Family / Scientific name - Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania
Family / Scientific name - Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania
Family / Scientific name - Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania
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Rufiji Environment Management Project 1<br />
Environmental Management <strong>and</strong> Biodiversity Conservation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>,<br />
Woodl<strong>and</strong>s, <strong>and</strong> Wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Delta <strong>and</strong> Floodplain<br />
Biodiverstity <strong>of</strong> Rufiji District – A Summary<br />
Doody, K., & Hamerlynck, O.<br />
Technical report No. 44<br />
Oct 2003<br />
For more information please contact<br />
Project Manager,<br />
Rufiji Environment Management Project<br />
P O Box 13513<br />
Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Tel: 44 Utete Rufiji or 73731 / 0811 322366 Dar es Salaam<br />
Email: rempute1@bushmail.net or iucndar@epiq.or.tz<br />
1 The Rufiji District Council implements Rufiji Environment Management Project with technical assistance from IUCN – The World<br />
Conservation Union, <strong>and</strong> funding from the Royal Netherl<strong>and</strong>s Embassy.
Rufiji Environment Management Project - REMP<br />
Project Goal<br />
To promote the long-term conservation through ‘wise use’ <strong>of</strong> the lower Rufiji forests,<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong>s, such that biodiversity is conserved, critical ecological functions are<br />
maintained, renewable natural resources are used sustainably <strong>and</strong> the livelihoods <strong>of</strong> the area’s<br />
inhabitants are secured <strong>and</strong> enhanced.<br />
Objectives<br />
�� To promote the integration <strong>of</strong> environmental conservation <strong>and</strong> sustainable development<br />
through environmental planning within the Rufiji Delta <strong>and</strong> Floodplain.<br />
�� To promote the sustainable use <strong>of</strong> natural resources <strong>and</strong> enhance the livelihoods <strong>of</strong> local<br />
communities by implementing sustainable pilot development activities based on wise use<br />
principles.<br />
�� To promote awareness <strong>of</strong> the values <strong>of</strong> forests, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> the<br />
importance <strong>of</strong> wise use at village, district, regional <strong>and</strong> central government levels, <strong>and</strong> to<br />
influence national policies on natural resource management.<br />
Project Area<br />
The project area is within Rufiji District in the ecosystems affected by the flooding <strong>of</strong> the river<br />
(floodplain <strong>and</strong> delta), downstream <strong>of</strong> the Selous Game Reserve <strong>and</strong> also including several<br />
upl<strong>and</strong> forests <strong>of</strong> special importance.<br />
Project Implementation<br />
The project is run from the district Headquarters in Utete by the Rufiji District Administration<br />
through a district Environmental Management Team coordinated by the District Executive<br />
Director. The Project Manager is employed by the project <strong>and</strong> two Technical Advisers are<br />
employed by IUCN.<br />
Project partners, particularly NEMC, the Coast Region, RUBADA, The Royal Netherl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
Embassy <strong>and</strong> the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources <strong>and</strong> Tourism, collaborate formally through<br />
their participation in the Project Steering Committee <strong>and</strong> also informally.<br />
Project Outputs<br />
At the end <strong>of</strong> the first five –year phase (1998-2003) <strong>of</strong> the project the expected outputs are:<br />
An Environmental Management Plan: an integrated plan for the management <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ecosystems (forests, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong>s) <strong>and</strong> natural resources <strong>of</strong> the project area that<br />
has been tested <strong>and</strong> revised so that it can be assured <strong>of</strong> success - especially through<br />
development h<strong>and</strong>-in-h<strong>and</strong> with the District council <strong>and</strong> the people <strong>of</strong> Rufiji.<br />
Village (or community) Natural Resource Management Plans: These will be produced in pilot<br />
villages to facilitate village planning for natural resource management. The project will<br />
support the implementation <strong>of</strong> these plans by researching the legislation, providing training<br />
<strong>and</strong> some support for zoning, mapping <strong>and</strong> gazettement <strong>of</strong> reserves.<br />
Established Wise Use Activities: These will consist <strong>of</strong> the successful sustainable development<br />
activities that are being tried <strong>and</strong> tested with pilot village <strong>and</strong> communities <strong>and</strong> are shown to<br />
be sustainable<br />
Key forests will be conserved: <strong>Forests</strong> in Rufiji District that have shown high levels <strong>of</strong> plant<br />
biodiversity, endemism or other valuable biodiversity characteristics will be conserved by<br />
gazettement, forest management for conservation, <strong>and</strong> /or awareness-raising with their<br />
traditional owners.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Executive Summary<br />
This report summarises biodiversity information from a wide selection <strong>of</strong> sources. These are listed<br />
at the beginning <strong>of</strong> the relevant section. Where possible, details <strong>of</strong> species endemism, forest<br />
dependence <strong>and</strong> conservation status have been given for each species.<br />
Table 1 below summaries the number <strong>of</strong> species, families, forest dependents, endemic species <strong>and</strong><br />
species with conservation status.<br />
Table 1: Summary number <strong>of</strong> species <strong>and</strong> families for different groups in Rufiji District.<br />
Taxa Number <strong>of</strong><br />
Species<br />
Number <strong>of</strong><br />
Families<br />
Number <strong>of</strong><br />
Forest<br />
Dependents<br />
Number <strong>of</strong><br />
Endemic<br />
Species<br />
Number <strong>of</strong><br />
threatened species<br />
(i.e. listed by IUCN<br />
or CITES)<br />
Plants 449 89 30 88 20<br />
Marine Macro Algae 15 / / / /<br />
Sea grass 4 / / / /<br />
Amphibians 27 9 6 2 1<br />
Reptiles 87 25 8 12 5<br />
Birds 431 79 25 / 9<br />
Mammals 117 39 11 / 24<br />
Fish (Marine) 15 16 / / /<br />
Fish (Freshwater) 46 15 / / /<br />
Butterflies 42 8 18 14 /<br />
Dragonflies 69 / 9 9 8 (pending)<br />
Molluscs (Terrestrial) 16 / / / /<br />
Molluscs (Marine) 25 / / / /<br />
Echinoderm 11 / / / /<br />
Total 1354 280 107 125 59<br />
The species lists presented are not presumed to be complete, the need for further research is fully<br />
recognised <strong>and</strong> encouraged.<br />
i
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
Executive Summary.......................................................................................................................................... i<br />
Table <strong>of</strong> Contents............................................................................................................................................. ii<br />
1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 1<br />
1.1 Definitions........................................................................................................................................ 2<br />
1.2 Conservation status........................................................................................................................... 3<br />
2 Plants........................................................................................................................................................ 4<br />
2.1 Terrestrial <strong>and</strong> Freshwater Plants ..................................................................................................... 4<br />
2.2 Marine Plants <strong>and</strong> Alage ................................................................................................................ 24<br />
3 Amphibians............................................................................................................................................ 25<br />
4 Reptiles................................................................................................................................................... 28<br />
5 Birds ....................................................................................................................................................... 35<br />
6 Mammals ............................................................................................................................................... 55<br />
7 Fish ......................................................................................................................................................... 65<br />
7.1 Freshwater Fish .............................................................................................................................. 65<br />
7.2 Marine Fish .................................................................................................................................... 67<br />
8 Invertebrates.......................................................................................................................................... 68<br />
8.1 Butterflies....................................................................................................................................... 68<br />
8.2 Dragonflies..................................................................................................................................... 70<br />
8.3 Molluscs ......................................................................................................................................... 73<br />
8.4 Echinoderms................................................................................................................................... 75<br />
9 References <strong>and</strong> Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 76<br />
10 Appendices ........................................................................................................................................ 80<br />
10.1 Appendix 1: Rufiji Odonates.......................................................................................................... 80<br />
10.2 Appendix 2: Galago <strong>and</strong> nocturnal mammal surveys within the Rufiji Environmental Management<br />
Project area.................................................................................................................................................. 90<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 1: Summary number <strong>of</strong> species <strong>and</strong> families for different groups in Rufiji District................................. i<br />
Table 2: Plant Species recorded in Rufiji District.............................................................................................. 6<br />
Table 3: Marine Plants <strong>and</strong> Algae Species in Rufiji District ........................................................................... 24<br />
Table 4: Amphibian Species in Rufiji District................................................................................................. 26<br />
Table 5: Endemic Reptile Species ................................................................................................................... 28<br />
Table 6:Reptile Species recorded in Rufiji District ......................................................................................... 29<br />
Table 7 Bird species recorded in Rufiji District............................................................................................... 37<br />
Table 8: Mammal Species recorded in Rufiji District...................................................................................... 57<br />
Table 9: Bat species recorded in Rufiji District ............................................................................................... 63<br />
Table 10: Freshwater Fish in Rufiji District .................................................................................................... 65<br />
Table 12: Marine Fish Species......................................................................................................................... 67<br />
Table 14: Butterfly species recorded in Rufiji District .................................................................................... 68<br />
Table 15: Dragonflies recorded from the Rufiji region.................................................................................... 70<br />
Table 16: Marine Mollusc Species in Rufiji District ....................................................................................... 73<br />
Table 17: Terrestrial Mollusc Species in Rufiji District .................................................................................. 74<br />
Table 18: Sea Cucumber Species In Rufiji District ......................................................................................... 75<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
Figure 1: Location <strong>of</strong> Coast Region in <strong>Tanzania</strong> (Map from Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003)..................................................... 1<br />
Figure 2: L<strong>and</strong>scape Designations in Rufiji District (Map from Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003) ............................................... 2<br />
ii
1 Introduction<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
1.1 Aim<br />
The aim <strong>of</strong> this report is to compile biodiversity information for Rufiji District into one volume. It<br />
should be noted that no additional survey work was undertaken in compiling this report, <strong>and</strong> thus<br />
full acknowledgement is given to the authors <strong>of</strong> the various studies used to compile this report. The<br />
relevant studies are listed at the beginning each section.<br />
This report compiles information known to date, it is not expected that species lists presented are<br />
exhaustive, particularly for little known groups such as invertebrates.<br />
The species lists are assembled giving where possible details <strong>of</strong> forest dependence, endemism <strong>and</strong><br />
conservation status, these are defined below in section 1.3.<br />
1.2 Location<br />
Rufiji District is located in Coast (Pwani) Region in Eastern <strong>Tanzania</strong> (see figure 1 below) <strong>and</strong> is<br />
dominated by the Rufiji River.<br />
Figure 1: Location <strong>of</strong> Coast Region in <strong>Tanzania</strong> (Map from Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003)<br />
Rufiji<br />
District<br />
‘The lower Rufiji valley starts downstream from Stiegler’s Gorge, some 180 km from the Indian<br />
Ocean, in the Selous Game Reserve. Below the gorge the river fans out in an inner delta with<br />
numerous lakes <strong>and</strong> subsequently enters its lower floodplain, which gradually widens until the river<br />
branches out <strong>and</strong> forms the Rufiji Delta. The floodplain, which covers approximately 1450 km²,<br />
comprises a mosaic <strong>of</strong> former river channels, levees <strong>and</strong> shallow depressions supporting sparse<br />
shrub, intensive cultivation (mainly rice), scattered tree crops (mango, banana) or tall grassl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
The floodplain also has palm (Borassus, Hyphaene <strong>and</strong> Phoenix) <strong>and</strong> Acacia woodl<strong>and</strong> while<br />
riparian forest is found on the higher riverbanks. There is also riparian/groundwater forest around<br />
the edges <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong> lakes that are connected to the river during the annual floods. The large<br />
floodplain lakes in the Lower Rufiji valley occupy roughly 2850 ha (or 56 %) <strong>of</strong> the surface <strong>of</strong><br />
st<strong>and</strong>ing water bodies in the valley (Mwalyosi, 1990). The higher ground North <strong>of</strong> the floodplain is<br />
covered by a woodl<strong>and</strong>/coastal forest mosaic. To the south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji river are a series <strong>of</strong> hills<br />
1
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
with important forested areas, dense woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> coastal shrub (<strong>of</strong>ten referred to as "thicket")’<br />
(Ochieng, 2002). There is an as yet undefined relationship between coastal forests found in Rufiji<br />
District <strong>and</strong> the forests <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Arc Mountains. The details are not fully understood but a<br />
number <strong>of</strong> endemic plant <strong>and</strong> animal species occur in both the <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong>.<br />
‘The Rufiji delta contains the largest area <strong>of</strong> estuarine mangrove in East Africa (approx. 532 km² in<br />
1990 but increasingly cleared for rice farming). The deltaic plain formed at the Indian Ocean by the<br />
Rufiji river is approximately 23 km wide <strong>and</strong> 70 km long (Chen <strong>and</strong> Dyke, 1998). The wealth <strong>of</strong><br />
natural resources in this area supports the livelihoods <strong>of</strong> some 150,000 people. The lower Rufiji <strong>and</strong><br />
delta area has been identified as one <strong>of</strong> the most important wetl<strong>and</strong> areas in East Africa, owing to<br />
its rich biodiversity <strong>and</strong> its high productivity’ (Ochieng, 2002).<br />
Figure 2: L<strong>and</strong>scape Designations in Rufiji District (Map from Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003)<br />
1.3 Definitions<br />
1.3.1 Habitat<br />
For the purposes <strong>of</strong> this report the habitat presence for each species is listed where possible<br />
according to the following classification:<br />
�� F – Forest-dependent- species only found in <strong>and</strong> dependent on closed canopy forest.<br />
�� O - Other habitats – species may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s.<br />
�� N - Non-forest – species may use open wetl<strong>and</strong>s, grassl<strong>and</strong>s, savannah, cliffs <strong>and</strong> other open<br />
areas.<br />
�� Tr W – Tropical Waters<br />
2
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
1.3.2 Conservation status<br />
Where possible the conservation status <strong>of</strong> each species listed is given, these are based on IUCN red<br />
data categories (Hilton-Taylor, 2000)<br />
�� CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) - A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an<br />
extremely high risk <strong>of</strong> extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any <strong>of</strong> the<br />
criteria (A to E) as described below.<br />
�� ENDANGERED (EN) - A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is<br />
facing a very high risk <strong>of</strong> extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any <strong>of</strong> the<br />
criteria (A to E) as described below.<br />
�� VULNERABLE (VU) - A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or<br />
Endangered but is facing a high risk <strong>of</strong> extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as<br />
defined by any <strong>of</strong> the criteria (A to E) as described below.<br />
�� LOWER RISK (LR) - A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not satisfy the<br />
criteria for any <strong>of</strong> the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa<br />
included in the Lower Risk category can be separated into three subcategories:<br />
Conservation Dependent (cd). Taxa which are the focus <strong>of</strong> a continuing taxon-specific or<br />
habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the<br />
cessation <strong>of</strong> which would result in the taxon qualifying for one <strong>of</strong> the threatened categories<br />
above within a period <strong>of</strong> five years.<br />
Near Threatened (nt). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which<br />
are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.<br />
Least Concern (lc). Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near<br />
Threatened.<br />
�� DATA DEFICIENT (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to<br />
make a direct, or indirect, assessment <strong>of</strong> its risk <strong>of</strong> extinction based on its distribution <strong>and</strong>/or<br />
population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, <strong>and</strong> its biology well known, but<br />
appropriate data on abundance <strong>and</strong>/or distribution is lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a<br />
category <strong>of</strong> threat or Lower Risk. Listing <strong>of</strong> taxa in this category indicates that more<br />
information is required <strong>and</strong> acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that<br />
threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use <strong>of</strong> whatever data are<br />
available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD <strong>and</strong> threatened<br />
status. If the range <strong>of</strong> a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable<br />
period <strong>of</strong> time has elapsed since the last record <strong>of</strong> the taxon, threatened status may well be<br />
justified.<br />
1.3.3 Endemism<br />
Where possible endemic species are noted.<br />
�� CF End – <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic – endemic to <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> as defined in Burgess, 2000.<br />
�� Tz End – Endemic to <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
�� N End – Near Endemic - occurs in <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong> few selected location in nearby countries.<br />
�� Tz/K End – Endemic to <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong><br />
3
2 Plants<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
2.1 Terrestrial <strong>and</strong> Freshwater Plants<br />
A summary <strong>of</strong> terrestrial <strong>and</strong> freshwater plant species recorded in Rufiji District was compiled from<br />
various sources, detailed below:<br />
�� Mwasumbi et al, 2000. A Preliminary Biodiversity (Floral) Assessment <strong>of</strong> Selected <strong>Forests</strong> in<br />
Rufiji District. REMP Technical Report No. 10 (Mwa 2000)<br />
�� Malimbwi et al, 2000. Timber Resources <strong>of</strong> Rufiji District. REMP Technical Report 12. (Mal<br />
02)<br />
�� Burgess, N.D. <strong>and</strong> Clarke, G.P. (eds) 2000. The <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa, IUCN<br />
Conservation Programme, Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambridge, Engl<strong>and</strong>. (Bur00)<br />
�� Semesi, 1991. Management Plan for the Mangrove Ecosystem <strong>of</strong> Mainl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>: Vol. 7<br />
Mangrove Management Plan <strong>of</strong> Rufiji Delta. Forest <strong>and</strong> Beekeeping Division, MNRT Dar es<br />
Salaam. (Sem91)<br />
�� Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003. Implementation <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Forest Action Plan. With Special Emphasis on<br />
Community Based Natural Resources Management <strong>and</strong> a Case Study <strong>of</strong> Ngumburuni Forest.<br />
REMP Technical Report 45. (Dur03)<br />
�� Pijnappel, H., 2002. Lakes <strong>of</strong> the Lower Rufiji Floodplain, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. The water balance <strong>of</strong><br />
Lake Lugongwe <strong>and</strong> the ecohydrological connectivity <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji lakes with the Rufiji River.<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Nijmegen – Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Studies (unpubl.), 170 pp. Note:<br />
information for 9 lakes (Mtanza, Zumbi, Lugongwe, Chem Chem, Ruwe, Uba, Weme <strong>and</strong><br />
Zimbwini) have been combined into one column. (Pij 02)<br />
�� Songas, 2002. Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Flora Biodiversity along the Songo Songo Gas to Electricity<br />
Pipeline Corridor. Songas Dar es Salaam. (Son02)<br />
Habitat descriptions <strong>and</strong> endemism are taken from Burgess et al, 2000. Conservation Status is taken<br />
from Hilton-Taylor, 2000.<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 449 plant species from 89 families have been recorded in Rufiji District, these are listed<br />
in Table 1 on page 6. Of these 88 species are endemic to <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> as defined by Burgess<br />
(2000), one is endemic to <strong>Kenya</strong>/<strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong> another is a <strong>Tanzania</strong> endemic.<br />
30 <strong>of</strong> the recorded species are forest dependent (but it should be noted that habitat information is<br />
not yet available for all species listed). 15 <strong>of</strong> the recorded plant species are listed as ‘vulnerable’ by<br />
IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2000), detailed below:<br />
�� Lettowianthus stellatus Diels Annonaceae<br />
�� Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. Annonaceae<br />
�� Dialium holtzii Harms Caesalpinaceae<br />
�� Isoberlinia scheffleri (Harmns) Greenway Caesalpinaceae<br />
�� Milbraedia carpinifolia (Pax) Hutch. Euphorbiaceae<br />
�� Erythrina sacleuxii Hua Fabaceae<br />
�� Baphia kirkii Bak. Fabaceae<br />
�� Xylotheca tettensis Flacoutiaceae<br />
�� Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan Mimosaceae<br />
�� Millettia bussei Harms Papilionaceae<br />
�� Rothmannia macrosiphon (Engl.) Bridson Rubiaceae<br />
�� Rytigynia binata (K. Schum.) Robyns Rubiaceae<br />
�� Tarenna drummondii Brids. Rubiaceae<br />
�� Zanthoxylum holtizianum (Engl.) Waterm. Rutaceae<br />
�� Zanthoxylum lindense (Engl.) Kokwaro Rutaceae<br />
4
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Two species are listed as Endangered, detailed below:<br />
�� Baikiaea ghesquireana J. Leonard Caesalpinaceae<br />
�� Tessmannia densiflora Harms Caesalpinaceae<br />
Three species are listed as Lower Risk Near Threatened, detailed below:<br />
�� Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. Fabaceae<br />
�� Pterocarpus angolensis<br />
�� Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg<br />
Papilionaceae<br />
Moraceae<br />
5
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 2: Plant Species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
RL= Rufiji Lakes, MO= Mohoro Forest, CM= Chumbi-Msumi Floodplain, RU= Ruhoi River Bank, MV = Mangroves, NG= Ngumburuni Forest, KW = Kiwengoma Forest, NK - Namakutwa<br />
Forest, MC - Mchungu Forest, KH – Kichi Hills, WE – Weme Forest, IL – Ilu Forest. Mal 02 – Malimbwi, 2002. Ecol Status – based on Burgess (2000), Endemic Status based on Burgess<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mwa 00<br />
(2000), Conservation Status based on Hilton-Taylor, (2000). Life Form based on Mwasumbi, (2000) <strong>and</strong> LEAP. Mwa 2000 – Mwasumbi et al, (2000) EX= Exotic Species<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End. Cons. RL MO CM<br />
MV NG Mal 02 KW NK MC KH<br />
Status Status Status Pij 02 Son02 Son02<br />
Sem 91 Son02<br />
Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
Dur03<br />
ACANTHACEAE<br />
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders X X X H<br />
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth. X H<br />
Dicliptera sp. X<br />
Isoglossa lacteal X X X H<br />
AGAVACEAE<br />
Dracaena deremensis Engl. X<br />
Dracaena usambarensis Engl. X<br />
ALISMATACEAE<br />
Sagittaria guayanensis O X<br />
AMARANTHACEAE<br />
Achyranthes aspera L. X H<br />
Psilotricum scleranthum Thw. X X X S<br />
ANACARDIACEAE<br />
Anacardium occidentale L. X<br />
Lannea antiscorbitica (Hiern) Engl. X<br />
Lannea humilis X X T<br />
Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl) X X X ST<br />
Ozoroa insignis Del. X ST<br />
Rhus natalensis X T<br />
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. X X X T<br />
Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. X X X X X X T<br />
ANNONACEAE<br />
Annona senegalensis Pers. X X S/T<br />
Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth. X X L<br />
Asteranthus lutea Vollesen O CF End X S<br />
Cleistochlamys kirkii (Benth.) Oliv. X T<br />
Isolona heinsii Engl. & Diels X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 6
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Lettowianthus stellatus Diels F CF End VU X X X X X X T<br />
Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verdc. X X X SS<br />
Monodora junodii Engl. & Diels X<br />
Monodora gr<strong>and</strong>idieri CF End X<br />
Ophrypetalum odoratum Diels F CF End X X T, S<br />
Polyalthia tanganyikensis Vollesen O CF End X S<br />
Uvaria acuminata Oliv. F CF End X T, S, L<br />
Uvaria kirkii X S<br />
Uvariodendron gorgonis Verdc. F CF End VU X T<br />
Xylopia odoratissima Oliv. X T<br />
Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth. X X X X T<br />
ANTHERICACEAE<br />
Chlorophytum sp. nov. X<br />
APOCYNACEAE<br />
Carissa edulis X S<br />
EX Dicyophleba lucida X L<br />
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.)<br />
X X S<br />
Pichon<br />
L<strong>and</strong>ophia kirkii Dyeri X X C<br />
