SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - Paulo R. Guimarães Jr.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - Paulo R. Guimarães Jr.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION - Paulo R. Guimarães Jr.
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5956<br />
NON-RANDOM COEXTINCTIONS IN PHYLOGENETICALLY<br />
INDEX<br />
STRUCTURED MUTUALISTIC NETWORKS<br />
Enrico L. Rezende, Jessica E. Lavabre, <strong>Paulo</strong> R. <strong>Guimarães</strong>, <strong>Jr</strong>.,<br />
Pedro Jordano, and Jordi Bascompte<br />
DATABASE .................................................................................................................... 2<br />
METHODS<br />
<br />
PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES ............................................................................... 2<br />
BRANCH LENGTH DIAGNOSTICS ........................................................................... 4<br />
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL ........................................................................................ .5<br />
POWER ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 7<br />
MANTEL TEST ....................................................................................................... 8<br />
TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY AND COEXTINCTION SIMULATIONS ................................ 9<br />
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 11<br />
TABLE S1 ............................................................................................................ 14<br />
FIGURE S1 ........................................................................................................... 16<br />
FIGURE S2 ........................................................................................................... 17<br />
FIGURE S3 ........................................................................................................... 18<br />
PHYLOGENIES (COMMUNITY CODES ARE LISTED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) ............. 19
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DATABASE<br />
The compressed file Rezende-SD.zip contains an Excel file with the entire database<br />
listing (i) results from statistical analyses summarized in the main text and the<br />
supplementary material below, (ii) qualitative and quantitative pollination and frugivory<br />
interaction matrices employed in this study, (iii) species list with their taxonomic<br />
information and (iv) references.<br />
PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES<br />
METHODS<br />
We assembled and analysed one animal and one plant phylogeny per community.<br />
Phylogenies with less than 10 species and/or too many unresolved nodes were discarded<br />
due to the low statistical power to detect phylogenetic signal inherent in these<br />
phylogenetic trees (Blomberg et al. 2003). Although some communities present highly<br />
divergent groups interacting (e.g., birds and insects as pollinators), we excluded species<br />
belonging to distant taxonomic groups to avoid comparisons with multiple uncontrolled<br />
variables (Garland et al. 2005, p. 3024), as distant groups probably differ in many traits<br />
apart from the one being studied (i.e., in our study, species number of interactions and<br />
the identity of their interactors). For example, a phylogenetic analyses pooling birds and<br />
insects in a single phylogeny would assume that phenotypic resemblance between these<br />
species as pollinators stem from shared evolutionary history. However, birds and insects<br />
have diverged prior to the evolution of land plants, and most of the phenotypic variation<br />
between these two major groups probably reflect evolutionary histories absolutely<br />
independent of pollination. As a result, we obtained 105 phylogenies for the following<br />
groups: 35 insect phylogenies (Class Insecta; all pollinators), 18 bird phylogenies (Class<br />
Aves; all frugivores), and 52 angiosperm phylogenies (Infraphylum Angiospermae; 33<br />
belonging to plant-pollinator and 19 to plant-frugivore networks).<br />
Except for one small group of birds (see below), all original references depicted<br />
phylogenetic hypotheses based on DNA sequences (either nuclear or mitochondrial).<br />
Phylogenies in our study were assembled by hand, and conflicting branching patterns<br />
were resolved conservatively. To maximize statistical power, we included the maximum<br />
number of species possible without compromising the quality of the phylogeny:<br />
unresolved nodes were left as soft politomies, and several species were not included
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given their uncertain phylogenetic position. Some species were included in the tree<br />
based on their taxonomic affiliation.<br />
PLANTS<br />
Plant phylogenies were built employing Phylomatic (Webb and Donoghue 2002), an<br />
online software that assembles phylogenetic trees for angiosperm families relying on<br />
taxonomic information, based primarily on the angiosperm phylogeny of Stevens<br />
(2001). Taxonomic information was obtained from the original studies, or from Index<br />
Nominum Genericorum Plantarum (http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/ing/ingForm.cfm) and<br />
Index Nominum Familiarum Plantarum Vascularium (Hoogland and Reveal 2005). To<br />
build our phylogenies, we employed the conservative tree available in Phylomatic,<br />
which leaves nodes with less than 80% support as soft politomies.<br />
INSECTS<br />
Phylogenetic hypotheses at the family level for insects were based on phylogenies<br />
available in Tree of Life (2002). We included families for four orders, which encompass<br />
the majority of insects in pollination networks: Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and<br />
Coleoptera (.txt files containing the complete phylogenetic information to the family<br />
level for these orders are available on request). Taxonomic affiliation for each species<br />
was determined from the original studies, or employing the following nomenclators on<br />
the web:<br />
HYMENOPTERA<br />
The database was developed as part of a PEET grant (Partnerships in Enhancing<br />
Expertise in Taxonomy) to Norman F. Johnson (Johnson.2@osu.edu). Supported<br />
by the National Science Foundation under grant DEB-9521648.<br />
http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymenoptera/nomenclator.home_page<br />
[accessed between February 23 and March 10, 2006]<br />
LEPIDOPTERA<br />
Beccaloni, G.W., Scoble, M.J., Robinson, G.S. & Pitkin, B. (eds). (2003). The<br />
Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex).<br />
http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/perth/lepindex/index.dsml [accessed between<br />
February 23 and March 10, 2006]<br />
DIPTERA<br />
Thompson, F. C. (ed.). (2005). Biosystematic Database of World Diptera,<br />
Version 7.5. 4 work records (not peer-reviewed material).<br />
http://www.diptera.org/names [accessed between February 20 and March 10,<br />
2006]
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BIRDS<br />
COLEOPTERA<br />
Pitkin, B. (ed.). (2003). The Coleoptera Collection and Card Index. World Wide<br />
Web electronic publication. /research-curation/projects/coleoptera/<br />
http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/entomology/collections/beetles/index.dsml<br />
[accessed between February 20 and March 10, 2006]<br />
Bird phylogenies were built employing several sources of information, attempting to<br />
assemble our hypotheses according to the best information on avian relations currently<br />
available. Relations among major avian groups followed Fain and Houde (2004),<br />
whereas relationships within passerines were based on Barker et al. (2004) and Cibois<br />
and Cracraft (2004). Relations among a small group of new world tyrants (a total of 7<br />
spp. in 3 different communities) followed Birdsley (2002), which was the only<br />
phylogeny not based on DNA sequence data (phylogenetic hypothesis based on<br />
morphological and behavioral characters). More detailed phylogenetic information for<br />
some groups was obtained from the following references:<br />
PASSERINES<br />
Oscine families (songbirds) – Spicer and Dunipace (2004)<br />
Fringillidae and Emberezidae – Burns et al. (2002, 2003), Yuri and Mindell<br />
(2002) and Ericson and Johansson (2003)<br />
Turdidae – Klicka et al. (2005)<br />
Trogonidae – Johansson and Ericson (2005)<br />
Tyrannids – Chesser (2004), Johansson et al. (2002) and Birdsley (2002)<br />
Corvids – Ericson et al. (2005) and Cicero and Johnson (2001)<br />
Paradisaea – Nunn and Cracraft (1996)<br />
Meliphagoidea – Driskell and Christidis (2004)<br />
Paridae – Gill et al. (2005)<br />
Sylviidae and Muscicapoidea – Bohning-Gaese et al. (2003)<br />
Icterus genus – Omland et al. (1999)<br />
NON-PASSERINES:<br />
Columbiforms – Johnson (2004)<br />
Toucans – Barker and Lanyon (2000), Weckstein (2005) and Eberhard and<br />
Bermingham (2005)<br />
Woodpeckers – Webb and Moore (2005)<br />
BRANCH LENGTH DIAGNOSTICS<br />
We employed the diagnostic test proposed by Garland et al. (1992) to determine the<br />
statistical adequacy of different arbitrary branch lengths. This computes the correlation<br />
between the absolute value of each standardized contrast against its standard deviation
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(i.e., the square root of the sum of its branch lengths). The absence of significant trends<br />
would suggest that contrasts are appropriately standardized (see also Diaz-Uriarte and<br />
Garland 1996). Three starter branch lengths were tested for the databases of species<br />
degree and strength: constant branch lengths (all branch lengths set equal to one), and<br />
arbitrary branch lengths following Grafen (1989) and Pagel (1992).<br />
For phylogenies with species degree as tip data, none of the three arbitrary<br />
starter branch lengths were adequate for all 105 phylogenies according to the<br />
diagnostics. We opted to employ constant branch lengths for the majority of the<br />
database because the number of phylogenies violating diagnostics was considerably<br />
lower (whereas 62 phylogenies showed significant trends employing Grafen’s, and 51<br />
employing Pagel’s, arbitrary branch lengths, only 28 phylogenies showed significant<br />
trends when all branch lengths were set equal to one; see Database). For the quantitative<br />
databases, violations occurred on 7 phylogenies with Grafen’s branch lengths, 4 with<br />
Pagel’s, and 5 with constant branch lengths, respectively. Therefore, we employed<br />
additional branch length transformations for the phylogenies that violated diagnostics<br />
strictly for statistical purposes. Arbitrary branch lengths according to Nee (cited in<br />
Purvis 1995, p. 416), or transforming Nee’s branch lengths with Grafen’s (1989) rho =<br />
0.5, proved to be adequate for these phylogenies.<br />
PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL<br />
We tested for the presence of phylogenetic signal on species degree and strength with<br />
randomization and branch-length-transformation tests (Blomberg et al. 2003). The<br />
randomization test consists in comparing Mean Square Errors (MSE) of phylogenetic<br />
Generalized Least-Square regression, obtained from the studied phylogeny, against a<br />
distribution of MSE obtained when values of species degree or strength have been<br />
randomly permuted across the tips of the same tree. If the tested MSE is lower than<br />
MSE of 95% of the permuted datasets, then we conclude that phylogenetic signal is<br />
statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The amount of phylogenetic signal was<br />
quantified with the K statistic, which is roughly a fraction of the amount of signal<br />
present in the dataset over the amount of signal expected from Brownian motion for the<br />
same tree topology.<br />
The branch-length-transformation test employs maximum likelihood to<br />
estimate, under some evolutionary models, the branch length transformation that would<br />
minimize MSE of the tip dataset, and tests whether the best fitting tree obtained under
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different models of character evolution differs significantly from a star phylogeny (i.e.,<br />
no hierarchical structure). Branch-length transformation tests were performed assuming<br />
the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of stabilizing selection (OU) and a model in which<br />
character evolution can accelerate or decelerate (ACDC). Because ACDC models did<br />
not converge in most cases, we discuss results from the OU model (all analyses are<br />
included in Supplementary Database for completeness). Although the randomization<br />
method and the branch-transformation method provide similar information about the<br />
presence of a phylogenetic signal, applying both techniques can be useful to<br />
determining how robust our results are and to overcoming limitations inherent to each<br />
statistical test (below).<br />
COMPARING P-VALUES AND ESTIMATES OF PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL<br />
It is not straightforward to perform comparisons between different trees and/or tip data<br />
(Blomberg et al. 2003), hence we adopted two different strategies to perform our<br />
comparisons. First, when we addressed whether the presence of phylogenetic signal was<br />
statistically significant, we employed phylogenies with branch lengths that were<br />
adequate according to diagnostics (in other words, branch lengths varied depending on<br />
the phylogeny and tip data; i.e., degree or species strength). Although the relationship<br />
between diagnostics and the randomization test is not clear, results from our database<br />
suggest that violations of traditional diagnostics can decrease the statistical power to<br />
detect phylogenetic signal (see also Table 1 in Rezende et al. 2004, and power analyses<br />
below). For instance, P-values obtained from randomization tests on 28 phylogenies,<br />
employing branch lengths which were adequate according to diagnostics, were<br />
significantly lower (paired t-test, t27 = 3.075, P = 0.005) than values obtained for the<br />
same phylogenies when all branch lengths were set equal to one (which violated<br />
diagnostics, see above). Accordingly, phylogenetic signal was significant (P < 0.05) in<br />
10 phylogenies, instead of 4, after branch lengths were appropriately transformed.<br />
Second, we compared K estimates (roughly the fraction of the amount of signal<br />
of the real data respect to the expectation assuming Brownian motion) obtained with<br />
species degree and strength employing the same phylogeny, with branch lengths set<br />
equal to one for all trees. Because our goal was to perform a pairwise comparison<br />
between K obtained with these different surrogates for species propensity to interact, we<br />
opted to employ the same branch lengths for species degree and strength to avoid<br />
confounding effects associated with different degrees of hierarchy on the starter
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phylogenies (e.g., see eq. 4 in Blomberg et al. 2003). This test would indicate whether a<br />
more hierarchical phylogeny would consistently fit better one trait than the other, which<br />
provides insights on which surrogate might be more dependent on evolutionary history.<br />
POWER ANALYSIS<br />
How pervasive is the presence of phylogenetic signal across taxa and communities?<br />
Lack of statistically significant phylogenetic signal may result from (i) the absence of<br />
any real effect of phylogeny on species propensity to interact, or from (ii) low statistical<br />
power (1 – Type II error rate) to detect signal if it is present. For this reason, results<br />
must be interpreted with caution. Although it is possible that phylogenetic signal is not<br />
present in some communities, statistical power of the randomisation test and branch-<br />
length-transformation test may be considerably low in some cases, for several reasons.<br />
First, measurement errors can reduce dramatically the power to detect<br />
phylogenetic signal, and error is unavoidable in such a large scale study, despite the<br />
efforts to minimize it. Measurement errors in this study may have occurred at several<br />
different levels: during the estimation of species interactions, during species<br />
identification, taxonomic classification and/or the phylogenetic position of particular<br />
species or clades may be inaccurate, arbitrary branch lengths, etc. In addition, estimates<br />
of species degree and strength may be biased (e.g., researchers exclude species wihtout<br />
interactions from their networks, although their close relatives may present several<br />
interactions), and this might affect the power to detect signal.<br />
Second, not surprisingly, the power to detect signal is lower for phylogenies<br />
with low number of species. Statistical power to detect phylogenetic signal with the<br />
randomisation test decreases from 0.8 for sample sizes of 20 species to less than 0.4 for<br />
10 species (see Fig. 2 in Blomberg et al. 2003). There is some evidence that we might<br />
be underestimating the presence of phylogenetic signal because of decreased power at<br />
lower sample sizes. For instance, the proportion of phylogenies with significant signal is<br />
substantially higher in the subset of phylogenies with larger sample sizes (N > 50) than<br />
in the database as a whole (50 % versus 32%). In addition, the slopes of linear<br />
regressions of K versus sample size differ significantly between phylogenies where<br />
significant phylogenetic signal has been detected versus those without significant signal<br />
(Fig. S1), and suggest that K should be disproportionally larger at lower sample sizes in<br />
order to attain significance (results remain qualitatively identical after removing the<br />
potentially influential point with K = 2.14). Accordingly, a multiple regression of log
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(P-value + 1) on log (number of species N) and log K, reproducing the analyses of<br />
Blomberg et al. (2003) with our data, supports that N and K are significant negative<br />
predictors of the probability of rejecting absence of signal as the null hypothesis (log N:<br />
F = 86.9, P < 0.001; log K: F = 74.1, P > 0.001).<br />
Third, the nature of the data itself. Species degree and strength are discrete data,<br />
and neither are normally distributed (for several of the matrices analysed here, the<br />
distribution of species degree and species strength are highly skewed; Jordano et al.<br />
2003, Bascompte et al. 2006). Consequently, the statistical power of the randomisation<br />
test should be lower simply because several species share the same tip data (e.g.,<br />
Database). To test this hypothesis, we first simulated 100 datasets under Brownian<br />
motion on eight phylogenies of our database and estimated the statistical power to<br />
detect phylogenetic signal as described in Blomberg et al. (2003). We then sorted the tip<br />
data of each simulated dataset, replaced these value by the sorted degree values of the<br />
real set of species (obtaining 100 datasets with phylogenetic signal and the same degree<br />
distribution of the tested phylogeny), and estimated statistical power again. As<br />
expected, departures from normality and the discrete nature of the data decreased<br />
statistical power in most cases, and the magnitude of this effect varied considerably<br />
between datasets (from no effect up to a 46 % decrease in power, Fig. S2).<br />
Differences in statistical power between datasets probably stem from the<br />
interaction of several factors, such as the phylogeny size, topology (e.g. degree of<br />
hierarchy and number of unresolved nodes) and the frequency distribution of tip data.<br />
Controlling for the effects of these factors can be cumbersome and possibly misleading,<br />
hence we opted for a conservative strategy of employing a critical significance level of<br />
! = 0.05. Nevertheless, because the Type II error rates for the randomisation rates are<br />
considerably higher than Type I error rates, and the amount of signal estimated as K, d<br />
or g (see original paper) is considerably low in most cases, we are confident that results<br />
reported in our study are conservative.<br />
MANTEL TEST<br />
We used Mantel tests to compare phylogenetic distance matrices with matrices of<br />
ecological distances between species. Phylogenetic distance between pairs of plants (or<br />
animals) was estimated as the expected covariance of the trait between the two species<br />
(Blomberg et al. 2003; Garland et al. 2005). Ecological distance was calculated as 1-S,<br />
where S is the Jaccard index of similarity obtained from qualitative interaction matrices
5956 <br />
(Lengendre and Legendre 1998). The similarity between two species, i and j, is defined<br />
as S(i, j)=a/(a+b+c), where a, b, and c represent the number of shared interacting<br />
species, the number of interactions specific to species i, and the number of interactions<br />
exclusive to species j, respectively.<br />
Because differences in degree affect Jaccard estimates, we also performed partial<br />
Mantel tests controlling for degree (the pairwise distance in degree was calculated as the<br />
absolute difference in degree between two species). Hence, this partial test can discern<br />
whether phylogeny affects strictly with whom species interact, independently of the<br />
total number of interactions of each species. Because partial Mantel test can inflate<br />
Type I error rates (e.g., Raufaste and Rousset 2001, Castellano and Balleto 2002),<br />
employing different null models may be more appropriate depending on the<br />
characteristics of the data (Legendre 2000). We performed permutations of the residuals<br />
and of the raw data for all phylogenies (the second method was suggested by Legendre<br />
[2000] to avoid increased Type I error rates associated with data skewness), employing<br />
the software developed by Bonnet and Van de Peer (2002). Because all results were<br />
qualitatively identical, we report values obtained with permutation of residuals.<br />
TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY AND COEXTINCTION SIMULATIONS<br />
As a surrogate for phylogenetic diversity, we estimated taxonomic diversity of plants<br />
and animals in the largest available phylogenies (23 plant and 27 pollinator phylogenies<br />
with more than 30 species, and 15 bird phylogenies with more than 15 species; see<br />
Supplementary Methods). Briefly, path length weights between species increase as they<br />
are more distantly related taxonomically (i.e., species of the same genus have a distance<br />
of 1 whereas species from different genera within the same family have a distance of 2,<br />
and so on), generating a matrix of pairwise taxonomic distances. The mean taxonomic<br />
distance between all species was employed as an index of taxonomic diversity in<br />
subsequent regressions (Clarke and Warwick 1998).<br />
Extinction cascades were simulated for the 10 largest communities (all having<br />
more than 40 animal and plant species) with available taxonomic affiliation, following<br />
Memmott et al. (2004). After one species is removed, species left without any<br />
interaction go coextinct. Species removal started from the most specialized (least-<br />
linked) to the most generalized (most-linked) species, which was proposed as a more<br />
plausible extinction sequence because specialist species tend to be less abundant than<br />
generalists (Jordano et al. 2003; Memmott et al. 2004; Vázquez and Aizen 2004).
