

- 95123 Catania, Italy. 

E-mail: dscuderi@unict.it 

The introduction of new products for fresh-cut needs the screening of suitable cultivars and the 

definition of the appropriate cultivation techniques to improve the quality and reduce the negative 

effects of the processing on shelf-life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of harvest 

time (40, 50 and 60 days after the transplant) and plant density (7, 10 and 16 plants m -2 ) on the yield 

and quality characteristics of two cultivars of Chinese cabbage (‘Bilko’ and ‘Manoko’) for fresh-cut 

production. The increase of harvest time and plant density affected differently the yield of the 

cultivars; in particular ‘Bilko’ showed a relative yield increase greater than ‘Manoko’ as the harvest 

time was delayed from 40 to 60 days after the transplant. Similarly the relative increase of the yield 

at the increase of plant density from 7 to 16 plants m -2 was higher in ‘Bilko’ (+44%) than ‘Manoko’ 

(+17%). Also the quality characteristics of fresh-cut product were differently affected by the harvest 

time and plant density in two cultivars considered. ‘Manoko’ showed lower dry matter and higher 

nitrate content than ‘Bilko’; however these differences were more evident at the highest plant 

density. ‘Bilko’ showed higher CO2 concentration in the packages than ‘Manoko’ at the harvest of 

60 days due to higher respiration activity. The results of this experiment showed that the plant 

density and harvest time affected the yield and quality characteristics of Chinese cabbage. However 

the interaction effects between these factors and the cultivars on some characteristics (e.g. dry 

matter and nitrate content) should be considered to obtain a product suitable for the fresh-cut 

markets. 


218

Poster F-24 

RESPONSE OF MATTHIOLA INCANA (L.) W. T. AITON TO CULTIVATION IN THE 

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE 

Scuderi D.*, Toscano S., Romano D. 



E-mail: dscuderi@unict.it 

In relation to the favorable winter conditions in the Mediterranean areas, it could be possible to 

expand the season production of the stock (Matthiola incana L.), a very interesting specialty cut 

flower, through the use of unheated greenhouses. In this frame the aim of this study was to evaluate 

the response of cultivar of stock to the cultivation in unheated greenhouse. Two different 

experimental trials were carried out. In the first trial were evaluated two cultivar (‘Prousse Pink’ 

and ‘Maria’) and five sowing times (February, April, June, August and November); in the second 

experiment was evaluated the response of four cultivar (‘Prousse Pink’, ‘Maria’, ‘Prousse White’ e 

‘Prousse Red’) sowed in November. In the first trial only ‘Maria’ showed a profitable production in 

every sowing periods. In relation to the two cultivar considered the production time ranged from 

100 days in April to 187 days in sowing period of August. However the production time affected 

the stem characteristics: in particular the fresh weight ranged from 71.1 to 308.1 respectively for the 

sowing periods of April and August, while the strength index was higher in the stems sowing in 

August and November. In the second trial the genotype affected stem characteristics and production 

time. The flowering time for ‘Prousse White’ and ‘Prousse Pink’ was at the beginning of January 

while for ‘Maria’ and ‘Prousse Red’ in March. The cultivar affected the fresh weight (from 141.3 g 

in ‘Prousse Red’ to 227.9 g in ‘Maria’) and length of the stem (from 85.2 cm in ‘Prousse Pink’ to 

96.7 cm in ‘Maria’). The results showed that the unheated greenhouse is profitable to expand the 

production season of the stock but it should be considered the choice of most suitable cultivar to 

improve the yield and the quality characteristics of the stems. 


219

Poster F-25 

CHARACTERIZATION OF TRADITIONAL BRASSICA VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 

SYSTEMS IN SICILIAN PERI-URBAN HORTICULTURE 

Timpanaro G. 1 *, Branca F. 2 , Foti V.T. 1 , Di Vita G. 1 

1 

Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali (DiGeSA) dell’Università di 

Catania; 

2 



Among the vegetable species widespread in the Sicilian peri-urban vegetable farms and in the 

inland areas of the Island it is possible to observe different forms and types of Brassica vegetable 

crops distinguished by several traits of quality, which play a significant role from agronomic, 

economic and social point of view. In these contexts several diversified economic activities, 

integrated and/or environmental friendly, of interest also in term of landscaping are supported by 

several actors (including the so-called "farmers keepers") that trigger a logic of endogenous 

development typical of local production systems and rural development, for full exploitation of 

natural resources and local historical traditions. These are local systems of production, not so much 

for the specific spatial configuration of the aggregate observed at local level (with micro, small and 

medium-sized enterprises "concentrated" with reduced "density"), as well as for the inter-business 

and inter-social (the so-called "thickening" of relations between enterprises, public institutions and 

local society). In this frame, various activities of SMEs (agricultural, tourist and trade) support 

articulated production systems and play an important role of the local economy; they have a strong 

social content for the presence of life and culture forms historically connected to the local 

communities and finally because they are developed in differentiated contexts from the 

environmental point of view, for the presence of ecosystems and landscapes very different from 

urban ones. In this contexts, the vegetable Brassica crops represent the nucleus around have started 

or are starting several production chains by managing traditional activities, originated to make it 

possible to overcome the limits relating to seasonality, perishability and amplitude of the market, to 

realize the economies of scale. That perspective could increase the economies of scale, in view to 

diversify the production also by particular quality traits, particularly useful in the challenge of the 

competition between local and global that characterizes the modern agro-food systems. Although it 

is widely-accepted the socio-economic-environmental valence of these productions often they suffer 

from a low level of protection which greatly limit the possibilities of development and, in some 

cases, their survival. Our work focuses on the "Cavolfiore Violetto Catanese" and on the " Cavolo 

Rapa di Acireale", actively grown in some areas of the Eastern Sicily and selected by growers on 

the basis of some criterias such as the recognition of the product and the genetic specificity. We 

utilized both of them for assessing within these local production systems the presence of 

relationship systems defined between stakeholders (local governance) and their degree of 

interrelation.The results show the central role of "guardian farmers" who, thanks to their work for 

the conservation of cauliflower and kohlrabi landraces and passing on and jealously guarding the 

"seeds of knowledge 'generation to generation within small enterprises, usually located in suburban 

areas, with limited relations systems whose strengthening can become a strategic factor for the 

success and competitiveness of the entire local system. 


220

Poster F-26 

STRONG HETEROSIS IN YIELD IS SEEN IN CHINESE CABBAGE F1 HYBRID 

CULTIVARS 

Tomaru Y. 1 * , Kawanabe T. 2 , Abe H. 1 , Saeki N. 1 , Konno S. 2 , Shimizu M. 1 , Tomita H. 1 , Okazaki 

K. 1 , Kaji M. 2 , Dennis E.S. 3 , Fujimoto R. 1 

1 Graduate school of Technology and Science, Niigata University; 

2 Watanabe Seed Co., Ltd; 

3 CSIRO Plant Industry. 

Email: y1u1k2i5463@gmail.com 

Heterosis (or hybrid vigor) is a phenomenon in which hybrid progeny exhibit superior performance 

over their parents. It has been observed in many plant and animal species. Heterosis is widely used 

in many crops and vegetables to make high-yielding cultivars. However the molecular mechanism 

of heterosis is still to be elucidated and there is no consensus model. As most crucifer vegetable 

cultivars use F1 hybrid seed production systems, these species should show heterosis with particular 

parental combinations. However there are few reports analyzing heterosis at either early- or latedevelopmental 

stages in crucifer vegetables. 

In this study, we characterized the heterosis phenotype using two commercial F1 hybrid cultivars 

and their parental lines in Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa) at early- and late-developmental 

stages. Heterosis is already observed in both F1 hybrid cultivars at early developmental stages, from 

germination to 14 days after sowing: F1 hybrids showed larger leaf area and greater fresh weight. At 

later development stages, we examined the final yield under field conditions. The two F1 hybrid 

cultivars showed 36% and 77% increase in harvest compared to the average of the parental lines. 

Previously we observed that heterosis phenotypes were clearly observed in early stages of shoot 

development in Arabidopsis thaliana (Fujimoto et al. 2012 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 7109-). 

We consider this early developmental advantage in F1 hybrids of both Chinese cabbage and A. 

thaliana might be important for increased biomass at later stages or for yield. 


221

Poster F-27 

COLLARD GREEN (BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. ACEPHALA) CULTIVATION IN 

SICILY 

Vetrano F., Moncada A., Romano C., D’Anna F., Miceli A.* 

Dipartimento dei Sistemi Agro Ambientali (SAGA) – Università di Palermo – Viale delle Scienze 

90128 Palermo Italy. 

E-mail: alessandro.miceli@unipa.it 

Collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) are a group of plants cultivated for its thick, 

slightly bitter, edible leaves. As other Brassicaceae, have a good nutritional value as they are a good 

sources of vitamin C and soluble fiber, and contain various compounds with potent anticancer 

properties. In order to enhance collard cultivation in Sicily, different planting dates were tested. 

The research was carried out during 2009-2010 in the experimental field of SAgA Department – 

University of Palermo. Plants of a Sicilian local cultivar, with high vigor, good emission of side 

shoots, large and moderately curly leaves and long and strong petiole, were planted in three 

different periods: end of November, end on January, end of March. The harvest of the main shoot 

was made when they had tender and non-fibrous leaves and petioles. Secondary shoots, eventually 

originated from axillary buds left on the plant, were also harvested. Data were recorded on: number 

of leaves/plant, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, length and number of harvested shoots. 

The plants of the earliest transplant were harvested in March (main shoot), April and May 

(secondary shoots), while only the main shoot was harvested in the other plants. This determined an 

higher yield for the first transplant against the other planting dates. Early transplant influenced also 

the quality of the main shoots that had more leaves, higher percentage of edible part and less dry 

matter than those from the other transplant. Secondary shoots had worst quality than the main shoot. 


222

Session G 

PESTS AND DISEASES 



223

Session G 

FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. AND XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PATOVARS: 

TWO IMPORTANT SEED-BORNE PATHOGENS OF WILD ROCKET FOURTH RANGE 

PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHERN ITALY 

Sigillo L. 1 *, Senape V. 1 , Serratore G. 1 , Bravi R. 1 

1 Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione - Sezione di Battipaglia – SS 18 – km 

77,700 – 84091- Battipaglia (SA), Italy. 

E-mail: l.sigillo@ense.it 

Wild rocket (Diplotaxis teunifolia) is an important fourth range species; the most of its Italian 

production comes from the Southern Italy. Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) and Xanthomonas campestris 

(XC) are two dangerous pathogens that affect this species and are the cause of great yield losses. 

Fo is the causal agent of plant wilting while XC causes the bacterial leaf spot disease. Either Fo and 

XC are seed-borne pathogens and because of their aggressiveness many farmers check the seed 

health before sowing. In the last years, we frequently isolated these pathogens from infected plant 

samples; moreover we analysed 57 seed samples to assess the Fo and XC presence. Isolation on 

generic and semi-selective media were performed to detect the pathogens on symptomatic 

materials. To detect Xanthomonas sp. on seeds, a modified ISTA protocol (7-019) were used: the 

samples were separated into three 10.000 seed sub-samples, soaked in a buffer and the extract were 

plated on semi-selective media. The pathogenicity tests on xanthomonas-lyke colonies were 

performed by spraying a suspension on one month plants. The Fo detection on seeds were carried 

out by isolation on agar semi-selective medium and the suspected colonies were tested for 

pathogenicity using the dipping root inoculation method. A characterization of X. campestris 

colonies were performed by molecular and in-vivo tests. According to Vicente description (2006), 

the strains with vascular behavior were identified as X. c. campestris while the non vascular isolates 

were identified as X. c. raphani; only the first resulted positive to the amplification of HrcC gene 

(Zaccardelli et al., 2007).The characterisation of xanthomonas strains is still in progress and it will 

be completed by further biochemical and molecular tests. Almost the 20% of seed samples tested 

resulted contaminated by XC. A fitosanitay control should be achieved to reduce the widespread of 

the pathogen in the cultivations. 


