Dry root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola - International ...

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701carbendazim Thiobedazole (all 0.2%) andtridemorph (0.07%) effectively controlled growthon Sclerotial germination of R. bataticola invitro. Carbendazine and thiobendozale were mosteffective and inhibited growth at the concentrationof 0.006%. In successive cultures, the fungusshould increase tolerance to Mancozeb and PCNBand to a lesser extent to thiram, Campton, carboxinand iprodione. There was no reduction insensitivity towards carbendazim or thiobendazale.Vijay-Mohan et al. (2006) reported in fungicidaltrails on management of dry root rot of chickpeacaused by R. bataticola carbendozin (0.2%) andEtaconazole (0.1%) used as seed treatment, soildrenching and seed treatment plus soil drenchingrecorded lowest disease incidence of 15.6 and 18.2per cent highest grain yield of 192 and 18.9 q/harespectively, during rabi 2001-2002 and 2002-2003crop seasons. The above treatment recorded 57.2and52.4% higher yield over control with per rupeereturn of 12.78 and 11.80 respectively.Singh et al. (2007) this chapter focuses on theeconomically important disease of chickpea, i.e. –Ascochyta blight (caused by Ascochyta rabiei )botrytis Grey mould (caused by Botrytis cinerea),Fusarium wilt (caused by fusarium oxysporum f. sp.ciceris), dry root rot caused by Rhizoctoniabataticola ), Sclerofinia stem rot (caused bySclerotiorum) foot rot (caused by Operculellapodwickii), rust (caused by Vromyces cicerisarietini),parasite weed (Orabanche and Cuscutaspp.) and other diseases information is provided ontheir distribution, economic importance’ssymptoms, epidemiology, pathogen variability,host plant resistance and management (usingfungicidal control).Singh and Mehrotra (1980) investigated biologicalcontrol of R. bataticola on chickpea and reported4 bacteria and 6 actinomycetes proved antagonisticin culture with the exception of streptomycesisolates, all these reduced disease symptoms andincreased plant growth and dry matter when testedfurther by coating chickpea seed sown in field soilinoculated with the pathogen.Parakhia and Vaishnow (1986) reported that whenchickpea seed were treated with T. harziamumbefore sowing in pot inoculated with R. bataticolainfection reached 18% when the antagonist wasapplied as a soil drench disease levels were 28%and incorporation of wheat husk bran cultures gavelevels of 14% compared with 70% in the untreatedcontrols.Kumar and Khare (1990) investigated theantagonistic relationship of soybean with R.bataticola and Sclerotium rolfsi. It was inferredthat the population increased and decreased due tothe antagonistic activity of T. harziamum andBacillus subtilis.Haram et al. (1996) evaluated that trichodermaharzianum is an efficient biological agent that iscommercially produced to prevent development ofseveral soil seed pathogenic fungi like Rhizoctoniabataticola, Fusarium Solani, F. oxysporum.Different mechanisms have been suggested asbeing responsible for their biocontrol activity,which include competition for space and nutrients,secretion of chitinolytic enzymes mycroparasitismand production of inhibitory compounds.Chandra Shekhar et al. (1997) reported that Aprocedure that consumes less screening time wasdeveloped for screening Rhizophore-competenetbacteria for suppression of the chickpea of thepathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysparum f. sp. ciceri,Rhizoctonia bactalicola and phytium sp. of the 478bacteria by random selection of the predominant.Xue and Allen, (2002) observed a biological agentand method of use therefore controlling diseasescaused by fungal pathogens in plants.Singh et al. (2003) the efficacy of Trichodermaharzianum. T. Viride, T. hematum, glicladimvire,Psedomona fleurescens and Bacillus subtilis incontrolling Rhizoctonia bataticola casing dry rootrot in chickpea was determined in vitro and in fieldexperiment conducted in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh,India 2001-02. T. harzianum