Table grapes from Chile - Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and ...

Table grapes from Chile 

Draft Import Risk Analysis Report 

Part B 

June 2003 

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY - AUSTRALIA

Draft IRA Report: table grapes from Chile 

Foreword 

© Commonwealth of Australia 2003 

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Page 2


Contents 

APPENDIX 1 PEST CATEGORISATION FOR TABLE GRAPES FROM CHILE 

(ARTHROPODS & DISEASES)....................................................................................................................5 

APPENDIX 1A: ARTHROPODS AND DISEASES – (PRESENCE AND ABSENCE IN AUSTRALIA).......................5 

APPENDIX 1B: ARTHROPODS AND DISEASES – (ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE GRAPE CLUSTERS)..............19 

APPENDIX 2 PEST CATEGORISATION FOR TABLE GRAPES FROM CHILE (PEST 

PLANTS) ..........................................................................................................................................39 

APPENDIX 2A: PEST PLANTS (PRESENCE AND ABSENCE IN AUSTRALIA)................................................39 

APPENDIX 2B: PEST PLANTS (ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE GRAPE CLUSTERS) .........................................50 

APPENDIX 2C: PEST PLANTS (CHANGES SINCE TECHNICAL ISSUES PAPER) ..........................................90 

APPENDIX 3 DATASHEETS......................................................................................................................93 

GROUP 1 – MITES ........................................................................................................................................93 

GROUP 2A – APHIDS.....................................................................................................................................97 

GROUP 2B – MEALY BUGS & SCALES ...........................................................................................................99 

GROUP 3 – LEPIDOPTERANS ...................................................................................................................... 103 

GROUP 4 – THRIPS..................................................................................................................................... 107 

GROUP 5 – WEEVILS.................................................................................................................................. 110 

GROUP 6 – FRUIT FLY................................................................................................................................113 

GROUP 7 – SPIDER..................................................................................................................................... 115 

Page 3


Page 4


APPENDIX 1 PEST CATEGORISATION FOR TABLE GRAPES FROM CHILE (ARTHROPODS & 

DISEASES) 

APPENDIX 1A: ARTHROPODS AND DISEASES – (PRESENCE AND ABSENCE IN AUSTRALIA) 

Pest Common name Occurrence 

in Chile 

ARTHROPODS 

Acari (mites) 

Brevipalpus chilensis Baker [Acari: Tenuipalpidae] False red mite Yes Klein Koch & 

Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu [Acari: 

Tenuipalpidae] 

Bryobia rubrioculus (Sheuten) [Acari: 

Tetranychidae] 

Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) [Acari: 

Eriophyidae] strain a 

Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) [Acari: 

Eriophyidae] strain b 

Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) [Acari: 


Reference Occurrence 

in Australia 

Waterhouse, 2000 

Privet mite Yes Klein Koch & 


Brown almond mite Yes CABI, 2002; 

Grape erineum mite; 

grape leaf blister mite 

Klein Koch & 


Reference Consider 

pest further? 

(yes/no) 

No Yes 

Yes Halliday, 1998; 

APPD, 2002 

No 

Yes Halliday, 1998 No 

Yes Gonzalez, 1983 Yes James & 

Whitney, 1993 

Grape bud mite Yes Gonzalez, 1983 Yes James & 

Lewis spider mite Yes Klein Koch & 


Whitney, 1993; 

CSIRO, 2001 

No 

No 

No Yes 

Page 5




Oligonychus vitis Zaher & Shehata [Acari: 


Oligonychus yothersi McGreg. [Acari: 


Table grape red mite Yes Klein Koch & 


in Australia 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

No Yes 

Avocado red mite Yes Bolland et al., 1998 No Yes 

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) [Acari: Tetranychidae] European red mite Yes Gonzalez, 1983 Yes (not in WA) Bolland et al., 

Tetranychus desertorum Banks [Acari: 


Tetranychid mite 

1998; Halliday, 

1998 

Yes (WA only) 

Yes Prado, 1991 No Yes 

Tetranychus ludeni Zacher [Acari: Tetranychidae] Red spider mite Yes Prado, 1991 Yes APPD, 2002; 

Tetranychus urticae Koch [Acari: Tetranychidae] Two-spotted mite Yes Klein Koch & 

Araneae (spiders) 

Latrodectus mactans (Frabricius) [Araneae: 

Theridiidae] 

Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) 

Athlia rustica (Erichson) [Coleoptera: 

Scarabaeidae] 

Callideriphus laetus Bl. [Coleoptera: 

Cerambycidae] 

Carpophilus humeralis Fabricius [Coleoptera: 

Nitidulidae] 


Black widow spider Yes Schenone & 

Correa, 1985 

Brown beetle Yes Klein Koch & 


Peumo borer Yes Klein Koch & 


Pineapple beetle Yes CABI, 2002; 

Klein Koch & 

Halliday, 1998 

No 

Yes Halliday, 1998 No 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

Yes James et al., 

1995 

No 

Page 6




Dexicrates robustus (Blanchard) [Coleoptera: 

Bostrichidae] 

Geniocremnus chilensis (Boheman) [Coleoptera: 

Curculionidae] 

Micrapate humeralis (Blanchard) [Coleoptera: 

Bostrichidae] 

Micrapate scabrata (Erichson) [Coleoptera: 

Bostrichidae] 

Naupactus xanthographus (Germar) [Coleoptera: 


Neoterius mystax (Blanchard) [Coleoptera: 

Bostrichidae] 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: 


Pantomorus ruizi (Brèthes) [Coleoptera: 


Platyapistes glaucus Farhaeus [Coleoptera: 


Platyapistes venustus (Erichson) [Coleoptera: 


Diptera (flies) 


in Australia 


Tree wood borer Yes Klein Koch & 


Tuberous pine weevil Yes Klein Koch & 


Mesquite borer Yes Klein Koch & 


Vine borer Yes Klein Koch & 


Fruit tree weevil Yes Klein Koch & 


Fence borer Yes Klein Koch & 

Vine weevil; black 

vine weevil 


Yes Prado, 1988; 

CABI, 2002 

Alfalfa root weevil Yes Klein Koch & 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

Yes (not in WA) CSIRO, 2001 Yes (WA only) 

No Yes 

Weevil Yes Prado, 1991 No Yes 

Green weevil Yes Gonzalez, 1983 No Yes 

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) [Diptera: Mediterranean fruit fly Yes Prado, 1991 Yes (WA only) Hancock et al., Yes 

Page 7





in Australia 

Tephritidae] 2000 

Drosophila melanogaster Meigen [Diptera: 

Drosophilidae] 

Vinegar fly Yes Klein Koch & 


Hemiptera (aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, scales, true bugs, whiteflies) 

Aphis fabae Scopoli [Hemiptera: Aphididae] Black aphid Yes CABI, 2002; 

Klein Koch & 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Yes Olsen et al., 

2001; APPD, 

2002 

No 

No Yes 

Aphis gossypii Glover [Hemiptera: Aphididae] Cotton aphid Yes Gonzalez, 1983 Yes APPD, 2002; 

CSIRO, 2001 

Aphis illinoisensis Shimer [Hemiptera: Aphididae] Grapevine aphid Yes Klein Koch & 


Aphis spiraecola Patch [Hemiptera: Aphididae] Spiraea aphid; apple 

aphid 

Aspidiotus nerii Bouché [Hemiptera: Diaspididae] Ivy/oleander scale; 

aucuba scale 

Balclutha aridula (Linnavuori ) [Hemiptera: 

Cicadellidae] 

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus [Hemiptera: 

Coccidae] 

Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) [Hemiptera: 

Diaspididae] 

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) 

[Hemiptera:Diaspididae] 

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) [Hemiptera: 

Diaspididae] 

Yes Klein Koch & 




Ballica leafhopper Yes Klein Koch & 


Soft brown scale Yes CABI, 2002; 

Klein Koch & 


Putnam scale Yes Klein Koch & 


Latania scale Yes Klein Koch & 


Greedy scale Yes Klein Koch & 


No 

No Yes 

Yes CSIRO, 2001 No 


No Yes 

Yes APPD, 2002; 

CSIRO, 2001 

No 

Yes APPD, 2002 No 



Icerya palmeri Riley-How [Hemiptera: Margarodes scale Yes Prado, 1991 No Yes 

Page 8




Margarodidae] 

Leptoglossus chilensis Spinola [Hemiptera: 

Coreidae] 

Margarodes vitis (Philippi) [Hemiptera: 

Margarodidae] 

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) [Hemiptera: 

Pentatomidae] 

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) [Hemiptera: 

Coccidae] 

Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius) 

[Hemiptera: Coccidae] 

Planococcus citri Risso [Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae] 

Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) [Hemiptera: 


Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) 

[Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] 

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) [Hemiptera: 


Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae] (formerly P. affinis Maskell) 

Brown Chilean leaf- 

footed bug 


in Australia 



Grape pearl Yes Klein Koch & 


Green vegetable bug Yes Klein Koch & 

European fruit 

Lecanium 

European peach 

scale; grapevine 

scale 






Citrus mealybug Yes CABI, 2002; 

Klein Koch & 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

No Yes 

No Yes 




Yes CSIRO, 2001; 

Gullan, 2000 

Citrophilus mealybug Yes Prado, 1991 Yes (not in WA) CSIRO, 2001 Yes (WA only) 

Longtail mealybug Yes Klein Koch & 


Grape mealybug Yes Klein Koch & 


Root mealybug Yes Klein Koch & 


No 


No Williams, 1985 Yes 

Yes Gullan, 2000; 

Williams, 1985 

No 

Page 9




Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) 

[Hemiptera: Diaspididae] 

San José scale Yes Klein Koch & 


in Australia 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 


Saissetia coffeae Walker [Hemiptera: Coccidae] Brown coffee scale Yes Ben-Dov, 1993 Yes Ben-Dov, 1993 No 

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) [Hemiptera: Coccidae] Black scale Yes Klein Koch & 

Tettigades chilensis Amyot & Serville [Hemiptera: 

Cicadidae] 

Hymenoptera (ants, wasps) 

Ametastegia glabrata Fallen [Hymenoptera: 

Tenthredinidae] 

Polistes buyssoni Brethes [Hymenoptera: 

Vespidae] 

Vespula germanica (Fabricius) [Hymenoptera: 

Vespidae] 

Isoptera (termites) 

Neotermes chilensis (Blanchard) [Isoptera: 

Kalotermitidae] 

Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies) 

Accuminulia buscki J. Brown [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 

Accuminulia longiphallus J. Brown [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 


Common cicada Yes Klein Koch & 



No Yes 

Holoartic sawfly Yes Prado, 1991 Yes (not in WA) CSIRO, 2001 Yes (WA only) 

Paper wasp Yes Klein Koch & 


European wasp Yes Klein Koch & 


Chilean termite Yes Klein Koch & 


No Yes 


No Yes 

Tortricid leafroller Yes Brown, 1999 No Brown, 1999 Yes 

Tortricid leafroller Yes Brown, 1999 No Brown, 1999 Yes 

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] Black cutworm Yes Klein Koch & Yes APPD, 2002; No 

Page 10




Chileulia stalactitis (Meyrick) [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 

Copitarsia consueta (Walker) [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae] 

Copitarsia turbata (Herrich-Schaffer) [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae] 

Hyles annei (Guérin-Méneville) (Celerio annei 

(Guérin)) [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] 

Hyles euphorbiarum (Guérin-Méneville & 

Percheron) (Celerio euphorbiarum (Guérin- 

Méneville & Percheron) [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] 

Hyles lineata Fabricius (Celerio lineata (Fabricius)) 

[Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] 


in Australia 

Waterhouse, 2000; 

Parra et al., 1986 

Grape berry moth Yes Klein Koch & 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

CSIRO, 2001 

No Yes 

Copitarsia cutworm Yes Gonzalez, 1983 No Yes 

Copitarsia cutworm Yes Klein Koch & 


Vine hornworm Yes Klein Koch & 


Palqui hornworm Yes Klein Koch & 


White lined sphinx Yes Gonzalez, 1983 

Paracles rudis (Butler) [Lepidoptera: Arctiidae] Red grape caterpillar Yes Klein Koch & 

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae] 

Proeulia apospata Obraztsov [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 


Variegated cutworm Yes CABI, 2002; 

Klein Koch & 


Wine leaf roller Yes Gonzalez, 1983 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

Yes APPD, 2002 ; 

CSIRO, 2001 

No 

No Yes 

No Yes 

No Yes 

Proeulia auraria (Clarke) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] Orange leaf roller Yes Klein Koch & No Yes 

Page 11




Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler) [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 

Proeulia triquetra Obraztsov [Lepidoptera: 

Tortricidae] 

Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae] 

Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, locusts) 


in Australia 


Fruit leaf roller Yes Klein Koch & 


Grape leaf roller Yes Klein Koch & 



pest further? 

(yes/no) 

No Yes 

No Yes 

Fall armyworm Yes CABI/EPPO, 1997 No Yes 

Achaeta fulvipennis Brown [Orthoptera: Gryllidae] Cricket Yes Gonzalez, 1983 No Yes 

Dichroplus maculipennis (Blanchard) [Orthoptera: 

Acrididae] 

Schistocerca cancellata (Serville) [Orthoptera: 

Acrididae] 

Thysanoptera (thrips) 

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel [Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae] 

Frankliniella australis Morgan 

[junior synonym – F. cestrum] 

[Thysanoptera: Thripidae] 

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 


Spotted wing 

grasshopper 

South American 

locust 



Grape thrips Yes Klein Koch & 

No Yes 

Yes Gonzalez, 1983 No Yes 


Chilean flower thrips Yes Klein Koch & 


Western flower thrips Yes Klein Koch & 


No Yes 

No Yes 

Yes (restricted 

distribution) 

APPD, 2002; 

Mound & 

Gillespie, 1997 

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) Greenhouse thrips Yes Klein Koch & Yes APPD, 2002; No 

Yes 

Page 12





in Australia 

[Thysanoptera: Thripidae] Waterhouse, 2000 CSIRO, 2001 

Thrips australis (Bagnall) [Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae] 

Eucalyptus thrips Yes Prado, 1991 Yes APPD, 2002; 

CSIRO, 2001 

Thrips tabaci Lindeman [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] Onion thrips Yes Klein Koch & 


GASTROPODA (snails, slugs) 

Helix aspersa (Müller) Brown garden snail, 

common garden snail 

BACTERIA 

Yes CABI, 2002; 

Gonzalez, 1983 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Yes APPD, 2002; 

CSIRO, 2001 

Yes CABI, 2002; 

Furness, 1977 

Agrobacterium vitis (Smith & Townsend) Conn Crown gall of grapes Yes Burr et al., 1998 Yes Gillings & 

Ophel-Keller, 

1995 

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall Bacterial canker Yes Bradbury, 1986 Yes Bradbury, 

1986 

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) 

Pribram 

FUNGI 

Crown gall Yes Bradbury, 1986 Yes Bradbury, 

1986 

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Alternaria leaf spot Yes Mujica et al., 1980; 

Pszczólkowski et 

al., 2003 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl.: Fr.) Kumm Armillaria root rot Yes SAG, 2003 No Yes 

Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. Black-mould rot Yes Mujica et al., 1980; 


al., 2003 


Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. Botrytis rot Yes SAG, 1995; Mujica Yes APDD, 2002; No 

Page 13





in Australia 

et al., 1980; 


al., 2003 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Nicholas et al., 

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. Macrophoma rot Yes SAG, 2003 Yes APDD, 2003 No 

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.: Fr.) Link Cladosporium rot Yes Mujica et al., 1980; 


al., 2003 

1994 


Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Collar rot Yes CABI, 2002 Yes CABI, 2002 No 

Cylindrocarpon sp. [possibly C. destructans 

(Zinssmeister) Scholten] 

Elsinoe ampelina (de Bary) Shears 

Anthracnose, bird's 

eye rot (black spot) 

Yes SAG, 2003; CABI, 

2002 

Yes APDD, 2003; 

CABI 2002 

Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes APDD, 2002; 


Epicoccum nigrum Link Cereal leaf spot Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. 

Mucor racemosus Fres. 

1994 

Damping off Yes CABI, 2002 Yes APDD, 2002; 

CABI, 2002 

Spongy storage rot Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Twig blight Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Phoma sp. Fruit rot Yes Pszczólkowski et 

Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. Phomopsis cane and 

leaf spot, black rot 

al., 2003 

Yes (Phoma vitis 

Bonord) 

Shivas, 1989; 

Barbetti & 

Wood, 1978 

Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes Merrin et al., 

1995 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Page 14





in Australia 

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Crown and root rot Yes Latorre et al., 1997; 

SAG, 2003 

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. Crown and root rot Yes Latorre et al., 1997; 

CABI, 2002; SAG, 

2003 

Yes Marks et al., 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

1975; Nicholas 

et al., 1994 

No 


Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker Fruit rot Yes Latorre et al., 1997 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Plasmopara viticola (Berkeley & Curtis) Berl. & de 

Toni 

Downy mildew Yes Macenauer, 1993; 

SAG, 2003 

Yes Nicholas et al., 

1994 

Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. Bunch rot Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Pythium debaryanum Hesse Damping off Yes Mujica et al., 1980 Yes Marks & 

Kassaby, 1974 

Rosellinia necatrix Prill Rosellinia root rot Yes SAG, 2003 Yes Pearson & 

Goheen, 1994 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Collar rot Yes Latorre & Guerrero, 

2001 

No 

No 

No 

Yes CABI, 2002 No 

Sphaeropsis malorum Berk. Dead arm, canker Yes SAG, 2003 Yes APDD, 2003 No 

Stereum hirsutum (willd. Ex Fr.) S.F. Gray Esca Yes SAG, 2003 Yes APDD, 2003 No 

Talaromyces wortmannii (Klocker) C.R. Benjamin Blue mould rot Yes Soto et al., 1973 Yes APDD, 2003 No 

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link. Pink mould rot Yes Soto et al., 1973 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Ulocladium atrum Preuss Ulocladium blight Yes Soto et al., 1973 Yes APDD, 2002 No 

Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill Grapevine powdery 

mildew 

Yes Latorre et al., 1996; 

SAG, 2003 

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Verticillium wilt Yes Latorre et al., 1989; 

SAG, 2003 

NEMATODES 



Criconemoides xenoplax Raski Ring nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971; Yes Khair, 1986; No 

Page 15





in Australia 

SAG, 2003 Nyczepir & 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Halbrendt, 

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher. Spiral nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood Root knot nematode Yes SAG, 2003 Yes McLeod et al., 

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood Root knot nematode Yes SAG, 2003 Yes APDD, 2003; 

1993 

1994 

1994 


Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood Root knot nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood Root knot nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Paratylenchus nanus Cobb Pin nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Paratylenchus vandenbrandei de Grisse Pin nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & S. 

Stekhoven 

1994 

1994 

1994 

1994 

1994 

Root-lesion nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen Root-lesion nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen Root lesion nematode Yes SAG, 2003 Yes APDD, 2003; No 

1994 

1994 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Page 16





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 


Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb Citrus root nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Xiphinema americanum Cobb Dagger nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes McLeod et al., 

Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen 

PHYTOPLASMA 

Amarillamiento de Elqui Grapevine yellows 

phytoplasma 

VIRUSES 

Dagger nematode Yes Allen et al., 1971 Yes (restricted 

distribution) 

Yes Pearson & Goheen, 

1994 

1994 

1994 

1994 

McLeod et al., 

1994; Harris, 

1977 

No 

No 

Yes 

No Yes 

Arabis mosaic nepovirus Arabis mosaic Yes SAG, 2003 Yes Sivapalan et 

Cherry leaf roll virus Ash mosaic virus, 

sambucus ringspot 

and yellow net virus 

Grapevine corky bark associated closterovirus Stem pitting of 

grapevine 

Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus Grapevine court-noué 

virus 

Yes Herrera & 

Madariaga, 2001 

al., 2001 

Yes Brunt et al., 

1996 

Yes SAG, 2003 No Yes 

Yes Herrera & 


Yes (restricted to 

Rutherglen area, 

but not under 

official control) 

Sivapalan et 

al., 2001 

No 

No 

Yes 

Page 17




Grapevine leaf roll associated closterovirus Grapevine Leafroll 

disease 

Strawberry latent ringspot nepovirus Strawberry latent 

ringspot 

Yes Herrera & 


in Australia 


Tomato ringspot nepovirus Grapevine yellow vein Yes Herrera & 


Yes (uncertain as 

to which 

viruses/strains 

are common with 

Chile) 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Habili et al., 

1996 

Yes SAG, 2003 Yes Sivapalan et 

al., 2001 

(WA only) – these species are considered further only with respect to the State of Western Australia due to their absence from this State. 

Uncertain Sivapalan et 

al., 2001 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Page 18


APPENDIX 1B: ARTHROPODS AND DISEASES – (ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE GRAPE CLUSTERS) 

Pest Common 

name 

ARTHROPODS 

Acari (mites) 

Brevipalpus chilensis Baker 

[Acari: Tenuipalpidae] 

Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) 

[Acari: Tetranychidae] 

Oligonychus vitis Zaher & 

Shehata [Acari: Tetranychidae] 

Associated with 

table grape 

cluster (yes/no) 

False red mite Yes Feeds on the lower surface of the leaves. 

Lewis spider 

mite 

Table grape red 

mite 

Comment Reference Consider 

pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

It is expected that mites will be found on stems, 

during their transit from leaf to leaf. 

Yes Mites are known to feed and lay eggs on both fruit 

and leaves of other species of hosts. 

It is expected that mites will be found on stems, 

during their transit from leaf to leaf. 

