Magnoliaceae

The Red List of 

Magnoliaceae 

revised and extended 

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) 

is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 

countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, 

sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize 

botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the 

well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for 

the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 

Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation 

International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, 

Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. 

© 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International 

ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5 

ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6 

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and the 

world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve 

threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that 

are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of 

human needs. 

Reproduction of any part of the publication for 

educational, conservation and other non-profit 

purposes is authorized without prior permission from 

the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully 

acknowledged. 

Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes 

is prohibited without prior written permission from the 

copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M., 

Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red 

List of Magnoliaceae - revised and extended. BGCI. 

Richmond, UK. 

AUTHORS 

Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI. 

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through a 

partnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree 

species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife 

and the wider environment. GTC does this through provision of 

information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable 

use, working with partner organisations around the world. 

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG) 

forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 

volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. 

SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International 

Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice 

to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species 

conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 

are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in 

an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. 

Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI. 

Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern 

at BGCI. 

Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the Global Tree 

Specialist Group. 

The opinion of the individual authors does not 

necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or 

Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 

The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation 

International take no responsibility for any 

misrepresentation of material from translation of this 

document into any other language. 

COVER PHOTOS 

Front cover: Magnolia ventii in South China Botanical 

Garden by Yang Keming 

Back cover: Magnolia coriacea by Weibang Sun 

DESIGN 

Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk 

Printed on 75% recycled, 25% Mixed Credit FSC 

certified paper.




March 2016 

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, 

Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield

The Red List of Magnoliaceae 

cOnTEnTS 

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 

PART 2 

Globally threatened Magnoliaceae species . . . . . . . . . . 21 

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as near Threatened . . 42 

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Data Deficient . . . . 43 

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Least concern. . . . 46 

PART 1 

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Taxonomic scope and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 

conservation assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7 

Review and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

Red List report format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 

case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

Red List results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

Threat status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

criteria used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

Geographical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

Major threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

Population trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

comparisons with the 2007 Red List 

of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

APPEnDIX 1 

Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and 

their number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 

APPEnDIX 2 

number of Magnoliaceae species in each country . . . 53 

APPEnDIX 3 

Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included 

in analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 

APPEnDIX 4 

Participating institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

APPEnDIX 5 

IUcn Red List categories and criteria 

(version 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 

Ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

Species in ex situ collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 

number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 

comparison with 2008 ex situ survey . . . . . . . . . . . 18 

conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Policy relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Monitoring of Magnolia in the wild 

2


AcknOWLEDGEMEnTS 

To achieve a complete evaluation of 

conservation assessments for 

Magnoliaceae, a wide range of 

people have shared their knowledge and 

expertise about this fascinating group of 

species and the habitats in which they 

grow. Without their generous assistance, 

this global Red List of Magnoliaceae 

would not have been possible, and 

everyone’s contributions are gratefully 

acknowledged. 

Members of the IUcn/SSc Global 

Tree Specialist Group and the BGcI 

network were especially helpful in 

providing information and facilitating the 

involvement of additional experts. 

Particular thanks go to: Marie-Stéphanie 

Samain and Esteban Martínez Salas for 

their contributions towards the Mexican 

assessments; Eduardo calderón, Alvarez 

cogollo and Marcela Serna-González for 

the colombian assessments, cnc Flora 

Brazil for the Brazilian assessments, 

Álvaro Pérez castañeda for his 

contributions on the Ecuadorian 

assessments, Frank Arroyo for 

contributions towards the Peruvian 

assessments, and the cuban Plant 

Specialist Group for the cuban 

assessments. In addition, highly valuable 

information was sourced at the 

International Symposium on neotropical 

Magnoliaceae in Puyo, Ecuador in July 

2015. 

At BGcI, in addition to the authors, Lisa 

Wheeler, Sonia khela and Fran 

culverhouse provided valuable help in 

sourcing reference material, collating 

information and producing conservation 

assessments and maps. Initial work and 

original maps produced by Daniele 

cicuzza are also acknowledged. 

The authors are extremely grateful to 

Fondation Franklinia for supporting BGcI’s 

red listing work. IUcn kindly provided 

financial assistant for this publication, 

support that was made possible by the 

Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi. 

Special thanks also go to all the botanic 

gardens that shared their Magnoliaceae 

collection information and published their 

data on BGcI’s PlantSearch database. 

Pam Hayward (of the RHS Rhododendron, 

camellia and Magnolia Group) provided 

invaluable assistance in securing ex situ 

collection information and photographs. 

The Magnolia Society has also provided 

valuable contacts. 

The provision of beautiful photographs by 

a wide range of talented photographers is 

gratefully acknowledged with credits 

given alongside each image. 

LIST OF AcROnyMS 

IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES 

BGCI 

CBD 

FFI 

GSPC 

GTA 

GTC 

GTSG 

IUCN 

SSC 

Botanic Gardens conservation International 

convention on Biological Diversity 

Fauna & Flora International 

Global Strategy for Plant conservation 

Global Tree Assessment 

Global Trees campaign 

Global Tree Specialist Group 

International Union for conservation of nature 

Species Survival commission 

EX 

EW 

CR 

EN 

VU 

NT 

DD 

LC 

NE 

Extinct 

Extinct in the Wild 

critically Endangered 

Endangered 

Vulnerable 

near Threatened 

Data Deficient 

Least concern 

not Evaluated 

3


FOREWORD 

Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolias indeed are a plant 

‘passion’ of mine and I have 

been extoling their virtues ever 

since seeing the magnificent Asiatic tree 

magnolias in the Valley Gardens at 

Windsor in the late 1960’s. Being asked 

to write this Foreword for the Red List is 

both an honour and a pleasure as this will 

highlight how much is known about the 

family, its taxonomy, distribution and 

threats thus building on the information 

found in the first Red List printed in 2007. 

But it also highlights the world-wide 

wealth of knowledge and expertise there 

is out there in organisations, societies 

and private collectors who are passionate 

about this plant family. 

This updated Red List highlights a number 

of important facts. 48% of all Magnolia 

species are threatened in the wild, with 

habitat loss due to logging and agriculture 

being identified as the main threats. china 

and Latin America (neotropics) are the 

two botanical ‘hotspots’ with many 

organisations involved with specific 

conservation projects. 

This was demonstrated when the ‘World 

Magnolia center’ was established in the 

South china Botanical Garden (ScBG) 

in partnership with Botanic Gardens 

conservation International (BGcI) and the 

Magnolia Society International (MSI) in 

2009. Such partnerships are key given the 

importance of both in and ex situ 

conservation work that is currently being 

undertaken around the world. The 

Magnolia Society International also plays a 

key role with conservation initiatives 

involving threatened species primarily 

from the neotropics. This is important 

particularly as c.100 species have been 

discovered over the past 15 years. 

An example of this is funding of 

the conservation, Propagation and 

Restoration of costa Rican species. 

In addition, the First International 

Symposium on neotropical Magnoliaceae 

held in Ecuador (2015) and co-running the 

Third International Symposium in cuba in 

2016 are key features of the MSI’s work. 

Ex situ conservation too is of significant 

importance: 50% of species are found in 

ex situ collections, while 22 species not 

included in 2007 are now safeguarded. 

As well as ScBG, there are many 

collections of note in china including the 

kunming Institute of Botany and 

kunming Botanical Garden. Professor 

Sun Wei-Bang has been successfully 

propagating several species that are 

critically Endangered or Endangered 

enabling the reintroduction of Magnolia 

decidua and Magnolia sinica in particular 

back into their native habitats. 

In the Uk, organisations including the 

Royal Horticultural Society, Plant 

Heritage, RBG kew, The Rhododendron, 

camellia and Magnolia Group and the 

International Dendrology Society all have 

substantial collections in their own or their 

members’ gardens that are open to the 

public. In mainland Europe, both the 

Arboretum Wespelaar in Belgium and 

Parco Botanico del Gambarogno 

(ParcoEisenhut) in Switzerland hold 

significant collections, while the latter is 

one of the world’s major suppliers of 

cultivated magnolias. Substantial ex situ 

collections are also found in new Zealand 

and north America while the MSI holds 

the registration page for the International 

cultivar Registration Authority. 

This Red List of Magnoliaceae ably 

brought together by BGcI highlights the 

huge amount of work that is being carried 

out around the world. At the same time, it 

provides a focus on how many habitats 

are ‘vulnerable’ as magnolias are key 

constituents of forest habitats. By 

publishing this, it will publicise the 

significant amount of work that is being 

undertaken around the world by 

passionate people yet at the same time 

stimulate a wider audience to support this. 

Jim Gardiner 

Executive Vice President- 

Royal Horticultural Society 

President Emeritus- 

Magnolia Society International 

4


EXEcUTIVE SUMMARy 

The evaluation of the conservation 

status of all species in the 

Magnoliaceae has long been a 

global conservation priority recognised 

by Botanic Gardens conservation 

International (BGcI). Since the publication 

of The Red List of Magnoliaceae in 2007, 

93 new Magnolia species have been 

described, additional information on 

existing species has been published in 

botanical literature, and new threats to 

species have emerged. In light of this new 

information, and with 93 new species 

requiring conservation assessments, we 

have compiled an updated and extended 

version of The Red List of Magnoliaceae. 

The new Red List of Magnoliaceae 

contains conservation assessments for 

304 Magnoliaceae species. All 

assessments are also submitted for 

publication on the IUcn Red List of 

Threatened Species. These assessments 

show that a large proportion of 

Magnoliaceae species are threatened 

with extinction in the wild (at least 48%). 

nearly one third of all species are still too 

poorly known to make a conservation 

assessment. Overall, only one in five 

species of Magnoliaceae is considered 

not threatened. 

The main centre of species diversity for 

Magnoliaceae is in china, however there 

is a second centre of diversity in the 

neotropics where a large number of new 

species have been recently described and 

published. The neotropics has the highest 

proportion of threatened Magnolia 

species; 75% of the neotropical Magnolia 

are under threat. 

The main threats to Magnolia are 

extensive logging, both selective and 

more general, together with habitat loss 

Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

due to agriculture and livestock farming. 

Sustainable forestry practices and more 

protected areas are urgently needed to 

conserve Magnolia in the wild. 

A survey of ex situ Magnoliaceae 

collections was also carried out as part 

of this conservation assessment. At 

present, only 43% of threatened 

Magnolia species are represented in ex 

situ collections, falling significantly short 

of requirements under Target 8 of the 

Global Strategy for Plant conservation. 

The majority of threatened Magnolia 

species are only found in a very small 

number of collections (fewer than five). 

However, considerable progress has 

been made since the last ex situ survey of 

Magnoliaceae in 2008, with 22 species 

that were then absent from ex situ 

collections now safeguarded in botanic 

gardens and arboreta worldwide. 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims to 

stimulate conservation action for 

Magnolia species under threat. BGcI and 

the Global Trees campaign work with 

botanic gardens and other conservation 

partners to enhance ex situ conservation 

for globally threatened Magnolia taxa 

where appropriate and to promote in situ 

conservation planning, ecological 

restoration and sustainable use. 

Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

5


PART 1 

BAckGROUnD 

Red List 

Year published 

The magnolia family, Magnoliaceae, is 

found in temperate and tropical regions of 

Eastern and Southeast Asia, and the 

Americas. The Magnoliaceae consists of 

over 300 species in two genera – 

Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L. They are 

evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs. 

Many species are widely appreciated 

around the world as ornamental trees due 

to their attractive flowers and foliage. In the 

wild, these plants are also widely 

appreciated, and used for timber and 

medicines by local communities as well as 

in international trade. There are 

conservation concerns for many of the 

species in the wild due to threats such as 

habitat destruction, overharvesting for 

timber and medicinal uses, and low 

natural regeneration. In order to assess 

the impact of these threats on the world’s 

Magnoliaceae species, there is a need for 

a global assessment of their conservation 

status to guide conservation action. 

The evaluation of the conservation 

status of trees has long been a 

global conservation priority recognised 

by Botanic Gardens conservation 

International (BGcI). BGcI, in partnership 

with Fauna & Flora International, 

coordinates the Global Trees campaign 

(GTc). GTc is a joint initiative to safeguard 

the world’s threatened tree species from 

extinction. Part of the task of GTc is to 

assess the conservation status of trees in 

the wild and in ex situ collections – and in 

such a way prioritise species in need of 

conservation action. BGcI, working with 

the IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group 

(GTSG), has for the last eight years been 

working towards this goal, producing global 

conservation assessments of trees both 

with taxonomic and regional foci (Table 1). 

These tree conservation assessments 

contribute directly to the Global Tree 

Assessment (GTA), which aims to have 

conservation assessments for all trees by 

2020 (Box 1, newton et al. 2015). 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae 2007* 

The Red List of Oaks 2007* 

The Red List of Maples 2009 

The Red List of Trees of central Asia 2009 

The Red List of Mexican cloud Forest Trees 2011 

The Red List of Rhododendrons 2011 

A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species 

of the Tropical Andes 2014 

The Red List of Betulaceae 2014 

*Published by Fauna & Flora International 

Table 1. Summary of Red Lists produced by Botanic Gardens Conservation 

International in partnership with Fauna & Flora International and the Global Tree 

Specialist Group. 

Global Tree Assessment (GTA) 

Despite the importance of trees, many are 

threatened by over-exploitation and habitat 

destruction, as well as by pests, diseases, 

drought and their interaction with global climate change. In order to estimate the 

impact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a complete 

assessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the Global 

Tree Assessment. 

The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of all 

the world’s tree species by 2020. The assessment will identify those tree species 

that are at greatest risk of extinction. The goal of the Global Tree Assessment 

is to provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts are 

directed at the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct. 

The Global Tree Assessment is an initiative led by BGcI and the IUcn/SSc 

Global Tree Specialist Group. Work is ongoing to develop an even more 

extensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort of 

many institutions and individuals. These steps will enable the Global Tree 

Assessment to achieve its 2020 target. 

The first of such Red Lists was The Red 

List of Magnoliaceae produced in 2007 

(cicuzza et al. 2007). Since this 

publication, new information on existing 

taxa has been published and new threats 

have emerged. In addition, since 2007, 

93 new Magnolia species have been 

described and published (IPnI 2015). 

The majority of these are from the 

neotropical region. In the light of this new 

information and new taxa, it is now time 

to produce an updated and extended 

version of The Red List of Magnoliaceae. 

6


METHODOLOGy 

TAXoNomIC SCoPE AND 

CoNCEPTS 

All species in the family Magnoliaceae 

that were published prior to December 

2015 were included in this assessment. 

We focused on species-level 

assessments, as the IUcn Red List of 

Threatened Species only accepts 

infraspecific conservation assessments 

once a species-level assessment has 

been carried out. Infraspecific taxa were 

not included, unless the taxonomic 

concept was unresolved and there were 

data indicating that the taxon might be 

considered an accepted species. Hybrids 

within Magnoliaceae were not assessed. 

The taxonomic concepts followed are 

those reflected in The Plant List version 

1.1 (The Plant List 2013); new species 

described since then as well as taxonomic 

updates since 2013 were included 

following the World checklist of Selected 

Plant Families (WcSP 2016) and after 

consultation with taxonomic experts. 

Plant authority names followed those 

from The International Plant names Index 

(IPnI 2015). 

CoNSERVATIoN ASSESSmENT 

mEThoDoLoGY 

conservation assessments were 

conducted following the IUcn Red List of 

Threatened Species categories and 

criteria version 3.1 (IUcn 2001, Appendix 

5). Assessments were compiled using the 

IUcn’s Species Information Service (SIS), 

which is a web-based database for 

storing and managing IUcn conservation 

assessments. Information for each 

species was assembled for a range of 

areas including: 

• Distribution 

• Population 

• Habitat and ecology 

• Threats 

• Uses 

• conservation 

• References 

Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories (version 3.1) (Credit: IUCN) 

Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna) 

A wide range of resources were consulted 

to gather all the required information. 

Sources include: national and regional 

floras, taxonomic databases, scientific 

papers, published and unpublished 

reports, expert knowledge, herbarium 

records and national red lists. In addition, 

expert opinions were consulted at the 1st 

International Symposium on Neotropical 

Magnoliaceae held in Puyo, Ecuador in 

July 2015. 

Using all the available information, a 

conservation category was assigned. 

Species were assigned one of nine 

categories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in the 

Wild (EW), critically Endangered (cR), 

Endangered (En), Vulnerable (VU), near 

Threatened (nT), Least concern (Lc), 

Data Deficient (DD) and not Evaluated 

(nE) (Figure 1). cR, En and VU are the 

three threatened categories. Taxa that did 

not qualify for a threatened category, but 

were close to qualifying for, or are likely 

to qualify for, a threatened category in the 

near future, were assigned to the 

category nT. Lc was used for species 

that are assessed but are not considered 

threatened including widespread species 

and rare but stable species. The use of 

the category DD is discouraged, but may 

be assigned to poorly known taxa. 

Species not yet evaluated were classified 

as nE. In this report nT and Lc taxa were 

considered “not threatened”. 

7


In order to assess whether a species 

belongs to a threatened category (cR, En, 

VU), the species were evaluated in relation 

to five criteria: A) Population reduction; B) 

Geographic range; c) Small population 

size and decline; D) Very small or restricted 

population; and E) Quantitative analysis. 

The criteria are based on a set of 

thresholds and subcriteria. Extensive 

guidelines available to facilitate the 

process for the conservation assessors 

were consulted (IUcn Standards and 

Petitions Subcommittee 2014). In 

practice, most assessments were based 

on population size and/or range size, 

either observed, estimated, projected, 

inferred or suspected. Assessors are 

encouraged to evaluate taxa using all five 

criteria, but a taxon only needs to fulfil one 

of the five criteria to qualify for a 

threatened category. When several criteria 

were met resulting in different status 

assessments, the precautionary principle 

was applied and the most threatened 

category was assigned (IUcn 2001). 

Once completed and reviewed, the 

assessments were sent for publication to 

the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species 

(IUcn 2015). 

Magnolia dawsoniana (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

All assessments in this report were 

assessed on a global scale. Assessments 

carried out by national red list efforts, 

were only included if species were 

country endemics (i.e. the national 

assessment covered the full geographical 

distribution). 

REVIEW AND EVALUATIoN 

Wherever possible, expert opinions were 

sought for all species assessed. 

Sometimes experts carried out the 

conservation assessment for their own 

species (assessors), and sometimes they 

contributed data for the conservation 

assessment to be carried out 

(contributors). In accordance with IUcn 

Red List regulations, all assessments 

were also reviewed by a member of the 

GTSG (reviewer). 

RED LIST REPoRT FoRmAT 

This report lists all species with their 

authors, country distribution and 

conservation assessment ratings. The 

threatened species are also listed with the 

rationale for the conservation assessment. 

All other information (including synonyms, 

full distribution information, habitat, 

ecology, conservation measures, threats 

and uses) can be found on the website for 

the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species 

(IUcn 2015, www.iucnredlist.org). 

Distribution maps have also been 

submitted to IUcn. 

The threatened (cR, En, VU) species are 

listed in alphabetical order in Part 2, 

followed by the near Threatened species, 

the Data Deficient species and the Least 

concern species. 

In this report assessors are only listed for 

the threatened species, and when the 

assessors were not the authors of 

this report, BGcI staff or interns. For 

full details of the assessors, contributors 

and reviewers, see the IUcn Red 

List of Threatened Species website 

(www.iucnredlist.org). 

A full list of species with their ex situ 

collections is found in Appendix 1. 

8


cASE STUDIES 

CASE STUDY 1: INTEGRATED 

CoNSERVATIoN ACTIoN FoR 

Magnolia wolfii IN CoLomBIA 

nearly all of colombia’s 33 Magnolia 

species, many of which are endemic, are 

threatened with extinction, as a result of 

habitat loss and extraction for their highquality 

timber. BGcI has been working 

with in-country partners Jardín Botánico 

de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe 

(JAUM) and Jardín Botánico Universidad 

Tecnológica de Pereira (JBUTP) to 

counteract the impact of these threats 

through a series of integrated in situ and 

ex situ conservation measures. 

Since 2013, work has focused on 

Magnolia hernandezii, Magnolia gilbertoi, 

Magnolia jardinensis, Magnolia silvioi and 

Magnolia wolfii. All these species have 

restricted distributions and extremely 

small populations, but none more so than 

M. wolfii. This species is only known from 

a single location, in the Risaralda 

department in west colombia, where the 

population is down to fewer than ten 

mature trees. 

Despite its critically Endangered 

conservation status, however, work 

carried out by BGcI and its in-country 

partners is ensuring that M. wolfii will have 

a more secure future. Propagation 

material collected from the wild population 

has been used to establish ex situ seed 

and living plant collections of M. wolfii at 

five botanic gardens in colombia. During 

these surveys, project staff discovered 

another three mature M. wolfii trees – a 

vital boost to the species’ tiny population. 

In addition to building up ex situ 

collections, work has been underway to 

reinforce existing wild populations of M. 

wolfii. In 2013, 400 nursery-grown 

seedlings were transferred to Marcella 

Botanical Garden which is close to the 

location of the only known wild 

population. Botanists have carried out 

repopulation trials to evaluate the species' 

growth responses under different habitat 

and light conditions. This work has 

involved the cooperation of local farmers, 

with 5,000 saplings of M. wolfii and other 

Magnolia species planted on their land. 

During the trial plantings, farmers and 

protected area staff participated in 

workshops providing vital training in 

collection, propagation and recovery 

techniques for Magnolia species. A 

broader education campaign at JBUTP 

communicated colombia’s unique 

Magnoliaceae diversity and the need for 

its conservation to the 10,000 visitors it 

receives at its botanic garden each year. 