recorded the highestcontrol of the pathogen both in vitro and vivo.Gurha, -S.N.; et al. (2007) reported that thischapter the ecofriendly management of dry root rot(Rhizoctonia bataticola ) and wilt (Fusariumoxysporum) infecting chickpea. The tropicdiscussed include disease resistance in plant;cultural control; intercropping and rotation;biological control; chemical control. Screening ofchickpea germplasm lines against dry root rotdisease in pot.Krishnamohan et al. (1981) tested 20 chickpeaforms screened under field conditions andartificially in the green house, using a 1-6 score (1-highly resistant), BG205 and BG206, althoughmoderately susceptible in the green house, were,highly resistant under field conditions against. R.bataticola .Singh et al. (1982) reported that 3 chickpeacultivars did not to be related to their resistance toR. bataticola carbohydrate content was higher inthe susceptible cultivar than in the 2 resistant ones.Singh and Mehrotra (1982) reported resistant to R.bataticola was shown by the cultivars BG-203,G-543 and Hare Chhole when grown in infestedsoil.Reddy et al. (1990) tested resistant to wilt anddifferent root rots of chickpea and found that themortality of variety J.G.-62 (100%), Avrodhi andICCC-48 was (20%).Baker and Ahmed (1991) tested the resistance of90 genotypes of chickpea in field infested withwilt, dry root rot pathogens and found that ICC12263 was most resistant.Jayant –Bhatt and Bhatt (1993) pre-germinatedseed of 21 chickpea varieties were sown inVol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1540

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701contaminated soil. R. bataticola caused seed rotwithin 24h in NEC874 and EG234, Bold 2375,BG209, JG62, JG315, ICC 3357 and JG1133developed necrotic lesion 3 to 5 cells deep on thehypocotyls region within 7 days, RSG-44,AGC677, NEC41, GL269, JG74, ICC8983 andICC 5003, developed only superficial necrosisalong the hypocotyle region. BGM416, BG416,ICC1376 and ICC113314 were resistant. Resistantcultivars had a greater number of lateral rootsduring early growth phases.Mishra et al. (2005) have tested 470 germplasmlines are found KG-86 KWR-4, KWR-108 andKWR-277 as a resistant genotype.Chaturvedi and Dua (2009) have reported 25resistant cultivars including KPG-59, Radhey andK-50 against dry root rot.Aghakhani et al. (2009) twenty – three isolates ofR. bataticola causing dry root rot of chickpea(Cicer arietinum collected from 10 different majorchickpea growing states of India were highlyvariable in their morphological and culturalcharacters as well as pathogenicity /virulence. Thevirulence analysis of the isolates on a set ofchickpea cultivars namely ICC12441, ICC1224,ICC12450, Pusa 362, BGD112, Pusa1103,Pusa212, Pusa1088 and under blotter paper as wellas sick soil grouped them into 6 pathotypes . Thepathotype groups were related to agro ecologicalregion of he country. The most virulent isolate(RBI from Bangalore, Karnataka) was fast growingand produced largest Sclerotia. A set of cultivarswas proposed for the first time for differentiatingthe pathotypes of R. bataticola causing dry rootrot of chickpea.Ved Ratan et al. (2010) reported that the variationin date of sowing was tested as an effective andeconomic strategy against dry root rot caused by(R. bataticola) and wilt (Fusarium oxysoporumf.sp. ciceris) disease of chickpea.MATERIAL AND METHODSSURVEY TO KNOW THE PREVALENCE OFTHE DISEASE IN JAMMU AND KASHMIRThe survey for the occurrence and severity ofchickpea dry root rot was made during crop season2010-11. Observation were recorded mostly fromfarmers field under natural conditions. Data wererecorded on different varieties at different placesand dates. Five to six place of each village wereselected at random. Five hundred plants were takenrandomly from the field and the number of diseaseand healthy plants were then sorted out. Thepercentage of plant showing disease was workedout.The percentage infection of each field in a villagewas used for calculating the village average andpercentage average