Yes Primarily feeds on foliage and lays eggs on the 

bases of buds or in scars in wood. Larvae move 

towards leaves and are found on upper and lower 

surfaces of leaves and shoots. The main damage 

to the plant consists of browning of the leaf 

laminae and a slight web production that favours 

dust deposition. The attack on the foliage can lead 

to early defoliation in certain grape varieties. 

Jeppson et al., 

1975 


1975 


Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 19


Pest Common 

name 

Oligonychus yothersi McGreg. 


Panonychus ulmi (Koch) [Acari: 


Tetranychus desertorum Banks 


Araneae (spiders) 

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius) 

[Araneae: Theridiidae] 

Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) 

Avocado red 

mite 

European red 

mite 

Tetranychid mite 

Black widow 

spider 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

Yes Feeds on the upper leaf surface. During heavy 

infestations, the entire leave surface may be 

attacked. 

The same type of attack is expected on Vitis 

vinifera leaves, and it is also expected that mites 

will be found on stems, during their transit from 

leaf to leaf. 

Yes Feeding causes the leaves to turn brown. Eggs 

are laid on twigs and smaller branches. 

It is expected that adult mites will be found on 

stems, during their transit from leaf to leaf. 

Yes Mite is known to feed on both fruit and leaves of 

other host species. Adults are dispersed from one 

host to another by crawling and by winds. 

The same type of attack is expected on Vitis 

vinifera, and it is also expected that mites will be 

found on stems, during their transit from leaf to 

leaf. 

Yes (contaminating 

pest) 

Although this species feeds on fauna rather than 

on table grapes directly, it has been recorded as 

having been imported into Ireland, and more 

recently into New Zealand, with table grape 

shipments from California. 


1975 

WVU, 2000 


1975 

Yes 

Yes (WA only) 

Yes 

Ross, 1988 Yes 

Athlia rustica (Erichson) Brown beetle No Primarily feeds on leaves and buds. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

Page 20


Pest Common 

name 

[Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae] 

Callideriphus laetus Bl. 

[Coleoptera: Cerambycidae] 

Dexicrates robustus (Blanchard) 

[Coleoptera: Bostrichidae] 

Geniocremnus chiliensis 

(Boheman) [Coleoptera: 


Micrapate humeralis (Blanchard) 


Micrapate scabrata (Erichson) 


Naupactus xanthographus 

(Germar) [Coleoptera: 

Bostrichidae] 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

Peumo borer No Primarily feeds on downed logs, stumps, dead or 

dying branches. It has been recorded as using 

grape vines as a host. 

Wood borer No An accidental pest of grape vines, associated with 

Tuberous pine 

weevil 

trunks and branches. 

Yes Native Coleopteran that can be found accidentally 

feeding on leaves in grapevines. Cannot fly, larvae 

are subterranean. May be associated with clusters 

as for Naupactus xanthographus. 

Mesquite borer No A borer of carob tree branches (Prosopis 

chilensis), occasionally found in grape vines. 

Vine borer No Adults bore holes into the bases of the buds and 

vine trunks where eggs are laid. The larvae 

penetrate into the wood and construct a gallery in 

which they live and feed. This species mainly 

affects buds, branches, shoots and stems. 

Overwinters as larvae, pupae and adults. 

Fruit tree weevil Yes Larvae damage the roots of grape vines and 

adults are known to be found on foliage. Has been 

detected in table grapes exported to the USA from 

Chile. 

EFPIS, 1998 ; Klein 

Koch & 


No 

Gonzalez, 1983 No 

SAG, 2002 Yes 

SAG, 2002 No 


Gonzalez, 1983; 

Ripa, 1994 

No 

Yes 

Page 21


Pest Common 

name 

Neoterius mystax (Blanchard) 


Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) 

[Coleoptera: Curculionidae] 

Pantomorus ruizi (Brèthes) 


Platyapistes glaucus Farhaeus 


Platyapistes venustus (Erichson) 


Diptera (flies) 

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 

[Diptera: Tephritidae] 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

Fence borer No An opportunistic borer pest of vines. Found in 

Vine weevil; 

black vine weevil 

Alfalfa root 

weevil 

trunks and branches. 

Yes Larvae feed on small roots in the soil. Adults feed 

on foliage, as well as any portion of the 

inflorescence. O. sulcatus can cause damage to 

grapes by feeding on the pedicels and cluster 

stems. 

No Adult feeds on foliage, larvae are of a 

subterranean habit. 


CABI, 2002; 

Phillips, 1981 

Yes (WA only) 

SAG, 2002 No 

Weevil No Associated with leaves and buds. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

Green weevil No Associated with leaves and buds. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

Mediterranean 

fruit fly 

Hemiptera (aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, scales, true bugs) 

Yes Chile is considered a pest free area for this pest 

but it could be associated with the pathway if it 

became established. 

Highly polyphagous. Causes damage to a wide 

range of unrelated fruit, primarily through 

oviposition into the fruit where larvae feed 

internally. 

Hancock et al., 

2000 

Yes 

Page 22


Pest Common 

name 

Aphis fabae Scopoli [Hemiptera: 

Aphididae] 

Aphis illinoisensis Shimer 

[Hemiptera: Aphididae] 

Balclutha aridula (Linnaeus) 

[Hemiptera: Cicadellidae] 

Icerya palmeri Riley-How 

[Hemiptera: Margarodidae] 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

Black bean aphid Yes Young colonies consist of matt black aphids on 

young shoots, older colonies spread over most of 

aerial parts of the plant. 

Grapevine aphid Yes Damages young shoots, leaves. When 

Ballica 

leafhopper 

Margarodes 

scale 

populations are high, some may feed on fruit 

clusters, causing some berries to drop. 

No Little is known about this species. Other species of 

leafhopper found on grapes feed on leaves. 

Heavily damaged leaves lose their green colour, 

dry up and may fall off the vine. Leafhopper 

production of honeydew can result in spotting of 

fruit. Overwinter as adults, and are found on newly 

emerged grape leaves. Adults and nymphs feed 

on leaves by puncturing leaf cells and sucking out 

nutrients. 

Unknown Little information is available on this species. In 

general, Margarodidae live on a wide variety of 

hosts, especially woody plants. Damage to the 

plant is caused by sap depletion, introduction of 

toxins and the production of honeydew hindering 

photosynthesis. 

Blackman & 

Eastop, 1984 

Pfeiffer & Schultz, 

1986 

Yes 

Yes 

USDA, 2002 No 

Morales, 1991 Yes 

Leptoglossus chilensis (Spin.) Brown Chilean No Little information is available on the biology of this Fasulo & Stansly, No 

Page 23


Pest Common 

name 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

[Hemiptera: Coreidae] leaf-footed bug pest. Other species of this genus feed on shoots 

Margarodes vitis (Philippi) 

[Hemiptera: Margarodidae] 

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) 

[Hemiptera: Coccidae] 

Pseudococcus calceolariae 

(Maskell) [Hemiptera: 


Pseudococcus maritimus 

(Ehrhorn) [Hemiptera: 


Grape ground 

pearl 

European fruit 

lecanium scale 

Citrophilus 

mealybug 

and occasionally on fruits. Has been recorded as 

causing fruit damage on citrus. Punctures the fruit 

and sucks juice. 

No This species is subterranean (except for adult 

males) and live on roots. Males live for up to 14 

days and appear above ground for a short time. 

Yes Vitis spp. are host plants for this species. Males 

are winged. Crawlers settle and feed on leaf 

undersides, but later stages often migrate to 

stems and branches. 

It is expected that crawlers may settle within grape 

clusters. 

Yes When P. calceolariae shelter in fruit, for example, 

within the calyx, around the stalk, or under fruit 

sepals, they are often hidden from view. Vitis 

vinifera is a primary host for this species. 

Grape mealybug Yes Overwintered first instar nymphs feed at bases of 

shoots or pedicels of grape clusters. This 

mealybug contaminates grapes with one or more 

of the following: the cottony ovisac, eggs, 

immature larvae, adults, honeydew or black sooty 

1999 

CABI/EPPO, 1997 No 

CABI, 2002; WVU 

2000 

Yes (WA only) 

CABI, 2002 Yes (WA only) 

Flaherty et al., 

1981; Pfeiffer & 

Schultz, 1986 

Yes 

Page 24


Pest Common 

name 

Tettigades chilensis Amyot & 

Serville [Hemiptera: Cicadidae] 

Hymenoptera (ants, wasps) 

Ametastegia glabrata Fallen 

[Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae] 

Polistes buyssoni Brethes 

[Hymenoptera: Vespidae] 

Vespula germanica (Fabricius) 

[Hymenoptera: Vespidae] 

Isoptera (termites) 

Neotermes chilensis (Blanchard) 

[Isoptera: Kalotermitidae] 

Lepidoptera (moths, butterflies) 

Accuminulia buscki Brown 

[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] 

Accuminulia longiphallus Brown 



table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

mould growing on honeydew. 

Common cicada No Primarily feeds on roots and branches. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

Sawfly No Larvae bores into the woody stems of grape vines 

to pupate. 

Carillo et al., 1990 No 

Paper wasp No Feed on mature fruits, extracting pieces of pulp. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

European wasp No Wasps may break open the skins of grape berries 

in order to lick out the sweet contents. 

Chilean termite No When attacking the vine, termites feed on the 

Tortricid 

leafroller 

Tortricid 

leafroller 

heartwood (dead tissue) and usually avoid the 

living sapwood. 

VTED, 2003 No 

Rust, 1981 No 

Yes Feeds on table grape fruits. Brown, 1999 Yes 

Yes Nothing is known of the biology of this species. As 

other Accuminulia species are known to bore into 

fruit, this species would potentially remain on the 

pathway. 

Brown, 1999 Yes 

Chileulia stalactitis (Meyrick) Grape berry Yes Larvae spin silk webs for protection and feed in WVU, 2000; Weigle Yes 

Page 25


Pest Common 

name 


table grape 


[Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] moth several green berries in the cluster before 

Copitarsia consueta (Walker) 

[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] 

Copitarsia turbata (Herrich- 

Schaffer) [Lepidoptera: 

Noctuidae] 

Hyles annei (Guérin-Méneville) 

[Lepidoptera: Sphingidae] 

Hyles euphorbiarum (Guérin- 

Méneville & Percheron) (Celerio 

euphorbiarum (Guérin-Méneville 

& Percheron) [Lepidoptera: 

Copitarsia 

cutworm 

Copitarsia 

cutworm 


pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

becoming fully grown. Larvae pupate in folded 

cutout portions of the leaves on the vine or 

ground. 

No Climbing cutworms is a general term applied to a 

number of moth larvae that feed on grape buds. 

Climbing cutworms are sporadic pest of grapes. 

Larvae hide during the day under the bark and in 

the soil litter under the vines and come out at night 

to feed. 

No Climbing cutworms is a general term applied to a 

number of moth larvae that feed on grape buds. 

Climbing cutworms are sporadic pest of grapes. 

Larvae hide during the day under the bark and in 

the soil litter under the vines and come out at night 

to feed. 

Vine hornworm No Larvae feed on foliage and pupation is 

subterranean. 

Palqui hornworm No Occasional pest of vines. Can cause serious 

defoliation of individual plants. 

et al., 2000 

URI, 2003; Weigle 

et al., 2000 

URI, 2003; Weigle 

et al., 2000 

No 

No 

SAG, 2002 No 


Page 26


Pest Common 

name 

Sphingidae] 

Paracles rudis (Butler) (Chilesia 

rudis Butler) 

[Lepidoptera: Arctiidae] 

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) 


Proeulia apospata Obraztsov 


Proeulia auraria (Clarke) 


Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler) 


Red grape 

caterpillar 

Variegated 

cutworm 

Fruit tree leaf 

roller 

Chilean fruit tree 

leaf folder 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

No The larvae are phytophagous and consume 

leaves and buds. Eggs are laid among tufts of 

grass. 

Yes Primarily feed on leaves, stems, growing points, 

and inflorescences of agricultural crops and low 

growing fruit trees. Eggs are usually laid on twigs 

and stems rather than on leaves. On hatching the 

larvae eat the eggshell before turning to plant 

material. Flowers and developing fruits are eaten 

in preference to leaves, and during outbreaks the 

larvae will eat even the stems and tender bark of 

woody plants. 

Yes Larvae of the genus Proeulia are leaf-rollers, also 

reported as feeding on the surface and boring into 

the fruit of host plants. 



the fruit of host plants. Grape is a host plant for P. 

auraria. 

Fruit leaf folder Yes Larvae of the genus Proeulia are leaf-rollers, also 


Angulo, 2003 No 

CABI, 2002 Yes 

Brown & Passoa, 

1998; Brown, 1999 


1998; Brown, 1999 


1998; Brown, 1999 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 27


Pest Common 

name 

Proeulia triquetra Obraztsov 


Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith 


Grape leaf roller, 

fruit tree leaf 

roller 

Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers, katydids) 

Achaeta fulvipennis Brown 

[Orthoptera: Gryllidae] 

Dichroplus maculipennis 

(Blanchard) [Orthoptera: 

Acrididae] 

Schistocerca cancellata (Serville) 

[Orthoptera: Acrididae] 

Thysanoptera (thrips) 

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel 



table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

the fruit of host plants. Grape is a secondary host 

plant for P. chrysopteris. 



the fruit of host plants. Grape is the only recorded 

host plant for P. triquetra. 

Fall armyworm No Larvae feed on leaves. Pupation occurs in an 

earthen cell or rarely between leaves on the host 

plant. 

Cricket No Feeds on foliage of several hosts and is found 

Spotted wing 

grasshopper 

South American 

locust 

principally in ground cover. 

No This species is phytophagous, invading crops, 

fodder, gardens and orchards. Oviposits in dry, 

uncultivated land. 


1998; Brown, 1999 

Yes 

CABI/EPPO, 1997 No 

Zanin, 1995 No 

Uvarov, 1977 No 

No An opportunistic feeder on leaves and buds. Gonzalez, 1983 No 

Grape thrips Yes Table grapes are susceptible to thrips damage. D. 

reuteri causes severe damage to both foliage and 

grape bunches, scarring berries with their feeding. 

Flaherty et al., 

1981; Ripa, 1994; 

UC, 2000 

Frankliniella australis Morgan Chilean flower Yes Feeds around the sepals and calyces of blossoms Gonzalez, 1983 Yes 

Yes 

Page 28


Pest Common 

name 

[junior synonym – F. cestrum] 


Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande) [Thysanoptera: 

Thripidae] 

FUNGI 

Armillaria mellea (Vahl.: Fr.) 

Kumm [Agaricales: 

Tricholomataceae] 

NEMATODES 

Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen 

PHYTOPLASMA 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

thrips and may cause scarring of fruit. May also affect 

Western flower 

thrips 

Armillaria root 

rot, honey root 

rot 

Dagger 

nematode 

Amarillamiento de Elqui Grapevine 

yellows 

phytoplasma 

leaves and shoots. Found on grape vines mainly 

during the time of inflorescence. The remainder of 

the time it inhabits any plant, which allows the 

development of nymphs and adults. 

Yes Cause serious shoot stunting and leaf distortion, 

followed by berry scarring. 

Lewis, 1997 Yes 

No A root pathogen. Elkins et al., 1998 No 

No All stages occur in the soil as migratory root 

ectoparasites. There is no association of any life 

stage with the fruit of grapevine. 

No Grapevine yellows disease shows the symptoms 

of flavesence doree. The leaves harden, roll 

slightly abaxially and tend to overlap. The brittle 

leaves first become golden yellow or red 

CABI, 2002 No 

Pearson & Goheen, 

1994 

No 

Page 29


Pest Common 

name 

VIRUSES 

Grapevine corky bark associated 

closterovirus 

Corky bark of 

grapevine 

Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus Grapevine court- 

Grapevine leaf roll associated 

closterovirus 

noué virus 

Grapevine 

leafroll disease 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

(depending on cultivars) on all parts most exposed 

to sun. Later in summer, creamy spots appear 

along the main veins. These cream-coloured spots 

generally become necrotic. Sometimes, angular 

spots occur, which are yellow in white-fruited 

cultivars and red in black-fruited cultivars. 

No Causes pits and grooves in the trunk and is 

transmitted by a vector. Transmitted by grafting. 

Transmission by contact between plants, seed or 

pollen has not been reported. 

Yes May be associated with the endosperm of grape 

seeds, but is not known to be transmissible by 

grape seeds. The virus is transmissible by 

nematode vectors and mechanical inoculation. No 

restrictions are placed on grapes being moved 

from the Rutherglen area because of this virus. 

Yes Grapevine leafroll associated viruses are phloem- 

restricted viruses. Once the grape bunch has been 

severed from the vine, collapse and dessication of 

the peduncles associated with the bunch will 

begin. It is not believed that insect vectors 

Brunt et al., 1996 No 

CABI, 2002; Habili 

et al, 2001 

No 

CABI, 2002 No 

Page 30


Pest Common 

name 

Tomato ringspot nepovirus Grapevine yellow 

vein 


table grape 



pest 

further? 

(yes/no) 

(mealybugs, soft scales) will feed on latex from the 

severed peduncles. It is also believed that, except 

under very exacting laboratory conditions, 

peduncles would not be propagatable. 

No No evidence to suggest this virus is seed borne in 

tablegrapes. 

(WA only) – these species are considered further only with respect to the State of Western Australia due to their absence from this State. 

CABI, 2002 No 

Page 31


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Page 36


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Schenone, H. and Correa, L.E. (1985). Algunos conocimientos practicos sobre la biologia de la arana Latrodectus mactans y el sindrome del 

latrodectismo en Chile. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologicia 40: 18-23. 

Shivas, R.G. (1989). Fungal and bacterial diseases of plants in Western Australia. Journal of Royal Society of Western Australia 72: 1-62. 

Sivapalan, S., Whattam, M., Eichner, R. and Beulke, R. (2001) Draft review of post entry quarantine protocols for the importation of grapevine (Vitis) 

into Australia. GWRDC and Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry – Australia. 

Soto, A.E.M., Pinto de Totter, A. and Cancino, E.L. (1973). Preventive control of post-harvest rots in the Emperor and Almeria grapes and 

identification of the fungi isolated. Agricultura Tecnica 33: 176-182. 

UC (2000). UC IPM: UC management guidelines for thrips on grapes. University of California. UC IPM State wide integrated pest management 

project. www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302300911.html 

URI (2003). Insect and Mite Pests of Grapevines. GreenShare Factsheets. University of Rhode Island Landscape Horticulture Program. 

http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/grapepest.html 

USDA (2002). NSF Centre for integrated pest management, North Carolina University. Crop profile for grapes(table) in California. 

http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/cagrapes-table.html 

Uvarov, B. (1977). Grasshoppers and Locusts, a handbook of general acridology, Volume 2 – Behaviour, Ecology, Biogeography and Population 

dynamics. The Centre for Overseas Pest Research. 

VTED (2003). Grape IPM. Mid-Atlantic Vineyards. Virginia Vineyard Page. Virginia Tech Entomology Department. 

http://www.ento.vt.edu/Fruitfiles/grape-fruit-ipm.html 

Weigle, T., English-Loeb, G., Wilcox, W., Dunst, R., Shaffer, B., Mitchell, T. and Collins, T. (2000). Crop profile for grapes (Vinefera and French 

hybrid) in New York. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/nygrapes-vineferaandfrenchhybrid.html 

Williams, D.J. (1985). Australian mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History). Henry Ling Ltd., The Dorset Press, Dorchester. 431 pp. 

Page 37


WVU (2000). Pesticide Certification Information #6. Important insect pests of fruit. Extension Service, West Virginia University, USA. 

http://www.wvu.edu/~exten/infores/pubs/pest/pcerti6.pdf 

Zanin, I., Araya, Y. and Valdivieso, C. (1995). Comparaciones de la entomofauna epigea en cultivos asociados de maiz y frejol. Inverstigacion 

Agricola 15: http://www.uchile.cl/facultades/cs_agronomicas/publicaciones/iagricola/vol15/ 

Page 38


APPENDIX 2 PEST CATEGORISATION FOR TABLE GRAPES FROM CHILE (PEST PLANTS) 

APPENDIX 2A: PEST PLANTS (PRESENCE AND ABSENCE IN AUSTRALIA) 



PEST PLANTS 

Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow; milfoil Yes Marticorena & 


in Australia 

Quezada, 1985 

Agrostis stolonifera L. Blown grass Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery hairgrass Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Allium vineale L. Crow garlic Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 


Yes 1 

Weiller et al., 

1995 

Yes 

Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Amaranthus albus L. Tumbleweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Amaranthus deflexus L. Spreading 

amaranthus 

Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot amaranth Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Amaranthus viridis L. Green amaranth Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Holm et al., 

1991 

No 

Page 39





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Annual ragweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Amsinckia calycina (Moris) Chater Yellow burrweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Anagallis arvensis L. Scarlet pimpernel Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Apium nodiflorum Reichb. Fool’s Watercress Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Genus 

permitted 

Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns Capeweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Artemisia absinthium L. Wormwood Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Avena barbata Pott. Ex Link Bearded oat Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Avena fatua L. Wild oat Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Avena sterilis L. Sterile oat Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Avena strigosa Schreb. Sand oat Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff Arizona beggarticks Yes Kogan, 1989 No 1,2 No records 

Bidens pilosa L. Cobbler’s pegs Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Boerhavia erecta L. Erect spiderling Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

found 

No 

Yes 


No 1,2 Holm et al., 

Brassica napus L. Winter rape Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Brassica rapa L. Turnip Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus catharticus Vahl. Prairie grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus diandrus Roth. Great brome Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus hordeaceus L. Soft brome Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus lanceolatus Roth. Mediterranean brome Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

1997 

Yes 

Page 40





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Bromus madritensis L. Madrid brome Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus racemosus L Brome grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus secalinus L. Brome grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus sterilis L. Brome grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Bromus tectorum L. Drooping brome Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Calandrinia compressa DC. Parakeelya Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Genus 

permitted 

Calendula arvensis L. Field marigold Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Greater bineweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd’s purse Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Cardamine hirsuta L. Common bittercress Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

No 


Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Hoary cress Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Carduus nutans L. Nodding thistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Carduus pycnocephalus L. Slender thistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Carthamus lanatus L. Saffron thistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Cenchrus echinatus L. Mossman river grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 


Cenchrus incertus Curt. Spiny burrgrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Centaurea solstitialis L. Pineapple weed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. (Syn. 