At the same time, JAUM succeeded in 

securing the inclusion of a 140ha area of 

tropical forest, located on the eastern 

slopes of colombia’s Western cordillera, 

within the colombian Association of civil 

Society natural Reserves. This area was 

identified during field surveys as a 

hotspot for Magnolia species, and it is 

hoped that its designation will continue 

to encourage local participation in 

developing and implementing 

conservation measures for M. wolfii and 

colombia’s other threatened Magnolia. 

Fruit of Magnolia wolfii 

9


CASE STUDY 2: CONSERVATION 

OF THREATENED Magnolia 

sinostellata IN ZHEJIANG 

PROVINCE, CHINA 

Since Magnolia sinostellata was first 

described in 1989, this highly attractive 

species has become a popular 

horticultural plant. Its popularity has 

proved to be its undoing, however, as 

widespread harvesting of specimens 

from wild populations for use in 

commercial nurseries has seen the 

species rapidly decline. Today only three 

small populations of M. sinostellata 

remain in the wild, in the mountains of 

Zhejiang province, south-east china. 

These populations are all showing signs 

of poor reproductive performance, which 

is further accelerating the species’ 

decline and limiting the genetic diversity 

of each population. 

In 2015, BGcI and staff from Fairy Lake 

Botanical Garden, Shenzen, initiated a 

project to bring M. sinostellata back from 

the brink. The project is taking an 

integrated approach, with plans to 

establish ex situ living collections and to 

reinforce wild populations of the species. 

By the end of 2015, project staff had 

already successfully propagated 2,800 

M. sinostellata individuals, bolstering the 

species’ limited seed output with grafting 

and cutting techniques. 

specifically for cultivation purposes. 

Building local capacity in horticultural 

techniques will reduce their dependence 

on wild populations of M. sinostellata, 

and allow the species to recover. 

As well as reducing human pressure on M. 

sinostellata, plans are also in place to 

reinforce wild populations with individuals 

grown in ex situ collections. Efforts will 

focus on a population located on Mount 

yandang in the south-east of Zheijang 

province. This population has been singled 

out as requiring the most urgent 

conservation action as it currently 

comprises just 3-5 individuals, and is the 

most genetically distinct population of the 

three. Mount yandang is also a popular 

tourist destination, and provides an ideal 

opportunity to publicise the project and 

raise awareness of M. sinostellata 

conservation. Meanwhile, monitoring of the 

health and status of all three wild 

populations will continue, along with 

surveys to identify any new, as yet 

undocumented populations of this species. 

A key part of the project is to continue 

enabling local people to harness the 

horticultural and economic value of M. 

sinostellata without further endangering 

wild populations. To this end, 2015 saw 

the launch of a series of workshops and 

training courses designed to train local 

people and forest agency staff in 

propagation and cultivation techniques 

for M. sinostellata, with more workshops 

planned for 2016. Work is also underway 

to develop two cultivars of M. sinostellata 

Magnolia sinostellata sapling in a nursery (Shouzhou Zhang) 

10


CASE STUDY 3: MAGNOLIA 

CUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE: 

A FLAGShIP SPECIES FoR ThE 

RESToRATIoN oF CUBAN CLoUD 

FoRESTS 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae is 

endemic to the montane rainforests of 

cuba’s Guamuhaya mountains. Forest 

clearance has destroyed much of its 

habitat, with most of its former range now 

occupied by coffee plantations, shaded 

by non-native invasive tree species. All 

remaining populations of M. cubensis 

ssp. acunae are located in highly 

fragmented or degraded habitat. The 

largest population lies outside any 

protected area boundaries, which puts it 

at permanent risk of clearing for further 

coffee plantations. 

The rapid decline of M. cubensis ssp. 

acunae and other local trees also has wider 

repercussions for local ecosystems and the 

communities living within them. The 

Guamuhaya cloud forests, of which M. 

cubensis ssp. acunae was once a major 

component, play an important regulating 

role, capturing rainwater and humid air and 

thus controlling soil erosion, run-off and 

flooding further down the watershed. This 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae 

ecosystem service is vital to the 

sustainability of the local coffee industry, 

but with the disappearance of much of the 

native cloud forest, such systems are at 

risk of breaking down altogether. 

Since 2009, BGcI has been working with 

in-country partners the national Botanic 

Gardens Havana and the cuban 

Botanical Society to address the decline 

in coverage and quality of the cloud 

forests in Guamuhaya. As a previously 

dominant structural cloud forest species 

which is classified as critically 

Endangered, and a highly attractive tree 

valued locally for its timber, M. cubensis 

ssp. acunae acts as a strong flagship 

species for this project. 

Extensive field surveys have been carried 

out to map the full distribution of M. 

cubensis ssp. acunae and to collect 

propagation material for establishing the 

first ex situ collections for the species. A 

major challenge in establishing ex situ 

collections of cloud forest species such 

as M. cubensis ssp. acunae is that they 

require very different conditions to those 

found in established botanic gardens in 

cuba. However, the project partners 

came up with a way of establishing ex 

situ collections of M. cubensis ssp. 

acunae that also facilitated the species’ 

conservation in the wild. 

With the cooperation of local farmers, 

native plant nurseries have been 

established on coffee farms, with training 

given to coffee farmers and farm workers 

to enable them to propagate and grow 

M. cubensis ssp. acunae and other 

threatened native trees. The programme 

has expanded rapidly, and by 2013, 

propagation efforts of 12 local nurseries 

had raised over 1,500 individuals of M. 

cubensis ssp. acunae. Having started the 

process of controlling and eradicating 

non-native invasive trees from coffee 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae 

plantations, project staff and local farmers 

have been able to reinforce wild 

populations of M. cubensis ssp. acunae 

through planting out nursery-grown trees 

on the coffee plantations, in place of the 

non-native tree species. 

In addition to practical interventions to 

restore M. cubensis ssp. acunae, project 

partners have worked hard to raise 

awareness among local communities of 

the benefits of conserving native tree 

species and cloud forest habitats. In 

August 2013, an environmental festival 

“Del Monte Soy” was held in Topes de 

collantes to celebrate the relationship 

between humans and plants, highlight the 

value of the local flora, and to 

communicate the threatened conservation 

status of many native plants in the region, 

including M. cubensis ssp. acunae. One 

of the key focuses of the training 

workshops held with coffee farmers was 

also the importance of native tree species 

and habitats for local communities. 

Work to conserve M. cubensis ssp. 

acunae and its native habitat is set to 

continue into the future. One of the latest 

developments has been the provision of 

toolkits to coffee farmers to help them to 

manage their native tree nurseries 

independently. Two project workers 

continue to be available to provide advice, 

but it is the farmers and their communities 

who will lead the work to conserve M. 

cubensis ssp. acunae into the future. 

11


RED LIST RESULTS 

ThREAT STATUS 

All species in the family Magnoliaceae 

published prior to December 2015 are 

included in this Red List assessment, 

totalling 304 species, which makes 

this Red List of Magnoliaceae the most 

comprehensive analysis of the family. 

Globally, 147 species were considered 

threatened. Sixty species were 

considered not threatened (Least 

concern and near Threatened). The 

remaining species, (97) were Data 

Deficient (Figure 2). Data Deficient 

species may be either threatened or not 

threatened when a full assessment 

is possible. The recommendation for 

reporting this uncertainty is to give a range, 

which means that the proportion of 

threatened species is between 48-80%. 

More detailed summary results are found 

in Table 2. none of the species were 

considered Extinct, although two species 

were considered possibly extinct (Magnolia 

dixonii and Magnolia emarginata). Among 

the 60 not threatened species, there were 

32% 

48% 

20% 

Threatened 

Data Deficient 

not Threatened 

Figure 2. Summary of the threatened, 

Data Deficient and not threatened 

species of Magnoliaceae. 

Liriodendron chinense (Philippe de Spoelberch) 

IUCN Red 

List category 

Number 

of species 

Extinct 0 

critically Endangered 37 

Endangered 84 

Vulnerable 26 

Data Deficient 97 

near Threatened 13 

Least concern 47 

not Evaluated 10 

Total 314 

Table 2. Summary of conservation 

assessments for species of Magnoliaceae. 

13 species assessed as near Threatened 

(nT), these were species that nearly fall into 

a threatened category. One example is 

Liriodendron chinense this species is under 

pressure across its range from a 

combination of factors including habitat 

decline, degradation and fragmentation, as 

well as issues resulting from hybridisation 

and poor regeneration, with subsequent 

population reduction. 

Eleven infraspecific taxa were also 

assessed, but not included in the 

species-level analysis (Appendix 3a). 

More information on these can be found 

on the IUcn Red List of Threatened 

Species website (www.iucnredlist.org). 

Ten species, published recently were not 

evaluated (nE), as no information on 

these species (including the papers 

where the species were described) could 

be accessed (Appendix 3b). 

CRITERIA USED 

In order to list a species as threatened all 

five criteria should be used, although only 

a single criterion needs to be met for a 

species to be considered threatened. 

However, for many plant species there 

are not sufficient data available to allow 

all the criteria to be used. Most (77%) 

threatened species were assessed using 

criterion B, i.e. listed as threatened due 

to their restricted geographic range (Table 

3). A quarter (26%) of threatened species 

used criteria c and D, which are based 

on small or restricted population size. 

Only 9% of threatened species were 

listed using criterion A, which shows that 

population reductions (and generation 

length) are difficult to calculate for these 

long-lived taxa. no species were 

evaluated using criterion E (quantitative 

analysis of extinction risk). 

Most species were listed using a single 

criterion, but 16 (11%) threatened 

species had multiple criteria applied. 

criterion A 13 (9%) 

criterion B 113 (77%) 

criterion c 14 (10%) 

criterion D 24 (16%) 

criterion E 0 

Total 

164 (147 species) 

Table 3. The number of threatened 

Magnoliaceae conservation assessments 

using the five different Red List criteria, 

and the percentage of threatened species 

assessed under each criterion. 

12


GEoGRAPhICAL ANALYSIS 

Magnoliaceae species were found in 47 

countries (Figure 3, Appendix 2). The 

country with the most species was china 

with 108 species (33 threatened), 

followed by Vietnam with 45 species 

(14 threatened). Seven of the ten most 

species-rich countries were located 

in East and Southeast Asia. Another 

centre of diversity was in the neotropics, 

with colombia, Mexico and Ecuador 

having a very high number of Magnolia 

species. nearly two thirds (198) of 

species were single country endemics. 

When comparing the proportion of 

threatened species, the neotropics 

(Mexico, colombia and many of the 

caribbean islands) showed a very high 

proportion of threatened species (Figure 

4). For most countries in the neotropics, 

with only a few exceptions (Brazil, 

Panama, El Salvador and nicaragua), 

more than 50% of their Magnolia species 

were considered threatened. 

As a whole, 75% of the neotropical 

Magnolia were considered under threat; 

and the neotropics have more than two 

thirds of the world’s most threatened 

Magnolia species – those found in 

categories critically Endangered and 

Endangered. 

Figure 3. Magnoliaceae species richness per country. 

Figure 4. The percentage of Magnoliaceae species for each country that are threatened (excluding Data Deficient species) 

13


mAjoR ThREATS 

The majority of Magnoliaceae species 

were found in subtropical or tropical 

forests, with a few species found in 

temperate climates. A range of threats 

have been recorded, associated both 

with the species as well as the habitat in 

which they grow. The threats were 

recorded using the IUcn threat 

classification scheme (IUcn 2012). 

The most common threats to 

Magnoliaceae are shown in Figure 5. 

Logging/wood harvesting was the most 

significant threat to all Magnoliaceae 

species, both threatened and not 

threatened. It impacted nearly half (44%) 

of all species. Impacts from agriculture 

(annual and perennial non-timber crops) 

accounted for the second biggest threat 

and was identified as a significant factor 

in over one third of all species (36%). 

Habitat loss due to livestock farming and 

human development were also significant 

factors. Other threats included collections 

of wild plant material and climate change. 

Magnolia grandiflora (Peter Timmermans) 

Logging & wood harvesting 

Annual & perennial non-timber crops 

Livestock farming & ranching 

Housing & urban areas 

Wild plant collection 

climate change & severe weather 

Roads & railroads 

Mining & quarrying 

Fire & fire suppression 

Wood & pulp plantations 

commercial & industrial areas 

Problematic species/disease of unknown origin 

Tourism & recreation areas 

Ecosystem modification 

Dams & water management/use 

number of threatened species 

number of non-threatened species 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 

Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Figure 5. Major threats to threatened and non-threatened Magnoliaceae species, using 

the IUCN threat classification system. 

14


PoPULATIoN TRENDS 

The population trend for each assessed 

Magnoliaceae species was also recorded 

as part of the conservation assessment 

process. These data showed that less than 

5% of species have a stable or increasing 

population; 42% of species have a 

documented decreasing population (Figure 

6). For more than half of the species 

assessed, the population trend was not 

known. This lack of information on 

population trends can lead to species 

being assessed as Data Deficient. 

ComPARISoNS WITh ThE 2007 

RED LIST oF mAGNoLIACEAE 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae (cicuzza et 

al. 2007) included 151 Magnoliaceae 

taxa, of which 120 were species-level 

assessments (Table 4). This new Red List 

update contains 304 species. 107 

species from the original publication were 

assessed again. The 13 species which 

were not evaluated again are now 

considered synonyms, and the accepted 

name has been listed instead. 

Decreasing 

Stable/Increasing 

Unknown 

13 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 

Figure 6. Population trends of Magnoliaceae species. 

Table 4. Comparison of conservation assessments in The Red List of Magnoliaceae in 

2016 and 2007. Numbers in brackets include infraspecific taxa. 

128 

163 

2016 2007 

Threatened 147 species (152) 95 species (112) 

Data Deficient 97 species (92) 9 species (10) 

not threatened 60 species (62) 16 species (29) 

Total species evaluated 304 species (315) 120 species (151) 

Of the 107 reassessed species, most (78 

species) had the same conservation 

assessment category. However, 29 had 

a different rating: 12 species were given a 

higher category of threat, while ten 

species were moved from Data Deficient 

to another conservation rating. Seven 

species were categorised as less 

threatened (i.e. a lower category of 

threat), but none of these species fell out 

of a threatened category. 

compared to the 2007 publication, the 

2016 Red List of Magnoliaceae lists 52 

additional species that have been 

identified as at risk of extinction. There 

are also 44 additional species that have 

been identified as not at risk of extinction, 

and, worryingly, 88 species that have 

insufficient information to assess their 

conservation status. 

Magnolia laevifolia 

15


Ex situ SURVEy OF MAGnOLIAcEAE 

In addition to the conservation 

assessments, we also carried out an ex 

situ survey to assess the representation 

of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ 

collections of botanic gardens, arboreta 

and seed banks around the world. 

All Magnoliaceae records were 

downloaded from BGcI’s global 

database of plants in cultivation - 

PlantSearch (Box 2) (as of 26 January 

2016). In addition, lists of ex situ Magnolia 

collections sent to us from specialist 

collections not on PlantSearch and the 

chinese checklist of ex situ cultivated 

flora (Huang 2014) were consulted. 

The ex situ survey identified 9,918 records 

of Magnoliaceae from 490 institutions 

(Table 5). This number represents the 

presence of a single taxon in a collection 

within an institution and does not take into 

account the number of accessions or 

individuals. Only species records were 

included in the analysis; records of 

cultivars or infraspecific taxa were 

excluded. In total 4,476 records matched 

with Magnoliaceae species included in 

this Red List or with synonyms. 

SPECIES IN EX SITU CoLLECTIoNS 

Exactly half of all Magnoliaceae species 

(152 of 304 species) are found in ex situ 

collections. However, species in ex situ 

collections are often (82 of 152) those 

listed as Least concern or Data Deficient 

(Figure 8). Only 43% (63 of 147) of 

threatened Magnolia species (critically 

Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable) 

are found in ex situ collections (Figure 7), 

well below Target 8 of the Global Strategy 

for Plant conservation which calls for 75% 

of threatened plants to be held in ex situ 

collections (cBD 2012). 

Fifty-nine percent of the critically 

Endangered and Endangered Magnolia 

species (71 out of 121 species) are not 

number of species 

PlantSearch 

BGcI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in cultivation. 

It is available online, and it is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearch 

connects around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year. 

Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed and requests can be made via 

blind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collection holders 

to contribute to broader ex situ assessments, such as this survey. By uploading 

a taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can connect their collections to the 

global botanical community and find out the conservation value of their taxa, 

including the number of locations each taxon is known from globally and its 

current global conservation status. It is important for institutions with ex situ 

collections to share accurate data and keep it updated, and PlantSearch relies 

on collection holders to upload up-to-date taxa lists on an annual basis to 

ensure accuracy and enhance usability of the data. 

www.bgci.org/plant_search.php 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Species reported in ex situ collections 

14 

cR 

23 

36 

En 

48 

13 13 

VU 

Species not reported in ex situ collections 

Figure 7. Presence and absence of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ collections per 

IUCN Red List Category. 

2016 

ex situ survey 

number of records 9918 

number of institutions 490 

number of countries 61 

7 

nT 

6 

40 

Lc 

7 

42 

DD 

55 

Table 5. Summary statistics for the 

ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae. 

16


reported in ex situ collections and these 

should be prioritised to be brought into 

collections. Species that are not in an 

ex situ collection have no safeguard in 

the event their wild populations are 

lost. Twenty-three critically Endangered 

species not found in collections are listed 

in Table 6 together with their country of 

occurrence; of these, 20 are endemic to 

the neotropics. Successful efforts have 

been made by BGcI to target threatened 

Magnolia species in these regions 

previously (See case Studies 1 and 3). 

Further efforts should be made to bring the 

remaining critically Endangered species 

into collections as soon as possible. 

NUmBER oF ex situ 

CoLLECTIoNS 

Sixty-two percent (39 of 63 species) of 

threatened Magnolia species are found in 

a very small number of collections (fewer 

than five collections), with the majority 

only found in a single collection (Figure 8). 

Species found in only a few collections 

do not have sufficient protection against 

stochastic events or loss from natural 

causes. Furthermore, small collection 

numbers are unlikely to capture sufficient 

genetic diversity to enable the collections 

to be used in restoration or reintroduction 

programmes. 

Species 

Magnolia calimaensis 

Magnolia canandeana 

Magnolia cararensis 

Magnolia cespedesii 

Magnolia chimantensis 

Magnolia coronata 

Magnolia dixonii 

Magnolia domingensis 

Magnolia ekmanii 

Magnolia emarginata 

Magnolia faustinomirandae 

Magnolia gustavii 

Magnolia lacandonica 

Magnolia manguillo 

Magnolia mayae 

Magnolia narinensis 

Magnolia ofeliae 

Magnolia pleiocarpa 

Magnolia sanchez-vegae 

Magnolia tiepii 

Magnolia vallartensis 

Magnolia virolinensis 

Magnolia wendtii 

35 

30 

Country 

colombia 

Ecuador 

colombia 

colombia 

colombia 

colombia 

Ecuador 

Haiti, Dominican Republic 

Haiti 

Haiti 

Mexico 

India, Myanmar, Thailand 

Mexico 

Peru 

Mexico 

colombia 

Mexico 

India 

Peru 

Vietnam 

Mexico 

colombia 

Mexico 

Table 6. Critically Endangered Magnolia species not in ex situ collections. 

non threatened 

Threatened 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+ 200+ 


Figure 8. Number of collections of Magnoliaceae species. 

17


In contrast, some species are 

widespread among botanic gardens and 

arboreta around the world (Table 7). 

These species are generally considered 

not threatened, one exception being 

Magnolia stellata, which is listed as 

Endangered in the wild and is present in 

over 200 ex situ collections and is also 

widespread in general horticulture. The 

quality of ex situ Magnolia collections, in 

terms of size of collections and genetic 

diversity, is not included in the remit of 

this survey. It will be important to consider 

these two factors when bringing new 

species into collections, to maximise the 

conservation value of the ex situ 

collection. Further work on the genetic 

components and relevance of ex situ 

collections have been carried out for 

Magnoliaceae (cires et al. 2013), and in 

more detail for other groups (i.e. Griffith 

et al. 2015). 

ComPARISoN WITh 2008 ex situ 

SURVEY oF mAGNoLIACEAE 

A comparison of the results from this 

survey with those of an ex situ survey of 

Magnoliaceae carried out in 2008 (BGcI 

2008) show an increase in the number of 

records of Magnoliaceae in ex situ 

collections of 7,644. This is due in part to 

data being provided from a further 252 

institutions from 14 additional countries. 

But importantly Magnoliaceae species 

are now better conserved in ex situ 

collections. In addition, there are 22 

species that were not present in 

cultivation in 2008 that are now available 

in ex situ collections (Table 8). This shows 

the impact and importance of the Red 

List assessments and the subsequent ex 

situ survey highlighting and prioritising 

conservation action. 

Species 

Liriodendron tulipifera 

Magnolia grandiflora 

Magnolia kobus 

Magnolia stellata 

Magnolia tripetala 

Magnolia acuminata 

Magnolia virginiana 

Magnolia sieboldii 

Magnolia denudata 

Magnolia obovata 

Liriodendron chinense 

Magnolia macrophylla 

Magnolia wilsonii 

Magnolia figo 

Magnolia campbellii 

Table 7. Species in over 100 ex situ collections. 