224

Session G 

WHY TO STUDY THE CONCENTRATION OF THE ASCOSPORES OF 

LEPTOSPHAERIA MACULANS AND L. BIGLOBOSA? 

Kaczmarek J. 1 *, Brachaczek A. 2 , Kasprzyk I. 3 , Sulborska A. 4 , Karolewski Z. 5 , Jędryczka M. 1 

1 

Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland 

2 

DuPont Poland Ltd., Postepu 17b, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland; 

3 

Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 2, 35-601 Rzeszow, 

Poland; 

4 

Dapartament of Botany, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life 

Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; 

5 

University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, Dabrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, 

Poland. 

E-mail: j_kaczmarek@poczta.onet.pl 

The fungal species Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa contribute to one of the most 

damaging diseases of oilseed rape - stem canker of brassicas. This severe disease causes significant 

crop losses worldwide. The primary source of infection of oilseed rape by both species of the genus 

Leptosphaeria are ascospores that are formed in pseudothecia - fruiting bodies of the perfect stage 

of the fungus, located on crop residues from the previous growing season. Monitoring of the release 

of these spores allow to optimize the chemical protection and better combat the disease. 

The concentration of ascospores in the air was determined using Burkard samplers. Seven-day 

operating traps were located in nine climatic regions in Poland and they operated from 1 September 

to 30 November in the years from 2009 to 2011. The field experiments were done in five locations 

with the use of winter oilseed rape cultivar PR46W10 F1. Protective treatments were done using a 

fungicide containing flusilazole, with weekly intervals starting from the end of September till mid- 

November. 

In all locations the spores were found in air samples and their concentration and dates of the earliest 

detection differed in space and time. The earliest detection of the first ascospores was on 7 

September 2010 in west part of Poland, the latest on 22 September 2011 in east Poland. The highest 

daily concentration of ascospores reaching up to 88 ascospores was observed on 20 September 2011 

in south Poland. The ascospore release was also subjected to the diurnal cycle – the highest spore 

concentrations were observed during the day and the lowest at night. The results of field 

experiments demonstrated that the time of fungicidal treatments had a significant impact on the 

severity of stem canker. Sprays done in a period following the highest number of spores was the 

most effective. 


225

Session G 

ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT OF GLUCOSINOLATES AND DERIVATIVES ON DIFFERENT 

BRASSICA DISESASES 

Velasco P.*, Lema M., Alonso I., Cartea M.E. 



E-mail: ecartea@mbg.csic.es 

Brassica crops are affected by several disesases worldwide. Xanthomonas campestris, 

Pseudomonas syringae, Alternaria brassicicola and Sclerotinia sclerotinium cause important 

damages in these crops. Glucosinolates are secondary metabolites derived from aminoacids with 

effect on the resistance to pests and diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect 

of 17 glucosinolates and their derivatives isothiocyanates on the development of abovementioned 

fungus and bacteria. Each pathogen isolate was grown in a Petri dish and replicated five times. On 

each dish, five discs were laid with different concentrations of each compound together with a blank 

disk and a gentamicin disk. The effect of the glucosinolate was measured as the diameter of growth 

inhibition. All compounds showed an inhibittory effect, which increased with higher concentrations. 

There was a high variation for inhibition among pathogen isolates and compounds. In general, 

glucobrassicin and gluconapin had an important effect on all pathogens, being benzyl isothicyanate 

and gluconapin isothicyanate the compounds which showed the weakest effect. Gluconapin was the 

most effective compound against Pseudomonas isolates. Glucorafanin was also very effective 

against one race of Pseudomonas. Related to Sclerotinia, differences between compounds were 

minor than with other pathogens, being glucobrassicin and allyl isothiocyanate, the compounds 

which showed the highest effect. The growth of Alternaria was inhibited mainly by indol-3- 

carbinol. 

The inhibitory effect of glucosinolates on Xcc, was race-dependent (9 different races described). 

The most common races (1, 4 and 6) were together inhibited by glucoiberin and 

gluconapin.Sinalbin, glucoerucin and sinigrin had also an inhibitory effect on races 1, 4 and 6, 

respectively. The rest of the races were inhibited by different compounds. 

The results showed that glucosinolates had an important effect on the development of two bacterial 

and two fungal brassica diseases and that there is a high variation of the glucosinolate effect among 

and within pathogens. 


226

Session G 

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF PORTUGUESE ISOLATES OF 

LEPTOSPHAERIA MACULANS USING PCR-ISSR AND RAPD MARKERS 

GodinhoJ. S. 1 * , Balesdent M. H. 2 

, PereiraE. M. 2 

, Silva Dias J. 1 

1 


Lisboa, Portugal; 

2 Unité Phytopathologie et Méthodologies de la Détection Versailles (PMDV),Institut National de la 

Recherche Agronomique, Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France. 

E-mail: godjoana@gmail.com 

There are scarce information regarding Leptosphaeria maculans isolates from Portugal. This paper 

reports the first molecular study with Portuguese L. maculans isolates. PCR-ISSR and RAPD 

markers were used to study the genetic relationships of 18 Portuguese isolates of L. maculans from 

Beja region (south Portugal) to other 12 reference isolates representative of each group of the L. 

maculans species complex. Cluster and principal components analyses were conducted using PCR- 

ISSR and RAPD data from amplification with selected ISSR primers and RAPD markers, detecting 

234 polymorphic fragments. The results showed that the 30 isolates clustered into two distinct 

groups (Tox + and Tox 0 isolates) and 4 subgroups: i) a large and compact subgroup containing all the 

Tox + L. maculans “brassicae“ isolates including all Portuguese isolates; ii) the unique “Lepidium” 

isolate; iii) a relatively heterogeneous subgroup with the Tox 0 NA2 L. biglobosa “canadensis” 

isolates; and iv) a dispersed subgroup with the other Tox 0 NA1 and NA3 L. biglobosa isolates and 

NA2 L. biglobosa “erysimii” isolate. There is low similarity between these three isolates. The 

Portuguese and foreign Tox + L. maculans “brassicae“ isolates could be further divided into phenetic 

groupings/clusters. These groupings did not corresponded to their pathogenicity groups revealed by 

plant differentials. The Portuguese L. maculans population do not seem to be different to that 

occuring in other countries (Australia, France, Germany, UK) which confirms that there is a largescale 

mixing in L. maculans complex. 


227

Session G 

PESTS AND DISEASES 



228

Poster G-1 

EVALUATION OF SICILIAN WILD AND CULTIVATED BRASSICA GENOTOPYES 

FOR RESISTANCE TO XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. CAMPESTRIS 

Bella P., Ragusa L., Strano C.P., Tribulato A., Branca F., Catara V. 

Department of Agriculture and Food Science (DISPA), University of Catania, Italy. 

Disease resistance to races 1 and 4 of Xanthomonas campetris pv. campestris (Xcc) is very rare in 

Brassica oleracea whereas both race-specific and broad spectrum quantitative resistance have been 

found in other species of the genus Brassica. Observation of wild and cultivated Brassica genotypes 

in Sicily under natural occurring inoculum and previous screenings of local accessions suggested a 

high variability in Xcc resistance of the local germplasm. A subset of 38 Brassica genotypes of nine 

species in the collection of DISPA were therefore screened for resistance to Xcc using a race 4 

bacterial isolate (the only race identified to date in Sicily). Leaves were inoculated by clipping 

secondary veins with a mouse-tooth forceps wrapped in cotton wool dipped in a 10 8 cfu ml -1 

bacterial suspension. Approximately 8 to 10 points of inoculations were made per leaf and the three 

youngest leaves in each plant were inoculated. The percentage of successful inoculation points and 

the severity of the symptoms assessed on a 0 to 3 scale based on the relative size of each lesion 

were recorded one and two weeks after inoculation. None of the species except for B. napus was 

resistant to Xcc. Four genotypes of other species showed a mean disease index

Poster G-2 

FEEDING PREFERENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CABBAGE MOTH, 

MAMESTRA BRASSICAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), ON CABBAGE VARIETIES 

Cartea M.E.*, Soengas P., Lema M., Velasco P. 



E-mail: ecartea@mbg.csic.es 

The objective of this study was to investigate the plant defense mechanisms on cabbages, expressed 

as antixenosis or antibiosis, to the most abundant pest on Brassica crops in NW Spain: the cabbage 

moth (Mamestra brassicae [L.]). Six cabbage varieties were evaluated on the basis of differing 

resistance levels under previous artificial infestations with M. brassicae. No-choice-feeding and 

choice-feeding bioassays were performed by using leaf discs from plants at two different 

development stages, pre-heading (PH) and head formation (HF). Larval preference, leaf feeding, 

larval survival, larval development, pupal weight and sex ratio were recorded. At the same time, nochoice-feeding 

and choice-feeding tests were performed in field experiments to investigate the adult 

preference, leaf feeding and survival and larval development after plant infestations. 

The plant development stage significantly affected the performance of varieties in both bioassays. 

In the choice-feeding bioassay, varieties BRS0409 and BRS0452 (both previously identified as 

susceptible) were the preferred by larvae at PH while BRS0525 and BRS0535 (both previously 

identified as resistant) were chosen at HF. This last variety was the most resistant in no-choicefeeding 

tests at PH, showing a high percentage of larval mortality (88%) and the slowest larval 

development. However, this high resistance decreased drastically as the plant develops and forms 

the head. 

Antixenosis effect was not found in adult plants and under artificial infestation conditions, 

BRS0525 and BRS0535 confirmed their resistance in terms of percentage of mortality and larval 

development (larval weight and pupal time) as well as the percentage of leaf and head area 

consumed. Further studies are required to identify the mechanism of antibiotic resistance present in 

BRS0535 and the changes occurred in plant defense in this variety as it develops. 


230

Poster G-3 

STUDY OF INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE IN CABBAGE AGAINST 

XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. CAMPESTRIS FOLLOWING BIOLOGICAL AND 

CHEMICAL SEED TREATMENT. 

Desai D. 1, 2 , Braun R. 1 , Visnovsky S. 1 , Pitman A. 1, 2 , Christey M. 1 * 

1 

The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 

8140, New Zealand; 

2 

Bio-Protection Research Centre, PO Box 84, Lincoln University 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand. 

E-mail: mary.christey@plantandfood.co.nz 

Black rot caused by the seed borne pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a 

devastating disease of Brassicas worldwide. The pathogen infects and multiplies in plant vascular 

tissues and, as the disease progresses, the veins of infected tissues turn black and characteristic Vshaped 

lesions appear along the margins of leaves. The control of black rot is difficult and usually 

attempted by growing disease-free seeds and adopting cultural practices that limit the dissemination 

of the pathogen. Chemical and bacterial/fungal seed priming have proven beneficial in fighting 

plant pathogens. In this study Xcc-infected cabbage seeds were treated with an in-house developed 

bacterial bio-control agent (BCA) and plant hormones. These seeds were grown in a growth 

chamber and the reduction of disease incidence and severity in the seedlings were recorded. 

Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of genes reported to be associated with induced systemic resistance 

(ISR) was carried out with the leaf samples. The seed treatment bioassays showed a reduction in 

disease incidence and severity. RT-qPCR results indicate a positive correlation of some genes to the 

bio-assay results. Our results show that treatment of cabbage seeds with priming agents enhances 

the resistance response of cabbage to Xcc. 


231

Poster G-4 

THE INHERTANCE OF BROWN HEART SUSCEPTIBILITY IN SWEDE (BRASSICA 

NABOBRASSICA) 

Fadhel F.*, Fuller M., Burchett S., Jellings A. 

School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Plymouth University, UK, PL4 8AA 

E-mail: faiz.fadhel@plymouth.ac.uk 

Five F1 hybrids were produced from inbreed lines of Swede (Brassica nabobrassica) and assessed 

in field trial for susceptibility to Brown Heart disorder under different levels of Boron (0, 1400, 

1800 and 2700) gh -1 . The trial was conducted on grower’s fields in Cornwall / south western 

England. 