Matricaria matricarioides) 

Chamomile Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Chenopodium album L. Fat hen Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes 1,2 


Page 41





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Wormseed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Figleaf goosefoot Yes Matthei, 1995 No 1,2 No records 

Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-leaved 

goosefoot 

found 

Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Chloris gayana Kunth. Rhode grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

Chloris virgata Sw. Feathertop Rhode 

grass 

Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

Yes 



Chrysanthemoides moniliferum (L.) Norlindh Boneseed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Chrysanthemum segetum L. Corn daisy Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Conium maculatum L. Hemlock Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bineweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. Flaxleaf fleabane Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 

Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. Fringed dodder Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Cynodon dactylon (LC Rich) Pers. Couch Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Cynosurus echinatus L. Rough dogstail Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Cyperus rotundus L. Nutgrass Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Dactylis glomerata L. Cocksfoot Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 


Yes * 

Yes 1,2 




Datura stramonium L. Common thornapple Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. Smooth summer 

grass 

Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 


Page 42




Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Crabgrass Yes Marticorena & 


in Australia 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes 1,3 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 


Diplotaxis muralis (L.) Dc. Wall rocket Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Echium plantagineum L. Paterson’s curse Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Echium vulgare L. Viper’s bugloss Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Equisetum bogotense Kunth Horsetail Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Eragrostis virescens Presl. Mexican lovegrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Erodium botrys (Cav.) Bertol. Long storksbill Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes * 


Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Herit. ex W. Ait. Common storksbill Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Herit. ex W. Ait. Musky storksbill Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 



Eruca vesicaria Cav. Roquette Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. Painted spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 

Euphorbia falcata L. Sickleleaf spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

Euphorbia helioscopia L. Sun spurge Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 




Euphorbia hirta var. hirta L. Spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Euphorbia lathyrus L. Caper spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 

Euphorbia maculata L. Eyebane Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 

Euphorbia peplus L. Petty spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. Broad-leaved spurge Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 





Page 43





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Tall fescue Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Galega officinalis L. Goat’s rue Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Potato weed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes * 

Galium aparine L. Cleavers Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 




Geranium dissectum L. Cutleaf cranesbill Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Geranium molle L. Dove’s foot cranesbill Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Geranium robertianum L. Herb Robert Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Glechoma hederacea L. Ground ivy Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Genus 

permitted 

Holcus lanatus L. Yorkshire fog Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hussey et al., 

Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail barley Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 APDD, 2001 Yes 

Hordeum marinum Huds. Sea barley grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

Hordeum murinum L. Wild barley Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

Hordeum secalinum Schreb. Meadow barley Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

1997 

No 

No 



Lazarides et 

al., 1997 

Hypericum perforatum L. St John’s wort Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Hypochaeris glabra L. Smooth cat’s ear Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

Yes 


Juncus procerus E. Mey. Rush Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dum. Twining toadflax Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes 1,3 



Lamium amplexicaule L. Deadnettle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Page 44





in Australia 

Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian ryegrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 


Lolium perenne L. Perennial ryegrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Lolium temulentum L. Bearded rye grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Lotus uliginosus L. Schk. Large bird’s foot 

trefoil 

Malva nicaensis All. Mallow of Nice Yes Marticorena & 

Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Quezada, 1985 

Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don. Red-flowered mallow Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Oxalis corniculata L. Yellow wood sorrel Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 

Oxalis pes-caprae L. Soursob Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 

Panicum capillare L. Witchgrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 


Yes 1 





Panicum miliaceum L. Millet panic Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Paspalum, 

Watergrass 

Paspalum paspalodes Scribn. Buffalo quick 

paspalum 

Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hussey et al., 

Pastinaca sativa L. Parsnip Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex Chiov. Kikuyu grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Physalis pubescens L. Downy groundcherry Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Picris echioides L. Bristly oxtongue Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Plantago lanceolata L. Ribwort Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

1997 

No 


Poa annua L. Annual poa Yes Marticorena & Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Page 45





in Australia 

Quezada, 1985 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky bluegrass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes * Hussey et al., 

Polygonum hydropiper L. Water pepper Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pale smartweed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Holm et al., 

Polygonum persicaria L. (syn. Persicaria 

maculosa) 

Red shank Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Portulaca oleracea L. Purselane Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

1997 

1997 

Yes 1,2 Hussey et al., 

1997 

No 

Yes 

Yes 


Prunella vulgaris L. Self-heal Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Ranunculus arvensis L. Corn buttercup Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Ranunculus muricatus L. Sharp fruited 

buttercup 

Ranunculus parviflorus L. Small-flowered 

buttercup 



Ranunculus repens L. Creeping buttercup Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes * Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild radish Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Raphanus sativus L. Radish Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. Turnip weed Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

Rubus ulmifolius Schott Blackberry Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Yes 3 



Page 46




Rumex acetosella L. Dock Yes Marticorena & 


in Australia 

Quezada, 1985 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 


Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Clustered dock Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Rumex crispus L. Curled dock Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Rumex longifolius DC. Long leaved dock Yes Matthei, 1995 No 1,2 No records 

Salsola kali L. (varieties other than S. kali L. var. 

kali (synonym S. australis)) 

Prickly saltwort Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Senecio mikanioides Otto Cape ivy, German ivy Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 

Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood groundsel, 

mountain groundsel 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Queensland pigeon 

grass 

found 

Lazarides et 

al., 1997 

Yes Matthei, 1995 No 1,2 No records 

found 


Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Whorled pigeon grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green pigeon grass Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,3 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Silene gallica L. French catchfly Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Variegated thistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Solanum nigrum L. Black nightshade Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 


Sonchus arvensis L. Corn sowthistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Rough sowthistle Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Page 47





in Australia 


pest further? 

(yes/no) 

Sonchus tenerrimus L. Clammy sowthistle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurry Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1 

Stellaria media (L.) Cyr. Chickweed Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 


Yes 



Taeniatherum caput-medusae Boiss Medusa-head Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes 1,2 Hnatiuk, 1990 Yes 

Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelion Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Yes Hussey et al., 

Tribulus terrestris L. Caltrop Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Urtica dioica var. mollis L. Stinging nettle Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Urtica urens L. Dwarf nettle Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

1997 

No 

Yes George, 1989 No 

Yes Lazarides et 

al., 1997 

Veronica arvensis L. Wall speedwell Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Veronica persica Poir. Creeping speedwell Yes Matthei, 1995 Yes Hnatiuk, 1990 No 

Vicia sativa L. Common vetch Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

Xanthium spinosum L. Bathurst burr Yes Marticorena & 

Quezada, 1985 

No 



Page 48


1 

Not included in Schedule 5 (permitted seeds) of the Quarantine Proclamation 1998 as at 21 May 2003 

2 The plant/seed has been assessed as a pest plant and its entry into Australia is not permitted. 

3 The plant/seed is permitted under specific import conditions as it is a potential vector of diseases of quarantine concern. 

* The plant/seed has recently been assessed is permitted entry into Australia. 

Page 49


APPENDIX 2B: PEST PLANTS (ASSOCIATION WITH TABLE GRAPE CLUSTERS) 

Pest plant Common 

name 

Available information (ie. habitat, 

reproduction, etc.) 

PEST PLANTS 

Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery hairgrass Grows in dry, open, rocky sites and sometimes 

invades rock gardens. 

In Australia, fruits begin to form in March. 

Individual spikelets of the inflorescence are tiny 

and the lemma has one or two awns. 

It is likely that seeds are dispersed via awns 

getting caught up in animal fur, clothing, and 

grape bunches, etc. 

Widespread in pastures and disturbed 

grassland. 

Allium vineale L. Crow garlic Grows in open warm-temperate regions 

occurring on a range of soils but preferring 

heavy fertile loams. 

Seeds are produced in summer. 

Black seed 3 to 4 mm long, flattened on one 

side, not common. Main reproduction via 

underground bulbs and aerial bulbils in the 

inflorescence. 

The main means of spread is through soil borne 

References Final assessment Quarantine 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Hussey et al., 1997; 

Stewart & Hebda, 

2000; Weiller et al., 

1995 

Auld & Medd, 1992; 

Lamp & Collet, 1989; 

Parsons & 

Cuthbertson, 1992 

1. Awned seeds are present during the 

grape production period, and have the 

potential to enter Australia by attaching to 

grape bunches. 

2. This species is already present in 

Australia and its presence in pastures and 

disturbed grassland demonstrates its 

ability to establish from seed in Australia. 

3. Further spread is likely to occur via the 

awned seed attaching to animal hair, fibre 

and machinery. 

1. Soil-borne bulbils, the main mode of 

2. ** 

3. ** 

reproduction, are not likely to enter 

Australia via grape bunches. 

Yes 

No 

Page 50



Ambrosia 

artemisiifolia L. 

Amsinckia calycina 

(Moris) Chater 

name 



bulbils (approx. the size of wheat grains) rather 

than windblown seed. 

Weed of cereal crops, pastures and roadsides. 

Annual ragweed Growns in subhumid temperate to subtropical 

regions, thriving on a wide range of soils. 

Flowering begins in late summer-early autumn; 

the main flowering period extending from March 

to April in Australia. 

Spreads over long distances because beaked 

and spined seeds are adapted to dispersal by 

sheep, furred animals, woolpacks, bags and 

clothing, and by water. 

Weed of cultivated lands, stubble fields, old 

pastures, wastelands, roadsides, railway 

reserves and vacant lots. 

Yellow burrweed Grows in temperate regions on a wide range of 

soil in moderately warm, unshaded situations. 

In Australia, flowering commences in August, 

continuing for about 2 months. 

Fruit is a group of 4 nutlets surrounded by a 

bristled calyx. 

The main cause of dispersal has been through 

movement of contaminated farm equipment and 

through contaminated seed, fodder and stock. 

Weed of cereal crops, lucerne, vineyards, 

degraded pastures and roadsides, particularly 


Parsons & 


Parsons & 


1. Spined seeds are present during the 

grape production period and have the 




Australia and its presence in cultivated 

and wasteland demonstrates the ability of 

seed to establish if they fall in subhumid 

or subtropical regions. 


beaked seeds attaching to animal hair, 

fibre and machinery. 

1. Seeds are present during the grape 

production period and via the bristly fruit, 

have the potential to enter Australia by 

attaching to grape bunches. Is also 

known to be associated with vineyards. 


Australia and its presence in sandy 

cultivated fields and roadsides 

demonstrates it ability to establish from 

seed in Australia. 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 51



Avena barbata Pott. 

Ex Link 

name 




in dry, sandy areas. bristled fruit attaching to animal hair, fibre 

Bearded oat In Australia, occurs at roadsides, wasteland and 

disturbed bush land. 

In Australia, fruits are produced from October to 

December. 

Possesses long, strong, twisted and geniculate 

awns that adhere tightly to the kernel (ie. seed). 

The awn on seeds adhere to animals, trousers 

etc. However, the principal means of dispersal 

has been as a contaminant of grains. 

Common weed of disturbed land. 

Avena fatua L. Wild oat Cosmopolitan grass weed growing on nearly all 

soil types, but it is mainly associated with heavy 

and fertile soils and spring cereals. 

Plants may begin flowering by early July in 

Canada (mid-summer). Seed-set and seed 

shedding occurs over a prolonged time. 

This species possesses long, strong, twisted, 

and geniculate awns that adhere tightly to the 

kernel (ie. seed). 


Holm et al., 1997; 


Weiller et al., 1995 


BCMAFF, 2002; 

CABI, 2002; Holm et 

al., 1977 


1. Although seed production does not 

coincide with grape production, mature 

seed may remain in the area (see seed- 

shedding trait of a similar species, A. 

fatua). Awned seeds have the potential to 

enter Australia by attaching to grape 

bunches. 


Australia and its presence in disturbed 

land demonstrates it ability to establish 

from seed in Australia. 





grape production period, and have the 




Australia and its presence in crops and 

pasture demonstrates its ability to 

establish from seed in Australia. 



Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 52



name 



etc. 

Weed of other rotation crops, pasture, 

vineyards and wasteland. 

Avena sterilis L. Sterile oat Preferred habitat is on sand or loam. 

Avena strigosa 

Schreb. 

In Australia, fruits are produced from 

September to December. 

This species possesses long, strong, twisted, 

and geniculate awns that adhere tightly to the 

kernel (ie. seed). 


etc. 

Weed of roadsides. 

Sand oat Flowers are produced in June-July in USA 

(summer). 

This species has spikelets which are glabrous 

and do not separate. Long, strong, twisted, and 

geniculate awns adhere tightly to each kernel 

(ie. seed). 

The awn of seeds adhere to animals, trousers 

etc. 

Often a weed of corn and oat fields. 


CABI, 2002; 

Paczkowska & 

Chapman, 2000; 

Weiller et al., 1995 


al., 1977; Reed, 1977 


1. Although seed production does not 

coincide with grape production, mature 

seed may remain in the area (see seed- 

shedding trait of A. fatua). Awned seeds 


attaching to grape bunches. 


Australia and its presence along 

roadsides demonstrates its ability to 






grape production period and have the 





fields demonstrates its ability to establish 




Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 53



Bidens aurea (Ait.) 

Sherff. 

name 

Arizona 

beggarticks 

Boerhavia erecta L. Erect spiderling 

Cardamine hirsuta L. Common 

bittercress 



Flowers of B. pilosa are produced in late 

autumn to summer. 

Fruit are achenes. 

Narrow fruits with barbed awns result in 

attachment to clothing and animals and wide 

dispersal. Spread is also via rhizomes. 

This species occurs from sea level to 1500 

meters and behaves as either an annual or 

perennial. A widely distributed weed in tropical 

and subtropical regions of the world. 

Seed are 1.5 mm long, smooth and inseparable 

from the fruit. 

Although seeds are not normally sticky, when 

wetted while still attached to the plant, a slimy 

substance forms, allowing seeds to adhere to 

passing animals. 

Is a common weed in cultivated fields, perennial 

crops, roadsides, pastures, gardens and 

wasteland. Is a weed of vineyards in Mexico. 

Native to temperate areas of the Northern 

Hemisphere. Occurs in cool, moist, shaded 



Kogan, 1989; Lamp & 

Collet, 1989 

Bromilow, 1995; 

Holm et al., 1997 


DGS, 2003; OSU, 


1. Barbed seeds have the potential to enter 

Australia by attaching to grape bunches. 

2. Not currently present in Australia. 

However, it is expected that B. aurea will 

be able to establish in Australia, since 

similar species in the Bidens genus have 

done so. 


fruits attaching to animal hair, fibre and 

machinery. 

1. Although the sticky seeds would be able 

2. ** 

3. ** 

to attach to grape bunches, this weed is 

found in tropical and subtropical regions 

of the world. It is not likely that this weed 

is found in the Chilean vineyards (which 

are located within the desertic to 

temperate regions of Chile). 

1. Seed, via the explosive seed capsule, 

has the potential to enter Australia by 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

No 

Yes 

Page 54



name 



habitats. 

Flowers are produced for much of the year. 

Seed-pods of bittercress are known as siliques. 

Siliques are a dry, two-sided, dehiscent fruit. 

The seed capsules explode at the slightest 

touch when they are mature, dispersing their 

contents widely. 

A weed of gardens, nurseries and glasshouses. 

Carduus nutans L. Nodding thistle Prefers open situations in temperate regions, 

Cenchrus echinatus 

L. 

Mossman river 

grass 

usually on soils of moderate to high fertility in 

areas with an annual rainfall of 500 to 900 mm. 

Flowers are produced in spring, summer and 

autumn. 

The large flowerheads are sharply spined. 

A prolific seed producer. The pappus of the 

seed has fine-toothed bristles which assist with 

in adhering to clothing, wool, bags and fur. 

Has become a weed in well-drained annual 

pastures where there are disturbed sites at the 

end of summer. 

Occurs in humid and subhumid tropical 

lowlands. It prefers moderate moisture and 

light, sandy, well-drained soils at low elevations. 

In Australia, burrs are formed between January 

and May. 

Inflorescence forms a dense cylindrical spike, 3- 


2003 


Parsons & 



al., 1977; Parsons & 


falling into grape bunches. 


Australia and its presence in gardens 

demonstrates its ability to establish from 


3. Further spread is likely to occur via 

explosive mature seed capsules. 

1. Seed is present during the grape 

producing period and has the potential to 


bunches. 


Australia and its presence in annual 

pastures demonstrates its ability to 



spined flowerheads attaching to animal 

hair, fibre and machinery. 

1. Seeds are present during the grape 

producing period and via burred fruit, 


attaching to grape bunches. Is also 

known to be associated with vineyards. 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 55



Cenchrus incertus 

Curt. 

Chenopodium album 

L. 

name 



10 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, with spikelets 

enclosed in spinous burrs 

Dispersal by spiny burrs, which adhere to any 

fibrous material. 

Weed in cultivated fields, pastures, roadsides, 

lawns, town pathways, river sand and beach 

margins. 

Also a weed of 18 crops in 35 countries, mostly 

in cereals, pulses, vineyards, plantation crops 

and pastures. 

Spiny burrgrass Prefers temperate subhumid and semi-arid 

regions where it grows well on low-fertility, 

sandy, well-drained soils. Readily establishes 

on disturbed sites in the 250 to 500 mm annual 

rainfall belt. 

In Australia, burrs are produced from December 

to April. 

Seeds are enclosed within a spiny burr. 

Dispersal is by spiny burrs, which easily detach 

from the plant when mature and adhere to wool, 

fur, clothing, bags, and any other fibrous 

material. 

Is a weed of vineyards in the USA, and 

wasteland. 

Fat hen Thrives on all soil types, but prefers fertile, 

heavy soils. Most common around stockyards 



Parsons & 


BCMAFF, 2002; 



fields, pastures and roadsides 




spiked inflorescence attaching to animal 



producing period and via burred fruit, has 


grape bunches. Is also known to occur in 

vineyards. 


Australia and its presence in wasteland 



3. Further spread is likely to occur via burrs 

attaching to animal hair, fibre and 

machinery. 

1. Although seed is present during the grape 

producing period, seeds are usually 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

No 

Page 56



Chenopodium 

ficifolium Sm. 

Chenopodium murale 

L. 

name 

Figleaf 

goosefoot 

Nettle-leaved 

goosefoot 



and farm buildings where there is likely to be 

local accumulations of N and organic matter. 

Flowering can occur from May to October in 

Canada (late-spring to mid-autumn). 

Fruit is an utricle (a seed covered by the thin 

papery pericarp which often persists). 

Has no special seed dispersal system, and 

most seeds are deposited near the mother 

plant. However, human-facilitated seed 

dispersal commonly occurs via contaminants in 

crop seeds. 

Cosmopolitan weed of waste places. 

No information has been found on C. ficifolium. 

However, information has been collated on 

similar species in the Chenopodium genus. 

Seed production is usually in summer and 

autumn months. 

They commonly have no special seed dispersal 

systems. 

Are commonly weeds of wasteland. 

It is found in cropland and wastelands, 

especially those with rich fertile soils. Grows 

from sea level to over 2000 m and in open and 

shaded sites. 

In northern Europe, it flowers from July to 

September (mid-summer to early-autumn). 


Lamp & Collet, 1989 

2. ** 

3. ** 

deposited at the base of the mother plant 

and are not likely to be found within grape 

bunches. 

Lamp & Collet, 1989 1. Although seed may be present during the 



2. ** 

3. ** 

grape producing period, seeds have no 

adaptations for attachment or wind 

dispersal and are not likely to be found 

within grape bunches. 


2. ** 

producing period, seed has no 

adaptations for attachment or wind 

dispersal and are not likely to be found 

within grape bunches. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

No 

Page 57



Chloris gayana 

Kunth. 

name 

Chloris virgata Sw. Feathertop 



Seeds are 1.5 mm long, with a keeled margin, 

which give the appearance of a “pie-plate” rim. 

Seeds are borne in utricles in axillary panicles 

and have no special adaptations for wind 

dispersal, although dispersal by animals eating 

fruits may occur. Seeds are also often 

harvested with the surrounding crop. 

Principal weed of wheat, vegetables, vineyards 

(in South Africa), and dryland crops. Weed of 

wasteland in NSW. 

Rhode grass Used as a summer-growing pasture grass, it is 

Rhode grass 

scattered on road verges and disturbed sites 

throughout southern Western Australia. 

Flowers in summer and winter (January to May) 

in Australia. 

Seed are borne on a soft spikelet with short 

awns. 

Dispersal is via seeds and stolons. 

Commonly occurs along irrigation areas. Is a 

valuable fodder grass. 

Occurs in coastal areas, slopes and plains of 

NSW and throughout Australia. 

Flowers in autumn and winter in Australia. 

Seed are borne on a soft spikelet with 2 distinct 

awns. 