Rauvolfia mombasiana Stapf O CF End X X ST<br />
EX Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon X X X L<br />
Sapium armatum Pax & K. Schum. X X X S<br />
Schizozygia c<strong>of</strong>faeoides (Bojer) Baill. X X S<br />
Strophanthus courmontii Franch. X C<br />
Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf. O CF End X T,S<br />
Voacanga africana X X T<br />
Voacanga thouarsii Stapf X X X T<br />
APOLACEAE<br />
Holarrhena pubescens (Burch. Ham.) Wall X X X T<br />
ARACEAE<br />
Pistia stratiotes O X<br />
Stylochiton natalensis Schott X H<br />
ARALIACEAE<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 7
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Cussonia zimmermannii Harms O CF End X X T<br />
Polyscias stuhlmannii X T<br />
ARECACEAE<br />
Phoenix reclinata X<br />
ASCLEPIADIACEAE<br />
Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. X<br />
EX Mondia ecornuta Bullock X<br />
ASPARAGACEAE<br />
Asparagus racemosus X H<br />
ASTERACEAE<br />
Crassocephalum rubens (Jacq.) S. Moore X H<br />
Elephantopus scaber L. X S<br />
AVICENNIACEAE<br />
Avicennia marina (Forsks.) Vierh. X<br />
AZOLLACEAE<br />
Azolla africana O X<br />
BALANITACEAE<br />
Balanites maughamii Sprague X<br />
Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague O CF End X T<br />
BARRINGTONIACEAE<br />
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. X<br />
BIGNONIACEAE<br />
Fern<strong>and</strong>oa magnifica Seem O CF End X X X T<br />
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. X X X X X T<br />
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. X X T<br />
Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch.) K. Schum.<br />
X X S<br />
Syn. M. zanzibarica<br />
Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague X X X X X T<br />
Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. X X X T<br />
BOMBACACEAE<br />
Adansonia digitata X T<br />
Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum. O CF End X X X X T<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 8
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
Dur03<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
BORAGINACEAE<br />
Cordia goetzii X S<br />
Cordia faulkenerae Verdc. O CF End X S<br />
Ehretia cymosa Thonn. X<br />
BURSERACEAE<br />
Commiphora eminii Engl. X T<br />
Commiphora serrata Engl. O CF End X X T,S<br />
Commiphora zanzibarica (Baill.) Engl. O CF End X T<br />
Commiphora zimmermannii (Engl.) Gillett X<br />
CAESALPINACEAE<br />
Afzelia quanzensis Welw. X X X X X X T<br />
Baikiaea ghesquireana J. Leonard F CF End EN X T<br />
Bauhinia tomentosa L. X<br />
Brachystegia bussei X<br />
Brachystegia microphylla Harms X<br />
Brachystegia sp. X<br />
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. X X T<br />
Bussea eggelingii F CF End X T<br />
Cassia burttii Baker f. O CF End X X T, S<br />
Cassia petersiana (Bolle) Lock X<br />
Cassia sp. (Exotic) X<br />
Cassia zambesiaca Oliver O CF End X H<br />
Cassia abbreviata Oliv. X X X X T<br />
Cordyla africana Lour. X X T<br />
Cynometra suahiliensis X X T<br />
Cynometra webberi Bak.f F CF End X<br />
Cynometra sp. X<br />
Dialium holtzii Harms O CF End VU X X X X X T<br />
Hymenaea verrucosa Gaert.. X X X X X X T<br />
Isoberlinia scheffleri (Harmns) Greenway F VU X<br />
Julbernardia globiflora X X T<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 9
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Piliostigma thonningii X X T<br />
Tamarindus indica L. X X X X X T<br />
Tessmannia densiflora Harms F CF End EN X X T<br />
Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J. Leon. F CF End X X T<br />
Swartzia madagascariensis X S<br />
CAPPARACEAE<br />
Boscia salsifolia X T<br />
Capparis sepiaris L. X X SS<br />
Thylachium africana Lour. X S<br />
Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F. white X S<br />
Maerua triphylla A. Rich. X<br />
O CF End X X ST<br />
CELASTRACEAE<br />
Elaeodendron schweinfurthianum (Loes.)<br />
Loes.<br />
Elaeodendron schlechterina X<br />
Loesneriella africana X C<br />
Maytenus acuminata X S<br />
Maytenus undatus X S<br />
Maytenus putterlickioides X S<br />
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. X<br />
Salacia leptoclada Tul. X SS<br />
Salacia madagascariensis (Lam.) DC. X X X SS<br />
CERATOPHYLLACEAE<br />
Ceratophyllum demersum O X<br />
CHARACEAE<br />
Chara sp. O X<br />
CHRYSOPHYLLACEAE<br />
Parinari curatellifolia Benth. X<br />
COMBRETACEAE<br />
Combretum adenogonium A. Rich. X X<br />
Combretum molle G. Don. X X T<br />
Combretum pentagonum Laws. X SS<br />
Combretum zeyheri Sond. X X X S/T<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 10
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Pteleopis myrtifolia (Laws.) Engl. Diels X X X X T<br />
Pteleopsis apetala Vollesen O CF End X<br />
Terminalia sericea DC. X X X T<br />
COMMELINACEAE<br />
Aneilema aequinoctiale (P. Beauv.) Kunth. X X H<br />
Commelina benghalensis L. X X X H<br />
COMPOSITAE<br />
EX Ageratum conyzoides X<br />
EX Bidens pilosa X S<br />
CONNARACEAE<br />
Agelaea setulosa Schellenb. O CF End X SS<br />
Byrsocarpus orientalis X SS<br />
Ellipanthus hem<strong>and</strong>radenioides Brenan F CF End X<br />
Rourea orientalis Baill. X X X S<br />
CYPERACEAE<br />
Cyperus alopeculoides O X<br />
Cyperus articulatus O X<br />
Cyperus denudatus O X<br />
Cyperus difformis O X<br />
Cyperus digitatus O X<br />
Cyperus esculentus O X<br />
Cyperus exaltatus Retz. X X G<br />
Cyperus longus O X<br />
Kyllinga nemoralis O X<br />
Mariscus hemisphaericus (Boeck.) C.B. Cl. X G<br />
Scirus sp. O X<br />
DICHAPETALACEAE<br />
Dichapetalum aneranium Bret. O CF End X SL<br />
Dichapetalum edule O CF End X X SL<br />
Dichapetalum ruhl<strong>and</strong>ii X S<br />
Dichapetalum stuhlmannii Engl. X X SS<br />
DILLENIACEAE<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 11
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Tetracera boiviniana Baill. O CF End X T, S<br />
Tetracera litoralis Gilg. F CF End X SS<br />
EBENACEAE<br />
Diospyros kabuyeana F. White F CF End X X T, S<br />
Diospyros loureireana O CF End X T<br />
Diospyros mespiliformis DC. X X X T<br />
Diospyros squarrosa Klotzsch X<br />
Diospyros usambarensis F. White X<br />
Diospyros verrucosa Hiern O CF End X X X ST<br />
Diospyros zombensis (B.L. Burtt.) F. White X<br />
Euclea divinorum X T<br />
ERYTHROXYLACEAE<br />
Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. X X S<br />
EUPHORBIACEAE<br />
Acalypha gillmannii A. R. Smith O CF End X S<br />
Acalypha neptunica Muell. Arg. X S/T<br />
Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax. & H<strong>of</strong>fm. X X X X S<br />
Alchornea sp.(Kitwana) X S<br />
Antidesma venosum Tul. X X X X S<br />
Bridelia cathartica Bertol.f. X X SS/T<br />
Bridelia atroridis Mull. Arg. X<br />
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. X<br />
Croton macrostachyus Del. X T<br />
Croton pseudopulchellus Pax X<br />
Croton sylvaticus Hochst. X X<br />
Drypetes arguta (Muell. Arg.) Hutch. X X T<br />
Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. X X<br />
Drypetes reticulata Pax X X ST<br />
Drypetes sp. X<br />
Euphorbia c<strong>and</strong>elabrum Kotschy X X T<br />
Euphorbia nyikae Pax & Burret X T<br />
Euphorbia usambarensis Pax O CF End X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 12
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End. Cons. RL MO CM RU MV NG Mal 02 KW NK MC KH WE IL Life<br />
Status Status Status Pij 02 Son02 Son02 Son02/ Sem 91 Son02<br />
Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Form<br />
Dur03<br />
Euphorbia scarlatina X S<br />
Flueggea virosa Baill. X S<br />
Mallotus oppositifolius (Geisel.) Mull. Arg. X X<br />
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster X X X S<br />
Milbraedia carpinifolia (Pax) Hutch. F CF End VU X<br />
S<br />
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. X A<br />
Phyllanthus leucanthus Pax X<br />
H<br />
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. X<br />
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir X SS<br />
Phyllanthus rhizomatosus A.R. Sm. O CF End X H<br />
Phyllanthus sp. X S<br />
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax X X X T<br />
Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre X X<br />
Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax X<br />
Spirostachys africana Sond. X X T<br />
Suregada zanzibariensis Baill X X X X X X X S<br />
Synadenium sp. X<br />
Tragia brevipes X H<br />
Tragia furialis Prain X C<br />
FABACEAE<br />
Abrus precatorius L. X<br />
C<br />
Crotolaria goodiiformis Vatke X X S<br />
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. LR/nt X X T<br />
Erythrina melanacantha X T<br />
Erythrina sacleuxii Hua F CF End VU X<br />
X T<br />
Lonchocarpus capassa R<strong>of</strong>fe X X X T<br />
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. X X X T<br />
Xerroderis stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mend. &<br />
X X X X T<br />
Souza<br />
Baphia kirkii Bak. O CF End VU X X X X T<br />
FLACOURTIACEAE<br />
Casearia gladiformis X S<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 13
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End. Cons. RL MO CM RU MV NG Mal 02 KW NK MC KH WE IL<br />
Status Status Status Pij 02 Son02 Son02 Son02/ Sem 91 Son02<br />
Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00<br />
Dur03<br />
Bivinia jalbertii Tul. X X<br />
Caloncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) Gilg. X X X X S<br />
Canthium mombazense Baill. X<br />
Flacourtia indica X S<br />
Lindackeria bukobensis Gilg X S<br />
Scolopia rhamniphylla Gilg X<br />
Xylotheca tettensis (Klotzsch) O CF End VU X X X X S<br />
Oncoba spinosa Forssk. X X X ST<br />
FLAGELLARIACEAE<br />
EX Flagellaria indica X<br />
GESNERIACEAE<br />
Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. F CF End X H<br />
GRAMINEAE<br />
Cynodon dactylon O X<br />
EX Digitaria abyssinica X<br />
Digitaria gymnostachya Pilg X<br />
Echinochloa stagnina O X<br />
EX Pennisetum purpureum X<br />
X<br />
Phragmites mauritianus O X<br />
Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Th. Dur. &<br />
Schinz<br />
Voscia cuspidata O X<br />
GUTTIFERAE<br />
Garcinia buchananii Bak. X<br />
Garcinia livingstonii T Anders X X X X S/T<br />
Harungana madagascariensis Poir X ST<br />
Psorosperum febrifugum Spach X<br />
Vismia orientalis Engl. X X<br />
HYMENOCARDIACEAE<br />
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. X X X X X X T<br />
ICACINACEAE<br />
Apodytes dimidiata X X T<br />
IXONANTHACEAE<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 14
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
Dur03<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End.<br />
Status Status<br />
X<br />
Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild. & Th.<br />
Dur.) Th. & H. Dur.<br />
LABIATAE<br />
Hoslundia opposita X<br />
Tinnea sp. X<br />
LINACEAE<br />
Hugonia castaneifolia Engl. X L<br />
LOGANIACEAE<br />
Strophanthus kombe Oliv. X SS<br />
Strychnos henningsii Gilg X X ST<br />
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir X X X T<br />
Strychnos panganensis Gilg O CF End X C , S<br />
Strychnos spinosa X X S<br />
LORANTHACEAE<br />
Agelanthus longipes X<br />
Loranthus sp. X<br />
MALIPIGHIACEAE<br />
Acridocarpus alopecuras Sprague X<br />
MALVACEAE<br />
Gardenis ternifolia ssp. jovis tonantis X X S<br />
Hibiscus surattensis L. X X H<br />
MELASTOMATACEAE<br />
Memecylon sansibaricum Taub. X S<br />
MELIACEAE<br />
Bersama abyssinica (Sim.) Verdc. X X X X T<br />
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. X<br />
Trichilia dregeana X<br />
Trichilia emetica Vahl X X<br />
Turraea nilotica Kotschy & Peyr. X X ST<br />
Xylocarpus granatum Koen. X<br />
MENISPERMACEAE<br />
Albertisia undulata (Hiern) Forman. F CF End X SS<br />
EX Cissampelos pareila X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 15
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End. Cons. RL MO CM RU MV NG Mal 02 KW NK MC KH WE IL Life<br />
Status Status Status Pij 02 Son02 Son02 Son02/ Sem 91 Son02<br />
Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Form<br />
Dur03<br />
Triclisia sacleuxii (Pierre) Diels X C<br />
MIMOSACEAE<br />
Acacia adenocalyx Brenan & Exell O CF End X T, S<br />
Acacia nigrescens Oliv. X T<br />
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. X X X T<br />
Acacia robusta Burch. X X T<br />
Acacia sieberana DC. X X S<br />
Acacia tortilis X X T<br />
Albizia adianthifolia X<br />
Albizia glaberrima (Schum. & Thonn.)<br />
X T<br />
Benth.<br />
Albizia gummifera X T<br />
Albizia harveyi Fourn X X T<br />
Albizia petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. X X T<br />
Albizia versicolor Oliv. X X<br />
Albizia seyal X T<br />
Amblygonocarpus <strong>and</strong>ongensis (Oliv.) Exell<br />
X X T<br />
& Torre<br />
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. X X ST<br />
Mimosa pigra O X X S<br />
Neptunia oleraceae O X<br />
Newtonia buchananii (Bak.) Gilb. & Bout. X T<br />
Newtonia paucijuga (Harms) Brenan F CF End VU X T<br />
Parkia filicoidea Oliv. X<br />
MONTINIACEAE<br />
Grevea eggelingii Milne Redh. O CF End X T, S<br />
MORACEAE<br />
Ficus bussei Mildbr. X T<br />
Ficus lingua De Wild. & Th. Dur. X<br />
Ficus natalensis (Miq.) Hochst. X T<br />
Ficus scassellattii Pamp. X<br />
Ficus sycomorus L. X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 16
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Fam. Species Ecol End. Cons. RL MO CM RU MV NG Mal 02 KW NK MC KH WE IL Life<br />
Status Status Status Pij 02 Son02 Son02 Son02/ Sem 91 Son02<br />
Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Mwa 00 Form<br />
Dur03<br />
Ficus thonningii X<br />
T<br />
Maclura africana (Bureau) Corner X<br />
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg LR/nt X X X<br />
T<br />
Streblus usambarensis (Engl.) C.C. Berg X<br />
MYRTACEAE<br />
Eugenia capensis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond. X S<br />
Syzygium guineense X X<br />
NYMPHACEAE<br />
Nymphaea capensis O X<br />
Nymphaea lotus L O X X H<br />
OCHNACEAE<br />
Ochna holstii Engl. X X X T<br />
Ochna mossambicensis K1. O CF End X ST<br />
Olax pent<strong>and</strong>ra Sleumer O CF End X X X T<br />
X<br />
X X S<br />
X T<br />
X C<br />
ONAGOLACEAE<br />
Ludwigia stolonifera<br />
X<br />
ORCHIDACEAE<br />
Microcoelia exilis Lindl. CF End CITES II OLACACEAE<br />
Olax obtusifolia De Wild.<br />
Ximenia caffra Sond.<br />
Chrebera trichoclada Welw.<br />
Jasminium fluminense Vell.<br />
O<br />
F<br />
X<br />
Microcoelia megalorrhiza CITES II X<br />
PALMACEAE<br />
Borassus aethiopum Mart X X T<br />
Hyphaene compressa H. Wendl. X X X T<br />
PAPILIONACEAE<br />
Craibia zimmermannii (Harns) Dunn. X X<br />
Dalbergia obovata E. Meyer X<br />
Dalbergia nitidula X T<br />
EX Derris trifoliata X L<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 17
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
Dur03<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
X H<br />
Desmodium velutinum<br />
Millettia bussei Harms VU X<br />
Millettia impressa Harms X<br />
Pterocarpus angolensis LR/nt X X X T<br />
Pterocarpus tinctorius Welw. X X<br />
PASSIFLORACEAE<br />
Adenia dolichosiphon Harms O CF End X C<br />
Adenia schlibenii O CF End X C<br />
Basananthe lanceolata (Engl.) De Wilde X CH<br />
Schlechterina mitostemmatoides Harms O CF End X X L, S<br />
POACEAE<br />
Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf X G<br />
Hemarthria natans Stapf X G<br />
Hyparrhenia filipendula (Hochst.) Stapf X G<br />
Leptochloa chinensis (l.) Nees X G<br />
Panicum comorense Mez X X X G<br />
Panicum laticomum Nees F CF End X X G<br />
EX Panicum maximum Jacq. O X X X X X G<br />
Panicum peteri O CF End X G<br />
Panicum trichocladum K. Schum. X X G<br />
Setaria homonyma (Steud) Chiov. X G<br />
Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Beauv. X G<br />
Vetiveria nigritana (Benth.) Stapf X G<br />
RHAMNACEAE<br />
Ziziphus mucronata X S<br />
Ziziphus pubescens Oliv X X T<br />
RHIZOPHORACEAE<br />
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.) Lam X<br />
Cassipourea euryoides Alston CF End X<br />
Cassipourea malosana (Bak.) Alston X T<br />
Ceriops tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob. X<br />
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 18
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
Dur03<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
RUBIACEAE<br />
Burttdavya nyasica Hoyle F CF End X T<br />
Caturanegan spinosa (Thunb.) Tirven X X S/T<br />
Chazaliella abrupta (Hiern) Petit & Verdc. X X X S<br />
Crossopteryx febrifuga (G. Don.) Benth. X X X T<br />
Gardenia ternifolia Schum. & Thonn. X<br />
Gardenia ternifolia ssp. jovis tonantis X S<br />
Gardenia transvenulosa Verdc. O CF End X T, S<br />
EX Keetia zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Brids X X SC<br />
Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern O CF End X X S<br />
Leptactina oxyloba K. Schum. O CF End X S<br />
Leptactina platyphylla (Hiern) Wernhi F CF End X X S<br />
Oldenl<strong>and</strong>ia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC. X H<br />
Oxyanthus pyriformis (Hochst.) Skeels X S<br />
Oxyanthus speciosus X S<br />
Oxyanthus zanguebaricus Hiern) Brids. F CF End X X S<br />
Pavetta holstii Tz End X S<br />
Pavetta refractifolia K. Schum. X S<br />
Pavetta sp. X<br />
Pentas bussei K. Krause X S<br />
Polysphaeria dischistocalyx Brenan X S<br />
Polysphaeria multiflora Hiern X X X S<br />
Psychotria goetzei X S<br />
Psychotria lauracea (K. Schum.) Petit. X<br />
Psychotria punctata Vatke X S<br />
Pyrostria bibracteata (Bak.) Cavaco X S<br />
Rothmannia macrosiphon (Engl.) Bridson F CF End VU X T, S<br />
Rothmannia manganjae (Hiern.) Keay X<br />
Rothmannia ravae (Chiov.) Brids. O CF End X X X S<br />
Rytigynia pergracilis Verdc. X X S<br />
Rytigynia binata (K. Schum.) Robyns O CF End VU X X ST<br />
Rytigynia decussata (K. Schum.) Robyns O CF End X S<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 19
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Rytigynia pergracilis Verdc. F CF End X S<br />
Rytigynia uhligii X X S<br />
Spermacoce sinensis (Klotzsch) Hiern X H<br />
Tapiphyllum burnettii Tennant X<br />
Tarenna drummondii Brids. O CF End VU X ST<br />
Tarenna supra axittaris (Hamsley) Bremek. X X<br />
Tricalysia ovalifolia Hiern X S<br />
Tricalysia pallens Hiern. X<br />
Tricalysia sp. nov. X<br />
Vangueria infausta Burch. X X ST<br />
Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel. X X<br />
Vangueria r<strong>and</strong>ii S. Moore X SS<br />
RUTACEAE<br />
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth. X<br />
Teclea simplicifolia X X T<br />
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. X X X ST<br />
Zanthoxylum holtizianum (Engl.) Waterm. O CF End VU X X T,S<br />
Zanthoxylum lindense (Engl.) Kokwaro O CF End VU X T, S<br />
SALVADORACEAE<br />
Dobera loranthifolia (Warb.) Harms O CF End X X T<br />
SALVINIACEAE<br />
Salvinia auriculata O X<br />
SAPINDACEAE<br />
Allophylus abyssinicus (Hochst.) Radlk. X X S<br />
Allophylus africanus P. Beav. X<br />
Aporrhiza paniculata Radlk. X<br />
Blighia unijugata Baker X X T<br />
Deinbollia borbonica Scherffi X X X X X S<br />
Haplocoelopsis africana F.O. Davies DD X T<br />
Haplocoelum inoploeum Radlk. O CF End X X T<br />
Haplocoelum mombasense X<br />
Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh. X X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 20
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Majidea zanguebarica Oliv. . X T<br />
EX Paulinia pinnata L X X<br />
C<br />
SAPOTACEAE<br />
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum Engl. X T<br />
Engleraphyton malagalismontanum (Sond)<br />
X<br />
Pennigton<br />
Inhambanella henriquensii (Engl. & Warb.) F CF End X T<br />
Dubard<br />
Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H. Hem. X T<br />
Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard O CF End X X T<br />
Mimusopsis fruticosa A.DC. X T<br />
Mimusopsis riparia K/Tz<br />
X T<br />
End<br />
Pancovia holtzii Gilg X S<br />
Pouteria alnifolia (Bak.) Robert X X<br />
Sideroxylom inerme L. X X T<br />
SONNERATIACEAE<br />
Sonneratia alba Sm. X<br />
SPHENOCLEACEAE<br />
Sphenoclea zeylanica O X<br />
STERCULIACEAE<br />
Byttneria glabra K Schum X T<br />
Cola clavata Mast. O CF End X T<br />
Cola discoglypremnophylla Brenan & Jones F CF End X X S/T<br />
Cola microcarpa Brenan F CF End X X S/T<br />
Dombeya rotundifolia X T<br />
Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. X S<br />
Heritiera littoralis Dryl<strong>and</strong>. X<br />
Nesogordonia holtzii (Engl.) Capuron O CF End X T<br />
Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori X X T<br />
Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum. O CF End X X X X T<br />
Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K. Schum. X<br />
X X T<br />
STRYCHNACEAE<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 21
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Strychnos sp. X<br />
THYMELACEAE<br />
Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. F CF End X X X SC<br />
Carpodiptera africana Mast. O CF End X S/T<br />
TILIACEAE<br />
Gossypioides kirkii (Mast.) Hutch. X SS<br />
Grewia bicolor Juss. X X S/T<br />
Grewia conocarpa K. Schum. O CF End X T, S<br />
Grewia forbesii Mast. O CF End X X SS<br />
Grewia goetzeana K. Schum. O CF End DD X X T, S<br />
Grewia holstii Burret. O CF End X X SS<br />
Grewia lepidopetala Garcke O CF End X T, S<br />
Grewia microcarpa K. Schum. X S<br />
Grewia monticola Sond. X<br />
Grewia trichocarpa X X S<br />
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. X X H<br />
X<br />
TYPHACEAE<br />
Typha capensis O X<br />
UMBELLIFERAE<br />
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn)<br />
Taub.<br />
VERBENACEAE<br />
Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv. X SS<br />
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke X X SS<br />
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.)Spreng. X S<br />
Premna sp. X<br />
Vitex buchananii Gurke X X X S<br />
Vitex doniana Sweet X X X T<br />
Vitex mombassae X S<br />
Vitex payos X S<br />
VIOLACEAE<br />
Rinorea angustifolia (Thon.) Baill. X<br />
Rinorea elliptica (Oliv.) Kuntze F CF End X X X S<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 22
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Life<br />
Form<br />
IL<br />
Mwa 00<br />
WE<br />
Mwa 00<br />
KH<br />
Mwa 00<br />
MC<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NK<br />
Mwa 00<br />
Mal 02 KW<br />
Mwa 00<br />
NG<br />
Son02<br />
MV<br />
Sem 91<br />
RU<br />
Son02/<br />
CM<br />
Son02<br />
MO<br />
Son02<br />
RL<br />
Pij 02<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Fam. Species Ecol<br />
Status<br />
Dur03<br />
Rinorea sp. A. FTEA X<br />
Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze. X<br />
ZINGIBERACEAE<br />
Afromomum orientale CF X<br />
Table 1: Plant Species In Rufiji District 23
2.2 Marine Plants <strong>and</strong> Algae<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
The following list <strong>of</strong> species <strong>of</strong> 4 sea grass species <strong>and</strong> 15 species <strong>of</strong> macro-algae, is taken from<br />
Caras, (2002), REMP Technical Report Number 27. This report is based on findings <strong>of</strong> a survey <strong>of</strong><br />
Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong>, just <strong>of</strong>f-shore from Rufiji Delta.<br />
Table 3: Marine Plants <strong>and</strong> Algae Species in Rufiji District<br />
Group Division <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common Name<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Caulerpa sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Dictyospheria versluysii<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Halimeda macroloba<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Halemida sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Ulva sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Chlorophyta: Green Algae Valonia ventricosa Sailor's eyeball<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Cystoseira myrica<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Cystoseria fragilis<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Dyctyota sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Padina sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Sargassum binderi Sargassum common<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Sargassum ilicifolium Sargassum big leeaves<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Turbinaria conoides<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Turbinaria sp.<br />
Macro-algae : Seaweed Rhodophyta: Red Algae Actinotrichia fragilis<br />
Sea grass Cymodocea serrulata<br />
Sea grass Cymodocea sp.<br />
Sea grass Halodule sp.<br />
Seagrass Thalasia hemprichii<br />
24
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
3 Amphibians<br />
The summary <strong>of</strong> Amphibian species recorded in Rufiji District was compiled from various sources,<br />
detailed below:<br />
�� Howell et al, 2000. A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Floodplain<br />
<strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report No. 9 (Howell, 2000)<br />
�� Burgess, N.D. <strong>and</strong> Clarke, G.P. (eds) 2000. The <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa, IUCN<br />
Conservation Programme, Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambridge, Engl<strong>and</strong>. (Bur00)<br />
�� Sheil et al, 1990 Preliminary Results <strong>of</strong> Biological Surveys in Zaraninge <strong>and</strong> Kierengoma<br />
<strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. (She90)<br />
Habitat descriptions <strong>and</strong> Endemism are taken from Burgess et al, 2000 <strong>and</strong> Howell et al, 2000.<br />
Conservation Status is taken from Howell et al, 2000.<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 27 amphibian species from nine families <strong>and</strong> two orders have been recorded in Rufiji<br />
District. Of these six are forest dependent, two <strong>of</strong> the forest dependent species are also endemic to<br />
coastal forests.<br />
Amphibian species endemic to coastal forests recorded in Rufiji District.<br />
�� Mertensophryne micranotis<br />
�� Stephopaedes loveridgei Loveridge's Earless Toad<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis is listed as ‘vulnerable’ IUCN.<br />
This species list is not complete, due to poor amphibian sampling conditions (Howell, 2000) <strong>and</strong> a<br />
concentration on forest sites. It is likely that given further sampling the species list would be<br />
increased.<br />
Doggart,/TFCG 2002<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis<br />
Forest Dependent / <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic<br />
25
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 1: Amphibian Species in Rufiji District<br />
Kiwengoma Mchungu Namakutwa Dist / Notes Reference<br />
Weme Kichi<br />
Hills<br />
Cons.<br />
Status<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Classification Species Common <strong>name</strong> Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
ANURA<br />
How00, Bur00<br />
ARTHROLEPTIDAE<br />
Arthroleptis stenodactylus Common Squeaker O X X X X X Widespread<br />
Dwarf Squeaker F X X<br />
How00, Bur00<br />
Schoutedenella<br />
xenodactyloides<br />
BUFONIDAE<br />
How00, She90<br />
Bufo gutturalis Guttural Toad O X X X Widespread<br />
Bufo lindneri O X How00<br />
Mertensophryne micranotis F CF End VU X X How00, She90<br />
Stephopaedes loveridgei Loveridge's Earless Toad F CF End X X How00<br />
HEMISIDAE<br />
Hemisus marmoratus Mottled Shovel-snouted Frog O X X X Widespread How00, She90,<br />
Bur00<br />
HYPEROLIIDAE<br />
Afrixalus brachycnemis Golden Leaf-folding Frog O X X Widespread<br />
How00, She90<br />
How00<br />
Afrixalus fornasinii Fornasini's Leaf-folding Frog O X Widespread<br />
Hyperolius mitchelli Mitchell's Reed Frog F X How00, She90<br />
Hyperolius nasutus Gunther's Sharp-nosed Reed O X Widespread<br />
Frog<br />
How00<br />
Hyperolius parkeri Parker's Reed Frog O X Widespread,<br />
coastal How00<br />
How00, She90<br />
Hyperolius tuberilinguis Tinker Reed Frog O X Widespread<br />
How00<br />
Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina O X Widespread<br />
Leptopelis argenteus O X Widespread, E.<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> How00, She90<br />
How00, She90,<br />
Bur00<br />
Leptopelis flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted Tree Frog F X X Widespread,<br />
forest<br />
Table 2: Amphibian Species in Rufiji District 26
How00, She90<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Classification Species Common <strong>name</strong> Ecol. End. Cons. Weme Kichi Kiwengoma Mchungu Namakutwa Dist / Notes Reference<br />
Status Status Status Hills<br />
MICROHYLIDAE<br />
Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique Rain Frog O X X X Widespread<br />
X<br />
PIPIDAE<br />
How00, She90<br />
Xenopus muelleri Muller's Clawed Frog O X Widespread<br />
RANIDAE<br />
How00<br />
How00, Bur00<br />
How00, Bur00<br />
How00, Bur00<br />
How00<br />
Hildebr<strong>and</strong>tia ornata Hildebr<strong>and</strong>t's Burrowing<br />
X<br />
Widespread<br />
Frog<br />
Phrynobatrachus acridoides East African Puddle Frog O X X Widespread<br />
X X<br />
Phrynobatrachus Common Puddle Frog<br />
X<br />
Widespread<br />
mababiensis<br />
O<br />
X<br />
Ptychadena anchietae Savanna Ridged Frog O X Widespread<br />
X<br />
Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Ridged Frog O X Widespread<br />
How00<br />
Rana angolensis Dusky-throated Rana O X Widespread<br />
Widespread<br />
How00, She90<br />
RHACOPHORIDAE<br />
Chiromantis xerampelina Grey Foam-nest Tree Frog O X X X<br />
Probably<br />
occurs since<br />
known from<br />