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After an extinction cascade, we calculated the decrease of taxonomic diversity of<br />
the real community respect to the expected decrease in the absence of phylogenetic<br />
signal. This was done by replicating the coextinction cascade after randomizing the<br />
taxonomic affiliation of species going coextinct (i.e., nodes remain unchanged but their<br />
“name tags” are shuffled). This null model removes effects of phylogenetic relatedness<br />
(Blomberg et al. 2003) controlling for network structure and species number. The<br />
relative taxonomic diversity is the ratio between real and null values, and the average<br />
rate of taxonomic loss per community is the slope of a linear regression with an<br />
intercept forced through 1 (i.e., real values and the null expectation are equal when no<br />
species are removed).
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Legendre, P. (2000) Comparison of permutation methods for the partial correlation and<br />
partial Mantel tests. J. Statist. Comput. Simul. 67: 37 – 73.<br />
Legendre, P. and L. Legendre (1998). Numerical Ecology. 2 nd English edition. Elsevier<br />
Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.<br />
Lewinsohn, T.M., P.I. Prado, P. Jordano, J. Bascompte and J.M. Olesen (2006).<br />
Structure in plant-animal interaction assemblages. Oikos 113: 174-184.<br />
Memmott, J., N. M. Waser and M.V. Price (2004). Tolerance of pollination networks to<br />
species extinctions. Proc. R. Soc. London B 271, 2605-2611.<br />
Nunn, G.B. and J. Cracraft (1996). Phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages<br />
of the birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae) using Mitochondrial DNA gene<br />
sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 5: 445-459.<br />
Omland, K.E., S.M. Lanyon and S.J. Fritz (1999). A molecular phylogeny of the<br />
NewWorld orioles (Icterus): the importance of dense taxon sampling. Mol. Phyl.<br />
Evol. 12:224-239.<br />
Pagel, M. D. (1992). A method for the analysis of comparative data. J. Theor. Biol. 156:<br />
431-442.<br />
Purvis, A. (1995). A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc.<br />
Lond. B 348:405-421.<br />
Raufaste N., F. Rousset. 2001. Are partial Mantel tests adequate? Evolution. 55:1703–<br />
1705.
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Spicer, G.S and L. Dunipace (2004). Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passeriformes)<br />
inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mol. Phyl.<br />
Evol. 30: 325-335.<br />
Stevens, P. F. (2001). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 6, May 2005 [and more<br />
or less continuously updated since].<br />
http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/<br />
Tree of Life Web Project. (2002). Insecta. Insects. Version 01 January 2002 (under<br />
construction). http://tolweb.org/Insecta/8205/2002.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web<br />
Project, http://tolweb.org/ [accessed on February 27, 2006]<br />
Vászquez, D.P. and M.A. Aizen (2004). Asymmetric specialization: a pervasive feature<br />
of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology 85: 1251-1257.<br />
Webb, C.O. and M.J. Donoghue (2002). Phylomatic: A Database for Applied<br />
Phylogenetics. http://www.phylodiversity.net/phylomatic [accessed between<br />
February 2 and February 23, 2006].<br />
Webb, D.M. and W.S. Moore (2005). A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their<br />
allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order<br />
Piciformes). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 36:233-248.<br />
Weckstein, J.D. (2005). Molecular phylogenetics of the ramphastos toucans:<br />
implications for the evolution of morphology, vocalizations, and coloration. Auk<br />
122: 1191-1209.<br />
Yuri, T. and D.P. Mindell (2002). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae,<br />
‘‘New World nine-primaried oscines’’ (Aves: Passeriformes). Mol. Phyl. Evol.<br />
23: 229–243.
5956 <br />
TABLE S1<br />
Summary for the 59 communities studied, listing results of randomisation analyses (K), regular Mantel (Z) and partial Mantel tests (Zpartial)<br />
performed separately for plants and animals (105 phylogenies total). P-values of zero actually indicate P < 0.001.<br />
PLANTS ANIMALS<br />
CODE Pol/Frug N sp.<br />
Plants a<br />
N sp.<br />
Animals a<br />
ARR1 P 84 / 84 101 / 97 0.307 0.084 0.035 0.068 0.08 0.001 0.224 0.168 0.152 0.001 0.145 0.001 A<br />
ARR2 P 43 / 43 64 / 60 0.358 0.246 0.076 0.046 0.116 0.005 0.24 0.12 0.192 0.001 0.194 0.001 PA<br />
ARR3 P 36 / 36 25 / 23 0.43 0.116 -0.05 0.147 -0.01 0.572 0.242 0.793 0.247 0.001 0.225 0.001 A<br />
BAHE P 12 / 12 102 / 91 0.479 0.484 -0.12 0.802 -0.12 0.785 0.307 0.015 -0.02 0.784 -0.01 0.611<br />
BAIR F 7 / - 21 / 21 - - - - - - 0.283 0.463 0.084 0.13 0.185 0.006<br />
BEEH F 31 / 31 9 / - 0.268 0.982 0.053 0.137 0.055 0.163 - - - - - -<br />
CACG F 25 / 23 16 / 15 0.45 0.494 0.055 0.197 0.155 0.021 0.279 0.981 0.11 0.154 0.195 0.004<br />
CACI F 34 / 33 20 / 20 0.389 0.4 0.06 0.078 0.12 0.006 0.475 0.114 -0.04 0.666 0.078 0.206<br />
CACO F 25 / 23 13 / 13 0.466 0.162 0.101 0.07 0.124 0.046 0.541 0.154 0.129 0.125 -0.15 0.903<br />
CAFR F 21 / 21 15 / 15 0.424 0.455 -0.12 0.959 0 0.505 0.32 0.753 0.148 0.093 0.233 0.003<br />
CLLO P 96 / 96 275 / 246 0.255 0.067 0.018 0.196 0.015 0.214 0.228 0 0.095 0.001 0.13 0.001 A<br />
CROM F 72 / 71 7 / - 0.3 0.014 0 0.569 -0.12 0.99 - - - - - -<br />
DIHI P 17 / 17 61 / 58 0.349 0.894 0.117 0.118 0.115 0.129 0.322 0.088 0.116 0.002 0.031 0.239 A<br />
DISH P 16 / 16 36 / 34 0.317 0.397 0.077 0.185 0.112 0.113 0.4 0.232 0.166 0.002 0.134 0.003 A<br />
DUPO P 11 / 11 38 / 36 0.57 0.322 0.04 0.394 0.069 0.301 0.315 0.792 0.099 0.011 0.086 0.041 A<br />
EOL P 24 / 24 118 / 112 0.433 0.079 0.054 0.192 0.054 0.18 0.197 0.24 0.019 0.117 0.007 0.386<br />
EOLZ P 31 / 31 76 / 74 0.499 0.02 0.092 0.052 0.089 0.055 0.222 0.01 0.082 0.001 0.085 0.001 A<br />
ESKI P 14 / 14 13 / 12 0.422 0.732 0.065 0.276 0.115 0.146 0.448 0.518 0.062 0.314 -0.07 0.657<br />
FROS F 16 / 16 10 / - 2.14 0.016 0.5 0.001 0.334 0.001 - - - - - -<br />
GEN1 F 7 / - 18 / 17 - - - - - - 0.911 0.021 0.344 0.002 0.113 0.109<br />
GEN2 F 35 / 34 29 / 28 0.412 0.128 0.088 0.028 0.105 0.013 0.525 0.041 0.269 0.001 0.269 0.001 PA<br />
HAMM F 45 / 43 19 / 16 0.281 0.087 0.328 0.001 0.361 0.001 0.502 0.189 0.534 0.001 0.293 0.002 PA<br />
HERR P 26 / 26 179 / 164 0.435 0.183 0.094 0.06 0.098 0.073 0.227 0.047 0.173 0.001 0.159 0.001 A<br />
HOCK P 29 / 29 81 / 72 0.532 0.011 0.133 0.008 0.151 0.003 0.257 0.129 0.11 0.002 0.049 0.039 PA<br />
HRAT F 16 / 16 16 / 16 0.531 0.394 0.033 0.347 0.208 0.013 0.396 0.259 0.116 0.106 -0.01 0.523<br />
INPK P 42 / 42 85 / 80 0.363 0.666 0.091 0.067 0.063 0.106 0.178 0.752 0.068 0.002 0.066 0.003 A<br />
KANT F 5 / - 27 / 27 - - - - - - 0.346 0.281 0.05 0.194 -0.11 0.971<br />
KEVN P 20 / 20 91 / 75 0.525 0.072 0 0.489 0.006 0.394 0.21 0.126 0.122 0.001 0.055 0.036 A<br />
KT90 # P 91 / 91 679 / 101 0.261 0.155 -0.03 0.926 -0.02 0.846 0.252 0.267 - - - -<br />
LAMB F 25 / - 61 / 61 - - - - - - 0.303 0.001 0.083 0.002 0.05 0.042<br />
LOPE F 19 / 17 8 / - 0.337 0.51 -0.13 0.93 -0.19 0.924 - - - - - -<br />
MACK F 32 / 32 32 / 32 0.292 0.382 -0.09 0.957 -0.05 0.811 0.3 0.181 0.147 0.002 0.215 0.001 A<br />
K PK Z PZ Zpartial PZpartial K PK Z PZ Zpartial PZpartial Pl_An b
5956 <br />
MED1 P 21 / 21 45 / 43 0.386 0.253 -0.02 0.604 -0.01 0.557 0.332 0.014 0.136 0.014 0.098 0.048 A<br />
MED2 P 23 / 23 72 / 68 0.435 0.64 0.012 0.394 0.031 0.286 0.252 0.313 0.049 0.049 0.061 0.032 A<br />
MEMM P 25 / 25 79 / 42 0.454 0.124 0.147 0.028 0.159 0.021 0.31 0.313 0.174 0.001 0.21 0.001 PA<br />
MOMA P 11 / 11 18 / 17 0.466 0.67 -0.17 0.893 -0.13 0.758 0.28 0.607 0.321 0.001 0.355 0.001 A<br />
MONT F 170 / 168 40 / 39 0.175 0.842 -0.02 0.947 0.004 0.401 0.231 0.265 0.069 0.037 0 0.536 A<br />
MOTT P 13 / 13 44 / 42 0.537 0.212 -0.02 0.579 0.018 0.428 0.398 0.477 0.011 0.376 0.027 0.212<br />
MULL P 105 / 105 54 / 39 0.246 0.392 -0.02 0.7 0.025 0.173 0.316 0.175 -0.06 0.936 -0.04 0.859<br />
NCOR F 25 / 25 33 / 33 0.243 0.66 -0.02 0.653 0.047 0.223 0.301 0.018 0.053 0.13 0.135 0.001<br />
NNOG F 18 / 18 28 / 28 0.335 0.486 -0.1 0.865 -0.05 0.739 0.28 0.077 0.042 0.212 0.176 0.001<br />
OFLO P 10 / 10 12 / - 0.632 0.231 0.272 0.023 0.379 0.007 - - - - - -<br />
OFST P 7 / - 42 / 39 - - - - - - 0.302 0.237 -0.05 0.946 -0.07 0.912<br />
OLAU P 29 / 29 55 / 54 0.251 0.65 -0.08 0.929 -0.04 0.249 0.311 0.12 0.137 0.001 0.099 0.004 A<br />
OLLE P 9 / - 56 / 39 - - - - - - 0.257 0.677 0.053 0.16 -0.07 0.856<br />
PERC P 61 / 61 36 / 31 0.342 0.046 -0.06 0.99 -0.02 0.728 0.337 0.122 0.359 0.001 0.328 0.001 A<br />
PRAP P 18 / 18 60 / 53 0.876 0.007 0.147 0.021 0.21 0.008 0.21 0.327 0.045 0.076 0.052 0.077 P<br />
PRCA P 41 / 41 139 / 131 0.323 0.18 0.134 0.022 0.133 0.009 0.239 0.004 0.115 0.001 0.133 0.001 PA<br />
PRCG P 49 / 49 118 / 111 0.243 0.477 -0.02 0.66 -0.04 0.816 0.246 0.016 0.073 0.002 0.1 0.001 A<br />
PTND # P 131 / 131 666 / 68 0.268 0.01 0.074 0.001 0.094 0.001 0.245 0.114 - - - -<br />
RABR P 33 / 33 53 / 46 0.498 0.043 0.056 0.153 0.103 0.046 0.3 0.311 0.055 0.045 0.056 0.043 A<br />
RMRZ P 48 / 48 49 / 46 0.408 0.024 0.022 0.272 0.01 0.4 0.437 0.031 0.103 0.001 0.176 0.001 A<br />
SAPF F 27 / 27 8 / - 0.416 0.275 -0.09 0.789 0.075 0.209 - - - - - -<br />
SCHM P 7 / - 33 / 32 - - - - - - 0.539 0.069 0.131 0.004 -0.01 0.559<br />
SMAL P 13 / 13 34 / 32 0.712 0.148 0.566 0.002 0.519 0.001 0.417 0.022 0.015 0.389 -0.03 0.651 P<br />
SMRA P 26 / 26 130 / 122 0.483 0.02 0 0.496 0.131 0.01 0.342 0.001 0.051 0.001 0.026 0.116 A<br />
SNOW F 50 / 48 14 / 14 0.466 0.086 0.163 0.001 0.233 0.001 0.948 0.008 0.118 0.126 0.223 0.016 P<br />
WES F 207 / 206 110 / 80 0.277 0.006 0.085 0.001 0.094 0.001 0.178 0.486 0.164 0.001 0.162 0.001 PA<br />
WYTH F 11 / 11 14 / 14 0.552 0.689 0.152 0.122 0.224 0.046 0.306 0.824 0.091 0.176 0.034 0.381<br />
a<br />
Listed as number of species on the original matrix / number of species included in the phylogeny.<br />
b<br />
List of which phylogenies (P = plants, A = animals, PA = both) were significantly correlated with ecological distances, according to regular<br />
Mantel tests (main text, Fig. 4).<br />
# Randomisation tests for animal phylogenies were performed on families averages because the original number of species was extremely large,<br />
Mantel tests were not performed.