CABI, 2002; Hussey 

et al., 1997; Lamp & 

Collet, 1989; 

Paczkowska & 


Wells et al., 1986 



et al., 1997; Wells et 

al., 1986 

3. ** 


producing period. Information on the 

dispersal of seed has not been found. 

However, awned seed has the potential to 

attach to grape bunches. 


Australia and its presence in irrigated 

areas demonstrates its ability to establish 



awned seed and vegetative spread. 

1. Awned seed is present during the grape 

harvesting period and has the potential to 


bunches. 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 58



Chrysanthemoides 

monilifera (L.) 

Norlindh 

Cuscuta suaveolens 

Ser. 

name 

Bitou bush, 

boneseed 



Dispersal via seed. The structure of the 

panicles suggests that seeds are wind 

dispersed. 

Weed of cultivation, pastures and disturbed 

areas. 

Grows in subtropical and subhumid scrublands. 

Not restricted by climate, but prefers sandy or 

medium-textured soils and disturbed situations, 

particularly near the sea where it tolerates 

saline conditions. 

Flowers are produced all year round, with a 

peak in flowering from April to June in Australia. 

One seed is produced in each flowerhead, and 

fruits are in the form of a berry. 

Spread is by bird dispersal of fruit. Rabbits, 

foxes and cattle may also eat the fruit. Fruit and 

seeds can also be carried by water. 

A weed of native coastal vegetation. 

Fringed dodder Grows in a wide range of environmental 

conditions. 

In Australia, flowers appear from October to 

January. 

Globular seed with a roughened coat. 

Most dispersal is by seed, but stem fragments 

(which can re-establish on a new host) can be 



Parsons & 

Cuthbertson, 1992; 

Stuart, 2002 


Parsons & 



fields, pastures and disturbed areas 



3. Further spread is likely to occur via seed 

being wind dispersed. 


2. ** 

3. ** 

harvesting period, animal and water 

dispersal is not likely to result in seeds 

entering Australia within grape clusters. 

1. Reproductive stem fragments and seed 

2. ** 

3. ** 

are not likely to become associated with a 

grape cluster as they have no specialised 

attachment or wind dispersal 

mechanisms. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

No 

Page 59



name 



spread on farm equipment or by water. 

A parasitic weed which can affect a wide range 

of broad-leaved plants, including lucerne and 

several vegetables. 

Cyperus rotundus L. Nutgrass Grows best in tropical and subtropical areas, 

Datura stramonium 

L. 

Common 

thornapple 

with soils of moderate to high fertility and 

moderate moisture levels. 

Flowers are produced in late spring-summer 

months. 

A dark, ovoid achene about 1 mm long, beaked. 

Seed dispersal is most likely to be via wind. 

Most seeds are inviable when produced, and 

those that are not usually germinate poorly 

under field conditions. Spread is more 

commonly facilitated by rhizomes. 

Occasionally colonises vineyards. 

Prefers warm-temperate and subtropical 

regions. Principally found in open, warm 

situations and on fertile soils. 

Flowers may be produced 2-5 weeks after 

germination and germination can occur all year 

round. 

Fruit is a spiny globular capsule containing 

numerous seeds. 

Seed are commonly distributed as a 

contaminant of soybeans, in soil and in 


Parsons & 


Parsons & 


1. The small seeds are present at the start 

of the grape harvesting period and have 

the potential to enter Australia by falling 

into grape bunches. 


3. ** 

Australia, however most seeds are 

inviable and, thus, it is unlikely that 

establishment will occur via seed. 


2. ** 

3. ** 

producing period, neither the large fruit 

capsule nor the seeds are likely to attach 

to grape bunches. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

No 

Page 60



Digitaria ischaemum 

(Schreb.) Schreb. 

Digitaria sanguinalis 

(L.) Scop. 

name 

Smooth summer 

grass 



agricultural seed stock. Water dispersal and 

human dispersal is also important. 

Are poisonous weeds of river flats, stockyards, 

etc. 

Grows in lawns, cultivated fields, gardens, 

roadsides, and waste areas. 

Flowers appear in warm seasons. 

Seed found on soft, spike-like panicles. Seed 

are awnless. 

Has the potential for short-distance wind 

dispersal. 

A vigorously growing grass species that is a 

common pasture weed. 

Crabgrass Common in both temperate and tropical 

regions. 

Flowering occurs year-round in warm regions. 

In temperate regions, it produces seed from 

early summer until the first frost. 

Seeds are 2-3.5 mm long, attached to a finger- 

like, hairy spike (not sharp). 

Since this weed is commonly associated with 

crops, it is likely that dispersal is via human 

activities (via harvested crop seed). 

Weed of gardens, lawns, and waste areas. It is 

a principal weed in sugarcane in QLD and in a 


Lorenzi and Jeffery, 

1987; Stubbendieck 

et al., 1994; USDA, 

1971; Wheeler et al., 

1984 




1. Seed may be present during the grape 

producing period and via wind dispersal, 




Australia and its presence in pastures 



3. Further spread is likely to occur via wind 

dispersal of the seeds. 






Australia and its presence in lawns, 

gardens, and sugarcane demonstrates its 



seeds contaminating the seed stock of 

harvested crops. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 61



Echium 

plantagineum L. 

name 

Paterson’s 

curse 



variety of crops such as coffee, rice, bananas 

and vegetables in many overseas countries. 

Warm-temperate regions, principally in areas 

with a dominant winter rainfall, where it is found 

on a wide range of soils. 

In Australia, flowering commences in early 

spring and continues for several months. 


persistent stiff bristled calyx. Seeds are strongly 

wrinkled and pitted. 

Spread by animals, although the most important 

means of dispersal has been as a contaminant 

of hay or grain. 

Weed of degraded pastures, roadsides and 

neglected areas in winter rainfall districts. 

Echium vulgare L. Viper’s bugloss Prefers temperate regions at elevations up to 

2100 m where it occurs over a wide range of 

soils but prefers the drier lighter ones. 

Flower production occurs several weeks later 

than E. plantagineum and extends over a longer 

period. 


persistent stiff bristled calyx. Seeds are strongly 

wrinkled and pitted. 

Spread by animals, although the most important 

means of dispersal has been as a contaminant 


Parsons & 


Parsons & 


1. Seed is present during the start of the 

grape producing period and via the 

bristled fruit, has the potential to enter 



Australia and its presence in degraded 

pastures and roadsides demonstrates its 



bristled fruit capsule attaching to animal 

hair, fibre and machinery or as a 

contaminant of hay or grain. 

1. Seed is present during the start of the 

grape producing period and via the 

bristled fruit, has the potential to enter 







bristled fruit capsule attaching to animal 

hair, fibre and machinery or as a 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 62



Eragrostis virescens 

Presl. 

Erodium moschatum 

(L.) L’Herit. ex W. Ait. 

name 

Mexican 

lovegrass 



of hay or grain. 

A weed of pastures, roadsides and neglected 

areas. 

In Southern Africa it occupies temperate (with 

summer rainfall) and subtropical regions. 

A similar species, Eragrostis curvula, is spread 

by short-distance wind dispersal, as seed 

contaminants and in mud adhering to animals 


Musky storksbill Commonly found on stony or poor gravely soils. 

Does not like cultivated soil. 

In Australia, flowers can appear between mid- 

winter and late-autumn. Seed production occurs 

from the fruit in autumn through to summer. 

When green, the fruits form a long beak shape 

like the head of a stork or heron, that split when 

ripe so that each seed is attached to a long, 

spirally-twisted awn. With changing humidity, 

the awn twists and relaxes, driving the seed into 

the ground. Erodium seeds are responsible for 

a large percentage of wool “burr” in sheep in 

some Australian districts. 


Parsons & 

Cuthbertson, 1992; 




O’Sullivan & 

Moerkerk, 2000 

contaminant of hay or grain. 

1. Based on the seed dispersal 

characteristics of the similar species E. 

curvula, E. virescens seed has the 

potential to enter Australia by falling into 

grape bunches after wind dispersal. 


Australia, demonstrating that it is able to 


3. Further spread is likely to occur via wind- 

dispersed seed. 

1. Awned seed is present during the start of 

the grape producing period and has the 










Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 63



name 

Euphorbia falcata L. Sickleleaf 

spurge 



Seed is moved via internal digestion of 

livestock, via attachment to livestock hides or 

wool, via birds or with the wind. 

Are found on farmland in Western Australia, 

especially poorly managed pastures and also 

on wasteland and roadsides. 

Within Euphorbiaceae, seed capsules are 

commonly round, 3-chambered, with 1 seed per 

chamber. Seeds are ovoid to oblong, round in 

cross-section, and 2-3 mm long. 

The specific dispersal mechanism of this weed 

is not known. However, it is known that mature 

capsules of many spurges rupture and forcefully 

eject seeds some distance from the parent 

plant. 

Species within the Euphorbiaceae family are 

usually weeds of waste areas, disturbed sites, 

roadsides, fields, and pastures. 

Euphorbia lathyrus L. Caper spurge Mainly occurs on the lighter soils of disturbed 

areas of temperate regions. 

Flowering begins in summer and continues 

through to autumn, both flowers and mature 

fruit being found at the same time on the one 

plant. 

Fruit is a 3-lobed pod-like capsule, containing 3 

seeds (4-5 mm long with a prominent yellow 


CDFA, 2001 

Parsons & 

Cuthberson, 1992 

1. Seed has the potential to enter Australia 

by falling into grape bunches upon 

explosion of the fruit capsule, if the weed 

is in close proximity to a grape vine. 


Australia and its presence in pastures, 

fields and roadsides demonstrates its 



explosive fruit capsules and then via seed 

being caught in mud on animals and 

machinery. 

1. Seed has the potential enter Australia by 

falling into grape bunches upon explosion 

of the fruit capsule, if the weed is in close 

proximity to a grape vine. 


Australia and its presence in gardens and 



Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 64



Euphorbia maculata 

L. 

name 



‘hat’ at one end). 

Ripe fruit burst open explosively, throwing 

seeds for several meters. Further dispersal 

results from seed being caught up in mud on 

animals, machinery, etc. 

A weed of gardens, along roadsides and in 

waste places, especially close to rivers and 

streams. 

Eyebane Is adaptable to most soils and positions, and is 

frost resistant but drought tender. 

Flowers produced in spring and autumn. 

Fruit capsule is 1.1-1.4 cm long, with 3 lobes. 

Seed are oblong, 3-sided, and pitted. 

Dispersal is via seed. The specific dispersal 

mechanism of this weed is not known. 

However, it is known that mature capsules of 

many spurges rupture and forcefully eject seeds 

some distance from the parent plant. 

Is known to be a weed of gardens, cultivated 

fields, lawns, roadsides, pastures, and waste 

places. 

Euphorbia peplus L. Petty spurge A widespread weed of cultivation. It is very 

adaptable to a wide range of habitats, but it 

prefers warm, moist, shaded, fertile areas of 


Bodkin, 1993; CDFA, 

2001; Stubbendieck 

et al., 1994 


CABI, 2002; CDFA, 

2001; Lamp & Collet, 




machinery. 

1. Seed may be present during the grape 


enter Australia by falling into grape 

bunches upon explosion of the fruit 

capsule, if the weed is in close proximity 

to a grape vine. 



lawns and cultivated fields demonstrates 

its ability to establish from seed in 

Australia. 




machinery. 



enter Australia by falling into grape 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 65



Euphorbia 

platyphyllos L. 

name 

Broad-leaved 

spurge 



high humidity throughout the tropics, subtropics 

and warm temperate world. 

Inflorescences are produced in spring in 

Australia. 

Seed possess deep regular pits. Within Species 

within the Euphorbiaceae family commonly 

have capsules that are round, 3-chambered, 

with 1 seed per chamber. Seeds ovoid to 

oblong, round in cross-section, and 2-3 mm 

long. 





plant. 

A common weed of gardens, nurseries and 

other highly disturbed areas. 

Within Euphorbiaceae, capsules are commonly 

round, 3-chambered, with 1 seed per chamber. 

Seeds ovoid to oblong, round in cross-section, 

and 2-3 mm long. 





plant. 


1989; Hussey et al., 

1997 

CDFA, 2001 


capsule, if the weed is in close proximity 

to a grape vine. 


Australia and its presence in gardens 






machinery. 

1. Seed has the potential to enter Australia 

by falling into grape bunches upon 

explosion of the fruit capsule, if the weed 

is in close proximity to a grape vine. 



roadsides, pastures and waste areas 



Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Page 66



name 



Species within the Euphorbiaceae family are 

usually weeds of waste areas, disturbed sites, 

roadsides, fields, and pastures. 

Galium aparine L. Cleavers Grows in a wide range of situations but thrives 

Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail barley, 

squirrel tail 

in moist habitats. It prefers nutrient-rich soils, 

but has been reported on sandy, loam and 

heavy organic soils. 

In Canada, mature fruits are produced from late 

June to mid-July (summer months). 

The surfaces of the fruit are covered with 

hooked bristles. Reproduces solely by seed. 

Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals 

and farm machinery or as contaminants of crop 

seed. Hooked bristles on fruits and seeds 

attach to animal fur, feathers or human clothes 

and bags. Fruits also have a hollow space near 

to the point of attachment between the two 

halves, which enables them to float on water. 

Found on a wide range of crops as well as in 

meadows, pastures, rich woodlands, thickets, 

hedgerows, seashores, waste ground and along 

fence rows. 

Grows at all elevations except in the alpine 

zone. It is common along roadsides, in moist 

meadows, and along lakeshores. It tolerates 



al., 1977; Lamp & 

Collet, 1989 


Lazarides et al., 

1997; Stewart & 




machinery. 

1. Bristled fruit are present during the grape 

harvesting period and have the potential 

to enter Australia by attaching to grape 

bunches. 


Australia and its presence in waste areas 

and pastures demonstrates its ability to 



bristled fruit attaching to animal hair, fibre 


1. Awned seeds fall from the plant during 

the grape producing period and have the 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 67



Hordeum marinum 

Huds. 

name 

Sea barley 

grass 



alkaline soils, and favours disturbed sites in 

urban settings. 

Seeds are produced during cool seasons (ie. 

late-autumn, winter or early-spring). 

Seeds possess sharp awns. 

Dispersal is likely to be by seed getting caught 

up in the fur of animals, clothing, etc. 

Weed of sheep areas and winter-growing crops. 

Found on disturbed or grazed, often saline 

sites. 

Most Hordeum spp. flower in spring. 


Dispersal is likely to be via seed getting caught 


Weed of sheep areas, winter-growing crops. 

Hordeum murinum L. Wild barley In Britain, it is most abundant in areas of low 

rainfall and warm temperatures. 

Mature seed fall from the plant from July to 


Hebda, 2000; 

Stubbendieck et al., 

1994 


Hussey et al., 1997 





Australia and its presence in sheep areas 

and winter-growing crops demonstrates 


Australia. 




1. Although seed production starts in spring 

(ie. prior to the start of the grape 

production period), mature seed may 

remain in the area. Awned seeds have 

the potential to enter Australia by 






Australia. 




1. Awned seeds fall from the plant during 

the grape producing period and have the 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 68



Hordeum secalinum 

Schreb. 

Hypericum 

perforatum L. 

name 



August in the northern hemisphere (summer 

months). 

Seeds possess long, stiff, barbed awns. 

Dispersal is likely to be via seed getting caught 


Weed of disturbed, open habitats, pastures, 

cereals, roadsides, railways, wasteland, sheep 

areas and winter-growing crops. Weed of 

vineyards in Spain. 

Meadow barley Most Hordeum spp. flower in spring. 


Dispersal is likely to be by seed getting caught 

up in fur of animals, clothing, etc. 

Weed of sheep areas and winter-growing crops. 

St John’s wort Prefers humid and subhumid temperate 

regions, growing on drier sites at elevations 

between 500 and 100 m. 




Parsons & 





vineyards and open habitats 




awned seeds attaching to animal hair, 


1. Although seed production starts in spring 

(ie. prior to the start of the grape 

production period), mature seed may 

remain in the area. Awned seeds have 

the potential to enter Australia by 






Australia. 


awned seeds attaching to animal hair, 


1. Sticky fruit are present during the start of 

the grape harvesting period and have the 

potential to enter Australia by sticking to 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 69



Hypochaeris glabra 

L. 

Juncus procerus E. 

Mey. 

name 

Smooth cat’s 

ear 



In Australia, flowers, and subsequently seed, 

are produced in November and continue well 

into summer. 

Fruit is a sticky, many-seeded capsule. Seeds 

are very small (1 mm long). 

A prolific seed producer. Dispersal is by water, 

mud, soil, and agricultural produce, particularly 

hay and chaff. 

A weed of poorly managed grazing land, sparse 

bushland, roadsides, and neglected areas. 

In southern Africa, it inhabits temperate (both 

winter and summer rainfall areas) to subtropical 

regions. 

Can flower all year round, but most commonly 

in spring. 

Seeds have a pappus. An inflorescence is 

commonly referred to as “Santa Claus.” 

Seeds are wind dispersed. 

Common weed of lawns, gardens, roadsides, 

pastures, abandoned cultivation, disturbed 

habitats and wasteland. 

Rush No information was found on J. procerus. 

However, information on similar species in the 

Juncus genus has been collated. 

Often grow in coastal marsh situation and 






Sainty et al., 1998 




roadsides and in grazing land 



3. Further spread is likely to occur via sticky 

or mud-captured seeds attaching to 

animal hair, fibre and machinery and as a 

contaminant of hay and chaff. 



enter Australia by getting caught in grape 

clusters. 


Australia and its presence in lawns, 

gardens, roadsides and wasteland 




inflorescence being wind dispersed 

and/or caught up in machinery. 


2. ** 

producing period, it is not likely to attach 

to grape clusters. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

No 

Page 70



Kickxia elatine (L.) 

Dum. 

name 



inland where silt has been deposited. Are salt 

tolerant species. 

Flowers are mostly produced from late-spring to 

autumn. 

Can usually produce both vegetatively and from 

seed. Seed are commonly spread by water. 

Common in wet healthland, watercourses and 

grassland. 

Twining toadflax Grows in gravelly lateritic soils. 

Flowers, and subsequently seed, are produced 

from November to April in Australia. 

Flowers have a long, straight, sharp spur. When 

ripe, seed capsules open to release round, 

brown seeds with honeycomb-like surfaces. 

Seed have potential for wind-dispersal. 

Grows in disturbed sites such as roadsides, 

settled and cultivated areas. 

Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce Prefers light, well-drained soils in an open, 

sunny position. Is drought and frost-tender. 

Summer growing annual in Australia (ie. 

suggests that seed are produced in summer 

months). 

Seed are small, and enclosed within the fruit 

(an achene). The achene is about 3 mm long, 



Paczkowska & 


UCIPM, 2000 


Bodkin, 1993; Hussey 

et al., 1997; 

Stubbendieck et al., 

1994 

3. ** 

1. Seed are present during the grape 



getting caught up in grape bunches. 



roadsides and in cultivated areas 



3. Further spread is likely to occur via wind 

dispersal of the seeds. 


producing period and via the beaked 

achenes, has the potential to enter 




roadsides and in gardens and cultivated 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 71



Modiola caroliniana 

(L.) G. Don. 

name 

Red-flowered 

mallow 

Oxalis corniculata L. Yellow wood 

sorrel 



contains 1 seed, and is beaked. 

Dispersal is via seed. 

Common weed of crops, gardens, roadsides, 

wasteland, disturbed bushland, and cultivated 

and degraded pastures. Frequent in 

horticultural areas. 

An annual or perennial herb. It is tolerant to salt 

and drought. 

Flowers are produced in late spring and 

summer. 

Fruits are black when mature. They are grooved 

and villous above and hairless and wrinkled on 

the under surface. Seed are about 1.5 mm long. 

Dispersal is via seed and stoloniferous stems. 

Weed of grasslands, pastures, orchards, 

wasteland and lawns. 

Cosmopolitan weed of the tropical and 

temperate zones and is common in gardens, 

lawns, arable land, pastures and waste areas. 

Flowers occur throughout the year in tropical 

climates and during spring months in temperate 

regions. It is assumed that seeds are produced 

during spring and summer months in temperate 

regions. 

Seeds (1.5 mm long) are borne within a capsule 

and seeds are ejected from the capsule. Its 


Gardenet, 2003; 

Hinsley, 2003; 





pastures demonstrates its ability to 



beaked achenes attaching to fibre and 

machinery. 

1. Reproductive stem fragments and seed 

2. * 

3. * 

are not likely to become associated with a 

grape cluster as they have no specialised 

attachment or wind dispersal 

mechanisms. 



enter Australia by landing within grape 


capsule, if in close proximity to a grape 

vine. 



orchards demonstrates its ability to 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Yes 

Page 72



Panicum capillare L. 

Panicum miliaceum 

L. 

Paspalum 

paspalodes Scribn. 

name 



presence on islands suggests that seed may 

also be dispersed by birds. 

Weed of pastures, orchards, tea, vegetables 

and sugarcane. 

Witchgrass Found in the tropics and subtropics. 

Flowers are produced in summer and autumn. 

The inflorescence in a dense panicle of small 

seeds. 

Seed is likely to be wind dispersed. 

Found along roadsides and in other disturbed 

sites in Western Australia. 

Millet panic Commonly found in crops and along field edges 

Buffalo quick 

paspalum 

and roadsides. Particularly adapted to sandy, 

droughty soils, but can grow on a wide range of 

soils. 

Inflorescences are produced in summer. Seeds 

mature from late August through to September 

in Canada (late-summer to early-autumn). 

Seeds are smooth, shiny, olive brown to black. 

