lichens of the lower ozark region of missouri and arkansas

LICHENS OF THE LOWER OZARK REGION OF MISSOURI 

AND ARKANSAS 

Douglas Ladd 

Missouri Botaniccal Garden 

P.O. Box 299 

St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 1 

November 2002 

Produced in conjuncti on with the Missouri Department of Conservation's Missouri 

Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) as a joint project of Missouri Department 

of Conservation, Missouri Botanical Garden, and The Nature Conservancy. 

1. Mailing address: The Nature Conse rvancy, 2800 S. Brentwood Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63144 USA

INTRODUCTION 

This is a preliminary treatment of the lichen flora of the Lower Ozark region of Missouri and 

Arkansas. This region includes nine counties with all or part of their area contained within the surface 

watersheds of the Current, Eleven Point, and Jack's Fork Rivers or the recharges of the major springs 

associated with these rivers. These counties are Carter, Dent, Howell, Oregon, Reynolds, Ri pley, 

Shannon, and Texas counties in Missouri and Randolph County in Arkansas (Figure 1). 

The Lower Ozark section of the Ozark Natural Division (Thom & Wilson, 1980) lies at the heart of 

the Missouri portion of the Ozark uplift, and includes the oldest continually exposed land in 

midcontinental North America. Portions of the Ozarks have been continuously available for terrestrial 

life since the late paleozoic, some 225 million years ago. 

This ancient l andscape consists of a diverse, ruggedly dissected topography that is largely wooded, 

wi th oak, oak-pine, and pine woodlands predominating on excessively drained, cherty upland soils. 

Springs, caves, bluffs, sinkholes, glades, fens, narrow ridges, and high-gradient streams are 

characteristic features in the region. Dolomitic rocks are the most common bedrock type in the region, 

resulting in an extensive karst landscape. An average of one billion gallons of water flows daily from 

more than 80 named springs along the region's rivers, and more than 800 caves have been documented 

in the region. Other bedrock types common in the region include sandstone, localized lenses of chert, 

and igneous rocks. 

The Lower Ozark region contains the largest uni ts of contiguous native vegetation and highest levels 

of endemic, rare, or disjunct biota of any region in Missouri, and has been designated by The Nature 

Conservancy as one of 75 regions on the planet having critical biodiversity values. The combination 

of an ancient, topographically and geologically diverse landscape and repeated influxes of biota from 

diverse regions in response to climatic change have resulted in a unique juxtaposition of organisms 

from spatially and temporally disparate biogeographic regions. Many species not typically found in 

midcontinental North America have adapted to suitable microhabitats and survived in the region 

through changes of climate and process regime. 

The Lower Ozark region is rich in endemic species, as well as in populations of species that are either 

significantly disjunct from their main range or at the edge of their range. An astonishing 17% of the 

vascular flora of the region is disjunct or attains the limit of its range in the Interior Highlands (The 

Nature Conservancy 1994). Additionally, a number of vascular taxa, while locally common, are 

endemic to the Ozarks, or, for plants such as Scutellaria bushii and Tradescantia longipes, are 

essentially endemic to the Lower Ozark region. 

The Ozarks have been poorly explored from a biological perspective. While this is true as a general 

statement, it is even more compelling from the standpoint of cryptogams and invertebrates. Little 

lichen work was done in the region prior to field work conducted by Richard Harris, William Buck, 

Gerould Wilhelm and myself beginning in the 1980's. Hale (1957) compiled the first checklist of 

corticolous macrolichens in a portion of the Ozarks, stating in his introduction "no professional 

lichenologist has ever collected in the region". A sober assessment of the current state of 

lichenological knowledge in the region must explicitly acknowledge that there are many more lichens 

yet to be documented from the Interior Highlands; preliminary work suggests that there are many 

undescribed species in the region (Harris and Ladd 2002). 

This is a first attempt to circumscribe the lichen biota of the Lower Ozarks, and to provide information 

about lichen dis tribution, abundance, and ecology in the region. Many of the treatments are 

preliminary, and in several cases, as indicated in the text, there is considerable uncertainty regarding 

the application of a name. Even with these uncertainties, a treatment such as this can be a useful tool 

in gaining an understanding of the local biota and facilitating information flow, as long as a rigorous 

consistency of concept is maintained.

In this treatment, a general key is followed by the individual lichen treatments. Lichens are arranged 

alphabetically by genus, for the most part following Esslinger & Egan (1995). For each genus, there 

is a heading with the genus, authority, and family, followed by a brief synopsis of diagnostic features. 

This synopsis pertai ns only to those members of the genus occurring in the Lower Ozark region, and 

not necessarily to all members of the genus. Information on morphology, chemistry, and ecology is 

for the most part derived from Interior Highland material, with emphasis on the Lower Ozarks. In a 

few instances, I have based my comments on other midwestern material or relied on literature reports 

for taxa I have not seen, particularly regarding sexual characters for species which are prevailingly 

sterile in the Lower Ozarks. 

For genera with more than one taxon in the Lower Ozarks, a key is provided below the generic 

synopsis. Following each generic synopsis and key are brief, alphabetically arranged entries for each 

species in the genus. The accounts have a header line with the species name and authority citation, 

standard coding acronym used on field data forms in regional ecological projects, and the 

physiognomic class of the taxon (foliose, fruticose, gelatinous, or squamulose). This is followed by 

a descriptive account of abundance, distribution, habitat, ecology, and any other information of 

importance about the lichen, as well as any diagnostic information about chemical constituents. These 

discussions also include discussions of field identification characteristics and similar species with 

which the subject taxon may be confused, as well as accounts of related species that occur in the 

Ozarks but have not been documented from the Lower Ozark region. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Richard Harris has been a patient guide and mentor for the past decade. He and William Buck have 

provided assistance and support throughout this project, as well as guidance in developing an 

understanding of the local lichen flora, and both provided many edits and suggestions to an earlier 

draft of this work. All of the taxonomic concepts expressed here have been developed in conjunction 

with Richard Harris in our work on the lichens of the entire Ozark Highlands. Appreciation is also 

extended to Irwin Brodo, David Bruns, Beth Churchwell, Carl Darigo, Robert Egan, Alan Fryday, 

Jenny Grabner, Sam Hammer, Scott LaGreca, Ann Miller, Larry Nolan, Cindy Schweitzer, Clifford 

Wetmore and Gerould Wilhelm for their contributions and assistance. Several participants in the 1997 

Tuckerman lichen workshop in the Lower Ozarks provided helpful comments on an early draft, 

including Jim and Pat Hinds, Elizabeth Kneiper, Elisabeth Lay, Francois Lutzoni, and Phil May.

GENERAL KEYS TO LICHENS OF THE LOWER OZARK REGION OF 

MISSOURI AND ARKANSAS 

Synopsis 

Key A: Fruticose lichens ................................................ p. 6 

Key B: Foliose lichens .................................................. p. 7 

Key C: Squamulose lichens ..............................................p. 14 

Key D: Sterile crustose lichens ............................................p. 15 

Key E: Caliciales and Caliciales-like lichens (stalked fruits or hyphophores) .......p. 18 

Key F: Crustose lichens with perithecia or perithecia-like ascomata ..............p. 19 

Key G: Crustose lichens with lirelliform, branched, or stellate apothecia ...........p. 21 

Key H: Crustose lichens with round apothecia ................................p. 22 

Key to sections 

1. Thallus fruticose, in form resembling an erect to pendant shr ub, rope, stalk, or strap, with round to 

flattened branches, generally lacking a distinct lower cortex that is differentiated from the upper cortex 

..........................................................KEY A fruticose lichens 

1. Thallus crustose, foliose, or squamulose, usually flattened, either closely attached to the substrate 

or with a distinct lower cortex, or flattened, lobe-like, and ± adnate to the substrate ...........2 

2. Thallus foliose to squamulose, of ± flattened, typically horizontally spreading, distinct lobes, 

often with a distinct lower cortex; upper lower surfaces usually different in color and/or structure; 

rhizines or tomentum often present ..............................................3 

3. Thallus foliose, typically of branched, radiating lobes or rosettes .................. 

......................................................KEY B foliose lichens 

3. Thallus squamulose, of numerous scattered to contiguous, discrete, often unlobed, squamules 

................................................. KEY C squamulose lichens 

2. Thallus crustose, usually closely adherent to the substrate and often nearly inseparable from it; 

lower cortex l acking; rhizines and tomentum absent .................................4 

4. Thallus routinely sterile, even in well developed specimens .... KEY D sterile crusts 

4. Thallus fertile, producing ascomata with asci and, usually, ascospores .............5 

5. Ascomata on distinct stal ks, or slender, stalk-like structures (hyphophores) present .. 

............................................ KEY E Calicialian lichens 

5. Ascomata sessile to immersed; hyphophores lacking .........................6 

6. Ascomata perithecia or perithecia-like, ± globose and opening by a typically apical 

pore, the perithecia sometimes closely aggregated ........................... 

......................................... KEY F peritheciate crusts 

6. Ascomata clearly apothecia, the disk circular to elongate or branched ........7

Key to sec tions (continued) 

7. Apothecia elongate or branched, lirelliform to stellate, typically at least twice as 

long as wide ................................ KEY G lirelliform crusts 

7. Apothecia ± circular, sometimes slightly irregular in outline, but prevailingly 

isodiametric to less than twice as long as wide .......................... 

.............................. KEY H crusts with round apothecia 

KEY A: FRUTICOSE LICHENS 

1. Thallus greenish gray to blue-gray, green, or grayish orange, not gelatinous; stratified with a distinct 

algal layer; largest branches >0.5 mm wide; photobiont Trebouxia ........................2 

2. Thallus branches flattened, not terete ..........................................3 

3. Thallus grayish to orange, at least l ocally K+ magenta (parietin) ................... 

............................................ Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 

3. Thallus greenish, K- ..............................................Ramalina 

2. Thallus branches thicker, subterete to terete .....................................4 

4. Thallus branches with a solid, cord-like center ........................... Usnea 

4. Thallus branches hollow .................................................5 

5. Primary squamules absent; cortex lacking, the outer surface dull, appearing cobwebby 

under magnification; thallus abundantly and repeatedly branched .................. 

........................................................... Cladina 

5. Primary squamules present; cortex present, the surface at least in part smooth and often 

± lustrous, appearing smooth under magnification, thallus simple to sparsely branched, or 

if abundantly branched, then squamules present on the branches ................... 

.......................................................... Cladonia 

1. Thallus black to dark olive brown, becoming gelatinous when wet, or threadlike and 0.2 mm wide; 

not stratified with a distinct algal layer; photobiont cyanobacteria or Trentepohlia ...........6 

6. Isi diate; main thal lus branches >2 mm wide, black, sometimes pruinose, flattened, umbilicate 

to straplike .................................................................7 

7. Thallus black, not pruinose, typically subumbilicate ............ Lichinella nigritella 

7. Thallus grayish pruinose, typically of suberect straplike lobes ........ Thyrea confusa 

6. Isidia absent; main thallus branches

Key A : Fruticose lichens (c ontinued) 

8. Thallus a felty mat of elongate, remotely branched, terete filaments 1 mm long; thallus of fungal hyphae closely enveloping filaments of 

Trentepohlia ............................................Cystocoleus ebeneus 

8. Thallus squat, subfruticose, branched, > 0.05 mm diameter, branches < 0.5 mm long; 

photobiont a cyanobacterium (Gleocapsa, Nostoc, or cf. Scytonema) ................9 

9. On exposed siliceous rocks; typically associated with Psorula rufonigra ......... 

................................................. Spilonema revertens 

9. On carbonate rocks or at bases of mature trees; not associated with Psorula rufonigra 

...................................................................10 

10. On exposed carbonate rocks; thallus branches swollen; photobiont Gleocapsa .. 

.................................................Synalissa symphorea 

10. On or near bases of mature hardwoods in woodlands; thallus branches ± slender; 

photobiont Nostoc .......................... Dendriscocaulon intricatulum 

KEY B: FOLIOSE LICHENS 

1. Thallus gelatinous when wet, black to dark slate gray or brown, lacking a distinct algal layer, upper 

and lower surfaces similar; photobiont cyanobacterial .................................2 

2. Thallus distinctly foliose, attached to the substrate at multiple locations, ± horizontally spreading 

and appressed to substrate .....................................................3 

3. Lobes extremely narrow, < 0.2 mm broad .......................... Placynthium 

3. Lobes > 0.2 mm broad ...................................................4 

4. Thallus dull above, black to brownish or olive; upper surface composed of loosely 

aggregated hyphae ...............................................Collema 

4. Thallus sublustrous above, slate gray to rich brown, upper surface composed of a layer 

of ± isodiametric cells .......................................... Leptogium 

2. Thallus subfruticose to squamulose, typically attached to the substrate at a single point, 

ascending to umbilicate .......................................................5 

5. Thallus of small subterete branches < 0.6 mm wide ............Synalissa symphorea 

5. Thallus of flattened straplike to umbilicate lobes mostly > 1 mm wide ..............6 

6. Thallus of grayish pruinose ± straplike lobes ................... Thyrea confusa 

6. Thallus epruinose, umbilicate to broadly squamulose ........ Lichinella nigritella

Key B: Foliose lichens (continued) 

1. Thallus not gelatinous, variously colored, with a distinct algal layer, upper and lower surfaces 

usually different colors; photobiont various ..........................................7 

7. Upper cortex tinted wi th orange or yellow, ranging from yellow green or sea green to lemon 

yellow or orange ............................................................8 

8. Upper cortex golden yellow to orange, K+ magenta (parietin) ....................9 

9. Thallus esorediate, closely adnate; rhizines lacking ........ Caloplaca "squamosa" 

9. Thallus sorediate, appressed to suberect; rhizines present ............. Xanthoria 

8. Upper cortex lemon yellow to yellowish green or sea green, K- ..................10 

10. Upper cortex lemon yellow (sometimes greenish yellow in extremely shaded 

populations); lower cortex pale, rhizinate; thallus lobes < 0.4 mm wide ............. 

........................................................ Candelaria 

10. Upper cortex yellowish green; lower cortex various, but if thallus lobes < 0.5 mm wide 

then thallus subcrustose and lower cortex lacking rhizines .....................11 

11. Thallus subcrustose to squamulose-umbilicate, either of discrete, bullate, 

subumbilicate areoles < 5 mm diameter or with areolate central portions and closely 

appressed marginal lobes; rhizines lacking ..............................12 

12. Thallus of suberect, swollen, bullate, subumbilicate areoles; lower surface pale 

brown, corticate .............................. Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca 

12. Thallus subcrustose, centrally areolate, with appressed lobate margins; lower 

cortex lacking ..................................................13 

13. On siliceous rock; apothecia black; ascospores brownish, 2-celled ..... 

........................................... Dimelaena oreina 

13. Substrate various, typically calciferous; apothecia tan to brown; ascospores 

hyaline, simple ........................................ Lecanora 

11. Thallus foliose, with a distinct rhizinate lower cortex; thallus not areolate ...14 

14. Thallus loosely adnate and convoluted; medulla bright yellow; lower cortex 

yellowish ......................................... Vulpicida viridis 

14. Thallus closely adnate, ± flat; medul la white; lower cortex w hitish to tan, 

brown, or black. ................................................15 

15. Lobes broad, apically rounded, some > 3.5 mm wide; upper cortex dull to 

lustrous ....................................................16 

16. Isidiate or sorediate; apothecia rare ........................17 

17. Isidiate, the isidia sometimes breaking to appear apically sorediate 

......................................................................................................18


18. Isidia fine, cylindrical; thallus margins ciliate ............. 

...................... Parmotrema madagascariaceum 

18. Isidia coarse, pustular, appearing apically sorediate with age; 

marginal cilia absent .......................Flavoparmelia 

16. Diaspores absent; apothecia common ..... Flavoparmelia rutidota 

15. Lobes narrower and typically more elongate, prevailingly < 3.5 mm wide; 

upper cortex ± lustrous ............................ Xanthoparmelia 

7. Upper cortex brown, gray, or bluish or greenish gray, without yellowish tints (some species may 

have yellow soredia or medullary tissue) ........................................19 

19. Upper cortex brown to brownish gray, K- ..................................20 

20. Lower surface tomentose, often felt-like ................................21 

21. Lower surface with disti nct raised or darkened veins ............. Peltigera 

21. Lower surface lacking raised or darkened veins .......................22 

22. Lower surface with abundant small pores; bright yel low soredia present 

...................................... Pseudocyphellaria aurata 

22. Lower surface lacking pores; soredia, if present, not yellow ...........23 

23. Thallus lustrous, deep brown, with laminal, flattened, isidia-like lobules; 

apothecia on underside of lobe tips ............... Nephroma helveticum 

23. Thallus dull, gray brown, lobules, if present, marginal and not strongly 

flattened; apothecia on upper surface .............................24 

24. Apothecia without a thalline margin ... Santessoniella crossophylla 

24. Apothecia with a distinct thalline margin ....................25 

25. Thallus squamulose to subfoliose, with abundant whitish marginal 

zones; hymenium ultimately IKI+ reddish brown (sometime initially blue 

green); ascospore with attenuate apiculus and smooth sheaths 

.............................. Fuscopannaria leucosticta 

25. Thallus foliose, essentially without whitish marginal zones; 

hymenium persistently IKI+ blue (only around asci); ascospores wi th ± 

short apiculus and rough sheaths ..................... Pannaria 

20. Lower surface bare or rhizinate, lacking tomentum ........................26


26. Thallus umbilicate and centrally attached or of aggregated, subumbilicate thalli; 

well-defined branching lobes absent; diaspores absent; perithecia usually present .. 

..................................................Dermatocarpon 

26. Thallus characteristically foliose, with branched lobes; diaspores present or absent; 

apotheciate or sterile ...............................................27 

27. Sorediate ...................................................28 

28. Upper cortex densely pruinose, at least near lobe tips ...... Physconia 

28. Upper cortex not pruinose ...................................29 

29. Lower cortex black ........................... Phaeophyscia 

29. Lower cortex pale ......................................30 

30. Thallus lobes minute, < 0.5 mm wide and tightly appressed; welldeveloped 

rhizines lacking ...................... Hyperphyscia 

30. Thallus lobes > 0.5 mm wide, adnate but not tightly appressed; welldeveloped 

rhizines present ......................... Physciella 

27. Not sorediate ...............................................31 

31. Lobes subterete, tough, always < 0.4 mm wide; rhizines absent; ascospores 

2-celled, hyaline .......................... Speerschneidera euploca 

31. Lobes ± flattened, not tough, prevailingly > 0.5 mm broad; rhizines present; 

ascospores brownish, or if hyaline, then simple .....................32 

32. Upper cortex lustrous, not lobulate; marginal dark pycnidia usually 

common; apothecia marginal to submarginal; ascospores Tuckermannopsis 

simple, hyaline 

32. Upper cortex dull, typically with abundant lobules; pycnidia, if present, 

strictly laminal; apothecia laminal; ascospores 2-celled, brown ......33 

33. Apothecia common; lower surface pale throughout; thallus lobes 

elongate and uniformly narrow, the margins dissected into linear, ± 

appressed lobules ......................Anaptychia palmulata 

33. Apothecia very rare; lower surface dark at center; thallus lobes short 

and apically broadened, with irregularly dissected, Phaeophyscia erect lobules squarrosa 

19. Upper cortex various shades of gray or blue gray, without brown tints; K- or K+ yellow34 

34. Upper cortex with numerous small white pores .....................Punctelia 

34. Upper cortex lacking small white pores (sometimes white angular markings or 

reticulations present) ..................................................35


35. Lobes broad, suborbicular, apically broadened and rounded, usually > 5 mm wide; 

thal lus typically loosely adnate.......Parmotrema, Rimelia, Canomaculina (see key to 

Parmotrema on p. 89) 

35. Lobes narrow, linear to slightly expanded, prevailingly


46. Isidia thin, cylindrical; upper cortex K+ instantly deep yellow 

(thamnolic acid) ......................... Imshaugia aleurites 

46. Sorediate, without diaspores, or if isidiate, isidia granular and 

subsorediate; upper cortex K+ pale yellow (atranorin) Heterodermia 

45. Thallus not isidiate; lower surface corticate ..................47 

47. Soredia marginal, farinose; thallus marginally ciliate .......... 

........................................ Heterodermia 

47. Soredia, if present, laminal or coarse and sublobulate; thallus 

eciliate .......................................... Physcia 

44. Lower surface black, sometime with a paler brown marginal zone ....48 

48. Lower surface tomentose; lobes appearing thickened and inflated 

.......................................... Anzia colpodes 

48. Lower surface rhizinate; lobes flattened .....................49 

49. Thallus without diaspores .............................50 

50. Medulla white throughout, K-; at least some rhizines with 

dichotomous branches; upper cortex ± smooth ................ 

................................ Hypotrachyna livida 

50. Medulla locally pale yellow, at least under apothecia, K+ yellow 

to sordid reddish (galbinic acid); rhizines simple or with furcate tips; 

upper cortex often slightly rugose .......................... 

................................ Myelochroa galbina 

49. Thallus isidiate or sorediate ...........................51 

51. Thallus isidiate ...................................52 

52. Lobe tips with abundant angular white markings and 

reticulations .....................................53 

53. Medulla K+ yellow turning red, KC- (salazinic acid); 

lower cortex predominately black; rhizines with squarrose 

branches ...................... Parmelia squarrosa 

53. Medulla K-, KC+ faint purplish (perlatolic acid); lower 

cortex predominately dark brown; rhizines simple to sparsely 

branched ................. Canoparmelia caroliniana 

52. Lobe tips without well-defined white markings .......54 

54. Medulla, at least in part, pale yellow, KC+ yellow 

(galbinic acid) .................. Myelochroa obsessa 

54. Medulla white throughout, KC+ reddish (gyrophoric acid 

or hiasic acid agg.) ................... Parmelinopsis


51. Thallus sorediate, the soredia sometimes arising from coarse, 

isidia-like pustules ...................................55 

55. Medulla yellow; lobe tips pruinose ............ Pyxine 

55. Medulla white; lobes tips epruinose ................56 

56. Thallus closely appressed to and appearing almost 

confluent w ith sheltered siliceous rocks; rhizines lacking 

............................. Dirinaria frostii 

56. Thallus ± adnate on, but not tightly appressed to, various 

substrates; rhizines abundant ......................57 

57. Larger rhizines with frequent dichotomous branches; 

thallus with coarse, inflated, hollow Hypotrachyna pustulespustulifera 

57. Larger rhizines simple to sparsely furcate; thallus 

without pustules .............................58 

58. Soredia in diffuse laminal patches; medulla often 

pale yellow, at least locally; white portions of 

medulla K-, KC- ........ Myelochroa aurulenta 

58. Soredia in small, laminal soralia or occurring 

along thallus ridges; medulla uniformly white, K+ 

yellow (stictic acid) or KC+ briefly faint purple 

(divaricatic acid) ............... Canoparmelia

KEY C: SQUAMULOSE LICHENS 

1. Perithecia present; thallus brown or gray ..........................................2 

2. Ascospores muriform, becoming brownish; photobiont present in hymenium ............. 

...................................................... Endocarpon pusillum 

2. Ascospores simple or 1-septate, hyaline; hymenium lacking photobiont ................3 

3. Squamules gray, < 1 mm wide; ascospores 1-septate ............ Placidiopsis minor 

3. Squamules brown, > 3 mm wide; ascospores simple .................... Placidium 

1. Perithecia absent, thallus apotheciate or sterile, variously colored ......................4 

4. Thallus of small, convex, gray green squamules with pale, minute, spiculate cortical hairs, 

resembling miniature cactus pads ............................... Agonimia opuntiella 

4. Thallus variously shaped, glabrous ............................................5 

5. Thallus sorediate, or lignicolous/corticolous, or both ...........................6 

6. Thallus of delicate blue-gray, ± appressed squamules with upturned edges; soredia 

laminal and marginal ................................. Normandina pulchella 

6. Thallus greenish or bluish to brownish, of ± ascending squamules; soredia marginal 7 

7. Photobiont a cyanobacterium (cf. Anacystis) .......................Peltula 

7. Photobiont chl orophycean (Trebouxia or chlorococcoid) ..................8 

8. Squamules to 1.5 mm wide, lustrous, brown above, slightly ascending to loosely 

appressed, ± entire ................................... Hypocenomyce 

8. Squamules often > 1.5 mm wide, not notably lustrous, predominately bluish to 

greenish gray above, strongly ascending, often incised or lobed ............. 

.................................................... Cladonia 

5. Thallus lacking diaspores; substrate various ..................................9 

9. Squamules greenish or bluish gray, sometimes also tinged with brownish, ascending Cladonia 

9. Thallus (dry) brown or grayish, lacking bluish or greenish tones, usually ± appressed to 

substrate ............................................................10 

10. Photobiont a cyanobacterium ......................................11 

11. On calciferous soils; apothecia immersed; photobiont cf. Scytonema ...... 

............................................Heppia adglutinata 

11. Saxicolous; apothecia sessile; photobiont Nostoc ..................... 

...................................... Fuscopannaria leucosticta 

10. Photobiont chlorophycean ........................................12

Key C: Squamulose lichens (continued) 

12. Squamules ca. 1 mm wide, brownish gray with dark thickened margins; on 

siliceous rocks or silty soil pockets over siliceous rocks .... Psorula rufonigra 

12. Squamules mostly > 1 mm wide, brown to reddish brown, margins, if thickened, 

pale; on calciferous rocks or soil ...................................13 

13. Terricolous ...........................................Psora 

13. Saxicolous ...............................................14 

KEY D: STERILE CRUSTOSE LICHENS 

14. Squamules pale beneath, with ± thickened, whitish margins; apothecia 

reddish brown; hymenium IKI- ............................Psora 

14. Squamules dark beneath, with thin, brown to dark margins; apothecia 

black; hymenium IKI+ blue ........................Lecidea lurida 

1. Thallus leprose, of undifferentiated powdery masses of fungal hyphae loosely enveloping algal 

cells, lacking any vestige of cortex or morphological organization (occasionally appearing indistinctly 

lobed along margin) ............................................................2 

2. Thallus yellow or with distinct yellow tints (if greenish yellow, see # 2 below) .........3 

3. Thallus bright lemon yellow ..................................... Chrysothrix 

3. Thallus dull grayish or brownish yellow .....................................4 

4. Thallus K+ deep grape purple (unknown substance with R f of 1/2/1); on siliceous rocks 

.................................................... Leproloma vouauxii 

4. Thallus K+ reddish magenta (parietin); on dry sheltered carbonate faces .......... 

................................................Caloplaca chrysodeta 

2. Thallus greenish to bluish or gray .............................................5 

5. Usnic acid present ............................................... Lecanora 

5. Usnic acid absent ................................................ Lepraria 

1. Thallus not totally leprose, at least partially corticate and/or morphologically organized and 

differentiated .................................................................6 

6. Thallus yellow to orange ....................................................7 

7. Upper cortex K+ deep magenta (parietin) ............................ Caloplaca 

7. Upper cortex K- or K+ weakly reddish (calycin) ..............................8

Key D : Sterile crustose lichens (c ontinued) 

8. Thallus of discrete, corticate or sorediate granules ............... Candelariella 

8. Thallus of diffuse masses of soredia intermingled with occasional corticate fragments 

.................................................Candelaria concolor 

6. Thallus greenish or bluish to gray, without yellowish tints ..........................9 

9. Medulla C+ reddish and/or KC+ reddish (gyrophoric acid or erythrin) ............10 

10. Saxicolous; erythrin present, gyrophoric acid absent ......................... 

...................................... Dirina massiliensis var. sorediata 

10. Corticolous; erythrin absent, gyrophoric acid present ......................11 

11. UV+ yellow (lichexanthone) ....................... Ochrolechia arborea 

11. UV- ..........................................................12 

12. Thallus isidiate, brownish .....................Placynthiella icmalea 

12. Thallus sorediate, grayish green ................. Trapeliopsis flexuosa 

9. Medulla C-, KC- ......................................................13 

13. Thallus K+ yellow or red (atranorin, norstictic, stictic, or thamnolic acids) .....14 

14. Thallus K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid); saxicolous ...Phlyctis argena 

14. Thallus K+ yellow (stictic or thamnol ic acids); corticolous or saxicolous ...15 

15. Thallus thin, pale gray, with soralia containing farinose to finely granular 

soredia .......................................................16 

16. Soralia punctiform; stictic acid present, atranorin lacking ............ 

....................................... Nadvornikia sorediata 

16. Soralia larger, ± round; stictic acid lacking, atranorin present ......... 

..........................................Lecanora impudens 

15. Thallus thicker, bluish gray, with diffuse patches of hollow pustules which 

sometimes disintegrate into a granular sorediate appearance ................ 

........................................... Loxospora pustulata 

13. Thallus K- (psoromic acid or no lichen substances) .......................17 

17. Muscicolous or humicolous; with minute, pale, shallowly lacerate 

hyphophores .....................................Gyalideopsis sp. #2 

17. Corticolous, saxicolous, or muscicolous; hyphophores lacking ............18

Key D : Sterile crustose lichens (c ontinued) 

18. Thallus UV+ pinkish, KC+ orange (xanthones); muscicolous or rarely 

saxicolous ..................................... Pertusaria globularis 

18. Thallus UV-, KC-; substrate various ..............................19 

19. Thallus with diffused, papillose to apically spiciform isidia .......... 

.......................................... Rinodina papillata 

19. Thallus not idisiate ........................................20 

20. Thallus pale gray, ± scurfy; psoromic acid present ............... 

...................................... Phlyctidia ludoviciensis 

20. Thallus greenish gray to dark gray; no lichen substances present ..20 

21. Thallus of minute, rounded, strongly convex squamules ......... 

..........................................Agonimia sp. #1 

21. Thallus ± continuous, of fimbriate-dissected, isidiate, plane to 

convex squamules ......................Phyllopsora corallina

KEY E: CRUSTOSE LICHENS WITH STALKED APOTHECIA OR STIPITATE 

STRUCTURES 

1. Stalked or stipitate structures hyphophores (producing conidiospores); ascospores, if present, 

hyaline, multiseptate to muriform, from sessile apothecia ...............................2 

2. On canopy hardwood branches; hyphophores black, acicular ........ Gyalideopsis sp. # 1 

2. On bryophytes, especially Leucodon, over trees and rocks; hyphophores pale, apically expanded 

and capped with a peltate, radially stellate apical plate ........... Gomphillus americanus 

1. Stalked structures terminating in apothecia; ascospores usually present, greenish to brown, simple 

to 1-septate ...................................................................3 

3. Ascospores prevailingly 1-or more septate ......................................4 

4. On Alnus; stipes often branched; at maturity some ascospores 2-3-septate ............ 

.................................................... Stenocybe pullatula 

4. Not on Alnus; stipes usually unbranched; ascospores consistently 1-septate ..........5 

5. On thalli of the polyporous fungus Trichaptum biforme ....................... 

.......................................... Phaeocalicium polyporaeum 

5. Cor ticolous or lignicolous .............................................6 

6. Asci disintegrati ng early and forming a mazaedium ................ Calicium 

6. Spores maturing w ithin mature asci, mazaedium lacking .................... 

...........................................Chaenothecopsis pusilla 

3. Ascospores simple ........................................................7 

7. Asci disintegrating early and forming a mazaedium; spores maturing outside the asci ..8 

8. On thalli of Pertusaria; stipes < 2 × longer than apothecia; mazaedium blackish .... 

............................................... Sphinctrina tubiformis 

8. Corticolous or lignicolous; stipes usually > 2 × longer than apothecia; mazaedium pale 

brownish .................................................. Chaenotheca 

7. Asci persistent; spores maturing within asci ..................................9 

9. Apex of ascus uniformly thickened ............................ Mycocalicium 

9. Apex of ascus unevenly thickened, eventually becoming penetrated by a canal ...... 

....................................................Chaenothecopsis

KEY F: CRUSTOSE LICHENS WITH PERITHECIA OR PERITHECIA-LIKE ASCOMATA 

1. Ascospores simple, hyaline ....................................................2 

2. Asci with > 100 spores .......................................Thelopsis flaveola 

2. Asci with 8 spores .........................................................3 

3. Terricolous; thallus filmy and indistinct or obsolete ........... Thrombium epigaeum 

3. Corticolous or saxicolous; thallus obvious, usually not filmy .....................4 

4. Peritheciate; ascospores single-walled, < 30 �m long ................Verrucaria 

4. Apothecia immersed in corticate verrucae and opening via pore-like ostioles; ascospores 

double-walled, > 40 �m long ..................................... Pertusaria 

1. Ascospores 1-septate to muriform, hyaline or colored ................................5 

5. Ascospores muriform to submuriform, with at least 1 cell longitudinally divided ........6 

6. Muscicolous .................................... Chromatochlamys muscorum 

6. Cor ticolous or saxicolous ................................................7 

7. Thallus brown to grayish brown, rimose-areolate to minutely squamulose ........8 

8. Spores 2/ascus; thallus of ± dispersed subsquamulose areoles ............... 

............................................. Endocarpon pusillum 

8. Spores 8/ascus; thallus continuous, areolate to rimose ...................... 

........................................... Staurothele diffractella 

7. Thallus variously colored, ± continuous ..................................9 

9. Saxicolous .......................................... Polyblastia sp. 

9. Cor ticolous .....................................................10 

10. Ascospores brown, at least at maturity; photobiont always present ......11 

11. Thallus dull, brownish gray, with dark rounded ascomata composed of 

several perithecia-like locules; ascospore walls not thickened, the lumina 

conformable with the outer spore wall .................... Mycoporum 

11. Thallus sublustrous, brown tinged with olive greenish, with corticate 

verrucae containing embedded perithecia and apical brown ostioles; ascospore 

walls thickened, the lumina not conformable to the outer spore wall 

............................................ Pyrenula ravenelii 

10. Ascospores persistently hyaline; photobiont present or absent ..........12 

12. Photobiont Trentepohlia ...................Strigula submuriformis 

12. Photobiont absent .........................................13

Key F: Crustose lichens with perithecia (continued) 

13. Thallus smooth, pale silvery gray; ascomata walls blue green; on young, 

smooth bark in high light intensities .............................. 

..................................Mycoglaena meridionalis 

13. Thallus indistinct, whitish; ascomata walls brown to black; on shaded 

lower boles of hardwoods ...................... Julella fallaciosa 

5. Ascospores with transverse septa only ........................................14 

14. Ascospores 1-septate ..................................................15 

15. Ascospores greenish to darkened; photobiont absent ........ [Kirschsteinothelia] 

[This nonlichenized fungus is often confuse d with lichens. The thin, indistinct, undifferentiated 

grayish thallus has s catt ered, sessile, convex black peri thec ia with 2 celle d, greenis h to br ownish, 

often slightly assymetrical, ascospores, each less than 25 �m long.] 

15. Ascospores hyaline; photobiont Trentepohlia ............................16 

16. Ascospores at least 35 �m long ................. Acrocordia megalospora 

16. Ascospores to 25 �m long ........................................17 

17. Paraphyses abundantly branched and anastomosed; macroconidia simple 

............................................... Anisomeridium 

17. Paraphyses unbranched to sparingly and remotely branched; macroconidia 

septate .......................................... Strigula americana 

14. Ascospores 2+ septate .................................................18 

18. Saxicolous .......................................................19 

19. On carbonate rocks near streams; perithecia ± immersed, often pinkish ....... 

............................................. Thelidium incavatum 

19. On siliceous rocks in various habitats; perithecia superficial, dark to black ..20 

20. Ascospores 7+ celled, typically attenuate at one end ....... Trichothelium 

20. Ascospores to 4-celled, blunt at both ends ........ Anisomeridium distans 

18. Corticolous .......................................................21 

21. Ascospore walls thickened, the lumina lenticular to subspherical ..........22 

22. Ascospores hyaline ...........................................23 

23. Ascospores 3-septate ....................... Lithothelium illotum 

23. Ascospores prevailingly 7-9-septate ............ Trypethelium virens 

22. Ascospores brown ...........................................24 

24. Ascospores 5-7-septate .................Lithothelium macrosporum 

24. Ascospores 3-septate ......................................25

Key F: Crustose lichens with perithecia (continued) 

25. Perithecia with lateral osti oles, the ostiole typically forming a neck-like 

projection; ascospores dark brown (cola brown) ................... 

.................................Lithothelium phaeosporum 

25. Perithecia with apical ostioles, the ostioles sessile to immersed and not 

projecting; ascospores greenish to lighter brown (tea brown)[post-mature 

ascospores sometimes darkening — these often appear shriveled and 

misshapen] ......................................... Pyrenula 

21. Ascospore walls not thickened, the lumina cylindrical ..................26 

26. Photobiont absent; ascocarp walls blue green ..............Mycoglaena 

26. Photobiont present; ascocarp walls pale to dark, but not blue green ......27 

27. Ascospores linear, 20+ septate, > 80 �m long; photobiont Trebouxia 

....................................... Conotrema urceolatum 

27. Ascospores fusiform to subacicular, to ca. 14 septate, 32 �m long, typically attenuate at one end 

.............................................. Trichothelium 

28. Ascospores 3-7 septate, < 32 �m long, not apically attenuate ....... 

................................................ Strigula 

KEY G: CRUSTOSE LICHENS WITH LIRELLIFORM, BRANCHED, OR STELLATE 

APOTHECIA 

1. Ascospores muriform; apothecia obscurely elongate and aggregated into substellate arrays 

...................................................... Arthothelium taediosum 

1. Ascospores 1-several septate, but never longitudinally divided; apothecia lirelliform, branched, 

or stellate ....................................................................2 

2. Apothecia reddish or brown to black, never pruinose; asci globose to pyriform; exciple 

undeveloped ........................................................ Arthonia 

2. Apothecia black, sometimes pruinose; asci elongate; exciple well developed ...........3 

3. Ascospores 1 septate .................................Melaspilea arthonioides 

3. Ascospores 3+ septate ...................................................4 

4. Ascospores wi th lenti cular to oval lumina, IKI+ violet; paraphyses unbranched; 

hymenium IKI- ............................................Graphis scripta 

4. Ascospores with cylindrical lumina, IKI-; paraphyses branched and anastomosi ng; 

hymenium IKI+ bluish to brownish ................................ Opegrapha

KEY H: CRUSTOSE LICHENS WITH ROUND APOTHECIA 

1. Thallus yellow to orange or apothecia orange to brownish and K+ magenta (parietin) .......2 

2. Thallus yellow, K- ........................................................3 

3. Saxicolous; of flattened, isodiametric, ± contiguous areoles with immersed apothecia; 

ascospores > 100/ascus ........................................... Acarospora 

3. On various substrates; thallus of small granules or tiny ± elongate squamules; apothecia 

superficial; ascospores 32 or less per ascus ......................... Candelariella 

2. Thallus color various, if yellow, then thallus K+ magenta (parietin) ..................4 

4. Spores polarilocular (immature spores sometimes simple); substrate and thallus color 

various .................................................................. 

............................................................ Caloplaca 

4. Spores simple; on carbonate rocks; thallus thin, grayish ......Protoblastenia rupestris 

1. Thallus not yellow or orange; apothecia K- ........................................5 

5. Photobiont absent .........................................................6 

6. Ascocarp walls pale to brownish; ascospores 3-5 septate, but usually lacking ......... 

...................................................Arthonia punctiformis 

6. Ascocarp walls blue green; ascospores 3-5 septate to submuriform, usually present .... 

...........................................................Mycoglaena 

5. Photobiont present .........................................................7 

7. Ascospores submuriform to muriform, with at least one cell longitudinally divided ....8 

8. Cor ticolous .........................................................9 

9. Thallus brownish; ascomata of several aggregated perithecia-like locules with 

separate ostioles, each aggregation resembling a flattened bunch of grapes ..... 

.................................................. Mycoporum 

9. Thallus pale gray; apothecia separate, rounded to substellate ............. 

................................................. Arthothelium 

8. Saxicolous ........................................................10 

10. Spores 1/ascus; apothecia immersed and obscured by coarse pruina .......... 

..................................................Phlyctis argena 

10. Spores 8/ascus; apothecia not obscured by coarse pruina ................11 

11. Apothecia pale to pinkish, immersed; photobiont Trentepohlia ........... 

.................................................... Gyalecta 

11. Apothecia dark, immersed to superficial; photobiont Trebouxia ........12

Key H : Crustose lichens with round apothecia (continued) 

12. Apothecia superficial; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; thallus 

brownish to dark gray ................................ Rhizocarpon 

12. Apothecia immersed and sunken; paraphyses simple to sparsely furcate; 

thal lus pale gray ....................................Diploschistes 

7. Ascospores simple to transversely septate ..................................13 

13. Ascospores greenish to brown ........................................14 

14. Thallus placodioid, distinctly lobate at the margins, yellowish green (usnic acid); 

on siliceous rocks ..................................... Dimelaena oreina 

14. Thallus crustose to areolate, not marginally lobed, not yellowish green (usnic acid 

absent); substr ate various ............................................15 

15. Well developed thalline margin present; ascospores with thickened walls, the 

lumina angular or subspherical ............................... Rinodina 

15. Thalline margin inconspicuous or absent at maturity; ascospores with thin, 

uniform walls, the lumina conformable to the outer cell wall ..............16 

16. Photobiont Trentepohlia; ascospores pale brown; hymenium and asci IKI- 

........................................Melaspilea arthonioides 

16. Photobiont Trebouxia; ascospores green to dark brown; hymenium and asci 

IKI+ blue ...................................................17 

17. Thallus K+ yellow or red (stictic or norstictic acid) or C+ orange 

(xanthones), or else thallus a well-developed, ± thick, areolate saxicolous 

crust; microconidia elliptical to bacilliform ....................... 