5956 <br />
K statistic<br />
3<br />
1<br />
0.5<br />
0.1<br />
P < 0.05<br />
P = n.s.<br />
FIGURES<br />
10 100<br />
Comparison between slopes:<br />
F 1,101 = 8.268, P < 0.005<br />
Number of species<br />
Figure S1. Relationship between K statistics and number of species per phylogeny, comparing the<br />
slopes of linear regressions (in a log-log scale) between phylogenies where significant phylogenetic<br />
signal was detected (P < 0.05) versus those where signal was not significant.<br />
<br />
400
5956 <br />
Statistical power<br />
1.0<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90<br />
Number of species<br />
Simulated data<br />
Degree from dataset<br />
Figure S2. Estimates of statistical power of the randomization test, employing continuous<br />
simulated data and the degree distribution of the real dataset (see text for details). Phylogenies<br />
employed here were, in increasing order of size: PRAP (plant), SAPF (plant), OLAU (plant),<br />
NCOR (animal), PRCA (plant), WES (animal) and ARR1 (plant).
5956 <br />
CLLO<br />
PRCG<br />
SMRA<br />
Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Diptera<br />
Lepidoptera Diptera<br />
Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera<br />
Randomization Mantel<br />
Community Taxonomic Number of K P Z P<br />
group species<br />
CLLO Hymenoptera 135 0.258 0.002 0.060 0.011<br />
Lepidoptera 37 0.352 0.177 0.110 0.007<br />
Diptera 67 0.302 0.462 0.049 0.075<br />
PRCG Lepidoptera 29 0.703 < 0.001 0.171 0.081<br />
Diptera 52 0.325 0.037 -0.006 0.508<br />
SMRA Coleoptera 47 0.371 0.248 -0.013 0.565<br />
Lepidoptera 21 0.797 0.008 0.133 0.044<br />
Diptera 52 0.254 0.138 0.031 0.268<br />
Figure S3. Assessing the magnitude and significance of phylogenetic effects within major<br />
taxonomic groups in three insect (pollinator) species. Only groups with more than 20 spp. were<br />
analyzed. Results from randomization and Mantel tests are listed on the table at the bottom (results<br />
for the entire communities are listed in Table S1).
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY ARR1 – Pollination<br />
Buprestidae sp.<br />
Coleoptera ni sp.<br />
Lithurgomma wagen<br />
Coelioxys sp1<br />
Megachile semi<br />
Megachile sp1<br />
Megachile sp 2<br />
Anthidium chilensis<br />
Anthidium.f<br />
Anthidium gayi<br />
Anthidium decapsilum<br />
Anthidium adriani<br />
Bombus dahlbomii<br />
Mesonychium gayi<br />
Isepeolus ni<br />
Svastrides melanura<br />
Centris cineraria<br />
Centris nigerrima<br />
Centris sp<br />
Alloscirtetica sp1<br />
Alloscirtetica rufitarsis<br />
Alloscirtetica gayi<br />
Anthophora incerta<br />
Anthophora sp1<br />
Tapinotaspis caerulea<br />
Tapinotaspis herbsti<br />
Panur sp1<br />
Liphanthus sabulosus<br />
Liphanthus sp1<br />
Liphanthus sp2<br />
Cadeguala occidentalis<br />
Caupolicana dimidiata<br />
Chilimelissa sp1<br />
Hemicolletes ruiz<br />
Chilicola sp.1<br />
Chilicola sp2<br />
Colletes aruacariae<br />
Colletes fulvipes<br />
Colletes sp1<br />
Xanthocolletes sicheli<br />
Xanthocolletes incahuasi<br />
Xanthocolletes sp<br />
Ruizantheda mut<br />
Dialectus sp<br />
Corynurus sp<br />
Caenohalictus sp1<br />
Caenohalictus sp2<br />
Caenohalictus sp3<br />
Elaphroptera relicta<br />
Vespidae<br />
Hypodynerus sp1<br />
Hypodynerus sp2<br />
Hypodynerus sp3<br />
Andinus venustus<br />
Pseudolucia chilensis<br />
Etcheverrius ch<br />
Faunula leuco<br />
Yramea lathonoides<br />
Auca coctei<br />
Hypsochila wagen<br />
Phulia nymphula<br />
Tatochila mercedis<br />
Tatochila sp<br />
Sarcophagidae sp.1<br />
Tachinidae sp1<br />
Ruiziella luctuosa<br />
Chaetodemoticus chilensis<br />
Spathipalpus ph<br />
Vibrissomyia sp<br />
Prosopochaeta caliginosa<br />
Prosopochaeta sp.<br />
Muscidae sp.1<br />
Anthomyiidae sp2<br />
Anthomyiidae sp4<br />
Agromyzidae sp1<br />
Agromyzidae sp2<br />
Euryglos ph<br />
Scaeva mel<br />
Habromyia lipo<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Lycophlaeba lug<br />
Truphloechus bellus<br />
Bombyliidae<br />
Villa spp.<br />
Villa hypoxantha<br />
Villa verdensis<br />
Villa semifus<br />
Villa flavicura<br />
Villa arenari<br />
Villa durvillei<br />
Villa gai<br />
Villa guttapennis<br />
Dasybasis sp1<br />
Scaptia atra<br />
Tabanidae<br />
Bibionidae sp1<br />
Bibionidae sp2<br />
PHYLOGENIES<br />
AN_ARR1 PL_ARR1<br />
Alstroemeria pallida<br />
Nothoscordum andinum<br />
Solenomelus sisyrinchium<br />
Sisyrinchium arenarium<br />
Sisyrinchium junceum<br />
Sisyrinchium philippii<br />
Tristagma sessile<br />
Leucocoryne pauciflora<br />
Leucocoryne ixioides<br />
Hippeastrum uni<br />
Rhodophiala montana<br />
Barneoudia chilensis<br />
Berberis empetrifolia<br />
Berberis montana<br />
Quinchamalium chilensis<br />
Cerastium arvense<br />
Trichocereus ch<br />
Calandrinia affinis<br />
Calandrinia uspallatensis<br />
Erodium cicutarium<br />
Viviania marifolia<br />
Oenothera acaulis<br />
Clarkia tenella<br />
Oxalis cinerea<br />
Oxalis geminata<br />
Oxalis sp<br />
Euphorbia portulacoides<br />
Malesherbia linearifolius<br />
Lathyrus subandinus<br />
Anarthrophyllum cumingii<br />
Lupinus microcarpus<br />
Adesmia conferta<br />
Adesmia radicifolia<br />
Adesmia aconcaguensis<br />
Adesmia brachy<br />
Adesmia exilis<br />
Adesmia montana<br />
Astragalus curvicaulis<br />
Astragalus sp<br />
Tetraglochin alatum<br />
Acaena pinn<br />
Tropaeolum sessilifolium<br />
Tropaeolum polyph<br />
Tropaeolum tricolor<br />
Lepidium suffruticosum<br />
Cardamine nivalis<br />
Collomia biflora<br />
Scyphanthus elegans<br />
Loasa heterophylla<br />
Loasa sigmoidea<br />
Cynoglossum<br />
Phacelia secunda<br />
Stachys albi<br />
Verbena scoparia<br />
Calceolaria montana<br />
Calceolaria arac<br />
Calceolaria biflora<br />
Calceolaria indet<br />
Solanum tomatillo<br />
Salpiglossis sp<br />
Schizanthus grahamii<br />
Valeriana gracileps<br />
Asteriscium aemocarp<br />
Sanicula graveolens<br />
Mulinum spinosum<br />
Bowlesia tropaeolifolia<br />
Madia sativa<br />
Leuceria landbeckii<br />
Nardophyllum lanatum<br />
Nassauvia heterophylla<br />
Chuquiraga oppositifolia<br />
Hypochoeris<br />
Perezia carthamoides<br />
Chaetanthera euphrasioides<br />
Chaetanthera microphylla<br />
Senecio bustillosianus<br />
Senecio erucaeformis<br />
Senecio francisci<br />
Senecio lithostaurus<br />
Haplopappus sericeus<br />
Haplopappus chysanthemifolius<br />
Mutisia sinuata<br />
Mutisia acerosa<br />
Mutisia subulata
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY ARR2 – Pollination<br />
AN_ARR2<br />
Coleoptera ni sp<br />
Caenohal sp1<br />
Bombus dahlbomii<br />
Alloscirtetica sp1<br />
Alloscirtetica rufitarsis<br />
Centris nigerrima<br />
Centris cineraria<br />
Centris cana<br />
Anthidium sp1<br />
Anthidium funereum<br />
Megachile semirufa 2<br />
Mega sp1<br />
Megachile sp5<br />
Megachile sp2<br />
Megachile sp4<br />
Megachile semirufa 1<br />
Panurgidae sp1<br />
Chilicola sp1<br />
Colletes fulvipes<br />
Colletes sp1<br />
Gayella reedi<br />
Vespidae<br />
Hypodynerus sp1<br />
Hypodynerus sp2<br />
Hypodynerus sp3<br />
Andinus ve<br />
Phulia nymphula<br />
Tatochila mercedis<br />
Tatochila sp<br />
Pseudolucia chilensis<br />
Yramea modesta<br />
Etcheverrius ch<br />
Faunula leuco<br />
Yramea lathonoides<br />
Auca coc<br />
Bibionidae sp1<br />
Sarcophagidae sp1<br />
Tachinidae sp1<br />
Vibrissomyia sp<br />
Ateloglutus sp<br />
Spathipalpus ph<br />
Prosopochaeta caliginosa<br />
Prosopochaeta sp<br />
Anthomyiidae sp1<br />
Anthomyiidae sp2<br />
Agromyzidae sp2<br />
Agromyzidae sp1<br />
Scaeva mel<br />
Habromyia lipoflava<br />
Lycophlaeba lugu<br />
Bombyliidae sp1<br />
Villa verdensis<br />
Villa spp.<br />
Villa gai<br />
Villa hypoxantha<br />
Villa arenari<br />
Villa flavicura<br />
Villa semifus<br />
Tabanidae sp1<br />
Dasybasis sp1<br />
PL_ARR2<br />
Nothoscordum andinum<br />
Tristagama bivalva<br />
Berberis empetrifolia<br />
Ranunculus peduncularis<br />
Cerastium arvense<br />
Cerastium montioides<br />
Calandrinia affinis<br />
Calandrinia sericea<br />
Calandrinia dianthoides<br />
Oxalis compacta<br />
Oxalis geminata<br />
Oxalis cinerea<br />
Euphorbia portulacoides<br />
Viola philippii<br />
Astragalus curvicaulis<br />
Anarthrophyllum cumingii<br />
Anarthrophyllum gayanum<br />
Acaena pinnatifida<br />
Discaria nana<br />
Tropaeolum polyph<br />
Stenodraba st<br />
Cardamine nivalis<br />
Loasa caespitosa<br />
Calceolaria biflora<br />
Calceolaria arachnoides<br />
Sanicula graveolens<br />
L. acaulis<br />
Azorella monantha<br />
Azorella bolacina<br />
Chuquiraga oppositifolia<br />
Werneria pygmaea<br />
Erigeron andicola<br />
Mutisia sinuata<br />
Chaetanthera euphrasioides<br />
Chaetanthera pusilla<br />
Chaetanthera apiculata<br />
Senecio erucaeformis<br />
Senecio<br />
Senecio bustillosianus<br />
Senecio francisci<br />
Nassauvia heterophylla<br />
Nassauvia axillaris<br />
Nassauvia pungens
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY ARR3 – Pollination<br />
Coleoptera ni sp<br />
Bombus dahlbomii<br />
Anthidium sp1<br />
Stenanthidium espinosai<br />
Megachile sp5<br />
Megachile semirufa<br />
Andinus venustus<br />
Phulia nymphula<br />
Hypsochila wagen<br />
Tatochila mercedis<br />
Pseudolucia chilensis<br />
Yramea mod<br />
Faunula leu<br />
Cynthia terpsichore<br />
Dasybasis sp<br />
Sarcophagidae<br />
Tachinidae<br />
Vibrissomyia sp<br />
Scaeva mel<br />
AN_ARR3 PL_ARR3<br />
Habromyia lipoflava<br />
Syrphidae<br />
Bombyliidae sp1<br />
Villa spp<br />
Ranunculus peduncularis<br />
Calandrinia affinis<br />
Calandrinia caespitosa<br />
Calandrinia occulta<br />
Calandrinia picta<br />
Calandrinia sericea<br />
Oxalis compacta<br />
Oxalis sp<br />
Viola atropurpurea<br />
Viola montagnei<br />
Viola philippii<br />
Acaena pinnatifida<br />
Adesmia cap<br />
Adesmia glomerula<br />
Nototriche compacta<br />
Tropaeolum polyph<br />
Cardamine nivalis<br />
Draba tenuis<br />
Draba gilliesii<br />
Loasa caespitosa<br />
Caiophora coronata<br />
Phacelia secunda<br />
Oreopolus glacialis<br />
Junellia uniflora<br />
Valeriana radicalis<br />
L. acaulis<br />
Azorella madreporica<br />
Pozoa coriacea<br />
Senecio francisci<br />
Leucheria salina<br />
Erigeron andicola<br />
Chaetanthera lyco<br />
Chaetanthera flabellata<br />
Nassauvia lagascae<br />
Nassauvia pungens<br />
Nassauvia pinni
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY BAHE – Pollination<br />
AN_BAHE<br />
Anthonomus sp.<br />
Orsodacne atra<br />
Acmaeopsoides rufula<br />
Evodinus monticola<br />
Judolia montivagans<br />
Pidonia ruficolis<br />
Trachysida aspera<br />
Anthaxia expansa<br />
Dalopius sp.<br />
Cantharis sp.<br />
Eusphalerum convexum<br />
Eusphalerum phothos<br />
Eusphalerum sp.<br />
Zaraea americana<br />
Psithyrus sp.<br />
Bombus perplexus<br />
Bombus ternarius<br />
Bombus terricola<br />
Bombus vagans<br />
Nomada cuneata<br />
Nomada sayi<br />
Osmia lignaria<br />
Osmia proxima<br />
Osmia pumila<br />
Andrena melanochroa<br />
Andrena miranda<br />
Andrena nivalis<br />
Andrena rufosignata<br />
Andrena sigmundi<br />
Andrena thaspii<br />
Andrena wheeleri<br />
Andrena wilkella<br />
Andrena w-scripta<br />
Hylaeus basalis<br />
Hylaeus ellipticus<br />
Hylaeus stevensi<br />
Sphecodes sp.<br />
Dialictus cressoni<br />
Dialictus imitatus<br />
Dialictus sp.<br />
Evylaeus divergens<br />
Evylaeus quebecensis<br />
Halictus confusus<br />
Halictus rubicundus<br />
Passaloecus sp.<br />
Rhopalum sp.<br />
Ancistrocerus sp.<br />
Vespula arenaria<br />
Phalaenophana pyramusalis<br />
Poanes hobomok<br />
Pieris napi<br />
Celastrina argiolus<br />
Lygus refidorsus<br />
Tychius stephensi<br />
Paramyia nitens<br />
Sarcophaga nearctica<br />
Eremomyioides setosa<br />
Pegohylemyia fugax<br />
Eudasyphora cyanicolor<br />
Phaonia serva<br />
Mallota posticata<br />
Melagyna lasiophthalma<br />
Melanostoma sp.<br />
Orthoneura pulchella<br />
Parasyrphus relictus<br />
Pyrophaena rosarum<br />
Tropidia quadrata<br />
Carposcalis confusus<br />
Carposcalis obscura<br />
Chalcosyrphus curvarius<br />
Chalcosyrphus inarmatus<br />
Chalcosyrphus memorum<br />
Chalcosyrphus nigra<br />
Cheilosia pallipes<br />
Cheilosia sialia<br />
Cheilosia slossonae<br />
Cheilosia tristis<br />
Sphaerophoria bifurcata<br />
Sphaerophoria longipilosa<br />
Sphaerophoria sp.<br />
Syritta pipiens<br />
Syritta rectus<br />
Temnostoma alternans<br />
Temnostoma balyras<br />
Temnostoma barberi<br />
Xylota bigelowi<br />
<br />
Xylota hinei<br />
Xylota sp.<br />
Eclimus harrisi<br />
<br />
Bombylius major<br />
Bombylius pigmaeus<br />
PL_BAHE<br />
Cypripedium acaule<br />
Trillium undulatum<br />
Maianthemum canadense<br />
Medeola virginiana<br />
Clintonia borealis<br />
Oxalis montana<br />
Cornus canadensis<br />
Trientalis borealis<br />
Pyrola secunda<br />
Chimaphila umbellata<br />
Aralia nudicaulis<br />
Linnaea borealis
