Table 1 - Proceedings of the Royal Society B

Table 1: Leaf vein densities, ages, and affinities. For living plants, basic growth habit 

indicated: (T)ree or shrub, (V)ine or liana, and (H)erb or subshrub. Sun and shadespecific 

samples (along with North and South facing subsets of sun leaves) indicated 

where appropriate. References provided as numerical footnotes where density values 

were either derived directly from the literature or measured from figured specimens. For 

species with multiple samples, all measurements are included in determination of the 

minimum-maximum range of the lineage, but a single mean value for each species is 

included for calculation of lineage means. 

Taxon Lineage Age 

Vein 

density 

Abutilon theophrasti H, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 18.2 

Abutilon theophrasti H, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 10.4 

Acer platanoides T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 6.3 

Acer platanoides T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 5.5 

Acer platanoides T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.8 

Acer rubrum T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.0 

Acer saccharinum T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.0 

Acer saccharinum T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.0 

Acer saccharum T, 36 Eurosids 2 Extant 9.0 

Acer saccharum T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 5.7 

Acer saccharum T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 5.3 

Acer saccharum T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 6.3 

Acorus sp. H Monocot Extant 5.2 

Acrostichum aureum H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 2.0 

Acrostichum danaeifolium H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 2.5 

Agathis robusta T Coniferales Extant 1.2 

Ailanthus glandulosa T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 16.4 

Ailanthus glandulosa T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 11.2 

Alethopteris davreuxii 13 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.0 

Alethopteris decurrens 13 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 4.0 

Alethopteris lancifolia 44 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 4.4 

Alethopteris lonchitica 45 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 4.7 

Alethopteris serlii 44 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 2.6 

Alethopteris urophylla 15 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 3.9 

Alethopteris valida 15 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 2.0 

Amaranthus retroflexus H, 46 Basal core eudicots Extant 6.8 

Amborella trichopoda T Basal angiosperms Extant 2.3 

Amborella trichopoda T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 4.6 

Amborella trichopoda T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 4.1 

Amborella trichopoda T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 5.1 

Ambrosia artemisiifola H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 10.2 

Ambrosia trifida H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 8.3 



Amelanchier alnifolia T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.0 

Anacardium occidentale T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.1 

Anemia aurita H, 40 Schizaeales Extant 2.1

Anemia phyllitidis H, 40 Schizaeales Extant 1.0 

Anetium citrifolium H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 0.3 

Aniba excelsa T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 2.6 

Aniba riparaia T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 2.9 

Anomozamites nilssoni 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 1.7 

Antennaria sp. H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 6.8 

Antrophyum cajenense H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 0.5 

Antrophyum lineatum H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 0.7 

Apeiba membranacea T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.5 

Apocynum cannabinum H, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 8.5 

Arabidopsis thaliana H, 14 Eurosids 2 Extant 6.2 

Araucaria araucana T, 35 Coniferales Extant 1.2 

Arbutus menziesii T, 46 Basal asterids Extant 5.8 

Archaeopteris halliana 22 Archaeopteridales Devonian 3.1 

Archaeopteris hibernica 37 Archaeopteridales Devonian 1.3 

Archaeopteris roemeriana 37 Archaeopteridales Devonian 3.7 

Arctium minus H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 6.7 

Arctium minus H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 5.9 

Arctostaphylos columbiana T, 46 Basal asterids Extant 8.4 

Aristolochia durior V, 46 Magnoliids Extant 6.2 

Ascarina philippinensis T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 4.0 

Ascarina philippinensis T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.7 

Ascarina rubricaulis T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 2.4 

Ascarina rubricaulis T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.6 

Ascarina solmsiana T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 4.4 

Ascarina solmsiana T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.6 

Asclepias syriaca H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 8.5 

Austrobaileya scandens V, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 1.9 

Austrobaileya scandens V, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 2.2 

Avicennia germinans T, 35 Euasterids 1 Extant 4.1 

Baptisia leucantha H, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 9.1 

Bedfordia salicina T Euasterids 2 Extant 5.7 

Begonia sp. H, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 0.8 

Beilschmiedia curviramea T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 4.7 