mud at edge <strong>of</strong><br />
Ngatana, Wami<br />
<strong>and</strong> Rufiji<br />
rivers. How00<br />
APODA<br />
CAECILIIDAE<br />
Schistometopum gregorii Mud-dwelling Caecilian ?<br />
Table 2: Amphibian Species in Rufiji District 27
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
4 Reptiles<br />
The summary <strong>of</strong> Reptile species recorded in Rufiji District was compiled from various sources,<br />
detailed below:<br />
�� Howell et al, 2000. A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Floodplain<br />
<strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report No. 9 (Howell, 2000)<br />
�� Burgess, N.D. <strong>and</strong> Clarke, G.P. (eds) 2000. The <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa, IUCN<br />
Conservation Programme, Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambridge, Engl<strong>and</strong>. (Bur 00)<br />
�� Per. comm. REMP. Personal Observations by REMP Staff.<br />
Habitat descriptions <strong>and</strong> Endemism are taken from Spawls, et al, 2002. Conservation Status is<br />
taken from Hilton-Taylor, 2000 <strong>and</strong> Howell et al, 2000.<br />
In total, 87 species (from 25 families/subfamilies from 5 orders) are recorded. Of these, eight<br />
species are forest dependent, <strong>and</strong> thus are vulnerable to forest loss. Of these forest dependent<br />
species five species are also endemic to <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> or <strong>Tanzania</strong>. A further 60 species may use<br />
forest edges <strong>and</strong> other habitats including woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Twelve reptile species recorded show some level <strong>of</strong> endemism, five <strong>of</strong> which are endemic to<br />
<strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>. Endemic reptile species are listed below:<br />
Table 2: Endemic Reptile Species<br />
<strong>Family</strong>/Subfamily Species Common Name End. Status<br />
COLUBRINAE Philothamnus macrops Usambara Green Snake CF end<br />
GEKKONIDAE Cnemaspis uzungwae Udzungwa Forest Gecko CF End<br />
LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Leptotyphlops macrops Large-eyed Worm Snake CF end<br />
SCINCIDAE: SCINCINAE Sepsina tetradactyla Four-toed Fossorial Skink CF end<br />
TYPHLOPIDAE Typhlops rondoensis Rondo Plateau Blind Snake CF end<br />
BOIGINI Crotaphopeltis tornieri Tornier's Cat Snake N End<br />
AMPHISBAENIDAE Loveridgea ionidesi Liwale Round-snouted Worm Lizard Tz End<br />
ATRACTASPIDIDAE Ambylodipsas katangensis Ionides' Purple-Glossed Snake TZ End<br />
ATRACTASPIDIDAE Aparallactus werneri Usambara Centipede-eater Tz End<br />
GEKKONIDAE Lygodactylus viscatus Copal Dwarf Gecko TZ End<br />
GEKKONIDAE L. broadleyi Broadley's Dwarf Gecko TZ End<br />
GEKKONIDAE L. luteopicturatus Yellow-headed Dwarf Gecko Tz/K End<br />
CF End – <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic, TZ End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> Endemic, N End – Near Endemic, Tz/K End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> / <strong>Kenya</strong> Endemic<br />
One species, Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), is listed as Endangered on the IUCN red data lists<br />
(Hilton-Taylor, 2000).<br />
Four reptile species, Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Flap-necked Chameleon (Chamaeleo dilepis)<br />
Giant One-horned Chameleon (Chamaeleo melleri) <strong>and</strong> the Southern African Rock Python (Python<br />
natalensis) are protected under CITES, restricting trade in those species.<br />
28
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 3:Reptile Species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
TESTUDINES<br />
Ruhoi F Per. comm.<br />
REMP<br />
Lugongwe Per. comm.<br />
REMP<br />
Lugongwe Per. comm.<br />
REMP<br />
TESTUDINIDAE<br />
Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise N<br />
Widespread<br />
Cycloderma frenatum Zambezi S<strong>of</strong>t-shelled Turtle N<br />
Widespread<br />
Pelusios sinuatus Serrated Hinged Terrapin N<br />
Widespread<br />
CHELONIIDAE<br />
Per. comm.<br />
REMP<br />
Green Turtle Tr W EN CITES I Rufiji<br />
Coastline<br />
Chelonia mydas<br />
SAURIA (LIZARDS)<br />
GEKKONIDAE<br />
Cnemaspis uzungwae Udzungwa Forest Gecko F CF End X X X Howell 2000<br />
Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Gecko O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
H. platycephalus Tree Gecko O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Lygodactylus broadleyi Broadley's Dwarf Gecko O TZ End X Howell 2000<br />
L. capensis grotei Grote's Cape Dwarf Gecko O X X Howell 2000<br />
L. viscatus Copal Dwarf Gecko F TZ End X X X Howell 2000<br />
L. luteopicturatus Yellow-headed Dwarf Gecko N Tz/K<br />
X X Howell 2000<br />
End<br />
Pachydactylus turneri Turner's Thick-toed Gecko O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
SCINCIDAE: LYGOSOMATINAE<br />
Sepsina tetradactyla Four-toed Fossorial Skink O CF end X X X X Howell 2000<br />
Melanoseps loveridgei Loveridge's Limbless Skink F X Howell 2000<br />
Mabuya boulengeri Boulenger's Skink O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
Mabuya maculilabris Speckle-lipped Skink O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 29
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
Mabuya megalura Grass-top Skink/Long-tailed N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Skink<br />
Mabuya planifrons Tree Skink O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Mabuya quinquetaeniata Five-lined Skink N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Mabuya striata Striped Skink O East Africa X X X Howell 2000<br />
Mabuya varia Variable Skink O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Lygosoma afrum Peter's Writhing Skink O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Panaspis wahlbergi Wahlberg's Snake-eyed Skink O Widespread X X X X Howell 2000<br />
LACERTIDAE<br />
Gastropholis vittata Striped Keel-bellied Lizard O East Africa X Howell 2000<br />
Holaspis guentheri Blue-bellied Gliding Lizard O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Nucras boulengeri Boulenger's Scrub Lizard O X Howell 2000<br />
O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Ichnotropis squamulosa Mozambique Rough-scaled<br />
Lizard<br />
Latastia johnstoni Johnston's / Malawi Long-tailed<br />
Lizard<br />
CORDYLIDAE<br />
Cordylus tropidosternum Tropical Girdled Lizard O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
GERRHOSAURIDAE<br />
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard O Widespread Howell 2000<br />
Gerrhosaurus major Great Plated Lizard O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Black-lined Plated Lizard O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Gerrhosaurus<br />
nigrolineatus<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 30
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
AGAMIDAE<br />
Acanthocerus atricollis Blue-headed Tree Agama O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Agama mossambica Mozambique Agama O Widespread X X X X Howell 2000<br />
CHAMAELEONIDAE<br />
Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chameleon O CITES II Widespread X X X X Howell 2000<br />
Chamaeleo melleri Giant One-horned Chameleon O CITES II Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Rhampholeon brachyurus Beardless Pygmy-Chameleon F X X Howell 2000<br />
F X X Howell 2000<br />
Bearded Pygmy-Chameleon /<br />
Short-tailed Pygmy-Chameleon<br />
Rhampholeon<br />
brevicaudatus<br />
VARANIDAE<br />
Varanus albigularis White-throated Savanna<br />
O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Monitor-Lizard<br />
Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor Lizard O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
AMPHISBAENIA (WORM LIZARDS)<br />
O Tz End X X Howell 2000<br />
AMPHISBAENIDAE<br />
Loveridgea ionidesi Liwale Round-snouted Worm<br />
Lizard<br />
CROCODYLIA<br />
CROCODYLIDAE<br />
Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile N Widespread Per. comm.<br />
REMP<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 31
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
SERPENTES (SNAKES)<br />
TYPHLOPIDAE<br />
Typhlops rondoensis Rondo Plateau Blind Snake O CF end X Howell 2000<br />
Rhinotyphlops schlegelii - X Howell 2000<br />
LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE<br />
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Peter's Worm Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Leptotyphlops macrops Large-eyed Worm Snake O CF end X Howell 2000<br />
Leptotyphlops longicaudus Long-tailed Worm Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
BOIDAE<br />
Python natalensis Southern African Rock Python O CITES II Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
LAMPROPHIINAE<br />
Lamprophis fuliginosus Brown House Snake O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
Lycophidion capense Cape Wolf Snake N Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Mehelya capensis Cape File Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Mehelya nyassae Dwarf File Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
COLUBRIDAE<br />
Meizodon semiornatus Semi-ornate Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Prosymna stuhlmanni East African Shovel-Snout N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Snake<br />
Philothamnus hoplogaster South-Eastern Green Snake O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
Philothamnus macrops Usambara Green Snake F CF end X Howell 2000<br />
Philothamnus punctatus Speckled Green Snake O Widespread Howell 2000<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 32
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
/Tribe<br />
SERPENTES (SNAKES) cont.<br />
COLUBRIDAE cont.<br />
Telescopus semiannulatus Tiger Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Crotaphopeltis hotomboeia White-lipped Snake O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
Crotaphopeltis tornieri Tornier's Cat Snake F N End X Howell 2000<br />
Dipsadoboa flavida Cross-barred Tree Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
broadleyi<br />
DISPHOLIDINI<br />
Dispholidus typus Boomslang O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Thelotornis capensis Savanna Vine/Twig Snake O Widespread X X X X Howell 2000<br />
PSAMMOPHIINAE<br />
Hemirhagerrhis nototaenia Bark Snake N Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Psammophis angolensis Dwarf S<strong>and</strong> Snake N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Psammophis phillipsii syn. Olive S<strong>and</strong> Snake X X Howell 2000<br />
P., mossambicus<br />
Psammophis subtaeniatus Northern Stripe-bellied S<strong>and</strong><br />
X X X Howell 2000<br />
syn. P. sudanensis Snake<br />
Psammophylax tritaeniatus Southern Striped Skaapsteker N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Rhamphiophis rostratus Rufous Beaked Snake O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
NATRICINAE<br />
Natriciteres olivacea Olive Marsh Snake O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
DASYPELTINI<br />
Dasypeltis medici Rufous Egg-eater /East African O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Egg-eater<br />
Dasypeltis scabra Common /Rhombic Egg-eater O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 33
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Cons Status Dist WE KH SGR MK KG TO NK Other sites Reference<br />
End.<br />
Status<br />
Species Common Name Ecol.<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong><br />
/Subfamily<br />
ATRACTASPIDIDAE<br />
Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Aparallactus guentheri Black Centipede-eater O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Aparallactus werneri Usambara Centipede-eater F Tz End X X Howell 2000<br />
Chilorhinophis butleri Butler's Black <strong>and</strong> Yellow N Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Burrowing Snake<br />
Ambylodipsas katangensis Ionides' Purple-Glossed Snake O TZ End X Howell 2000<br />
Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Burrowing Asp O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
ELAPIDAE<br />
Elapsoidea semiannulata ? X Howell 2000<br />
Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Naja nigricollis Black-necked Spitting Cobra O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
Dendroaspis angusticeps Green Mamba O Widespread X Howell<br />
2000,Per.<br />
comm. REMP<br />
Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba O Widespread X Howell 2000<br />
VIPERIDAE<br />
Causus defilippii Snouted Night Adder O Widespread X X X Howell 2000<br />
Bitis arietans Puff Adder O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
Bitis gabonica Gaboon Viper O Widespread X X Howell 2000<br />
CF End – <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic, TZ End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> Endemic, N End – Near Endemic, Tz/K End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> / <strong>Kenya</strong> Endemic<br />
F – Forest Dependent, O - Other habitats (may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s), N - Non-forest<br />
CR – Critical y Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk Conservation Dependent, LR/nt – Lower Risk Near Threatened, DD – Data Deficient<br />
Table 4: Reptile Species In Rufiji District 34
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
5 Birds<br />
A summary <strong>of</strong> bird species recorded in Rufiji District was compiled from several data sources,<br />
detailed below:<br />
Data source Notation<br />
Hamerlynck 2003 Update <strong>of</strong> list by Hamerlynck Ham03<br />
Baker 2003 – Update from <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Bird Atlas 2003 Bak 03<br />
Burgess et al 2000 Bur00<br />
Baker 1998 Bak98<br />
Hillman 1998 Hil98<br />
Waters et al 1994 Wat94<br />
Burgess et al 1991 Bur91<br />
Haldane 1946 Hal46<br />
Boswell et al. 2002 (Ngumburuni Forest) Bos02<br />
Mbilinyi et al. 2002 (Kichi Hills Forest) Mbi02<br />
Table 6: overleaf lists the bird species recorded in Rufiji District.<br />
In Haldane (1946) a distinction has to be made between his A list, i.e. birds observed by himself<br />
between August 1943 <strong>and</strong> September 1944 <strong>and</strong> his B list which derives from ‘the District book’<br />
with notes <strong>of</strong> Mrs. Barker <strong>and</strong> Hall. This B list contains many <strong>of</strong> the rather unlikely observations<br />
such as Egyptian Vulture, Buff-spotted flufftail, Baillon’s Crake, Purple Swamphen, African<br />
finfoot, Wattled Lapwing, Marsh Owl, Verreaux’s Eagle Owl, Mottled Swift, White-necked Raven,<br />
etc. It is hard to evaluate the ornithological knowledge <strong>of</strong> these two observers, nor do we know<br />
which field guides <strong>and</strong> optical equipment they may have been using. Though some <strong>of</strong> their<br />
observations could be accurate they may concern birds observed outside <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji District<br />
boundaries. Therefore, only those species with confirmed subsequent observations have been<br />
retained. In contrast, Haldane’s A list contains only few mysterious observations, such as Bluespotted<br />
Wood Dove, Kitlitz’s Plover <strong>and</strong> Plain-backed Pipit, that have not been recorded<br />
subsequently <strong>and</strong> were therefore removed.<br />
The main source is the <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bird Atlas database, which includes the observations <strong>of</strong> a<br />
multitude <strong>of</strong> observers but is also functions as a clearing house, e.g. all observations in Rufiji <strong>of</strong><br />
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus, a rare palaearctic migrant to <strong>Kenya</strong> are changed by Neil <strong>and</strong><br />
Liz Baker into Black-chested Snake Eagle Circaetus pectoralis as the immature <strong>of</strong> both species are<br />
indistinguishable except to the most experienced <strong>of</strong> observers. Another advantage <strong>of</strong> the Bird Atlas<br />
is that individual observers, whose experience is known, can be identified <strong>and</strong> therefore the<br />
reliability <strong>of</strong> the observations assessed. For example, most <strong>of</strong> the observations in square 3808B<br />
were done by Neil Stronach, who resided in Kingupira <strong>and</strong> is a meticulous ornithologist. Other,<br />
unique <strong>and</strong> apparently out <strong>of</strong> range observations such as Ovambo sparrowhawk <strong>and</strong> Speckled<br />
Pigeon, were done by Liz Baker who knows her birds.<br />
There still remain doubts on species such as the Grey Kestrel observed in Mtanza Msona. Though<br />
easy to confuse with the more commonly observed Dickinson’s Kestrel this particular bird was<br />
observed for a long time in excellent light <strong>and</strong> from all angles (including the diagnostic tail), as it<br />
was circling around the Msona school. It is therefore allowed on the list <strong>and</strong> ornithologists visiting<br />
the District are requested to pay particular attention to greyish kestrel like birds. Another<br />
controversial issue are the Burchell’s <strong>and</strong> White-browed Coucal. Before the existence <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Stevenson <strong>and</strong> Fanshawe (2002) field guide many people were using Zimmerman et al. (1996)<br />
which does not include Burchell’s. To further complicate matters the juveniles <strong>of</strong> both species are<br />
indistinguishable <strong>and</strong> therefore many <strong>of</strong> the ‘white-browed’ birds seen in the field may actually be<br />
Burchell’s. Provisionally both species were kept in the list.<br />
35
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
REMP contributed both through observations by its staff <strong>and</strong> a systematic bird count in the Delta<br />
(Nasirwa et al. 2000) <strong>and</strong> two mist netting surveys in the Kichi Hills Forest (Mbilinyi et al 2002)<br />
<strong>and</strong> the Ngumburuni Forest (Boswell et al. 2003).<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 431 species from 79 families have been recorded in Rufiji District. Of these, nine species<br />
are listed on the IUCN Red Data lists, five as ‘Vulnerable’ (VU) <strong>and</strong> four as Lower risk/ near<br />
threatened (LR/nt).<br />
Vulnerable species include:<br />
Madagascar Squacco Heron Ardeola idea<br />
Lappet-faced Vulture Torgos tracheliotus<br />
Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca<br />
Corncrake Crex crex<br />
East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi<br />
Lower Risk / near threatened species include:<br />
Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor<br />
Southern B<strong>and</strong>ed Snake Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus<br />
Great Snipe Gallinago media<br />
African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris<br />
25 <strong>of</strong> the species are forest dependent, a further 231 species may be found in forest edges but also<br />
use other habitats such as woodl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s. 172 species are Non-forest species,<br />
many <strong>of</strong> these are wetl<strong>and</strong> species utilising lakes, rivers, mudflats, s<strong>and</strong>bars <strong>and</strong> coastline.<br />
Special mention should be made <strong>of</strong> the record <strong>of</strong> the puguensis race <strong>of</strong> the Pale-breasted Illadopsis<br />
Illadopsis rufipennis in Ngumburuni forest. This race is likely to become a full species when<br />
genetic analysis <strong>of</strong> this complex group with a patchy distribution <strong>and</strong> long isolation gets underway,<br />
In that case the species would most likely immediately be upgraded to threatened status. Previously<br />
it had only been recorded in the Pugu <strong>and</strong> Kazimzumbwi <strong>Forests</strong>. The latter has already almost<br />
entirely been converted to charcoal in spite <strong>of</strong> efforts by a variety <strong>of</strong> individuals <strong>and</strong> organisations.<br />
36
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 6: Bird species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
PODICIPEDIDAE – GREBES<br />
Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe N X X 2<br />
PHALACROCORACIDAE – CORMORANTS<br />
Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant N X X 2<br />
Phalacrocorax africanus Long-tailed Cormorant N X X X X 4<br />
ANHINGIDAE - DARTERS<br />
Anhinga rufa African Darter N X X X X 4<br />
PELECANIDAE – PELICANS<br />
Pelecanus onocrotalus Great White Pelican N X X 2<br />
Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed Pelican N X X X 3<br />
ARDEIDAE - BITTERNS, EGRETS <strong>and</strong> HERONS<br />
Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern N X 1<br />
Ixobrychus sturmii Dwarf Bittern N<br />
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron N X X X X X 5<br />
Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night Heron 0<br />
Ardeola ralloides Common Squacco Heron N X X X X X X 6<br />
Ardeola idae Madagascar Squacco Heron N VU X 1<br />
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret N X X 2<br />
Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron N X X X X 4<br />
Egretta ardesiaca Black Heron N X X 2<br />
Egretta (g.) dimorpha Dimorphic Egret N X 1<br />
Egretta garzetta Little Egret N X X X X X 5<br />
Egretta alba Great Egret N X X X X X 5<br />
Egretta intermedia Yellow-billed Egret N X X X X 4<br />
Ardea purpurea Purple Heron N X X X 3<br />
Ardea cinerea Grey Heron N X X X X X 5<br />
Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron N X X 2<br />
37
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Ardea goliath Goliath Heron N X X X 3<br />
SCOPIDAE – HAMERKOP<br />
Scopus umbretta Hamerkop N X X X X X X X 7<br />
CICONIIDAE - STORKS<br />
Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork N X X X X X 5<br />
Anastomus lamelligerus African Open-billed Stork N X X X X X 5<br />
Ciconia abdimii Abdim's Stork N X 1<br />
Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork N X X X X 4<br />
Ciconia ciconia White Stork N X 1<br />
Ephippiorhynchus Saddle-billed Stork N<br />
senegalensis<br />
X 1<br />
Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou Stork N X X X 3<br />
THRESKIORNITHIDAE - IBIS <strong>and</strong> SPOONBILLS<br />
Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis N X X X 3<br />
Bostrychia hagedash Hadada Ibis O X X X X X X 6<br />
Platalea alba African Spoonbill N X X X 3<br />
PHOENICOPTERIDAE - FLAMINGOS 0<br />
Phoenicopterus ruber roseus Greater Flamingo N X 1<br />
Phoeniconaias minor Lesser Flamingo N LR/nt X 1<br />
ANATIDAE - DUCKS <strong>and</strong> GEESE<br />
Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck O X 1<br />
Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling Duck N X X X X X 5<br />
ANATIDAE - DUCKS <strong>and</strong> GEESE cont.<br />
Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose N X X X 3<br />
Plectopterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose N X X 2<br />
Sarkidiornis melanotos Knob-billed Duck N X 1<br />
Nettapus auritus African Pygmy Goose N X 1<br />
Anas erythrorhyncha Red-billed Teal N X 1<br />
ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS etc<br />
38
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Aviceda cuculoides African Cuckoo Hawk O X X 2<br />
Pernis apivorus Eurasian Honey Buzzard O X 1<br />
Macheiramphus alcinus Bat Hawk O X 1<br />
ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS cont.<br />
Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite O X X X X 4<br />
Milvus migrans Black Kite O X X X X X 5<br />
Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish Eagle N X X X X X X 6<br />
Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture O X X X X X 5<br />
Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture O X X X 3<br />
Gyps africanus African White-backed Vulture N X X X X 4<br />
Gyps rueppellii Rüppell's Griffon Vulture N X 1<br />
Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture N VU X 1<br />
Trigonoceps occipitalis White-headed Vulture N X X X 3<br />
Circaetus pectoralis Black-chested Snake Eagle N X X X 3<br />
Circaetus cinereus Brown Snake Eagle N X X X X X 5<br />
Circaetus fasciolatus Southern B<strong>and</strong>ed Snake Eagle O LR/nt X X X X 4<br />
Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur N X X X X X X 6<br />
Polyboroides typus African Harrier-Hawk/ Gymnogene O X X X X X 5<br />
Circus aeruginosus Eurasian Marsh Harrier N X X X X 4<br />
Circus ranivorus African Marsh Harrier O X 1<br />
Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier N X 1<br />
Circus pygargus Montagu's Harrier N X 1<br />
Melierax metabates Dark Chanting Goshawk O X X X X 4<br />
Melierax poliopterus Eastern / Pale Chanting Goshawk N X 1<br />
Micronisus gabar Gabar Goshawk N X 1<br />
Accipiter melanoleucus Great Sparrowhawk O X X 2<br />
Accipiter ovampensis Ovambo Sparrowhawk O X 1<br />
Accipiter minullus Little Sparrowhawk O X X X 3<br />
Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk O X X X X X X 6<br />
39
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Accipiter badius Shikra O X 1<br />
Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard O X X X 3<br />
Buteo buteo Common Buzzard O X 1<br />
Aquila wahlbergi Wahlberg's Eagle N X X X X 4<br />
ACCIPITRIDAE - VULTURES, EAGLES, KITES, HAWKS cont.<br />
Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle O X 1<br />
Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle N X 1<br />
Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle N X 1<br />
Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle ? VU X 1<br />
Hieraaetus spilogaster African Hawk Eagle O X 1<br />
Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle O X 1<br />
Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres' Hawk Eagle O X 1<br />
Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Eagle O X X 2<br />
Stephanoaetus coronatus African Crowned Eagle F X X X X X 5<br />
Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle N X 1<br />
P<strong>and</strong>ion haliaetus Osprey N X X 2<br />
FALCONIDAE – FALCONS<br />
Falco ardosiaceus Grey Kestrel O x 1<br />
Falco dickinsoni Dickinson's Kestrel N X X 2<br />
Falco amurensis Amur Falcon N X 1<br />
Falco chicquera Red-necked Falcon N X X 2<br />
Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby N X 1<br />
Falco cuvierii African Hobby O X 1<br />
Falco eleonorae Eleonora's Falcon N X 1<br />
Falco concolor Sooty Falcon N X 1<br />
Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon N X 1<br />
Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon N X 1<br />
PHASIANIDAE - FRANCOLINS <strong>and</strong> QUAILS<br />
Francolinus coqui Coqui Francolin O X 1<br />
40
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Francolinus sephaena Crested Francolin O X X X X 4<br />
Francolinus afer Red-necked Spurfowl O X X X 3<br />
Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail N X 1<br />
Coturnix adansonii Blue Quail N X 1<br />
NUMIDIDAE - GUINEAFOWLS<br />
Guttera pucherani Crested Guineafowl O X X X X X 5<br />
Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl N X X X X 4<br />
TURNICIDAE - BUTTONQUAILS<br />
Turnix sylvatica Button Quail N X 1<br />
RALLIDAE - RAILS <strong>and</strong> CRAKES<br />
Crex crex Corncrake N VU X X 2<br />
Crex egregia African Crake N X 1<br />
Amaurornis flavirostra Black Crake N X X X 3<br />
Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen N X X 2<br />
Gallinula chloropus Lesser Moorhen N X 1<br />
OTIDIDAE - BUSTARDS<br />
Eupodotis melanogaster Black-bellied Bustard O X X 2<br />
JACANIDAE - JACANAS<br />
Actophilornis africanus African Jacana N X X X X X 5<br />
Microparra capensis Lesser Jacana N X X 2<br />
ROSTRATULIDAE - PAINTED SNIPES<br />
Rostratula benghalensis Greater Painted Snipe N X 1<br />
HAEMATOPODIDAE - OYSTERCATCHERS<br />
Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher N X X 2<br />
RECURVIROSTRIDAE - STILTS <strong>and</strong> AVOCETS<br />
Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt N X X 2<br />
DROMADIDAE - CRAB PLOVER<br />
41
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Dromas ardeola Crab-plover N X 1<br />
BURHINIDAE - STONE CURLEWS<br />
Burhinus vermiculatus Water Thick-knee N X X X X X 5<br />
Burhinus capensis Spotted Thick-knee O X X 2<br />
GLAREOLIDAE - COURSERS <strong>and</strong> PRATINCOLES<br />
Rhinoptilus chalcopter Violet-tipped Courser O X 1<br />
Cursorius temminckii Temminck's Courser O X 1<br />
GLAREOLIDAE - COURSERS <strong>and</strong> PRATINCOLES cont.<br />
Glareola pratincola Collared Pratincole N X X X X 4<br />
Glareola ocularis Madagascar Pratincole N X 1<br />
CHARADRIIDAE - PLOVERS<br />
Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover N X X X 3<br />
Charadrius tricollaris Three-b<strong>and</strong>ed Plover N X X 2<br />
Charadrius marginatus White-fronted Plover N X X X 3<br />
Charadrius mongolus Lesser S<strong>and</strong>plover N X X X 3<br />
Charadrius leschenaultii Greater S<strong>and</strong>plover N X X 2<br />
Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover N X X 2<br />
Vanellus albiceps White-crowned Plover N X X X 3<br />
Vanellus spinosus Spur-winged Plover N X 1<br />
Vanellus lugubris Senegal Plover N X 1<br />
Vanellus coronatus Crowned Plover N X 1<br />
Vanellus crassirostris Long-toed Plover N X 1<br />
SCOLOPACIDAE - SNIPES, GODWITS, SANDPIPERS etc<br />
Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe N X 1<br />
Gallinago media Great Snipe N LR/nt X 1<br />
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel N X 1<br />
Numenius arquata Curlew N X X X 3<br />
Tringa stagnatilis Marsh S<strong>and</strong>piper N X X X 3<br />
Tringa nebularia Greenshank N X X X 3<br />
42
