Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf - Mushroom Hobby
Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf - Mushroom Hobby
Redhead Fungal Biogeography.pdf - Mushroom Hobby
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Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora<br />
S. A. REDHEAD<br />
Biosystematics Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont.,<br />
Canada KIA OC6<br />
Received November 24, 1988<br />
REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67: 3003-3062.<br />
Maps showing the North American distributions of 74 species of fleshy fungi, mainly Agaricales, are used to demonstrate<br />
variations in fungal ranges. Each map is based on examined specimens or selected literature. The maps are arranged to show<br />
North American floristic patterns, while the species in the text are grouped along worldwide patterns. Range patterns resemble<br />
those reported for vascular plants, ascolichens, and bryophytes. The names Hypholomaflavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. and<br />
Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae (Singer) comb. & stat.nov. are proposed.<br />
REDHEAD, S. A. 1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67 : 3003-3062.<br />
En vue de dtmontrer les variations dans leurs aires de distribution, l'auteur prksente les cartes de distribution de 74 espbces<br />
de champignons charnus de 1'Amkrique du Nord, surtout des Agaricales. Les cartes sont regroupies pour mettre en tvidence<br />
les patrons floristiques nord-amkricains, alors que dans le texte, les espbces sont regroupkes selon les patrons mondiaux. Les<br />
patrons des aires de distribution ressemblent 2 ceux qui existent pour les plantes vasculaires, les ascolichens et les bryophytes.<br />
L'auteur propose les noms de Hypholoma flavifolium (Smith) comb.nov. et de Strobilurus trullisatus var. montezumae<br />
(Singer) comb. & stat.nov.<br />
[Traduit par la revue]<br />
1 Introduction<br />
The study of mushrooms in North America is faced with<br />
1 many difficulties. <strong>Mushroom</strong> taxonomy, although armed with<br />
I sophisticated technology, is approximately 100 years behind<br />
I that for vascular plants. There is great debate over generic concepts<br />
and names, many new species are still being described<br />
from temperate areas of the world, and species concepts themselves<br />
are often vague, just as they were for vascular plants<br />
100 years ago. Within the past 20 years the literature aimed at<br />
the amateur mycologist has overtaken the scientific literature<br />
in many respects. Field guides give information on fungal distributions<br />
and other data not documented in the scientific<br />
literature (e.g., Aurora 1986; Bessette and Sundberg 1987;<br />
Courtenay and Burdsall 1982; Lincoff 1981; Miller 1972;<br />
Smith and Weber 1980). Precise information on the distribution<br />
of mushrooms is difficult to determine from the literature<br />
because of the mixture of useful data with misinformation<br />
based on misdeterminations, differing species concepts, or the<br />
misapplication of names. There is even uncertainty about the<br />
ranges of some of our commonest species!<br />
Luctarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S. F. Gray, a well known,<br />
edible species, is said to be "widely distributed in North<br />
America" (Lincoff 198 I), "under conifers. Alaska to Mexico<br />
and east across the conifer zones" (McKnight and McKnight<br />
1987), "under conifers (pine, spruce, etc.), common and<br />
widely distributed . . . " (Aurora 1986), "common on moist<br />
but well drained humus in the Rocky Mountains and Great<br />
Lakes region, as well as eastern North America . . . also abundant<br />
along the Pacific coast" (Smith and Weber 1980), and<br />
"under conifer forests . . . widely distributed . . ." (Miller<br />
1972). In Canada, L. deliciosus has been reported by amateurs<br />
and professionals from all provinces and territories except Saskatchewan<br />
and Newfoundland (e.g., Bandoni and Szczawinski<br />
1976; Bauchet 1967; Bell 1933; Bisby et al. 1938; Chung<br />
1984; Dearness 1908; Dickson 1981; Gates 1908; Gourley<br />
1982; Groves and Macrae 1963; Groves 1962; Giissow and<br />
Odell 1927; Halliday 1940; Hay 1908; Langton 191 1; Langton<br />
Printed in Canada 1 Imprime au Canada<br />
1913; Lebrun and GuCrineau 1981 ; Mains et al. 1939; Marr<br />
et al. 1986; Meloche 1977; Odell 1926; Pomerleau 1980;<br />
Pomerleau 1982; Pomerleau and Jackson 1951; Schalkwyk<br />
1975; Smith and Wehmeyer 1936; Snell 1943; Spence 1932;<br />
Stone 1939; Thorn 1986a; Traquair 1980; Van Home and Van<br />
Home 1915; Wehmeyer 1950; Winder 1871). However, in the<br />
most recent scientific North American monograph of Luctarius<br />
(Hesler and Smith 1979), L. deliciosus var. deliciosus was not<br />
recognized from North America, while var. areolatus A. H.<br />
Smith was reported from Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, New<br />
Mexico, Oregon and Wyoming, var. deterrimus (Groeger)<br />
Hesler & Smith from Michigan, var. olivaceosordidus Hesler<br />
& Smith from Oregon, and var. piceus F. Smotlacha from<br />
California, Idaho and Washington, i.e., no Canadian records,<br />
and only one state record east of the Rockies. The discrep-<br />
ancies result from the inability of the monographers to distin-<br />
guish the different varieties among older collections lacking<br />
notations of critical features, and skepticism about earlier<br />
reports without detailed descriptions. The end result of this dis-<br />
crepancy between common knowledge and scientifically docu-<br />
mented data is that we can only make very broad and vague<br />
statements regarding the overall distribution of this common<br />
macrofungus in Canada or in North America.<br />
Traditionally mycologists have hesitated to emphasize<br />
distributional patterns of macromycetes based on existing col-<br />
lections. Vast areas of North America are unexplored myco-<br />
logically. The apparent absence of a species from an area could<br />
result from the paucity of collectors, bad luck in a particular<br />
season, or the inability to spot or distinguish a species without<br />
special knowledge (Reid 1975a). For example, Marasmius<br />
limosus QuCl., a small ecologically restricted species in wet-<br />
lands, was not recognized from North America in the literature<br />
until 1980, although it had been collected once in southern<br />
Ontario in 1936 by H. S. Jackson (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1981b). However,<br />
after rediscovering it in 1979 in Manitoba, it was easily located<br />
along the coast of British Columbia the next month, again in<br />
the Rocky Mountain Trench in 1980 (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1981b), in<br />
southern Ontario in 198 1, and Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
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3004 CAN. J. BOT. \<br />
in 1983 (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1984b), i.e., coast to coast in 5 years. This<br />
pattern of distribution certainly brings to mind the anonymous<br />
quote cited in Smith and Weber (1980, p. 6), "<strong>Mushroom</strong>s are<br />
where you find them." The apparent hopelessness of studying<br />
the biogeography of mushrooms, as well as economical practices,<br />
have been contributing factors leading to the common<br />
practice of citing mushroom specimens in North American<br />
monographs by the state or province followed only by<br />
collector's numbers and no maps. For example, Lactarius<br />
glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr. was reported from unspecified locations<br />
in both Quebec and Ontario in addition to various other provinces<br />
and states by Hesler and Smith (1979). Ontario covers<br />
1 068 630 km2 and Quebec covers 1 540 681 km2, both span<br />
nearly 15" of latitude, and both have vegetation ranging from<br />
tundra to Carolinian hardwood forests.<br />
In questions of plant quarantine, legal issues concerning trafficking<br />
of illicit species, locating or protecting harvestable species,<br />
and in the formulation of national policies, it is<br />
imperative that some sense be made of the distributional patterns<br />
of macrofungi. Are there species truly endemic to Canada<br />
and not just known from a type locality in Canada? If a species<br />
is found in coniferous forests in British Columbia, and then in<br />
New York state, can we assume it occurs across the continent?<br />
If a fungus, new to North America, is found in Canada, where<br />
else in the world might it have been described? What were the<br />
mycofloristic elements that combined to form our present<br />
fungus flora?<br />
Comparable plant and lichen floras<br />
During the Pleistocene nearly all of Canada (Prest 1984),<br />
except for parts of the northern Yukon and the Arctic Archipel-<br />
ago (HultCn 1937), isolated parts of coastal British Columbia<br />
(Calder and Taylor 1968), and perhaps Newfoundland (Ahti<br />
1983; Brassard 1983, 1984; Steele 1983), was covered by con-<br />
tinental glaciers. In the past 8000 - 12 000 years, virtually all<br />
of Canada has been recolonized from elsewhere. HultCn (1937)<br />
suggested that some of the northern vascular plant flora of<br />
North America and Eurasia survived in isolated refugia, such<br />
as those mentioned above, from which they are radially<br />
spreading at different rates. Whitehead (1972) noted that much<br />
of the northern flora was displaced to the south, to form plant<br />
communities that differed from any extant flora. Some plant<br />
species have successfully recolonized circumpolar areas and<br />
others now have fragmented, disjunct distributions. Commonly<br />
recognized disjunctions among vascular plants are the eastern<br />
Asia - eastern North American disjuncts (Gray 1859; Wood<br />
1972), eastern North America - western North America dis-<br />
juncts (Schofield 1969; Wood 1972), amphi-Atlantic disjuncts<br />
(HultCn 1958), and amphitropical North America - South<br />
America disjuncts (Wood 1972). Culberson (1972), Schofield<br />
and Crum (1972), and Schofield (1972) have shown that<br />
lichens and bryophytes have nearly identical patterns of dis-<br />
junctions and contiguous ranges to those exhibited by vascular<br />
plants. Culberson (1972, p. 165) stated, "So similar in fact<br />
are the well documented ranges of lichens to the ranges<br />
of vascular plants that the conclusion that both result from<br />
the same physioecological and historical factors is inescap-<br />
able." With regard to the Canadian vascular plant flora,<br />
Porsild (1958) recognized eight major categories of plant<br />
distribution with additional subcategories: (i) Circumpolar<br />
(High-arctic Element, Arctic-alpine Element, Low-arctic Ele-<br />
ment); (ii) Amphi-Atlantic (Arctic Element, Subarctic Ele-<br />
ment); (iii) Amphi-Beringian, (iv) North American (Arctic<br />
Element, Boreal forest Element, Cordilleran Element, Pacific<br />
coast Element, Prairie and foothill Element, Southern hard-<br />
wood forest Element, Northern hardwood forest Element,<br />
Atlantic coastal plain Element); (v) Arctic Archipelago<br />
Endemic; (vi) Eastern Arctic Endemic Element; (vii) Western<br />
Arctic Endemic Element; (viii) Disjuncts. The disjunct distri-<br />
butions in North America can be further divided as done by<br />
Schofield and Crum (1972) for bryophytes. They recognized<br />
eastern American - East Asia disjuncts, tropical and sub-<br />
tropical - Southern Appalachian disjuncts, bipolar disjuncts,<br />
European - western North America disjuncts, as well as<br />
amphi-Pacific, amphi-Atlantic, and arctic-alpine disjuncts.<br />
Brodo and Hawksworth (1977) categorized the distributional<br />
patterns of various epiphytic North American lichen genera<br />
slightly differently. They treated many of the disjuncts as spe-<br />
cies with fragmented circumboreal ranges, and therefore,<br />
included them with species with more complete circumboreal<br />
distributional patterns. Thus, their categories were (i) Circum-<br />
boreal -Circumpolar species (1. arctic-alpine element; 2. low-<br />
arctic element; 3. amphi-Atlantic, southern element; 4. boreal<br />
forest element; 5. Appalachian - Great Lakes, temperate; 6.<br />
oceanic-suboceanic species; 7. western American - Euro-<br />
pean disjuncts); (ii) Asian affinities (8. bicoastal, Appala-<br />
chian - west coast disjuncts); (iii) North American endemics<br />
(9. North Pacific; 10. coastal lowland; 11. lowland to western<br />
montane humid forests; 12. Western montane and inter-<br />
montane dry forests; 13. Appalachians; 14. northeastern<br />
coastal plain; 15. Central American highlands).<br />
Current status of macromycete mycogeography<br />
Relatively few studies have been made of the distributions of<br />
macromycetes. Accumulation of accurate data is the most<br />
common problem. With fleshy fungi, detailed field notes are<br />
often required for precise determinations. Hence, relatively<br />
few herbarium specimens can be confirmed or redetermined<br />
accurately. The need for detailed notes slows the collecting<br />
process so that fewer collections are made. Added to these<br />
problems is the ephemeral nature of the fruitbodies. Another<br />
consideration of more importance in Eurasia than in North<br />
America, is the limitation of access by political boundaries.<br />
The latter factor severely limited the usefulness of maps of 50<br />
macromycetes prepared by the Committee for Mapping of<br />
Macromycetes in Europe (Lange 1974) and the two earlier<br />
maps by the committee- a an sen and Lange 1966). Contribu-<br />
tions were lacking from Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the USSR,<br />
and relatively few were received from Bulgaria and Ireland. To<br />
a lesser extent this occurs in North America. Kers (1988)<br />
mapped the disjunct European - western North American dis-<br />
tribution for the hypogeous ascomycete Geopora cooperi<br />
Hark. The species appears to abruptly stop at the border<br />
between Washington, U.S.A. and British Columbia, Canada,<br />
and again reappears in Alaska. This is clearly an artifact result-<br />
ing from monographers collecting only within their own<br />
country. Canadians have not collected many hypogeous fungi.<br />
To overcome some of the difficulties mentioned above, the<br />
European Mycological Congress chose 100 easily recognized,<br />
clearly defined macrofungi, e.g., Auriscalpium vulgare S. F.<br />
Gray, Strobilomyces floccopus (Vahl. : Fr.) Sacc., and<br />
Phaeolepiota aurea (Bull. : Fr .) Marie for mapping (Lange
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I<br />
1974). The resulting maps and conclusions drawn from them<br />
helped to establish northern, southern, or host dependent limitations<br />
of a number of species, but by its limited European<br />
coverage, the survey did not reveal global or continental patterns<br />
except by extrapolation from reports in the literature.<br />
However, even with easily recognized species in areas purported<br />
to be adequately covered, serious problems occurred<br />
(Reid 1975~). A series of maps, on a global scale, has been<br />
prepared for plant pathogens in the CMI Distribution Maps of<br />
Plant Diseases. However. few of the treated s~ecies are<br />
macrofungi, and the distributions of the has been<br />
greatly modified by human activity. Hence, they may no<br />
longer represent "natural" patterns.<br />
On a regional scale there are published maps that are useful<br />
in establishing correlations with specific host ranges, altitudes,<br />
and precipitation or temperature gradients. Numerous<br />
examples occur in Zeitschriftfur Mykologie and its predecessor<br />
2. 5 Pilzkunde for species in Germany, and in the Nordic<br />
Journal of Botany for species in Scandinavia. Kotlaba (1984)<br />
published maps for 212 species of Czechoslovakian polypores,<br />
while Nikolaeva (1961) published dozens of maps for hydnaceous<br />
fungi in the USSR on a scale approaching continental<br />
in size.<br />
A number of attempts have been made to examine natural<br />
global distributional patterns of macromycetes. Gasteromycetes<br />
and polypores are particularly useful subjects because<br />
they are conspicuous, easily collected and air-dried, and often<br />
thev can be identified in the absence of notes on fresh features.<br />
These characteristics allow the researcher to make full use of<br />
the many specimens deposited in herbaria around the world.<br />
After examining nearly 900 collections, Kreisel (1967)<br />
prepared severd maps -showing the global distribution of<br />
Bovista species, Guzm6n (1970) did the same for Scleroderma<br />
after examining over 1500 specimens, and Demoulin (1973),<br />
who examined approximately 8500 specimens, prepared a<br />
number of maps for Lycoperdon, using one set to illustrate<br />
how amphi-Atlantic vicariant species pairs evolved. One of the<br />
most conspicuous features of these maps is the resolution of<br />
distributional patterns into discrete areas on continents and not<br />
just of ubiquitous bands of distribution as is sometimes suggested<br />
for fungi.<br />
Not surprisingly, distributional patterns for a number of species<br />
of macromycetes have been shown to reflect those for vascular<br />
plants. On the basis of far fewer collections than in the<br />
gasteromycete examples above, Horak (1983~) showed that<br />
many southern hemisphere agarics and boletes had roughly the<br />
same distribution as the genus Nothofagus. Imai (1961),<br />
Hongo (1978), and Hongo and Yokoyama (1978) discussed<br />
similarities between the Japanese mycota and that of both<br />
western North America and eastern North America and (or) \ ,<br />
Mexico that share a number of species in common, hence<br />
mimicking the distribution of some flowering plant genera.<br />
Similar com~arisons have been made between the Chinese<br />
mycoflora aid eastern and southern North America (Mao et al.<br />
1986; Zang 1986). Welden and Lernke (1961) and Guzmin<br />
(1973) have shown disjunct Mexican links to both western<br />
montane species of macromycetes and eastern deciduous forest<br />
species, whereas on a different scale, Mazzer (1976) has<br />
shown a correlation between the distribution of the genus<br />
Pouzarella and vegetation zones and (or) precipitation patterns<br />
in North America.<br />
In general, however, it has been accepted for many years<br />
REDHEAD 3005<br />
that "fungi have a wider range than flowering plants" (Bisby<br />
et al. 1929, p. 12) and this belief has led to the commonly held<br />
assumption that fungi are either ubiquitous or most have<br />
extremely large ranges.<br />
Canadian macromycete mycoflora<br />
Smith (1978) divided North America into five mushroom<br />
provinces: (i) the Western Province; (ii) the Gulf Province;<br />
(iii) the Central and Eastern Province; (iv) the Tundra Prov-<br />
ince; and (v) the Great Plains Province. With the exception of<br />
the Gulf Province, portions of the others include parts of<br />
Canada. For the purposes of his discussion on poisonous<br />
mushrooms in the U.S.A., these subdivisions of North<br />
America may have sufficed. However, the scheme is overly<br />
simplified and contains obvious errors. For example, most of<br />
Canada, including the entire boreal forest zone (Rowe 1959;<br />
Hosie 1969), the largest forest zone in North America, is<br />
included in the Tundra Province and described (p. 60) as<br />
" . . . mainly the treeless area of northern Canada." The actual<br />
mushroom flora of Canada, and of North America, is much<br />
more complex. Information on the distribution of macromy-<br />
cetes in Canada is scattered and difficult to evaluate. It is only<br />
when a monographer examines extensive herbarium materials<br />
of selected species, makes additional collections, and maps the<br />
species that distributional patterns become meaningful. Elliott<br />
and Kaufert (1974) published a map showing broad boreal dis-<br />
tributions for both Peziza badia Pers. and P. phyllogena Cooke<br />
(as P. badio-confusa Korf, see Pfister 1987) that can be sup-<br />
plemented by additional records in Ginns (1980). <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(1977b) mapped the distributions of three Mitrula species, two<br />
of which had Great Lakes - Appalachian distributional pat-<br />
terns in eastern North America. Using a map of the North<br />
America range of Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck, Luther and<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> (1981) showed how the southern boreal populations<br />
in the western prairie provinces and the eastern deciduous<br />
forest populations were connected to form a peculiar coma-<br />
shaped range. Both Aleurodiscus amorphus (Purton) Schroet.<br />
and A. grantii Lloyd have overlapping coniferous hosts, but<br />
Ginns (1982) demonstrated with a map that the latter has a con-<br />
tiguous western range that virtually excludes the circumboreal<br />
A. amorphus. More recently Gilbertson and Ryvarden<br />
(1986- 1987) monographed the North America polypores and<br />
published maps for all treated species. A considerable amount<br />
of information can be derived from these, but their policy of<br />
placing only a single dot per state or province, merely to indi-<br />
cate political representation, limits any biogeographical inter-<br />
pretation, especially in Canada.<br />
Our mycoflora is composed of many species that can be<br />
categorized into groups with similar distributional patterns that<br />
complement categories outlined by Hulttn (1937, 1958), Por-<br />
sild (1958), Schofield and Crum (1972), or Brodo and Hawks-<br />
worth (1977). Excluding obviously introduced species or those<br />
associated with human or animal dispersal, it is possible to<br />
recognize the following groupings in the Canadian macro-<br />
mycete mycoflora. Group headings basically are adapted from<br />
those given in these publications.<br />
Canadian macromycete distributional patterns<br />
Circumpolar<br />
High Arctic: (1) Lepista multiforme.<br />
Arctic-alpine: (2) Arrhenia auriscalpium, (3) Bryoglossum
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3006<br />
gracile, (4) Marasmius epidryas, (5) Phytoconis luteovi-<br />
tellina.<br />
Bipolar: (6) Arrhenia lobata, (7) Coprinus martinii, (8) Phy-<br />
toconis ericetorum .<br />
Circumboreal<br />
Taiga: (9) Cantharellula urnbonata, (10) Galerinapaludosa,<br />
(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus, (12) Marasmius epiphyllus,<br />
(13) Neolecta vitellina, (14) Phaeomarasmius erinaceus,<br />
(1 5) Xeromphalina campanella.<br />
Hardwood forest: (16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus, (17) Rho-<br />
dotus palmatus.<br />
Bicoastal: (1 8) Baeospora myosura, (19) Crinipellis piceae,<br />
(20) Cyphellostereum laeve, (2 1) Hypholoma dispersum,<br />
(22) Lyophyllum gibberosum, (23) Marasmiellus can-<br />
didus, (24) Psilocybe semilanceata.<br />
Boreal endemic<br />
(25) Marasmiellusfilopes, (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus,<br />
(27) Tricholoma magnivelare.<br />
Bicoastal endemics<br />
(28) Marasmiellus papillatus, (29) Mitrula elegans,<br />
(30) Strobilurus albipilatus.<br />
Western cordilleran endemics<br />
(31) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca, (32) Collybia bakerensis,<br />
(33) Marasmiellus pluvius, (34) Marasmius salalis,<br />
(35) Resinomycena montana, (36) Strobilurus occiden-<br />
talis, (37) S. trullisatus, (38) Tetrapyrgos subdendro-<br />
phora, (39) Xeromphalina fulvipes.<br />
Eastern deciduous forest endemics<br />
(40) Gerronema subclavatum, (41) Marasmius pyrrho-<br />
cephalus, (42) Mitrula lunulatospora , (43) Resinomycena<br />
acadiensis, (44) R. rhododendri, (45) Xerula fu&racea ,<br />
(46) X. megalospora, (47) X. rubrobrunnescens.<br />
Eastern Maritime - Great Lakes endemics<br />
(48) Laccaria trullisata.<br />
Amphi-Beringian<br />
Eurasian - western cordillera: (49) Marasmius tremulae,<br />
(50) Mycena lohwagii, (51) Phaeolepiota aurea.<br />
Asian - western cordillera: (52) Boletus mirabilis,<br />
(53) Chroogomphus tomentosus.<br />
Asian - west coast: (54) Marasmius plicatulus, (55) Neo-<br />
lentinus kaufianii, (56) Stereopsis humphreyi.<br />
European - west coast<br />
(57) Hemimycena tortuosa, (58) Melanotus textilis,<br />
(59) Mycena culmigena, (60) Omphalina viridis,<br />
(61) Resinomycena saccharifera.<br />
Amphi-Atlantic<br />
European - east coast: (62) Laccaria maritima, (63) Panel-<br />
lus violaceofulvus. .<br />
European - boreal: (64) Lyophyllum palustre, (65) Hypho-<br />
loma jlavifolium.<br />
Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest: (66) Lentinus<br />
tigrinus.<br />
Amphi-Pacific<br />
Asian-Appalachian, Great Lakes or coastal plain:<br />
(67) Crinipellis campanella, (68) Crinipellis setipes,<br />
(69) Lactarius indigo, (70) Neolecta irregularis,<br />
CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
(7 1) Pleurojlammula flammea , (72) Xeromphalina kauff-<br />
manii.<br />
South Pacific - Appalachian - Great Lakes: (73) Mycena<br />
leaiana<br />
Gondwanaland-west coast: (74) Panellus longinquus.<br />
Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest<br />
(75) Cyptotrama asprata, (76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes,<br />
(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes.<br />
Mediterranean -continental<br />
(78) Heliocybe sulcata.<br />
Methods and guidelines<br />
The examples chosen here are species with which the author is<br />
familiar. There are many other species exhibiting these patterns and<br />
ranges, but detailed documentation would be much more time con-<br />
suming. It is important to note that many are saprophytic and not<br />
restricted in host or substrate to a single plant species or genus, thus<br />
they have their "own" independent range. Others switch hosts or<br />
substrates and therefore may exceed the range limits of their preferred<br />
substrate. The species chosen to demonstrate these patterns are, with<br />
few exceptions, believed to be native to Canada. There are several<br />
more categories of distribution not discussed here which are linked to<br />
either human or animal dispersal. These include weedy species in dis-<br />
turbed areas (e.g., Lacymaria velutina (Pers.: Fr.) Konrad & Maubl.<br />
and Coprinus comatus (Mull.: Fr.) S. F. Gray), urban lawns or<br />
gardens (e.g. Panaeolina foenisecii (Pers. : Fr.) Marie and Marasmius<br />
oreades (Bolt.: Fr.) Fr.), and on dung (e.g. Coprinus cinereus<br />
(Schaeffer: Fr.) S. F. Gray and Panaeolus semiovatus (Sow.: Fr.)<br />
Lundell & Nannf.).<br />
Most of the plotted distributions have been confirmed by examina-<br />
tion of specimens. Reports by experts who have monographed genera<br />
in the U.S. have been accepted in some cases. In other cases reports<br />
have been accepted as correct when adequately described or because<br />
the species is so distinctive that there is little chance for error. Caution<br />
has been foremost in my mind in accepting any unusual North<br />
American reports. The occasional misdetennined specimen was dis-<br />
covered among monographed genera, and even more troubling, a few<br />
specimens with incorrect locality data.<br />
All of the species chosen have one or more very distinctive features,<br />
some of which are mentioned in the Notes section. Verified collec-<br />
tions are cited under Additional specimens examined or in my earlier<br />
papers. The Selected literature sections list these papers and other<br />
North American references accepted for mapping, as well as repre-<br />
sentative extralimital citations. Synonymy is restricted to the<br />
basionyms for the accepted species and for any taxonomic synonyms.<br />
The Maps section gives the figure number for the map if present and<br />
any other relevant-published maps. The maps are groupkd to show<br />
basic North American floristic patterns, i.e., starting with high arctic<br />
(Figs. 1, 2) to arctic-alpine or arctic boreal distribution (Figs. 5 -8),<br />
boreal (Figs. 9-16), southern boreal or deciduous boreal (Figs. 17,<br />
18), continental (Fig. 19), bicoastal disjuncts (Figs. 20-29), western<br />
cordilleran (Figs. 30-34), western coastal and interior wet belt (Figs.<br />
35-40), western coastal alone (Figs. 41 -51), eastern maritime<br />
(Figs. 52-55), eastern boreal (Figs. 56-58), Great Lakes - Appa-<br />
lachians (Figs. 59-63), eastern deciduous (Figs. 64-66), eastern<br />
deciduous with southern extensions (Figs. 67-73), and eastern<br />
Maritime - Great Lakes (Fig. 74).<br />
It is important to note that the species discussed here are not neces-<br />
sarily indicator species. Other more conspicuous species may ulti-<br />
mately serve as indicators. In addition, several species used to<br />
demonstrate patterns have been recently described. However, all are<br />
easily characterized in one or more ways, and specific searches have<br />
been made both in the right habitats in the field and in herbaria under<br />
the names of confusingly similar taxa or among unidentified collec-
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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REDHEAD 3007<br />
tions or the appropriate genera. Based on data gathered in the future, HABITAT: Parasitic on moss cushions and carpets in open<br />
some of the species treated herein may be inappropriately placed,<br />
however most range patterns are not expected to change drastically.<br />
alpine or Arctic tundra, and down into valleys along steep<br />
ravines.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Durand (1908); Hallgrimsson<br />
Circumpolar: High Arctic<br />
(1987); Huhtinen (1985); Kallio (1980); Kankainen (1969);<br />
(1) Lepista multiforme (Romell) Gulden<br />
= Clitocybe polygonarum Laursen, Miller & Bigelow<br />
= Lepista polycephala Harmaja<br />
MAP: Fig. 1.<br />
RANGE: The north coast of Alaska, Bathurst Island, Shetland,<br />
Svalbard, northern Sweden, Norway, and Finland.<br />
HABITAT: Sandy and clayey soils in disturbed areas, or turf<br />
and peat sometimes associated with frost polygons.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1982); Gulden (1983);<br />
Gulden et al. (1985); Harmaja (1976); Laursen et al. (1976);<br />
Watling (1987, 1988a).<br />
NOTES: Lepista multiforme is a distinctive, large species<br />
characterized by incrusting pigments, roughened spores, and<br />
clamp connections. The genus Lepista has been monographed<br />
in both North America (Bigelow and Smith 1969; Bigelow<br />
1982) and Scandinavia (Harmaja 1974a, 19743, 1976, 1978)<br />
without uncovering more southerly finds.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NORTHWEST<br />
TERRITORIES, Bathurst Island, Polar Bear Pass, Aug. 12, 1973,<br />
D. A. Gill (DAOM 165328), Aug. 14, 1977, J. Bissett<br />
(DAOM 165297, 165298, 165302).<br />
Lange (1957); Larsen (1932); Linder (1947); Mains (1955);<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> (1977b); Ulvinen et al. (1981)<br />
NOTES: Bryoglossutn gracile is a small but brightly coloured<br />
orange parasite of mosses, made even more conspicuous<br />
because of necrotic areas it causes on moss carpets or<br />
cushions. Until 1977, B. gracile was included in the genus<br />
Mitrula, a genus that has been monographed for North<br />
America (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1977b). Subsequent examination of the<br />
types of Cudoniella borealis and C. muscorurn preserved in<br />
liquid at the Farlow Herbarium (FH) convinced me that they<br />
represent marginate forms of this species.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River Valley,<br />
Sept. 12 and 27, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> (DAOM 178083,<br />
178087); Trophy Mt., S of Wells Gray Prov. Park, Oct. 7,<br />
1980, T. Goward 80-670 (DAOM 186402). NEWFOUNDLAND:<br />
Labrador, Port Burwell, Sept. 25, 1936, N. Polunin 2643b-12<br />
(FH, TYPE of Cudoniella muscorum). NORTHWEST TERRI-<br />
TORIES, Franklin Dist., Baffin Island, Cape Dorset, Aug. 28-<br />
29, 1936, N. Polunin 2381a-52 (FH, TYPE of Cudoniella<br />
borealis).<br />
Circumpolar: arctic-alpine<br />
(4) Marasmius epidryas Kiihner<br />
MAP: Fig. 4.<br />