Taxon Names 

Magnolia colombiana 

Magnolia dandyi 

Magnolia duperreana 

Magnolia espinalii 

Magnolia henaoi 

Magnolia katiorum 

Magnolia lanuginosa 

Magnolia lenticellata 

Magnolia longipedunculata 

Magnolia macclurei 

Magnolia mahechae 

Magnolia nilagirica 

Magnolia pallescens 

Magnolia platyphylla 

Magnolia pugana 

Magnolia rajaniana 

Magnolia sabahensis 

Magnolia sambuensis 

Magnolia striatifolia 

Magnolia urraoensis 

Magnolia utilis 

Magnolia vrieseana 

ex situ collections 

255 

225 

211 

206 

159 

157 

152 

148 

145 

136 

134 

121 

111 

103 

103 

ex situ collections 

1 

15 

1 

1 

1 

1 

13 

1 

1 

20 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Red List Category 

Lc 

Lc 

DD 

En 

Lc 

Lc 

Lc 

Lc 

Lc 

Lc 

nT 

Lc 

nT 

Lc 

Lc 

Red List Category 

cR 

Lc 

DD 

cR 

En 

cR 

DD 

En 

cR 

Lc 

En 

VU 

En 

DD 

En 

VU 

Lc 

nT 

En 

En 

DD 

DD 

Table 8. Species unreported from ex situ collections in 2008 now present in ex situ 

collections. 

18


cOncLUSIOnS AnD REcOMMEnDATIOnS 

PoLICY RELEVANCE 

This new Red List of Magnoliaceae 

contributes directly to Target 2 of the 

Global Strategy for Plant conservation of 

the convention on Biological Diversity, 

which calls for “an assessment of the 

conservation status of all known plant 

species, as far as possible, to guide 

conservation action” by 2020 (cBD 2012). 

In addition, an assessment of threatened 

species is also needed to ensure that 

Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant 

conservation is met. This target calls for 

“at least 75 per cent of threatened plant 

species in ex situ collections, preferably in 

the country of origin, and at least 20 per 

cent available for recovery and restoration 

programmes” (cBD 2012). 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims to 

stimulate conservation action for 

Magnolia species under threat. The aim 

is for these conservation assessments for 

Magnoliaceae to guide conservation 

action and policy decisions for the very 

rare and threatened species. The priority 

is to protect Magnolia in their natural 

habitats. Many of the most threatened 

species are still absent from ex situ 

collections, and should also be prioritised 

for targeted collection efforts. 

BGcI and the Global Trees campaign 

work with botanic gardens to enhance ex 

situ conservation for globally threatened 

Magnolia taxa where appropriate and to 

promote in situ conservation planning, 

ecological restoration and sustainable 

use. More information about these 

projects are available online 

(www.globaltrees.org/projects). 

RECommENDATIoNS 

The Red List of Magnoliaceae is a step 

towards the Global Tree Assessment (GTA) 

which will provide information on the threat 

status of all the world’s trees. In order to 

achieve the GTA and, more specifically, 

Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

improve the conservation status for 

Magnoliaceae, a number of conservation 

measures are recommended: 

Collect more information on Data 

Deficient species: 

• More information is needed on the 

large proportion of species for which 

there was not enough data to assess 

their conservation status (listed as 

Data Deficient). 

• Report any known information on 

these species to redlist@bgci.org to 

allow a full assessment to take place. 

• Target fieldwork and data collection 

for priority regions where these 

species occur. 

Ensure threatened species of 

magnoliaceae are conserved in situ 

and ex situ: 

• Develop ex situ conservation 

collections for the threatened 

Magnoliaceae species not yet 

represented in any ex situ collections. 

• Wherever possible, house ex situ 

collections in more than one 

institution and location. 

• Ensure genetic diversity is taken into 

account when building ex situ 

collections. 

• Assess the extent to which species 

are included in protected areas. 

• Develop integrated conservation 

action plans for the most threatened 

species. 

Raise awareness and build capacity 

locally and internationally: 

• Empower and inform communities 

about the uniqueness and 

importance of the Magnoliaceae 

species found in their local 

environment. 

• Use local plant nurseries and planting 

schemes to enhance the status of 

the most threatened Magnolia 

species in the wild. 

• Build horticultural capacity of 

in-country partners and local 

communities, including protocols for 

collection, propagation and cultivation. 

There has been significant progress since 

the last Red List of Magnoliaceae was 

produced in 2007: more Magnolia 

species have been discovered and 

described, more Magnolia species have a 

conservation assessment, and more 

Magnolia species are now conserved in 

ex situ collections. nevertheless, much 

more needs to be done in order to save 

many Magnolia species from extinction. 

Future work should focus on the 

recommendations above, and use the 

information gathered in this publication to 

effectively prioritise conservation action. 

Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez) 

19


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Magnolia wilsonii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

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Magnoliaceae Collections. Botanic 

Gardens conservation International. 

Richmond, Uk. Available from: 

http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/glo 

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2015). 

Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & oldfield, S. 

(2007) The Red List of Magnoliaceae. 

Fauna & Flora International. cambridge, 

Uk. 

Cires, E., De Smet, Y., Cuesta, C. 

Goetghebeur, P. Sharrock, S., Gibbs, 

D., oldfield, S., Kramer, A. & Samain, 

m-S. (2013) Gap analyses to support ex 

situ conservation of genetic diversity in 

Magnolia, a flagship group. Biodiversity 

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CBD (2012) Global Strategy for Plant 

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Gardens conservation International. 

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Griffith, m.P., Calonje, m., meerow, 

A.W., Tut, F., Kramer, A.T., hird, A., 

magellan, T.m. & husby, C.E. (2015) 

can a Botanic Garden cycad collection 

capture the Genetic Diversity in a Wild 

Population?. International Journal of 

Plant Sciences, 176(1): 1–10. 

huang, hongwen (2014) A checklist of 

ex situ cultivated flora of China. Science 

Press, Beijing. 

IPNI (2015) The International Plant 

Names Index. Royal Botanic Gardens, 

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http://www.ipni.org/ (accessed: 20 

August 2015). 

IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories 

and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUcn Species 

Survival commission. IUcn. Gland, 

Switzerland and cambridge, Uk. 

IUCN (2012) IUCN –CMP Unified 

Classification of Direct Threats. 

International Union for conservation of 

nature and natural Resources. Available 

from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 

documents/Dec_2012_Guidance_Threa 

ts_classification_Scheme.pdf 

(accessed: 3 February 2016). 

Trunk of Magnolia (Lou Jost) 

IUCN (2013) Rules of Procedures IUCN 

Red List Assessment Process 2013- 

2016. International Union for 

conservation of nature and natural 

Resources. Available from: 

http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/key 

documents/Rules%20of%20Procedure 

%20for%20Red%20List_2013-2016.pdf 

(accessed: 18 September 2015). 

IUCN Standards and Petitions 

Subcommittee (2014) Guidelines for 

Using the IUCN Red List Categories 

and Criteria. Version 11. Prepared by 

the Standards and Petitions 

Subcommittee. Available from: 

http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/R 

edListGuidelines.pdf (accessed: 20 

August 2015). 

IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of 

Threatened Species, version 2015.4. 

International Union for conservation of 

nature and natural Resource. Available 

from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 

(accessed: December 2015). 

Newton, A., oldfield, S., Rivers, m., 

mark, j., Schatz, G., Tejedor 

Garavito, N., Cantarello, E., Golicher, 

D., Cayuela, L. & miles, L. (2015) 

Towards a Global Tree Assessment. 

Oryx, 49: 410-415. 

doi:10.1017/S0030605315000137. 

The Plant List (2013) The Plant List 

version 1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens, 

kew, Uk. Available from: 

http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed: 

20 August 2015). 

WCSP (2016) World Checklist of 

Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by 

the Royal Botanic Gardens, kew. 

Available from: 

http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed: 

28 January 2016). 

20


PART 2 

GLOBALLy THREATEnED MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES 

Magnolia albosericea chun & 

c.H.Tsoong 

VU D1+2 

China, Vietnam 

Although little is known about Magnolia 

albosericea there are thought to be very 

few mature individuals (fewer than 1,000), 

across its range of evergreen 

broadleaved forests of southern china 

and northern Vietnam. It is only known to 

occur in three to five locations, where 

land use change is a plausible threat. 

Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia allenii Standl. 

En B1ab(iii) 

Panama 

Locally frequent in dense forests, this 

species is restricted to one area of 

western Panama at about 1,000 m asl. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

estimated to 1,142 km 2 and the habitat 

is inferred to be declining in extent and 

quality. The primary threat is 

deforestation, which has caused 

significant declines in the past. This 

species is Endangered. 

Magnolia amoena W.c.cheng 

VU B1ab(iii,iv) 

China 

Magnolia amoena is found only in china 

but is scattered across many provinces. 

The population is highly fragmented and 

collection of flower buds for medicinal 

purposes is believed to be reducing its 

ability to regenerate. It occurs in small 

scattered stands in hilly lowland mixed 

forest so the extent of occurrence is likely 

to be much less than the forest extent of 

24,769 km 2 and is estimated at less than 

20,000 km 2 . It is listed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia amoena (Don Mahoney) 

Magnolia angustioblonga (y.W.Law & 

y.F.Wu) Figlar 

En D 

China 

This species has a very limited 

distribution within the Maolan natural 

Reserve, Guizhou. It has an area of 

suitable forest habitat (extent of 

occurrence), based on remote sensing 

imagery and distribution data, of 4,713 

km 2 and an estimated 100-200 mature 

individuals remaining. The Endangered 

category is based on the small population 

size. The threats and cause of decline are 

not fully understood. 

Magnolia annamensis Dandy 

VU B1ab(iii,v) 

Vietnam 

This species is classified as Vulnerable as 

the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13,949 

km 2 , it occurs at four locations and, 

although it remains common in protected 

areas, its range is relatively restricted and 

subpopulations are declining outside 

protected areas as a result of 

deforestation. The species may be 

reassessed as more threatened with 

further research. 

Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En B1ab(ii,iii,v) 

Colombia 

This species is considered to be 

Endangered due to its restricted range. It 

is only known from three locations in the 

eastern mountain range between 

Santander and Boyaca and the east of 

cundinamarca, colombia with an extent 

of occurrence (EOO) of 2,385 km 2 . 

Further surveying is needed to determine 

whether the species occurs in less 

accessible areas. The remaining 

populations are under pressure from 

habitat conversion and logging. 

Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A., 

Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M. 

& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) 

Colombia 

Magnolia argyrothricha is considered to 

be Endangered as it has a restricted 

distribution in colombia. It is known from 

just four locations in the Eastern 

mountain range between southern 

Santander (Virolin and El Taladro) and 

central-north Boyaca (Togui and 

Arcabuco), with an extent of occurrence 

(EOO) of 357 km 2 and an area of 

occupancy (AOO) of 135 km 2 . The 

forests in the region are highly disturbed 

and fragmented. 



& Garcia, n. 

21


Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) 

V.S.kumar 

En c2a(i) 

China 

Magnolia aromatica is classified as 

Endangered as only a few scattered 

stands of this important timber tree 

remain. Several subpopulations are 

reported to have become extinct in 

chinese provinces, largely as a result 

of over-exploitation of the timber. 

Similar pressure affects the potential 

subpopulations in Vietnam. The species 

is also threatened by habitat loss due to 

agricultural expansion. There are fewer 

than 2,500 mature individuals remaining 

with each subpopulation consisting of 

fewer than 250 mature individuals. Ex situ 

conservation collections have been made 

and reintroduction trials are taking place. 

Magnolia aromatica (Ouyang Zhiqin) 

Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon & 

Sánchez Vega 

VU B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador, Peru 

Magnolia bankardiorum is thought to be 

rare but more research is needed to 

determine the population size and trend 

of this species. This species’ estimated 

extent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,250 km 2 

and it is present in three to four locations. 

The forests near Aguas Verdes where the 

type specimen of this species was found 

have been felled for coffee plantations. It 

is likely that this species has been 

extirpated in this area, but is thought to 

still be present further south in the Rio 

Alto Mayo watershed. The rest of the 

habitat of this species is severely 

deforested which is causing a continuing 

decline in both area and quality of habitat. 

Therefore, Magnolia bankardiorum has 

been assessed as Vulnerable. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. & 

Pérez castañeda, Á. 

Magnolia bankardiorum (Alvaro Perez) 

Magnolia bidoupensis Q.n.Vu 

En B1ab(iii) 

Vietnam 

Magnolia bidoupensis is endemic to the 

Bidoup-nuiba national Park in south 

Vietnam. This species has an estimated 

extent of occurrence (EOO) of 700 km 2 

and occurs in fewer than five locations. 

continuing decline in the area and quality 

of habitat has been reported due to 

encroachment, fire and illegal logging. 

Therefore, this species is listed as 

Endangered. 

Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy 

VU B1ab(iii) 

Vietnam 

This species is classified as Vulnerable as 

the potential forest distribution is 12,537 

km 2 , its range is severely fragmented, 

and its habitat is continuing to decline in 

area and quality. 

Magnolia boliviana (M.nee) Govaerts 

En B2ab(iii) 

Bolivia 

Magnolia boliviana occurs in very few 

localities in Bolivia and is predominantly 

found in the Amboro and Madidi national 

Parks. The forest habitat is threatened by 

ongoing deforestation, and the 

population is likely to be fragmented but 

population data are not available. The 

extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 

48,709 km 2 . However, given that it has 

been recorded in low densities the area 

of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 

much less than 100 km 2 . There are fewer 

than five locations. Therefore, this species 

is Endangered. The population is under 

pressure outside of protected areas by 

deforestation and needs to be monitored. 

Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

cR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v) 

Colombia 

Magnolia calimaensis is only known from 

a single location, where its extent of 

occurrence is less than 100 km 2 , in the 

Bajo calima in the western part of the 

Valle del cauca in the choco region. Its 

habitat is declining in extent and quality 

due to logging and the number of mature 

individuals is also declining as it is a 

targeted timber species. 



& Garcia, n. 

22


Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts 

En B1ab(iii,v) 

Colombia 

Magnolia calophylla has a very restricted 

distribution and is only known from three 

locations at low altitude in the choco 

region, with an extent of occurrence 

(EOO) of less than 5,000 km 2 . Logging 

and clearance for cultivation take place in 

the lowland forests where this species 

occurs causing a continuing decline in 

the area and quality of habitat and 

reducing the number of mature 

individuals of this species. Therefore, this 

species is assessed as Endangered. 


Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M., 

Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia canandeana F.Arroyo 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

Magnolia canandeana is a tree endemic 

to Ecuador. The type collection of this 

species comes from a private protected 

area (Reserva Río canandé) with an 

extent of occurrence (EOO) of 18 km 2 . 

Outside this area, the forest is being 

completely cleared by a logging company, 

through a Government concession. 

cleared areas are later used for 

agricultural and pasture land. More 

research is needed on the conservation 

status of the species inside and outside 

the protected area as it is unlikely that the 

reserve can provide for a secure and 

viable reproductive population. This 

species has been assessed as critically 

Endangered. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérez 

castañeda, Á. 

Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

cR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) 

Colombia 

Magnolia cararensis is only known from 

a single population in a strip of mature 

forest no more than 20 km long and 600 

metres wide. In addition to being 

exploited for its timber for roundwood 

and sawlogs in the Tama region, the 

forests in the region have been subject to 

land clearance for livestock and 

agriculture. The extent of occurrence is 

less than 100 km 2 , the area of occupancy 

is less than 10 km 2 and it is known from 

a single location. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En A2acd+4acd 

Colombia 

This is an endemic species found in just 

a few sites in colombia. The population is 

fragmented with few individuals at each 

locality, and it is estimated that the overall 

population has decreased by over 50% 

in the last 50 years and the decline is 

continuing. Logging is a major ongoing 

threat for this species and this decline is 

expected to carry on into the future. 

Therefore, this species is assessed as 

Endangered. 



Garcia, n., Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia cattienensis Q.n.Vu 

En B1ab(iii); D 

Vietnam 

Magnolia cattienensis is only found in the 

cat Tien national Park in Vietnam. The 

extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 

750 km 2 . It is known from a single 

location with fewer than 250 mature 

individuals. The habitat is declining in 

quality and extent due to illegal logging 

and agriculture encroachment, a trend 

that is likely to continue with a growing 

human population. Due to a very small 

and restricted population, Magnolia 

cattienensis is listed as Endangered. 

Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch.) 

Govaerts 

cR B1ab(iii,v) 

Colombia 

This is a restricted-range species, known 

from a single location on the western side 

of the eastern mountain range of 

the Magdalena valley, cundinamarca 

department, thought to have an extent of 

occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km 2 . 

The forest areas of the region have been 

fragmented due to land clearance for 

agriculture and logging. Magnolia 

cespedesii has been specifically targeted 

for its timber. This species is critically 

Endangered. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia chimantensis Steyerm. & 

Maguire 

cR c2a(i); D 

Colombia, Venezuela 

Magnolia chimantensis is reported from 

only two localities, one in colombia and 

one in Venezuela. In colombia this 

species is located in one strip of mature 

forest. It is considered to be critically 

Endangered as the total number of 

mature individuals, as well as the number 

in the largest subpopulation, is fewer than 

50 and there is a continuing decline. It is 

also range-restricted with an area of 

occupancy (AOO) less than 500 km 2 and 

the habitat is declining due to expansion 

of agriculture. This species has also been 

exploited for charcoal extraction and 

timber. The natural regeneration of this 

species is limited and it does not exist in 

any ex situ collection. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Serna- 

Gonzalez, M. 

23


Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

This species is only known from three 

locations in the western mountain range 

between the choco and Risaralda 

departments, has a restricted extent of 

occurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km 2 , 

and occurs in an area where the forest 

habitats are declining due to pressure 

from logging activities. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia cochranei A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Honduras 

This is a tree endemic to Honduras where 

it is only known from a few localities in the 

departments of comayagua, cortés and 

yoro. Deforestation rates are high in the 

region which is estimated to be causing a 

decline in area and quality of habitat of 

this species. The estimated extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km 2 

and it is found in three to five locations. 


Endangered. 

Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia colombiana is listed as critically 

Endangered as a result of its severely 

fragmented and restricted distribution 

(EOO estimated to be 77 km 2 ), as it is 

known only from three locations, and as 

there is a continuing decline in the quality 

of the habitat and number of mature 

individuals. The population is also under 

direct pressure from logging. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia coriacea (Hung T.chang & 

B.L.chen) Figlar 



Magnolia coriacea is restricted to 

southeast yunnan and north Vietnam 

with a remaining forest area of 4,190 km 2 

in fewer than five locations. Within this 

area there were 300-500 scattered 

individuals recorded in 2005, which is 

likely to have reduced recently as they are 

mainly outside reserves; this needs to be 

confirmed by another field survey. Given 

the small area it is likely that there are one 

or two subpopulations, with the majority 

of the recorded individuals being in one 

subpopulation surveyed in china. 

Magnolia coriacea (Weibang Sun) 

Magnolia coronata M.Serna, 

c.Velásquez & cogollo 

cR A2acd 

Colombia 

Magnolia coronata is a canopy tree 

endemic to colombia. It occurs in small 

isolated fragments of secondary forests 

generally located on mountain peaks. Its 

population has declined by over 80% (over 

three generations) due to the 

fragmentation of habitat resulting from land 

clearance for agriculture and livestock 

farming in addition to direct pressure on 

the species from charcoal production and 

roundwood. It has a restricted distribution 

and has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 

less than 1,345 km 2 which continues to 

decline in area and quality. 

Assessors: Serna-Gonzalez, M. & Rivers, 

M.c. 

Magnolia costaricensis A.Vázquez 

VU B1ab(iii) 

Costa Rica 

This scarce species with a scattered 

distribution is endemic to costa Rica 

where it occurs in lowland tropical wet 

forest of Heredia and Limón provinces 

and on the border of Alajuela and 

Guanacaste provinces. It may also occur 

in cartago province. clearance for 

agriculture is a threat causing a 

continuing decline in area and quality of 

habitat. Its extent of occurrence is less 

than 15,000 km 2 and it occurs in fewer 

than ten locations. Therefore, this species 

is assessed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia crassifolia F.Arroyo & 

Á.J.Pérez 

cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D 

Ecuador 

Magnolia crassifolia is a large tree only 

known from the type locality in Ecuador. 

A total of six individuals (including the 

type specimen and two resprouting 

stumps) were seen in a forested hilly area 

of less than 10 km 2 subjected to clearing 

for agricultural land and included in plans 

for mining exploitation (Arroyo and Pérez 

pers. obs.). Efforts of conservation in this 

area, as well as exploration of nearby 

areas to find more individuals, are 

urgently needed. Increased ex situ 

conservation with research into 

propagation techniques is also an urgent 

priority. This species is assessed as 

critically Endangered. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Wheeler, L. & 

Pérez castañeda, Á. 

Magnolia crassipes (y.W.Law) 

V.S.kumar 

En B2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii) 

China 

Magnolia crassipes is classified as 

Endangered as it is known from one 

location in Guangxi, china. It has an area 

of occupancy less than 100 km 2 . The 

population is thought to be fewer than 

1,000 individuals in a single 

subpopulation. The causes of its decline 

need to be fully determined, but forest 

fires and general deforestation are 

impacting the species’ habitat. 

24


Magnolia cristalensis Bisse 

En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) 

Cuba 

Magnolia cristalensis is endemic to cuba. 

It is considered Endangered as its 

population is very small and severely 

fragmented, it is known from five 

locations and it has declined due to 

exploitation for its timber and habitat loss 

and degradation. The extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is 4,700 km 2 and the 

area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated 

between 350 and 500 km 2 . 

Magnolia cubensis Urb. 


Cuba 

Magnolia cubensis is an endemic tree to 

cuba. It is considered to be Vulnerable as 

it is found in fewer than ten locations and 

has an area of occupancy (AOO) below 

2,000 km 2 . It is threatened by 

deforestation, land conversion and 

habitat degradation. Further research is 

required on how best to ensure the 

survival of this species. 