All genotypes were significantly responded to Boron application and showed different ability to 

resist Brown Heart disorder. Increased level of boron completely overcame the problem in all 

genotypes except two of inbred lines and one F1 hybrid. Parent lines Ela and Ms.ela and the hybrid 

(Ms.ela × Nor) were considered as very susceptible to brown heart disorder by showing the disorder 

symptoms at the higher level of boron where root discoloration gradate from sever browning at ( 0 

gh -1 ) Boron applied to slight discoloration at (2700 gh -1 ) boron. Parent lines like (Res, Ms. res, Zzy 

and Nor) showed high ability to resist boron deficiency and showed no brown heart at all. 

F1 hybrids appeared to be affected by their parent lines, wherever the genetic background of the 

brown heart resistance lines (Res, Ms. res, Zzy and Nor) were included in F1 genotypes high 

resistance to field brown heart was observed even though any of the susceptible parent lines was 

included in that genetic combination and wherever the susceptible lines appeared together in the 

genetic combination of F1 hybrids a high susceptibility to field brown heart was observed. 

It is concluded that resistance to brown heart disorder is a dominant trait and the genotype for this 

trait is (BHBH or BHbh) while the susceptibility considered as a recessive trait (bhbh). Boron 

application may not help with high susceptible genotypes. 


232

Poster G-5 

NEW DISEASE OF WILD AND CULTIVATED ROCKET IN ITALY 

Gilardi G.*, Gullino M.L., Garibaldi A. 

Center of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), 

University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy. 

E-mail: giovanna.gilardi@unito.it 

During the past years several diseases caused by soil-borne and foliar pathogens were observed for 

the first time in Italy on wild (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and cultivated (Eruca sativa) rocket grown in 

intensive cropping system for fresh cut production. This sector is particularly exposed to the risk of 

the emergence of new diseases as a consequence of its dynamism, specialization and use of 

intensive cultivation techniques. Fusarium wilts have been observed in Italy on wild and cultivated 

rocket. Among soil-borne pathogens, attacks of Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium spp. on rocket, 

were increasingly observed. Among foliar diseases, downy mildew of wild rocket and a leaf spot of 

wild and cultivated rocket caused by Alternaria japonica were recently observed as new foliar 

diseases on these crops. A new leaf spots caused by Fusarium equiseti was observed for the first 

time in the world on Eruca sativa. During spring 2012, symptoms of an unusual leaf spot disease 

caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina were observed in several commercial greenhouses near 

Salerno (southern Italy) on plants of D. tenuifolia. Many of these diseases are observed for the first 

time in the world. These diseases emerged as major production problems in protected crops, where 

every year repeated cropping is carried out in the same soil. The biology, epidemiology, 

physiological characteristics of the causal agents are reported. 


233

Poster G-6 

OPTIMAL TIME OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION OF OILSEED RAPE AGAINST 

SCLEROTINIA STEM ROT 

Kaczmarek J. 1 *, Brachaczek A. 2 , Jedryczka M. 1 

1 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; 

2 DuPont Poland Ltd., Postepu 17b, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland. 

E-mail: j_kaczmarek@poczta.onet.pl. 

Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a major pathogen of numerous crops, 

including oilseed rape, causing substantial decrease of seed yield. Airborne ascospores of this 

fungus usually infect plants via petals - good sources of nutrition, and are later deposited on leaves 

or stems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fungicide application in different 

times during flowering stage of oilseed rape and to compare the results of petal contamination with 

the subsequent infection of plants by sclerotinia stem rot. 

The experiments were done in two seasons: 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 in Glubczyce (southern 

Poland). Fungicide treatments were done at weekly intervals from late April to mid-June, with 

Acanto 250 SC containing 250 g/L of picoxystrobin. Each season the petals were chosen randomly 

from an untreated variant, 6-7 times during the flowering stage. Scoring of fungal colonies was 

done based on media discoloration followed by sclerotia formation. The sclerotinia stem rot 

symptoms were evaluated before harvest. Each experiment variant was also evaluated according to 

the following characters: seed yield at 90% of dry matter content, mass of thousand seeds, the 

percentage of oil in seeds, the content of proteins, glucosinolates as well as acid and neutral 

detergent fibers. 

The highest disease incidence was observed in the unsprayed variant. Application of fungicide 

reduced disease incidence. The percentage of infected plants depended on the time of fungicide 

application. The comparison of the availability of primary inoculum in the air and the subsequent 

plant infection have demonstrated that the infection of plants was much smaller that the infection of 

petals, however the correlation between these traits was highly significant. It suggests that the petal 

test supplied with weather forecast may serve as a good tool for predicting the incidence and 

severity of Sclerotinia stem rot. 


234

Poster G-7 

RECEPTOR KINASE-MEDIATED REGULATION OF SEED SIZE IN ARABIDOPSIS 

THALIANA 

Gacek K. 1 , Gutierrez J.M. 2 

1 Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Research Division in 

Poznan, Poland; 

2 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK. 

E-mail: katarzynagacek@yahoo.co.uk 

Seed formation is the key event in the life cycle of flowering plants. Proper development of the seed 

is achieved through coordinated growth of its three components: embryo, endosperm and maternal 

integuments (seed coat). Recent genetic studies have revealed that the coordinated growth of these 

components is mediated by intercellular cell-cell communication. This mechanism is thought to 

involve leucine rich repeat receptor like kinases (LRR LRK) and small secreted peptides acting as 

ligands. However, the regulation of these processes remain largely unknown. In A.thaliana, IKU2 

encodes a LRR RLK and is a key regulator of endosperm development and seed size. Results of this 

study revealed that IKU2 interacts genetically with ERECTA LRR RLK to regulate seed size. This 

finding has a particular relevance to understanding seed biology not only in A.thaliana but also in 

agronomically valuable Brassica crop species. 


235

Poster G-8 

OCCURRENCE OF BLACKLEG ON RAPESEED IN CHINA 

Li Q., Hu B.*, Rong S., Hou S., Fei W., Jiang Y., Chen F., Wu X., Fan Z., Lei W. 

Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hefei 230031, P.R. China 

E-mail: qiangshengl@126.com 

Blackleg is one of the most damaging diseases of rapeseed world-wide. The disease pathogen 

populations comprise two main species, aggressive Leptosphaeria maculans, and less aggressive 

L.biglobosa. L.biglobosa was first identified on both winter rapeseed in provinces of Anhui, Hubai 

and Guizhou, China in 2000. Does L. maculans appear in China? 

Surveys for blackleg on rapeseed have been conducted since 2006 regionally in both winter 

rapeseed (Brassica napus) growing areas along the Yangtze River and in spring rapeseed (Brassica 

napus) growing areas in northern China. Rapeseed debris with blackleg symptoms was collected 

and the causal fungi were isolated from infected lesions. Cultural characteristics and PCR detection 

methods were used for identification of blackleg pathogen. 

The results showed: Blackleg Occurrence: Blackleg infected plants were found at 41 cities and 

counties of 13 provinces (Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubai, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, 

Sichan, Guizhou, Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia) in China Disease incidence were at low 

levels in most fields up to 95% in some fields. 

Disease symptoms: Most plants were with upper stem lesions before harvest, few plants with leaf 

lesions were found. 

Cultural characteristics: Isolates from germinating conidia tended to exhibit more rapid growth in 

vitro and germ tube extension, produce pigments in liquid culture. In contrast, isolates described as 

aggressive L. maculans are generally characterized by relatively slow germ tube extension, slow 

growth in vitro, the absence of water-soluble pigments in liquid culture. 

PCR detection: Only L. biglobosa was detected from these samples and aggressive L. maculans was 

not found. 


236

Poster G-9 

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE RESISTANCE OF SOME PROCESSING WHITE HEAD 

CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L. VAR. CAPITATA SUBVAR. ALBA), VARIETIES 

TO ROOT–KNOT NEMATODES [MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (KOFOID & WHITE) 

CHITWOOD] 

Özbakır M. 1 , Balkaya A. 2 *, Mennan S. 3 

1 

Agricultural Engineer, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture 

Department, Samsun, Turkey; 

2 

University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Horticulture Department, Samsun, Turkey; 

3 

University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection, Samsun, Turkey. 


This study was conducted during 2010–2011 as a field study in the field of Ondokuz Mayıs 

University, Agricultural Faculty, Horticulture Department and as a pot study in the acclimatized 

room under controlled conditions at Plant Protection Department. The main materials of experiment 

were Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood infected soil and totally 27 white head 

cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. alba), of which 4 were resistant and 23 was 

susceptible to root–knot nematodes. Roots gall were investigated according to 0–5 scale. In 2010 

field experiment, 530-1 (2.2500), P33 (2.000), 173 (2.2500) and 183 (2,7500) cabbage lines have 

the lowest gall index. On the other hand, there was the highest observed in the roots of 195, 166, 

542,115, 165, 148, 519, Yalova-1 and Bafra (5.000) lines. The results provide information on the 

resistant root-knot nematodes and breeding study of Turkish white head cabbage lines. 


237

Poster G-10 

EFFECT OF FLOODING ON THE SURVIVAL OF LEPTOSPHAERIA SPP. IN CANOLA 

STUBBLE 

Peluola C. 1 , FernandoW.G.D. 1 , Huvenaars C. 2 , Kutcher H.R. 2 , Peng G. 3 * 

1 

Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe St, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, 

Canada; 

2 

Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 

5A8, Canada; 

3 

Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK 

S7N 0X2, Canada. 

E-mail: gary.peng@agr.gc.ca 

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not, is an important disease of 

canola and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in many countries, including Canada. However, 

L. maculans has not been reported in China, where blackleg is caused by a less aggressive 

pathogen, L. biglobosa R.A. Shoemaker & H. Brun. Strategies that mitigate the risk of blackleg 

epidemics may help alleviate China’s concern about accidental introductions of L. maculans. In 

China, winter rapeseed is the main oilseed crop followed often by a paddy rice or cotton. Paddy rice 

fields normally are flooded for weeks during late spring and summer. This study was conducted to 

assess the effect of flooding temperature (12–40�C) and duration (2–12 wks) on survival of 

Leptosphaeria spp. in canola stubble. Pieces of infested stubble were submerged in water in small 

glass jars containing 20 cc soil on a thermogradient plate capable of maintaining up to 96 

independent temperature regimes simultaneously. Flooded stubble pieces were sampled every 2 

wks, surface sterilized, and incubated on V8-juice agar for 10 d to recover the pathogen. Flooding 

for 2 wks reduced the pathogen recovery substantially relative to non-flooded controls, irrespective 

of temperature and no pathogen was recovered after 6 wks of flooding. The pathogen was 

eliminated more rapidly at flooding temperatures >20 o C compared to 12–16 o C. There was no 

difference between L. maculans and L. biglobosa in ability to survive flooding. Stem tissues 

degraded rapidly during the first 2 wks of flooding, corresponding to a rapid decline in pathogen 

survival in the same interval. These results indicate that a paddy rice crop following winter rapeseed 

should minimize the impact of blackleg by eradicating the inoculum of Leptosphaeria spp. in 

stubble. 


238

Poster G-11 

FINE MAPPING OF RACE-SPECIFIC BLACKLEG RESISTANCE GENES IN BRASSICA 

NAPUS L. 

Tang S. 1 *, Zhao J. 2 , Gore S. 2 , Ripley V. 2 , Wiggins M. 1 , Preuss R. 1 , Rider K. 1 , Ubayasena L. 1 , 

Powers C. 1 , Meyer D. 1 , Thompson S. 1 , Channabasavaradhya C. 1 


2 Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc, 101-421 Downey Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N-4L8, Canada. 


Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is one of the most devastating diseases in B. napus 

production in Australia, Canada and Europe. Development of Blackleg resistant canola varieties is 

the most effective and sustainable approach to control this disease. There are two types of resistance 

to L. maculans in Brassica species. The first is qualitative, single race-specific resistance, which 

depends on the presence of a resistance (R) gene in the canola and a corresponding avirulence (Avr) 

gene in the pathogen. Qualitative resistance provides complete resistance but is easy to break down. 