(2) Arrhenia auriscalpium (Fr.) Fr.<br />
RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, northern<br />
= Cantharellus auriscalpium Fr.<br />
Manitoba, the Rockies and Columbian mountain ranges,<br />
= Peziza foliacea Holmskjold<br />
Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, the Alps and Altai<br />
= Cantharellus buxbaumiaeformis Wallroth<br />
mountain range.<br />
= Cantharellus muhlenbeckii Trog<br />
HABITAT: In North America, restricted to stems and roots of<br />
= Cyphella cochlearis Bres.<br />
Dryas alaskensis Pors., D. drutnmondii Richards, D. integri-<br />
MAP: Fig. 5.<br />
folia Vahl and D. octopetala L., in alpine and arctic tundra and<br />
RANGE: Alaska, Northwest Temtories, the Rockies in down some mountain slopes onto gravelly flood plains.<br />
southern Alberta, Arizona, Greenland, Iceland, Scandinavia, SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden et al. (1985); Hallgrimsson<br />
and the Alps, Carpathian and Caucasian mountain ranges, and (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Miller (1982);<br />
the northwestern USSR.<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (1982).<br />
HABITAT: Sandy or peaty soil with sparse, low, often pio- NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its host specialneering<br />
bryophyte cover, in tundra, recently glaciated areas, ization, and by numerous micro- and macro-morphological<br />
burned peat, and alpine zones.<br />
features. The Canadian distribution was detailed by <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988); et al. (1982).<br />
Hallgrimsson (1981); Lange (1957); Lamoure et al. (1982); ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:<br />
Laursen and Ammirati (1982), Mikhailovskii (1975); <strong>Redhead</strong> Kootenay Plain, 2 O'clock Creek, July 31, 1982, H. M. E.<br />
(1984a); Ulvinen et al. (1981)<br />
Schalkwyk 1826 (DAOM 185537).<br />
NOTES: Arrhenia auriscalpium is a very distinctive, although<br />
inconspicuous species not likely to be confused with any other<br />
fungus. The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for North<br />
America (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1984a).<br />
(5) Phytoconis luteovitellina (Pilit & Nannf.) <strong>Redhead</strong> &<br />
Kuyper<br />
= Omphalia luteovitellina Pilit & Nannfeldt<br />
MAP: Fig. 3.<br />
(3) Bryoglossum gracile (Karsten) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
RANGE: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Temtories, northern<br />
= Mitrula gracilis Karsten<br />
Manitoba, Quebec, Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland, Scot-<br />
= Mitrula muscicola E. Henn.<br />
land and Wales, northern Scandinavia, western and Siberian<br />
= Mitrula rehmii Bres.<br />
USSR, Japan.<br />
= Cudoniella borealis Linder<br />
HABITAT: On mosses and peaty soil in arctic and alpine<br />
= Cudoniella muscorum Linder<br />
tundra, often in more mesic sites than P. ericetorum.<br />
MAP: Fig. 6.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Dearness (1923, as<br />
RANGE: Arctic North America, alpine zones of the Coastal Hygrophorus cantharellus); Gulden et al. (1985); Halland<br />
Rocky Mountain ranges, Greenland, Iceland, northern grimsson (1 981); Heikkila and Kallio (1 966, 1969); Kallio<br />
Fennoscandia, alpine zones of the Carpathians and Alps. (1980); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure et al. (1982, as
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3008<br />
Omphalina alpina); Lange (1955, 1957); Mikhailovskii<br />
(1975); Murata (1979); Pilfit and Nannfeldt (1954); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
and Kuyper (1987, 1988); Stepanova and Tomilin (1973);<br />
Ulvinen et al. (1981); Watling (1977, 1988b).<br />
NOTES: Phytoconis luteovitellina is a lichenized member of<br />
the Tricholomataceae, with a narrower northern range than the<br />
allied P. ericetorum (Pers.: Fr.) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Kuyper, a species<br />
with a bipolar distribution. The conspicuous bright yellow<br />
colouration of P. luteovitellina is easily spotted against the<br />
normally green to brown background colours. Microscopically<br />
the thick-walled hyphae subtending the globular thalli are dis-<br />
tinctive. The report of Omphalina luteovitellina from Alaska<br />
by Miller (1969) was based on a collection of P. viridis (Ach.)<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> & Kuyper (specimen examined: Skoli Pass, July 21,<br />
1967, 0. K. Miller 5678, BPI). Horak (1987) reported the<br />
presence of clamp connections in a Chinese collection on<br />
coniferous wood he identified as Omphalina alpina (Britz.)<br />
Bres. & Stangl. Reexamination of this specimen (ZT 2843)<br />
confirmed it is a species of Phytoconis, complete with<br />
lichenized thalli and lacking clamp connections. However, the<br />
thallus is identical to that of P. ericetorum on coniferous wood<br />
from the Pacific Coast of North America, and not that of<br />
P. luteovitellina. It is probable that ZT 2843 represents the<br />
yellowish form of P. ericetorum equivalent to that described<br />
by Peck (1896) as Omphalia luteola Peck, and possibly war-<br />
rants a varietal name. Bigelow (1970) described different<br />
colour phases of P. ericetorum and concluded that the species<br />
could finally become "pale yellowish to whitish (near "ivory<br />
yellow, " "colonial buff"). " Horak (1987) described his col-<br />
lection as "at first pale brown-yellow turning primrose<br />
yellow. " In Ridgway (1912) "primrose yellow" and "ivory<br />
yellow" are adjacent colour chips. Peck described 0. luteola<br />
as being buff-yellow.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ALASKA:<br />
Camden Bay, July 6, 1914, F. Johansen (as Hygrophorus can-<br />
tharellus, Canadian Arctic Expedition, Dearness herb. in<br />
DAOM) .<br />
Circumpolar: bipolar<br />
(6) Arrhenia lobata (Pers.:Fr.) Kiihner & Lamoure ex<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Merulius lobatus Pers.<br />
= Merulius uliginosus Pers.<br />
= Cantharellus bryophilus Peck<br />
= Leptoglossum lobatum var. antarcticum Horak<br />
MAP: Fig. 7.<br />
RANGE: Arctic and boreal North America, isolated southern<br />
eastern bogs, seepage or boggy montane sites in the Rockies,<br />
Sierra Nevada and Coastal mountains, also in Greenland, Iceland,<br />
northern Europe, the Faeroes, Alps, Carpathian and<br />
Ilgaz-Dagh mountains, Siberia, and Antarctica.<br />
HABITAT: Parasitic on mosses in wet arctic and alpine<br />
tundra, Sphagnum bogs in the boreal forest, and pothole bogs<br />
further south.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Gulden and Jenssen (1988);<br />
Kobayasi et al. (197 1); Lange (1955); Hallgnmsson (198 1);<br />
Lamoure et al. (1982); Larsen (1932); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984a);<br />
Senn-Irlet (1988); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986).<br />
NOTES: The genus Arrhenia has been monographed for<br />
North America (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1984a).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S. A. : CALIFORNIA:<br />
Sierra Co., Yuba Pass, Webber L. Rd., June 6, 1987, R. E.<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67. 1989<br />
Halling 5300 (NY). MONTANA: Flathead Co., Rogers L., July<br />
12, 1964, R. L. Gilbertson 4558 (VPI). UTAH: Sanpete Co.,<br />
Mt. Pleasant Creek Canyon, June 27, 1961, K. H. McKnight<br />
F5 184 (VPI) .<br />
(7) Coprinus martinii Favre ex Orton<br />
MAP: Fig. 2.<br />
RANGE: Northern Alaska, Bathurst Island, Greenland, Svalbard,<br />
Scotland, the Alps, north central Siberia, and south<br />
Georgia.<br />
HABITAT: On decaying sedges and rushes in wet tundra or<br />
alpine areas.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (1968); Favre (1937);<br />
Gorodkov (1956); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange (1955);<br />
Laursen and Chmielewski (1982); Miller et al. (1982); Orton<br />
(1960); Pegler et al. (1981); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984b); Schwenke<br />
(1 987).<br />
NOTES: This species and Arrhenia lobata are representatives<br />
of a group of species with bipolar distributions. Pegler et al.<br />
(1981) reported a number of common northern species from<br />
antarctic or subantarctic regions, e.g., Cystoderma amiantlzinum<br />
(Scop.) Fayod, Agrocybe semiorbicularis (Bull.) Fayod,<br />
Galerina moelleri Bas, G. pumila (Pers.) M. Lange ex Singer,<br />
G. vittiformis (Fr.) Singer, and Hypholoma elongatum (Pers.)<br />
Ricken.<br />
Veldre (1987) reported Coprinus martinii from Estonia, a<br />
record that needs confirmation based on specimens or more<br />
published data before being accepted.<br />
(8) Phytoconis ericetorum (Pers.:Fr.) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Kuyper<br />
= Byssus botryoides L.<br />
= Agaricus pseudoandrosaceus Bull.<br />
= Agaricus ericetorum Pers .<br />
= Agaricus nothus Gmelin<br />
= Agaricus valgus Holmskjold<br />
= Agaricus umbelliferus Fr.<br />
= Merulius tu$osus Pers.<br />
= Botrydina vulgaris Brkb.<br />
= Omphalia luteola Peck<br />
= Omphalia sphagnicola Peck<br />
= Omphalina fulvopallens Orton<br />
MAP: Fig. 8.<br />
RANGE: Arctic, boreal, and coastal North America, Greenland,<br />
Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa, western, central,<br />
Siberian and far eastern USSR, Japan, (?) south Georgia,<br />
and western Australia.<br />
HABITAT: Peaty or sandy soil and moss cushions in arctic or<br />
alpine tundra, Sphagnum bogs, or decaying coniferous wood<br />
in wet boreal or coastal forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bigelow<br />
(1970); Dearness (1923); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Eliade<br />
(1965); Gorodkov (1956); Hallgnmsson (1981); Heikkila and<br />
Kallio (1969); Hilton (1988); Kobayasi et al. (1971); Lamoure<br />
et al. (1982); Lange (1955); Malen~on and Bertault (1975);<br />
Mikhailovskii (1975); Murata (1978); Nakhutsrishvili (1975);<br />
Nezdojminogo (1976); Pegler et al. (1981); <strong>Redhead</strong> and<br />
Kuyper (1987, 1988); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Stepanova and<br />
Tomilin (1973); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986);<br />
Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970, 1971); Watling (1977).<br />
NOTES: Phytoconis ericetorum is the most widely distributed<br />
and apparently the most primitive member of this lichenized<br />
genus. Material from the Southern Hemisphere has not been<br />
reexamined in light of research indicating that species in Phytoconis<br />
can be distinguished by their thallic structure (<strong>Redhead</strong>
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REDHEAD 3009<br />
and Kuyper 1987). It is possible that another species is = Agaricus molliculus Britz.<br />
involved, such as P. chromacea (Clel.) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Kuyper. MAP: Fig. 13.<br />
North American collections of Phytoconis ericetorum were RANGE: Boreal North America, especially common in the<br />
revised by <strong>Redhead</strong> and Kuyper (1 987).<br />
eastern sector, less common in the western cordillera (coastal<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH and Columbiana mountains), with one record from Alabama,<br />
COLUMBIA: Hastings, April 22, 1889, J. Macoun 39 (DAOM general in Europe, western, and central USSR, Japan.<br />
51393, as Marasmius subluteus E. & C. n.sp., ?nom. herb.); HABITAT: In North America in moss beds, usually Polytrinear<br />
Nelson, Cottonwood L., July 6, 1966, K. A. Hamson chum or allied genera, usually in coniferous forests.<br />
(MICH). NOVA SCOTIA: King Co., Aylesford, Aug. 29, 1968, SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1975); Hutchison et al.<br />
K. A. Hanison 7805 (MICH); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, (1988); Nezdojminogo (1976); <strong>Redhead</strong> and Malloch (1986);<br />
Sept. 27, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6230 (DAOM 198230); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vasil'kov (1970).<br />
Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Warren L., NOTES: This is a distinctive species and the sole represen-<br />
Oct. 3, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6434 (DAOM 198229). NEW- tative of the genus in North America. As noted by Bigelow<br />
FOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, Finnes Pond, junction of (1975), it is much commoner in eastern North America than in<br />
Hwy. 1 and Hwy. 13, Oct. 6, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6583 western North America. The species is notably absent in<br />
(DAOM 198749). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Baffin Is., Fro- Greenland and Iceland. Hesler (1937) reported it from the<br />
bisher Bay, July 10, 1948, Calder 3876 (MICH). ONTARIO: Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, however<br />
Ingolf, Sept. 17, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM the only so identified collections from Tennessee in the her-<br />
198208). QUEBEC: Abitibi-Ouest Co., Chibougamau, July 28, barium at Knoxville (TENN 9358 and 12837) are misdeter-<br />
1953, A. Faessler (QFB); Parc Prov. de la GaspCsie, Mt. mined true Cantharellus species. No other confirmed records<br />
Albert, July 8, 1957, H. E. Bigelow 23583 (TENN); Ungava, are known from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park,<br />
Monts Otish, Aug. 2, 1949, R. Pomerleau (QFB 11639). but there is one verified collection at the New York Botanical<br />
YUKON TERRITORY: Herschel Island, July 3 1, 1916, F. Johan- Garden from Auburn, Alabama, collected by F. S. Earle in the<br />
sen (as Omphalia urnbellifera, Canadian Arctic Expedition, fall of 1899. However, the presence of this species in Alabama<br />
Dearness herb. in DAOM). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Katmai Natl. is suspect despite the apparent documentation. This species<br />
Monument, Brooks R., July 4, 1964, V. Wells and P. Kemp- was not treated in Earle's (1901) list of Alabama fungi, nor<br />
ton (MICH). CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, Nov. 30, was it listed from Alabama by Mumll (1910) in the North<br />
1931, A. H. Smith 3667 (MICH), Big Tree, S. H. 1075 (NY). American Flora series.<br />
IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 6, 1964, A. H. Smith Guzm6n (1961) has reported Cantharellula umbonata from<br />
71094 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munsing, June 8, Mexico. This report also should be confirmed before being<br />
1933, A. H. Smith 33-202 (MICH); Keweenaw Co., Isle accepted.<br />
Royale, Rock Harbor, June 29, 1930, A. H. Povah Fp 27 ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
(MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, Aug. 17, Clear Lake, Sept. 23, 1933, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM<br />
1953, A. H. Smith 42222 (MICH). MONTANA: Flathead Co., 198192). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Melvern Square,<br />
Echo L., July 3, 1928, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW YORK: Sept. 18, 1972, K. A. Hamson 12088 (MICH); Guysborough<br />
Lake Placid, Oct. 3-14, 1912, W. A. and E. L. Mumll Co., Aspen, Sept. 19, 1968, K. A. Hamson 7968 (MICH);<br />
(NY); Mt. Marcy, Aug. 16, 1934, J. L. Lowe (A. H. Smith Pictou Co., Blue Mountains, Oct. 8, 1968, K. A. Hamson<br />
332) (MICH); OREGON: at California State line on coast, 8177 (MICH); Inverness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl.<br />
Nov. 29, 1937, A. H. Smith 8205 (MICH); Eugene, Mar. 11, Park, French Mt., Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6333<br />
1945, F. P. Sipe 587 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Clackamas, Oct. 8, (DAOM 198234). ONTARIO: Ingolf, July 26, 1925, Denike<br />
1972, A. H. Smith 82701 (MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1941, (DAOM 198193), Sept. 18, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R.<br />
A. H. Smith 28540 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Neskowin Cr., Bisby (DAOM 198195); Kenora, Oct. 1, 1927, A. H. Buller<br />
Oct. 12, 1970, A. H. Smith 78975 (MICH). WASHINGTON: et al. (DAOM 198196); Minaki, Oct. 10, 1926, A. H. R.<br />
Camas, Feb. 1896, Yeomans (ISOTYPE of Omphalia luteola Buller (DAOM 198194). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co.,<br />
Peck, NY); Cape Flattery, May 5, 1939, A. H. Smith 13122 E. side of mouth of St. Peter's Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A.<br />
(MICH); Hoh R., May 13, 1939, A. H. Smith 13401 (MICH); <strong>Redhead</strong> 6799 (DAOM 198740). QUEBEC: Gasp6 Peninsula,<br />
Joyce, Oct. 2, 1935, A. H. Smith 2780 (MICH); King Co., Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. R~dhead<br />
Snoqualmie Pass, Sept. 26, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2123 6530 (DAOM 198739); Parc des Laurentides, Lac 5 L'Epaule,<br />
(MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3071 Aug. 9, 1967, R. L. Shaffer 5772 (MICH). U.S.A.:<br />
(MICH); Lake Ozette, May 15, 1939, A. H. Smith 13418 ALABAMA: Auburn, fall of 1899, F. S. Earle (NY). IDAHO:<br />
(MICH); Lake Quinnault, Sept. 21, 1925, C. H. Kauffman<br />
(MICH); La Push, April 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 12087<br />
Bonner Co., Priest L., Oct. 16, 1956, A. H. Smith 54831<br />
(MICH); Warren, California L., Aug. 26, 1964, A. H. Smith<br />
(MICH); Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot Natl. Forest, Burley 69769 (MICH). MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L.,<br />
Mt., Nov. 2, 1972, A. H. Smith 83373 (MICH); Pierce Co., Sept. 3, 1956, H. E. Bigelow 4700 (MICH). MARYLAND:<br />
Mt. Rainier, Sept. 28, 1954, H. E. Bigelow 2155 (MICH); Laurel, Sept. 16, 1965, H. and 0. K. Miller 3225 (VPI).<br />
Seattle, Oct. 20 to Nov. 1, 1911, W. A. Mumll (NY). MASSACHUSETTS: Belmont, Oct. 11, 1890, C. H. Peck (NY);<br />
Franklin Co., Mt. Toby, Aug. 30, 1970, R. E. Halling 1476<br />
Circumboreal: taiga<br />
(NY); Stockbridge, Oct. 1911, W. A. Mumll and W. G.<br />
Thompson (NY); Waltham, Nov. 2, 1907, G. E. Monis<br />
(9) Cantharellula umbonata (Gme1in:Fr.) Singer<br />
(NY). MICHIGAN: Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, Sept. 6,<br />
= Agaricus rnuscoides Jacq.<br />
1953, H. E. Bigelow 1518 (MICH); Livingston Co., Oak<br />
= Merulius umbonatus Gmelin<br />
Grove, Sept. 26, 1971, A. H. Smith 88031 (MICH); Luce<br />
= Cantharellus dichotomous Peck<br />
Co., Tahquamenon Falls, Aug. 12, 1953, D. E. Stuntz,
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3010<br />
CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
H. E. B. 1327 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, boardwalk, June 28, 1974, P. Johnson (DAOM 186557);<br />
1970, K. A. Harrison 9964 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., Cochrane Dist., 4.8 km NW Timmins, June 13, 1973, D. Mal-<br />
July 21, 1970, M. Gilliam 741 (MICH); Rock R., Sept. 14, loch 13067311 l (TRTC); Carp, July 4, 1956, J. W. Groves<br />
1929, A. H. Smith (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Waterloo area, (DAOM 54124); Mer Bleue bog, May 24, 1977, S. A. Red-<br />
Aug. 11, 1977, A. H. Smith 88509 (MICH). MINNESOTA: head (DAOM 162815), May 24, 1978, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2624<br />
Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Hist. Area, Sept. 25, 1968, (DAOM 175741), June 26, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> (DAOM<br />
M. G. Weaver 1754 (MICH). NEW JERSEY: Newfield, 183604); Petawawa, Aug. 29 and Sept. 7, 1947, A. H. Smith<br />
Nov. 16, 1895 (NY). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Hillsboro Co., Fox (DAOM 17481, 17428); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W.<br />
Forest, Aug. 26, 1959, 0. K. Miller 3300 (MICH). NEW Groves et al. (DAOM 55789); Russell Co., 6 km NW<br />
YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., Sept. 6, 1986, R. E. Halling Bourget, May 4, 1987, S. Darbyshire 3278 and E. Morton<br />
4851 (NY); Ostego Co., Aug. 17, 1985, E. Farwell 5042 (DAOM 197244); South March, Aug. 21, 1956, J. W. Groves<br />
(F 1068373); Tompkins Co., Michigan Hollow, Sept. 13, (DAOM 54174); Thunder Bay Dist., Black Sturgeon L. area,<br />
1981, S. M. Camazine (NY); Ultster Co., L. Mohonk, Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1049, 1059 (DAOM 174663,<br />
Sept. 27, 1975, E. L. Conklin (NY). OHIO: Portage Co., W. 174664), Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1109, 1100, 1113,<br />
Branch Res., F. Hoseney 2040 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: 1 114, 11 15, 11 19 (DAOM 174665, 174666, 174667, 174668,<br />
Butler Co., N of Freeport, Sept. 30, 1944, M. B. Knauz (NY); 174669, 174670), Aug. 14, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1252, 1261,<br />
Mercer Co., SE of Sandy L., Sept. 30, 1950, L. K. Henry 1262, 1263 (DAOM 17467 1, 174672, 174673, 174674),<br />
14898 (NY); Westmoreland Co., S. Rector, Nov. 12 1960, 4.8 km S of Eskwanonwatin L., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A.<br />
L. K. Henry 19501 (NY). VERMONT: Orange Co., L. Fairlee, <strong>Redhead</strong> 1282, 1284, 1285, 1288, 1293, 1298, 1299, 1300,<br />
Sept. 19, 1975, E. Conklin (NY); Windham Co., Williams- 1302, 1304 (DAOM 174679, 174680, 174681, 174675,<br />
ville, Aug. 31, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3535 (MICH). WEST 174676,174677, 174678, 174682, 174683, 174684), Aug. 16,<br />
VIRGINIA: Tucker Co., near Davis, Sept. 1, 1946, M. B. 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1335 (DAOM 174685), Poshkakagan R.<br />
Walters (NY). WISCONSIN: Rhinelands, Sept. 23, 1977, N. S. at Hurket road, Aug. 22, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1393, 1403<br />
Weber 4419 (MICH); Taylor Co., Chequamegon Natl. Forest, (DAOM 174686, 174687), 8 krn S. Eskwanonwatin L.,<br />
Oct. 15, 1970, S. J. Mazzer 6321 (MICH).<br />
June 16, 1977, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2230 (DAOM 174689), Twerp<br />
L., June 19, 1977, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2273 (DAOM 174690).<br />
(10) Galerina paludosa (Fr.) Kiihner<br />
QUEBEC: Gatineau Park, Aug. 20, 1972, J. White (DAOM<br />
= Agaricus paludosus Fr.<br />
148707); La Verendrye Park, near Rolland L., July 8, 1980,<br />
= Galera sphagnorum var. velata Peck<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3526 and K. Spicer (DAOM 176550); Parc<br />
MAP: Fig. 15.<br />
Laurentide, near Grandprk L. and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N,<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America but commonest in the 71°14'W, Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (DAOM<br />
eastern half, one record from the southern Appalachians, 180847), Mercier, Aug. 31, 1959, A. H. Smith 61682<br />
northern and central Europe to western, central and far (MICH); Reserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 20,<br />
eastern USSR.<br />
1976, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1949 (DAOM 174691), Aug. 30, 1976,<br />
HABITAT: Always on living Sphagnum, parasitic and pos- S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 21 17, 2120 (DAOM 174692, 174693); St.<br />
sibly saprophytic on underlying peat.<br />
Adolph, June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4969 (DAOM<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Favre 55762); Ste. Lucie de Beauregard, July 7, 1979, R. McNeil<br />
(1948); Gulden (1980); Kotlaba and KubiEka (1960); Kiihner 365 (DAOM 18090 1). ENGLAND: Borrowdale, Langstroath<br />
(1935); Lange (1948); Nezdojminogo (1976); <strong>Redhead</strong> Valley, May 2, 1956, D. A. Reid (DAOM 66587). U.S.A.:<br />
(1981a); SdilHgeanu and 9tefureac (1972); Schmid-Heckel ALASKA: Bird Creek, June 29, 1959, V. Wells and P. Kempton<br />
(1985); Smith and Singer (1964); Ulvinen et al. (1981); (MICH). CONNECTICUT: New London Co., Pachaug State<br />
Urbonas et al. (1986) Vasil'eva (1973); Vasil'kov (1970); Forest, Aug. 6, 1988, NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198646).<br />
Wells and Kempton (1969).<br />
MAINE: Aroostook Co., Sinclair, July 13, 1956, H. E. and M.<br />
NOTES: Galerina paludosa is an easily identified bog- E. Bigelow 3222 (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co.,<br />
inhabiting species. Among the Galerinas on living Sphagnum, Hawley, Hawley Bog, R. Kerrigan and T. Baroni (DAOM<br />
it is distinguished by prominent bands of velar tissue, rugose 188081); Hampshire Co., Belchertown, June 3, 1958, H. E.<br />
spores with a smooth plage, and its ochraceous tawny lamel- Bigelow 6457 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Alger Co., Munising,<br />
lae. Galerina paludosa was shown to parasitize Sphagnum in Sept. 7, 1933, A. H. Smith 33-897 (MICH); Cheboygan Co.,<br />
pure culture (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1981a) and also has been grown on Douglas L., July 6, 1953, D. Stuntz (DAOM 40107); Chipsterilized<br />
peat.<br />
pewa Co., Sheephead L., Aug. 27, 1959, A. H. Smith 61251<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: (MICH); Emmet Co., Stuntzman's ville bog, June 19, 1955,<br />
Sandy L., July 23, 1977, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 814 (DAOM A. H. Smith 49558 (MICH); Luce Co., Pike L., Sept. 11,<br />
191310). MANITOBA: Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson 1953, A. H. Smith 42578 (MICH); Marquette Co., Huron<br />
Creek, Aug. 19, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2854 (DAOM 176599). Mts., June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4113 (MICH); Oakland<br />
NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, June 20 and Co., Oxbow L., June 3, 1937, A. H. Smith 6249 (MICH);<br />
Aug. 28, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM 169730, 169720). NOVA Upper Taquamenon Falls State Park, July 27, 1953, S. C.<br />
SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside, June 27, 1931, Hoare (DAOM 40067). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., Catlin<br />
A. H. Smith 508 (MICH); Peggy's Cove, July 12, 1977, S. A. L., Aug. 13, 1934, A. H. Smith 144 (MICH); Huntington<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 2335 (DAOM 170682). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Forest, Arbutus L., Aug. 8, 1934, A. H. Smith 67 (MICH);<br />
Park, Nightingale Twp., Booth's Rock trail, Aug. 30, 1974, Seneca Co., Junius Marshes, June 1892, C. H. Peck (type of<br />
P. Johnson (DAOM 186756), Sproule Twp., Spruce Bog Galera sphagnorum var. velata, NYS). NORTH CAROLINA:
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NW of Highlands, Cliffside L., July 31, 1986, D. E. Desjar-<br />
din (TENN 47173). WASHINGTON: Pierce Co., Mt. Rainier,<br />
Meadow Creek, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith 40260 (MICH).<br />
REDHEAD<br />
(12) Marasmius epiphyllus (Pers.:Fr) Fr.<br />
= Marasmius subvenosus Peck<br />
MAP: Fig. 12.<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America from the Yukon to<br />
(1 1) Marasmius androsaceus (L. :Fr.) Fr.<br />
Cape Breton Island, N.S., south along the Rockies to Arizona<br />
= Androsaceus vulgaris Karsten<br />
and in the Sierra Nevada, Greenland, northern Europe to North<br />
= Marasmius melanopus Morgan<br />
Africa and Israel, through to central and far eastern USSR<br />
MAP: Fig. 9, see also MacDonald (1977, Fig. I).<br />
including Kamchatka.<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America and south along the HABITAT: Deciduous forests on fallen deciduous leaves,<br />
Rockies, Coastal Mts., and the Appalachians, Mexican High- often Populus, but also other vegetation such as overwintered<br />
lands, Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe to North Africa apple skins, standing dead Equisetum stalks, etc.<br />
through to western, central, and far eastern USSR including SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Binyamini<br />
Kamchatka, and Tibet.<br />
(1976); Desjardin (1985, 19876); Eliade (1965); Favre (1955);<br />
HABITAT: On coniferous debris (needles, twigs, cones, bark) Gilliam (1976); Kuhner and Romagnesi (1954); Horak (1985);<br />
especially pine, ericaceous debris (parasitic on some erica- Kalamees and Vaasma (1981); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange<br />
ceous plants), and occasionally plant litter of adjacent species, (1955); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo (1976);<br />
in mesic and boggy locations.<br />
Schmid-Heckel (1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984): Chastukhin (1986); Vasil'eva (1973).<br />
(1966); De Sousa Da Camera (1956); Desjardin (1985, NOTES: Caution must be used to separate M. tremulae V6l.<br />
19876); Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Eliade (1965); Favre and M. minutissimus Peck from M. epiphyllus.<br />
(1948); Gilliam (1976); Guzmfin (1979); Hallgrimsson (1981); ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:<br />
Horak (1985); Hutchison et al. (1988); Kalamees and Vaasma Calgary, Aug. 20, 1972, R. M. Danielson 376 (DAOM<br />
(1981); Kobayasi et al. (1967); Kuhner and Romagnesi 143585); Kananaskis Valley near Seebe, Aug. 1980, S. Visser<br />
(1954); Lange (1948, 1955); Liu (1978); MacDonald (1949, 5001 (DAOM 184720); Sandy Lake, Aug. 23, 1980, H. M. E.<br />
1977); Malen~on and Bertault (1975); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Schalkwyk 1629 (DAOM 197032), Aug. 8, 1981, H. M. E.<br />
Nezdojminogo (1976); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984~); Schmid-Heckel Schalkwyk 1760 (DAOM 185611); Wolf L., 54"42'N,<br />
(1985); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vanev 110°57'W, Aug. 11, 1978, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1112<br />
and Reid (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973); (DAOM 179151). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Fireside, Hwy. 97 and<br />
Vasil'kov (1970); Zang (1980).<br />
Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 872, 59"43'N, 127"16'W, Aug. 23,<br />
NOTES: Until Gilliam's (1976) monograph, both M. pallido- 1980, J. Ginns 6205 (DAOM 199038); 115 Creek, Hwy. 97<br />
cephalus and M. androsaceus were badly confused in North and Alaska Hwy. Kilometre 644, 58"17'N, 124"56'W,<br />
America.<br />
Aug. 24, 1980, J. Ginns 6227 (DAOM 199039). MANITOBA:<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW- Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Katherine L., Aug. 17, 1979,<br />
FOUNDLAND: Avalon peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2835 (DAOM 192174); Sandilands Prov.<br />
Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6646 (DAOM 198747). NOVA Forest, Hwy. 1,49"39'N, 96"07'W, Aug. 28, 1980, J. Ginns<br />
SCOTIA: Kings Co., West Halls Harbour, July 21, 1972, K. A. 6277 (DAOM 199043); Winnipeg, Oct. 6, 1926, G. R. Bisby<br />
Hanison 11630 (MICH); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands (DAOM 152319, 157345), Sept. 24, 1931, G. R. Bisby<br />
Natl. Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6469 (DAOM 5 1360). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park,<br />
(DAOM 198233). YUKON TERRITORY: 32 km WSW of Mt. Oct. 6, 1978, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> (DAOM 169903). NOVA SCOTIA:<br />
Tyrrell, 63"41rN, 140°34'W, July 20, 1984, J. Ginns 9531 Queens Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside adjunct, Port Joli<br />
and W. Cody (DAOM 196955). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glacier Bay Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6102 (DAOM 198228);<br />
Natl. Park, July 14, 1980, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 58886 Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Clyburn<br />
(DAOM 193747). CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Sequoia Park, Brook, Oct. 1, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6357 (DAOM 198227).<br />
Oct. 31, 1937, L. Bonar (MICH); Oakland, Mar. 26, 1933, ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Sproule Twp., Opeongo<br />
W. Lucke 3 (MICH). COLORADO: Larimer Co., S. of Estes Road, Sept. 21, 1982, G. Thorn 820921105 (DAOM 190178);<br />
Park, Aug. 24, 1940, E. B. Mains 5189 (MICH); Tolland, Kemptville, Oct. 7, 1984, G. P. White (DAOM 190973);<br />
Sept. 8, 1920, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). CONNECTICUT: Litch- Petawawa, Sept. 3, 1941, J. W. Groves (DAOM 10518),<br />