Seeds are likely to be dispersed by human 

activities (via harvesting crop seed). 

Vigorous competitor with row crops, corn, 

soybeans, and beans. 

Is widespread in warm temperate and tropical 

regions of the world. Usually found near or in 

fresh water. 


3. Further spread is likely to occur via seeds 

being dispersed by the explosive fruit 

capsule and by bird dispersal. 

Hussey et al., 1997 1. Although seed are present during the 

BCMAFF, 2002; 



CABI, 2002; Lamp & 

Collet, 1989; Hussey 

2. ** 

3. ** 

grape harvesting period, it is not likely that 

this weed is found within the Chilean 

vineyards (usually found in tropical and 

subtropical regions). 


producing period and is able to enter 

Australia by getting caught up in 

machinery and then transferred to grape 

clusters. 


Australia and its presence in crops 




getting caught up in machinery or by 

contamination of crop seeds. 

1. This weed is not likely to be in close 

proximity to Chilean grape vines (ie. it 

prefers pools of fresh water). 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Yes 

No 

Page 73



Pennisetum 

clandestinum Hochst. 

Ex Chiov. 

name 



Flowers in summer in Australia. 

The inflorescence is a panicle of two green 

racemes, 2.5-2.8 mm long. 

Dispersal is commonly via rhizomes and 

stolons. 

Thrives in wet places and sometimes floats on 

water. 

Is a weed of damp places. Serious weed of 

drainage channels, irrigation areas, cultivation, 

and lawns. 

Kikuyu grass Grows best in areas with mild winters that 

receive some summer moisture. Plants tolerate 

periods of drought, light shade and most soil 

types, but do not survive prolonged periods of 

freezing temperatures. 

Flowers produced from April to October in 

California (mid-spring to mid-autumn). 

Reproduces vegetatively by creeping rhizomes 

and stolons and to a lesser extent, by seed. 

Dispersal via stem fragments getting caught up 

in agricultural machinery. When seed is 

produced, it can disperse via large ruminants 

(eg, cattle). 

Weed of gardens, orchards, cropland, forested 

sites and cultivation and can impede drainage 

in waterways. 


et al., 1997 Furthermore, rhizomes and stolons are 


CABI, 2002; CDFA, 

2001 

2. ** 

3. ** 

not likely to attach to grape bunches. 

1. Rhizomes and stolons are not likely to 

2. ** 

3. ** 

attach to grape bunches and the seed 

have no adaptations that would enable 

them to become associated with grape 

bunches. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Page 74



Polygonum 

hydropiper L. 

Polygonum 

lapathifolium L. 

name 



Water pepper Commonly found in moist soil or standing water 

(eg, in shallow water along the banks of 

streams and in wet depressions, on river flats 

and in swamps). Also occurs in crops and 

pastures with poorly drained soils. Grows in 

most temperate and subtropical climates. 

Flowers produced in early to mid-summer. 

Fruits are shed from late-summer until plant 

death (by frost or drought). 

Triangular seed, 2.0-3.5 mm long. 

Seed dispersal is via water and human activities 

(spread in poultry feed and small grass seed). 

Weed of lowland rice and wheat, vegetables 

and other irrigated crops. 

Pale smartweed Typically grow on the edges or in ponds, 

marshes, lakes, streams, and areas subject to 

seasonal flooding or periodic standing water. 

Flowers produced from June-October in 

California (early-summer to mid-autumn). 

Seed are about 2 mm long, flattened, achenes. 

Seed is most commonly dispersed as crop seed 

contaminants but also has been recorded as 

being dispersed by rabbits. 

Can invade rice fields, pastures, orchards and 

irrigated crops and stands of emergent plants 

can impede the flow of water in irrigation 




CDFA, 2001; Holm et 

al., 1997 


2. ** 

3. ** 



Furthermore, seed do not possess 

adaptations that would enable them to 

become associated with a grape bunch. 


2. ** 

3. ** 



Furthermore, seeds do not possess 

adaptations that would enable them to 

become associated with a grape bunch. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

No 

Page 75



Polygonum 

persicaria L. 

Ranunculus arvensis 

L. 

Ranunculus 

muricatus L. 

name 



ditches, canals and drainage areas. 

Red shank Occurs in wet places and is a weed of 

cultivation in orchards and market gardens. 

Completes its whole lifecycle in spring. 

Seeds are 2-3 mm long, black and shiny. 

A prolific seed producer. Most commonly 

spread as crop seed contaminants, in water and 

by animals. 

Weed of cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, berries 

and forages. 

Corn buttercup Other Ranunculus spp. prefer moist areas and 

Sharp fruited 

buttercup 

flower in spring. 

The fruit is a bristled achene that allows for 

dispersal by attachment to animals. 

This species is a common weed found in 

vineyards. Plants of this genus are often found 

in undisturbed bushland in Western Australia. 

Native to Mediterranean region, prefers to grow 

in winter-wet areas. 

Flowers are produced in late spring. 


BCMAFF, 2002; 




CABI, 2002 





2. ** 

3. ** 



Furthermore, seed is not present during 

the grape harvesting period and do not 

possess adaptations that would enable 

them to become associated with a grape 

bunch. 

1. Is known to be associated with vineyards. 

Seed may be present during the grape 

harvesting period and via the bristled fruit, 




Australia and its presence in bushland 

demonstrates its ability to establish in 

Australia. 


spined seeds attaching to animal hair, 



grape harvesting period and have the 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 76



Ranunculus 

parviflorus L. 

Rapistrum rugosum 

(L.) All. 

name 

Small-flowered 

buttercup 



Seeds have spiny, wart-like structures and a 

beak half as long as the seed. 

Seeds have spines that assist in dispersal by 

animals. 

A common weed of gardens, lawns, wetlands 

and grounds/pastures. 

Other Ranunculus spp. flower in spring. 

Seeds have spines that assist in dispersal by 

animals. 

A common weed of gardens, lawns, wetlands 

and pastures. 

Turnip weed Prefers waste places and cultivated areas on a 

wide range of soils in warm-temperate to 

subtropical areas. 

Flowering occurs from August to early summer. 

Fruit are globular pods, containing 1-2 seeds, 

that are conspicuously beaked. 

A weed of winter cereals, waste places and 





Parsons & 




Australia and its presence in gardens, 

lawns and pastures demonstrates its 






grape harvesting period and have the 




Australia and its presence in gardens, 

lawns and wetlands demonstrates its 






producing period and via the beaked fruit, 


attaching to grape clusters. 


Australia and its presence in waste places 

and pastures demonstrates its ability to 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 77



Rubus ulmifolius 

Schott. 

Rumex 

conglomeratus Murr. 

name 




over-grazed winter pastures. establish from seed in Australia. 

Blackberry Grows in humid and subhumid temperate 

regions mainly in areas with fertile soils and an 

annual rainfall greater than 750 mm. 

In Australia, fruit is produced from January to 

March. 

Fruit is a berry containing one 2.0-3.0 mm long 

seed. 

Primarily dispersed by birds feeding on fruits. 

Common weed of roadsides, streambanks, 

neglected areas, farmlands, orchards, forest 

plantations and bushland. 

Is Chile’s most widespread weed. 

Clustered dock Prefers moist fertile loams, or clay soils in 

temperate regions. 

Flowering occurs in spring, and seeds mature 

16-20 days later. 

Fruit possess 3 blunt-topped oblong valves. 

Well equipped for dispersal. Valves on the fruit 

play an important part in fruit dissemination by 

wind, water, animals and man. These valves 

are large wing-like and act as sails (wind 

dispersal), while the tubercles at their base act 

Parsons & 


Parsons & 



beaked seedpods attaching to animal 



2. ** 

3. ** 

producing period, it is not likely that bird 

dispersed seed will enter Australia via 


1. Valved fruit may be present during the 

grape harvesting period and has the 





roadsides and in pastures demonstrates 


Australia. 

3. Further spread is likely to occur via valved 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Yes 

Page 78



name 



as floatation chambers (water dispersal). The 

short bristles on the broadleaf fruit help it attach 

to wool, fur, bags and clothing. Some fruit is 

also spread in mud adhering to hooves, 

machinery and other vehicles, and as 

contaminants of agricultural seeds. 

Weed of wetter areas along roadsides, pastures 

and disturbed areas. 

Rumex crispus L. Curled dock Grows on most soil types and favours humid 

conditions but can withstand periods of drought 

because of deep-growing roots. 

Flowering occurs in spring and seeds mature 

16-20 days later. 

Seeds develop in achenes that are triangular in 

cross section, 2-3 mm long, with a shortly 

pointed base and a somewhat more long- 

pointed apex. The achenes are enclosed within 

three inner sepals (valves), which are heart- 

shaped with entire margins, brown at maturity. 

Primarily a weed in grasslands (pastures and 

meadows) and on arable land under perennial 

crops. But also a weed in orchards and 

vineyards and other fruit gardens. It otherwise 

occurs as a ruderal on shores, roadsides, ditch 

banks and courtyards. 


CABI, 2002; Parsons 

& Cuthbertson, 1992 

fruit attaching to animal hair, fibre and 

machinery, or being dispersed by wind 

and/or water. May also be spread as a 

contaminant of agricultural seed stock. 


Seed may be present during the grape 

producing period and via stiff valves on 

the fruit, has the potential to enter 




roadsides and in vineyards demonstrates 


Australia. 


seed attaching to animal hair, fibre and 

machinery or being wind dispersed. 

Rumex longifolius Long-leaved Little information has been found on R. CABI, 2002; Lamp & 1. Seed may be present during the grape Yes 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Page 79



name 



DC. dock longifolius. However, information on similar 

Salsola kali L. 

(varieties other than 

S. kali L. var. kali 

(synonym S. 

australis)) 

species in the Rumex genus has been collated. 

Prefers most soil types. 

Seed production commonly occurs in spring. 

R. longifolius is morphologically similar to R. 

crispus (see above). Fruit possess 3 blunt- 

topped oblong valves. 

Dispersal is commonly via fruit attaching to 

moving objects, such as animals and 

machinery. 

Prickly saltwort Grows at low- to mid-elevations along 

roadsides, railroad tracks, fields, and disturbed 

or unoccupied sites. Grows on well-drained, 

uncompacted soils with a sunny exposure. 

Seeds mature during August-November in 

Canada (late-summer to late-autumn). 

Small, 1-seeded fruits with winged tips. Seeds 

are round, black, smooth and shiny. 

Dispersed by plant breaking off at the root at 

maturity and plant tumbling in the wind. Main 

cause of spread internationally and nationally 

as a contaminant in wheat and grains, as well 

as in straw and hay. 

Weed of dryland agriculture, disturbed 

rangeland and disturbed habitats. 


Collet, 1989; Parsons 

& Cuthbertson, 1992 


BCMAFF, 2002; 


producing period and via stiff valves on 

the fruit, has the potential to enter 


2. Not currently present in Australia. 

However, it is expected that R. longifolius 

will be able to establish in Australia, since 

similar species in the Rumex genus have 

done so. 


seed attaching to animal hair, fibre and 

machinery. 


2. ** 

3. ** 

producing period, it is not likely that seed 

will be become associated with a grape 

bunch via the tumbling plant. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Page 80



Senecio mikanioides 

Otto. 

name 

Cape ivy, 

German ivy 

Senecio sylvaticus L. Wood 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) 

Roem. & Schult. 

groundsell, 

Mountain 

groundsell 

Queensland 

pigeon grass 



Prefers light-medium, well-drained soils in an 

open, sunny position and is drought resistant 

but frost tender. 

In Australia, flowers, and subsequently seed, 

are produced from July to August. 

Dispersal can be via seed or cuttings. 

Prefers gravely, well-drained soils of an alpine 

or subalpine climate in an open, sunny 

position,and is frost resistant but drought 

tender. 

Flowers produced in late summer. 

Dispersal is via seed, most likely facilitated by 

herbivore grazing and machinery. 

In Australia, other Senecio spp. are commonly 

found along roadsides, in paddocks, woodland 

and wasteland. 

A plant of disturbed ground, over a wide range 

of latitudes from northern temperate, through 

the tropics to southern temperate, and at 

elevations up to 300 m. It thrives best on fertile 

soils, especially those rich in nitrogen. 

Inflorescences produced in summer in 

Australia. 


Bodkin, 1993; Lamp 

& Collet, 1989 

Bodkin, 1993; Hussey 

et al., 1997 


et al., 1997 

1. Seed is not present during the grape 

2. ** 

3. ** 

producing period and thus, are not likely 

to be associated with a grape bunch. 





clusters. 



roadsides and in paddocks demonstrates 


Australia. 



herbivore dispersal. 





clusters. 


Australia and its presence in crops, 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 81



Setaria verticillata 

(L.) Beauv. 

name 

Whorled pigeon 

grass 



The inflorescence is an erect spike-like panicle. 

Seeds are awnless, convex and wrinkled on 

one face, flat on the other, and 1.5-3 mm long. 

Seeds may be spread in contaminated crop 

seed, by machinery and by water. 

Occurs as a weed in crops, pastures, roadsides 

and waste places. 

A plant of disturbed areas, especially in annual 

and perennial crops, but also along roadsides 

and in waste places over a wide ecological 

range from northern temperate, through the 

tropics, to southern temperate areas. It also 

occurs at high altitude in the tropics, for 

example, in East Africa. 

Flowering occurs from July to November in Iraq 

(warm temperatures). 

Inflorescence is a narrow, spike-like panicle, 5- 

15 cm long. 

Dispersal is assisted by complete 

inflorescences being carried on clothing or 

animal fur assisted by barbed bristles on the 

spikelets. 

Weed of a wide range of tropical and temperate 

crops. Weed of maize, sorghum, sugarcane, 

and wheat crops. 



al., 1977; Wheeler et 

al., 1984 

pastures and waste places demonstrates 


Australia. 



contamination of crop seeds. 


harvesting period and via the bristled 

inflorescence, has the potential to enter 



Australia and its presence in crops 




bristled inflorescence attaching to animal 


Setaria viridis (L.) Green pigeon Commonly found in the temperate zone. Holm et al., 1977 1. Seed is present during the grape Yes 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Page 82



name 



Beauv. grass Flowering occurs from late-summer to autumn. 

Fruit consist of 2 hard scales that enclose the 

grain. Grains are flat, and 2.25 mm long. 

A prolific seed producer, commonly dispersed 

by contaminating crop seeds. The barbed 

bristles on the spikelet may adhere to clothing, 

wool, fur or other surfaces. May also be 

dispersed by birds. 

Weed of cultivated fields, gardens, waste 

places, disturbed areas and along roads. Is 

frequently found in fertile soils. 

Sonchus arvensis L. Corn sowthistle Mainly occurs in temperate and subtropical 

Sorghum halepense 

(L.) Pers. 

areas with humid climates. It does not thrive in 

warm tropical climates. Grows on most soil 

types, but prefers moist mineral soils. 

Flowering occurs from high summer to autumn. 

Seeds are 2.5-3.5 mm long and ribbed with a 

parachute-like pappus. 

A prolific seed producer. Dispersal is mainly by 

water and, via the pappus attached to seeds, 

short distance wind dispersal. 

Weed of agricultural and horticultural crops. It 

occurs in fields with perennial crops, particularly 

in orchards and vineyards. 

Johnson grass Occurs in temperate, subtropical and tropical 

regions, where it commonly inhabits wet places. 


CABI, 2002; 

BCMAFF, 2002; 



Parsons & 

harvesting period and via the bristled 

inflorescence, has the potential to enter 




roadsides and in wasteplaces 




bristled inflorescence attaching to animal 



Seed is present during the grape 

harvesting period and via wind dispersal, 




Australia and its presence in vineyards 

and perennial crops demonstrates its 



being dispersed by water and wind. 

1. Spikey seed is present during the grape 


Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Yes 

Page 83



name 



In Australia, flowering occurs about 7 weeks 

after seedling emergence (seeds germinate in 

spring and early summer) and continues until 

autumn. 

Inflorescences possess spikelets on the outer 

surface. 

Seeds dispersal is facilitated by the detached 

spikelets, which are blown in the wind, float on 

water, stick to wool and fur and pass relatively 

unharmed through animal and bird digestive 

tracts. Seed may also be spread as a 

contaminant in agricultural produce and in mud 

sticking to vehicles. 

Weed of cultivation in irrigated areas. 

Spergula arvensis L. Corn spurry A cosmopolitan weed that is most widely 

distributed in the temperate zones, but does 

enter the tropics at higher elevations. Prefers 

acidic, light, soils but can also grow well on 

heavy soils. 

In Canada, flowering occurs from June through 

October (summer-autumn) and mature seed fall 

from the plant from July onward (summer 

onwards). 

Fruit is a round, one-celled capsule splitting into 

5 segments and containing many seeds. 

Short distance dispersal is by water and by mud 






bunches. 






spikey seed attaching to animal hair, fibre 

and machinery, being dispersed by wind 

or water, contaminating agricultural seed 

and by being transported by herbivores. 



enter Australia by sticking (when damp) to 







seed being water dispersed, eaten by 

birds, or caught up in mud and 

transported further. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Page 84



Taeniatherum caput- 

medusae Boiss. 

name 



on animals, the feet of humans and by 

agricultural machines. Also, viable seed has 

been found in the droppings of birds and 

ruminants. Seeds are sticky when damp. 

Troublesome weed of cultivation. 

Medusa-head Typically invades rangeland communities. It 

occurs in disturbed sites, grassland, oak 

woodlands and agronomic fields. Growth is 

best on clay soils or where deep soil moisture is 

available late in the growing season. 

Flowers appear in the summer months. 

Seeds possess barbs. 

Spikes, consisting of the ascending glumes, 

remain intact for a long period. Some florets 

can remain attached to spikes long after plants 

turn brown. 

Prolific seed producer, dispersing seed via 

wind, soil movement, human activities and by 

adhering to animals. 

Weed of pastoral land. 

Vicia sativa L. Common vetch Requires low temperatures for germination and 

growth, moderate to high temperatures for 

flowering and fruiting, and is susceptible to 

frost. Predominant in temperate to sub-tropical 

regions, and is well adapted to high altitudes. 

Occurs under semi-arid and irrigated conditions 


CDFA, 2001 


CABI, 2002; Lamp & 

Collet, 1989; Hussey 

et al., 1997 

1. Barbed seed is present during the grape 



bunches. 


Australia and its presence on pastoral 

land demonstrates its ability to establish 



barbed seed attaching to animal hair, 


1. Although seed may be present during the 

2. ** 

3. ** 

grape producing period, it is unlikely that 

they will become associated with grape 

bunches. 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

No 

Page 85



Xanthium spinosum 

L. 

name 



on a wide range of soil types of varying pH and 

salinity. 

Flowers are produced in spring in Australia. 

Pods are 2.5-4 cm long, hairy and contain 8-10 

seeds. 

Seed dispersal via contamination of harvested 

cereal seed. Seeds are similar in size to lentil 

seed. 

Weed of annual and perennial cereal crops, 

channel banks, pastures, gardens and 

wasteland. 

Bathurst burr Prefers exposed, moderately warm situation in 

temperate regions on highly fertile, disturbed 

soils. Often associated with sheep camps, 

watercourses, dam banks and floodplains. 

In Australia, burrs are produced in February. 

The fruit is a burr with numerous hooked 

spines. 

Well adapted to dispersal by animals and by 

man through attachment to virtually any fibrous 

material. 


Parsons & 


1. Burred seed is present during the grape 



bunches. 


Australia and its presence at sheep 

camps and dam banks demonstrates its 



barbed seed attaching to animal hair, 


** Indicates establishment and/or spread questions that did not require an answer due to the previous question being answered with a “No.” 

Pest? 

(yes/no) 

Yes 

Page 86


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Auld, B.A. and Medd, R.W. (1992). Weeds - An Illustrated Botanical Guide to the Weeds of Australia. Inkata press. Melbourne, Australia. 

BCMAFF (2002). Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Burnaby, Canada. 

Bodkin, F. (1993). The Encyclopaedia Botanica: the essential reference guide to native and exotic plants in Australia. Angus and Robertson, 

Australia. 

Bromilow, C. (1995). Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications cc, Arcadia, South Africa. 

CABI (2002). Crop Protection Compendium Global Module – 2002 edition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

CDFA (2001). The Noxious Weed Data sheets. Californian Department of Food and Agriculture. 

http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/weedinfo/NWIcommonname.html 

DGS (2003). Weeds. Down Garden Services. http://www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk/weeds.htm 

Gardenet (2003). Gardenet: Creeping Mallow. http://www.gardenet.com.au/turf/turfweeds/cmallow.htm 

George, A.S. (1989). Flora of Australia, Vol 3. Australian Government Printing, Canberra, Australia. 

Hinsley, S.R. (2003). The Modiola Page. Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don. http://www.meden.demon.co.uk/Malvaceae/Modiola/Modiola.html 

Hnatiuk, R.J. (1990). Census of Australian Vascular Plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 11. Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Canberra. 

Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra. 

Holm, L. Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. and Herberger, J. (1997). World Weeds: Natural History and Distribution. John Wiley and Sons, Brisbane, 

Australia. 

Page 87


Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. (1991). A Geographic Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, 

Florida, USA. 

Holm, L.G., Plucknett, D.L., Pancho, J.V. and Herberger, J.P. (1977). The World's Worst Weeds. Distribution and Biology. University Press of 

Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 

Hussey, B.M.J., Keightley, G.J., Cousens, R.D., Dodd, J. and Loyd, S.G. (1997). Western Weeds. A Guide to Weeds of Western Australia. Plant 

Protection Society of Western Australia, Victoria Park, Western Australia. 