.................................................Buellia 

17. Thallus K-, C- (no lichen substances), thin and ± continuous to obsolete; 

substrate various; microconidia acicular to filiform ................. 

..............................................Amandinea 

13. Ascospores hyaline ................................................18 

18. Asci each with more than 20 spores .................................19 

19. Corticolous; apothecia superficial, with well developed thalline margin 

........................................... Maronea polyphaea 

19. Saxicolous; apothecia immersed, or if superficial, lacking a thalline margin20 

20. Thallus areolate; apothecia immersed, variously colored ............. 

................................................ Acarospora 

20. Thallus inconspicuous; apothecia superficial, dark ................21


21. Apothecia with irregularly ridged and lumpy disks; paraphyses branched 

and anastomosi ng ..................................Polysporina 

21. Apothecia with smooth disks; paraphyses unbranched ... Sarcogyne 

18. Asci each with 8 or fewer spores ...................................22 

22. Ascospores 1+ septate ........................................23 

23. Photobiont a cyanobacterium; thallus black, isidiate, typically bordered by 

a conspicuous blue black prothallus ............... Placynthium nigrum 

23. Photobiont chlorophycean; thallus not black, isidia absent; prothallus, if 

present, not blue black. ........................................24 

24. Ascospores 1/ascus; corticolous ......... Phlyctidia ludoviciensis 

24. Ascospores 8/ascus; substrate various ......................25 

25. Ascospores 2+ septate ................................26 

26. Muscicolous or humicolous .........................27 

27. Ascospores < 50 �m long; hyphophores absent ......... 

.................................. Myxobilimbia 

27. Ascospores > 100 �m long; pale, stipitate hyphophores 

present .......................... Gomphillus americanus 

26. Corticolous, lignicolous, or saxicolous ................28 

28. Ascospores elongate, linear to acicular, 4+ septate ....29 

29. Thallus corticolous ..................... Bacidia 

29. Thallus saxicolous ..........................30 

30. Apothecia immersed in the substrate; photobiont 

Trentepohlia .................... Petractis farlowii 

30. Apothecia superficial; photobiont Trebouxia or 

chlorococcoid .................................31 

31. Corticolous ............. Bacidina delicata 

31. Saxicolous ..........................32 

32. Hypothecium pale; spores tw isted in the ascus 

............. Scoliciosporum umbrinum 

32. Hypothecium reddish brown; spores straight in 

the ascus ................ Bacidina egenula 

28. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 3 septate ..........33


33. Saxicolous .................................34 

34. Usually on carbonate rocks; hypothecium and exciple 

brown ........................ Bacidia granosa 

34. On siliceous rocks; hyp othecium pale or, if brown, 

exciple greenish .............................35 

35. Thallus areolate, pale grayish .............. 

..................... Micarea peliocarpa 

35. Thallus ± continuous, dark greenish gray ...... 

....................... Fellhanera silicis 

33. Corticolous or lignicolous ....................36 

36. Lignicolous .............................37 

37. Epithecium pale; paraphyses mostly simple or 

with sparse apical branching .................. 

...................Absconditella lignicola 

37. Epithecium greenish; paraphyses branched .... 

...............................Micarea 

36. Corticolous .............................38 

38. Apothecia covered with whi tish pruina; thallus 

brown. ............ Schismatomma glaucescens 

38. Apothecia dark, or if bluish pruinose, then thal lus 

yellowish green .................... Arthonia 

25. Ascospores 1-septate ....................................39 

39. Ascospores strongly polarilocular, with thickened septum ...... 

........................................... Caloplaca 

39. Ascospores not polarilocular, septum not thickened .........40 

40. Saxicolous ......................................41 

41. Apothecia with well developed thalline margin .......42 

42. Thallus crustose, without a well developed prothallus; 

perispore not evident on ascospores ........... Lecania 

42. Thallus subsquamulose, with a well developed black 

prothallus; thick gelatinous perispore evident on ascospores 

................................ Halecania sp. #1 

41. Mature apothecia without a thalline margin ..........43


[margins shifted to left] 

43. On carbonate rocks ..........Catillaria lenticularis 

43. On siliceous rocks ...........................44 

44. Hypothecium pal e; hymenium IKI-; ascospores to 16 

× 4 �m ....................... Fuscidea recensa 

44. Hypothecium brown; hymenium IKI+ blue; ascospores 

> 14 × 6 �m ....................... Rhizocarpon 

40. Corticolous, lignicolous, muscicolous, or humicolous .....45 

45. At least some apothecia irregular, substellate, or shortlirelliform 

.......................................46 

46. Paraphyses absent or sparse and indistinct; asci globose 

to pyriform; apothecia immersed ............. Arthonia 

46. Paraphyses well developed; asci rounded; apothecia 

sessile to partially immersed ...Melaspilea arthonioides 

45. Apothecia ± circular ............................47 

47. Photobiont Trentepohlia; apothecia pale yellowish to 

pinkish or orange ........................ Dimerella 

47. Photobiont Trebouxia or chlorococcoid; apothecia mostly 

dark; if pale, without yellow or orange tints ..........48 

48. Paraphyses strongly dark brown capitate ........ 

......................Catillaria nigroclavata 

48. Paraphyses not dark brown capitate (a brownish 

pigment sometimes surrounds the upper cells of the 

paraphyses) ................................49 

49. Paraphyses richly branched; hymenium IKI+ blue 

..................................Micarea 

49. Paraphyses simple or sparingly branched; 

hymenium IKI- ................ Fuscidea sp. #1 

22. Ascospores simple .........................................................50 

50. Apothecia not immersed, with a well developed thalline margin ...................51 

51. Ascospore large, rotund, > 30 �m long ........................... Ochrolechia 

51. Ascospores various, < 20 �m long ........................................52


52. Hymenium purplish red; apothecia black; on siliceous rocks ..... Tephromela atra 

52. Hymenium hyaline below the epithecium; substrate various, but if on siliceous rock, 

then apothecia not black .......................................... Lecanora 

50. Apothecia immersed, or if superficial, then lacking a thalline margin ................53 

53. Ascospores large, > 40 �m long, single or double walled; apothecia either immersed in 

corticate verrucae with perithecia-like ostioles, or forming sorediate or pruinose verrucae . 

............................................................ Pertusaria 

53. Ascospores smaller, to 30 �m long, single walled; apothecia disks exposed .......54 

54. Apothecia immersed in a well developed thallus; if saxicolous, on siliceous rocks and 

not forming pits in the substrate ..........................................55 

55. Apothecial disks pale, pinkish to tan; thallus thin, with poorly or un-differentiated 

cortex ......................................................Ionaspis 

55. Apothecial disks dark gray to black; thallus with well defined cortex ......... 

....................................................... Aspicilia 

54. Apothecia sessile and superficial, or forming pits in carbonate rocks ..........56 

56. Saxicolous ....................................................57 

57. On carbonate rocks ...........................................58 

58. Apothecia with diffuse white pruina; epithecium gray green to dark green; 

lower portion of hymenium purplish ............. Pachyphysis ozarkana 

58. Apothecia epruinose; epithecium reddish brown; lower portion of hymenium 

pale ......................................... Clauzadea metzleri 

57. On siliceous rocks ...........................................59 

59. Thallus C+, KC+ reddish (gyrophoric acid) ........ Trapelia involuta 

59. Thallus C-, KC- ...........................................60 

60. Ascospores thick walled, > 15 �m long and 6 �m wide ........... 

............................................... Porpidia 

60. Ascospores thin walled, < 15 �m long and 6 �m wide ..........61 

61. Epithecium and exciple grayish or brown .................62 

62. Apothecia black to gray ................ Lecidea cyrtidia 

62. Apothecia pale to orange brown ........Micarea lithinella 

61. Epithecium and exciple green to blue green ................63


63. Thallus light gray; apothecia often > 0.5 mm wide .......... 

......................................... Lecidella 

63. Thallus dark gray or greenish gray; apothecia to 0.5 mm wide 

...................................Micarea erratica 

56. Corticolous or lignicolous ........................................64 

64. Apothecia bright red ...........................Pyrrhospora russula 

64. Apothecia pale to brownish or black .............................65 

65. Thallus C+, KC+ reddish (gyrophoric acid present, xanthones absent) ... 

........................................................66 

66. Thallus sorediate, greenish gray .................. Trapeliopsis 

66. Thallus isidiate, dark brown to black .......Placynthiella icmalea 

65. Thallus C-, KC- or C+ orange (gyrophoric acid absent, xanthones sometimes 

present) ....................................................67 

67. Thallus with fimbriate-dissected to isidiate squamules ............ 

.....................................Phyllopsora corallina 

67. Thallus areolate to continuous, not lobulate or isidiate ..........68 

68. Epithecium and/or exciple bluish green ............. Lecidella 

68. Epithecium and exciple variously colored, not bluish green ...69 

69. Corticolous; UV+ pinkish, C+ orange (xanthones) .......... 

....................................Lecidea varians 

69. Lignicolous; UV-, C- (xanthones absent) ...............70 

70. Thallus dark gray, apothecia black, to 0.3 mm wide; 

paraphyses scanty ..................... Micarea misella 

70. Thallus pale gray to greenish gray; apothecia tan to brown, 

some > 0.4 mm wide; paraphyses abundant ............... 

.................................Lecidea plebeja

ABSCONDITELLA V�zda (Stictidaceae) 

Inconspicuous crustose lichens of moist rotting wood, with indisti nct, shiny, filmy thalli appearing 

slightly gelatinous when moist, apothecia pale, concave, minute, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci 

somewhat evocative of Bacidia-type asci, but I-, with 8 hyaline, bacilliform, 4-celled spores; 1 

species in the region. 

Absconditella lignicola V�zda & Pisút [ABSLI] - crustose 

Apparently very rare, but minute, cryptic, and easily overlooked. Known only from a wet, well-rotted 

log in heavy shade along the border of a fen in Shannon County. The tiny pale apothecia, typically less 

than 0.2 mm broad, are difficult to see on moist wood. 

__________ 

ACAROSPORA A. Massal. (Acarosporaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with well developed, often subsquamulose, areolate thalli and immersed 

apothecia, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci clavate, with a distinct I- apical dome, with >100 small, 

hyaline, rounded to short-bacilliform spores; at least 3 species in the region. 

1. Thallus bright yellow ................................................... A. contigua 

1. Thallus dark brown 

2. Thallus C+ red (gyrophoric acid), usually >1.5 mm broad, mostly flat .............. A. fuscata 

2. Thallus C-,

AGONIMIA Zahlbr. (Verrucariaceae) 

Crustose lichens with rounded, greenish, minutely tomentose, granular squamules and small, sessile, 

black perithecia, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci thin-walled, without an ocular chamber, with 8 

hyaline, muriform spores [local populations are always sterile]; 2 species in the region. 

Squamules with pale spiculate hairs, resembling miniature prickly pear cactus pads ........ A. opuntiella 

Squamules glabrous ........................................................A. sp. # 1 

Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) V�zda [AGOOP] - crustose 

Common, but often overlooked, usually growing on or among shaded pleurocarpous bryophytes on 

rocks and shaded tree bases. 

Agonimia sp. # 1 [AGOSP1] - crustose 

Occasional, but seldom collected, and often sterile; on lightly shaded bryophytes and stable humus in 

wooded uplands, in habitats similar to those for Dimerella pineti and Myxobilimbia sabuletorum. 

__________ 

AMANDINEA M. Choisy ex Scheid. & H. Mayrohofer (Physciaceae) 

Small crustose lichens with dark to not apparent thalli, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Biatora type, with 

8-32 brown, 1-septate spores, the spore walls not notably thickened; 3 species in the region. 

Reference: Sheard & May (1997). 

1. Asci 12-32 spored; thallus dark gray, thin and continuous ........................ A. polyspora 

1. Asci 8 spored; thallus pale gray or greenish, thick and areolate-continuous or not apparent. 

2. Apothecia with thalline margins; thallus dark greenish and areolate to continuous ....A. dakotensis 

2. Apothecia lacking thalline margins; thallus thin and grayish or not apparent ......... A. punctata 

Amandinea dakote nsis (H. Magn.) P. May & Sheard [AMADA] - crustose 

Uncommon on small, exposed, smooth-barked hardwood twigs in canopy branches, and occasionally 

on young branches of smaller trees in fields and along woodland edges. Common substrates are Acer 

saccharinum and Cercis canadensis. 

Amandinea polyspora (Willey) E. Lay & P. May [AMAPO] - crustose 

Frequent on small branches in exposed to lightly shaded habitats, including both upper twigs of canopy 

trees and twigs and small branches of young trees in old fields and along woodland edges. This 

species is part of a "pioneer cohort" of lichens that are among the first to colonize young corticolous 

substrates. Associated taxa with the same autecology include Arthonia caesia, Lecanora strobilina 

and Lecidea varians. 

Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. [AMAPU] - crustose 

Occasional in areas of high light exposure, including young twigs, old boards, exposed fence posts, 

and exposed siliceous rocks. It regularly occurs on Pinus echinata, both on the bole, where it prefers 

the edges of large bark flakes, and on the scales of two year or older cones, where it is consistently 

associated with Lecanora strobilina. Local material displays a wide variability and may encompass 

multiple taxa, with thallus development ranging from no visible thallus to a thin gray thallus. 

Saxicolous forms usually lack an apparent thallus, and material on Pinus usually has a thin, silverygray 

thallus. 

__________ 

ANAPTYCHIA Körb. (Physciaceae)

Narrow-lobed, brownish foliose lichens, often lobulate, upper cortex K- and lower surface pale and 

rhizinate, apothecia sessile, with well-developed, often lobulate or crenulate thal line margin, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 brown, 1-septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Anaptychia palmulata (Michx.) Vainio [ANAPA] - foliose 

Infrequent on shaded, usually mossy rocks and tree bases in mature woodlands, in both mesic and dry 

mesic habitats. This species occurs sporadically, with a single rock or tree base having several thalli, 

and no other individuals occurring in the vicinity. The thallus is brown when dry but turns a 

disti ncti ve bright green when wet. [zeorin, ± atranorin] 

__________ 

ANISOMERIDIUM (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy (Monoblastiaceae) 

Small crustose lichens, with pale to not apparent thalli, dark superficial perithecia, photobiont 

Trentepohlia, asci narrow, wi th a squat apical dome, I-, with 8 hyaline, ovoid, 1-septate spores; 2 

species in the region. References: Harris (1973, 1995). 

Thallus not apparent; saxicolous .............................................. A. distans 

Thallus thin, whitish to pale gray; corticolous .................................... A. polypori 

Anisomeridium distans (Willey) R. C. Harris [ANIDI] - crustose 

Uncommon on lightly shaded sandstone boulders and fragments in wooded uplands, typically on ridges 

in sterile xeric woodlands. The ascospores are tardily 4-celled. 

Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr [ANIPO] - crustose 

Occasional on bases and shaded lower boles of hardwoods in woodlands. Local populations of this 

species are often sterile, but can be identified by the abundant Trentepohlia in the thin, whitish to pale 

tan thallus, bacilliform microconidiospores, and shaded habitat. This species is sometimes called A. 

nyssaegenum (Ellis & Everh.) R.C. Harris. A similar species not yet found in the Lower Ozarks, A. 

biforme (Borrer) R. C. Harris, has ascospores about twice as long as broad and globose 

microconidiospores, whereas the ascospores of A. polypori are about three times as long as broad. 

Anisomeridium can be distinguished from Julella fallaciosa, even when sterile, by the lack of a 

photobiont in the latter species. I am unable to distinguish sterile thalli of A. polypori from those of 

Strigula submuriformis. 

__________ 

ANZIA Stizenb. (Parmeliaceae) 

Foliose lichens with thickened, narrow lobes, a thick layer of black tomentum on the lower surface, 

sessile apothecia exceeding the lobe width, with a well-developed thalline margin, photobiont 

Trebouxia, asci w ith numerous minute hyaline spores; 1 species in the region. 

Anzia colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb. [ANZCO] - foliose 

Rare on lower and mid boles of Quercus in mature woodlands. In the Ozark region, this appears to 

be one of a cohort of lichens requiring older growth woodlands. Due to prevailing land use over the 

last century, these lichens are increasingly scarce. Other lichens with similar habitat restrictions and 

consequent rarity include Pannaria subfusca, Pseudocyphellaria aurata, Usnea ceratina, and Usnea 

trichodea. While many early records of A. colpodes from the Midwest are fertile, local material is 

now almost invariably sterile. Skorepa (1973) noted this same phenomenon with Coccocarpia 

palmicola populations in southern Illinois. [atranorin, divaricatic acid] 

__________ 

ARTHONIA Ach. (Arthoniaceae) 

Small crustose lichens, thallus thin or not apparent, with small, immersed to sessile, often irregular 

or stellate apothecia, photobiont Trentepohlia, chlorococcoid, or absent, asci pyriform to globose,

with evident apical dome, with 8 hyaline 1-5-septate spores; 5 species in the region. Species 

concepts for Ozark material are tentative and the following account is extremely provisional. 

1. Thallus greenish and granular, containing usnic acid; apothecia round, sessile, and frosted with a patina of 

blu e-gra y c rystals; pho tobio nt ch loroc oc co id ......................................A. caesia 

1. Thallus whitish, gray, or silvery, thin and smooth or lacking, without usnic acid; apothecia irregular, 

immersed, without a surface patina; photobiont Trentepohlia or absent. 

2. Photobiont absent; thallu s thin , s ilve ry gra y, on yo un g tw igs; ap othe cia imm ersed, bla ck , ir regula rly 

rounded; spores usually absent ....................................... A. punctiformis 

2. Pho tobio nt presen t; thallu s w hitish to gray or brownish, usually not on young twigs; apothecia immersed 

to superficial, irregularly elongate and branched; spores often present. 

3. Spores 2-celled; apothecia black, small, not much branched and elongate ....... A. dispersa 

3. Spores with 3-5 cells; apothecia various. 

4. Apothecia black; upper hymenium black ........................... A. radi ata 

4. Apothe cia redd ish to brow n; up pe r hym en ium pa le .................... A. rubella 

Arthonia cae sia (Flot.) Körb. [ARTCA] - crustose 

Common on young twigs and branches in high light intensities, as well as on boles of young trees in 

old fields and along glade and woodland margins. Occasionally this species occurs in low number s 

on lightly shaded hardwood boles in uplands. In extensive wooded uplands, this is one of a cohort 

of pioneer species inhabiting young canopy twigs, along with Amandinea polyspora and Lecanora 

strobilina. This species has a chlorococcoid photobiont. [usnic acid] 

Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. [ARTDI] - crustose 

Uncommon on hardwood bark in woodlands, usually in mesic areas along streams. Substrates include 

Carya cordiformis and Diospyros viriginiana. The photobiont is Trentepohlia. 

Arthonia punctiformis Ach. [ARTPU] - crustose 

Frequent, but seldom well-developed, and thus seldom collected; on smooth young twigs and branches 

in high light exposures. The habitat and smooth, thin, silvery gray thal lus with small, immersed, 

irregularly rounded black apothecia, and no photobiont is distinctive. Spores are usually absent, but 

if present, are typically 3 septate and

.................................................................... A. spectabile 

Arthothelium spectabile A. Massal. [ARTSP] - crustose 

Uncommon on lower and mid boles of trees in mesic, lightly shaded areas. This species can be 

recognized by the well-developed, continuous, whitish gray thallus with abundant, irregularly rounded, 

black apothecia typically to 0.5 × 1.5 mm. 

Arthothelium taediosum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg. [ARTTA] - crustose 

Frequent on a variety of smooth-barked trees in woodlands, especially on Quercus coccinea, Q. 

rubra, and Q. velutina. This species occurs from mid boles upward into the canopy, but is almost 

nonexistent at the bases of trees. The apothecia are notably smaller and more stellate-branched than 

in A. spectabile, with individual clusters usually < 0.5 mm broad. 

__________ 

ASPICILIA A. Massal. (Hymeneliaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with gray to grayish green, continuous to areolate thalli and usually 

immersed apothecia, paraphyses moniliform, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with a slightly thickened tip, 

IKI-, with (4-6) 8 large, simple, hyaline, ovoid spores; 5 species in the region. 

1. Thallus composed of discrete, thickened, gray areoles; apothecia immersed and sunken below level of upper 

cortex, pruinose, with densely pruinose thalline rim; on carbonate rocks ................. A. contorta 

1. Thallus continuous to rimose; apothecia immersed but not sunken, without pruina; on siliceous rocks. 

2. Thallus K+ red (norstictic acid) ......................................... A. cinerea 

2. Thallus K- or K+ yellow (norstictic acid lacking or present as a trace substance). 

3. Thallus light to medium gray, K- ............................... A. caesiocinerea 

3. Thallus pale to dark greenish gray, K+ yellow (stictic acid). 

4. Thallus thin, smooth, continuous to rimose; usually near permanent water ... A. laevata 

4. Thallus thick, rimose to subareolate; uplands .....................A. verrucigera 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.) Arnold [ASPCAE] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded siliceous boulders and rock fragments in wooded uplands, occurring on chert, 

granite, rhyolite, and sandstone. Interestingly, this species does not occur on massive ledges, but on 

smaller boulders and fragments. 

Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. [ASPCI] - crustose 

Occasional, with habitats and substrates similar to those of A. caesiocinerea. This species also 

occurs on siliceous rocks in more moist situations along streams and seeps. [norstictic acid] 

Aspicilia contorta (Hoffm.) Kremp. [ASPCO] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed dolomite boulders and ledges in glades and on bluffs, usually in full sun to 

light partial shade. The apothecia are typically whi te pruinose, and overlapped around thei r margins 

by a zone of upper cortex that is heavily pruinose and appears almost sorediate. 

Aspicilia laevata (Ach.) Arnold [ASPLA] - crustose 

Apparently local, on hard, exposed siliceous rocks near permanent water, such as on massive igneous 

exposures of shut-ins along Ozark streams. The thallus of this species is greenish tinged, as contrasted 

with the light gray thalli of A. caesiocinerea and A. cinerea. [stictic acid, ± traces of norstictic acid] 

Aspicilia verrucige ra Hue [ASPVE] - crustose 

Rare on silicious rocks in xeric wooded uplands. This species is similar in color and chemistry to 

A. laevata, but has a thicker, areolate thallus and typically occurs in uplands, as opposed to the typical 

streamside habitat of A. laevata. [stictic acid, ± traces of norstictic acid] 

__________

BACIDIA De Not. (Lecanoraceae) 

Crustose lichens with sessile apothecia lacking a thalline margin, photobiont chl orococcoid, asci 

Bacidia-type, with 8 hyaline, fusiform to acicular, multi-septate spores; 7 species in the region. For 

clarity, some similar species formerly placed within the genus are included in the key. Reference: 

Ekman (1996). 

1. Thallus corticolous. 

2. Apothecia to 0.3 mm diameter; ascospores, >4 �m wide and 0.4 mm diameter; ascospores 10× longer than wide. 

3. Apothecia black (rarely dark brown); epithecium greenish. 

4. Hypothecium pale or with a narrow brownish zone; spores 45 �m long; apothecia uniformly black 

.......................................................B. schweinitzii 

3. Apothecia brown to pale; epithecium brown to yellow or pale; hypothecium brown to colorless. 

5. Hypothecium golden to brownish, exciple and hypothecium K+ rose in section. 

6. T hallus smooth, wrinkled, or areolate ........................ B. polychroa 

6. Thallus finely granular .................................... B. di ffracta 

5. Hypothecium pale yellowish to colorless, K- in section. 

7. Some apothecia pruinose, at least on margins; thallus somewhat thick ... B. suffusa 

7. Apothe cia no t pruino se, t ha llus thin ........................B. helicospora 

1. Thallus saxicolous or on mosses over rocks or soil. 

8. Ascospores twisted and intertw ine d in tigh t, sp irally-arrange d m ass in ascus, the free spores remaining 

± a brup tly cu rved an d twis ted; hy po thec ium pa le .................. Scoliciosporum umbrinum 

8. Ascospores straight in ascus, not intertwined, the free ascospores remaining straight to very slightly and 

evenly arcuate; hypothecium reddish brown (pale in Bacidina delicata). 

9. Ascospores acicular; epithecium pale to greenish-blue ......................Bacidina 

9. Ascospores fusiform; epithecium pale to yellowish, light gray, greenish. 

10. Exciple pale; spores >4 �m wide and mostly >18 �m long; muscicolous or humicolous .. 

..............................................Myxobilimbia sabuletorum 

10. Exciple brown; spores

Apparently uncommon, on shaded hardwoods in dry to mesic sites. See comments under B. 

schweinitzii. 

Bacidia polychroa (Th. Fr.) Körb. [BACPO] - crustose 

Occasional on lower and mid boles of a variety of deciduous trees, especially in mesic areas. This 

species is very similar to B. diffracta except for the continuous, sometimes verruculose thallus, as 

opposed to the granular thallus of B. diffracta. 

Bacidia schweinitzii (Fr. ex E. Michener) A. Schneid. [BACSC] - crustose 

Common and locally abundant on middle portions of tree boles in moist to dry mesic woodlands. This 

is the most common member of the genus in the Lower Ozark region, and can be recognized in the field 

by the thick, granular, dark green thallus and black apothecia, sometimes with a dull brown marginal 

zone. Forms wi th brown or pale apothecia occur rarely in the area; these would key to B. 

helicospora, but differ in the larger apothecia and better developed thallus. 

Bacidia suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid. [BACSU] - crustose 

Common on shaded hardwood and Juniperus boles, often in mesic situations but occasionally in drier 

sites. This species, B. diffusa, B. polychroa and B. schweinitzii can have pruinose apothecia, but B. 

suffusa typically has a thicker thallus with more purplish brown tones in the apothecia. 

__________ 

BACIDINA V�zda (Lecanoraceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin grayish thalli and sessile, black, convex apothecia, thalline margin absent, 

photobiont chlorococcoid(?), occurring in discrete aggregations (goniocysts) within the thallus, asci 

Bacidia-type, with 8 hyaline, acicular, 3-7-septate spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Apothecia grayish to black; hypothecium reddish ................................B. egenula 

1. Apothecia pale to orangish or brown; hypothecium hyaline .........................B. deli cata 

Bacidina delicata (Larbal. ex Leight.) Coppins [BACDE] - crustose 

Known only from a single collection from shaded sandstone in a Shannon County woodland. 

Bacidina egenula (Nyl.) V�zda [BACEG] - crustose 

Apparentl y uncommon in the Lower Ozarks, although common elsewhere in the Midwest, occurring 

on calcareous substrates, especially in disturbed sites. Substrate s i nclude limestone, dolomite, 

concrete, mortar, and bricks. This species is most common around towns, cities, and habitations. The 

distinctive blue-green epithecium, acicular spores, and thin thallus are diagnostic. 

__________ 

BUELLIA De Not. (Physciaceae) 

Crustose lichens with well developed, continuous to areolate thalli and sessile black apothecia, 

thal line margin usually absent at maturity, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 brown, 

ellipsoid to bacilliform, 1-3 septate spores; 6 species in the region. Reference: Imshaug (1951). The 

following key includes several other lichens with two-celled brown ascospores that could be confused 

with Buellia. 

1. Apothecia lacking a thalline margin, the rim concolorous with the disk. 

2. Thallus light gray, K+ yellow or red (stictic or norstictic acids). 


4. Spores 15 �m long, >7 �m wide, with +/- acute apices ................ B. curtisii 

3. Thallus saxicolous.

5. Thallus of thick areoles; norstictic and/or stictic acid present ........... B. spuria s.l. 

5. T ha llus thin, rim os e b ut no t areola te; norstictic a nd high co nc en tration of co nn orstictic a cid 

present .................................................. B. "stigmaea" 

2. Thallus brown or dark green, rarely grayish or lacking; K-. 

6. Thallus corticolous ............................................. Amandinea 

6. Thallus saxicolous. 

7. Thallus not evident, or traces of thin gray thallus present ........ Amandinea punctata 

7. Thallus well-developed, gray, brown, or greenish. 

8. T hallus grayish green to dark green, with confluent, rounded, granules and no evident 

prothallus; spores bacilliform, 3-septate ........................B. vernicoma 

8. Thallus brown, with lustrous, shiny, angular areoles and a well-developed black 

prothallus; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate ....................... B. novomexicana 

1. Apothecia with a well developed thalline margin. 

9. Spores thin-walled, the locules not angular ........................ Amandinea dakotensis 

9. Sp ore w alls thick en ed , t he loc ule s angu lar or roun de d, we ll sepa rated from the o uter wa ll . Rinodina 

Buellia curtisii (Tuck.) Imshaug [BUECU] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded hardwoods, often growing on upper branches of canopy trees. 

In the field this species appears identical to B. stillingiana. [norstictic acid] 

Buellia novomexicana de Lesd. [BUENO] - crustose 

Infrequent on exposed, relatively small, sandstone and chert fragments in dolomite glades. This 

species is easily recognized by the chocolate brown thallus with a well-developed black prothallus, 

and the restricted habitat. 

Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Anzi [BUESP] - crustose 

Frequent on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks in glades and wooded uplands. This species 

has a thick light gray thallus evocative of the thallus of Lecanora oreinoides. Strains with stictic acid 

and norsti cti c acid occur in the region. [norstictic and/or sti ctic acids, ± atranorin] 

Buellia "stigmaea" Tuck. [BUESTG] - crustose 

Frequent on lightly shaded siliceous rocks, especially chert fragments and boulders, in woodlands. 

This species has been confused with B. spuria, which has a thicker thallus, immersed apothecia, 

occurs in more exposed sites, and typically contains stictic acid (occasionally norstictic acid). Local 

populati ons tentatively called B. stigmaea are characterized by a high concentration of connorstictic 

acid. [norstictic & connorstictic acids] 

Buellia stillingiana J. Steiner [BUESTL] - crustose 

Common on boles and branches of a variety of hardwoods, in exposed to moderately shaded 

situations. This species grows on young trees in old fields and along woodland edges, as well as on 

older trees in mature woodlands. [atranorin and/or norstictic acid] 

Buellia vernicoma (Tuck.) Tuck. [BUEVE] - crustose 

Local on lightly shaded sandstone or igneous rocks, on both outcrops and massive boulders, invariably 

associated with and often growing upon thalli of Pertusaria plittiana or Phlyctis argena. [xanthone] 

__________ 

CALICIUM Pers. (Caliciaceae) 

Cor ticolous or lignicolous crustose lichens with thin to obscure, grayish thalli and small, dark, 

urceolate to cylindrical, stipitate apothecia, photobiont Trebouxia, asci disintegrating early into a

mazaedium with numerous small, ellipsoid greenish, 1-septate spores; 3 species in the region. 

Reference: Tibell (1975). 

1. Lower portion of exciple with brown pruina; spores 5 �m broad. 

2. Pruina absent; asci often >40 �m long .................................. C. abietinum 

2. Margin of exciple white pruinose; asci to 40 �m long ....................... C. glaucellum 

Calicium abie tinum Pers. [CALAB] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded boles of Pinus echinata in open woodlands, usually growing near the base of 

the tree. This species has a darker, less lustrous thallus and stouter fruits than does Chaenothecopsis 

nana, which also occurs on Pinus echinata. 

Calicium glaucellum Ach. [CALGL] - crustose 

Apparently uncommon or overlooked; known only from decorticate, standing dead Quercus in wooded 

uplands. 

Calicium salicinum Pers. [CALSAL] - crustose 

Occasional on wood and bark of Quercus in lightly shaded, wooded uplands. 

__________ 

CALOPLACA Th. Fr. (Teloschistaceae) 

Crustose to subsquamulose lichens, with thalli ranging from nearly absent to continuous, areolate, 

subsquamulose, or lobate, apothecia sessile or immersed, thalline margin present or becoming 

obsolete, photobiont Trebouxia (sometimes considered to be "Pseudotrebouxia"), asci Teloschistestype, 

with 8 ellipsoid to ovate, hyaline, polarilocular spores; a poorly understood genus badly in need 

of revision — in addition to the 13 species currently documented from the region, and the 4 additional 

species included in the key and likely to occur in the region, there are several other taxa present i n the 

landscape, but variability among species is poorly understood. [orange species reacting K+ magenta 

contain anthroquinones, usually parietin] References: Wetmore (1994, 1996, 1998). 


2. Thallus leprose or granular sorediate, yellow to golden. 

3. Thallus leprose, ecorticate, grayish yellow ........................... C. chrysodeta 

3. Thallus granular sorediate, usually with some corticate areoles, golden to lemon yellow ...... 

.......................................................... C. citrina 

2. Thallus not sorediate, variously colored. 

4. Apothecia K+ magenta, yellow to orange, sessile; thallus K- or K+ magenta. 

5. Thallus well developed, orange, K+ magenta. 

6. Thallus pale yellow to gra yis h o r brown ish ye llow , t hin , c on tinuo us to rim os e; mo stly in 

shaded habitats; spores >12 �m long ....................... C. flavovirescens 

6. Thallus orange, areolate; mostly in exposed habitats; spores 15 �m long ...[C. arenaria]

8. Thallus absent, or consisting of a few yellow areoles associated with the apothecia; 

on carbonate or siliceous substrates; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 1 mm dia meter, w ith cren ula te ma rgin ........ 

................................................... [C. ferruginea] 

11. Thallus yellow to orange, K+ magenta. 

14. Thallus sorediate. 

15. Thallus chrome yellow to pale grayish, thin an d ± co ntinu ou s; in ligh t sha de in 

woodlands .........................................C. chrysophthalma 

15. Thallus bright orange, areolate; on exposed wood and sometimes bark .......... 

................................................. [C. microphyllina] 

14. T hallus not sorediate ...................................C. flavorubescens 

[Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Müll. Arg.] [CALAE] - crustose 

An uncommon species of exposed to lightly shaded sandstone elsewhere in the Ozarks, and possibly 

occurring in the Lower Ozark region. The small, dark orange apothecia and thin gray thallus are 

diagnostic. 

Caloplaca brunneola Wetmore [CALBR] - crustose 

Occasional on boles and branches of trees in woodlands, often growing on younger branches, but not 

one of the earliest pioneer species. This lichen occurs on both hardwoods and Juniperus virginiana. 

It has a darker thallus than does C. pollinii, although the apothecia are similar except for their K 

reaction: K+ magenta in C. pollinii and K- in C. brunneola. 

Caloplaca camptidia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. [CALCA] - crustose 

Common on lightly shaded boles of hardwood trees in woodlands. This species is easily separated 

from other Caloplaca species by the tan to brownish, pruinose apothecia, but in the field care must 

be taken not to confuse it with a Bacidia that has pruinose apothecia, such as B. polychroa. 

Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th. Fr. [CALCE] - crustose 

Frequent on lightly shaded boles and branches of trees in woodlands. In areas of extensive 

woodlands, this species can be part of the early colonizer cohort on young branches, but in areas with 

extensive disruption of the woodlands it becomes scarce and restricted to older trees. The distinct 

gray thalline margin of the apothecia is characteristic, although it can become obscure on old 

apothecia. 

Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vain. ex Räsänen) Dombr. [CALCD] - crustose 

Very rare; on sheltered, dry shaded lower and mid faces of massive dolomite bluffs, usually in areas 

of high humidity that are protected from direct w etting.

Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel. [CALCH] - crustose 

Occasional on lightly shaded tree boles, usually in open wooded uplands or along the edges of glades. 

Although it grows on a variety of hardwoods as well as Juniperus virginiana, Quercus stellata is 

overwhelmingly the most common substrate. 

Caloplaca citrina (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. [CALCIT] - crustose 

Occasional and local, in sheltered areas on massive rock formations that are subject to relatively high 

light intensities. Most populations are from carbonate rocks, but it also grows on sandstone when 

there is overlying dolomite, and presumably, carbonate mineralization of the sandstone. This species 

grows on overhung vertical faces and under shallow ledges where there is little exposure to rain or 

runoff. Typical forms of C. citrina are entirely granular sorediate, although the soredia are largely 

corticate and can appear to be almost i sidiate. Some populations in the region have marginally 

sorediate areoles; these have been segregated as variety flavocitrina (Nyl.) A. E. Wade, but this 

element intergrades completely w ith the typical morphology. 

Caloplaca conversa (Kremp.) Jatta [CALCO] - crustose 

Known only from a single collection on exposed rhyolite along a permanent stream. This species has 

immersed black apothecia and appears more like an Aspicilia than a Caloplaca. 

[Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn.] [CALFEA] - crustose 

Although not yet documented from the Lower Ozarks, this lichen is ubiquitous on disturbed carbonate 

substrates in the Midwest and undoubtedly occurs here. It is a common species of limestone, concrete, 

and mortar, and usually occurs in anthropogenically disrupted areas, although occasionally it can be 

found in glades. 

[Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th. Fr.] [CALFEU] - crustose 

This species occurs elsewhere in the Ozarks, and appears to have a predilection for lightly shaded 

boles and branches of Juniperus virginiana. The pale thallus and relatively large, orange apothecia, 

typically with crenulate margins, are diagnostic. 

Caloplaca flavorubescens (Huds.) J. R. Laundon [CALFLR] - crustose 

In the Ozar ks, this is an uncommon but widely distributed species of the lower boles of trees, 

particularly Quercus velutina, in open situations, such as along glade margins and on open ridgetops. 

Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. [CALFLV] - crustose 

Very common on shaded rocks, occurring on both carbonate and siliceous substrates. This species 

also colonizes old concrete and stone work in lightly shaded areas. 

Apothecia of C. flavovirescens are o ccasio nally parasitized by Muellerella lichenicola (Somme rf. ex Fr.) D. Hawksw., 

a peritheciate fungus with polysporous asci and septate, brown ascospores. 

[Caloplaca microphyllina (Tuck.) Hasse] [CALMI] - crustose 

Uncommon in woodland areas. Although known from adjacent portions of the Ozarks, this is primarily 

a species of decorticate wood, and occasionally exposed bark, in prairie regions. Weathered, 

exposed decorticate fenceposts made from Juniperus virginiana or Maclura pomifera are typical 

substrates, and it may occur on fence posts in pasture districts of the Lower Ozarks. 

Caloplaca pollinii (A. Massal.) Jatta [CALPO] - crustose 

Frequent on lightly shaded twigs, and occasionally on tree boles. This species occurs on a variety of 

hardwoods, as well as on Juniperus virginiana. 

Caloplaca "squamosa" (de Lesd.) Zahlbr. [CALSQ] - crustose 

This species is local on chert fragments associated with weathered dolomite exposures in glades. It 

usually grows in close association with other lichens, and sometimes appears to be somewhat 

parasitic. Caloplaca squamosa may not be the correct name for this distinctive, subsquamulose lichen 

— it also matches fairly well the description for C. inconnexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. The apothecia are

essentially concolorous with the thallus, with the thalline margins of the apothecia slightly lighter. The 

spores are relatively small, ranging to ca. 12 �m long, with a broad isthmus typically exceeding 4.5 

�m. 

Caloplaca subsoluta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. [CALSU] - crustose 

Common on exposed dolomite on glades and bluffs, and occasionally on lightly shaded carbonate 

substrates and rarely on siliceous rocks. As used here, this is a variable species, ranging from a well 

developed areolate thallus to scattered apothecia and scant areoles. 

__________ 

CANDELARIA A. Massal. (Candelariaceae) 

Small, lemon yellow foliose lichens with a pale, rhizinate lower cortex, and sessile apothecia with 

a well-developed thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Candelaria-type, with 16-32 hyaline, 

ellipsoid, simple (rarely 1-septate) spores; 2 species in the region. 

Thallus sorediate, individual thalli small and irregular; apothecia lacking ................. C. concolor 

Thallus esorediate, individual thalli round and well-delimited; apothecia common ........... C. fibrosa 

Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein [CANCO] - foliose 

Very common on a wi de variety of corticolous substrates, as well as lignum, shaded rocks, and 

anthropogenic substrates such as concrete, rusted iron, asphalt shingles, and even old tires and vinyl. 