field Co., Colebrook, Sept. 26, 1982, R. E. Halling 3535 Sept. 27, 1944, J. W. Groves (DAOM 11902), Oct. 9, 1986,<br />
(NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Granite Cr., July 4, 1939, A. W. S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5893 (DAOM 196393); Renfrew Co., Quade-<br />
Slipp 103-sta.-1 (MICH); Custer Co., Stanley L., July 20, ville Rd., Oct. 6, 1969, J. W. Groves (DAOM 128831); St.<br />
1958, A. H. Smith 58991 (MICH); Idaho Co., Burgdorf Hot Lawrence Islands Natl. Park, Mallorytown Landing, Sept. 24,<br />
Springs, July 20, 1954, H. E. Bigelow (A. H. Smith 45254, 1975, P. Leclair (DAOM 153833); Thunder Bay Dist., Black<br />
MICH). OREGON: Eugene, Oct. 28, 1938, F. P. Sipe 117 Sturgeon L., Aug. 11, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1169 (DAOM<br />
(MICH); Josephine, Grants Pass, Nov. 10, 1956, F. Lawrence 198240). QUEBEC: Cantley, Sept. 10, 1981, J. Ginns (DAOM<br />
and A. H. Smith 55396 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl. Forest, 180785), Oct. 17, 1983, A. Ginns (DAOM 187928); Gasp6<br />
Takilma, Dec. 5, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A. Brown Peninsula, Forillon Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A.<br />
(MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Monroe Co., Lutherland, Aug. 25, <strong>Redhead</strong> 6510 (DAOM 198746); Gatineau Park, Sept. 17,<br />
1938, D. R. Sumstine (NY). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., Beaver 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 39061); La Salle, Sept. 24, 1938,<br />
Cr., Sept. 8, 1987, Miss Baldwin (det. by D. E. Desjardin, H. A. C. Jackson (DAOM 87186). YUKON: Alaska Hwy. Mile<br />
TENN). WASHINGTON: Stevens Co., E. Springdale, Oct. 18, 1016, Sept. 8, 1962, J. Y. Tsukamoto (DAOM 90989); Can01<br />
1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 21463 (F).<br />
Road Kilometre 264, Majorie Creek, 62"04'N, 13 1 "58'W,
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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3012 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Aug. 3, 1980, J. Ginns 5378 (DAOM 197102); Dawson,<br />
July 19, 1984, J. Ginns 8464 (DAOM 199042); Dempster<br />
Hwy. Kilometre 37, 64"14'N, 138"32'W, Aug. 7, 1980,<br />
J. Ginns 5555 (DAOM 199040); Klondike Hwy. Kilometre<br />
598, 63"37'N, 137"36'W, Aug. 10, 1980, J. Ginns 5772<br />
(DAOM 199041); Mayo, Aug. 1, 1949, J. Gillet et al.<br />
(DAOM 2 1932). ENGLAND: Huntingdonshire, Oct. 15,<br />
1961, R. W. G. Dennis (DAOM 88830). FINLAND: Pohjois-<br />
Pohjanmaa, Muhos, Leppiniemi, Oct. 29, 1974, E. Ohenoja<br />
(DAOM 149773). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 27,<br />
1945, A. Melderis and S. Lundell (DAOM 65120). U.S.A.:<br />
ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7, 1979, W. B. and<br />
V. G. Cooke 57300 (DAOM 193754), Sept. 4, 1981, W. B.<br />
and V. G. Cooke 59789 (DAOM 193753). MICHIGAN: Neebish,<br />
Sept. 1919, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286325). NEW<br />
HAMPSHIRE: Belknap Co., Gilmanton, Oct. 12, 1942, D. H.<br />
Linder (F). NEW YORK: Long Is., Sept. 29, 191 1, Dr. Thomas<br />
(NY); Warren Co., Brayton, near L. George, Oct. 11, 1944,<br />
H. D. House (NYS). UTAH: Rich Co., Cache Natl. Forest,<br />
near Leo Reservoir, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4107<br />
(MICH). WYOMING: Albany Co., Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1,<br />
1923, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), Pole Mt., Aug. 10, 1950,<br />
W. G. Solheim (A. H. Smith 35544) (MICH).<br />
(13) Neolecta vitellina (Bres.) Korf & Rogers<br />
= Geoglossum vitellinum Bres.<br />
MAP: Fig. 11.<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the<br />
Rockies and Appalachians, northern Europe (Finland, Nor-<br />
way, and Sweden) to the Mediterranean, far eastern USSR,<br />
and Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Parasitic on rootlets of unidentified vascular plant<br />
hosts in moss or needle-covered soil in coniferous forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Ohenoja<br />
(1975); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977a, 1979); Huhtinen (1982, 1985);<br />
Ulvinen et al. (1981).<br />
NOTES: This is a bright, orange-yellow fungus that is conspicuous<br />
against bare or mossy needle beds.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:<br />
Mildred Lake Research Facilities, Sept. 11, 1980, R. M.<br />
Danielson 304 1 (DAOM 184723). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt.<br />
Revelstoke Natl. Park, Sept. 26, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4095<br />
(DAOM 178081). QUEBEC: Sandy-Bay Ouest, CtC. Pontiac,<br />
Sept. 11, 1985, Y. DalpC (DAOM 196173). YUKON TERRI-<br />
TORY: S. Can01 Road, Kilometre 1, 133"18'N, 60°29'W,<br />
Aug. 1, 1980, J. Ginns 5 196 and W. Cody (DAOM 178036);<br />
Dempster Hwy., Kilometre 8, 138"33'N, 64"08'W, Aug. 6,<br />
1980, J. Ginns 5509 and W. Cody (DAOM 178035).<br />
(14) Phaemarasmius erinaceus (Fr.) Romagnesi<br />
= Agaricus erinaceus Fries<br />
= Agaricus aridus Pers.<br />
= Agaricus lanatus Sowerby<br />
= Agaricus adpressus Briganti & Briganti<br />
= Naucoria badia Murr.<br />
= Crinipellis alnicola Murr.<br />
MAP: Fig. 16.<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America from California to the<br />
Yukon and Nova Scotia, Greenland, northern and eastern<br />
Europe to the mountains in North Africa.<br />
HABITAT: Small diameter hardwood twigs, often Alnus, on<br />
or slightly above the ground.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Berch and <strong>Redhead</strong> (1982); De<br />
Sousa Da Camera (1956); Elidae (1965); Horak (1986); Josserand<br />
and Smith (1941); Kallio (1980); Lange (1957);<br />
Malen~on and Bertault (1970); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980a, 1984); Smith<br />
and Hesler (1968); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al.<br />
(1986).<br />
NOTES: This species is notable for its apparent absence in<br />
eastern Asia. Singer (1950) knew of only one report from the<br />
U.S.S.R., the western part, and the species has not been<br />
reported from central or eastern Asia to my knowledge.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U. S. A. : CALIFORNIA:<br />
Marin Co., Alpine Lake, Oct. 26, 1969, H. D. Thiers 24099<br />
(SFU); San Mateo Co., San Francisco Watershed, Mar. 6,<br />
1970, R. Keller 782 (SFU). MASSACHUSETTS: Franklin Co., N.<br />
Sunderland, July 7, 1958, H. E. Bigelow (TENN 30103).<br />
(15) Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch:Fr.) Kiihner & Marie<br />
= Agaricus campanella Batsch<br />
= Agaricus fragilis Schaeffer<br />
= Cantharellus valentini Vel.<br />
= Valentinia cornea Vel.<br />
MAP: See <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988, Fig. 92).<br />
RANGE: Across boreal North America, south along the<br />
Rockies, Coastal Mts., and Appalachians or Coastal Plain,<br />
Mexican Highlands, the Azores, northern Europe to North<br />
Africa, western, central, and far eastern USSR, Tibet, northern<br />
India, and Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Mainly coniferous stumps, logs and branches,<br />
sometimes associated with a heart rot.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Dennis et al.<br />
(1977); Guzmin (1977); Ito (1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi<br />
(1954); Miller (1968); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Nezdojminogo<br />
(1976); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988); Urbonas et al. (1986); Schmid-<br />
Heckel (1985); Singer (1957); Smith (1953); Ulvinen et al.<br />
(1981); Vaasma et al. (1986); Vanev and Reid (1986);<br />
Vasil'eva (1973); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and<br />
Gregory (1980); Welden and Guzmin (1978); Zang (1980).<br />
NOTES: A report of X. campanella from Clear Lake, Manitoba<br />
(Bisby et al. 1938) was based on a misidentified specimen<br />
of X. cornui (QuC1.) Favre (DAOM 198213, Sept. 23, 1933,<br />
G. R. Bisby et al.).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
Victoria Beach, May 24, 1926, G. Cameron (DAOM 198209),<br />
June 2, 1928, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 1982 10). ONTARIO:<br />
Ingolf, Sept. 16, 1931, J. E. Lange and G. R. Bisby (DAOM<br />
1982 1 1).<br />
Circumboreal: hardwood forest<br />
(16) Crepidotus cinnabarinus Peck<br />
= Crepidotus cinnabarinus Moeller<br />
= Crepidotus decurrens States<br />
MAP: Fig. 17, also see Luther and <strong>Redhead</strong> (198 1, Fig. 7).<br />
RANGE: Eastern deciduous forests of the U.S.A. to southern<br />
Quebec, westward along the southern edge of the boreal forest<br />
to Alberta, Denmark, Japan, far eastern USSR.<br />
HABITAT: Decorticated hardwood logs, especially abundant<br />
on Populus in the arid portions of the south-central boreal<br />
forest.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh<br />
(1977); Hesler and Smith (1965); Luther and <strong>Redhead</strong> (1981);<br />
McNeil (1983); Moeller (1945~); Murata (1978); States<br />
(1972).<br />
NOTES: Crepidotus cinnabarinus is a distinctive, cinnabar-
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
. .<br />
red coloured species unlike any other species in the genus. It is<br />
found on a variety of hardwoods, but is particularly abundant<br />
on Populus.<br />
ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
Matlock, July 17, 1927, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198202);<br />
Winnipeg, Aug. 7, 1926, July 20, 1927, Aug. 3, 1928, July 6,<br />
1933, July 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby et al. (DAOM 198199,<br />
198201, 198197, 198200, 198198).<br />
(17) Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.:Fr.) Maire<br />
= Agaricus palmatus Bull.<br />
= Agaricus subpalmatus Fr.<br />
= Agaricus reticeps Mont.<br />
= Agaricus phlebophorus var. reticulatus Cooke<br />
= Agaricus cookei Richon<br />
= Agaricus reticulatus Johnson<br />
= Agaricus alveolatus Cragin<br />
= Panus meruliiceps Peck<br />
= Pleurotus pubescens Peck<br />
MAP: Fig. 18.<br />
RANGE: Commonest in the Great Lakes region to Missis-<br />
.'. . sippi, rare across the southern boreal forest Poplar belt in<br />
Canada and east of the Appalachians in the U.S.A.; western,<br />
central, and eastern Europe to the western Caucasus mountains<br />
(Krasnodar region) USSR, North Africa, far eastern USSR,<br />
and Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Standing or fallen hardwood trunks and branches,<br />
in deciduous forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bisby et al. (1929, 1938); Ito<br />
(1959); Kiihner and Romagnesi (1954); Maire (1924); Miller<br />
1948, M. K. Nobles (DAOM 21277); Honey Harbor, Georgian<br />
Bay, Aug. 12, 1925, W. S. Odell (129 as Pleurotus subpalmatus<br />
in Dearness herb., DAOM); Hope Bay, Aug. 1980,<br />
F. DiCosmo (DAOM 179168); Magnetawan, Aug. 19, 1922,<br />
L. C. C. Krieger 1742 (MICH); Ottawa, Billings Bush,<br />
June 18, 19 19, W. S. Odell (as Lentinula salmonicolor nom.<br />
herb., in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Point Pelee Natl. Park,<br />
Sept. 17, 1981, J. E. and S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4211 (DAOM<br />
188325), Aug. 21, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187615);<br />
Rondeau Park, Oct. 24, 193 1, C. C. Be11 (765 1 as P. subpalmatus<br />
in Dearness herb. in DAOM); Shaw Woodlot near<br />
Eganville, Sept. 2, 1986, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5254 (DAOM<br />
196059); South March, June 27, 1955, S. C. Thomson and<br />
M. E. Elliott (DAOM 46816), July 22, 1971, D. Malloch<br />
(DAOM 137531). QUEBEC: Aylmer, July 15, 1918, W. S.<br />
Odell (as L. salmonicolor in Dearness herb. in DAOM);<br />
Cantley, July 22, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 28837),<br />
Aug. 26, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 23748), July 11, 1976,<br />
J. Ginns 3102 (DAOM 157067); Gatineau Park, July 18,<br />
1951, J. W. Groves (DAOM 26678), July 3 1, 1958, M. Elliott<br />
(DAOM 62874), Oct. 3, 1971, H. A. Thomson (DAOM<br />
151 195), July 4, 1973, K. Pirozynski and D. Malloch (DAOM<br />
157861), Aug. 9, 1973, B. Malloch (DAOM 144514),<br />
Sept. 13, 1979, N. Binyamini (DAOM 173596), Sept. 24,<br />
1979, A. Juneau (DAOM 177914), June 24, 1981, G. Thorn<br />
(DAOM 190426), Aug. 2, 1983, Y. Dalpe 524 (DAOM<br />
187693); Montcalm Co., St.-Donat, Aug. 5, 1971, L. Sirrad<br />
(QFB 17464). ENGLAND: Ashurst, Surrey, Sept. 1, 1960,<br />
et al. (1980); Mumll (1915); Pilk (1935-1936); Pouchet<br />
Mr. Tennant (DAOM 74815). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Chicago,<br />
June 1905, W. S. Moffat (NYS as Panus meruliceps); Geneseo,<br />
Aug. 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Neebish Is.,<br />
(1932); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986~); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al.<br />
(1986).<br />
Aug. 9, 191 1, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Aug.<br />
1920, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F). INDIANA: Indianapolis,<br />
NOTES: Like Crepidotus cinnabarinus, Rhodotus palmatus Oct. 1, 1950, J. Cottingham 14 (MICH); Owen Co., Green<br />
has a more fragmented circumboreal distribution than species Bluffs near Spencer, Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6335<br />
characteristic of the northern coniferous forests. In North (MICH). IOWA: Boone Co., Ledges State Park, June 25, 1983,<br />
America, unlike C. cinnabarinus, it is commonest in the J. Ammirati and R. E. Halling 3821 (NY). KANSAS: Riley Co.,<br />
eastern deciduous forests. Its near absence in the Adirondack Manhattan, Sept. 24, 1957, C. T. Rogerson (NY), Oct. 15,<br />
and Appalachian mountains and points east is noteworthy. 1973, B. Nyberg (MICH). MICHIGAN: Antrim Co., Aug. 27,<br />
. . . .<br />
. .<br />
Neither C. H. Peck nor W. A. Mumll collected it personally,<br />
knowing it only from specimens sent to them from further<br />
west. L. R. Hesler never picked it up in the southern Appala-<br />
1967, M. Ellison (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Douglas L.,<br />
July 16, 1951, H. Bailey (DAOM 27618); Chelsea, Sharon<br />
Hollow, June 26, 1927, A. H. and H. V. Smith 6400 (MICH);<br />
chians or other parts of the southeast. Miller et al. (1980) are Emmet Co., Boyne Highlands area, July 5, 1967, A. H. Smith<br />
the only authors to record it from the east coast (Lucketts, 74445 (MICH); Gratiot Co., Ithaca, Aug. 6, 1961, V. Potter<br />
Anne Amndel Co., Md., OKM 8237, VPI). In Eurasia, it has 12838 (MICH); Houghton, Aug. 16, 1906, C. H. Kauffman<br />
been found in the east and west but not points between. It is (MICH); Oakland Co., Timberland Natl. Center, Sept. 24,<br />
possible that R. palmatus is still in the process of migrating 1974, F. Hoseney 2909 (MICH). MINNESOTA: Clearwater<br />
eastward from its glacial refuge, which was probably not in the Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 1, 1967, M. G. Weaver 1442<br />
southern Appalachians but some area further to the west. (MICH); Minneapolis, no date, M. M. Whetstone (F) also<br />
One collection deposited at Ann Arbor (MICH) was origi- (NYS as Panus meruliceps). NEBRASKA: Washington Co.,<br />
nally labelled A. H. Smith 39343, West Branch, Mt. Rainier, Desoto Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Sept. 6, 1981, G. Mueller<br />
Aug. 3, 1952, in handwriting by B. Kanouse. Mount Rainier is (TENN 44817). NEW YORK: Lyndonville, C. E. Fairman<br />
in Washington; however, during the summer of 1952 Dr. (NYS, type of Pleurotus pubescens). OHIO: Butler CO.,<br />
Smith was at the University of Michigan Biological Station, Oxford, 1971, G. Williamson (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Alleand<br />
on Aug. 3 he made collections from the west branch of the gheny Co., Sutersville, July 15, 1939, H. Roslind (NY).<br />
Maple River, Emmet Co., Michigan (R. L. Shaffer, personal VIRGINIA: Cascades near Pembroke, Sept. 30, 1976, S. Brown<br />
communication, 1988).<br />
(0. K. Miller 15878, VPI). WISCONSIN: Blue Mounds, July 13,<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA: 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F).<br />
Sandy L., June 23, 1981 and Aug. 15, 1982, H. M. E. Schalkwyk<br />
1669 and 1858 (DAOM 189103, 185561). ONTARIO:<br />
Circurnboreal: bicoastal<br />
. . Algonquin Prov. Park, Canisbay Twp., Minessing Road, (18) Baeospora myosura (Fr.) Singer<br />
Aug. 24, 1980, P. Kotanen (DAOM 180304); Dorset, July 9, = Agaricus myosura Fr.
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3014<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
40213), Sept. 25, 1956, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 5 1996). ENG-<br />
LAND: South Ascot, Berks, NOV. 8, 1959, D. A. Reid<br />
(DAOM 74782). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Upsala, Sept. 26,<br />
1946, A. Melderis (DAOM 65290). SWITZERLAND: Part<br />
= Collybia strobilina Velen.<br />
= Collybia friesii Bres.<br />
MAP: Fig. 22.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from Alaska to northern California and<br />
along the Coastal and Cascade Mts., again in the interior wet Barton, Genkve, Nov. 13, 1948, J. Favre (MICH). U.S.A.:<br />
belt (Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to the Great Lakes - Appalachian ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn, Dec. 6, 1896, F. S. Earle (NY).<br />
region to Nova Scotia, western, northern and eastern Europe to ALASKA: Glacier Bay Natl. Monument, Aug. 18 and 20, 1952<br />
the western Caucasus (USSR), North Africa, Japan.<br />
(WS 42555, 42597); Haines, Sept. 19, 1970, V. Wells and<br />
HABITAT: Restricted to fallen, buried cones of conifers, P. Kempton 4934 (MICH); Juneau, Sept. 18, 1972, V. Wells<br />
mainly Picea spp. in western North America and Pinus strobus and P. Kempton 5966 (MICH); Wrangell Island, Aug. 12,<br />
L. in eastern North America.<br />
1931, J. C. Scudder et al. (BPI as Marasmius papillatus).<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1978); Desjardin (1985, CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Big Tree, Aug. 11, 1986, S. H.<br />
19876); Favre (1939a); Hongo (1953); Ito (1959); Jahn 1067 (NY); Marin Co., Carson Ridge, Oct. 27, 1984, J. Par-<br />
(1962); Lennox (1979); Malenqon and Bertault (1975); Mat- sons 33 (NY); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 20,<br />
suda and Hongo (1955); <strong>Redhead</strong> (19806); Schmidt (1978); 1984, D. Davis 132 (NY). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Upper Priest<br />
Toumikoslu (1953); Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas et al. Lake, Sept. 20, 1966 (WS 56575). ILLINOIS: Peoria Co.,<br />
(1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wells and Kempton (1975). Peoria, 1969, Mrs. Runde (MICH). MAINE: Oxford Co.,<br />
NOTES: In the field, this is a conspicuous species because of Canton Point, J. C. Parlin (A. H. S. 15370, MICH). MARYits<br />
habitat. Macroscopically, it might be confused with the LAND: Laurel, Oct. 25, 1968, 0. K. Miller 7091 (VPI).<br />
genus Strobilurus, but microscopically the two genera are MASSACHUSETTS: Conway, Sept. 16, 1960, J. W. Groves<br />
easily separated. The eastern North American population dif- (DAOM 7 1683). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Colonial Point,<br />
fers from the western population by its restriction to pine Sept. 22, 1949, A. H. Smith 34132 (MICH). MINNESOTA:<br />
cones, Pinus strobus in the north and P. palustris P. Mill. from Anoka Co., Cedar Creek Natl. Historical area, Sept. 8, 1969,<br />
Alabama and Texas in the south, beyond the range of P. stro- M. G. Weaver 1885 (MICH); Crow Wing Co., Pelican L.,<br />
bus. However, the species has been collected on exotic spruce Sept. 12, 1964, M. G. Weaver 1109 (MICH). NEW YORK:<br />
(Picea abies) in Maryland. In western North America spruce Adirondack Mountains, Star Lake, Sept. 6, 1981, J. Ginns<br />
cones almost exclusively are the normal substrate, i.e., Picea 6350 (DAOM 180879); Albany, Oct. 4, 1952, S. J. Smith and<br />
sp. (Alaska, B.C., Oregon, and Washington), Picea engel- K. L. Brooks 12543 (NYS); Ithaca, Oct. 4, 1902, C. Thom<br />
manii Pany (Idaho) and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (B.C., (BPI); Warrensburg, Sept. 5, 1934, A. H. Smith 704 (MICH).<br />
California), except for some of the southern most coastal col- NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville, Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee<br />
lections in California beyond the range of P. sitchensis that are (MICH); Swain Co., Deep Creek, Sept. 5, 1971, K. A. Hamon<br />
Pseudotsuga menzesii (Mirb.) Franco.<br />
son 11046 (MICH). OREGON: Lake Tahenitsch, Nov. 11,<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Alice Lake Park, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
1935, A. H. Smith 3426 (MICH); Tsiltcoos L., Nov. 13,<br />
1935, A. H. Smith 3457 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Cades Cove,<br />
BC-1 (UBC), Oct. 21, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> BB-2, BB-8 Aug. 31, 1938, A. H. Smith and L. R. Hesler 10720 (MICH).<br />
(UBC); Queen Charlotte Islands: Graham Is., Yakoun River TEXAS: Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl. Preserve, Nov. 5, 1983,<br />
6 krn S of Port Clements, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4262 0. K. Miller 20888 (VPI). VERMONT: Middlesbury, Sept. 24,<br />
(DAOM 187549); Rossland, Sheep L., Oct. 3, 1966, K. A. 1898, E. A. Burt (BPI). VIRGINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest,<br />
Hamson (MICH); Squamish, Nov. 3, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> Oct. 4, 1983, 0. K. Miller 20813 (VPI). WASHINGTON: Lake<br />
BC-7a (UBC); Vancouver Island: Pacific Rim Natl. Park, Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). ISC CON-<br />
Pachena Bay, Oct. 6, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3392 (DAOM SIN: Door Co., Newport State Park, Sept. 6, 1987, E. 0. Far-<br />
175388). NEW BRUNSWICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. well (F 1070570); St. Croix Co., Sept. 4, 1970, S. J. Mazzer<br />
22, 1977 and Oct. 5, 1978, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2495,2696 (DAOM<br />
166765, 169976). NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik<br />
6326 (MICH); Vernon Co., Viroqua, Aug. 26, 1973, F. Hoseney<br />
2747 (MICH) .<br />
Natl. Park, Grafton L., Sept. 19, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5989<br />
(DAOM 198239). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park: Blue<br />
Beech Creek at Petawawa River, Sept. 8, 1982, G. Thorn<br />
820908114 (DAOM 190184), Frontier L., Sept. 30, 1982,<br />
G. Thorn 820930103 (DAOM 190122); Fallowfield, Oct. 4,<br />
1956, J. W. Groves and M. E. Elliott (DAOM 54060);<br />
Gananoque, Sept. 13, 1982, G. Thorn 820913101 (DAOM<br />
190189); Lake Temagami, Sept. 11, 1935, R. F. Cain<br />
(DAOM 80336); Petawawa, Sept. 5, 1941, J. W. Groves and<br />
I. L. Conners (DAOM 10581); St. Lawrence Islands Natl.<br />
Park: Mallorytown, Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM<br />
153505), Thwartway Is., Sept. 18, 1975, J. Ginns (DAOM<br />
153504); Shaw Wood lot near Eganville, Sept. 10, 1987, S. A.<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 5975 (DAOM 197385); Simcoe Co., S of Alliston,<br />
Sept. 23, 1962, R. F. Cain (DAOM 165005); York Co.: W of<br />
Maple, Sept. 27, 1937, H. S. Jackson (DAOM 48488), Nashville,<br />
Sept. 19, 1953, R. F. Cain (DAOM 50892); Rockcliffe,<br />
(19) Crinipellis piceae Singer<br />
MAP: Fig. 27, also see <strong>Redhead</strong> (19866, Fig. 3).<br />
RANGE: Coastal North America from the Alaskan panhandle<br />
to northern California, disjunct to the east coast Acadian forest<br />
zone and one locality in northeastern Ontario, central and far<br />
eastern USSR.<br />
HABITAT: Individual needles of Picea sitchensis, other Picea<br />
spp., Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., and Abies balsamea<br />
(L.) Mill.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bulakh (1977): Desjardin (1987b);<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> (19866); Singer (1939, 19426); Vasil'eva (1973).<br />
NOTES: Along the west coast the species is often found on<br />
the ridge tops of colonized dunes, and elsewhere in the fog belt<br />
where Picea sitchensis occurs. It is the only species of Crinipellis<br />
in North America that regularly colonizes spruce<br />
needles.<br />
Sept. 14, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM F 7920). QUEBEC: (20) Cyphellostereum laeve (Fr.) Reid<br />
Gatineau Park, Sept. 17, 1953, C. A. Loveland (DAOM = Relephora muscigena Pers.
= Cantharellus laevis Fr.<br />
= nelephora vulgaris var. candida Pers.<br />
= Stereophyllum boreale Karst.<br />
= Craterellus pogonati Peck<br />
= Leptoglossum seticola Comer<br />
MAP: Fig. 26.<br />
RANGE: West coast of North America from the Queen<br />
Charlotte Islands to Oregon, also in the interior wet belt<br />
(Selkirk Mts.), disjunct to eastern North America east of the<br />
Great Lakes, Sierra Nevada range in Venezuela, northern,<br />
western and central Europe, Malaya, New Zealand.<br />
HABITAT: Associated with Polytrichaceae (Bryophytes),<br />
mainly Polytrichum and Pogonatum in seepage areas or along<br />
creeks.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1966); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1973,<br />
1984a); Reid (1965).<br />
NOTES: Cyphellostereum laeve is a small but distinct species<br />
in the field notable for its pure white colour against the green<br />
hosts and its association with the Polytrichaceae. Microscopically<br />
it is readily separated from other muscigenous<br />
basidiomycetes.<br />
. . ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:<br />
Nepean, Sept. 29, 1984, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5110 (DAOM<br />
190883). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L.,<br />
I Sept. 11, 1976, T. Baroni 2994 (DAOM 183343). OREGON:<br />
1 Corvallis, Oct. 20, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34809);<br />
i Waldport, Oct. 18, 1970, R. H. Petersen (TENN 34804).<br />
; VERMONT: Bennington Co., near Bennington, Aug. 28, 1981,<br />
I<br />
T. Baroni 4085 (DAOM 183344).<br />
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
:<br />
1 (2 1) Hypholomu dispersum QuC1.<br />
= Agaricus marginatus Pers. non A. marginatus Batsch<br />
= Agaricus fascicularis var. marginatus Pers. :Fr.<br />
I<br />
= Agaricus dispersus Fr., nom. illeg., non A. dispersus Pers.<br />
= Psilocybe ochraeceps Kauff.<br />
MAP: Fig. 29.<br />
RANGE: Common along the west coast from the Queen<br />
Charlotte Islands south to northern California, and in a smaller<br />
band in the interior wet belt (Selkirk Mts.), in eastern North<br />
America known only from Newfoundland, northem, eastern,<br />
western, and southern Europe, westem USSR as far east as the<br />
western Caucasus mountains (Krasnodar region), and again in<br />
the far eastern USSR and Japan.<br />
HABITAT: On fragmented coniferous debris and branches,<br />
often silt or moss covered, often on slopes, in wet coniferous<br />
forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis et al. (1960); Eliade (1965);<br />
Hongo (1965); Kuhner (1936); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith<br />
(1951); Urbonas (1975); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al.<br />
(1986); Watling and Gregory (1 987).<br />
NOTES: Smith (1951) recognized three varieties of Naematolomu<br />
dispersum (Quel.) Karst. (= Hypholoma dispersum) in<br />
North America. Both N. dispersum var. dispersum and var.<br />
idakonese (Smith) Smith are included in the above synopsis.<br />
Variety jlavifolium Smith is considered to be a distinct species<br />
with an arnphiatlantic distribution, H. jlavifolium, which is<br />
conspecific with Hypholomu polytrichi sensu Kuhner (1936),<br />
non Fries. Hypholomu dispersum appears to be toally absent<br />
from the interior of the North American continent. Smith<br />
(1951, p. 513) reported a single collection of variety dispersum<br />
from "Tequamenon State Park, Mich., 1949"; however, reexamination<br />
of that collection, A. H. S. 33538 (MICH), revealed<br />
that it was a misdetermined specimen of H. jlavifolium.<br />
REDHEAD 3015<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass summit, Sept. 14,<br />
1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3728 (DAOM 182449); Mt. Revelstoke<br />
Natl. Park, Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
4003 (DAOM 182448); North Vancouver, Mt. Seymour,<br />
Sept. 22, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> AI-42 (DAOM 185541);<br />
Prince Rupert, Sept. 1962, R. Sharpe (DAOM 89716); Queen<br />
Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill,<br />
Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4514 (DAOM 187530); Vancouver<br />
Is.: 40 krn E of Ucluelet, Hwy. 4, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A.<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> AM-17 (DAOM 182548). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon<br />
Peninsula, Butter Pot Prov. Park area, Oct. 9, 1988, S, A.<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 6645 (DAOM 198748); Gros Morne Natl. Park,<br />
Southeast Brook Falls, Sept. 23, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4941<br />
(DAOM 187960), between Feny and Crow Gulch brooks,<br />
Sept. 18, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4770 (DAOM 187967). ENG-<br />
LAND: YORKSHIRE: Malham, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey (DAOM<br />
107762). SWEDEN: SMALAND: Eksjo, Oct. 21,1945, G. Haglund<br />
(DAOM 64884); Femsjo, Sept. 23, 1947, A. Melderis<br />
(DAOM 64422); Nassjo, Oct. 16, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM<br />
64421). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Del Norte Co., Crescent City,<br />
Nov. 21, 1956, A. H. Smith 55932 (MICH); Humboldt Co.,<br />
Big Lagoon Park, Dec. 19, 1956, A. H. Smith 56836 (MICH);<br />
Humboldt State Park, Dec. 30, 1956, A. H. Smith 56122<br />
(MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Nov. 23,<br />
1975, R. Halling 1129 (DAOM 180678); Patrick's Point State<br />
Park, Nov. 2, 1965, H. D. Thiers 13965 (DAOM 128265);<br />
Prairie Creek Park, Nov. 23, 1937, A. H. Smith 9020<br />
(MICH); Smith R., Nov. 16, 1937, A. H. Smith 8787<br />
(MICH); Trinidad, Nov. 29, 1935, A. H. Smith and H. E.<br />
Parks 3656 (MICH); Trinity Natl. Forest, Nov. 7, 1937, A. H.<br />
Smith 851 1 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 27,<br />
1964, A. H. Smith 70871 (MICH); Nordman, Oct. 12, 1956,<br />
A. H. Smith 54590 (MICH). OREGON: Belknap Springs, Oct.<br />
23, 1937, A. H. Smith 8149 (MICH); Clackamas Co., Mt.<br />
Hood area, Oct. 8, 1972, A. H. Smith 82655 (MICH); Eugene<br />
area, Nov. 24, 1946, F. P. Sipe 947 (MICH); Lake Tahkinitah,<br />
Nov. 18, 1935, A. H. Smith 3336 (MICH); Lane Co.,<br />
Andrew Experimental Forest, Dec. 15, 1970, F. Rhoades<br />
(MICH); McKenzie R., S. Fork, Oct. 20, 1937, A. H. Smith<br />
7993 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Van Duzen Comdor, Nov. 8,<br />
1970, A. H. Smith 79692 (MICH); Wemme, Oct. 21, 1947,<br />
A. H. Smith 28024 (MICH); Wildwood near Rhododendron,<br />
Oct. 14, 1947, H. V. and N. Smith (A. H. S. 27737, MICH);<br />
Willamette area, Oct. 29, 1944, F. P. Sipe 539 (MICH); Zig<br />
Zag, Oct. 28, 1946, A. H. Smith 25058 (MICH). WASHING-<br />
TON: Hoh R., June 30, 1939, A. H. Smith 14715 (MICH);<br />
King Co., Preston, Sept. 26, 1954, A. H. Smith 47947<br />
(MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 10, 1935, A. H. Smith 3077<br />
(MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 7, 1925, C. H. Kauffman<br />
(MICH); LaPush, along Quillayote R., Oct. 26, 1935, A. H.<br />
Smith 3344 (MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 11, 1954,<br />
A. H. Smith 47373 (MICH); Olympic Mts., Heart O'Hills,<br />
June 28, 1939, A. H. Smith 14674 (MICH); Siskiyou Natl.<br />
For., Takilma, Nov. 29, 1925, C. H. Kauffman and C. A.<br />
Brown (MICH); Zenith, Nov. 30, 1940, J. B. Flett (MICH).<br />
(22) Lyophyllum gibberosum (Schaeff.) M. Lange<br />
= Collybia gibberosa J. Schaeffer<br />
= Collybia f. gracilis J. Lange<br />
MAP: Fig. 53.<br />
RANGE: Western Newfoundland, northern Europe (Austria,<br />
Denmark, Finland, Germany), Japan.