The second type of resistance is quantitative resistance, which is controlled by non race-specific 

genes of small phenotypic effect. Quantitative resistance is usually considered the most durable 

resistance, due to its effectiveness against a broad range of pathogenic isolates and lower selective 

pressure on the pathogen leading to a breakdown of resistance. However, quantitative resistance 

genes do not confer such effective protection as race-specific R genes. Pyramiding multiple racespecific 

resistance genes with non race-specific, quantitative resistance provides an effective and 

durable long-term approach to control the disease in B. napus. Although 14 race-specific genes and 

some quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified and mapped in different Brassica species in 

the past decades, high-throughput SNP markers tightly linked to the resistance genes have not been 

developed, and are not routinely used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of the Blackleg 

resistance. Here, we leveraged a high-density consensus map developed at Dow AgroSciences, fine 

mapped a few race-specific resistance genes, and developed SNP markers for MAS of these 

resistance genes in B. napus. 


239

Session H 

CLUBROOT 



240

Session H 

MOLECULAR CLONING OF CRR1A, A GENE FOR RESISTANCE TO CLUBROOT 

DISEASE (PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE WORONIN) IN BRASSICA RAPA L. 

Hatakeyama K. 1 *, Suwabe K. 2 , Tomita R.N. 1 , Kato T. 1, 2 , Nunome T. 1 , Fukuoka H. 1 , Matsumoto S. 1 

1 NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, 360 Kusawa, Ano, Mie, 514-2392, Japan; 

2 Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, 

Japan. 

E-mail: khatake@affrc.go.jp 

Clubroot disease, caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is 

one of the most economically important diseases of Brassica crops in the world. Although many 

clubroot resistance (CR) loci have been identified through genetic analysis and QTL mapping, none 

of these have been cloned in any Brassica species or Arabidopsis, and molecular mechanisms 

underlying P. brassicae–host interactions remain unknown. Here we report the map-based cloning 

of Crr1a, a gene conferring resistance to clubroot in Brassica rapa. Crr1a G004 encoded a Toll- 

Interleukin-1 receptor / nucleotide-binding site / leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein 

expressed mainly in the stele or cortex of hypocotyl and roots, in leaves, and in apical meristem, but 

not in root hairs. Compared with the resistant allele Crr1a G004 , the susceptible allele Crr1a A9709 

appeared to encode a truncated NBS-LRR protein lacking more than half of the TIR domain. 

Transgenic Arabidopsis harboring Crr1a G004 cDNA showed pathotype-specific resistance to P. 

brassicae isolates similar to that of untransformed B. rapa with a homozygous Crr1 locus. This 

study provides a basis for further analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying Brassica–P. 

brassicae interactions and contributes significantly to breeding of highly resistant cultivars of 

Brassica vegetables. 


241

Session H 

DECIPHERING THE FUNCTIONAL TYPOLOGY OF RESISTANCE QTL THROUGH 

METABOLOMICS 

Gravot A. 1 , Wagner G. 2 , Lariagon C 3 , Delourme R. 3 *, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. 2 

1 Université Rennes 1, UMR IGEPP, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France; 

2 AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR IGEPP, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France; 

3 INRA, UMR IGEPP, BP35327, 35653 Le Rheu, France. 

E-mail: regine.delourme@rennes.inra.fr 

The use of quantitative partial resistance, alone or in combination with specific resistance genes, 

seems to be an effective way to get varieties with an improved level of durability. With the 

assumption that the combination of QTL with different mechanisms or different effects on the 

pathogen can increase the sustainability of the resistance trait, the mechanisms underlying the 

involved QTL should be deciphered in order to rationalize their use in plant breeding. To date there 

is an insufficient understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated to quantitative 

resistances, possibly due to the difficulty in cloning QTLs. 

Clubroot is caused by the telluric obligate biotrophe Plasmodiophora brassicae and is one of the 

most damaging diseases of cultivated Brassicas worldwide. The use of genetic resistances, 

particularly quantitative partial resistance, is considered as one of the most efficient control and 

sustainable strategies. We report here a combination of biochemical and quantitative genetics 

approaches to elucidate the complexity of cellular responses involved in the quantitative resistance 

in the clubroot/Brassicaceae pathosystem. 

A “without a priori” strategy was developed, using targeted and untargeted metabolomics to 

identify metabolic biomarkers associated to the cellular response to clubroot infection, in several 

genotypes of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana harbouring various levels of 

susceptibility/partial resistance. This highlighted large biochemical similarities between 

susceptibility and resistance responses, and suggested the role of amino-acid, glutathione, 

glucosinolate, jasmonate and other still unidentified compounds in the susceptibility and resistance 

processes. 

This metabolomic approach was conducted in infected roots of segregating populations in B. napus 

and A. thaliana. Several colocalizations between QTL controlling symptoms and QTL controlling 

levels of metabolic biomarkers were identified. Resistance QTL were associated to different 

metabolic fingerprints, allowing i) to build a functional typology of several resistance QTL, and ii) 

to generate new hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying resistance/susceptibility to clubroot. 


242

Session H 

LONG-TERM SOIL DATA SETS REVEAL SHIFTS IN POPULATIONS OF 

PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE 

Jonsson A. 1 *, Wallenhammar AC. 1, 2 , Dixelius C. 3 

1 

Precision Agriculture & Pedometrics, Dept. Soil and Environment, 

SLU, PO Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden. 

2 

R&D, HS Konsult AB, PO Box 271, Örebro, Sweden. 

3 

Dept. Plant Biology & Forest Genetics, SLU, PO Box 7080, 751 07 Uppsala, Sweden. 

E-mail: anders.jonsson@slu.se 

BioSoM (Biological Soil Mapping) is the thematic research program at the NL-faculty at the 

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, that aims to provide scientific support to a new 

service for farmers enabling detection of soilborne pathogens. The BioSoM program will improve 

cropping reliability and will form an essential part to meet the challenge of optimizing crop 

production in Sweden in conditions that are affected by global processes and climate change. 

Soilborne plant pathogens are a major limitation in the production of marketable yields and are 

adapted to grow and survive in the bulk soil, causing root disease. Soilborne pathogens in general 

include many organism groups. In BioSoM we have an emphasis on fungi and protists (supergroup 

Rhizaria). Soilborne pathogens survive in the soil by e.g. resting spores, sclerotia or chlamdyspores. 

The lifetime of resting spores is often long, ranging from 10 to 20 years, and the time of survival 

depends on soil conditions, crop rotation etc. In one subproject we have analyzed the presence of 

Plasmodiophora brassicae, causing club root in Brassica crops, in archived soil samples from five 

long term field experiments using quantitative DNA-based detection methods previously developed. 

The field experiments were started in 1957 with a crop rotation allowing Oilseed Brassica crops 

every 4 th year. Initially white mustard (Sinapsis alba) was grown, and was later replaced by summer 

oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The oilseed rape crops were devastated by clubroot at two 

experimental sites in 2006 and 2010 respectively. DNA has been be extracted from soil samples 

collected in the field experiments, and the presence of P. brassicae has been quantified. The 

pathogen information will be compiled together with data from soil analyses and meteorological 

data in order to predict incited long-term changes. 


243

Session H 

A MOLECULAR BASED SEEDLING ASSAY SYSTEM TO STUDY THE GERMINATION 

AND PRIMARY INFECTION BY PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE. 


National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, 

Worcester, WR2 6AJ. 

E-mail: mary.lewis@worc.ac.uk 

The life cycle of P. brassicae consists (in part) of a single motile zoospore infecting a root hair cell, 

followed by replication within host cells before transposition to the root cortical cells where further 

spore formation occurs. Due to the complex nature of the lifecycle, it has been necessary to consider 

alternative methods to determine the viability of this organism. If DNA levels are considered at an 

appropriate stage of the life cycle (during the resting spore or primary zoospore stage) then the level 

of DNA is directly comparable to the number of spores present as these lifecycle stages have been 

shown to contain haploid nuclei. 

The objectives of this study were to construct a seedling assay system which uses the sensitivity of 

molecular methods to allow the determination of the number of germinating spores as a measure of 

viability, so that factors affecting viability can be investigated. Employing quantitative PCR, a 

seedling assay has been developed that allows the germination of resting spores to be quantified 

thus giving an indicator of spore viability within two weeks. The potential for monitoring levels of 

infection resulting from resting spore germination was also investigated in relation to infection of 

Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis cv. Granaat (Chinese Cabbage). Infection of root tissues by zoospores 

produced from a resting spore suspension was demonstrated by quantifying the levels of P. 

brassicae DNA over the period corresponding to primary infection. It was found that significantly 

reduced levels of P. brassicae DNA were detectable across a range of resting spore suspension 

concentrations after incubation with the brassica seedlings, and that P. brassicae DNA could be 

isolated from root tissue after the incubation period which, along with microscopy, confirmed 

seedling infection. 


244

Session H 

CROP ROTATION AND HOST RESISTANCE ARE EFFECTIVE IN CONTROL OF 

CLUBROOT ON CANOLA WHILE B. SUBTILIS BIOFUNGICIDES ARE NOT UNDER 

FIELD CONDITIONS. 

Peng G.*, Lahlali R., Pageau D., Hwang S.F., Hynes R.K., Anderson K., McDonald M.R., Gossen 

B.D., Strelkov S.E., Turkington T.K., Yu F.Q., Falk K.C., Boyetchko S.M., McGregor L., Hupka 

D., Geissler J. 

Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 107 Science Place, 

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada. 

(D.P.) AAFC Research Farm, 1468, Saint-Cyrille St., Normandin, Quebec G8M 4K3, Canada; 

(S.F.H.) Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 17507 

Fort Road, Edmonton, Alberta T5Y 6H3, Canada; 

(K.A.) Bayer CropScience, 295 Henderson Drive, Regina, Saskatchewan S4N 6C2, Canada; 

(M.R.M) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, 

Canada; 

(S.E.S.) Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 

Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada; and (T.K.T) AAFC Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, 

Lacombe, Alberta, T4L 1W1, Canada. 

Two field studies were conducted to assess the effect of crop rotation and cultivar resistance for 

management of clubroot on canola, together with potentially complementary biofungicide (Bacillus 

subtilis). In the first study, two granular formulations of B. subtilis were applied in-furrow at 50 

kg/ha on resistant and susceptible commercial cultivars in three field trials near Leduc and 

Edmonton, Alberta and Normandin, Quebec. In a second study, B. subtilis was applied as seed 

dressing at 1×10 5 to 5×10 6 cfu/seed and evaluated on a susceptible cultivar in plots with a 1, 3, or 

11-year break from the previous canola crop in Normandin. Clubroot disease pressure was high in 

each of the trials, with disease severity indices (DSI) ranging from 69% to 98% on the susceptible 

cultivar. None of the B. subtilis formulations reduced clubroot substantially in either study. In the 

first study, the resistant cultivar reduced DSI to below 15% and doubled the yield over that of the 

susceptible cultivar. In the second study, there was a higher level of pathogen inoculum in plots 

with a 1-yr break from canola than in the other two rotations, based on bioassay and qPCR 

assessment. Although DSI for all of the rotation treatments were high, approaching 100% in 1-yearbreak 

plots, longer crop rotations (3 and 11 years) reduced gall size slightly, showed less aboveground 

disease impact on canola plants, and yielded significantly more than the 1-year rotation. 

Even the 3-year break from canola alleviated the impact of clubroot substantially, with seed yield 

doubled when compared to the 1-year break. 


245

Session H 

USE OF GENETICS AND GENOMICS APPROACHES TO FINE MAP THE CLUBROOT 

RESISTANCE “CRB” LOCUS IN BRASSICA RAPA 

Ramchiary N. 1 , Im S. B. 1 , Piao Z. 2 , Lim Y. P. 1 * 

1 

Molecular Genetics and Genomics Lab, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National 

University, Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; 

2 

Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 

110866, China. 