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY BAIR – Frugivory<br />
Zenaidura macroura<br />
Vireo olivaceus<br />
Carpodacus purpureus<br />
Cardinalis cardinalis<br />
Dendroica coronata<br />
Pipilo erythophtalmus<br />
Zonotrichia albicollis<br />
Junco hyemalis<br />
Euphagus carolinus<br />
Quiscalus quiscula<br />
Bombycilla cedrorum<br />
Turdus migratorius<br />
Catharus guttata<br />
Mimus polyglottos<br />
Sturnus vulgaris<br />
Parus atricapillus<br />
Parus bicolor<br />
Colaptes auratus<br />
Melanerpes carolinensis<br />
Picoides pubescens<br />
Picoides villosus<br />
AN_BAIR PL_BAIR<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Smilax rotundifolia<br />
Lindera benzoin<br />
Vitis spp.<br />
Celastrus orbiculatus<br />
Rhus radicans<br />
Cornus florida<br />
Lonicera japonica
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY BEEH – Frugivory<br />
Parotia lawesii<br />
Epimachus albertisii<br />
Diphyllodes magnificus<br />
Lophorina superba<br />
Ptiloris magnificus<br />
Paradisaea raggiana<br />
Paradisaea rudolphi<br />
Manucodia keraudrenii<br />
Manucodia chalybatus<br />
AN_BEEH PL_BEEH<br />
(not included in analysis)<br />
Pandanus<br />
Zingiberaceae<br />
Piper<br />
Myristica<br />
Elmerrillia<br />
Uvaria<br />
Cissus hypoglauca<br />
C. aristata<br />
Syzygium<br />
Sloanea aberrans<br />
S. sogerensis<br />
Homalanthus<br />
Glochidion<br />
Endospermum<br />
Aporusa<br />
Ficus drupacea<br />
Ficus gul<br />
Ficus odoardi<br />
Ficus 202<br />
Ficus 181<br />
Ficus 217<br />
Ficus 246<br />
Ficus 275<br />
Ficus 371<br />
Sterculia<br />
Aglaia<br />
Chisocheton<br />
Dysoxylum<br />
Canthium<br />
Gastonia<br />
Schefflera
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CACG – Frugivory<br />
Zenaida zenaida<br />
Columba squamosa<br />
Todus mexicanus<br />
Vireo altiloquous<br />
Tyrannus dominicensis<br />
Icterus dominicensis<br />
Molothrus bonariensis<br />
Euphonia musica<br />
Spindalis portoricensis<br />
Nesospingus speculiferus<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Tiaris bicolor<br />
Loxigilla portoricensis<br />
Margarops fuscatus<br />
Turdus plumbeus<br />
AN_CACG PL_CACG<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Ocotea leucoxylon<br />
Phoradendron spp.<br />
Myrcia splendens<br />
Henriettea fascicularis<br />
Miconia affinis<br />
Miconia prasina<br />
Miconia serrulata<br />
Alchornea latifolia<br />
Casearia arborea<br />
Clusia rosea<br />
Byrsonima coriacea<br />
Inga laurina<br />
Inga vera<br />
Cecropia schreberiana<br />
Ficus<br />
Guarea guidonia<br />
Cupania americana<br />
Myrsine coriacea<br />
Tournefortia hisutissima<br />
Psychotria berteroana<br />
Schefflera morototoni<br />
Dendropanax arboreus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CACI – Frugivory<br />
AN_CACI<br />
Zenaida asiatica<br />
Columba squamosa<br />
Todus mexicanus<br />
Melanerpes portoricensis<br />
Vireo altiloquous<br />
Vireo flavirostris<br />
Vireo latimeri<br />
Myarchus antillarum<br />
Tyrannus caudifasciatus<br />
Tyrannus dominicensis<br />
Margarops fuscatus<br />
Icterus dominicensis<br />
Euphonia musica<br />
Dendroica caerulescens<br />
Dendroica tigrina<br />
Spindalis portoricensis<br />
Nesospingus speculiferus<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Tiaris bicolor<br />
Loxigilla portoricensis<br />
PL_CACI<br />
Piper<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Philodendron angustatum<br />
Tillandsia<br />
Musa acuminata<br />
Dendropemon bicolor<br />
Phoradendron<br />
Buchenavia capitata<br />
Syzygium jambos<br />
Henriettea fascicularis<br />
Miconia affinis<br />
Miconia racemosa<br />
Miconia serrulata<br />
Alchornea latifolia<br />
Casearia arborea<br />
Clusia rosea<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Andira inermis<br />
Inga laurina<br />
Inga vera<br />
Cecropia schreberiana<br />
Ficus<br />
Guarea guidonia<br />
Citrus sinensis<br />
Zanthoxylum martinicensis<br />
Myrsine coriacea<br />
Cordia sulcata<br />
Solanum rugosum<br />
Coffea arabica<br />
Palicourea crocea<br />
Palicourea guianensis<br />
Schefflera morototoni<br />
Dendropanax arboreus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CACO – Frugivory<br />
Columba squamosa<br />
Vireo altiloquous<br />
Vireo latimeri<br />
Myarchus antillarum<br />
Tyrannus caudifasciatus<br />
Tyrannus dominicensis<br />
Molothrus bonariensis<br />
Euphonia musica<br />
Spindalis portoricensis<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Loxigilla portoricensis<br />
Margarops fuscatus<br />
Turdus plumbeus<br />
AN_CACO PL_CACO<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Roystonea borinquena<br />
Ocotea coriacea<br />
Persea americana<br />
Guapira fragrans<br />
Dendropemon bicolor<br />
Phoradendron spp.<br />
Syzygium malaccensis<br />
Alchornea latifolia<br />
Hieronyma clusioides<br />
Clusia gundlachi<br />
Clusia rosea<br />
Cecropia schreberiana<br />
Ficus<br />
Cupania americana<br />
Zanthoxylum martinicensis<br />
Guarea guidonia<br />
Comocladia glabra<br />
Bursera simaruba<br />
Petitia dominguensis<br />
Marcgravia rectiflora<br />
Chrysophyllum argenteum<br />
<br />
Ardisia
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CAFR – Frugivory<br />
AN_CAFR<br />
Columba squamosa<br />
Melanerpes portoricensis<br />
Turdus plumbeus<br />
Vireo altiloquous<br />
Vireo flavirostris<br />
Vireo latimeri<br />
Myarchus antillarum<br />
Tyrannus caudifasciatus<br />
Tyrannus dominicensis<br />
Icterus dominicensis<br />
Euphonia musica<br />
Spindalis portoricensis<br />
Nesospingus speculiferus<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Loxigilla portoricensis<br />
PL_CAFR<br />
Roystonea borinquena<br />
Musa acuminata<br />
Ocotea floribunda<br />
Piper amalaga<br />
Phytolacca rivinoides<br />
Miconia laevigatta<br />
Miconia prasina<br />
Alchornea latifolia<br />
Casearia sylvestris<br />
Inga vera<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Cecropia schreberiana<br />
Ficus spp.<br />
Guarea guidonia<br />
Citrus sinensis<br />
Murraya paniculata<br />
Tournefortia hisutissima<br />
Coffea arabica<br />
Solanum rugosum<br />
Schefflera morototoni<br />
Dendropanax arboreus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CLLO– Pollination<br />
AN_CLLO *<br />
next page<br />
Trichius affinis<br />
Trichodes ornatus<br />
Mordella melaena<br />
Litargus apicalis opuntiae<br />
Tetraopes sp<br />
Acmaeops longicornis<br />
Acmaeops pratensis<br />
Anthophora [5 spp.]<br />
Apis mellifira<br />
bombus [17 spp.]<br />
Bombomelecta fulvida<br />
Ceratina sp.<br />
Epeolus helianthi<br />
Nomada sp.<br />
Pseudomelecta californica miranda<br />
Triepeolus helianthi grandior<br />
Clisodon sp.<br />
Clisodon terminalis<br />
Psithyrus ashtoni<br />
Psithyrus consultus<br />
Psithyrus fernaldae<br />
Psithyrus insularis<br />
Anthidium tenuiflorae<br />
Coelioxys moesta<br />
Heriades gracilior<br />
Megachile [8 spp.]<br />
Osmia [19 spp.]<br />
Titusella pronitens<br />
Monumetha albifrons<br />
Monumetha argentifrons<br />
Andrena [14 spp.]<br />
Panurginus cressoniellus<br />
Panurginus sp.<br />
Colletes [5 spp.]<br />
Prosopis [9 spp.]<br />
Halictus [9 spp.]<br />
Sphecodes sophiae<br />
Agapostemon coloradensis<br />
Agapostemon splendens<br />
Agapostemon sp.<br />
Oxybelus sp.<br />
Sphex vulgaris<br />
Bembix spinolae<br />
Protothyreopus dilectus<br />
Solenius sp.<br />
Ectemius montanus<br />
Ectemius muricatus<br />
Ancistrocerus sp.<br />
Pseudomasaris vespoides<br />
Odynerus annulatus<br />
Dolichovespula arctica<br />
Dolichovespula diabolica<br />
Vespa germanica<br />
Vespa occidentalis<br />
Gonochrysis densa<br />
Omalus sp.<br />
Tetrachrysis lauta<br />
Glypta sp.<br />
Apanteles sp.<br />
Bracon helena<br />
Bracon vulgaris<br />
Sterictophora sp.<br />
Tenthredella flavomarginis<br />
Tenthredella unicincta<br />
Leptura chrysocoma<br />
Synanthedon albicornis<br />
Chrysophanus helloides<br />
Chrysophanus rubidus<br />
Chrysophanus sirius<br />
Lycaena glaucon<br />
Lycaena pseudargiolus<br />
Basilarchia weidemeyeri<br />
Lemonias nubigena wheeleri<br />
Lygus pratensis<br />
Pyrameis atlanta<br />
Scada opinator<br />
Coenonympha pamphiloides<br />
Satyrus charon<br />
Brenthis helena<br />
Brenthis triclaris<br />
Argynnis atlantis<br />
Argynnis eurynome<br />
Melitaea whitneyi<br />
Melitaea sp.<br />
Nathalis iole<br />
Colias alexandra<br />
Colias edwardsi<br />
Colias keewaydina<br />
Colias scudderi<br />
Papilio rutulus<br />
Parnassius clodius<br />
Parnassius smintheus<br />
Erynnis leonardus snowi<br />
Atrytone taxiles<br />
Thanaos martialis<br />
Thanaos propertius<br />
Gnophaela vermiculata<br />
Pompiloides sp.<br />
Ctenucha sp.<br />
Hyloicus separatus<br />
Protoparce quinquemaculatus<br />
PL_CLLO<br />
Calochortus gunnisoni<br />
Tradescantia virginiana<br />
Ibidium strictum<br />
Iris missouriensis<br />
Allium recurvatum<br />
Capnoides aureum<br />
Delphinium scopulorum<br />
Thalictrum fendleri<br />
Aconitum columbianum<br />
Caltha leptosepala<br />
Aquilegia brevistyla<br />
Aquilegia coerulea<br />
Polygonum bistorta<br />
Silene acaulis<br />
Silene halli<br />
Jamesia americana<br />
Sedum stenopetalum<br />
Clementsia rhodantha<br />
Geranium caespitosum<br />
Geranium richardsoni<br />
Pachylophus caespitosus<br />
Chamaeneriom angustifolium<br />
Onagra biennis<br />
Aragallus lamberti<br />
Lathyrus ornatus<br />
Thermopsis montana<br />
Trifolium dasyphyllum<br />
Astragalus drummondi<br />
Petalostemon candidus<br />
Petalostemon purpureus<br />
Geum rivale<br />
Rosa acicularis<br />
Fragaria vesca<br />
Opulaster opulifolius<br />
Holodiscus dumosus<br />
Drymocallis fissa<br />
Sieversia ciliata<br />
Sieversia turbinata<br />
Prunus demissa<br />
Prunus pennsylvanica<br />
Prunus virginiana<br />
Dasyphora fruticosa<br />
Potentilla arguta<br />
Potentilla gracilis<br />
Potentilla pulcherrima<br />
Rubus deliciosus<br />
Rubus strigosus<br />
Malvastrum coccineum<br />
Cleome serrulata<br />
Stanleya pinnatifida<br />
Erysimum asperum<br />
Draba aurea<br />
Mentzelia multiflora<br />
Gilia aggregata<br />
Dodecatheon meadia<br />
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi<br />
Physaria didymocarpa<br />
Phacelia heterophylla<br />
Lappula floribunda<br />
Lithospermum canescens<br />
Mertensia pratensis<br />
Mertensia sibirica<br />
Galium boreale<br />
Frasera speciosa<br />
Gentiana parryi<br />
Apocynum androsaemifolium<br />
Asclepias halli<br />
Asclepias speciosa<br />
Linaria vulgaris<br />
Monarda fistulosa<br />
Scutellaria resinosa<br />
Pedicularis parryi<br />
Pedicularis racemosa<br />
Elephantella groenlandica<br />
Castilleja miniata<br />
Penstemon halli<br />
Penstemon secundiflorus<br />
Penstemon unilateralis<br />
Penstemon glaber<br />
Penstemon glaucus<br />
Penstemon gracilis<br />
Heracleum lanatum<br />
Sambucus racemosa<br />
Valeriana edulis<br />
Campanula rotundifolia<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Oreochrysum parryi<br />
Chrysopsis villosa<br />
Solidago missouriensis<br />
Carduus hookerianus<br />
Rydbergia grandilfora<br />
Taraxacum officinale<br />
Aster foliaceus<br />
Helianthus petiolaris<br />
Erigeron macranthus<br />
Erigeron uniflorus
5956 <br />
Community CLLO (continued)<br />
Tabanus rhombicus<br />
Panzeria radicum<br />
Peleteria robusta<br />
Ptilodexia harpasa<br />
Echinomyia algens<br />
Echinomyia decias<br />
Epalpus bicolor<br />
Epalpus rufus<br />
Calliphora vomitoria<br />
Phormia camillus<br />
Phormia regina<br />
Trichopticus septentrionalis<br />
Anthomyia sp.<br />
Phorbia fusciceps<br />
Zodion pygmaeum<br />
Trypeta occidentalis<br />
Arctophila flagrans<br />
Eristalis [7 spp.]<br />
Hammerschmidtia ferruginea<br />
Heringia salix<br />
Mallota flavoterminata<br />
Microdon cothurnatus<br />
Paragus bicolor<br />
Sphaerophoria cylindrica<br />
Specomyia vittata<br />
Syrphus [5 spp.]<br />
Syritta pipiens<br />
Temnostoma aequale<br />
Chrysogaster parva<br />
Chrysotoxum integrum<br />
Chrysotoxum upsilon<br />
Chrysotoxum ventricosum<br />
Chilosia petulca<br />
Chilosia tristis<br />
Pieris protodice<br />
Pieris sisymbri<br />
Pipiza sp.<br />
Pipiza vanduzeei<br />
Volucella rufomaculata<br />
Volucella satur<br />
Xylota angustiventris<br />
Xylota flavitibia<br />
Xylota nigra<br />
Dasyllis fernaldi<br />
Anthrax [8 spp.]<br />
Bombylius atriceps<br />
Systoechus vulgaris<br />
Exoprosopa caliptera<br />
Exoprosopa divisa<br />
Exoprosopa volucris<br />
AN_CLLO *<br />
* Obs: large politomies within genera were removed for clarity (but were included in analyses).<br />
Number of congeneric species included as soft politomies are shown within brackets.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY CROM – Frugivory<br />
AN_CROM<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Columba leucomela<br />
Macropygia amboinensis<br />
Ducula spilorrhoa<br />
Ptilinopus magnificus<br />
Ptilinopus regina<br />