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3016<br />
Noordeloos (1983); Overholts (1940); Singer (1973a);<br />
Urbonas et al. (1986).<br />
NOTES: This is a conspicuous white species that usually<br />
fruits in groups. A variety described from the southern Appala-<br />
chians, Marasmius candidus var. setulosus Josserand & Smith,<br />
represents a distinct species with setuliform pileocystidia and<br />
other distinguishing features (Singer 1973a; D. E. Desjardin,<br />
personal communication).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Haney area, Oct. 25, 1959, G. Rouse (UBC);<br />
Squamish, Oct. 17, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3480 (DAOM<br />
188780); Vancouver, July 25, 1949, J. Bowman (DAOM<br />
34685), Feb. 9, 1961, R. J. Bandoni BC-1545 (DAOM<br />
91078), Nov. 17, 1963, E. Hancock (DAOM 114371),<br />
Jan. 20, 1982, R. J. Bandoni 6880 (DAOM 182706); Vancouver<br />
Island: Lake Cowichan, Meade Creek, Oct. 2, 1979,<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3282 (DAOM 180410); Goldstream Prov.<br />
Park, Oct. 8, 1971, J. Ginns 1898 (DAOM 181027); 24 krn W<br />
of Port Alberni, Oct. 7, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> AP-10 (DAOM<br />
175327); Saanich, Jan. 11 and 19, 1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM<br />
63342, 63341), Nov. 12, 1964, M. C. Melburn (DAOM<br />
109149); Sidney, Oct. 29 and Nov. 1, 1915, J. Macoun<br />
(DAOM 5 1362, 5 1363, both misdetermined as Marasmius<br />
subvenosus by Dearness), July 5, 1948, W. G. Ziller (DAOM<br />
21379); Sooke, Oct. 23, 1965, M. C. Melburn 560 (DAOM<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
HABITAT: Coniferous duff.<br />
113217); Victoria, Dec. 2, 1943, G. A. Hardy 89 (DAOM<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1972); Lange (191 7); 16326), Jan. 8, 1959, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 63338),<br />
Lange (1946, 1948, 1954); Lange and Munk (1948); Lange Nov. 4, 1961, M. C. Melburn 419 (DAOM 87895), Jan. I,<br />
and Sivertsen (1966); Moser (1949); Petersen (1970); Sagara 1967, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 116769); White Rock area,<br />
(1973, 1975); Schaeffer (1942); Ulvinen et al. (1981). V. J. Krajina (UBC). ONTARIO: Point Pelee Natl. Park,<br />
NOTES: Macroscopically this is not an overly distinctive spe- Sept. 14, 1981, J. E. and S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4153 (DAOM<br />
cies; however, microscopically it is very easily identified. 186919). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Crescent City, Dec. 7, 1937,<br />
Collybioid fungi have been studied intensively in both the A. H. Smith 9496 (MICH); Mendocino Co., Jackson State<br />
northwestern and northeastern U.S. (Halling 1983; Lennox Forest, Nov. 25, 1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144090);<br />
1979) without turning up additional collections, thus making Orick, Dec. 4, 1937, A. H. Smith 9396 (MICH); Santa Barits<br />
find in Newfoundland noteworthy. In Eurasia it has a bara, Jan. 14, 1939, P. M. Rea 18 (MICH); Santa Cruz Mounbicoastal<br />
distributional pattern and hence, if native to North tains, Oct. 5, 1933, M. Mentzes (as Marasmius magnisporus<br />
America, may have or have had a bicoastal distribution. in Dearness herb. in DAOM). INDIANA: Bloomington, Aug.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW- 20, 1981, R. E. Halling 3424 (NY). MISSOURI: Boone Co.,<br />
FOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Sept. 2 1, 1983, J. Ginns Columbia, June 14, 1940, J. B. Routin 1057 (TENN 13288)<br />
and S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4904 (DAOM 187843). FINLAND: Oulum confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OHIO: Hocking Co., Conkles<br />
Pohjanmaa, Pudasjarvi, Ala-Livo, Oct. 6, 1969, E. Ohenoja Hollow State Park, July 16, 1977, W. B. and V. G. Cooke<br />
(DAOM 179546).<br />
54635 (DAOM 193769). NORTH CAROLINA: Chapel Hill, July<br />
22, 1920 (NCU 4493) confirmed by D. E. Desjardin. OREGON:<br />
(23) Marasmiellus candidus (Bolt. :Fr.) Singer<br />
Benton Co., Mary's Peak, Nov. 17, 1970, A. H. Smith 80010<br />
= Agaricus candidus Bolton<br />
(MICH); Eugene, Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 931 (MICH);<br />
= Agaricus albus-corticis Secr., nom. invalid.<br />
Garibaldi, Sept. 21, 1944, A. H. Smith 19013 (MICH); Lin-<br />
= Marasmius magnisporus Mum.<br />
coln Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith<br />
MAP: Fig. 24.<br />
RANGE: Coastal in western North America from southern<br />
78946 (MICH); Polk Co., Van Duzer Corridor, Nov. 18,<br />
1970, A. H. Smith 80081 (MICH); Salmon River above<br />
Vancouver Island and the Vancouver region south to southern Welches, Oct. 24, 1947, A. H. Smith 28247 (MICH); Tila-<br />
California, also in eastern North America from Pt. Pelee east mook Co., Pacific City dunes, Nov. 9, 1972, A. H. Smith<br />
to New York and south to North Carolina, the Azores, 83572 (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon<br />
western, eastern, and southern Europe, south to North Africa, Heights, Sept. 19, 1937, L. K. Henry (NY); Westmoreland<br />
east to Georgia (USSR), Japan.<br />
Co., July 30, 1908, D. R. Jenkins (NY). WASHINGTON: Bell-<br />
HABITAT: Woody angiosperm debris on mossy ground, or ingham, Oct. 21, 1962, B. J. M. (UBC); ElwhaR., Olympics,<br />
bark, twigs, and exposed roots slightly elevated above the June 1939, A. H. Smith 14264 (MICH); Joyce, Sept. 22,<br />
ground.<br />
1935, A. H. Smith 2562 (MICH); Lake Crescent, Sept. 20,<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Binyamini (1980); De Sousa Da<br />
Camara (1956); Dennis et al. (1977); Desjardin (1985,<br />
1935, A. H. Smith 2520 (MICH); San Juan Island, Nov. 20,<br />
1966, M. A. Waugh (UBC). THE NETHERLANDS: LIM-<br />
19876); Eliade (1965); Hardy (1946); Ito (1959); Malen~on BURG: Gronsveld, Savelsbos, Aug. 5, 1981, T. W. Kuyper<br />
and Bertault (1975); Murrill (1912~); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); 1670 (DAOM 185425).<br />
(24) Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kummer<br />
= Agaricus semilanceatus Fr.<br />
MAP: Fig. 28.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to northern<br />
California, rare in the interior wet belt of British Columbia<br />
(Columbian Mts.), disjunct to eastern New Brunswick, Prince<br />
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland (and possibly<br />
Vermont); northern, western, eastern, and southern Europe<br />
through to Georgia, USSR; disjunct to the far eastern USSR;<br />
Australia and Chile in the southern Hemisphere.<br />
HABITAT: On herbaceous debris in wet pastures of coarse<br />
grasses and rushes, usually on bottom lands near rivers or the<br />
ocean, an exception being the California collection associated<br />
with charred mossy wood.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: De Sousa Da Camara (1956); Eliade<br />
(1965); Guzmin (1983); Guzmin and Watling (1978); HBiland<br />
(1978); Jokiranta et al. (1984); Lange (1936~); Michaelis<br />
(1977); Moeller (19456); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(19796); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Singer and Moser (1964);<br />
Ulvinen et al. (1981); Urbonas (1978); Urbonas et al. (1986);<br />
Watling and Gregory (1987).<br />
NOTES: Psilocybe semilanceata is one of the more distinctive<br />
small species, often harvested for its hallucinogenic drug,<br />
psilocybin. The genus Psilocybe was monographed for the
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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world by Guzmin (1983). Among other locations, he reported<br />
P. semilanceata from Albany, New York, filed as Psilocybe<br />
foenisecii, "Peck s.n." (NYS). In actuality two lids appear to<br />
have been switched on collections identified as P. foenisecii<br />
deposited at Albany (NYS). On the reverse of one is informa-<br />
tion indicating it came from "Nova Scotia A. H. MacKay<br />
St 05" where it caused a "short sickness in children," and that<br />
contradicts data on the lid that reads "Menands, Chas. H.<br />
Peck June." This is the specimen of P. semilanceata cited by<br />
Guzmin. On an identically sized box is a lid inscribed "Psilo-<br />
cybe foenisecii A. H. MacKay Nova Scotia Sept. 1905." The<br />
specimen in that box is P. foenisecii, which I believe is the<br />
Menands collection. MacKay (1913) detailed the symptoms<br />
produced in children who had ingested the species he sent to<br />
Peck from Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia.<br />
A third unrelated collection, not cited by Guzmin, from<br />
Bethlehem, New York, was identified as P. semilanceata by<br />
Peck (NYS), but is actually P. subcoprophila (Britz.) Sacc.<br />
Psilocybe semilanceata has also been reported from Akpatok<br />
Island, N.W.T., by Polunin (1934). No specimens could be<br />
located at the British Museum or Kew. This record, in an arctic<br />
region and over 1000 krn from documented sightings, is almost<br />
certainly based on a misdetermination and should not be<br />
accepted unless verified by voucher specimens.<br />
Guzmin (1983) also reported P. semilanceata from "Vir-<br />
ginia, Vermont, Middlebury" leg. Langlois s.n. (Oct. 24,<br />
1898) (BPI). I have seen a number of Langlois collections of<br />
various species at Beltsville with such confusing labels indicat-<br />
ing different sites. I would expect to find P. semilanceata in<br />
coastal Vermont but not in Virginia.<br />
ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
REDHEAD 3017<br />
CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Nov. 8, 1986, B. L. Thompson<br />
(SFU) .<br />
Boreal endemic<br />
(25) Marasmiellus filopes (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Marasmius $lopes Peck<br />
= Marasrnius thujinus Peck<br />
= Marasrnius piceina Kauff.<br />
MAP: Fig. 20.<br />
RANGE: From southern British Columbia and western Alberta<br />
to northern California and Colorado in the Coastal, Columbian,<br />
and Rock Mountain ranges; apparently disjunct to the eastern<br />
boreal forest, east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland.<br />
HABITAT: Individually on fallen needles of Abies, Pinus, or<br />
Picea species, usually covering needle beds by the hundreds or<br />
thousands.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam<br />
(1976); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980d).<br />
NOTES: This species is conspicuous because of the large<br />
numbers of basidiomes it produces in concentrated patches.<br />
There is an old report from Orca, Alaska by Saccardo et al.<br />
(1904) that may be correct.<br />
ADDlTIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:<br />
Marmot Creek basin, Kananaskis valley near Seebe, R. M.<br />
Danielson 1855 (DAOM 184722); Waterton Lakes Natl. Park,<br />
Cameron Lake, Aug. 15, 1980, G. P. White 899 (DAOM<br />
177003). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Rocky Mt. Trench near Donald<br />
Stn., Hwy. 1 and Columbia River, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
3976 (DAOM 180995). NEW BRUNSWICK: Moncton,<br />
Oct. 28, 1987, G. P. White (DAOM 197820). NEWFOUND-<br />
LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17,<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River valley 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4745 (DAOM 187965). ONTARIO:<br />
by old railway station, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4107 Algonquin Prov. Park, Smoke Lake, Sept. 23, 1982, G. Thorn<br />
(DAOM 178932); Mission, Oct. 1977, P. Kroeger and 820923120 (DAOM 190127), Peck Twp., Hardwood Lookout<br />
S. Czolowski (DAOM 175141); Queen Charlotte Islands, Trail, Oct. 14, 1985, G. Thorn and P. Macquame 85 1014105<br />
Graham Is., Masset, Oct., 1980, B. Fulford (DAOM 177915), (DAOM 195327). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., Cabot<br />
Sept. 18, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4387 (DAOM 187508); Port Prov. Park, Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6727 (DAOM<br />
Clements area, Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4254 (DAOM 198745). QUEBEC: St. Fabien-de-Panet, Oct. 12, 1980,<br />
187597); Vancouver Island, Duncan, Oct. 8, 1979, S. A. R. McNeil 961 (DAOM 180924). U.S.A.: IDAHO: Bonner<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 3400 (DAOM 175061); Vedder Canal, Oct. 14, Co., Priest L., Sept. 23, 1964, A. H. Smith 70709 (MICH);<br />
1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> AY-4 (DAOM 175237). NEW BRUNS- Latah Co., Dry Creek, Nov. 13, 1946, W. B. and V. G.<br />
WICK: Fredericton, Nov. 2, 1977, E. Fiander (DAOM Cooke 18764 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Isle Royale, Oct. 17, 1942,<br />
165480); Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. H. and V. Bailey 140 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake placid,<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 2484 (DAOM 165834), Oct. 9, 1978, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> Oct. 13, 1913, W. A. Mum11 (MICH). UTAH: Rich Co., W.<br />
2769 (DAOM 169937). NEWFOUNDLAND: Avalon Peninsula, of Randoph, Sept. 3, 1971, C. T. Rogerson 4106 (MICH).<br />
St. John's, Oct. 9, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6636 (DAOM<br />
198741); western Newfoundland, late summer 1976, comm. (26) Marasmius pallidocephalus Gilliam<br />
J. Webster (DAOM 160725); Gros Morne Natl. Park, Green MAP: Fig. 10.<br />
Point, Sept. 24, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4962 (DAOM 187936); RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Yukon and<br />
Berry Head Pond Trail, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4887 northern California, across boreal Canada to Newfoundland,<br />
(DAOM 187935). NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton Island, Glace also in the Great Smoky Mountains.<br />
Bay, Sept. 1905, comm. by A. H. MacKay (as Psilocybe HABITAT: On needles in needle beds, most commonly Picea,<br />
foenisecii, NYS, see text above); Glenmont, Oct. 13, 198 1, Tsuga, less often Pinus.<br />
G. Thorn 430 (DAOM 187594). PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 1987b); Gilliam<br />
Kings Co., Red Point Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. Red- (1975b, 1976); Ginns (1986); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984~).<br />
head 6764 (DAOM 198743); Prince Co., Cabot Prov. Park, NOTES: In the field it is difficult to always distinguish<br />
Oct. 14, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 67 14 (DAOM 198742); Queens between M. androsaceus and M. pallidocephalus. However,<br />
Co., Tea Hill Prov. Park, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6773 section Androsacei is easily recognized, and commonly col-<br />
(DAOM 198744). ENGLAND: Ashdown Forest, Aug. 1, lected on field trips. Distributional data are based upon speci-<br />
1954, J. W. Groves (DAOM 44788); Ashridge, Oct. 13, mens segregated from M, androsaceus collections for the most<br />
1951, D. A. Reid (DAOM 27820). SWEDEN: SMALAND: part originally filed under the latter name in herbaria.<br />
Nassjo, Sept. 24, 1945, G. Haglund (DAOM 66226). U.S.A.: ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:
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3018 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Sandy L., 72 krn NW of Edmonton, June 21, 1979, H. M. E. NOTES: The report of this species from Wrangell Island,<br />
Schalkwyk 1374 (DAOM 193918). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Mt. Alaska (Cash 1953) was based on a misdetemined specimen<br />
Robson Prov. Park, July 12, 1978, W. B. and V. G. Cooke of Baeospora myosura (q. v.).<br />
55578 (DAOM 193760). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 6030 (DAOM 198232). YUKON TERRITORY: Indian Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 24, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4524<br />
River at Yukon River, 60°47'N, 139"44'W, July 16, 1984, (DAOM 187536). ONTARIO: Magnetawan, Aug. 1920, H. C.<br />
J. Ginns 8292 and W. Cody (DAOM 196952); Yukon River Beardslee (BPI, Weir 17133). U.S.A. : MICHIGAN: Univ.<br />
6.4 km NNW of Coal Creek, 64"311N, 140°33'W, July 19, Mich. Biol. Station, July 26, 1961, M. V. Charlton 189<br />
1984, J. Ginns 8481 and W. Cody (DAOM 196957). U.S.A.: (MICH). NEW YORK: Ithaca, Oct. 10, 1902, C. Thom (BPI).<br />
CALIFORNIA: Tehama Co., Mineral, Oct. 7 and 9, 1981, W. B. PENNYSLVANIA: Clarion Co., Cook Forest, Oct. 7, 1938,<br />
and V. G. Cooke 60722, 60807 (DAOM 193759, 193758). L. K. Henry 2684 (NY).<br />
COLORADO: Huerfano Co., Pass Creek Pass, Sept. 3, 1964,<br />
H. R. Simms (NY); Snow Mass Creek, Aug. 9, 1976,<br />
R. Singer N 5035 (F). MONTANA: Flat Head Natl. Forest,<br />
Echo L., June 1930, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). NEW MEXICO:<br />
Santa Fe Co., Sangre de Cristo Mts., July 1957, C. Barrows<br />
452 (MICH). NEW YORK: Lake Placid, July 17-29, 1912,<br />
W. A. and E. L. Mum11 (NY). VIRGINIA: White Top Mt., July<br />
22 to Aug. 25, 1946, R. Singer V 202 (F). WASHINGTON: Clallam<br />
Co., Joyce, Sept. 29, 1941, A. H. Smith 17427 (MICH);<br />
Steven Co., Sept. 27, 1947, W. B. and V. G. Cooke (NY).<br />
WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Sept. 1, 1923, C. H. Kauffman<br />
(MICH).<br />
(29) Mitrula elegans (Berk.) Fr.<br />
= Leotia elegans Berk.<br />
MAP: Fig. 21, also see <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977b, Fig. 2).<br />
RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to northern California,<br />
northern Idaho, and from Manitoba to Nova Scotia,<br />
south along the Appalachians to North Carolina and Georgia.<br />
HABITAT: Stagnant pools or slow-moving streams, on leaf<br />
and twig litter.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977b).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Swanson Creek, Aug. 18, 1979,<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2853 (DAOM 178937). NEW BRUNSWICK:<br />
Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 7, 1977, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 23 13<br />
(DAOM 1667763). ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher<br />
Plant Pond, June 23, 1980, G. Thorn (DAOM 186875).<br />
U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Nevada Co., near Bowman Dam, June<br />
1965, L. S. Mott (SFU); Shasta Co., Lassen Volcano Natl.<br />
Park, June 29, 1976, D. Showers 3579 (SFU); Sierra Co.,<br />
12.8 km W of Yuba Pass, June 14, 1985, D. E. Desjardin<br />
3403 (SFU). MAINE: Waldo Co., Palermo, June 12, 1975,<br />
S. Ristich (NY). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette Lake,<br />
July 21, 1983, R. E. Halling 3605 (DAOM 188109).<br />
(27) Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Agaricus magnivelaris Peck<br />
= Agaricus ponderosus Peck, non A. ponderosus Pers.<br />
= Armillaria ponderosa Sacc.<br />
= Armillaria arenicola Murr.<br />
= Tricholoma murrillianum Singer<br />
MAP: Fig. 14, also see Kinugawa and Goto (1978, Fig. 2).<br />
RANGE: Abundant in the western cordillera and coastal areas<br />
from northern California to British Columbia, less common<br />
east of the continental divide in the boreal forest from the<br />
Northwest Temtories to the eastern Maritimes, and in the<br />
southern Appalachians.<br />
HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, often associated with Pinus spp. and<br />
Tsuga spp.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Kinugawa and Goto (1978); Ogawa<br />
(1979); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984e); Smith (1979); Zeller and Togashi<br />
(1934).<br />
NOTES: Tricholorna magnivelare is a well known, large,<br />
edible species harvested commercially for domestic consumption<br />
and export to Japan.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: NORTH CARO-<br />
LINA: Highlands, Nov. 3, 1956, A. J. Sharp (TENN 22474).<br />
TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove,<br />
Nov. 16, 1947, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18325).<br />
Bicoastal endemics<br />
(28) Marasmiellus papillatus (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Halling<br />
= Marasmius papillatus Peck<br />
= Marasmius alienus Peck<br />
= Marasmius umbilicatus Kauff.<br />
MAP: Fig. 25.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon,<br />
northern Idaho, again in eastern North America east of the<br />
Great Lakes, Michigan to northern Maine.<br />
HABITAT: On decorticated wood in forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Baroni and Halling (1989), <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
and Halling (1982).<br />
(30) Strobilurus albipilatus (Peck) Wells & Kempton<br />
= Collybia albipilata Peck<br />
= Marasmius subpilosus Peck<br />
= Prunulus myceliosus Murr.<br />
= Strobilurus lignitilus Wells & Kempton<br />
= Marasmius uliginosus Gilliam<br />
MAP: Fig. 23.<br />
RANGE: From south central Alaska to northern California<br />
along the coastal mountains and into higher elevations in the<br />
Sierra Nevada, also in northern Idaho and adjacent British Columbia,<br />
again east of the Great Lakes to Newfoundland.<br />
HABITAT: colonizing rotting coniferous wood (Nfld., Ont.,<br />
Que., B.C.), or fallen conifer cones of Pseudotsuga menziesii<br />
(B.C.) and Pinus (NY, WA) often buried in the duff, and on<br />
piles of cone scales left by squirrels.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987b); Gilliam (1975b);<br />
Lennox (1979); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980b).<br />
NOTES: The large gap separating the known eastern and<br />
western populations indicates that this species has a disjunct<br />
east - west distribution like Baeospora myosura.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Illecillewaet River valley,<br />
Sept. 13, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 368 1 (DAOM 178927); Vancouver,<br />
Univ. B.C., Sept. 9, 1973, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> AE-1p.p.<br />
(DAOM 160759). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park,<br />
Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 21, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4893 (DAOM<br />
187964). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Tahoe Natl. Forest, S of Yuba
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
Pass, June 10, 1986 (TENN 47008). WASHINGTON: Dock<br />
Butte, Oct. 5, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198968); Sumas,<br />
Oct. 3, 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198977).<br />
Western cordilleran endemics<br />
(3 1) Chrysomphalina aurantiaca (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Omphalia aurantiaca Peck<br />
= Omphalia luteicolor Munill<br />
MAP: Fig. 37.<br />
RANGE: Southern British Columbia to northern California.<br />
HABITAT: Rotting coniferous logs in wet forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and Smith<br />
(1962); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986~); Smith (1949).<br />
NOTES: This is a brightly coloured, conspicuous species,<br />
unlikely to be mistaken for any other species.<br />
(32) Collybia bakerensis A. H. Smith<br />
MAP: Fig. 34.<br />
RANGE: From the interior wet belt of British Columbia<br />
(Columbian Mts.) to the Rockies in Colorado and along the<br />
Cascades to the Sierra Nevada in California.<br />
HABITAT: On standing or fallen dead conifers, often Abies<br />
near melting snow in California, typically on Tsuga in the<br />
northern parts of its range.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin and Halling (1987).<br />
(33) Marasmiellus pluvius <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
MAP: Fig. 51.<br />
RANGE: Southwestern British Columbia to northern California.<br />
HABITAT: On fallen needles of Pseudotsuga or 7huja.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(19826).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA:<br />
Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon, Sept. 24, 1983, D. E. Desjardin<br />
2203 (DAOM 191 186).<br />
(34) Marasmius salalis Desjardin & <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
MAP: Fig. 46.<br />
RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon along the coast.<br />
HABITAT: On leaves and stems of Gaultheria shallon Pursh.<br />
and occasionally Mahonia nervosa (Pursh.) Nutt.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1987~); Desjardin and<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> (1 987); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1 982a).<br />
NOTES: This species is closely allied to M. copelandii Peck<br />
var. copelandii on oak leaves in California and M. copelandii<br />
var. olidus (Gilliam) Desjardin, on oak in the eastern U.S.A.<br />
REDHEAD 3019<br />
manii, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, and only once on a cone<br />
scale of Pinus monticola Dougl.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox<br />
(1979); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980b); Wells and Kempton (1971).<br />
NOTES: There are at least two varieties of this species, a<br />
coastal one on Picea sitchensis cones, and an interior one on<br />
cones of P. engelmanii and P. glauca. The former is usually<br />
paler and has more conspicuously fusoid pleurocystidia. Strobilurus<br />
wyomingensis (Smith & Arenberg) Wells & Kempton<br />
is possibly a third variety. It is generally the darkest of the<br />
three, has fewer pleurocystidia, and usually has slightly larger<br />
basidiospores. It occurs in subalpine areas of Wyoming and<br />
Colorado on spruce cones and other coniferous debris. Two<br />
collections from Colorado previously reported to be S. occidentalis,<br />
DAOM 167625 and 172150 (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1980b), are<br />
now considered to be S. wyomingensis.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River Valley, Sept. 11,<br />
1980, S. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3602 (DAOM 183688); Illecillewaet River<br />
valley, Sept. 9, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3537 (DAOM 178943);<br />
Manning Prov. Park, Lightening Lake, Oct. 15, 1979, S. A.<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 3443 (DAOM 173697); Queen Charlotte Islands,<br />
Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 16 and 25,<br />
1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> (187492, 187489). U.S.A.: WASHING-<br />
TON: Forks, Sept. 1986, B. McAdoo (DAOM 198978).<br />
(37) Strobilurus trullisatus (Murr.) Lennox<br />
= Gymnopus trullisata Murr.<br />
= Strobilurus kemptonae Wells<br />
MAP: Fig. 33.<br />
RANGE: Southern British Columbia in the Coastal, Cascade,<br />
and Columbian mountains to northern California and Colorado<br />
along the Cascades, Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Coastal<br />
mountain ranges, with one variety in Mexico.<br />
HABITAT: Typically on fallen, bumed cones of Pseudotsuga<br />
menziesii (B.C., California, Oregon, Washington) along the<br />
coast, but also on Pinus spp. in inland areas, viz. P. contorta<br />
Dougl. (B.C .), P. flexilis James (Colorado), P. lambertiana<br />
Dougl. (California), P. monticola (B.C.), P. ponderosa<br />
Dougl. (California), and on P. montezumae Lamb. (Mexico).<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (1985, 19876); Lennox<br />
(1979); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980b); Singer (1973); Wells and Kempton<br />
(197 1).<br />
NOTES: This species is distinctive because of its pinkish<br />
colouration and the bubblelike swelling on its pleurocystidia<br />
that breaks off leaving an apical collar. As with S. occidentalis<br />
and Xerom~halina cauticinalis ssp. cauticinalis. the most<br />
typical fo4 of the species is found along the coast,'in this case<br />
on Douglas-fir cones. Atypical specimens often occur on pine<br />
cones in the mountains. The Colorado collection was particularly<br />
abnormal, nearly lacking the collared pleurocystidia characteristic<br />
for the species, and by its thicker walled hyphae.<br />
Similarly the type of Strobilwus esculentus var. montezumae<br />
Singer (19736) represents an atypical form where the collars<br />
are poorly developed and only occur on some pleurocystidia. It<br />
(35) Resinomycena montana <strong>Redhead</strong> & Singer<br />
MAP: Fig. 39.<br />
RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to the Olympic<br />
Peninsula of Washington, and the Rocky Mountain trench in<br />
British Columbia.<br />
HABITAT: On twigs and cones under conifers.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> and Singer (1981).<br />
NOTES: The genus Resinomycena was monographed by Redis<br />
considered to be a distinct variety: Strobilurus trullisatus<br />
head and Singer (1981).<br />
var. montezumae (Singer) - <strong>Redhead</strong>, comb. nov., basionym<br />
(36) Strobilurus occidentalis Wells & Kempton S. esculentus var. montezumae Singer, Beih. Sydowia, 7:<br />
MAP: Fig. 3 1. 32-33, 1973.<br />
RANGE: From Alaska to California along the coast, east to ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
Alberta. COLUMBIA: Clearwater, Sept. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1563<br />
HABITAT: On fallen cones of Picea sitchensis, P. engel- (DAOM 192072); Mt. Revelstoke Natl. Park: Inspiration
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3020 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Woods trail, Sept. 17, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3862 (DAOM<br />
178945); Woolsey Creek, Sept. 23, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4021<br />
(DAOM 178947); Rocky Mountain trench, Hwy. at Columbia<br />
River near Donald Stn. on CPR, Sept. 21, 1980, S. A. Red-<br />
head 3958, 3965 (DAOM 178944, 178946); Shuswap Lake,<br />
Scotch Creek Park, Oct. 2, 1982, T. Goward 82-1647 (DAOM<br />
192068); Vancouver Island, Cowichan Lake, Sept. 28, 1979,<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3219 (DAOM 188775). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA:<br />
Sierra Co., Gilman Flat, Oct. 15, 1972, G. Wong (DAOM<br />
167626); Siskiyou Co., Mt. Shasta, Sept. 25, 1977, W. B. and<br />
V. G. Cooke 54890 (DAOM 167343); Tehama Co., Mineral,<br />
Oct. 7 & 9, 1981, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 60684, 60790,<br />
60608 (DAOM 193789, 193788, 193787). COLORADO:<br />
Boulder Co., 8.8 krn SE of Ward, 10 000 ft (1 ft = 0.3048 m)<br />
alt., Sept. 15, 1973, S. Shushan sf-1353 (MICH). IDAHO:<br />
Priest Lake, Sept. 29, 1968, D. H. Mitchell 2279 (DAOM<br />
166720).<br />
and also from Washtenaw CO., Michigan (MICH), in addition<br />
to published sites.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Cook<br />
Co., Ottawa Trail Woods Forest Preserve, Aug. 3, 1956, R. L.<br />
Shaffer 644 (MICH). MICHIGAN: Washtenaw Co., Sharon<br />
Hollow, Aug. 4, 1960, R. L. Shaffer 2516 (MICH). PENNSYL-<br />
VANIA: location and date not known, leg. Herbst, filed as<br />
"Omphalia herbstii" nom. herb. (NYS).<br />
(41) Marasmius pyrrhocephalus Berk.<br />
= Marasmius macorrhizus Mont.<br />
= Marasmius longipes Peck non M. longipes Mont.<br />
= Marasmius elongatipes Peck<br />
= Marasmius hirtipes Clements non M. hirtipes Speg.<br />
MAP: Fig. 65.<br />
RANGE: Southern and eastem Ontario west to Minnesota,<br />
east to Massachusetts, south to North Carolina.<br />
(38) Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora (<strong>Redhead</strong>) Horak<br />
= Campanella subdendrophora <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
MAP: Fig. 50.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from Vancouver, B.C., to northern Oregon.<br />
HABITAT: On grasses and Rubus canes in cavities in dense,<br />
enclosing vegetation.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Horak (19836, 1986); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(1974).<br />
NOTES: This rarely collected species is a representative of a<br />
primarily pantropical genus. Tetrapyrgos nigripes (q.v.), a<br />
pantropical species with a range extending to southern Quebec<br />
and Ontario, is the only other species in Canada.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: OREGON: Lincoln<br />
Co., Van Duzer State Park, Comdor, on Rubus canes,<br />
Oct. 11, 1970, A. H. Smith 78943 (MICH); Tillamook Co.,<br />
Neskowin Creek, on Rubus canes and grass stems, Oct. 26,<br />
1980, F. Boyden (MICH).<br />
HABITAT: On decaying oak leaves, petioles and twigs, usually<br />
slightly buried in soil.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Gilliam (1975~).<br />
NOTES: In addition to specimens cited below, and published<br />
records by Gilliam that were used for mapping, the following<br />
specimens for deposit at TENN were confirmed by D. E. Desjardin:<br />
U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Coles Co., S. Charleston, Oct. 30,<br />
1987, A. Methven. NORTH CAROLINA: Mason Co., Ball Cr.<br />
area, Sept. 4, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4130. TENNESSEE: Knox<br />
Co., S. Knoxville, Nov. 9, 1986, D. E. Desjardin 4209.<br />
VIRGINIA: Horton Center, NW of Blacksburg, Aug. 18, 1987,<br />
D. E. Desjardin 4467. Also confirmed by Desjardin was a<br />
Kansas record: Miami Co., Fontana, Sept. 30, 1970, A. Bujakiewicz<br />