of each village was used incalculating district average. Sample of naturallyinfested chickpea plants showing characteristicsdisease symptoms were collected from each placesurveyed, and brought to the laboratory. Thesample were critically examined for the presence ofcausal organism.COLLECTION OF DISEASE MATERIALNaturally infected chickpea plants, showingcharacteristic symptoms of dry root rot werecollected from different villages which weresurveyed. Such affected plants were brought to thelaboratory. These plant were washed and criticallyexamined for the presence of causal organism.Diseased material was used for isolating thepathogen. Suitable wet and dry specimens werealso prepared for future use.PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THEPATHOGENEffect of temperature on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen: To study the effect oftemperatures on the growth and sporulation of thepathogen, it was grown at eight differenttemperature viz., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and45 0 C. In this study potato dextrose agar was usedas basal medium and the method of sterilization,incubation, filtration and determination of the drymycelial weight, were followed as describedearlier. The dry mycelial weight were determinedafter 15 days of incubation. Three replicationswere kept for each treatment.Effect of H-ion concentration on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen: In order to study theeffect of H-ion concentration on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen twelve different level,viz. 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0and 9.0 before autoclaving by Backman pH meterusing N/10 sodium hydroxide and N/10hydrochloric acid. The method of sterilization ofthe medium, filtration and determination of drymycelial weight of the fungus were the same asdescribed earlier. The average dry weight of themycelium and extent of sporulation were recordedafter 15 days in incubation at 301 0 C.Laboratory bioassay of fungicides: The followingeight fungicides were evaluated against thepathogen under laboratory conditions to screen outthe best fungicides depending upon their inhibitoryeffect on the growth of the fungus (Rhizoctoniabataticola ).S.No. Fungicides Dose %1. Indofil M-45 0.22. Bavistin 0.23. Companion 0.24. Copper oxycloride 0.25. Benlate 0.26. Indofil Z-78 0.27. Ridomil 0.28. Sulphur 0.29. Control 0.2Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1541

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701The different fungicides were screened for theirefficacy against the pathogen by “Food PoisonTechniques” described by Schmitz (1930) in whichrequired quantity of each fungicides wasthoroughly mixed with 100 ml well sterilizedpotato dextrose agar medium contained in 150 mlflasks.Now this medium mixed with fungicides waspoured in Petri-plates and allowed to solidify. Eachtreatment was replicated three times. One set ofcontrol was also kept in which the medium was notmixed with fungicides. Equal pieces of the fungalgrowth, cut by the cark borer were inoculated ineach Petri-plate at the center. These inoculatedPetri-dishes were incubated at 301 0 C for 15 daysand after 15 days of the incubation, the fungalgrowth was recorded in each Petri-dishes.Evaluation of Bio-Agents against the pathogen invitro: For this study, the pathogen was isolatedfrom dry root rot sick plot of chickpea from IndianInstitute of Integrative Medicine ( IIIM ) , BoneraPulwama. One week old culture of Rhizoctoniabataticola maintained on potato dextose agarPetri-plates of 301 0 C was used for the study.The cultures of all the bio-agents were isolatedfrom the rhizosphere of chickpea plants of dry rootrot plot of this Institute, Antagonistic activity ofthese bio-agent against test pathogen wasdetermined by "dual culture technique" (Dennisand Webster, 1971). Five mm dice of pathogen wastaken from the actively growing colonies of the testpathogen and antagonist with help of sterilized corkborer. The dices of the pathogen were placed