Ptilinopus superbus<br />
PL_CROM<br />
Pothos<br />
Freycinetia excelsa<br />
Flagellaria sp.<br />
Calamus sp.<br />
Archontophoenix alexandrae<br />
Piper sp.<br />
Myristica muelleri<br />
Cananga odorata<br />
Rauwenhoffia leichardtii<br />
Tetrasynandra laxiflora<br />
Neolitsea dealbata<br />
Cinnamomun laubatii<br />
Endiandra hypotephra<br />
Endiandra muelleri<br />
Litsea leefeana<br />
Litsea bindoniana<br />
Litsea glutinosa<br />
Cryptocarya hypospodia<br />
Cryptocarya mackinnoniana<br />
Cryptocarya sp.<br />
Hakea laurina<br />
Helicia nortoniana<br />
Hibbertia scandens<br />
Dendrophthoe falcata<br />
Notothixos subarueus<br />
Cissus hypoglauca<br />
Cissus sterculifolius<br />
Terminalia sericocarpa<br />
Pilidiostigma tropicum<br />
Eugenia johnsonii<br />
Eugenia sp.<br />
Aceratium megalospermun<br />
Elaeocarpus largiflorens<br />
Elaeocarpus grahamii<br />
Elaeocarpus grandis<br />
Elaeocarpus arnhemicus<br />
Breynia stipitata<br />
Homalanthus populifolius<br />
Glochidion ferdinandii<br />
Planchonella obovoidea<br />
Planchonella obovata<br />
Planchonella xerocarpa<br />
Alphitonia whitei<br />
Ficus destruens<br />
Ficus virens<br />
Ficus leptoclada<br />
Canarium australianum<br />
Ganophyllum faloatum<br />
Euodia xanthoxyloides<br />
Melia asederach<br />
Dysoxylum micranthum<br />
Dysoxylum oppositifolium<br />
Dysoxylum sp.<br />
Embelia sp.<br />
Symplocos etawellii<br />
Symplocos paucistamineus<br />
Citronella emythii<br />
Gomphandra australiana<br />
Strychnos colubrina<br />
Morinda jasminioides<br />
Canthium coprosmoides<br />
Antirhea tenuiflora<br />
Linociera ramiflora<br />
Clerodendrum traceyanum<br />
Gmelina fasciculiflora<br />
Lantana camara<br />
Solanum torvum<br />
Solanum viride<br />
Kissodendron australianum<br />
Tieghemopanax elegans<br />
Tieghemopanax murrayi
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY DIHI – Pollination<br />
AN_DIHI<br />
Rhagonycha fulva<br />
Malachius viridus<br />
Megachile willughbiella<br />
Psithyrus vest<br />
Bombus terr luc<br />
Bombus hortorum<br />
Bombus lapidarius<br />
Bombus pascuorum<br />
Bombus pratorum<br />
Andrena haemorrhoa<br />
Andrena pubescens<br />
Andrena wilkella<br />
Lasioglossum calceatum<br />
Lasioglossum leucozonium<br />
Lasioglossum villosulum<br />
Adela rufimatrella<br />
Zygaena filipendulae<br />
Lycaena phlaeas<br />
Polyommatus icarus<br />
Lasiommata megera<br />
Maniola jurtina<br />
Pyronia tithonus<br />
Thymelicus sp.<br />
Ochlodes venata<br />
Oligia sp.<br />
Autographa<br />
Empis livida<br />
Tetanocera ferruginea<br />
Eriothrix rufomaculatus<br />
Sarcophaga sp.<br />
Pollenia sp<br />
Scathophaga stercoraria<br />
Phaonia incarna<br />
Anthomyiidae sp1<br />
Cheilosia albitarsis<br />
Chrysogaster sp<br />
Eristalinus sepulcharius<br />
Lejogaster splendida<br />
Melanostoma sp.<br />
Meliscaeva<br />
Neoascia tenur<br />
Parhelophilus sp<br />
Platycheirus<br />
Sphaerophoria sp.<br />
Syritta pipiens<br />
Syrphus sp<br />
Tropidia scitta<br />
Eristalis intricarius<br />
Eristalis nemorum<br />
Eristalis pertinax<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Helophilus sp.<br />
Helophilus trivittatus<br />
Rhagio tringarius<br />
Chloromyia formosa<br />
Nemotelus pantherinus<br />
Odontomyia tigrina<br />
Odontomyia viridula<br />
PL_DIHI<br />
Ranunculus acris<br />
Lychnis flos-cucculi<br />
Lathyrus pratensis<br />
Lotus corniculatus<br />
Vicia cracca<br />
Vicia sativa<br />
Trifolium dubium<br />
Trifolium pratense<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Prunella vulgaris<br />
Plantago lanceolata<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Leucanthemum vulgare<br />
Cirsium arvense<br />
Taraxacum officinale<br />
Hypochoeris radicata<br />
Centaurea nigra
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY DISH – Pollination<br />
AN_DISH<br />
Cephus pygmaeus<br />
Andrena chrysosceles<br />
Andrena pubescens<br />
Anthophora plumipes<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Psithyrus vest<br />
Bombus hortorum<br />
Bombus lapidarius<br />
Bombus pascuorum<br />
Bombus pratorum<br />
Bombus terr luc<br />
Lasioglossum calceatum<br />
Lasioglossum villosulum<br />
Empis livida<br />
Scathophaga stercoraria<br />
Eriothrix rufomaculatus<br />
Pollenia sp<br />
Sarcophaga sp.<br />
Cheilosia bergenstammi<br />
Episyrphus balteatus<br />
Helophilus sp.<br />
Melanostoma sp.<br />
Meliscaeva<br />
Platycheirus<br />
Sphaerophoria sp.<br />
Syrphus sp<br />
Tropidia scitta<br />
Volucella bombylans<br />
Eristalis intricarius<br />
Eristalis nemorum<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Panemeria tenebrata<br />
Lycaena phlaeas<br />
Maniola jurtina<br />
PL_DISH<br />
Orchis morio<br />
Ranunculus acris<br />
Cerastium fontanum<br />
Filipendula ulmaria<br />
Lathyrus pratensis<br />
Lotus corniculatus<br />
Trifolium dubium<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Primula veris<br />
Galium verum<br />
Leucanthemum vulgare<br />
Taraxacum officinale<br />
Hypochoeris radicata<br />
Centaurea nigra<br />
Cirsium arvense<br />
Cirsium palustre
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY DUPO – Pollination<br />
Gasteruption sp<br />
Tachysphex unicolor<br />
Anthophora alluaudi<br />
Eucera gracilipes<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Melecta curvispina<br />
Megachile canariensis<br />
Osmia canariensis<br />
Anthidium manicatum<br />
Andrena wollestoni<br />
Hyleaus canariensis<br />
Colletes dimidiatus<br />
Lasioglossum viride<br />
Lasioglossum actifrons<br />
Lasioglossum chalcodes<br />
Dermasothes gracile<br />
Euodynerus reflexus<br />
Leptochilus eatoni<br />
Cyclyrius webbianus<br />
Macroglossum stellatarum<br />
Bibio elmoi<br />
Drosophila sp<br />
Stomorhina lunata<br />
Geron hesperidon<br />
Lucilia sericata<br />
Linnaemyia soror<br />
Estheria simonyi<br />
Tachinidae sp.<br />
Peleteria ruficornis<br />
Tachina canariensis<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Scaeva albomaculata<br />
AN_DUPO<br />
Nyctia lugubris<br />
Anastoechus latifrons<br />
Anthrax anthrax<br />
PL_DUPO<br />
Cephalodromia sp<br />
Erysimum scoparium<br />
Adenocarpus viscosus<br />
Spartocytisus supranubius<br />
Echium wildpretii<br />
Scrophularia glabrata<br />
Mentha longifolia<br />
Nepeta teydea<br />
Pimpinella cumbrae<br />
Pterocephalus lasiospermus<br />
Tolpis webbii<br />
Argyranthemum teneriffae
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY EOL – Pollination<br />
AN_EOL<br />
Podabrus sp.<br />
Arpedium sp.<br />
Bombus alpinus<br />
Bombus hyperboreus<br />
Orthocentrinae sp<br />
Phygadeuon sp<br />
Stenomacrus sp<br />
Aclastus sp1<br />
Aclastus sp2<br />
Ichneumonidae Sp1<br />
Ichneumonidae Sp2<br />
Ichneumonidae Sp3<br />
Ichneumonidae Sp4<br />
Cotesia sp.<br />
Alysiinae sp1<br />
Alysiinae sp2<br />
Alysiinae sp3<br />
Alysiinae sp4<br />
Alysiinae sp5<br />
Platygastridae sp.<br />
Tetrastichinae sp.<br />
Pteromalidae sp1<br />
Pteromalidae sp2<br />
Cidaria sp<br />
Anarta sp<br />
Noctuidae Sp<br />
Oliveridia tricornis<br />
Acamptocladius submontanus<br />
Corynoneura scutellata<br />
Heterotrissocladius subpilosus<br />
Pseudosmittia oxoniana<br />
Limnophyes ninae<br />
Limnophyes brachytomus<br />
Limnophyes natalensis<br />
Limnophyes schnelli<br />
Smittia betuletorum<br />
Smittia cf. aterrima<br />
Smittia sp.1<br />
Smittia sp.2<br />
Micropsectra radialis<br />
Micropsectra sp.2<br />
Micropsectra sp.1<br />
Mycomya fuscata<br />
Boletina sp.<br />
Dasineura sp<br />
Trichosia truncata<br />
Corynoptera refrigerata<br />
Corynoptera sp1<br />
Corynoptera sp2<br />
Bradysia giraudi<br />
Bradysia sp1<br />
Bradysia sp2<br />
Bradysia sp3<br />
Lycoriella curvispina<br />
Lycoriella freyi<br />
Lycoriella sp1<br />
Lycoriella sp2<br />
Phyllolabis macroura<br />
Chamaepsila morio<br />
Parapiophila vulgaris<br />
Phytomyza aquilonia<br />
Chloropinae sp.<br />
Allophorocera lapponica<br />
Paradelia sp.<br />
Pegoplata aestiva<br />
Botanophila bidens<br />
Delia piliventris<br />
Alliopsis glacialis<br />
Egle parva<br />
Egle sp.<br />
Egle minuta<br />
Pegomya haemorrhoum<br />
Pegomya sp.<br />
Anthomyiidae sp1<br />
Anthomyiidae sp2<br />
Anthomyiidae sp3<br />
Zaphne barbiventris<br />
Zaphne frontata<br />
Zaphne sp1<br />
Zaphne sp2<br />
Fannia mollissima<br />
Phaonia alpicola<br />
Phaonia subfuscinervis<br />
Phaonia lugubris<br />
Coenosia atritibia<br />
Coenosia octopunctata<br />
Spilogona nitidicauda<br />
Spilogona alpica<br />
Spilogona megastoma<br />
Spilogona triangulifera<br />
Thricops cunctans<br />
Thricops hirtulus<br />
Thricops nigritellus<br />
Thricops rostratus<br />
Thricops furcatus<br />
Megaselia diversa<br />
Megaselia sp.<br />
Megaselia digitalis<br />
Megaselia giraudii<br />
Megaselia sordida<br />
Megaselia cirriventris<br />
Megaselia coei<br />
Megaselia groenlandica<br />
Megaselia pleuralis<br />
Dolichopus plumipes<br />
Rhaphium crassipes<br />
Empis lucida<br />
Platypalpus nigritarsis<br />
Rhamphomyia aethiops<br />
Rhamphomyia reflexa<br />
Rhamphomyia morio<br />
Rhamphomyia obscuripennis<br />
PL_EOL<br />
Trollius europaeus<br />
Polygonum viviparum<br />
Cerastium alpinum<br />
Silene acaulis<br />
Rhodiola rosea<br />
Saxifraga aizoides<br />
Saxifraga oppositifolia<br />
Arabis alpina<br />
Parnassia palustris<br />
Viola biflora<br />
Salix lanata<br />
Salix reticulata<br />
Salix polaris<br />
Astragalus alpinus<br />
Potentilla crantzii<br />
Dryas octopetala<br />
Diapensia lapponica<br />
Rhododendron lapponicum<br />
Cassiope tetragona<br />
Cassiope hypnoides<br />
Pinguicula alpina<br />
Bartsia alpina<br />
Antennaria alpina<br />
Taraxacum sp.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY EOLZ – Pollination<br />
AN_EOLZ<br />
Eulophidae sp<br />
Megaspilidae sp<br />
Bombus sp.<br />
Cryptinae sp.<br />
Diplazontinae sp.<br />
Stenomacrus sp. A<br />
Stenomacrus sp. B<br />
Stenomacrus sp. C<br />
Microgastrinae sp.<br />
Aphidius sp.<br />
Bradysia spp.<br />
Limnophora sinuata<br />
Phaonia bidentata<br />
Lophosceles minimus<br />
Spilogona sanctipauli<br />
Spilogona dorsata<br />
Spilogona almqvistii<br />
Spilogona extensa<br />
Spilogona denudata<br />
Spilogona micans<br />
Spilogona tornensis<br />
Spilogona tundrae<br />
Spilogona melanosoma<br />
Spilogona arcticola<br />
Spilogona deflorata<br />
Spilogona malaisei<br />
Spilogona obsoleta<br />
Drymeia segnis<br />
Drymeia groenlandica<br />
Zaphne frontata<br />
Delia echinata<br />
Scathophaga furcata<br />
Scatopsciara sp.<br />
Gonarcticus arcticus<br />
Peleteria aenea<br />
Protophormia terraenovae<br />
Lasiopiophila pilosa<br />
Phytomyza fuscula<br />
Neoleria prominens<br />
Megaselia sp.<br />
Parasyrphus tarsatus<br />
Platycheirus lundbecki<br />
Platycheirus carinatus<br />
Eupeodes curtus<br />
Eupeodes nigroventris<br />
Rhamphomyia nigrita<br />
Rhamphomyia filicauda<br />
Aedes nigripes<br />
Aedes impiger<br />
Culicoides sp.<br />
Brachypogon sp.<br />
Forcipomyia sp.<br />
Limnophyes brachytomus<br />
Pseudosmittia sp.<br />
Limnophyes spp.<br />
Smittia spp.<br />
Chironomidae sp.<br />
Rheocricotopus sp.<br />
Cricotopus sp.<br />
Orthocladiinae sp.<br />
Eukiefferiella sp.<br />
Orthocladius sp.<br />
Procladius sp.<br />
Chironomus sp.<br />
Entephria puncticeps<br />
Colias hecla<br />
Plebejus glandon<br />
Clossiana chariclea<br />
Polia richardsoni<br />
Syngrapha parilis<br />
Sympistis zetterstedti<br />
<br />
Sympistis lapponica<br />
Olethreutes inquitana<br />
<br />
Olethreutes mengelana<br />
PL_EOLZ<br />
Ranunculus sulphureus<br />
Papaver radicatum<br />
Polygonum viviparum<br />
Armeria scabra<br />
Cerastium arcticum<br />
Silene acaulis<br />
Arenaria pseudofrigida<br />
Stellaria longipes<br />
Melandrium triflorum<br />
Saxifraga oppositifolia<br />
Saxifraga caespitosa<br />
Saxifraga nivalis<br />
Saxifraga cernua<br />
Saxifraga hirculus<br />
Chamaenerion latifolium<br />
Salix arctica<br />
Dryas octopetala<br />
Potentilla rubricaulis<br />
Potentilla hyparctica<br />
Lesquerella arctica<br />
Cochlearia groenlandica<br />
Draba lactea<br />
Draba arctica<br />
Cassiope tetragona<br />
Vaccinium uliginosum<br />
Rhododendron lapponicum<br />
Pedicularis hirsuta<br />
Pedicularis flammea<br />
Arnica angustifolia<br />
Taraxacum phymatocarpum<br />
Erigeron compositus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY ESKI – Pollination<br />
AN_ESKI<br />
Protaetia aurichalcea<br />
Apoidae sp.<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Xylocopa fenestrata<br />
Hesperidae sp.<br />
Leptotes pirithous<br />
Phalantha phalantha<br />
Stratiomyidae sp.<br />
Syrphid sp.<br />
Ornidia obesa<br />
Lucilia sp.<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
PL_ESKI<br />
Dracaena concinna<br />
Pemphis acidula<br />
Turnera angustifolia<br />
Passiflora suberosa<br />
Suriana maritima<br />
Leucaena leucocephala<br />