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Tringa ochropus Green S<strong>and</strong>piper N X X 2<br />
Tringa glareola Wood S<strong>and</strong>piper N X 1<br />
Xenus cinereus Terek S<strong>and</strong>piper N X X 2<br />
Actitis hypoleucos Common S<strong>and</strong>piper N X X X X 4<br />
Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone N X X X X X 5<br />
Calidris alba S<strong>and</strong>erling N X X 2<br />
Calidris minuta Little Stint N X X X X 4<br />
Calidris ferruginea Curlew S<strong>and</strong>piper N X X 2<br />
SCOLOPACIDAE - SNIPES, GODWITS, SANDPIPERS cont.<br />
Philomachus pugnax Ruff N X 1<br />
LARIDAE - GULLS<br />
Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull N X X 2<br />
Larus heuglini Heuglin's Gull N X 1<br />
Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull N X 1<br />
Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull N X 1<br />
STERNIDAE - TERNS<br />
Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern N X X 2<br />
Sterna caspia Caspian Tern N X X X 3<br />
Sterna bergii Greater Crested Tern N X X X 3<br />
Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern N X X 2<br />
Sterna hirundo Common Tern N X X 2<br />
Sterna albifrons Little Tern N X 1<br />
Sterna (a.) saundersi Saunder's Tern N X X X 3<br />
Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered Tern N X 1<br />
Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern N X 1<br />
RYNCHOPIDAE - SKIMMERS<br />
Rynchops flavirostris African Skimmer N LR/nt X X X X 4<br />
COLUMBIDAE - PIGEONS <strong>and</strong> DOVES<br />
Columba guinea Speckled Pigeon O X 1<br />
43
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove N X X 2<br />
Streptopelia capicola Ring-necked Dove O X X X X X X 6<br />
Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove O X X X X X X X 7<br />
Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted Wood Dove O X X X X X 5<br />
Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove O X X X X X X X 7<br />
Oena capensis Namaqua Dove N X X X 3<br />
Treron calva African Green Pigeon O X X X X X X X 7<br />
PSITTACIDAE - PARROTS<br />
Poicephalus robustus Brown-necked Parrot O X X 2<br />
Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Brown-headed Parrot O X X X X X 5<br />
Agapornis lilianae Lillian's Lovebird O X X 2<br />
MUSOPHAGIDAE - TURACOS <strong>and</strong> GO-AWAY BIRDS<br />
Tauraco livingstonii Livingstone's Turaco F X X X X X X 6<br />
Tauraco porphyreolophus Purple-crested Turaco O X X X X 4<br />
Corythaixoides concolor Grey Go-away-bird O X 1<br />
CUCULIDAE - CUCKOOS<br />
Clamator gl<strong>and</strong>arius Great Spotted Cuckoo O X 1<br />
Jacobin Cuckoo / Black & white O<br />
Oxylophus jacobinus Cuckoo<br />
X X 2<br />
Oxylophus levaillantii Levaillant's Cuckoo O X X 2<br />
Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo O X X X 3<br />
Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo O X X 2<br />
Cuculus canorus Eurasian Cuckoo O X 1<br />
Cuculus gularis African Cuckoo O X 1<br />
Cercococcyx montanus Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo F X X 2<br />
Chrysococcyx cupreus African Emerald Cuckoo O X X X X 4<br />
Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas's Cuckoo O X X X X 4<br />
44
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Chrysococcyx caprius Diederik Cuckoo O X X X 3<br />
CENTROPODIDAE - COUCALS<br />
Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill F X X X X 4<br />
Centropus grillii Black Coucal N X 1<br />
Centropus superciliosus White-browed Coucal O X X X X X 5<br />
Centropus burchellii Burchell's Coucal O X 1<br />
TYTONIDAE - BARN OWLS<br />
Tyto alba Barn Owl N X X 2<br />
STRIGIDAE – OWLS<br />
Otus senegalensis African Scops Owl O 0<br />
Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle-Owl O X 1<br />
STRIGIDAE – OWLS cont.<br />
Scotopelia peli Pel's Fishing Owl O X 1<br />
Strix woodfordii African Wood Owl O X X X X X 5<br />
Glaucidium perlatum Pearl-spotted Owlet O X 1<br />
Glaucidium capense African Barred Owlet O X 1<br />
CAPRIMULGIDAE - NIGHTJARS<br />
Caprimulgus europaeus Eurasian Nightjar N X 1<br />
Caprimulqus pectoralis Fiery-necked Nightjar O X X X 3<br />
Caprimulqus fossii Gabon Nightjar O X X X X 4<br />
APODIDAE - SWIFTS<br />
Telacanthura ussheri Mottle-throated Spinetail O X 1<br />
Neafrapus boehmi Böhm's Spinetail O X X X X 4<br />
Cypsiurus parvus African Palm Swift N X X X X X X 6<br />
Apus apus Eurasian Swift N X X X 3<br />
Apus affinis Little Swift N X X X X X 5<br />
Apus horus Horus Swift N X X 2<br />
Apus caffer White-rumped Swift N X 1<br />
COLIIDAE – MOUSEBIRDS<br />
45
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Colius striatus Speckled Mousebird O X<br />
X X X 4<br />
Urocolius macrourus Blue-naped Mousebird O X X 2<br />
TROGONIDAE - TROGONS<br />
Apaloderma narina Narina's Trogon O X X X X X 5<br />
ALCEDINIDAE – KINGFISHERS<br />
Corythornis cristata Malachite Kingfisher O X X X X X 5<br />
Ceyx picta African Pygmy Kingfisher O X X X X X X 6<br />
Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded Kingfisher O X X X X X X 6<br />
Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed / Chestnut Bellied N<br />
Kingfisher<br />
X<br />
X X 3<br />
Halcyon senegalensis Woodl<strong>and</strong> Kingfisher O X X 2<br />
Halcyon senegaloides Mangrove Kingfisher O X X X 3<br />
Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher O X X X 3<br />
ALCEDINIDAE – KINGFISHERS cont.<br />
Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher O X X X 3<br />
Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher N X X X X X X 6<br />
MEROPIDAE - BEE-EATERS<br />
Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater<br />
O X X X X X X X 7<br />
Merops hirundineus Swallow-tailed Bee-eater<br />
O X X 2<br />
Merops bullockoides White-fronted Bee-eater<br />
O X X X 3<br />
Merops albicollis White-throated Bee-eater<br />
N X X X 3<br />
Merops boehmi Böhm's Bee-eater<br />
F X X X 3<br />
Merops superciliosus Madagascar Bee-eater N X X X 3<br />
Merops persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater N X X X 3<br />
Merops apiaster Eurasian Bee-eater O X X 2<br />
Merops nubicus Carmine Bee-eater O X X X X 4<br />
CORACIIDAE - ROLLERS<br />
Coracias garrulus Eurasian Roller<br />
O X 1<br />
Coracias caudata Lilac-breasted Roller O X X X X X 5<br />
46
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
8<br />
Status<br />
Coracias spatulata Racket-tailed Roller O X 1<br />
Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller O X X X X 4<br />
PHOENICULIDAE - WOOD HOOPES<br />
Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood-hoopoe O<br />
X X X X X X 6<br />
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Common Scimitarbill O X X X X 4<br />
UPUPIDAE - HOOPOES<br />
Upupa epops Hoopoe O X 1<br />
BUCEROTIDAE - HORNBILLS<br />
Tockus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Hornbill N X 1<br />
Tockus deckeni Von der Decken's Hornbill O X 1<br />
Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill O<br />
X X X X X X X 7<br />
Tockus pallidirostris Pale-billed Hornbill O<br />
X 1<br />
Tockus nasutus African Grey Hornbill<br />
O X X X X X 5<br />
Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter Hornbill<br />
O X X X X X X X X 8<br />
BUCEROTIDAE - HORNBILLS cont.<br />
Bucorvus cafer Southern Ground Hornbill<br />
O X X X 3<br />
LYBIIDAE - BARBETS <strong>and</strong> TINKERBIRDS<br />
Stactolaema leucotis White-eared Barbet<br />
O X X 2<br />
Pogoniulus simplex Eastern Green Tinkerbird<br />
F X X 2<br />
Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird O X X X X X X 6<br />
Tricholaema lacrymosa Spot-flanked Barbet O X 1<br />
Lybius torquatus Black-collared Barbet O X X 2<br />
Lybius melanopterus Brown-breasted Barbet O X X X X 4<br />
Trachyphonus vaillanti Crested Barbet O X 1<br />
Trachphorus erythrocephalus Red & Yellow Barbet N X 1<br />
INDICATORIDAE - HONEYGUIDES<br />
Indicator variegatus Scaly-throated Honeyguide O X X 2<br />
Indicator indicator Greater Honeyguide O X X X X 4<br />
Indicator minor Lesser Honeyguide O X X 2<br />
47
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Indicator meliphilus Pallid Honeyguide O X 1<br />
PICIDAE - WOODPECKERS<br />
Campethera nubica Nubian Woodpecker O X 1<br />
Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker O X X X X X X X 7<br />
Campethera cailliautii Little Spotted / Green-backed O<br />
Woodpecker<br />
X X X X X X X 7<br />
Denropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker O X X X 3<br />
Thripias namaquus Bearded Woodpecker O X X X 3<br />
EURYLAIMIDAE - BROADBILLS<br />
Smithornis capensis African Broadbill F X X X X X X 6<br />
PITTIDAE - PITTAS<br />
Pitta angolensis African Pitta F X X X X 4<br />
ALAUDIDAE - LARKS<br />
Mirafra rufocinnamomea Flappet Lark O X X X 3<br />
Pinarocorys nigricans Dusky Bush Lark O X 1<br />
Eremopterix leucopareia Fischer's Sparrow Lark N X 1<br />
HIRUNDINIDAE - SWALLOWS <strong>and</strong> MARTINS<br />
Psalidoprocne holomelas Black Roughwing O X X X 3<br />
Riparia riparia S<strong>and</strong> Martin N X 1<br />
Riparia paludicola African S<strong>and</strong> Martin O X X X 3<br />
Hirundo griseopyga Grey-rumped Swallow N X 1<br />
Hirundo senegalensis Mosque Swallow O X X X 3<br />
Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow O X X X X X 5<br />
Hirundo fuligula African Rock Martin O X 1<br />
Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow N X X X X 4<br />
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow O X X X X 4<br />
Delichon urbica House Martin N X 1<br />
MOTACILLIDAE - WAGTAILS, PIPITS, LONGCLAWS<br />
Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail O X 1<br />
48
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail O X X X X 4<br />
Anthus cinnamomeus Grassl<strong>and</strong> Pipit N X X X 3<br />
Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated Longclaw N X X 2<br />
CAMPEPHAGIDAE - CUCKOO SHRIKES<br />
Campephaga flava Black Cuckoo-shrike O X X X X 4<br />
Coracina pectoralis White-breasted Cuckoo-shrike O X 1<br />
PYCNONOTIDAE – GREENBULS<br />
Andropadus virens Little Greenbul O X X X 3<br />
Andropadus importunus Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul O X X X X X X X 7<br />
Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied Greenbul O X X X X X X 6<br />
Phyllastrephus terrestris Terrestrial Brownbul F X X 2<br />
Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Grey-olive Greenbul F X 1<br />
Phyllastrephus fischeri Fischer's Greenbul F X X X X X X 6<br />
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Yellow-streaked Greenbul F X X X X X 5<br />
Phyllastrephus debilis Tiny Greenbul F X X X X X X 6<br />
Pycnonotus barbatus Common Bulbul O X X X X X X X 7<br />
TURDIDAE - THRUSHES, ROBINS, WHEATEARS, CHATS<br />
Neocossyphus rufus Red-tailed Ant Thrush F X X X X 4<br />
Monticola saxatilis Common Rock Thrush O X X 2<br />
Turdus libonyanus Kurrichane Thrush O X X X 3<br />
Sheppardia gunningi East Coast Akalat F VU X 1<br />
Luscinia luscinia Sprosser O X 1<br />
Cossypha heuglini White-browed Robin-Chat O X 1<br />
Cossypha natalensis Red-capped Robin-Chat O X X X X X X 6<br />
Cichladusa arquata Collared Palm Thrush O X X 2<br />
Cichladusa guttata Spotted Morning Thrush O X 1<br />
Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin O X X X X 4<br />
49
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Cercotrichas leucophrys White-browed Scrub Robin O X X X 3<br />
Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear O X 1<br />
Oenanthe pileata Capped Wheatear N X 1<br />
Myrmecocichla arnoti Arnot's Chat O X X X 3<br />
SYLVIIDAE - WARBLERS<br />
Bradypterus baboecala Little Rush Warbler N X 1<br />
Melocichla mentalis African Moustached Warbler N X 1<br />
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler N X 1<br />
Acrocephalus baeticatus African Reed Warbler O X X 2<br />
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler N X 1<br />
Hippolais pallida Olivaceous Warbler O X 1<br />
Eremomela scotops Green-capped Eremomela O X 1<br />
Eremomela icteropygialis Yellow-bellied Eremomela O X X 2<br />
Sylvietta whytii Red-faced Crombec O X X 2<br />
Macrosphenus kretschmeri Kretschmer's Longbill F X X X X 4<br />
Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler O X 1<br />
Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler O X 1<br />
Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat O X 1<br />
Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola N X 1<br />
SYLVIIDAE - WARBLERS cont.<br />
Cisticola aridulus Desert Cisticola N X 1<br />
Cisticola natalensis Croaking Cisticola N X 1<br />
Cisticola chiniana Rattling Cisticola O X X X 3<br />
Cisticola brachypterus Siffling Cisticola O X 1<br />
Cisticola angusticaudus Long-tailed Cisticola N X 1<br />
Cisticola erythrops Red-faced Cisticola N X X 2<br />
Cisticola cantans Singing Cisticola O X X 2<br />
Cisticola galactotes Winding Cisticola N X X 2<br />
Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia O X X X X X 5<br />
50
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Heliolais erythroptera Red-winged Warbler O X 1<br />
Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis O X X X X X 5<br />
Camaroptera brevicauda Green-backed Camaroptera O X X 2<br />
Camaroptera stierlingi Barred Wren Warbler O X<br />
1<br />
MUSCICAPIDAE – FLYCATCHERS<br />
Bradornis microrhynchus Grey Flycatcher O X 1<br />
Bradornis pallidus Pale Flycatcher O X 1<br />
Melaenornis pammelaina Southern Black Flycatcher O X X<br />
2<br />
Muscicapa caerulescens Ashy Flycatcher F X 1<br />
Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher O X X 2<br />
Myioparus plumbeus Lead-coloured Flycatcher O X 1<br />
PLATYSTEIRDAE - WATTLE-EYES <strong>and</strong> BATIS<br />
Bias musicus Vanga Flycatcher / Black & White F<br />
Shrike Flycatcher<br />
X X 2<br />
Batis mixta Forest Batis F X X<br />
2<br />
Batis minor Black-headed Batis O X X X<br />
X 4<br />
Batis soror Pale /East Coast Batis O X X 2<br />
Platysteira peltata Black-throated Wattle-eye O X X X X 4<br />
MONARCHIDAE - MONARCH FLYCATCHERS<br />
Erythrocercus livingstonei Livingstone's Flycatcher O X X 2<br />
Erythrocercus holochlorus Little Yellow Flycatcher F X 1<br />
MONARCHIDAE - MONARCH FLYCATCHERS cont.<br />
Terpsiphone viridis African Paradise Flycatcher O X X X X X<br />
5<br />
Trochocercus cyanomelas African Crested Flycatcher F X X X X X X X 7<br />
TIMALIIDAE - BABBLERS, ILLADOPSIS, CHATTERERS<br />
Illadopsis rufipennis Pale-breasted Illadopsis F X 1<br />
Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked Babbler O X 1<br />
PARIDAE - TITS<br />
Parus leucomelas White-winged / Black Tit O X 1<br />
51
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Parus pallidiventris Cinnamon-breasted Tit O X 1<br />
REMIZIDAE - PENDULINE TITS<br />
Anthoscopus caroli African Penduline Tit O X<br />
1<br />
NECTARINIIDAE – SUNBIRDS<br />
Anthreptes neglectus Uluguru Violet-backed Sunbird O X X X X<br />
4<br />
Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird O X X X X X X X X 8<br />
Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird F X X X X X X X 7<br />
Nectarinia veroxii Mouse-coloured Sunbird O X X 2<br />
Nectarinia amethystina Amethyst Sunbird O X X 2<br />
Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested Sunbird O X X X X 4<br />
Nectarinia bifasciata Purple-b<strong>and</strong>ed Sunbird O X X X X X X 6<br />
ZOSTEROPIDAE - WHITE-EYES<br />
Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye O X X 2<br />
ORIOLIDAE - ORIOLES<br />
Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole O X X X X 4<br />
Oriolus auratus African Golden Oriole O X 1<br />
Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole O X X X 3<br />
LANIIDAE - SHRIKES<br />
Lanius collurio<br />
Red-backed Shrike O X X X 3<br />
Lanius isabellinus Isabelline Shrike O X 1<br />
Lanius minor<br />
Lesser Shrike O X 1<br />
Lanius cabanisi Long-tailed Fiscal O X 1<br />
LANIIDAE – SHRIKES cont.<br />
Lanius collaris Common Fiscal O<br />
X 1<br />
MALACONOTIDAE - PUFFBACKS, TCHAGRAS, BOUBOUS, BUSH SHRIKES<br />
Nilaus afer<br />
Brubru O X X X 3<br />
Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback O X X X X X X X X X 9<br />
Tchagra minuta<br />
Marsh Tchagra N X 1<br />
Tchagra australis Brown-crowned Tchagra O X X X 3<br />
52
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra O X X X 3<br />
Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou O X X X X X X X X 8<br />
Malaconotus sulfureopectus Sulphur-breasted Bush-Shrike O X 1<br />
Malaconotus quadricolor Four-coloured Bush-Shrike O X X X X 4<br />
Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed Bush-Shrike O X X X 3<br />
Nicator gularis Eastern Nicator O X X X X X X X X 8<br />
PRIONOPIDAE -- HELMET SHRIKES<br />
Prionops retzii Retz's Helmet-Shrike O X X X X 4<br />
Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted Helmet-Shrike O X X X X X X X 7<br />
DICRURIDAE - DRONGOS<br />
Dicrurus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo O X X X X X 5<br />
Dicrurus adsimilis Common Drongo O X X X X X 5<br />
CORVIDAE - CROWS<br />
Corvus splendens House Crow N X 1<br />
Corvus albus Pied Crow O X X X X 4<br />
STURNIDAE - STARLINGS<br />
Lamprotornis chalybaeus Blue-eared Starling O X 1<br />
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed Starling O X X X X X 5<br />
Lamprotornis corruscus Black-bellied Starling O X X X X X X X X 8<br />
Lamprotornis chloropterus Lesser Blue-eared Starling O X 1<br />
Creatophora cinerea Wattled Starling N X 1<br />
Buphagus africanus Yellow-billed Oxpecker O X 1<br />
Buphagus erythrorhynchus Red-billed Oxpecker O X X 2<br />
PASSERIDAE -- SPARROWS <strong>and</strong> PETRONIAS<br />
Passer griseus Grey-headed Sparrow N X X X X X 5<br />
Passer domesticus House Sparrow N X 1<br />
White-browed Petronia/Yellow- O<br />
Petronia superciliaris throated Sparrow<br />
X X X 3<br />
PLOCEIDAE - WEAVERS, QUELEAS, BISHOPS<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
53
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Plocepasser mahali White-browed Sparrow-Weaver O X 1<br />
Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver O X X X 3<br />
Ploceus cucullatus Black-headed / Village Weaver O X X X 3<br />
Ploceus jacksoni Golden-backed Weaver O X 1<br />
Ploceus bicolor Dark-backed Weaver F X X X X X X 6<br />
Ploceus subaureus African Golden Weaver O X X X 3<br />
Anaplectes rubriceps Red-headed Weaver O X 1<br />
Quelea cardinalis Cardinal Quelea N X 1<br />
Quelea erythrops Red-headed Quelea N X 1<br />
Quelea quelea Red-billed Quelea O X 1<br />
Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Red Bishop N X 1<br />
Euplectes nigroventris Zanzibar Red Bishop N X X X X X 5<br />
Euplectes capensis Yellow Bishop N X 1<br />
Euplectes axillaris Fan-tailed Widowbird N X X X X 4<br />
Euplectes albonotatus White-winged Widowbird N X 1<br />
Euplectes ardens suahelica Red-naped Widowbird N X 1<br />
Amblyospiza albifrons Grosbeak Weaver O X X 2<br />
ESTRILDIDAE - WAXBILLS, CORDON-BLEUS, MANNIKINS etc<br />
Pytilia melba Green-winged Pytilia O X X X X 4<br />
Pytilia afra Orange-winged Pytilia O X 1<br />
Hypargos niveoguttatus Peter's Twinspot O X X X X X X X 7<br />
M<strong>and</strong>ingoa nitidula Green-backed Twinspot F X X X X X X 6<br />
Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch O X X X 3<br />
Lagonosticta rubricata African Firefinch O X X 2<br />
Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill O X X X X X X X 7<br />
ESTRILDIDAE - WAXBILLS, CORDON-BLEUS, MANNIKINS cont.<br />
Uraeginthus angolensis Southern Cordon-bleu O X X X X 4<br />
Lonchura cucullata Bronze Mannikin O X X X X X 5<br />
Lonchura nigriceps Rufous-backed Mannikin O X 1<br />
54
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ham03 Bak03 Bur 00 Nas00 Ham00 Bak98 Hil98 Wat94 Bur91 Hal46 Bos 02 Mbi02 Freq<br />
Conservation<br />
Status 8<br />
<strong>Family</strong> / <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common <strong>name</strong> Ecological<br />
Status 6<br />
Lonchura fringilloides Magpie Mannikin O X 1<br />
VIDUIDAE – INDIGOBIRDS AND WHYDAHS<br />
Vidua chalybeata Village Indigobird O X 1<br />
Vidua funerea Dusky Indigobird O X 1<br />
Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah O X X X X 4<br />
Vidua paradisaea Paradise Whydah O X X X 3<br />
Vidua obtusa Broad-tailed Whydah O X 1<br />
FRINGILLIDAE - CANARYS <strong>and</strong> SEED-EATERS<br />
Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary O X X X 3<br />
Serinus reichenowi Yellow-rumped Seedeater O X 1<br />
EMBERIZIDAE - BUNTINGS<br />
Emberiza cabanisi Cabanis' Bunting O X 1<br />
Emberiza flaviventris Golden-breasted Bunting O X 1<br />
Number <strong>of</strong> Records<br />
20 91 45 157 29 199 112 92 42 183 113 73<br />
F – Forest Dependent, O - Other habitats (may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s), N - Non-forest<br />
CR – Critical y Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk Conservation Dependent, LR/nt – Lower Risk Near Threatened, DD – Data Deficient<br />
55
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
6 Mammals<br />
A summary <strong>of</strong> Mammal species recorded in Rufiji District was compiled from various sources,<br />
detailed below:<br />
�� Howell et al, 2000. A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Floodplain<br />
<strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report No. 9 (Howell, 2000)<br />
�� Perkin, A. 2002 Galago <strong>and</strong> nocturnal mammal surveys within the Rufiji Environmental<br />
Management Project area.<br />
�� Pers comm. – Personal communications (observations by REMP staff)<br />
In total 117 mammal species from 39 families <strong>and</strong> 16 orders have been recorded in Rufiji District.<br />
These are listed in Table 1 on page 57. 19 <strong>of</strong> the mammal species are bats, these are listed in Table<br />
2 on page 63.<br />
24 <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji mammal species have been listed by IUCN on the Red Data List (Hilton-Taylor,<br />
2000). These are detailed below:<br />
Critically Endangered<br />
Browse (Black) Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis<br />
Endangered<br />
Red <strong>and</strong> Black Elephant Shrew Rhynchocyon petersi<br />
Wild Dog Lycaon pictus<br />
Elephant Loxodonta africana<br />
Vulnerable<br />
Red Bush Squirrel<br />
Paraxerus palliates<br />
Lesser Pouched Rat<br />
Beamys hindei<br />
Lion Panthera leo<br />
Eastern Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax validus<br />
Dugong Dugong dugon<br />
Collared Fruit Bat<br />
Myonycteris relicta<br />
Spring Hare Pedetes capensis<br />
Lower Risk - Conservation Dependent<br />
Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta<br />
Buffalo Syncerus caffer<br />
Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros<br />
El<strong>and</strong> Taurotragus oryx<br />
Natal Duiker Cephalophus natalensis<br />
Harveys Duiker Cephalophus harveyi<br />
Suni Neotragus moschatus<br />
Impala Aepyceros melampus<br />
Wildebeest Brindled gnu Connochaetes taurinus<br />
Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger<br />
Lower Risk – Near Threatened<br />
Zanzibar Galago Galagoides zanzibaricus<br />
Silky Blesmol Heliophobius argenteocinereus<br />
Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata<br />
Slit-faced Bat<br />
Nycteris aurita<br />
55
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
At least 11 Rufiji mammal species are forest dependent <strong>and</strong> a further 34 species may use the forest<br />
edge <strong>and</strong> other habitats such as woodl<strong>and</strong>s. Only nine species are listed as non-forest species.<br />
It should be noted that the presence <strong>of</strong> a small population <strong>of</strong> a Red Colobus species, most likely the<br />
Iringa RC, was confirmed in the Mtanza Msona forest. It would seem this population is now extinct<br />
as there have been no sightings since 1999 (Butynski, T. pers.comm.). There are rumours that<br />
another population might exist around Mangwi, in or close to the Ngumburuni forest block.<br />
56
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 1: Mammal Species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Conservation<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological<br />
Status<br />
PRIMATES<br />
COLOBIDAE<br />
Colobus angolensis Black <strong>and</strong> White Colobus F DD Mtanza Msona, Kikale, Ngumburuni Perkin 2002, Pers.comm REMP<br />
CERCOPITHECIDAE<br />
Papio cynocephalus Baboon Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Cercopithecus mitis Sykes or Blue Monkey F Weme, Kichi, Mtanza Msona, Nyamuete, Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey O Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
pygerythrus<br />
GALAGONIDAE<br />
Otolemur garnetti Garnett’s Galago O Weme, Kichi, Kiwengoma, Nyamuete Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Otolemur crassicaudatus Large Eared greater galago Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Galago moholi Mohol galago Kichi Woodl<strong>and</strong> Perkin 2002<br />
Galagoides granti Grant’s Galago DD Kichi, Nyamuete, Kiwengoma Perkin 2002<br />
Galagoides zanzibaricus Zanzibar Galago LR/nt Mtanza Msona Perkin 2002<br />
Galago senegalensis Lesser Galago O<br />
INSECTIVORA<br />
SORICIDAE<br />
Crocidura sp. White-toothed / Musk Shrews Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
MACROSCELIDEA<br />
MACROSCELIDIDAE<br />
Rhynchocyon petersi Red <strong>and</strong> Black Elephant F EN Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Shrew<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
Petrodomus tetradactylus Four toed elephant Shrew Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Perkin 2002<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
LAGOMORPHA<br />
LEPORIDAE<br />
Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare Utete airstrip Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
57
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Conservation<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological<br />
Status<br />
RODENTIA<br />
ANOMALURIDAE<br />
Anomalurus derbianus Lord Derby's Anomalure CITES II SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
BATHYERGIDAE<br />
Heliophobius<br />
Silky Blesmol LR/nt SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
argenteocinereus<br />
SCIURIDAE<br />
Paraxerus sp. Red Bush Squirrel Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Heliosciurus undulatus Zanj sun squirrel Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
Heliosciurus gambianus SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Paraxerus palliatus F VU SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Paraxerus flavovittis O SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
PEDETIDAE<br />
Pedetes capensis Spring Hare VU widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
MYOXIDAE<br />
Graphiurus sp. Probable Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
HYSTRICIDAE<br />
Hystrix africaeaustralis Mtanza Msona SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Hystrix cristata LR/nt Possible Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
THRYONOMYIDAE<br />
Thryonomys gregorianus widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Thryonomys swinderianus SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
MUROIDEA<br />
Tatera sp. Naked-soled Gerbil Weme Perkin 2002<br />
Dendromus sp. Probable Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Dendromus mystacalis SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Beamys hindei Lesser Pouched Rat F VU Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Cricetomys gambianus Giant Pouched Rat Kichi, Nymuete, Kiwengoma Perkin 2002<br />
Otomys sp. Probable Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
58
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Conservation<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological<br />
Status<br />
RODENTIA cont.<br />
MUROIDEA cont.<br />
Saccastomus campestris Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Steatomys sp. Probable Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
MURIDAE<br />
Acomys spinosissimus Red Spiny Mouse Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Grammomys sp. Narrow-footed Woodl<strong>and</strong> Rat Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Lemniscomys rosalia Striped Grass Mouse Weme Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Mus minutoides Pigmy Mouse Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Aethomys sp. SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Arvicanthis niloticus Remp Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Grammomys dolichurus SGR, REMP Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Grammomys sp. Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Lophuromys flavopunctatus Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Pelomys fallax SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Praomys natalensis X Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Praomys delectorum Possibly in forest Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Rattus rattus SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Thallomys sp. possible Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
CARNIVORA<br />
CANIDAE<br />
Otocyon megalotis Bat-eared Fox O Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Lycaon pictus Wild Dog EN Widespread , SGR, Utete Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal O Widespread, SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
MUSTELIDAE<br />
Aonyx capensis Cape clawless Otter N Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Ictonyx striatus Zorilla Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger N Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Poecilogale albinucha Striped Weasel Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
59
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Conservation<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological<br />