Berberis aquifolium T, 46 Basal eudicots Extant 7.1 

Berberis nervosa T, 46 Basal eudicots Extant 3.0 

Bolbitis bernoullii V, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 0.6 

Bolbitis nicotianifolia H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 0.9 

Bolbitis pergamentacea H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 2.5 

Bolbitis portoricensis H Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.5 

Bommeria Ehrenbergiana H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.8 

Botrychium virginianum H, 40 Ophioglossales Extant 1.2 

Byrsonima crassifolia T Eurosids 1 Extant 15.4 

C3 bambus. & panicoids (5 sp.) H, 41 Monocot Extant 6.1 

C3 festucoids (10 sp.) H, 41 Monocot Extant 4.5 

C4 NAD-ME (9 sp.) H, 41 Monocot Extant 8.9

C4 NADP-ME (8 sp.) H, 41 Monocot Extant 14.3 

C4 PCK (9 sp.) H, 41 Monocot Extant 8.7 

Calophyllum brasiliense T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.6 

Camptosorus rhizophyllus H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 1.0 

Campyloneurum aglaolepis H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.3 

Campyloneurum repens H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.0 

Castilla elastica sub. costaricana T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 5.8 

Catalpa speciosa T, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 6.9 

Catalpa speciosa T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 9.3 

Catalpa speciosa T, NORTH, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 5.5 

Catalpa speciosa T, SHADE, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 5.0 

Catalpa speciosa T, SOUTH, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 6.0 

Ceratonia siliqua T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.3 

Ceratopteris pteroides H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.0 

Ceratozamia mexicana T, 11 Cycadales Extant 1.4 

Cercis canadensis T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 7.8 

Cercis canadensis T, 36 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.7 

Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 3.3 

Cheiropleuria biscuspis H, 32 Gleicheniales Extant 5.5 

Chenopodium album H, 46 Basal core eudicots Extant 6.4 

Chimaphila umbellata T, 46 Basal asterids Extant 3.6 

Chloranthus erectus T Chloranthaceae Extant 2.0 

Chloranthus japonicus H Chloranthaceae Extant 3.1 

Chloranthus spicatus H Chloranthaceae Extant 3.4 

Chloranthus spicatus H Chloranthaceae Extant 3.1 

Chrysophyllum auratum T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 4.5 

Circaea lutetiana H, 46 Basal rosids Extant 5.0 

Citrus sinensis T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 3.1 

Cladophlebis aktashensis 25 Leptosporangiate Jurassic 1.8 

Clusia sp. V, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 2.0 

Cnemidaria nervosa T, 40 Cyatheales Extant 0.9 

Conceveiba guianensis T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.7 

Convolvulus sepium V, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 6.6 

Coprosma baueri T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 5.6 

Coprosma robusta T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 3.9 

Cordaites angulosostriatus 17 Cordaitales Penns./Perm. 2.3 

Cordaites borassifolius 17 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 2.5 

Cordaites crassus 24 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 1.4 

Cordaites felicis 24 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 1.8 

Cordaites lingulatus 24 Cordaitales Penns./Perm. 1.7 

Cordaites microstachys 17 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 3.5 

Cordaites palmaeformis 17 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 4.0 

Cordaites principalis 17 Cordaitales Penns./Perm. 2.6 

Cordaites rhombinervis 24 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 2.5 