This species is especially common in sheltered areas and crevices of tree boles where saturation from 

rainfall is infrequent. The lichen may be more common in wooded uplands than would first appear; 

often there are only minute, scattered, individual thalli of 2 mm or less on a tree bole, and these thalli 

are pervasively distributed through the woodland, although not initially apparent. Forms that are 

almost totally composed of masses of soredia have been referred to as var. effusa (Tuck.) Burnham, 

but there appears to be a full range of intergrading morphologies. [calycin] 

Candelaria fibrosa (Fr.) Müll. Arg. [CANFI] - foliose 

Occasional on exposed upper branches of canopy trees in mature woodlands, and less commonly on 

younger trees in light shade. This species also occurs rarely on lightly shaded rocks. [calycin] 

__________ 

CANDELARIELLA Müll. Arg. (Candelariaceae) 

Granulose to minutely subsquamulose, lemon yellow crustose lichens with small, sessile, concave, 

yellow apothecia with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Candelaria-type, with 8-32 

small, hyaline, ellipsoid, simple (occasionally 1-septate) spores; 3 species in the region. 

1. Thallus sorediate, sometimes consisting of discrete patches of soredia with no apparent thallus; spores 8 per 

ascus ................................................................. C. reflexa 

1. Thallus esorediate, although sometimes consisting of aggregations of minute, corticate, spheroid granules; 

spores 12-32 per ascus. 

2. Thallus saxicolous, subsquamulose ...................................... C. vitellina 

2. Thallus corticolous, of minute, corticate, spheroid granules .................C. xanthostigma 

Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau [CANRE] - crustose 

Infrequent on exposed to lightly shaded corticolous substrates, especially twigs of small trees on 

glades. Sterile sorediate corticolous Candelariella thalli are occasional throughout the region, and 

vastly outnumber fertile material. Sterile material of C. reflexa appears identical to C. efflorescens 

R. C. Harris & Buck, an eastern species with 32 spores per ascus, but since all fertile material known 

from the Interior Highlands has eight spores per ascus, sterile material is defaulted to C. reflexa. 

[calycin]

Candelariella vit ellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. [CANVI] - crustose 

Local on exposed, massive siliceous substrates, including sandstone and chert in glades and on bluffs; 

infrequently found on lightly shaded sandstone. [calycin] 

Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau [CANXA] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded, hardwoods, typically on mid boles of larger trees in wooded 

uplands. This species is never dominant, but occurs as diffuse or solitary patches, typically among 

other lichens on furrowed or irregular, bark. [calycin] 

__________ 

CANOMACULINA Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Broad lobed, light gray foliose lichens with pale to dark, rhizinate lower cortex, usually with fine 

short rhizines intermixed with longer rhizines, apothecia sessile, with a thalline margin, photobiont 

Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 3 species in the region. See 

key to Parmotrema. References: Elix (1997), Hale (1977), Kurokawa (1991). 

1. T hallus sorediate .................................................... C. conferenda 

2. Thallus isidiate. 

2. Medulla K+ red (salazinic acid) ..................................... C. subtinctoria 

2. Medulla K- ..................................................... C. haitiensis 

Canomaculina conferenda (Hale) Elix [CAMCO] - foliose 

Rare on lightly shaded boles of hardwoods in uplands, typically on trees in or bordering glades. 

[atranorin, norlobaridone] 

Canomaculina haitiensis (Hale) Elix [CAMHA] - foliose 

Locally frequent in habitats similar to those of the C. subtinctoria, with which it is considered 

conspecific by some. [atranorin, norlobaridone] 

Canomaculina subtinctoria (Zahlbr.) Elix [CAMSUBT] - foliose 

Frequent on mid and lower boles of hardwood trees in mature woodlands, as well as on Juniperus 

virginiana. Locally, this species is more common than the closely related C. haitiensis. [atranorin, 

norlobaridone, salazinic acid] 

__________ 

CANOPARMELIA Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Gray foliose lichens with moderate to broad lobes, sorediate or isidiate, with a dark, rhizinate lower 

cortex, apothecia usually absent, sessile, brown, with a thal line margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci 

Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 3 species in the region. 

1. Thallus isidiate, the upper cortex smooth, but with fine white reticulate marks; substrate almost always Pinus 

or Juniperus .........................................................C. caroliniana 

1. Thallus sorediate, upper cortex sometimes ridged but lacking reticulate white marks; substrate various. 

2. Upper cortex smooth, not notably ridged; soralia more or less rounded; medulla K- .....C. texana 

2. Upper cortex strongly reticulate ridged, the ridges often sorediate; medulla K+ yellow .......... 

..............................................................C. crozalsiana 

Canoparmelia caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale [CANCA] - foliose 

Infrequent on lower boles of Juniperus virginiana and Pinus echinata in lightly shaded situations, 

including open wooded uplands and on Juniperus along bluffs. Despite the proliferation of Juniperus 

in the area during the last century, this lichen appears to be confined to sites with remnant natural 

integrity, and a cohort of old growth conifers. [atranorin, perlatolic acid]

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (de Lesd. ex Harm.) Elix & Hale [CANCR] - foliose 

Uncommon and sporadic; found as occasional individual thalli, usually on boles of hardwoods in light 

shade, often in sites with a history of previous disturbance. [atranorin, stictic acid] 

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale [CANTE] - foliose 

Occasional to locally common on a variety of trees including both hardwoods and softwoods, in 

wooded uplands. This species occurs in very lightshade, both on the boles of larger trees as well as 

on branches, shrubs, and small saplings. [atranorin, divaricatic acid] 

__________ 

CATILLARIA A. Massal. (Catillariaceae) 

Small crustose lichens with thin to obscure thalli and small, dark, sessile, usually convex apothecia, 

photobiont Dictyochloropsis, asci Catillaria-type, with 8 small, hyaline, narrowly ovoid, 1-septate 

spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Saxicolous on calcareous rocks; apothecia brown ............................. C. lenticularis 

1. Corticolous; apothecia black ........................................... C. ni groclavata 

Catillaria lenticularis (Ach.) Th. Fr. [CATLE] - crustose 

Rare or overlooked; on lightly shaded dolomite. This species has small, chestnut brown, strongly 

convex apothecia on a thin, sordid thallus. 

Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler [CATNI] - crustose 

Uncommon on exposed to lightly shaded twigs, branches, and small tree boles in thickets, occurring 

on hardwoods and Juniperus. 

__________ 

CHAENOTHECA Th. Fr. (Coniocybaceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin or obscure thalli and dark, stipitate, globose to subcylindrical apothecia, 

photobiont Stichococcus or chlorococcoid, asci disintegrating early into a mazaedium with numerous, 

minute, brown or greenish, simple, globose spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Photobiont Stichococcus, the cells elongate,

1. Spores simple. 

2. On bark of Pinus .....................................................C. nana 

2. On bark of hardwo ods or lignum o f ro tting logs .............................C. savonica 

Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell [CHANA] - crustose 

Locally frequent on exposed to more often lightly shaded bark of Pinus echinata, usually growing on 

the lower bole and base, especially on trees with well-developed plates and furrows in the bark. 

Frequently the lower boles of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands have small sterile white patches that 

are presumably this species. 

Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A.F.W. Schmidt [CHAPU] - crustose 

Rare on well drained decorticate Pinus echinata in wooded uplands, usually in areas sheltered from 

much direct water contact. 

Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räsänen) Tibell [CHASA] - crustose 

Apparently rare in the Lower Ozarks; known from a decorticate fallen Pinus log in a wooded upland. 

__________ 

CHROMATOCLAMYS Trev. (Thelenellaceae) 

Pale gray crustose lichens with thal li growing conformably over bryophytes, with brown perithecia, 

photobiont cf. Trebouxia, asci fissitunicate, I-, with 2-4 hyaline to brownish, muriform ascospores; 

1 species in the region. 

Chromatoclamys muscorum (Fr.) Mayrh. & Poelt [CHRMU] - crustose 

Uncommon over (usually pleurocarpous) bryophytes in mesic microhabitats in wooded uplands, 

typically growing on or near shaded dolomite. 

__________ 

CHRYSOTHRIX Mont. (Chrysothrichaceae) 

Bright yellow l eprose lichens with ecorticate, unstr atified thalli, prothallus apparently lacking, 

photobiont chlorococcoid, local material always sterile, but apothecia reported to be tiny, sessile, 

with a thin ecorticate margin, asci with the inner wall extended into an I+ blue tube, with 8 hyaline, 

ellipsoid, 3 septate spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Thallus corticolous, K- .................................................C. candelaris 

1. Thallus saxicolous, K+ reddish ............................................ C. chlorina 

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. Laundon [CHRCA] - crustose 

Occasional on boles of trees in woodlands, usually in mesic sites such as along streams or on talus 

slopes. The thalli occur in zones not subject to water runoff, such as on the underside of leaning trees. 

Acer saccharum seems to be a preferred substrate. [calycin and/or pinastric acid] 

Chrysothrix chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon [CHRCH] - crustose 

Local in sheltered crevices and under overhangs of massive siliceous rock exposures on glades and 

bluffs. This species occurs on both igneous rocks and sandstone. Local population usually have high 

concentrations of calycin and react K+ reddish. [calycin, vulpinic acid] 

__________ 

CLADINA Nyl. (Cladoniaceae) 

Abundantly branched fruticose lichens without squamules or an evident primary thallus, branches 

terete and hollow, apothecia globose and terminal, but usually absent, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with

a thickened I+ blue apical dome, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 3 species in the region. 

This genus is sometimes included within Cladonia. 

1. Podetia white, K+ yellowish (atranorin) .................................... C. rangiferina 

1. Podetia green or greenish gray, K-. 

2. Ultimate branches appearing windswept and strongly oriented in one direction, usually 4 at each terminal 

node ............................................................ C. arbuscula 

2. Ultimate branches no t stron gly oriented in one direction, often 2-3, sometimes 4, at each terminal node 

............................................................... C. subtenuis 

Cladina arbuscula (Wallr.) Hale & W. L. Culb. [CLAAR] - fruticose 

Rare on cherty, well drained ridges and upper slopes in light shade. The podetia of this species 

appear slightly more robust than those of C. subtenuis. [fumarprotocetraric & usnic acids] 

Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl. [CLARA] - fruticose 

Local in acidic, well drained areas with slight shade, such as on massive exposures of siliceous rocks 

or at the edges of glades. This species occurs on both sandstone and igneous sites. The ashy white 

thallus is distinctive. [atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladina subtenuis (Abbayes) Hale & W. L. Culb. [CLASU] - fruticose 

Frequent in well drained acidic soils, typically in light shade. Typical habitats include wooded 

upland slopes in soils derived from chert, sandstone, or igneous parent materials, along roads through 

wooded uplands, and in upland old fields. This species also occurs on rotting decorticate logs in 

wooded uplands. [fumarprotocetraric & usnic acids] 

__________ 

CLADONIA P. Browne (Cladoniaceae) 

Fruticose lichens with well developed, usually persistent, basal squamules having an evident upper 

cortex, apothecia convex to globose, sessile on the squamules to terminal on well-developed attenuate, 

blunt, or cupuliform, branched or simple podetia, the podetia sometimes squamulose, in some species 

the podetia typically remaining sterile, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with thickened I+ blue apical 

dome, with 8 hyaline, simple, fusiform to ellipsoid or ovoid spores; 34 species in the region — 

several other species have been documented just outside the Lower Ozarks and are likely to occur in 

the region. References: Thomson (1967). 

Key to the species groups of Cladonia in the Lower Ozarks 

1. Thallus, even when well-developed, consisting only of squamules; commonly sterile or with sessile or 

subsessile apothecia; podetia absent or always 5 mm long, these pointed, branched, clavate, or 

cupuliform; sterile or fertile. 

2. Podetia forming distinct cups ..............................................Key B 

2. Podetia prevailingly not fo rming cu ps — oc ca sio na lly a few p od etia w ill have small, shallow, poorly 

developed cups. 

3. Podetia abundantly and repeatedly branched, typically >5 cm long; esorediate .......Key C 

3. Podetia simple or forked to sparingly branched, typically

3. Apothecia present, sessile or on tiny podetia. 

4. Apothecia on minute, delicate podetia; thallus K+ deep yellow, P+ yellow (thamnolic acid 

present, fumarprotocetraric acid absent) ............................C. parasitica 

4. Apothe cia sessile; thallus K-, P+ red (thamnolic acid absent, fumarprotocetraric acid present) 

....................................................... C. caespiticia 

3. Apothecia lacking; tiny pointed podetia present ............. C. macilenta var. bacillaris 

2. Apo thecia lacking. 

5. Squamules K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid present). 

6. Atranorin present; rare ....................................C. symphycarpa 

6. Atranorin absent; common ................................ C. polycarpoides 

5. Squamules K- or K+ persistently yellow (norstictic acid absent). 

7. Squamules K+ deep or pale yellow (atranorin or thamnolic acid present). 

8. Squamules sorediate, K+ deep yellow (tham nolic acid present) .......C. ravenelii 

8. Squamules esorediate, K+ pale yellow (thamnolic acid absent). 

9. Squamules P+ yellow (fumarprotocetraric acid absent) .......... C. cariosa 

9. Squamules P+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid present). 

10. Sq ua mule s lo ng a nd strap-sh ap ed , o ften exc ee din g 7 m m lon g; s ph ae roph orin 

ab sent; on e xpo sed to ligh tly sh ad ed so il ................C. apodocarpa 

10. Squamules shorter, usually

2. Cu ps no t proliferating from their ce nters — oc ca sio na lly a few smaller cups along the margins of the 

main cups ......................................................... C. pyxidata 

1. Cups sorediate, the soredia farinose to granular. 

3. Podetia yellow green, with usnic acid; apothecia and pycnidia red ................ C. pleurota 

3. Pod etia gr ee n to gr ay gre en , w ithou t usn ic a cid ; apothecia and pycnidia brown (C. chlorophaea group - 

chromatography needed for accurate identification). 

4. Grayanic acid present; terricolous, saxicolous, or corticolous, cups sometimes very irregular and 

marginally proliferating .............................................. C. grayi 

4. Grayanic acid absent; terricolous; cups not marginally proliferating in local populations. 

Key C: podetia branched 

5. Cryptochlorophaeic acid present .........................C. cryptochlorophaea 

5. Cryptochlorophaeic acid absent .............................. C. chlorophaea 

1. Podetia gray green; usnic acid absent; podetia usually squamulose .................... C. furcata 

1. Podetia yellow green; usnic acid present; podetia never squamulose. 

2. Podetia leathery; cortex wrinkled; apothecia and pycnidia red ................... C. leporina 

2. Podetia brittle; cortex not wrinkled; apothecia and pycnidia brown. 

3. UV+ w hite (sq ua matic a cid ); co rtex s hin y a nd areo late; po de tia un iform ly thin ... C. uncialis 

3. UV- (squamatic acid absent); cortex dull, areoles not well-defined; podetia irregularly C. dimorphoclada thickened 

Key D: podetia simple 

1. Podetia sorediate. 

2. Apothecia and pycnidia red; barbatic and/or didymic acids present. 

3. Thallus instantly K+ deep yellow (thamnolic acid); restricted to wood and bark of Pinus and 

Juniperus ......................................................C. ravenelii 

3. Thallus K- or K+ weakly yellowish (thamnolic acid lacking); substrate various, especially rotting, 

decorticate hardwood logs. 

4. Sq ua mule s sored iate, en tire to lo be d; po de tia wit h w ell d ev elo pe d farino se so redia ...... 

.......................................... C. macilenta var. bacillaris 

4. Sq ua mule s esoredia te, f ine ly d ivid ed ; pod etia fine ly s qu am ulo se, w ith sp arse so redia .... 

....................................................... C. didyma 

2. Apothecia and pycnidia brown; barbatic acid absent. 

5. Squamu les p revailingly >2 .5 mm long. 

6. At least some podetia with corticate bases and rounded soralia; squamules incised ...... 

................................................... C. ochrochlora 

6. Podetia farinose sorediate except near base; squamules lobed to entire ... C. coniocraea 

5. Squamu les p revailingly 2 mm or less long. 

1. Podetia lacking soredia. 

7. Gr ay an ic a cid presen t; po de tia narrowly clavate, with blu nt tips, co ve red w ith co arse isidioid 

granules .................................................. C. cylindrica 

7. Grayanic acid absent; podetia pointed or tipped with apothecia, covered with farinose soredia. 

8. Podetia small and pointed, usually 10 mm long; soredia granular 

isid ioid .............................................. [C. subradiata] 

9. Podetia small and delicate,

9. Podetia stouter and larger, usually >10 mm tall, corticate or ecorticate, but not isidioid squamulose, K-, 

K+ yellowish, or K+ red (thamnolic acid absent). 

10. Apothecia and pycnidia red; didymic acid present ...................... C. cri statella 

10. Apothecia and pycnidia brown; didymic acid absent. 

11. Podetia bearing squamules. 

12. P odetia UV- (squamatic acid absent), P + red (fumarprotocetraric acid present) 

....................................................... C. furcata 

12. Podetia UV+ white (squamatic acid present), P- or P + y ello w ( fumarprotoc etraric ac id 

absent). 

13. P odetia P+ yellow (baeomycic and/or barbatic acid present) ...[C. atlantica] 

13. Podetia P- (squamatic acid only) ....................... C. squamosa 

11. Podetia mostly lacking squamules. 

14. P odetia and squamules K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid present) .......... 

.................................................. C. polycarpoides 

14. Podetia and squamules K- or K+ yellow (norstictic acid absent). 

15. P odetia and squamules with a distinct yellowish green color (usnic acid present) 

.............................................. C. piedmontensis 

15. Podetia and squamules green to gray green (usnic acid absent). 

16. Podetia and squamules P+ ye llow (atran orin p resent, f um arprotoc etraric ac id 

absent) .......................................... C. cariosa 

16. Podetia and squamules P+ red (atranorin ab sent, f um arprotoc etraric ac id 

present). 

17. Pod etia stout, w ith thick walls and a sm all c en tral c av ity; apo thec ia 

present. 

18. Apothecia flesh colored to tan; squamules 2 mm long .. 

.....................................C. sobolescens 

17. Podetia slender, with thin walls and a large central ca vity; often s terile 

........................................... C. simulata 

Cladonia apodocarpa Robbins [CDAPO] - fruticose 

Common on well-drained, acidic, often rocky soil, in both full sun and light shade. The characteristic 

habitat for this species is well-drained, rocky sites on ridges and upper slopes in woodlands. This 

species and C. robbinsii have the largest squamules of the local Cladonia flora. [atranorin, 

fumarprotocetraric acid] 

[Cladonia atlantica A. Evans] [CDATL] - fruticose 

This is a species of massive, shaded, well drained, usually vertical or steeply sloping siliceous rock 

outcrops in mesic areas. It occurs just north and east of the region, and is likely to be found within the 

Lower Ozarks. It is morphologically similar to some local populations of C. squamosa, which has 

a similar ecology. [baeomycic & squamatic acids, ± barbatic acid] 

Cladonia cae spiticia (Pers.) Flörke [CDCAE] - fruticose 

Uncommon or overlooked, growing on shaded rocky soil, rocks, and rotting logs in woodlands, often 

in somewhat mesic sites. The apothecia are sessile or subsessile on the squamules. 

[fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. [CDCAR] - fruticose

Uncommon, on exposed, well-drained acidic soil. The squamules are large, and typically form loose 

patches. This is the only species of Cladonia that contains atranorin as the sole lichen substance, 

although most populations east of the Ozarks also contain fumaroprotocetraric acid. [atranorin] 

Cladonia cervicornis (Ach.) Flot. ssp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti [CDVER] - fruticose 

Very rare in well-drained, rocky, acidic sites. Most records from the Ozarks, including all from the 

region, are based on historical specimens. The pagoda-like towers of centrally proliferating cups are 

unmistakable. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. [CDCHL] - fruticose 

Occasional in lightly shaded, well-drained, often mossy sites, growing over soil and rocks. This is 

the least common of the four members of the Cladonia chlorophaea group in the local lichen flora. 


Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. [CDCON] - fruticose 

Apparently rare, usually occurring with habitats and substrates similar to those of C. ochrochlora, 

which see. These two species form a confusi ng complex of morphologies. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia cristate lla Tuck. [CDCRI] - fruticose 

Abundant in well-drained, acidic substrates, in both exposed and lightly shaded sites. Typical 

substr ates include well-drained decorticate logs, stumps, rocky soil, and boulders. This species is 

common in rocky soil on sterile ridges in wooded uplands, and also frequents sterile, well-drained 

soil in open abandoned fields. The red apothecia and esorediate podetia are diagnostic. Most 

material in the region contains usnic acid and has characteristic yellow green podetia, but there are 

occasional forms lacking usnic acid. These populations have ashy gray podetia, and sometimes occur 

mixed with typical populations. Forms with pale or orange apothecia also occur from time to time. 

[barbatic & didymic acids, ± usnic acid] 

Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina [CDCRY] - fruticose 

Occasional in rocky, well drained soil, usually in light shade. This species usually has well-defined, 

regular cups, with little variation or marginal proliferation. Although difficult to describe, it has a 

distinctive gestalt once one becomes familiar with it. It is mor e common than most of the cup-forming 

Cladonia in the region, but far less common, variable, or ecologically plastic than C. grayi. 

[cryptochlorophaeic acid, ± atranorin, ± fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia cylindrica (A. Evans) A. Evans [CDCYL] - fruticose 

Occasional to frequent, usually growi ng on shaded, decorticate, rotting logs in dry to mesic 

woodlands, but occasionally found on mesic mossy rocks. The small, bluntish podetia with isidioid 

granules at least on the lower portions are good field identification characters. [fumarprotocetraric 

& grayanic acids] 

Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. [CDDID] - fruticose 

Uncommon on well drained, rotting, decorticate logs in wooded uplands. This species is usually 

slightly larger than the more common C. macilenta var. bacillaris. [barbatic & didymic acids] 

Cladonia dimorphoclada Robbins [CDDIM] - fruticose 

Locally abundant in exposed, well-drained areas with massive exposures of siliceous rock, where 

competition from vascular vegetation is minimal. This is a characteristi c lichen of both sandstone and 

igneous glades, forming extensive mats over large areas. In this habitat it often occurs with two 

similar taxa, C. leporina and C. uncialis, as well as vascular taxa such as Bulbostylis capillaris, 

Diodia teres, Hypericum gentianoides, Lechea tenuifolia, and Vulpia octoflora. When dry, it is 

easily damaged by trampling. Local populations may represent a distinct taxon, and are characterized 

by an unevenly thickened, irregular thallus. The cortex of the podetia is notably uneven, dull, and 

wi thout conspicuous areoles. Cladonia uncialis has more regular, thinner podetia, with a shiny 

areolate-patterned cortex. Cladonia leporina differs in its leathery podetia with a wrinkled cortex, 

as opposed to the brittle, unwrinkled cortex of both C. dimorphoclada and C. uncialis. [usnic acid]

Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. [CDFUR] - fruticose 

Occasional in lightly shaded, well-drained soil on wooded slopes, often associated with Cladina 

subtenuis. This species is more shade tolerant than Cladina subtenuis, and sometimes forms 

extensive populations of scattered patches in wooded uplands, particularly where vascular 

competition at the ground level is sparse, such as around old turkey scratching areas. 


Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst. [CDGRY] - fruticose 

Very common, with a variety of habitats and substrates. This is the most common, morphologically 

variable, and ecologically plastic of our cup-forming Cladonia species. It is nearly ubiquitous in 

lightly shaded rocky woodlands, occurring in open well-drained soil, on moss mats, and on siliceous 

boulders and rock fragments. This species also occurs on rotting logs, shaded lower faces of massive 

bluffs and outcrops, and even on tree boles. The cups range in size from a few mm to more than 3 cm, 

wi th a bewildering array of shapes and degrees of marginal proliferation. Lower Ozark material is 

about evenly divided betw een populati ons with and without fumarprotocetraric acid. [grayanic acid, 

± fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia leporina Fr. [CDLEP] - fruticose 

Uncommon and restr icted to high quality igneous glades, where it occurs over massive rock exposures, 

usually among mats of C. dimorphoclada. This southeastern species is at the extreme northern limit 

of its interior range in the Lower Ozarks. [baeomycic, squamatic, & usnic acids, ± bellidiflorin, ± 

didymic acid] 

Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. var. bacillaris (Genth) Schaer. [CDBAC] - fruticose 

Common on rotting decorticate logs and stumps in light to moderate shade in woodlands. This lichen 

is also a characteristic species on the bases of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands, and also occurs 

less commonly on shaded bases of large hardwood trees. This species is typically sterile, and care 

must be taken to note the sometimes obscure red pycnidia, which can become somewhat brownish with 

age. [barbatic acid, ± didymic & usnic acids] 

Cladonia mateocyatha Robbins [CDMAT] - fruticose 

Uncommon and local, on massive siliceous rock expanses in glades, occurring on both sandstone and 

igneous substrates, and sometimes growing in thin soil over bedrock expanses. This species has large, 

rounded, brownish squamules with a dingy, brownish white undersurface. Our populations invariably 

consist of sterile squamules. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke [CDOCH] - fruticose 

Frequent on rotting logs, stumps, and mossy boulders in mesic sites, particularly in wooded ravines 

and woodlands along streams. This species is closely related to C. coniocraea, al though a s 

interpreted here, C. ochrochlora is the more common element in the region. Cladonia ochrochlora 

has the podeti a basally corticate w ith a few rounded soralia, and usually has larger squamules than 

C. coniocraea. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. [CDPAR] - fruticose 

Locally frequent on rotting decorticate logs in woodlands, including well-rotted logs near the point 

of disintegration. This species occurs in habitats ranging from mesic to dry, and can be recognized 

by the tiny, delicate, dark green podetia, and abundant small, dark brown apothecia. 

[decarboxythamnolic & thamnol ic acids, ± barbatic acid, ± bellidiflorin] 

Cladonia petrophila R. C. Harris [CDPET] - fruticose 

Restricted to shaded outcrops and boulders of siliceous rocks, usually in mesic areas such as ravines 

and along the bases of bluffs. This species usually grows as extensive, flattened patches of somewhat 

widely spaced squamules, and displays a predilection for vertical or steeply sloping rock surfaces. 

[atranorin, sphaerophorin, fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia pez iziformis (With.) J. R. Laundon [CDPEZ] - fruticose

Very common on well-drained soil, lignum, rocks, and tree bases in a variety of exposed to shaded 

habitats. This is one of the first pioneer lichens to invade abandoned fields and road cuts. It is also 

one of the few species of Cladonia to inhabit dolomite as well as siliceous rocks. The tiny, pale 

greenish gray squamules in small dense patches, and the tan apothecia terminating the twisted podetia 

are diagnostic. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia piedmontensis G. Merr. [CDPIE] - fruticose 

Occasional but seldom abundant; in sterile, acidic soils in exposed to lightly shaded sites, often 

occurring in areas with sparse but prominent vascular vegetation. [usnic acid] 

Cladonia pleurota (Flörke) Schaer. [CDPLE] - fruticose 

Frequent in well-drained acidic soils, often growing in more exposed, acidic sites than other cup 

for ming species of Cladonia. This species occurs in siliceous glades and on rocky acidic bluff 

summits and ridges. It is also found rarely on dry decorticate logs and stumps along glade edges. 

[usnic acid, zeorin, ± bellediflorin] 

Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl. [CDPOLS] - fruticose 

Common in sterile, well-drained, acidic soil in exposed areas. This lichen is particularly common 

in soil derived from cherty parent materials, growing in old fields and along road cuts. It also occurs 

in openings in wooded uplands. [norstictic acid] 

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. [CDPYX] - fruticose 

Occasional in rocky open woodlands, growing on rocky soil and often associated with mosses. This 

species has small, areolate granules on the cups, and care must be taken to distinguish these from the 

soredia that characterize the other cup-forming species of Cladonia in the region. [fumarprotocetraric 

acid] 

Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R. Laundon [CDRAM] - fruticose 

Occasional, mostly on shaded decorticate logs in woodlands. This name, as it seems to be applied 

in the Midwest, is a general repository for farinose sorediate, small Cladonia containing only 

fumarprotocetraric acid and having pointed podetia. There may be more than one taxon included 

conceptually under this name, as local material ranges from well-defined, sorediate-margined 

squamules wi th podetia to general masses of squamulose soredia lacking podetia. [fumarprotocetraric 

acid] 

Cladonia ravenelii Tuck. [CDRAV] - fruticose 

Locally frequent in exposed to lightly shaded upland sites, where it grows on well-drained bark or 

wood of Juniperus virginiana and Pinus echinata. This species occurs on living bark, dead wood, 

stumps, and charred logs of the host trees. [didymic & thamnolic acids] 

Cladonia robbinsii A. Evans [CDROB] - fruticose 

Common on sterile, exposed to slightly shaded, rocky soil in uplands, and on massive exposures of 

siliceous rocks. In acidic rocky soils, particularly in light shade, it often associates with Cladina 

subtenuis and Cladonia apodocarpa. In siliceous glades, Cladonia dimorphoclada is a common 

associate. [barbatic & usnic acids] 

Cladonia simulata Robbins [CDSIM] - fruticose 

Rare; known only from a Richard Harris collection from Iron County and a Gerould Wilhelm 

collection from Howell County. Thomson (1967) states that this species has a yellowish green color 

and resembles C. piedmontensis. The Iron County record, and other material from Florida archived 

at NY, lacks the yellowish green tint and has pointed podetia. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia sobolescens Nyl. ex Vain. [CDSOB] - fruticose 

Occasional in exposed to lightly shaded, acidic, well-drained soil. This species resembles C. 

polycarpoides in its ecology and morphology, but is less common in the region. [fumarprotocetraric 

acid]

Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. [CDSQU] -fruticose 

Local in mesic shaded areas, on massive, well drained, usually vertical or steeply sloping siliceous 

rock outcrops in ravines and on ledges, outcrops, and lower bluff faces. This species sometimes 

occurs in drier, more exposed sites along the margins of sandstone or igneous glades, or in semisheltered 

areas on rock faces in glades. See discussion under C. atlantica. [squamatic acid] 

Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot [CDSTR] - fruticose 

Local in exposed glades and on bluff summits and exposed ledges, growing over massive exposures 

of siliceous rock. Infrequently, this species occurs in open xeric wooded uplands, growing in rocky 

soil on upper slopes and ridges, where associates include such species as C. apodocarpa and C. 

robbinsii. [baeomycic acid, str epsilin] 

Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst. [CDSUB] - fruticose 

In the region are populations of an unusual Cladonia with partly ecorticate podetia mostly covered 

with fine, partly corticate, isidioid granules, the podetia with well-developed pale to dark brown 

apothecia, and basal squamules copiously incised. Sam Hammer (personal communication) has 

tentatively determined this element as a somewhat anomalous form of C. subradiata, a species with 

affinities to the Gulf Coastal Plain. Our specimens resemble southeastern material in overall aspect, 

except that local material does not form cups, and the podetia are not squamulose. Ozark specimens 

are all from rotting, decorticate logs. [fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Cladonia symphycarpa (Flörke) Fr. [CDSYM] - fruticose 

Known from the region only on the basis of a literature report from Reynolds County, although this 

species occurs rarely elsewhere in the Ozarks. The large squamules, with a pale gray green upper 

surface and chalky white lower surface, look like those of C. apodocarpa. [atranorin, norstictic acid] 

Cladonia uncialis (L.) F. H. Wigg. [CDUNC] - fruticose 

Occasional in open, well-drained sites associated with massive exposures of siliceous rock, occurring 

on both glades and upper portions of massive bluffs. This species is related to and frequently 

associated with C. dimorphoclada; see also comments under that species. [squamatic & usnic acids] 

__________ 

CLAUZADEA Haffelner & Bellem. (Porpidiaceae) 

Saxicolous crusts with obscure, thin or endolithic thalli, photobiont Trebouxia, apothecia black to 

dark purplish brown, plane to convex, sessile to more commonly immersed in pits in the substrate, 

asci Porpidia type, with 8 simple, hyaline, broadly oval spores; 1 species in the region. 

Clauz adea metz leri (Körb.) Clauz. & Roux ex D. Hawksw. [CLAME] - crustose 

Uncommon on exposed dolomite in glades, growing on both small fragments and massive bedrock 

exposures. 

__________ 

COCCOCARPIA Pers. (Coccocarpiaceae) 

Small, dark lead gray, isidiate foliose lichens with relatively short, broad lobes, lower surface mostly 

dark, with dense, rhizine-like tomentum, apothecia sessile, photobiont Scytonema (in our species), 

asci with an I+ blue apical cap, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Reference: Arvidisson (1982). 

Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D. J. Galloway [COCPA] - foliose 

Occasional on lightly shaded, often mossy, rocks, and less commonly on shaded bases of larger trees 

in mature woodlands. 

__________ 

COLLEMA F. H. Wigg. (Collemataceae)

Gelatinous lichens with dull, brown to black, undifferentiated thallus, apothecia sessile to immersed, 

usually with a thalline margin which sometimes becomes obscure to absent at maturity, photobiont 

Nostoc, asci with I+ blue apical dome and apical cap, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid to acicular, 1-septate 

to muriform spores; 9 species in the region. The taxonomy of local taxa of Collema is confusi ng, and 

the following treatment is only provisional. Reference: Degelius (1974). 



3. Thallus mostly smooth, without well-developed ridges and pustules on the upper surface of the 

lobes ......................................................C. subflaccidum 

3. Thallus with well-developed ridges and/or pustules on the surface of the lobes. 

4. Upper surface of lobes with abundant pustules, the ridges sh arply de fined ; apo thec ia 

abundant; isidia globose .......................................C. nigrescens 

4. Upper surface of lobes mostly with rounded ridges and shallow, rounded pu stule s; ap othe cia 

extremely rare and, when present, sparse; isidia becoming cylindrical ................. 

................................................... C. furfuraceum 

2. Thallus not isidiate, although sometimes pustular. 

5. Lobes prevailingly >1.5 mm broad, not thickened at tips; spores 5+ septate, >40 �m long .... 

........................................................C. nigrescens 

5. Lobes 11 �m broad ..... 

............................................ [C. bachmanianum] 

11. Thalline margin of apothecia essentially smooth; spores to 10 �m broad .. C. tenax 

[Collema bachmanianum (Fink) Degel.] [COLBA] - gelatinous 

This is a rare lichen of shaded dolomite and limestone, with a recent record from just north of the 

Lower Ozarks. This species is very similar to C. tenax, except for notably crenulate thal line margins 

of the apothecia. 

Colle ma coccophorum Tuck. [COLCOC] - gelati nous 

Uncommon on shaded soil over dolomite, shaded mossy dolomite, and soil pockets on lower bluff 

faces and ledges. 

Collema conglomeratum Hoffm. [COLCONN] - gelatinous

Occasional on lightly shaded boles of trees, particularly along glade margins and bluff summits, as 

well as rarely on lightly shaded dolomite. This species grows most commonly on Fraxinus 

americana, Juglans nigra, Quercus muehlenbergii, and Q. stellata. The small thalli with abundant, 

closely spaced apothe cia are disti nctive, and resemble miniature pin cushions. Corticolous 

populations frequently grow with other gelatinous lichens, especially Leptogium milligranum. The 

vast majority of Ozark material has 1-septate ascospores and is referable to the typical variety. Forms 

with 3-septate ascospores have been reported from the Ozarks (i.e. Hale 1957) as C. conglomeratum 

var. crassiusculum (Malme) Degel. 

Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. [COLFL] - gelatinous 

Extremely rare on shaded sandstone in wooded uplands. 

Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz [COLFU] - gelatinous 

Uncommon on shaded lower boles and bases of trees in wooded uplands, and in mesic woods where 

there is sufficient l ight intensity. As used here, this concept also includes material frequentl y found 

on moist shaded boulders in ravines which were previously referred to C. flaccidum. According to 

Purvis et al. (1992), C. flaccidum has isidia which become lobulate or squamulose. Local material 

has small, fine, globose to cylindrical isidia with no tendency to become flattened or lobulate; these 

isidia are identical to isidia of local corticolous populations of C. furfuraceum. 

Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. [COLNI] - gelatinous 

Infrequent on lightly shaded tree boles, typically Quercus alba or Q. stellata. Although this lichen 

is described as occurring both with and without isidia, local material usually lacks isidia, and isidiate 

material is very rare. The abundant, small, substi pitate apothecia, broad lobes, blackish color, and 

pustular surface are diagnostic. 

Collema pustulatum Ach. [COLPU] - gelatinous 

Infrequent on shaded dolomite boulders, outcrops, and bluff faces, usually in higher light intensities 

than are favored by other species of Collema. This species is characterized by its suberect brown to 

olive brown thallus that is tough and brittle when dry. Rarely it occurs on lightly shaded sandstone. 

Collema subflaccidum Degel. [COLSU] - gelatinous 

Common on shaded mid to lower boles and bases of trees in wooded uplands, in habitats similar to 

those of C. furfuraceum, with which it is sometimes associated. 

Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach. [COLTEN] - gelatinous 

Occasional on shaded, moist, often mossy dolomite, often on ledges and boulders along streams or on 

lower faces of bluffs and ledges. This species grows in thin soil pockets, or over mosses on the rocks. 

Collema texanum Tuck. [COLTEX] - gelatinous 

Infrequent on exposed to lightly shaded dolomite exposures, usually in dryish sites such as along glade 

margins and outcrops on upper slopes in woodlands. This species grows directly on rock exposures, 

usually in areas with little or no moss. Previous reports of C. polycarpon Hoffm. should be referred 

here; all Missouri and Arkansas material I have seen has consistently 1-septate spores, whereas C. 

polycarpon typically has 3-septate spores. __________ 

CONOTREMA Tuck. (Stictidaceae) 

Whitish corticolous crustose lichens with a continuous to rimose thallus, apothecia strongly concave, 

± immersed in thalline tissue and appearing perithecioid, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with a thickened 

apex, with 8 extremely long, acicular 25+ septate spores with ± spherical cells; 1 species in the 

region. 

Conotrema urceolatum (Ach.) Tuck. [CONUR] - crustose

Infrequent in lightly shaded dry mesic to mesic woodlands, growing on boles of a variety of hardwood 

trees, particularly Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, and Quercus coccinea. A nonlichenized fungus that 

looks much like this species, Robergea pupula (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, occurs on boles and branches of 

trees in the area, often in more exposed situations. The ascocarp of Conotrema opens by a gaping, 

central pore, while the ascocarp of Robergea pupula is offset to the side, with a closed slit set in a 

whi te pruinose disk. 

__________ 

CYSTOCOLEUS Thwaites (Agonomycetes: family unknown) 

Minute, sterile, branched, black filamentous lichens consisting of undulate hyphae closely enveloping 

Trentepohlia filaments; 1 species in the region. 

Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites [CYSEB] - fruticose 

Rare and local; in light to moderate shade on sheltered faces of massive siliceous rock formations, 

growi ng in sheltered nooks or under overhangs, in mesic microclimates in areas protected from direct 

rainfall and runoff. 

__________ 

DENDRISCOCAULON Nyl. (Lobariaceae) 

Tiny, sterile, grayish, compact, densely branched subfruticose lichens, with narrow channeled to 

flattened branches, photobiont Scytonema or Nostoc; 1 species in the region. 

Dendriscocaulon intricatulum (Nyl.) Henssen [DENIN] - fruticose 

Uncommon on the bases of shaded trees in stable woodlands, growing in a narrow zone near the 

bark/soil interface on mature trees. Because of its size, habitat, and structure, this species is easily 

overlooked. One eminent lichenologist has termed this species a "free-living cephalodium"! 

__________ 

DERMATOCARPON Eschw. (Verrucariaceae) 

Brown to grayish, umbilicate to subfoliose saxicolous lichens with a smooth to papillate or rugose 

lower cortex and one or more holdfasts, rhizines present or absent, ascomata immersed perithecia, 

photobiont Trebouxia plus Protococcus and/or Hyalococcus, asci Verrucaria-type, with 8 simple, 

hyaline, ellipsoid to subglobose spores; at least 2 species in the region, but taxonomy and 

nomenclature poorly understood, and local material presents a bewildering complex of morphologies 

and ecologies. 

1. Thallus with abundant dark rhizines ...................................... [D. moulinsii] 

1. Thallus lacking rhizines. 

2. Thallus umbilicate, with a central holdfast; on moist carbonate rock ............. D. mini atum 

2. Thallus subfoliose, with many rounded lobes and multiple holdfasts; usually on siliceous rocks .... 

......................................................... D. intestiniforme 

Dermatocarpon inte stiniforme (Körb.) Hasse [DERIN] - foliose 

Common on exposed to shaded siliceous rocks, particularly in areas of seasonal or temporary runoff 

or seepage, where it can form large mats of convoluted thalli. Local material, although restricted to 

siliceous rocks, has a dark to more commonly pale lower surface, with few holdfasts, and may 

actually be referable to D. miniatum var. complicatum (Lightf.) Hellb. 