Magnolia cylindrica E.H.Wilson 

VU B2ab(iii) 

China 

Magnolia cylindrica is classified as 

Vulnerable as it has an area of occupancy 

estimated to be between 500 km 2 and 

2,000 km 2 , its range is severely fragmented, 

it is known from only ten locations, and 

there is a decline in the area, extent and 

quality of its habitat. 

Magnolia cylindrica (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder & 

E.H.Wilson 

En B2ab(iii) 

China 

The subpopulations of this species are 

scattered and severely fragmented over two 

(or possibly three) provinces in china within a 

forest area of c. 200 km 2 . The area of 

occupancy is thought to be above 10 km 2 

(but less than 200 km 2 ) and there is a 

continuing decline in the extent of forest cover 

and the habitat quality. Magnolia dawsoniana 

is therefore classified as Endangered. 

Magnolia decastroi A.Vázquez & 

Muñiz-castro 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia decastroi is only known from 

the type locality in the lowlands of 

chinantla Baja, Oaxaca. This area is 

threatened by deforestation and habitat 

alterations due to plantation and 

pastures. climate change is also 

projected to alter the forest habitat 

here. Although there is little information 

on the distribution and population size, 

the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

restricted and estimated to be less 

than 5,000 km 2 . The number of 

locations is five or fewer. This species is 

therefore listed as Endangered 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. 

& Martínez Salas, E. 

Magnolia decidua (Q.y.Zheng) 

V.S.kumar 

En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii) 

China 

Magnolia decidua is classified as 

Endangered because it is known only 

from one subpopulation (representing 

one location) which is thought to have 

fewer than 500 individuals, with an 

extent of occurrence of less than 4,000 

km 2 and area of occupancy less than 

500 km 2 . Its habitat is also declining in 

extent and quality due to exploitation 

of timber. 

Magnolia cubensis (Luis Roberto Gonzalez Torres) 

Magnolia decidua (Daniel Mosquin) 

25


Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts 

cR (Possibly Extinct) B1ab(iii,v) 

Ecuador? 

Magnolia dixonii is a large tree endemic 

to Ecuador and restricted to low 

elevations. It has a highly restricted extent 

of occurrence (EOO), which is less than 

100 km 2 , and is known from a single 

location. This species is also under 

pressure from a continuing decline in area 

and quality of habitat due to agricultural 

expansion and the opening of roads. In 

addition, this species was recorded as 

used for its timber. It is only known from 

the type collection and has not been 

rediscovered for 50 years. It is therefore 

listed here as critically Endangered 

(Possibly Extinct). 



Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) 

Govaerts 

VU B1ab(iii) 

Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint 

Vincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad and 

Tobago? 

Although there are limited data available 

on this species, it is suspected to be in 

rapid decline due to deforestation and 

habitat conversion. The total area of 

suitable forest type on all five islands is 

estimated to be around 6,975 km 2 but 

the area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown. 

In addition to loss of habitat, Magnolia 

dodecapetala is also at risk from 

hurricanes and tropical cyclones, 

especially if these increase in severity 

and/or frequency as a result of climate 

change. It is classified as Vulnerable due 

to its restricted distribution, small extent 

of occurrence and the threats this 

species is likely to face in the future as 

well as existing pressures from 

deforestation on subpopulations which 

are inferred to be declining. 

Magnolia domingensis Urb. 

cR A2ac 

Dominican Republic, Haiti? 

Magnolia domingensis may possibly be 

extinct in Haiti where forest cover has 

declined by 98% over the last 300 years 

and only 2% of forests still remain. It 

occurs in a national park in the Dominican 

Republic but it is suspected to be 

undergoing a rapid and ongoing decline, 

owing to habitat loss and degradation. It 

has been assessed as critically 

Endangered as the population has 

declined by at least 80% over the last 

three generations due to deforestation and 

it is likely that the area of occupancy (AOO) 

of 30-35 km 2 has also been reduced. 

Magnolia domingensis (Emily Veltjen) 

Magnolia ekmanii Urb. 

cR A2ac 

Haiti 

Magnolia ekmanii is endemic to Haiti. In 

the past 100 years there has been a 

reduction in forest area cover in Haiti of 

97% causing a decline in quality and 

extent of habitat. The total area of 

remaining forest in Haiti was reduced to 

3-4% total land area by 2010. Magnolia 

ekmanii does occur in a key Biodiversity 

Area of Massif de la Hotte. This species is 

also not known in any ex situ collections. 

This species has been assessed as 

critically Endangered due to the decline 

in forest cover in Haiti. It is inferred that 

this species population has gone through 

a similar decline in the last three 

generations. 

Magnolia ekmanii (Emily Veltjen) 

Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman 

cR (Possibly Extinct) A2ac 

Haiti? 

Magnolia emarginata is endemic to 

northern Haiti. Given the extremely high 

deforestation rates in Haiti, combined 

with no recent confirmed records of 

individuals, the continued survival of this 

species has to be questioned. A major 

storm destroyed forest in one area from 

which the species was collected and it is 

not certain whether this species survived. 

It is not known to in any ex situ collections 

or to have been cultivated in the past. 

Further surveys are urgently required to 

determine if this species still exists in the 

wild. This species has been assessed as 

critically Endangered due to a decline in 

forest cover in Haiti of 97% over three 

generations. It is inferred that this species 

population has gone through a similar 

decline of 80-100% in the last three 

generations. There is a continued decline 

in the population and degradation of the 

habitat due to continued deforestation 

and storm damage. Any significant future 

event of this kind could reduce any 

regeneration of this species if it still exists 

in the wild. 

26


Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts 

cR c2a(i); D 

Colombia 

The distribution of Magnolia espinalii is 

severely fragmented. This species is 

restricted to approximately ten localities 

with only a few mature individuals 

remaining in each locality. There are an 

estimated 50 known mature individuals 

remaining and there has been an overall 

population reduction of over 50% over 

three generations, due to habitat 

conversion and loss, which is continuing. 





Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia fansipanensis c.B.callaghan 

& Png 

cR D 

Vietnam 

Magnolia fansipanensis is a tree found 

only at a single locality in the Hoang Lien 

national Park, Vietnam. The population 

size is very small, with fewer than 50 

mature individuals. It is assessed here as 


Assessors: Q.n.Vu & Rivers, M.c. 


A.Vázquez 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia faustinomirandae is a tree 

endemic to chiapas, where it is only 

known from the municipality of Jitotol. For 

the last three decades no other localities 

have been identified. The known extent 

of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 

km 2 . Deforestation rates are very high, 

with the habitat declining continuously. 

The habitat is also threatened by climate 

change in the future. This species is 

considered critically Endangered. 

Research into the distribution and legal 

protection for this species is urgently 

needed. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. & 

Martínez Salas, E. 

Magnolia gentryi A.Vázquez 


Peru 

Magnolia gentryi is a small tree, only 

known from a restricted range near 

Pasco, Peru. It is known from fewer than 

200 mature individuals with the largest 

subpopulation having 15 individuals. The 

extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,703 km 2 

and the number of locations is two to 

four. The species’ habitat is threatened by 

cattle ranching and slash and burn 

agriculture. This species is assessed as 

Endangered. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F. 

Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia georgii is a range-restricted 

species, with extent of occurrence (EOO) 

of less than 5,000 km 2 . It is known from 

two locations in forests that are 

fragmented due to pressure from habitat 

conversion for agriculture and roads. It has 

a very restricted altitudinal distribution. This 

species has experienced a continuing 

decline in area and quality of habitat due to 

deforestation for agriculture and 

infrastructure. The number of mature 

individuals is also likely to be declining as 

this species is used for timber. Therefore, 

this species is assessed as Endangered. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia gilbertoi is Endangered based 

on its extent of occurrence (EOO) of a 

maximum of 1,752 km 2 and its existence 

at a limited number of locations (five). The 

forest habitat is fragmented and 

declining. The number of individuals 

continues to decline with deforestation 

and use for timber. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.c.cheng) 

V.S.kumar 

cR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D 

China 

Magnolia grandis was previously 

assessed as Vulnerable in 1998, but a 

survey in 2005 revealed this species is 

highly threatened and has suffered 

substantial population declines due to 

habitat loss, primarily for agricultural 

expansion and logging. Although 

previously recorded from two provinces, 

the few remaining known individuals exist 

in one location and are threatened by a 

continuing decline in the area, extent and 

quality of habitat. The area of occupancy 

is less than 10 km 2 and the population is 

fewer than 50 individuals. 

Magnolia grandis (Weibang Sun) 

Magnolia guanacastensis A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia guanacastensis is a rare 

species distributed in the northwestern 

part of costa Rica. The total extent of 

occurrence is less than 1,500 km 2 and it 

occurs in fewer than five locations. There 

are high rates of deforestation threatening 

the habitat quality and extent of the 

species. Therefore, this species has been 

assessed as Endangered. 

27


Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia guatapensis is endemic to 

colombia. The species is listed as 

Endangered based on its extent of 

occurrence (EOO) measuring 2,800 km 2 . 

There is evidence that a large abundant 

subpopulation once existed but it is now 

limited to just two or three locations in 

Antioquia. It is found in relict forest 

patches which have survived general 

habitat conversion, logging and flooding 

following hydrological projects. 



Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez 

Ram., k.Vega & cruz Durán 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

This species is classified as Endangered 

as it is only known from cloud forest in 

Guerrero. The extent of occurrence 

(EOO) is estimated to be less than 4,000 

km 2 and it occurs in four locations. This 

species is threatened by current 

deforestation and future climate change, 

which is expected to cause a decline in 

the area and quality of habitat. Therefore, 

this species is assessed as Endangered. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S., 

Martínez Salas, E. & Wheeler, L. 

Magnolia gustavii king 

cR c2a(i) 

India, Thailand 

Magnolia gustavii was classified as 

Vulnerable in 1998 when the population 

was believed to be fewer than 1,000 

individuals. Since then the area of forest 

cover has decreased and the number of 

individuals has declined substantially, and 

there are believed to be fewer than 50 

individuals in India. Subpopulations in 

Thailand are small and scattered. There 

is no population information for Myanmar 

and only a single tree has been recorded 

from across the border of Thailand. It is 

thought that there are fewer than 250 

mature individuals of this species and 

recruitment rates are very low with an 

estimated germination failure of 40-55%. 

no seedlings have been recorded from 

Thailand since its discovery there. It is 

likely that there are fewer than 50 mature 

individuals in each subpopulation. 

Therefore, this species has been 

assessed as critically Endangered. 

Magnolia hamorii Howard 

En B1ab(i,iii) 

Dominican Republic 

The extent of occurrence of this species 

is estimated to be less than 2,857 km 2 

and it is known from at most five 

locations. It is likely that the population is 

fewer than 2,500 individuals as it is found 

in small stands but there is no survey 

data to support this. Deforestation has 

caused a significant decline in the extent 

of occurrence and quality of habitat. 

concessions for bauxite and limestone 

mining have been granted in the area. 

Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia henaoi is endemic to Huila 

department, colombia, and restricted to 

just two locations within the national Park 

cueva de Los Guacharos, with an extent 

of occurrence of c. 3,056 km 2 and an 

area of occupancy of less than 100 km 2 . 

Both populations are very small and 

exhibit little natural regeneration; in a 

recent expedition only a single adult was 

seen but no saplings were found. The 

major threat is logging of this species. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En A2cd 

Colombia 

The forest fragments where Magnolia 

hernandezii, an endemic to Antioquia 

department, is found contain small 

isolated subpopulations. The species is 

considered Endangered, based on 

estimates that the population has been 

reduced by over 50% in the last three 

generations due to overharvesting and 

declines in the extent and quality of its 

habitat. This species is known from more 

than 20 localities, some of which can be 

found in protected areas. 

Magnolia hongheensis (y.M.Shui & 

W.H.chen) V.S.kumar 

VU B1ab(iii) 

China 

Magnolia hongheensis is classified as 

Vulnerable as it is known from fewer than 

ten locations and is restricted to 

southeast yunnan where the extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is estimated as 8,392 

km 2 . There is widespread deforestation 

throughout yunnan and so it is estimated 

that there is a continuing decline in the 

area and quality of the habitat. 

Magnolia gustavii (Piya Chalermglin) 

Magnolia hamorii (Emily Veltjen) 

28


Magnolia iltisiana A.Vázquez 


Mexico 

This large tree from Jalisco and 

Michoacán in Mexico is a range-restricted 

species, known from fewer than ten 

locations. The extent of occurrence 

(EOO) is 15,900 km 2 and deforestation 

poses a threat to the quality and extent 

of the habitat of the species. In addition, 

the species is selectively logged for its 

valued timber. These threats are likely to 

continue, and this species is listed as 

Vulnerable. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Martínez Salas, 

E. & Samain, M.S. 

Magnolia inbioana A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia inbioana is endemic to costa 

Rica where it grows in primary forest and 

land transformed for pasture. The 

estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

2,798 km 2 and it is thought to occur in 

fewer than five locations. There is a 

general threat of land conversion to 

pasture in the area. Therefore, this 


Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts 

En B1ab(iii) 

Brazil 

Magnolia irwiniana is considered to be 

Endangered as it has an extent of 

occurrence of c. 5,000 km 2 , is known 

from fewer than five locations and is 

undergoing a continuing decline in its 

extent and quality of habitat. 

Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-Peña 


Ecuador, Peru 

Magnolia jaenesis is a medium-sized tree only 

known from the Jaen province, Peru and 

Zamora chinchipe, Ecuador. Its forest habitat 

is severely threatened as a result of logging 

and expansion of pasture lands and 

agriculture causing a continuing decline in the 

area and quality of habitat. Its wood has high 

local demand causing a continuing decline in 

the number of mature individuals. The 

estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is less 

than 1,000 km 2 and it is thought to occur in 

two locations. Therefore, this species is 


Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. & Pérez 


Magnolia jaliscana A.Vázquez & 

R.Guzmán 


Mexico 

Magnolia jaliscana has a restricted 

distribution in Jalisco, Mexico, occurring 

along riverines of the southern slopes of the 

Sierra de Manantlán, between 700 and 

1,000m asl. It also occurs in colima. Its 

habitat is threatened by high rates of 

deforestation for conversion to pasturelands. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 

3,000 km 2 , and there is a continuing decline 

in mature individuals and habitat quality and 

extent. This species is therefore listed as 

Endangered. 



Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna, 

c.Velásquez & cogollo 

cR c2a(i); D 

Colombia 

Magnolia jardinensis, endemic to Jardin 

Municipality, Antioquia Department (colombia) 

has fewer than 50 mature individuals 

remaining following habitat conversion and 

fragmentation. In addition, the species is 

targeted by selective logging. This species is 

suffering from continuing decline, and as the 

population is small, no subpopulation is bigger 

than 50 mature individuals. The species is 

listed as critically Endangered. 

Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A, Rivers, 

M.c. & Serna-Gonzalez, M. 

Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna) 

Magnolia juninensis F.Arroyo 


Peru 

Magnolia juninensis is a tall tree from 

Peru. The estimated extent of 

occurrence (EOO) for this species is 

987 km 2 and it occurs in three 

locations. This species is threatened 

by selective logging for its wood and 

expanding coffee cultivation, which 

are causing continuing decline in its 

habitat and the number of mature 

individuals. It is listed as Endangered. 

Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F. 

Magnolia kachirachirai (kaneh. & 

yamam.) Dandy 

En B1ab(i,iii) 

Taiwan 

Magnolia kachirachirai is classified as 

Endangered based on its extent of 

occurrence of 2,158 km 2 , its severely 

fragmented population and 

occurrence at fewer than five 

locations. Further research is required 

on the population declines and 

conservation efforts should focus on 

protecting the remnant individuals. 

The area of its habitat has significantly 

declined and deteriorated due to 

increased human settlement and 

urbanisation in Taiwan. 

29


Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia katiorum is currently only known 

from a single locality which has been 

highly degraded and fragmented due to 

habitat conversion for livestock, banana 

plantations and the construction of 

access roads for logging. It was previously 

assessed as Endangered in 1998 but the 

extent of occurrence has decreased from 

842 km 2 to less than 100 km 2 . 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia katiorum (Marcela Serna) 

Magnolia kichuana A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

Magnolia kichuana is a rare tree present 

in forests along the central and southern 

part of the eastern Andean piedmont 

in Ecuador growing between 800- 

1,800m asl. This area is heavily disturbed, 

presenting a high rate of deforestation 

and forest fragmentation, due to 

agricultural activities and urban 

expansion. Within its range this species 

has been reported in two protected 

areas. However, its scarce presence and 

the threats outside these areas may 

negatively affect the viability of the 

population. The estimated extent of 

occurrence (EOO) of this species is 4,580 

km 2 and it occurs in three to five 

locations. Therefore, this species is 




Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram. & 

cruz Durán 

En B2ab(i,ii,iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia krusei is considered to be 

Endangered as it has an area of 

occupancy less than 500 km 2 , and is 

known from only two locations with a 

continuing decline in its extent of 

occurrence, area of occupancy and 

quality of habitat. It only remains in one 

locality in central Guerrero and has also 

been recorded in Oaxaca, which have 

could been part of its native range before 

all the trees were logged. 

Assessor: Luna-Vega, I. 

Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & noot. 

VU B2ab(v) 

China 

Magnolia kwangsiensis is classified as 

Vulnerable as the area of occupancy is 

estimated to be less than 2,000 km 2 , it is 

known from only three locations and the 

number of individuals continues to 

decrease as it is exploited for its timber. It 

occurs in a small area in three 

subpopulations where the population is 

fragmented. A survey is required to 

determine the number of individuals 

remaining. 

Magnolia lacandonica A.Vázquez, 

Pérez-Farr. & Mart.-camilo 

cR c2a(i) 

Mexico, Guatemala? 

Magnolia lacandonica is a large tree 

known only from Lacandonian tropical 

rainforests in chiapas. Its extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is up to 13,000 km 2 . 

The population is thought to consist of 

fewer than 250 mature individuals and 

the largest subpopulation consists of 13 

mature trees. It occurs in rainforest 

habitats that are severely fragmented and 

declining outside protected areas due to 

logging and the rapid expansion of 

agriculture, pasture and human 

settlement. The number of mature 

individuals are declining. These threats 

are likely to continue. This species is 

listed as critically Endangered. 



Magnolia lacandonica (Marie-Stephanie Samain) 

Magnolia lacei (W.W.Sm.) Figlar 

En D 


Magnolia lacei is known from fewer than five 

localities with an estimated 50-60 mature 

individuals in china, and fewer than 200 

individuals in Vietnam. It is therefore 

classified as Endangered based on the 

number of mature individuals being fewer 

than 250. It requires further study, 

particularly on the subpopulations in 

Vietnam. The threats to the species are also 

not known, and further efforts to secure in 

situ and ex situ collections are desired. 

Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia lenticellata is known from three 

locations in colombia in the Antioquia 

department, the choco region and the Murri 

and Penderisco river basins. One 

subpopulation is located within a protected 

area, but the other two subpopulations are 

exposed to both timber exploitation and 

habitat degradation. This species has an 

extent of occurrence (EOO) of 537 km 2 and 

is found in three locations. There is 


habitat due to deforestation and decline in 

number of mature individuals due to 

selective logging for wood. Therefore, this 



Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M. & 

Garcia, n. 

30


Magnolia lenticellata (Abel Alan Marcarini) 


(Q.W.Zeng & y.W.Law) V.S.kumar 

cR D 

China 

Magnolia longipedunculata is considered 

to be critically Endangered due to its very 

small population (only 11 individuals 

found in last survey) known from only one 

locality in Guangdong. conservation 

efforts are addressing this through 

reinforcement planting, the establishment 

of a new population and ex situ 

conservation research. 

Magnolia longipedunculata (Yang Keming) 

Magnolia lotungensis chun & 

c.H.Tsoong 

En A2a; c1 

China 

Magnolia lotungensis is classified as 

Endangered as the total population size is 

now thought to be fewer than 2,500 

mature individuals. This species has 

suffered a population decline of over 50% 

in china; although the timescale is 

uncertain, it is estimated that the decline 

occurred over the last two generations. It 

was previously thought to be near 

Threatened but logging and deforestation 

have caused further declines and 

fragmentation of the population. 

Magnolia lucida (B.L.chen & S.c.yang) 

V.S.kumar 

En B1ab(iii) 

China 

Magnolia lucida is known only from yunnan 

in china and is considered to be 

Endangered due to its restricted 

distribution (extent of occurrence is 

estimated as under 5,000 km 2 ), single 

location and continuing decline in habitat 

quality. There are no published data or 

information available on population trends 

or threats and further research is required. 

Magnolia lucida (Zhangzhugang) 

Magnolia madidiensis A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Bolivia 

Magnolia madidiensis is endemic to the 

Madidi national Park. Surrounding forests 

are declining due to logging and 

conversion for agriculture and pasture 

which is likely to be causing a decline in 

area and quality of the habitat for this 

species. The estimated extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is less than 4,000 km 2 

and it is found in three or fewer locations. 


Endangered. 

Magnolia neomagnifolia (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

This species has a restricted distribution, 

an EOO between 1,000-5,000 km 2 and is 

known from only four localities. The 

remaining unprotected trees of Magnolia 

neomagnifolia are under pressure from 

habitat degradation and direct exploitation 

for its timber, which is resulting in a 

continuing decline in habitat quality and 

the number of mature individuals. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

This species is listed as Endangered as it 

has a very limited distribution (EOO is less 

than 1,000 km 2 ) and is known from just 

two locations, with one subpopulation 

partly protected within difficult-to-access 

areas of Farallones de cali national Park. 