Kogan, M. (1989). Biology of Bidens aurea (Ait) Sherff, important perennial weed on Chilean Fruiticulture. 4th Symposium on Weed Problems in 

the Mediterranean Climates. European Weed Research Society, Valencia, Spain. 

Lamp, C. & Collet, F. (1989). Field Guide to the Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. 

Lazarides, M., Cowley, K. and Hohnen, P. (1997). CSIRO Handbook of Australia Weeds. CSIRO, Australia. 

Lorenzi, H.J. and Jeffery, L.S. (1987). Weeds of the United States and their Control. Van Norstrand Reinhold Co., New York, USA. 

Marticorena, C. and Quezada, M. (1985). Catálogo de la flora vascular de Chile. Botanica Gayana. 42: 1-155. 

Matthei, O.J. (1995). Manual De Las Maleaz Que Crecen En Chile. Santiago, Chile. pp 519-522. 

OSU (2003). Weed Management in Nursery Crops. Oregon State University. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/index.html 

O’Sullivan, N. and Moerkerk, M. (2000). Weed ID / Management. Erodium species. 

http://weedman.horsham.net.au/weeds/erodium/erodium_spp.html 

Paczkowska, G. and Chapman, A.R. (2000). The Western Australian Flora. A descriptive catalogue. Wildflower Society of Western Australia, 

Nedlands, Western Australia. 

Parsons, W. T. and Cuthbertson, E. G. (1992). Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. 

Reed, C.F. (1977). Economically important foreign weeds. Potential problems in the United States. United States Department of Agriculture. 

Page 88


Sainty, G., Hosking, J. and Jacobs, S. (1998). Alps Invaders. Weeds of the Australian High Country. Australian Alps Liaison Committee, Australia. 

Stewart, H. and Hebda, R.J. (2000). Grasses of the Columbia Basin of British Columbia. Ministry of Forest Research Program, British Columbia. 

Stuart, R.M. (2002). A biological control model for Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (Asteraceae) by Mesoclanis polana (Tephritidae). 

Honours thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT. 

Stubbendieck, J., Friisoe, G.Y., and Bolick, M.R. (1994). Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains. Nebraska Department of Agriculture, Nebraska, 

USA. 

UCIPM (2000). University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. The Regents of the University of California. 

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_common.html 

USDA (1971). Common Weeds of the United States. US Department of Agriculture. Dover Publications Inc., New York. 

Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. (1986). A Catalogue of Problem Plants in Southern Africa. 

Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No 53. Botanical Research Institute. Pretoria, South Africa. 

Wheeler, D. J. B., Jacobs, S. W. L. and Norton, B. E. (1984). Grasses of New South Wales. University of New England Monographs 3. University of 

New England, Australia. 

Weiller, C.M., Henwood, M.J., Lenz, J. and Watson, L. (1995). Pooideae (Poaceae) in Australia – Descriptions and Illustrations. URL 

http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/pooid/www/ 

Page 89


APPENDIX 2C: PEST PLANTS (CHANGES SINCE TECHNICAL ISSUES 

PAPER) 

Since the publication of the Technical Issues Paper a number of revisions have been made to the 

pest plant component of the assessment. The methodology used is described in Part A of this 

document and a summary of the specific changes is given below. 

Thirty two (32) new pest plant species have been considered further in Appendix 2a, and 14 pest 

plant species have been re-assessed as not needing further consideration. Table 2c shows the pest 

plant species that have had a change in “consider further” status in Appendix 2a. 

Table 2c Pest plant species with revised ‘consider further’ status in Appendix 2a 

Pest plant species 

Considered Further in 

TIP Appendix 1 (2002) 

Considered Further in Draft 

IRA Appendix 2a (2003) 

Yes No Yes No 

Aira caryophyllea L. � � 

Boerhavia erecta L. � � 

Cardamine hirsute L. � � 

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. � � 

Carduus pycnocephalus L. � � 

Carthamus lanatus L. � � 

Centaurea solstitialis L. � � 

Chenopodium album L. � � 

Chloris gayana Kunth. � � 

Chloris vigata Sw. � � 

Conium maculatum L. � � 

Convolvulus arvensis L. � � 

Cyperus rotundus L. � � 

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. � � 

Equisetum bogotense Kunth � � 

Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook) Benth. � � 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Herit. ex 

W. Ait. 

� � 

Euphorbia falcata L. � � 

Euphorbia lathyrus L. � � 

Euphorbia maculata L. � � 

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Considered Further in Draft 

IRA Appendix 2a (2003) 

Yes No Yes No 

Euphorbia peplus L. � � 

Euphorbia platyphyllos L. � � 

Hordeum marinum Huds. � � 

Hordeum murinum L. � � 

Hordeum secalinum Schreb. � � 

Hypochaeris glabra L. � � 

Kickxia elatine (L.) Dum. � � 

Lactuca serriola L. � � 

Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don. � � 

Oxalis pes-caprae L. � � 

Panicum miliaceum L. � � 

Paspalum paspalodes Scribn. � � 

Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex 

Chiov. 

� � 

Polygonum aviculare L. � � 

Polygonum hydropiper L. � � 

Ranunculus repens L. � � 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. � � 

Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. � � 

Senecio mikanioides Otto � � 

Senecio sylvaticus L. � � 

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. � � 

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. � � 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. � � 

Spergula arvensis L. � � 

Tribulus terrestris L. � � 

Vicia sativa L. � � 

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In Appendix 2b, four pest plant species (see Table 2d) that were previously not considered further 

in Appendix 1b of the TIP have been re-assessed as having quarantine pest status. 

Table 2d Pest plant species with revised ‘consider further’ status in Appendix 2b 




Quarantine Pest in Draft 

IRA Appendix 2b (2003) 

Yes No Yes No 

Echium plantagineum L. � � 

Echium vulgare L. � � 

Eragrostis virescens Presl. � � 

Oxalis corniculata L. � � 

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GROUP 1 – MITES 

Brevipalpus chilensis Baker [Acari: Tenuipalpidae] (False red mite) 

Eotetranychus lewisi (McGregor) [Acari: Tetranychidae] (Lewis spider mite) 

APPENDIX 3 DATASHEETS 

Oligonychus vitis Zaher & Shehata [Acari: Tetranychidae] (Table grape red mite) 

Oligonychus yothersi McGreg. [Acari: Tetranychidae] (Avocado red mite) 

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) [Acari: Tetranychidae] (European red mite) 

Tetranychus desertorum Banks [Acari: Tetranychidae] (Tetranychid mite) 

Synonyms and changes in combination (where applicable): 

Eotetranychus lewisi: Eutetranychus lewisi (McGregor); Tetranychus lewisi McGregor. 

Oligonychus yothersi: Epitetranychus altaeae von Haust; Oligonychus major Ewing; 

Paratetranychus major (Ewing); Paratetranychus yothersi (McGregor); Tetranychus major 

(Ewing); Tetranychus yothersi McGregor. 

Panonychus ulmi: Metatetranychus canestrinii Oudemans; Metatetranychus mali Oudemans; 

Metatetranychus pilosus (Canestrini and Fanzago); Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch); Oligonychus 

alni Oudemans; Oligonychus muscorum Oudemans; Oligonychus potentillae Oudemans; 

Oligonychus ulmi (Koch); Paratetranychis pilosus (Canestrini and Fanzago); Paratetranychis 

pilosus alboguttatus Zacher; Paratetranychus pilosus occidentalis McGregor and Newcomer; 

Tetranychus alboguttatus Zacher; Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini and Fanzago; Tetranychus 

Metatetranychus canestrinii Oudemans; Metatetranychus mali Oudemans; Metatetranychus 

pilosus (Canestrini and Fanzago); Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch); Oligonychus alni Oudemans; 

Oligonychus muscorum Oudemans; Oligonychus potentillae Oudemans; Oligonychus ulmi (Koch); 

Paratetranychis pilosus (Canestrini and Fanzago); Paratetranychis pilosus alboguttatus Zacher; 

Paratetranychus pilosus occidentalis McGregor and Newcomer; Tetranychus alboguttatus Zacher; 

Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini and Fanzago; Tetranychus pilosus (Canestrini and Fanzago); 

Tetranychus ulmi Koch (Canestrini and Fanzago); Tetranychus ulmi Koch. 

Tetranychus desertorum: Septanychus argentinus; Septanychus deserticola; Septanychus texazona; 

Tetranychus argentinus; Tetranychus deserticola; Tetranychus opuntiae; Tetranychus texazona; 

Tetranychus thermophilus. 

Hosts: 

Brevipalpus chilensis: Actinidia chinensis (kiwi fruit); Ampelopsis sp.; Annona cherimola 

(cherimoya); Antirrhinium sp.; Catalpa speciosa; Chrysanthemum sp.; Citrus limon (lemon) & C. 

sinensis (orange); Cydonia oblonga (quince); Diospyros kaki (persimmon); Ficus carica (fig); 

Garcinia sp.; Jasminum angustifolium; Lugustrum sinensis; Malus pumila (apple); Pelagonium sp.; 

Prunus armeniaca (apricot) & P. dulcis (almond); Pyrus communis (pear); Rubus ideeus 

(raspberry); Strongylodon macrobotrys; Viburnum sp.; Vinca sp.; Vitis vinifera (grape). 

Page 93


Eotetranychus lewisi: Abutilon malacum; Acacia sp. & A. constricta & A. kamerunensis & A. 

pennatula; Ambrosia confertiflora; Antigonon leptopus; Bauhinia sp. & B. picta; Bebbia juncea; 

Bocconia arborea; Brickellia californica; Cardiospermum halicacabum; Carica papaya; 

Ceanothus sp.; Ceiba acuminata; Citrus limon (lemon); Citrus sp.; Cleome sp.; Cnidoscolus sp.; 

Coenothus sp.; Crotalaria sp.; Croton sp. & C. ciliato-glandulosus & C. glabellus & C. sonorae; 

Cucurbita sp.; Ditaxis lanceolata; Encelia frutescens; Erythrina edulis; Euphorbia sp. & E. 

cyathophora & E. marginata & E. pulcherrima (poinsettia); Ficus carica; Haplopappus sp & H. 

spinulosus; Heterotheca sp.; Hydrangea arborescens; Ipomoea sp.; Jatropha cardiophylla; 

Koelreuteria paniculata; Lycium sp.; Malpighia sp.; Mimosa biuncifera & M. laxiflora; Monarda 

sp.; Pinus sp. & P. cembroides & P. nelsonii & P. ponderosa (ponderosa pine); Populus deltoides 

& P. tremuloides; Prunus persica (peach); Prunus sp. Pyrus sp.(pear); Quercus sp.(oak); Rincinus 

communis; Rosa sp.; Scirpus californicus; Solanum sp. & S. elaegnifolium; Sphaeralcea orcuttii; 

Vixa orellana; Vitis sp. (grape). 

Oligonychus vitis: Eucalyptus sp.; Heteropyxis natalensis; Pyracnatha sp.; Vitis vinifera (grape). 

Oligonychus yothersi: Ampelopsis sp.; Anacardium occidentale; Annona cherimolav (cherimoya); 

Arenga engleri; Averrhoa carambola; Bixa orellana; Buxus sp.; Calliandra sp. (powderpuff); 

Camellia sp & C. sinensis (tea); Crica papaya; Castanea sativa; Chrysalidocarpus lutescens; 

Chrysophyllum cainito; Cinnamomum camphora; Clidemia sp.; Coffea sp. & C. arabica (Arabian 

coffee); Copaifera lansdorfii; Cotoneaster micorphylla; Cydonia oblonga (quince); Elaeagnus 

parvifolia; Eriobotrya japonica (loquat); Erythrina sp. & E. edulis; Eucalyptus sp; Eugenia sp. & 

E. insipida; Euphorbia longana; Ficus elastica; Fuschsia sp.; Grevillea robusta (silky oak); 

Guarea francavillana; Ipomeoa sp.; Lagerstroemia speciosa; Litchi chinensis (litchi); Malus sp. & 

M. pumila (apple); Mangifera indica (mango); Manihot esculentia; Musa sapientum; Persea 

americana (avocado); Platanus sp.; Populus tremuloides (poplar); Prunus persica (peach); 

Psidium guajava (guava); Punica granatum (pomegranate); Pyracantha sp.; Pyrus communis 

(pear); Rhododendron sp.; Ricinus communis; Rosa sp.; Salix sp. & S. alba & S. chilensis (willow); 

Terminalia catappa; Theobroma cacao; Tibouchina lepidopta; Vitis sp. (grape); Xylopia fragans. 

Panonychus ulmi: Acacia longifolia, Aesculus hippocastanum; Alnus sp.; Amaranthus sp.; 

Amelanchier sp.; Artocarpus heterophyllus; Atropa belladonna; Avena sativa (oat); Betula sp. 

(birch); Calystegia sepium; Camellia sinensis (tea); Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut); 

Chenopodium sp.; Citrus sp. & C. aurantiifolia & C. aurantium & C. grandis; Convolvulus 

arvensis; Corylus avellana; Cotoneaster tomentosus; Crataegus sp.; Cucumis sp.; Cucurbita 

maxima & C. pepo; Cydonia oblonga (quince); Dalbergia sissoo; Daucus carota (carrot); 

Desmodium canescens; Diospyros sp. (persimmon); Eriobotrya japonica (loquat); Fagus sylvatica; 

Ficus carica; Fragaria sp.(strawberry) & F. vesca (alpine strawberry, woodland strawberry); 

Frangula alnus; Fraxinus sp.; Gardenia jasminioides; Hibiscus sp.; Hydrangea macrophylla 

(hydrangea); Juglans regia (walnut); Juncus maritimus; Laburnum alpinum; Lonicera japonica 

(honeysuckle); Malus sp.; Malva sp.; Medicago sativa (lucerne, alfalfa); Morus sp.; Myrica 

pensylvanica; Petroselinum crispum; Phaseolus sp.; Phlox sp.; Polygonum aviculare; Populus sp. 

(poplar); Potentilla fruticosa; Prunus sp.; Pyracantha sp.; Pyrus sp.; Quercus sp. (oak); Rhamnus 

sp.; Ribes sp.; Robinia pseudoacacia; Rosa sp.; Rubus sp.; Rumex obtusifolius; Salix alba & S. 

caprea; Sapindus saponaria; Sasa kurilensis; Sphora japonica; Sorbus aria & S. aucuparia & S. 

chrysophylla & S. conradina & S. fennica & S. hostii & S. scandica; Sorghum halepense 

(sorghum); Symphoricarpos foetidus; Syzygium sp.; Tilia cordata; Trifolium sp. (clover); Triticum 

aestivum (wheat); Ulmus sp.; Vicia sativa; Vitis sp. (grape); Wisteria sinensis; Zea mays (maize). 

Tetranychus desertorum: Gossypium (cotton), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Vitis sp. (grape); status 

on Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) unknown. 

Page 94


Distribution: 

Brevipalpus chilensis: Argentina; Chile. 

Eotetranychus lewisi: Bolivia; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Hawaii; 

Honduras; Libya; Madeira Island; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; South Africa; USA. 

Oligonychus vitis: North Africa (Egypt to Algeria); Chile; India; South Africa. 

Oligonychus yothersi: Argentina; Brazil; Chile; China; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Ecuador; 

Hawaii; Mexico; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Peru; USA. 

Panonychus ulmi: Afghanistan; Algeria; Argentina; Australia (considered absent from Western 

Australia); Austria; Belgium; Bermuda; Brazil; Bulgaria; Canada; Chile; China; Costa Rica; 

Czechoslovakia; Denmark; Egypt; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; India; Iran; 

Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea; Lebanon; Libya; Lithuania; Madeira Island; Morocco; The 

Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Rumania; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; 

Switzerland; Syria; Taiwan; Tunisia; Turkey; United Kingdom; United States of America; 

Uruguay; Venezuela; Vietnam; Yugoslavia. 

Tetranychus desertorum: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Japan, Mexico, Paraguay, 

Senegal, Venezuela. 

Interceptions: 

B. chilensis was detected in association with Vitis sp. imported from Chile into the USA 119 times 

during 1994-2002 (SAG/USDA, 2002). This pest was also detected in association with Actinidia 

chinensis (x26), Actinidia spp. (x2) and Citrus limon (x6) from Chile during this period. However, 

it was not been detected in association with table grapes imported from Chile to New Zealand in 

approximately 70 consignments during 3 seasons of trade (MAF, 2002). Mites (live and dead) are 

commonly intercepted on plant commodities imported into Australia, for example, cherries from 

the USA. 

Biology: 

B. chilensis is recognised as a significant pest of table grapes in Chile and is known to be 

associated with this commodity. Due to the recognised importance of this pest it was used as the 

basis for the data sheet, risk assessment and development of proposed risk management measures. 

Specific quarantine measures are required for B. chilensis for the importation of table grapes from 

Chile into the USA (methyl bromide fumigation, CFR 319.56-2m), New Zealand (inspection using 

a maggi lamp, MAF Biosecurity Authority (Plants) Standard 152.02) and Peru (inspection and 

methyl bromide fumigation, Departmental Resolution No. 076-2003-AG-SENASA-DGSV). 

B. chilensis is a small, reddish mite about 1 mm long. Females lay eggs on the underside of leaves 

and produce up to 140 eggs. Populations of 900-1400 adults per leaf are reported for Chile. This 

species initially feeds and causes damage to Vitis buds and can then be found distributed through 

the bunch and on the underside of the leaves. (Gonzalez, 1983). 

B. chilensis assumed pest status in Chile in the 1950s following the widespread application of 

organophosphorus insecticides. Losses in vineyards of up to 30% have been reported. This species 

primarily affects the buds and leaves of Vitis (its main host in Chile) and is associated with the 

vegetative and flowering/fruiting structures of a range of horticultural, forestry, ornamental and 

weed hosts (e.g. those in vineyards). (Gonzalez, 1983). 

Page 95


B. chilensis is considered to be a more common pest of Vitis in Chile than other species of mite 

such Oligonychus vitis, Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi. Oligonychus vitis assumed pest 

status in Chile in 1969 following a serious drought during 1968. It was associated with defoliation 

of several varieties. Damage due to this species in its native North Africa is also associated with 

dry climates. (Gonzalez, 1983). 

The report of Gonzalez (1983) indicates that, to varying degrees, B. chilensis, Oligonychus vitis, 

Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi are all pests of Vitis in Chile. In recent comments from 

SAG (2002) it was noted that: Eotetranychus lewisi was occasionally detected in table grape 

foliage but has not been detected in grape bunches; Oligonychus vitis was considered to be a pest 

of mature leaves post harvest and not a pest of bunches; and Panonychus ulmi was normally a pest 

of pome fruit and was not associated with table grapes in Chile. Further clarification of the 

association of these mite species with table grapes may be possible once inspection records for this 

commodity are available. 

References: 

CABI (2002). Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

Gonzalez, R.H. (1983). Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicacions en Ciencids Agricolas No. 13. 

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Veterinarias y Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 

MAF (2002). Interception data for table grapes from Chile. Provided by the Ministry of 

Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand) to Biosecurity Australia, email 29 November 2002. 

SAG (2002). Response to the Technical Issues Paper from Chile. 

SAG/USDA (2002). Importation of Fresh Commercial Citrus Fruit: Clementine (Citrus reticulata 

Blanco var. Clementine), Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Tangerine (Citrus reticulata 

Blanco) from Chile into the United States. A Pathway Initiated Plant Pest Risk Assessment. Draft 

March 2002. Departamento Protección Agrícola, Servicio Agrícola Ganadera (Santiago, Chile) and 

United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Protection and Quarantine (Riverdale, Maryland). 

www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/draftclementine.pdf 

Page 96


GROUP 2A – APHIDS 

Aphis fabae Scopoli [Hemiptera: Aphididae] (Black bean aphid) 

Aphis illinoisensis Shimer [Hemiptera: Aphididae] (Grapevine aphid) 

Synonyms and changes in combination: 

Aphis fabae: Anuraphis cynariella Theobald; Aphis abientaria Walker; A. addita Walker; A. 

adducta Walker; A. advena Walker; A. aparines Fabricius; A. aparinis E. Blanchard; A. apii 

Theobald; A. apocyni Koch; A. atriplicis nec Linnaeus; A. brevisiphona Theobald; A. carpathica 

Tshumak; A. chaerophylli Koch; A. citricola van der Goot; A. dahliae Mosley; A. erecta del 

Guercio; A. fabae E. Blanchar; A. fumariae Blanchard; A. hortensis Fabricius; A. indistincta 

Walker; A. inducta Walker; A. insularis Blanchard; A. ligustici Fabricius; A. neri nec Boyer de 

Fonscolombe; A. papaveris auct.; A. phlomoidea del Guercio; A. polyanthis Passerini; A. rumicis 

Linnaeus; A. silybi Passerini; A. thlaspeos Schrank; A. translata Walker; A. tuberosae Boyer de 

Fonscolombe; A. valerianina del Guercio; A. watsoni Theobald; Doralis fabae Scopoli; Myzus 

roseum Macchiati; M. rubra Macchiati; M. rubrum del Guercio. 