Cordaites tenuistriatus 24 Cordaitales Pennsylvanian 1.7 

Cornus florida T, 6 Basal asterids Extant 5.7

Corylus americana T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 7.0 

Corynepteris angustissima 12 Zygopteridales Pennsylvanian 2.4 

Corynepteris coralloides 12 Zygopteridales Pennsylvanian 1.9 

Corynepteris similes 12 Zygopteridales Pennsylvanian 1.6 

Crassula ovata T, 35 Saxifragales Extant 0.4 

Crataegus sp. T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 9.9 

Cretaegus sp. T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 10.2 

Ctenis biloba 5 Cycadales Triassic 2.1 

Ctenis kaneharai 26 Cycadales Jurassic 1.2 

Ctenis sulcicaulis 26 Cycadales Jurassic 1.5 

Culcita coniifolia H, 40 Cyatheales Extant 1.6 

Curatela americana T Basal core eudicots Extant 16.2 

Cyathocarpus hemitelioides 10 Marattiales Pennsylvanian 2.4 

Dalbergia retusa T Eurosids 1 Extant 13.4 

Danaea elliptica H, 40 Marattiales Extant 0.9 

Danaea grandifolia H, 40 Marattiales Extant 1.5 

Dicksonia kendalli 25 Cyatheales Jurassic 3.8 

Dicksonites plueckenetii 19 Callistophytales Pennsylvanian 2.8 

Dicranopteris flexuosa H, 40 Gleicheniales Extant 3.8 

Dicranopteris pectinata H, 40 Gleicheniales Extant 2.9 

Dicroidium crassinervis 2, 5 Umkomasiales Triassic 1.3 

Dicroidium dubium 2, 5 Umkomasiales Triassic 1.8 

Dicroidium dutoitii 2, 5 Umkomasiales Triassic 1.6 

Dicroidium odontopteroides 2, 5 Umkomasiales Triassic 1.6 

Dicroidium zuberi 2, 5 Umkomasiales Triassic 1.9 

Dictyophyllum rugosum 25 Gleicheniales Jurassic 4.4 

Dioon edule T, 11 Cycadales Extant 2.2 

Dipteris conjugata H Gleicheniales Extant 4.4 

Dipteris conjugata H, 32 Gleicheniales Extant 5.6 

Dipteryx panamensis T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.5 

Drynaria quercifolia H, 32 Eupolypods 1 Extant 2.7 

Drypetes variabilis T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 4.9 

Eboracia lobifolia 25 Cyatheales Jurassic 3.1 

Ecclinusa guianensis T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 6.3 

Eddya sullivanensis 22 Archaeopteridales Devonian 2.0 

Eichhornia crassipes H, 35 Monocot Extant 4.2 

Elaeocarpus dentatus T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.7 

Encephalartos lehmanii T, 11 Cycadales Extant 2.3 

Eschweilera cf. trinitensis T, 39 Basal asterids Extant 7.4 

Eschweilera corrugata T, 39 Basal asterids Extant 8.3 

Estcourtia bergvillensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.9 

Estcourtia vandijkii 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.3 

Eucalyptus globules T Basal rosids Extant 9.4 

Eucalyptus globules T, 6 Basal rosids Extant 5.3 

Eupatorium urticaefolium H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 3.9 

Euphorbia milii T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 2.2

Evonymus sp. T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.3 

Fortopteris latifolia 19 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.3 

Fraxinus americana T, NORTH, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 7.9 

Fraxinus americana T, SHADE, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 7.6 

Fraxinus americana T, SOUTH, 48 Euasterids 1 Extant 9.4 

Gaultheria shallon T, 46 Basal asterids Extant 3.2 

Genipa americana T Euasterids 1 Extant 10.6 

Gigantopterid Fig. 6.2 23 Gigantopteridales Permian 3.9 






Ginkgo biloba T, SHADE Ginkgoales Extant 1.2 

Ginkgo biloba T, SUN Ginkgoales Extant 1.6 

Ginkgo huttoni 28 Ginkgoales Jurassic 2.0 

Ginkgo longifolius 28 Ginkgoales Jurassic 1.3 

Ginkgoites aviamnica 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 0.7 

Ginkgoites koningensis 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 2.4 

Ginkgoites matatiensis 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 1.4 

Ginkgoites muriselmata 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 1.0 

Ginkgoites telemachus 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 0.9 

Ginkgoites waldeckensis 4, 5 Ginkgoales Triassic 1.7 

Gleichenia squamosa H, 40 Gleicheniales Extant 2.6 

Glossopteris loskopensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.9 

Glossopteris symmetrifolia 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.2 