Dermatocarpon miniatum (L.) W. Mann [DERMI] - foliose 

Frequent on moist, shaded, typically vertical or steeply sloping carbonate rock exposures; often 

growi ng on lower faces of bluffs and outcrops in ravines. This species is tolerant of low light

intensities, and sometimes grows on mossy, shaded streamside dolomite outcrops in steep-sided 

ravines, with Lepraria lobificans as the sole lichen associate. 

[Dermatocarpon moulinsii (Mont.) Zahlbr.] [DERMO] - foliose 

A rare lichen throughout the Ozarks, known only from a few massive dolomite bluffs with old-growth 

conditions and habitat integrity. In these sites it grows on ledges and faces near the bluff summit. 

Since suitable type and quality exists along the major rivers in the region, particularly the Eleven 

Point, Jacks Fork, and Current rivers, this species may occur in the Lower Ozarks. 

__________ 

DIMELAENA Norman (Physciaceae) 

Yellow-green saxicolous crustose lichens with rimose to lobate thalli and ± immersed apothecia, 

thal line margin absent, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid 


Dimelae na oreina (Ach.) Norman [DIMOR] - crustose 

Frequent on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks, especially on large rock exposures in glades. 

Typical associates include Acarospora fuscata, Candelariella vitellina, Lecanora oreinoides, and 

Xanthoparmelia spp. [gyrophoric & usnic acids] 

__________ 

DIMERELLA Trevis. (Gyalectaceae) 

Inconspicuous crustose lichens with thin or obscure, ecorticate thal li and sessile, pale to orange 

apothecia, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci simple, with no apical structures or thickenings, with 8 

small, ellipsoid, hyaline, 1-septate spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Apothecia to 0.4 mm broad, pale to dull yellowish; mostly lignicolous, or on bryophytes, humus, or tree bases 

.................................................................. D. pi neti 

1. Apothecia usually > 0.5 mm broad, orange; mostly corticolous ........................D. lutea 

Dimerella pineti (Ach.) V�zda [DIMPI] - crustose 

Uncommon in shaded sites in dry to mesic woodlands, but small and perhaps overlooked. Known 

from rotting stumps, and from bryophytes over stable humus. 

Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevis. [DIMLU] - crustose 

Apparently rare; on shaded boles of Quercus velutina. Elsewhere in the Ozarks, this species grows 

on bryophytes and humus. Some local material has spores notably longer than are typical for the 

species, ranging to 14 �m long. 

__________ 

DIPLOSCHISTES Norman (Thelotremataceae) 

Crustose lichens with pale gray, continuous to rimose thalli, immersed, urceolate apothecia, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci with internal thickening, internally I+ orange, with 4-8, greenish to brown, 

muriform spores; 3 species in the region. 

1. Exciple radially striate, the striations usually white to pale; thallus generally rimose or of contiguous areoles 

..................................................................D. actinostomus 

1. Exciple not radially striate, sometimes marginally roughened and whitened; thallus mostly continuous. 

2. Thallus saxicolous, with subtle yellowish gray tinge; spores 4-8 per ascus ......... D. scruposus 

2. Thallus lichenicolous, muscicolous or lignicolous, pale mineral gray; spores 4 per ascus ......... 

............................................................D. muscorum

Diploschistes actinostomus (Ach.) Zahlbr. [DIPAC] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks, especially sandstone on upper slopes. 

[lecanoric acid] 

Diploschiste s muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. [DIPMU] - crustose 

Locally frequent, usually growing over Cladonia squamules and mosses in extensive bedrock 

exposures in sandstone or igneous glades; rarely on exposed lignum. Cladonia strepsilis is a common 

substrate. [lecanoric acid]

Diploschistes scruposus (Schreb.) Norman [DIPSC] - crustose 

Infrequent, on exposed, usually massive siliceous rocks, especially large sandstone boulders in 

openings on upland slopes, and on sandstone in glades. [lecanoric acid] 

__________ 

DIRINA Fr. (Rocellaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin, sorediate thalli, apothecia sessile (absent in our form), 

photobiont Trentepohlia, asci w ith thickened apex and I+ blue internal ring, with 8 hyaline, fusiform, 

3-septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Dirina ? massiliensis Durieu & Mont. f. sorediata (Müll. Arg.) Taylor [DIRMA] - crustose 

Known only from a single collection from Oregon County, growing on sandstone. This species has 

a thin, grayish or greenish crust, wi th small, pale, punctiform, soralia. The thallus reacts C+ red. 

Richard Harris (pers. comm.) has indicated that local material has a much thinner thallus than that of 

European material. [erythrin] 

__________ 

DIRINARIA (Tuck.) Clem. (Physciaceae) 

Small, narrow-lobed foliose lichens with a pale gray, K+ yellow upper cortex and a dark lower 

surface, rhizines lacking, apothecia lacking in our species; photobiont Trebouxia; 1 species in the 

region. Reference: Awasthi (1975). 

Dirinaria frostii (Tuck.) Hale & W. L. Culb. [DIRFR] - foliose 

Restricted to exposed or lightly shaded, massive siliceous rock formations, in areas sheltered from 

direct rainfall and runoff, such as under overhanging ledges . The thalli of this species are tightly 

adnate, with nearly confluent lobes. [atranorin, divaricatic acid] 

__________ 

ENDOCARPON Hedw. (Verrucariaceae) 

Small brown areolate to squamulose lichens with immersed perithecia, photobiont Stichococcus, the 

photobiont present in the hymenium, asci thick-walled, Verrucaria type, with 2 hyaline to brownish, 

muriform spores; 1 species in the region. 

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. [ENDPU] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded, often mossy dolomite in woodlands, and less commonly on shaded tree bases. 

This species also occurs on carbonate substrates in more exposed sites, including dolomite in glades, 

and even on old concrete and limestone paving blocks. Caloplaca feracissima is a frequent associate 

in disturbed areas. 

__________ 

FELLHANERA V�zda (Pilocarpaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin, dark greenish gray thalli, apothecia black, thalline margin 

absent, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci with I+ blue apical ring structure, with 8 hyaline, shortfusi 

form, 4-celled spores; 1 species in the region. 

Fellhanera silicis R. C. Harris & Ladd ined. [FELSI] - crustose 

Frequent on lightly shaded silicious rocks in w ooded uplands, usually growing on small cobbles and 

fragments. In the field, this species appears identical to Micarea erratica, which has simple 

ascospores. Bacidia granosa is also similar, but is usually restricted to carbonate rocks. 

__________ 

FLAVOPARMELIA Hale (Parmeliaceae)

Broad lobed, yellow-green foliose lichens with a dark, rhizinate lower cortex, apothecia rare in 

diasporous taxa, sessile, with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 

simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Thallus sorediate or isidiate, widespread on rocks and trees; apothecia extremely rare. 

2. Thallus with farinose soredia in diffuse patches, particularly at the lobe tips; mostly corticolous .... 

................................................................ F. caperata 

2. Thallus with coarse pustular isidia, these sometimes appearing apically sorediate, but the soredia then 

confined to discrete pustules with corticate bases; saxicolous or rarely on shaded tree bases ........ 

......................................................... F. baltimorensis 

1. Thallus without diaspores, confined to old growth Juniperus in natural areas; apothecia frequent; ..... 

............................................................... [F. ruti dota] 

Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Gyeln. & Foriss.) Hale [FLABA] - foliose 

Abundant on lightly to moderatel y shaded siliceous rocks in woodlands, growing on sandstone, chert, 

rhyolite, and granite. In lightly shaded sites, this species occurs with lichens such as Myelochroa 

obsessa and Pertusaria plittiana, while in deeper shade associates include Myelochroa aurulenta 

and Phaeophyscia adiastola. Flavoparmelia baltimorensis also occurs on shaded tree bases, usually 

in areas where saxicolous populations of the lichen are abundant. [atranorin, protocetraric & usnic 

acids, ± gyrophoric acid] 

Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale [FLACA] - foliose 

Abundant on shaded trees in uplands, occurring from lower boles to older canopy branches. This 

species also occurs on well drained decorticate logs and rarely on shaded siliceous rocks. Smaller 

thalli of this species are often esorediate. [atranorin, protocetraric & usnic acids] 

[Flavoparmelia rutidota Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale] [FLARU] - foliose 

A rare lichen of southwestern affinities — known from a few sites bordering Lower Ozarks, where 

it is restricted to populations of old growth Juniperus virginiana in natural areas, usually associated 

with massive bluff exposures, where it occurs on older, sometimes decorticate branches in areas of 

high light intensity. [atranorin, protocetraric & usnic acids] 

__________ 

FUSCIDEA V. Wirth & V�zda (Fuscideaceae) 

Crustose lichens, apothecia sessile to partially immersed, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci with internal 

and external I+ blue caps, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid to elongate-reniform, simple to 1-septate spores; 


1. Thallus saxicolous; apothecia black (frequently sterile) ............................F. recensa 

1. Thallus corticolous; apothecia brown ...........................................F. sp #1 

Fuscidea recensa (Stirt.) Hertel, V. Wirth & V�zda [FUSRE] - crustose 

Apparently rare on massive siliceous rock outcrops; known only from Shannon County. [divaricatic 

acid] 

Fuscidea sp. #1 [FUSSP1] - crustose 

Known only from a Richard Harris collection from Shannon County, on hardwood twigs. [unknown 

substance wi th R f value above norstictic acid] 

__________ 

FUSCOPANNARIA M. Jørg. (Pannariaceae) 

Small dark brown to grayish brown lichens composed of imbricate, sublobate squamules with a black 

tomentum on the lower surface, apothecia sessile, with a thalline margin which usually disappears

towards maturity, photobiont Nostoc, asci with I+ blue ring-like apical structures, with 8 simple, 

hyaline, spores with long-attenuate, curved, pointed ends; 1 species in the region. Reference: 

Jørgensen (2001). 

Fuscopannaria leucosticta (Tuck.) M. Jørg. [FUSLES] - foliose 

Local on mossy, massive, lightly shaded igneous rocks and dolomite in mesic areas, usually along 

small streams. A related rare species, F. leucophaea (Vahl) M. Jørg., has been reported from the 

northern Ozarks just north of the region; it has epruinose lobe margins and black apothecial disks, as 

opposed to the marginally white pruinose squamules and brown apothecial disks of F. leucosticta. 

Additionally, F. leucosticta has a strongly imbricate thallus, and ascospores with strongly apiculate 

perispores, whereas F. leucophaea has a plane thallus and lacks apiculate perispores. 

__________ 

GOMPHILLUS Essl. (Gomphillaceae) 

Crustose lichens with continuous, thin, pale, shiny thal li closely conforming to the substrate, with dark, 

globose, minutely stipitate apothecia, hyphophores usually present, these stipitate and becoming 

radially stellate at the summit, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci with an I- apical dome, with 8 large, 

hyaline, linear, multi-septate spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Buck (1998). 

Gomphillus americanus Essl. [GOMAM] - crustose 

Local, typically growing over the moss Leucodon julaceus on lightly shaded boles and large, 

horizontal branches of Juniperus virginiana, as well as on shaded Leucodon over carbonate bedrock; 

less common on other bryophytes in these habitats. Typical habitats include overgrown glades, glade 

margins, talus slopes and bluff summits. 

__________ 

GRAPHIS Adans. (Graphidaceae) 

Thin, pale gray to whitish corticolous crustose lichens with lirelliform, partially immersed apothecia, 

hymenium I-, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci I-, splitting apically, with 8 hyaline to pale brownish, 

elongate, 5+ septate spores with lenticular lumina; 1 species in the region. 

Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. [GRASC] - crustose 

Abundant on shaded, smooth, hard bark on lower and mid boles of hardwoods in woodlands, growing 

in both mesic and dry habitats. This species is particularly common on Acer, Amelanchier, Carya, 

Quercus coccinea, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina. The apothecial disks are usually white pruinose and 

visible as pruinose slits. 

__________ 

GYALECTA Ach. (Gyalectaceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin, continuous to minutely granular thalli, apothecia ± immersed, pale to 

orange or brown, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci lacking apical structures, I+ blue, with 8 hyaline, 

ellipsoid, submuriform to muriform spores; at least 2 species in the region, but taxonomy of local 

populations poorly understood, and probably includes additional, perhaps undescribed, taxa. 

1. Apothecia pale; paraphyses lacking carotenoids ................................ G. jenensis 

1. Apothecia orange; paraphyses with gold to orange carotenoid droplets .................. G. sp #1 

Gyalecta jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr. [GYAJE] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded, mesic dolomite, often associated with seeping outcrops in wooded ravines and 

lower faces of massive bluffs. 

Gyalecta sp. #1 [GYASP1] - crustose

Uncommon, in habitats similar to those of G. jenensis, and perhaps more common in the region than 

G. jenensis. 

__________ 

GYALIDEOPSIS V�zda (Gomphillaceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin, lustrous, continuous gray thalli and brown or black hyphophores, apothecia 

unknown in local material, sessile, irregularly rounded, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with thickened 

apices, I+ wi ne red, with (2-)8 hyaline, muriform spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. T ha llus co rtico lou s; hy ph op ho res lo ng a nd ac icu lar, > 1 m m tall .......................G. sp. #1 

1. T ha llus on mo ss or hu mus ; hyp ho ph ores sh ort and blu nt, < 1 m m tall ...................G. sp. #2 

Gyalideopsis sp. #1 [GYASP1] - crustose 

Uncommon on upper canopy twigs of Quercus in extensive, mature woodlands. 

Gyalideopsis sp. #2 [GYASP2] - crustose 

Rare, but probably overlooked, on mossy humus in open rocky woodlands along the Black River in 

Reynolds County and the Current River in Carter County. The hyphophores are pale brown, shallowly 

lacerate, and folded over. 

__________ 

HALECANIA M. Mayrh. (Catillariaceae) 

Small saxicolous crustose lichens, apothecia sessile, with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia (?), 

asci Catillaria-type, with 8 small, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Halecania sp. #1 [HALSP1] - crustose 

Known only from a Shannon County collection by William Buck, growing on rhyolite. This species 

has a dark, minutel y subsquamulose thallus with a conspicuous black prothallus and tiny, pale to dark 

apothecia with an evident thalline margin. __________ 

HEPPIA Nageli (Heppiaceae) 

Brown squamulose terricolous lichens with closely adnate thalli, immersed apothecia, photobiont 

Scytonema, asci IKI-, with 8 hyaline, fusiform, simple spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: 

Henssen (1994). 

Heppia adglutinata (Kremp.) A. Massal. [HEPAD] - squamulose 

Local in exposed, thin soil pockets over dolomite in glades and on bluff summits, invariably 

associated wi th cyanobacterial or algal soil crusts, and usually growing with Placidium squamulosum 

and sometimes Psora decipiens. 

__________ 

HETERODERMIA Trevis. (Physciaceae) 

Narrow lobed, pale gray foliose lichens with pale, rhizinate, corticate or ecorticate lower surface, 

apothecia sessile, with prominent thalline rim, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 

brown, thick-walled, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores; 5 species in the region. 

1. Thallus lacking diaspores ............................................... H. hypoleuca 

1. Thallus sorediate or isidiate. 

2. Thallus with coarse laminal isidia, the isidia granular and basally constricted ...... H. granulifera 

2. Thallus with marginal and/or terminal, farinose soredia.

3. Lower surface prevailingly yellow to orange, fibrous or cottony ........ H. obscurata 

3. Lower surface white to tan, appearing corticate. 

4. Medulla K+ yellow (atranorin); soralia strongly labriform and concentrated on lobe tips 

...................................................... H. speciosa 

4. Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid); soralia marginal and not strongly 

labriform ............................................... H. albicans 

Heterodermia albicans (Pers.) Swinscow & Krog [HETAL] - foliose 

Rare on bases and lower boles of trees, usually in the eastern parts of the Lower Ozarks. This species 

is more common southeast of our region in the Bootheel area of Missouri and southeastward. 

[atranorin, salazinic acid, zeorin] 

Hete rodermia granulifera (Ach.) W.L. Culb. [HETGR] - foliose 

Infrequent on lower boles and bases of trees in wooded uplands. [atranorin, salazinic acid, ± zeorin] 

Heterodermia hypoleuca (Muhl.) Trevis. [HETHY] - foliose 

Occasional, although becoming locally frequent, on lower and mid boles of hardwoods and Juniperus 

in wooded uplands. This species typically grows higher on the bole than does H. granulifera. 

[atranorin, zeorin] 

Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. [HETOB] - foliose 

Common, although never abundant, on bases and lower boles of both hardwoods and conifers, 

typically in light shade. This lichen also rarely occurs on shaded rocks. Thalli are typically smaller 

and more bluish-gray than the thalli of the similar H. speciosa. [atranorin, zeorin] 

Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis. [HETSP] - foliose 

Common on tree bases and lightly shaded, often mossy, rocks; also occasional on lower boles of trees. 

Although this species and H. obscurata often grow on the same tree, H. speciosa consistently shows 

a predilecti on for growing lower to the ground than does H. obscurata. The thallus of H. speciosa 

is typically larger, and paler mineral gray than that of H. obscurata. [atranorin, zeorin] 

__________ 

HYPERPHYSCIA Müll. Arg. (Physciaceae) 

Small foliose lichens with tightly appressed narrow, nearly confluent lobes, upper cortex 

paraplectenchymatous, lower cortex indistinctly prosoplectenchymatous, true rhizines lacking, rhizinelike 

structures, if present, short, few, and inconspicuous, apothecia sessile, with thalline margin, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 brown, ellipsoid, 1-septate, thick-walled spores; 


1. Thallus without diaspores, apothecia common ................................. H. syncolla 

1. Thallus sorediate, apothecia lacking ....................................... H. adglutinata 

Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt [HYPAD] - foliose 

Uncommon on exposed bark and wood, usually in disturbed areas. See comments under 

Phaeophyscia insignis. 

Hyperphyscia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb [HYPSY] - foliose 

Locally common on hardwoods and Juniperus in floodplains and bottomlands, as well as occasionally 

on exposed trees in weedy areas; gr owing on both boles and branches, in areas of relatively high light 

intensity. This species has a characteristic, shiny greenish-gray thal lus, with more or less confluent 

lobes that appear as if they have "flowed" over the substrate. 

__________ 

HYPOCENOMYCE M. Choisy (Biatoraceae)

Small green to brown squamulose lichens on pine lignum, with a lustrous upper cortex and dark, 

sessile apothecia, thalline margin lacking, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci Biatora type, with I+ blue 

apical dome, w ith 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Thallus sorediate, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); apothecia convex, brown ....... H. anthracophi la 

1. Thallus not sorediate, P-; apothecia flat, black ...................................H. friesii 

Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Nyl.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid. [HYPAN] - squamulose 

Occasional on old, shaded, usually charred stumps of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands. This 

species often grows with Cladonia squamules, from which it can be difficult to disti nguish. 

Squamules of H. anthracophila appear more evenly rounded and regular, with a thickened, almost 

bullate appearance, as opposed to the irregular, typically incised, flattened squamules of Cladonia. 


Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid. [HYPFR] - squamulose 

Very rare on shaded, usually charred stumps of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands, sometimes 

associated with H. anthracophila, which appears similar in gross aspect. 

__________ 

HYPOTRACHYNA (Vain.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Gray foliose lichens with moderate width lobes, black lower cortex with dichotomously branched 

rhizines, and sessile apothecia with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 

8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Thallus without diaspores; apothecia common ................................... H. livida 

1. Thallus with coarse, pustular isidia; apothecia lacking .......................... H. pustulifera 

Hypotrachyna livida (Taylor) Hale [HYPLI] - foliose 

Common on upper boles and larger branches of acidic-barked trees in wooded uplands; very rarely 

on lightly shaded rocks in similar sites. This species is part of a characteristic "late successional" 

assemblage on older canopy branches, associated with Buellia stillingiana, Myelochroa galbina, 

Usnea strigosa, and Vulpicida viridis. Young specimens are often difficult to distinguish from 

Myelochroa galbina, which is a common associate. Hypotrachyna livida has sparsely branched 

rhizines and a K+ lavender medullary reaction, while M. galbina has unbranched rhizines (sometimes 

with furcate tips) and a K+ reddish medullary reaction. [atranorin, lividic & 4-O-methylphysodic 

acids] 

Hypotrachyna pustulife ra (Hale) Skorepa [HYPPU] - foliose 

Local and essentially restricted to lightly shaded boles of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands. 

[atranorin, lividic acid, (?) 4-O-methylphysodic acid] 

__________ 

IMSHAUGIA S. L. F. Mey. (Parmeliaceae) 

Small, pale gray, isidiate, narrow-lobed foliose lichens with K+ deep yellow upper cortex and pale, 

rhizinate lower cortex, apothecia sessile, with thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanoratype, 

with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Hinds (1999). 

Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S. L. F. Mey. [IMSAL] - foliose 

Rare and restricted to Pinus echinata and, less commonly, old growth Juniperus virginiana, in 

exposed to very lightly shaded sites in natural areas, where it grows on boles, stumps, and decorticate 

logs and branches of the substrate trees. [atranorin, thamnolic acid] 

__________

IONASPIS Th. Fr. (Hymeneliaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin, rimose to areolate thalli and immersed, pale to pinkish 

apothecia, paraphyses moniliform, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Aspicilia type, with I- apical dome, 

wi th 8 small, simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. Reference: Lutzoni (1994). 

1. Thallus greenish gray to gray; apothecia pale, to 0.2 (0.4) mm broad; on shaded, siliceous rocks in uplands 

....................................................................I. alba 

1. T ha llus pa le to p ink ish or tan; ap othe cia pa le p ink to oran gish , t yp ically 0 .3 -0.5 mm broad; on moist or seepy 

siliceous rock faces .......................................................I. lacustris 

Ionaspis alba Lutzoni [IONAL] - crustose 

Rare or overlooked; on lightly shaded siliceous rocks, including small rock fragments, in wooded 


Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni [IONLA] - crustose 

Known only from a seeping face on the lower portion of a massive rhyolite bluff in an igneous canyon 

system in Shannon County. 

__________ 

JULELLA Fabre (Arthopyrenaceae) 

Crustose fungi with continuous, whitish gray thalli and abundant, small, black, subimmersed 

perithecia, photobiont absent, asci with apically thickened inner wall and shallow ocular chamber, 

with 8 hyaline, muriform spores, each with a gelatinous perispore; 1 species in the region. Reference: 

Harris (1973). 

Julella fallaciosa (A. Massal.) Coppins [JULFA] - crustose 

Occasional on a variety of hardwoods, usually growing on shaded lower and mid boles in wooded 

uplands. This species lacks any photobiont, w hereas both Anisomeridium and Strigula have 

Trentepohlia. 

__________ 

LECANIA A. Massal. (Lecanoraceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin greenish to olive thalli, apothecia sessile with thalline margins, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Bacidia-type, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores; 2 species in the 


1. On carbonate substrates in mesic areas; thallus areolate to subsquamulose ........... L. perproxima 

1. On igneous rocks near water line in clear, fast-flowing streams; thallus continuous to rimose ......... 

............................................................... L. rheophila 

Lecania perproxima (Nyl.) Zahlbr. [LECPE] - crustose 

Uncommon on mesic, shaded, carbonate substrates, such as mossy moist dolomite outcrops along 

small streams in ravines. 

Lecania rheophila R.C. Harris & Ladd ined. [LECRH] - crustose 

Restricted to water line of igneous rocks in small, clear, fast-flowing streams, or temporary water 

courses in ravines, generally found in intact habitats. This species does not occur in sites where flood 

amplitudes, flow dynamics, or water turbidity and quality have been significantly altered by 

anthropogenic activity in the watershed. 

__________ 

LECANORA Ach. (Lecanoraceae)

Crustose lichens with powdery, granular, continuous, areolate, or placodioid thalli, apothecia sessile, 

mostly with a well-developed thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 

small, hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 19 species in the region. Reference: Brodo (1984), Printzen 

(2001). 

1. Saxicolous. 

2. T hallus K-, atranorin absent. 

3. T ha llus thin a nd pa le to gr ay or lac kin g; a po thec ia to 0 .5 mm broa d, wit h e lev ated , p ersistent, 

whitish thalline rims ............................................... L. dispersa 

3. Thallus leprose to thick and lobed at the margin, yellowish green (sometimes with dense white 

pruina); larger apothecia >0.6 mm broad, with thin, yellowish green rims disappearing at maturity. 

4. Thallus leprose, diffuse .........................................L. sp. # 1 

4. Thallus corticate above, placodioid to subfoliose, distinctly lobate. 

5. Thallus without pruina, usually on siliceous rocks; zeorin (or other triterpenoids) present 

................................................... L. muralis 

5. Thallus mostly covered with dense white pruina, on carbonate-rich substrates; zeorin and 

triterpenoids absent ........................................L. valesiaca 

2. T hallus K+ yellow, atranorin present. 

6. Thallus thick, areolate, pale gray; apothecia black, immersed; epithecium blue-green ........ 

............................................................L. oreinoides 

6. Thallus relatively thin, continuous to rimose; apothecia brown; epithecium brownish. 

1. Corticolous or lignicolous. 

7. Ep ithec ium P+ o range (pan na rin presen t), h ym en ium sh allo wly inspersed with coarse granules 

........................................ L. cinereofusca var. appalachensis 

7. Epithecium P- (pannarin absent), hymenium various. 

8. Hymenium inspersed; only atranorin present ..................... L. cenisia 

8. Hym enium not inspersed; atranorin and other substances present. 

9. Thallus thick, areolate to sublobate; zeorin absent; rare ....... L. pseudistera 

9. Thallus thin, continuous; zeorin present; frequent ......... L. subimmergens 

10. Thallus green, leprose, with a conspicuous fibrous white prothallus ...........L. thysanophora 

10. Thallus gray to yellow-green or indistinct, lacking a conspicuous white prothallus. 

11. T hallus K- (atranorin absent); usnic or isousnic acid sometimes present. 

12. Apothe cia l ma rgin s eco rtica te an d a pp ea ring so redia te; apo thec ia pale tan; thallus welldeveloped, 

yellow-green; usnic acid present, isousnic acid absent .......... L. strobilina 

12. Apothecial margins not sorediate; apothecia brown, thallus pale or brownish, without 

yellowish green tints, usnic acid absent, isousnic acid present or absent. 

13. On bark or cones of Pinus echi nata; isousnic acid absent ..........L. mi nutella 

13. On lignum and weathered boards; isousnic acid present ............ L. saligna 

11. Thallus K+ yellow or red (atran orin p resent, s om etimes wit h n orstictic a cid ); us nic an d is ou sn ic 

acids absent. 

14. Thallus K+ yellow turning red, norstictic acid present; disks pruinose .............. 

........................................... L. caesiorubella ssp. prolifera 

14. Thallus K+ yellow, norstictic acid absent; disks not pruinose. 

15 . S ored iate; sterile .......................................L. impudens 

15. Without diaspores; fertile. 

16. Upper portion of hymenium finely granular inspersed between the paraphyses 

............................................. L. hybocarpa

16. Hymenium not inspersed. 

17 . M argins of ap othe cia thick, white, ecorticate, and ± byssoid; zeorin present 

............................................. L. imshaugii 

17. Margins of apothecia thin and corticate; zeorin absent (triterpenoids 

sometimes present). 

18. Apothecia mostly 1 mm broad; amphithecium with small angular 

crystals .................................... L. allophana 

Lecanora allophana Nyl. [LECAL] - crustose 

Known only from one collection made by William Buck on hardwoods in Oregon County. [atranorin, 

± triterpenoids] 

Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme [LECAR] - crustose 

Know n only from Oregon County, growing on hardwoods. [atranorin, ± californin] 

Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. ssp. prolifera (Fink) R. C. Harris [LECCAPR] - crustose 

Frequent on lightly shaded boles and branches of hardwoods in extensive woodlands; usually growi ng 

on smooth bark in somewhat mesic habitats Most local records are from Acer rubrum, Amelanchier 

arborea, Quercus coccinea, and Q. velutina. [atranorin, norstictic & protocetraric acids] 

Lecanora cenisia Ach. [LECCE] - crustose 

Rare on lightly shaded, massive siliceous rocks, usually in well-drained or protected sites. 

[atranorin] 

Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn. var. appalachensis Brodo [LECCIAP] - crustose 

Apparently rare; on shaded siliceous rocks, usually sandstone; sometimes growing on massive bluff 

faces. [atranorin, pannarin, rocellic acid] 

Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sommerf. [LECDI] - crustose 

Common and weedy, often growing in disturbed areas. The characteristic habitat for this species is 

on calcareous substr ates in exposed to lightly shaded sites. It grows on limestone, concrete, and 

mortar. On concrete, Caloplaca feracissima is a nearly constant associate, and Endocarpon pusillum 

is a common associate. 

Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo [LECHY] - crustose 

Abundant on a variety of shaded hardwoods in woodlands, usually on the lower and mid boles, but 

ranging into the canopy. This species is extremely variable in the degree of thallus development, 

color, and size, and grows in wet to dry habitats. [atranorin, ± roccellic acid] 

Lecanora impudens Degel. [LECIMP] - crustose 

Known from the base of a Quercus alba in a wooded upland in Shannon County. [atranorin] 

Lecanora imshaugii Brodo [LECIMS] - crustose 

Uncommon, on shaded hardwood boles and branches in mesic habitats, especially narrow, mesic, 

wooded ravines. [atranorin, zeorin, ± hypoprotocetraric acid, ± 4-O-methylnotatic acid] 

Lecanora minutella Nyl. [LECMI] - crustose 

Occasional on lightly shaded boles and older cones of Pinus echinata in wooded uplands; Amandinea 

punctata and Lecanora strobilina are consistent associates. 

Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. [LECMU] - crustose 

Common in exposed sites, usually growing on siliceous rocks, but often in areas where substrate 

acidity is buffered by leaching or splashing from carbonate rocks, such as on chert and sandstone

fragments in dolomite glades. More rarely, it occurs on arenaceous dolomite in similar habitats, and 

even more rarely, it occurs on weathered decorticate wood lying on glades. This species is similar 

to L. valesiaca, but lacks the whi tish pruina that nearly obscure the thallus of L. valesiaca. Although 

L. muralis reportedly contains psoromic and usnic acids and sometimes fumarprotocetraric acid, all 

local material examined contains usnic acid, atranorin and zeorin. West of our region in the western 

Missouri Ozarks, one can find morphologically identical material containing usnic and gyrophoric 

acids and triterpenoids, as well as the typical chemotype found in the Lower Ozarks. [atranorin, usnic 

acid, zeorin] 

Lecanora ore inoides (Körb.) Hertel & Rambold [LECOR] - crustose 

Locally frequent on massive exposures of siliceous rocks, growing on both sandstone and igneous 

substrates, typically in glades. In the field, this species is morphologically similar to Buellia spuria. 

[atranorin, confluentic acid] 

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl. [LECPS] - crustose 

Rare on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks in uplands north and west of the region. [atranorin, 

2'-O-methylperlatolic acid] 

Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. [LECSA] - crustose 

Occasional on decorticate wood just north of the area, and likely to be found in the region. This 

species grows on logs, stumps, timbers, and even old railroad ties. The inconspicuous thalli are 

overlooked, especially when dry. Note that this species concept as applied by Purvis et al. (1992) 

contains only atranorin. [isousnic acid] 

Lecanora strobilina (Spreng.) Keiffer [LECST] - crustose 

Abundant on trees, well-drained logs, and old wood in moderate to high light intensities. This species 

is one of the first pioneer species to colonize young canopy branches and small saplings and shrubs 

invading old clearings. Lecanora strobilina also grows on lower boles of older trees if there is 

sufficient light intensity. It also occurs on decorticate logs, and scales of two year old Pinus echinata 

cones, in the latter habitat invariably associated with Amandinea punctata. Lecanora strobilina 

rarely occurs on lightly shaded siliceous rocks. [usnic acid, ± zeorin] 

Lecanora subimmergens Vain. [LECSU] - crustose 

Locally frequent on shaded sandstone and less commonly, chert boulders, often in mesic sites. This 

is the most common saxicolous Lecanora in the region. [atranorin, zeorin] 

Lecanora thysanophora R.C. Harris in R.C. Harris, Brodo & Tønsberg [LECTH] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded, usually circumneutral bark of tree boles in mesic woodlands, growing on a 

variety of hardwoods. The thin, yellowish green, leprose thallus with a conspicuous fibrous white 

prothallus is distinctive. [atranorin, usnic acid, zeorin, ± porphyrlic acid] 

Lecanora valesiaca (Müll. Arg.) Stizenb. [LECVA] - crustose 

Common on exposed, massive carbonate rocks, typically in glades and on bluffs, where it occurs on 

both limestone and dolomite, typically associated with bright orange apothecia of Caloplaca. The 

densely white-pruinose thallus is distinctive. [usnic acid, ± roccellic acid] 

Lecanora sp. # 1 [LECSP1] - crustose 

Infrequent on sheltered areas of massive sandstone exposures exposed to high light intensities. In the 

field this species looks like a species of Lepraria. [usnic acid, unknown substance with R f classes 

of 4-5/5-6/5] 

__________ 

LECIDEA Ach. s. lat. (Lecideaceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin to areolate-squamulose thalli, apothecia sessile, thalline margin absent, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 2 species in the region. This

group is taxonomically problematical; note that none of the Ozark species belong to Lecidea sensu 

stricto. 

1. Thallus corticolous or lignicolous. 

2. Lignicolous; ap othecia strongly convex usually >0. 5 mm broad; UV- .............. L. plebeja 

2. Corticolous; apothecia flat, to 0.4 mm broad; UV+ pinkish (xanthones) ............. L. varians 


3. Thallus brown or grayish brown, thin and scurfy; apothecia black; on siliceous rocks ...L. cyrtidia 

3. Thallus of thick brown areoles; apothecia brown; on carbonate rocks .............. [L. lurida] 

Lecidea cyrtidia Tuck. [LECCY] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks, typically growing on small fragments and 

boulders. This species resembles Micarea erratica, which typically has a darker, greenish gray 

thallus and bluish green epithecium, whereas L. cyrtidia has a brownish to grayish thal lus and pale 

brownish epithecium. 

[Lecidea lurida (Ach.) DC.] [LECLU] - crustose 

This small, areolate-squamulose lichen grows on weathered, exposed dolomite in portions of the 

Ozarks just north and west of the region, and probably occurs in the area. Typical habitats include 

glades and upper portions of massive bluffs. 

Lecidea plebeja Nyl. [LECPL] - crustose 

Occasional on sound decorticate logs in shaded uplands. 

Lecidea varians Ach. [PYRVA] - crustose 

Very common on exposed tw igs and branches in exposed to lightly shaded sites, including the canopy 

level of trees in mature woodlands, as well as on smaller trees and lower branches in clearings and 

along woodland edges. This species is one of the first pioneer lichens to inhabit exposed young 

branches in w oodlands, growi ng wi th Amandinea polyspora, Arthonia caesia, and Lecanora 

strobilina. This species was formerly called Pyrrhospora varians (Ach.) R. C. Harris, but Hafellner 

(1993) noted that it does not have the characters of that genus without suggesti ng where it should be 

assigned; Harris (1995) suggests interim replacement in Lecidea, although a new segregate genus may 

be a more appropriate final disposition. [xanthone] 

__________ 

LECIDELLA Körb. (Lecanoraceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin gray thalli and sessile black apothecia, thalline margin absent, photobiont 

unicellular, Chlorella-like, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 hyaline, simple, ellipsoid spores; 1 species 

in the region, but in the Midwest this genus is poorly understood, and several other taxa occur in the 

region, at least 2 of which (one corticolous and one saxicolous) occur in the Lower Ozarks. 

Lecidella enterolucella (Nyl.) Hertel [LECEN] - crustose 

Rare, or possibly overlooked, on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks. This species has a pale 

gray, continuous-areolate thallus with small (ca. 0.2 mm) black apothecia. Lecidella elaeochroma 

(Ach.) Hazsl. is known from the bole of a Quercus velutina in a wooded upland just north of the 

region; in gross aspect it might be confused with Buellia stillingiana, but the blue-green epithecium 

and hyaline, simple spores of the Lecidella distinguish the two taxa. [xanthone, zeorin] 

__________ 

LEPRARIA Ach. (Lecanorales: no family) 

Sterile, powdery or granular undifferentiated crusts consisting of granules of fungal hyphae and 

Trebouxia or Stichococcus; a poorly understood genus with at least 6 species in the region. For

convenience, some morphologically similar species are included in the key. Reference: Laundon 

(1992). 

1. Thallus diffuse, dark gray-green, containing terpenes only; on shaded, sheltered carbonate rocks ...... 

................................................................ L. lesdainii 

1. Thallus thick and compact to diffuse, bluish, whitish, gray, or green, containing other lichen substances but 

not terpenes other than zeorin; substrates various. 

2. Thallus containing atranorin, K+ yellow. 

3. T ha llus P+ red , c on tainin g fu marprotoc etraric ac id ................... L. cf. caesioalba 

3. Thallus P - or P + yellow to o rangish , fum arprotocetr aric ac id lacking. 

4. Stictic acid present, thallus P+ orangish, thick, pale greenish gray ........ L. lobificans 

4. Stictic acid lacking, thallus P+ yellow, thin, pale gray or blue-gray. 

5. Thallus diffuse, bluish gray; well-developed prothallus lacking; usnic acid absent ... 

....................................................L. sp. # 1 

5. Tha llus co mpa ct an d d istinc t, ye llow ish gre en ; w ith we ll developed fibrous white 

prothallus; usnic acid present ........................ Lecanora thysanophora 

2. Thallus without atranorin, K-. 

6. T ha llus saxico lou s, KC + red , c on tainin g ale ctorialic ac id ................... L. neglecta 

6. T ha llus co rtico lou s, C- , c on tainin g us nic ac id a nd ze orin ....... sterile Lecanora strobilina? 

Lepraria cf. caesioalba (de Lesd.) J. R. Laundon [LEPCA] - crustose 

Frequent on massive siliceous rock exposures in full sun to very light shade, often growing on vertical 

faces of bluffs and rock exposures in glades. In well-developed individuals, the thallus appears dense 

and lobate when viewed from a distance, creating the appearance of a gray foliose lichen. Local 

populati ons do not closely resemble typical material, and may represent a new species. Lepraria 

nivalis J.R. Laundon occurs at several localities just outside of the Lower Ozark region — it has 

protocetraric acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid, and seems to prefer vertical siliceous substrates 

in more mesic sites, such as along streams. [atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid] 

Lepraria lesdainii (Hue) R. C. Harris [LEPLE] - crustose 

Occasional on sheltered, deeply shaded, often mossy, carbonate rocks, usually in mesic sites. This 

species is easily identified by its diffuse thallus, habitat, and characteristic dark gray green color 

resembling Penicillin mold on bread. The only other leprose lichen that grows on shaded carbonate 

rocks, L. lobificans, has a thick, better developed, much lighter greenish gray thallus, usually with 

areas of white. This species is sometimes placed in the genus Botryolepraria, as B. lesdainii (Hue) 

Canals, Hernández-M., Gómez-B. & Llimona. [terpene with R f value just above zeorin] 

Lepraria lobificans Nyl. [LEPLO] - crustose 

Very common in shaded, somewhat sheltered, sites; on tree bases, carbonate rocks, siliceous rocks, 

and even on stable, sheltered soil faces along streams. The thick, felty thallus is distinctive. This 

species and L. lesdainii are the most shade tolerant leprose lichens in the local flora. Both species 

typically occur in shade levels unsuitable for most other lichens. [atranorin, stictic acid, zeorin] 

Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen [LEPNE] - crustose 

Locally frequent on exposed siliceous rocks in glades and on bluffs. This species resembles L. 

caesioalba, but tends to occur in more exposed sites. The thallus of L. neglecta is KC+ red, while 

that of L. caesioalba is KC-. [alectorialic acid] 

Lepraria sp. #1 [LEPSP1] - crustose 

Very common throughout the region, occurring on shaded lower boles and bases of both hardwoods 

and softwoods. All known local populations are corticolous, although elsewhere in the lower 

Midwest this species is rarely saxicolous. This species has a disti nctive, powdery, thin, pale bluegray 

thallus. [atranorin, zeorin]

__________ 

LEPROLOMA Nyl. ex Crombie (Pannariaceae) 

Sterile, granular undifferenti ated crusts resembling Lepraria, photobiont chlorococcoid, local 

populati ons are alw ays sterile; 1 species in the region. 

Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) J.R. Laundon [LEPVO] - crustose 

Local in sheltered, high light intensity sites on massive siliceous rock exposures, especially sandstone. 

This species usually occurs in association with glades. The thallus is unevenly suffused with grayish 

yellow, and consists of aggregations of leprose granules averaging 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter. This 

species produces a distinctive K+ grape purple reaction, although in Great Britain Purvis et al. (1992) 

consider this taxon to be K-. [unknown K+ deep purple compound with R f class of 1/2/1, possibly 

6-methylpannaric acid or 6-methyloxypannaric acid] 

__________ 

LEPTOGIUM (Ach.) Gray (Collemataceae) 

Gelatinous lichens with a ± lustrous, lead gray to brown thallus, cellular upper cortex, and sessile, 

laminal apothecia with thalline margins, photobiont Nostoc, asci with apical dome staining I+ pale, 

with an I+ dark blue axial tube, with 8 hyaline septate or submuriform to muriform spores; 7 species 

in the region. Reference: Sierk (1964). 

1. T hallus densely white tomentose beneath .....................................L. burnetiae 

1. Thallus not tomentose. 

2. Thallus not isidiate. 

3. Lobes linear, the larger apothecia usually broader than the lobes on which they are located; on 

massive carbonate rock escarpments ............................... [L. apalachense] 

3. Lobes rotund, prevailingly broader than the apothecia; on mossy rocks and tree bases ....... 

.......................................................L. juniperinum 


4. Upper cortex with distinct longitudinal wrinkles or ridges. 

5. Thallus lead gray, ± flattened, with fine, low wrinkles .......... L. austroamericanum 

5. Thallus brown to gray-brown, often irregularly convolute or with upturned lobe tips, with 

coarse ridge-like wrinkles. 

6. Thallus with fused o ve rlapp ing lo be s p reva ilingly more than 1 mm broad; lobe tips entire, 

isidia granular, mostly laminal ............................. L. milligranum 

6. Thallus with narrow, discrete lobes 1.5 mm wide .... L. cyanescens 

7. Thallus brown to dark blackish gray; apothecia frequent; lobes

Infrequent in shaded mesic habitats with moderate light intensities, on mossy rocks, tree bases, and 

also on dolomite in woodlands and along borders of glades. 

Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. [LEPCY] - gelatinous 

Common on lower boles of hardwoods and Juniperus in woodlands, and occasionally on mossy 

rocks. 

Leptogium dactylinum Tuck. [LEPDA] - gelatinous 

Infrequent on shaded, moist, usually mossy rocks, often along streams or in ravines. This species also 

occurs on the bases of trees in heavily shaded sites. 

Leptogium juniperinum Tuck. [LEPJU] - gelatinous 

Rare on shaded, mossy substrates, including tree bases, and both carbonate and silicious rocks. 

Leptogium liche noide s (L.) Zahlbr. [LEPLI] - gelatinous 

Frequent on lightly shaded, mossy outcrops of carbonate bedrock, and rarely on shaded tree bases. 

Leptogium milligranum Sierk [LEPMI] - gelatinous 

Frequent on boles of hardwoods and Juniperus in wooded uplands and along glade margins, and 

rarely on lightly shaded siliceous rocks in wooded uplands. 

__________ 

LICHINELLA Nyl. (Lichinaceae) 

Saxicolous gelatinous lichens with rounded, subimbricate to strap-like thalli, the lobes sometimes with 

slightly raised or thickened margins, apothecia small, immersed in the thallus, photobiont 

Xanthocapsa, asci with 8 simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region (see also 

discussion under Thyrea). 

Lichinella nigrite lla (Lettau) Moreno & Egea [LICNI] - gelatinous 

Common on massive dolomite exposures on glades, bluffs, and exposed outcrops, often occurring as 

scattered individual thalli. 

__________ 

LITHOTHELIUM Müll. Arg. (Pyrenulaceae) 

Inconspicuous, corticolous crustose lichens with thin, pale grayish to greenish thalli and partially 

immersed to immersed, black, somewhat carbonaceous perithecia, ostioles lateral or angled, 

photobiont Trentepohlia, asci fissitunicate, with 8 hyaline to brownish, somewhat fusiform, multiseptate 


1. Spores prevailingly 5-7-septate, >50 �m long, brown .........................L. macrosporum 

1. Spores 3-septate,

Known from a single collection from the base of a Fraxinus americana along a small stream. This 

lichen is probably overlooked and more common than existing records indicate; it is known from other 

sites in the Ozarks. 

__________ 

LOXOSPORA A. Massal. (Ophioparmaceae) 

Crustose lichens with continuous, pale gray, K+ deep yellow thalli with abundant isidioid hollow 

pustules and prominent pale fibrous prothallus, photobiont Trebouxia; 1 species in the region. 

Reference: Brodo and Culberson (1986). 

Loxospora pustulata (Brodo & W. L. Culb.) R. C. Harris [LOXPU] - crustose 

Common and locally abundant in mature woodlands, growing on shaded tree boles, decorticate fallen 

logs, and lightly shaded siliceous rocks. This species resembles a Pertusaria at first gl ance, but the 

abundant pustules are diagnostic. [thamnolic acid, ± atranorin, ± elatinic acid, ± squamatic acid] 

__________ 

MARONEA (Ach.) A. Massal. (Fuscideaceae) 

Small corticolous crustose lichens with dark green granular-areolate thalli, apothecia sessile, with 

black to dark brown, sometimes pruinose, disks and well-developed thalline margins, photobiont cf. 

Trebouxia, asci with an ocular chamber, with a well-developed, I+ blue apical dome, w ith numerous 

minute, hyaline, ellipsoid, simple and 1-septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Maronea polyphaea H. Magn. [MARPO] - crustose 

Frequent on canopy branches and mid and upper boles of trees in woodlands, as well as on boles and 

branches of young trees in old clearings in woodland regions. Local populations were formerly called 

M. constans (Nyl.) Hepp, which is actually a European species that contains divaricatic acid and 

reacts KC- in the medulla, whereas M. polyphaea is KC+ red. [alectorialic acid] 

__________ 

MELASPILEA Nyl. (Patellariaceae) 

Corticolous crustose lichens with thin whitish thalli and sessile to subimmersed, black apothecia, 

photobiont Trentepohlia, asci I-, with a thickened apex and ocular chamber, with 8 hyaline to slightly 

brownish, 1-septate, ellipsoid spores which are somewhat constricted at the septum; 1 species in the 


Melaspilea arthonioides (Fée) Nyl. [MELAR] - crustose 

Rare on shaded boles of trees in mesic areas, especially in sites with moderately high light intensities, 

such as along the margins of fens and spring branches and other areas with permanently high humidity 

levels and isothermal waters with a buffering effect on seasonal temperature extremes. 

__________ 

MICAREA Fr. (Micareaceae) 

Small crustose lichens with thin, granular or inconspicuous thalli, apothecia small, sessile, lacking 

a thalline margin, photobiont green, reported to be of thin-walled, often paired, cells 4-7 �m in 

diameter, asci with I+ blue apical dome and darker apical tube, with 8 hyaline, simple to 3-septate 


1. Spores 3-septate; thallus C+, KC+ reddish (gyrophoric acid) ..................... M. peliocarpa 

1. Spores simple or 1-septate; thallus C-, KC- (no lichen substances). 

2. Saxicolous. 

3. Apothecia dark gray to black; hypothecium dark brown ................... M. erratica

3. Apothecia pale to orange brown; hypothecium yellow to pale brown ......... M. li thinella 

2. Corticolous or lignicolous; hypothecium pale. 

4. Pycnidia black, often stipitate .......................................M. misella 

4. Pycnidia pale to grayish, sessile or immersed ........................... M. prasina 

Micarea erratica (Körb.) Hertel , Rambold & Pietschm. [MICER] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rock fragments i n wooded uplands, old fields, and 

along stable embankments. A typical habitat is sandstone or chert fragments on sparsely vegetated 

ridges in wooded uplands. The thallus is usually dark gray, with abundant, small black apothecia. 

Fellhanera silicis appears identical in the field, but has 4-celled ascospores. 

Micarea lithinella (Nyl.) Hedl. [MICLI] - crustose 

Known only from chert fragments in an open wooded upland in Shannon County, associated with 

Lecidea cyrtidia. This cryptically colored, diminutive lichen is easily overlooked and probably more 

common in the region than the single known collection would indicate. 

Micarea misella (Nyl.) Hedl. [MICMI] - crustose 

Know n only from decorticate hardwood logs on Stegall Mountain in Carter County. 

Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R. Sant. [MICPE] - crustose 

Occasional, and easily overlooked, on rocks and logs in shaded sites. The apothecia range from black 

to nearly pure white in deeply shaded habitats. [gyrophoric acid (sometimes only in trace amounts)] 

Micare a prasina Fr. [MICPR] - crustose 

Occasional, typically growing on exposed to lightly shaded logs, fallen branches, and stumps. 

__________ 

MYCOCALICIUM Vain. (Mycocaliciaceae) 

Crustose nonlichenized fungi with no apparent thallus, or with an indistinct lightened zone on bark or 

wood, with dark, stipitate apothecia, photobiont absent, asci two-walled, with an ocular chamber, I-, 

with 8 brownish to greenish, ellipsoid, simple ascospores, asci disintegrating after spores have 

matured, but not forming a mazaedium; 3 species in the region. Reference: Tibell (1975, 1996). 

1. Ascomata with notably incurved margin; outer surface of excipulum with thin layer of greenish yellow pruina 

................................................................... M. calicioi des 

1. Ascomata margins not incurved; excipulum not pruinose. 

2. Tissue at base of excipulum with thin-walled, ± isodiametric cells 8-13 �m diameter ............ 

...........................................................M. albonigrum 

2. Tissue at base of excipulum with thick-walled, cylindrical to isodiametric cells 4-6 �m diameter. 

3. Capitulum K+ reddish; on Juniperus or rarely Pinus ................... M. ozarkanum 

3. Capitulum K-; on hardwoods or Pinus ................................ M. subtile 

Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) Fink [MYCAL] - crustose 

Infrequent on bark and lignum of hardwoods; particularly associated with standing decorticate 

Quercus snags in wooded uplands. 

Mycocalicium calicioides (Nadv.) Tibell [MYCCA] - crustose 

Apparently rare; known from weathered, old, decorticate wood of Juniperus virginiana on a massive 

dolomite bluff along the Eleven Point River. 

Mycocalicium ozarkanum R.C. Harris & Ladd ined. [MYCOZ] - crustose 

Occasional on weathered wood of Juniperus virginiana in exposed to lightly shaded sites; also 

known from a single occurrence on wood of Pinus echinata.

Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. [MYCSU] - crustose 

Frequent on weathered, well-drained, decorticate logs and standing decorticate snags, growing on 

sound wood. This species typically occurs in wooded uplands. 

__________ 

MYCOGLAENA Höhn. (Micropeltidaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose nonlichenized fungi with thin, pale, silvery thalli and perithecium-like ascomata 

with blue-green walls, photobiont absent, asci with truncated apex, with 8 ellipsoid to subfusiform, 

hyaline, 3-septate to submuriform spores; 2 species in the region. Although not lichenized, these taxa 

resemble lichens and have traditionally been treated in lichen floras. Reference: Harris (1973). 

1. Spores submuriform, with some cells longitudinally divided; on a variety of hardwoods ............. 

.............................................................M. meridionalis 

1. Spores 3-5-septate, without longitudinal septations, or rarely with a single cell longitudinally divided; on 

Quercus ............................................................ M. quercicola 

Mycoglaena meridionalis (Zahlbr.) Szatala [MYCME] - crustose 

Occasional on small, smooth-barked twigs in high light intensities, typically on exposed branch tips 

of both larger trees and young trees and shrubs in old fields and along woodland edges. This species 

is more common in the rangelands and agricultural regions of Missouri and Arkansas. At first glance, 

the continuous, thin, silvery thallus of this species resembles Arthonia punctiformis, but the ascomata 

of Mycoglaena are larger and more regular. 

Mycoglaena quercicola R. C. Harris [MYCQU] - crustose 

Occasional on young, smooth, canopy twigs of Quercus, growing on Q. coccinea, Q. marilandica, 

Q. rubra, and Q. velutina. 

__________ 

MYCOPORUM Flot. ex Nyl. (Mycoporaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose fungi with thin, brownish gray, continuous thalli, with sessile to partially 

immersed, rounded, dark ascomata, each containing several perithecia-like locules with separate 

ostioles, photobiont absent, asci subglobose, I-, with 8 brownish, ellipsoid, muriform spores; 1 


Mycoporum pycnocarpoides Müll. Arg. [MYCPY] - crustose 

Occasional on lightly shaded tree boles in extensive woodlands, usually on upland slopes. Quercus 

coccinea is a preferred substrate. 

__________ 

MYELOCHROA (Asahina) Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Light gray foliose lichens with small to medium lobes and a dark lower cortex with simple to 

squarrosely branched rhizines; medullary tissue commonly pigmented pale yellow, apothecia sessile, 

brown, with a thal line margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, 

ellipsoid spores; 3 species in the region. 

1. Thallus without diaspores, apothecia common; typically on upper boles and twigs in high light intensities 

................................................................ M. galbina 

1. Thallus isidiate or sorediate; apothecia extremely rare in Ozark material; typically on rocks and lower portions 

of trees in shaded habitats. 

2. Thallus sorediate, lobes 2-4 mm broad; corticolous or saxicolous ............... M. aurulenta 

2. Thallus isidiate, lobes

Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale [MYEAU] - foliose 

Common in woodlands, from the bases to the mid boles of trees, as well as on fallen logs, and lightly 

to moderately shaded, often mossy, rocks. Although the medulla of this species is often described as 

yellow, many Ozark populations have white medullary tissue which usually reacts at least weakly K+ 

yellow. [atranorin, terpenes, ± entothein (yellow pigment)] 

Myelochroa galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale [MYEGA] - foliose 

A common and characteristic species of canopy branches in wooded uplands, typically on red oaks 

(Quercus coccinea, Q. falcata, Q. marilandica, Q. rubra, Q. velutina), but also occurring on a wide 

range of hardwoods. This species is often confused with Hypotrachyna livida, which it closely 

resembles. Myelochroa galbina has darker, smaller, more irregular and often rugose lobes, usually 

pale yellow medullary tissue, at least under the apothecia, and a KOH+ yellow to reddish medullary 

reaction. Hypotrachyna livida has larger, paler, and more regular lobes, and white medullary tissue 

that reacts K+ lavender purplish. Rhizines of M. galbina are simple or apically furcate, while H. 

livida usually has some rhizines with sparse dichotomous branches. [atranorin, galbinic acid, zeorin] 

Myelochroa obsessa (Ach.) Elix & Hale [MYEOB] - foliose 

Occasional on lightly shaded, siliceous rocks in wooded uplands, typically occurring on sandstone 

in the Lower Ozarks, although occasionally on igneous substrates as well. Common associates include 

Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Lecanora subimmergens, Loxospora pustulata, and Pertusaria 

plittiana. [atranorin, galbinic acid, terpenes] 

__________ 

MYXOBILIMBIA Hafellner [formerly in MYCOBILIMBIA Rehm] (Biatoraceae) 

Small muscicolous crustose lichens with thin, granular thalli, apothecia sessile, thalline margin absent, 

photobiont chlorococcoid, asci with 8 ellipsoid to fusiform, 3-8-septate spores; 1 species in the 


Myxobilimbia sabulaetorum (Schreb.) Hafellner [MYXSA] - crustose 

Occasional, usually growing over pleurocarpous mosses in sparsely vegetated areas of wooded 


__________ 

NADVORNIKIA Tibell (Thelotremataceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens wi th thin, pale, lustrous, sorediate thalli, apothecia immersed, photobiont 

Trentepohlia, asci disintegrati ng into a mazaedium, with numerous small, brown, 1-septate spores; 

1 species in the region. Reference: Harris (1990). 

Nadvornikia sorediata R. C. Harris [NADSO] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded boles of hardwoods, usually in mesic woodlands in ravines and along streams. 

The thin, lustrous thallus with punctiform soralia is distinctive. [stictic acid] 

__________ 

NEPHROMA Ach. (Nephromataceae) 

Loosely adnate foliose lichens with lustrous, deep brown upper cortex a nd pale to darkening, 

tomentose lower cortex, upper cortex with squamiform-isidiate lobules, particularly along the 

margins, apothecia sessile on the underside of the lobe tips, somewhat elongated, with brown disk and 

thin thalline margin, photobiont Nostoc, asci resembling Peltigera-type asci, with 8 brownish, 

fusiform, 3-septate spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Wetmore (1960). 

Nephroma helve ticum Ach. [NEPHE] - foliose 

Uncommon on mesic, often mossy tree bases and rocks in natural areas, usually in well-shaded sites. 

__________

NORMANDINA Nyl. (Verrucariaceae) 

Delicate, sterile lichens with small, discrete, rounded, blue-gray squamules with upturned edges, 

squamules typically with concentric rings and often sorediate, lower surface white tomentose, 

photobiont Trebouxia; 1 species in the region. 

Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. [NORPU] - squamulose 

Rare on shaded, lichenose, often mossy boles of old growth Juniperus virginiana and hardwoods in 

high quality woodlands. 

__________ 

OCHROLECHIA A. Massal. (Pertusariaceae [pro tem]) 

Crustose species with well-developed, light gray, continuous thalli, apothecia sessile, with thalline 

margins and tan disks, photobiont chlorococcoid, and Lecanora type asci with 8 large, simple, 

hyaline, ovoid spores; 5 species in the region. Reference: Brodo (1991). 

1. Thallus sorediate; apothecia absent ......................................... O. arborea 

1. Thallus esorediate, although sometimes isidiate; apothecia usually numerous. 

2. Thallus with abundant, coarse, pustular isidia; saxicolous ...................... O. yasudae 

2. Thallus lacking diaspores, sometimes verrucose-warty; corticolous or rarely saxicolous. 

3. Cortex and medulla of thalline margin of apothecia C+ yellow or C-; on Pinus ............ 

.......................................................O. pseudopallescens 

3. Cortex and/or medulla of thalline margin of apothecia C+ red to p ink ; on h ardw oo ds or rarely 

siliceous rocks or conifers. 

4. T ha lline ma rgin of ap othe cia wit h C - cortex an d C + red me du lla ......... O. africana 

4. T ha lline ma rgin of ap othe cia wit h C + red co rtex a nd C- me du lla ...... O. trochophora 

Ochrolechia africana Vain. [OCHAF] - crustose 

Frequent on a wide variety of hardwoods and occasionally on Juniperus virginiana, growing on 

lightly shaded branches as well as occasionally on tree boles. This is the most common member of 

the genus in the Ozark region. Some local material contains lichexanthone and fluoresces UV+ yellow, 

while other local material is UV-. A population from Randolph County has UV+ and UV- thalli 

growing mixed on the same tree. [gyrophoric acid, ± lichexanthone] 

Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb. [OCHAR] - crustose 

Occasional on lightly shaded to exposed tree branches, usually in areas with remnant natural integrity. 

Juniperus virginiana branches are the preferred substrate. This species has small, round soralia 

averaging about 0.5 mm wide, with finely granular soredia; in some specimens the soralia coalesce 

into large continuous patches of soredia. The cortex fluoresces UV+ bright yellow, as contrasted with 

the UV- cortex and coarse corticate pustules of Loxospora pustulata. Nadvornikia sorediata has a 

thinner thallus that is more pale gray without bluish overtones. [gyrophoric acid, lichexanthone] 

Ochrolechia pseudopallescens Brodo [OCHPS] - crustose 

Know n only from the lower bole of an old-growth Pinus echinata in a remnant virgin pine stand in 

Shannon County. [gyrophoric & variolaric acids] 

Ochrolechia trochophora (Vain.) Oshio [OCHTR] - crustose 

Apparently uncommon, but perhaps overlooked because of its resemblance to O. africana, from which 

it can be readily distinguished by the C reaction of the cortex and medulla of the thalline margin of the 

apothecia, as discussed in the key above. Although this is typically a species of lightly shaded 

hardwood substrates, one local collection is from lightly shaded siliceous rocks. Local material is 

referable to var. trochophora. [gyrophoric acid]

Ochrolechia yasudae Vain. [OCHYA] - crustose 

Uncommon on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous boulders and outcrops. [gyrophoric acid] 

__________ 

OPEGRAPHA Ach. (Rocellaceae) 

Crustose lichens with thin or obscure thalli and sessile to immersed, elongate, lirelliform apothecia, 

the apothecia sometimes furcate or branched, hymenium I+ orange or blue, photobiont Trentepohlia, 

asci said to have a small, I+ blue apical ring, with 8 fusiform to acicular, hyaline to brownish, 3-many 

septate spores; 4 species in the region. 

1. Thallus saxicolous on carbonate rocks ...................................... O. mougeotii 


2. Spores 7+ septate, many >45 �m long; epithecium pale ........................ O. viridis 

2. Spores 4-5(6)-septate, to 40 �m long; epithecium brown. 

3. Apothecial disk exposed, usually pruinose; spores >5 �m wide; one half of spore often n otab ly 

broa de r tha n the othe r half ............................................ O. varia 

3. Apothecial disk hidden, not pruinose; spores to 4.5 �m wide; spores of about the same width along 

their length ......................................................O. vulgata 

Opegrapha mougeotii A. Massal. [OPEMO] - crustose 

Rare on sheltered faces of massive dolomite escarpments and bluffs, usually growing on lightly shaded 

faces under overhangs. 

Opegrapha varia Pers. [OPEVA] - crustose 

Occasi onal, usually occurring on boles of mature hardwoods in moderate to light shade, often in 

somewhat mesic habitats. This is the most common species of Opegrapha in the region. It can be 

distinguished from Graphis scripta by the white pruinose disk and longer apothecia of the Graphis. 

The apothecia of O. varia can be somewhat rounded and short, becoming almost oval. 

Opegrapha viridis (Pers. ex Ach.) Behlen & Desberger [OPEVI] - crustose 

Known only from the shaded root of a large Quercus rubra in a mesic woodland. This species has 

small apothecia seldom attaining 1 mm long. 

Opegrapha vulgata Ach. [OPEVU] - crustose 

Known from smooth bark, such as on Carya texana, in mature woodlands. The apothecia of this 

species are small, narrow, and delicate, and form multi-branched, stellate patterns. 

__________ 

PACHYPHYSIS R.C. Harris & Ladd ined. (Porpidiaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with endolithic thalli that are not evident, except sometimes as an obscure 

grayish staining or narrow whitish prothallus, photobiont cf. Trebouxia, apothecia black, usually 

locally pruinose, eventually plane, subimmersed in pits in the substrate, asci Porpidia type, with 8 

simple, hyaline, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. 

Pachyphysis ozarkana R.C. Harris & Ladd ined. [PACOZ] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed weathered dolomite in glades. Apothecia common, sessile, black, often 

initially pruinose and plane to slightly concave but becoming convex and irregular in circumference, 

ranging up to ca. 1 mm broad but averaging 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, mostly scattered to solitary but 

sometimes aggregated in small clusters. Young apothecia have a well defined proper margin which 

becomes obscure in age. Epithecium olive gray to blue green; hymenium ca. 60-80 �m thick (including 

the epithecium), wholly or partially suffused with reddish to purplish brown, K+ violet pigment; 

hypothecium deep opaque reddish brown to black, sometimes appearing slightly carbonaceous;

Ascospores ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, simple, hyaline, closely packed and partially biseriate in the 

ascus, ca. 10.5-12 × 7.5-9 �m, with a thin perispore. This lichen has previously been reported as 

Clauzadea monticola (Ach. ex Schaer.) Hafellner & Bellem., a species with epruinose apothecia 

having an orange to reddish epithecium and narrower spores. The habitat and aspect of this lichen are 

evocative of Sarcogyne regularis. 

__________ 

PANNARIA Delise (Pannariaceae) 

Brown foliose lichens with dense, tomentose hypothallus on lower surface, apothecia sessile, with 

thal line margins that are typically crenulate to sublobulate, photobiont Nostoc, asci I- internally, with 

8 hyaline simple ellipsoid spores, these typically acuminate and surrounded by a thick perispore; 2 

species in the region. Reference: Jørgensen (2001). 

1. T ha llus lob es to 0. 5 m m broa d, wit h n arrow, div ide d tips ; apo thec ia to 1 mm broa d; me du lla P - (pa nn arin 

absent) ............................................................... P. subfusca 

1. Thallus lobes >0.8 mm broad, wit h b road ly rou nd ed tips, ap othe cia often >1 mm broad; medulla P+ red 

(pannarin) .................................................. P. lurida ssp. quercicola 

Pannaria lurida (Mont.) Nyl. ssp. quercicola P.M. Jørg. [PANLU] - foliose 

Occasional on bases and lower boles of trees in extensive mature woodlands. This species is never 

abundant, and usually occurs as a few scattered thalli on a single tree. [pannarin] 

Pannaria subfusca P.M. Jørg. [PANSU] - foliose 

Know n only from boles of old growth Nyssa aquatica in Cupola Pond, a sinkhole pond natural area 

in Oregon County. Local populations of this recently described species were formerly called P. 

rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory, under which name it was listed as Endangered in Missouri (MDC 1992). 

__________ 

PARMELIA Ach. (Parmeliaceae) 

Gray foliose lichens with pale angular markings on the upper surface of the lobes and a dark lower 

cortex with squarrosely branched rhizines; apothecia sessile, brown, with a thalline margin, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the 

region. Reference: Hinds (1998). 

Parmelia squarrosa Hale [PARSQ] - foliose 

Rare, usually growing on lightly shaded boles of Quercus, often along streams. [atranorin, salazinic 

acid] 

__________ 

PARMELINOPSIS Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Narrow-lobed, gray, isidiate foliose lichens with ciliate lobes and a dark lower cortex with simple 

to sparsely furcate rhizines; apothecia sessile, brown, with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, 

asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. 

1. Med ulla C+ red (gyr op ho ric ac id); isidia wit ho ut ap ica l cilia ........................P. minarum 

1. Medulla C- (gyrophoric acid absent); isidia apically ciliate ........................P. horrescens 

Parmelinopsis horrescens (Taylor) Elix & Hale [PARHO] - foliose 

Rare; known only from a single collection on a small hardwood in Carter County. [atranorin, hiasic 

acid complex] 

Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Elix & Hale [PARMIN] - foliose

Occasional on shaded tree boles and siliceous rocks in w ooded uplands. In the Lower Ozark region, 

this species appears to be particularly common on Quercus velutina, although it has also been 

recorded from Amelanchier arborea, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, and Taxodium distichum. 

[atranorin, gyrophoric acid] 

__________ 

PARMOTREMA A. Massal. (Parmeliaceae) 

Broad lobed, light gray, foliose lichens with pale to dark, rhizinate lower cortex, sessile, sometimes 

perforate apothecia with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, 

hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 10 species in the region. For convenience, species of Rimelia and 

Canomaculina are included in this key, since they resemble local species of Parmotrema. 

1. Thallus without isidia or soredia. 

2. Medulla K- (protocetraric acid) ....................................P. michauxianum 

2. Medulla K+ red (norstictic or salazinic acids). 

3. Lower surface with a broad white to pale margin, lobes often upturned or ± e rect; norstictic a cid 

........................................................... P. perforatum 

3. Lower surface dark brown to black, lobes mostly adnate; salazinic acid. 

4. Upper surface with a reticulate pattern of cracks or maculae; rhizines present to margins of 

lower cortex ............................................. Rimelia cetrata 

4. Upper cortex continuous and not patterned with reticulate cracks or maculae; lower cortex 

with a rhizine-free zone near the margins. 

1. Thallus isidiate or sorediate. 


5. Thallus coriaceous, thick; lobe margins irregular, but lacking long lacinae ......... 

................................................. P. despectum 

5. Thallus membranaceous, thin; lobe margins rounded, typically with long lacinae .... 

.................................................P. eurysacum 

7. Medulla always K- and P-, C- or C+ pink to red. 

8. Thallus yellowish green .............................. P. madagascariaceum 

8. Thallus mineral gray. 

9. Medulla C+ red (lecanoric acid); rhizines essentially uniform, absent from a zone along 

the margins of the lower cortex .............................. P. tinctorum 

9. Medulla C-; rhizines of two distinct lengths, the shorter ones extending nearly to the 

margins of the lower cortex ........................ Canomaculina haitiensis 

7. Medulla C-, K+ and P+ yellow or red to orange (salazinic or stictic acid). 

10. Medulla K+ persistently yellow (stictic acid) ....................... P. crinitum 

10. Medulla K+ yellow turning red. 


12. Medulla K-. 

11. Upper cortex smooth and continuous; lower cortex brown throughout, with rhizines of 

two distinct lengths ............................ Canomaculina subtinctoria 

11. Upper cortex with a reticulate pattern of cracks or maculae; lower cortex brown to 

black at center, w ith rhizines essentially one length ........... Rimelia subisidiosa 

13. Medulla C+ red or P + red; rhizines essentially similar. 

14. Medulla C+ red, P- (lecanoric acid) ..................... P. austrosinense 

14. Medulla C-, P+ red (protocetraric acid) ....................... P. gardneri

13. Medulla C- and P-; rhizines of two distinct lengths ....... Canomaculina conferenda 

12. Medulla K+ red or orange (norstictic or salazinic acid). 

15. T ha llus lob es ± e rect, w ith a b road wh ite ma rgin al z on e o n the low er su rfac e; no rstictic ac id 

present, salazinic acid absent ...................................P. hypotropum 

15 . T ha llus lob es ad na te, lo we r surface bla ck through ou t; no rstictic ac id a bs en t, salaz inic ac id 

present. 

16. Portions of the upper cortex with reticulate pattern of cracks and/or maculae; soralia 

round, delimited, prevailingly on short marginal lobes; lower cortex with a distinct marginal 

zone free of rhizines ................................... P. margaritatum 

16. Up pe r cortex lac kin g a r eticu late p attern; soralia line ar an d m argina l to laminal and 

diffuse, not prevailingly on short marginal lobes; rhizines usually present to margin of lower 

cortex ............................................ Rimelia reticulata 

Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale [PARAU] - foliose 

Uncommon on lightly shaded branches of hardwoods and especially Juniperus virginiana, usually 

occurring as individual thal li and never abundant. Although similar to the much more common P. 

hypotropum in having ± erect lobes wi th a broad marginal white zone beneath, P. austrosinense has 

more delicate, crisply defined, fine, linear soralia and has no cilia along the lobe margins, whereas 

P. hypotropum has coarser, more diffuse soralia and numerous black cilia along the lobe margins. 

[atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy [PARCR] - foliose 

Uncommon on lightly shaded hardwood boles in open woodlands, typically growing on Carya and 

Quercus. [atranorin, stictic acid] 

Parmotrema despectum Kurok. [PARDE] - foliose 

This species has been newly described as a segregate of P. eurysacum (Kurokawa 2001). It may be 

the more common element in the Ozark region, although further study is needed to elucidate the 

ecologies and abundances of each species. The complex is common on boles and larger branches of 

hardwoods in mature woodlands, usually in lightly shaded sites. [atranorin, salazinic acid] 

Parmotrema eurysacum (Hue) Hale [PAREU] - foliose 

As discussed under P. despectum, this species occurs on boles and larger branches of trees in mature 

woodlands. It appear to be far less common locally than P. despectum. Both P. eurysacum and P. 

despectum differ from Rimelia cetrata in that the latter species has a reticulately cracked or maculate 

upper cortex and the lower cortex is rhizinate to the margin. [atranorin, salazinic acid] 

Parmotrema gardneri (C. W. Dodge) Serus. [PARGA] - foliose 

Very rare; on branches and boles of hardwood trees in lightly shaded situations. [atranorin, 

protocetraric acid] 

Parmotrema hypotropum (Nyl.) Hale [PARHYPT] - foliose 

Common on trees in woodlands, usually in relatively high light intensities. It occurs on the larger 

branches of canopy trees in mature woodlands, as well as on upper boles of trees and occasionally 

on lightly shaded siliceous rocks. This species is particularly common on Gleditsia triacanthos, 

Juniperus virginiana, and on the lower boles and bases of Pinus echinata in open wooded uplands. 

See comments under P. austrosinense. [atranorin, norstictic acid] 

Parmotrema madagascariaceum (Hue) Hale [PARMAD] - foliose 

Rare and local; restricted to lightly shaded, mesic siliceous rock faces in natural areas, typically 

associated with Punctelia semansiana. Southw ard in the Interior Highlands this species is sometimes 

corticolous, but our only corticolous record i s from an old growth Nyssa aquatica in a forested 

sinkhole pond in Ripley County. The gyrophoric acid is often present in low concentrations in local 

material and not detected by a C test, but is readily revealed by thin layer chromatography. [atranorin, 

gyrophoric & usnic acids]

Parmotrema margaritatum (Hue) Hale [PARMAR] - foliose 

Apparently rare, but possibly overlooked. This species grows on hardwood boles, particularly 

Quercus, in mature wooded uplands. It closely resembles the more common Rimelia reticulata, from 

which it is said to differ in lacking the reticulate cracked or maculate upper cortex of R. reticulata. 

The type specimen of P. margaritata however, has a somewhat reticulate-maculate upper cortex. 

[atranorin, salazinic acid] 

Parmotrema michauxianum (Zahlbr.) Hale [PARMIC] - foliose 

Occasional to frequent, usually on upper boles and larger canopy branches of hardwood trees in 

extensive, mature woodlands. Although this species is difficult to distinguish in the field from 

Parmotrema despectum and Rimelia cetrata, it has a preference for higher light intensities and 

typically grows at higher levels above the ground. Additionally, the lobes of P. michauxianum have 

a tendency to be more dissected into elongate marginal segments. As shown by DePriest and Hale 

(1998), the correct name for this taxon is P. submarginale (Michx.) DePriest & B. Hale. [atranorin, 

prorocetraric acid] 

Parmotrema perforatum (Jacq.) A. Massal. [PARPE] - foliose 

Apparently rather common in the Lower Ozarks, generally growing on larger canopy branches in 

mature woodlands. Sometimes the thalli of this species lack the characteristic marginal white zone 

on the underside, and the lower surface is brown nearly to the center. Younger branches of canopy 

oaks in mature wooded uplands often have numerous small thalli of a Parmotrema that contains 

norstictic acid; it is impossible to determine if these are P. hypotropum or P. perforatum. [atranorin, 

norstictic acid] 

Parmotrema tinctorum (Delise ex Nyl.) Hale [PARTI] - foliose 

Rare, on massive siliceous rock formations, generally in light shade. This species occurs on both 

sandstone and igneous rocks, typically on lightly shaded, mesic bluff faces. Usnea cf. amblyoclada 

is a consistent associate. Interestingly, this species is an abundant corticolous lichen in woodlands 

on the Gulf coastal plain. [atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

__________ 

PELTIGERA Willd. (Peltigeraceae) 

Brown or grayish, mostly terricolous, foliose lichens with smooth, scabrid, or tomentose upper cortex, 

rhizinate, ecorticate lower surface, and sessile apothecia, often terminal on ± erect thallus lobes, 

photobiont (in local taxa) Nostoc, asci Peltigera-type, with 8 narrow, elongate, hyaline to light brown, 

3-7-septate spores; 5 species in the region. The taxonomy and ecology of local populations of 

Peltigera are not well understood, and the following treatment should be regarded as extremely 

provisional. References: Goffinet & Hastings (1994), Goffinet & Miadlikowska (1999). 

1. Thallus without diaspores or well-developed lobules. 

2. Upper cortex smooth and somewhat lustrous ........................... P. polydactylon 

2. Upper cortex, especially near lobe tips, finely tomentose. 

3. T hallus uniformly thin, the lobe tips mostly turned downw ard; typically in mesic habitats .... 

.............................................................. P. canina 

3. Thallus thick, the lobe tips turned upward and usually slightly thicker than the rest of the thallus; 

typically in dry-mesic or dry habitats ...................................P. rufescens 

1. Thallus w ith flattened to a pica lly co ralloid-isidioid lob ules alon g the ma rgins and cracks of th e cortex. 

4. Upper cortex smooth throughout ..................................... P. phyllidiosa 

4. Upper cortex finely tomentose, at least towards lobe tips .................... P. praetextata 

Peltige ra canina (L.) Willd. [PELCA] - foliose

Apparently rare; in shaded, well-drained, often sandy soils in woodlands, usually in somewhat mesic 

sites, such as shaded banks along small waterways in ravines, or in mesic woodlands at the bases of 

bluffs. This species also occurs on rotten logs in similar habitats. 

Peltigera phyllidiosa Goff. & Mi�dl. [PELPH] - foliose 

Apparently infrequent in shaded, mesic areas, typically growing on mossy rocks adjacent to permanent 

water sources, such as streams and spring branches. It is known from both dolomite and sandstone. 

A rare species north of the Ozarks that would key here is P. evansiana Gyeln., which has globosecylindrical, 

laminal isidia and a dull, minutely scabrid upper cortex. [tenuiorin, triterpenoids, zeorin] 

Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm [PELPO] - foliose 

Uncommon; in lightly to moderately shaded, well-drained soil in woodlands, usually along small 

ridges, embankments, or other areas where both leaf litter and competition from vascular vegetation 

are reduced. This species occasionally grows in drier, more exposed sites, and on sandstone. 

[triterpenoids, ± tenui orin] 

Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf [PELPR] - foliose 

Occasional to locally frequent in well-drained soil and mossy rocks in light to moderate shade, 

typically growing at the heads of small embankments or on large boulders. This species also grows 

on mesic bluff faces if they are not too heavily shaded, occurring on dolomite, rhyolite, and sandstone. 

Local populati ons are often sparsely lobulate, sometimes with only a few lobules in one local region 

of the thallus, and are often mistaken for P. rufescens. 

Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. [PELRU] - foliose 

Apparently rare; on lightly shaded, often sandy, soils and mossy rocks. 

__________ 

PELTULA Nyl. (Peltulaceae) 

Marginally sorediate, saxicolous lichens with discrete, thick, round peltate squamules, apothecia 

immersed, thalline margin lacking, photobiont Anacystis (?), asci thin-walled, I-, with 100 or more 

hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Wetmore (1970). 

Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt [PELEU] - squamulose 

Rare and local, on massive dolomite exposures, often in areas receiving intermittent seepage or runoff. 

The species in the region may actually be P. bolanderi (Tuck.) Wetmore, but according to Wetmore 

(1970), P. bolanderi has thin squamules no larger than 2 mm in diameter, while local material is 

larger, with thick squamules sometimes approaching 1 cm in diameter. Peltula euploca has immersed 

apothecia lacking a thalline margin, while P. bolanderi has sessile apothecia with a thalline margin; 

unfortunately, all local material seen to date is sterile. 

__________ 

PERTUSARIA DC. (Pertusariaceae) 

Crustose lichens with well developed, corticate, continuous thalli and immersed, poriform to 

lecanorate or sorediate apothecia, in poriform-fruited species several apothecia often clustered in 

thal line warts, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Pertusaria-type, with 1-8 large, single or double walled, 

sometimes conspicuously ornamented spores; 17 species in the region. References: Dibben (1980), 

Ladd & Wilhelm (1998). Key adapted from Ladd & Wilhelm (1998). 

1. Thallus isidiate, muscicolous ............................................. P. globularis 

1. Thallus not isidiate, rarely muscicolous 

2. Fruiting bodies disciform, the warts lecanorate or sorediate; spores 0, 1, or 2, the walls single (subg. 

Pionospora). 