onone side in agar plates aseptically, and the dices ofantagonists were placed apposite side, the pathogenin same Petri-plate. Each treatment was replicatedthree times and incubated at 301 0 C . Growth ofantagonists and pathogen were recorded after 15days of incubation.The bio-control agents used for testing were:1. Trichoderma Viride2. Trichoderma horzianum3. Psuedomonas fleuroscenseEXPERIMENTAL FINDINGSSURVEY TO KNOW THE PREVALENCE OFTHE DISEASE IN THE STUDY AREADry root rot disease of chickpea crop was found inall villages which were surveyed since 2010-2011regularly. No information is available on incidenceand distribution of this disease in the study area.Therefore a survey study was under taken todetermine the incidence of disease. The results ofsurvey carried out in some villages of both thedivisions are summarized in table 4.Table 4: Sowing results of dry root rot disease in 50 villagesS.No.Name of thevillage visitedNo. offieldvisitedVariationofdry rootrotAveragedryroot rot1 TRICHAL 5 4-15 14.02 MITRIGAM 6 2-12 5.42`3 WAHIBUGH 5 3-7 64 VOATH 5 0-8 6.45 MIDOORA 4 1-20 18.06 KANGAN 5 1-8 6.47 LAAR 5 1-8 6.38 DOORU 6 0-16 12.19 WAZIRPORA 3 1-5 3.010 YARIPORA 4 5-20 14.511 KALAMPORA 5 2-10 3.512 MAGAM 4 1-6 6.413 SHANGUS 6 0-6 40.014 NEHAMA 7 0-16 8.715 SHADIMARG 4 2-10 14.016 NARWA 5 1-18 16.017 PAKARPORA 5 2-15 12.1518 NEWA 6 3-19 17.019 NAINA 6 1-5 4.1120 LOLAB 5 2-16 15.021 MANSBAL 6 3-15 18.2522 PADGAMPORA 5 2-15 12.1523 MALPORA 6 3-19 17.024 NAWHAR 6 1-5 4.1125 LAJURA 5 2-16 15.026 MARHANG 6 3-15 18.2527 CHANDGAM 5 0-15 11.5030 JASROTA 6 1-8 7.0031 LAKHANPORA 5 0-18 16.2532 RAMKUNT 5 2-18 15.0033 RAMNAGAR 5 1-10 9.50Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1542

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-370134 GOOL 5 1-12 8.2335 TREHGUM 5 0-40 35.2536 PAYER 5 3-35 30.7537 BHARDARWAH 5 2-30 28.038 BILLAWAR 5 0-18 16.5039 MANDI 5 1-16 15.2540 BUDHAL 6 2-18 17.041 CHATROO 6 0-15 13.2742 BANIHAL 6 1-19 17.7543 TANGMARG 5 0-16 15.044 URI 5 1-16 14.7545 CHADOORA 5 0-30 28.2546 BEERWAH 5 1-18 16.2547 LARPURA 5 3-30 25.2548 TREHGUM 5 0-40 35.2549 BADROO 5 3-35 30.7550 PARIGAM 5 6 0-42It is evident from table-4 that dry root rot diseasewas observed in all the village surveyed, thoughthere was no incidence of disease in some field ofseveral villages of both the divisions. Themaximum disease was observed in village Shangus(40.0 per cent) of Kashmir division. Minimumdisease was observed in Naina (4.11 percent),Kashmir division of district Pulwama. It isremarkable to note that all the six field visited invillage Shangus have high dry root rot problem (15to 80 per cent).Physiological studies of the pathogenThe physiological studies were carried out onmedia, temperature and pH on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen, which are describedhere separately.1.(A)Effect of different solid media on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen.The pathogen was grown on eight different natural,synthetic and semi-synthetic media for comparativestudy to select out the best medium for its growth.The data on radial growth and sporulation wererecorded and results are presented in Table -6Table 6: Effect of various solid media on growthand sporulation of the pathogenS.No.MediumAveragediameterof the colonySporulation(mm)1. Potato dextrose agar 63.35 Nil2. Standard nutrient agar 51.86 Nil3.Chickpea root extractagar47.71 Nil4. Carrot root extract agar 38.23 Nil5. Oat meal agar 29.55 Nil6. Czapek’s Dox agar 25.43 Nil7. Richard’s agar 17.13 Nil8.Asthana and Hawker’sagar15.26 NilC.D. at 5% 1.26Table 7: Effect of various liquid media on the growth andsporulation of R. bataticolaS.No.MediumAverage mycelial dry weight (mg)Sporulation1. Potato dextrose 22.35 Nil2. Standard nutrient 16.57 Nil3. Chickpea root extract 15.90 Nil4. Carrot root extract 14.22 Nil5. Oat meal 13.03 Nil6. Czapek’s Dox 12.70 Nil7. Richard’s 11.55 Nil8. Asthana and Hawker’s 10.12 NilC.D. at 5% 1.00Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1543