Status<br />
CARNIVORA cont.<br />
HERPESTIDAE<br />
Bdeogale crassicauda Bushy-tailed Mongoose O Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Kiwengoma Perkin 2002<br />
Herpestes sanguinea Slender Mongoose O Perkin 2002<br />
Atilax paludinosus Marsh Mongoose N Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002,<br />
Pers.comm REMP<br />
Helogale parvula Dwarf Mongoose Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Herpestes ichneumon Ichneumon (Egyptian)<br />
O Widespread; SGS Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
mongoose<br />
Ichneumia albicauda White tailed mongoose O Widespread; probably in SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Mungos mungo B<strong>and</strong>ed mongoose Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002,<br />
Pers.comm REMP<br />
Rhynchogale melleri Mellers Mongoose Probably in SGR Howell et al Perkin 2002000<br />
VIVERRIDAE<br />
Genneta sp. Genet Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Kiwengoma Perkin 2002<br />
Civettictis civetta African Civet O Widespread; SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
N<strong>and</strong>inia binotata African palm Civet F Kiwengoma Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
HYAENIDAE<br />
Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena O LR/cd Present Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
FELIDAE<br />
Felis serval Serval Cat CITES II SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Felis silvestris Wild cat O CITES II SGR Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Panthera leo Lion N VU Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Panthera pardus Leopard O CITES I Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
PHOLIDOTA<br />
MANIDAE<br />
Manis temminickii Ground Pangolin O Mtanza Msona, SGR Perkin 2002<br />
TUBULIDENTATA<br />
ORYCTEROPODIDAE<br />
Orycteropus afer Aardvark N Mtanza Msona, Kichi, SGR Perkin 2002<br />
60
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Conservation<br />
Status<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological<br />
Status<br />
HYRACOIDEA<br />
PROCAVIDAE<br />
Dendrohyrax validus Eastern Tree Hyrax O VU Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Heterohyrax brucei Bush Hyrax Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Howell et al Perkin<br />
2002000,Perkin 2002<br />
PROBOSCIDEA<br />
ELEPHANTIDAE<br />
Loxodonta africana Elephant O EN Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete,<br />
Kiwengoma, Weme<br />
PERISSODACTYLA<br />
EQUIDAE<br />
Equus burchellii widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Equus quagga Zebra Perkin 2002<br />
RHINOCEROTIDAE<br />
Diceros bicornis Browse (Black) Rhinoceros N CR SGR, formerly widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
ARTIODACTYLA<br />
HIPPOPOTAMIDAE<br />
Hippopotamus amphibious Hippopotamus: N CITES II Widespread Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002,<br />
Pers.comm REMP<br />
SUIDAE<br />
Potamochoerus larvatus Bushpig O Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Kiwengoma, Weme<br />
Phacochoerus africanus Warthog N Weme Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002,<br />
Pers.comm REMP<br />
BOVIDAE<br />
Syncerus caffer Buffalo O LR/cd Weme, Kichi Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu LR/cd Weme Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck O Mtanza Msona, Kichi, Nymuete, Kiwengoma Perkin 2002<br />
Taurotragus oryx El<strong>and</strong> LR/cd SGR Perkin 2002<br />
Sylvicapra grimmia Bush Duiker Weme, Kichi, Mtanza Msona Howell et al Perkin<br />
2002000,Perkin 2002<br />
61
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological Conservation<br />
Locality Reference<br />
Status Status<br />
BOVIDAE cont.<br />
Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker F Mtanza Msona Perkin 2002<br />
Cephalophus natalensis Natal Duiker F LR/cd Probably present Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
Cephalophus harveyi Harveys Duiker F LR/cd Mtanza Msona Perkin 2002<br />
Kobus ellipsiprymnus syn. Waterbuck O Probably present Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002<br />
defassa<br />
Neotragus moschatus Suni O LR/cd Mtanza Msona Perkin 2002<br />
Aepyceros melampus Impala LR/cd SGR Perkin 2002<br />
Connochaetes taurinus Wildebeest Brindled gnu LR/cd Woodl<strong>and</strong> in Selous<br />
Hippotragus niger Sable Antelope O LR/cd Seen west <strong>of</strong> Kichi Hills, Lake Lugongwe Howell et al 2000, Perkin 2002,<br />
Pers. Comm REMP<br />
CETACEA<br />
STENIDAE<br />
Humpback Dolphin Sousa chinensis DD Simba Uranga river mouth Pers.comm REMP<br />
SIRENIA<br />
DUGONGIDAE<br />
Dugong Dugong dugon VU Muir, 2003<br />
CF End – <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic, TZ End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> Endemic, N End – Near Endemic, Tz/K End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> / <strong>Kenya</strong> Endemic<br />
F – Forest Dependent, O - Other habitats (may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s), N - Non-forest<br />
CR – Critical y Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk Conservation Dependent, LR/nt – Lower Risk Near Threatened, DD – Data Deficient<br />
62
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 2: Bat species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
(NG=Ngumburuni, KG=Kiwengoma; MC=Mchungu; NK=Namakutwa, TO=Tong’omba; Ki = Kichi SGR=unpublished list for Selous Game Reserve).<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological Conservation NG KG MC NK TO SGR Ki<br />
Status Status<br />
MEGACHIROPTERA<br />
PTEROPIDAE: FRUITBATS<br />
Epomophorus labiatus Epauletted Fruit Bat O X<br />
Epomophorus wahlbergi Epauletted Fruit Bat O X X X X X<br />
Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bar N X<br />
Myonycteris relicta Collared Fruit Bat F VU X X<br />
MICROCHIROPTERA<br />
NYCTERIDAE: SLIT-FACED BATS<br />
Nycteris aurita Slit-faced Bat O LR/nt<br />
Nycteris gr<strong>and</strong>is Slit-faced Bat O X X<br />
Nycteris thebaica Slit-faced Bat O X<br />
Nycteris sp. Slit-faced Bat X<br />
MEGADERMATIDAE<br />
Lavia frons Yellow-winged Bat O X -<br />
RHINOLOPHIDAE: HORSESHOE BATS<br />
Rhinolophus deckeni Horseshoe Bat X X<br />
Rhinolophus sp.<br />
Hipposideros ruber Leaf-nosed Bat O X X X X<br />
HIPPOSIDERIDAE: AFRICAN LEAF-NOSED BATS<br />
Triaenops persicus Persian leaf-nosed Bat O X<br />
VESPERTILIONIDAE: VESPER BATS<br />
Pipistrellus nanus Pipistrelle Bat O X X<br />
Pipistrellus sp. Pipistrelle Bat X<br />
Scotophilus viridis House Bat O X X<br />
Kerivoula africana Wooly Bat F DD X X<br />
Chalinolobus variegata syn.<br />
X<br />
Glaucoyncteris variegata Butterfly Bat O<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Order <strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name Ecological Conservation NG KG MC NK TO SGR Ki<br />
Status Status<br />
MOLOSSIDAE: FREE-TAILED BATS<br />
Tadarida brachyptera Guano Bat O X<br />
CF End – <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic, TZ End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> Endemic, N End – Near Endemic, Tz/K End – <strong>Tanzania</strong> / <strong>Kenya</strong> Endemic<br />
F – Forest Dependent, O - Other habitats (may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s), N - Non-forest<br />
CR – Critical y Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, LR/cd – Lower Risk Conservation Dependent, LR/nt – Lower Risk Near Threatened, DD – Data Deficient<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
7 Fish<br />
Table 3 <strong>and</strong> Table 4 below list fish species known from Rufiji District. It must be noted that limited<br />
fish diversity research has been undetaken in Rufiji District, <strong>and</strong> research that has been carried out<br />
focuses on species <strong>of</strong> economic importance rather than biodiversity.<br />
7.1 Freshwater Fish<br />
Table 3 below lists 46 species from at least 15 families from Rufiji freshwater habitats including<br />
lakes. It should be noted that the species recorded by Cavalier require confirmation. The sources<br />
used to compile Table 3 are as follows :<br />
�� Cavalier, M., 2003. Fisheries assessment in the lower Rufiji River floodplain, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
REMP-report. 93 pp.<br />
�� Howell, K., Msuya, C. & Kihaule, P. 2000 A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong><br />
The Rufiji Floodplain <strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report 9.<br />
�� Richmond, M. 2002. An Analysis <strong>of</strong> smallholder opportunities in fisheries, coastal <strong>and</strong> related<br />
enterprises in the floodplain <strong>and</strong> delta areas <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. REMP Technical<br />
Report 25.<br />
Table 3: Freshwater Fish in Rufiji District<br />
Classification Common Name Kiswahili<br />
Name<br />
PROTOPTERIDAE Lungfish<br />
Protopterus aethiopicus African Lungfish Kamongo<br />
MORMYRIDAE Elephant-snouts<br />
Rufiji River<br />
Eccles in Howell<br />
2000<br />
Mormyrus longirostris p<br />
Cavalier<br />
(unconfirmed<br />
identification)<br />
Mormyrus hasselquisti X<br />
Petrocephalus steindachneri p<br />
Petrocephalus catostoma catostoma X<br />
CYPRINIDAE<br />
Barbus macrolepis p X<br />
Barbus radiatus p<br />
Labeo ulangensis p<br />
Labeo cylindricus X<br />
Opsaridium loveridgei p<br />
DISTICHODONTIDAE<br />
Distichodus petersii Tungu,<br />
Mbapale,<br />
Tungwi<br />
p<br />
Distichodus rufigiensis p<br />
Nannaethiops sp. p<br />
CHARACIDAE African Tetras X<br />
Alestes affinis<br />
Alestes imberi p<br />
Alestes jacksoni ?<br />
Alestes stuhlmanni Kasa, Ngacha p<br />
Hemigrammopetersius barnardi p X<br />
Hydrocynus vittatus Tiger Fish p<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Classification Common Name Kiswahili Rufiji River Cavalier<br />
Name Eccles in Howell (unconfirmed<br />
2000 identification)<br />
Petersius conserialis Kasa, Ngacha p X<br />
BAGRIDAE Bagrid Catfishes X<br />
Bagrus docmak<br />
Bagrus orientalis Katoga, Kitoga p<br />
Clarotes laticeps ?<br />
SCHILBEIDAE Schilbeid Catfishes<br />
Eutropiellus longifilis p<br />
Schilbe mystus p<br />
Schilbe moebiusii X<br />
AMPHILIIDAE Loach Catfishes<br />
Amphilius uranoscopus p<br />
CLARIDAE Air-breathing Catfishes X<br />
Clarias gariepinus p<br />
MOCHOKIDAE Squeakers<br />
Synodontis fuelleborni Konge p<br />
Synodontis maculipinna p<br />
Synodontis matthesi p<br />
Synodontis rufigiensis Nyany<strong>and</strong>u p<br />
Synodontis rukwaensis X<br />
CYPRINODONTIDAE<br />
Aplocheilichthys kongoranensis p<br />
Nothobranchius eggersi Annual Fish p<br />
Nothobranchius foerschi ?<br />
Nothobranchius kirkii ?<br />
Nothobranchius melanospilus p<br />
MASTACEMBELIDAE Swamp <strong>and</strong> Spiny Eels<br />
Afromastacembelus frenatus p<br />
CICHLIDAE Mouth Brooders<br />
Oreochromis urolepis p X<br />
ELEOTRIDAE Sleepers<br />
Eleotris fusca p<br />
GOBIIDAE Gobies X<br />
Glossogobius giuris p<br />
Unknown <strong>Family</strong><br />
Brycinus imberi X<br />
Favonigobius reichei X<br />
Megalops cyprinoides X<br />
Citharinus congicus Pele X<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
7.2 Marine Fish<br />
Table 4 below lists marine fish species known from Rufijij District, this list is based on:<br />
�� Caras, T. 2001. Status <strong>of</strong> the marine habitat <strong>and</strong> resources adjacent to the Rufiji River outflow.<br />
REMP Technical Report 27.<br />
�� Richmond, M. 2002. An Analysis <strong>of</strong> smallholder opportunities in fisheries, coastal <strong>and</strong> related<br />
enterprises in the floodplain <strong>and</strong> delta areas <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. REMP Technical<br />
Report 25.<br />
In many cases the exact species is not known, but the prescene <strong>of</strong> particular fish groups (families)<br />
are known, these are also listed. It is clear that this species list is far from complete, based mostly<br />
on species <strong>of</strong> economic value. 16 families are listed with 15 <strong>name</strong>d species.<br />
Table 4: Marine Fish Species<br />
<strong>Family</strong> Species Common Name<br />
Anguillidae Anguilla mossambica Eels<br />
Belonidae Belonidae sp. Needlefish<br />
Caesionidae Fusiliers<br />
Carangidae Caranx sp. Trevallies<br />
Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus sp. Sharks<br />
Ginglymostoma brevicaudatom Short Tail Nurse Shark<br />
Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus sp. Halfbeaks<br />
Lethrinidae Emperors<br />
Mullidae Upeneus sp. Goatfish<br />
Muraenidae Echidna polyzona Brown Stripe Eel<br />
Nasinae Unicornfish<br />
Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum Cobia<br />
Scaridae Parrotfish<br />
Scombridae Scomberoides sp. Queenfish<br />
Serranidae Epinephalus sp. Groupers<br />
Siganidae Rabbitfish<br />
Sphyraenidae Sphyraena sp. Barracuda<br />
Unknown family<br />
Hilsa kelee Five spot Herring<br />
Chanos chanos Milk fish<br />
Trichiurus lepturus Hairtail<br />
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8 Invertebrates<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
8.1 Butterflies<br />
The list compiled below is based on:<br />
�� Burgess, N. 2000. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa<br />
�� Sheil, R. & Burgess, N. 1990. Preliminary results <strong>of</strong> biological surveys in Zaraninge <strong>and</strong><br />
Kierengoma <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
With only 42 species from 8 families/subfamilies recorded for Rufiji District it is clear the list is far<br />
from complete. Data from butterfly surveys undertaken in Kichi Hills Forest in 2003 by C.<br />
Congdon et al. were unfortunately not available in time to be included in this list, though some 70<br />
species were recorded (Congdon pers. comm.). Due to the 2003 drought relatively few species were<br />
recorded but some interesting results are expected, especially with regard to the Lycaenidae<br />
(Baliochila species). This list only presents data from forest habitats <strong>and</strong> thus has a relatively high<br />
number <strong>of</strong> forest-dependent species (18).<br />
The list records 14 species endemic to <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>, 13 <strong>of</strong> these endemic species are also forest<br />
dependent, highlighting the importance <strong>of</strong> Rufiji Districts <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> for biodiversity<br />
conservation.<br />
Table 5: Butterfly species recorded in Rufiji District<br />
* = <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Endemic<br />
Habitat<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
Forest<br />
Papilionidae<br />
Papilio ophidicephalos ophidicephalos X<br />
Papilio dardanua tibullus X<br />
Papilio nireus lyaeus X<br />
Graphium leonidas leonidas X<br />
Graphium philonoe philonoe O X<br />
Pieridae<br />
Appias l. lasti O X<br />
Mylothriskilimensis rondonis* F X<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
Acraeinae<br />
Acraea epaea epitellus* F X<br />
Acraea satis F X<br />
Danaidae<br />
Limenitinae<br />
Namakutwa<br />
Forest Other Location<br />
Sheil 1990, Burgess<br />
2000 Burgess 2000 REMP Pers Comm<br />
Bebearia chriemhilda* F X<br />
Bebearia o. orientalis O X X<br />
Euphaedra orientalis F X X<br />
Euphaedra neophron* O<br />
Mtanza Msona,<br />
Kichi Hills, Ilu<br />
<strong>and</strong> Uba<br />
Euryphura achlys* O Kichi Hills<br />
Neptis carcassoni F X X<br />
Sallya natalensis O X<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Habitat<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
Forest<br />
Charaxinae<br />
Charaxes macclouni macclouni X<br />
Charaxes cithaeron kennethi X<br />
Charaxes violetta maritimus* F X X<br />
Charaxes protoclea azota X<br />
Charaxes jahlusa kenyensis X<br />
Charaxes etesipe tavetensis X<br />
Charaxes brutus alcyone X<br />
Charaxes castor flavifasciatus X<br />
Charaxes zoolina zoolina X<br />
Charaxes bohemani bohemani X<br />
Charaxes varanes vologeses X<br />
Charaxes c<strong>and</strong>iope c<strong>and</strong>iope X<br />
Charaxes pythodoris nesaea* F X<br />
Euxanthe wakefieldi wakefieldi F X<br />
Euxanthe tiberius tiberius* F X<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
Hypolimnas deceptor O X X<br />
Hypolimnas usambara* F X<br />
Lycaenidae<br />
Baliochila amanica F X<br />
Baliochila latimarginata* F X<br />
Baliochila stygia* F X<br />
Iolaus (Epamera) s. silanus* F X<br />
Pentila r. parapetreia* F X<br />
Teriomima micra* F X<br />
Teriomima puella* O X<br />
Teriomima subpunctata* F X<br />
Moth<br />
Chrisidia croesus<br />
Namakutwa<br />
Forest Other Location<br />
F – Forest Dependent, O - Other habitats (may use forest edge, woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> wooded grassl<strong>and</strong>s), N - Non-forest<br />
Kichi Hills,<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
8.2 Dragonflies<br />
The following list <strong>of</strong> Dragonflies (Odonata) in Rufiji District is taken from Clausnitzer (2003a),<br />
<strong>and</strong> is based on four field visits to various sites including: Mtanza-Msona, Ikwiriri, Lake Ilu, Kichi<br />
Hills, Kiwengoma, Nyamwete <strong>and</strong> Ngumburuni Forest. The full report is presented in Appendix 1.<br />
69 dragonfly species were recorded, these are listed in Table 6 overleaf. Six <strong>of</strong> these species are<br />
habitat specialists confined to <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa, these are:<br />
�� Coryphgagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
�� Ceriagrion mourae<br />
�� Teinobasis alluaudi<br />
�� Gynacantha usambarica<br />
�� Hadrothemis scabrifrons<br />
�� Thermochoria jeannel<br />
Two species were recorded for the first time since their type descriptions from Mozambique in<br />
1969 (Ceriagrion mourae), <strong>and</strong> from the Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo in 1959 (Gynacantha<br />
immaculifrons).<br />
Eight species are <strong>of</strong> conservation concern (to be red listed) <strong>and</strong> are marked grey in the list.<br />
‘The majority <strong>of</strong> the species are common <strong>and</strong> widespread <strong>and</strong> inhabit the Rufiji River <strong>and</strong> its<br />
floodplains, while a smaller proportion are only found in permanent streams draining into the Rufiji<br />
or in forest habitats. The high overall species diversity is a result <strong>of</strong> the variety <strong>of</strong> habitats <strong>and</strong> their<br />
connectivity, combined with the dynamics <strong>of</strong> the floods. The habitat specialists found in<br />
Ngumburuni forest <strong>and</strong> in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Kichi <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma Hills are globally endangered<br />
species <strong>and</strong> require special attention in regard <strong>of</strong> conservation efforts’ Clausnitzer (2003).<br />
Table 6: Dragonflies recorded from the Rufiji region<br />
Forest types refer to the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest definition by (Clarke 2000).<br />
<strong>Family</strong>/Genus/Species Dry<br />
Forest<br />
Swamp<br />
Forest<br />
Brachystegia<br />
Forest<br />
Ruhoi<br />
River<br />
Lakes Rufiji<br />
River<br />
Rufiji<br />
floodplain<br />
LESTIDAE<br />
Lestes ictericus Gerstäcker, 1869 X X<br />
Lestes tridens McLachlan, 1895 X X<br />
Lestes uncifer Karsch, 1899 X X<br />
PSEUDOSTIGMATIDAE<br />
Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is Morton, 1924 X X<br />
PROTONEURIDAE<br />
Elattoneura glauca (Burmeister, 1839) X X<br />
COENAGRIONIDAE<br />
Aciagrion gracile (Sjöstedt, 1909) X X<br />
Africallagma subtile (Ris, 1921) X X<br />
Agriocnemis exilis Sélys, 1872 X X<br />
Agriocnemis gratiosa Gerstäcker, 1891 X X X<br />
Azuragrion nigridorsum (Selys, 1876) X<br />
Ceriagrion glabrum (Burmeister, 1839) X X X X X<br />
Ceriagrion kord<strong>of</strong>anicum Ris, 1924 X X<br />
Ceriagrion mourae Pinhey, 1969 X<br />
Ceriagrion suave Ris, 1921 X X X<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) X X<br />
Pseudagrion acaciae Förster, 1906 X X<br />
Pseudagrion commoniae (Förster, 1902) X<br />
Pseudagrion lindicum Grünberg, 1902 X X<br />
Pseudagrion massaicum Grünberg, 1902 X X<br />
Pseudagrion sublacteum (Karsch, 1893) X<br />
Teinobasis alluaudi (Martin, 1896) X<br />
CALOPTERYGIDAE<br />
Phaon iridipennis (Burmeister, 1839) X X X X<br />
CHLOROCYPHIDAE<br />
Platycypha caligata (Sélys, 1853) X<br />
GOMPHIDAE<br />
Ictinogomphus ferox (Rambur, 1842) X X X<br />
Paragomphus genei (Sélys, 1841) X X<br />
Paragomphus magnus Fraser, 1952 X<br />
Paragomphus sabicus Pinhey, 1950 X<br />
AESHNIDAE<br />
Anax imperator Rambur, 1842 X X X<br />
Anax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1836) X X<br />
Anax speratus Hagen, 1867 X<br />
Gynacantha immaculifrons Fraser, 1956 X<br />
Gynacantha m<strong>and</strong>erica Grünberg, 1902 X X<br />
Gynacantha usambarica Sjöstedt, 1909 X X<br />
Gynacantha villosa Gruenberg, 1902 X X<br />
CORDULIIDAE<br />
Phyllomacromia spec X X<br />
LIBELLULIDAE<br />
Acisoma panorpoides Martin, 1905 X X X<br />
Brachythemis leucosticta (Burmeister, 1839) X X X<br />
Chalcostephia flavifrons Kirby, 1889 X X X<br />
Crocothemis divisa Karsch, 1898 X X<br />
Crocothemis erythraea (Brullé, 1832) X X<br />
Crocothemis sanguinolenta (Burmeister, 1839) X X<br />
Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur, 1842) X X<br />
Hadrothemis scabrifrons Ris, 1910<br />
X<br />
Hemistigma albipunctata (Rambur, 1842) X X<br />
Nesciothemis farinosum (Förster, 1898) X<br />
Olpogastra fuelleborni Grünberg, 1902 X<br />
Olpogastra lugubris Karsch, 1895 X X<br />
Orthetrum abbotti Calvert, 1892 X X<br />
Orthetrum chrysostigma (Burmeister, 1839) X X X X<br />
Orthetrum julia falsum Longfield, 1955 X<br />
Orthetrum machadoi Longfield, 1955<br />
Orthetrum stemmale (Burmeister, 1839) X X X<br />
Orthetrum trinacria (Selys, 1841) X X<br />
Palpopleura deceptor (Calvert, 1899) X X<br />
Palpopleura lucia (Drury, 1773) X X X<br />
Palpopleura portia (Drury, 1773) X X X X<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) X X X X X<br />
Philonomon luminans (Karsch, 1893) X<br />
Rhyothemis semihyalina Sélys, 1849 X X X X<br />
Tetrathemis polleni (Selys, 1869) X X X X X<br />
Thermochoria jeanneli Martin, 1915 X X<br />
Trapezostigma basilaris (Beauvois, 1805) X X X X<br />
Trithemis arteriosa (Burmeister, 1939) X X X<br />
Trithemis aconita Lieftinck, 1969 X<br />
Trithemis annulata (Sélys, 1841) X X<br />
Trithemis furva Karsch, 1899 X<br />
Trithemis kirbyi (Gerstäcker, 1891) X<br />
Urothemis assignata (Sélys, 1872) X X X<br />
Urothemis edwardsii (Sélys, 1849) X X<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
8.3 Molluscs<br />
Due to the limited knowledge <strong>and</strong> research effort regarding East African Molluscs the following list<br />
<strong>of</strong> mollusc species recorded in Rufiji District is likely to be far from complete.<br />
The sources used to compile this list are:<br />
�� Howell, K., Msuya, C. & Kihaule, P. 2000 A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong><br />
The Rufiji Floodplain <strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report 9.<br />
�� Caras, T. 2001. Status <strong>of</strong> the marine habitat <strong>and</strong> resources adjacent to the Rufiji River outflow.<br />
REMP Technical Report 27.<br />
8.3.1 Marine Mollusc Species<br />
A survey <strong>of</strong> Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong> revealed 25 species <strong>of</strong> Mollusc (listed below), it is likely there are many<br />
more species to be added to this list, particularly from mangrove areas.<br />
Table 7: Marine Mollusc Species in Rufiji District<br />
Based on: Caras, T. 2001. Status <strong>of</strong> the marine habitat <strong>and</strong> resources adjacent to the Rufiji River outflow. REMP Technical Report 27.<br />
Group Class <strong>Family</strong> <strong>Scientific</strong> <strong>name</strong> Common Name Location<br />
Mollusca Polyplacophora:<br />
Chitons<br />
Acanthopleura gemmata Chiton Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Architectonicidae Architectonica prespectiva Sundial Lined Spiral Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Bursidae Bursa sp. Frog Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Cassidae Cypraecassis rufa Bull-mouthed / Red<br />
Helmet Shell<br />
Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Conidae Conus sp. Cone Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Cypraeidae Cypraea annulus Annal Cowry Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Cypraeidae Cypraea spp. Cowry Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Cypraeidae Cypraea tigris Tiger Cowry Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Fasciolaridae Pleuroploca sp. Tulip / Spindle Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Fasciolaridae Pleuroploca trapezium Tulip / Spindle Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Mitridae Mitra mitra Mitra Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Mitridae Mitra spp. Mitra Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Muricidae Chicoreus ramosus Rock Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Muricidae Haustellum haustellum Non Spiny Murex Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Neritidae Nerita Snail Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Ovulidae Ovula ovum Common Egg Cowry Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Strombidae Lambis chirgra Spider Conch Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Strombidae Lambis lambis Common Spider Conch Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Strombidae Strombus sp. Conch Shells Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Tonnidae Tonna perdix Partridge Tun Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Gastropoda Vasidae Vasum sp. Vase Shells Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Lopha Zigzag Oyster Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Bivalvia Pinnidae Pinna Pen Shell Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Bivalvia Tridacnidae Tridacna sp. Giant Clam Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
Mollusca Cephalopoda Octopodidae Octopus sp. Octopus Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong><br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
8.3.2 Terrestrial Mollusc Species<br />
16 species <strong>of</strong> terrestrial Molluscs were recorded from Rufiji District in Howell, (2000). This list is<br />
likely to far from complete. A further 16 species known from <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Eastern Arc<br />
may also be present in Rufiji District, these are also indicated in Table 8 below.<br />
Table 8: Terrestrial Mollusc Species in Rufiji District<br />
Based on: Howell, K., Msuya, C. & Kihaule, P. 2000 A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong> The Rufiji Floodplain <strong>and</strong><br />
Delta. REMP Technical Report 9.<br />
Species Locality References<br />
Gulella matumbiensis Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Maizania wahlbergi Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Tropidophora (Otopoma) calcarea Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Rhachistia picturata Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Rhachidina braunsi Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Ceras matumbianum Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Pseudoglessula obtuse Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
P. sp. Nov? near P. introversa; Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
P. sp. Nov; Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Opeas sp. Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Curvella sp. Nov. Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Curvella sp. Nov. Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Achatina fulica Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Achatina gr<strong>and</strong>idieriana Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Trachycystis ariel Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Sitala jenynsi Matumbi Hills Verdcourt 1990<br />
Achatina gr<strong>and</strong>idieriana <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Cyathopoma azaniense <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Euonyma magilensis <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Gonaxis craveni <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Gulella gwendolinae <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Maizania cf volkensi <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Nesopupa cf bisulcata <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Opeas crenatum <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Curvella caloraphe <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Edentulina cf ovoidea <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Gonaxis cf denticulatus <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Nesopupa cf peilei <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Pupisoma cf orcula <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Subulina intermedia <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
Subulona ordinarius <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> Eastern Arc <strong>Forests</strong> Tattersfield 1997<br />
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8.4 Echinoderms<br />
Table 9 below lists 11 species <strong>of</strong> sea cucumber found near Simaya Isl<strong>and</strong>, Rufiji District. This<br />
information is taken from:<br />
�� Caras, T. 2001. Status <strong>of</strong> the marine habitat <strong>and</strong> resources adjacent to the Rufiji River outflow.<br />
REMP Technical Report 27.<br />
Table 9: Sea Cucumber Species In Rufiji District<br />