Magnolia mahechae is being selectively 

logged and is under pressure from 

habitat degradation and fragmentation. It 

was previously thought to be critically 

Endangered but recent work by 

colombian botanists has resulted in this 

revised category. 



& Garcia, n. 

31


Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peña & 

F.Arroyo 

cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) 

Peru 

Magnolia manguillo is a tree only known 

from one locality at the Bosques de 

Huamantanga protected area, in Jaen 

province, Peru. Its forest habitat is 

severely threatened because of logging, 

expansion of pasturelands and 

subsistence agriculture. It has a very 

restricted distribution with an extent of 

occurrence (EOO) and an area of 

occupancy (AOO) of both 1-4 km 2 and 

only one location. This species is 

assessed as critically Endangered. 

Magnolia mannii (king) Figlar 

VU B1ab(i,iii) 

India 

This species is classified as Vulnerable 

based on the potential forest distribution 

of 19,491 km 2 . It is known from fewer 

than ten locations and the forest area is 

continuing to decline in area and quality 

due to deforestation. 

Magnolia mayae A.Vázquez & Pérez- 

Farr. 

cR c2a(i); D 

Guatemala, Mexico 

Magnolia mayae is currently only known 

from six localities in chiapas, Mexico and 

Guatemala. It has a restricted range, with 

an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 3,000 

km 2 . The lower montane rainforest where 

this rare species occurs is threatened by 

conversion for agriculture, pasture and 

coffee plantations. Recent studies show 

that fewer than 25 individuals are known, 

with 12 or fewer adult individuals. Due to 

this very small population size, this 

species is listed as critically Endangered. 



Magnolia mayae (Marie-Stéphanie Samain) 

Magnolia mexicana Dc. 


Mexico 

Magnolia mexicana is a large tree 

confined to central Mexico. It consists of 

relict subpopulations. The extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is 15,000 km 2 and the 

number of locations is around ten. The 

number of mature trees continues to 

decline as it used for its timber and its 

habitat is also threatened by 

deforestation and land use change. It is 

likely to occur in the Biosphere Reserve 

of Los Tuxtlas. It is listed as Vulnerable 

due to its restricted range. 



Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts 


Cuba 

Magnolia minor is a tree endemic to 

cuba. It is at risk of extinction due to its 

restricted range. The extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is less than 20,000 

km 2 and it is known from eight locations. 

It is a scarce species found in the Sierra 

Maestra where the habitat has been 

significantly disturbed. Logging is also a 

significant threat. It is necessary to 

determine how many individuals occur in 

national parks and what proportion of the 

population is not protected from logging. 

Without conservation actions this species 

is at risk of further decline. It is assessed 

as Vulnerable. 

Assessors: cuban Plant Specialist 

Group, Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts 

En B1ab(iii) 

Panama 

This species is relatively unstudied and 

very little is known about it except that 

the potential forest distribution (extent of 

occurrence) is 890 km 2 and the forest 

area is continuing to decline in area and 

quality, which classifies the species as 

Endangered. It is only known from a small 

area in Panama, at fewer than five 

locations, and based on satellite imagery 

there is not much forest remaining within 

its area of distribution. 

Magnolia multinervia A.Vázquez 

VU D2 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia multinervia has a very restricted 

range, known from one locality at Limón 

province in costa Rica. It grows at an 

altitude of 600m asl. in the La Amistad 

International Park. This species is 

relatively well protected but if 

encroachment into the park occurs this 

species could become threatened by 

agriculture and expansion of human 

settlements. This would mean that this 

species could be driven to critically 

Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a very 

short time frame. Therefore, Magnolia 

multinervia is assessed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia nana Dandy 

En B1ab(iii) 

Vietnam 


as it is endemic to a small area of 

Vietnam with a potential forest distribution 

and extent of occurrence of 2,984 km 2 , 

in which it occurs at fewer than five 

locations. The forest is continuing to 

decline in area and quality of habitat. A 

survey of the habitat of this species would 

be valuable to assess conservation 

measures that can be implemented. 

32


Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts 

cR B1ab(i,iii) 

Colombia 

This species is only known from a single 

location with a restricted distribution 

(extent of occurrence (EOO) under 100 

km 2 ), and is considered at high risk of 

extinction. Research into its current 

population status is urgently required 

since it has not been collected since 

1973. The remaining habitat is under 

pressure from degradation and 

fragmentation due to timber extraction 

and conversion to agriculture. It has been 

impossible to revisit the type locality in 

recent years due to illegal plantations. This 

species is listed as critically Endangered. 




Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts 

En B2ab(iii) 

Columbia, Ecuador 

Magnolia neillii is considered to be 

Endangered as it occurs in few localities 

with an area of occupancy between 44 

and 500 km 2 based on collection 

records. It is threatened by habitat loss 

and fragmentation in Ecuador and 

colombia. 

Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar 

VU A2cd 

India, Sri Lanka 

This species is under severe threat due 

to logging for good quality timber. Rapid 

deforestation in its range of natural 

habitat has resulted in population decline. 

In the cAMP workshop organised at 

Bangalore in 1997 it was collectively 

agreed by experts that 40% of the wild 

population in its natural habitat had 

declined in the past three generations 

(180 years). As the situation has not 

improved it is inferred that this status is 

still valid. The species is therefore 

assessed as Vulnerable. 

Assessors: Haridasan, k., Ved, D., Saha, 

D. & Ravikumar, k. 

Magnolia nilagirica (Sureshmagnolia) 

Magnolia nitida W.W.Sm. 

VU A2cd 

China, Myanmar 

Magnolia nitida was thought to be 

restricted to china but it has also been 

described from north Myanmar. There is 

no information about the population size 

in Tibet and Myanmar but the population 

overall has declined significantly as a 

result of logging. Population decline is 

estimated to have been at least 30% in 

the past three generations, due to poor 

regeneration and exploitation. 

Magnolia nitida (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vázquez 

& Domínguez-yescas 

En B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia nuevoleonensis is a large tree 

endemic to nuevo Leon in Mexico. It is 

very restricted in range, and only occurs 

at two locations with an area of 

occupancy (AOO) of 4 km 2 and an extent 

of occurrence (EOO) of less than 280 

km 2 . It is also affected by a decline in 

AOO and in habitat quality and extent 

due to deforestation and land use 

change. This species is listed as 

Endangered. 

Magnolia oaxacensis A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(v) 

Mexico 

This species is only known from the 

Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca, Mexico. It has 

an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less 

than 1,000 km 2 and is found in fewer than 

five locations. The main threat to this 

species is its restricted range and there 

is a projected decline in mature 

individuals due to poor recruitment. Only 

scattered trees have been observed, with 

no seedlings or saplings nearby. This 

species is listed as Endangered. 



Magnolia odora (chun) Figlar & noot. 

VU c1 

China, Laos, Vietnam 

Magnolia odora is classified as 

Vulnerable, although it is widespread in 

china, Vietnam and Laos. Mature trees 

are reportedly rare. Experts believe fewer 

than 10,000 individuals remain. 

Population declines have occurred 

because of extensive logging, habitat 

clearance and urbanisation over 

decades, a trend that is not likely to be 

reversed. Although the exact decline is 

not known, it is thought to be more than 

10% over the last 30-45 years (three 

generations). 

33


Magnolia odoratissima y.W.Law & 

R.Z.Zhou 

En D 

China 

Magnolia odoratissima is considered to 

be Endangered due to its restricted 

population size. It is also under threat 

from timber extraction and a decline in 

habitat, which are continuing to occur in 

yunnan. It is estimated to have only 200 

mature individuals surviving. It has been 

successfully propagated in ex situ 

collections and has been reintroduced so 

the population may be increasing but the 

number of individuals is still very low and 

regeneration is slow. The survival of this 

species will depend on these 

conservation efforts to save it. 

Magnolia officinalis Rehder & 

E.H.Wilson 

En A2bd 

China 

Magnolia officinalis is a large tree found in 

broad-leaved forests in central china. It is a 

very important medicinal species. Although 

it has an overall wide distribution in china, 

the wild population is thought to mainly 

exist in protected areas. The decline in 

native forest habitat and the impacts of 

bark stripping of wild trees has caused a 

severe decline in the number of individuals 

of Magnolia officinalis of at least 50% in the 

last three generations. It is therefore 

assessed as Endangered. Today the 

species is widely cultivated in order to 

supply bark to the commercial market. 

Magnolia ovoidea (Hung T.chang & 

B.L.chen) V.S.kumar 

cR D 

China 

Magnolia ovoidea is classified as critically 

Endangered as there are fewer than 50 

individuals in four subpopulations, with 

fewer than 30 individuals in each 

subpopulation, remaining in yunnan. 

Magnolia pacifica A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia pacifica is considered to be 

Endangered as its extent of occurrence 

is 4,732 km 2 , it is known from fewer than 

five locations and is facing continuing 

declines in the area and quality of its 

habitat as a result of deforestation. 

Magnolia odoratissma (Yang Keming) 

Magnolia ofeliae A.Vázquez & cuevas 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia ofeliae is only known from the 

type locality. It is extremely rare, despite 

intensive explorations in the Talpa de 

Allende region and elsewhere in Jalisco. 

The area is currently undergoing 

deforestation for conversion to pasture 

lands. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

less than 100 km 2 and it is known from a 

single location. It is considered critically 

Endangered. 



Magnolia officinalis (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia omeiensis (W.c.cheng) 

Dandy 

cR c2a(i) 

China 

Magnolia omeiensis is classified as 

critically Endangered as there are only 

100 individuals recorded to be remaining 

in the wild, with a maximum of 50 mature 

individuals in the largest subpopulation. 

All are male. Logging appears to be 

continuing in the area and no special 

protection is yet in place to ensure that 

the population remains intact. The 

potential forest distribution for the species 

is 1,910 km 2 . 

Magnolia pacifica (Yyoorrkk) 

Magnolia palandana F.Arroyo 

En B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

Magnolia palandana is a large tree only 

known from the province of Zamora 

chinchipe, Ecuador. The extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is 484 km 2 and there 

are three locations. The habitat is 

declining due to expansion of agriculture 

and livestock farming. This species is 

assessed as Endangered. More research 

is needed into the population size and 

trend, and on the threats to this species. 



34


Magnolia palandana (Alvaro Perez) 

Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekman 

En B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii) 


This species is considered to be 

Endangered because its extent of 

occurrence is c. 2,703 km 2 , its area of 

occupancy is c. 447 km 2 , and it is known 

from fewer than five locations. The extent 

of the decline of Magnolia pallescens is 

unknown and there has been no 

evidence of recovery or regeneration. 

Deforestation has caused a significant 

decline in the extent of occurrence and 

quality of habitat. It remains unclear if this 

species is recovering or if subpopulations 

are stable in the protected reserves 

depending on management. This species 

has a high risk of becoming further 

threatened without monitoring and 

management of the reserves. 

Magnolia pallescens (Scott Zona) 

Magnolia pastazaensis (Alvaro Pérez) 

Magnolia pastazaensis F.Arroyo & 

Á.J.Pérez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

Magnolia pastazaensis is a large tree 

endemic to Ecuador. Its extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is less than 2,500 km 2 , 

it is known from five locations, and there 

are continuing declines in the quality and 

area of habitat due to agriculture and 

cattle ranching. This species is found in 

three protected areas although all of 

these are small. This species is assessed 

as Endangered. More research is needed 

on the distribution, population size and 

threats to this species. 



Magnolia patungensis (Hu) noot. 

En c2a(i) 

China 

This species is listed as Endangered 

due to a population size of fewer than 

2,500 mature individuals, subpopulations 

consisting of ten or fewer individuals and 

ongoing declines in habitat. 

Magnolia pealiana king 

En B1ab(iii) 

India 


as it is restricted to Assam with a 

potential forest distribution of 1,765 km 2 , 

and is found in fewer than five locations. 

Habitat loss is continuing throughout the 

species’ range. 

Magnolia pedrazae A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia pedrazae is endemic to Landa de 

Matamoros and Jalpan, Querétaro, where 

it is known from the type locality and 

surroundings. The known extent of 

occurrence (EOO) is 180 km 2 in up to three 

locations. There is a continuing decline in 

the extent and quality of its habitat due to 

wood extraction and pastureland 

expansion. It occurs in a protected natural 

area (Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve). no 

ex situ collections are known. This species 

is listed as Endangered. 

Assessors: Wheeler, L., culverhouse, F., 

Samain, M.S., Martínez Salas, E. & 

Rivers, M.c. 

Magnolia perezfarrerae A.Vázquez & 

Gómez-Domínguez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia perezfarrerae is known from three 

locations in an extent of occurrence (EOO) 

of approximately 600 km 2 . Although 

population numbers are not known from 

the entire range, the population is thought 

to be small with only ten mature trees 

present at the type locality. no regeneration 

has been observed in the natural 

population but there is some local 

cultivation. Threats to the habitat quality 

and extent are from forest conversion for 

agriculture and pasture. Magnolia 

perezfarrerae is listed as Endangered. 



35


Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & 

noot. 

cR B1ab(i,iii) 

India 

This species is classified as critically 

Endangered as it is known from only one 

location and its overall potential forest 

distribution is only 123 km 2 . Occurrence 

within that range is considered to be a 

significantly smaller area with an extent of 

occurrence (EOO) less than 100 km 2 . The 

Assam region has high rates of 

deforestation which is continuing to 

cause a decline in the area and quality of 

suitable habitat. Once an area has been 

disturbed this species is unable to 

recover. It is considered extremely rare 

and any remaining individuals will be 

unable to sustain any future populations. 

Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

cR B1ab(iii,v); c2a(i,ii); D 

Colombia 

Magnolia polyhysophylla is only known 

from a single locality with an extent of 

occurrence less than 100 km 2 , and has a 

known population of only 12 mature 

individuals. Regeneration is unlikely in the 

degraded habitats and this previously 

widely exploited species faces extinction 

in the wild. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia portoricensis Bello 


Puerto Rico 


as it is endemic to Puerto Rican montane 

forests with a potential remaining forest 

distribution of 3,054 km 2 . The species 

has declined as a result of selective 

logging of large adult trees for its valuable 

timber. There is a continuing decline in 

habitat and the number of mature 

individuals and the species is currently 

only known from four locations. 

Magnolia portoricensis (Emily Veltjen) 

Magnolia pugana (Iltis & A.Vázquez) 

A.Vázquez & carvajal 

En B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia pugana has a very small 

population size. However, as the number 

of mature individuals is not known, it is 

classified as Endangered based on the 

extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,460 km 2 , 

the area of occupancy (AOO) of 114 km 2 

and occurrence at two locations in 

Jalisco and Zacatecas. There is ongoing 

degradation of the species’ habitat. 

Magnolia quetzal A.Vázquez, Véliz & 

Tribouill. 


Guatemala 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) of 

Magnolia quetzal is likely less than 4,000 

km 2 and it occurs in fewer than five 

locations. Its forest habitat is fragmented 

and declining due to logging and the 

rapid expansion of pasture, agriculture 

and human settlements in the area. 

Furthermore, this species is used for 

firewood. These threats are likely to 

continue. Therefore, this species is 


Magnolia rajaniana (craib) Figlar 


Thailand 

Magnolia rajaniana is classified as 

Vulnerable as it has a restricted extent of 

occurrence (11,550 km 2 ) which is 

continuing to decline in area and quality, 

and is known from no more than ten 

locations. The species has been 

exploited extensively for its timber in the 

past so the number of mature trees is 

said to have declined significantly. It may 

be more threatened than evaluated here, 

further research is needed. 

Magnolia rostrata W.W.Sm. 

En B2ab(v) 


Magnolia rostrata is classified as 

Endangered as the area of occupancy 

(AOO) is estimated to be less than 500 

km 2 , the population occurs over four 

locations and it is heavily exploited for its 

bark. The population has significantly 

declined and if exploitation continues it has 

a high chance of becoming extinct. There 

are no current data on population size. 

Magnolia rostrata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) 

V.S.kumar 

En B2ab(iii) 


This species is known from three 

populations in Vietnam and china with 

large distances between them. The 

known area of occupancy is around 500 

km 2 and the habitat is inferred to be in 

decline as a result of deforestation. It is 

unlikely that there is any conservation 

action for this species as little is known 

about it. Further research is required on 

the threats and number of individuals. 

36


Magnolia rzedowskiana A. Vázquez, 

Domínguez-yescas & R. Pedraza 

En B1ab(v) 

Mexico 

Magnolia rzedowskiana is a tree found in 

the cloud forest of three Mexican states: 

Querétaro, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo. 

It has a restricted range, with three 

locations and an extent of occurrence 

(EOO) of 145 km 2 . This species is 

threatened by the use of the flowers, 

which often involves the cutting down of 

the entire mature tree. This species is 

listed as Endangered. 

Magnolia sanchez-vegae Marcelo- 

Peña 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Peru 

Magnolia sanchez-vegae is a tree known 

from only one location in Amazonas, 

Peru. It has a narrow range and its 


less than 100 km 2 . The habitat of this 

species is seriously threatened by 

deforestation for agriculture and pasture. 

Magnolia sanchez-vegae is assessed as 


Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En B1ab(iii) 

Colombia 

Magnolia santanderiana is only known 

from two locations in the Santander 

department of colombia. Within its 

restricted distribution, habitats are highly 

degraded principally due to land 

clearance for livestock, agriculture and 

construction of access roads. This is 

causing a continuing decline in area and 

quality of habitat. Its extent of occurrence 

(EOO) is 1,090 km 2 . Therefore, this 

species is considered to be Endangered. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia sapaensis (n.H.Xia & 

Q.n.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer 

VU D2 

Vietnam 

Magnolia sapaensis is a small tree found 

in northern Vietnam. It is known from 

fewer than five locations, and at the type 

locality only six mature individuals, have 

been recorded. The species is found in 

secondary forest and nearby areas have 

been cleared by fire. There are real 

threats from fire and clearance even 

within protected areas. There is clearly a 

risk of this species going extinct in the 

very near future if no further protection is 

given. It is listed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia sargentiana Rehder & 

E.H.Wilson 


China 

Magnolia sargentiana was previously 

classified as Endangered. However, further 

survey work has revealed extensive and 

protected populations in southern Sichuan 

of at least 20,000 individuals. It is exploited 

for medicinal use and threatened by 

habitat clearance, although the areas 

where the extensive populations occur are 

protected within reserves. Its area of 

occupancy is 860 km 2 . 

Magnolia schiedeana Schltl. 

VU B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia schiedeana is an endemic 

Mexican cloud forest species. It is 

considered to be Vulnerable based on its 

extent of occurrence of 17,411 km 2 , its 

occurrence at five locations and a 

continuing decline in habitat. 

Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez- 

Espinosa, M. 

Magnolia sharpii V.V.Miranda 


Mexico 

Magnolia sharpii is considered to be 

Endangered as its extent of occurrence 

(EOO) is 2,228 km 2 , its cloud forest 

habitats are severely fragmented and 

degraded and it is known from only five 

locations. The forests have been 

impacted mainly by wood extraction, 

clearance for agriculture, cattle grazing 

and fire. 

Assessors: Luna-Vega, I., Gonzalez- 

Espinosa, M. & Ramirez-Marcial, n. 

Magnolia sharpii (James Gaither) 

Magnolia sargentiana (Daniel Mosquin) 

37


Magnolia shiluensis (chun & y.F.Wu) 

Figlar 

En A2ac; B1ab(iii,v) 

China 

Magnolia shiluensis is classified as 

Endangered as its population is thought 

to have declined by more than 50% 

during the last ten years. The extent of 

occurrence is less than 5,000 km 2 and it 

is only known from five locations in 

Hainan. Further research is required to 

determine the threats to this species and 

implement adequate conservation 

actions. 

Magnolia shuarorum F.Arroyo & 

A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

This tree species is known from three 

localities within Shuar native reserves in 

Ecuador. Despite a certain degree of 

protection in these areas, Magnolia 

shuarorum has a restricted area of 

occupancy (AOO; less than 500 km 2 ) and 

there is a lack of knowledge of this 

species outside these reserves. The 


less than 1,955 km 2 . It is threatened by 

climate change and mining, leading to 

continuing declines in habitat. This 




Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia silvioi is known from five 

locations in small fragments of remnant 

primary forests and has a restricted 

extent of occurrence less than 5,000 

km 2 . It occurs in the central mountain 

range in two regions in the northeast and 

east of the Antioquia, some areas of 

which have been seriously disrupted by 

mining activities, livestock farming and 

sugar cane cultivation. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia silvioi (Marcela Serna) 

Magnolia sinica (Jackson Xu FFI) 

Magnolia sinostellata (Shouzhou Zhang) 

Magnolia sirindhorniae (Yang Keming) 

Magnolia sinica (y.W.Law) noot. 

cR D 

China 

With only c. 50 mature individuals in the 

wild and 5,000-6,000 saplings in 

nurseries, Magnolia sinica is classified as 

critically Endangered on the basis of its 

very small population size. 

Magnolia sinostellata P.L.chiu & 

Z.H.chen 


China 

Magnolia sinostellata is endemic to 

southern Zhejiang Province, china. It has 

an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 

of 3,100 km 2 and is found in three 

locations. The wild population of this 

species is declining in the number of 

individuals and the genetic diversity is 

decreasing. Since it was first described 

individuals have been taken from the wild 

and transferred to commercial nurseries 

due to its value as a garden plant. 

Deforestation in the area is also causing a 


habitat. It is assessed as Endangered. 

Magnolia sirindhorniae noot. & 

chalermglin 

En B2ab(iii) 

Thailand 


on the basis of its area of occupancy of c. 

35 km 2 , the continuing decline in its 

habitat and its occurrence at fewer than 

three locations. 

Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, 

noot. & culmsee 

En B1ab(iii) 

Indonesia 

Magnolia sulawesiana is a large tree 

endemic to Sulawesi. It can be locally 

abundant, but is found only in three sites 

in the centre of Sulawesi. The extent of 

occurrence is 160 km 2 for the known 

locations of this species. The quality and 

extent of the habitat of this species is 

decreasing due to deforestation. Further 

botanical exploration would be beneficial 

to firmly establish population trends and 

distributions. 

38


Magnolia splendens Urb. 


Puerto Rico 


as it has a potential forest distribution, 

based on remote sensing imagery and 

species distribution data, of 206 km 2 , an 

area of occupancy (AOO) of 20-40 km 2 

and is known from fewer than five 

locations. Further information on the 

status of its habitat and levels of 

exploitation is desirable. 

Magnolia splendens (Emily Veltjen) 

Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Maxim. 


Japan 

Magnolia stellata is considered to be 

Endangered based on its restricted extent 

of occurrence and continuing decline in 

the number of mature individuals and 

quality of habitat. It has an estimated 

extent of occurrence of 3,000 km 2 and is 

known from fewer than five locations. This 

species is highly threatened because of 

urban development and local populations 

are small and fragmented. It is widespread 

in cultivation. 


Magnolia striatifolia Little 


Colombia, Ecuador 

Magnolia striatifolia occurs in four 

locations in the border region between 

colombia and Ecuador at very low 

altitudes. This places it at risk from habitat 

conversion for agriculture and illicit crop 

production. The species is being targeted 

for its wood, causing the number of 

mature individuals to continue to decline. 

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,907 

km 2 . Therefore, it is assessed as 

Endangered. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia talamancana A.Vázquez 

VU D2 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia talamancana is only known 

from the type locality on the margins of 

Río Urén, cantón Talamanca, costa Rica 

at 450m asl. It occurs in the La Amistad 

International Park, where the tropical 

forest has some protection. However, if 

encroachment into the park continues 

this species could become threatened by 

agriculture and expansion of human 

settlements; the threat of a newly planned 

dam also projects a decline in habitat 

quality and extent. If this occurs this 

species would be driven to critically 

Endangered B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) in a very 

short time frame. Therefore, Magnolia 

talamancana is assessed as Vulnerable. 

Magnolia tamaulipana A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia tamaulipana is considered to be 

Endangered as the potential forest 

distribution for this species, based on 

remote sensing imagery and species 

distribution records, is 2,458 km 2 . There 

is a continuing decline in habitat and it is 

known from fewer than five locations. The 

exact causes of decline are unknown but 

inferred to be by past hurricane activity, 

poor regeneration and habitat loss. 

Assessors: Luna-Vega, I. & Gonzalez- 

Espinosa, M. 

Magnolia tamaulipana (James Gaither) 

Magnolia thailandica noot. & 

chalermglin 


Thailand 

Magnolia thailandica is classified as 

Vulnerable based on a limited extent of 

occurrence (EOO) of 8,000-12,200 km 2 . 

In addition, the species is only known to 

occur at four locations and there is 

continuing decline in its habitat quality 

and extent, as well as a reduction in the 

number of mature individuals. 

Magnolia tiepii V.T.Tran & Duy 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Vietnam 

Magnolia tiepii is a large tree endemic to 

the khanh Vinh Mountain in Vietnam. It is 

a range-restricted species with an extent 

of occurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km 2 

and is only known from a single location. 

The area, extent and quality of the habitat 

is declining due to forest conversion to 

coffee plantations and agricultural land. 

There are no known conservation actions 

for this species. It is listed as critically 

Endangered. 

39


Magnolia urraoensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia urraoensis is found in forest 

fragments created by land conversion for 

livestock and agriculture, and is subjected 

to overexploitation for its timber. With a 

restricted distribution and occurring at low 

densities with little or very poor natural 

regeneration, the species is at risk. It has 

an extent of occurrence (EOO) of c. 4,389 

km 2 , an area of occupancy (AOO) of 32 

km 2 and is known from five locations. It is 

assessed as Endangered on the basis of 

its geographic range and declining habitat. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia vallartensis A.Vázquez & 

Muñiz-castro 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

This species is endemic to the regions of 

Puerto Vallarta and cabo corrientes in 

Jalisco, Mexico. It is found in one location 

and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

estimated to be less than 100 km 2 . The 

forest habitat of Magnolia vallartensis is 

declining due to forest fires, logging and 

rapid conversion for pasture. There are 

no known ex situ collections of this 

species. This species is listed as critically 

Endangered. 



Magnolia vazquezii cruz Durán & 

k.Vega 

En B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia vazquezii is a cloud forest 

species with a very restricted distribution, 

found in only one location and with an 

extent of occurrence of less than 500 

km 2 . It is likely that the AOO is c. 10 km 2 . 

There is no regeneration and therefore, 

the population consisting of only 300 

mature individuals will continue to 

decrease. However, they appear to be 

well conserved by local people. 

Magnolia ventii (n.V.Tiep) V.S.kumar 


China 

Magnolia ventii is considered to be 

Endangered as it occurs at five locations 

in yunnan and has a very small 

population, estimated to be c. 100 

mature individuals. Its extent of 

occurrence is estimated to be less than 

5,000 km 2 , and its habitat is continuing 

to decline in area and quality. 

Magnolia ventii (Zeng Qing-Wen) 

Magnolia viridipetala (y.W.Law, 

R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.yi) c.B.callaghan & Png 

En D 

China 

Magnolia viridipetala is a small tree found 

only in yunnan, china. The population is 

estimated to be fewer than 100 mature 

individuals, and the species is only known 

from the type locality. The population 

trends and any possible threats are not 

known. There are no known in situ 

conservation actions for this species, but 

there are five specimens growing in the 

South china Botanical Garden. 

Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 


Colombia 

Magnolia virolinensis remains in a single 

location in colombia (EOO of less than 

100 km 2 ) where it is restricted to forests 

on slopes and summits with lower level 

forests having already been converted to 

agriculture. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia vovidesii A.Vázquez, 

Domínguez-yescas & L. carvajal 


Mexico 

Magnolia vovidesii is a large tree found in 

Veracruz, Mexico. It is a very range 

restricted species, with an extent of 

occurrence (EOO) of 85 km 2 at three 

locations. This species is threatened by 

severe habitat fragmentation and 

continuing decline in extent and quality of 

its habitat by an increase of pasture 

lands, firewood extraction, coffee 

plantations and human settlements. This 


However, very little is known about this 

species and more research is necessary. 

Magnolia wendtii A.Vázquez 

cR B1ab(iii) 

Mexico 

Magnolia wendtii is only known from a 

single collection at the type locality in 

Veracruz, Mexico. It is extremely rare and 

despite intensive explorations in the 

Uxpanapa and chimalapa region, no 

additional records of this species have 

been made since it was first found in 

1982. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 

estimated to be less than 100 km 2 and 

the area is currently undergoing severe 

deforestation for conversion to pasture 

lands. This species is listed as critically 

Endangered. 



Magnolia wetteri A.Vázquez 

En B1ab(iii) 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia wetteri is a large tree restricted 

to the southern part of costa Rica where 

it is only known from the Osa peninsula. 

Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) 

is between 40 and 1,600 km 2 and it is 

thought to occur in fewer than five 

locations. Logging has been recorded in 

the area where this species is found, 

which is thought to be causing a 

continuing decline in the area and quality 

of habitat for this species. Therefore, 

Magnolia wetteri is assessed as 

Endangered. 

40


Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts 

cR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D 

Colombia 

With only a single population of three 

mature trees and no regeneration 

observed in 2006, Magnolia wolfii is 

critically Endangered due to habitat loss 

for coffee cultivation. The population is 

located in an isolated forest fragment 

within extensive agriculture plantations. 

Its potential area of occupancy (AOO) 

and extent of occurrence (EOO) are both 

0.2 km 2 , within a single location. A survey 

is necessary to see if the three trees still 

exist, but it is likely that this species may 

now be extinct in the wild. More ex situ 

collections are required. 



& Garcia, n. 

Magnolia xanthantha (c.y.Wu ex 

y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) Figlar 

En B1ab(iii) 

China 

Magnolia xanthantha is classified as 

Endangered as the extent of occurrence 

is less than 5,000 km 2 and it is only 

known from a single location in 

Xishuangbanna, yunnan where it is 

threatened by habitat loss and 

urbanisation. 

Magnolia yantzazana F.Arroyo 

En B1ab(iii) 

Ecuador 

Magnolia yantzazana is only known from 

the province of Zamora chinchipe, 

Ecuador. It is a range-restricted species 

with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of less 

than 400 km 2 and fewer than five 

locations. There are mining operations 

and agricultural activities resulting in a 

decline in the quality and extent of habitat. 

It is therefore listed as Endangered. More 

research is needed into the population 

size and declines of this species. 



Magnolia yantzazana (Alvaro Perez) 

Magnolia yarumalensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

En A2acd; B2ab(iii,v) 

Colombia 

The population of Magnolia yarumalensis 

has suffered a drastic reduction of over 

50% within the last three generations due 

to it being under both direct pressure, 

targeted for its timber, and indirect 

pressure with its habitat being converted 

to meet agricultural demands. The area 

of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km 2 

and the habitat is degraded and 

continues to decline. It is found in more 

than ten locations but the population is 

severely fragmented. This species is 

listed as Endangered. 




Magnolia yoroconte Dandy 

VU A2c 

Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico? 

Magnolia yoroconte is found in central 

America. It has an area of occupancy 

(AOO) of 9,264 km 2 which is decreasing. 

It is threatened by deforestation, habitat 

loss and exploitation for its wood. It is 

particularly threatened in Honduras and 

subpopulations here should be 

monitored. This species is also of 

conservation concern in Guatemala. The 

forests where it grows are severely 

degraded and this species is known to 

be declining. A 30% population decline is 

suspected based on a 30% range 

decline. It is listed here as Vulnerable. 



Magnolia zenii W.c.cheng 

cR D 

China 

Magnolia zenii is classified as critically 

Endangered as only a single population 

exists containing 18 individuals at the 

type locality on the north slopes of Mount 

Baohua. This location is a provincial 

reserve, but no specific protection is 

given to these trees. no natural 

regeneration has been observed. It exists 

in ex situ collections so has the potential 

to be propagated. 

Magnolia zenii 

Magnolia yarumalensis (Marcela Serna) 

41


MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS nEAR THREATEnED 

liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. 

China 

Magnolia borneensis noot. 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines 

Magnolia dealbata Zucc. 

Mexico 

Magnolia elliptigemmata c.L.Guo & 

L.L.Huang 

China 

Magnolia figlarii V.S.kumar 

China 

Magnolia flaviflora (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) 

Figlar 


Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar 

China 

Magnolia dealbata (James Gaither) 

Magnolia sambuensis (Marcela Serna) 

Magnolia guangxiensis (y.W.Law & 

R.Z.Zhou) Sima 

China 

Magnolia obovalifolia (c.y.Wu & 

y.W.Law) V.S.kumar 

China 

Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy 

Costa Rica, Panama 

Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) 

Govaerts 

Colombia, Panama 

Magnolia sororum Seibert 

Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama 

Magnolia wilsonii (Yang Keming) 

Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnep.) 

Rehder 

China 

42


MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS DATA DEFIcIEnT 

Magnolia angatensis Blanco 

Indonesia, Philippines 

Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex noot. 

Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia 

Magnolia atlantida A.Vázquez 

Honduras 

Magnolia azulensis F.Arroyo 

Peru 

Magnolia balansae Aug.Dc. 


Magnolia banghamii (noot.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Indonesia 

Magnolia bawangensis y.W.Law, 

R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu 

China 

Magnolia beccarii (Ridl.) ined. 

Indonesia, Malaysia 

Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.kumar 

China, Lao People’s Democratic 

Republic, Vietnam 

Magnolia chiriquiensis A.Vázquez 

Panama 

Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy 

Vietnam 

Magnolia coco (Lour.) Dc. 

China, Taiwan, Province of China, 

Vietnam 

Magnolia compressa Maxim. 

China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, 

Province of China 

Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. ex 

Dc.) Figlar 

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal 

Magnolia duperreana Pierre 

Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic 

Republic, Thailand, Vietnam 

Magnolia elegans (Blume) H.keng 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand 

Magnolia elegantifolia noot. 

China 

Magnolia elfina A.Vázquez 

Peru 

Magnolia ernestii Figlar 

China 

Magnolia bintuluensis (A.Agostini) 

noot. 


Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar 

Vietnam 

Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & noot. 

Indonesia 

Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. & 

Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar 

China, India, Myanmar 

Magnolia championii Benth. 

China, Hong Kong, Vietnam 

Magnolia changhungtana noot. 

China 

Magnolia doltsopa (Caerhays Estate) 

Magnolia duclouxii (Finet & Gagnep.) 

Hu 


Magnolia ernestii (John Marston) 

Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) 

Dandy 


Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) 

Figlar 

Cambodia, China, Lao People’s 

Democratic Republic, Myanmar, 

Thailand, Vietnam 

43


Magnolia fulva (Zeng Qingwen) 

Magnolia fulva (Hung T.chang & 

B.L.chen) Figlar 


Magnolia kaifui (Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu) 

c.B.callaghan & Png 

China 

Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar 

Bangladesh, India 

Magnolia kisopa (Buch.-Ham. ex Dc.) 

Figlar 

Bhutan, China, India, Nepal 

Magnolia kobus Dc. 

China, Japan, Republic of Korea 

Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & noot. 

Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s 

Democratic Republic, Thailand 

Magnolia lasia noot. 


Magnolia lawii (n.H.Xia & W.F.Liao) 


China 

Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar 

China 

Magnolia liliiflora Desr. 

China 

Magnolia garrettii (craib) V.S.kumar 


Democratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam 

Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) noot. 


Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts 

Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama 

Magnolia griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson 

Bangladesh, India, Myanmar 

Magnolia guangdongensis (y.H.yan, 

Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) noot. 

China 

Magnolia guangzhouensis (A.Q.Dong, 

Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) c.B.callaghan & 

Png 

China 

Magnolia henryi Dunn 

china, Lao People’s Democratic 

Republic, Myanmar, Thailand 

Magnolia hookeri (cubitt & W.W.Sm.) 

D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar 

China, India, Myanmar, Thailand 

Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar 


Magnolia iteophylla (c.y.Wu ex 

y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) noot 

China 


Magnolia koordersiana (noot.) Figlar 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China 

Magnolia laevifolia (y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) 

noot. 

China 

Magnolia laevifolia (Jiu Xiang) 

Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Bhutan, China, India, Nepal 

Magnolia liliiflora 

(Asta Malakauskiene, VDU Kaunas Botanical Garden) 

Magnolia lopezobradorii A.Vázquez 

Mexico 

Magnolia lozanoi A.Vázquez & castro- 

Arce 

Ecuador 

Magnolia macklottii (korth.) Dandy 


Magnolia macrocarpa (Zucc.) 

A.Vázquez & castro-Arce 

Mexico 

Magnolia mariusjacobsia noot. 

Malaysia 

Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar 


Magnolia mirifolia (D.L.Fu, T.B.chao & 

Zhi X.chen) noot. 

China 

44


Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar 


Magnolia opipara (Hung T.chang & 

B.L.chen) Sima 

China 

Magnolia pahangensis noot. 

Malaysia 

Magnolia paranaensis A.Vázquez 

Brazil 

Magnolia peruviana A.Vázquez 

Peru 

Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm. 

Philippines, Thailand 

Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Philippines 

Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & 

noot. 

Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao 

People’s Democratic Republic, 

Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam 

Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyerm. 

Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 

Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. 

Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, 

Thailand 

Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Philippines 

Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. & 

Thomson) Figlar 

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India 

Magnolia rabaniana (Hook.f. & 

Thomson) D.c.S.Raju & M.P.nayar 

India, Myanmar 

Magnolia sarawakensis (A.Agostini) 

noot. 


Magnolia savegrensis A.Vázquez 

Costa Rica 

Magnolia scortechinii (king) Figlar & 

noot. 


Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) 

Govaerts 

Brazil 

Magnolia sinacacolinii A.Vázquez 

Mexico 

Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.keng 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore 

Magnolia sphaerantha (c.y.Wu ex 

y.W.Law & y.F.Wu) Sima 

China 

Magnolia steyermarkii A.Vázquez 

Guatemala 

Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & 

noot. 

Indonesia 

Magnolia tarahumara (A.Vázquez) 

A.Vázquez 

Mexico 

Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea 

Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.kumar 

Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand 

Magnolia vargasiana A.Vázquez & 

D.A.neill 

Ecuador 

Magnolia vargasiana (Lou Jost) 

Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano) 

Govaerts 

Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 

Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.keng 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore 

Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex 

Pierre 

Indonesia 

Magnolia xiana noot. 

China 

Magnolia xianianhei (Q.n.Vu) 


Vietnam 

Magnolia xinganensis noot. 

China 

Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) noot. 


Magnolia yuyuanensis (y.W.Law) 

V.S.kumar 

China 

Magnolia zamorana F.Arroyo 

Ecuador 

Magnolia zamorana 

Magnolia zamudioi A.Vázquez 

Mexico 

45


MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES EVALUATED AS LEAST cOncERn 

liriodendron tulipifera L. 

Canada, United States 

Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima 


Magnolia citrata noot. & chalermglin 


Liriodendron tulipifera (Kew Gardens) 

Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. 

Canada, United States 

Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & 

Thomson 


Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.kumar 


Magnolia dandyi Gagnep. 

China, Lao People’s Democratic 

Republic, Vietnam 

Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts 

Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru 

Magnolia baillonii Pierre 

Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, 


Magnolia betongensis (craib) H.keng 

Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, 

Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand 

Magnolia biondii Pamp. 

China 

Magnolia campbellii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex noot. 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand 

Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & 

Thomson) noot. 

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, 


Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) 

Figlar 

china 

Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre 

Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, 

Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic 

Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, 


Magnolia dandyi (Weibang Sun) 

Magnolia delavayi Franch. 

China 

Magnolia delavayi 

46


Magnolia denudata Desr. 

China 

Magnolia denudata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia equatorialis A.Vázquez 

Ecuador, Peru 

Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia globosa Hook.f. & Thomson 


Magnolia insignis (Philippe de Spoelberch) 

Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill. 

Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao 

People's Democratic Republic, 

Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, 

Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, 

Vietnam 

Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar 


Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez) 

Magnolia figo (Lour.) Dc. 

China, Republic of Korea 

Magnolia globosa (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia grandiflora L. 

United States 

Magnolia macrophylla Michx. 

United States 

Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia figo (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu 


Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy) 

Figlar 


Magnolia fraseri Walter 

United States 

Magnolia grandiflora (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia guatemalensis Donn.Sm. 

El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras 

Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & 

Thomson) H.keng 

Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, 

Thailand 

Magnolia insignis Wall. 

Cambodia, China, India, Lao People’s 

Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Nepal, 


Magnolia martinii H.Lév. 


Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar 

China 

Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar 


Democratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam 

Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook.f. & 

Thomson) Figlar 

Bangladesh, India 

47


Magnolia obovata Thunb. 

Japan, Republic of Korea 

Magnolia siamensis (Dandy) H.keng 

Malaysia, Thailand 

Magnolia sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar & 

noot. 

Indonesia 

Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. 

United States 

Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. 

Brazil 

Magnolia panamensis H.H.Iltis & 

A.Vázquez 

Costa Rica, Panama 

Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy 

Malaysia 

Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts 

Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru 

Magnolia siamensis (Piya Chalermglin) 

Magnolia sieboldii k.koch 

China, Japan, Democratic People's 

Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea 

Magnolia tripetala (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia virginiana L. 

Cuba, United States 

Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex noot.) 

Figlar & noot. 

Malaysia 

Magnolia salicifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Maxim. 

Japan 

Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia sprengeri Pamp. 

China 

Magnolia virginiana (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

Magnolia salicifolia (Arboretum Wespelaar) 


48


APPEnDIX 1 

Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and the number of ex situ collections 

Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 

Red List Criteria 

Ex situ 

Collections 

Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Liriodendron chinense 

(Hemsl.) Sarg. 

NT 

134 

Magnolia championii 

Benth. 

DD 

4 

Liriodendron tulipifera 

L. 

LC 

255 

Magnolia changhungtana 

Noot. 

DD 

9 

Magnolia acuminata 

(L.) L. 

LC 

157 

Magnolia chapensis 

(Dandy) Sima 

LC 

26 

Magnolia albosericea 

Chun & C.H.Tsoong 

VU 

D1+2 

1 

Magnolia chevalieri 

(Dandy) V.S.Kumar 

DD 

7 

Magnolia allenii 

Standl. 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia chimantensis 

Steyerm. & Maguire 

CR 

C2a(i); D 

0 

Magnolia amazonica 

(Ducke) Govaerts 

LC 

0 

Magnolia chiriquiensis 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia amoena 

W.C.Cheng 

VU 

B1ab(iii,iv) 

45 

Magnolia chocoensis 

(Lozano) Govaerts 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia angatensis 

Blanco 

DD 

0 

Magnolia citrata 

Noot. & Chalermglin 

LC 

0 

Magnolia angustioblonga 

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar 

EN 

D 

2 

Magnolia clemensiorum 

Dandy 

DD 

0 

Magnolia annamensis 

Dandy 

VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia cochranei 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia arcabucoana 


EN 

B1ab(ii,iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia coco 

(Lour.) DC. 

DD 

27 

Magnolia argyrothricha 


EN 

B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia colombiana 

(Little) Govaerts 

CR 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia aromatica 


EN 

C2a(i) 

18 

Magnolia compressa 

Maxim. 