E-mail: yplim@cnu.ac.kr 

Clubroot disease, caused by the obligate plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor, is one of 

the most economically important diseases affecting Brassica crops worldwide including oilseed 

Brassica napus, vegetable brassicas such as B. rapa and B. oleracea. The genetic basis of clubroot 

resistance (CR) has been well studied and mapping of resistance loci have been reported in these 

species. We earlier reported mapping of clubroot resistance “CRb” locus in A3 chromosome of B. 

rapa (Chinese cabbage) using F2/3 mapping populations derived from resistance and susceptible 

parental cross and tightly linked sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were 

developed by converting amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. In this study, 

fine mapping of CRb locus was done using 1500 F2 lines. Combination of genetic mapping using 

SNP and other gene specific markers, comparative mapping with Arabidopsis thaliana to identify 

potential resistance genes, and whole genome re-sequencing of resistance and susceptible parental 

liens were used to identify candidate gene causing resistance and susceptible phenotypes. We 

identified several candidate genes around the CRb region and parental nucleotide polymorphism 

were used to design SNP primers and validated by mapping. Of the 20 genes found to be putative 

candidate genes, one gene was found co-segregating with resistance phenotype. We developed few 

SNP markers (CRbSNPs) based on parental differences observed in that gene which could be 

applied for marker assisted breeding of clubroot resistance phenotype in B. rapa, and believed that 

this gene is responsible for causing clubroot resistance. The functional validation though 

transformation is underway. 


246

Session H 

QTL MAPPING OF ISOLATE-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO PLASMODIOPHORA 

BRASSICAE IN BRASSICA RAPA 

Jing J., Chen J., Zhang T., Piao Z.* 

College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110-866, China. 

E-mail: zypiao@syau.edu.cn 

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae were 

studied using four field isolates of P. brassicae and 115 BC1F1 and their selfing progenies derived 

from a cross between Chinese cabbage (B. rapa spp. pekenensis) inbred line ‘59-1’ as a susceptible 

recurrent parent and turnip (B. rapa spp. rapifera) ‘ECD04’ as a resistant donor parent. The BC1F2 

families were assessed for resistance under controlled conditions with two replications. A genetic 

linkage map covering 1159.1 cM of B. rapa genome was constructed with BC1F1 population, and 

consisted of 254 markers including 100 unigene-derived microsatellite (UGMS), 132 simple 

sequence repeats (SSR) markers and 4 markers linked to published clubroot resistance (CR) genes. 

Composite interval mapping identified 8 QTLs which were contributed by ECD04. Among these 

QTL, 4 QTLs allocated in the same region of previously identified Crr1, Crr2 (two regions) and 

Crr3. Four novel QTLs were mapped on linkage group A3 (Pb2Ba3.1, Pb2Ba3.2, and Pb7Ba3.1) 

and A7 (Pb10Ba7.1), respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 

8.3% to 25.2%. None of the QTL was effective to all isolates. Four QTLs were common to 

resistance for the two isolates of Pb2 and Pb7 on A1 and A7, respectively. Others showed isolatespecific 

resistance: one to isolate Pb2 on A3, one to Pb4 on A8, and two to Pb10 on A3 and A7. 

The QTLs resistance to two isolates in common explained 9.2~15.3% of phenotypic variation. The 

isolate-specific QTLs explained 8.3~25.2% of phenotypic variation. The results indicated a genefor-gene 

relationship between B. rapa and P. brassicae for clubroot resistance. 


247

Session H 

FIRST GLANCE AT THE GENOME OF THE CLUB ROOT PATHOGEN 

PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE 

Schwelm A.*, Fogelqvist J., Dixelius C. 

Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of 

Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO-Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, 

Sweden. 

E-mail: Arne.Schwelm@slu.se 

Plasmodiophora brassicae is the casual agent of the clubroot disease of the Brassicaceae, one of 

the most damaging diseases within this plant family. Despite its agricultural importance, the biology 

of P. brassicae remains poorly understood. Due to its obligate biotrophic nature, P. brassicae 

remains impossible to grow in axenic culture and the typical experimental systems for working with 

P. brassicae are comparatively unsophisticated. Molecular studies are especially challenging with 

only approximately 100 known genes. We recently succeeded obtaining the whole genome 

sequence from a P. brassicae single spore isolate. The first assembly draft showed a total length of 

the genome sequence of 22.8 Mb, which broadly corresponded with the previously estimation of the 

genome size of 18–20.3 Mb. In addition to the genome data transcriptome analyses have been 

started. The exploitation of the genome will greatly advance the knowledge of this pathogen and 

will shed light into the evolutionary origin of P. brassicae and its biology, which will in the long 

run help to understand and control club root disease. Here we present some first results of the 

genome sequence analysis. 


248

Session H 

CLUBROOT 



249

Poster H-1 

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CLUBROOT (PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE) BY AN 

ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS 

Auer S. 

Chair for Plantphysiology, Institute of Botany, Zellescher Weg 20b, Technical University Dresden. 

E-mail: susann.auer@gmail.com 

The clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae infects economically important crop 

species such as canola and causes high yield losses. The disease is difficult to control by chemical 

and cultural means. 

In a previous study Acremonium alternatum, a soilborne endopyhtic fungus and known biological 

control agent in other countries, showed a promising antagonistic effect in clubroot infected plants. 

The means by which Acremonium controls pathogens is not known so far. Presumably the fungus 

induces resistance mechanisms in the host plant and thus delays the development of the pathogen. 

We want to test this theory in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the economically important 

Canola (Brassica napus). To monitor the development of the infection within plants we use 

molecular methods as well as phytopathological techniques. The following questions are addressed: 

(A) How does Acremonium induce tolerance / resistance in Arabidopsis? (B) In which plant parts 

can the endophyte be found at different time points after inoculation? (C) Where does the 

interaction between A. alternatum and P. brassicae take place? (D) Which plant signals are 

involved? The long-term goal is to develop an inocolum from Acremonium spores or spore parts 

which can be integrated in pest control as environmentally friendly and lasting method for the 

reduction of clubroot infections. 


250

Poster H-2 

IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF CLUBROOT RESISTANCE GENES 

Chu M., Yu F., Falk K.C., Peng G.* 

Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), 107 Science Place, 

Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. 


Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is one of the most economically 

important diseases in Brassica species worldwide, and an emerging threat to canola production in 

western Canada. Cultivar resistance is the cornerstone for effective management of clubroot on 

canola. A total of more than 1,000 accessions of Brassica spp. were evaluated and 34 were 

identified highly resistant to the pathotype -3 race of P. brassicae in B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra 

and B. napus. Selected resistant lines from different Brassica species were crossed with respective 

susceptible doubled haploid (DH) lines and segregating populations (test-cross, F2 and BC1) were 

produced for identification and mapping of clubroot resistance (CR) genes. Parents, F1, F2 and BC1 

were evaluated for resistance to P. brassicae pathotype 3, and selected parents were further tested 

against five P. brassicae pathotypes (2, 3, 5, 6, and 8, Williams) identified in Canada. DNA 

samples were analyzed with microsatellite markers. Single dominant resistance genes controlling 

clubroot disease were found in four of the lines, two in B. rapa (pak choy and Chinese cabbage) and 

two in B. nigra. Two resistance genes from the pak choy line FN and Chinese cabbage line JNC, 

herein designated Rpb1 and Rpb2, respectively, were mapped to different genomic regions on B. 

rapa linkage group A3. Molecular markers closely linked to these CR genes were developed and 

verified to facilitate marker-assisted breeding. The Rpb1 and Rpb2 were highly resistant to all five 

P. brassicae pathotypes identified in Canada. Introgression of these CR genes into canola (B. napus, 

B. juncea and B. rapa) is in progress. 


251

Poster H-3 

CLUBROOT RESISTANCE BREEDING IN OILSEED RAPE 

Diederichsen E. 1 *, Frauen M. 2 

1 

Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie – Angewandte Genetik, Albrecht- Thaer- Weg 6, D- 

14195 Berlin, Germany; 

2 

Norddeutsche Pflanzenzucht H.G. Lembke KG, Hohenlieth, D-24363 Holtsee, Germany. 

E-mail: elke.diederichsen@web.de 

Clubroot has become a serious threat to oilseed rape cultivation in oilseed rape crops worldwide. 

Control means are poor and mainly restricted to host resistance. Plasmodiophora brassicae, the 

causal agent of clubroot, forms physiologic races that differ for their virulence towards race-specific 

host resistance. Breeding for clubroot resistant cultivars requires knowledge of pathotypes present 

in the cropping area and the efficacy of resistance sources which are considered to be used for 

cultivar development. 

The race-specificity of Plasmodiophora brassicae isolates from different areas was investigated in 

greenhouse tests using a Brassica napus differential set that is representing major sources for 

clubroot resistance. Opposite to expectations, virulent P. brassicae isolates towards major clubroot 

resistance genes originating from B. rapa were present in Europe, China and Canada. To monitor 

for the efficacy of the clubroot resistance from cv. ‘Mendel’ P. brassicae isolates from its cropping 

area were tested in the greenhouse. Besides a number of avirulent isolates certain areas were 

identified which seem to have a higher frequency of compatible isolates. Based on a limited number 

of P. brassicae populations it was indicated that compatible races were present in these areas 

already before the resistant cultivar was introduced. New breeding material exhibited a significantly 

higher level of clubroot resistance; however, highly virulent pathotypes were able to infect also the 

new breeding material. 


252

Poster H-4 

SEARCH FOR GENETIC RESISTANCE TO CLUBROOT IN BRASSICA COLLECTION, 

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS AND MUTANTS OF BRASSICA NAPUS 

Jedryczka M. 1 , Wojciechowski A. 2 , Olejniczak J. 1 , Niemann J. 2 , Kaczmarek J. 1 

1 Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland; 

2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland. 

E-mail: malgosia_jedryczka@poczta.onet.pl 

Clubroot is regarded as one of the most damaging diseases of oilseed rape worldwide. It is caused 

by a soil borne obligatory parasite – a protozoa Plasmodiophora brassicae. The pathogen is very 

persistent in soils, it becomes infective even after several years without the host plant. 

Agrotechnical methods, such as liming, are able to decrease the levels of plant infection, but unable 

to stop the disease. The most effective method to control clubroot is plant resistance. The aim of 

this work was to look for genetic resistance to clubroot in 360 accessions from the Polish Genebank 

Collection of the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization in Radzikow, including Brassica 

oleracea, B. rapa, B. juncea and other Brassica species. The studies also included interspecific 

hybrids between B. napus and B. juncea (20 lines), B. napus and B. rapa ssp. pekinensis (50 lines), 

and B. napus x B. rapa ssp. trilocularis (50 lines). The resistance to clubroot was also studied using 

13 chemical mutants (MNUA) of B. napus with increased levels of tocopherols (400-500 ppm), 8 

lines with decreased levels of indole glucosinolates (below 10 μM) and 5 semi dwarf lines. The 

resistance test concentrated on race 1 that prevails in the soils of Poland. Small plantlets (5-day-old) 

of all genotypes were planted to soils inoculated with single club isolates. The evaluation of 

resistance was done 8 weeks after planting, using 0-4 scale, where 0 was no disease symptom and 4 

was a root transformed to a big club. The mean disease severity varied from 0.188 to 3.875. The 

mean infection of all interspecific hybrids was 2.287 and 1.998 for the mutants. The differentiation 

of plant response allowed to pick up the most resistant genotypes that are now being tested for 

resistance to other race 1 isolates and another races of P. brassicae. 


253

Poster H-5 

INFECTIOUS POTENTIAL FOR CLUBROOT IN FRENCH OILSEED RAPE FIELDS 

Jestin C.*, Leflon M., Waller F., Pinochet X. 

CETIOM, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon. 

E-mail: jestin@cetiom.fr 

Clubroot caused by the protist, Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a disease that causes serious damage to 

Brassica crops, such as oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). In France, clubroot was first detected in the 

80’s. It then spread in areas where the production of oilseed rape and cruciferous vegetables were 

important. Currently, it is feared that the pathogen might expand in the French soil, due to introduction 

of N-catch cruciferous crop, and especially in the new oilseed rape growing areas. Moreover, an 

overcoming of the genetic resistance varieties used in field seems to have appeared in recent years. 