Aphis illinoisensis: Aphis ampelophila Del Guercio; A. viticola (Thomas); Macrosiphum 

illinoisensis (Shimer); M. viticola Thomas; Siphonophora viticola Thomas, 

Hosts: 

Aphis fabae: The primary host is usually Euonymus europaeus but A. fabae is highly polyphagous 

on secondary hosts, which include many crop plants: Allium spp., Amaranthus retroflexus 

(carelessweed), Apium graveolens (celery), Arctium lappa (burdock), Berberis vulgaris (European 

barberry), Beta spp. & B. vulgaris (beetroot), Brassica spp., Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Capsicum 

spp. & C. annuum (capsicum), Carduus spp., Chenopodium album (fat hen), Cirsium spp., Citrus 

deliciosa (mediterranean mandarin) & C. sinensis (orange), Crataegus phaenopyrum, Cucumis 

melo (melon) & C. sativus (cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (banana squash), Cynara scolymus 

(artichoke), Euonymus europaeus & E. japonicus, Glycine max (soyabean), Gossypium spp., 

Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Helichrysum spp., Hosta spp., Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lonicera 

spp., Lupinus spp. & L. luteus (yellow lupin), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Momordica spp., 

Oxytropis albiflorus, Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Phaseolus 

coccineus (runner bean ) & P. vulgaris (common bean), Philadelphus coronarius (mock orange), 

Pisum sativum (pea), Rheum officinale (Chinese rhubarb), Rosa spp., Sambucus spp., Sinapis alba 

(white mustard), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) & S. tuberosum (potato), Urtica spp., 

Viburnum spp. & V. opulus (Guelder rose), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vicia spp. & V. faba 

(broad bean), Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Aphis illinoisensis: Carica papaya (pawpaw); Cissus sicyoides; Cucumis sativus (cucumber); 

Mangifera indica (mango); Viburnum sp. (black haw); Vitis tiliaefolia; Vitis vinifera (grape). 

Distribution: 

Aphis fabae: A. fabae and its subspecies are widespread in temperate regions of the Northern 

Hemisphere. It is predominantly a crop pest in temperate and Mediterranean climates but also 

occurs in the Middle East, India and in some countries in South America and Africa. It is 

uncommon in most tropical regions and is presently absent from Australasia. Records of A. rumicis 

on hosts other than Rumex, from earlier in the 20th Century are assumed to be A. fabae in 

Page 97


distribution maps. Afghanistan, Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, 

Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, 

Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, Former Yugoslavia, France, Georgia (Republic), Greece, 

Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, 

Lebanon, Libya, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, 

Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russian Federation, South 

Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, 

United Kingdom, Uruguay, USA, Zimbabwe. (CABI, 2002). 

Aphis illinoisensis: Brazil; Chile; Costa Rica; El Salvador; South America; USA; Uruguay; 

Venezuela. 


This group of pests (Aphididae) was not been detected in association with table grapes imported 

from Chile to New Zealand in approximately 70 consignments during 3 seasons of trade (MAF, 

2002) nor in association with table grapes from California destined for Australia during the first 

season of trade for this commodity (APHIS/AQIS, 2003). 

Biology: 

Aphids are considered a secondary or accidental pests of Vitis spp. in Chile but can cause 

significant damage to certain varieties in some seasons. They are reported as attacking leaves, 

tendrils and bunches. In-field control measures are not standard due to the infrequent occurrence of 

infestations. (Gonzalez, 1983) 

SAG (2002) commented that: Aphis fabae was a secondary polyphagous pest, present in Chile but 

not a pest of grapevines; and Aphis illinoisensis was reported in grapevine buds and tendrils but not 

fruit and was an uncommon species. Further clarification of the association of these aphid species 

with table grapes may be possible once inspection records for this commodity are available. 

Aphis fabae is recorded as a vector for more than 30 plant pathogenic viruses (Blackman and 

Eastop, 1985). It is dark brownish to matt black and adults are often bigger than other Aphis spp. 

Specimens are variably striped and may have dorsal white wax markings. Apterae specimens are 

1.5-3.1 mm and alatae specimens are 1.3-2.6 mm. One female may produce up to 100 young, at a 

rate of 10 per day. (CABI, 2002). Aphis illinoisensis is small (adults approximately 2mm), rather 

shiny and deep reddish-brown to almost black (CABI, 2002; Gonzalez, 1983). 

References: 

APHIS/AQIS (2003). Interception records for the Californian table grape pre-clearance program 

2002 season. Summary of identifications provided by APHIS January 2003. 

Blackman, R. L. and Eastop, V. F. (1985). Aphids of the world’s crops: an identification guide. 

John Wiley and Sons: New York. 







Page 98


GROUP 2B – MEALY BUGS & SCALES 

Icerya palmeri Riley-How [Hemiptera: Margarodidae] (Margarodes scale) 

Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) [Hemiptera: Coccidae] (European fruit lecanium scale) 

Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] (Citrophilus mealybug) 

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] (Grape mealybug) 


Parthenolecanium corni: Coccus rosarum Snellen van Volenhoven, C. tiliae Fitch, Eulecanium 

corni corni (Bouché); Schmutterer, E. fraxini King, E. guignardi King, E. kansasense (Hunter) 

King, E. rosae King, E. vini (Bouché) Cockerell, Lecanium (Eulecanium) armeniacum Craw; 

Cockerell & Parrott, L. (E.) assimile Newstead; Reh, L. (E.) aurantiacum Hunter, L. (E.) 

canadense Cockerell; Cockerell & Parrott, L. (E.) caryarum Cockerell, L. (E.) corylifex Fitch; 

Cockerell, L. (E.) crawii Ehrhorn; Cockerell & Parrott, L. (E.) cynosbati Fitch; Cockerell & 

Parrott, L. (E.) fitchii Signoret; Cockerell & Parrott, L. (E.) kingii Cockerell, L. (E.) lintneri 

Cockerell & Bennett; Cockerell, L. (E.) maclurarum Cockerell, L. (E.) ribis Fitch; Cockerell & 

Parrott, L. (E.) rugosum Signoret; Cockerell, L. (E.) tarsale Signoret; Cockerell & Parrott, L. (E.) 

vini Bouché; King & Reh, L. adenostomae Kuwana, L. armeniacum Craw, L. assimile Newstead, 

L. canadense Cockerell; Cockerell, L. caryae canadense Cockerell, L. corni Bouché, L. corni 

robiniarum Marchal, L. coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification), L. corylifex Fitch, L. crawii 

Ehrhorn, L. cynosbati Fitch, L. fitchii Signoret, L. folsomi King, L. juglandifex Fitch, L. kansasense 

Hunter, L. lintneri Cockerell & Bennett in Cockerell, L. maclurae Hunter, L. obtusum Thro, L. 

persicae crudum Green, L. pruinosum armeniacum Craw, L. rehi King in King & Reh, L. ribis 

Fitch, L. robiniarum Douglas, L. rugosum Signoret, L. tarsalis Signoret, L. vini Bouché, L. 

websteri King, L. wistariae Signoret, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); Borchsenius, P. coryli 

(Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification). 

Pseudococcus calceolariae: Dactylopius calceolariae Maskell, Erium calceolariae (Maskell) 

Lindinger, Pseudococcus citrophilus Clausen, P. fragilis Brain, P. gahani Green. 

Pseudococcus maritimus: Dactylopius maritimus, Planococcus maritimus, Pseudococcus bakeri, 

P. capensis, P. latipes, P. omniverae. 

Hosts: 

Icerya palmeri: Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Parthenolecanium corni: P. corni is highly polyphagous, attacking some 350 plant species placed 

in 40 families. It attacks a wide range of crops, mostly woody fruit trees and ornamentals. Primary 

hosts are: Crataegus (hawthorns), Malus (ornamental species apple), Prunus spp. & P. domestica 

(damson) & P. persica (peach), Ribes spp. & R. nigrum (blackcurrant) & R. rubrum (red currant), 

Rosa (roses), Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Pseudococcus calceolariae: P. calceolariae is a highly polyphagous species that has been recorded 

from hosts in 40 plant families. Primary hosts are: Abutilon (Indian mallow), Arachis hypogaea 

(groundnut), Brachychiton, Brassica, Ceanothus, Chenopodium (Goosefoot), Citrus medica 

(citron), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Crataegus (hawthorns), Cydonia oblonga (quince), 

Daucus carota (carrot), Dodonaea viscosa (switch sorrel), Eugenia, Ficus, Fragaria, Geranium 

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(cranesbill), Hedera helix (ivy), Helianthus, Heliotropium arborescens (Cherry-pie), Hibiscus 

(rosemallows), Juglans regia (walnut), Laburnum anagyroides (laburnum), Ligustrum, Lolium 

(ryegrass), Malus pumila (apple) & M. sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Malva (mallow), Musa 

paradisiaca (plantain), Nerium oleander (oleander), Palmae (plants of the palm family), 

Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum 

tobira (Japanese pittosporum) & P. undulatum (Australian boxwood), Polyscias, Prunus, Pyrus 

communis (European pear), Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Rhododendron (Azalea), Ribes 

sanguineum (Flowering currant), Rosa (roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Schinus molle 

(California peppertree), Sechium edule, Solanum tuberosum (potato), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), 

Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Pseudococcus maritimus: Annona cherimolav (cherimoya); Cydonia oblonga (quince); 

Hippeastrum; Howeia forsteriana; Juglans regia (walnut); Malus domestica (apple); Prunus 

armeniaca (apricot) & P. domestica (plum) & P. persica (peach), Pyrus communis (pear); Solanum 

tuberosum (potato); Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Distribution: 

Icerya palmeri: Chile. 

Parthenolecanium corni: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia 

(considered to be absent in Western Australia), Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria 

Canada (rd), Chile, China, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia (former -), Denmark, Egypt, Finland, 

Former Yugoslavia, France, Georgia (Republic), Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, 

Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea (North), Korea (South), Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, 

Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, 

Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation (rd), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, 

Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, USA, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. 

Pseudococcus calceolariae: Australia (considered absent from Western Australia), Chile, China, 

Czechoslovakia (former), France, Georgia (Republic), Ghana, Italy, Madagascar, Mexico, 

Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine, United 

Kingdom, USA. 

Pseudococcus maritimus: Argentina; Azerbaijan; Brazil; Canary Islands; Chile; Egypt; Georgia; 

Gibraltar; Guatemala; Hawaii; Hungary; Iran; Mexico; New Zealand; Poland; Peru; South Africa; 

Sri Lanka; UK; USA. Reports of this species in Australia are based on misidentifications of P. 

affinis, P. caleolariae and P. longispinus (Williams, 1985). 


This group of pests has been detected (mealy bugs – Pseudococcidae; scales – Diaspididae, 

Saisseta sp.) in association with table grapes imported from Chile to New Zealand in 

approximately 70 consignments during 3 seasons of trade (MAF, 2002). Pseudococcus maritimus 

was detected in association with table grapes from California destined for Australia during the first 


Biology: 

Natural enemies normally maintain populations of Parthenolecanium corni below economic 

thresholds in the USA but damaging populations can occur especially when natural enemies are 

affected by pesticide application. Host plants can be directly and indirectly affected by infestations. 

The honeydew that is excreted provides a substrate for the growth of black sooty moulds that can 

Page 100


reduce photosynthesis (causing premature leaf drop) and reduce the commercial quality of the 

produce. (CABI, 2002). 

In general, damage to table grapes caused by mealy bugs is due to the pests contaminating clusters 

with cottony egg sacs, larvae, adults, and honeydew. As described above for P. corni, the 

honeydew can be covered with a black sooty mould. In addition, species such as Pseudococcus 

maritimus can transmit grape viruses (UC, 2003). Pseudococcus calceolariae is regarded as a 

major pest in the Riverland region of South Australia and an occasional or minor pest in Victoria 

and New South Wales (Gullan, 2000). 

Icerya palmeri is reported in association with Vitis spp. in Chile (Prado, 1991) but further 

information on the biology of this species is not known. Females in this family (Margarodidae) 

have distinctly segmented bodies usually covered in a waxy secretion. Adult males are winged. 

Specimens can be mistaken for mealy bugs (Hill, 1975). 

The lifecyle of Pseudococcus maritimus is similar to that for most mealy bugs: egg, 1 st -4 th instars, 

5 th instar (male) and adult. The adult male is approximately 1mm long, a weak flyer and only lives 

for a few days during which mating takes place. The adult female is approximately 4mm long, 

wingless and quite sedentary. Reproduction is sexual with females reported to produce an average 

of 110 eggs. (Grimes and Cone, 1985). This species is considered to spread slowly in the USA but 

once it is present in an orchard the infestation is difficult to clean up (TFREC, 2003). In California, 

feeding and subsequent damage is mainly on leaves and adult females migrate to the trunk for 

oviposition. In this location it is mainly considered as a pest of grape, pear and apricot (ScaleNet, 

2003). 

Pseudococcus calceolariae is oval shaped and up to 4mm long and adult females are covered in 

white secretion (Willams, 1985). Reproduction is sexual and there are 3-4 generations per year on 

citrus in Australia (Victoria and New South Wales) (ScaleNet, 2003). 

Parthenolecanium corni is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions and can be a 

serious pest of deciduous orchards, vines and ornamentals (Ben-Dov, 1993). This species 

reproduces sexually and parthenogenetically, has 1-3 generations a year and on apples females are 

reported as laying 502-4025 eggs each. It disperses as the first-instar crawler by wind, animal 

vectors and movement of infested material by humans. Life stages are mostly sedentary apart from 

the winged male. Crawlers settle and feed on the underside of leaves and later stages often migrate 

to stems and branches. Adult females are convex or hemispherical and up to 6mm long and 5mm 

wide. The shape, size and colour is extremely variable and depends on maturity, host and what part 

of the plant it has infested. (CABI, 2002). 

Eight species of Pseudococcus and two species of Parthenolecanium (APPD, 2003) are reported in 

Australia, demonstrating the suitability of the climatic conditions for their survival. 

References: 

APPD (2003). Australian Plant Pest Database. 



Ben-Dov, Y (1993). A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the world (Homoptera: 

Coccoidea: Codccidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic 

importance. Sandhill Crane Press Inc. 


Page 101


Grimes, E.W. and Cone, W.W. (1985). Life history, sex attraction, mating and natural enemies of 

the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Annals of the 

Entomological Society of America 78 (4): 554-558. 

Gullan, P.J. (2000). Identification of the immature instars of mealybugs (Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae) found on citrus in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 39: 160-166. 

Hill, D.S. (1975). Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. Cambridge University 

Press. 



Prado, E.C. (1991). Artropodos y Sus Enemigos Naturales asociados a Plantas Cultivadad en Chile, 

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Serie Boletin Tecnico No. 169. 

ScaleNet (2003). http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm 

TFREC (2003). Pear Entomology: Pest Gallery. Tree Fruit Research Centre, Washington State 

University. http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/pearent/pest_gallery.htm 

UC (2003). Grape mealybugs (Pseudococcus). University of California Statewide Integrated Pest 

Management Program. www.ipm.ucdavis.edu 

Williams, D.J. (1985). Australian mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History). 

Page 102


GROUP 3 – LEPIDOPTERANS 

Accuminulia buscki Brown [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Tortricid leafroller) 

Accuminulia longiphallus Brown [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Tortricid leafroller) 

Chileulia stalactitis (Meyrick) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Grape berry moth) 

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] (Variegated cutworm) 

Proeulia apospata Obraztsov [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Fruit tree leaf roller) 

Proeulia auraria (Clarke) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Chilean fruit tree leaf folder) 

Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Fruit leaf folder) 

Proeulia triquetra Obraztsov [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae] (Grape leaf roller, fruit tree leaf roller) 


Chileulia stalactitis: : Eulia stalactitis Meyrick 

Peridroma saucia: Agrotis angulifera Wallengren, A. impacta Walker, A. inermis Harris, A. intecta 

Walker, A. ortonii Packard, A. saucia (Hübner) Lycophotia margaritosa (Haworth), L. ochronota 

Hampson, L. saucia (Hübner), Noctua aequa Hübner, N. majuscula Haworth, N. margaritosa 

Haworth, N. saucia Hübner, Rhyacia margaritosa (Haworth), R. saucia (Hübner), Peridroma 

margaritosa (Haworth). 

Proeulia apospata: Eulia auraria Clarke (part) 

Proeulia auraria: Eulia auraria Clarke 

Proeulia chrysopteris: Eulia chrysopteris Meyrick, Tortrix chrysopteris Butler. 

Hosts: 

Accuminulia buscki: Prunus armeniaca (apricot) & P. domestica (plum) & P. persica (peach); 

Vitis spp. (grapevine). 

Accuminulia longiphallus: details unknown. 

Chileulia stalactitis: Austrocedrus chilensis; Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) & C. sinensis (orange); 

Prosopis tamarungo (mesquite); Prunus armeniaca (apricot) & P. cerasus (cherry) & P. domestica 

(plum) & P. salicina (Japanese plum); Vitis vinifera (grape). 

Peridroma saucia: P. saucia has been recorded on a wide range of more than 130 angiosperms, 

preferring primarily herbaceous dicotyledonous plants, then woody shrubs and low-growing fruit 

trees, and thirdly monocotyledonous plants, mainly grasses. Primary hosts are: Beta vulgaris 

(beetroot), Brassica oleracea (cabbage, cauliflower) & B. oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), 

Capsicum annuum (capsicum), Cynara scolymus (artichoke), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), 

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), 

Solanum tuberosum (potato). Vitis vinifera (grapevine) is considered a secondary host. 

Proeulia apospata: Vitis vinifera (grapevine) 

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Proeulia auraria: This species is a general feeder on deciduous as well as on evergreen wild host 

plants and crops. It was first found on a native shrub, Aristolochia chilensis (Aristolochiaceae) and 

then on a variety of endemic trees belonging to the families Myrtaceae and Rosaceae, among 

others. Exotic host trees include ornamentals such as the sycamore (Platanus orientalis) and false 

acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), Horticultural hosts include: Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi), Citrus 

sinensis (navel orange), Malus pumila (apple), Prunus armeniaca (apricot) & P. avium (cherry) & 

P. domestica (damson) & P. persica (peach), Pyrus communis (European pear), Vitis vinifera 

(grapevine). 

Proeulia chrysopteris: From the wide array of native host plants in over 16 families of higher 

plants, this species has been slowly moving to economic crops, particularly fruit trees in the 

families Rosaceae, Vitaceae and Rutaceae (citrus group). e.g. Acer pseudoplatanus (great maple), 

Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Diospyros (malabar ebony), Malus 

pumila (apple), Mespilus germanica (medlar), Platanus orientalis (plane), Prunus armeniaca 

(apricot) & P. domestica (damson) & P. persica (peach), Pyrus communis (European pear), 

Simmondsia chinensis, Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Proeulia triquetra: Vitis vinifera (grapevine) 

Distribution: 

Accuminulia buscki: Chile. 

Accuminulia longiphallus: Chile. 

Chileulia stalactitis: Chile. 

Peridroma saucia: Originally P. saucia was probably a Neotropical species with a range extending 

north to the southern USA. It has been recorded in almost every country in Europe. Armenia, 

China, Israel, Japan, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech 

Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, 

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 

Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, 

Morocco, Tunisia, Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, USA, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, 

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. 

Proeulia apospata: Chile. 

Proeulia auraria: Chile (restricted distribution). 

Proeulia chrysopteris: Chile (restricted distribution). 

Proeulia triquetra: Chile. 


This group of pests (Lepidoptera) was not been detected in association with table grapes imported 


2002). Adult and juvenile (pupa) forms (including Geometridae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae and 

Torticidae) were detected in association with table grapes from California destined for Australia 

during the first season of trade for this commodity (APHIS/AQIS, 2003). 

A Lepidopteran, later identified as Accuminulia buscki, was intercepted in the USA in a 

consignment of Chilean table grapes in 1926 (Brown, 1999). Nearly all interceptions of 

Page 104


Lepidoptera in the USA are larvae but as the larvae of Accuminulia are unknown it is not possible 

to determine if this genus is among these interceptions (Brown, 1999). 

Biology: 

Most larval Tortricinae are leaf rollers but a few genera are known to bore into the fruit of host 

plants (Brown, 1999). These genera include Proeulia, Chileulia and Accuminulia. This contrasts 

with the report of Pucat (1994) who noted that larvae of Proeulia are external feeders that leave the 

host plant before harvest. Brown and Passoa (1998) describe the larvae of Proeulia as polyphagous 

leaf rollers that are also known to feed on the surface of fruit. 

Proeulia auraria & P. triqueta are known to destroy buds, berries and vegetative material of Vitis 

in Chile and their presence is characterized by the presence of rolled up leaves. Damage to the 

berries can vary from superficial to completely destroyed. Proeulia auraria was initially 

considered a pest of citrus but has grown in importance as a pest of Vitis. Proeulia auraria is the 

most common species of this genus in Chile and the other species are considered to be of less 

significance. This genus is considered to be of quarantine concern for table grapes exported from 

Chile to the USA. (Gonzalez, 1983). 

The genus Proeulia is capable of flight with some species known to fly throughout the year. For 

example, Proeulia auraria is an abundant native insect in Chile and flies virtually throughout the 

year with peaks during January and April and September-November. (Gonzalez, 1983). Proeulia 

overwinters on deciduous hosts as first instar larvae protected in webs but develops throughout 

winter on evergreen hosts. Eggs masses are laid on leaves. Leaves and flower debris are often 

attached to damaged fruit and severely affected young fruit can dry and fall off. (Pucat, 1994). 

The genus Accuminulia has been recently described (Brown, 1999) and is considered to be a 

potential future pest problem for Chile (Gonzalez, 2000). Accuminulia buscki is considered to be a 

native species of Chile that has expanded its host range to include agricultural crops (Brown, 

1999). The biology of A. longiphallus is not known (Brown, 1999). 

Peridroma saucia is the only migratory species within the Peridroma genus and adults migrate 

regularly into most of Europe and into the northern USA and southern Canada (CABI, 2002). 