DD 

38 

Magnolia ashtonii 

Dandy ex Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia conifera 


LC 

17 

Magnolia atlantida 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia coriacea 

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

7 

Magnolia azulensis 

F.Arroyo 

DD 

0 

Magnolia coronata 

M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo 

CR 

A2acd 

0 

Magnolia baillonii 

Pierre 

LC 

10 

Magnolia costaricensis 

A.Vázquez 

VU 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia balansae 

Aug.DC. 

DD 

10 

Magnolia crassifolia 

F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez 

CR 

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D 

1 

Magnolia banghamii 

(Noot.) Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia crassipes 

(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 

EN 

B2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) 

6 

Magnolia bankardiorum 

M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega 

VU 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia cristalensis 

Bisse 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia bawangensis 

Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu 

DD 

0 

Magnolia cubensis 

Urb. 

VU 

B2ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia beccarii 

(Ridl.) ined. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia cylindrica 

E.H.Wilson 

VU 

B2ab(iii) 

92 

Magnolia betongensis 

(Craib) H.Keng 

LC 

2 

Magnolia dandyi 

Gagnep. 

LC 

15 

Magnolia bidoupensis 

Q.N.Vu 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia dawsoniana 

Rehder & E.H.Wilson 

EN 

B2ab(iii) 

37 

Magnolia bintuluensis 

(A.Agostini) Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia dealbata 

Zucc. 

NT 

25 

Magnolia biondii 

Pamp. 

LC 

58 

Magnolia decastroi 

A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia blaoensis 

(Gagnep.) Dandy 

VU 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia decidua 

(Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); C2a(ii) 

11 

Magnolia boliviana 

(M.Nee) Govaerts 

EN 

B2ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia delavayi 

Franch. 

LC 

74 

Magnolia borneensis 

Noot. 

NT 

0 

Magnolia denudata 

Desr. 

LC 

145 

Magnolia braianensis 

(Gagnep.) Figlar 

DD 

0 

Magnolia dixonii 

(Little) Govaerts 

CR 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia calimaensis 


CR 

B1ab(i,ii,iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia dodecapetala 

(Lam.) Govaerts 

VU 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia calophylla 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia doltsopa 

(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar 

DD 

55 

Magnolia calophylloides 

Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

1 

Magnolia domingensis 

Urb. 

CR 

A2ac 

0 

Magnolia campbellii 

Hook.f. & Thomson 

LC 

103 

Magnolia duclouxii 

(Finet & Gagnep.) Hu 

DD 

5 

Magnolia canandeana 

F.Arroyo 

CR 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia duperreana 

Pierre 

DD 

1 

Magnolia cararensis 


CR 


0 

Magnolia ekmanii 

Urb. 

CR 

A2ac 

0 

Magnolia caricifragrans 


EN 

A2acd+4acd 

1 

Magnolia elegans 

(Blume) H.Keng 

DD 

1 

Magnolia carsonii 

Dandy ex Noot. 

LC 

0 

Magnolia elegantifolia 

Noot. 

DD 

1 

Magnolia cathcartii 

(Hook.f. & Thomson) Noot. 

LC 

9 

Magnolia elfina 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia cattienensis 

Q.N.Vu 

EN 

B1ab(iii); D 

0 

Magnolia elliptigemmata 

C.L.Guo & L.L.Huang 

NT 

0 

Magnolia cavaleriei 

(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar 

LC 

20 

Magnolia emarginata 

Urb. & Ekman 

CR 

A2ac 

0 

Magnolia caveana 

(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju 

Magnolia equatorialis 

A.Vázquez 

LC 

0 

& M.P.Nayar 

DD 

2 

Magnolia ernestii 

Figlar 

DD 

37 

Magnolia cespedesii 

(Triana & Planch.) Govaerts 

CR 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia espinalii 


CR 

C2a(i); D 

2 

Magnolia champaca 

(L.) Baill. ex Pierre 

LC 

65 

Magnolia fansipanensis 

C.B.Callaghan & Png 

CR 

D 

1 

49


Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 


Magnolia figlarii 

A.Vázquez 

V.S.Kumar 

CR 

NT 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

5 

Magnolia kaifui 

(Q.W.Zeng & X.M.Hu) 


DD 

0 

Magnolia figo 

(Lour.) DC. 

LC 

103 

Magnolia katiorum 


CR 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia fistulosa 

(Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy 

DD 

2 

Magnolia kichuana 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia flaviflora 

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar 

NT 

0 

Magnolia kingii 

(Dandy) Figlar 

DD 

0 

Magnolia floribunda 

(Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar 

DD 

25 

Magnolia kisopa 

(Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar 

DD 

2 

Magnolia fordiana 

(Oliv.) Hu 

LC 

34 


DC. 

DD 

211 

Magnolia foveolata 

(Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar 

LC 

38 

Magnolia koordersiana 

(Noot.) Figlar 

DD 

0 

Magnolia fraseri 

Walter 

LC 

53 

Magnolia krusei 

J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán 

EN 

B2ab(i,ii,iii) 

0 

Magnolia fujianensis 

(Q.F.Zheng) Figlar 

NT 

1 

Magnolia kwangsiensis 


VU 

B2ab(v) 

4 

Magnolia fulva 

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar 

DD 

5 

Magnolia kwangtungensis 

Merr. 

DD 

14 

Magnolia garrettii 

Magnolia gentryi 

(Craib) V.S.Kumar 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

EN 

B1ab(iii); D 

12 

0 

Magnolia lacandonica 

A.Vázquez, Pérez-Farr. 

& Mart.-Camilo 

CR 

C2a(i) 

0 

Magnolia georgii 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia lacei 

(W.W.Sm.) Figlar 

EN 

D 

5 

Magnolia gigantifolia 

(Miq.) Noot. 

DD 

2 

Magnolia laevifolia 

(Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. 

DD 

67 

Magnolia gilbertoi 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

2 

Magnolia lanuginosa 

(Wall.) Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

13 

Magnolia globosa 


LC 

26 

Magnolia lanuginosoides 


DD 

0 

Magnolia gloriensis 

(Pittier) Govaerts 

DD 

0 

Magnolia lasia 

Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia grandiflora 

L. 

LC 

225 

Magnolia lawii 

(N.H.Xia & W.F.Liao) C.B.Callaghan 

Magnolia grandis 

(Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar 

CR 

B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D 

16 

& Png 

DD 

0 

Magnolia griffithii 


DD 

0 

Magnolia lenticellata 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia guanacastensis 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia leveilleana 


DD 

2 

Magnolia guangdongensis 

(Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) 

Noot. 

DD 

3 

Magnolia liliifera 

Magnolia liliiflora 

(L.) Baill. 

Desr. 

LC 

DD 

20 

76 

Magnolia guangxiensis 

(Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima 

NT 

5 


(Q.W.Zeng & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 

CR 

D 

1 

Magnolia guangzhouensis 

(A.Q.Dong, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) 


DD 

1 

Magnolia lopezobradorii 

Magnolia lotungensis 

A.Vázquez 

Chun & C.H.Tsoong 

DD 

EN 

A2a; C1 

0 

44 

Magnolia guatapensis 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia lozanoi 

A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce 

DD 

0 

Magnolia guatemalensis 

Donn.Sm. 

LC 

8 

Magnolia lucida 

(B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) V.S.Kumar 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

2 

Magnolia guerrerensis 

J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega 

& Cruz Durán 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia gustavii 

King 

CR 

C2a(i) 

0 

Magnolia hamorii 

Howard 

EN 

B1ab(i,iii) 

0 

Magnolia henaoi 


EN 


1 

Magnolia henryi 

Dunn 

DD 

7 

Magnolia hernandezii 


EN 

A2cd 

4 

Magnolia hodgsonii 

(Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Keng 

LC 

15 

Magnolia hongheensis 

(Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar 

VU 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia hookeri 

(Cubitt & W.W.Sm.) D.C.S.Raju & 

M.P.Nayar 

DD 

6 

Magnolia hypolampra 


DD 

7 

Magnolia iltisiana 

A.Vázquez 

VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia inbioana 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia insignis 

Wall. 

LC 

78 

Magnolia irwiniana 


EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia iteophylla 

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot 

DD 

0 

Magnolia jaenensis 

Marcelo-Peña 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia jaliscana 

A.Vázquez & R.Guzmán 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia jardinensis 

M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo 

CR 

C2a(i); D 

1 

Magnolia juninensis 

F.Arroyo 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia kachirachirai 

(Kaneh. & Yamam.) Dandy 

EN 

B1ab(i,iii) 

4 

Magnolia doltsopa (James Gaither) 

50


Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Magnolia macclurei 


LC 

20 

Magnolia oblonga 

(Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) 

Magnolia macklottii 

(Korth.) Dandy 

DD 

0 

Figlar 

LC 

0 

Magnolia macrocarpa 

(Zucc.) A.Vázquez & Castro-Arce 

DD 

0 

Magnolia obovalifolia 

(C.Y.Wu & Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 

NT 

0 

Magnolia macrophylla 

Michx. 

LC 

121 

Magnolia obovata 

Thunb. 

LC 

C1 

137 

Magnolia madidiensis 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia odora 

(Chun) Figlar & Noot. 

VU 

D 

20 

Magnolia mahechae 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia odoratissima 

Y.W.Law & R.Z.Zhou 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

1 

Magnolia manguillo 

Marcelo-Peña & F.Arroyo 

CR 

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia ofeliae 

A.Vázquez & Cuevas 

CR 

A2bd 

0 

Magnolia mannii 

(King) Figlar 

VU 

B1ab(i,iii) 

0 

Magnolia officinalis 


EN 

C2a(i) 

78 

Magnolia mariusjacobsia 

Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia omeiensis 

(W.C.Cheng) Dandy 

CR 

5 

Magnolia martinii 

H.Lév. 

LC 

21 

Magnolia opipara 

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima 

DD 

7 

Magnolia masticata 


DD 

0 

Magnolia ovata 

(A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. 

LC 

2 

Magnolia maudiae 

Magnolia mayae 

(Dunn) Figlar 

A.Vázquez & Pérez-Farr. 

LC 

CR 

C2a(i); D 

52 

0 

Magnolia ovoidea 

(Hung T.Chang & B.L.Chen) 

V.S.Kumar 

CR 

D 

7 

Magnolia mediocris 


LC 

3 

Magnolia pacifica 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

1 

Magnolia mexicana 

DC. 

VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

3 

Magnolia pahangensis 

Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia minor 

(Urb.) Govaerts 

VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia palandana 

F.Arroyo 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia mirifolia 

(D.L.Fu, T.B.Chao & Zhi X.Chen) 

Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia pallescens 

Magnolia panamensis 

Urb. & Ekman 

H.H.Iltis & A.Vázquez 

EN 

LC 

B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(i,iii) 

1 

0 

Magnolia montana 

(Blume) Figlar 

DD 

1 

Magnolia paranaensis 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia morii 


EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia pastazaensis 

F.Arroyo & Á.J.Pérez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia multinervia 

A.Vázquez 

VU 

D2 

0 

Magnolia patungensis 

(Hu) Noot. 

EN 

C2a(i) 

9 

Magnolia nana 

Dandy 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia pealiana 

King 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia narinensis 


CR 

B1ab(i,iii) 

0 

Magnolia pedrazae 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia neillii 


EN 

B2ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia perezfarrerae 

A.Vázquez & Gómez-Domínguez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia neomagnifolia 

I.M.Turner 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia persuaveolens 

Dandy 

LC 

1 

Magnolia nilagirica 

(Zenker) Figlar 

VU 

A2cd 

1 

Magnolia peruviana 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia nitida 

W.W.Sm. 

VU 

A2cd 

32 

Magnolia philippinensis 

P.Parm. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia nuevoleonensis 

A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas 

EN 

B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii) 

0 

Magnolia platyphylla 

(Merr.) Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

1 

Magnolia oaxacensis 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(v) 

0 

Magnolia pleiocarpa 

(Dandy) Figlar & Noot. 

CR 

B1ab(i,iii) 

0 

Magnolia poasana 

(Pittier) Dandy 

NT 

0 

Magnolia polyhypsophylla 


CR 

B1ab(iii,v); C2a(i,ii); D 

2 

Magnolia portoricensis 

Bello 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia praecalva 


DD 

0 

Magnolia ptaritepuiana 

Steyerm. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia pterocarpa 

Roxb. 

DD 

1 

Magnolia pubescens 

(Merr.) Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia pugana 

(Iltis & A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez & 

Carvajal 

EN 


1 

Magnolia punduana 

(Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar 

DD 

0 

Magnolia quetzal 

A.Vázquez, Véliz & Tribouill. 

EN 


0 

Magnolia rabaniana 

(Hook.f. & Thomson) D.C.S.Raju 

& M.P.Nayar 

DD 

1 

Magnolia rajaniana 

(Craib) Figlar 

VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia rimachii 


LC 

0 

Magnolia rostrata 

W.W.Sm. 

EN 

B2ab(v) 

25 

Magnolia rufibarbata 


EN 

B2ab(iii) 

3 

Magnolia rzedowskiana 

A. Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas 

& R. Pedraza 

EN 

B1ab(v) 

0 

Magnolia sabahensis 

(Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. 

LC 

1 

Magnolia salicifolia 

(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 

LC 

94 

Magnolia sambuensis 

(Pittier) Govaerts 

NT 

9 

Magnolia sargentiana (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

51


Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Taxon Names 

Authors 

Red List 

Category 


Ex situ 

Collections 

Magnolia sanchez-vegae 

Magnolia santanderiana 

Marcelo-Peña 


CR 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

0 

Magnolia vovidesii 

A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas 

& L. Carvajal 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia sapaensis 

(N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw 

& Macer 

VU 

D2 

12 

Magnolia vrieseana 

Magnolia wendtii 

(Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

CR 

B1ab(iii) 

1 

0 

Magnolia sarawakensis 

(A.Agostini) Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia wetteri 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia sargentiana 


VU 

B2ab(iii,v) 

66 

Magnolia wilsonii 

(Finet & Gagnep.) Rehder 

NT 

111 

Magnolia savegrensis 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia wolfii 


CR 

B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D 

2 

Magnolia schiedeana 

Magnolia scortechinii 

Schltl. 

(King) Figlar & Noot. 

VU 

DD 

B1ab(iii) 

3 

0 

Magnolia xanthantha 

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) 

Figlar 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

4 

Magnolia sellowiana 

(A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts 

DD 

0 

Magnolia xiana 

Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia sharpii 

V.V.Miranda 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

7 

Magnolia xianianhei 

(Q.N.Vu) C.B.Callaghan & Png 

DD 

0 

Magnolia shiluensis 

(Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar 

EN 

A2ac; B1ab(iii,v) 

7 

Magnolia xinganensis 

Noot. 

DD 

2 

Magnolia shuarorum 

F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez 

EN 


0 

Magnolia yantzazana 

F.Arroyo 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia siamensis 

(Dandy) H.Keng 

LC 

1 

Magnolia yarumalensis 


EN 

A2acd; B2ab(iii,v) 

2 

Magnolia sieboldii 

K.Koch 

LC 

148 

Magnolia yoroconte 

Dandy 

VU 

A2c 

0 

Magnolia silvioi 


EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

9 

Magnolia yunnanensis 

(Hu) Noot. 

DD 

28 

Magnolia sinacacolinii 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia yuyuanensis 

(Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 

DD 

17 

Magnolia singapurensis 

(Ridl.) H.Keng 

DD 

0 

Magnolia zamorana 

F.Arroyo 

DD 

0 

Magnolia sinica 

(Y.W.Law) Noot. 

CR 

D 

9 

Magnolia zamudioi 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia sinostellata 

P.L.Chiu & Z.H.Chen 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

4 

Magnolia zenii 

W.C.Cheng 

CR 

D 

61 

Magnolia sirindhorniae 


EN 

B2ab(iii) 

3 

Magnolia zhengyiana 

(N.H. Xia) Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia sororum 

Seibert 

NT 

0 

Magnolia zoquepopolucae 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia sphaerantha 

(C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) 

Sima 

DD 

12 

Magnolia splendens 

Urb. 

EN 


0 

Magnolia sprengeri 

Pamp. 

LC 

75 


(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

206 

Magnolia steyermarkii 

A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia striatifolia 

Little 

EN 

B1ab(iii,v) 

1 

Magnolia sulawesiana 

Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia sumatrae 


DD 

0 

Magnolia sumatrana 

(Miq.) Figlar & Noot. 

LC 

7 

Magnolia talamancana 

A.Vázquez 

VU 

D2 

0 

Magnolia tamaulipana 

A.Vázquez 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

15 

Magnolia tarahumara 

(A.Vázquez) A.Vázquez 

DD 

0 

Magnolia thailandica 


VU 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia tiepii 

V.T.Tran & Duy 

CR 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia tripetala 

(L.) L. 

LC 

159 

Magnolia tsiampacca 

(L.) Figlar & Noot. 

DD 

0 

Magnolia urraoensis 


EN 


1 

Magnolia utilis 


DD 

1 

Magnolia vallartensis 

A.Vázquez & Muñiz-Castro 

CR 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia vargasiana 

A.Vázquez & D.A.Neill 

DD 

0 

Magnolia vazquezii 

Cruz Durán & K.Vega 

EN 

B1ab(iii) 

0 

Magnolia venezuelensis 


DD 

0 

Magnolia ventii 

(N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar 

EN 

B1ab(iii); D 

2 

Magnolia villosa 

(Miq.) H.Keng 

DD 

0 

Magnolia virginiana 

L. 

LC 

152 

Magnolia viridipetala 

(Y.W.Law, R.Z.Zhou & Q.F.Yi) 


EN 

D 

0 

Magnolia virolinensis 


CR 

B1ab(iii,v) 

0 

Magnolia fraseri (Arboretum Wespelaar) 

52


APPEnDIX 2 

Magnoliaceae species richness per country 

Country CR EN VU NT DD LC Total 

Bangladesh 

Belize 

Bhutan 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Brunei Darussalam 

cambodia 

canada 

china 

colombia 

costa Rica 

cuba 

Dominica 


Ecuador 

El Salvador 

Guadeloupe 

Guatemala 

Haiti 

Honduras 

Hong kong 

India 

Indonesia 

Japan 

korea, Democratic People’s Republic of 

korea, Republic of 

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 

Malaysia 

Martinique 

Mexico 

Myanmar 

nepal 

nicaragua 

Panama 

Papua new Guinea 

Peru 

Philippines 

Puerto Rico 

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 

Singapore 

Sri Lanka 

Taiwan 

Thailand 

Trinidad and Tobago 

United States 

Venezuela 

Vietnam 

6 

13 

1 

3 

1 

3 

2 

6 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

19 

19 

3 

1 

2 

8 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

13 

1 

2 

4 

2 

1 

1 

7 

1 

8 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

5 

8 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

5 

2 

1 

5 

42 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

10 

21 

2 

1 

7 

17 

6 

10 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

5 

2 

2 

12 

2 

16 

2 

5 

2 

3 

5 

2 

25 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

10 

5 

3 

1 

3 

5 

7 

7 

6 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

11 

7 

14 

5 

1 

10 

4 

6 

1 

10 

2 

108 

33 

11 

3 

1 

3 

18 

1 

1 

6 

3 

4 

1 

25 

28 

6 

1 

4 

13 

25 

1 

30 

20 

10 

2 

8 

2 

13 

7 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

27 

1 

7 

3 

45 

Total 

42 

92 

39 

20 

190 

137 

520 

53


APPEnDIX 3 

Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included in analysis) 

A) Infraspecific taxa 

Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii 

Lc 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae cR c2a(i) 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. cacuminicola En B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,v) 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(i); D 

Magnolia cubensis ssp. turquinensis En B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) 

Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. guatemalensis VU B1ab(iii) 

Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) 

Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. rigida 

Lc 

Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea VU B1ab(iii) 

Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) 

Magnolia virginiana ssp. oviedoae cR B1ab(iii) 

B) Not evaluated species 

Magnolia carnosa (D.L.Fu & D.L.Zhang) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia dabieshanensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia dimorpha (T.B.chao & Z.X.chen) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia fragarigynandria (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia jianfenglingensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia shirenshanensis (D.L.Fu & T.B.chao) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia shizhenii (D.L.Fu & F.W.Li) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia wuzhishangensis (G.A.Fu & kun Pan) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia xinyangensis (T.B.chao, Z.X.chen & H.T.Dai) c.B.callaghan & Png 

Magnolia lamdongensis V.T.Tran, Duy & n.H.Xia 

54


APPEnDIX 4 

Participating institutions 

Adkins Arboretum; Amani Botanical Garden; Annapolis Royal Historic 

Gardens; Antony; Antony Woodland Garden; Arboreto di Arco - Parco 

Arciducale; Arboretum at kutztown University; Arboretum at Penn State, 

The; Arboretum at the University of california, Santa cruz; Arboretum 

Freiburg-Günterstal; Arboretum Groenendaal - Flemish Forest Department 

- Houtvesterij Groenendaal; Arboretum kirchberg; Arboretum Mustila; 

Arboretum of Guizhou Institute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of Jiangxi 

Institute of Forestry Science; Arboretum of nanjing Forestry University; 

Arboretum of The Barnes Foundation; Arboretum of Wuhan University; 

Arboretum Oudenbosch; Arboretum Střední lesnické školy; Arboretum 

Waasland; Arboretum Wespelaar; Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 

The; Asociación Jardin Botanico La Laguna; Atlanta Botanical Garden; 

Auckland Botanic Gardens; Aullwood Garden MetroPark; Baker Arboretum; 