Consequently, it has become necessary to evaluate the status and the progress of this disease in 

France. We have established a reporting system online to take inventory of the plots infested by the 

pathogen and to gather information (type of soil, choice of the varieties…) associated with these plots. 

From this survey, a sampling strategy of infested soil was developed, targeting different cultural and 

pedoclimatic contexts. The development of a quantitative PCR approach is in progress in our lab in 

order to determine the infectious potential of French soils. The results will give us a new vision on the 

clubroot problematic in France. 


254

Poster H-6 

INDUCED RESISTANCE IS INVOLVED IN SUPPRESSING CLUBROOT ON CANOLA 

BY SEVERAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS 

Lahlali R., Peng G.*, McGregor L., McDonald M.R., Yu F., Gossen B.D., Hwang S.F., Hynes R.K., 

Boyetchko S.M., Geissler J. 

Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, 

Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada; 

(M.R.M.) Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, 

Canada; 

(S.F.H.) Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 17507 

Fort Road, Edmonton, Alberta T5Y 6H3, Canada. 


The commercial biofungicides Serenade ® (Bacillus subtilis), Prestop ® [Clonostachys rosea f. 

catenulata (Gilman & Abbott) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & Gams], and the endophytic fungus 

Heteroconium chaetospira (Grove) M.B. Ellis reduced the severity of clubroot (Plasmodiophora 

brassicae Woronin) on canola (Brassica napus L.) by >85% when applied to the soil under 

controlled conditions. The treated plants were examined for gene expression related to jasmonic 

acid (JA), ethylene (Et), auxin (IAA), PR protein, and phenylpropanoid (Pp) pathways using qRT- 

PCR to determine whether induced host-defence responses were involved in biocontrol. In plants 

treated with Serenade ® or Prestop ® , genes encoding JA (BnOPR2), Et (BnACO) and Pp (BnOPCL, 

BnCCR) were up-regulated while genes encoding IAA and PR proteins were down-regulated in 

roots relative to non-treated controls. The same pattern was also observed in leaves, but only the 

increase in Pp gene expression was significant. Plants treated with H. chaetospira showed higher 

transcript levels for Et, JA, IAA, PR-2 and Pp in roots, but the expression of Pp genes in leaves was 

insignificant based on a microarray study. These results indicate that induced host resistance is 

possibly involved in clubroot suppression by these biocontrol agents via the modulation of JA, Et 

and Pp pathways in root tissues. The up-regulation of Pp pathways in leaves by Serenade ® or 

Prestop ® implies that the acquired resistant response is systemic. The Pp pathways influence the 

production of several host-defense secondary metabolites including phenolics, salicylates and 

flavonoid phytoalexins. 


255

Poster H-7 

THE EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENTS ON THE GERMINATION AND INFECTION OF 

PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE. 


National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, 

Worcester, WR2 6AJ. 

E-mail: mary.lewis@worc.ac.uk 

Within soil there are many factors such as nutrient levels that can interact, having a combined 

influence on the clubroot resting spores in the soil. This makes it difficult to determine the 

individual significance of each factor on the organism. In a controlled system such as that observed 

in a seedling assay, the detection of P. brassicae by molecular methods means that it is possible to 

assess the effect of factors both individually and in combination. There are limitations to seedling 

assays however the effects of Copper, Boron, Zinc, Molybdenum and Manganese on P. brassicae 

germination and primary infection were studied using this system. 

The presence of copper decreased the level of root tissue infection and the concentration of copper 

was significant to the rate of decrease in infection. Similarly boron was also found to decrease the 

level of root infection, and again the concentration of boron was also significant. The presence of 

zinc was not found to have a significant effect at 0.5mEq L -1 but at the higher concentration of 

1mEq L -1 there was a significant effect on the level of root tissue infection. The presence of all of 

the nutrients tested increased the rate of spore germination except for molybdenum at 0.5mEq L -1 . 

The level of treatment applied was only significant to root infection for boron and copper while the 

remaining micro nutrients applied at different levels were not significant on infection following 

resting spore germination. 


256

Poster H-8 

OCCURRENCE OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE IN FINNISH TURNIP RAPE AND 

OILSEED RAPE FIELDS 

Rastas M.*, Latvala S., Hannukkala A. 

MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, Planta, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. 

E-mail: marika.rastas@mtt.fi 

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a serious plant disease of cruciferous 

plants. A field survey of occurrence of clubroot in oilseed fields was conducted in Finland in 

2007−2009 and in 1984−1989. At present, the disease is distributed throughout the oilseed 

cultivation area. Clubroot was found on average from 30% of fields, but its severity was low; fields 

with high numbers of infected plants and plants with severe symptoms were rare. According to the 

survey, cultivation frequency of cruciferous plants is the most important factor affecting clubroot 

occurrence and severity. Clubroot was found in soils with a wide range of pH-values (pH 5-7.6), but 

symptoms were most severe at low pH. According to the survey, and greenhouse and field trials, 

high temperature and moisture during the early growth period seem to favour disease development 

and can cause significant yield losses. In a survival trial, clubroot declined to close to zero after four 

years in the absence of host plants, but traces of the pathogen were still detectable after a 19-year 

trial period, making eradication of the pathogen very difficult. Due to long survival of the pathogen 

and its distribution to whole cultivation area, clubroot is an important limiting factor in increasing 

the cultivation area of oilseed crops in Finland. 


257

Poster H-9 

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RPB1 GENE, MEDIATING RESISTANCE TO 

PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 

Rehn F. 1 , Stolz A. 2 , Galfe N. 1 , Reinhardt S. 1 , Mukherjee O., Diederichsen E. 2 1, 2 

, Siemens J.* 

1 

Department of Biology, Molecular Biotechnology, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, 

Germany; 

2 

Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biology - Applied Genetics, Free 

University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany. 

E-mail: Johannes.Siemens@fu-berlin.de 

Clubroot disease of Arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers is caused by Plasmodiophora 

brassicae, a plant-pathogenic, obligate biotrophic protist. A hypersensitive response-like, isolatespecific 

resistance reaction can be observed in the A. thaliana ecotypes Tsu-0, RLD, Ze-0 and Ta-0. 

This resistance to P. brassicae is inherited monogenically and dominantly. It is suppressed in a 

sgt1a mutant background. We have identified and cloned RPb1 gene (resistance to Plasmodiophora 

brassicae) and have shown expression by RACE. Transgenic expression of RPb1 under the control 

of its native promoter in the susceptible ecotypes Col-0 or Cvi-0 confers resistance to P. brassicae. 

Two functional copies of RPb1 (RPb1a and RPb1b), which encode identical amino acid sequences, 

have been found in the resistant ecotypes Tsu-0, Ze-0 and Ta-0, and only one copy (RPb1a) in 

accession RLD. The RPb1 gene encodes a small protein with three predicted trans-membrane 

domains and no other known conserved domains. Transcriptome analysis of P. brassicae infected 

roots of the resistant ecotype Tsu-0 pinpoint to jasmonic acid dependent defense responses due to 

down-regulation of JAZ genes and induced expression of PDF1.2 and PDF1.2b. 


258

Poster H-10 

THE NEW APPROACH OF CLUBROOT CONTROL (PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE) 

USING PLANTS EXTRACTS AND CATCH CROPS 

Robak J., Gidelska A. 

Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. 

E-mail: jozef.robak@iwarz.pl 

Clubroot, caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the economically 

most important diseases of Brassica crops in the world. In the last two years the most economic 

important is epidemically occurrence of clubroot on major oilseed rape growing areas in 

monoculture technology in Poland, similarly like in the Canadian canola crop. Presently at the 

Horticulture Institute at Skierniewice we are continuing the several experiments concerning of 

screening some natural products as plant extract from berry fruits (strawberry) SFET/08 AOD® and 

herbs such as: ST1 Ernia ® to compare with standard chemical product fluazynam (Altima 500 

SC®).and calcium cyanamide. In the recent field trials the most effective in clubroot control 

indicated some plant extract SFET/08 AOD than standard chemical fungicide fluazynam. It was 

found that herbs plant extract Ernia induced natural resistance to P. brassicae in cabbage plants, but 

their effectiveness is very low and not repeatable from test to test. The new plants extract 

compounds creating the new possibility of clubroot control. Also many others agrotechnical 

methods is developing for effective control of clubroot such as using brassicae catch crops (white 

mustard).Also the soil samples from infested by P. brassicae field from Poland are evaluated to 

check for the occurrence of a new pathotypes in infested oilseed rape crops following greenhouse 

biological test using differential ECD host set and P.H. Williams set to compare with PCR method. 

Finally we would like to summarize of map positions of infested fields and races specifications of 

P. brassicaein Poland using conventional and molecular technique. 

In 2012, the study also included the "Catch crops" in order to reduce the degree of settlement and 

the threshold of soil by P. brassicae. The aim of this study is to develop realistic and effective 

methods of reducing the population of P. brassicae in infected soils mainly on plantations of largescale 

rape in Poland. The study included, among others: Brassicas - host susceptible and resistant to 

P. brassicae: white mustard, winter rape resistant to P. brassicae, radish, cabbage and others. In 

preliminary studies it was found pot in the greenhouse cultivation of single gripper: resistant 

varieties of winter oilseed rape and white mustard for a period of 28 days in greenhouse conditions 

eliminated the presence of P. brassicae from previously contaminated soils. This was confirmed by 

biological tests. The satisfactory association of such strategies with reductions of resting spore 

populations in soil has not been achieved. Yamagishi et al (1986). 


259

Poster H-11 

TESTING OF RESISTANCE TO CLUBROOT OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS WITHIN 

THE GENUS BRASSICA USING HYDROPONIC CULTURES 

Starzycki M. 1 , Jedryczka M. 2 , StarzyckaE. 1 , Kaczmarek J. 2 

1 

Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization – National Research Institute, Brach in Poznań, 36 

Strzeszynska, 60-479 Poznań; 

2 

Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska, 60-479 Poznań. 

E-mail: mjed@igr.poznan.pl 

The genus Brassica is strongly attacked by clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, the 

pathogen belonging to protists. The disease symptoms are present on vegetable brassicas, as well as 

on agricultural crops, such as oilseed rape (B. napus). The disease is soil borne. The primary 

inoculum are flagellate spores transported by ground water. The spores penetrate plants through the 

root system, entering by injuries and root hairs. The test was done using 8 interspecific hybrids of 

the genus Brassica and 3 cultivars of B. napus: 1) B. oleracea acephala x B. taurica, 2) B. napus 

Yellow seed x Eruca sativa, 3) B. taurica x B. cretica, 4) B. taurica x B. napus, 5) B. napus (CMS 

ogura) x B. campestris, 6) B. napus x B. juncea) x B. rapa, 7) B. napus x B. campestris, 8) B. 

oleracea acephala x B. napus, 9) B. napus cv. Tosca, 10) B. napus cv. Mendel, 11) B. napus cv. 

Alister. Tests were done using two aggressive, single club isolates of P. brassicae, originating from 

Poland. The most resistant hybrids were B. oleracea acephala x B. taurica and B. napus Yellow 

seed x Eruca sativa. The most susceptible was the hybrid B. taurica x B. cretica. In case of limited 

plant material or the lack of seeds, hydroponic cultures can be successfully used for screening of 

plant resistance to clubroot. 


260

Poster H-12 

GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE COLLECTIONS 

FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS IN GERMANY 

Strehlow B. 1 *, Struck C. 1 

1 University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Crop Health, Satower 

Str. 48, 18059 Rostock, Germany. 

E-mail: becke.strehlow@uni-rostock.de 

Clubroot disease, caused by the soil-borne, obligate plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is 

an economically important disease of cruciferous crops including oilseed rape. Chemical control of 

the pathogen is not possible at present and cultural practices can only limit the infestation with P. 

brassicae. Therefore the development of resistant cultivars is considered the most economical and 

efficient method for clubroot control. 