3. Cortex UV+ yellow (lichexanthone).

4. Wart C+ red (lecanoric acid), with low, often eroded rims commonly covered by coarse white 

pruina ....................................................... P. velata 

4. Wart C�; with thick, prominent rims not much covered by pruina ...P. hypothamnolica 

3. Cortex UV� or UV+ pinkish. 

5. Wart K+ yellow or C+ red. 

6. Wart C+ red, K� (lecanoric acid); spores 1 per ascus, mostly more than 175 P. um velata long 

6. Wart C�, K+ yellow (thamnolic acid); spores 0(1) or 2 per ascus, less than 175 um long 

.................................................. P. trachythallina 

5. Wart both K� and C�. 

7. Wart KC+ violet (picrolichenic acid) ............................P. amara 

7. Wart KC� .......................................P. multipunctoides 

2. Fruiting bodies porifo rm, the warts mo stly corticate ; sp ores 2-8, the walls double (subg. Pertusaria). 

8. Spores prevailingly 5-8, the inner wall smooth. 

9. Cortex UV+ yellow (lichexanthone) ........................P. paratuberculifera 

9. Cortex UV� or UV+ pinkish to orange. 

10. Cortex, especially near the ostioles, C+ yellow (thiophaninic acid); thallus 

character istically w ith tints of yellow, U V+ brilliant orange ..............P. texana 

10. C ortex C � throughout; thallus without yellowish tints, UV� or UV+ weakly pink. 

11. Medulla K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid); cortex UV�; warts open and 

appearing lecanorine, often pale or white in the center .......... P. propinqua 

11. Medulla K�; cortex UV+ pinkish (unknown xanthone), tho ugh often weakly so; 

warts small, apically corticate ............................. P. osti olata 

8. Spores 2-4, the inner wall smooth or ornamented. 

12. Cortex UV+ yellow (lichexanthone) ............................P. valli culata 

12. Cortex UV� or UV+ pinkish to orange. 

13. Spores prevailingly 3 or 4. 

14. Medulla K� (stictic acid absent); spores smooth; rare ........ P. globularis 

14. Medulla K+ yellow (stictic acid); spores ornamented; occasional .......... 

...............................................P. tetrathalamia 

13. Spores 2. 

15. M edulla K + yellow tur ning red (norstictic acid) ; co rte x UV�. 

16. Thallus saxicolous; many warts more than 1 mm in diameter ......... 

........................................... P. plittiana 

16. T ha llus co rtico lou s o r lign ico lou s; wa rts com mon ly fus ed , b ut ind ividual 

warts notably less than 1 mm in diameter ................P. neoscotica 

15. Medulla K� or K+ yellow; cortex UV+ orange to pink (rarely UV�). 

17. Ostioles black, often solitary at the apex of a wart, and almost always less 

than 5/wart, usually > 0.2 mm across; warts prevailingly < 0.6 mm in diameter; 

cortex C+ yellow, especially around the ostioles ............P. pustulata 

17. Ostioles brownish, usually more than 5/wart, usually < 0.12 mm across; 

wa rts prevailingly > 0.6 mm in diame ter ; co rte x C�. 

18. Spores smooth to slightly ornamented; medulla P+ orange-red 

(fumarprotocetraric acid) ........................P. subpertusa 

18. Spores with conspicuous ornamentation; medulla P+ yellow to o range 

(stictic acid).

19. Inner side of inner spore wall sculpted with +/� broadly rounded 

ridges ; lumen an d spo re wa lls usu ally KOH+ pale violet; warts often 

with broad, flat to slightly concave apices .................. 

....................................P. macounii 

19. Outer (and sometimes also inner) side of inner spore wall finely 

and densely sculpted with reticulate ridges; lumen and spore walls K�; 

warts usually with rounded apices ............P. tetrathalamia 

Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. [PERAM] - crustose 

Occasional in wooded uplands, although never abundant on any single tree. This species occurs on 

shaded lower and mid boles of deciduous trees, typically Carya and Quercus, as well as other 

hardwoods and junipers. Rarely it occurs on siliceous rock fragments in wooded uplands. Ozark 

populati ons have abundant small sorediate warts; in the northern United States this lichen typically 

has the warts fused into irregular rounded masses of soredia. [picrolichenic acid, ± protocetraric 

acid] 

Pertusaria globularis (Ach.) Tuck. [PERGL] - crustose 

Known from a single collection on mossy chert in a wooded upland. Although this species is 

described as isidiate, fertile material, such as the collection from the region, often has few or no 

isidia. [xanthone] 

Pertusaria hypothamnolica Dibben [PERHY] - crustose 

Frequent on lower and mid boles of trees in wooded uplands, typically on Quercus, Carya, and 

Juniperus, but occurring on a variety of other deciduous trees. Rarely in these habitats, P. 

hypothamnolica occurs on shaded siliceous rocks. Although all Ozark material examined to date is 

UV+ yellow, Dibben (1980) mentions that some populations lack lichexanthone and are UV-. Any 

such specimens locally would key to P. amara because of the KC+ wine reddish purple color reaction 

of hypothamnolic acid, but could be easily distinguished by the larger, better developed lecanorine 

warts not completely obscured by soredia. The thallus of P. amara is typically darker than the 

mineral gray thallus of P. hypothamnolica. [hypothamnolic acid, lichexanthone] 

Pertusaria macounii (I. M. Lamb) Dibben [PERMA] - crustose 

Uncommon on hardwoods in mature woodlands. Pertusaria tetrathalamia sometimes has two 

ornamented spores per ascus, but the spores have a fine reticulate sculpting on the outside (and 

sometimes also the inside) of the inner wall, while the spores of P. macounii have sculpting of 

rounded grooves on the inside of the inner wall. [stictic acid, xanthones] 

Pertusaria multipunctoides Dibben [PERMU] - crustose 

Apparently rare, but possibly under-collected due to its resemblance to the more common P. 

hypothamnolica. It occurs on lightly shaded hardwoods in extensive, mature woodlands. 


Pertusaria neoscotica I. M. Lamb [PERNE] - crustose 

Uncommon on mossy lignum and shaded hardwood boles in wooded uplands. [norstictic acid] 

Pertusaria ostiolata Dibben [PEROS] - crustose 

Frequent on the shaded boles of a variety of hardwood trees as well as Juniperus virginiana. This 

species has a predilection for more mesic microhabitats than does P. hypothamnolica and P. 

paratuberculifera, and often occurs on mossy tree bases and lower boles. Less frequently, it occurs 

on mid boles and branches of trees in woodlands. The somewhat papuliform, elongate warts are 

distinctive. [xanthone] 

Pertusaria paratuberculife ra Dibben [PERPA] - crustose 

Common on lightly shaded lower and mid boles of trees in wooded uplands. This is the most common 

Pertusaria in the Lower Ozark region and occurs on a wide variety of deciduous trees, although most 

commonly on Quercus stellata and Q. velutina. It is superficially identical to the rarer P. valliculata,

which has four ornamented spores per ascus compared to the 8 smooth spores per ascus of P. 

paratuberculifera. [lichexanthone] 

Pertusaria plittiana Erichsen [PERPL] - crustose 

Locally frequent on massive, shaded sandstone and igneous rocks in uplands, typically forming large 

colonies. This is the only regularly saxicolous Pertusaria in the Interior Highlands, although other 

species in the genus rarely grow on rocks. Throughout the Ozarks, small dark green thalli of Buellia 

vernicoma frequently grow on or adjacent to P. plittiana in the region. Another saxicolous species 

containing norstictic acid, Phlyctis argena, differs in its smoother, thick, pale gray thallus and frequent 

sorediate patches; it is usually sterile whereas P. plittiana is invariably fertile. [norstictic, perlatolic, 

& stenosporic acids] 

Pe rtusaria propinqua Müll. Arg. [PERPR] - crustose 

Occasional on open grown trees in moderate to high light intensities, growing on both boles and 

branches. This species often grows in the canopy, and seems to be less shade tolerant than many other 

species of Pertusaria. The thick-rimmed expanded warts appear almost lecanorine, [norstictic acid] 

Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby [PERPUS] - crustose 

Frequent on exposed small twigs and upper branches of canopy trees in woodlands throughout the 

region. It also occurs on lightly shaded tree boles, particularly smooth barked trees such as Carya 

ovata. Pertusaria pustulata seems to require higher light intensities than typical woodland members 

of the genus such as P. amara, P. hypothamnolica, P. paratuberculifera, and P. velata. This species 

is among the smallest of our local Pertusaria taxa, although in favorable sites thalli often fuse to form 

large continuous patches. [stictic acid, xanthone] 

Pertusaria subpertusa Brodo [PERSU] - crustose 

Locally frequent on boles and lower branches of smooth-barked hardwoods and Juniperus in mesic 

woodlands in the Lower Ozark region. Substrate trees include Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, 

Fagus grandifolia and Juniperus virginiana. This species is unknown elsewhere in Missouri, and 

local populations are the northwesternmost known for this woodland endemic of eastern North 

America. Characteristics of this species are the dull gray to grayish green thallus with large, broadly 

rounded, well separated warts ranging up to 1 mm wide, with 2 slightly ornamented spores per ascus 

and a P+ red reaction. [fumarprotocetraric acid, xanthone] 

Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl. [PERTET] - crustose 

Occasional on tree boles and larger branches in landscapes with remnant natural integrity. Al though 

occurring on Quercus and Carya, the vast majority of records from the region are from Juniperus 

virginiana. Further west in the Missouri Ozarks, this species also occurs on Juniperus ashei. Dibben 

(1980) lists the substrate as prevailingly hardwoods. Most Lower Ozark populations have 2 spores 

per ascus. See comments under P. macounii. [stictic acid, xanthone] 

Pertusaria texana Müll. Arg. [PERTEX] - crustose 

Frequent on boles and branches of trees in wooded uplands, typically in light shade. This species 

grows on both boles and upper branches of trees. In the latter habitat, it sometimes associates with 

P. pustulata, from which it can be distinguished by the pale ostioles and usually strong tincture of 

greenish yellow in the thallus of P. texana, as opposed to the dark or black ostioles and gray thal lus 

of P. pustulata. [stictic & thiophaninic acids, xanthone] 

Elsewhere in the Ozarks, P. texana is s ome times parasitize d by Minutoexcipula tuckerae V. Atienza & D. Hawksw., 

a small, black, lichenicolous deuteromycete with two-celled, brown conidiospores. 

Pertusaria trachythallina Erichsen [PERTR] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded boles and especially on large upper branches of smooth-barked hardwoods in 

somewhat mesic sites. Substrate trees include Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, Carpinus 

caroliniana, and, most commonly, large upper branches of Quercus coccinea, Q. rubra, Q. 

shumardii, and Q. velutina. This species resembles a small P. hypothamnolica, and may be

overlooked. The UV- cortex and KOH+ instantly deep yellow reaction readily distinguish this 

species. [thamnolic acid] 

Pertusaria valliculata Dibben [PERVA] - crustose 

Apparently infrequent in the Lower Ozark region, although somew hat more common in the 

northwestern Missouri Ozarks. This species occurs on a variety of deciduous trees and also on 

Juniperus, but is most common on Carya and all types of Quercus. It typically grows on shaded 

lower and mid boles, and more rarely on shaded lower branches. In the field this species is identical 

to the more common P. paratuberculifera, and must be examined microscopically. [lichexanthone] 

Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl. [PERVE] - crustose 

Common on lightly shaded lower and mid boles of trees in wooded uplands. This species occurs on 

a wide variety of hardwoods, and in the l ower Ozarks is especially common on Carya texana, 

Quercus stellata, and Q. velutina. Most material from the area is UV-, but UV+ yellow populations 

with lichexanthone occur through the area, with the same habitats and substrates as the typical 

chemotype. The population with lichexanthone was formerly called P. pulchella Malme. [lecanoric 

acid, ± lichexanthone] 

__________ 

PETRACTIS Fr. (Gyalectaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with immersed apothecia, photobiont Trentepohlia (?), asci thin-walled, 

I+ blue, without an apical dome, with 8 hyaline, multiseptate to submuriform (?) spores; 1 species in 

the region. This genus is very similar to Gyalecta and perhaps should be included within it. 

Petractis farlowii (Tuck. ex Nyl.) V�zda [PETFA] - crustose 

Known only from moist shaded dolomite at the base of a massive bluff in Oregon County. This 

species closely resembles a Gyalecta with immersed apothecia. 

__________ 

PHAEOCALICIUM A. F. W. Schmidt (Mycocaliciaceae) 

Crustose fungi with no apparent thallus and minute, black, stipitate, narrowly subcylindrical apothecia, 

photobiont lacking, asci single walled, with uniformly thickened apex and 8 ellipsoid, pale brownish, 

1-septate spores with rounded apices — the asci tardily disintegrating after spore maturity, but not 

forming a mazaedium; 1 species in the region. 

Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell [PHAPO] - crustose 

Frequent in woodlands, growing on thalli of the polyporous fungus Trichaptum biforme, which 

inhabits rotting logs and standing dead snags. The Trichaptum appears to be especially common on 

Quercus. 

__________ 

PHAEOPHYSCIA Moberg (Physciaceae) 

Small, narrow lobed dark gray to brownish foliose lichens, upper cortex K-, lower cortex usually 

dark, occasionally pale, usually with abundant simple rhizines; apothecia sessile, with a welldeveloped 

thalline margin; photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 ellipsoid, brown, 1septate, 

thick-walled spores; 8 species in the region. References: Esslinger (1978).


2. Medulla prevailingly red ..........................................P. rubropulchra 

2. Medulla white throughout. 

3. Upper cortex with fine white hairs, particularly near lobe tips ............ P. cernohorskyi 

3. Upper cortex glabrous. 

4. Lower cortex dark throughout, or with a narrow pale marginal zone. 

5. Soredia coarsely granular and sometimes appearing almost isidioid, in poorly defined 

marginal and laminal soralia; thallus lobes 0.5-2 mm wide ............P. adi astola 

5. Soredia farinose, in well-defined, rounded soralia; thallus lobes mostly up to 0.5 mm 

wide. 

6. Soralia strongly capitate and elevated, usually terminal or on small secondary lobes; 

thallus loosely adnate; larger lobes up to 0.5 mm broad ......... P. pusilloides 

6. Soralia orbicular, sessile, usually laminal; thallus closely adnate; larger lobes up to 

0.3 mm broad .........................................P. insignis 

4. Lower cortex pale. 

7. Larger thallus lobes to 0.3 mm broad; soralia laminal and often broader than the lobes; 

lower cortex paraplectenchymatous .............................P. insignis 

7. Larger thallus lobes 0.5 or more mm broad, soralia marginal or laminal and narrower 

than their lobes; lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous ................ Physci ella 

1. Thallus not sorediate, although sometimes with abundant fine marginal lobules. 

8. Thallus with abundant dissected marginal lobules; apothecia rare ............... P. squarrosa 

8. Thallus lacking lobules; apothecia common. 

9. Upper cortex glabrous .............................................P. ciliata 

9. Up pe r cortex with fine w hite h airs, pa rticu larly near lobe tips and on thallin e m argins of ap othe cia 

.............................................................. P. hi rtella 

Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl. [PHAAD] - foliose 

Common in shaded woodlands, often in mesic ravines. The typical habitat for this species is shaded, 

mossy ledges and boulders of both siliceous and carbonate rocks, although it infrequently occurs on 

mossy tree bases as well. The granular, almost isidiate-appearing soredia, and abundant projecti ng 

black rhizines are characteristic. 

Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi (Nadv.) Essl. [PHACE] - foliose 

Although this species is an abundant w eedy lichen in exposed disturbed habitats elsewhere in 

Missouri, in the Lower Ozark region it is only occasional, occurring in small numbers on trees in 

wooded uplands and along woodland edges, as well as on exposed old wood, lightly shaded rocks 

in disturbed areas, and even on old concrete. In woodlands, the thalli are typically small and 

fragmentary. Juniperus virginiana is a preferred substrate. The only other pubescent Phaeophyscia 

in our area is P. hirtella, wi th a more regular, better developed thallus, no soredia, and numerous 

apothecia. 

Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg [PHACI] - foliose 

Locally frequent on exposed to lightly shaded branches and boles of trees, particularly trees with less 

acidic bark, such as Juglans nigra and Fraxinus americana. This specie s r equires higher light 

intensities than many of our woodland lichens. It occurs very rarely on lightly shaded rocks. This 

species sometimes grows in mixtures with P. hirtella. 

Phaeophyscia hirte lla Essl. [PHAHI] - foliose 

Uncommon, with habitats and substrates similar to those of P. ciliata; the two elements often occur 

together, although P. ciliata appears to be more common in the Lower Ozark region. See comments 

under P. cernohorskyi.

Phaeophyscia insignis (Mereschk.) Moberg [PHAIN] - foliose 

This diminutive lichen is known in our area only from two collections, occurring on hardwoods in 

light to moderate shade. The lower surface is usually pale over much of the thallus. Species of 

Physciella might be keyed here, but can be disti nguished by their usually paler gray upper cortex, 

larger thal lus lobes, and prosoplectenchymatous lower cortex. Phaeophyscia insignis is about the 

same size as Hyperphyscia adglutinata, but Hyperphyscia is more appressed, without evident welldeveloped 

rhizines, and has linear or oblong soralia, as opposed to the round soralia of P. insignis. 

Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. [PHAPU] - foliose 

Common on tree boles in woodlands, particularly on Quercus and Carya in wooded uplands. This 

species has a distinctive, greenish cast to the round, capitate soralia, which appear slightly elevated 

on the lobe tips. 

Phae ophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. [PHARU] - foliose 

Common in shaded woodlands, growing on rocks, logs, and lower portions of tree boles. This species 

has a browner thallus than other local taxa of Phaeophyscia, with characteristic, dark soralia. In some 

specimens, portions of the medul la are white. [skyrin] 

Phaeophyscia squarrosa Kashiw. [PHASQ] - foliose 

Common on shaded rocks and tree bases in a variety of woodland habitats, but often in more mesic 

sites. This species, formerly called Phaeophyscia imbricata (Vain.) Essl., is easily recognized by 

the abundant, fine, isidia-like marginal lobules on the thallus. Anaptychia palmulata can be lobulate, 

but is bright green when wet, uniformly pale beneath with pale rhizines, and usually has apothecia. 

Phaeophyscia squarrosa is pale greenish gray when wet, dark beneath towards the center of the 

thallus, with black rhizines, and usually sterile. 

__________ 

PHLYCTIDIA Müll. Arg. (Phlyctidaceae) 

See generic synopsis for Phlyctis; I am unable to see any compelling differences between these taxa. 

Note that Hawksworth et al. (1995) consider this to be a synonym of Phlyctis. 

Phlyctidia ludovicie nsis Müll. Arg. [PHLLU] - crustose 

Rare on lightly to moderately shaded boles of hardwoods, particularly Carpinus caroliniana, in mesic 

woodlands, particularly along small wooded streams, fens, and other sources of permanent humidity. 

__________ 

PHLYCTIS Wallr. (Phlyctidaceae) 

Crustose lichens with pale gray, well-developed, rimose thalli and small immersed apothecia usually 

obscured by coarse pruina, thalline margin present but often poorly developed and irregular, 

photobiont chlorococcoid, asci thin-walled, not thickened at apex, with 1 hyaline, muriform spore; 1 


Phlyctis ? argena (Spreng.) Flot. [PHLAR] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded sandstone or rhyolite boulders and outcrops, typically in more humid sites such 

as along lightly shaded streams in natural areas. Frequent associates include Buellia vernicoma, 

Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, and Pertusaria plittiana. This species is typically corticolous 

throughout most of its range, but all known midwestern populations are saxicolous and sterile. 

[norstictic acid] 

__________ 

PHYLLOPSORA Müll. Arg. (Biatoraceae) 

Greenish corticolous lichens with a pale, obscure to obvious prothallus and isidioid-dissected, 

aggregated subsquamulose thallus, apothecia sessile, brown, convex, lacking a thalline margin,

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Bacidia-type, with 8 hyaline, short-fusiform, simple spores; 1 species in 

the region. Reference: Brako (1991). 

Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll. Arg. [PHYCO] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded bases of mature trees, particularly Quercus velutina, in extensive woodlands. 

Local material does not contain lichen substances and is referable to var. corallina. 

__________ 

PHYSCIA (Schreb.) Michx. (Pyysciaceae) 

Small, narrow lobed pale gray foliose lichens with a K+ yellow upper cortex, pale lower cortex with 

pale rhizines, sessile apothecia with thalline margins, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 

8 ellipsoid, brown, 1-septate, thick walled spores; 6 species in the region. Reference: Thomson 

(1963). 

1. Thallus sorediate, the soredia sometimes appearing finely lobulate. 

2. Lo be s >0. 5 m m broa d; so redia lam ina l, in orbic ula r soralia ....................P. americana 

2. Lobes to 0.3 mm broad; soredia marginal or terminal, without well-defined soralia. 

3. Thallus saxicolous on siliceous rocks; lobes typically ca. 0.15 mm, long and narrow, or up to 0.3 

mm broad and short, slightly fan-shaped, and closely appressed, but lobes more than twice as long 

as wide ........................................................ P. subtilis 

3. Thallus usually corticolous, very rarely on rocks and concrete in disturbed areas; some lobes 

typically >0.25 mm, short and less than twice as long as wide, wit h a bu nd an t side bran ch es; loos ely 

adnate ...................................................... P. millegrana 

1. Thallus esorediate. 

4. Thallus lobes 0.4 mm broad; substrates various, but uncommon on siliceous rocks. 

5. Medulla K+ yellow; zeorin present .................................. P. pumilior 

5. Medulla K-; zeorin absent .........................................P. stellaris 

Physcia americana G. Merr. [PHYAM] - foliose 

Common on lightly shaded boles of a variety of hardwoods and Juniperus virginiana, with a 

predilection for Quercus alba, Q. muehlenbergii, and Q. stellata. This species also occurs on shaded 

dolomite. [atranorin, terpene] 

Physcia halei J. W. Thomson [PHYHA] - foliose 

Rare and restricted to exposed to very lightly shaded, massive siliceous rock exposures, growing on 

both sandstone and igneous rocks. [atranorin] 

Physcia millegrana Degel. [PHYMI] - foliose 

Common and widely distr ibuted, although seldom abundant in natural habitats. This species grows 

on boles and especially exposed branches of most types of trees, frequently associating with 

Candelaria concolor and Physcia stellaris. It can become abundant on trees in disturbed areas, such 

as in towns and cities and around residences and farmsteads. Physcia millegrana also grows on old 

boards, weathered wooden fence posts, old rusted iron, and rarely, on rocks and concrete. [atranorin] 

Physcia pumilior R. C. Harris [PHYPU] - foliose 

Occasional on trees, usually in extensive woodland. Although this species occurs on both canopy 

branches and tree boles, in the Lower Ozark region it appears to be more characteristically associated 

with shaded tree boles and larger branches, as opposed to the morphologically similar P. stellaris, 

which is typically a species of canopy branches and young trees in high light intensities. A K test is 

necessary to reliably determine these two taxa. A larger, more robust species known elsewhere in 

the Ozarks that would key here is P. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Hampe in Fürnr., which has lobes more

than 1 mm broad, as opposed to the lobes of P. pumilior, which are prevailingly less than 1 mm wide. 

[atranorin, zeorin] 

Physcia ste llaris (L.) Ach. [PHYST] - foliose 

Abundant on exposed to slightly shaded branches, especially young branches of canopy trees, where 

associates include Amandinea polyspora, Arthonia caesia, Lecanora strobilina, and Lecidea 

varians. This species also occurs on lightly shaded rocks, and even old asphalt shingles and rusty 

ironwork. [atranorin] 

Physcia subtilis Degel. [PHYSU] - foliose 

Locally frequent on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous rocks, including both massive outcrops and 

smaller boulders and fragments. Substrates include sandstone, chert, granite, and rhyolite. Physcia 

subtilis is described as having a K+ yellow medullary reaction, but all local material, and all 

Ozarkian material examined reacts K-. Esslinger and Egan (1996) point out that the medulla of P. 

subtilis is actually K-. The taxonomy of this complex in the region is problematical: Thomson (1963) 

indicates that P. subtilis has spores 8-13 × 6.5 �m, while related narrow-lobed species, such as P. 

intermedia Vain. and P. teretiuscula (Ach.) Lynge (both now considered synonymous w ith P. dubia 

(Hoffm.) Lettau, a usually broader lobed species), have spores 16-25 × 7-11 �m. The single fertile 

collection examined from the lower Midwest, from northeastern Oklahoma (Ladd 18459), has spores 

ranging from 11 to 18 �m long! There are two entities involved in the region: a woodland taxon with 

elongate, narrow lobes

1. Medulla C- (gyrophoric acid absent) ......................................P. leucoleiptes 

Physconia kurokawae Kashiw. [PHYKU] - foliose 

Uncommon, in habitats similar to those of P. leucoleiptes with which it is sometimes associated. 

[gyrophoric acid; secalonic acid A in soralia] 

Physconia leucoleiptes (Tuck.) Essl. [PHYLE] - foliose 

Frequent on shaded lower boles of hardwoods and Juniperus, as well as on shaded rocks, both 

carbonate and siliceous. Previous reports of P. detersa (Nyl.) Poelt from the region are referable 

here. [secalonic acid A in soralia] 

__________ 

PLACIDIOPSIS Beltr. (Verrucariaceae) 

Saxicolous lichens with tiny gray squamulose thalli, with immersed perithecia, photobiont Trebouxialike, 

asci resembling those of Verrucaria, with 8 small, hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores; 1 species 

in the region. Reference: Harris (1979b). 

Placidiopsis minor R. C. Harris [PLAMI] - crustose 

Known only from rhyolite fragments i n a seasonally moist bedrock depression in an extensive rhyolite 

glade near the summit of Stegall Mountain in Carter County. As Harris (1979) points out, at first 

glance this species resembles an Acarospora. 

__________ 

PLACIDIUM (Flot.) Breuß (Verrucariaceae) 

Brown squamulose lichens with well developed thalli and immersed perithecia, photobiont Myrmecia 

and Trebouxia, asci thin walled, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 2 species in the region. 

References: Breuß (1996), McCune (1987), Thomson (1987). 

1. Thallus terricolous, of ± discrete squamules; rhizines lacking ....................P. squamulosum 

1. T ha llus co rtico lou s o r occ asion ally saxico lou s o n m os sy do lom ite, t hallus of fused and overlapping squamules; 

rhizines abundant .....................................................P. tuckermanii 

Placidium squamulosum (Ach.) Breuß [PLASQ] - squamulose 

Frequent in its limited habitat: dolomite glades on exposed thin soils over carbonate bedrock, in areas 

with minimal competition from vascular vegetation. In higher quality glades, Heppia adglutinata and 

Psora decipiens are consistent associates. 

Placidium tuckermanii (Ravenel ex Mont.) Breuß [PLATU] - squamulose 

Occasional on lower boles of trees in lightly shaded uplands, and uncommonly on shaded, mossy 

dolomite. This species exhibits a preference for Fraxinus and white oaks (Quercus alba, Q. 

muehlenbergii and Q. stellata). A typical habitat is on trees bordering dolomite glades. 

__________ 

PLACYNTHIELLA Elenkin (Trapeliaceae) 

Lignicolous crustose lichens with dark brown thalli composed of tiny coralloid-isidiate granules, 

apothecia sessile, brown, lacking a thalline margin, photobiont Chlorella?, asci resembling those of 

Trapelia, with I+ bluish apical dome, lacking an ocular chamber, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple 


Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P. James [PLAIC] - crustose 

Common but often overlooked, on lightly to moderately shaded decorticate logs and stumps in 

woodlands. From a distance, the minute brown thalli resemble rotting wood. [gyrophoric acid] 

__________

PLACYNTHIUM (Ach.) Gray (Placynthiaceae) 

Saxicolous gelatinous lichens with crustose to placodioid or subfoliose thalli, apothecia sessile, 

thalline margin absent, photobiont Dichothrix and Scytonema, asci Peltigera-type, with 8 hyaline, 

ellipsoid, 1-3 septate spores; 2 species in the region. Reference: Henssen (1963). 

1. Thallus crustose to placodioid, isidiate; conspicuous blue-black prothallus present ......... P. nigrum 

1. Thallus subfoliose, with well-developed narrow lobes, not isidiate; prothallus lacking ....... P. petersii 

Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray [PLANI] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded carbonate substrates, particularly in areas with somewhat 

moist microclimate. In the Lower Ozarks, this species grows on dolomite and sometimes even on old, 

shaded concrete. 

Placynthium petersii (Nyl.) Burnham [PLAPE] - foliose 

Rare on exposed to lightly shaded dolomite ledges, boulders, and escarpments in upland sites, 

typically associated with glades and bluffs. __________ 

POLYBLASTIA A. Massal. 

Saxicolous crust w ith thin, continuous, smooth, black thalli and perithecia immersed in tiny thal lus 

warts, with minute apical ostioles, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci thin walled, Verrucaria type, with 

8 pale, muriform spores; 1 species in the region. 

Polyblastia sp. [POLspp] - crustose 

Known only from shaded chert fragments in a xeric wooded upland in MOFEP site 6, in Reynolds 

County. 

__________ 

POLYSPORINA V�zda (Acarosporaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin to obscure or partly endolithic, gray thalli, apothecia sessile, 

wi thout a thalline margin, the disks irregularly ridged and lumpy, paraphyses abundantly branched and 

anastomosed, photobiont Myrmecia or Trebouxia; asci strongly thickened apically, with an I- apical 

dome, w ith numerous, minute, bacilliform spores; 1 species in the region. 

Polysporina simplex (Davies) V�zda [POLSI] - crustose 

Occasional on siliceous rocks in exposed to lightly shaded habitats, growi ng on sandstone and 

rhyolite. See comments under Sarcogyne privigna. 

__________ 

PORPIDIA Körb. (Porpidiaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with white to grayish thalli and immersed or sessile apothecia lacking a 

thal line margin, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci Porpidia-type, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple 

spores; 2 species in the region. Reference: Gowan (1989). 

1. Thallus thin, whitish; apothecia sessile, jet black, epruinose ..................... P. tahawasiana 

1. Thallus thick, gray; apothecia mostly immersed, blue-gray, densely gray pruinose .. P. albocaerulescens 

Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph [PORAL] - crustose 

Locally frequent in shaded mesic sites on siliceous rocks, typically on boulders at the base of moist 

talus slopes, on moist lower faces of massive bluffs, and on large boulders of rhyolite, chert, or 

sandstone in the bottom of narrow ravines. [stictic acid]

Porpidia tahawasiana Gowan [PORTA] - crustose 

Occasional on lightly shaded siliceous rocks, especially sandstone, in wooded uplands. 

__________ 

PROTOBLASTENIA (Zahlbr.) J. Steiner (Psoraceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin, sordid gray thalli and sessile, convex, orangish brown 

apothecia, thalline margin absent, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci Porpidia-type, with 8 hyaline, 

ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Protoblaste nia rupestris (Scop.) Steiner [PRORU] - crustose 

Locally frequent on lightly shaded dolomite, particularly on horizontal surfaces of both larger rocks 

and ledges and small fragments. Typical habitats include the lower edges of glades and along small 

runoff streams in upland waterways. [parietin] 

__________ 

PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA Vain. (Lobariaceae) 

Large corticolous lichens with brown upper cortex, pale brown, pseudocyphellate, tomentose lower 

surface, and bright yellow marginal soralia and medulla, apothecia usually lacking, sessile, with 

thalline margin, photobiont Chlorella like or Dictyochloropsis, asci Peltigera-type, with 8 brown, 

fusi form-ellipsoid, 1-3 septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain. [PSEAU] - foliose 

Known from a single locality in the region, on the bole of an old growth Platanus occidentalis along 

the outflow from Greer Spring, where it was discovered in 1986. This species is designated as 

Endangered in Missouri. [calycin, pulvinic acid, pulvinic dilactone] 

__________ 

PSORA Hoffm. (Psoraceae) 

Squamulose lichens with sessile apothecia, thalline margin lacking, pigmented portions of apothecia 

reacting K+ reddish, photobiont Myrmecia and Trebouxia, asci with well-developed I+ blue apical 

dome with I+ darker blue central tube, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 2 species in the 

region. Reference: Timdal (1986). 

1. Thallus margins tinged dark gray, notably darker than the upper cortex; on siliceous substrates, with rock or 

thin silty soil over rock ............................................... Psorula rufonigra 

1. Thallus margins usually white in a narrow zone, occasionally with some areas concolorous with the thallus; 

associated with carbonate rock or soils derived from carbonate rock. 

2. Thallus saxicolous ............................................ P. pseudorussellii 

2. Thallus terricolous. 

3. Medulla K+ yellow turning red (norstictic acid); apothecia mostly laminal (sometimes submarginal), 

reddish brown ................................................... P. russellii 

3. Medulla K- (norstictic acid absent); apothecia marginal, black .............. P. decipiens 

[Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm.] [PSODE] - squamulose 

An infrequent but characteristic species of thin, exposed soil pockets on dolomite bedrock in glades. 

Known from many surrounding counties in the Ozarks, but yet to be vouchered from the Lower Ozark 

region, although it undoubtedly occurs here. This species is almost invariably accompanied by 

Placidium squamulosum, which has a brown thallus with concolorous margins and perithecia, as 

contrasted with the brick-reddish to pink or red-brown thallus, white margins, and black marginal 

apothecia of P. decipiens. 

Psora pseudorusse llii Timdal [PSOPS] - squamulose

Locally frequent on exposed dolomite boulders and ledges in glades and on bluff summits. 

Psora russellii (Tuck.) A. Schneid. [PSORUS] - squamulose 

Occasional on thin soils over dolomite bedrock in high quality glades, sometimes forming extensive 

mats. [norstictic acid] 

__________ 

PSORULA Gotth. Schneid. (Psoraceae) 

Small lichens with thick, dark gray, lobed to crenulate squamules with slightly thickened margins, 

apothecia sessile, black, thalline margin absent, photobiont Trebouxia, asci with 8 hyaline, simple, 

narrowly ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. This genus differs from Psora in the K- reaction 

of all parts of the apothecia and the lack of oxalate crystals in the thallus. 

Psorula rufonigra (Tuck.) Gotth. Schneid. [PSORUF] 

Occasional on exposed to very lightly shaded siliceous rocks, usually growing on flat surface in thin 

pockets of silty soil or with mosses such as Hedwigia ciliata. Spilonema revertens is a constant 

associate. Known from granite, rhyolite, sandstone, and rarely, chert. 

__________ 

PUNCTELIA Krog (Parmeliaceae) 

Medium-broad lobed, light gray foliose lichens with a pseudocyphellate upper cortex, white to pale 

brown, rhizinate lower cortex, apothecia sessile, with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci 

Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 5 species in the region. References: Adler 

(1997), Krog (1982), Wilhelm & Ladd (1992). 

1. Thallus without diaspores .............................................. P. semansiana 

1. Thallus isidiate or sorediate. 

2. Thallus with fine cylindrical isidia, these usually dark at the tips .................. P. rudecta 

2. Thallus sorediate, and sometimes also bearing small, ± flattened lobules. 

3. Soredia coarse and granulose; thallus frequently with partially corticate lobules ............ 

......................................................... P. missouriensis 

3. Soredia farinose; thallus not markedly lobulate. 

4. T ha llus sm oo th; sored ia o ften in rou nd lam ina l so ralia ............... P. subrudecta 

4. Thallus foveolate-ridged; sorediate prevailingly associated with the ridges ............ 

...................................................... P. perreticulata 

Punctelia missouriensis G. Wilh. & Ladd [PUNMI] - foliose 

Frequent on tree bases and massive exposures and boulders of siliceous rocks in lightly shaded areas 

of wooded uplands. This species has been confused with both P. rudecta and P. subrudecta because 

of misinterpretation of the coarse soredia and lobules. Even when the lobules of P. missouriensis 

appear isidioid, they are not dark tipped like the fine cylindrical isidia of P. rudecta. Punctelia 

subrudecta has farinose soredia in well-delimited soralia, whereas P. missouriensis has soredia in 

patches associated with the pseudocyphellae on the upper cortex. Recently, Adler (1997) has included 

this element within P. punctilla (Hale) Krog, but van Herk and Aptroot (2000) consider it a distinct 

species. As discussed by Wilhelm & Ladd (1991), there are distinctions that seem to warrant keeping 

local material as a separate entity at this time. [atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

Punctelia perreticulata (Räsänen) G. Wilh. & Ladd [PUNPE] - foliose 

Uncommon, typically on exposed, often old growth, coniferous substrates (Juniperus virginiana and 

Pinus echinata), but also sometimes found on hardwoods in open woodlands. Although Adler and 

Ahti (1996) discuss morphological overlap between this taxon and P. subrudecta, there is a strong

correlation between habitat ecology and thallus morphology in the Interior Highlands. [atranorin, 

lecanoric acid] 

Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog [PUNRU] - foliose 

In terms of both number s and biomass, this is the most common and locally abundant lichen in the 

Lower Ozark region. It is nearly ubiquitous on a wide variety of trees, occurring on all but the 

youngest canopy branches. Other substr ates include well-drained decorticate logs and mossy portions 

of both carbonate and siliceous rocks. [atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

Cortic olous specimens of P. rudecta on shaded boles of tre es in woodlands are fr equently parasitized by Nectria 

parmeliae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) D. Hawksw. (Hypocreaceae), a lichenico lous fungus with fuzzy, o range- pink, 

globose perithecia sessile on the host thallus. The ascospores of the Nectria are unusual in that each ascus produces 

one or two large macroascospores and 4-5 markedly smaller microascospores; both s pore type s are hyaline, ellipsoid, 

and 1-septate . Other lichens that are parasitized by N. parmeliae in the Lower Ozarks include Physcia americana and 

Pyxine sorediata. The host thallus becomes necrotic in the region of the Nectria infe station. 

Punctelia semansiana (W.L. & C.F. Culb.) Krog [PUNSE] - foliose 

Infrequent on lightly shaded, usually somewhat mesic faces of massive siliceous r ock exposures, 

typically occurring on lower faces of massive cliffs and bluffs, and occasionally in bedrock exposures 

on glade margins, as well as on exposed hardwoods in these habitats. Rhyolite appears to be a 

preferred substrate, where associates include Coccocarpia palmicola, Parmotrema 

madagascariaceum, and Usnea amblyoclada. Punctelia bolliana (Müll. Arg.) Krog, a 

morphologically similar species occurring on corticolous substrates, particularly in exposed habitats, 

occurs elsewhere in the Ozarks and may grow in the region. [atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog [PUNSU] - foliose 

Occasional, usually on conifers in landscapes with remnant natural integrity. A favored substrate 

appears to be the lower boles and bases of Pinus echinata in open wooded uplands. See comments 

under P. perreticulata. [atranorin, lecanoric acid] 

__________ 

PYRENULA A. Massal. (Pyrenulaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens with thin or obscure, continuous thalli and immersed perithecia, 

photobiont Trentepohlia, asci Pyrenula-type, with 8 brown, ellipsoid, 3-septate to muriform spores; 

7 species in the region. References: Harris 1989, 1995). 

1. Spores muriform, with several longitudinal divisions, 45-65 �m long ................ P. ravenelii 

1. Spores 3-septate (som etimes the m ed ian loc ule s w ith a single longitudinal division in P. subelliptica), to 45 

�m long. 

2. Terminal locules of spores directly against the exospore, appearing to be at the very ends of the spores; 

spores 13-32 �m long. 

3. Ostioles apical, thallus usually UV+ yellow (lichexanthone); hymenium heavily inspersed; spores 

13-22 �m long ..............................................P. pseudobufonia 

3. Ostioles lateral; thallus UV- (lichexanthone absent); hymenium not inspersed; spores 25-32 �m long 

........................................................... P. cuyabensis 

2. Terminal locules of spores separated from expospore by a layer of endospore, the locules not appearing 

to be terminal; spores 21-46 �m long. 

4. Hymenium inspersed; medial lumina of spores elongate, notably longer than broad, and sometimes 

longitudinally divided ............................................ P. subelliptica 

4. Hymenium not inspersed; medial lumina of spores ± isodiametric, never longitudinally divided. 

5. Spores up to 26�m long and 10 �m wide ......................... P. micheneri 

5. Spores 27-45 �m long and at least 12 �m wide.

6. Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone); perispore with dark apical caps; spores 36-45 �m 

long .....................................................P. caryae 

6. Thallus UV- (lichexanthone absent); perispore hyaline throughout; spores 27-38 �m long 

......................................................P. punctella 

Pyrenula caryae R. C. Harris [PYRCA] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded boles of Carya in areas of extensive woodlands; typically growing on younger 

trees. Harris (1995) mentions that some specimens are lichexanthone deficient, although we have not 

seen this in local material. [lichexanthone] 

Pyrenula cuyabensis (Malme) R. C. Harris [PYRCU] - crustose 

Known only from a single collection from Carter County, growing on hardwoods in a mesic 

woodland. 

Pyre nula micheneri R. C. Harris [PYRMI] - crustose 

Known only from a single collecti on from Oregon County, growing on Carpinus caroliniana in a 

mesic woodland. This is the first collection of this taxon made in this century; see Harris (1989). 

Previously, this species was known only from a single nineteenth century collection each from 

Pennsylvania and Ontario. 

Pyrenula pseudobufonia (Rehm) R. C. Harris [PYRPS] - crustose 

Frequent on shaded boles of hardwoods in w oodlands. This species grows on a variety of trees, and 

is especially common on mature Quercus coccinea and Q. velutina in wooded dry-mesic uplands. 

This is the only species of Pyrenula that is frequent in the region. [lichexanthone] 

Pyrenula punctella (Nyl.) Trevis. [PYRPU] - crustose 

Uncommon in mesic floodplain woodlands; known from shaded boles of Carpinus caroliniana and 

Carya cordiformis. 

Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R. C. Harris [PYRRA] - crustose 

Occasional on hardwoods in mesic areas. Local substrates are Acer rubrum and Carpinus 

caroliniana. 

Pyrenula subelliptica (Tuck.) R. C. Harris [PYRSU] - crustose 

Occasional in woodlands, usually in mesic sites. Found on a variety of hardwoods, although in the 

Lower Ozarks, Acer rubrum is the most common substrate. 

__________ 

PYRRHOSPORA Körb. (Lecanoraceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens with pale gray, continuous, granular thal li and sessile, bright orange-red 

apothecia lacking a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 small, hyaline, 

ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region, but see also Lecidea varians. 

Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafellner [PYRRU] - crustose 

Known only from exposed small branches of Ulmus alata growing along a rhyolite shut-ins in a 

natural area in Shannon County. This is a common species of the Gulf coastal plain in the southeastern 

states, but becomes rare in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas. The Lower Ozark record is the only 

known station in Missouri. [fumarprotocetraric acid, lichexanthone] 

__________ 

PYXINE Fr. (Physciaceae) 

Narrow-lobed, sorediate, foliose lichens with pigmented medullary tissue and black rhizinate lower 

cortex, apothecia sessile, at least initially with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci 

Lecanora-type, with 8 brown, thick-walled, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores; 2 species in the region.

1. Upper cortex UV+ yellow, K- (lichexanthone, atranorin absent), with discrete patches of fine white pruina 

near lobe tips, the pruina appearing continuous within the patch even at 15× magnification ............ 

.............................................................. P. subcinerea 

1. Upper cortex UV-, K+ ye llow (liche xan thon e a bs en t, atrano rin), ep ruino se or mo re co mmon ly with diffuse 

pruinose patches on the lobes, the pruina appearing granular and readily distinguishable at 15× magnification 

P. sorediata 

Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont. [PYXSO] - foliose 

Very common on shaded lower boles and bases of hardwoods in wooded uplands, as well as on 

shaded, often mossy chert, dolomite, sandstone, and igneous rocks. This species is more regularly 

saxicolous than is P. subcinerea. [atranorin] 

Pyxine subcine rea Stirt. [PYXSU] - foliose 

Abundant throughout woodlands in the region, occurring on all levels of trees in wooded uplands, but 

seldom detected in the canopy, where it often occurs as small thallus fragments. This species has been 

recorded from most hardwood substrates growing in the region, as well as on Juniperus virginiana. 

It rarely occurs on shaded rocks in uplands, where it has been documented from dolomite and 

sandstone. [lichexanthone, terpenes] 

__________ 

RAMALINA Ach. (Ramalinaceae) 

Yellowish green fruticose lichens with basally attached, flattened, shrubby thalli, apothecia sessile 

to substipitate, with thalline margin and pale tan disks, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Bacidia-type, with 

8 hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, 1-septate, sometimes curved spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: 

LaGreca (1999). 

Ramalina culbersoniorum LaGreca [RAMCU] - fruticose 

Occasional in the upper half of canopy trees in woodlands, as well as sometimes on lightly shaded 

lower boles. This species can become locally abundant in limited areas along glade margins or in 

clearings reverting to young woodland, but this only occurs in rare instances, and many seemingly 

similar sites are devoid of Ramalina. Some populations in the region contain lecanoric acid in the 

medulla and react C+ red — this is chemical strain 5 of Culberson et al. (1990). These populations 

are morphologically analogous to the C- populations, but the lecanoric acid containing strain is more 

likely to occur in extensive mature woodlands, in moderately heavy shade. Taxonomy of local 

Ramalina populati ons is problematical; there is almost certainly more than one species represented 

in the confusing complex of morphologies in the Lower Ozark region. Ramalina americana Hale, 

containing usnic acid only, is morphologically similar to R. culbersoniorum; populations occur just 

south of the Lower Ozark region. Ramalina intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl. is a rare species of 

massive, sheltered, lightly shaded siliceous rocks in portions of the Ozarks bordering our region; it 

has much smaller, linear thalli that are sorediate. [usnic acid, plus divaricatic and/or lecanoric acids] 

__________ 

RHIZOCARPON Ramond ex DC. (Rhizocarpaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with rimose to areolate thalli, apothecia marginal or attached to 

hypothallus, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci Rhizocarpon-type, with 8 hyaline to green or brown, 1septate 

to more commonly muriform spores; 3 species in the region. Reference: Fryday (2000). 

1. Thallus of separate areoles; medulla C+ pink (gyrophoric acid); spores greenish to brown ........... 

................................................................. R. grande 

1. Thallus rimose to continuous areolate; medulla C- (gyrophoric acid absent); spores hyaline (sometimes 

becoming pale brownish in age). 

2. Spores 2-celled ................................................ R. cinereovirens 

2. Spores muriform ..................................................R. reductum

Rhizocarpon cinereovirens (Müll. Arg.) Vain. [RHICI] - crustose 

Rare locally, on lightly shaded sandstone in woodlands; slightly more common just north of the region. 

[(±?) norstictic or stictic acids] 

Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold [RHIGR] - crustose 

Occasional on exposed, massive siliceous escarpments, usually associated with glades and bluffs. 

This species occurs on igneous substrates in the region, but is also known from massive chert 

exposures in the western Ozarks. [gyrophoric & stictic acids] 

Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. [RHIRE] - crustose 

Known only from lightly shaded to exposed siliceous rocks in Shannon County. At one site, in a 

massive igneous canyon system, it occurs on lightly shaded, mesic, igneous talus, associated with 

Ochrolechia yasudae and Fuscopannaria leucosticta. [stictic acid] 

__________ 

RHIZOPLACA Zopf (Lecanoraceae) 

Thickly areolate to umbilicate lichens with yellow-green upper cortex, centrally attached, lacking 

rhizines, with sessile, tan, crenulate to incised apothecia having a somew hat irregular thalline margin, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the 

region. Reference: McCune (1987). 

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca (Sm.) Zopf [RHICH] - foliose 

Uncommon on massive exposures of siliceous rocks on glades, bluffs, and ledges. Common associates 

include Acarospora fuscata, Candelariella vitellina, Dimelaena oreina, and various 

Xanthoparmelia species. Ozark material consists of confluent masses of stalked, bullate areoles; this 

morphology is sometimes segregated as R. subdiscrepans (Nyl.) R. Sant. [pseudoplacodiolic & usnic 

acids] 

__________ 

RIMELIA Hale & A. Fletcher (Parmeliaceae) 

Broad lobed, light gray foliose lichens with marginal cilia, a reticulately maculate or cracked upper 

cortex and a dark, rhizi nate lower cortex, apothecia sessile, with a thalline margin, photobiont 

Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 3 species in the region. See 

key to Parmotrema. 

1. Thallus sorediate or isidiate. 

2. T hallus marginally sorediate ......................................... R. reti culata 

2. Thallus with laminal isidia .......................................... R. subisi diosa 

1. Thallus without diaspores ................................................. R. cetrata 

Rimelia cetrata (Ach.) Hale & A. Fletcher [RIMCE] - foliose 

Uncommon on boles and larger branches of trees in woodlands. Especially when young, this species 

can be difficult to separate from Parmotrema eurysacum. Young thalli of Rimelia reticulata are often 

not sorediate, or with only a single small area of soredia on the thallus. If the soredia are overlooked 

or not included in a collection, it would be impossible to reliably identify the material. [atranorin, 

salazinic acid] 

Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & A. Fletcher [RIMRE] - foliose 

Very common; this species, Flavoparmelia caperata, F. baltimorensis, and Punctelia rudecta are 

the most common large foliose species in our lichen flora. Typical habitats for R. reticulata include 

boles and bases of trees in mature woodlands, well-drained decorticate logs in open woodlands, 

lightly shaded siliceous rocks, and even mossy dolomite exposures and stable Juniperus needle humus 

over rocks. See comments under R. cetrata above. [atranorin, salazinic acid]

Rimelia subisidiosa (Müll. Arg.) Hale & A. Fletcher [RIMSUBI] - foliose 

Rare; the few collections in the region are from extensive, mature woodlands, where it occurs on 

lightly shaded cherty dolomite, and on lightly shaded tree bases. This species is at the northern edge 

of its interior range in the Lower Ozark region. The isidia are small, granular, and typically appear 

subsorediate. [atranorin, salazinic acid] 

__________ 

RINODINA (Ach.) Gray (Physciaceae) 

Small crustose lichens with continuous to areolate or obscure thalli, apothecia sessile to subimmersed, 

with a well-developed thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 brown or 

greenish, ellipsoid, 1-septate spores with thick walls and often with angular or prismatic lumina; at 

least 6 taxa in the region — a poorly understood and complex genus with most species easily 

overlooked and thus locally under-collected. Data regarding local habitat, substrate, distribution, and 

ecology are largely unknown or based on so few observations as to be largely conjectural. 


2. Thallus with minute, isidioid papillae .................................... R. papillata 

2. Thallus smooth. 

3. Thallus olive; spores up to 19 �m long; zeorin absent .................... R. applanata 

3. Thallus whitish, spores 19-20 �m long; zeorin present ...................R. subm inuta 

1. Thallus saxicolous on siliceous rocks. 

4. T hallus K+ yellow, atranorin present) .....................................R. oxydata 

4. T hallus K-, atranorin absent. 

5. Lumina of spores narrow and V shaped .............................. R. cana 

5. Lu mina of sp ores roun de d to a ngu lar, ± iso dia metric ................. R. tephraspis 

Rinodina applanata H. Magn. [RINAP] - crustose 

Known from a few collections from hardwood twigs and branches in woodlands. 

Rinodina cana (Arnold) Arnold [RINCA] - crustose 

Known from a Richard Harris collection on rhyolite from Shannon County; he describes the thallus 

as dark gray or gray brown, areolate, with mostly immersed apothecia and having the aspect of a small 

dark Aspicilia. 

Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal. [RINOX] - crustose 

Locally common on massive exposures of siliceous rocks. This species has a more mineral gray 

thal lus than does R. tephraspis, which has a brownish gray thallus and generally occurs in more 

shaded sites. [atranorin] 

Rinodina papillata H. Magn. [RINPA] - crustose 

Seldom collected, but easily overlooked and probably common. This species occurs as small patches 

of somewhat lustrous, thin, papillate areoles. It typically grows on upper branches and boles of 

hardwoods, and is often sterile. 

Rinodina subminuta H. Magn. [RINSU] - crustose 

Apparentl y uncommon, on lightly shaded branches and boles of hardwoods. [zeorin] 

Rinodina tephraspis (Tuck.) Herre [RINTE] - crustose 

Apparently frequent on lightly shaded siliceous rocks in wooded uplands throughout the region. The 

thallus is a distinctive brownish gray and reacts C+ pinkish. [zeorin, ± 5-O-methylhiasic acid] 

__________

SANTESSONIELLA Henssen (Pannariaceae) 

Small dark brown, foliose to subsquamulose, somewhat gelatinous lichens with sessile brown 

apothecia that lack a thalline margin at maturity, photobiont Nostoc, asci with indistinct I+ blue apical 

ring structure and 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Jørgensen 

(2001). 

Santessoniella crossophylla (Nyl.) P.M. Jørg. [SANCR] - foliose 

Known only from moist shaded sandstone outcrops in an extensive wooded canyon system at Sparkling 

Hollow in Howell County. This species looks like a small Pannaria. 

__________ 

SARCOGYNE Flot. (Acarosporaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with thin to obscure or partly endolithic, gray thalli, apothecia sessile, 

plane, without a thalline margin, paraphyses unbranched, photobiont Myrmecia and Trebouxia; asci 

strongly thickened apically, with an I- apical dome, with numerous, minute, bacilliform spores; 3 

species in the region. Magnusson (1934). 

1. On HCl+ (carbonate) rock; disks pruinose .................................... S. regularis 

1. On HCl- (siliceous) rock; disks not pruinose. 

2. Disks black to slightly reddish; exciple brown; frequent .........................S. similis 

2. Disks reddish, becoming almost wine red when wet; exciple black; rare ............ S. privigna 

Sarcogyne privigna (Ach.) A. Massal. [SARPR] - crustose 

Known only from an old granite quarry along the Current River south of Van Buren, growing on 

exposed granite. If mistaken for a Sarcogyne, Polysporina simplex would key here — it has branched 

and anastomosing paraphyses and the disk is irregularly ridged and lumpy, as contrasted with the 

unbranched paraphyses and smooth disks of Sarcogyne. 

Sarcogyne regularis Körb. [SARRE] - crustose 

Locally frequent on exposed, often weathered, carbonate substrates, ranging from massive bedrock 

to small pebbles and fragments. This species is occasional in glades and on massive escarpments. 

It is sometimes frequent on limestone and dolomite blocks in walls, old concrete, and limestone 

paving stones. The apothecia are usually densely pruinose. 

Sarcogyne similis H. Magn. [SARSI] - crustose 

Frequent on siliceous rocks in a variety of habitats, typically in uplands, on igneous and especially 

sandstone substrates. This species grows on small fragments and massive boulders and ledges, and 

occurs in both exposed sites and in light shade. The thallus is often obscure, with only the apothecia 

apparent. 

__________ 

SCHISMATOMMA Flot. & Körb. ex A. Massal. (Rocellaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens wi th thin, ± continuous thalli, or thalli not evident, photobiont 

Trentepohlia, Apothecia somewhat elongated and partially immersed in the substrate, usually with 

white pruina, asci apically thickened, with I+ blue apical ring and 8 hyaline, 4-celled, bacilliform 


Schismatomma glaucescens (Nyl. ex Willey) R.C. Harris [SCHGL] - crustose 

Occasional in wooded uplands, but often overlooked, on lightly shaded boles of the red oak group, 

particularly Quercus coccinea. This species usually occurs along the rough angled bark on the sides 

of broad bark fissures, and appears as a pale brownish zone with small, elliptical whitish pruinose 

apothecia.

__________ 

SCOLICIOSPORUM A. Massal. (Lecanoraceae) 

Small crustose lichens with thin, scurfy, often obscure thalli and tiny, sessile, ultimately convex, black 

or brown apothecia, photobiont chlorococcoid and reported as often forming goniocysts, asci 

Lecanora-type, with 8 hyaline, fusiform to acicular, multi-septate spores which are often notably 

twisted or curved, especially in the ascus; 1 species in the region. 

Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold [SCOUM] - crustose 

Infrequent on siliceous rocks in exposed to shaded, mesic to dry sites; known from sandstone and 

rhyolite i n a variety of habitats. A corticolous species known from portions of the Ozarks north and 

west of our region, S. chlorococcum (Graewe ex Stenh.) V�zda, is likely to occur in the region as 

well. It occurs on boles and branches of Juniperus and hardwoods with circumneutral or basic bark 

pH and has straight spores up to 4-5 �m broad, whereas S. umbrinum has somewhat twisted spores 

that are 2-3 �m broad. 

__________ 

SPEERSCHNEIDERA Trevis. (Lecanoraceae) 

Saxicolous foliose lichens with elongate, narrow, imbricated lobes and thick, tough upper cortex, 

lower surface pale, apothecia sessile, with brown disk and well-developed thalline margin, 

photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, 1 (rarely 2-3) septate 

spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Hafellner & Egan (1981). 

Speerschneidera euploca (Tuck.) Trevis. [SPEEU] - foliose 

Rare on massive, lightly shaded dolomite faces, typically associated with bluffs; often in areas 

sheltered from precipitation and direct runoff. At first glance, this species resembles a narrow-lobed 

Physcia, but the thal lus is notably tougher and the lobes are more imbricated and subterete. The dry 

thal lus is gray-brown, but turns green when wet - although not as bright green as does the thallus of 

Anaptychia palmulata. 

__________ 

SPHINCTRINA Fr. (Sphinctrinaceae) 

Lichenicolous fungi lacking an evident thallus and photobiont, apothecia subglobose, lustrous black, 

on stout black sti pes, asci single walled, I-, eventual ly disintegrating, with 8 simple, brown, ellipsoid, 

± ornamented spores; 1 species in the region. 

Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal. [SPHTU] - crustose 

Uncommon on thalli of Pertusaria in wooded uplands; P. paratuberculifera is the most common host. 

This species occurs as scattered stipitate black apothecia on the host thallus. 

__________ 

SPILONEMA Bornet (Coccocarpiaceae) 

Minutely shrubby black crustose lichens consisting of algal filaments irregularly surrounded by 

hyphae, with blue green rhizoidal hyphae at the substrate attachment point, apothecia small, sessile, 

lateral, thalline margin lacking, photobiont Hyphomorpha or Stigonema, asci with a cylindrical I+ 

blue apical dome, wi th 8 hyaline, narrowly ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Spilone ma reve rte ns Nyl. [SPIRE] - crustose 

Occasional on massive, horizontal siliceous rock exposures in full sun or light shade, often growi ng 

on thin silty soil pockets over rock, or in association with mosses such as Hedwigia ciliata. In 

midwestern North America this species is always associated with Psorula rufonigra, and neither 

Psorula or Spilonema has been seen without being in direct contact with the other.

__________ 

STAUROTHELE Norman (Verucariaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with brown, rimose-areolate thalli and dark, immersed perithecia, 

photobiont Protococcus and Trebouxia, asci lacking an ocular chamber, with 8 hyaline to brownish, 

muriform spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Thomson (1991). 

Staurothele diffractella (Nyl.) Tuck. [STADI] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded, massive dolomite boulders, ledges, and outcrops, often growing with mosses. 

This species also rarely occurs on shaded siliceous rocks in lightly shaded, mesic sites. The thal lus 

consists of contiguous areoles, and the hymenium lacks algae, as compared with the discrete, nonconfluent 

areoles of Endocarpon pusillum, which has algal cells in the hymenium. 

__________ 

STENOCYBE (Nyl.) Körb. (Mycocaliciaceae) 

Crustose fungi with no thallus and minute, black, stipitate apothecia (stipes frequently forking, with 

each branch terminating in an apothecium), photobiont absent, asci single walled, with thickened apex, 

tardily disintegrating after spore maturity but not forming a mazaedium, with 8 ellipsoid, 1-3-septate, 

light brown spores; 1 species in the region. 

Ste nocybe pullatula (Ach.) Stein [STEPU] - crustose 

Local and restricted to bark of Alnus serrulata, usually growing on middle and lower portion of stems 

in lightly shaded, stable Alnus stands associated with high quality streams, and restricted to areas 

wi thout significant flood scouring. 

__________ 

STRIGULA Fr. (Strigulaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens with thin, pale, undifferentiated thalli and dark, immersed to subsessile 

perithecia, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci with a large apical dome penetrated by an ocular chamber, 

with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid to fusiform, 1- to multi-septate spores; 3 species in the region. Reference: 

Harris (1995). 

1. Spores 5+ septate, (5.5)6-7 �m broad. 

2. Thallus dark grayish or greenish; spores 7-septate, 24-35 �m lon g, no ne of the c ells lon gitu din ally 

divided ..........................................................S. stigmatella 

2. Thallus whitish to pale gray; spores 5-7-septate, 20-28 �m lon g, us ua lly w ith 1-2 o f the ce lls 

longitudinally divided ............................................. S. submuriformis 

1. Spores 1-3-septate, up to 6 �m broad. 

3. Spores 1-septate .................................................. S. americana 

3. Spores 3-septate .................................................... S. jamesii 

Strigula americana R. C. Harris [STRAM] - crustose 

Apparently rare or overlooked; in the Interior Highlands of Missouri and Arkansas, currently known 

only from two localities in the Lower Ozark region, growing on shaded lower boles of hardwoods in 

mature woodlands. 

Strigula jamesii (Swinsc.) R. C. Harris [STRJA] - crustose 

Rare or overlooked, on lower boles and bases of large hardwoods in extensive mature woodlands; 

local populations are from Quercus alba. 

Strigula stigmate lla (Ach.) R.C. Harris [STRST] - crustose

Known from a single site at the base of Quercus rubra in a mesic woodland. 

Strigula submuriformis (R. C. Harris) R. C. Harris [STRSU] - crustose 

Uncommon on shaded lower boles of a wide variety of hardwoods, typically those with smooth bark. 

This species occurs higher on the bole, and in higher light intensities, than other local taxa of Strigula, 

and is not restricted to areas of extensive intact woodlands. 

__________ 

SYNALISSA Fr. (Lichinaceae) 

Minutely shrubby, fruticose, gelatinous lichens with closely clustered compact branches of terete 

lobes, apothecia terminal and initially poriform, later expanding, with a well developed thalline 

margin, photobiont Gleocapsa (with a reddish, K+ purplish sheath), asci thin walled, I-, with 8 or 

more simple, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. 

Synalissa symphorea (Ach.) Nyl. [SYNSY] - gelatinous 

Uncommon, but possibly overlooked, on massive exposures of carbonate rock, typically on glades or 

large bluffs. 

__________ 

TELOSCHISTES Norman (Teloschistaceae) 

Shrubby fruticose lichens with a central holdfast and flattened, dorsoventrally differentiated thalli, 

apothecia marginal and terminal, with thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Teloschistes-type, 

wi th 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, polarilocular spores; 1 species in the region. 

Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th. Fr. [TELCH] - fruticose 

Rare in older canopy branches of trees in established woodlands, and sometimes on lower boles and 

branches of smaller trees and shrubs in glades. This species is locally common on the extensive 

dolomite glades in the White River section of the western Missouri Ozarks, as well as in prairie 

regions in the eastern Great Plains, including the Osage Plains immediately west of the Ozarks. It is 

rare in the eastern part of Missouri, including the Lower Ozarks. The apothecia are typically bright 

orange, and the thallus is orange tinged with grayish hues. In plants surviving in more shaded 

conditions, the thallus is a dull yellowish gray and the apothecia are a more subdued yellow-orange. 

[parietin] 

__________ 

TEPHROMELA M. Choisy (Tephromelataceae) 

Gray crustose lichens with verrucose, continuous to rimose thalli, apothecia sessile, with black disk 

and well-developed, low, thalline margin; photobiont chlorococcoid, asci Bacidia-type, with 8 

hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner [TEPAT] - crustose 

Known only from a massive rhyolite face above a fast-flowing permanent shut-ins in Shannon County. 

This species has a deep reddish or purplish brown epithecium and hymeni um. [atranorin] 

__________ 

THELIDIUM A. Massal. (Verrucariaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens on carbonate substrates, thalli thin, sordid whitish to pale gray, sometimes 

suffused with pink, perithecia small, mostly immersed in pits in the substrate, photobiont Protococcus 

and/or Trebouxia, asci ± thick-walled, I-, with a small ocular chamber but no apical structures, with 

8 hyaline, ellipsoid, 1-3-septate spores; 1 species in the region. 

Thelidium incavatum Mudd. [THEIN] - crustose

Uncommon on limestone and dolomite in lightly shaded to exposed beds of temporary runoff streams, 

and along the margins of larger streams, often growing on small loose rock pieces. The perithecia are 

often pinkish-purple, and resemble the perithecia of Verrucaria marmorea, a species of dry exposed 

limestone and dolomite in the northern and western Ozarks that has not yet been documented from our 


__________ 

THELOPSIS Nyl. (Gyalectaceae) 

Cryptic, inconspicuous, corticolous crustose lichens with obscure thalli and tiny grayish to brownish 

perithecia, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci thin walled and undifferentiated apically, with numerous 

small, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. Reference: Harris (1979a). 

Thelopsis flaveola Arnold [THEFL] - crustose 

Occasional but overlooked, on lightly to moderately shaded boles of mature hardwoods in extensive 

woodlands with remnant natural integrity. This species has an obscure, continuous, thin grayish thal lus 

with tiny, cryptic perithecia, and is difficult to see in the field, even when cursorily examining bark 

with a hand lens. All of the Missouri records were discovered when conducting disciplined 

corticolous sampling of plots on tree boles - usually when material was removed detailed 

examination. 

__________ 

THROMBIUM Wallr. (Thrombiaceae) 

Terricolous crustose lichens with scant to obsolete thalli and immersed perithecia with dark ostioles 

and persistent paraphyses, photobiont Leptosira, asci thin-walled, with I+ blue apical cap and dome 

with narrow, cylindrical axial mass, with 8 simple, hyaline, ellipsoid spores; 1 species in the region. 

Reference: Bird & Beil (1972). 

Thrombium epigaeum (Pers.) Wallr. [THREP] - crustose 

Very rare on exposed, well-drained, stabilized sand in Ripley County, growing in sites where 

competition from vascular vegetation is minimal. 

__________ 

THYREA A. Massal. (Lichinaceae) 

Saxicolous gelatinous lichens with black or gray, foliose thalli typically with elongate strap-like 

lobes, apothecia small, immersed, mostly marginal, photobiont Chroococcales, asci thin walled, with 

8 hyaline, simple, broadly ellipsoid spores; at least 1 species in the region, but part of a poorly 

understood polygeneric complex of taxa with seemingly abstruse generic delimitations. 

Thyrea confusa Henssen [THYCO] - gelatinous 

Widely distributed in suitable habitats but never abundant, occurring on exposed to lightly shaded, 

massive dolomite on glades and upper portions of bluffs, often growing in channels receiving 

intermittent runoff or seasonal seepage. The thallus is usually sterile, consisting of narrow or 

somewhat expanded, basally attached lobes often clustered around a central attachment point. The 

thal lus is typically densely pruinose and grayish. This name is applied to local material with extreme 

trepidati on, and our material may include or consist of other members of the Lichinaceae. Another 

member of the Lichinaceae, Psorotichia schaereri (A. Massal.) Arnold, is a black crustose lichen of 

exposed hard carbonate rocks in the western Ozarks, and probably occurs in the Lower Ozarks as 

well. Psorotichia schaereri has a ti ny granular-areolate thallus with often obscure granular isidia 

and dark brown apothecia. Several smaller black crustose taxa also occur on exposed carbonate 

substr ates in the Ozarks, but their taxonomy and ecology remain unknown. Generic delimitations as 

currently applied in the Lichinaceae are morphologically abstruse and seem all but useless from a 

field perspective, especially since much of the material in the Interior Highlands is consistently sterile. 

__________

TRAPELIA M. Choisy (Trapeliaceae) 

Saxicolous crustose lichens with pale gray, areolate thalli and small, sessile brown apothecia with 

obscure thalline margins whi ch sometimes disappear in age, photobiont chlorococcoid, asci with I+ 

bluish apical dome, lacking an ocular chamber, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in 

the region. 

Trapelia involuta (Taylor) Hertel [TRAIN] - crustose 

Occasional on small siliceous pebbles, rock fragments, and small cobbles in well drained, exposed 

to lightly shaded sites, such as along the edges of wooded uplands, on stable roadside embankments, 

and in upland old fields. In harsh sites, this species may be restricted to the sides or lower edges of 

rocks. [gyrophoric acid] 

__________ 

TRAPELIOPSIS Hertel & Gotth. Schneid. (Trapeliaceae) 

Mostly lignicolous, occasionally corticolous crustose lichens with granular areolate, C+ pinkish thalli 

and sessile, black apothecia, thalline margin absent, photobiont Chlorella), asci thin-walled, with Ior 

I+ weakly blue apical dome, w ith 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James [TRAFL] - crustose 

Frequent on sound, well-drained lignum in exposed to lightly shaded sites, growing on decorticate 

logs, stumps, and standing decorticate snags in wooded uplands, as well as on weathered exposed 

boards, particularly of Thuja or Juniperus, and on bark of Pinus echinata in lightly shaded wooded 

uplands. The thallus is composed of dark grayish green, thin, sorediate areoles, and the apothecia, 

when present, have plane disks. A species with thicker, gray areoles and convex apothecia, T. 

granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch, occurs less commonly in similar habitats in the Ozarks, but has not been 

documented in the Lower Ozark region. [gyrophoric acid] 

__________ 

TRICHOTHELIUM Müll. Arg. (Trichotheliaceae) 

Small crustose lichens with dull, dark gray, continuous to rimose thalli and small, sessile, black 

perithecia with pale apical ostiole, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci thin-walled, with slight apical 

thickening, with 8 hyaline, elongate, multi-septate spores that are often attenuate-acuminate at one end; 

2 species in the region. Reference: Harris (1995). 

1. Corticolous; ascospores 8-13 celled, 38-50 × 5.5-7.5 �m ..........................T. cestrense 

1. Saxicolous; ascospores 8(9) celled, 32-45 × 5-6 �m .............................T. guentheri 

Trichothelium cestrense (Tuck. ex E. Michener) R.C. Harris [TRICE] - crustose 

Occasional on shaded boles of hardwoods in mesic sites along streams and on wooded floodplain 

terraces and in ravines. In our region, the two most common substrates are Carpinus caroliniana and 

Celtis occidentalis. This species was formerly included in the genus Porina, as P. cestrensis (Tuck. 

ex E. Michener) Müll. Arg. 

Trichothelium guentheri (Flot.) R.C. Harris [TRIGU] - crustose 

Apparently rare, but more likely overlooked; on lightly shaded siliceous rocks. 

__________ 

TRYPETHELIUM Spreng. (Trypetheliaceae) 

Cor ticolous crustose lichens with thin, continuous, sublustrous greenish to yellowish thalli, with dark 

perithecia clustered in carbuncular pseudostromata, photobiont Trentepohlia, asci bitunicate, with a 

broad, shallow ocular chamber, with 8 hyaline, fusiform, (3)7-9 septate spores, the cells of which are 

rhomboid to elliptical; 1 species in the region.

Trypethe lium virens Tuck. ex E. Michener [TRYVI] - crustose 

Uncommon and local in mesic habitats, growing on shaded boles of trees with smooth, hard bark. 

Although Fagus grandifolia is a favored substrate throughout much of the range of this species, there 

is no Fagus in the Lower Ozark region, and local populations are usually on Carpinus caroliniana. 

__________ 

TUCKERMANNOPSIS Gyeln. (Parmeliaceae) 

Loosely adnate, corticolous foliose lichens with greenish brown to olive or brown upper cortex, 

usually with abundant marginal black pycnidia, lower cortex pale to tan, rhizinate, apothecia sessile 

and usually marginal, wi th well-developed thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanoratype, 

with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 3 species in the region. 

1. Lo bes small and narrow, to 0.4 mm bro ad; apothecia abundant; medull a C- and UV- (fatty acids only) 

................................................................................... T. fendleri 

1. Lobes larger and broader, many >1 mm broad; apothecia uncommon; medulla C+ red or UV+ white (alectoronic or 

olivetoric acids). 

2. Medulla C+ red, UV- (olivetoric acid); uncommon.......................................T. ciliaris 

2. Medulla C-, UV+ white (alectoronic acid); rare ......................................T. americana 

Tuckermannopsis americana (Spreng.) Hale [TUCAM] - foliose 

Rare; known only from lower boles of Pinus echinata in a small region of Shannon County, where 

it is significantly disjunct from its main range in the mixed and coniferous woodlands of the Great 

Lakes region. All of our populations are associated with remnant old growth Pinus echinata 

woodlands, although it has been collected on P. echinata in an older planting next to an old growth 

stand. [alectoronic acid] 

Tuckermannopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln. [TUCCI] - foliose 

Uncommon on Pinus echinata in areas of extensive mature woodland, growing on boles, branches, 

and even old stumps. [olivetoric acid] 

Tuckermannopsis fe ndleri (Nyl.) Hale [TUCFE] - foliose 

Occasional on lightly shaded to exposed boles and branches of Pinus echinata, including young trees 

along roadsides and woodland edges in areas of extensive oak-pine woodlands. More rarely it grows 

on old, undetached pine cones. This species sometimes grows on Pinus echinata boles in older 

plantations that were planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930's. The thallus is 

typically chestnut brown, and turns deep yellowish green when wet. [fatty acids] 

__________ 

USNEA Dill. ex Adans. (Parmeliaceae) 

Slender, terete, abundantly branched, yellowish-green fruticose lichens, if fertile with pale tan 

terminal apothecia, thalline margin present, often with corticate fibrillose projections, photobiont 

Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 small, simple, hyaline spores; 6 species in the region. 

1. Thallus lacking isidia and soredia, although sometimes with abundant fine fibrils. 

2. Thallus pendulous, >8 cm long, with remote branching; not fibrillose ............ U. trichodea 

2. Thallus compact, erect,

3. Medulla K+ yellow or red. 

5. Usually corticolous; medulla K+ yellow (stictic acid) ....................U. rubicunda 

5. Saxicolous; medulla K- or K+ red (galbinic acid ± norstictic acid) .......U. cf. amblyoclada 

Usnea cf. amblyoclada (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. [UNSAM] - fruticose 

Sporadically distributed but sometimes locally frequent, on massive exposures of siliceous rocks in 

natural areas, typically in high light intensities with rapid drainage or protection from wetting. 

Substrates include granite, rhyolite, and sandstone. This entity, formerly called U. herrei, is 

taxonomically problematical in the Interior Highlands. Local material often has some reddish 

coloration near the base, with the lateral branches somewhat narrowed at their attachment points. All 

specimens contain galbinic, norstictic, and usnic acids. According to Clerc and Herrera-Campos 

(1997), U. amblyoclada contains salazinic acid in addition to norstictic, usnic, and sometimes 

galbinic acids. Unfortunately, Clerc and Herrera-Campos' treatment does not evaluate a 

representative suite of North American material, particularly material from the lower Midwest. 

[galbinic, norstictic, & usnic acids] 

Usnea ceratina Ach. [USNCE] - fruticose 

Rare on shaded lower boles and bases of trees in mature woodlands, usually occurring singly. 

[diffractaic & usnic acids] 

Usnea mutabilis Stirt. [USNMU] - fruticose 

Frequent but scattered in the region, occurring in mature woodlands. It occurs on a wide variety of 

hardwoods, especially species of Quercus, and is also common on Pinus echinata. It also grows on 

decorticate logs and shaded chert and sandstone boulders in wooded uplands. This is by far the most 

common sorediate species of Usnea in the region. [usnic acid] 

Usnea rubicunda Stirt. [USNRU] - fruticose 

Uncommon and local, on lightly shaded tree boles in remnant natural areas. This species apparently 

requires areas with a long history of stability, and is found in extensive, mature woodlands that have 

not become excessively overgrown through fire suppression. Although it typically occurs on Quercus, 

it also grows on a wide variety of other trees such as Carpinus caroliniana, and occasionally even 

on lightly shaded siliceous rocks. The distinctive red cortex near the base of the thallus permits easy 

field identification. [stictic & usnic acids; ± norstictic acid?] 

Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Eaton [USNST] - fruticose 

Locally abundant in extensive woodlands; the most common and widely distributed Usnea in the 

Interior Highlands. This species is a major component of the canopy lichen vegetation in mature 

wooded uplands, typically associati ng with Buellia stillingiana, Hypotrachyna livida, Myelochroa 

galbina, and Vulpicida viridis. It also occurs on shaded tree boles and well-drained logs, 

particularly on Quercus coccinea, Q. marilandica, and Q. velutina. Rare individuals grow on lightly 

shaded chert or sandstone boulders in wooded uplands. The chemistry of this species is extremely 

variable. Locally, the following chemotypes are known: 1) usnic and psoromic acids; 2) usnic, 

fumarprotocetraric, and psoromic acids; 3) usnic, galbinic, and psoromic acids; 4) usnic acid only. 

The overwhelming majority of our material is the usnic and psoromic acid chemotype (1). South of 

our area are populations with usnic and norstictic acid. Tavares (1987) has delineated a number of 

elements within this complex, but local material does not appear to be morphologically and 

chemically correlated along the proposed segregations. [usnic acid, ± fumarprotocetraric, galbinic, 

norstictic, and psoromic acids] 

Usnea trichodea Ach. [USNTR] - fruticose 

Rare; restricted to lightly shaded old growth populations of Juniperus virginiana, usually on bluffs 

above permanent water sources. Well-developed populations can festoon the branches of the host 

tree. [diffractaic or constictic acid, usnic acid, ± barbatic acid] 

__________

VERRUCARIA Schrad. (Verrucariaceae) 

Crustose, mostly saxicolous lichens with endolithic, continuous, or areolate thalli and immersed to 

subsessile perithecia which in some species inhabiting carbonate rock are imbedded in pits in the 

rock, photobiont various unicellular algae, including Myrmecia, Trebouxia, and chlorococcoid algae, 

acsi like those of Verrucaria, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; at least 7 species in the region. 

The following treatment is tentative and relies on the insi ghts and perceptions of Richard Harris, 

although my interpretations may be flawed. My species concepts are still evolving, so habitat, 

distr ibution, and abundance information is sketchy. 

1. On carbonate rocks, substrate HCl+ effervescent. 

2. Thallus dark colored, brown to brownish gray, ± thick, rimose to areolate; medulla black or pale. 

3. Medulla pale .............................................V. nigrescentoidea 

3. Medulla black. 

4. T ha llus da rk gra y to b rown ish gra y; us ua lly w ith 5 o r m ore p erithec ia p er areo le 

.....................................................V. fayettensis 

4. Thallus brown to dark brown, often locally suffused bla ck ish ; perithec ia 1 to few, prev ailin gly 

Verrucaria faye ttensis Servít [VERFA] - crustose 

Uncommon on lightly shaded, massive dolomite outcrops and ledges; often in somewhat mesic 

habitats, such as ledges along streams in ravines. 

[Verrucaria fusce lla (Turner) Winch] [VERFU] - crustose 

Infrequent in parts of the Ozarks immediately north of our region, growing on shaded dolomite on 

wooded upland slopes and in overgrown glades. Richard Harris has speculated that this species may 

be the same as V. glaucina auct. 

[Verrucaria marmorea (Scop.) Arnold] [VERMA] - crustose 

Occasional on massive dolomite exposures in glades and bluff exposures, typically growing on small 

loose rocks lying on massive bedrock exposures. This species is locally frequent in the huge dolomite 

glades of the White River region of the western Missouri Ozarks, and occurs infrequently eastward 

to just no rthwest of the Lower Ozark region. It has not yet been documented from the region, but 

almost certainly occurs here. The pink to purplish thallus and perithecia are distinctive, but see 

comments under Thelidium incavatum. 

Verrucaria muralis Ach. [VERMU] - crustose 

Apparently uncommon on exposed dolomite in glades and on very lightly shaded ledges and outcrops. 

Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. [VERNIS] - crustose 

Known from lightly to moderately shaded dolomite. 

Verrucaria nigrescentoidea Fink [VERNIT] - crustose 

Occasional on mesic, typically mossy, dolomite escarpments. 

Verrucaria sp. # 1 [VERSP1] - crustose 

Frequent on exposed to lightly shaded, small siliceous pebbles and cobbles of chert and, less 

commonly, sandstone. This species has a thin, dull, grayish olive, continuous to rimose-areolate 

thallus, without any visible prothallus, with abundant, evenly distributed, sessile black perithecia with 

tiny pale apical ostioles. The perithecia are about 0.15 mm broad, with a fairly wide, flat marginal 

zone that somewhat abruptly rises to a subconical center. The spores are narrowly ellipsoid and fairly 

thick-walled, with slightly irregular outlines, and average 18-20 × 6.4-7.5 �m; they are contained in 

broadly rounded asci that are typically 60 × 35 �m. 

__________ 

VULPICIDA Mattsson & M. J. Lai (Parmeliaceae) 

Loosely adnate, corticolous foliose lichens with yellowish green upper cortex and bright yellow 

medulla, usually with abundant marginal black pycnidia, lower cortex pale to tan, sparsely rhizinate, 

apothecia sessile and usually marginal, with well-developed thal line margin, photobiont Trebouxia, 

asci Lecanora-type, with 8 hyaline, ellipsoid, simple spores; 1 species in the region. 

Vulpicida viridis (Schwein.) Mattsson & M. J. Lai [VULVI] - foliose 

Common on upper canopy branches in extensive mature wooded uplands, and occasionally on lightly 

shaded boles and lower branches, usually growing on Quercus, but also documented from Ulmus, 

Fraxinus, and a few other species. This species is especially common on trees of Quercus section 

Erythrobalanus (the red and black oak group), including Q. coccinea, Q. marilandica, Q. rubra, and 

Q. velutina. [vulpinic acid] 

__________ 

XANTHOPARMELIA (Vain.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) 

Large yellowish green foliose lichens containing usnic acid in the upper cortex, apothecia sessile, 

brown, with a thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci Lecanora-type, with 8 simple, hyaline, 

ellipsoid spores; 7 species in the region. Reference: Hale (1990).

1. Thallus isidiate, the isidia laminal, fine and cylindrical ......................... X. subramigera 

1. Thallus without isidia. 

2. Lower cortex prevailingly jet black, sometimes with a dark brown marginal zone. 

3. Medulla K-, P+ red, fumarprotocetraric acid present .................. X. hypomelaena 

3. Medulla K+ yellow or yellow turning red, P+ orange (fumarprotocetraric acid absent). 

4. Salazinic acid present, stictic acid absent ......................... X. tasmanica 

4. Salazinic acid absent, stictic acid present .......................X. angustiphylla 

2. Lower cortex whitish to tan or pale brown nearly throughout, occasionally becoming somewhat darker 

brown at the very center. 