Gnetum leyboldii V, 38 Gnetales Extant 5.9 

Gnetum paniculatum V, 38 Gnetales Extant 7.4 

Gnetum urens V, 38 Gnetales Extant 4.9 

Gnetum venosum V, 38 Gnetales Extant 4.4 

Griselinia littoralis 6 Basal asterids Extant 4.9 

Guzmania monostachia H, 35 Monocot Extant 2.2 

Halleyoctenis brachypinnata 4, 5 Bennettitales Triassic 3.2 

Halleyoctenis megapinnata 4, 5 Bennettitales Triassic 4.6 

Hedyosmum orientale T Chloranthaceae Extant 1.6 

Hedyosmum angustifolium T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 3.5 

Hedyosmum angustifolium T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 3.8 

Hedyosmum anisodorum T Chloranthaceae Extant 3.8 

Hedyosmum bonplandianum T Chloranthaceae Extant 3.1 

Hedyosmum brasilense T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 7.3 

Hedyosmum brasilense T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 5.8 

Hedyosmum costaricens T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 2.8 

Hedyosmum costaricens T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 3.1 

Hedyosmum cuatrezacanum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 4.0 

Hedyosmum cuatrezacanum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.5 

Hedyosmum glabra T Chloranthaceae Extant 2.6

Hedyosmum goudotianum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 2.9 

Hedyosmum goudotianum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.1 

Hedyosmum maximum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 3.2 

Hedyosmum maximum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 3.2 

Hedyosmum mexicanum T Chloranthaceae Extant 3.5 

Hedyosmum orientale T Chloranthaceae Extant 2.1 

Hedyosmum peruvianum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 3.2 

Hedyosmum peruvianum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 4.7 

Hedyosmum racemosum T Chloranthaceae Extant 4.9 

Hedyosmum scabrum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 2.7 

Hedyosmum scabrum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 3.3 

Hedyosmum tono T Chloranthaceae Extant 3.4 

Hedyosmum translucidum T, SHADE Chloranthaceae Extant 2.7 

Hedyosmum translucidum T, SUN Chloranthaceae Extant 5.0 

Helianthus grosseserratus H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 9.0 

Hemionitis elegans H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.4 

Hemionitis palmata H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.5 

Hemionitis rufa H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.1 

Hernandia didymantha T, 35 Magnoliids Extant 3.5 

Hieronyma laxifolia T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.1 

Hirsutum acaderens 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.9 

Hirsutum dutoitides 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.0 

Hirsutum intermittens 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.7 

Hirsutum leslii 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.6 

Hoya carnosa V, 35 Euasterids 1 Extant 1.0 

Humulus lupulus V, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.2 

Hymenophyllites quadryidactylites 12 Leptosporangiate Pennsylvanian 3.3 

Hyparrhenia rufa H Monocot Extant 11.3 

Hypoderris brownii H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 0.9 

Illicium floridanum T Basal angiosperms Extant 4.9 

Illicium parviflorum T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 5.5 

Illicium parviflorum T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 5.7 

Impatiens biflora H, 6 Basal asterids Extant 5.4 

Iva xanthifolia H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 13.3 

Juglans nigra T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.4 

Juglans nigra T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 7.0 

Kadsura longipedunculata V Basal angiosperms Extant 5.0 

Kalanchoe sp. H, 35 Saxifragales Extant 0.8 

Karinopteris robusta 8 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.3 

Kylikipteris arguta 25 Cyatheales Jurassic 2.1 

Lanceolatus lerouxides 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.8 

Lanceolatus strictus 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.6 

Laurus nobilis T Magnoliids Extant 4.7 

Laveinopteris loshii 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 2.9 

Laveinopteris rarinervis 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.8 

Laveinopteris tenuifolia 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 3.3

Linopteris bunburii 16 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.7 

Linopteris neuropteroides 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 5.1 

Linopteris subbrongniartii 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 4.1 

Liquidamber styraciflua T, NORTH, 48 Saxifragales Extant 8.2 

Liquidamber styraciflua T, SHADE, 48 Saxifragales Extant 6.9 

Liquidamber styraciflua T, SOUTH, 48 Saxifragales Extant 9.3 

Liriodendron tulipifera T, 36 Magnoliids Extant 7.6 

Liriodendron tulipifera T, 35 Magnoliids Extant 6.5 

Lobatopteris micromiltoni 43 Marattiales Pennsylvanian 2.7 

Lonchopteris eschweileriana 13 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.8 