Thespesia populnea<br />
Hibiscus tiliaceus<br />
Tournefortia argentea<br />
Morinda citrifolia<br />
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis<br />
Ipomoea macrantha<br />
Gastonia mauritiana<br />
Scaevola sericea
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY FROS – Frugivory<br />
AN_FROS<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Tauraco porphyrocephalus<br />
Bycanistes buccinator<br />
Pogoniulus bilineatus<br />
Buccanodon leucotis<br />
Zosterops pallidus<br />
Pycnonotus barbatus<br />
Cholorocichla flaviventris<br />
Andropadus importunus<br />
PL_FROS<br />
Strelitzia nicholai<br />
Erianthemum dregei<br />
Bridelia micrantha<br />
Antidesma venosum<br />
Dovyalis longispina<br />
Trema orientalis<br />
Ficus vogelii<br />
Ficus natalensis<br />
Vepris undulata<br />
Trichilia emetica<br />
Ekebergia capensis<br />
Euclea natalensis<br />
Mimusops caffra<br />
Sideroxylon inerme<br />
Apodytes dimidiata<br />
Halleria lucida
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY GEN1 – Frugivory<br />
AN_GEN1<br />
Saltator similis<br />
Dacnis cayana<br />
Tachyphonus coronatus<br />
Turdus rufiventris<br />
Turdus leucomelas<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus<br />
Vireo olivaceus<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis<br />
Chiroxiphia caudata<br />
Manacus manacus<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus<br />
Empidonomus varius<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus<br />
Tyrannus savanna<br />
Myiarchus ferox<br />
Myiophobus fasciatus<br />
PL_GEN1<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Chamissoa altissima<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Protium heptaphyllum<br />
Cabralea canjerana<br />
Trichilia clauseni<br />
Ixora venulosa<br />
Dendropanax cuneatum
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY GEN2 – Frugivory<br />
AN_GEN2<br />
Penelope superciliaris<br />
Ramphastos toco<br />
Turdus rufiventris<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus<br />
Saltator similis<br />
Habia rubica<br />
Thlypopsis sordida<br />
Conirostrum speciosum<br />
Dacnis cayana<br />
Ramphocelus carbo<br />
Tachyphonus coronatus<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Tangara cayana<br />
Thraupis sayaca<br />
Pipraeidea melanonota<br />
Cyanocorax cristatellus<br />
Vireo olivaceus<br />
Cyclarhis gujanensis<br />
Tityra cayana<br />
Chiroxiphia caudata<br />
Manacus manacus<br />
Sirystes sibilator<br />
Elaenia flavogaster<br />
Myiophobus fasciatus<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus<br />
Tyrannus savanna<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus<br />
PL_GEN2<br />
Piper sp.<br />
Talauma ovata<br />
Xylopia brasiliensis<br />
Ocotea cf.<br />
Ocotea corimbosa<br />
Ocotea sp.<br />
Chamissoa altissima<br />
Rhipsalis sp.<br />
Pereskia aculeata<br />
Gomidesia affinis<br />
Miconia elegans<br />
Miconia discolor<br />
Miconia sp.<br />
Maytenus aquifolium<br />
Pera glabrata<br />
Copaifera langsdorffii<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Rubus sp.<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Chlorophora tinctoria<br />
Ficus luschnatiana<br />
Urera baccifera<br />
Cecropia pachystachia<br />
Protium heptaphyllum<br />
Zanthoxylum hyemale<br />
Cabralea canjerana<br />
Trichilia clauseni<br />
Paullinia sp.<br />
Paullinia rhomboidea<br />
Dendropanax cuneatum<br />
Cordia sp.<br />
Palicourea sp.<br />
Citharexylum mirianthum<br />
Cestrum sp.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY HAMM – Frugivory<br />
AN_HAMM<br />
Chalcophaps indica<br />
Streptopelia chinensis<br />
Macropygia phasianella<br />
Phapitreron leucotis<br />
Ptilinopus occipitalis<br />
Ducula poliocephala<br />
Ducula bicolor<br />
Aceros waldeni<br />
Penelopides panini<br />
Megalaima haemacephala<br />
Oriolus chinensis<br />
Rhabdornis mysticalis<br />
Sarcops calvus<br />
Zosterops nigrorum<br />
Hypsipetes phylippinus<br />
Pycnonotus goiavier<br />
PL_HAMM<br />
Myristica ceylanica<br />
Litsea quericoides<br />
Litsea luzonica<br />
Dillenia reifferscheidia<br />
Syzygium garciae Merr<br />
Syzygium garciae Korth<br />
Syzygium sp.01<br />
Syzygium sp.02<br />
Syzygium sp.03<br />
Memexylon lanceolatum<br />
Astronia cumingiana<br />
Elaeocarpus cumingii<br />
Garcinia busungaensis<br />
Mallotus molissima<br />
Bischhofia javanica<br />
Homalanthus alpinus<br />
Homalanthus rotundifolius<br />
Macaranga bicolor<br />
Macaranga tanarius<br />
Lithocarpus spec.<br />
Prunus fragrans<br />
Alphitonia excelsa<br />
Strebus glaber<br />
Ficus congesta<br />
Ficus heteropleura<br />
Ficus septica<br />
Ficus variegata<br />
Ficus sp.01<br />
Ficus heteropoda<br />
Leucosyke capitellana<br />
Laportaea luzoniensis<br />
Grewia multiflora<br />
Tiliacea sp.01<br />
Microcus stylocarpa<br />
Aglaia sp.01<br />
Canarium asperum<br />
Guioa pleuropteris<br />
Pometia pinnata<br />
Platea excelsa<br />
Ternstroemia megacarpa<br />
Sapotaceae sp.01<br />
Palaquium sp.01<br />
Palaquium sp.02
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY HERR – Pollination<br />
next page<br />
AN_HERR *<br />
Tychius here<br />
Deilus herd<br />
Nustera dis<br />
Coptocephala uni<br />
Coptocephala sco<br />
Mylabrix hern<br />
Heliotaurus ruf<br />
Mordellistena herq<br />
Malachius herk<br />
Lobonyx aen<br />
Acmaeodera herb<br />
Anthaxia dim<br />
Anthaxia par<br />
Cardiophorus bip<br />
Malthodes herc<br />
Attagenus heri<br />
Anthrenus herh<br />
Palleira fem<br />
Chasmatopterus hero<br />
Tropinota squ<br />
Hymenoplia herp<br />
Elis vil<br />
Odynerus herae<br />
Lasius nig<br />
Crematogaster aub<br />
Camponotus lat<br />
Camponotus sic<br />
Cataglyphis via<br />
Tapinoma err<br />
Tapinoma herag<br />
Tiphia mor<br />
Meria heraj<br />
Meria tri<br />
Lindenius lut<br />
Ammophila hey<br />
Diodontus ins<br />
Gorytes. herai<br />
Mellinus arv<br />
Podalonia tyd<br />
Pryonix kir<br />
Cerceris are<br />
Cerceris ryb<br />
Bembix fla<br />
Bembix oli<br />
Philanthus tri<br />
Philanthus ven<br />
Lasioglossum [10 spp.]<br />
Halictus [5 spp.]<br />
Sphecodes hir<br />
Sphecodes pel<br />
Andrena [7 spp.]<br />
Panurgus herz<br />
Colletes cas<br />
Colletes acu<br />
Colletes suc<br />
Colletes herab<br />
Colletes fod<br />
Dasypoda cin<br />
Dasypoda ibe<br />
Anthidiellum str<br />
Stelis sig<br />
Heriades cre<br />
Osmia herad<br />
Megachile lea<br />
Megachile mar<br />
Megachile pil<br />
Epeolus fal<br />
Eucera his<br />
Nomada mut<br />
Bombus luc<br />
Tetralonia ber<br />
Apis mel<br />
Amegilla fas<br />
Amegilla qua<br />
Ceratina cuc<br />
Ceratina cya<br />
Ceratina moc<br />
Anthophora dis<br />
Anthophora ace<br />
Anthophora heraa<br />
Xylocopa vio<br />
Xylocopa can<br />
Macroglossum ste<br />
PL_HERR<br />
<br />
Arecacea<br />
Liliacea 1<br />
Liliacea 2<br />
Plumbaginacea<br />
Santalacea 1<br />
Santalacea 2<br />
Myrtacea<br />
Rosacea<br />
Fabacea 1<br />
Fabacea 2<br />
Fabacea 3<br />
Fabacea 4<br />
Thymeleacea<br />
Cistacea 1<br />
Cistacea 2<br />
Cistacea<br />
Cistacea 3<br />
Cistacea 4<br />
Ericacea 1<br />
Ericacea 2<br />
Oleacea<br />
Lamiacea 1<br />
Lamiacea 2<br />
Lamiacea 3<br />
Caprifoliacea<br />
Asteracea
5956 <br />
Community HERR (continued)<br />
Macroglossum ste<br />
Rhodometra sac<br />
Gegenes herak<br />
Pyronia cec<br />
Syntarucus pir<br />
Plebejus arg<br />
Polyommatus ica<br />
Laeosopis rob<br />
Lampides bae<br />
Lycaena phl<br />
Aricia cra<br />
Gonepteryx cle<br />
Pontia dap<br />
Colias cro<br />
Pieris rap<br />
Pieris bra<br />
Eilema com<br />
Agrotis put<br />
Cerocala sca<br />
Discestra sod<br />
Hoplodrina amb<br />
Mythimna vit<br />
Pechipogo plu<br />
Autographa gam<br />
Spodoptera exi<br />
Metachrostis dar<br />
Metachrostis vel<br />
Heliothis arm<br />
Heliothis nub<br />
Heliothis pel<br />
Acrobasis por<br />
Pempeliella plu<br />
Udaea mar<br />
Psorosa bre<br />
Psorosa gen<br />
Evergestis pol<br />
Palpita uni<br />
Mecyna heram<br />
Phthiria heru<br />
Conophorus fum<br />
Lomatia inf<br />
Petrorossia hert<br />
Dischistus sen<br />
Exoprosopa ita<br />
Bombylius fultor<br />
Bombylius arg<br />
Bombylius ate<br />
Metasyrphus cor<br />
Sphaerophoria scr<br />
Eristalodes tae<br />
Chrysotoxum int<br />
Melanostoma mel<br />
Paragus tib<br />
Sphaerophoria rue<br />
Syritta pip<br />
Volucella ele<br />
Eristalis arb<br />
Eristalis ten<br />
Eristalis pra<br />
Episyrphus aur<br />
Episyrphus bal<br />
Lathyroptphtalmus aen<br />
Lathyroptphtalmus qui<br />
AN_HERR *<br />
* Obs: large politomies within genera were removed for clarity (but were included in analyses).<br />
Number of congeneric species included as soft politomies are shown within brackets.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY HOCK – Pollination<br />
AN_HOCK<br />
Rhyncaenus sp<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Bombus polaris<br />
Bombus hyperboreus<br />
Cryptus arcticus<br />
Hyposoter luctus<br />
Amauronematus amentorum<br />
Amauronematus sp<br />
Colias hecla<br />
Plebejus aquilo<br />
Boloria sp<br />
Lasiestra leucocycla<br />
Anarta richardsoni<br />
Crymodes exulis<br />
Sympistis labradoris<br />
Olethreutes mengelana<br />
Olethreutes inquietana<br />
Bradysia Species<br />
Tipula arctica<br />
Allopiophila arctica<br />
Scatophaga nigripalpis<br />
Eupogonomyia groenlandica<br />
Spilogona melanosoma<br />
Spilogona sanctipauli<br />
Spilogona sp<br />
Spilogona dorsata<br />
Spilogona latilamina<br />
Spilogona almquisti<br />
Spilogona deflorata<br />
Spilogona tundrae<br />
Pegomyia sp.<br />
Fucellia pictipennis<br />
Carposcalis carinata<br />
Protophormia terraenovae<br />
Boreellus atriceps<br />
Peleteriopsis aenea<br />
Petinarctia stylata<br />
Helophilus borealis<br />
Phalacrodira nigropilosa<br />
Dolichopus dasyops<br />
Ramphomyia lamelliseta<br />
Ramphomyia nigrita<br />
Ramphomyia sp<br />
Ramphomyia filicauda<br />
Aedes nigripes<br />
Aedes impiger<br />
Aedes sp<br />
Corynoneura scutellata<br />
Einfeldia sp<br />
Gynometriocnemus sp<br />
Heterotrissocladius subpilosus<br />
Metriocnemus obscuripes<br />
Paraphaenocladius despectus<br />
Procladius sp1<br />
Prosmittia nanseni<br />
Psectrocladius barbatimanus<br />
Pseudodiamesa arctica<br />
Tanytarsus niger<br />
Chironomus sp.<br />
Chironomus sp3<br />
Cricotopus lestralis<br />
Cricotopus Sp<br />
Limnophyes globifer<br />
Limnophyes sp<br />
Limnophyes sp3<br />
Orthocladiinae sp<br />
Orthocladius consobrinus<br />
Orthocladus sp<br />
Smittia extrema<br />
Smittia polaris<br />
Smittia polymorpha<br />
Smittia sp<br />
PL_HOCK<br />
Papaver species<br />
Polygonum viviparum<br />
Silene species<br />
Stellaria species<br />
Lychnis triflora<br />
Cerastium alpinum<br />
Cerastium arcticum<br />
Saxifraga oppositifolia<br />
Saxifraga tricuspidata<br />
Saxifraga hirculus<br />
Saxifraga cernua<br />
Saxifraga flagellaris<br />
Saxifraga species<br />
Epilobium species<br />
Salix species<br />
Potentilla species<br />
Dryas species<br />
Erysimum species<br />
Lesquerella arctica<br />
Braya species<br />
Draba bellii<br />
Draba cinerea<br />
Draba oblongata<br />
Cassiope tetragona<br />
Pedicularis species<br />
Pedicularis capitata<br />
Arnica species<br />
Taraxacum species<br />
<br />
Erigeron
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY HRAT – Frugivory<br />
AN_HRAT<br />
Cyanopica cyanus<br />
Sturnus unicolor<br />
Turdus merula<br />
Turdus philomelos<br />
Muscicapa striata<br />
Ficedula hypoleuca<br />
Erithacus rubecula<br />
Luscinia megarhynchos<br />
Phoenicurus phoenicurus<br />
Sylvia atricapilla<br />
Sylvia borin<br />
Sylvia hortensis<br />
Sylvia communis<br />
Sylvia undata<br />
Sylvia cantillans<br />
Sylvia melanocephala<br />
PL_HRAT<br />
Tamus communis<br />
Smilax aspera<br />
Asparagus aphyllus<br />
Asparagus aculeatus<br />
Osyris alba<br />
Myrtus communis<br />
Rhamnus lycioides<br />
Crataegus monogyna<br />
Pyrus bourgaeana<br />
Rubus ulmifolius<br />
Daphne gnidium<br />
Pistacia lentiscus<br />
Lonicera periclymenum<br />
Rubia pregrina<br />
Phillyrea angustifolia<br />
Olea europaea
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY INPK – Pollination<br />
AN_INPK<br />
Anthoboscinae<br />
Megachile sp.<br />
Exoneura sp.<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Hyphesma sp.<br />
Euryglossa sp 1<br />
Euryglossa sp 2<br />
Euryglossa sp.<br />
Hylaeus semipersonatus<br />
Hylaeus sp.<br />
Leioproctus sp 1<br />
Leioproctus sp 2<br />
Leioproctus sp 3<br />
Lasioglossum sp.<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 1<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 2<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 3<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 4<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 5<br />
Lasioglossum sp. 6<br />
Parasphecodes sp. 1<br />
Parasphecodes sp. 2<br />
Parasphecodes sp. 3<br />