Phylum Class <strong>Family</strong> <strong>Scientific</strong> Name Location<br />
Echinodermata<br />
Holothuroidea<br />
Holothuriidae Actinophyga mauritiana Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Actinophyga miliaris Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Bohadschia vitiensis Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Holotheria atra Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Holotheria chloronotus Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Holotheria leucospilota Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Holotheria nobilis Simaya<br />
Holothuriidae Holotheria scarab Simaya<br />
Stichopodidae Stichopus hermanni Simaya<br />
Stichopodidae Thelenota ananas Simaya<br />
Stichopodidae Thelenota anax Simaya<br />
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9 References <strong>and</strong> Bibliography<br />
This list <strong>of</strong> references <strong>and</strong> bibliography includes texts referred to in the data source documents <strong>and</strong><br />
not necessarily used to compile this report.<br />
Baker N.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker E.M. (2002), The Important Bird Areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>: a first inventory. Wildlife<br />
Conservation Society <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Dar-es-Salaam.<br />
Baker N.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker E.M. (in prep.), The <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Bird Atlas.<br />
http://home.no.net/stenil1/TZbirdatlas/tzatlas.htm.<br />
Baker, N.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker, E.M. (in prep) Birds <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>: An Atlas <strong>of</strong> Distribution <strong>and</strong> Seasonality.<br />
http://home.no.net/stenil1/TZbirdatlas/tzatlas.htm<br />
Baker, N.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker, E.M. 1992. Four Afrotropical migrants on the East African coast: evidence for a<br />
common origin. Scopus 15(2): 122-124.<br />
Baker, N.E. <strong>and</strong> Baker, E.M. 2001. <strong>Tanzania</strong>. In Fishpool & Evans. Important Bird Areas <strong>of</strong> Africa.<br />
Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 1998. The Important Bird Areas <strong>of</strong> southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.<br />
Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 2000. The Eskom Red Data Book <strong>of</strong> Birds <strong>of</strong> South Africa, Lesotho <strong>and</strong> Swazil<strong>and</strong>.<br />
BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg.<br />
Bennun, L.A. 1987. Ringing <strong>and</strong> recapture <strong>of</strong> Spotted Ground Thrushes Turdus fischeri at Gede, <strong>Kenya</strong><br />
coast: indications <strong>of</strong> site fidelity <strong>and</strong> population size stability. Scopus 11 (1). 1-5.<br />
Bridges, C.A., 1994. Catalogue <strong>of</strong> the family-group, genus-group <strong>and</strong> species-group <strong>name</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the Odonata <strong>of</strong><br />
the World. Urbana, Bridges.<br />
Britton, P.L. (ed.) 1980. Birds <strong>of</strong> East Africa. Nairobi: EANHS.<br />
Burgess, N.D. <strong>and</strong> Clarke, G.P. (eds) 2000. The <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa, IUCN Conservation<br />
Programme, Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambridge, Engl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Caras, T. 2001. Status <strong>of</strong> the marine habitat <strong>and</strong> resources adjacent to the Rufiji River outflow. REMP<br />
Technical Report 27.<br />
Cavalier, M., 2003. Fisheries assessment in the lower Rufiji River floodplain, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. REMP-report.<br />
Chen, H., <strong>and</strong> P. P. G. Dyke, 1998. Multivariate time-series model for suspended sediment concentration.<br />
Continental Shelf Research 18: 123-150. In Ochieng, 2002.<br />
Clarke, G.P. <strong>and</strong> Dickinson, A. 1995. Status Reports for 11 <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> in Coast Region, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
FRONTIER-TANZANIA Technical Report No. 17. The Society for Environmental Exploration <strong>and</strong><br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dar es Salaam.<br />
Clarke, G.P., 2000. Climate <strong>and</strong> climatic history. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. Burgess, N.D.&G.P.<br />
Clarke. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> & Cambridge, UK, IUCN: 47-67.<br />
Clarke, G.P., 2000. Defining the eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. Burgess,<br />
N.D.&G.P. Clarke. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> & Cambridge, UK, IUCN: 9-26.<br />
Clausnitzer, V. & K.-D. Dijkstra, in prep. The dragonflies <strong>of</strong> East Africa - An identification key. Annales du<br />
Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (Zoologie).<br />
Clausnitzer, V. & M. Lindeboom, 2002. Natural history <strong>and</strong> description <strong>of</strong> the dendrolimnetic larvae <strong>of</strong><br />
Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is (Odonata). International Journal <strong>of</strong> Odonatology 5(1): 29-44.<br />
Clausnitzer, V. 2003a Dragonflies <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Delta. REMP report.<br />
76
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2002. Afrotropical Region: Eastern Africa. IUCN Odonata Specialists Group: Regional<br />
Report. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2002. Reproductive behaviour <strong>and</strong> ecology in the dendrolimnetic Hadrothemis scabrifrons<br />
(Odonata: Libellulidae). International Journal <strong>of</strong> Odonatologogy 5(1): 15-28.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003b. Dragonfly communities in coastal habitats <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>: indication <strong>of</strong> biotope quality <strong>and</strong><br />
the need <strong>of</strong> conservation measures. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> Conservation 12: 333-356.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003c. Odonata <strong>of</strong> African forests. Cimbebasia in press.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003d. Teinobasis alluaudi Martin, 1896 from mainl<strong>and</strong> Africa. Notes on ecology <strong>and</strong><br />
biogeography. Odonatologica 3: in press.<br />
Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. <strong>and</strong> Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2: The world list <strong>of</strong> threatened birds.<br />
BirdLife Conservation Series No. 4. Cambridge: Birdlife International.<br />
Dur<strong>and</strong>, 2003. Implementation <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Forest Action Plan. With Special Emphasis on Community<br />
Based Natural Resources Management <strong>and</strong> a Case Study <strong>of</strong> Ngumburuni Forest. REMP Technical Report<br />
45.<br />
Fishpool, L.D.C. 1997. Important Bird Areas in Africa, IBA Criteria, Categories, Species Lists <strong>and</strong><br />
population Thresholds. Cambridge: Birdlife International<br />
Fjeldsa, J. & J.C. Lovett, 1997. Geographical patterns <strong>of</strong> old <strong>and</strong> young species in African forest biota: the<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> Conservation 6: 325-346.<br />
Fjeldsa, J., D. Ehrlich, E. Lambin & E. Prins, 1997. Are biodiversity "hotspots" correlated with current<br />
ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong><br />
Conservation 6: 401-422.<br />
Fraser, F.C., 1956. Pseudagrion superbum, Gynacantha flavipes <strong>and</strong> Gynacantha immaculifrons, three new<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Odonata from the Belgian Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines LIV(3-4):<br />
382-387.<br />
Fry, C.H., Keith, S. & Urban, E.K. (Eds.) 2000. The Birds <strong>of</strong> Africa Vol. VI. Academic Press. London.<br />
Germain, L. 1913 Contributions a la fauna malacologique de l”Afrique equatoriale: 39 An noveau genre<br />
d’Helicidae de l”Est Africain. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat., Paris 19: 349-352.<br />
Germain, L. 1918 Contributions a la faunae malacologique de l”Afrique Equatoriale, XLIV. Mollusques<br />
terrestres receullis dans les provinces de Kilwa et de Mahenge. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 22: 243-259.<br />
Gentry, A.H., 1993. Diversity <strong>and</strong> floristic composition <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> tropical forest in Africa <strong>and</strong> South<br />
America. Biological Relationships between Africa <strong>and</strong> South America. Goldblatt, P. Dexter, Michigan,<br />
Yale University: 500-547.<br />
Goldblatt, P., Ed. 1993. Biological Relationships between Africa <strong>and</strong> South America. Dexter, Michigan, Yale<br />
University.<br />
Groeneveld, L.F., 2003. Molecular approaches to systematics, speciation, <strong>and</strong> population genetics <strong>of</strong> four<br />
African damselfly species. Master Thesis, Biology Departement, University <strong>of</strong> Hannover: 76.<br />
Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler) 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. IUCN, Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> Cambridge, UK. xviii + 61pp.<br />
Holsten, B., Braunlich, A. <strong>and</strong> Huxham, M. 1991. Rondo Forest Reserve, <strong>Tanzania</strong>: an ornithological note<br />
including new records <strong>of</strong> the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi, The Spotted Ground Thrush Turdus<br />
fischeri, <strong>and</strong> the Rondo green Barbet Stactolaema olivacea woodwardi. Scopus 14: 125-128<br />
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Howard, P.C., P. Viskanic, T.R.B. Davenport, F.W. Kigenyi, M. Baltzer, C.J. Dickinson, J.S. Lwanga, F.A.<br />
Matthews & A. Balmford, 1998. Complementarity <strong>and</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> indicator groups for reserve selection in<br />
Ug<strong>and</strong>a. Nature 394: 472-475.<br />
Howell, K., Msuya, C. & Kihaule, P. 2000 A Preliminary Biodiversity (Fauna) Assessment <strong>of</strong> The Rufiji<br />
Floodplain <strong>and</strong> Delta. REMP Technical Report 9.<br />
Kasigwa, P.F. 1975 Studies on the ecological genetics <strong>of</strong> the l<strong>and</strong> snail Sitala jenynsi (Pfr.). MSc thesis,<br />
University <strong>of</strong> Dar es Salaam.<br />
Kasigwa, P.F. 1991 Diet <strong>and</strong> its ecological implications in the East African arboreal snail, Sitala jenynsi<br />
(Pfr.) (Gastropoda Pulmonata, Ariophantidae). J. Afr. Zool. 105: 81-95.<br />
Kingdon, J. 1974. East African Mammals. vol. II part A (Insectivores <strong>and</strong> Bats). Academic Press,<br />
London. New York.<br />
Kingdon, J., 1989. Isl<strong>and</strong> Africa. Princetown, Princetown University Press: 287.<br />
Lieftinck, M.A., 1962. Insects <strong>of</strong> Micronesia. Odonata. Insects <strong>of</strong> Micronesia 5(1): 1-95.<br />
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Birds <strong>of</strong> eastern <strong>and</strong> north eastern Africa. 2 nd Edition. London. Longmans, Green & Co.<br />
Mbilinyi N., Mbilinyi F. <strong>and</strong> Mbilinyi M. Baker E.M, (2002), A preliminary bird survey <strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills<br />
forest. REMP Report.<br />
Mlingwa, C.O.F, Waiyaki, E.M., Bennun, L.A. & Burgess, N.D. 2000. Birds. In: Burgess, N.D. <strong>and</strong> Clarke,<br />
G.P. (eds.) (2000), The <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. IUCN Forest Conservation Program. Gl<strong>and</strong>,<br />
Switzerl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Cambridge, Engl<strong>and</strong>. Pp. 149-171.<br />
Muir, C. Sallema, A., Abdullah, O., DeLuca, D., Davenport, T. (2003) The Dugong (Dugong dugon) in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>: A national assessment <strong>of</strong> status, distribution <strong>and</strong> threat. Wildlife Conversation Society. pp 31<br />
Mwalyosi R.B.B., 1990. Resource potentials <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River Basin, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. AMBIO Vol. 19 (1) pp 16-<br />
20. In Ochieng, 2002.<br />
Mwasumbi, L,. Suleiman, H. & Lyaruu, V. 2000 A Preliminary Biodiversity (Flora) Assessment <strong>of</strong> selected<br />
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Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B.D. Fonseca & J. Kent, 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for<br />
conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.<br />
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Perkin, A., 2002. Galago <strong>and</strong> nocturnal mammal surveys within the Rufiji Environmental Management<br />
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Pijnappel, H., 2002. Lakes <strong>of</strong> the Lower Rufiji Floodplain, <strong>Tanzania</strong>. The water balance <strong>of</strong> Lake Lugongwe<br />
<strong>and</strong> the ecohydrological connectivity <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji lakes with the Rufiji River. University <strong>of</strong> Nijmegen –<br />
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79
10 Appendices<br />
10.1 Appendix 1: Rufiji Odonates<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
DRAGONFLIES OF RUFIJI DISTRICT<br />
Viola Clausnitzer, Liebenauer Str. 180, 06110 Halle, Germany<br />
violacl@gmx.de<br />
SUMMARY<br />
The dragonfly fauna <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji District was studied during several field trips (13-15 September<br />
2001, 16-21 October 2001, 04-13 May 2002, 02-08 February 2003). Various habitats were visited<br />
(Mtanza-Msona, Ikwiriri, Lake Ilu, Kichi Hills, Kiwengoma, Nyamwete, Ngumburuni Forest)<br />
during the rainy <strong>and</strong> dry season.<br />
A total <strong>of</strong> 69 species were recorded, <strong>of</strong> which 6 are habitat specialists confined to coastal forests <strong>of</strong><br />
Eastern Africa (Coryphgagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is, Ceriagrion mourae, Teinobasis alluaudi, Gynacantha<br />
usambarica, Hadrothemis scabrifrons, Thermochoria jeannel). Two species were recorded for the<br />
first time since their type descriptions from Mozambique in 1969 (Ceriagrion mourae), <strong>and</strong> from<br />
the Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo in 1959 (Gynacantha immaculifrons).<br />
The majority <strong>of</strong> the species are common <strong>and</strong> widespread <strong>and</strong> inhabit the Rufiji River <strong>and</strong> its<br />
floodplains, while a smaller proportion are only found in permanent streams draining into the Rufiji<br />
or in forest habitats. The high overall species diversity is a result <strong>of</strong> the variety <strong>of</strong> habitats <strong>and</strong> their<br />
connectivity, combined with the dynamics <strong>of</strong> the floods. The habitat specialists found in<br />
Ngumburuni forest <strong>and</strong> in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Kichi <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma Hills are globally endangered<br />
species <strong>and</strong> require special attention in regard <strong>of</strong> conservation efforts.<br />
1 General Introduction<br />
In order to meet the objectives <strong>of</strong> "The Convention on Biological Diversity" (CBD, 2000;<br />
http://www.biodiv.org /convention/articles.asp) the assessment <strong>of</strong> signatory country's biodiversity<br />
<strong>and</strong> its conservation are important. There are several shortcomings realising this, especially if<br />
focusing on invertebrates in tropical countries, as the following citations show: "To meet the needs<br />
<strong>of</strong> conserving biodiversity, a country's Protected Area system should support as many as possible <strong>of</strong><br />
the species occurring in that country. However, as yet no country [<strong>of</strong> Africa] has comprehensive<br />
information about these species." (Pomeroy 1995, p. 362); a "major obstacle to conserving tropical<br />
biodiversity is the lack <strong>of</strong> information as to where efforts should be concentrated" (Howard et al.<br />
1998, p. 472). Nevertheless the knowledge <strong>and</strong> database for African Odonates are comparatively<br />
good <strong>and</strong> enable attention to be focused on critical species <strong>and</strong> critical habitats.<br />
1.1 Dragonflies as tools for wetl<strong>and</strong> assessment, monitoring <strong>and</strong> conservation planning<br />
With their amphibious habits dragonflies are indicators <strong>of</strong> both, aquatic <strong>and</strong> terrestrial habitat<br />
quality <strong>of</strong> wetl<strong>and</strong>s, which are seriously under-represented in conservation planning in East Africa<br />
(Pomeroy et al. 1999). Dragonflies spend their larval life in aquatic habitats <strong>and</strong> as imagoes use a<br />
wide range <strong>of</strong> terrestrial habitats. Their sensitivity to physical habitat quality makes dragonflies<br />
useful indicators <strong>of</strong> habitat quality above <strong>and</strong> below the water surface. Water quality, aquatic<br />
habitat morphology, such as bottom substrate <strong>and</strong> vegetation structure are critical to dragonfly<br />
larvae. Adult habitat selection is strongly dependent on vegetation structure, including degrees <strong>of</strong><br />
shading. As a consequence dragonflies are greatly affected by habitat change, such as thinning <strong>of</strong><br />
forest <strong>and</strong> increased erosion. Ubiquitous species prevail in disturbed or temporary waters, while<br />
pristine streams, seepage <strong>and</strong> swamp forests harbour a wealth <strong>of</strong> more vulnerable, <strong>of</strong>ten localised<br />
species.<br />
Different ecological requirements are linked to different dispersal capacities. Species with narrow<br />
niches disperse poorly, while pioneers <strong>of</strong> temporal habitats (<strong>of</strong>ten created by disturbance) are<br />
excellent colonisers. For this reason Odonata have a potential use to evaluate habitat connectivity.<br />
The success <strong>of</strong> proposed linkages <strong>of</strong> protected areas through the creation <strong>of</strong> forest corridors may<br />
thus be assessed. Dragonflies are an easy-to-study group to monitor the overall biodiversity <strong>of</strong><br />
aquatic habitats.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Ecological advantages <strong>of</strong> dragonflies as environmental monitors are:<br />
�� Their amphibious habits make them indicators <strong>of</strong> both aquatic <strong>and</strong> terrestrial habitat quality.<br />
�� Larvae site selection is closely correlated with erosion-related factors like streambed<br />
morphology, substrate <strong>and</strong> turbidity.<br />
�� Adult site selection is closely correlated to deforestation-related factors such as vegetation<br />
structure <strong>and</strong> forest cover.<br />
�� A full array <strong>of</strong> ecological types, from pioneers to specialists, occurs within the Odonata.<br />
Practical advantages <strong>of</strong> Odonata as environmental monitors are:<br />
�� Aquatic habitats are the focal point <strong>of</strong> dragonfly life histories, making them easily found.<br />
�� Their diurnal activity <strong>and</strong> high densities make dragonflies easy to study.<br />
�� Extensive experience with monitoring Odonata has been obtained in Europe <strong>and</strong> elsewhere.<br />
�� The number <strong>of</strong> dragonfly species occurring in East Africa is manageable.<br />
�� Identification is straightforward as Odonate taxonomy is clear-cut.<br />
�� Due to their attractiveness, dragonflies can serve as flagship <strong>of</strong> invertebrates <strong>and</strong> watershed<br />
conservation.<br />
1.2 <strong>Coastal</strong> forests<br />
Once the Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> covered most <strong>of</strong> the East African coastal plains from<br />
north Mozambique to south Somalia. The width <strong>of</strong> this "<strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Belt" was very variable,<br />
from 30 km at the <strong>Kenya</strong>/<strong>Tanzania</strong> border to 300 km in Mozambique, reaching well into Malawi.<br />
Now this belt is reduced to over 250 small to very small separated forest patches, <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>of</strong> less than<br />
500 ha in size (Burgess & Clarke, 2000). These remaining small <strong>and</strong> highly fragmented forest<br />
patches have an exceptionally high degree <strong>of</strong> localised endemism, they differ in structure <strong>and</strong><br />
species composition due to physical conditions, they are extremely vulnerable <strong>and</strong> rapidly being<br />
degraded. The remaining coastal forests in East Africa are listed as ‘critical sites’ by IUCN <strong>and</strong> are<br />
not adequately represented in the present day protected area system (Stuart et al., 1990).
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
2 Methods<br />
The area surveyed for dragonflies in Rufiji District is roughly between Kibiti, Kiwengoma, Kichi<br />
<strong>and</strong> Msona (Table 1). The classification <strong>of</strong> the forests follows Clarke (2000). Dragonflies were<br />
caught by sweep-netting in different habitats <strong>and</strong> identified with Clausnitzer & Dijkstra (in prep.);<br />
photographs <strong>of</strong> most species were taken. For some crepuscular species special efforts were made to<br />
establish presence or absence by searching for adults <strong>and</strong> larvae.<br />
Table 1: Localities visited in Rufiji District.<br />
Localities Dates<br />
Kichi Hills 16-18 Oct '01, 06-13 May '02<br />
Nyamwete Forest 18-20 Oct '01<br />
Kiwengoma 20-21 Oct '01, 02-03 Feb '03<br />
Ngumburuni Forest 08 Feb '03<br />
Lake Ilu 04 Feb '03<br />
Lake Lugogwe 07 Feb '03<br />
Ruhoi River 08 Feb '03<br />
Lake south-east <strong>of</strong> Kichi Hills 11 May '02<br />
Rufiji River 13-15 Sept '01, 04-05 May '02, 04 Feb '03<br />
Floodplain <strong>of</strong> Rufiji 04-05 May '02<br />
Lake Mtanza 14-15 Sept '01<br />
Msona Forest 13 & 15 Sept '01<br />
Msangazi Gallery Forest 14 Sept '01
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
3 Results <strong>and</strong> discussion<br />
3.1 Habitats surveyed<br />
Most important for dragonflies is the habitat variety <strong>and</strong> connectivity found in Rufiji District. Most<br />
dragonflies depend on more than one <strong>of</strong> these habitat types during their adult life. Many species use<br />
the floodplains <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji for reproduction <strong>and</strong> the forest areas as feeding grounds. Though the<br />
majority <strong>of</strong> the dragonflies are common <strong>and</strong> widespread species, the area harbours a comparatively<br />
high number <strong>of</strong> coastal forest specialists with a very restricted distribution range <strong>and</strong>/or a high level<br />
<strong>of</strong> data deficiency. Some <strong>of</strong> the most threatened species depend entirely on the indigenous forests<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Rufiji <strong>and</strong> are discussed in detail below.<br />
3.1.1 Rufiji River<br />
The Rufiji River itself is a typical African river with no aquatic vegetation, a high substrate<br />
dynamic <strong>and</strong> high fluctuation in water levels. Dragonflies found along the Rufiji River are common<br />
species, which are <strong>of</strong>ten widespread in Africa <strong>and</strong> inhabit rivers in savannah, bush <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> these species depend on the surrounding habitats (forests <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong>s) for their maiden<br />
flight <strong>and</strong> as feeding grounds.<br />
3.1.2 The Floodplain<br />
The floodplain itself attracts large numbers <strong>of</strong> migratory species, which follow the rains (e.g. Anax<br />
ephippiger, Pantala flavescens, Tramea basilaris, Rhyothemis semihyalina). Some species are<br />
confined to the floodplain areas for their entire lifespan (e.g. Pseudagrion lindicum) <strong>and</strong> appear in<br />
vast numbers during the floods. Many species spend the dry season along the river <strong>and</strong> around the<br />
permanent lakes <strong>and</strong> then spread during the floods into the whole area.<br />
Although most <strong>of</strong> these species are very common <strong>and</strong> widespread in large parts <strong>of</strong> sub-Saharan<br />
tropical Africa, they play an important role in the ecosystem <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River <strong>and</strong> its floodplains.<br />
Dragonflies are predators largely to other insects in both life stages (adult <strong>and</strong> larvae), at the same<br />
time they are prey for fish <strong>and</strong> birds. The seasonality <strong>and</strong> enormous fluctuations <strong>of</strong> the water levels<br />
in the Rufiji floodplain lead to high productivity <strong>of</strong> many organisms. Humans pr<strong>of</strong>it from this high<br />
productivity largely in terms <strong>of</strong> fish <strong>and</strong> fertilization <strong>of</strong> their fields. Disturbances such as reduction<br />
<strong>of</strong> flood amplitude, destruction <strong>of</strong> forests, over-fishing etc would make this ecosystem collapse.<br />
Knowledge about the whole ecosystem is insufficient to underst<strong>and</strong> the reasons for such changes. A<br />
drastic decrease in fish might be the result <strong>of</strong> forest destruction in the adjacent hills <strong>of</strong> the<br />
floodplain.<br />
3.1.3 Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> Riverine/Groundwater/Swamp Forest<br />
These forests have a high groundwater table <strong>and</strong>/or a poor drainage. In Rufiji District they are<br />
found in the floodplain itself. Since the underlying soil is <strong>of</strong>ten clay, these forests have <strong>of</strong>ten been<br />
cleared for agriculture, usually into rice fields, as in most parts <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. In Rufiji District<br />
some good patches <strong>of</strong> this forest remain e.g. the Ngumburuni Forest <strong>and</strong> the forests around Lake<br />
Ilu. Species confined to this forest habitat are threatened as they have a very limited <strong>and</strong> disjunct<br />
distribution (e.g. Teinobasis alluaudi, Thermochoria jeanneli).<br />
3.1.4 Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> Dry Forest<br />
These forests are semi-evergreen or evergreen forests with a high to medium (down to 7m) forest<br />
canopy. Soils are usually poor <strong>and</strong> well-drained, which allow shifting cultivation at best. Rainfall<br />
can be very unpredictable <strong>and</strong> might be very low in some years, making permanent substantial<br />
agriculture difficult. Most <strong>of</strong> the forests visited belong to this type (Kichi, Kiwengoma,<br />
Nyamwete). In depressions <strong>and</strong> valleys seasonal pools <strong>and</strong> swamps are found, which are an<br />
important breeding habitat for the dragonflies found in this forests. The dominating dragonflies<br />
belong to the large <strong>and</strong> crepuscular genus Gynacantha (Dusk-Hawkers). Two other species worth<br />
mentioning are Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is <strong>and</strong> Hadrothemis scabrifrons, which reproduce in<br />
phytotelmata <strong>and</strong> spend the dry season as adults. Species found in these forests have a limited<br />
distribution, are <strong>of</strong>ten confined to the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> forests <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> regional <strong>and</strong> global<br />
importance.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
3.1.5 Seasonal streams in the Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> Dry Forest<br />
Situated in the otherwise dry forest matrix in the Kichi <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma Hills, these streams are<br />
interesting in terms <strong>of</strong> ecology <strong>and</strong> adaptation to high seasonality <strong>of</strong> otherwise widespread <strong>and</strong> nonseasonal<br />
dragonflies. Despite several attempts, the author failed to survey the streams in the rainy<br />
season, so species composition information is incomplete. Nevertheless some interesting dry season<br />
observations were made <strong>and</strong> resulting conclusions are outlined below.<br />
The streams in Kiwengoma <strong>and</strong> Nyamwete Forest <strong>and</strong> in the Kichi Hills are dry for most <strong>of</strong> the<br />
year, usually for 8 months or more (Elibariki, pers. com.). The s<strong>and</strong>y bottom <strong>and</strong> the structure <strong>of</strong><br />
surrounding substrate <strong>and</strong> vegetation show that the streams must be very fast <strong>and</strong> clear in the rainy<br />
season. Unfortunately I never managed to visit these streams when filled with water. Males <strong>and</strong><br />
females <strong>of</strong> the widespread river species Phaon iridipennis were found in high number along the dry<br />
stream beds. Their behaviour was exactly the same as the behaviour <strong>of</strong> specimen along streams<br />
with permanent water (e.g. Ruhoi River), where this species is not seasonal. The observations allow<br />