Bamboo Brook Outdoor Education center; Bangladesh Agricultural 

University Botanic Garden; Baoji Botanical Garden (Shaanxi); Barrington 

court; Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Arboretum; Batsford Arboretum; 

Batumi Botanical Garden; Bayard cutting Arboretum; Bedgebury national 

Pinetum & Forest; Beijing Medicinal Garden; Belmonte Arboretum; Belton 

House; Bendigo Botanic Gardens, White Hills; Benmore Botanic Garden; 

Berkshire Botanical Garden; Berrington Hall; Bibliotheque centrale; 

Bickelhaupt Arboretum; Birmingham Botanical Gardens and Glasshouses; 

Birr castle Demesne; Bishop Museum - checklist of cultivated Plants of 

Hawai'i; Blickling Hall; Blue Mountains Botanic Garden, Mount Tomah; Bok 

Tower Gardens; Bokrijk Arboretum; Boone county Arboretum; Botanic 

Garden Meise; Botanic Garden of Poltava national Pedagogical University; 

Botanic Garden of Rostock University; Botanic Garden of Smith college, 

The; Botanic Garden, Delft University of Technology; Botanic Gardens of 

Adelaide; Botanical Garden - center of Ecological and Astronomy Education 

of SBPEI Vorobievy Gory; Botanical Garden - Institute of the Volga State 

Technological University; Botanical Garden of Pyatigorsk State 

Pharmaceutical Academy; Botanical Garden of Tartu University; Botanical 

Garden of the Anhui Institute of Biology; Botanical Garden of the V.L. 

komarov Botanical Institute; Botanical Garden of Vilnius University; 

Botanical Garden University of Duesseldorf; Botanical Garden, natural 

History Museum of Denmark; Botanical Garden-Institute, Ufa Research 

center; Botanical Gardens and Museum of Oulu University; Botanische 

Gärten der Universität Bonn; Botanische Tuin Groningen Domies Toen; 

Botanischer Garten der carl von Ossietzky-Universitat Oldenburg; 

Botanischer Garten der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet; Botanischer Garten 

der J.W. Goethe-Universitat; Botanischer Garten der Justus-Liebig 

Universität Giessen; Botanischer Garten der Philipps-Universität Marburg; 

Botanischer Garten der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Botanischer Garten der 

Technischen Universitaet Darmstadt; Botanischer Garten der Technischen 

Universitaet Dresden; Botanischer Garten der Universitaet des Saarlandes; 

Botanischer Garten der Universität Freiburg; Botanischer Garten der 

Universitat kiel; Botanischer Garten der Universitat Osnabruck; Botanischer 

Garten der Universität Ulm; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum 

Berlin-Dahlem; Botanischer Versuchs- und Lehrgarten; Bowman’s Hill 

Wildflower Preserve; Brenton Arboretum, The; Brisbane Botanic Gardens; 

Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Brookside Gardens; Buckland Abbey; Bukavu 

Arboretum/Garden; Bundaberg Botanic Gardens; c. M. Goethe Arboretum; 

caerhays castle national collection; cambridge University Botanic Garden; 

cape Fear Botanical Garden; castle Drogo; catalogue of Medicinal Plants 

of Ukrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; catalogue of Rare Plants of 

Ukrainian Botanic Gardens and Parks; center for Plant conservation - 

Bogor Botanic Gardens; center for Plant conservation (USA); chanticleer 

Foundation; charles R. keith Arboretum, The; chester M. Alter Arboretum; 

chicago Botanic Garden; cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Gardens; city of 

Leeds Botanic Gardens; city of Liverpool Botanic Gardens; cleveland 

Botanical Garden; coastal Maine Botanical Gardens; columbus Botanical 

Garden; connecticut college Arboretum; conservatoire Botanique national 

du Brest; conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre; conservatoire et Jardin 

botaniques de la Ville de Genève; conservatoire et Jardins Botaniques de 

nancy; cooktown Botanic Gardens; core Facility Botanical Garden; cornell 

Plantations; cotehele; crosby Arboretum, The; cuc Phuong Botanic 

Garden; Dartington Hall; Darwin Botanic Gardens; Dashushan Botanical 

Garden; Davidson college Arboretum; Dawes Arboretum, The; Dawyck 

Botanic Garden; Dendrological garden of the Silva Tarouca Research 

Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening; Denver Botanic 

Gardens; Dinghushan national nature Reserve; Dixon Gallery and Gardens, 

The; Dokmai Botanical Garden; Dominion Arboretum and central 

Experimental Farm; Donald E. Davis Arboretum; Dongfeng Forest Farm 

(Guizhou); Dow Gardens; Dr. P. Font i Quer Arboretum of Lleida Botanic 

Garden; Dr. Sun yat-Sen classical chinese Garden; Duke Farms; Dunedin 

Botanic Garden; Dunster castle; DuPage Forest: Forest Preserve District 

of DuPage county; Dyffryn Gardens; Dyrham Park; Ecojardin del cIEco; 

Eden Project, The; Edison and Ford Winter Estates; EEB Plant Growth 

Facilities; Elisabeth c. Miller Botanical Garden; Emeishan Botanical Garden; 

Emmetts Garden; Eötvös Loránd University Botanic Garden; Fairchild 

Tropical Botanic Garden; Fellows Riverside Gardens; Fernwood Botanical 

Garden and nature Preserve; Florida Botanical Gardens; Foellinger- 

Freimann Botanical conservatory; Forstbotanischer Garten der Technischen 

Universitaet Dresden; Forstbotanischer Garten Eberswalde; 

Forstbotanischer Garten und Arboretum; Fort Worth Botanic Garden; Fossil 

Plants; FossilPlants; Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park; 

Frelinghuysen Arboretum; Fruit Spirit Botanical Garden; Gainesway Farm; 

Ganna Walska Lotusland; Gannan Arboretum of Jiangxi; Gardens at SIUE, 

The; Gardens of Fanshawe college and A.M. cuddy Gardens; Gardens of 

the Big Bend: Magnolia Garden; Garvan Woodland Gardens; Ghent 

University Botanic Garden; Giardino Botanico Friuli cormor; Gibraltar 

Botanic Gardens; Glasgow Botanic Gardens; Glendurgan Garden; Gore 

Public Gardens; Government college (Lahore) University Botanic Garden 

(GcBG); Gradina Agrobotanica din cluj-napoca; Grapevine Botanical 

Gardens at Heritage Park; Green Bay Botanical Garden; Green Spring 

Gardens; Greenway; Greenwood Gardens; Grugapark und Botanischer 

Garten der Stadt Essen; Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants; 

Guangxi Institute of Botany; Guilin Botanical Garden; Hangzhou Botanical 

Garden; Helsinki University Botanic Garden; Henry Foundation for Botanical 

Research, The; Henry Schmieder Arboretum; Hershey Gardens; Hidcote 

Manor Garden; Hidden Lake Gardens; Hinton Ampner; Historische Tuin 

Aalsmeer; Hof ter Saksen Arboretum; Holden Arboretum, The; Honolulu 

Botanical Gardens System; Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam; Hortus 

Botanicus Reykjavikensis; Hoyt Arboretum; Huay kaew Arboretum; Hunan 

Forest Botanical Garden; Hunan nanyue Arboretum; Huntington Botanical 

Gardens; Huntington Botanical Gardens - Seed Bank; Huntsville Botanical 

Garden; Incheon Arboretum; Institute of Botany, chinese Academy of 

Sciences; Istituto e Orto Botanico dell'Universita di Pavia; Jade Garden 

natural Arboretum; Jangheung naturalk Arboretum; Jardí Botànic de la 

Universitat de València; Jardi Botanic de Soller; Jardim Botanico da Ajuda; 

Jardim Botanico da Madeira; Jardim Botânico da Universidade de coimbra; 

Jardim Botânico da Universidade de Lisboa; Jardim Botânico da 

Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Jardim Botânico da 

Universidade do Porto; Jardim Botânico Tropical; Jardín Botánico Atlántico 

de Gijón; Jardin Botanico Benjamin F. Johnston; Jardín Botánico carlos 

Thays; Jardin Botanico cecon; Jardin Botanico culiacán; Jardín Botánico 

de Bahía Blanca; Jardin Botanico de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores; 

Jardín Botanico de Medellín; Jardín Botanico de Quindío; Jardin Botanico 

del Instituto de Biologia (UnAM); Jardin Botanico Dr. Faustino Miranda; 

Jardín Botánico Eloy Valenzuela; Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier clavijero; 

Jardín Botanico Guillermo Piñeres; Jardín Botánico Joaquin Antonio Uribe; 

55


Jardín Botánico José celestino Mutis; Jardín Botánico Juan María 

cespedes; Jardín Botánico Lucien Hauman; Jardin Botanico nacional; 

Jardín Botanico Universidad de caldas; Jardin Botanico Universidad 

Tecnologica de Pereira; Jardin Botanique camifolia; Jardin Botanique Alpin 

de la Jaÿsinia; Jardin Botanique de la Ville de caen; Jardin Botanique de la 

Ville de Lyon; Jardin Botanique de l’Université de Strasbourg; Jardin 

Botanique de Marnay sur Seine; Jardin botanique de Paris; Jardin 

Botanique et Arboretum Henri Gaussen; Jardin Botanique Exotique Val 

Rahmeh; Jardin Botanique yves Rocher; Jardin des Plantes de Paris et 

Arboretum de chevreloup; Jardin Etnobotanico - Francisco Pelaez R.; 

Jardín Hidrobotánico Jose Ignacio Hernández camacho; Jardins des 

Plantes de l‘Université; Jc Raulston Arboretum; Jeju Botanical Garden, 

yeomiji; Jerusalem Botanical Gardens; John c. Gifford Arboretum; 

kalmthout Arboretum; keum kang Arboretum; killerton; kings Park and 

Botanic Garden; knightshayes; korea Botanic Garden; kunming Botanical 

Garden; kurpark Bad Bellingen; Landis Arboretum; Lanhydrock; Lauritzen 

Gardens; Les Jardins Suspendus; Leuven Botanic Garden; Lewis Ginter 

Botanical Garden; Limbe Botanic Garden; Lincoln Park conservatory; Living 

Desert Zoo and Gardens; Ljubljana University Botanic Garden; Logan 

Botanic Garden; Longwood Gardens; Los Angeles county Arboretum and 

Botanic Garden; Lushan Botanical Garden; M.M. Gryshko national 

Botanical Garden; Magnolia Multi-site collection - north American Plant 

collections consortium (nAPcc); Magnolian Grove Arboretum; Maijishan 

Arboretum (Gansu); Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences; 

Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute of Plant Sciences; Maribor University 

Botanic Garden; Marie Selby Botanical Gardens; Marjorie Mcneely 

conservatory at como Park; Matthaei Botanical Gardens & nichols 

Arboretum; Maymont Foundation; Mead Botanical Garden; Meadowlark 

Botanical Gardens; Memorial University Botanical Garden; Memphis Botanic 

Garden; Mendocino coast Botanical Gardens; Mercer Botanic Gardens; 

Millennium Seed Bank; Milner Gardens and Woodland; Minnesota 

Landscape Arboretum; Missouri Botanical Garden; Missouri State 

Arboretum; Mitchell Park Horticultural conservatory (The Domes); Mly?any 

Arboretum SAS; Montreal Botanical Garden / Jardin botanique de Montréal; 

Moore Farms Botanical Garden; Morris Arboretum, The; Morton Arboretum, 

The; Moscow State University Botanical Garden; Mount Auburn cemetery; 

Mount Lofty Botanic Garden; Mount Usher Gardens; Mountain Top 

Arboretum; Mt. cuba center; Museo Orto Botanico di Roma; Museum of 

Life + Science Magic Wings Butterfly House; nanjing Botanical Garden 

Mem. Sun yat-sen; nanjing Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants; naples 

Botanical Garden; national Arboretum canberra; national Botanic Garden 

of Latvia; national Botanic Garden of Wales; national Botanic Gardens, 

Glasnevin; national kandawgyi Botanical Gardens (Maymyo Botanical 

Garden); national Plant Germplasm System - USDA-ARS-nGRL; national 

Rhododendron Garden; national Tropical Botanical Garden; nebraska 

Statewide Arboretum; neuer Botanischer Garten der Universität Göttingen; 

new Brunswick Botanical Garden; new England Wild Flower Society - 

Garden in the Woods; new york Botanical Garden, The; niagara Parks 

Botanical Gardens and School of Horticulture, The; norfolk Botanical 

Garden; north carolina Arboretum, The; north carolina Botanical Garden; 

northwestern University Ecotourism Park and Botanic Gardens; novosibirsk 

Dendropark; nymans; nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem, Botanikus kert; 

Oekologisch-Botanischer Garten Universitaet Bayreuth; Oklahoma city Zoo 

and Botanical Gardens; Orto Botanico - Università degli Studi di catania; 

Orto Botanico “carmela cortini” - Università di camerino; Orto Botanico 

dell`Universita di Ferrara; Orto Botanico di Bergamo Lorenzo Rota; Orto 

Botanico di Perugia; Orto Botanico Giardino dei Semplici; Orto Botanico 

Università degli Studi di Padova; Oxford University Botanic Garden; 

Paignton Zoo Environmental Park; Palacky University Botanic Garden; 

Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main; Parco Botanico del cantone 

Ticino,; Parque Botânico da Tapada da Ajuda; Patterson Garden Arboretum; 

Penrhyn castle; Plas newydd; Polly Hill Arboretum, The; Pukeiti Garden; 

Pukekura Park; Purdue Arboretum, The; Pyunggang Botanical Garden; 

Quarryhill Botanical Garden; Queens Botanical Garden; Reading Public 

Museum and Arboretum, The; Real Jardín Botánico Juan carlos I; Red 

Butte Garden and Arboretum; Reiman Gardens; Research Institute of 

Subtropical Forestry (Zhejiang); Reserva natural El Refugio; Rimba Ilmu 

Botanic Garden; Ringve Botanical Garden; Rio Grande Botanic Garden; 

Riverview Horticultural centre Society, The; Rogów Arboretum of Warsaw 

University of Life Sciences; Rotterdam Zoological and Botanical Gardens; 

Rowallane Garden; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Royal Botanic 

Gardens kew (Wakehurst); Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; Royal Botanic 

Gardens, kew; Royal Botanic Gardens, Victoria - Melbourne Gardens; Royal 

Botanical Gardens, Ontario; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Harlow 

carr; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Hyde Hall; Royal Horticultural 

Society's Garden, Rosemoor; Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Wisley; 

Royal Roads University Botanical Gardens; Royal Tasmanian Botanical 

Gardens; Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Arboretum; Sakhalin 

Botanical Garden; Saltram; San Diego Botanic Garden; San Diego Zoo 

Botanical Gardens; San Francisco Botanical Garden; Sarah P. Duke 

Gardens; Sarius Palmetum and Botanical Garden; Scotney castle; Scott 

Arboretum of Swarthmore college, The; Seeds of Success (SOS); Sentier 

de Decouverte; Shanghai Botanical Garden; Shanghai chenshan Botanical 

Garden; Sheffield Botanical Gardens; Shenzen Fairy Lake Botanical Garden; 

Sherwood; Sherwood Fox Arboretum; Singapore Botanic Gardens; 

Sissinghurst castle Garden; Sister Mary Grace Burns Arboretum; Smith- 

Gilbert Gardens; Smithsonian national Zoological Park; South china 

Botanical Garden, cAS; Spartanburg community college Arboretum; 

Spring Grove cemetery and Arboretum; St. Andrews Botanic Garden; St. 

kilda Botanic Garden; State Arboretum of Virginia (Orland E. White 

Arboretum); State Botanical Garden of Georgia, The; Stavanger Botanic 

Garden; Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden; Stichting Botanische 

Tuin kerkrade; Stourhead; Swansea Botanical complex; Taltree Arboretum 

& Gardens; Tasmanian Arboretum Inc; Tatton Garden Society/Quinta 

Arboretum; Tatton Park; The B.M. kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden of 

Voronezh State University; The cairns Botanic Gardens; The Sir Harold 

Hillier Gardens; The Tree Register of the British Isles; The University of 

Guelph Arboretum; Timaru Botanic Garden; Toledo Botanical Garden; 

Toronto Botanical Garden; Toronto Zoo; Townsville Botanic Gardens; Trees 

Atlanta; Tregothnan Estate; Trelissick Garden; Trompenburg Gardens & 

Arboretum; Trsteno Arboretum; Tyler Arboretum; Tyntesfield; Uc Davis 

Arboretum; Ukrainian national Forestry University Botanic Garden; United 

States Botanic Garden; United States national Arboretum; University of 

British columbia Botanical Garden; University of california Botanical Garden 

at Berkeley; University of Delaware Botanic Gardens; University of Dundee 

Botanic Garden; University of Idaho Arboretum & Botanical Garden; 

University of Oslo Botanical Garden; University of Uppsala Botanic Garden; 

University of Washington Botanic Gardens; Utrecht University Botanic 

Gardens; Vanderbilt University Arboretum; VanDusen Botanical Garden; W. 

J. Beal Botanical Garden; Waimea Valley Arboretum and Botanical Garden; 

Wallington; Wellington Botanic Garden; Wentworth castle Gardens; 

Westonbirt, The national Arboretum; Willowwood Arboretum; Winkworth 

Arboretum; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Xiamen Botanical Garden; Xi'an 

Botanical Garden; Xiashi Arboretum; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical 

Garden, cAS; yew Dell Botanical Gardens; Zoological and Botanical Garden 

of the Plzen Town (Zoologicka a Botanicka zahrada mesta Plzne). 

56


AnnEX 5 

IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES AnD cRITERIA 

EXTINCT (EX) 

A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last 

individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive 

surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times 

(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed 

to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frame 

appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. 

EXTINCT IN ThE WILD (EW) 

A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in 

cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) 

well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild 

when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at 

appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic 

range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a 

time-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. 

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) 

A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidence 

indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for critically 

Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be 

facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. 

ENDANGERED (EN) 

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates 

that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section 

V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of 

extinction in the wild. 

VULNERABLE (VU) 

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that 

it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and 

it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in 

the wild. 

NEAR ThREATENED (NT) 

A taxon is near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the 

criteria but does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered or 

Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for 

a threatened category in the near future. 

LEAST CoNCERN (LC) 

A taxon is Least concern when it has been evaluated against the 

criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, 

Vulnerable or near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are 

included in this category. 

DATA DEFICIENT (DD) 

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to 

make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based 

on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category 

may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate 

data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is 

therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category 

indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the 

possibility that future research will show that threatened classification 

is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data 

are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in 

choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a 

taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable 

period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, 

threatened status may well be justified. 

NoT EVALUATED (NE) 

A taxon is not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated 

against the criteria. 

ThE CRITERIA FoR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, 

ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE 

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) 

A taxon is critically Endangered when the best available evidence 

indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is 

therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction 

in the wild: 

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size 

reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations, 

whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are 

clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on 

(and specifying) any of the following: 

(a) direct observation 

(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon 

(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence 

and/or quality of habitat 

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation 

(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, 

pollutants, competitors or parasites. 

2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size 


whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may 

57


not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be 

reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspected 

to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, 

whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), 

based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected 

population size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or three 

generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 

100 years in the future), where the time period must include 

both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its 

causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR 

may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to 

(e) under A1. 

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) 

OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both: 

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km 2 , and 

estimates indicating at least two of a-c: 

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single 

location. 

b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in 

any of the following: 

(i) extent of occurrence 

(ii) area of occupancy 

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat 

(iv) number of locations or subpopulations 

(v) number of mature individuals. 

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 



(iii) number of locations or subpopulations 

(iv) number of mature individuals. 

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km 2 , and 


a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single 

location. 













c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature 

individuals and either: 

1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three 

years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to a 

maximum of 100 years in the future) OR 

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in 

numbers of mature individuals AnD at least one of the 

following (a-b): 

(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following: 

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 

50 mature individuals, OR 

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one 

subpopulation. 

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals. 

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature 

individuals. 

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the 

wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, 

whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). 

ENDANGERED (EN) 

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates 

that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild: 




whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are 

clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based on 

(and specifying) any of the following: 








58















both the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or its 



(e) under A1. 



1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km 2 , and 


a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 

five locations. 















a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 

five locations. 

b. continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any 

of the following: 











c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature 


1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five 

years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to a 








(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one 

subpopulation. 


D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature 

individuals. 


wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever 

is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years). 

VULNERABLE (VU) 

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that 

it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild: 




whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction 

are: clearly reversible AnD understood AnD ceased, based 

on (and specifying) any of the following: 





59


















both the past and the future, AnD where the reduction or its 



(e) under A1. 



1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 , 

and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: 

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 

locations. 















a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 

locations. 













c. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature 


1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 

years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to a 








(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation. 


D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the 

following: 

1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature 

individuals. 

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically 

less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) 

such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or 

stochastic events within a very short time period in an 

uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming critically 

Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period. 


wild is at least 10% within 100 years. 

Source: IUcn (2001) 

60




For further information please contact: 

BGCI 

Descanso House 

199 Kew Road, Richmond 

Surrey, TW9 3BW 

United Kingdom 

Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 

Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 

E-mail: info@bgci.org 

Web: www.bgci.org 

Fauna & Flora International 

The David Attenborough Building, 

Pembroke Street, Cambridge, 

CB2 3QZ United Kingdom 

Tel: + 44 (0) 1223 571000 

Fax: + 44 (0) 1223 461481 

E-mail: info@fauna-flora.org 

Web: www.fauna-flora.org 

www.globaltrees.org

Magnoliaceae

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