61 (MICH).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:<br />
Big Rideau Lake, Portland, Aug. 30, 1961, J. W. Groves<br />
(DAOM 84474); Ottawa, June 17, 1951, M. Stuart (DAOM<br />
27480); Pt. Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 198 1, J. E. and S. A.<br />
(39) Xeromphalina Jitlvipes (Murr.) Smith<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 4232 (DAOM 192755); St. Lawrence Islands Natl.<br />
= Gymnopus Jitlvipes Murr.<br />
Park: Beaurivage Is., Sept. 1, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM<br />
= Marasmius subnauseosus Kauffman<br />
158948); Mallorytown Landing, June 6, 1975, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
MAP: see <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988, Fig. 101).<br />
RANGE: From the Alaskan panhandle to Oregon along the<br />
coast and again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia to<br />
northern Idaho.<br />
HABITAT: On coniferous debris on the ground.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988).<br />
1573 (DAOM 153671); Sept. 5, 1975, M. McCauley (DAOM<br />
153877), Sept. 24, 1975, J. Ginns, E. Kokko (DAOM<br />
153669, 154540); MacDonald Is., Oct. 10, 1975, J. Ginns<br />
(DAOM 153885), July 27, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158841),<br />
Sept. 13, 1979, G. P. White (DAOM 175473); Thwartway<br />
Is., July 12, 1975, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1666 (DAOM 153670),<br />
Sept. 18, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153667), P. Leclair<br />
Eastern deciduous forest endemics<br />
(DAOM 153666, 153897, 153668), June 30, 1976, P. Leclair<br />
(DAOM 158842), Aug. 11, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158840).<br />
(40) Gerronema subclavatum (Peck) Singer ex <strong>Redhead</strong> QUEBEC: Cantley, Aug. 26, 1952, E. and J. W. Groves<br />
= Omphalia subclavata Peck<br />
(DAOM 35178); Cascades, July 11, 1954, S. C. Hoare<br />
= Omphalina subchrysophylla Murr.<br />
(DAOM 44476); Gatineau Park, Aug. 1, 1957, M. Pantidou<br />
= Omphalina lenta Murr.<br />
(DAOM 57645). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Geneseo, June 2, 1909,<br />
MAP: Fig. 72.<br />
E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1286365). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor,<br />
RANGE: Southern Ontario near the Great Lakes, west to Aug. 14, 1921, L. E. Wehmeyer (DAOM 124164). OHIO:<br />
Missouri, south to Florida, Mexico, Jamaica, and Brazil. Fairfield Co., Crumley and Dumont Rd., Oct. 1, 1979, W. B.<br />
HABITAT: On twigs and woody debris under hardwoods. and V. G. Cooke 57905 (DAOM 193763); Highland Co.,<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bigelow (1970); Bigelow and Rocky Fork Lake State Park, May 5, 1975, W. B. and V. G.<br />
Hesler (1960); Peck (1900); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986~); Singer (1970). Cooke 49709 (DAOM 193762); Portage Co., Eagle Creek<br />
NOTES: Another lignicolous species with a similar distribu- State Preserve near Memttsville, May 16, 1976, W. B. and<br />
tion, ranging from the American tropics in Brazil to the Ottawa V. G. Cooke 52032 (DAOM 193761). PENNSYLVANIA: Allevalley,<br />
is Asterotus dealbatus (Berk.) Singer (Comer 1981; gheny Co., Fern Hollow, Sept. 22, 1906, D. R. Sumstine<br />
Singer 1943, 1955; Thorn and Barron 1986). It is a much rarer (NY); Butler Co., NE of Harmony, Sept. 11, 1936, L. K.<br />
species, having been collected in undocumented localities in Henry (NY); Fayette Co., Ohio Pyle, June 15, 1940, L. K.<br />
Alabama (NY and NYS), Missouri (NY), and Ohio (NYS), Henry (NY); Huntington Co., Masser's Gap, June 30, 1936,
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
REDHEAD 3021<br />
L. 0. Overholts (NY). WISCONSIN: Madison, June 6, 1911, RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec to Nova Scotia, west<br />
E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1287708). to Missouri, south to Virginia.<br />
(42) Mitrula lunulatospora <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
MAP: Fig. 61, also see <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977b, Fig. 3).<br />
RANGE: From Lake Nipigon, Ontario to Nova Scotia, south<br />
along the coast and Appalachians to Alabama and Mississippi.<br />
HABITAT: On decaying leaves and needles in stagnant forest<br />
pools.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977b).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS-<br />
WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park., June 12 and July 18, 1978,<br />
K. Egger (DAOM 169447, 169444).<br />
HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern<br />
deciduous forest.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (1987).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA<br />
SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., North Mt. near Delaps Cove, Sept. 24,<br />
1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6172 (DAOM 19823 1); Colchester Co.,<br />
Upper Brookside, Penny Mt., July 8, 1931, A. H. Smith<br />
(MICH); Pictou Co., Mt. Thom, Aug. 15, 1931, A. H. Smith<br />
758 (MICH); Tmro, A. H. Smith 630 (MICH). ONTARIO:<br />
Magnetawan, M. Broedel and L. C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly<br />
1536, MICH). QUEBEC: Portneuf Co., L. St. Joseph, July 18,<br />
(43) Resinornycena acadiensis <strong>Redhead</strong> & Singer<br />
1967, R. L. Shaffer 5433 (MICH). U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT:<br />
MAP: Fig. 55.<br />
RANGE: Eastern New York to southern Quebec and New<br />
Bmnswick.<br />
HABITAT: Twigs in coniferous forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> and Singer (1981).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: QUEBEC:<br />
Brossard, Rte. 10, June 20, 1980, G. Guerin 18 (DAOM<br />
185078). U.S.A.: NEW YORK: Westchester Co., Arrnonk,<br />
July 7, 1981, S. Stein (NY); Snyder's (14 mi W of Albany),<br />
July 25, C. H. Peck (NYS as Omphalia candida). RHODE<br />
ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988, R. Lowen (DAOM<br />
198647).<br />
(44) Resinomycena rhododendri (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Singer<br />
= Agaricus rhododendri Peck<br />
= Marasmius decurrens Peck, non M. decurrens Montagne<br />
= Marasmius resinosus Peck<br />
= Marasmius resinosus var. niveus Peck<br />
MAP: Fig. 64.<br />
RANGE: Southern Ontario west to Minnesota, east to Massachusetts,<br />
south to northern Georgia.<br />
HABITAT: On leaf and twig litter of Quercus, Fagus,<br />
Castanea, Carya, and Rhododendron, and occasionally Pinus.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> and Singer (198 1).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT:<br />
Redding, Aug. 22, 1902, E. M. Underwood (NY). MASSA-<br />
CHUSETTS: Berkshire Co., N of Williamstown, Aug. 16, 1986,<br />
R. E. Halling 4793 (NY); Franklin Co., Conway, July 17,<br />
1977, R. E. Halling 2133 (NY); Stow, Sept. 11, 1901,<br />
S. Davis (NYS). NEW YORK: Albany Co., Selkirk, Aug., C. H.<br />
Peck (NYS, as Marasmius resinosus); Bronx, July 27, 1902,<br />
F. S. Earle (NY); Deleware Co., Arkville, Aug. 7 - 17, 1916,<br />
W. A. Mumll (NY); Long Is., Aug. 6, 1912, C. H. Peck and<br />
F. S. Earle (NY); Worchester, North Greenbush, C. H. Peck<br />
(NYS as M. resinosus). OHIO: Lima, C. W. Dawson (NY).<br />
PENNSYLVANIA: Allegheny Co., Glenshaw, Aug. 15, 1939,<br />
L. K. Henry 3021 (NY); Berks Co., Antietum, Aug. 19, 1938,<br />
L. K. Henry 2334 (NY); Indiana Co., Glen Campbell, Aug. 4,<br />
1938, L. K. Henry 2100 (NY); Monroe Co., Delaware Water<br />
Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mumll (NY); Somerset Co.,<br />
NW of Trent, July 27, 1949, L. K. Henry (NY ex CM<br />
147031); Warren Co., SW of Youngsville, Sept. 17, 1947,<br />
L. K. Henry (NY ex CM 14267); Westmoreland Co., Waterford,<br />
Sept. 1, 1940, D. R. Sumstine (NY ex CM 12510).<br />
VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, July 8- 14, 1909,<br />
W. A. Mumll (NY).<br />
New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988,<br />
J. Poirier (DAOM 198644). KENTUCKY: Cumberland State<br />
Park, Oct. 22, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196 p.p.).<br />
MAINE: Aroostook Co., Madawaska L., July 10, 1956, H. E.<br />
and M. E. Bigelow 3140 (MICH). MARYLAND: Baltimore,<br />
July 29, 1919, L.C.C. Krieger (H. A. Kelly 42, MICH).<br />
MICHIGAN: Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. Ammirati<br />
2851 (MICH); Bany Co., Yankee Springs, Sept. 3, 1955,<br />
A. H. Smith 51191 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Burt L., July 5,<br />
1969, A. H. Smith 77562 (MICH); Chelsea, June 1937, A. H.<br />
Smith (MICH); Chippewa Co., Detour, Aug. 14, 1949,<br />
H. Imshaug 3401 (MICH); Cross Village, June 30, 1959,<br />
A. H. smith 60861 (MICH); Emerson, ~ u29, l 1959, ~ A. H.<br />
Smith 61203 (MICH); Emmet Co., Wilderness Park, July 20,<br />
1953, A. H. Smith 41634 (MICH); Frankfort, Aug. 1908,<br />
E. T. and S. A. Harper 2208 (F); Ithaca, June 23, 1949,<br />
V. Potter 7465 (MICH); Kalamazoo, Aug. 21, 1966, S. J.<br />
Mazzer 4363 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin School, June 15,<br />
1968, J. LaRue 17 (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls<br />
State Park, Sept. 2, 1949, A. H. Smith 33193 (MICH); Mackinac<br />
Co., Hessel, Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug 3837 (MICH);<br />
Mackinaw City, Sept. 4, 1949, A. H. Smith 33295 (MICH);<br />
Marquette Co., Huron Mts., July 8, 1968, H. D. Thiers 594<br />
(MICH); Milford, 1945, A. H. Smith (MICH); Mt. Nebo<br />
Wilderness State Park, H. D. Thiers 3538 (MICH); Oakland<br />
Co., LaBadie L., Aug. 8, 1937, A. H. Smith 6870 (MICH);<br />
Oceana Co., Shelby, Aug. 20, 1972, F. Hoseney 2284<br />
(MICH); Portage Co., West Branch, F. Hoseney 2037<br />
(MICH); Quincy, Sept. 3, 1928, B. B. Kanouse (MICH);<br />
Washtenaw Co., Sharon Hollow, R. L. Shaffer 2772 (MICH).<br />
MISSISSIPPI: Adams Co., Natchez Trace Parkway, April 27,<br />
1973, D. Guravich 284 (MICH). NEW YORK: Alcove, Aug.<br />
and Sept. 1892, C. L. Shear (New York Fungi 6, F); Genesseo<br />
Co., Oct. 14, 1961, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27566);<br />
Newcomb, Aug. 16, 1934, A. H. Smith 357 (MICH). NORTH<br />
CAROLINA: Flat Creek, Aug. 27, 1938, A. H. Smith 10580<br />
(MICH); Highlands, Aug. 18, 1970, L. R. Hesler (TENN<br />
35664); Pisgah, July 31, 1963, R. H. Petersen (TENN 26684<br />
p.p.); Swain Co., Deep Cr., Sept. 15, 1971, K. A. Harrison<br />
11 158 (MICH). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort Ancient, Oct. 21,<br />
1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (MICH). PENNSYL-<br />
VANIA: Blue Ridge Summit, July 3, 1920, L. C. C. Krieger<br />
(H. A. Kelly 475, MICH). SOUTH CAROLINA: Winnsboro,<br />
June 4, 1966, C. Fyles (TENN 2915 1 p.p.). TENNESSEE: Great<br />
Smoky Mountains Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Sept. 21, 1972,<br />
L. R. Hesler (TENN 37523), La Conte, Aug. 12, 1938, A. H.<br />
(45) Xerulafi&racea (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong>, Ginns & Shoemaker Smith 10076 (MICH). VERMONT: orleans Co., Barton,<br />
= Collybia radicata var. firjkracea Peck Aug. 20, 1986, E. 0. Farwell (F 1068942); Windham Co.,<br />
MAP: Fig. 62. Newfane Hill, July 26, 1961, R. L. Shaffer 3072 (MICH).
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3022<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67. 1989<br />
VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Oct. 5, 1962, R. H. Petersen (TENN MICH); Nashville, Sept. 1976, M. Dement (MICH); New<br />
26808); Mountain Lake, Sept. 15, 1958, H. R. Milliken Hopewell, Aug. 27, 1950, L. R. Hesler (TENN 19726);<br />
(TENN 3981 p.p.). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co., Chequamegon Noms, June 11, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN 21679). VIRGINIA:<br />
Natl. Forest, July 7, 1971, S. J. Mazzer (MICH).<br />
Fairfax Co., N. Rochester, Sept. 19, 1977, D. Nash (F<br />
1059677). WISCONSIN: Lake ~eneva, July 16, 1983, R. singer<br />
(46) Xerula megalospora (Clements) <strong>Redhead</strong>, Ginns & N5 124 (F).<br />
Shoemaker<br />
= Clitocybe megalospora Clements<br />
(47) Xerula rubrobrurzrzescens <strong>Redhead</strong>, Ginns & Shoemaker<br />
= Collybia umbrina Clements<br />
MAP: Fig. 60.<br />
= Collybia radicata var. minor Peck<br />
RANGE: From Iowa to southern Quebec, south to the Great<br />
MAP: Fig. 66.<br />
Smoky Mountains along the Appalachians.<br />
RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec, west to Nebraska, HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern<br />
east to eastern New York, south to Louisiana.<br />
deciduous forest.<br />
HABITAT: Colonizing roots of hardwoods in the eastern<br />
deciduous forest.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (1987).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (1987).<br />
Shaw Wood Lot near Eganville, Aug. 11, 1987, J. Ginns and<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO: S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5931 (DAOM 197189). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS:<br />
Magnetawan, July 26, 1921, H. A. Kelly 1272 (MICH). Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer (F 101437 p.p.); Glencoe,<br />
U.S.A. : ILLINOIS: Evanston, Sept. 29, 1968, R. Singer N1753 Aug. 1907, E. T. and S. A. Harper 1627 (F 1322726). IOWA:<br />
(F); Geneseo, Aug., 1915, E. T. and S. A. Harper 3705 (F); Iowa City, Sept. 12, 1938, J. M. McGuire (MICH). KEN-<br />
Lake Co., Highland Park, Sept. 3, 1975, R. Singer N7558 (F); TUCKY: Cumberland State Park, Oct. 22, 1955, T. H. Camp-<br />
Port Byron, June 13, 1898, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); bell and L. R. Hesler (TENN 22196). MICHIGAN: Bemen Co.,<br />
Wheaton, June 10, 1982, R. Singer N4106 (F). INDIANA: Warren's Woods, Oct. 7, 1955, R. L. Shaffer and A. H. Smith<br />
Montgomery Co., The Shades State Park, Aug. 25, 1961, 50713 (MICH); Cheboygan Co., Sept. 13, 1964, A. H. Smith<br />
W. B. and V. G. Cooke 327 16 (MICH); Owen Co., Spencer, 78083 (MICH); Emmet Co., W Branch of Maple R., Aug. 5,<br />
Aug. 22, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6341 (MICH); Warren Co., 1953, L. R. Hesler (MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls<br />
High Bridge, Aug. 26, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32853 State Park, July 6, 1955, A. H. Smith 49733 (MICH); Mar-<br />
(MICH). MICHIGAN: Alpen Co., Sinks, June 26, 1959, A. J. quette Co., Canyon L. Rd., Aug. 29, 1970, A. H. Smith<br />
Sharp (MICH); Baraga Co., Slate R., June 27, 1969, J. F. 78696 (MICH), Ives L., Aug. 27, 1970, A. H. Smith 78580<br />
Ammirati 2850 (MICH); Belleville, June 30, 1970, F. Hose- (MICH); Oakland Co., Highlands Rec. area, Aug. 10, 1972,<br />
ney 2021 (MICH); Bois Blanc Island, July 27, 1947, M. Lange A. H. Smith 81432 (MICH), Milford, Sept. 18, 1945, A. H.<br />
and A. H. Smith 26053 (MICH); Emmet Co., Pellston Hills, Smith 20547 (MICH), Proud L., Sept. 3, 1969, A. H. Smith<br />
June 27, 1957, R. L. Shaffer 1302 (MICH); Iosco Co., Iargo 75101 (MICH). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Grafton Co., W. Thorton,<br />
Pond, July 29, 1973, C. Nimke 372 (MICH); Ithaca, Aug. 12, Aug. 31, 1940, P. M. Rea 703 (MICH). NEW YORK: Adiron-<br />
1948, V. Potter 6029 (MICH); Kalamazoo Co., Kalamazoo, dack Park; Floodwood, Meacham L., Aug. 21, 1987,<br />
June 3, 1973, S. Rosegrant 1 (MICH); Kalkaska Co., Lannin M. Waitkins (DAOM 197354), North Elba, Aug. 22, 1987,<br />
School, June 29, 1968, J. LaRue 56 (MICH); Livingstone M. Illich (DAOM 197334). NORTH CAROLINA: Blue Ridge<br />
Co., E. S. George Res., July 19, 1971, F. Hoseney 1804 Parkway, mile post 363, Aug. 4, 1955, L. R. Hesler (TENN<br />
(MICH); Luce Co., Tahquamenon Falls State Park, July 23, 232 16 p.p.). RHODE ISLAND: Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1988,<br />
1953, A. H. Smith 41655 (MICH); Mackinac Co., Hessel, Van Matie (DAOM 198645). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts.<br />
Aug. 22, 1949, H. Imshaug (MICH); Mackinac Island, July Natl. Park, Husky Gap, Aug. 4, 1938, A. H. Smith 9717<br />
13, 1899, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Mackinaw City, July (MICH). VIRGINIA: Giles Co., Mountain Lake, Sept. 15,<br />
26, 1949, A. H. Smith 32713 (MICH); Oakland Co., Haven<br />
Hill, July 24, 1972, A. H. Smith 81 182 (MICH); Ontonagon<br />
1958, H. R. Milliken (TENN 3981 p.p.).<br />
Co., Porcupine Mts. State Park, Aug. 23, 1962, H. Peters<br />
1124 (MICH); Summer, July 19, 1948, V. Potter 5702 Eastern maritime - Great Lakes endemic<br />
(MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, July 24, 1970, (48) Laccaria trullisata (Ellis) Peck<br />
R. Chaud 15 (MICH), Sept. 24, 1894, L. N. Johnson = Agaricus trullisatus Ellis<br />
(MICH). MINNESOTA: Dakota Co., June 14, 1968, M. G. MAP: Fig. 74.<br />
Weaver 1298 (MICH); Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., June 23, RANGE: Scattered along the eastern seaboard from Florida to<br />
1965, M. G. Weaver 1 164 (MICH). MISSOURI: Franklin Co., New Bmnswick, P. E. I., and GaspC, Quebec, and to Missis-<br />
Meramec State Park, May 31, 1940, J. B. Routien (TENN sippi on the Gulf coast, around the Great Lakes and Ottawa<br />
13232). NEW YORK: Alleghany State Park, July 7, 1964, R. H. valley, also associated with the Mississippi drainage.<br />
Petersen (TENN 27589); Kingston, Binnewater L., July 9, HABITAT: Sparsely vegetated dunes along ocean, lake, and<br />
1955, R. P. Korf and Denison (MICH); Wyoming Co., July river shores.<br />
15, 1964, R. H. Petersen (TENN 27450). NORTH CAROLINA: SELECTED LITERATURE: Anderson (1950); Anonymous<br />
Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Mt. Mitchell, July 30, 1958, (1903); Bigelow and Barr (1962); Ellis (1874); Hgiland<br />
L. R. Hesler (TENN 23087). OHIO: Warren Co., Fort (1976); Huhtinen (1988); Malloch and Thorn (1985); Peck<br />
Ancient, Oct. 21, 1961, W. B. and V. G. Cooke 32986 p.p. (19 12); <strong>Redhead</strong> and Watling (1979); Singer (1942a, 196 1);<br />
(MICH). TENNESSEE: Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Smith (1934, 1952); Weaver and Shaffer (1969).<br />
Cove, July 20, 1966, L. R. Hesler (TENN 29200); Hamilton NOTES: This species is easily recognized by its habitat and its<br />
Co., Lookout Mt., May 27, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3634); elongated, nearly smooth spores. It is assumed to be mycor-<br />
Knoxville, May 8, 1944, R. M. Boarts (ex TENN 18342, rhizal with dune inhabitors such as Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt.
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
REDHEAD 3023<br />
(Malloch and Thorn 1985). Its distribution is mostly linked to M. tremulae as suggested by Favre (1955) nor synonymous<br />
the ocean or the Great Lakes, and therefore follows a pattern with M. epiphyllus as suggested by Gilliam (1976), but is a<br />
exhibited by a number of dune-inhabiting vascular plants. The distinct species restricted to the east coast of North America.<br />
Ottawa valley collections are in an area formerly covered by ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
the Champlain Sea in postglacial history.<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Roger's Pass, Sept. 14, 1980,<br />
For the purposes of mapping, the following three records, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3736 (DAOM 199049). U.S.A.: ALASKA: Glawhich<br />
have been verified by Dr. G. Mueller, have been cier Bay Natl. Park, Sept. 7 and 9, 1979, W. B. and V. G.<br />
plotted: U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Levy Co., Cedar Keys, Way Key, Cooke 57282, 57338, 57349 (DAOM 193752, 193751,<br />
Jan. 22, 1949 (F). NORTH CAROLINA: Carteret Co., Bogue, 175884).<br />
Oct. 31, 1977, Randall 106 (NCSC). WISCONSIN: Trempealoa<br />
Co., near Osseo, Sept. 18, 1977, G. Mueller 127 (SIU).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: PRINCE<br />
EDWARD ISLAND: Kings Co., E side of mouth of St. Peter's<br />
Bay, Oct. 17, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6768 (DAOM 198752);<br />
Queens Co., W Brackley Beach, P.E.I. Natl. Park, Aug. 1970,<br />
M. Granter (QFB 19019). QUEBEC: Gasp6 peninsula, Forillon<br />
Natl. Park, Penouille, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6538<br />
(DAOM 199157). U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Mason Co., Oct. 1959,<br />
R. H. Runde (MICH). MICHIGAN: Anne Arundel Co., Severn<br />
R., Oct. 3, 1919, H. A. Kelly 270 (MICH); Chippewa Co.,<br />
Whitefish Point, Sept. 12, 1955, A. H. Smith 50404 (MICH);<br />
Magothy R., Dec. 29, 1923, H. A. Kelly 1921 (MICH); Mar-<br />
(50) Mycena lohwagii Singer<br />
MAP: Fig. 38.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from southern Vancouver Island to Oregon,<br />
again in the interior wet belt of British Columbia (Columbian<br />
Mts.); eastern USSR and the Caucasus mountains.<br />
HABITAT: On buried rhizomes of Athyrium felix-femmina<br />
(L.) Roth. in North America and Asia, and also Dryopteris<br />
crassirhizoma Nakai in the USSR in loamy, wet soil, often<br />
near streams or rivers.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Maas Geesteranus<br />
(1986); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984d);<br />
Vaasma et al. (1986); Vasil'eva (1973).<br />
quette Co., Chocolay R., Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9968<br />
(MICH), Le Vasseur, Sept. 30, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9883<br />
(MICH); Muskegan Co., Cedar Creek Twp., Sept. 16, 1979,<br />
A. A. and S. A. Reznicek and P. A. Keddy (MICH); Oceana<br />
Co., Grant Twp., Sept. 26, 1970, E. Robinson 37 (MICH);<br />
Standish, Sept. 25, 1938, A. H. Smith 1 1095 (MICH); Talbot<br />
Co., Clora's Point, Choptank R., Aug. 26, 1925, W. H.<br />
Fisher (H. A. K. 1979, MICH). MINNESOTA: Crow Wing Co.,<br />
Pelican Twp., Oct. 4, 1961, M. G. Weaver (MICH). MISSIS-<br />
SIPPI: Jackson Co., Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore, Horn Is.,<br />
Dec. 3, 1982, N. S. Weber 4669 (MICH). NEW YORK: Suffock<br />
Co., Hither Hills State Park, Oct. 3, 1965, C. T. Rogerson<br />
(NY). VIRGINIA: Virginia Beach Co., Sandbridge, N of Back<br />
Bay Wild Life refuge, Dec. 4, 1985, E. Neilson (0. K. Miller<br />
22475, VPI).<br />
(5 1) Phaeolepiota aurea (Matt. :Fr.) Maire<br />
= Agaricus aureus Matt.<br />
= Agaricus vahlei Fr.<br />
= Lepiota pyrenaeca Qu61.<br />
MAP: Fig. 30.<br />
RANGE: South central Alaska to southern British Columbia,<br />
Washington, and northern Idaho in the Coastal, Cascade,<br />
Monashee, Columbian, Selkirk, and Rocky Mountains;<br />
throughout Europe (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia,<br />
Denmark, France, East and West Germany, Hungary,<br />
Italy, Greece, Portugal, Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian<br />
SSR, Yugoslavia, and Leningrad, Georgian, Krasnodar,<br />
and Arkhangelsk regions of USSR, Karel Republic USSR,<br />
Ukranian SSR, Belorussia) and Tibet, the far eastern USSR<br />
(Kavkaz, Khabarovsk, and Primorski regions, Mariiskaia<br />
Republic), and Japan.<br />
Amphi-Beringian: Eurasian - western cordillera<br />
HABITAT: Often on flood plains in mountainous areas, on<br />
soil under poplars and conifers.<br />
(49) Marasmius tremulae Velen.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bach (1956); Hongo (1986); Ito<br />
MAP: Fig. 40.<br />
(1959); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Overholts (1927); Reid<br />
RANGE: Columbian mountains, British Columbia to the (1975b); Schmid-Heckel (1985); Smith and Hesler (1968);<br />
Alaskan panhandle; eastern USSR to central Europe; probably Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986); Wang and Zang<br />
introduced to Iceland.<br />
(1983); Wasser (1980, 1985); Wells and Kempton (1965,<br />
HABITAT: In Eurasia and Iceland, where the host has been 1967).<br />
introduced, restricted to fallen leaves of Populus tremula L., in NOTES: Welden and Guzman (1978) reported this species<br />
North America on leaves of P. trichocalpa Torr. & Gray. from Veracruz, Mexico; however, a specimen determined as<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Bulakh P. aurea by Guzman (leg. F. Ventura, April 3, 1972, 1360 m<br />
(1977); Favre (1955); Hallgninsson (1981); Horak (1985); elev., El Esqilon, Municipio de Jilotepec, Veracruz, Mexico<br />
Urbonas et al. (1 986).<br />
(NY)), on wood, is actually a large pleurocystidiate Agrocybe<br />
NOTES: In most European keys, M. tremulae is characterized with a membranous annulus.<br />
by growth on leaves of P. tremula while M. epiphyllus occurs ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ALBERTA:<br />
on many hosts. Favre (1955) noted other differences such as Jasper, Sept. 21, 1980, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 1656 (DAOM<br />
the absence of clamp connections in M. tremulae and its 1913 19). BRITISH COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, Beaver River<br />
bisporic basidia, in addition to smaller size and fewer recog- valley, Sept. 16, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3794 (DAOM 178195);<br />
nizable lamellae. Based on these features it is clear that the Hope, Oct. 8, 1961, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 89721, ex DAVFP<br />
common species on Populus tremuloides Michx., the vicariant 12950); Ladner, Deese Creek, Oct. 5, 1974, L. C. Schisler<br />
North American counterpart to P. tremula, is not M. tremulae (DAOM 176289); Revelstoke, Nov. 1965, M. Hume (DAOM<br />
but M. epiphyllus. Marasmius tremulae switches hosts and 113986); Vancouver, Sept. 5, 1946, J. Bowman (DAOM<br />
appears to be restricted to P. trichocarpa in the western cor- 23943); Vancouver Island, Goldstream Prov. Park, July 20,<br />
dillera.<br />
1957, M. C. Melburn (DAOM 56931); Vernon, Sept. 22,<br />
Marasmius minutissimus Peck is neither synonymous with 1965, E. J. Dede (DAOM 110471); Wells Gray Prov. Park,
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3024<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Clearwater confluence, Aug. 20, 1980, T. Goward 80-502 U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA: Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest,<br />
(DAOM 188946). FINLAND: POHJOIS-POHJANMAA: Oulu, Nov. 3, 1962, B. Thiers, HDT 9346 (DAOM 113931),<br />
Sept. 18, 1974, J. Hakosalo (DAOM 149903). U.S.A.: Nov. 4, 1962, B. Thiers (DAOM 91261). IDAHO: Kanisku<br />
ALASKA: Anchorage, Sept. 6, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton Natl. Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hamson<br />
4881 (MICH); Haines, Sept. 11, 1967, V. Wells and (DAOM 11329). OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupunta Summit,<br />
P. Kempton 1 (MICH); Mile 40, Haines Cutoff Road, Sept. 25, 1944, A. H. Smith 19096 (DAOM 97621). WASH-<br />
Sept. 20, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton 4967 (MICH); INGTON: Mt. Rainier, Oct. 24, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM<br />
Sutton area, Buffalo L., Sept. 8, 1970, V. Wells and P. Kempton<br />
4887 (MICH). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Priest L., Sept. 1973,<br />
91260).<br />
B. Poqette (MICH). WASHINGTON: Island Co., Whidbey Is., (53) Chroogomphus tomentosus (Murr.) 0. K. Miller<br />
Oct. 20, 1966, K. A. Hamson 6472 (MICH); Kittitas Co.,<br />
Stampede Pass Rd., Oct. 11, 1984, E. Farwell5009 (F); Lake<br />
Crescent, Oct. 19, 1935, A. H. Smith 3117 (MICH); Mt.<br />
Rainier Natl. Park, Lower Tahoma Creek, Sept. 20, 1948,<br />
A. H. Smith 31491 (DAOM 24727); Olympic Mts., Elwha<br />
R., Oct. 25, 1935, A. H. Smith 3355 (MICH).<br />
= Gornphidius tomentosus Mum.<br />
MAP: Fig. 32.<br />
RANGE: From the Queen Charlotte Islands to southern California<br />
along the coast, also in the Cascades, Selkirks, Sierra<br />
Nevada mountains, the Colorado Plateau, and Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Mycorrhizal, possibly with hemlock.<br />
Amphi-Beringian: Asian - western cordillera<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1964); Mumll (19 12b);<br />
Hongo (1960); Imai (1938); Singer (1949); Smith (1949,<br />
(52) Boletus mirabilis (Murr.) Murr.<br />
1975); Thiers (1985).<br />
= Ceriomyces mirabilis Murr.<br />
NOTES: The genus Chroogomphus was monographed for<br />
MAP: Fig. 36.<br />
North America by Miller (1964). Previously it had been<br />
RANGE: South central Alaska south to northern California<br />
along the coast and west to Idaho, disjunct to Japan and<br />
Taiwan.<br />
HABITAT: Mycorrhizal with Tsuga rooting on decaying conifer<br />
logs and stumps (usually Tsuga).<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bandoni and Szczawinski (1976);<br />
treated in the genus Gomphidius that had twice before been<br />
monographed (Kauffman 1925b; Singer 1949). Chroogornphus<br />
tornentosus had in the past (Kauffman 1925b) been confused<br />
with a then undescribed species, C. leptocystis (Singer)<br />
0. K. Miller, but this confusion was resolved by Singer<br />
(1 949).<br />
Hongo (1973); Hongo and Chen (1985); Kauffman (1925a); ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
Mumll (1912a); Singer (1945); Slipp and Snell (1944); Smith COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River<br />
(1949); Smith and Weber (1980); Thiers (1966, 1975). valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 41 11 (DAOM 182538);<br />
NOTES: This species is mycorrhizal with hemlock (Kropp Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Is., Naikoon Prov. Park,<br />
1982; Kropp and Trappe 1982) and does not occur outside of Cape Fife trail, Sept. 16, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4303 (DAOM<br />
the range of that genus. Its habitat, rotting conifer logs, mainly 187504); Shuswap Lake, Seymore Arm near Alba, Oct. 27,<br />
hemlock, and distinctive appearance make it an easily recog- 1982, T. Goward 82-1695 et al. (DAOM 192 121); Vancouver<br />
nized species. Boletus mirabilis was reported from Pennsyl- Island: Cowichan Lake, Oct. 20, 1971, J. Ginns 200F<br />
vania under pine by Overholts (1940), but this collection was (DAOM 170660), Sooke, Oct. 16, 1962, M. Pantidou<br />
later determined to be the closely allied B. projectellus Murr. (DAOM 91256), 48 km E of Ucluclet, Oct. 6, 1973, S. A.<br />
by Snell and Dick (1961). Similarly, the reports of B. mirabilis <strong>Redhead</strong> AM-6 (DAOM 17517). U.S.A. : ARIZONA: Coconfrom<br />
Victoria Beach, Manitoba (Bisby et al. 1938; Snell nico Co., Flagstaff, Quinby 124c (MICH). CALIFORNIA:<br />
1936), outside of the range of Tsuga (Hosie 1969), were based Mendicino Co., Jackson State Forest, Oct. 29, 1972, M. Conon<br />
misdetermined collections of B. projectellus (DAOM cannon (DAOM 187487). IDAHO: Bonner Co., Coolin,<br />
198160 and 198161, Victoria Beach, Manitoba, Aug. 23, Sept. 18, 1968, A. H. Smith 76439 (MICH), Kanisku Natl.<br />
1935, G. R. Bisby). The one specimen cited from Michigan by Forest, Binarch Creek, Sept. 20, 1964, K. A. Hanison<br />
Smith and Thiers (1971), A. H. Smith 38627, Tahquamenon (DAOM 113731); Boundary Co., Upper Priest L., Sept. 28,<br />
Falls State Park, Luce Co., Mich. (MICH), is also B. projec- 1966, A. H. Smith 73690 (MICH); Kootenai Co., E. Coeur<br />
tellus. The spores on this specimen measure 26-28 x 9.3 - dlAlene, Sept. 18, 1966, A. H. Smith 53518 (MICH).<br />
10 pm, and when compared directly with typical B. mirabilis OREGON: Cascade Mts., Waupinita summit, Sept. 25, 1944,<br />
from western North America and B. projectellus from eastern A. H. Smith 19077 (MICH); McKenzie Pass, Oct. 18, 1937,<br />
North America, clearly match the latter. There are no other A. H. Smith 7957 (MICH); Mt. Hood, Oct. 20, 1944, W. B.<br />
determined eastern North American specimens at Ann Arbor Gmber and A. H. Smith 20004 (MICH); Rhododendron,<br />
(MICH), hence the report of B. mirabilis from "Michigan and Oct. 19, 1945, W. B. Gruber 696 (MICH); Tillamook Co.,<br />
westward" by Snell and Dick (1970) should be considered Cascade Head, Oct. 6, 1970, E. Javarsky (A. H. S. 78837,<br />
erroneous.<br />
MICH). WASHINGTON: Cape Flattery, Sept. 18, 1935, A. H.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH Smith 2493 (MICH); Franklin, Sept. 18, 1915, C. H. Kauff-<br />
COLUMBIA: Glacier Natl. Park, upper Illecillewaet River man (MICH); Lake Crescent, Oct. 6, 1935, A. H. Smith 3012<br />
valley, Sept. 27, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4106 (DAOM 191912); (MICH); Lake Quinnault, Oct. 14, 1925, C. H. Kauffman<br />
Revelstoke, Aug. 29, 1949, J. R. Tannhauser (DAOM<br />
22 1 1 I), Sept. 26 and 27, 1962, M. Pantidou (DAOM 91258,<br />
(MICH); Mt. Baker, Sept. 13, 1941, A. H. Smith 16924<br />
(MICH); Mt. Rainier Natl. Park, Sept. 25, 1952, A. H. Smith<br />
91259); Terrace, Sept. 11, 1956, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 40290 (MICH); Mt. Shuksan, Aug. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith<br />
117912); Vancouver Island: 56 km W of Port Alberni, 16243 (MICH); Olympic Hot Springs, Sept. 29, 1935, A. H.<br />
Sept. 30, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3253 (DAOM 198170), Lake Smith 2760 (MICH); Olympic Natl. Park, Humcane Ridge,<br />
Cowichan, Oct. 7, 1966, H. M. Craig (DAOM 117915). Sept. 20, 1941, A. H. Smith 17057 (MICH).