speculations about an adult life span <strong>of</strong> one year or more <strong>and</strong> a very rapid development from egg to<br />
adult in a few weeks time only. These are all new aspects with regard to longevity <strong>and</strong> larval<br />
development. It would be interesting to find out, which other species are adapted to this highly<br />
seasonal habitat with fluctuating amount <strong>and</strong> length <strong>of</strong> surface water. One Trithemis aconita was<br />
observed in the Kiwengoma Forest during the dry season in October. It must have emerged from<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the streams in May or earlier. More species, e.g. Gomphids, are expected to be adapted to<br />
the seasonality <strong>of</strong> the streams, spending the dry season in the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest areas <strong>and</strong><br />
returning to the streams during the rains.<br />
3.1.6 Permanent streams<br />
Apart from the Rufiji River, there are not many permanent streams in the study area. The Ruhoi<br />
River, which is a clear, fast flowing stream with s<strong>and</strong>y substrate, was the only permanent stream<br />
surveyed in this study. A number <strong>of</strong> Gomphid species were recorded only from this locality. It is<br />
expected that these species spread into the seasonal streams in the Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> Dry<br />
<strong>Forests</strong> in the rainy season.<br />
3.1.7 Eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> Brachystegia Forest (Miombo)<br />
This forest type is mainly found south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River. Most dragonflies recorded here are<br />
ubiquitous <strong>and</strong> widespread species, which take advantage <strong>of</strong> pools, swamps <strong>and</strong> puddles in the<br />
rainy season. The finding <strong>of</strong> Ceriagrion mourae, which was the second specimen recorded <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species allows speculations that it is adapted to the otherwise not very suitable habitats <strong>of</strong> dry<br />
Miombo forest (some information about the species is given below).<br />
3.1.8 Permanent lakes (e.g. Lakes Ilu, Mtanza, Uba <strong>and</strong> Lugongwe)<br />
The lakes, though an important habitat within the floodplain, have not been surveyed systematically<br />
for dragonflies. Due to their permanency, a high number <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten common <strong>and</strong> widespread<br />
dragonflies are found here, which spread into the entire floodplain during the rainy season. The<br />
lakes act therefore, as a kind <strong>of</strong> reservoir <strong>of</strong> non-seasonal species.<br />
The results from the lakes are grouped together in Table 2 because the lakes were not surveyed<br />
intensively during the survey, instead the main focus was on the various forest habitats (see also<br />
Table 1). Nevertheless from the occasional visits to the lakes it became obvious, that a comparative<br />
study <strong>of</strong> the lakes would result in differences in the species composition. This would be mainly<br />
related to the very different shoreline structures <strong>and</strong> aquatic vegetation. The shoreline vegetation<br />
ranged from forest, dense thicket, reeds <strong>and</strong> grasses to hardly any vegetation cover. A similar<br />
variety was found in the aquatic vegetation, which ranged from reeds, swamps, herbs <strong>and</strong> floating<br />
plants to none. A very common species in thickets around the lake was Gynacantha m<strong>and</strong>erica,<br />
which breeds in the flood-zone <strong>of</strong> the lakes during the wet season.<br />
3.2 Critical species<br />
Seven species will be red listed in the global IUCN Red List in due course (highlighted in Table 2).<br />
Most <strong>of</strong> them occur exclusively in East African <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>and</strong> will disappear with increasing<br />
forest destruction. All these species are <strong>of</strong> regional <strong>and</strong> global importance because they are endemic
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
to coastal forests <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa with a very restricted distribution <strong>and</strong>/or hardly any records <strong>of</strong><br />
these species exists. First studies on population genetics could show, that the remaining, <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
isolated populations <strong>of</strong> the once continuous coastal forest belt are already genetically isolated.<br />
3.2.1 Teinobasis alluaudi<br />
The very recent discovery <strong>of</strong> this species in the Ngumburuni Forest is exciting, as it is only the<br />
second record <strong>of</strong> Teinobasis alluaudi for the African mainl<strong>and</strong>, the other being from the Buda<br />
Forest in south-east <strong>Kenya</strong>. All other records are from Indian Ocean Isl<strong>and</strong>s, though the single<br />
Malawi record <strong>of</strong> Teinobasis malawiensis Pinhey, 1966 might turn out to be the same species<br />
(Clausnitzer 2003c). Teinobasis alluaudi need shady forest with seasonal swampy areas <strong>and</strong> dense<br />
understory between 1 <strong>and</strong> 2 m in height. It is usually associated with palm trees, e.g. Raphia<br />
farinifera <strong>and</strong> Elaeis guineensis.<br />
The discovery <strong>of</strong> this species is <strong>of</strong> biogeographical interest as well. The genus Teinobasis has its<br />
centre <strong>of</strong> diversity in Eastern Australasia (especially New Guinea, as well as Indonesia <strong>and</strong> the<br />
Philippines). Some insular endemics occur across the Pacific, but the genus is absent from the<br />
Indian Subcontinent. Lieftinck (1962) assumed the Philippine Isl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> New Guinea to be the<br />
principal centres <strong>of</strong> dispersal. Currently about 65 species are recognized (Bridges 1994), <strong>of</strong> which<br />
only 2 occur in Africa.<br />
3.2.2 Gynacantha<br />
All Gynacantha species breed in seasonal pools <strong>and</strong> swampy places in the forest areas. The females<br />
oviposit into the still dry soil <strong>of</strong> seasonal swamps, pools <strong>and</strong> puddles when the rains approach. The<br />
larvae have an unusually fast development, which is necessary for emergence before the pool dries<br />
out again. The whole genus is confined to forest or dense bush with a radiation centre in the vast<br />
rain forest areas in Central Africa.<br />
In the Kichi Hills large numbers <strong>of</strong> Gynacantha were observed hunting in the evening ("Dusk-<br />
Hawker"). Three different species were caught there <strong>and</strong> it would be interesting to know if they use<br />
the same breeding habitats <strong>and</strong> to elucidate how interspecific competition <strong>of</strong> the very large <strong>and</strong> very<br />
greedy larvae works.<br />
3.2.3 Gynacantha usambarica<br />
Gynacantha usambarica was thought to be endemic to coastal forests <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa (<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>), but recent studies revealed, that the South African Gynacantha zuluensis (Balinsky,<br />
1961) is a synonym to G. usambarica (Clausnitzer & Dijkstra in prep.). Therefore Gynacantha<br />
usambarica inhabits the entire <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Belt from South Africa to <strong>Kenya</strong>, including Malawi.<br />
It depends on seasonal swampy forest areas <strong>and</strong>, though not yet threatened, a continuing destruction<br />
<strong>of</strong> these forests will result in a decline <strong>of</strong> this species <strong>and</strong> further isolation <strong>of</strong> more populations.<br />
3.2.4 Gynacantha immaculifrons<br />
The record <strong>of</strong> Gynacantha immaculifrons in the Kichi Hills is a big surprise <strong>and</strong> some time was<br />
taken to confirm the identification (specimens were compared with the types in the Musée Royal du<br />
Congo Belge, Tervuren). The species was described by Fraser (1956) from a male <strong>and</strong> a female<br />
caught near Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo. No further specimens <strong>of</strong> this species<br />
have been caught except the three males <strong>and</strong> one female obtained during the surveys in the forests<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills. These specimens were only found in the least disturbed forest areas around the<br />
top <strong>of</strong> the Hills, which have recently been penetrated <strong>and</strong> largely opened up by a new road towards<br />
southern hunting sectors in the Selous Game Reserve. Nothing is known about the ecology <strong>of</strong> this<br />
species, e.g. where it breeds, but I assume, that it depends on seasonal swampy areas in depressions<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills. In respect <strong>of</strong> the paucity <strong>of</strong> records <strong>of</strong> this species, the new locality is very<br />
exiting. This species will be red listed in due course.<br />
3.2.5 Thermochoria jeanneli<br />
Another typical inhabitant <strong>and</strong> endemic <strong>of</strong> East African coastal swamp forest is Thermochoria<br />
jeannelli. Not much is known about the biology <strong>of</strong> this species, but it seems to have developed<br />
some unusual reproductive behaviour when compared to the general Libellulidae pattern. In a
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
coastal swamp forest in South <strong>Kenya</strong> (Buda Forest) I observed a territorial male in a still dry<br />
Raphia swamp at the beginning <strong>of</strong> the rainy season. At the same time Teinobasis <strong>and</strong> Gynacantha<br />
were already busy ovipositing in the dry mud. After two weeks, when the swamp was filled with<br />
water, none <strong>of</strong> the species was observed to be reproductively active. It might be, that Thermochoria<br />
oviposits into or onto dry mud like Gynacantha <strong>and</strong> Teinobasis, which would be the first<br />
observation <strong>of</strong> this oviposition pattern in the Libellulidae.<br />
3.2.6 Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is<br />
This is one <strong>of</strong> the most interesting species <strong>of</strong> the East African coastal forests, which is the largest<br />
damselfly <strong>of</strong> Africa. It was placed for convenience into the Megopodagriidae, but recent<br />
morphological <strong>and</strong> genetic studies revealed, that it belongs into the otherwise strictly neotropical<br />
family Pseudostigmatidae (Clausnitzer & Lindeboom 2002, Groeneveld 2003). Coryphagrion<br />
gr<strong>and</strong>is shares with its neotropical relatives the giant size, the reproduction in phytotelmata, a slow<br />
flight <strong>and</strong> the feeding behaviour (gleaning prey out <strong>of</strong> spider webs) <strong>and</strong> belongs genetically in the<br />
pseudostigmatid clade. This is <strong>of</strong> high biogeographic significance, since C. gr<strong>and</strong>is is then an<br />
afrotropical relict <strong>of</strong> Gondwana (Goldblatt 1993), which was separated from the neotropical<br />
Pseudostigmatidae about 120 million years ago <strong>and</strong> remained surprisingly similar to the latter in<br />
terms <strong>of</strong> ecology, morphology, genetics <strong>and</strong> behaviour. The exclusive occurrence <strong>of</strong> Coryphagrion<br />
gr<strong>and</strong>is in East Africa <strong>and</strong> not in West Africa, as one would expect, can be explained with climatic<br />
stability in Eastern Africa <strong>and</strong> the changes <strong>of</strong> forest cover in Africa. The coastal forests <strong>of</strong> Eastern<br />
Africa are considered to be partial relicts <strong>of</strong> the former pan-African tropical forest (Fjeldsa et al.<br />
1997, Fjeldsa & Lovett 1997). These forests are believed to have been climatically stable during Ice<br />
Age periods unlike the forests in West Africa, based on estimates <strong>of</strong> the water temperature <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Indian <strong>and</strong> the Atlantic Ocean. West African Coryphagrion populations may have become extinct<br />
during colder periods, which resulted in a decline <strong>of</strong> rain <strong>and</strong> therefore a decrease <strong>of</strong> forest cover in<br />
West <strong>and</strong> Central Africa (Clarke 2000). Additionally, during colder periods at the equator much <strong>of</strong><br />
tropical Africa may have cooled to below the tolerance levels <strong>of</strong> tropical stenothermic species, <strong>and</strong><br />
this may have led to r<strong>and</strong>om extinctions in the African rain forests (Colinvaux, 1993). Similarly<br />
Gentry suggests "… that Madagascar is floristically more similar to the Neotropics than tropical<br />
Africa is" (Gentry 1993), in detail a certain plot in Madagascar shares 40% <strong>of</strong> plant genera with the<br />
Neotropics, but only 31% with tropical Africa.<br />
Now, due to massive destruction <strong>of</strong> the once continuous coastal forest belt, the remaining<br />
populations <strong>of</strong> Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is are highly isolated. A recent study on the population genetics<br />
<strong>of</strong> this species revealed two interesting results:<br />
�� Climatically instable areas like the Arabuke Sokoke Forest must have been re-colonized more<br />
recently from more southern populations, where higher elevations guaranteed survival even<br />
during serious droughts;<br />
�� Rufiji populations show a higher genetic distance to all other populations (Udzungwa <strong>and</strong><br />
Usambara Mts, Buda <strong>and</strong> Gongoni Forest, Shimba Hills, Arabuke Sokoke Forest), with low<br />
intraspecific divergence.<br />
Surprisingly the Udzungwa Mts population groups with the populations from the Usambara Mts<br />
<strong>and</strong> the <strong>Kenya</strong>n coastal forests, whereas the Rufiji population is highly isolated from more northern<br />
coastal <strong>and</strong> the Eastern Arc populations. Though the Udzungwa Mts are further south than Rufiji<br />
District, the chain <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Arc Mts must have been an easier stepping stone for<br />
Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is towards the north <strong>Kenya</strong>n populations, then along the coast. The connection<br />
from the Rufiji populations to the more northern populations has been disrupted longer ago.<br />
Unfortunately the populations from Kiwengoma <strong>and</strong> Kichi Hills <strong>and</strong> from the Udzungwa Mts are<br />
the most southerly populations known so far, although the author expects population in suitable<br />
habitats all the way down to at least mid Mozambique. It would be interesting to see, if the cryptic<br />
speciation observed splits the south coastal populations from the Eastern Arc <strong>and</strong> north coastal<br />
populations.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
From all forests visited by the author along the East African coast, the ones in Rufiji District,<br />
<strong>name</strong>ly Kichi Hills had the largest population <strong>of</strong> Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is. It might be, that the forests<br />
in the Rufiji District hold the world’s largest population <strong>of</strong> these species.<br />
3.2.7 Hadrothemis scabrifrons<br />
Hadrothemis scabrifrons reproduces like Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is in phytotelmata (Clausnitzer<br />
2002a). This behaviour, which is common in neotropical dragonflies, is only known to occur in<br />
three African species, Hadrothemis scabrifrons, Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is <strong>and</strong> Hadrothemis<br />
camarensis. The latter being a central <strong>and</strong> west African rain forest species. Records <strong>of</strong> Hadrothemis<br />
scabrifrons from Gabon <strong>and</strong> Cameroon are unreliable <strong>and</strong> have not yet been confirmed. At the<br />
moment this species is only known for sure from the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest Belt. Though<br />
Hadrothemis scabrifrons is a forest dependent species, individuals are more likely to cross larger<br />
open areas than Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is <strong>and</strong> Teinobasis alluaudi, <strong>and</strong> are likely to be less affected by<br />
habitat isolation than all previous species.<br />
3.2.8 Ceriagrion mourae<br />
This species was only known from the single type specimen from Mamunge (Mozambique,<br />
S19°52'/E34°04') (Pinhey 1969, 1981). In this study it was caught in a seasonal puddle in Miombo<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>s (Brachystegia Forest) on the southern slopes <strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills, which is quite some<br />
distance from the type locality. It is assumed that Ceriagrion mourae lives in small seasonal<br />
puddles in the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> Brachystegia Forest. More records <strong>and</strong> data are definitely<br />
needed.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
4 Conclusions<br />
Dragonfly diversity in Rufiji District is largely a result <strong>of</strong> the connectivity between different unique<br />
habitats <strong>and</strong> the hydrological dynamics. Most species utilise more than one <strong>of</strong> the different habitats<br />
during their lifecycle. Three large groups in respect to their ecological requirements can be<br />
differentiated roughly:<br />
�� Stream species (found exclusively along the Ruhoi River)<br />
�� Forest species (found exclusively in one or several <strong>of</strong> the East African <strong>Coastal</strong> Forest types)<br />
�� Ubiquitous open l<strong>and</strong> species (found all over the floodplain in the rainy season <strong>and</strong> along<br />
the Rufiji, around the lakes or in the surrounding forest, bush <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> in the dry<br />
season).<br />
4.1 Threatened species<br />
The species highlighted in Table 2 are <strong>of</strong> regional <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> global importance <strong>and</strong> require special<br />
conservation attention. All these species are confined to coastal forests <strong>and</strong> will be red listed in the<br />
global Red List by the IUCN in due course. The situation for some <strong>of</strong> these species is given in some<br />
more detail in Clausnitzer (2002a, b; 2003a, b, c; & Lindeboom 2002). The high fragmentation <strong>of</strong><br />
coastal forests has resulted in small isolated populations <strong>of</strong> these forest dragonflies, especially in<br />
species, which do not cross any open areas, e.g. Teinobasis alluaudi or Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is. This<br />
fragmentation <strong>of</strong> primary habitats <strong>and</strong> isolation <strong>of</strong> populations is already reflected in the population<br />
genetics, as outlined for Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is.<br />
4.2 Conservation measures<br />
The most important step concerning the remaining coastal forest patches is to at least guarantee<br />
protection for the <strong>of</strong>ficially gazetted forest reserves, which is not the case at the moment. The<br />
coastal forests all along the East African coast, which once formed a belt all along the coast from<br />
southern Somalia to northern South Africa have faced massive destruction <strong>of</strong> the last 100 years.<br />
The forests in Rufiji District are still comparatively large <strong>and</strong> intact, if compared to other regions,<br />
but nibbled away at an alarming rate. Daily dozens <strong>of</strong> charcoal lorries <strong>and</strong> several timber lorries<br />
loaded in the Rufiji District pass Kibiti on their way towards Dar es Salaam. The opening <strong>of</strong> the<br />
first bridge across the Rufiji River at Ikwiriri at the end <strong>of</strong> 2002 will put an enormous pressure on<br />
the forests south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji, <strong>name</strong>ly in the Kichi Hills <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma.<br />
The protection <strong>of</strong> the last remaining forests, especially in the hills adjacent to the floodplain <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Rufiji, are also important to provide sufficient water during the dry season for people living in this<br />
area <strong>and</strong> to protect the floodplain from catastrophic floods. These forests function as important<br />
water reservoirs, holding water in the rainy season <strong>and</strong> releasing water slowly in the dry season.<br />
4.3 Conservation <strong>of</strong> East African <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> in general<br />
“By conserving <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> a great part <strong>of</strong> Africa’s biodiversity will be protected“ (Burgess &<br />
Clarke 2000, p. 7). <strong>Coastal</strong> forests are listed as important areas in terms <strong>of</strong> conservation for East<br />
Africa (Stuart et al. 1990) <strong>and</strong> are a major centre <strong>of</strong> endemism in Africa (Kingdon 1989, Fjeldsa &<br />
Lovett, 1997). One reason for the very high level <strong>of</strong> endemism, including neodendemics as well as<br />
biogeographical relicts in coastal forests <strong>and</strong> forests <strong>of</strong> the Eastern Arc Mountains, with which they<br />
<strong>of</strong>ten merge, is their relative climatic <strong>and</strong> habitat stability (Fjeldsa et al., 1997). Generally, coastal<br />
forest areas contain many unique species <strong>and</strong> their protection deserves attention. Because <strong>of</strong> their<br />
high biodiversity <strong>and</strong> high levels <strong>of</strong> ‘taxa’ endemism they should receive high priority in<br />
conservation efforts. Once, these coastal forests covered most <strong>of</strong> the East African coast from north<br />
Mozambique to south Somalia. Now this belt is reduced to over 250 small to very small separated<br />
forest patches, <strong>of</strong>ten <strong>of</strong> less than 500 ha in size (Burgess & Clarke, 2000). These small <strong>and</strong> highly<br />
fragmented remaining forest patches have an exceptionally high degree <strong>of</strong> localised endemism,<br />
differ in structure <strong>and</strong> species composition due to physical conditions <strong>and</strong> are extremely vulnerable<br />
<strong>and</strong> rapidly being degraded. For example the Eastern Arc <strong>and</strong> <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>Kenya</strong> cover an area <strong>of</strong> 2,000 km² today, which is only 6.7 % <strong>of</strong> their original extent (Myers et al.<br />
2000).
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
<strong>Coastal</strong> forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong> Mozambique are centres <strong>of</strong> endemism, hardly protected <strong>and</strong><br />
in urgent need <strong>of</strong> a priority status in conservation measures. Further destruction <strong>of</strong> the remaining<br />
coastal forests will threaten a high number <strong>of</strong> species, including dragonflies, with extinction.<br />
5 References<br />
Bridges, C.A., 1994. Catalogue <strong>of</strong> the family-group, genus-group <strong>and</strong> species-group <strong>name</strong>s <strong>of</strong> the Odonata <strong>of</strong><br />
the World. Urbana, Bridges.<br />
Burgess, N.D. & G.P. Clarke, Eds. 2000. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> &<br />
Cambridge, UK, IUCN.<br />
Clarke, G.P., 2000. Climate <strong>and</strong> climatic history. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. Burgess, N.D.&G.P.<br />
Clarke. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> & Cambridge, UK, IUCN: 47-67.<br />
Clarke, G.P., 2000. Defining the eastern African <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong>. <strong>Coastal</strong> <strong>Forests</strong> <strong>of</strong> Eastern Africa. Burgess,<br />
N.D.&G.P. Clarke. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong> & Cambridge, UK, IUCN: 9-26.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2002a. Afrotropical Region: Eastern Africa. IUCN Odonata Specialists Group: Regional<br />
Report. Gl<strong>and</strong>, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2002b. Reproductive behaviour <strong>and</strong> ecology in the dendrolimnetic Hadrothemis scabrifrons<br />
(Odonata: Libellulidae). International Journal <strong>of</strong> Odonatologogy 5(1): 15-28.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003a. Dragonfly communities in coastal habitats <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>: indication <strong>of</strong> biotope quality <strong>and</strong><br />
the need <strong>of</strong> conservation measures. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> Conservation 12: 333-356.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003b. Odonata <strong>of</strong> African forests. Cimbebasia in press.<br />
Clausnitzer, V., 2003c. Teinobasis alluaudi Martin, 1896 from mainl<strong>and</strong> Africa. Notes on ecology <strong>and</strong><br />
biogeography. Odonatologica 3: in press.<br />
Clausnitzer, V. & K.-D. Dijkstra, in prep. The dragonflies <strong>of</strong> East Africa - An identification key. Annales du<br />
Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (Zoologie).<br />
Clausnitzer, V. & M. Lindeboom, 2002. Natural history <strong>and</strong> description <strong>of</strong> the dendrolimnetic larvae <strong>of</strong><br />
Coryphagrion gr<strong>and</strong>is (Odonata). International Journal <strong>of</strong> Odonatology 5(1): 29-44.<br />
Fjeldsa, J., D. Ehrlich, E. Lambin & E. Prins, 1997. Are biodiversity "hotspots" correlated with current<br />
ecoclimatic stability? A pilot study using the NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong><br />
Conservation 6: 401-422.<br />
Fjeldsa, J. & J.C. Lovett, 1997. Geographical patterns <strong>of</strong> old <strong>and</strong> young species in African forest biota: the<br />
significance <strong>of</strong> specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiversity <strong>and</strong> Conservation 6: 325-346.<br />
Fraser, F.C., 1956. Pseudagrion superbum, Gynacantha flavipes <strong>and</strong> Gynacantha immaculifrons, three new<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Odonata from the Belgian Congo. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines LIV(3-4):<br />
382-387.<br />
Gentry, A.H., 1993. Diversity <strong>and</strong> floristic composition <strong>of</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong> tropical forest in Africa <strong>and</strong> South<br />
America. Biological Relationships between Africa <strong>and</strong> South America. Goldblatt, P. Dexter, Michigan,<br />
Yale University: 500-547.<br />
Goldblatt, P., Ed. 1993. Biological Relationships between Africa <strong>and</strong> South America. Dexter, Michigan, Yale<br />
University.<br />
Groeneveld, L.F., 2003. Molecular approaches to systematics, speciation, <strong>and</strong> population genetics <strong>of</strong> four<br />
African damselfly species. Master Thesis, Biology Departement, University <strong>of</strong> Hannover: 76.<br />
Howard, P.C., P. Viskanic, T.R.B. Davenport, F.W. Kigenyi, M. Baltzer, C.J. Dickinson, J.S. Lwanga, F.A.<br />
Matthews & A. Balmford, 1998. Complementarity <strong>and</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> indicator groups for reserve selection in<br />
Ug<strong>and</strong>a. Nature 394: 472-475.<br />
Kingdon, J., 1989. Isl<strong>and</strong> Africa. Princetown, Princetown University Press: 287.<br />
Lieftinck, M.A., 1962. Insects <strong>of</strong> Micronesia. Odonata. Insects <strong>of</strong> Micronesia 5(1): 1-95.<br />
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B.D. Fonseca & J. Kent, 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for<br />
conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.<br />
Pinhey, E., 1969. Two new species <strong>of</strong> Zygoptera (Odonata). Novos Taxa Entomologicosd 66: 3-7.<br />
Pinhey, E., 1981. Checklist <strong>of</strong> the Odonata <strong>of</strong> Mocambique. Occasional Papers. National Museum <strong>of</strong><br />
Southern Rhodesia (B)6(8): 557-631.<br />
Pomeroy, D., Ed. 1995. Using distributional data for conservation: How well will Ug<strong>and</strong>a's protected areas<br />
conserve the country's wildlife? Conservation <strong>of</strong> biodiversity in Africa: Local initiatives <strong>and</strong> institutional<br />
roles. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> a conference held at the National Museums <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>, 30 August-3 September 1992.<br />
Nairobi, National Museums <strong>of</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong>.<br />
Pomeroy, D., H. Tushabe & M. Green, 1999. Using biodiversity data to review coverage <strong>of</strong> Ug<strong>and</strong>a's forests.<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> East African Natural History 88(1&2): 41-57.<br />
Stuart, S.N., R.J. Adams & M.S. Jenkins, 1990. Biodiversity in sub-saharan Africa <strong>and</strong> its isl<strong>and</strong>s -<br />
conservation, management <strong>and</strong> sustainable use. Gl<strong>and</strong> & Cambridge, IUCN: 242.