Euryinae sp. 1<br />
Euryinae sp. 2<br />
Euryinae sp. 3<br />
Alophora sp<br />
Chaetophthalmus dorsalis<br />
Prosena sp C<br />
Senostoma sp A<br />
Senostoma sp B<br />
Senostoma sp D<br />
Calliphora fulvicoxa<br />
Calliphora hilli<br />
Calliphora stygia<br />
Calliphora sp.<br />
Calliphora sp A<br />
Calliphora sp B<br />
Limnophora sp.<br />
Musca vetustissima<br />
Prohardyia carinata<br />
Coenosia sp A<br />
Coenosia sp B<br />
Helina sp A<br />
Helina sp B<br />
Sphenella marginata<br />
Rivellia sp F<br />
Tephritis sp B<br />
Tephritis sp A<br />
Tapeigaster nigricornis<br />
Scaptomyza australis<br />
Hydrellia sp.<br />
Phytoliriomyza sp.<br />
Chloromerus sp.<br />
Poecilohetaerus sp<br />
Sapromyza s<br />
Incurviseta sp D<br />
Incurviseta sp K<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Melangyna sp<br />
Syrphus sp<br />
Empis sp B<br />
Empis sp C<br />
Empis sp D<br />
Empis sp E<br />
Empis sp F<br />
Dolichopodidae sp<br />
Diostracus sp 1<br />
Therevidae sp<br />
Comptosia sylvana<br />
Villa sp.<br />
Stratiomyidae sp<br />
Pelecorhynchus rubidus<br />
Tabanus froggatti<br />
Scaptia alpina<br />
Sciaridae sp.<br />
Dilophus sp.<br />
Agrostis infusa<br />
Oreixenica orichora<br />
Hippotion scofa<br />
PL_INPK<br />
Prasophyllum alpinum<br />
Orites lancifolia<br />
Neopaxia australasica<br />
Oxylobium ellipticum<br />
Epilobium gunnianum<br />
Kunzea muelleri<br />
Baeckea gunniana<br />
Pimelea ligustrina<br />
Phebalium ovatifolium<br />
Leucopogon montanus<br />
Pentachondra pumila<br />
Richea continentis<br />
Epacris paludosa<br />
Epacris petrophila<br />
Epacris microphylla<br />
Asperula gunnii<br />
Gentianella diemensis<br />
Prostanthera cuneata<br />
Euphrasia collina<br />
Aciphylla glacialis<br />
Aciphylla simplicifolia<br />
Wahlenbergia ceracea<br />
Stylidium graminifolium 1<br />
Stylidium graminifolium 2<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Olearia phlogopappa<br />
Celmisia longifolia<br />
Microseris lanceolata<br />
Hypochoeris radicata<br />
Leptorhynchos squamatus<br />
Craspedia sp.<br />
Helichrysum scorpioides<br />
Helichrysum alpinum<br />
Senecio lautus<br />
Senecio gunnii<br />
Senecio pectinatus<br />
Helipterum albicans<br />
Helipterum anthemoides<br />
Brachyscome scapigera<br />
Brachyscome stolonifera<br />
Brachyscome scapiformis<br />
Brachyscome sp.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY KANT – Frugivory<br />
AN_KANT<br />
Ortalis vetula<br />
Trogon citreolus<br />
Turdus grayi<br />
Saltator atriceps<br />
Dives dives<br />
Icterus chrysater<br />
Icterus auratus<br />
Icterus gularis<br />
Icterus mesomelas<br />
Icterus prosthemelas<br />
Euphonia affinis<br />
Euphonia hirundinacea<br />
Psilorhinus morio<br />
Cissilopha yucatanica<br />
Cyanocorax yncas<br />
Cotinga amabilis<br />
Tityra semifasciata<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus<br />
Myiozetetes similis<br />
Megarynchus pitangua<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus<br />
Centurus aurifrons<br />
Centurus pygmaeus<br />
Pteroglossus torguatus<br />
Ramphastos sulfuratus<br />
Aratinga astec<br />
Amazona albifrons<br />
PL_KANT<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Neea psychotrioides<br />
Ehretia tinifolia<br />
Ficus padifolia<br />
Metopium browneii<br />
Talisia olivaeformis
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY KEVN – Pollination<br />
AN_KEVN<br />
Nematus sp.<br />
Bombus sp.<br />
Apanteles sp<br />
Stenomacrus sp.<br />
Cryptus arcticus<br />
Oresbius sp.<br />
Atractodes sp.<br />
Ichneumonidae sp.<br />
Saotis sp.<br />
Tridymus sp.<br />
Chalcididae sp<br />
Olethreutes inquietana<br />
Colias hecla<br />
Lycaena feildeni<br />
Plebejus aquilo<br />
Boloria polaris<br />
Boloria chariclea<br />
Anarta richardsoni<br />
Crymodes exulis<br />
Lasiestra leucocycla<br />
Noctuidae sp<br />
Sympistis labradoris<br />
Sciari spp<br />
Tipula arctica<br />
Eupogonomyia groenlandica<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
Spilogona dorsata<br />
Spilogona sanctipauli<br />
Spilogona denudata<br />
Spilogona extensa<br />
Spilogona melanosoma<br />
Spilogona obsoleta<br />
Spilogona tornensis<br />
Spilogona tundrae<br />
Fucellia pictipennis<br />
Pegomyia sp.<br />
Scatophaga apicaulis<br />
Scatophaga multisetosa<br />
Scatophaga sp.<br />
Peleteria aenea<br />
Periscepsia sp.<br />
Tachinidae sp<br />
Boreellus atriceps<br />
Calliphoridae sp<br />
Phormia terraenovae<br />
Phytomyza erigerontophaga<br />
Allopiophila fulviceps<br />
Lasiopiophila pilosa<br />
Carposcalis carinata<br />
Metasyrphus chillcotti<br />
Phalacrodira nigropilosa<br />
Helophilus borealis<br />
Dolichopus dasyops<br />
Rhamphomyia filicauda<br />
Rhamphomyia sp.<br />
Rhamphomyia hoeli<br />
Rhamphomyia sp1<br />
Rhamphomyia ursinella<br />
Aedes sp.<br />
Aedes impiger<br />
Aedes nigripes<br />
Limnophyes sp.<br />
Paraphaenocladius despectus<br />
Orthocladiinae sp 1<br />
Corynoneura scutellata<br />
Cricotopus sp.<br />
Microspectra sp.<br />
Orthocladiinae sp 2<br />
Procladius sp.<br />
Psectrocladius sp<br />
Smittia sp.<br />
Smittia velutina<br />
PL_KEVN<br />
Ranumculus sulphureus<br />
Papaver radicatum<br />
Polygonum viviparum<br />
Cerastium alpinum<br />
Stellaria longipes<br />
Saxifraga oppositifolia<br />
Saxifraga hirculus<br />
Salix arctica<br />
Potentilla nivea<br />
Dryas integrifolia<br />
Erysimum pallasii<br />
Lesquerella arctica<br />
<br />
Ceratopogon Isohelea sp.<br />
Culicoides sp.<br />
Forcipomyia Thryridomyia sp.<br />
<br />
Draba sp.<br />
Cassiope tetragona<br />
Pedicularis arctica<br />
Pedicularis capitata<br />
Arnica alpina<br />
Taraxacum arctogenum<br />
Erigeron eriocephalus<br />
Erigeron compositus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY KT90 – Pollination<br />
AN_KT90f<br />
Phylogeny at the<br />
family level (total of<br />
679 spp.)<br />
Carabidae<br />
Dermestidae<br />
Melyridae<br />
Byturidae<br />
Coccinelidae<br />
Endomychidae<br />
Nitidulidae<br />
Cryptophagidae<br />
Mordellidae<br />
Oedemeridae<br />
Cephaloidae<br />
Tenebrionidae<br />
Pyrochroidae<br />
Scraptiidae<br />
Stenotrachelidae<br />
Cerambycida<br />
Chrysomelidae<br />
Attelabidae<br />
Apionidae<br />
Curculionidae<br />
Buprestidae<br />
Elateridae<br />
Lycidae<br />
Cantharidae<br />
Lampyridae<br />
Scarabeidae<br />
Agyrtidae<br />
Staphylinidae<br />
Diapriidae<br />
Aulacidae<br />
Sphecidae<br />
Halictidae<br />
Apidae<br />
Megachilidae<br />
Andrenidae<br />
Colletidae<br />
Formicidae<br />
Vespidae<br />
Ichneumoidae<br />
Braconidae<br />
Platygastridae<br />
Eurytomidae<br />
Pteromalidae<br />
Eulophidae<br />
Proctotrupidae<br />
Cynipidae<br />
Figitidae<br />
Argidae<br />
Cimbicidae<br />
Tenthredinoidae<br />
Nepticulidae<br />
Heliozelidae<br />
Tischeriidae<br />
Gracillaridae<br />
Zygaenidae<br />
Totricidae<br />
Pyralidae<br />
Sphingidae<br />
Hesperiidae<br />
Papilionidae<br />
Pieridae<br />
Lycaenidae<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
Geometridae<br />
Epicopeiidae<br />
Psychodidae<br />
Tipulidae<br />
Acroceridae<br />
Tachinidae<br />
Sarcophagidae<br />
Calliphoridae<br />
Anthomyiidae<br />
Muscidae<br />
Lauxaniidae<br />
Chloropidae<br />
Canacidae<br />
Agromyzidae<br />
Clusiidae<br />
Drosophilidae<br />
Diastatidae<br />
Ephydridae<br />
Conopoidea<br />
Lonchaenidae<br />
Tephritidae<br />
Phoridae<br />
Lonchopteridae<br />
Pipunculidae<br />
Syrphidae<br />
Empididae<br />
Dolichopodidae<br />
Bombyliidae<br />
Asilidae<br />
Stratiomyidae<br />
Rhagionidae<br />
Tabanidae<br />
Bibionidae<br />
Mycetophilidae<br />
Cecidomyiidae<br />
Sciaridae<br />
Ceratopongidae<br />
Chironomidae<br />
PL_KT90<br />
Magnolia salicifolia<br />
Commelina communis<br />
Disporum sessile<br />
Polygonatum macranthum<br />
Tricyrtis hirta<br />
Epimedium grandiflorum<br />
Anemone flaccida<br />
Corydalis pallida<br />
Corydalis lineariloba<br />
Antenoron filiforme<br />
Bistorta tenuicaulis<br />
Reynoutria japonica<br />
Persicaria thunbergii<br />
Persicaria pubescens<br />
Persicaria senticosa<br />
Persicaria aestiva<br />
Deutzia crenata<br />
Cardiandra alternifolia<br />
Astilbe thunbergii<br />
Hydrangea paniculata<br />
Hydrangea macrophylla<br />
Hydrangea hirta<br />
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata<br />
Stachyurus praecox<br />
Geranium nepalense<br />
Oxalis griffithii<br />
Euonymus alatus<br />
Euonymus sieboldianus<br />
Salix gracilistyla<br />
Viola verecunda<br />
Viola kusanoana<br />
Viola vaginata<br />
Viola grypoceras<br />
Castanea crenata<br />
Lespedeza bicolor<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Desmodium podocarpum<br />
Hovenia tomentella<br />
Geum japonicum<br />
Rosa multiflora<br />
Agrimonia pilosa<br />
Aruncus dioicus<br />
Prunus salicina<br />
Prunus Grayana<br />
Prunus incisa<br />
Rubus microphyllus<br />
Rubus palmatus<br />
Rubus illecebrosus<br />
Rubus parvifolius<br />
Phellodendron amurense<br />
Rhus javanica<br />
Rhus trichocarpa<br />
Aesculus turbinata<br />
Acer rufinerve<br />
Swida controversa<br />
Alangium platanifolium<br />
Benthamida kousa<br />
Aucuba japonica<br />
Impatiens textori<br />
Impatiens noli-tangere<br />
Symplocos chinensis<br />
Lysimachia clethroides<br />
Styrax japonica<br />
Tripterospermum japonicum<br />
Ligustrum obtusifolium<br />
Plantago asiatica<br />
Clinopodium micranthum<br />
Salvia glabrescens<br />
Rabdosia trichocarpa<br />
Rabdosia longituba<br />
Spuriopimpinella nikoensis<br />
Anthriscus aemula<br />
Cryptotaenia japonica<br />
Angelica pubescens<br />
Angelica polymorpha<br />
Patrinia villosa<br />
Viburnum plicatum<br />
Weigela hortensis<br />
Adenocaulon himalaicum<br />
Kalimeris yomena<br />
Petasites japonicus<br />
Aster glehni<br />
Stenactis annuus<br />
Siegesbeckia orientalis<br />
Ainsliaea acerifolia<br />
Cacalia delphiniifolia<br />
Ixeris dentata<br />
Cirsium kagamontanum<br />
Cirsium japonicum<br />
Carpesium divaricatum 1<br />
Carpesium divaricatum 2
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY LAMB – Frugivory<br />
AN_LAMB<br />
Lophura ignita<br />
Loriculus galgulus<br />
Calyptomena viridis<br />
Irene puella<br />
Chloropsis sonnerati<br />
Chloropsis cyanopogon<br />
Chloropsis cochinchinensis<br />
Dicaeum ignipectus<br />
Dicaeum concolor<br />
Dicaeum agile<br />
Dicaeum chrysorrherum<br />
Dicaeum trigonostigma<br />
Prionochilus percussus<br />
Prionochilus maculatus<br />
Gracula religiosa<br />
Turdus obscurus<br />
Zoothera interpres<br />
Melanochlora sultanea<br />
Alcippe brunneicauda<br />
Criniger finschii<br />
Criniger phaeocephalus<br />
Criniger bres<br />
Hypsipetes charlottae<br />
Hypsipetes criniger<br />
Hypsipetes flavala<br />
Hypsipetes malaccensis<br />
Pycnonotus brunneus<br />
Pycnonotus eutilotus<br />
Pycnonotus cyaniventris<br />
Pycnonotus simplex<br />
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos<br />
Pycnonotus atriceps<br />
Pycnonotus goavier<br />
Pycnonotus zeylanicus<br />
Pycnonotus melanoleucos<br />
Pycnonotus finlaysoni<br />
Pycnonotus plumosus<br />
Pycnonotus squamatus<br />
Coracina striata<br />
Oriolus xanthonotus<br />
Corvus enca<br />
Platysmurus leucopterus<br />
Calorhamphus fuliginosus<br />
Megalaima chrysopogon<br />
Megalaima australis<br />
Megalaima mystacophanos<br />
Megalaima henricii<br />
Harpactes diardi<br />
Buceros rhinoceros<br />
Rhinoplax vigil<br />
Anorrhinus galeritus<br />
Rhyticeros corrugatus<br />
Anthracoceros albirostris<br />
Anthracoceros malayanus<br />
Chalcophaps indica<br />
Treron curvirostra<br />
Treron capellei<br />
Treron olax<br />
Treron fulvicollis<br />
Ptilinopus jambu<br />
Ducula badia<br />
PL_LAMB not available<br />
(not included in analyses)
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY LOPE – Frugivory<br />
Gorilla gorilla<br />
Pan troglodytes<br />
Colobus satanas<br />
Cercopithecus cephus<br />
Cercopithecus nictitans<br />
Cercopithecus pogonias<br />
Mandrillus sphinx<br />
Cercocebus albigena<br />
AN_LOPE<br />
(Primate phylogeny, not included in analyses)<br />
PL_LOPE<br />
Elaeis guineensis<br />
Marantochloa<br />
Pycnanthus angolensis<br />
Xylopia<br />
Ongokea gore<br />
Pentadesma butyracea sp1<br />
Pentadesma butyracea sp2<br />
Berlinia bracteosa<br />
Pentaclethra 2species<br />
Tetrapleura tetraptera<br />
Detarium macrocarpum sp1<br />
Detarium macrocarpum sp2<br />
Ficus 12species<br />
Milicia excelsa sp1<br />
Milicia excelsa sp2<br />
Duboscia macrocarpa<br />
Pseudospondias longifolia
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MACK – Frugivory<br />
Macropygia amboinensis<br />
Reinwardtoena reinwardtii<br />
Ducula rufigaster<br />
Ducula zoeae<br />
Gymnophaps albertisii<br />
Ptilinopus pulchellus<br />
Ptilinopus rivoli<br />
Ptilinopus ornatus<br />
Microdynamis parva<br />
Rhyticeros plicatus<br />
Ailuroedus buccoides<br />
Meliphaga<br />