Different field isolates of P. brassicae could not be distinguished by phenotype except virulence 

pattern. Therefore pathogenicity-based classifications are used to differentiate field isolates. These 

bioassays are time and space consuming, and subject to varying environmental conditions. 

Molecular markers specific to isolates or pathotypes would be an efficient tool to identify P. 

brassicae field isolates. 

The objectives of the current research were to develop a molecular approach to characterize P. 

brassicae populations concerning the genetic variability and genomic polymorphism directly related 

to pathotype classification. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were detected within 

and between field isolates from regions in Germany with different oilseed rape history. 

Breeding of clubroot-resistant plants requires an understanding of pathogen diversity and the 

variation of pathogenicity in P. brassicae populations. Molecular markers specific to P. brassicae 

isolates may be an important tool in breeding strategies to develop durable clubroot resistance in 

oilseed rape. 


261

Poster H-13 

IN-FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE MEASURED USING 

QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL 

PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT 

Wallenhammar AC. 1, 2 *, Almquist C. 1, 3 , Söderström M. 1 , Jonsson A. 1 

1 

Precision Agriculture & Pedometrics, Dept. Soil and Environment, SLU, , PO Box 234, SE-532 23 

Skara, Sweden; 

2 

R&D, HS Konsult AB, PO Box 271, Örebro, Sweden; 

3 

Eurofins Food & Agro Sweden AB, PO Box 887, SE 531 18 Lidköping, Sweden. 

E-mail: ac.wallenhammar@hush.se 

Clubroot in Brassica crops, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is recognised as a 

serious soil-borne disease, associated with appreciable yield losses, and is considered one of the 

most economically important diseases of cruciferous crops. The disease is found world-wide 

throughout the growing areas of oilseed rape and vegetable Brassicas, with the reported outbreak of 

clubroot in parts of the rape-growing districts of western Canada of particular concern. In Sweden, 

outbreaks of clubroot in recent years have been reported to be more frequent in winter oilseed rape 

districts, and severe attacks have once again been reported from spring oilseed rape districts where 

severe outbreaks of the disease occurred 25 years ago. A protocol using real-time PCR for the direct 

detection and quantification of P. brassicae in soil samples previously developed, was used to 

determine the spatial distribution in a 25 ha field of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus) sampled 

after harvest in central Sweden 2010. 

The results show an overall spatial trend in the variation of the amount of P. brassicae DNA 

detected, with the lowest amounts of P. brassicae detected in the eastern part of the field, where 

also the pH values determined were on a higher level compared to that of the sampling points in the 

western part of the field. A correlation was found between pH value and amount of P. Brassicae 

DNA. The amount of P. brassicae DNA detected ranged from 225 to 33098 fg plasmid DNA g -1 

soil, that is of a considerably higher magnitude than previously determined in fields of winter 

oilseed rape. Analyses of soil type and other soil physiochemical parameters are underway. 

Continuous sampling in the following years will enable determining a measure of rate of decline of 

P. brassicae DNA. 


262

Alphabetical list of Authors 

A 

Aaby K. 164 

Aarts M.G.M. 101, 113 

Abe H. 221 

Acciarri N. 173 

Achilli M. 173 

Adamska E. 149 

Adzic S. 188 

Ahmed N.U. 122, 123 

Akaba-Takahashi M. 52 

Alabaça C. 127 

Albertini E. 143 

Al-Issawi M. 110 

Allender C. 83, 98 

Alonso Alos M. 199 

Alonso I. 226 

Al-Shehbaz I.A. 60 

Al-Shamari M. 47, 110 

Al-Swedi F. 47, 110 

Ambarus S. 87 

Amici A. 173 

Anastasi U. 194, 202, 203 

Andersen B.A. 99 

Anderson K. 245 

Angenent G. 107 

Antoshkina M. 148 

Aoki W. 115 

Arasan S.K.T.K. 122, 123 

Arora K. 67 

Artemyeva A.M. 45, 79, 89, 

93, 147, 178 

Argento S. 90, 162, 166, 

176, 182, 199, 205 

Aston T. 77 

Auer S. 250 

B 

Babula-Skowrońska D. 48 

Bacchetta G. 103 

Bagatta M. 84, 170, 182, 

190 

Bagger Jorgensen R. 99 

Baima S. 124 

Balducci E. 94 

Balkaya A. 88, 100, 195, 

237 

Bang S.W. 66 

Bao M. 51 

Barata A.M. 98 

Barker G. 61, 78 

Baron C. 62 

Bartoszek A. 114, 175 

Bartkowiak-Broda I. 134, 

141 

Bas N. 89, 98 

Basnet R.K. 41 

Batley J. 43 

Baty-Julien C. 163, 171 

Bayer P. 43 

Becker H. C. 106 

Bejai S. 125 

Bella P. 229 

Boari F. 196, 198 

Bollina V. 44 

Bonasia A. 167, 201 

Bondareva L. 116, 120, 148 

Bengtsson G.B. 157, 160 

Bonnema G. 41, 74, 79, 138 

Bouchet A. S. 62 

von Bothmer R. 76, 91, 99 

Bottalico F. 94 

Borge G. I. 164 

Boyetchko S.M. 245, 255 

Brachaczek A. 225, 234 

Bramucci M. 173 

Branca F. 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 

92, 99, 128, 136, 159, 162, 

165, 166, 172, 176, 179, 

182, 183, 199, 200, 216, 

220, 229 

Braun R. 231 

Braun R.H. 126 

Bravi R. 224 

Brezeanu C. 87 

Brezeanu P.M. 87 

Brock M. T. 77 

Brunetti G.217 

Brullo C. 85 

Brullo S. 85 

Buchanan-Wollaston V. 61, 

78, 150 

Bucher J. 41, 74 

Budahn H. 51, 55, 63, 79, 

93 

Buit T. 36 

Buonamici A. 94 

Burchett S. 232 

Buyyarapu R. 67 

C 

Caggia C. 172 

Calabrese N. 187, 196, 198 

Calì F. 92 

Campbell E. 43 

Camerata Scovazzo G. 210 

Campanelli G. 168, 214 

Candido V. 197, 207 

Cantore V. 196, 198 

Capone F. 95 

Carder J. 61, 78, 150 

Carito A. 187 

Carlier J. 127 

Cartea M.E. 64, 98, 160, 

165, 226 

Casadei N. 230 

Cassano D. 217 

Castronuovo D. 197 

Catara V. 229 

Cattivello C. 95 

Cavallaro C. 200 

Cegielska-Taras T. 149 

Cervenski J. 80 

Chesnokov Y.V. 45, 79, 93 

Channabasavaradhya C. 36, 

67, 239 

Chen B. 81, 118 

Chen BY. 73, 97 

Cheng F. 35, 49, 74 


263

Chen J. 247 

Chèvre A.M. 40 

Chen F. 236 

Chen K. 125 

Chiarenza G.L. 90, 92, 128, 

199, 200, 216 

Choi S. R. 42, 50 

Christensen B. 132 

Christey M.C. 126 

Chu M. 251 

Chung H. 133 

Chung SO. 155 

Ciancaleoni S. 143 

Cieśla A. 48 

Cinti S. 170, 190 

Clarke C.38, 44 

Clouet V. 62 

Coelho P. 127 

Collier R. 61, 78 

Confolent C. 62 

Conner A.J. 126 

Conversa G. 167, 201 

Copani V. 194, 202, 203 

Coriton O. 40 

Cosentino S. 194, 202, 203 

Cowling W.A. 37 

Cvikic D. 188 

D 

D’Addabbo T. 204 

Daligault J. 62 

Dalla Costa L. 95 

Dalton-Morgan J. 43 

D’Anna F. 174, 213, 222 

D’Avino L. 170, 190 

Dduan Y. 108 

De Cesare M. 83 

Dechaine J. 77 

De Groot C. 107 

De Haro A. 89 

Del Carpio D.P. 41 

Del Gatto A. 205, 206 

Delourme R. 129, 242 

De Nicola G.R. 170, 190 

Dennis E. S. 221 

De Mastro G. 204, 217 

De Jonge J. 107 

Desai D. 231 

Dhandapani V. 42, 50 

Di Cesare L.F. 168, 214 

Di Gaetano C. 92 

Diederichsen E. 39, 252, 

258 

Ding Y. 51 

Dixelius C. 243, 248 

Dobrutskaya E. 148 

Doi H. 52 

Domblides A. 116 

Domblides E. 116 

Dumbleton A. 126 

Durstewitz G. 130 

E 

Ebe Y. 146 

Eber F. 40 

Ebina S. 115 

Ecke W. 106 

Edwards D. 32, 43 

Elango N. 67 

Elia A. 167, 201 

Evans C. 67 

Ewers B.E. 77 

F 

Fadhel F. 232 

Falentin C. 129 

Falque M. 40 

Falk K.C.245, 251 

Fan Z. 236 

Farber C. 148 

Fasano G. 94 

Favati F. 197 

Fé D. 143 

Fei W. 236 

Feng H. 112 

FernandoW.G.D. 238 

Ferrari V. 168, 173, 214 

Fichera G. 85 

Fiol M. 156 

Fletcher R.S. 53 

Fogelqvist J. 248 

Fopa Fomeju B. 129 

Francisco M. 64 

Frauen M. 252 

Fujimoto R. 146, 221 

Fujimura T. 55 

Fukuoka H. 241 

Fukushima A. 57 

Fuller M.P. 47, 110, 232 

Furuyama Y. 115 

G 

Gacek K. 235 

Gaffney M. 154 

Galgano F. 197 

Galfe N. 258 

Galletti S. 182 

Ganal M. W. 130 

Gao GZ. 73, 81, 97, 118 

Garibaldi A. 191, 233 

Geissler J. 245, 255 

Gherbin P. 207 

Gidelska A. 259 

Gilardi G. 191, 233 

Gingera G. 36, 67 

Gins V. 148 

Girek Z. 188 

Giuffrida F. 208, 209, 218 

Giurato R. 208, 209 

Giusso del Galdo G. 85 

Giusti A. 124 

Glatt H. 158 

Glogovac S. 80 

Gluhova N.A. 131 

Gore S. 239 

Gossen B.D 245, 255. 

Gourrat K. 163 

Gowers S. 126 

Guarnaccia P. 183 

Gullino M.L. 191, 233 

Graham N. 113 

Graner E.M. 130 


264

Gravot A. 242 

Greenham K.M. 77 

Grillo O. 103 

Grimmer S. 164 

Grønbæk M. 189 

Groot S. 107 

Guadagno C.R. 77 

Guo Y. 54 

H 

Habtemarim H. 74 

Häffner E. 39 

Hammer K. 34 

Hand P. 61, 78 

Hanschen F. S. 169 

Hagen S. 160 

Hannukkala A. 257 

Harbinson J. 101 

Hashida T. 55 

Hatakeyama K. 137, 241 

Hayward A. 43 

He H. 71 

He Q. 108 

Hegelund J.N. 132 

Heenan P.B. 59 

Hennequart F. 154 

Hirai M. 55 

Hou S. 236 

Hu B. 236 

Hui M. 111 

Hupka D. 245 

Hur Y. 42, 122, 123 

Hur Y.K. 155 

Huvenaars C. 238 

Huteau V. 40 

Hwang S.F. 245, 255 

Hynes R.K. 245, 255 

I 

Iapichino G. 210 

Ilardi V. 85 

Im S. 246 

Immink R107. 