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
10.2 Appendix 2: Galago <strong>and</strong> nocturnal mammal surveys within the Rufiji<br />
Environmental Management Project area.<br />
Survey Report<br />
Andrew Perkin<br />
Nocturnal Primate Research Group,<br />
Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.<br />
Current address: C/o <strong>Tanzania</strong> Forest Conservation Group,<br />
P.O. Box 23410, Dar es Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Email: bwanakomba@yahoo.co.uk<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Surveys for galagos <strong>and</strong> other nocturnal mammals were conducted in the forests <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Kichi Hills proposed district forest reserve, Mtanza/Msona proposed village forest<br />
reserve, Nyamuete forest reserve <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma forest reserve. These reserves fall in<br />
the project area <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji Environment Management Project (REMP). At least six<br />
species <strong>of</strong> galago were recorded in these areas, which reflect the variety <strong>of</strong> habitats <strong>and</strong><br />
the biodiversity values <strong>of</strong> the area. Two <strong>of</strong> the galago species are coastal forest endemics.<br />
Records <strong>of</strong> other mammal, reptile <strong>and</strong> birds species are also presented. General<br />
observations <strong>and</strong> discussions with local people highlighted the main threats to the Kichi<br />
Hills which are; forest clearance for unsustainable agriculture, fire, <strong>and</strong> logging. The new<br />
road built from Utete to the Selous Game Reserve was seen as a problem due the full<br />
clearance <strong>of</strong> a significant area <strong>of</strong> forest. It will also lead to increased pressure on the<br />
forests by attracting more cultivators <strong>and</strong> by facilitating access to the area for loggers. It<br />
is recommended that the road be used positively to promote the conservation <strong>of</strong> the Kichi<br />
Hills forests, for example by the establishment <strong>of</strong> a nature trails or the posting <strong>of</strong> sign<br />
boards with environmental messages on them.<br />
Aim<br />
To conduct surveys for nocturnal mammals particularly galagos in Mtanza/Msona, Kichi Hills,<br />
Nyamuete <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma Forest Reserves <strong>and</strong> in the bordering woodl<strong>and</strong>s, all being within the<br />
Rufiji Environmental Management Project (REMP) area.<br />
Background<br />
Galago research <strong>and</strong> taxonomy<br />
Galagos or bushbabies (super family: Lorisiformes; Sub-family: Galagonidae,), exhibit crypsis<br />
(lack <strong>of</strong> visual distinctiveness) <strong>and</strong> as a result their taxonomy has long been contentious.<br />
Additionally, they exhibit an extremely wide, continuous distribution across sub–Saharan Africa<br />
<strong>and</strong> utilise a multitude <strong>of</strong> different habitats (including woodl<strong>and</strong>s, forests <strong>and</strong> wooded<br />
savannahs). Their inherent crypsis <strong>and</strong> ecological variation makes the galagos an ideal study<br />
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group for the investigation <strong>of</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> variability. This study investigates how galagos vary<br />
according to their vocalizations, habitat requirements, body size <strong>and</strong> colour, <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />
within the forests <strong>of</strong> East Africa. Samples are also taken to analyse genetic variability.<br />
The main contentions with galago classification over the years have arisen through missclassification<br />
<strong>of</strong> specimens that possess extremely similar gross anatomical features <strong>and</strong> body<br />
sizes. Problems <strong>of</strong> miss-identification relate to shortfalls in certain classical taxonomic<br />
approaches, such as the use <strong>of</strong> skeletal measurements <strong>and</strong> pelage coloration. Such methodologies,<br />
although utilised in other groups to great effect over the years, yield less than satisfactory results<br />
within the galagos. For example, pelage coloration can show greater differences within species<br />
than between them (e.g. the pelage <strong>of</strong> the thick tailed greater galago, O. crassicaudatus, can be<br />
grey, black, or brown). Several other disciplines are helping to untangle the taxonomic confusion<br />
within this group.<br />
Recent research indicates that the number <strong>of</strong> galago ‘species’ therefore, may be underestimated<br />
when the differences in vocalizations, reproductive anatomy <strong>and</strong> genetics are considered<br />
(Bearder, Honess <strong>and</strong> Ambrose, 1995; Kingdon, 1997; Bearder, 1999). A survey conducted in<br />
South <strong>and</strong> South West <strong>Tanzania</strong> (Honess & Bearder, 1996; Honess, 2000) resulted in the<br />
description <strong>of</strong> two new species: the Matundu galago, Galagoides udzungwensis <strong>and</strong> the Rondo<br />
galago G. rondoensis. It also resulted in the elevation <strong>of</strong> G. zanzibaricus granti <strong>and</strong> G. demid<strong>of</strong>f<br />
orinus to full species level: G. granti (Grant’s galago), <strong>and</strong> G. orinus (the mountain galago)<br />
respectively. The taxonomic validity <strong>of</strong> G. udzungwensis is currently under review <strong>and</strong> it is now<br />
being treated as a synonym <strong>of</strong> G. zanzibaricus Grubb et al, 2002).<br />
Galagos in the Rufiji river area<br />
The forests <strong>of</strong> Rufiji are part <strong>of</strong> the East African coastal forests mosaic that are globally<br />
recognized for their biodiversity importance (Burgess & Clarke, 2000; Myers, 2000) <strong>and</strong> this is<br />
being reflected in their galago diversity.<br />
Figure 1. The Rufiji Environmental Management Project area, showing the main vegetation<br />
types. The principle study areas south <strong>of</strong> the R. River were in the Kichi Hills Proposed Forest<br />
Reserve, Kiwengoma <strong>and</strong> Nyamwete Forest Reserves <strong>and</strong> Mtanza/Msona Forest Reserve (just<br />
west <strong>of</strong> to Lake Zumbi).<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Recent mammal surveys conducted (Howell et al, 2000) in the Kichi Hills indicated the presence<br />
<strong>of</strong> Otolemur garnetti, G. zanzibaricus <strong>and</strong> possibly the Mwera galago sp. nov (Kingdon, 1997).<br />
By using specialised trapping, audio recording <strong>and</strong> vocalization recognition techniques it is<br />
anticipated that further galago identifications can be confirmed.<br />
The areas <strong>of</strong> forested or wooded habitats immediately either side <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji river are important<br />
localities in terms <strong>of</strong> galago biogeography, since it has been suggested that the Rufiji <strong>and</strong><br />
Kilombero Rivers mark the species boundary for the Zanzibar galago G. zanzibaricus (to the<br />
north <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River) <strong>and</strong> Grant’s galago G. granti (to the south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River) (Honess<br />
& Bearder, 1996; Kingdon, 1997). Therefore, obtaining data from both sides <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River<br />
<strong>and</strong>, as close to the river as possible is important as far as these two species are concerned. No<br />
research into the common biogeographical boundaries <strong>of</strong> G. zanzibaricus <strong>and</strong> G. granti in the<br />
Rufiji area has been conducted to date.<br />
It was also considered that another galago species, the Rondo galago Galagoides rondoensis, may<br />
be found in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Matumbi <strong>and</strong>/or the Kichi hills, <strong>and</strong> which is <strong>of</strong> great conservation<br />
importance. This species was originally thought be endemic to the Rondo plateau forests in SW<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> but has recently been discovered in Pugu/Kazimzumbwe forest reserves (just W <strong>of</strong> Dar<br />
es Salaam) <strong>and</strong> Zaraninge forest reserve (Bagamoyo district, on the western edge <strong>of</strong> Sadaani<br />
Game Reserve) (Perkin, 2000). It is believed to be a relictual conservative species left over from<br />
previous ‘species invasions’ when, during wetter periods in history, Congolean forests stretched<br />
across tropical Africa. The Rondo galago therefore seems to have a discrete fragmented<br />
distribution within the coastal forests, being confined to certain evergreen escarpment forests<br />
within the <strong>Tanzania</strong>n coastal forest belt. It was thought that the Matumbi <strong>and</strong> Kichi Hills forests<br />
may provide similar biophysical habitat as required by this species.<br />
O. garnetti is known to occur in a wide variety <strong>of</strong> moist forest types in East Africa including the<br />
coastal forests, <strong>and</strong> agricultural areas where suitable trees occur (Kingdon, 1997). It is<br />
anticipated that O. garnetti will be found in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Kichi <strong>and</strong> Matumbi Hills <strong>and</strong> the<br />
riverine forests <strong>of</strong> the R. Rufiji. In the drier miombo <strong>and</strong> acacia woodl<strong>and</strong> habitats O. garnetti is<br />
replaced by O. crassicaudatus. Whilst the taxonomic validity is in question, it is also possible that<br />
the ‘Mwera dwarf greater galago sp. nov. may occur in the forests <strong>of</strong> the Matumbi <strong>and</strong> Kichi hills<br />
(Kingdon, 1997, Grubb et al. 2002). It was also considered that G. moholi would occur in the<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>s to the south <strong>of</strong> the R. Rufiji <strong>and</strong> G. senegalensis to the north.<br />
Methods<br />
1. Tape recordings<br />
Galagos can most easily be identified in the field from their vocalizations. The various types <strong>of</strong><br />
calls made (up to 6 loud calls) depend on the behavioural status <strong>of</strong> the animal. Calls that signify<br />
the presence <strong>of</strong> one animal to another are known as advertising calls. Other calls mainly signify<br />
various states <strong>of</strong> alarm <strong>and</strong> possibly curiosity. For the purposes <strong>of</strong> species identification, the<br />
advertising calls are <strong>of</strong> most interest as they are species specific whereas the alarm calls can show<br />
some degrees <strong>of</strong> similarity in structure across several species. Tape recordings are made with a<br />
Sony WM-C6C tape recorder <strong>and</strong> Senheiser K6-ME66 directional microphone. All galago calls<br />
are recorded as are calls <strong>of</strong> owls, hyrax <strong>and</strong> other mammals recorded. Vocalisation data is<br />
analysed by a computerised digital sound analyser <strong>and</strong> compared with a library <strong>of</strong> calls held at the<br />
Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, UK, <strong>and</strong> the British Library <strong>of</strong><br />
Wildlife sounds, the British Library, London.<br />
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2. Observations<br />
Observations are made with the aid <strong>of</strong> a Petzel head torch with a halogen bulb. This torch picks<br />
out eye shine that is reflected by nocturnal mammals. Once eye shine is spotted, a four cell<br />
Maglite torch is used with binoculars (Zeiss DDR 10x50W), to obtain observations <strong>of</strong> the<br />
animal(s). Notes are made <strong>of</strong> the height <strong>of</strong> the animals in the canopy, support use, general<br />
behaviour <strong>and</strong> animal interactions.<br />
3. Trap data<br />
Chardonneret traps baited with fruit are used to capture galagos alive <strong>and</strong> sometimes bat nets are<br />
used to catch trap shy species. Traps are checked every 4-6 hours, <strong>and</strong> animals are extracted by<br />
h<strong>and</strong> without the need for anaesthesia. Biometric measurements are taken <strong>and</strong> tissue samples<br />
(from the ear, using a biopsy punch) are collected for genetic analysis <strong>and</strong> stored in ethanol.<br />
4. Population <strong>and</strong> ecological data<br />
Night walks are conducted along pre-existing paths where possible to reduce noise <strong>and</strong><br />
disturbance. Galago sightings <strong>and</strong>/or calls are noted. From this, relative densities are estimated<br />
by counting the number <strong>of</strong> galagos encountered over a measured distance. Given a known<br />
distance from the path within which animals can be counted reliably <strong>and</strong> the distance sampled, it<br />
is possible to estimate the number animals within that particular area. This estimate is usually<br />
very approximate <strong>and</strong> is biased by such factors as; detection ability, variability in habitat <strong>and</strong><br />
moon phase. Only by intensively trapping <strong>and</strong> marking (preferably radio tracking) <strong>of</strong> animals<br />
from a given known area can density estimates be properly made (Harcourt <strong>and</strong> Nash, 1986;<br />
Bearder <strong>and</strong> Martin, 1979). Encounter rates per hour can also give an indication <strong>of</strong> relative<br />
animals densities as well as activity rates under variable weather conditions <strong>and</strong> moon phases.<br />
5. Any other data.<br />
Other data collected opportunistically include; galago hairs, faeces <strong>and</strong> locating tree holes or nests<br />
where the animals may live during the daytime.<br />
Results<br />
Galagos<br />
Five species <strong>of</strong> galago were recorded from the study sites visited (see Table 1). A sixth species,<br />
suspected to be the Senegal galago was recorded in the Selous game reserve near S<strong>and</strong> Rivers<br />
Safari camp. This observation requires confirmation.<br />
Table 1. Galago records for the field sites visited south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River.<br />
Species/Site Kichi Hills FR Nyamuete FR Kiwengoma FR<br />
Garnett’s Galago<br />
Present in Present in forest Present in forest<br />
Otolemur garnetti<br />
forest<br />
Large Eared greater galago Not recorded Not recorded Present in Miombo<br />
Otolemur crassicaudatus<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>/ forest edge<br />
Senegal galago<br />
Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded<br />
Galago senegalensis<br />
Mohol galago<br />
Galago moholi<br />
Grant’s Galago<br />
Galagoides granti<br />
Zanzibar Galago<br />
Galagoides zanzibaricus<br />
Present<br />
miombo<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong><br />
in Not recorded Not recorded<br />
Present<br />
forest<br />
in Present in forest Present in forest<br />
Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 2. Galago records for the field sites visited north <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River.<br />
Species/Site Mtanza/<br />
Msona Forest Reserve<br />
Rufiji Riverine forest<br />
Garnett’s Galago<br />
Otolemur garnetti<br />
Present in forest Present in forest<br />
Large Eared greater galago Heard in surrounding Heard in surrounding<br />
Otolemur crassicaudatus woodl<strong>and</strong><br />
woodl<strong>and</strong><br />
Senegal Galago<br />
Galago senegalensis<br />
Not recorded Not recorded<br />
Mohol galago<br />
Galago moholi<br />
Not recorded Not recorded<br />
Grant’s galago<br />
Galagoides granti<br />
Not recorded Not recorded<br />
Zanzibar Galago<br />
Galagoides zanzibaricus<br />
Present in forest Not recorded<br />
Vocalization data<br />
The following calls were recorded or heard (Table 3). Calls shown in brackets are the known<br />
calls <strong>of</strong> this species from other localities in Africa but were not heard during this study.<br />
Table 3 The call types heard <strong>of</strong> each species detected during this survey.<br />
Species/Site Advertising call Alarm call 1 Alarm call 2<br />
Garnett’s Galago<br />
Otolemur garnetti<br />
Trailing call Cackle Squawks<br />
Large Eared greater<br />
galago<br />
Otolemur<br />
crassicaudatus<br />
Cry<br />
Senegal Galago<br />
Galago senegalensis<br />
(Honk)<br />
Mohol galago<br />
Galago moholi<br />
(Barks)<br />
Grant’s galago<br />
Galagoides granti<br />
Incremental call Sweep screeches Slow screeches<br />
Zanzibar Galago Single unit rolling call Yaps <strong>and</strong> descending Buzzes <strong>and</strong> yaps<br />
Galagoides<br />
zanzibaricus<br />
screeches<br />
Records <strong>of</strong> other Mammals<br />
Other small-medium sized mammals were recorded in the forested <strong>and</strong> coastal thicket habitat<br />
areas (Table 4). More widespread/non-forest dependent large mammal species were recorded in<br />
the bushl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> woodl<strong>and</strong> areas. These were; el<strong>and</strong>, greater kudu, warthog, buffalo, impala,<br />
zebra, lion (reported to have been heard from the river banks near the Msona campsite), hippo,<br />
brown hyena, side-striped jackal <strong>and</strong> slender mongoose.<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Table 4. The mammals recorded in the forested areas surveyed<br />
SH - seen <strong>and</strong>/or heard by research team <strong>and</strong> including evidence from footprints <strong>and</strong> dung. R - reported to occur by<br />
local people. NF - species occurring on the forest edge or in surrounding wood or bushl<strong>and</strong>. A - apparently absent,<br />
neither seen nor heard or reported to occur by local people.<br />
Species/<br />
Survey site<br />
Black <strong>and</strong> White Colobus<br />
Colobus Angolensis<br />
Blue Monkey<br />
Cercopithecus mitis<br />
Four toed elephant Shrew<br />
Petrodomus tetradactylus<br />
Black <strong>and</strong> Rufous elephant<br />
shrew<br />
Rhynchocyon petersi<br />
Zanj sun squirrel<br />
Heliosciurus undulatus<br />
Brush-tailed porcupine<br />
Athrerus africanus<br />
Giant-pouched rat<br />
Cricetomys gambianus<br />
Dog mongoose<br />
Bdeogale crassicauda<br />
Gennet<br />
Genneta sp.<br />
Leopard<br />
Panthera pardus<br />
Ground pangolin<br />
Manis temmenikii<br />
Aardvark<br />
Orycteropus afer<br />
Elephant<br />
Loxodonta africana<br />
Bush pig<br />
Potamochoerus larvatus<br />
Bushbuck<br />
Tragelaphus scriptus<br />
Bush duiker<br />
Sylvicarpa grimmia<br />
Blue duiker<br />
Cephalophus monticolor<br />
Red duiker**<br />
Cephalophus harveyi<br />
Suni<br />
Neotragus moschatus<br />
Mtanza/Msona<br />
FR <strong>and</strong> Rufiji<br />
Kichi Hills Nyamuete FR Kiwengoma<br />
FR<br />
FR<br />
riverine forest<br />
SH SH A A<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
SH SH* SH* SH*<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
A R R R<br />
SH R SH R<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
R R R R<br />
SH R R R<br />
R R A A<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
SH SH SH SH<br />
SH R R R<br />
SH A A A<br />
SH R R R<br />
SH R R R<br />
SH R R R<br />
The Black <strong>and</strong> Rufous elephant shrews observed differed in colour <strong>and</strong> patterning between sites<br />
north <strong>and</strong> south <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji River. At Mtanza <strong>and</strong> Msona Forest Reserve (north <strong>of</strong> the Rufiji<br />
river), the Black <strong>and</strong> Rufous elephant shrews were clearly very rich red in colour on the head <strong>and</strong><br />
shoulder areas <strong>and</strong> black on the rest <strong>of</strong> the back as described in Kingdon (1997). In the Kichi<br />
hills, Nyamuete <strong>and</strong> Kiwengoma forests this species is much more variable in coloration, with<br />
some that are generally much darker <strong>and</strong> others with slight dark chequering patterns on the back.<br />
The Red Duikers recorded at all sites may not all be Harvey’s red duiker Cephalophus harveyi<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
with those south <strong>of</strong> the river probably being the Natal red duiker C. natalensis. Lack <strong>of</strong> visual<br />
sittings prevented confirmation <strong>of</strong> this.<br />
Other faunal records<br />
A flapped necked chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis was recorded in the Kichi hills. This is a<br />
widespread forest species <strong>of</strong> chameleon. A Werner’s giant chameleon Chamaeleo werneri was<br />
brought to us by local school children at Nyamuete FR to try <strong>and</strong> sell it to us. A vine snake which<br />
was run over, was found on the road between Kibiti <strong>and</strong> Msona. Several amphispinean blind<br />
snakes Ionides sp. were also collected in the Kichi Hills <strong>and</strong> Nyamuete FR which are the first to<br />
be collected in the region.<br />
Bird records<br />
Some bird observations were made opportunistically <strong>and</strong> are included here only to augment the<br />
existing bird lists.<br />
Species/<br />
Survey site<br />
Mtanza/Msona FR<br />
<strong>and</strong> Rufiji riverine<br />
forest <strong>and</strong> camp site<br />
Kichi<br />
Hills FR<br />
Nyamuete<br />
FR<br />
African skimmer x<br />
Open billed stork x<br />
Yellow billed stork<br />
Hamerkop<br />
x<br />
Egyptian goose x<br />
Southern b<strong>and</strong>ed snake<br />
eagle<br />
x x x<br />
African fish eagle x<br />
Crowned eagle<br />
x x x x<br />
Stephanoaetus coronatus<br />
African hobby x<br />
White headed vulture x<br />
African harrier hawk x<br />
Bateleur x x x<br />
Little African<br />
sparrowhawk<br />
x<br />
Wood s<strong>and</strong>piper x<br />
Greenshank x<br />
White headed lapwing<br />
Vallenus albiceps<br />
x<br />
Emerald spotted wood<br />
dove<br />
x x x x<br />
African green pigeon x x<br />
Dusky pigeon<br />
Crested guinea fowl<br />
Guttera pucherani<br />
x x x x<br />
Brown necked parrot x X<br />
Lovebirds sp x x<br />
Blue crested turaco x<br />
Livingstones turaco<br />
Tauraco livingstonii<br />
x x x<br />
White-browed coucal x<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
FR<br />
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Species/<br />
Survey site<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Mtanza/Msona FR<br />
<strong>and</strong> Rufiji riverine<br />
forest <strong>and</strong> camp site<br />
Kichi<br />
Hills FR<br />
Nyamuete<br />
FR<br />
Burchell’s coucal x ? ? x<br />
African Emerald cuckoo x x<br />
Barred long tailed<br />
cuckoo<br />
x<br />
African wood owl Strix<br />
woodfordii<br />
x x x x<br />
African scops owl x(miombo<br />
only)<br />
Montane nightjar<br />
Caprimulgus<br />
poliocephalus<br />
x<br />
Boehm’s spinetail x<br />
Palm swift x<br />
Giant kingfisher x<br />
Pied kingfisher<br />
Malachite kingfisher<br />
x<br />
Narina’s trogon<br />
Little bee-eater<br />
x x x x<br />
Swallow-tailed bee-eater x<br />
White-fronted bee-eater x<br />
Lilac breasted roller x x<br />
Broad billed roller x<br />
Green wood-hoopoe x x x x<br />
Hoopoe x<br />
Trumpeter hornbill<br />
Tockus alboterminatus<br />
x x x x<br />
Crowned hornbill<br />
Tockus alboterminatus<br />
x x x x<br />
Ground hornbill x<br />
Moustached green<br />
tinkerbird Pogoniulus<br />
leucomystax<br />
x x<br />
Golden-tailed<br />
woodpecker<br />
x x<br />
Buff spotted woodpecker X?<br />
African broadbill x x<br />
Lesser striped swallow x x<br />
Black saw-wing X?<br />
Black cuckoo-shrike x x<br />
African pied wagtail x<br />
Common bulbul<br />
Pycnonotus barbatus<br />
Placid greenbul<br />
x x x x<br />
Yellow bellied greenbul x x x x<br />
Fisher’s greenbul x<br />
Nicator x x x<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
FR<br />
97
Species/<br />
Survey site<br />
White starred forest<br />
robin Pogonocichla<br />
stellata<br />
REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Mtanza/Msona FR<br />
<strong>and</strong> Rufiji riverine<br />
forest <strong>and</strong> camp site<br />
Kichi<br />
Hills FR<br />
x<br />
Nyamuete<br />
FR<br />
Red-capped robin chat x x x x<br />
Yellow throated apalis x x<br />
Common camaroptera x x x x<br />
White-eyed slatey x<br />
flycatcher<br />
Forest batis x<br />
East coast batis x x x x<br />
Paradise monarch x x x x<br />
Blue mantled crested<br />
monarch<br />
x<br />
Livingstone’s monarch x<br />
Yellow white-eye x x<br />
Collared sunbird<br />
Hedydipna collaris<br />
x x x x<br />
Olive sunbird<br />
Cyanomitra olivacea<br />
x x x x<br />
Little purpled b<strong>and</strong>ed<br />
sunbird<br />
x<br />
Tropical boubou x x x x<br />
Sulphur breasted<br />
bushshrike<br />
x x<br />
Retz’s Helmetshrike x x x x<br />
Black bellied glossy<br />
starling<br />
x<br />
Fork tailed drongo x x x x<br />
Square tailed drongo x x x<br />
Dark backed weaver x x x x<br />
(race kersteni)<br />
Green-winged ptilia x x<br />
Common waxbill x<br />
Discussion<br />
Galagos: Species distribution/biogeography <strong>and</strong> taxonomic implications<br />
Kiwengoma<br />
FR<br />
Greater galagos Otolemur spp.<br />
Consistent with other coastal forest areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Kenya</strong> O. garnetti was found in the<br />
forested <strong>and</strong> forest margin habitats. O. crassicaudatus was found in the drier woodl<strong>and</strong> habitats<br />
indicating that these two species are parapatrically distributed according to their ecological<br />
niches. Some areas <strong>of</strong> overlap probably occur along forest margins during nightly foraging, but<br />
their different behavioural ecologies e.g. distinctive calls, indicate that although the chance for<br />
cross breeding exists <strong>and</strong> may even occur occasionally the species remain distinct.<br />
Small galagos Galago spp.<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
The galagos Galago senegalensis <strong>and</strong> possibly G. moholi were observed in the miombo<br />
woodl<strong>and</strong>s. Perhaps the R. Rufiji splits these two widespread species with G. senegalensis to the<br />
north <strong>and</strong> G. moholi confined to the south. In other parts <strong>of</strong> western <strong>Tanzania</strong> around the<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> – Malawi border the two species are thought to occur parapatrically (Nash et al, 1986)<br />
but with no obvious biogeographical barrier present (like the R. Rufiji) it is not known exactly<br />
where G. moholi <strong>and</strong> G. senegalensis meet <strong>and</strong>/or overlap in Africa.<br />
Dwarf galagos Galagoides spp.<br />
It was considered that the R. Rufiji would is the species boundary for G. zanzibaricus <strong>and</strong> G.<br />
granti (Honess, 1996). This has been proved to be the case <strong>and</strong> has implications for galago<br />
taxonomy. G. granti is considered by some authors to be a sub species <strong>of</strong> G. zanzibaricus but<br />
their sympatric distribution <strong>and</strong> differences in call <strong>and</strong> morphology would seem support their<br />
status as full species. The penis morphology <strong>of</strong> G. granti is different from G. zanzibaricus<br />
(Honess, 1996; Kingdon, 1997). Also the penis morphology <strong>of</strong> the animal captured during this<br />
study is different from the published illustrations (Honess, 1996; Kingdon, 1997), which was<br />
probably taken from an immature specimen <strong>of</strong> unconfirmed identity (Bearder per com). In<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> G. granti has previously been located in the Rondo forests near Mtwara (Honess, 1996)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Nambiga forest reserve, Ifakara district on the south side <strong>of</strong> the Kilombero river. G. granti<br />
has a wide distribution as it is known to occur southwards into the forests <strong>of</strong> Mozambique. Its<br />
ability to occupy a variety <strong>of</strong> different habitats from coastal transitional woodl<strong>and</strong>, thicket <strong>and</strong><br />
evergreen coastal forests probably accounts for its wide distribution. However it was not found in<br />
Miombo woodl<strong>and</strong>s. G. rondoensis was not recorded.<br />
Biodiversity values <strong>and</strong> conservation<br />
The coastal forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> rank amongst the world's top biodiversity hotspots (Burgess &<br />
Clarke 2000). South <strong>of</strong> Utete, the Kichi Hills culminate around 500 m to 600 m asl <strong>and</strong> still<br />
contain a few patches <strong>of</strong> good quality forest. This survey <strong>and</strong> others (Howell et al, 2000) indicate<br />
the high biodiversity values <strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills forests consistent with those <strong>of</strong> other remaining<br />
coastal forest patches. The Kichi Hills forests are more or less connected through dense bushl<strong>and</strong><br />
with the more easterly forests reserves <strong>of</strong> Kiwengoma (500 to 600m asl) <strong>and</strong> Namakutwa (350 to<br />
400 m asl), which have already been surveyed <strong>and</strong> recognized as an important area for<br />
biodiversity <strong>and</strong> an important bird area (Burgess <strong>and</strong> Clarke, 2000). Some <strong>of</strong> these forests extend<br />
over the border into Kilwa district but little information on their status is available. Several<br />
specific issues, which are interrelated, are having an impact on the conservation <strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills<br />
forests.<br />
1. The recent all weather road built (Figure 1) by the management <strong>of</strong> the Selous Game<br />
Reserve (SGR), connecting Utete <strong>and</strong> the Kingupira entrance point <strong>and</strong> ranger post <strong>of</strong> the<br />
SGR, has been cut directly through the middle <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> the best preserved <strong>and</strong> least disturbed<br />
patches <strong>of</strong> the Kichi hills proposed forest reserve. This road will provide easier access for<br />
loggers <strong>and</strong> will attract more cultivators to the area. A freshly cut Mvule, Milicia exelsa, was<br />
found near the road, this species, like Mninga, Pterocarpus angolensis has become so rare in<br />
Rufiji District that its exploitation has been banned. The road, having already been built,<br />
should be used positively to bring forest conservation activities to the area <strong>and</strong> the adjacent<br />
communities.<br />
2. Local communities have traditionally adopted slash <strong>and</strong> burn shifting agriculture to the area.<br />
A relatively new development has been the growing <strong>of</strong> rain fed variety <strong>of</strong> hill rice. Usually<br />
one or two hectares <strong>of</strong> forested l<strong>and</strong> are cleared <strong>and</strong> then farmed for two to four growing<br />
seasons until the plot is ab<strong>and</strong>oned when the soil fertility is exhausted. One crop per year is<br />
harvested at low yields. The new road through the Kichi hills is <strong>and</strong> will attract more people<br />
to the area to farm. Addressing this issue is an immediate priority.<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
Figure 1. The road from Utete to Kingupira which cuts through the Kichi Hills is having<br />
a negative impact on the forest<br />
Conclusions<br />
Biological:<br />
1. The galagos Galagoides granti, G. zanzibaricus <strong>and</strong> Otolemur garnetti are forest<br />
dependent species <strong>and</strong> are thus directly affected by forest degradation <strong>and</strong> clearance. The<br />
findings <strong>of</strong> this survey support the taxonomic status <strong>of</strong> G. zanzibaricus <strong>and</strong> G. granti as<br />
distinct species. The coastal forest endemic species G. rondoensis was not found. The<br />
galago species Galago senegalensis, G. moholi <strong>and</strong> Otolemur crassicaudatus occur in the<br />
miombo woodl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>and</strong> so are widespread <strong>and</strong> non threatened species.<br />
2. The Kichi hills are an important area for biodiversity, <strong>and</strong> should be considered as<br />
biologically linked together with the SGR, <strong>and</strong> the Rufiji river catchment area.<br />
Conservation:<br />
1. The Kichi hills proposed forest reserve is threatened by clearance from unsustainable rice<br />
cultivation <strong>and</strong> logging, further exacerbated by the new Utete to Kingupira road. Socio<br />
economic surveys are required to assess the potential impacts the road through the Kichi<br />
hills.<br />
2. Further biodiversity surveys are required to comprehensively cover the area particularly<br />
bird surveys.<br />
3. Proposed conservation activities in the Kichi Hills by WWF must be implemented <strong>and</strong>/or<br />
linked with other projects in the area such as REMP. The status <strong>of</strong> the Kichi Hills<br />
proposed district forest reserve should be elevated to national level forest reserve status.<br />
Nature trails could be established but it is unlikely that there would be high user dem<strong>and</strong>.<br />
Notices posted in the area to broadcast informative environmental messages to road users<br />
<strong>and</strong> local people may also be useful.<br />
Acknowledgments<br />
I would like to thank the REMP project staff for all their assistance during the field work. I also<br />
thank COSTEC for providing research permission.<br />
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REMP Technical Report 44: Biodiversity Summary<br />
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