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
Amphi-Beringian: Asian - west coast<br />
Cape Flattery, Oct. 18, 1941, A. H. Smith 18033 (MICH);<br />
(54) Marasmius plicatulus Peck<br />
MAP: Fig. 35.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from southern California to southern British<br />
Columbia, and rare in southwestern Idaho.<br />
HABITAT: Humus under various conifers or oaks.<br />
Lake Quinnault, Oct. 1, 1925, C. A. Brown (MICH), Oct. 31,<br />
1925, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Mt. Rainier, Carbon R.,<br />
Oct. 6, 1952, A. H. Smith 40666 (MICH); Pierce Co., Wilkeson,<br />
Oct. 8, 1954, A. H. Smith 48695 and H. E. Bigelow<br />
(MICH) .<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Desjardin (19870); Hardy (1946, (56) Stereopsis hurnphreyi (Burt) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Reid<br />
misdetermined as M. bellipes).<br />
= Craterellus hurnphreyi Burt<br />
NOTES: This species has been reported from China (Tai MAP: Fig. 48.<br />
1979), but this report needs to be confirmed by specimens RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British<br />
before being accepted.<br />
Columbia to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington; ? Tibet.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH HABITAT: MOSSY or bare needle beds under Sitka spruce in<br />
COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Saanich, Oct. 28, 1941, G. A.<br />
Hardy (DAOM 10621, misdetermined as M. bellipes), Nov. 1,<br />
1958, W. G. Ziller (DAOM 59782, ex DAVFP 10620).<br />
U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Alameda Co., Oakland, January 7,<br />
1934, W. Lucke (DAOM 55635); N of Campanile, Feb. 28,<br />
1937, L. Bonar (DAOM F7905); Del Norte Co., Crescent<br />
City, Oct. 30, 1937, A. H. Smith 8268 (MICH), Jedediah<br />
wet depressions.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> and Reid (1983).<br />
NOTES: This is a very distinctive species not likely to be confused<br />
with any other species in North America. One collection<br />
reported from Tibet (Wang and Zang 1983) was not described<br />
in detail and therefore needs to be confirmed.<br />
Smith State Park, Nov. 11, 1967, K. Kaneko (DAOM<br />
128245); Eugene, Nov. 1934, F. P. Sipe 1 19 (MICH); Humbolt<br />
Co., Trinidad, Dec. 12, 1935, A. H. Smith 3945<br />
(MICH); Mendocino Co., Nov. 3, 1962, M. Pantidou<br />
(DAOM 92231); Oakland, Feb. 25, 1934, W. Lucke (in<br />
Dearness herb. in DAOM); Orick, Dec. 7, 1935, A. H. Smith<br />
3868 (MICH); San Francisco Co., San Francisco, Nov. 16,<br />
1972, M. Concannon (DAOM 144063); Santa Barbara, Jan.<br />
25, 1941, R. and M. Rea 849 (MICH). IDAHO: Owyhee Co.,<br />
Silver City, July 1970, E. Trueblood 3883 (MICH). OREGON:<br />
Marion Co., Salem, no date, W. A. Mum11 (MICH); Multnomah<br />
Co., Portland, Nov. 21, 1945, W. B. Gruber 739<br />
(MICH); Sandy, Nov. 5, 1947, A. H. Smith 28537 (MICH);<br />
Siskiyou Natl. Forest, Takilma, Nov. 27, 1925, C. H. Kauffman<br />
(MICH); Tillamook Co., Pacific City, Nov. 7, 1970,<br />
A. H. Smith 79661 (MICH). WASHINGTON: Elwha R., June<br />
23, 1935, A. H. Smith 14583 (MICH); Hoh R., June 30,<br />
1939, A. H. Smith 14717 (MICH); Joyce, Whisky Cr., Oct.<br />
15, 1935, A. H. Smith (MICH).<br />
European - west coast<br />
(57) Hernirnycena tortuosa (Orton) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Mycena tortuosa Orton<br />
MAP: Fig. 47.<br />
RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands to southern Vancouver<br />
Island, France and England.<br />
HABITAT: Bark of conifers and hardwoods.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Orton (1960); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1980~);<br />
Romagnesi (1 978).<br />
NOTES: This is a minute but distinctive species restricted to<br />
growth on bark. It will undoubtedly be found along the coast in<br />
the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. when sought. Attempts to<br />
find it elsewhere in Canada, including the eastern Maritimes,<br />
have been unsuccessful.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Graham Island, Naikoon<br />
Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 22, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4473<br />
(DAOM 187535).<br />
(55) Neolentinus kaufSmanii (Smith) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Ginns<br />
= Lentinus kaufSmanii A. H. Smith<br />
MAP: Fig. 41.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands and the<br />
Alaskan panhandle to northern California; Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Causing a brown cubical rot in living and fallen<br />
Picea sitchensis in North America.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Bier and Nobles (1946); Cash<br />
(1953); Comer (1981); Englerth (1947); Pegler (1983b);<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> and Ginns (1985).<br />
(58) Melanotus textilis <strong>Redhead</strong> & Kroeger<br />
MAP: Fig. 49.<br />
RANGE: Southwestern coastal British Columbia to northern<br />
California; British Isles (possibly introduced).<br />
HABITAT: Bits of loose bark, well-decayed wood, and cloth<br />
of other fabrics left outdoors.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> and Kroeger (1984); Watling<br />
and Gregory (1987).<br />
NOTES: According to Watling and Gregory (1987) this species<br />
probably has been introduced into the British Isles.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH (59) Mycena culrnigena Maas G.<br />
COLUMBIA: Queen Charlotte Islands, Cumshewa Inlet, Sept. MAP: Fig. 45.<br />
23, 1942, J. E. Bier (DAOM 1 1 17 l), Graham Island: Naikoon RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, to<br />
Prov. Park, Tow Hill, Sept. 21, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4465 Oregon along the coast; Denmark, Germany and Sweden.<br />
(DAOM 187995), Yakoun River 6 km S of Port Clements, HABITAT: On sedges and rushes along lake, river, and ocean<br />
Sept. 15, 1982, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4261 (DAOM 187562); Van- shores.<br />
couver, Stanley Park, Aug. 13 and Oct. 12, 1983, Nov. 4, SELECTED LITERATURE: Einhellinger (1976, 1977); Maas<br />
1985, P. Kroeger 492, 701, 930 (DAOM 199069, 199067, Geesteranus (1986); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1981b, 1984b).<br />
199071). U.S.A. : CALIFORNIA: Humbolt Co., Trinidad, NOTES: This is a distinctive species often reported under the<br />
Dec. 7, 1956, A. H. Smith 56454 (MICH). OREGON: Eugene, name Mycena juncicola (Fr.) Gillet. However, M. juncicola is<br />
Nov. 10, 1946, F. P. Sipe 928 (MICH); Otis, Oct. 7, 1970, a distinct species with a rosy pileus and a dark stipe. It has not<br />
A. H. Smith 78856 (MICH); Tillamook Co., Cascade Head, been recollected and described since Fries' days. Mycena cari-<br />
Nov. 14, 1972, A. H. Smith 83775 (MICH). WASHINGTON: ciophila <strong>Redhead</strong>, described from New Brunswick, is not
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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3026<br />
CAN. J. BOT.<br />
synonymous with M. juncicola as suggested by Maas Geester-<br />
anus (1.c.).<br />
(60) Omphalina viridis (Hornem.) Kuyper<br />
= Agaricus ericetorum var. viridis Hornem.<br />
= Omphalia viridis (Hornem.) J. Lange<br />
= Clitocybe atroviridis Bigelow<br />
MAP: Fig. 43.<br />
RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern California<br />
along the coast, also in Britain, the Netherlands, France, Denmark,<br />
and northern Africa.<br />
HABITAT: Among acrocarpous mosses on sandy soil along<br />
creeks, beaches, and in grassy areas.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Arnolds (1982); Bigelow (1982,<br />
1985); Bigelow and Smith (1962); Dennis et al. (1960);<br />
Malen~on and Bertault (1975); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986); Smith (1941).<br />
NOTES: The specific name for this species has been debated<br />
for years. It has been called Omphalina urnbellifera var. viridis<br />
(Hornem.) QuCl., Omphalina chlorocyanea (Pat.) Singer, and<br />
Clitocybe smaragdina (Berk.) Bigelow & Smith. The nomenclature<br />
and taxonomy were discussed by Bigelow (1985) and<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> (1986). This species is distinctive because of its<br />
unusual blue-green pigment and its often early fruiting in the<br />
spring.<br />
Thiers' collections from California cited by Bigelow (1985)<br />
are all from Mendocino (H. D. Thiers, personal communication,<br />
1988).<br />
(61) Resinomycena saccharifera (Berk. & Br.) <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
= Agaricus sacchariferus Berk. & Br.<br />
= Omphalia quisquilaris Josserand, nom. invalid.<br />
= Mycena kalalochensis A. H. Smith<br />
= Mycena pudica Hora<br />
MAP: Fig. 42.<br />
RANGE: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia to northern<br />
California along the coast; Denmark, Britain, and France.<br />
HABITAT: On wet decaying vegetation, grasses, leaf litter,<br />
small twigs, along beaches, in seepage areas, and in dense<br />
hummocks.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Hora (1960); Josserand (1937);<br />
Kiihner (1938, 1985); Lange (1946); Maas Geesteranus<br />
(1982); Pearson (1946); <strong>Redhead</strong> and Singer (1981); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(1984b).<br />
NOTES: This is a small but microscopically distinctive<br />
species.<br />
Amphi-Atlantic: European - east coast<br />
(62) Luccaria maritima (Teod.) Singer ex Huhtinen<br />
= Hygrophorus maritima Teod.<br />
= Luccaria trullisata f. rugulospora M. Lange<br />
MAP: Fig. 52, also see Elborne (1989, Fig. 4).<br />
RANGE: Coastal around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in<br />
Europe; from one locality each in Greenland and Post-de-la-<br />
Baleine, Quebec.<br />
HABITAT: Shifting coastal sand dunes, sometimes sparsely<br />
vegetated.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Andersson (1950); Bresinsky<br />
(1987); Elborne (1989); Hpliland (1976); Huhtinen (1988);<br />
Kallio and Heikkila (1963); Lamoure et al. (1982); Lange<br />
(1955); Singer (1961); Teodorowicz (1936); Ulvinen et al.<br />
(1981); Urbonas et al. (1986); Vellinga (1982).<br />
NOTES: It is possible that this species has been introduced to<br />
both North America and Greenland from Europe as a ballast<br />
fungus equivalent to ballast plants (Baum 1978; Ridley 1930).<br />
Its sporadic distribution in North America, the presence of a<br />
much commoner North Amerian vicariant species, L. trullisata,<br />
and its habitat, beach sand, make this a likely possibility.<br />
Another fungus, Uromyces ervi West., parasitic on Vicia<br />
hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray, was first reported from North America<br />
near Tracadiae, N.S. by Savile (1957), who now believes it<br />
may also be a ballast fungus (D. B. 0. Savile, personal communication).<br />
(63) Panellus violaceofulvus (Batsch:Fr.) Singer<br />
= Agaricus violaceofulvus Batsch<br />
= Agaricus elatinus Pers.<br />
= Agaricus blakei Berk. & Curt.<br />
MAP: Fig. 54 (*exact location in Maine not known).<br />
RANGE: Western Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and<br />
Gasp6 Peninsula, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Saint-Pierre, Maine;<br />
Europe (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonian SSR, France, Germany,<br />
Italy, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Switzerland), Asia<br />
Minor, the western Caucasus (Krasnodar region), and Georgian<br />
USSR.<br />
HABITAT: On senescent lower branches, rarely over 2 cm<br />
diam, of living fir or recently killed understory trees.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Abraham (1986); Boudier (1904-<br />
191 I), Konrad and Maublanc (1928); Malkovskjl (1932);<br />
Miller (1970); Nakhutsrishvili (1975); Pilit (1935 - 1936);<br />
Schmid-Heckel (1985); Thorn (1986b); Ulvinen et al. (1981);<br />
Urbonas et al. (1986); Vaasma et al. (1986).<br />
NOTES: In older European literature this species was often<br />
divided into two forms or varieties, e.g., f. typica and f. delastrei.<br />
The latter taxon is now considered to be a distinct species,<br />
P. ringens (Fr.) Romagnesi, which occurs on hardwoods. As<br />
pointed out by Miller (1970), most older North American<br />
reports of P. violaceofulvus were based on the latter form or<br />
variety and hence refer to P. ringens. For example, the report<br />
of P. violaceofulvus from Kenora, Ontario, by Bisby et al.<br />
(1938) was based on a misidentified collection of P. ringens<br />
(DAOM 198216, on Betula, Sept. 30, 1934, G. R. Bisby<br />
et al.). Panellus violaceofulvus is notable for its absence in<br />
eastern Asia east of Georgia and the western Caucasus Mountains,<br />
USSR, and in North America west of the eastern Maritimes.<br />
ADDITlONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND-<br />
LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Western Brook trail, Sept. 24,<br />
1983, J. Ginns and S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4988 (DAOM 187858).<br />
NOVA SCOTIA: Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park seaside<br />
adjunct, Port Joli Head, Sept. 22, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 61 14<br />
(DAOM 198237); Victoria Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl.<br />
Park, Jack Pine trail, Oct. 4, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6453<br />
(DAOM 198238). QUEBEC: Anticosti Island, Port Menier, July<br />
18, 1966, G. Bard (QFB 5083); Gasp6 Peninsula, Forillon<br />
Natl. Park, La Chute trail, Oct. 2, 1988, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6550<br />
(DAOM 198753).<br />
Amphi-Atlantic: European- boreal<br />
(64) Lyophyllum palustre (Peck) Singer<br />
= Agaricus palustris Peck<br />
= Agaricus leucomyosotis Cooke & Smith<br />
= Agaricus obstans Britz.<br />
= Collybia papilliformis Kauff.<br />
MAP: Fig. 57.<br />
RANGE: Southern boreal forest of Manitoba east through the<br />
northern Great Lakes region, to Nova Scotia and New Jersey;
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonian SSR,<br />
France, Germany, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Romania,<br />
Sweden, Leningrad region USSR); Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Parasitic on Sphagnum in bogs.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE:<br />
Bauchet (1967); Britzelmayer<br />
(1881); Cooke (1885); Favre (1939b); Gourley (1982); Kauffman<br />
(1929); Kobayasi (1954); Kotlaba and KubiCka (1960);<br />
J. Lange (1936b); M. Lange (1948); McNeil(1983); <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(1981~); SBlBgeanu and $tefureac (1972); Singer (1939);<br />
Smith (1936); Ulvinen et al. (1986); Velenovsky (1920).<br />
Park, May 31, 1953, S. C. Hoare (DAOM 40063); St. Adolph,<br />
June 22, 1957, H. E. Bigelow et al. 4965 (DAOM 55756);<br />
La Verendrye Park, Hwy. 58, 45 and 61 krn N of Grand-<br />
Remous, July 8, 1980, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3523, 3521 and<br />
K. Spicer (DAOM 176547, 176545); Lac St. Jean Ouest Co.,<br />
5.4 krn S of Chiboubiche R. on Hwy. 167, Sept. 4, 1976,<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2190 (DAOM 174873); Reserve Chibou-<br />
gamau, 15 krn N of Bochart, Aug. 22, 1976, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
1982 (DAOM 174872); Ste.-Lucie-de-Beauregard, July 7,<br />
1979, R. McNeil 366 (DAOM 180913). ENGLAND: Crum-<br />
mock, Water Lancashire, June 6, 1962, D. A. Reid (DAOM<br />
96968); Malham Moss, Yorkshire, Sept. 1964, C. Jeffrey<br />
(DAOM 107745). SWEDEN: UPPLAND: Balinge Parish, Sept.<br />
20, 1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65326), Upsala, Sept. 28,<br />
1949, A. Melderis (DAOM 65325). U.S.A. : CONNECTICUT:<br />
Litchfield Co., Colebrook, Sept. 8, 1984, R. E. Halling 3838<br />
(NY); New London Co., Pachaug State Forest, Aug. 5, 1988,<br />
NE Mycol. Foray (DAOM 198648). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire<br />
Co., Aug. 18, 1986, R. E. Halling 4814 (NY).<br />
MICHIGAN: Cheboygan CO., Douglas L., July 27, 1951, A. H.<br />
Smith (DAOM 27948); Marquette Co., Huron Mts., Sullivan<br />
Creek, June 20, 1970, J. F. Ammirati 4100 (MICH); Mont-<br />
REDHEAD 3027<br />
morency Co., July 21, 1969, A. H. Smith 77607 (MICH);<br />
Washtenaw Co., Cades Comer N of Salise, July 23, 1923,<br />
C. H. Kauffman (MICH, type of Collybia papilliformis<br />
Kauff.). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 18,<br />
1985, R. E. Halling 4453 (NY); Newcomb, Aug. 8, 1934, A.<br />
H. Smith 65 (MICH); Seneca Co., Waterloo Twp., June 1,<br />
1947, C. T. Rogerson 1451 (NY). WISCONSIN: Bayfield Co.,<br />
Pigeon L., July 6, 1971, S. J. Mazzer 6430 (MICH).<br />
(65) Hypholoma j7avifolium (Smith) <strong>Redhead</strong> comb.nov.<br />
=<br />
NOTES: Lyophyllum palustre is a host specific parasite that<br />
Naematoloma dispersum var. flavifolium Smith, Mycologia,<br />
43: 515. 1951.<br />
kills and then digests Sphagnum, causing necrotic patches in<br />
the turf (<strong>Redhead</strong> 1981a; Simon 1987; Untiedt and Mueller<br />
MAP: Fig. 56.<br />
1985).<br />
RANGE: North of Lake Superior to western Newfoundland,<br />
northern Michigan to northern New York; France.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
HABITAT: MOSSY coniferous debris often with Pleurozium<br />
Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Birdtail Creek, Aug. 27, 1979,<br />
schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 3092 (DAOM 176591). NEW BRUNSWICK:<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Kiihner (1936); Smith (1951).<br />
Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, July 6, 1977, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 2294<br />
(DAOM 166812), July 19, 1977, R. Millikin (DAOM<br />
NOTES: The true distribution in Europe is obscured by the<br />
differing taxonomic concepts and the misapplication of names<br />
169669). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co., Upper Brookside,<br />
in this genus.<br />
June 27, 1931, A. H. Smith (MICH); Shelburne Co., Ingomar,<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEW BRUNS-<br />
Sept. 23, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6132 (DAOM 198224).<br />
WICK: Kouchibouguac Natl. Park, Sept. 22, 1977, S. A. Red-<br />
ONTARIO: Algonquin Prov. Park, Pitcher Plant Pond, June 11,<br />
head 252 1 (DAOM 165873), July 6, 1978, K. Egger (DAOM<br />
1983, G. Thorn 830611108 (DAOM 189964); Carp, July 4,<br />
169692). NEWFOUNDLAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Beny Hill<br />
1956, J. W. Groves (DAOM 54143); Lake Temagami,<br />
Pond, Sept. 17, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4747 (DAOM 187846);<br />
Aug. 20, 1936, A. H. Smith 4037 (MICH); Mer Bleue bog,<br />
Gros Morne base, Sept. 16, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4689<br />
Aug. 15, 1957, J. W. Groves (DAOM 55740), May 24, 1977,<br />
(DAOM 187831). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co., Kejimkujik<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> (DAOM 162813), May 24, 1978, S. A. Red-<br />
Natl. Park, Big Dam L., Sept. 20, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6032<br />
head 2625 (DAOM 175740), June 26, 1979, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
(DAOM 198225); Kentville, Aug. 27, 1953, K. A. Harrison<br />
(DAOM 183616); Nepean, Aug. 4, 1981, K. Spicer (DAOM<br />
181127); Petawawa, Aug. 29, 1947, A. H. Smith and I. L.<br />
(DAOM 39112); Paradise, Aug. 29, 1953, S. C. Hoare<br />
(DAOM 40528); Shelburne Co., Villagedale, Sept. 27, 1987,<br />
Conners (DAOM 17357); Ramsayville, May 30, 1957, J. W.<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6231 (DAOM 198226). ONTARIO: Lake<br />
Groves et al. (DAOM 5575 1); South March, Aug. 2 1, 1956,<br />
Temagami, Sept. 13, 1936, R. F. Cain (MICH); Thunder Bay<br />
J. W. Groves (DAOM 541 16); Thunder Bay Dist.: Black Stur-<br />
Dist., Circle L. W of Black Sturgeon L., Aug. 19, 1974, S. A.<br />
geon L., Aug. 8, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1046 (DAOM 174860),<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 138 1 (DAOM 182 146). QUEBEC: Parc Laurentide<br />
Aug. 9, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1099, 1105, 1106, 1117<br />
near L. Grandprt and L. Nadrea, 47"27'N, 71°14'W,<br />
(DAOM 174861, 174862, 174863, 174864), Eskwanonwatin<br />
Aug. 15, 1981, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> et al. (DAOM 180858); Raco-<br />
R. and Black Sturgeon R., Aug. 15, 1974, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
don, Aug. 12, 1981, R. McNeil 1217 (DAOM 185856);<br />
1287, 1289, 1303, 1305 (DAOM 174865, 174866, 174867,<br />
Rtserve Chibougamau, Lac Nicabau, Aug. 21, 1976, S. A.<br />
174869), Poshkakagan R. on Hurket Road, June 6, 1976,<br />
<strong>Redhead</strong> 1974 (DAOM 182147); St. Donat, Aug. 25, 1964,<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 1908 (DAOM 174870). QUEBEC: Gatineau<br />
Father Bauchet (DAOM 107068). U.S.A.: MICHIGAN: Ogeman<br />
Co., Rifle R., Oct. 6, 1951, A. H. Smith 38904 (MICH); Tahquamenon<br />
Falls, Sept. 11, 1949, A. H. Smith 33538 (MICH).<br />
NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., N Creek Road, Sept. 1, 1934,<br />
A. H. Smith 294 (MICH); Warrensburg, Sept. 9, 1934, A. H.<br />
Smith (MICH).<br />
Amphi-Atlantic: Mediterranean - eastern deciduous forest<br />
(66) Lentinus tigrinus (Bull. :Fr.) Fr.<br />
= Agaricus tigrinus Bull.<br />
= Agaricus dunalii Fr.<br />
= Agaricus denticulatus Schw .<br />
= Lentinus schweinitzii Fr.<br />
= Lentinus contortus Fr.<br />
= Lentinus ravenelii Berk. & Curt.<br />
= Lentinus jimbriatus Currey<br />
= Lentodiuin squamulosum Morg.<br />
= Lentinus ghattasensis P. Henn.<br />
= Lentinus omphalopsis Reichert<br />
MAP: Fig. 68.<br />
RANGE: Southern Ontario and Quebec south to Florida and<br />
Cuba, west to South Dakota and Texas; Europe (Austria,
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
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3028<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, France,<br />
Greece, Hungary, Italy, Yugoslavia, Romania), Northern<br />
quae Farlowianae 336 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH).<br />
MICHIGAN: Benier Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, A. H.<br />
Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, Sudan Republic), Smith (DAOM 51 175, 51184, 54158); Gratiot Co., Ithaca,<br />
Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tibet, Aug. 30, 1956, V. Potter 1 1288 (MICH); Harbart, Oct. 1938,<br />
western and southern USSR); Peru.<br />
C. B. Stifler (F 1150651): Midland Co., Midland, Sept. 29,<br />
HABITAT: On decorticated hardwood stumps, logs, and 1963, A. H. Smith 67762 (MICH); New Richmond, Aug. 3 1,<br />
roots, often in silt or wet sand, often in arid areas but associ- 1910, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Roscommon Co., Houghton<br />
ated with microenvironments near water and where periodi- L., Sept. 8, 1963, A. H. Smith 67578 (MICH); Washtenaw<br />
cally inundated.<br />
Co., Homer's Woods, Sept. 27, 1964, R. L. Homola 1128<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Eliade (1965); Ito (1959); Pegler (MICH). MINNESOTA: Minneapolis, S. Whetstone (NY);<br />
(1983b and references therein); Pilit (1946); Vanev and Reid St. Paul, June 2, 1912, Mrs. M. W. Hill (NYS). MISSISSIPPI:<br />
(1986); Wang and Zang (1983); Watling and Gregory (1977, Jackson, Dec. 1, 1914, E. Bartholomew (Fungi Columbiana<br />
1980).<br />
4546 Lentodium squamulosurn, MICH). MISSOURI: no data,<br />
NOTES: Although today basically an amphi-Atlantic species, Demetrio (NY). NEBRASKA: no data (NY). NEW JERSEY:<br />
its presence in Peru indicates that it once had a much broader Middlesex Co., New Brunswick, 1966, C. M. Haenselor<br />
range.<br />
(MICH). NEW YORK: Dutchess Co., Millbrook, Oct. 18,<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: AFGHANISTAN: near 1987, P. Katsaros and B. Bakaitis (NY); Essex Co., Ft. Ticon-<br />
Kabul, 1770 m alt., May 27, 1951, Mr. Gilli (MICH). deroga, Sept. 1926, C. H. Peck (NYS); Genesee Co., Bergen<br />
CANADA: ONTARIO: Bright's Cove, Lake Huron, Oct. 4, Swamp, June 5, 1948, A. Hotchkiss et al. (NY); Greene Co.,<br />
1986, P. M. Banks (DAOM 199053); Britannia (Ottawa), N of Coxsackie, Nov. 10, 1969, S. J. Smith 45202 (NY);<br />
Sept. 18, 1903, J. Macoun (DAOM 5 1309); Constance Bay at Long Island, Greenport, June 8, 1919, R. Latham 1062<br />
Constance Creek, May 3 1, 198 1, K. Spicer (DAOM 180004); (MICH), Orient, June 1, 1914, R. Latham (NY); Rochester,<br />
Gloucester, Lower Duck Island, Ottawa River, July 5, 198 1, Oct. 10, 1913, W. E. Abbs (NY); Seneca Co., Lyre, Sept.,<br />
A. and J. Ginns 6319 (DAOM 180796); Jock River, S of Barr- C. H. Peck (NYS); Syracuse, Nov. 1888, L. M. Underwood<br />
haven, Nepean, Aug. 16, 1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5954 (DAOM (NY); Tonawanda, Nov. 1957, W. Marsden (MICH); West-<br />
197321); Nottawasaga River near Edenvale, June 1983, chester Co., Westmoreland Nat. Res., Nov. 1982, S. Stein<br />
G. Thorn (DAOM 190332); Ottawa, July 10, 1897, J. Macoun and S. Sheine (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: Hatteras Is., N of Box-<br />
(DAOM 51310); Point Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, J. E. ton, Aug. 14, 1956, L. K. Henry (NY); Winston-Salem, E. A.<br />
and S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4240 (DAOM 188319); Rockcliffe, July Lehman (NYS). OHIO: Elyria, Sept. 25, 1982, S. Ristich<br />
20, 1962, D. W. McLain 1584 (DAOM 150738). QUEBEC: (NY); Painesville, Aug. 4, 1922, H. C. Beardslee 22054<br />
Aylmer, Blueberry Point, Sept. 24, 1898, J. Macoun (DAOM (MICH); Perry, Sept. 23, 1938, H. C. Beardslee 38053<br />
5131 1); Chateauguay, Oct. 8, 1978, R. McNeil 31 (DAOM (MICH). PENNSYLVANIA: Crawford Co., Pymatuning, July<br />
174365); Hull, Leamy's Lake, Oct. 7, 1897, J. Macoun 29, 1950, F. H. Beer (NY); Erie Co., Presque Isle, July 25,<br />
(DAOM 51312); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, May 30, 1980, 1893, 0 . E. Jennings (NY). SOUTH DAKOTA: Spink Co., Irmi-<br />
R. McNeil 552 (DAOM 176752); St. Anne's, Aug. 1941, dale, Aug. 10, 1950, R. Muir (J. F. Brenckle 50290) (MICH).<br />
L. M. Terrill (DAOM 87171); Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Sept. 3, TENNESSEE: Athens, May 26, 1932, L. R. Hesler (TENN<br />
1941, L. M. Temll (DAOM 87277). CUBA: Santiago de las 3762); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Alum Cave, 5000 ft<br />
Vegas, Oct. 2, 1904, F. S. Earle (NY). PERU: SE of Iquitos, elev., June 27, L. R. Hesler (TENN 3763); Knoxville, Chero-<br />
Rio Yarapa, Mar. 1986, G. Mueller (F 1069019). U.S.A.: kee Bluffs, D. Pfister (TENN 14770); Sparta, Oct. 20, 1956,<br />
ALABAMA: Hale Co., Prairie Cr., June 27, 1952, C. G. Hollis<br />
(TENN 21524); Lee Co., Auburn, April 1896, J. M. Under-<br />
A. J. Sharp (TENN 22445). TEXAS: Alamo Rd., April 15,<br />
1933, E. Clover 922 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl.<br />
wood (NY); Montgomery Co., no date, R. P. Burke (NY); Pres., Nov. 1982, G. Lincoff (MICH); Hams Co., Galveston<br />
Sipsey Swamp, Hwy. 83, Oct. 1952, C. G. Hollis (TENN Bay, April 3, 1869, W. W. R. (NY); S Mission, June 2, 1933,<br />
20647). DELAWARE: Laurel, Feb. 24, 1892, anonymous, 1920 E. Clover (MICH); Sam Houston Natl. Forest, Stubblefield L.,<br />
(NY); Sussex Co., Ellendale, Sept. 27, 1895, anonymous, May 11, 1952, H. D. Thiers 1569 (MICH). WISCONSIN: Kil-<br />
2738 (NY). FLORIDA: Dade Co., Hattie Bauer Hammock, June<br />
22, 1915, J. K. Small et al. (NY); Gainesville, Aug. 27, 1938,<br />
W. A. Munill (MICH); Volusia Co., New Smyrna, no date,<br />
bourn, June 1927, A. H. Povah (MICH); Spring Green NW of<br />
Madison, Oct. 1910, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289141).<br />
H. C. Beardslee (MICH). ILLINOIS: Cook CO., Harms Wood,<br />
Sept. 1975, R. Singer et al. 1021 16 (F); Geneseo, July 1915,<br />
E. T. and S. A. Harper (F); Glen Ellyn, Oct. 13, 1900, W. S.<br />
Moffat (F 1322717); Johnson Co., Little Black Slough, Sept.<br />
25, 1976, P. D. Obekia (TENN 40541); OREGON: Sept. 29,<br />
1984, R. Singer N 5175 (F); River Forest, April 1908, E. T.<br />
and S. A. Harper (F 1322747); Riverside, May 2 1, 1900, E. T.<br />
and S. A. Harper (F); Rock River, Oct. 1918, E. T. and S. A.<br />
Harper (F1322715); Union Co., Goose Pond, Sept. 25, 1976,<br />
A. H. Smith 87267 (MICH). INDIANA: Lafayette, Sept. 26,<br />
1911, F. D. Kern (NY); Vigo Co., Goose Pond, Oct. 1893,<br />
L. M. Underwood (NY). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 12, 1934,<br />
Amphi-Pacific: Asian - Appalachian, Great Lakes or<br />
Coastal Plain<br />
(67) Crinipellis campanella (Peck) Singer<br />
= Collybia campanella Peck<br />
= Collybia stipitaria var. robusta Lloyd<br />
MAP: Fig. 58, also see <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986b, Fig. 2).<br />
RANGE: Southern Manitoba to New Brunswick; far eastern<br />
USSR.<br />
HABITAT: On twigs and bark of conifers, mainly Picea,<br />
Abies, Ruja, usually slightly elevated from the ground.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: <strong>Redhead</strong> (19866); Singer (19426).<br />
G. W. Martin (NY). KENTUCKY: no data, S. F. Price (NY). (68) Crinipellis setipes (Peck) Singer<br />
LOUISIANA: New Orleans, Sept. 5, 1908, F. S. Earle 52 (NY). = Collybia stipitaria var. setipes Peck<br />
MASSACHUSETTS: Waverly, Nov. 1912, G. R. Lyman (Reli- MAP: Fig. 63, also see <strong>Redhead</strong> (19866, Fig. 4).