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701A perusal of (Table-6) reveals that potato dextroseagar medium supported the best growth of thepathogen, which was significantly superior to othermedia tested, followed by standard nutrient agarand chickpea root extract agar media. Fair growthof the pathogen was obtained on Asthana andHawaker’s media, whereas remaining media viz.carrot root extract agar, oat meal agar, Czapek’sDox agar, and Richard agar media supported poorgrowth. No sporulation was observed on any of thesolid media.(b) Effect of various liquid media on the growthand sporulation of the pathogen.The experiment was conducted on eight differentliquid media in order to find out the best mediumfor its growth and sporulation, as described inmaterial and method. Observations on mycelial dryweight were recorded 15 day after incubation andthe result are summarized in Table-7.It is evident from the result (table-7). That Potatodextrose medium was best for growth of thepathogen and significantly superior to the rest ofother media tested. Good growth was recorded onstandard nutrient medium and chickpea rootextract, which were statistically at par with eachother. Fair growth was obtained on carrot rootextract medium, where as the remaining mediaAsthana and Howker’s Richard’s Czapek’s Doxmedium, supported poor growth of the pathogen.Sporulation was not observed on any of the liquidmedia tested.2. Effect of different temperature on the growthand sporulation of the pathogen:The pathogen was grown at ten differenttemperature ranging from 10 0 C to 45 0 C asdescribed under “Material and Method” myceliumweight were recorded, and the result aresummarized in table 8.Table 8: Effect of different temperature on the growthand sporulation of the pathogenS.No.TemperatureAverage mycelial dryweight (mg)Sporulation1. 10 66 Nil2. 15 77 “3. 20 109 “4. 25 112 “5. 30 140 “6. 35 138 “7. 40 100 “8. 45 35 “C.D. at 5% level -1.6The result (Table-8) indicate that, pathogen couldgrow over a wide temperature range of 10 0 C to45 0 C but the optimum temperature for its growthwas found to be 30 0 C. The next best temperaturefor its growth was recorded 35 0 C. Statistically thegrowth of the pathogen gradually decreased bothbelow and above the optimum temperature (30 0 C).Minimum growth was recorded at 10 0 C.Sporulation of the fungus was not observed at anytemperature in the experiment.3. Effect of different pH level on the growth andsporulation of the pathogen.In order to find out the effect of various pH levelon the growth and sporulation of the pathogen tendifferent pH was adjusted as described in materialand method. The fungus was grown on potatodextrose medium at 30.01 0 C. The medium wasadjusted ranging from 3.0 to 9.0 pH and drymycelial weights as well as sporulation wererecorded and data obtained are presented in table -9.Table 9: Average dry weight of the mycelium of the pathogenat different pH level after 15 days of incubationS.No. pH levelAverage mycelialdry weight (mg)Sporulation1. 3.0 4.89 Nil2. 3.5 7.4 " "3. 4.0 9.63 " "4. 4.5 14.42 " "5. 5.0 18.36 " "6. 5.5 23.53 " "7. 6.0 19.89 " "8. 6.5 19.87 " "9. 7.0 15.15 " "10. 7.5 12.93 " "11. 8.0 10.25 " "12. 9.0 10.20 " "C.D. at 5% 1.21 " "Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1544

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701It is evident from the above table that the pathogencould grow over a wide range of pH from 3.0 to 9.0but the optimum pH for its growth was found to be5.5 followed by 6.0. However with increase upto to7.0 and thereafter it declined. The minimum growthof the pathogen was recorded at pH 3.0 No.sporulation of the fungus occurred at any pH level.Laboratory bio-assay of fungicides: Eight differentfungicides were tested against the pathogen invitro. The screening of the effective fungicides wasdone on the basis of the inhibitory effect of thefungicides on the growth of the fungus by the agarplates method after 15 days of incubation at301 0 C . The average diameter of the fungalcolonies was noted in the poured plates containingdifferent