Feeding of cutworms such as P. saucia occurs from bud swell to when shoots are several inches 

long. Injured buds may fail to develop shoots/clusters and result in yield loss (USDA, 2002). In 

California this species does not migrate to the soil but moves underneath the bark (USDA, 2002). 

Chileulia stalactitis feeds on foliage, mature fruit and developing fruit. It is considered a secondary 

pest of Vitis in Chile but is capable of causing significant damage. Damage caused to Prunus by 

this species is considered to be more significant that that caused by species of Proeulia. This 

species overwinters as larvae inside hollow fruit or dried up bunches. In spring it feeds on leaves 

and in summer on leaves and flowers. Adults begin to emerge at the beginning of winter and can 

frequently be seen flying during August. Eggs are laid on leaves. (Gonzalez, 1983). 

SAG (2002) commented that Accuminulia spp., Chileulia stalactitis and Proeulia could all be 

easily detected during phytosanitary inspection. This may be possible for specimens present 

externally in/on the bunch but it is also possible that larvae may be inside fruit. 

References: 



Page 105


Brown, J.W. (1999). A new genus of tortricid moths (Tortricidae: Euliini) injurious to grapes and 

stone fruit in Chile. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 53 (2): 60-64. 

Brown, J.W. and Passoa, S. (1998). Larval foodplants of Euliini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): from 

Abies to Vitis. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 64 (1): 1-11. 


Gonzalez, R.H. (2000). Biological antecedents of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in pome 

fruit orchards. Revista Fruticola 21 (1): 11-26. 



Powell, J.A. (1986). Synopsis of the classification of neotropical Tortricinae, with descriptions of 

new genera and species (Leipdoptera: Tortricidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 62 (4): 372-398. 

Pucat, A.M. (1994). Fruit leaf folders – Proeulia spp. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Plant 

Health Risk Assessment Unit. 


USDA (2002). Crop Profile for Grapes (Table) in California. NSF Centre for Integrated Pest 

Management, North Carolina University. http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/docs/cagrapestable.html 

Page 106


GROUP 4 – THRIPS 

Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] (Grape thrips) 

Frankliniella australis Morgan [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] (Chilean flower thrips) 

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] (Western flower thrips) 

Synonyms and changes in combination: 

Drepanothrips reuteri: Drepanothrips viticola Mokvzechi 

Frankliniella australis: Frankliniella cestrum Moulton; Frankliniella argentinae Moulton 

Frankliniella occidentalis: Frankliniella californica (Moulton); Frankliniella helianthi (Moulton); 

Frankliniella moultoni Hood; Frankliniella trehernei Morgan 

Hosts: Thrips are generally polyphagous pests, for example, there are 244 plant species from 62 

families recorded as hosts for F. occidentalis (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Commercial hosts in the USA 

include Allium, Citrus, Cucurbitaceae, Gladiolus, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Phaseolus, 

Prunus and Rosa. Drepanothrips reuteri is only reported in association with Vitis (CABI, 2002). 

Distribution: 

Drepanothrips reuteri: Chile, former USSR, France, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey, USA (California). 

Frankliniella australis: Argentina, Bolivia; Chile. 

Frankliniella occidentalis: Indigenous to North America (Canada, Mexico, continental USA). 

Began to spread internationally in about 1980 and has now been reported from countries in all 

continents of the world. (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Albania (restricted distribution, rd), Argentina, 

Australia (rd), Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria (rd), Canada (rd), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic (rd), Denmark (rd), Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia (rd), 

Finland, France (rd), Germany (rd), Greece (rd), Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, 

Italy, Japan (rd), Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta (rd), 

Martinique, Mexico (rd), Netherlands, New Zealand (rd),Norway (rd), Peru, Poland (rd), Portugal 

(rd), Puerto Rico, Réunion, Romania, Russian Federation (rd), Slovakia, Slovenia (rd), South 

Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (rd), United Kingdom, USA, 

Venezuela, Zimbabwe. 


This group of pests (Thysanoptera) was not been detected in association with table grapes imported 


2002) nor in association with table grapes from California destined for Australia during the first 


Biology: 

A comprehensive data sheet on Frankliniella occidentalis is provided in CABI/EPPO (1997). 

This group of pests can directly affect plant production by reducing yield and quality or 

transmitting viruses, or indirectly when their mere presence on a crop can result in access to 

particular markets being denied (CABI, 2002). Thrips are recognised as vectors of a range of plant 

Page 107


viruses, for example tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and tobacco streak ilavirus (TSV) by F. 

occidentalis. Only nymphs can acquire the virus and they remain infective for 3-10 days. 

(CABI/EPPO, 1997). 

Drepanothrips reuteri has been recorded as forming a major (e.g. 70%) part of the thrips 

populations associated with table grapes in certain areas of Chile. This species, along with F. 

cestrum (F. australis), are considered to be significant pests of Vitis in Chile. (Gonzalez, 1983; 

Ripa, 1994). Frankliniella australis is also a recognised pest of Prunus with significant reductions 

in production of marketable fruit reported from Chile (Ripa, 1988; Ripa and Rodriguez, 1993). In 

contrast to these reports, SAG (2002) commented that F. australis is associated with flower petals 

during their development and is not considered to cause economic damage. 

There is some debate over the exact symptoms on Vitis in Chile caused by various species of thrips 

and whether they cause symptoms on berries in addition to vegetative plant parts (Gonzalez, 1983). 

Frankliniella occidentalis and D. reuteri are known to cause scarring of berries in California which 

can make some white varieties unmarketable (UC, 2000). 

Adult thrips are tiny, for example, the adult female of F. australis 1.6 to 1.8 mm of long (Gonzalez, 

1983) and adults of F. occidentalis are generally less than 2mm (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Colouration 

of adults can vary, for example, pale, intermediate and dark forms of F. occidentalis occur at 

different times of the year in the USA (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Eggs are similarly small with F. 

occidentalis eggs being opaque, reniform and approximately 200µm long (CABI/EPPO, 1997). 

The small size of thrips allows them to secrete themselves into small crevices and tightly closed 

plant parts. Localised spread could occur via wind, human vectors (e.g. in hair, on clothes), on 

equipment/containers and international spread is possible on plants for planting and cut flowers 

(CABI/EPPO, 1997). Specimens of F. australis can be found under the bark of Vitis and other 

hosts during winter (Gonzalez, 1983). SAG (2002) considers that specimens of F. australis can be 

detected during phytosanitary inspection. 

Under favourable conditions, thrips such as F. occidentalis can reproduce continually. Up to 15 

generations per year have been recorded under glasshouse conditions with females producing 20- 

40 eggs each (CABI, 2002). 

Interstate restrictions on the movement of certain F. occidentalis host material exist in Australia. 

For example, the movement of cut flowers, leafy vegetables or nursery stock of F. occidentalis 

hosts into the State of Tasmania (DPIWE). 

References: 




CABI/EPPO (1997). Quarantine Pests for Europe – Data sheets on quarantine pests for the 

European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Smith, 

I.M., McNamara, D.G., Scott, P.R. and Holderness, M. (Editorial Committee); Burger, B. 

(Associate Editor). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the European and 

Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 

DPIWE. Plant Quarantine Manual – Tasmania. Department of Primary Industries, Water and 

Environment. 

Page 108






Ripa, R. S. (1988). Damage to plum and apricot shoots associated with thrips. Acricultura Tecnica 

(Chile) 48: 46-47. 

Ripa, R. (1994). Fruit trees in Chile. IPM Bulletin of Pest Management. Issue 4. 

www.nri.org/IPMEurope/ipmwd/issue4/iss4uk00.htm 

Ripa, S. R. and Rodriguez, A. F. (1993). Relationship between the presence of thrips during 

flowering of nectarines and their incidence on russeting of fruits at harvest. Agricultura Tecnica 

Santiago 53 (1): 23-29. 


UC (2000). UC Pest Management Guidelines – grape thrips. University of California Statewide 

Integrated Pest Management Program. www.ipm.ucdavis.edu 

Page 109


GROUP 5 – WEEVILS 

Geniocremnus chiliensis (Boheman) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] (Tuberous pine weevil) 

Naupactus xanthographus (Germar) [Coleoptera: Bostrichidae] (Fruit tree weevil) 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] (Vine weevil; black vine weevil) 


Naupactus xanthographus: Leptocerus xanthographus Germar; Pantomorus xanthographus 

(Germar). 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus: Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabricius, Curculio sulcatus Fabricius, 

Otiorhynchus linearis Stierlin. 

Hosts: 

Geniocremnus chiliensis: Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Naupactus xanthographus: There are conflicting reports (marked with *, Gonzalez, 1983, Ripa, 

1986) on the host range for this species but it is considered to include: Actinidia chinensis (kiwi 

fruit); Annona cherimola (cherimoya, custard apple); Beta vulgaris; Citrus limon (lemon); Citrus 

sinensis (orange); Conium maculatum; Cydonia (quince); Diospyros kaki (persimmon); Eriobotrya 

japonica (loquat); Foeniculum vulgare (fennel); Juglans regia (walnut); Lucuma bifera*; Malus 

domestica (apple); Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne); Mespilus germanic; Olea europaea (olive); 

Persea americana (avocado); Phaseolus vulgaris (bean); Plantago major; Prunus armeniaca* 

(apricot); Prunus cerasus (cherry); Prunus domestica (plum); Prunus persica* (peach); Prunus 

salicina* (Japanese plum); Pyrus communis* (pear); Raphanus sativus (radish)*; Rubus idaeus* 

(frambuesa, raspberry); Rumex sp.; Solanum tuberosum (papa, potato); Sorgum halepense 

(sorghum); Taraxacum officinale (dandelion); Vitis vinifera* (grapevine). 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus: Astilbe, Begonia & B. cucullata var. hookeri (Perpetual begonia), Camellia 

& C. japonica (Camellia), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodium album (fat 

hen), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cissus rhombifolia (grape ivy), Cornus florida (Flowering cornel), 

Corylus, Cotoneaster & C. bullatus, Cryptomeria, Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Erica (heaths), 

Euonymus (spindle trees) & E. alatus & E. fortunei, Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) & F. vesca 

(European strawberry), Fuchsia, Gaultheria shallon (Salal), Gerbera (Barbeton daisy), Hedera 

(Ivy), Humulus lupulus (hop), Impatiens (balsam), Juniperus horizontalis (creeping juniper), 

Kalanchoe, Kalmia latifolia (Calico-bush), Ligustrum vulgare (privet), Liquidambar styraciflua 

(American red gum), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pinus 

contorta (lodgepole pine), Populus (poplars), Primula (Primrose) & P. polyantha, Prunus 

laurocerasus, Rhododendron (Azalea) & R. catawbiense, & R. ponticum (Pontic rhododendron) & 

R. simsii (Sim's azalea), Rosa (roses), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Rudbeckia laciniata (Cutleaf 

coneflower), Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant), Saxifraga, Schefflera, Sedum, Sonchus 

oleraceus (annual sowthistle), Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Taxus & T. baccata (English 

yew) & T. cuspidata (Japanese yew) & T. media, Thuja & T. occidentalis (Eastern arborvitae) & T. 

plicata (western red cedar), Trifolium repens (white clover), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), 

Vaccinium (blueberries), Viola (Violet), Vitis vinifera (grapevine). 

Distribution: 

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Geniocremnus chiliensis: Chile. 

Naupactus xanthographus: Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Paraguay; USA; Uruguay. 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus: Australia (considered absent in Western Australia), Austria, Belgium, 

Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, 

Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, 

Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Saint Helena, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA, 

Yugoslavia (restricted distribution). 


Naupactus xanthographus has been detected in association with grapes and melons exported from 

Chile to the USA since 1953. Prior to 1975 (when mandatory fumigation of Chilean table grapes 

destined for the USA was introduced) it was detected 26 times with grapes and 10 times with 

melons. It was subsequently (until 1982) detected 6 times with grapes and pears. (Gonzalez, 1983) 

Biology: 

The life stage of weevils, such as N. xanthographus and O. sulcatus, considered likely to be 

associated with table grapes is the adult. Larvae and eggs are primarily found in soil, bark and 

vegetation but adults may be associated with bunches (as demonstrated by interceptions of N. 

xanthographus during phytosanitary inspections). 

Phytosanitary measures are required for N. xanthographus for the export of table grapes from Chile 

to the USA and Peru (inspection and methyl bromide fumigation, Departmental Resolution No. 

076-2003-AG-SENASA-DGSV). 

Naupactus xanthographus was first regarded as a pest of commercial crops in Chile in the 1930’s 

but was not recognised as a pest of Vitis until the 1950’s. By the 1960’s is was considered a serious 

pest of Vitis in Chile and also a primary pest of citrus, avocado and loquat. It is considered a 

secondary pest of alfalfa in Argentina. Damage due to adults is considered to be variable whereas 

damage due to larvae is considered to occur every year. The level of damage is proportional to the 

size of the population. (Gonzalez, 1983) 

Adult female N. xanthographus are 14-18mm long and the male is smaller (12-14mm) and 

narrower. Eggs are oval, approximately 1mm long, yellow/orangish and are laid under the bark in 

several clusters of 20-50 with up to 25 locations per plant. There are 6 larval stages with first stage 

larvae 1.3-1.5mm long through to final stage larvae, which are up to 2cm long. Females can store 

male sperm within their abdomen and therefore remain capable of producing offspring in the 

absence of males for up to 6 months. Each female can produce up to 1000 eggs. Larvae (and pupa) 

are present in soil and could therefore be spread via the movement of soil or machinery/equipment 

that is contaminated with soil. (Gonzalez, 1983) 

The peaks of adult emergence for N. xanthographus are in September-October and December- 

February (Gonzalez, 1983). This overlaps with the main season for table grapes in Chile (late 

November-late April, i.e. late spring-mid autumn). 

Otiorhynchus sulcatus is reported as a serious pest of a range of horticultural hosts (including Vitis) 

with the root-feeding larval stage the most damaging. For example, due to defoliation and/or root 

damage. (CABI, 2002). 

Adults of O. sulcatus are 7-11mm long and brown-black. Eggs are subspherical, approximately 

1mm in diameter, pearly-white then gradually becoming brown and finally black. Larvae are white 

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and 9-10.5mm long. The species is generally parthenogenetic but bisexual races are known from 

Italy. Under laboratory conditions, females can produce up to 750 eggs each. Larvae feed on the 

roots of plants and could therefore be spread via the movement of soil or machinery/equipment that 

is contaminated with soil. (CABI, 2002). 

Adult emergence of O. sulcatus may also overlap with the season for table grapes in Chile. Adult 

emergence in Californian vineyards varies between seasons but has been recorded in early Aprilearly 

July with peaks in mid-late May (CABI, 2002). 

Little information is available on Geniocremnus chiliensis. SAG (2002) commented that it is native 

to Chile, can be found accidentally feeding on leaves in grapevines, cannot fly, is subterranean and 

adults can easily be detected during phytosanitary inspection. 

References: 





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GROUP 6 – FRUIT FLY 

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) [Diptera: Tephritidae] (Mediterranean fruit fly) 

Synonyms and changes in combination: Ceratitis citriperda Macleay, 1829; Ceratitis hispanica 

De Brême, 1842; Pardalaspis asparagi Bezzi, 1991; Tephritis capitate Wiedemann, 1824. 

Hosts: C. capitata is a highly polyphagous species whose larvae develop in a very wide range of 

unrelated tropical and temperate fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants and wild hosts. Reported 

hosts include over 200 species from the families Anacardiaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, 

Ebenaceae, Loganiaceae, Malpighiaceae, Meliaceae, Oleaceae, Podocarpaceae, Rosaceae, 

Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, and Solanaceae. Hosts include: Actinidia chinensis (Chinese 

gooseberry, kiwi fruit); Anacardium occidentale (cashew); Annona spp. (custard apple); 

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit); Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit); Asimina spp. (pawpaw); 

Asparagus spp. (asparagus); Averrhoa carambola (carambola); Brassica oleracea (broccoli, 

cabbage, cauliflower, wild cabbage); Cananga odorata (ylang ylang); Capsicum spp. (capsicum, 

chilli, pepper, wild red pepper); Citrus spp. (citrus); Coffea spp. (coffee); Cucumis spp. (melon); 

Cucurbita spp. (marrow, pumpkin, squash); Cydonia oblonga (quince); Cydonia sinensis (Chinese 

quince); Cyphomandra betacea (tamarillo, tree tomato, tomato tree); Diospyros decandra 

(persimmon); Diospyros ebenum (black sapote); Ficus spp. (fig); Fortunella spp. (kumquat); 

Gossypium spp. (cotton); Juglans spp. (walnut); Litchi chinensis (litchi, lychee); Lycopersicon 

esculentum (tomato); Malus spp. (apple); Mangifera indica (mango); Musa spp. (banana, plantain); 

Pandanus odoratissimus (breadfruit); Pandanus tectorius (screw pine); Passiflora spp. (passion 

flower, passion vine); Persea americana (avocado); Phaseolus lunatus (bean); Phoenix dactylifera 

(date, date palm); Phyllanthus acidus (Ceylon gooseberry, Indian gooseberry, Malay gooseberry, 

Otaheite gooseberry, star gooseberry); Prunus spp. (cherry, hog plum, peach, plum, prune); Pyrus 

communis (pear); Ribes spp. (currant); Robinia spp. (locust); Rosa spp. (rose, roseberry); 

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary); Rubus spp. (blackberry, caneberry, dewberry, loganberry, 

raspberry, youngberry); Syzygium spp. (brush cherry, lillypilly, Malay apple); Terminalia spp. 

(tropical almond); Vaccinium spp. (blueberry, cranberry, huckleberry); Vicia faba (broad bean); 

Vitis spp. (grape). (See White and Elson-Harris (1994) for detailed discussion on hosts). 

Distribution: C. capitata is considered to be eradicated from Chile. Albania, Algeria, Angola 

(restricted distribution, rd), Argentina (rd), Australia (Western Australia only), Benin, Bolivia, 

Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi (rd), Cameroon, Cape Verde, Colombia, Congo (rd), 

Congo Democratic Republic, Corsica, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia (rd), Cyprus, Ecuador 

(rd), Egypt, El Salvador (rd), Ethiopia, France (rd), Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala (rd), Guinea 

(rd), Honduras (rd), Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya (rd), 

Madagascar (rd), Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique (rd), 

Netherlands (absent, not established), Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria (rd), 

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Réunion (rd), Russian Federation, Saint Helena (rd), Sao Tome 

and Principe (rd), Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles (rd), Sierra Leone, Slovenia (rd), South 

Africa, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland (rd), Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, 

USA (rd), Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia (rd), Zimbabwe. 

Biology: 

A comprehensive data sheet on Mediterranean fruit fly is provided in CABI/EPPO (1997). Eggs 

are laid below the skin of host fruit and attacked fruit will usually show signs of oviposition 

Page 113


punctures. The eggs hatch 2-18 days later and the larvae then feed for another 6-11 days (at 13- 

28ºC). Adults can be monitored by traps baited with male lures (trimedlure and terpinyl acetate but 

not methyl eugenol). Adult flight and infested fruit are considered to be the main means of 

movement and dispersal with C. capitata capable of flying at least 20km. Ceratitis capitata is an 

A2 pest for EPPO and is of quarantine significance throughout the world (e.g. USA, Japan). Its 

presence in Europe, even as temporary adventive populations, is considered to potentially lead to 

severe constraints of fruits to uninfested areas in other continents. 

The cost of eradicating this pest from Western Australia has been estimated at $70m and the 

current costs incurred by South Australia due to this pest are estimated at $1.4m per annum (based 

on trapping, manned check point and 1.5 incursions per year) (Mumford et al., 2001). 

References: 


CABI/EPPO (1997). Quarantine Pests for Europe – Data sheets on quarantine pests for the 

European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Smith, 

I.M., McNamara, D.G., Scott, P.R. and Holderness, M. (Editorial Committee); Burger, B. 

(Associate Editor). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, in association with the European and 

Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). 

Mumford, J.D., Knight, J.D., Cook, D.C., Quinlan, M.M., Pluske, J. and Leach, A.W. (2001). 

Benefit Cost Analysis of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Management Options in Western Australia. 

Imperial College, Ascot, United Kingdom. 

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/programs/app/medfly/medflyindex.htm 

White, I.M. and Elson-Harris, M.M. (1994). Fruit flies of economic significance: their 

identification and bionomics. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

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GROUP 7 – SPIDER 

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius) [Araneae: Theridiidae] (Black widow spider) 

Comprehensive biological and sanitary related information on this species (and spiders in general) 

is provided in a series of documents recently produced by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture 

and Forestry and Ministry of Health (see below). The Pest Risk Assessment document is 

particularly relevant in providing similar technical information to that presented in the data sheets 

for other pest groups in this IRA. Stakeholders are recommended to consult these documents for 

technical information on L. mactans. 

• Pest Risk Assessment of Spiders Associated with Table Grapes from United States of America 

(State of California), Australia, Mexico and Chile. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 

Wellington, New Zealand. 

• Mitigation Measures for the Management of Risks Posed by Exotic Spiders Entering New 

Zealand in Association with Imported Table Grapes. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 


• Towards a Health Impact Assessment Relating to Venomous Spiders Entering New Zealand in 

Association with Imported Table Grapes: A Discussion Document. Ministry of Health, 


• Review of Submissions (to the above 3 documents). September 2002. Ministry of Agriculture 

and Forestry, Ministry of Health and Department of Conservation. 

These documents are available electronically at http://www.maf.govt.nz/biosecurity/pests- 

diseases/plants/risk/spiders-grapes/index.htm 

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