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
ville Co., Berthierville, Sept. 6, 1952, R. Pomerleau (QFB<br />
12379); Cascades, Aug. 16, 1976, L. Gerbrandt (DAOM<br />
165592); Gatineau Park, Sept. 20, 1965, W. N. Keenan<br />
(DAOM 1 10454); Oka, Deux-Montagnes, Sept. 14, 195 1,<br />
R. Pomerleau (QFB 1 143 1); Pontiac Co., Shawville, Aug . 30,<br />
1984, P. Moisan and R. Blais (QFB 16646); Ste. Foy, Aug. 9,<br />
1958, E. Aubin (QFB 6418); Vercheres Co., L. Greves, Aug.<br />
1951, C. Ledoux (QFB 6417). COLOMBIA: CUNDIAMARCA:<br />
Bojaca, Bosque de la Mercedes, April 8, 1968, R. Singer<br />
B6014 (F). COSTA RICA: Cartago, Chonta, Jan. 17, 1983,<br />
R. Singer B14352 (F); Guanacaste, NW of Bagaces, Oct.<br />
1982, L. D. Gomez 18714 (F). GUATEMALA: Dept.<br />
SuchitepCquez, Volcan Santa Clara, Sta. Finca El Naranjo,<br />
May 23, 1942, J. A. Steyermark (F). MEXICO: JALISCO: S of<br />
Talpa de Allende, 1200-1700 ft alt., Oct. 19, 1960,<br />
R. McVaugh 537 (MICH); hebla: he, Aug. 4, 1945, A. J.<br />
Sharp (MICH ex TENN 17398); Tamaulipas, above Gomez<br />
REDHEAD 3029<br />
RANGE: Wisconsin to Maine, south to North Carolina and Farias, Aug. 1950, A. J. Sharp (TENN 19808); Tenango del<br />
Texas, also in China.<br />
Valle, July 31, 1957, R. Singer MI618 (MICH). U.S.A.:<br />
HABITAT: On deciduous leaf litter, and sometimes pine litter ALABAMA: DeSoto State Park, Oct. 8, 1960, A. J. Sharp<br />
mixed with deciduous leaves.<br />
(TENN 23787). ARKANSAS: Ashley Co., Georgia Pacific<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Doyle (1987); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1986b). Forest, Aug. 13, 1975, D. Guravich 686 (MICH). FLORIDA:<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: U.S.A.: ILLINOIS: Olga Alachua Co., Gainesville, July 28, 1965, B. Isaacs 2413<br />
Co., White Pines Forest State Park, July 5, 1941, J. A. Steyermark<br />
(F 1179920). MAINE: Piscataquis Co., Milo, Sept. 2 - 6,<br />
(MICH); Eustis, June 12, 1920, Kelly 634 (MICH); Seminole<br />
Co., Altamonte Springs, Oct. 29, 1937, H. C. Beardslee<br />
1905, W. A. Mum11 2086 (NY). MICHIGAN: Neebish Is., Sept. 36044 (MICH). GEORGIA: Hams Co., Chipley , Aug. 3, 1955,<br />
1909, E. T. and S. A. Harper 2496 (F). NEW YORK: Bronx, F. Gale (TENN 21974); Towns Co., (S of Haysville, N.C.),<br />
Aug. 4, 1903, F. S. Earle 1648 (NY); Genesee Co., Bergen Oct. 15, 1972, C. Home (MICH). INDIANA: Monroe Co.,<br />
Swamp, Sept. 21, 1946, W. C. Muenscher and C. T. Roger- Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L. Shaffer 6366<br />
son 1147 (NY); Hamilton Co., Raquette L., July 25, 1983, (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Aug. 7, 1938, G. W. Martin<br />
T. J. Baroni and R. E. Halling 3628 (NY). NORTH CAROLINA: (MICH). KENTUCKY: McCreary Co., Natural Arch Natl.<br />
Cherokee Co., June 29, 1957, L. R. Hesler (TENN 9174). Forest, Sept. 17, 1950, R. M. Boarts (TENN 19738). LOUI-<br />
TENNESSEE: Knox Co., Timberlake Rd., July 18, 1957, L. R. SIANA: Baton Rouge, Aug. 24, 1960, J. Stevens (DAOM<br />
Hesler (TENN 10103).<br />
71865); St. Tammany Parish, Abita R. near Covington, June<br />
5, 1976, R. L. Shaffer 7153 (MICH). MARYLAND: Annapolis,<br />
(69) Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fr.<br />
Aug. 1920, F. C. Nicholas (Kelly 521) (MICH); Rockville,<br />
= Agaricus indigo Schw.<br />
Aug. 18, 1919, C. H. Kauffman (MICH). MASSACHUSETTS:<br />
= Lactarius canadensis Winder, non L. canadensis Hesler North Pond, Aug. 25, 1963, K. A. Hamson (DAOM 113717).<br />
& Smith<br />
MICHIGAN: Crawford Co., Sept. 19, 1978, A. H. Smith 89301<br />
MAP: Fig. 69.<br />
(MICH); Livingston Co., E. S. George Res., Aug. 20, 1968,<br />
RANGE: Southwestern Manitoba and southern and eastern A. H. Smith 76046 (MICH); Marquette Co., Chocolay River,<br />
Ontario to Quebec, south to the Gulf of Mexico from Florida Oct. 5, 1970, K. A. Hamson 9967 (MICH); Ontonagon Co.,<br />
to Texas, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Columbia, dis- Porcupine Mts., mouth of Presque Isle R., Oct. 8, 1958, A. H.<br />
junct to Japan.<br />
Smith 62074 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Ann Arbor, Aug. 9,<br />
HABITAT: Presumably mycorrhizal, under both conifers and 1907, C. H. Kauffman (MICH), W of Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1935,<br />
hardwoods.<br />
A. H. Smith 1731 (DAOM 97725). MINNESOTA: Clearwater<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Hesler and Smith (1979); Singer Co., Itasca State Park, Aug. 3, 1963, M. G. Weaver 1623<br />
(1957); White (1905).<br />
(MICH). MISSOURI: Oregon Co., Grand Gulf S of Kosh-<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA: konong, Aug. 2 1, 1949, J. A. Steyermark (F 1000139). NEW<br />
Beausejour, Sept. 15, 1935, G. R. Bisby and J. Cameron YORK: Ithaca, Sept. 4, 1952, J. W. Groves (DAOM 33837).<br />
(DAOM 198191); Victoria Beach, Sept. 6, 1926, Aug. 5, NORTH CAROLINA: Madison Co., Hot Springs, Aug. 20, 1924,<br />
1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198190, 5719). ONTARIO: Algon- C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Swain Co., Great Smoky Mts. Natl.<br />
quin Prov. Park, Canisby Twp., Pog Lake, Aug. 30, 1974, Park, Aug. 23, 1972, R. L. Shaffer 6907 (MICH). SOUTH<br />
P. Johnson (DAOM 186630); Bothwell, Aug. 17, 1924, CAROLINA: Oconee Co., Sumpton Natl. Forest, Sept. 25,<br />
A. Jones (Dearness herb. in DAOM); W of Byron, Sept. 1897 1980, D. Guravich 1108 (MICH). TENNESSEE: Blount Co.,<br />
(Dearness herb. in DAOM); Ottawa, Green's Creek, Aug. 25, Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove, Aug. 16, 1938,<br />
1921, W. S. Odell (DAOM 40950), Sept. 8, 1938, J. W. A. H. Smith 10251 (MICH); Knox Co., New Hopewell, Sept.<br />
Groves and W. S. Odell (DAOM 8788); Petawawa, Aug. 2, 16, 1938, L. R. Hesler (MICH ex TENN 11757); Sevier Co.,<br />
1938, R. M. Lewis (DAOM 8785), Sept. 13, 1939, J. W. Gatlinburg, Aug. 6, 1938, A. H. Smith 9805 (MICH); Tellico<br />
Groves (DAOM 9573), Sept. 6, 1943, J. W. and E. Groves Plains, Cherokee Natl. For., Aug. 13, 1975, A. J. Sharp<br />
(DAOM 11289), July 15, 1947, C. G. Riley and L. T. White (TENN 35352); near Walland, Oct. 21, 1966, L. R. Hesler<br />
(DAOM 21291); Pinery Prov. Park, Grand Bend, Aug. 18, (TENN 29426). TEXAS: Aransas Co., Rockport, May 11,<br />
1983, D. Campbell 57 (DAOM 189218). QUEBEC: Berthier- 1966, J. Dean 51 (MICH): Brazoria Co., Liverpool, no date,<br />
E. Hillhouse 130 (MICH); Hardin Co., Big Thicket Natl.<br />
Pres., Lance Rosiei Unit, June 20, 1982, D. P. Lewis 3086<br />
(F); Orange Co., Vidor, 1978, D. Lewis 1138 (MICH). VER-<br />
MONT: Middlebury, Aug. 13, 1896, E. A. Burt (Dearness<br />
herb. in DAOM).<br />
(70) Neolecta irregularis (Peck) Korf & Rogers<br />
= Geoglossum irregularis Peck<br />
= Spragueola americana Massee<br />
MAP: Fig. 59.<br />
RANGE: From northem Michigan east to Nova Scotia and<br />
western Newfoundland, with a southern record from Tennes-<br />
see, also from Japan.<br />
HABITAT: Probably parasitic on rootlets of unidentified<br />
hosts.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Imai (1941); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1977a,<br />
1979~).
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3030<br />
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ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NEWFOUND- species which grows cespitosely on hardwoods. Mycena<br />
LAND: Gros Morne Natl. Park, Berry Hill Pond, Sept. 17, leaiana var. australis Dennis (1955), with an avellaneous col-<br />
1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4746 (DAOM 187966). PRINCE EDWARD oured pileus, was described from Queensland, Australia. This<br />
ISLAND: Queens Co., near Tracadie Cross, Oct. 13, 1988, taxon possibly represents a distinct species.<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6682 (DAOM 198750).<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: MANITOBA:<br />
Riding Mountain Natl. Park, Gorge Creek trail, July 3 and 5,<br />
(71) Pleuroflamrnula flammea (Murr.) Singer<br />
1979, D. R. H. Hammersley (DAOM 191866, 191864); Vic-<br />
= Crepidotus flammeus Murr.<br />
= Pleuroflammula chocoruensis Singer<br />
toria Beach, July 18, 1931, G. R. Bisby (DAOM 198203).<br />
NEW BRUNSWICK: York Co., Tay Fall Road, June 25, 1954,<br />
= Pleuroflammula squarrulosa Singer<br />
C. A. Arthurs (DAOM 46372). NOVA SCOTIA: Colchester Co.,<br />
MAP: Fig. 73.<br />
Truro, Sept. 9, 1959, K. A. Harrison (DAOM 1135 13); Inver-<br />
RANGE: Coastal in the northern part of its range, from<br />
southern Nova Scotia to the southern Appalachians and down<br />
ness Co., Cape Breton Highlands Natl. Park, Macintosh<br />
to Florida; Columbia; ? far eastern USSR.<br />
Brook, Sept. 14, 1983, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 4634 and J. Ginns<br />
(DAOM 191860), Lone Shieling, Sept. 30, 1987, S. A. Red-<br />
HABITAT: Small hardwood twigs on or just above the forest<br />
head 6285 (DAOM 198235); Kentville, Sept. 1 1, 193 1, Sept.<br />
floor.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Azbukina et al. (1984); Hesler and<br />
13, 1936, June 12, 1937, Aug. 26 and Sept. 24, 1953, K. A.<br />
Harrison (DAOM 110794, 110997, 111889, 11212, 39085);<br />
Smith (1965); Horak (1978); Singer (1947); Singer and Smith<br />
Queen's Co., Kejimkujik Natl. Park, Grafton Lakes, Sept. 19,<br />
(1946).<br />
1987, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6002 (DAOM 198236); Yarmouth Co.,<br />
NOTES: The report from the USSR needs to be confirmed<br />
North Kemptville, July 8, 1954 (DAOM 46753). ONTARIO:<br />
with specimens or detailed descriptions.<br />
Algonquin Prov. Park: Canisby Twp., July 3 1, 1975, H. Kirsh<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: NOVA<br />
(DAOM 186496), Found Lake trail, June 23, 1976, P. John-<br />
SCOTIA: Shelburne Co., Ingomar, Sept. 23, 1987, J. Ginns and<br />
son (DAOM 182372); Belleville, Sept. 24, 1878, J. Macoun<br />
S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 6119 (DAOM 198223). U.S.A.: FLORIDA:<br />
(DAOM 51410); Huntsville, June 16, 1932, R. F. Cain and<br />
Gainesville, Aug. 11, 1985, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5169 (DAOM<br />
H. S. Jackson (DAOM 80539); Middlesex Co., Lobo Twp.,<br />
194781); New Smyra, 1920, H. C. Beardslee (MICH); San<br />
Sept. 10 1955, W. W. Judd (DAOM 48927); Nepean, Aug.<br />
Felasco Hammock State Preserve, Aug. 10, 1985, S. A. Red-<br />
31, 1949, J. W. Groves (DAOM 21701); Petawawa, Sept. 1,<br />
head 5156 (DAOM 194891). NORTH CAROLINA: Asheville,<br />
1943, Sept. 19, 1945, Aug. 27, 1947, J. W. Groves (DAOM<br />
Aug. 1917, H. C. Beardslee 17047 (MICH): Highlands, July<br />
11569, 16419, 17486); Port Stanley, Aug. 23, 1907, J. Dear-<br />
27, 1934, A. J. Sharp (TENN 51 17); Indian Cr. near Bryson,<br />
ness (Dearness herb. in DAOM); Renfrew Co., Shaw Wood<br />
Aug. 11, 1940, A. J. Sharp (TENN 12782). TENNESSEE:<br />
Lot near Eganville, Sept. 11, 1980, K. Spicer (DAOM<br />
Anderson Co., Demaree, July 1 1, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN<br />
178664), Aug. 22, 1986, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5221 (DAOM<br />
4100); Blount Co., Rich Mt., June 24, 1934, L. R. Hesler<br />
196020); Rondeau Prov. Park, Sept. 10, 1962, J. W. and<br />
(TENN 3655); Great Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Cades Cove,<br />
N. Groves (DAOM 89875); St. Lawrence Islands Natl. Park,<br />
June 12, 1968, L. R. Hesler (TENN 30203); Knox Co.,<br />
Thwartway Is., Oct. 2, 1975, M. Kaufert (DAOM 153714),<br />
Timberlake Rd., July 4, 1956, L. R. Hesler (TENN 18678).<br />
P. Hammond (DAOM 1537 151; South March. June 18. 1952<br />
(72) Xeromphalina kaufSmanii A. H. Smith<br />
and June 10, 1953, J. W. ~kves (DAOM 35284, 40042).<br />
MAP: See <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988, Fig. 93).<br />
QUEBEC: Chelsea, Gilmore's Grove, Aug. 2, 1923, June 1930,<br />
RANGE: From Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, and W. S. Ode11 (DAOM 51409, 51408); Duchesnay, L. Jaune,<br />
southern Quebec, south to Tennessee and North Carolina; Aug. 24, 1938, R. F. Cain 11265 (DAOM 80538), Aug. 26,<br />
Costa Rica; Japan.<br />
1938, J. W. Groves (DAOM 6614); Eardley, Oct. 3, 1945,<br />
HABITAT: On decaying hardwood stumps, logs, especially I. L. Conners (DAOM 16381); Gatineau Co., Cantley,<br />
oak in the south, yellow birch in the north.<br />
Aug. 26, 1952, E. Groves (DAOM 33834), Sept. 26, 1970,<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Miller (1968); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988); June 18 and July 13, 1972, July 3, 1978, J. Ginns (DAOM<br />
Smith (1953).<br />
194545, 144193, 144185, 16761 8); Gatineau Park, June 23,<br />
1959, J. W. Groves (DAOM 63315), Aug. 27, 1971, D. Mal-<br />
Amphi-Pacific: South Pacific - Appalachian - Great<br />
Lakes<br />
loch (DAOM 151 170); Montreal, Cap St. Jacques, June 5,<br />
1980, R. McNeil (DAOM 176748); North Hatley, July 2,<br />
1985, H. M. E. Schalkwyk 2082 (DAOM 193830); Pointe au<br />
(73) Mycena leaiana (Berk.) Smith<br />
Platon, Lobinier, Sept. 7, 1969, R. Cauchon (QFB 4353); St.<br />
= Agaricus leaiana Berk.<br />
Pierre, July 6, 1964, G. Talbot (QFB 1754); Wakefield,<br />
= Flammulina glutinosa Stevenson<br />
June 15, 1951, J. Parmelee (DAOM 27489); Weedon Co.,<br />
MAP: Fig. 67.<br />
Wolfe, July 1962, M. Lortie (QFB 1755). U.S.A.: INDIANA:<br />
RANGE: Southern Manitoba east to Nova Scotia, south to Kieweg Woods, 8 krn SW of Terre Haute, Sept. 11, 1980,<br />
Tennessee and North Carolina, southern Mexico, New I. L. Conners (DAOM 185757). MARYLAND: Princes Georges<br />
Zealand, and New Guinea.<br />
Co., Laurel, Aug. 12, 1966, M. E. Elliott (DAOM 115355).<br />
HABITAT: On standing or fallen hardwood trunks and MICHIGAN: Benien Co., Warren Woods, Sept. 4, 1955, R. A.<br />
branches.<br />
Shoemaker (DAOM 5 1 190); Cut River, June 25, 195 1, S. C.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Beardslee and Coker (1924); Bell Hoare (DAOM 26919); Douglas L., June 22, 1951, S. C.<br />
(1933); Bisby et al. (1938); Gourley (1982); Hesler (1960); Hoare (DAOM 26830); Harbour Springs, June 18, 1948,<br />
Horak (1971, 1983~); Smith (1947); Welden and Guzman J. W. Groves (DAOM 21256). NEW YORK: Ithaca, May 27,<br />
(1978); White (1910).<br />
1953, R. P. Korf and R. A. Shoemaker (DAOM 41700); New-<br />
NOTES: This is a distinctively coloured, bright yellow-orange comb, June 28, 1957, M. Pantidou and M. Elliott (DAOM
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
REDHEAD 303 1<br />
55746); Michigan Hollow, Cornell Univ., Sept. 4, 1952, (DAOM 182769). QUEBEC: Rte. 138 N of Ste. Joachim,<br />
J. W. Groves (DAOM 33732). VERMONT: Burlington, June Aug. 19, 1981, D. Lahaie (DAOM 180837). MEXICO:<br />
20, 1951, R. Homer (DAOM 26617). VIRGINIA: Floyd Co., OAXACA: Sierra Mazateca, July 7, 1969, R. Singer M 8308<br />
Buffalo Mt. near Blue Ridge Parkway, May 13, 1978, P. Bush (F). PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez, F. S. Earle (NY); near Rio San-<br />
(0. K. Miller 18037, VPI). andora, El Verde Rainforest Research area, Sept. 10, 1984,<br />
D. J. Dodge (F 106850). U.S.A.: ALABAMA: Lee Co., Auburn,<br />
Amphi-Pacific: Gondwanaland - West coast July 3, 1897, F. S. Earle and C. F. Baker 198 (NY). FLORIDA:<br />
(74) Panellus longinquus (Berk.) Singer<br />
= Agaricus longinquus Berk.<br />
= Agaricus tarnenis Speg.<br />
= Agaricus minusculus Speg.<br />
= Agaricus tasmanicus Berk.<br />
= Panellus roseollus Stev.<br />
= Pleurotus sutherlandii Singer<br />
MAP: Fig. 44.<br />
RANGE: Coastal from the Queen Charlotte Islands to Oregon,<br />
Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, eastern Australia.<br />
HABITAT: On branches and logs of Alnus rubra, and stumps<br />
of Tsuga heterophylla chemically treated to prevent Hetero-<br />
Gainesville, Aug. 15, 1985, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong> 5173 (DAOM<br />
194880). MASSACHUSETTS: Boston, Aug. 1905, S. Davis.<br />
(NYS). NEW YORK: Hamilton Co., Piseco, C. H. Peck (NYS);<br />
Minerva, July, C. H. Peck (NYS). NORTH CAROLINA: Great<br />
Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Hemitooga Overlook, June 22, 1954,<br />
L. R. Hesler (TENN 21410). SOUTH CAROLINA: Oconee Co.,<br />
Coley Cr., July 24, 1965, L. R. Hesler (TENN 28081). VIR-<br />
GINIA: Jefferson Natl. Forest, Oct. 15, 1978, H. and 0. K.<br />
Miller 17924 (VPI).<br />
basidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. attack.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Comer (1986); Horak (1979,<br />
1983a); Libonati-Barnes and <strong>Redhead</strong> (1984); Singer (1954,<br />
1969).<br />
NOTES: Panellus longinquus subsp. pacijicus Libonati-<br />
Barnes & <strong>Redhead</strong> is present in North America while subsp.<br />
longinquus is restricted to the southern hemisphere.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: BRITISH<br />
sion into the Arizona - New Mexico region, an area in which<br />
Xeromphalina tenuipes has not been found.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTARIO:<br />
Lake Superior Prov. Park, Sept. 18, 1981, G. Thorn 378<br />
(76) Tetrapyrgos nigripes (Schw .) Horak<br />
= Agaricus nigripes Schw.<br />
= Marasmius subcinereus Berk. & Br.<br />
= Marasmius dichromopus Speg.<br />
= Gymnopus floridanus Murr.<br />
= Marasmius caesius Murr.<br />
= Marasmius cineraceus Petch<br />
I COLUMBIA: Vancouver, Nov. 4 and Dec. 9, 1985, P. Kroeger<br />
929, 944 (DAOM 199070, 199068).<br />
MAP: Fig. 70.<br />
RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Japan,<br />
Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka), eastern North America<br />
(southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada, to Florida and Texas,<br />
U.S. A,, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mexico,<br />
Trinidad), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,<br />
3<br />
Pantropical - eastern deciduous forest<br />
Chile, Venezuela).<br />
HABITAT: On plant litter on the forest floor.<br />
(75) Cyptotrama asprata (Berk.) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Ginns<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Dennis (195 1); Horak (19836); Ima-<br />
= Agaricus aspratus Berk.<br />
zeki and Hongo (1987); Pegler (1977, 1983a, 1986); Singer<br />
= Lentinus chrysopeplus Berk. & Curt.<br />
1957, 1973a); Welden and Guzmfin (1978).<br />
= Agaricus scabriusculus Peck<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: CANADA: ONTATIO:<br />
= Agaricus lacunosus Peck<br />
Constance Bay, Ottawa River, Aug. 2, 1980, K. W. Spicer<br />
= Agaricus aureotomentosus Kalchbr.<br />
(DAOM 179997); Lake Opinicon, Sept. 12, 1949, E. and<br />
= Agaricus echinodermatus Cooke & Massee<br />
J. W. Groves and H. M. Good (DAOM 21929); Petawawa,<br />
= Marasmius aculeatus Pat.<br />
Sept. 3, 1947, A. H. Smith and J. W. Groves (DAOM 17469);<br />
= Armillaria carneogelatinosus Rick<br />
Pinery Prov. Park, Aug. 4, 1983, D. Campbell (DAOM<br />
= Lepiota aurantiogemmata Charles<br />
189192), Aug. 22, 1983, G. Thorn (DAOM 187616); Point<br />
= Tricholomopsis streetsii Gilbertson<br />
Pelee Natl. Park, Sept. 17 and 18, 1981, J. E. and S. A. Red-<br />
MAP: Fig. 7 1.<br />
head 4209, 4227 (DAOM 192758, 186918); St. Lawrence<br />
RANGE: Africa (Kenya, Madagascar, South Africa, Tanza- Islands Natl. Park, Camelot Is., Aug. 10, 1976, E. Kokko<br />
nia); Asia (Japan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam); Australia; North (DAOM 170351), Thwartway Is., June 30, 1976, A. Carter<br />
America (from the Great Lakes region, southern Ontario and (DAOM 158849), Aug. 11, 1976, J. Bond (DAOM 158846).<br />
Quebec to Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, south to Florida QUEBEC: Brossard, Aug. 20, 1979, G. Guerin (DAOM<br />
and Louisiana, and from New Mexico and Arizona south to 176581); St. Nicolas, Levis, Sept. 3, 1961, R. Pomerleau<br />
Mexico; Greater and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Cuba, Gua- (QFB 3386). COLOMBIA: Dpto. Anitoquia, Municipio<br />
deloupe, Martinique); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Cocorna, Refugio Canon de Rio Claro, 5"50fN, 74"55'W,<br />
Colombia); Oceania (Bonin Islands, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Nov. 22, 1986, R. E. Halling 5048 (NY). U.S.A.: DISTRICT<br />
New Guinea).<br />
OF COLUMBIA: Washington, July 14- 15, 1905, W. A. Munill<br />
HABITAT: On decorticated logs or branches of hardwoods (NY). FLORIDA: Gainesville, Aug. 9, 1985, S. A. <strong>Redhead</strong><br />
and conifers, sometimes raised above the ground.<br />
5136, 5148 (DAOM 194772, 194876). ILLINOIS: Cook CO.,<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Hongo (1956); Pegler (1977, Carle Woods, Aug. 14, 1940, A. E. Edgecombe (F); Geneseo,<br />
1983a, 1986); <strong>Redhead</strong> and Ginns (1980, see references); June 1902, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289975); River Forest,<br />
Singer (1957); Welden and Guzmfin (1978).<br />
June 1902, E. T. and S.A. Harper (F 1289968); Shabbona<br />
NOTES: This distinctive species is noteworthy for its exten- Grove, July 1918, E. T. and S. A. Harper (F 1289967);<br />
Winetka, Aug. 18, 1968, R. Singer N 1737 (F). INDIANA:<br />
Monroe Co., Cedar Bluffs near Victor, Aug. 23, 1970, R. L.<br />
Shaffer (M. Gilliam 934) (MICH). IOWA: Iowa City, Sept. 6,<br />
1936, G. W. Martin (TENN 10590); W. Okobogi, Aug. 24,
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3032 CAN. J. BOT.<br />
1933, G. W. Martin (NY). LOUISIANA: Baton Rouge, Oct. 5,<br />
1956, B. Lowy (TENN 22470). MASSACHUSETTS: Hampshire<br />
Co., Amherst, Aug. 7, 1978, D. Black (NY); Suffolk Co.,<br />
Harvard Univ., Jamaica Plain, July 21, 1981, R. E. Halling<br />
3363 (NY). MICHIGAN: Ann Arbor, Aug. 15, 1925, C. H.<br />
Kauffman (MICH); Dexter, July 26, 1935, A. H. Smith 1652<br />
(MICH); Ernmet Co., Cross Village, July 9, 1947, A. H.<br />
Smith 25622 (MICH); Oakland Co., Proud L., July 21, 1970,<br />
M. Gilliam 764 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Saginaw For.,<br />
Aug. 9, 1937, A. H. Smith 6914 (MICH); Wayne Co., Powell<br />
Rd., Sept. 19, 1978, W. W. Patrick 5189 (MICH). MINNE-<br />
SOTA: Rice Co., Wheeling Twp., July 15, 1968, M. G.<br />
Weaver 1589 (MICH). MISSOURI: Montgomery Co., Mineola,<br />
Aug. 13, 1940, J. B. Routin (TENN 13289 and NY). NEW<br />
YORK: Bronx, July 28, 1902, Miss Vail (NY); Ithaca, Aug. 6,<br />
19003, C. H. Kauffman (MICH); Madison Co., Oneida, Aug.<br />
1914, H. D. House 1468 (MICH). NORTH CAROLINA: Great<br />
Smoky Mts. Natl. Park, Blount Co., Cades Cove, Aug. 10,<br />
1938, A. H. Smith 9998 (MICH); Swain Co., Almond,<br />
Sept. 21, 1971, K. A. Hamson 11218 (MICH). PENNSYLVA-<br />
NIA: Allegheny Co., Ben Avon Heights, Aug. 1, 1939, L. K.<br />
Henry 2994 (NY); Blue Ridge Summit, Aug. 23, 1920,<br />
L. C. C. Kreiger (Kelly 470) (MICH); Monroe Co., Delaware<br />
Water Gap, Aug. 1 - 15, 1917, W. A. Mum11 (NY). TENNES-<br />
SEE: near Knoxville, Aug. 19, 1934, L. R. Hesler (TENN<br />
5409). TEXAS: Sam Houston Natl. Forest near Richard, May<br />
17, 1953, H. D. Thiers 1875 (MICH). VERMONT: Windham<br />
Co., Newfane-Wardsboro Rd., Aug. 26, 1961, H. E. Bigelow<br />
(R. L. Shaffer 3442) (MICH). VIRGINIA: Blacksburg, July 27<br />
to Aug. 3, 1904, W. A. Munill (NY). WISCONSIN: La Crosse<br />
Co., Gundersen Arboretum, Sept. 21, 1979, W. B. and V. G.<br />
Cooke 57535 (DAOM 193770); Palmyra, July 1968, R. Singer<br />
N 1664 (F); Wolworth Co., Geneva, Aug. 17-19, 1956,<br />
R. L. Shaffer 874 (MICH).<br />
(77) Xeromphalina tenuipes (Schw.) Singer<br />
= Agaricus tenuipes Schw.<br />
= Agaricus hilarinus Mont.<br />
= Agaricus rheicolor Berk.<br />
= Agaricus cayennensis Mont.<br />
= Agaricus amabilipes Peck<br />
= Agaricus melinosarcus Kalchbr.<br />
= Marasmius pilopus Kalchbr.<br />
= Agaricus aurantiellus Speg.<br />
= Collybia velutina Clements.<br />
= Tricholorna flammulaecolor Beeli<br />
= Crinipellis velutipes Stevenson<br />
= Collybia neovelutipes Hongo<br />
MAP: See <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988, Fig. 100).<br />
RANGE: Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda,<br />
Zaire), Asia (India, Japan), Australia, Oceania (Bonin Islands,<br />
New Zealand, Philippine Islands, New Guinea), North<br />
America (southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, south to<br />
Louisiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guadeloupe,<br />
Martinique, Cuba, British Honduras, Haiti), South America<br />
(Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru,<br />
Paraguay, Venezuela).<br />
HABITAT: On hardwood woody debris on or in soil in forests.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Pegler (1983~); <strong>Redhead</strong> (1988, see<br />
literature cited); Welden and Guzman (1978).<br />
Mediterranean- Continental<br />
(78) Heliocybe sulcata (Berk.) <strong>Redhead</strong> & Ginns<br />
= Lentinus sulcatus Berk.<br />
= Panus fulvidus Bres.<br />
= Lentinus miserculus Kalchbr.<br />
= Russelia pringlei Robinson, nom. herb.<br />
MAP: Fig. 19.<br />
RANGE: From the Yukon east to eastern Ontario along the<br />
southern boreal forest, generally east of the continental divide,<br />
south through Alberta to New Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua,<br />
and Peru; Poland, Italy; South Africa.<br />
HABITAT: On often raised, decorticated deciduous or coniferous<br />
wood, Saguaro cactus, Mesquite, and Ocotillo, in xeric<br />
sites.<br />
SELECTED LITERATURE: Courtenay and Burdsall(1982); Gilbertson<br />
and Lindsey (1975); Gilbertson et al. (1974, 1976);<br />
Lindsey and Gilbertson (1975); Nakasone and Gilbertson<br />
(1978); Pegler (19836); <strong>Redhead</strong> and Ginns (1985).<br />
NOTES: This species basically has a mediterranean - continental<br />
North America distribution, but its presence in South<br />
Africa, based on a single collection, indicates that it may have<br />
had a much wider distribution at one time.<br />
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MEXICO: GUERRERO:<br />
Iguala Canyon, 2500 ft alt., Sept. 22, 1905, C. G. Pringle<br />
(Plantae Mexicanae 10148 Russelia pringlei, MICH). U.S.A. :<br />
ARIZONA: Coconino, Sedona, June 1973, C. Barrows (MICH).<br />
COLORADO: Chaffee Co., St. Elmo, July 22, 1973, L. Gillman<br />
(MICH); Pitkin Co., Aspen, Aug. 13, 1975, A. H. Smith<br />
85719 (MICH), Snowmass Creek, Aug. 27, 1974, A. H.<br />
Smith (MICH). MICHIGAN: Cheboygan Co., Lower Maple R.,<br />
May 1, 1947, M. Lange (A. H. Smith 25 133, MICH); Livingston<br />
Co., Unadilla, May 27, 1951, P. Harding (A. H. Smith<br />
36317, MICH); Marquette Co., Mill Yard, June 22, 1965,<br />
J. F. Ammirati 1596 (MICH); Ogenaw Co., Lupton, May 17,<br />
1948, A. H. Smith 28694 (MICH); Washtenaw Co., Lake<br />
Winnawana, May 2, 1977, A. H. Smith 87282 (MICH),<br />
Waterloo area, May 15, 1968, F. Hoseney (MICH). NEW<br />
MEXICO: Bandeoler Natl. Monument near Los Alamos, May<br />
1968, C. Barrows (MICH). NEW YORK: Essex Co., Keene,<br />
June 6, 1905, C. H. Peck (NYS as Panusfulvidus = Lentinus<br />
sulcatus). WYOMING: Medicine Bow Mts., Pole Mt., July<br />
1950, H. D. Thiers 504 (MICH).<br />
Discussion<br />
In many cases it is still too early to state that the patterns are<br />
correct. one need only compare ~oser's (1953) early attempt<br />
to map the global distribution of Rozites species against<br />
Horak's (1981) later map and Halling and Ovrebo's (1987)<br />
documentation of a new-species from Colombia to see how<br />
greatly known distributions vary from reality. Much of eastern<br />
Asia remains unexplored mycologically and many species<br />
have yet to attract the attention of collectors. Even in ~ orth<br />
America some areas have been relatively unexplored. In<br />
Canada this is true of the entire province of Saskatchewan and<br />
the northern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba,<br />
Ontario, and Quebec. However, there is no doubt than many<br />
native Canadian macrofungi have distinctive ranges similar to<br />
those of other groups of organisms, particularly vascular<br />
plants. To simply state that a given species is a western species<br />
or an eastern species is inadequate. Both Rhodotus palmatus<br />
and ~leuro~lammula flammea-are eastern species, but their<br />
known ranges scarcely overlap. The former is commonest in<br />
the midwest to the Ottawa Valley in Ontario and Quebec. It<br />
has not been found in the southern Appalachians and only<br />
rarely east of the Adirondack-Appalachian mountains even<br />
after decades of collecting by notable collectors such as C. H.