Lonchopteris petitii 13 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 5.0 

Lonchopteris rugosa 13 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 2.9 

Lonicera tatarica T, NORTH, 48 Euasterids 2 Extant 7.9 

Lonicera tatarica T, SHADE, 48 Euasterids 2 Extant 7.5 

Lonicera tatarica T, SOUTH, 48 Euasterids 2 Extant 9.7 

Lonicera hispidula V, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 10.5 

Lycopersicon esculentum H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 7.1 

Lyginopteris baumleri 31 Lyginopteridales Pennsylvanian 2.9 

Lyginopteris hoeninghausii 31 Lyginopteridales Pennsylvanian 4.1 

Lygodium heterodoxum V, 40 Schizaeales Extant 1.0 

Lygodium radiatum V, 40 Schizaeales Extant 0.8 

Lygodium venustum V Schizaeales Extant 2.8 

Mabea taquiri T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 7.4 

Macroneuropteris macrophylla 16 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.8 

Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri 16 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.4 

Macrozamia moorei T, 11 Cycadales Extant 2 

Manilkara bidentata T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 6.3 

Marattia anglica 25 Marattiales Jurassic 1.2 

Marattia laevis H, 40 Marattiales Extant 1.0 

Margaritopteris conwayi 34 Lyginopteridales Pennsylvanian 2.7 

Mariopteris hirsuta 19 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 3.5 

Mariopteris hirta 19 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 1.8 

Mariopteris lobatifolia 19 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.4 

Mariopteris muricata 8 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.3 

Mariopteris nervosa 8 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.3 

Mariopteris sauveurii 8 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 1.6 

Matonidium goepperti 25 Gleicheniales Jurassic 3.2 

Matteuccia struthiopteris H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 1.3 

Meryta sinclairii T, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 3.6 

Metaxya rostrata H, 40 Cyatheales Extant 1.3 

Metrosideros tomentosa T, 6 Basal rosids Extant 5.8 

Microcycas calocoma T, 11 Cycadales Extant 2.4 

Mirabilis nyctagineus H, 46 Basal core eudicots Extant 6.5 

Morus alba T, 47 Eurosids 2 Extant 11.2 

Morus alba T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 13.3 

Nageia nagi T Coniferales Extant 1.8

Nectandra grandis T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 5.9 

Neuralethopteris jongmansii 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 4.4 

Neuralethopteris rectinervis 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 5.1 

Neuralethopteris schlehanii 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.4 

Neurocallis praestantissima H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.1 

Neurodium lanceolatum H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 2.7 

Neuropteris dussartii 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.8 

Neuropteris flexuosa 16 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.9 

Neuropteris heterophylla 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.9 

Neuropteris hollandica 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 3.5 

Neuropteris oblique 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.7 

Neuropteris ovata 33 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 4.5 

Nicotiana alata H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 7.4 

Nicotiana tabacum H, 7 Euasterids 1 Extant 5.4 

Nilssonia compta 26 Cycadales Jurassic 1.7 

Nilssonia kendalli 26 Cycadales Jurassic 2.2 

Nilssonia tenuicaulis 26 Cycadales Jurassic 2.5 

Nilssonia tenuinervis 26 Cycadales Jurassic 3.5 

Nilssoniopteris major 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 2.1 

Nilssoniopteris vittata 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 2.7 