fungicides as reported in table -10.Table 10: Inhibitory effect of different fungicides on the growth ofRhizoctonia bataticola after 15 days incubation at 301 0 CS.No. Fungicides Dose %Average diameter offungal growth (cm)Percent inhibition overcontrol1. Indofil M-45 0.2 00.00 100.002. Bavistin 0.2 00.00 100.003. Companion 0.2 00.00 100.004. Copporoxycloride 0.2 00.00 100.005. Benlate 0.2 00.00 100.006. Indofil Z-78 0.2 5.23 38.477. Ridomil 0.2 6.48 24.508. Sulphur 0.2 6.70 21.179. Control 8.50C.D. at 5% level = 0.01617It is evident from the result of table-10 andcorresponding . that out of eight differentfungicides tested in laboratory, Indofil M-45,Bavistin, comparion, copperoxycloride and benlatecompletely inhibited the growth of the fungus.Other fungicides which were also found effectiveto check the growth of fungus were Indofil Z-78,Ridomil and Shulphur in descending order ofsuperiority.Evaluation of bio-agents against the pathogen invitroThere bio-agent were evaluated for their inhibitoryeffect against the pathogen by dual culturetechniques as described previous chapter the resultof average diameter of fungal colony incubated at301 0 C after 15 day presented in table-11 .Table 11: Inhibitory effect of different bio-agents on the growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola in vitroincubated at 301 0 CS.No.Bio-agentsAverage diameterof fungal colony(cm)% inhibitionover control1. Trichoderma viride + Rhizoctonia Bataticola 1.41 81.962. Trichoderma harzium + Rhizoctonia Bataticola 3.42 56.263.Psedomonas Fleurescens + RhizoctoniaBataticola5.54 29.154. Control 7.82C.D. at 5% level =0.02431The results presented in table -11 reveal that all thebio-agents suppressed the colony growth ofRhizoctonia bataticola.The suppression of the growth pathogen wasmaximum with trichoderma viride (81.96%)followed by trichoderma hazarium and the leasteffective bio-agent was Pseudomanas fluoresces.DISCUSSIONChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an importantpulse crop of India. It is cultivated about 8.56million hectare with a production 7.35 milliontones and productivity 850 kg/hect. Diseasescaused enormous damage to this crop and therebyadversely affect the national economy. Merely bycontrolling the important disease of chickpea cropin the country the problem of malnutrition can beminimized appreciably.Dry root rot has been found to damage chickpeacrop. Therefore, the experiment was under taken tofind out its incidence and distribution in Jammuand Kashmir. So far as village of both the divisionsis concerned highest (40.0 per cent) disease wasobserved in village Shangus and lowest (4.11 percent) in village Naina.It is because in some of field where no irrigation ispossible farmers used to sow chickpea crop yearafter year in the some field. The high incidence ofthe disease in such field might be due to the factthat the disease perpetuates through debris in field.Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1545

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701The same type of observation was recorded byKhune and Patil (1992).The incidences of dry root rot of chickpea causedby R. bataticola was observed in late Oct. to midNov. the intensity of the disease was highly in themonth of Feb. and March during late flowering andpodding stage. The symptoms of the disease wereyellowing of the leaves within a day or such leavesdrop and plant showed completely dried symptomswithin a week after the appearance of the firstsymptom. If the plant were pulled out from the soiland examined the basal stem and main root systemof diseased plant showed extensive rooting withmost of the lateral roots destroyed. The tissueswere weakened and break off easily. In advancecases the Sclerotial bodies may scatted in the pithcavity and on the outer surface of the tap root. Thesymptoms were resembled with symptoms asdescribed by Chattopadhya and Bathacharya (1967)and Rai and Singh, Ilyas and Sinclair (1974) andRagaswami (1994).The effect of eight different solid media wasstudied