Iori R. 170, 182 

Ito Y. 70, 145 

J 

Jiang Y. 236 

Janowicz J. 109 

Javanmardi J. 211 

Jędryczka M. 48, 109, 225 

Jellings A. 232 

Jenczewski E. 40 

Jestin C. 254 

Jian Y. 54 

Jing J. 247 

Jo M. H. 155 

Johansen T.J. 157, 160 

Johansson A. 125 

Joly S. 59 

Jong-Gyu W. 133 

Jonsson A. 243, 262 

Jouy H. 40 

Jung H. 122, 123 

K 

Kaczmarek J. 109, 141, 

225, 234, 253, 260 

Kaczmarek Z. 149 

Kagale S.44, 184 

Kaji M. 146, 221 

Kaneko Y. 66 

Kaneta T.70, 145 

Kang J. 54 

Karim Md. M. 56 

Karlovsky P. 39 

Kato T. 137, 241 

Kawanabe T. 57, 146, 221 

Kennedy R. 244, 256 

Kergoat R. 62 

Khan S. L. 62 

Koh C. 77 

Khovrin A.N. 117 

Kocherina N.V. 45 

Kidmose U. 189 

Kim J.A. 96 

Kim S.J. 155 

Kim T.I. 155 

Kitashiba H. 57 

Kjellin J. 125 

Klinder A. 113 

Klocke E. 63 

Kodde J. 107 

Kondo T. 137 

Konietzky S. 39 

Konno S. 221 

Kristensen H.L. 189 

Kroh L.W. 156, 169 

Krotka K. 134 

Krumbein A. 151, 156, 158, 

160, 212 

Książczyk T. 109 

Kubo N. 55 

Kutcher H.R. 238 

L 

Labriola M. 94 

Laghetti G. 34 

Lahlali R. 245, 255 

Lane S. 47 

Laperche A. 62 

Lariagon C. 242 

La Rotonda P. 201 

Lassalle G. 129 

Latvala S. 257 

Lazzeri L. 170, 190, 203 

Lazzizera C. 167 

Lea P. 160 

Lee D.H. 96 

Lee GJ.155 

Lee E.M. 155 

Lee H.E. 133 

Leelarasamee N. 125 

Leflon M. 40, 254 

Leguen V. 171 

Lei W. 236 

Leitão J. 123 

Lema M.226, 230 

Leonardi C. 208, 209, 218 

Leroy G. 163, 171 

Lewis M. 244, 256 

Licciardello F. 172, 176 


265

Li F. 57, 97, 118 

Li H. 135 

Li J. 58, 73, 81, 118 

Li L. 51 

Li Q. 236 

Li X. 42, 50 

Liersch A. 134, 141 

Lim Y. P. 42, 50, 96, 138, 

139,155, 246 

Lin K. 49, 74 

Liu B. 49, 74 

Liu H. 54 

Liu X. 135 

Long Y. 33 

Lo Cicero L. 136, 142 

Lodé M. 40 

Lola-Luz T. 154 

Lopes V.R. 98 

Lo Piero A.R. 136, 142 

Lorenc M. 43 

Lo Scalzo R. 84, 159, 166, 

168, 179, 214 

Lou P. 77 

Ludwików A. 48 

Lu P. 118 

Lupidi G. 173 

Lütken H. 132 

Lysak M.A. 35, 59 

M 

Mabeau S. 171 

Maggioni L. 89, 91, 99 

Malaguti L. 170, 190 

Maldini M. 124 

Mandáková T. 35, 59, 60 

Mansfield T. 67 

Manninen O. 68 

Manoli S. 43 

Manzanares-Dauleux M.J. 

129, 242 

Marchini C. 173 

Martin O.C. 40 

Mason A.S. 37 

Materassi A. 94 

Matsumoto S. 137, 241 

Mattana E. 103 

Matteo R. 190 

McClung C.R.L. 77 

McDonald M.R. 245, 255 

McGregor L. 245, 255 

McKay J. K. 53 

McLanders J. 43 

Meijer J. 125 

Melilli M.G 176, 206 

Menano T. 74 

Meng J. 33 

Mennan S. 237 

Meyer D. 36, 67, 239 

Miccolis V. 197, 207 

Miceli A. 174, 213, 222 

Migliori C. 168, 214 

Milojević J. 140 

Mimida N. 115 

Mitić N. 140 

Miyazaki T. 137 

Moncada A. 222 

Möllers C. 106 

Mølmann J. 157, 160 

Monteiro A. 127 

Moore J. 61, 78 

Morelli G. 124 

Mucina L. 60 

Mühlhausen A. 60 

Mukherjee O. 258 

Mullen J. L. 53 

Müller R. 132 

Mummenhoff K. 59, 60 

Muratore G. 172 

N 

Nakamura N. 70, 145 

Nakano K. 145 

Nakatsuji R. 55 

Namieśnik J.175 

Navabi Z.H. 38 

Nelson M.N. 37 

Negri V. 143 

Nesi N. 62 

Neugart S. 156 

Nicoletto C. 192, 215 

Niemann J. 109, 253 

Nishio T. 57 

Niu N. 111 

Natella F. 124 

Nothnagel T. 63 

Nou I. 42, 122, 123 

Nunes E. 98 

Nunome T. 241 

Nukui S. 56 

O 

Ogrodowczyk M. 141 

Okazaki K. 56, 146, 221 

Olejniczak J. 253 

Olsen H. 164 

Özbakır M. 237 

Öztürk B. 100 

P 

Pace B. 198 

Paffetti D. 94 

Pageau D. 245 

Paillard S. 40 

Parisi G. 102 

Park H.Y. 133 

Park M. Y. 138 

Park J. 122, 123 

Park JT. 155 

Park S. 138, 139 

Park SU. 155 

Parkin I. 38, 44, 184 

Pavlovic N. 188 

Pavlovic S. 188 

Peluola C. 238 

Peng G. 238, 245, 251, 255 

Peterka H. 55 

Piao Z. 246, 247 

Picchi V. 84, 159, 166, 179 

Piekarska A. 175 

Pignone D. 34 

Pinio M. 199, 200, 216, 183 

Pink D. 61, 78, 150 


266

Pinochet X. 254 

Pitman A. 231 

Plieske J. 130 

Polley A. 130 

Poplawska W. 141 

Popovic V. 80 

Poulsen G. 91, 99 

Powers C. 239 

Preuss R.36, 67, 239 

Prinzenberg A.E. 101, 113 

Prodanovic S. 188 

Pu Z. 145 

Puglisi I. 142 

Q 

Qi X. 71 

R 

Raccuia S.A. 162, 176, 180, 

205, 206 

Raggi L.143 

Ragusa L. 84, 90, 91, 136, 

159, 165, 166, 172, 176, 

179, 180, 182, 216, 229 

Ragusa S. 

Rahman M. 144 

Raman H. 43 

Raman R. 43 

Ramchiary N. 42, 50, 246 

Randazzo C. 172 

Rastas M. 257 

Raynoud R. 74 

Rehn F. 258 

Reinhardt S. 258 

Restuccia C. 172, 176 

Rider K. 67, 239 

Rihan H.Z. 47, 110 

Ripley V. 36, 67, 239 

Robertson M. 36 

Robak J. 259 

Robinson S. 184 

Rodrigues C. 127 

Rohn S. 156, 169 

Romano C. 174, 213, 222 

Romano D. 102, 104, 219 

Rong S. 236 

Rounsley S. 67 

Ru L. 135 

Ruberto G. 202 

Rudneva E.N. 45 

Ruehlmann J. 212 

Ruta C. 204, 217 

S 

Sadowski J. 48 

Saeki N. 221 

Saha S. 164 

Salmeri C. 85 

Sambo P. 192, 215 

Sang-Eun H. 133 

Santagata S. 192, 215 

Santo A. 103 

Scaccini C. 124 

Schatzki J. 106 

Schiattine M.I. 196, 198 

Schmidt G. 164 

Schrader O. 51, 55, 63 

Schreiner M. 151, 156, 158, 

160, 169, 175 

Schuetze W. 178 

Schwelm A. 248 

Scuderi D. 102, 104, 209, 

218, 219 

Sehat M. 211 

Seljåsen R. 160 

Senape V. 224 

Serratore G. 224 

Sharpe A. 38, 44 

Shi J. 108 

Shi S. 119 

Shiina T. 70, 145 

Shimizu M. 146, 221 

Sidella S. 194 

Sigillo L. 224 

Signor M. 205, 206 

Siemens J. 258 

Silva Dias J. 82, 177, 227 

Skaret J. 160 

Skipper E. 150 

Skrede G. 164 

Snel J. 101 

Soengas P. 64, 98, 230 

Soga A. 70, 145 

Solovyova A.E. 147, 178 

Song WL. 97 

Soquet-Juglard D. 39 

Sortino O. 203 

Sotelo T. 64 

Spagna G. 172, 185 

Startsev V. 116, 120, 148 

Starzycki M. 260 

Steindal A.L.H. 157, 160 

Stevenson S. 61, 78 

Stiller J. 43 

Stolz A. 258 

Strano C.P. 229 

Strehlow B. 261 

Strelkov S.E. 245 

Struck C. 261 

Suay L. 40 

Sun Y. 74 

Sung YJ. 155 

Suwabe K. 241 

Szadkowski E. 40 

Szala L. 149 

T 

Tanhuanpää P. 68 

Takac A. 80 

Takahashi M 115. 

Takahashi Y. 65, 115 

Takahata Y. 52, 65, 115 

Takashima M. 66 

Takashita S. 137 

Tang S. 36, 67, 239 

Tanskanen J. 68 

Teakle G. 61, 78 

Terao Y. 69 

Testa G. 183 

Tereshonkova T.A. 117 

Thammawong M. 70, 145 

Thompson S. 36, 67, 239 


267

Thoudal M. 125 

Tollenaere R. 43 

Tomaru Y. 221 

Tomaselli V. 94 

Tomita H. 221 

Tomita R.N. 241 

Torricelli R. 143 

Toscano S. 102, 104, 219 

Travaglini D. 94 

Tribulato A. 84, 91, 92, 

104, 128, 159, 165, 179, 

216, 229 

Turkington T.K. 245 

U 

Ubayasena L. 239 

Ugolini L. 170, 190 

Umehara H. 70, 145 

V 

Velasco P. 160, 165, 226, 

230 

Valent E. 95 

Van der Schoor R. 101 

Van Ommen Kloeke A.E.E. 

113 

Verkerk R. 113 

Verdini L. 204 

Vetrano F. 174, 213, 222 

Vettori C. 94 

Vinterhalter B. 140 

Visnovsky S. 231 

Volkova A.I. 45 

X 

Xiao D. 41 

Xie Q. 77 

Xu K. 73, 81, 97, 118 

Xu X. 111 

W 

Wagner G. 242 

Wagstaff C. 113 

Wallenhammar A.C. 243, 

262 

Walley P.G. 61, 78, 150 

Waller F. 254 

Wang C. 119 

Wang G.Y. 73 

Wang J. 49 

Wang J.B. 73 

Wang S. 74 

Wang YG. 73, 112 

Wang W. 72 

Wang X. 35, 49, 74 

Wang Z. 49 

Wakeham A. 244, 256 

Weinig C. 77 

Wieseke R. 130 

Wiesner M. 151, 158 

Wiggins M. 36, 67, 239 

Wojciechowski A. 109, 253 

Wold A.B. 164 

Wolko J. 141 

Wos H. 134 

Wu J. 49, 74, 119 

Wu XM. 58, 73, 81, 97 

Wu X. 236 

Y 

Yamada-Akiyama H. 52 

Yan GX. 73, 118 

Yanayeva D.A. 117 

Yang J. 71 

Yanmaz R. 88 

Yarkhunova Y. 77 

Ye L. 67 

Yokoi S. 52, 65, 115 

Yoon MK. 42, 139 

Yoshida M. 70, 145 

Yu F. 251, 255 

Yu F. Q. 245 

Yu N. 111 

Yu S. 72 

Yu X. 50 

Yu Y. 72 

Z 

Zahed M.J. 211 

Zayachkovskaya T. 116 

Zdravković J. 140 

Zeng CL. 73 

Zhang D. 40, 72 

Zhang F. 72 

Zhang L. 54, 108, 111, 112, 

135 

Zhang M. 71, 108 

Zhang N. 74 

Zhang S. 72 

Zhang T. 247 

Zhang Y. 146 

Zhao J. 36, 41, 239 

Zhao X. 49, 71, 72 

Zheng C. 111 

Zhou W.72 

Zou J. 33 

Zrenner R151, 158. 

Zuluaga D.L. 113 


268

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