Niphidium crassifolium H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.1 

Noeggerathia chalardii 9 Noeggerathiales Pennsylvanian 3.9 

Noeggerathia foliosa 9 Noeggerathiales Pennsylvanian 2.5 

Nothofagus alpina T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 4.5 

Nothofagus dombeyi T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.8 

Nuphar polysepalum H Basal angiosperms Extant 5.9 

Ocotea duotincta T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 4.4 

Ocotea maritiana T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 6.6 

Ocotea nicaraguensis T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 5.3 

Ocotea subalveolata T, 29 Magnoliids Extant 5.4 

Odontosoria clavata H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 2.8 

Oenothera biennis H, 6 Basal rosids Extant 6.6 

Oligocarpia brongniartii 12 Basal filicales Pennsylvanian 2.2 

Oligocarpia gutbieri 12 Basal filicales Pennsylvanian 2.5 

Onoclea sensibilis H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 2.0 

Ophioglossum engelmannii H, 40 Ophioglossales Extant 2.0 

Ophioglossum palmatum H, 40 Ophioglossales Extant 1.5 

Ophioglossum reticulatum H, 40 Ophioglossales Extant 1.4 

Osmunda regalis H, 40 Osmundales Extant 2.0 

Otozamites beani 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 3.5 

Otozamites gramineus 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 3.9 

Otozamites tenuatus 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 5.4 

Ottokaria buriadica 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.0 

Ottokaria ferrugistratum 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.0 

Ottokaria hammanskraalensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.3 

Ottokaria transvaalensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.9

Palaeovittaria goedehoopensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.1 

Palaeovittaria kurzii 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.0 

Panax arboreum T, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 3.8 

Paripteris gigantea 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.6 

Paripteris linguaefolia 33 Medullosales Pennsylvanian 3.8 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia V, 46 Basal rosids Extant 6.1 

Passiflora sp. V, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 1.2 

Pausandra flagellorhachis T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 1.6 

Pecopteris bourozii 18 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 3.4 

Pecopteris bucklandii 31 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.6 

Pecopteris plumosa 18 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 1.7 

Pecopteris unita 10 Marattiales Pennsylvanian 0.5 

Pecopteris volkmannii 18 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.5 

Pera schomburgkiana T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 6.4 

Phalaenopsis sp. H, 35 Monocot Extant 0.7 

Pharus lappulacius H Monocot Extant 2.9 

Phlebopteris polypodoides 25 Gleicheniales Jurassic 2.0 

Photinia arbutifolia T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 6.8 

Photinia arbutifolia T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 13.3 

Phyllocladus aspleniifolius T Coniferales Extant 2.1 

Piranhea longepedunculata T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 10.8 

Plantago major H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 3.8 

Platanus occidentalis T, 46 Basal eudicots Extant 13.5 

Platanus occidentalis T, 6 Basal eudicots Extant 12.7 

Plumsteadia gibbosa 3 Glossopteridales Permian 1.7 

Plumsteadia natalensis 3 Glossopteridales Permian 3.4 

Pogonogphora sagotii T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 7.1 

Polygonum pennsylvanicum H, 46 Basal core eudicots Extant 8.3 

Polypodium triseriale H Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.0 

Populus canadensis T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 15.4 

Populus deltoides T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 14.8 

Populus deltoides T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 15.3 

Populus grandidentata T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 9.0 

Populus nigra T Eurosids 1 Extant 23.3 

Pouteria anibaefolia T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 10.3 

Pouteria calistophylla T, 35 Basal asterids Extant 7.2 

Pouteria egregia T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 9.4 

Pouteria trilocularis T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 4.9 

Pouteria venosa T, 29 Basal asterids Extant 8.3 

Prunus cerasus T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 9.6 

Prunus persica T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 11.4 

Prunus serotina T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 10.2 

Prunus serotina T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.2 

Prunus serotina T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 11.1 

Pseudoctenis fissa 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 1.1 

Pseudoctenis gracipinnata 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 1.4

Pseudoctenis harringtoniana 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 1.6 

Pseudoctenis longipinnata 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 2.2 

Pseudoctenis oleosa 26 Cycadales Jurassic 1.0 

Pseudoctenis sanipassiensis 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 1.3 

Pseudoctenis spatulata 4, 5 Cycadales Triassic 1.5 

Pseudopanax crassifolium T, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 5.6 

Pteris altissima H Basal polypodiales Extant 1.8 

Pteris biaurita H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 2.2 

Pteris grandifolia H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.0 

Pteris horizontalis H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.6 

Pteris semiadnata H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 1.1 

Pteris splendens H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 2.3 

Pterozonium terrestre H, 40 Basal polypodiales Extant 0.7 

Ptilophyllum hirsutum 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 2.9 

Ptilophyllum pectinoides 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 2.7 