on the growth of the pathogen and it wasfound that potato dextrose agar medium was thebest medium for growth the pathogen followed bystandard nutrient agar medium chickpea rootextract agar medium; and carrot root extract agarmedium. Whereas the remaining media viz., oatmeal agar, Czapek Dox agar, Richards agar andAsthana and Hawker’s agar supported poor to verypoor growth. More or less similar results wereobtained with these media in liquid form also. Nosporulation was observed on any solid and liquidmedia tested. Earlier, no such systematic effect wasmade to find out the best suitable medium for thegrowth and sporulation of R. bataticola. However,a few exceptions the reports on media studies madefor R. bataticola by some workers (Past, 1933:Livington; and ostazisk 1945; Knex –Davies,1965).Studies were made to find out optimumtemperature for growth and sporulation of thepathogen. It was observed that R. bataticola couldgrow over a wide range of temperature i.e. 10 0 C to45 0 C. The optimum growth of the pathogenrecorded as 30 0 C followed by 35 0 C. Sporulation ofthe fungus was not observed at any temperature.These result agree closely with the finding ofJackson (1965).Investigation on the pH requirement of thepathogen revealed that although, it could grow overa wide pH range of 3.0 to 9.0 but the optimum pHfor its growth was found to be 5.5. The growth ofthe fungus was reduced both below and above theoptimum pH value. However, no sporulation of thefungus occurred at any pH level tested. Theseresults are collaborated by the finding of Dhingraand Sinclair (1973).Eight fungicides were tested under laboratorycondition against Rhizoctonia bataticola and foundthat indofilm-45, Bavistin, companion,copperoxycloride and Benelate were completelyinhibited the growth of the fungus on potatodextrose agar medium. Other tested fungicidesnamely Indofil Z-78, Ridomil and sulphur werealso found effective to check the growth of fungus.The result obtained are in agreement with findingof Singh et al. (1993).Three bio-control agents were evaluated inlaboratory condition Trichoderma viride,Trichoderma harzinum and pseudomonasFleuresecense, Trichoderma viride showed bestperformance against the pathogen, Rhizoctoniabataticola, followed by pseudomonas fluorescence,which also checked the fungus growth to someextant similar finding were also reported by Singhet al. (2006).REFERENCES1. Aghakhani, Maryan and Dubey, S.C.(2009). Morphological and pathogenivariation among isolates of Rhizoctoniabataticola causing dry root rot of chickpeaIndian Phytopath. 62 (2):183-1892. Anonymous (2010). The Hindu Survey ofIndian Agriculture. P. 673. Baker, M.A. and Ahmed, F. (1991).Additional sources of resistance of willand root rot of chickpea in Bangladesh.Intern. Chickpea Newsl. 25: 28-29.4. Bhatt Jayanti and Bhatt, J. (1993).Reactioin of chickpea cultivars to R.bataticola (Taub.) Butler. Indian. J. PulssRes. 6: 118-119.5. Chandra Sekhar (1997). Selection ofchickpea-Rhizophare competentPseudomonas fluoresces NBRI1303,Antagonistic to fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Pythiumsp. (Current Microbiology Vol. 35: 52-58.6. Chattopadhya, S.B. and Bhattachariyha,S.K. (1967). Investigation in to the wiltdisease of guava in West Bengal,susceptibility of different ages of the host.Bull. Bot. Soc. Beng. 21: 107-112.7. Chaturvedi, S.K. and Dua, R.P. (2009).Improved varieties of chickpea in India.Bull, Kanpur. Pp : 1-10.8. Chauhan, S.K. (1962). Influence of pH insand culture on disease intensity and cropcorrelation dry root rot of gram. J. IndianBot. Soci., 41: 222-225.9. Dennis, C. and Webster (1971).Antagonistic properties of species groupof Trichoderma III hyphal interation.Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 57: 363-369.10. Dhingra, D.O. and Sainclair, J.B. (1978).Biology and pathology of R. BataticolaUniv. Fed. De. Vicosa, Vicosa-Minas,Gerais-Brasil. Pp. 164.Vol. 3 (4) Oct – Dec 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1546

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