5. Salazinic acid present .......................................... X. somloensis 

5. Salazinic acid absent. 

6. Lobes apically broadened, often imbricate and laciniately divided ..... X. cumberlandia 

6. Lobes linear throughout, not imbricate or laciniately divided ..........X. neotaractica 

Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Hale [XANAN] - foliose 

Frequent throughout the Ozarks, although apparently somewhat less common in the Lower Ozark 

region than elsewhere in the Interior Highlands. This species typically occurs on exposed sandstone. 

[constictic, norstictic, stictic, & usnic acids] 

Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale [XANCU] - foliose 

Locally frequent on exposed siliceous rocks, and also growing in lightly shaded xeric areas, such as 

on sandstone or chert boulders on sparsely wooded ridges. This species also grows on lightly shaded, 

weathered asphalt shingles. [constictic, norstictic, stictic, & usnic acids] 

Xanthoparmelia hypomelae na (Hale) Hale [XANHY] - foliose 

Infrequent on exposed to lightly shaded, siliceous substrates in well-drained to xeric sites. South and 

west of the region, some populations otherwise referable to this species appear to contain 

protocetraric acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid. [fumarprotocetraric, succinprotocetraric, & 

usnic acids, ± traces of physodalic acid] 

Xanthoparmelia neotaractica Hale [XANNE] - foliose 

Known from a single locality on exposed igneous rocks in Shannon County. This species is said to 

be less tightly adnate than X. cumberlandia. In my experience, even within X. cumberlandia there is 

a bewildering array of degrees of adnati on that appear to be somewhat controlled by substrate 

characteristics. [constictic, norstictic, stictic, & usnic acids] 

Xanthoparmelia somloensis (Gyeln.) Hale [XANSO] - foliose 

Occasional on well-drained siliceous substrates, apparently with a predilection for lightly shaded 

boulders in uplands and along naturally occurring edges of woodlands. [consalazinic, norstictic, 

salazinic, & usnic acids, ± lobaric acid] 

Xanthoparmelia subramige ra (Gyeln.) Hale [XANSU] - foliose 

Frequent on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous substrates, occurring on both massive exposures and 

smaller boulders of chert, sandstone, and igneous rocks. This species can be readily identified in the 

field by the abundant, fine, cylindrical, laminal isidia and pale lower cortex. Three other isidiate 

species approach the region. Xanthoparmelia mexicana (Gyeln.) Hale, occurring west of the region, 

also has a pale lower cortex but contai ns norsti ctic and salazinic acids and reacts K+ yellow turning 

reddish in the medulla, as opposed to the K- medullary reaction of X. subramigera. The other two 

species have black lower cortices and contain norstictic and stictic acids: X. conspersa (Ehrh. ex 

Ach.) Hale has short, somewhat irregular lobes, while X. isidiascens Hale has more elongate, linear 

lobes. Xanthoparmelia conspersa is known from a few records in the extreme eastern Ozarks, 

slightly northeast of the region, while X. isidiascens is known from literature reports j ust east and

north of the Lower Ozarks. [fumarprotocetraric & usnic acids, ± physodalic acid, ± 

succinprotocetraric acid] 

Xanthoparmelia tasmanica (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hale [XANTA] - foliose 

Occasional on exposed to lightly shaded siliceous boulders. [salazinic & usnic acids, ± consalazinic 

acid, ± norstictic acid, ± traces of protocetraric acid] 

__________ 

XANTHORIA (Fr.) Th. Fr. (Teloschistaceae) 

Small orange to bright deep yellow sorediate foliose lichens with abundantly branched lobes and pale 

lower cortex, apothecia sessile, with well-developed thalline margin, photobiont Trebouxia, asci 

Teloschistes type, with 8 hyaline polarilocular spores; 2 species in the region. Reference: Lindblom 

(1997). 

1. Thallus lobes 0.5 mm long; thallus 

closely adnate, with appressed lobe tips .......................................... X. fallax 

Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arn. [XANFA] - foliose 

Uncommon on trees and sometimes rocks, in exposed, often disturbed, sites. This species is more 

common in the prairie areas north and west of the Ozarks, but appears to be an uncommon (and 

perhaps recent) component of the contiguous woodland area of the Lower Ozarks. [parietin] 

Xanthoria fulva (Hoffm.) Poelt & Petutschnig [XANFU] - foliose 

Occasional in sites with high light intensities, such as rocks along the margins of glades and boles of 

solitary trees in glades, pastures, and along roadsides. This species is distinctive because of its 

golden orange color and minute, abundantly branched lobes. Specimens in heavily shaded sites are 

more greenish yellow in color, and may superficially resemble Candelaria concolor, from which they 

may be distinguished by the K+ deep magenta cortex of Xanthoria, versus the K- (or weakly orangereddish) 

cortex of Candelaria. [parietin]

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abietinum (Calicium) 39 

ABSCONDITELLA 29 

lignicola 25, 29 

ACAROSPORA 29 

americana 29 

contigua 29 

fuscata 29, 61, 113, 61, 113 

heufleriana 29 

ACROCORDIA 30 

megalospora 20, 30 

actinostomus (Diploschistes) 62 

adglutinata (Heppia) 14, 67, 104 

adglutinata (Hyperp hyscia) 69, 

100 

adiastola (Phaeophyscia) 64, 99 

africana (Ochrolechia) 86 

AGONIMIA 30 

opuntiella 14, 30 

aipolia (Physcia) 102 

alba (Ionaspis) 70, 132 

albicans (Heterodermia) 68 

albocaerulescens (Porpidia) 106 

albonigrum (Mycocalicium) 82 

aleurites (Imshaugia) 12, 70 

allophana (Lecanora) 73 

AMANDINEA 30, 38, 30 

dakotensis 30, 38 

polyspora 31, 33, 76, 102, 

33, 76, 102 

punctata 31, 37, 74 

amara (Pertusaria) 95 

amblyoclada (Usnea) 109 

americana (Acarospora) 29 

americana (Physcia) 102, 109 

americana (Ramalina) 112 

americana (Strigula) 20, 118 

americana (Tuckermannopsis) 

123 

americanus (Gomphillus) 18, 24, 

66 

ANAPTYCHIA 31 

palmulata 10, 31, 100, 117, 

100, 117 

angus tiphylla (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

ANISOMERIDIUM 20, 31 

biforme 32 

distans 20, 31 

nyssaegenum 32 

polypori 31 

anthracophila (Hypocenomyce) 

69 

ANZIA 12, 32 

colpodes 12, 32 

apodocarpa (Cladonia) 52, 56 

applanata (Rinodina) 114 

arborea (Ochrolechia) 16, 86 

arbuscula (Cladina) 48 

argena (Phlyctis) 16, 22, 38, 96 

argentata (Lecanora) 73 

ARTHONIA 32 

caesia 31, 33, 76, 102, 31, 

76, 102 

dispersa 33 

punctiformis 22, 33, 83 

radiata 33 

rubela 33 

IND EX 

arthonioides (Melaspilea) 21, 23, 

26, 81 

ARTHOTHELIUM 33 

spectabile 34 

taediosum 21, 34 

ASPICILIA 34 

caesiocinerea 34, 35 

cinerea 34, 35 

contorta 34 

laevata 35 

verrucigera 35 

atra (Tephromela) 27, 119 

aurata (Pseudocyphellaria) 9, 32, 

107 

aurulenta (Myelochroa) 13, 64, 

84 

austroa merica num (Lepto gium) 

79 

austrosinense (Parmotrema) 90 

BACIDIA 35 

circumspecta 36 

diffracta 36 

diffusa 36 

granosa 25, 36, 64 

helicospora 36 

polychroa 36, 41 

schweinitzii 36 

suffusa 36 

BACIDINA 24, 35, 37 

delicata 24, 35, 37 

egenula 24, 37 

baldensis (Verrucaria) 126 

baltimorensis (Flavoparmelia) 64, 

84, 101 

biforme (Anisomeridium) 32 

biforme (Trichaptum) 98 

bolanderi (Peltula) 93 

bolliana (Punctelia) 109 

BOTRYOLEPRARIA 

les da inii 77 

brunneola (Caloplaca) 41 

brunneola (Chaenotheca) 46 

BUELLIA 38, 37 

curtisii 38 

novomexicana 38 

spuria 38, 74, 38, 74 

stillingiana 38, 69, 76, 124, 

38, 69, 76, 124 

vernicoma 38, 96, 101, 96, 

101 

burnetiae (Leptogium) 79 

caesia (Arthonia) 31, 33, 76, 

102 

caesiocinerea (Aspicilia) 34 

caesiorubela (Lecanora) 73 

caespiticia (Cladonia) 52 

calciseda (Verrucaria) 126 

calicioides (Mycocalicium) 82 

CALICIUM 38 

abietinum 39 

glauce llum 39 

salicinum 39 

calkinsiana (Verrucaria) 126 

CALOPLACA 39 

brunneola 41 

camptidia 41 

cerina 41 

chrysodeta 15, 41 

chrysophthalma 41 

citrina 41, 133 

citrina flavocitrina 41 

conversa 41 

feracissima 63, 73, 63, 73 

flavorubescens 42 

flavovirescens 42 

inconnexa 42 

pollinii 42, 41 

squamosa 42 

subsoluta 42 

camptidia (Caloplaca) 41 

cana (Rinodina) 114 

CANDELARIA 43 

concolor 16, 43, 102, 129, 

102, 129 

concolor effusa 43 

fibrosa 43 

CANDELARIELLA 43 

efflorescens 43 

reflexa 43 

vitellina 44, 61, 113, 61, 113 

xanthostigma 44 

candelaris (Chrysothrix) 47 

canina (Peltigera) 92 

CANOMACULINA 44 

conferenda 44, 90 

haitiensis 44, 90 

subtinctoria 44, 90 

CANOPARMELIA 44 

caroliniana 12, 45 

crozalsiana 45 

texana 45 

caperata (Flavoparmelia) 64, 

113 

cariosa (Cladonia) 52 

caroliniana (Canoparmelia) 12, 

45 

caryae (Pyrenula) 110 

CATILLARIA 45 

lenticularis 26, 45 

nigroclavata 26, 45 

cenisia (Lecanora) 73 

ceratina (Usnea) 32, 124 

cerina (Caloplaca) 41 

cernohorskyi (Phaeophyscia) 99 

cervicornis (Cladonia) 52 

cestrense (Trichothelium) 122 

cestrensis (Porina) 122 

cetrata (Rimelia) 89, 91, 113 

CHAENOTHECA 45 

brunneola 46 

CHAENOTHECOPSIS 46 

nana 39, 46, 39 

pusilla 18, 46 

savonica 46 

Chaeontheca 

furfuracea 46 

chloantha (Physciella) 103 

chlorina (Chrysothrix) 47 

chlorococcum (Scoliciosp orum) 

116 

chlorophaea (Cladonia) 52 

CHROMATOCLAMYS 47 

muscorum 47 

chrysodeta (Caloplaca) 15, 41 

chrysoleuca (Rhizoplaca) 8, 113 

chrysophthalma (Caloplaca) 41

chrysophthalmus (Teloschistes) 

6, 119 

CHRYSOTHRIX 47 

candelaris 47 

chlorina 47 

ciliaris (Tuckermannopsis) 123 

ciliata (Phaeophyscia) 100 

cinerea (Aspicilia) 34 

cinereofusca (Lecanora) 73 

cinere ovirens (Rhizocarp on) 112 

circumspecta (Bacidia) 36 

citrina (Caloplaca) 41, 133 

CLADINA 48, 47 

arbuscula 48 

rangiferina 48 

subtenuis 48, 54, 56, 48, 54, 

56 

CLADONIA 52, 56, 48 

apodocarpa 52, 56, 57 

� bacillaris 54 

caespiticia 52 

cariosa 52 

cervicornis 52 

chlorophaea 52 

coniocraea 53, 54 

cristatella 53 

cryptochlorophaea 53 

cylindrica 53 

didyma 53 

dimorphoclada 53, 56, 54, 

56, 57 

furcata 54 

grayi 54, 53 

leporina 53, 54, 53 

macilenta 54 

macilenta bacillaris 53 

mateocyatha 54 

ochrochlora 54, 53 

parasitica 54 

petrophila 55 

peziziformis 55 

piedmontensis 55, 56 

pleurota 55 

polycarpoides 55, 56 

pyxidata 55 

ramulosa 55 

ravenelii 56 

robbinsi 56, 52, 56 

simulata 56 

sobolescens 56 

squamosa 56 

strepsilis 56, 62 

subradiata 56 

symphycarpa 57 

uncialis 53, 57, 53 

� verticillata 52 

CLAUZADEA 57 

metzleri 27, 57 

monticola 88 

COCC OCARPIA 57 

palmicola 11, 32, 57, 109, 

32, 109 

coccophorum (Collema) 59 

COLLEMA 57 

coccophorum 59 

conglomeratum 59 

conglomera tum cra ssiusc ulum 

59 

flaccidum 59 

furfuraceum 59 

nigrescens 59 

polycarpon 60 

pustulatum 59 

subflaccidum 59 

tenax 59, 58 

texanum 60 

colpodes (Anzia) 12, 32 

concolor (Candelaria) 16, 43, 

102, 129 

conferenda (Canomaculina) 44, 

90 

confusa (Thyrea) 6, 7, 121 

conglomeratum (Collema) 59 

coniocraea (Cladonia) 53 

CONOTREMA 60 

urceolatum 21, 60 

conspersa (Xanthoparmelia) 128 

constans (Maronea) 81 

contigua (Acarospora) 29 

contorta (Aspicilia) 34 

conversa (Caloplaca) 41 

corallina (Phyllopsora) 17, 28, 

101 

crinitum (Parmotrema) 90 

cristatella (Cladonia) 53 

cro sso phylla (Santessoniella) 9, 

115 

crozalsiana (Canoparmelia) 45 

cryptochlorophaea (Cladonia) 53 

culbersoniorum (Ramalina) 112 

cumberlandia (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

curtisii (Buellia) 38 

cuyabensis (Pyrenula) 110 

cyanescens (Leptogium) 79 

cylindrica (Cladonia) 53 

cyrtidia (Lecidea) 27, 75, 82 

CYSTOCOLEUS 60 

ebeneus 7, 60 

dactylinum (Leptogium) 79 

dakotensis (Amindinea) 30, 38 

decipiens (Psora) 67, 104 

delicata (Bacidina) 24, 35, 37 

DENDRISCOCAULON 60 

intricatulum 7, 60 

DERMATOCARPON 61 

intestiniforme 61 

miniatum 61 

miniatum complicatum 61 

despectum (Parmotrema) 91 

detersa (Physconia) 104 

didyma (Cladonia) 53 

diffracta (Bacidia) 36 

diffractela (Staurothele) 19, 117 

DIMELAENA 61 

oreina 8, 23, 61, 113 

DIMERELLA 30, 62 

lutea 62 

pineti 30, 62, 30 

dimorphoclada (Cladonia) 53, 

56 

DIPLOSCHISTES 62 

actinostomus 62 

muscorum 62 

scruposus 63 

DIRINA 63 

massiliensis 16 

� sorediata 16 

DIRINARIA 13, 63 

frostii 13, 63 

dispersa (Arthonia) 33 

dispersa (Lecanora) 73 

distans (Anisomeridium) 20, 31 

dubia (Physcia) 103 

ebeneus (Cystocoleus) 7, 60 

efflorescens (Candelariella) 43 

egenula (Bacidina) 24, 37 

elaeochroma (Lecidella) 76 

ENDOCARPON 63 

pusillum 14, 19, 63, 73, 117, 

73, 117 

enterolucela (Lecidella) 76 

epigaeum (Thrombium) 19, 120, 

130 

erratica (Micarea) 28, 64, 75, 81 

euploca (Peltula) 93 

euploca (Speerschneidera) 10, 

117 

eurysacum (Parmotrema) 91, 

113 

evansiana (Peltigera) 93 

falaciosa (Julella) 20, 32, 71 

falax (Xanthoria) 129 

farlowii (Petractis) 24, 98 

fayettensis (Verrucaria) 126 

FELLHANERA 64 

silicis 25, 64, 81 

fendleri (Tuckermannopsis) 123 

feracissima (Caloplaca) 63, 73 

fibrosa (Candelaria) 43 

flaccidum (Collema) 59 

flaveola (Thelopsis) 19, 120 

FLAVOPARMELIA 64 

baltimorensis 64, 84, 101, 

64, 84, 101, 113 

caperata 64, 113 

rutidota 9 

flavorubescens (Caloplaca) 42 

flavovirescens (Caloplaca) 42 

flexuosa (Trapeliopsis) 16, 121 

friesii (Hypocenomyce) 69 

frostii (Dirinaria) 13, 63 

fulva (Xanthoria) 129 

furcata (Cladonia) 54 

furfuracea (Chaenotheca) 46 

furfuraceum (Collema) 59 

fuscata (Acarospora) 29, 61, 

113 

FUSCIDEA 26, 65 

recensa 26, 65 

FUSC OPANARIA 

leucosticta 112 

FUSCOPANN ARIA 65 

leucophaea 65 

leucosticta 9, 14, 65, 112 

galbina (Myelochroa) 12, 70, 84, 

124 

gardneri (Parmotrema) 91 

glaucelum (Calicium) 39 

glaucesce ns (Schismatomma) 25, 

116 

glaucina (Verrucaria) 126 

globularis (Pertusaria) 17, 95 

GOMPHILLUS 65 

americanus 18, 24, 66 

grande (Rhizocarpon) 112 

granosa (Bacidia) 25, 36, 64 

granulifera (Heterodermia) 68 

granulosa (Trapeliopsis) 122 

GRAPHIS 66

scripta 21, 66, 87 

grayi (Cladonia) 54 

guentheri (Trichothelium) 122 

GYALECTA 66 

jenensis 66 

GYALIDEOPSIS 66 

haitiensis (Canomaculina) 44, 90 

HALECANIA 67 

halei (Physcia) 102 

helicospora (Bacidia) 36 

helveticum (Nephroma) 9, 85 

HEPPIA 67 

adglutinata 14, 67, 104 

herrei (Usnea) 124 

HETERODERMIA 67 

albicans 68 

granulifera 68 

hypoleuca 68 

obscurata 68 

speciosa 68 

heufleriana (Acarospora) 29 

hirtella (Phaeophyscia) 100 

horrescens (Parmelinopsis) 89 

hybocarpa (Lecanora) 73 

HYPERPHYSCIA 68 

adglutinata 69, 100 

syncolla 69 

HYPOCENOMYCE 69 

anthracophila 69 

friesii 69 

hypoleuca (Heterodermia) 68 

hypomelaena (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

hypothamnolica (Pertusaria) 95 

HYPOTRACHYNA 12, 69, 70, 

84, 124, 69 

livida 12, 69, 70, 84, 124, 

84, 124 

pustulifera 13, 70 

hypotropum (Parmotrema) 91 

icmalea (Placynthiella) 16, 28, 

105 

illotum (Lithothelium) 20, 80 

imbricata (Phaeophyscia) 100 

impudens (Lecanora) 16, 73 

IMSHAUGIA 70 

aleurites 12, 70 

imshaugii (Lecanora) 74 

incavatum (Thelidium) 20, 120, 

126 

inconnexa (Caloplaca) 42 

insignis (Phaeophyscia) 11, 69, 

100 

intermedia (Physcia) 103 

intermedia (Ramalina) 112 

intestiniforme (Dermato carpo n) 

61 

intricatulum (Dendriscocaulon) 7, 

60 

involuta (Trapelia) 27, 121 

IONASPIS 70, 132, 70 

alba 70, 132 

lacustris 70 

isidiascens (Xanthoparmelia) 128 

jamesii (Strigula) 118 

jenensis (Gyalecta) 66 

JULELLA 71 

falaciosa 20, 32, 71, 32 

juniperinum (Leptogium) 79 

Kirschsteinothelia 20 

kurokawae (Physconia) 104 

lacustris (Ionaspis) 70 

laevata (Aspicilia) 35 

LECANIA 71 

perproxima 71 

rheophila 71 

LECANORA 71 

allophana 73 

� appalachensis 73 

argentata 73 

caesiorubela 73 

cenisia 73 

cinereofusca 73 

dispersa 73 

hybocarpa 73 

impudens 16, 73 

imshaugii 74 

minutella 74 

muralis 74 

oreinoides 38, 61, 74, 38, 61 

� prolifera 73 

pseudistera 74 

saligna 74 

strobilina 31, 33, 74, 76, 77, 

102, 31, 33, 74, 76, 102 

subimmergens 74, 84 

thysanophora 75, 77 

valesiaca 75, 74 

LECIDEA 75 

cyrtidia 27, 75, 82 

lurida 15 

plebeja 28, 75 

varians 28, 31, 76, 102, 111, 

31, 102 

LECIDELLA 76 

elaeochroma 76 

enterolucella 76 

lenticularis (Catillaria) 26, 45 

leporina (Cladonia) 53, 54 

LEPRARIA 76 

caesioalba 77 

les da inii 77 

lobificans 61, 77, 61, 77 

neglecta 77 

nivalis 77 

LEPROLOMA 78 

vouauxii 15, 78 

LEPTOGIUM 78 

austroamericanum 79 

burnetiae 79 

cyanescens 79 

dactylinum 79 

juniperinum 79 

lichenoides 79 

millegranum 59 

milligranum 59, 79 

lesdainii (Botryolepraria) 77 

lesdainii (Lepraria) 77 

leucoleiptes (Physconia) 104 

leucophaea (Fuscopannaria) 65 

leucosticta (Fuscopannaria) 9, 

14, 65, 112 

lichenicola (Mulerella) 42 

lichenoides (Leptogium) 79 

LICHINELLA 79 

nigritella 6, 7, 79 

lignicola (Absconditella) 25, 29 

lithinella (Micarea) 27, 81 

LITHOTHELIUM 79 

illotum 20, 80 

macrosporum 20, 80 

phaeosporum 21, 80 

livida (Hypotrachyna) 12, 69, 

70, 84, 124 

lobificans (Lepraria) 61, 77 

LOXOSPORA 80 

pustulata 16, 80, 84, 86, 84, 

86 

ludoviciensis (Phlyctidia) 17, 24, 

101 

lurida (Lecidea) 15 

lurida (Pannaria) 88 

lutea (Dimerella) 62 

macilenta (Cladonia) 54 

macounii (Pertusaria) 96 

macrosporum (Lithothelium) 20, 

80 

madagascariaceum (Parmotrema) 

9, 91, 109 

margaritatum (Parmotrema) 91 

marmorea (Verrucaria) 120 

MARONEA 80 

constans 81 

polyphaea 23, 80 

massiliensis (Dirina) 16 

mateocyatha (Cladonia) 54 

megalospora (Acrocordia) 20, 

30 

melanchra (Physciella) 103 

MELASPILEA 81 

arthonioides 21, 23, 26, 81 

meridionalis (Mycoglaena) 20, 

33, 83 

metzleri (Clauzadea) 27, 57 

mexicana (Xanthoparmelia) 128 

MICAREA 81 

erratica 28, 64, 75, 81, 64, 

75 

lithinella 27, 81 

misella 28, 82 

peliocarpa 25, 82 

prasina 82 

michauxianum (Parmotrema) 91 

micheneri (Pyrenula) 110 

millegrana (Physcia) 102 

milligranum (Leptogium) 59, 79 

minarum (Parmelinopsis) 89 

miniatum (Dermatocarpon) 61 

minor (Placidiopsis) 14, 104, 

131 

minutella (Lecanora) 74 

MIN UTOEXCIP ULA 

tuckerae 97 

misella (Micarea) 28, 82 

missouriensis (Punctelia) 108 

monticola (Clauzadea) 88 

mougeotii (Opegrapha) 87 

MUELLERELLA 

lichenico la 4 2 

multipunctoides (Pertusaria) 96 

muralis (Lecanora) 74 

muralis (Verrucaria) 126 

musco rum (Chromatoclamys) 47 

muscorum (Diploschistes) 62 

mutabilis (Usnea) 124 

Mycobilimbia 84 

MYCOCALICIUM 82 

albonigrum 82 

calicioides 82 

ozarkanum 82

subtile 83 

MYCOGLAENA 83 

meridionalis 20, 33, 83, 33 

quercicola 83, 33 

MYCOPORUM 83 

pycnocarpoides 83 

MYELOCHROA 13, 64, 84, 

83 

aurulenta 13, 64, 84, 64 

galbina 12, 70, 84, 124, 70, 

124 

obsessa 12, 64, 84, 64 

MYXOBILIMBIA 84 

sabulaetorum 84 

sabuletorum 30 

NADVORNIKIA 85 

sorediata 16, 85, 86 

nana (Chaenothecopsis) 39, 46 

NEC TRIA 

parmeliae 109 

neglecta (Lepraria) 77 

neoscotica (Pertusaria) 96 

neotaractica (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

NEPHROMA 85 

helveticum 9, 85 

nigrescens (Collema) 59 

nigrescens (Verrucaria) 126 

nigrescentoidea (Verrucaria) 126 

nigritella (Lichinella) 6, 7, 79 

nigroclavata (Catillaria) 26, 45 

nigrum (Placynthium) 24, 105 

nivalis (Lepraria) 77 

NORMANDINA 85 

pulchella 14, 85 

novomexicana (Buelia) 38 

nyssa egenum (Aniso meridium) 

32 

obscurata (Heterodermia) 68 

obsessa (Myelochroa) 12, 64, 

84 

ochrochlora (Cladonia) 54 

OCHROLECHIA 86, 85 

africana 86 

arborea 16, 86 

pseudopalescens 86 

trochophora 86 

yasudae 86, 112 

OPEGRAPHA 86 

mougeotii 87 

varia 87 

viridis 87 

vulgata 87 

opuntiella (Agonimia) 14, 30 

ore ina (Dimelaena) 8, 23, 61, 

113 

oreinoides (Lecanora) 38, 61, 74 

ostiolata (Pertusaria) 96 

oxydata (Rinodina) 114 

ozarkana (Pachyphysis) 27, 87 

ozarkanum (Mycocalicium) 82 

PACHYPHYSIS 87 

ozarkana 27, 87 

palmicola (Coccocarpia) 11, 32, 

57, 109 

palmulata (Anaptychia) 10, 31, 

100, 117 

PANNARIA 88 

lurida 88 

� quercicola 88 

rubiginosa 88 

subfusca 32, 88, 32 

papillata (Rinodina) 17, 114 

parasitica (Cladonia) 54 

paratuberculifera (Pertusaria) 96 

PARMELIA 88 

squarrosa 12, 88 

parmeliae (Nectria) 109 

PARMELINOPSIS 89, 88 

horrescens 89 

minarum 89 

PARMOTREMA 89 

austrosinense 90, 91 

crinitum 90 

despectum 91 

eurysacum 91, 113, 91, 113 

gardneri 91 

hypotropum 91, 90, 92 

madagasca riace um 9, 91, 

109 

margaritatum 91 

michauxianum 91 

perforatum 92 

submarginale 92 

tinctorum 92 

peliocarpa (Micarea) 25, 82 

PELTIGERA 92 

canina 92 

evansiana 93 

phyllidiosa 93, 131 

polydactylon 93 

praetextata 93 

rufescens 93 

PELTULA 93 

bolanderi 93 

euploca 93 

perforatum (Parmotrema) 92 

perproxima (Lecania) 71 

perreticulata (Punctelia) 108 

PERTUSARIA 93 

amara 95, 97 

globularis 17, 95 

hypothamnolica 95-97 

macounii 96 

multipunctoides 96 

neoscotica 96 

ostiolata 96 

paratuberculifera 96-98, 117 

plittiana 38, 64, 84, 96, 101, 

38, 64, 84, 101 

propinqua 96 

pulchella 98 

pustulata 97 

subpertusa 97 

tetrathalamia 96, 97, 96 

texana 97 

trachythallina 97 

valliculata 97, 96 

velata 98, 97 

petersii (Placynthium) 105 

PETRACTIS 98 

farlowii 24, 98 

petrophila (Cladonia) 55 

peziziformis (Cladonia) 55 

PHAEOCALICIUM 98 

polyporaeum 18, 98 

PHAEOPHYSCIA 98 

adiastola 64, 99, 64 

cernohorskyi 99, 100 

ciliata 100 

hirtella 100, 99, 100 

imbricata 100 

insignis 11, 69, 100, 69 

pusilloides 100 

rubropulchra 11, 100 

squarrosa 10, 100 

phaeosporum (Lithothelium) 21, 

80 

PHLYCTIDIA 100 

ludoviciensis 17, 24, 101 

PHLYCTIS 101 

arge na 16, 22, 38, 96, 38, 96 

phyllidiosa (Peltigera) 93, 131 

PHYLLOPSORA 101 

corallina 17, 28, 101 

PHYSCIA 102, 109, 101 

aipolia 102 

americana 102, 109 

dubia 103 

halei 102 

intermedia 103 

millegrana 102 

pumilior 102 

stellaris 102 

subtilis 103 

teretiuscula 103 

PHYSCIELLA 103 

chloantha 103 

melanchra 103 

PHYSCONIA 103 

detersa 104 

kurokawae 104 

leucoleiptes 104 

piedmontensis (Cladonia) 55 

pineti (Dimerella) 30, 62 

PLACIDIO PSIS 14, 104, 131, 

104 

minor 14, 104, 131 

PLACIDIUM 104 

squa mulosum 67, 104, 107, 

67, 107 

tuckermanii 104 

PLACYNTHIELLA 105 

icmalea 16, 28, 105 

PLACYNTHIUM 105 

nigrum 24, 105 

petersii 105 

plebeja (Lecidea) 28, 75 

pleurota (Cladonia) 55 

plittiana (Pertusaria) 38, 64, 84, 

96, 101 

pollinii (Caloplaca) 42 

POLYBLASTIA 105 

polycarpoides (Cladonia) 55 

polycarpon (Collema) 60 

polychroa (Bacidia) 36 

polydactylon (Peltigera) 93 

polyphaea (Maronea) 23, 80 

polyporaeum (Phaeocalicium) 

18, 98 

polypori (Anisomeridium) 31 

polyspora (Amandinea) 31, 33, 

76, 102 

POLYSPORINA 105 

simplex 106, 115 

PORINA 

cestrensis 122 

PORPIDIA 106 

albocaerulescens 106 

tahawasiana 106

praetextata (Peltigera) 93 

prasina (Micarea) 82 

privigna (Sarcogyne) 106, 115 

propinqua (Pertusaria) 96 

PROTOBLASTENIA 22, 106 

rupestris 22, 106 

pseudistera (Lecanora) 74 

pseudobufonia (Pyrenula) 110 

PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA 106 

aurata 9, 32, 107, 32 

pse udopallescens (Ochrolechia) 

86 

pseudorussellii (Psora) 107 

PSORA 107 

decipiens 67, 104, 67, 104 

pseudorussellii 107 

russellii 107 

PSO ROTICHIA 

schaereri 121 

PSORULA 107 

rufonigra 7, 15, 107, 108, 

117 

pulchella (Normandina) 14, 85 

pulchella (Pertusaria) 98 

pullatula (Stenocybe) 18, 118 

pumilior (Physcia) 102 

punctata (Amandinea) 31, 37, 74 

PUNCTELIA 108 

bolliana 109 

missouriensis 108 

perreticulata 108 

punctilla 108 

rudecta 109, 113, 108, 113 

semansiana 91, 109, 91 

subrudecta 108, 109, 108 

punctella (Pyrenula) 110 

punc tiformis (Arthonia) 22, 33, 

83 

punctilla (Punctelia) 108 

pupula (Robergea) 60 

pusilla (Chaenothecopsis) 18, 46 

pusilloides (Phaeophyscia) 100 

pusillum (Endocarpon) 14, 19, 

63, 73, 117 

pustulata (Loxospora) 16, 80, 

84, 86 

pustulata (Pertusaria) 97 

pustulatum (Collema) 59 

pustulifera (Hypotrachyna) 13, 

70 

pycnocarpoides (Mycopo rum) 

83 

PYRENULA 109 

caryae 110 

cuyabensis 110 

micheneri 110 

pseudobufonia 110 

punctella 110 

ravenelii 19, 110 

subeliptica 110 

PYRRHOSPORA 111 

russula 28, 111 

varians 76 

Pyrrhospora varians 76 

pyxidata (Cladonia) 55 

PYXINE 111 

sorediata 109, 111, 109 

subcinerea 111 

quercicola (Mycoglaena) 83 

radiata (Arthonia) 33 

RAMALINA 112, 111 

americana 112 

culbersoniorum 112 

intermedia 112 

ramulosa (Cladonia) 55 

rangiferina (Cladina) 48 

ravenelii (Cladonia) 56 

ravenelii (Pyrenula) 19, 110 

recensa (Fuscidea) 26, 65 

reductum (Rhizocarpon) 112 

reflexa (Candelariella) 43 

regularis (Sarcogyne) 88, 115 

reticulata (Rimelia) 90, 91, 113 

reve rtens (Spilonema) 7, 108, 

117 

rheophila (Lecania) 71 

RHIZOCARPON 112 

cinereovirens 112 

grande 112 

reductum 112 

RHIZOPLACA 113 

chrysoleuca 8, 113 

subdiscrepans 113 

RIMELIA 89, 91, 113 

cetrata 89, 91, 113, 91 

reticulata 90, 91, 113, 91, 

113 

subisidiosa 90, 113 

RINODINA 114 

applanata 114 

cana 114 

oxydata 114 

papillata 17, 114 

subminuta 115 

tephraspis 115, 114 

robbinsi (Cladonia) 56 

ROBERGEA 

pupula 60 

rubela (Arthonia) 33 

rubicunda (Usnea) 124 

rubiginosa (Pannaria) 88 

rubropulchra (Phaeophyscia) 11, 

100 

rudecta (Punctelia) 109, 113 

rufescens (Peltigera) 93 

rufonigra (Psorula) 7, 15, 107, 

108, 117 

rupestris (Protoblastenia) 22, 

106 

russellii (Psora) 107 

russula (Pyrrhospora) 28, 111 

rutidota (Flavoparmelia) 9 

sabulaetorum (Myxobilimbia) 84 

salicinum (Calicium) 39 

saligna (Lecanora) 74 

SANTESSONIELLA 115 

crossophylla 9, 115 

SARCOGYNE 115 

privigna 106, 115 

regularis 88, 115, 88 

similis 116 

savonica (Chaenothecopsis) 46 

schaereri (Psorotichia) 121 

SCHISMATOMMA 116 

glaucescens 25, 116 

schweinitzii (Bacidia) 36 

SCOLICIOSPORUM 116 

chlorococcum 116 

umbrinum 24, 35, 116 

scripta (Graphis) 21, 66, 87 

scruposus (Diploschistes) 63 

semansiana (Punctelia) 91, 109 

silicis (Fellhanera) 25, 64, 81 

similis (Sarcogyne) 116 

simplex (Polysporina) 106, 115 

simulata (Cladonia) 56 

sobolescens (Cladonia) 56 

somloensis (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

sored iata (Nadvornikia) 16, 85, 

86 

sorediata (Pyxine) 109, 111 

speciosa (Heterodermia) 68 

spectabile (Arthothelium) 34 

SPEERSCHNEIDERA 116 

euploca 10, 117 

SPHINCTRINA 117 

tubiformis 18, 117 

SPILONEMA 117 

revertens 7, 108, 117, 108 

spuria (Buellia) 38, 74 

squamosa (Caloplaca) 42 

squamosa (Cladonia) 56 

squa mulosum (Placidium) 67, 

104, 107 

squarrosa (Parmelia) 12, 88 

squarrosa (Phaeophyscia) 10, 

100 

STAUROTHELE 117 

diffractela 19, 117 

stellaris (Physcia) 102 

STENOCYBE 118 

pullatula 18, 118 

stigmatella (Strigula) 118 

stillingiana (Buellia) 38, 69, 76, 

124 

strepsilis (Cladonia) 56, 62 

strigosa (Usnea) 70, 124 

STRIGULA 20, 118 

americana 20, 118 

jamesii 118 

stigmatella 118 

submurifor mis 19, 32, 118, 

32 

strobilina (Lecanora) 31, 33, 74, 

76, 77, 102 

subcinerea (Pyxine) 111 

subdiscrepans (Rhizoplaca) 113 

subeliptica (Pyrenyla) 110 

subflaccidum (Collema) 59 

subfusca (Pannaria) 32, 88 

subimmergens (Lecanora) 74, 84 

subisidiosa (Rimelia) 90, 113 

submarginale (Parmotrema) 92 

subminuta (Rinodina) 115 

submuriformis (Strigula) 19, 32, 

118 

subpertusa (Pertusaria) 97 

subradiata (Cladonia) 56 

subramigera (Xanthoparmelia) 

128 

subrudecta (Punctelia) 108, 109 

subsoluta (Caloplaca) 42 

subtenuis (Cladina) 48, 54, 56 

subtile (Mycocalicium) 83 

subtilis (Physcia) 103 

subtinctoria (Canomaculina) 44, 

90 

suffusa (Bacidia) 36 

symphorea (Synalissa) 7, 119

symphycarpa (Cladonia) 57 

SYNALISSA 119 

symphorea 7, 119 

syncolla (Hyperphyscia) 69 

taediosum (Arthothelium) 21, 34 

tahawasiana (Porpidia) 106 

tasmanica (Xanthoparmelia) 129 

TELOSCHISTES 119 

chrysophthalmus 6, 119 

tenax (Collema) 59 

tephraspis (Rinodina) 115 

TEPHROMELA 119 

atra 27, 119 

teretiuscula (Physcia) 103 

tetrathalamia (Pertusaria) 96, 97 

texana (Canoparmelia) 45 

texana (Pertusaria) 97 

texanum (Collema) 60 

THELIDIUM 20, 120, 126, 120 

incavatum 20, 120, 126 

THELOPSIS 120 

flaveola 19, 120 

THROMBIUM 120 

epigaeum 19, 120, 130 

THYREA 120 

confusa 6, 7, 121 

thysanophora (Lecanora) 75, 77 

tinctorum (Parmotrema) 92 

trachythallina (Pertusaria) 97 

TRAPELIA 121 

involuta 27, 121 

TRAPELIOPSIS 16, 121 

flexuosa 16, 121 

granulosa 122 

TRICHAPTUM 

biforme 98 

trichodea (Usnea) 32, 125 

TRICHOTHELIUM 122 

cestrense 122 

guentheri 122 

trochophora (Ochrolechia) 86 

TRYPETHELIUM 122 

virens 20, 122 

tubiformis (Sphinctrina) 18, 117 

tuckerae (Minutoexcipula) 97 

tuckermanii (Placidium) 104 

TUCKERMANNOPSIS 122 

americana 123 

ciliaris 123 

fendle ri 1 23 

umbrinum (Scoliciosporum) 24, 

35, 116 

uncialis (Cladonia) 53, 57 

urceolatum (Conotrema) 21, 60 

USNEA 123 

amblyoclada 109, 92, 109 

ceratina 32, 124, 32 

herrei 124 

mutabilis 124 

rubicunda 124 

strigosa 70, 124, 70 

trichodea 32, 125, 32 

valesiaca (Lecanora) 75 

valliculata (Pertusaria) 97 

varia (Opegrapha) 87 

varians (Lecidea) 28, 31, 76, 

102, 111 

velata (Pertusaria) 98 

vernicoma (Buelia) 38, 96, 101 

VERRUCARIA 125 

baldensis 126 

calciseda 126 

calkinsiana 126 

fayettensis 126 

glaucina 126 

marmorea 120 

muralis 126 

nigrescens 126 

nigrescentoidea 126 

verrucigera (Aspicilia) 35 

virens (Trypethelium) 20, 122 

viridis (Opegrapha) 87 

virid is (Vulpicida) 8, 70, 124, 

127 

vitellina (Candelariella) 44, 61, 

113 

vouauxii (Leproloma) 15, 78 

vulgata (Opegrapha) 87 

VULPICIDA 127 

virid is 8, 70, 124, 127, 70, 

124 

XANTHOPARMELIA 127 

angustiphylla 128 

conspersa 128 

cumberlandia 128 

hypomelaena 128 

isidiascens 128 

mexicana 128 

neotaractica 128 

somloensis 128 

subramigera 128 

tasmanica 129 

XANTHORIA 129 

fallax 129 

fulva 129 

xanthostigma (Candelariella) 44 

yasudae (Ochrolechia) 86, 112

lichens of the lower ozark region of missouri and arkansas

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