Ptilophyllum sp. 4 Bennettitales Triassic 2.1 

Pyrus ioensis T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 9.0 

Pyrus ioensis T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 9.8 

Quercus agrifolia T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.5 

Quercus agrifolia T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 6.6 

Quercus alba T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 10.5 

Quercus douglasii T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 11.6 

Quercus douglasii T, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.3 

Quercus dumosa T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 11.1 

Quercus macrocarpa T, 47 Eurosids 1 Extant 9.7 

Quercus macrocarpa T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 12.2 

Quercus macrocarpa T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.8 

Quercus macrocarpa T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.1 

Quercus macrocarpa T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 14.1 

Quercus rubra T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.8 

Quercus velutina T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 11.5 

Quercus velutina T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 13.0 

Quercus velutina T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.2 

Quercus velutina T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 1 Extant 14.1 

Raphiolepis umbellata T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 3.8 

Ratibida pinnata H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 7.1 

Rhachiphyllum schenkii 30 Peltaspermales Permian 1.3 

Rhamnus californica T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 14.9 

Rhamnus californica T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 12.1 

Rhamnus crocea T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.5 

Rhamnus purshiana T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 11.8 

Rhedera trinervis T Euasterids 1 Extant 11.1 

Rhizophora mangle T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 3.6 

Rhus glabra T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 12.1 

Rhus integrifolia T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 15.2 

Rhus integrifolia T, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.8

Rhus laurina T, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 13.2 

Ricinus communis H, 47 Eurosids 1 Extant 11.8 

Ricinus communis H, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 15.6 

Rigbya arberioides 3 Glossopteridales Permian 2.2 

Robinia pseudoacacia T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 16.7 

Rubus australis V, 6 Eurosids 2 Extant 4.9 

Sagenopteris colpodes large 26, 42 Caytoniales Jurassic 0.7 

Sagenopteris colpodes small 26, 42 Caytoniales Jurassic 1.2 

Sagenopteris phillipsi 26 Caytoniales Jurassic 2.3 

Salix scouleriana T, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 10.5 

Salvia mellifera T, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 13.3 

Sambucus canadensis T, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 5.7 

Sapium sp. T, 29 Eurosids 1 Extant 6.1 

Sarcandra glabra T Chloranthaceae Extant 2.4 

Sarcandra glabra T Chloranthaceae Extant 2.7 

Schisandra glabra V Basal angiosperms Extant 2.6 

Silene stellata H, 6 Basal core eudicots Extant 5.3 

Silphium integrifolium H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 9.3 

Silphium perfoliatum H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 5.5 

Simarouba glauca T Eurosids 2 Extant 14.8 

Simira maxonii T, 35 Euasterids 1 Extant 6.8 

Solanum tuberosum H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 8.3 

Solidago rigida H, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 13.2 

Solidago rigida H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 13.5 

Sphaeropteris bradei T, 40 Cyatheales Extant 0.9 

Sphaeropteris dissimilis T, 40 Cyatheales Extant 0.7 

Sphenobaiera gyron 28 Ginkgoales Jurassic 1.0 

Sphenophyllum angustifolium 1 Sphenophyllales Penns./Perm. 2.7 

Sphenophyllum cuneifolium 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 2.7 

Sphenophyllum emarginatum 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 2.7 

Sphenophyllum gilmorei 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 3.4 

Sphenophyllum longifolium 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 1.2 

Sphenophyllum majus 1 Sphenophyllales Penns./Perm. 1.8 

Sphenophyllum oblongifolium 1 Sphenophyllales Penns./Perm. 2.1 

Sphenophyllum obovatum 1 Sphenophyllales Permian 2.1 

Sphenophyllum tenue 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 1.3 

Sphenophyllum tenuifolium 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 2.2 