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
Peck, W. A. Mumll, L. R. Hesler, and others. Pleurojlam-<br />
mulajlammea occurs from Colombia to southern Nova Scotia,<br />
swinging through the southern Appalachians and towards the<br />
coast further north on the east side of the mountain system.<br />
Statements contrasting so-called European species versus<br />
North American species must also be questioned when in fact<br />
only an eastern or only a western North American population<br />
has been sampled. The complexity of the biogeographical<br />
components making up our mycota is much greater than most<br />
agaricologists have appreciated, but reassuringly similar to<br />
those of the vascular plant, lichen, and bryophyte floras. The<br />
professional mycologist should endeavor to depict where the<br />
species has been collected.<br />
The number of distinct mycoflora distributional patterns in<br />
Canada appears greater than the five mushroom provinces out-<br />
lined by Smith (1978). They correspond to well established<br />
floras represented by the distributions of our forest trees (Hosie<br />
1969; Little 1971, 1976, 1977) and (or) herbaceous plants<br />
(HultCn 1964, 1971), although not necessarily linked to these<br />
plant species. The following paired examples serve to<br />
demonstrate that the ranges, which can only now be resolved<br />
based on scant information, resemble those of dominant vascu-<br />
lar plants. The Pacific coast mycota harbors both southern<br />
coastal species, ranging from southern Vancouver Island south<br />
to California, and northern coastal species, ranging from<br />
Alaska or the Queen Charlotte Islands south to northern Cali-<br />
fornia or Oregon. Many of these species can be found again in<br />
the interior wet zone of British Columbia or Idaho, roughly<br />
equivalent to the Interior Western Hemlock and Douglas-fir<br />
zones of Krajina (1959, 1965), and (or) may have disjunct<br />
eastern North American populations, or populations on other<br />
continents. Examples of southern coastal species are<br />
Marasmiellus candidus, M. pluvius, Marasmius plicatulus,<br />
Melanotus textilis, Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora, and coastal<br />
populations of Mycena lohwagii, a species also found in the<br />
interior wet belt. Tree species with equivalent ranges are Acer<br />
circinnatum Pursh, Arbutus menziesii Pursh, Cornus nuttallii<br />
Audubon, Quercus garyana Dougl., and coastal populations<br />
of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., and Pinus monticola, both<br />
found also in the interior wet belt. Examples of northern west<br />
coast fungal species are Crinipellis piceae, Marasmiellus<br />
papillatus, Marasmius salalis, Neolentinus kaufianii,<br />
Stereopsis humphreyi, Hemimycena tortuosa, Mycena culmi-<br />
gena, Resinomycena saccharifera ssp. kalalochensis, and<br />
Panellus longinquus ssp. paczjicus, all absent from the interior<br />
wet belt, although most are found elsewhere in the world. Tree<br />
species with similar western distributions are Acer macro-<br />
phyllum Pursh and Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes (although<br />
both absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands), and Picea<br />
sitchensis. Northern coastal fungal elements also found in the<br />
interior wet belt are Baeospora myosura, Cyphellostereum<br />
laeve, Hypholoma dispersum, Psilocybe semilanceata, and<br />
Xeromphalina fulvipes. Tree species with similar western<br />
ranges are Alnus rubra Bong., Chamaecyparis nootkatensis<br />
(D. Don) Spach, Taxus brevifolia Nutt., nuja plicata Donn,<br />
Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.<br />
Examples of fungal species more typical for the western cordil-<br />
lera than just the coast are Boletus mirabilis, Collybia baker-<br />
ensis, Resinomycena montana, Strobilurus occidentalis,<br />
S. trullisatus, Marasmius tremulae, Phaeolepiota aurea, and<br />
Chroogomphus tomentosus. Arboreal representatives are Acer<br />
glabrum Torr., Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb., Crataegus<br />
douglasii Lindb., Picea englmanii, Populus trichocarpa, and<br />
Pseudotsuga menziesii.<br />
REDHEAD<br />
<strong>Fungal</strong> species that are predominantly boreal in North<br />
America are Cantharellula umbonata, Galerina paludosa,<br />
Marasmiellus$lopes, Marasmius androsaceus, M. epiphyllus,<br />
M. pallidocephalus, Neolecta vitellina, Phaeomarasmius erin-<br />
aceus, Tricholoma magnivelare, and Xeromphalina campa-<br />
nella. Tree species with similar North American distributions<br />
are Betula papyrifera Marsh., Picea glauca, P. mariana<br />
(Mill.) B. S. P., Populus balsamifera L., P. tremuloides, and<br />
Sorbus sitchensis Roem., although none except P. tremuloides<br />
has as wide a range in the western cordillera as the fungal<br />
examples. Southern boreal - eastern deciduous forest linked<br />
fungal species are Crepidotus cinnabarinus and Rhodotus pal-<br />
matus. Acer negundo L. has a somewhat similar distribution,<br />
and the continental range of Heliocybe sulcata is nearly<br />
matched by that of Salk exigua Nutt.<br />
There is a distinct mycota around and east of the Great Lakes<br />
to Nova Scotia and sometimes Newfoundland that encom-<br />
passes the southern boreal forest and northern deciduous forest,<br />
with some species extending south along the Appalachians.<br />
Members of this mycota are Mitrula lunulatospora (A), Xerula<br />
fu@racea, and X. rubrubrunnenscens (A), and the eastern<br />
North American populations of Baeospora myosura (A), Stro-<br />
bilurus albipilatus, Marasmiellus papillatus, Mitrula elegans<br />
(A), Hypholoma jlavifolium, Lyophyllum palustre, Crinipellis<br />
campanella (a), and Neolecta irregularis (A). Arboreal repre-<br />
sentatives are Betula alleghaniensis Britton (a), Fraxinus nigra<br />
Marsh. (a), Pinus resinosus Ait., P. strobus (A), Populus<br />
grandidentata Michx. (a), nuja occidentalis L. (A), and<br />
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (A). (A) designates species well<br />
represented along the Appalachians and (a) those poorly repre-<br />
sented. The eastern deciduous forest mycota includes species<br />
in southern Ontario and Quebec commoner south of the Great<br />
Lakes, unrestricted to the Appalachians, and sometimes with<br />
disjunct extensions in Central America (C), or elsewhere in the<br />
tropics (T). These include Crinipellis setipes, Cyptotrama<br />
asprata (C and T), Gerronema subclavatum (C), Lactarius<br />
indigo (C), Tetrapyrgos nigripes (C and T), Marasmius pyr-<br />
rhocephalus, Mycena leaiana (C and T), Resinomycena rho-<br />
dodendri, Xeromphalina kaufianii (C), X. tenuipes (C and<br />
T), Xerula megalospora. Tree species which in North America<br />
have similar distributions are, Acer saccharum Marsh., A. sac-<br />
charinum L., Carpinus caroliniana Walt. (C), Carya ovata<br />
(Mill.) K. Koch. (C), Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (C),<br />
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (C), Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (C),<br />
Prunus serotina Ehrh. (C), and Sambucus canadensis L.<br />
The eastern maritimes species show at least three patterns,<br />
one being a concentration in the Maritime Provinces, e.g.,<br />
Panellus violaceofulvus and perhaps Resinomycena acadiensis,<br />
a distribution somewhat matched by Betula populifolia Marsh.<br />
and Picea rubens Sarg., although neither tree species makes it<br />
to Newfoundland where P. violaceofulvus occurs, and both<br />
tree species occur scattered down the Appalachians. A second<br />
pattern appears restricted to Newfoundland, e.g., the eastern<br />
North American populations of Hypholoma dispersum and<br />
Lyophyllum gibberosum. The third is from southern Nova<br />
Scotia south along the coast and inland to the southern Appala-<br />
chians, e.g., Pleurojlammulajlammea, somewhat matched by<br />
Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.<br />
Ranges of the species contributing to the remaining mycotas,<br />
Arctic and alpine tundra and prairies, are comparable to those<br />
of herbaceous or shrubby plants, of which there are many cir-<br />
cumpolar examples discussed and mapped by HultCn (1964,<br />
1971), or to bryophytes or well-known ascolichens. For<br />
example, Marasmius epidryas is restricted to growth on Dryas
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
3034<br />
species, and therefore the circumpolar distribution of Dryas<br />
species such as D. octopetala sensu lato (Hult6n 1971) is par-<br />
ticularly significant.<br />
All of the above-mentioned data supports the idea that fleshy<br />
fungi are governed by many of the same physioecological and<br />
historical factors that control vascular plant ranges just as Cul-<br />
berson (1972) suggested for lichens. This is difficult to recon-<br />
cile with the ease with which fungal spores are disseminated.<br />
<strong>Fungal</strong> spores are minute compared to the seeds of vascular<br />
plants, and can be transported vast distances by winds or storm<br />
systems. However, the current evidence suggests that most<br />
macrofungi are not transported across oceans or large conti-<br />
nental areas without first colonizing the intermediate ground.<br />
For example, while large numbers of fungal spores, including<br />
basidiospores and even moss protonema were recovered in air<br />
over the Atlantic Ocean by Pady and Kapica (1955), most<br />
spores were no longer viable. And although Pady and Kapica<br />
concluded that some viable fungal spores could make the trans-<br />
atlantic crossing, additional evidence indicates that this is not<br />
the case for most macrofungi. One of the problems facing all<br />
spores transported long distance is contacting a suitable target.<br />
Target size and abundance of targets becomes crucial to sur-<br />
vival. For species colonizing specific wild plants or plant<br />
parts, the targets are very small compared to those inhabiting<br />
soil, grasslands, or at least plant species in large scale mono-<br />
culture. Examples of long distance dispersal are difficult to<br />
find.. One case involves Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici,<br />
which may have been introduced in eastern Australia from<br />
South Africa by wind (Watson and de Sousa 1983). Even then<br />
some doubt exists as Wellings et al. (1987) note that at least in<br />
the case of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici, other<br />
means of introduction, such as transport on clothing, are more<br />
probable. Wind obviously plays an important role in the dis-<br />
semination of fungi when the target sizes are sufficiently large<br />
and not thousands of kilometers distant. The spread of coffee<br />
rust, Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., by wind in Central and<br />
South America following prevailing winds is well documented<br />
(Schieber and Zentmeyer 1984). However, no evidence has<br />
been found to support the idea of transoceanic dispersal by<br />
wind.<br />
A second problem facing most basidiomycetes is the estab-<br />
lishment of a dikaryon to complete their life cycle. Given that a<br />
viable spore can make an oceanic or continental crossing and<br />
does fall on a suitable substrate, the odds against there being a<br />
compatible colony nearby must be astronomical. Even where<br />
compatible species occur on opposite sides of a barrier, thus<br />
vastly increasing this probability, there is little evidence of<br />
gene flow. Vilgalys and Johnson (1987) noted considerable<br />
genetic divergence between geographically isolated popula-<br />
tions of single mating groups in the Collybia dryophila<br />
(Bull.:Fr.) Kummer group in Europe and eastern North<br />
America. Similarly, Macrae (1942) showed that luminosity in<br />
Panellus stypticus (Bull.:Fr.) Karst. only occurs in eastern<br />
North American strains and is absent in European strains. Fur-<br />
thermore, she showed that luminosity was caused by a single<br />
Mendelian factor and was the dominant form, expressed in the<br />
F, generation. The absence of the luminous form in Europe<br />
indicates that eastern North American spores are failing either<br />
to make the crossing or to establish themselves. At least in<br />
coastal British Columbia, the nonluminescent form of P. styp-<br />
ticus is established. Fresh, sporulating collections seen by me<br />
on Vancouver Island, and their mycelium in culture are non-<br />
luminescent. The absence of various other species from other-<br />
CAN. I. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
wise suitable habitats in eastern North America when they<br />
occur in western North America, also indicates that there is<br />
little if any long distance transport of viable inoculum.<br />
Phaeolepiota aurea, which is widespread in Europe and Asia,<br />
is only known from the west in North America. Strobilurus<br />
occidentalis has its most distinctive form along the Pacific<br />
coast on cones of Picea sitchensis, and a less distinctive form<br />
in the western cordillera on Picea engelmanii, also occurs east<br />
of the continental divide in Alberta on cones of Picea glauca,<br />
but has never been picked up further east following that host.<br />
In eastern North America, Rhodotus palmatus apparently has<br />
not yet extensively colonized the eastern side of the Appalachians<br />
where suitable substrates occur. Maryland is the-only<br />
location where it is known to have reached the Atlantic coast.<br />
All three examples, P. aurea, S. occidentalis, and R. palmatus,<br />
may represent species still in the slow process of mkration<br />
and colonization. Watling (1978, 1987) also noted that<br />
two conspicuous species, Amanita caesarea (Scop. : Fr.) Grev.<br />
and Albatrellus ovinus (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., were absent in the<br />
British Isles in spite of the presence of suitable habitats and<br />
hosts and in spite of the presence of these fungi in adjacent<br />
Europe.<br />
In concurrence with Bisby et al. (1929), in general it has<br />
been established that macrofungi have wider global ranges<br />
than vascular plants. However, the ranges are not so broad as<br />
to be biogeographically meaningless. On the contrary, fungi<br />
offer yet another dimension to the study of biogeography.<br />
Whereas many of the transoceanic disjunct patterns exhibited<br />
by vascular plants are exhibited at the generic or family level<br />
(Axelrod 1970; Raven and Axelrod 1974), they are exhibited<br />
at the species level by many higher fungi just as they are for the<br />
lichenized ascomycetes and bryophytes (Culberson 1972;<br />
Schofield and Crum 1972). Horak (1983~) listed 75 species<br />
common to southern South America and Australia or New<br />
Zealand, many of which must be remnants of populations fragmented<br />
by the breakup of Gondwanaland approximately 100<br />
million years ago. Similarly, Imai (1961), Hongo (1978),<br />
Hongo and Yokoyama (1978), Mao et al. (1986), and Zang<br />
(1986) have noted several species disjunct between eastern<br />
Asia and eastern North ~merica. It is known that saprophytic<br />
~asidiomycet'es existed approximately 300 million years BP in<br />
the Middle Pennsylvania (Dennis 1970), and that woody perennial<br />
polypores associated with conifers were extant in the<br />
Upper Mesojurassic approximately 150 million years ago<br />
(Singer and Archangelsky . 1958). Therefore it would not be<br />
~<br />
surp&sing if agarics and other higher fungi populated Gondwanaland.<br />
To have their present distributions, some of the<br />
fungal species listed by Horak must be at least 100 million<br />
years old. Cyptotrama asprata, Tetrapyrgos nigripes, and<br />
Xeromphalina tenuipes, represented in Canada and with pantropical<br />
distributions including Australia and South America,<br />
are possibly northern examples of this ancient Gondwanaland<br />
mycoflora. Heliocybe sulcata with its peculiar South Africa,<br />
Mediterranean, continental North American range (cf. Axelrod<br />
1970) may be another species originating in Gondwanaland.<br />
Some species must be at least 25 -30 million years old if correlated<br />
with the connection of mesic forests between southeast<br />
Asia and eastern North America (Wolfe and Leopold 1967).<br />
These species include Crinipellis setipes, C. campanella, Lactarius<br />
indigo, and others listed by Imai and Hongo, e.g.,<br />
Marasmius siccus (Schw.) Fr., Lactarius gerardii Peck, T.10pilus<br />
chromapes (Frost) Smith & Thiers, T. ballouii (Peck)<br />
Singer, Boletellus russellii (Frost) Gilbert, Catathelas~na ven-
Can. J. Bot. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by Adolf Ceska on 10/11/11<br />
For personal use only.<br />
tricosa (Peck) Singer, Entoloma rnurrayi (Berk. & Curt.)<br />
Sacc. (= E. cuspidatum (Peck) Sacc.), E. quadraturn (Berk. &<br />
Curt.) Horak (= E. salrnoneum (Peck) Sacc.), Entolorna abor-<br />
tivum, Suillus spraguei (Berk. & Curt.) Kuntze (= S. pictus<br />
(Peck) Kuntze (see Palm and Stewart 1986)), S. salmonicolor<br />
(Frost) Halling (= S. subluteus (Peck) Snell), Boletus griseus<br />
Frost, B. ornatipes Peck, Porphyrellus gracilis (Peck) Singer,<br />
and others common to eastern North America and southeastern<br />
Asia treated by Comer (1972), e.g., Pulveroboletus ravenelii<br />
(Berk. & Curt.) Murr., Tylopilus albo-ater (Schw.) Murr., as<br />
well as T. ballouii, E. rnurrayi and E. quadratum (Horak<br />
1975), Leucocoprinus arnericanus (Peck) <strong>Redhead</strong> (Mao et al.<br />
1986), and Boletellus jalapensis (Murr.) Gilbert (Zang 1986).<br />
Mycena leaiana, found in New Zealand, New Guinea, as well<br />
as North America, is either of Gondwanaland origin or linked<br />
to the above-mentioned species. Species in genera occupying<br />
coniferous forests where all North American representatives<br />
are differentiated from Eurasian species, e.g., Strobilurus,<br />
must be no older than 10- 15 million years, and possibly only<br />
2-2.5 million years old if coniferous forests were close<br />
enough (cf. Colinvaux 1967) for successful spore dispersal.<br />
These conclusions lend support to Demoulin's (1973) hypothe-<br />
sis that some fungi have evolved relatively slowly since the<br />
Mesozoic.<br />
Conclusions<br />
The Canadian macromycete mycoflora is a complex mosaic<br />
1 of introduced and native species. The latter group has recolon-<br />
ized this country from southern locations in the u.s.A., partic-<br />
ularly the southern Appalachians, and possibly Mexico, and<br />
probably from refugia in the Arctic, Bering Strait area, the<br />
Queen Charlotte Islands, and possibly Newfoundland. The ori-<br />
gins and compositions of these sources of the present Canadian<br />
mycoflora were themselves regulated by the same factors regu-<br />
lating the plant floras, i.e., some were remnants of even older<br />
and more widespread mycofloras. Species found from coast to<br />
coast in the boreal forest probably survived glaciation in at<br />
least two separate locations as did some boreal vascular plant<br />
species like Picea glauca (Turner 1972). This could explain<br />
subtle east-west differences such as the subs~eciation of<br />
Xerornphalina cauticinalis, the host differences in western and<br />
eastern Baeospora myosura, the luminosity of only eastern<br />
Panellus stypticus, and species with widely separated oceanic<br />
populations. Even Arctic species may show east-west differ-<br />
entiation, as in the case of pigment differences between eastern<br />
Arctic collections of Phytoconis luteovitellina and western<br />
Arctic collections (<strong>Redhead</strong> and Kuyper 1987) that may be the<br />
result of survival in different Arctic refugia. Additional col-<br />
lecting is needed in the central prairie regions, especially Sas-<br />
katchewan, the Northwest Territories, northern British<br />
Columbia, and along the east coast of Asia to test and confirm<br />
the theories advanced here. As stated bv Culberson (1972:<br />
p. 165) about higher basidiomycetes, " . . . our ignorance of<br />
phytogeographically significant ranges may reflect only the<br />
magnitude of problems inherent in the study of organisms<br />
known only from ephemeral sporocarps. "<br />
Acknowledgements<br />
I thank Dr. J. Bissett, Dr. R. A. Shoemaker, and Dr. A.<br />
Stahevitch (DAOM and DAO) for reviewing the manuscript,<br />
and Dr. J. Ginns and Dr. Y. Dalpt for helpful comments in the<br />
earlier stages. Dr. Ginns especially helped by collecting<br />
agarics in the Yukon for me. The following persons generously<br />
provided access to collections in their care or to their own per-<br />
sonal collections, and in some cases provided working space,<br />
materials, and facilitated use of the collections in every way:<br />
Dr. R. J. Bandoni (UBC), Dr. R. Cauchon (QFB), Dr. J.<br />
Haines (NYS), Dr. R. E. Halling and Dr. C. T. Rogerson<br />
(NY), Dr. D. W. Malloch and Mr. G. Thorn (TRTC), Dr.<br />
0. K. Miller (VPI), Dr. G. M. Mueller and Dr. R. Singer (F),<br />
Dr. R. H. Petersen and Mr. D. E. Desjardin (TENN), Dr. D.<br />
Pfister (FH), Dr. A. Rossman (BPI), Dr. R. L. Shaffer<br />
(MICH), and Dr. H. D. Thiers (SFU). The assistance of<br />
Mrs. H. M. E. Schalkwyk (Edmonton) in the field has been<br />
particularly rewarding. I am truly grateful to these individuals.<br />
Technical assistance was provided by Mrs. R. McGregor and<br />
earlier by Mr. K. Spicer. Parks Canada provided collecting<br />
permits for Cape Breton Highlands, Glacier, Gros Morne,<br />
Kejimkujik, Kouchibouguac, Mt. Revelstoke, Pacific Rim,<br />
Riding Mountain, and St. Lawrence Islands National Parks,<br />
and the B.C. provincial government provided access to<br />
Naikoon Provincial Park.<br />
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FIG. 1. Distribution of Lepista mulriforme.<br />
FIG. 2. Distribution of Coprinus martinii.<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 3. Distribution of Phytoconis luteovitellina.<br />
FIG. 4. Distribution of Marasmius epidryas.
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FIG. 5. Distribution of Arrhenia aursicalpium.<br />
FIG. 6. Distribution of Bryoglossum gracile.<br />
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FIG. 7. Distribution of Arrhenia lobata.<br />
FIG. 8. Distribution of Phyloconis ericetorurn.<br />
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FIG. 9. Distribution of Marasrnius androsaceus.<br />
FIG. 10. Distribution of Marasrni~rs pallidocephalus.<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
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FIG. 11. Distribution of Neolecta vitellirla.<br />
FIG. 12. Distribution of Marasmius epiphyllus.<br />
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FIG. 13. Distribution of Cantharellula umbonata. FIG. 15. Distribution of Galerina paludosa.<br />
FIG. 14. Distribution of Tricholoma magnivelare. FIG. 16. Distribution of Phaeomarasmius erinaceus.
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CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
Fm. 17. Distribution of Crepidotus cinnabarinus. FIG. 19. Distribution of Heliocybe sulcata.<br />
FIG. 18. Distribution of Rhodotus palmatus.
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FIG. 21. Distribution of Mitrula elegans.<br />
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FIG. 23. Distribution of Strobilurus albipilatus.<br />
FIG. 22. Distribution of Baeospora myosura. FIG. 24. Distribution of Marasmiellus candidus.
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CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 25. Distribution of Marasmiellus papillatus. FIG. 27. Distribution of Crinipellis piceae.<br />
FIG. 26. Distribution of Cyphellostereu~n laeve. FIG. 28. Distribution of Psilocybe semilanceata.
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FIG. 29. Distribution of Hypholoma dispersum.<br />
FIG. 30. Distribution of Phaeolepiota aurea.<br />
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FIG. 31. Distribution of Strobilurus occidentalis.<br />
FIG. 32. Distribution of Chroogomphus tomentosus.
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CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 33. Distribution of Strobilurus trullisatus. FIG. 35. Distribution of Marasmius plicatulus.<br />
FIG. 34. Distribution of Collybia bakerensis. FIG. 36. Distribution of Boletus mirabilis.
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FIG. 37. Distribution of Chrysomphalina aurantiaca. FIG. 39. Distribution of Resinomycena montana.<br />
FIG. 38. Distribution of Mycena lohwagii. FIG. 40. Distribution of Marasmius tremulae.
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3054 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 41. Distribution of Neolentinus kaufianii.<br />
FIG. 42. Distribution of Resirzotnycena saccharifera. FIG. 44. Distribution of Panellus longinquus.
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FIG. 45. Distribution of Mycerza culmigena. FIG. 47. Distribution of Hemimycena tortuosa.<br />
FIG. 48. Distribution of Stereopsis humphreyi.
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3056 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 49. Distribution of Melanotus textilis. FIG. 51. Distribution of Marasmiellus pluvius.<br />
FIG. 50. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos subdendrophora. FIG. 52. Distribution of Laccaria maritima.
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FIG. 53. Distribution of Lyophyllum gibberosum. FIG. 55. Distribution of Resinomycena acadiensis.<br />
FIG. 54. Distribution of Panellus violaceofilvus.<br />
--<br />
FIG. 56. Distribution of Hypholoma jlavifolium.
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FIG. 57. Distribution of Lyophyllum palustre.<br />
CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
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FIG. 58. Distribution of Crinipellis campanella. FIG. 60. Distribution of Xerula rubrobrunnescens.
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FIG. 61. Distribution of Mitrula lunulatospora.<br />
FIG. 62. Distribution of Xerula fir@racea.<br />
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FIG. 63. Distribution of Crinipellis setipes.<br />
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FIG. 64. Distribution of Resinomycena rhododendri.
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3060 CAN. J. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 65. Distribution of Marasmius pyrrhocephalus. FIG. 67. Distribution of Mycena leaiana.<br />
FIG. 66. Distribution of Xerula megalospora. FIG. 68. Distribution of Lentinus tigrinus.
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FIG. 69. Distribution of Lactarius indigo.<br />
FIG. 70. Distribution of Tetrapyrgos nigripes.<br />
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FIG. 71. Distribution of Cyptotrama asprata.<br />
FIG. 72. Distribution of Gerronema subclavatum.
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CAN. 1. BOT. VOL. 67, 1989<br />
FIG. 73. Distribution of Pleurojlarnrnula jlarnrnea. FIG. 74. Distribution of Laccaria trullisata.