Sphenophyllum thoni 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 1.1 

Sphenophyllum verticellatum 1 Sphenophyllales Pennsylvanian 2.6 

Sphenopteris sewardii 12 incertae sedis Pennsylvanian 2.1 

Stangeria pumila H, 11 Cycadales Extant 1.7 

Sterculia pruriens T, 39 Eurosids 2 Extant 14.3 

Sterculia recordiana T, 35 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.7 

Sturia amoena 12 Leptosporangiate fern Pennsylvanian 2.6 

Supaia thinnfeldioides 20 Peltaspermales Permian 2.0 

Swartzia simplex T, 35 Eurosids 1 Extant 6.3

Syringa vulgaris T, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 9.5 

Syringa vulgaris T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 10.9 

Taeniopteris cetilocus 5 incertae sedis Triassic 1.1 

Taeniopteris homerifolius 5 incertae sedis Triassic 1.1 

Taeniopteris parvilocus 5 incertae sedis Triassic 1.8 

Taeniopteris yabeiformis 5 incertae sedis Triassic 1.1 

Taraxacum officinale H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 8.6 

Tectaria confluens H Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.3 

Tectaria draconoptera H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.1 

Tectaria heracleifolia H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.7 

Tectaria predata H, 40 Eupolypods 1 Extant 1.2 

Thelypteris decussata H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 2.1 

Thelypteris macrophylla H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 0.9 

Thelypteris pennata H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 0.7 

Thelypteris serrata H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 1.3 

Tilia americana T, 47 Eurosids 2 Extant 8.1 




Todites denticulatus 25 Osmundales Jurassic 1.9 

Todites williamsoni 25 Osmundales Jurassic 3.1 

Touroulia guianensis T, 21 Eurosids 1 Extant 24.4 

Trichipteris procera T, 40 Cyatheales Extant 1.2 

Trichipteris wendlandii T, 40 Cyatheales Extant 1.3 

Trifolium pratense H, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 12.5 

Trifolium repens H, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 8.2 

Trimenia bougainvilleensis T Basal angiosperms Extant 4.7 

Trimenia macurura V, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 2.7 

Trimenia macurura V, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 3.7 

Trimenia marquesensis T Basal angiosperms Extant 3 

Trimenia moorei V, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 4 

Trimenia moorei V, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 4.6 

Trimenia neocaledonica T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 2.8 

Trimenia neocaledonica T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 3.8 

Trimenia nukuhivensis T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 3.3 

Trimenia nukuhivensis T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 4.6 

Trimenia papuana T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 3.3 

Trimenia papuana T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 4.6 

Trimenia weinmanniifolia T, SHADE Basal angiosperms Extant 3.4 

Trimenia weinmanniifolia T, SUN Basal angiosperms Extant 5.7 

Tropaeolum majus H, 46 Eurosids 2 Extant 7.1 

Ulmus americana T, 47 Eurosids 2 Extant 13.2 




Ulmus americana T, NORTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 14.9

Ulmus americana T, SHADE, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 10.2 

Ulmus americana T, SOUTH, 48 Eurosids 2 Extant 15.6 

Verbascum thapsus H, 46 Euasterids 1 Extant 10.9 

Verbascum thapsus H, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 12.1 

Veronica salicifolia T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 5.0 

Viburnum ellipticum T, 46 Euasterids 2 Extant 4.9 

Vicia faba H, 46 Eurosids 1 Extant 5.6 

Viola cucullata H, 6 Eurosids 1 Extant 6.1 

Vitex lucens T, 6 Euasterids 1 Extant 6.6 

Vitis vulpina V, 46 Basal rosids Extant 8.1 

Warszewiczia coccinea T, 35 Euasterids 1 Extant 10.3 

Wolemia nobilis T Coniferales Extant 1.3 

Woodwardia fimbriata H, 40 Eupolypods 2 Extant 1.4 

Xanthium commune H, 6 Euasterids 2 Extant 7.2 

Zamia pumila H, 35 Cycadales Extant 2.1 

Zamia pumila H, 11 Cycadales Extant 2.2 

Zamites queenslandi large 4 Bennettitales Triassic 3.2 

Zamites queenslandi small 4 Bennettitales Triassic 5.9 

Zamites gigas 27 Bennettitales Jurassic 3.5 

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