Melilestes megarhycus<br />
Glycichaera fallax<br />
Philemon buceroides<br />
Xanthotis polygramma<br />
Xanthotis flaviventer<br />
Mino dumonti<br />
Melanocharis nigra<br />
Coracina schisticeps<br />
Coracina boyeri<br />
Coracina melaena<br />
Pitohui kirhocephalus<br />
Oriolus szalayi<br />
Cracticus cassicus<br />
Dicrurus hottentottus<br />
Manucodia chalybata<br />
Parotia lawesii<br />
Cicinnurus magnificus<br />
Parasidea raggiana<br />
Cacatua galerita<br />
Cyclopsittaca gulielmiterti<br />
AN_MACK PL_MACK<br />
Pandanus limbatus<br />
Musa sp.<br />
Elmerillia tsiampaca<br />
Myristica fatua<br />
Myristica subaluata<br />
Piper sp.1<br />
Piper sp.2<br />
Terminalia sp.<br />
Syzygium sp.<br />
Sloanea sp.<br />
Elaeocarpus sp.<br />
Gynotroches spp.<br />
Fragaea sp.<br />
Poikilospermum sp.<br />
Ficus dammaropsis<br />
Ficus sp.1<br />
Ficus sp.2<br />
Ficus sp.3<br />
Ficus sp.4<br />
Ficus sp.5<br />
Heritiera sp.<br />
Aglaia sp.<br />
Dysoxylum sp.1<br />
Dysoxylum sp.2<br />
Rhus sp.<br />
Dracantomelon sp.<br />
Eurya sp.<br />
Symplocos sp.<br />
Psychotriasp.<br />
Cercebera floribunda<br />
Osmoxylum sp.<br />
Schefflera spp.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MED1 – Pollination<br />
AN_MED1<br />
Coccinela anchoralis<br />
Astylus sp<br />
Ichneumoidae sp<br />
Podagritus sp.<br />
Spinoliella sp.<br />
Liphanthus sp1<br />
Liphanthus sp2<br />
Chilimelissa farellones<br />
Chilimelissa sp<br />
Anthidium chubuti<br />
Megachile sp1<br />
Megachile sp2<br />
Alloscirtetica antarctica<br />
Alloscirtetica sp<br />
Hypodynerus sp1<br />
Hypodynerus sp2<br />
Pyrgus cf. fides<br />
Issoria lathonioides<br />
Phulia sp1<br />
Phulia sp2<br />
Agrotis ipsilon<br />
Peridroma saucia<br />
Tamseuxoa ingoufii<br />
Pseudoleucania nobilis<br />
Pseudoleucania sp<br />
Chironomidae sp1<br />
Dasybaris chillan<br />
cf. Mosillus sp<br />
Anthomyiidae sp1<br />
Microcerella rusca<br />
Chlorobrachycoma versicolor<br />
Calliphoridae sp1<br />
Tachinidae sp1<br />
Tachinidae sp2<br />
Tachinidae sp3<br />
Tachinidae sp7<br />
Dolichogyna sp.<br />
Tropidia notata<br />
Geron sp.<br />
Thyridanthrax sp1<br />
Thyridanthrax sp2<br />
Thyridanthrax sp3<br />
Thyridanthrax sp3A<br />
PL_MED1<br />
Sisyrinchium junceum<br />
Cerastium arvense<br />
Montiopsis gilliesii<br />
Calandrinia caespitosa<br />
Epilobium nivale<br />
Oxalis erythrorhiza<br />
Discaria nana Clos.<br />
Adesmia haemisphaerica<br />
Astragalus cruckshanksii<br />
Astragalus nivicola<br />
Menonvillea hookeri<br />
Tarasa humilis<br />
Loasa incurva<br />
Phacelia cf.<br />
Jaborosa laciniata Miers<br />
Azorella monanthos<br />
Leuceria candidissima<br />
Hypochoeris montana Phil.<br />
Perezia pilifera<br />
Senecio tricephalus<br />
Senecio looseri
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MED2 – Pollination<br />
Curculionidae sp<br />
Coccinelidae sp1<br />
Coccinelidae sp2<br />
Coccinelidae sp3<br />
Eriopis cf. conexa<br />
Epicauta sp.<br />
Moredllidae sp<br />
Cantharidae sp<br />
Buprestidae sp<br />
Alloscirtetica herbsti<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Diadasia patagonica<br />
Svastrides zebra<br />
Chalepogenus caeruleus<br />
Centris muralis<br />
Centris sp.<br />
Anthidium rubriceps<br />
Megachile sp3<br />
Megachile sp4<br />
Colletes lycii<br />
Arhysosage bifasciata<br />
Callonychium mandibulare<br />
Psaenythia rufipes<br />
Augochloropsis sp.<br />
Caenohalictus sp1<br />
Caenohalictus sp2<br />
Dialictus sp1<br />
Dialictus sp2<br />
Ammophila sp.<br />
Oxybelus sp.<br />
Prionyx sp.<br />
Sphecidae sp.<br />
cf. Entypus sp.<br />
Hypodinerus sp3<br />
Eumenidae sp<br />
Geometridae sp<br />
Vanessa cf. cardui<br />
Tatochila sp.<br />
Thyridanthrax sp4<br />
Empididae sp<br />
Tachinidae sp4<br />
Tachinidae sp5<br />
Tachinidae sp6<br />
cf. Microcerella sp.<br />
Sarcophagidae sp.<br />
Compsomyiops fulvicrura<br />
Calliphoridae sp2<br />
Anthomyiidae sp2<br />
Muscidae sp1<br />
Muscidae sp2<br />
Muscidae sp3<br />
Muscidae sp4<br />
Tephritidae sp<br />
cf. Notiphila sp.<br />
Ephydridae sp.<br />
Alipumilio sp<br />
cf. Toxomerus sp.<br />
Ocyptamus meridionalis<br />
Scaeva occidentalis<br />
Syrphidae sp3<br />
Carposcalis punctulata<br />
Carposcalis saltana<br />
Copestylum aricia<br />
Copestylum sp2<br />
Eristalis bogotensis<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Bibionidae sp1<br />
Bibionidae sp2<br />
AN_MED2 PL_MED2<br />
Arjona patagonica<br />
Pyrrhocactus cf.<br />
Opuntia corrugata<br />
Oenothera mendocinensis<br />
Larrea divaricata<br />
Oxalis sp.<br />
Polygala stenophylla<br />
Adesmia retrofracta<br />
Lathyrus sp.<br />
Rosa rubiginosa<br />
Discaria trinervis<br />
Rapistrum rugosum<br />
Lecanophora heterophylla<br />
Phacelia cf.<br />
Mimulus sp.<br />
Junellia cf.<br />
Hysterionica jasionoides<br />
Thelesperma megapotamicum<br />
Grindelia chiloensis<br />
Mutisia decurrens<br />
Baccharis pingraea<br />
Senecio filaginoides<br />
Senecio subulatus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MEMM – Pollination<br />
Cantharidae sp1<br />
Curculionidae sp1<br />
Symphyta<br />
Parasitica<br />
Formicidae sp1<br />
Psithyrus sp.1<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Bombus lapidarius<br />
Bombus muscorum<br />
Bombus pascuorum<br />
Bombus terrestris<br />
Incurvariidae sp1<br />
Thymelicus sylvestris<br />
Pieris brassicae<br />
Polyommatus icarus<br />
Maniola jurtina<br />
Aglais urticae<br />
Tephritidae sp1<br />
Conipidae sp. 1<br />
Eriothrix rufomaculata<br />
Scatophaga stercoraria<br />
Chrysotoxum bicinctum<br />
Meliscaeva auricollis<br />
Metasyrphus corollae<br />
Rhingia campestris<br />
Scaeva pyrastri<br />
Sphaerophoria scripta<br />
Syritta pipiens<br />
Xanthogramma pedissequum<br />
Episyrphus arbustorum<br />
Episyrphus balteatus<br />
Eristalis pertinax<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Helophilus pendulus<br />
Helophilus trivittatus<br />
Melanostoma mellinum<br />
Melanostoma scalare<br />
Platycheirus albimanus<br />
Platycheirus clypeatus<br />
Platycheirus scutatus<br />
Syrphus ribesii<br />
Syrphus vitripennis<br />
AN_MEMM PL_MEMM<br />
Clematis vitalba<br />
Chamerion angustifolium<br />
Linum catharticum<br />
Lathyrus pratensis<br />
Trifolium pratense<br />
Medicago lupulina<br />
Lotus corniculatus<br />
Agrimonia eupatoria<br />
Rubus fruticosus<br />
Convolvulus arvensis<br />
Euphrasia officinalis<br />
Plantago major<br />
Knautia arvensis<br />
Aethusa cynapium<br />
Daucus carota<br />
Angelica sylvertris<br />
Torilis japonica<br />
Senecio jacobaea<br />
Crepis capillaris<br />
Eupatorium cannabinum<br />
Centaurea nigra<br />
Hypochaeris radicata<br />
Leontodon autumnalis<br />
Leontodon saxatilis<br />
Leontodon hispidus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MOMA – Pollination<br />
Bombus polaris<br />
Anarta richardsoni<br />
Boloria improba<br />
Colias hecla<br />
Colias nastes<br />
Rhamphomyia sp.<br />
Boreellus atriceps<br />
Protocalliphora sp.<br />
Eupogonomyia probilofensis<br />
Spilogona aesturium<br />
Spilogona almquistii<br />
Spilogona dorsata<br />
Spilogona hurdiana<br />
Spilogona latilamina<br />
Spilogona melanosoma<br />
Spilogona projecta<br />
Spilogona sanctipauli<br />
AN_MOMA PL_MOMA<br />
Caltha palustris<br />
Papaver radicatum<br />
Cerastium alpinum<br />
Oxytropis arctica<br />
Astragalus alpinus<br />
Geum rossii<br />
Potentilla vahliana<br />
Dryas integrifolia<br />
Arnica alpina<br />
Taraxacum sp.<br />
Petasites frigidus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MONT – Frugivory<br />
AN_MONT<br />
Chamaepetes unicolor<br />
Psilhorinus morio<br />
Dacnis venusta<br />
Thrauphis episcopus<br />
Tangara icterocephala<br />
Tangara dowii<br />
Pheucticus ludovicianus<br />
Piranga rubra<br />
Icterus galbula<br />
Atlapetes gutturalis<br />
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus<br />
Chlorophonia callophrys<br />
Euphonia hirundinacea<br />
Phainoptila melanoxantha<br />
Myadestes melanops<br />
Catharus ustulatus<br />
Turdus plebejus<br />
Turdus grayi<br />
Turdus assimilis<br />
Chiroxiphia linearis<br />
Tityra semifasciata<br />
Procnias tricarunculata<br />
Mionectes olivaceus<br />
Myiarchus tuberculifer<br />
Myiozetetes similis<br />
Megarhynchus pitangua<br />
Myiodynastes luteiventris<br />
Elaenia frantzii<br />
Elaenia flavogaster<br />
Momotus momota<br />
Semnornis frantzii<br />
Aulacorhynchus prasinus<br />
Ramphastos sulfuratus<br />
Melanerpes aurifrons<br />
Piculus rubiginosus<br />
Trogon aurantiiventris<br />
Pharomachrus mocinno<br />
Columba flavirostris<br />
Columba fasciata<br />
PL_MONT *<br />
* Obs: politomies within genera were<br />
removed for clarity (but were included in<br />
analyses). Number of congeneric species<br />
included as soft politomies are shown<br />
within brackets.<br />
Anthrium [3 spp.]<br />
Smilax sp. A<br />
Chamaedorea sp. A<br />
Lasiacis sp. A<br />
Campelia zanonia<br />
Guatteria consanguinea<br />
Siparuna sp.<br />
Ocotea [8 spp.]<br />
Persea [3 spp.]<br />
Nectandra [6 spp.]<br />
Beilschmiedia [3 spp.]<br />
Phoebe neurophylla<br />
Phoebe mexicana<br />
Piper sp. A.<br />
Piper auritum<br />
Bocconia frutescens<br />
Meliosma idiopoda<br />
Neea amplifolia<br />
Torrubia costaricana<br />
Phytolacca rivinoides<br />
Phytolacca sp. A.<br />
Gaiadendron punctatum<br />
Loranthaceae sp. A<br />
Loranthaceae sp. B<br />
Vitaceae sp. A<br />
Picramnia carpinterae<br />
Eugenia sp. A.<br />
Eugenia sp. B.<br />
Miconia sp. A<br />
Blakea grasilis<br />
Melastomataceae sp. CT<br />
Melastomataceae sp. NC<br />
Melastomataceae sp. SC<br />
Conostegia bernouliana<br />
Conostegia xalapensis<br />
Conostegia puberrula<br />
Conostegia speciosa<br />
Ossaea micrantha<br />
Ossaea sp. A<br />
Maytenus sp. A<br />
Perrottetia longistylis<br />
Celastraceae sp. A<br />
Erythroxylum amplum<br />
Clusia alata<br />
Hieronyma guatemalensis<br />
Sapium oligoneuron<br />
Xylosma chloranthum<br />
Xylosma flexuosa<br />
Casearia sylvestris<br />
Xylosma intermedium<br />
Bunchosia sp. A<br />
Bunchosia pilosa<br />
Cucurbitaceae sp. A<br />
Prunus cornifolia<br />
Prunus sp. A.<br />
Rubus rosaefolia<br />
Prunus anularis<br />
Colubrina celtififolia<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Ficus tuerckheimii<br />
Trophis mexicana<br />
Ficus pertusa<br />
Urera elata<br />
Cecropia obtusifolia<br />
Daphnopsis americana<br />
Hasseltia floribunda<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus<br />
Hampea appendiculata<br />
Zanthoxylum culantrillo<br />
Trichilia havanensis<br />
Guarea glabra<br />
Guarea tonduzii<br />
Guarea tuisiana<br />
Cupania glabra<br />
Matayba apetala<br />
Paullinia sp. A<br />
Marcgravia brownei<br />
Symplococarpon brenesii<br />
Dipholis parvifolia<br />
Symplocos sp. A.<br />
Symplocos limoncillo<br />
Symplocos sp. B<br />
Rapanea myricoides<br />
Ardisia palmana<br />
Ardisia compressa<br />
Cavendishia melastomoides<br />
Cavendishia sp. A.<br />
Satyria sp. A.<br />
Cavendishia complectans<br />
Cavendishia capitulata<br />
Mappia racemosa<br />
Mappia sp. A<br />
Tournefortia glabra<br />
Chione costaricensis<br />
Hamelia patens<br />
Guettarda poasana<br />
Faramea quercetorum<br />
Gonzalagunia rosea<br />
Cephaelis elata<br />
Psychotria sp. WB<br />
Psychotria sp. BO<br />
Psychotria acuminata<br />
Psychotria parasitica<br />
Psychotria sp. LP<br />
Hoffmannia sp. RF<br />
Hoffmannia sp. RL<br />
Hoffmannia sp. A<br />
Palicourea sp. YY<br />
Palicourea galeottiana<br />
Coussarea austin-smithii<br />
Coussarea sp. A<br />
Tabernaemontana sp. A<br />
Stemmadenia glabra<br />
Linociera dominguensis<br />
Drymonia rubra<br />
Besleria triflora<br />
Besleria formosa<br />
Drymonia conchocalyx<br />
Alloplectus tetragonus<br />
Besleria sp. A<br />
Citharexylum macradenium<br />
Citharexylum integerrimum<br />
Solanum [4 spp.]<br />
Acnistus arborescens<br />
Cestrum racemosum<br />
Cestrum sp. A<br />
Cestrum megalophyllum<br />
Witheringia maculata<br />
Witheringia solanacea<br />
Witheringia coccoloboides<br />
Witheringia sp. A<br />
Lycianthes synanthera<br />
Lycianthes multiflora<br />
Ilex lamprophylla<br />
Viburnum costraricanum<br />
Oreopanax [3 spp.]<br />
Didymopanax pittieri<br />
Dendropanax [4 spp.]<br />
Schefflera robusta<br />
Burmeistera sp. A<br />
Clibadium sp. A<br />
Clibadium sp. B
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MOTT – Pollination<br />
Osmia atriventris<br />
Osmia conjucta<br />
Osmia lignaria<br />
Osmia simillima<br />
Osmia sp.<br />
Ceratina calcarata<br />
Xylocopa virginica virginica<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Nomada Heminomada bishopii<br />
Nomada Heminomada luteola<br />
Nomada Gnathias perplexa<br />
Nomada Nomada pygmaea<br />
Nomada Nomada sayi<br />
Nomada sp.<br />
Bombus bimaculatus<br />
Bombus pennsylvanicus<br />
Andrena Scaphandrena arabis<br />
Andrena Melandrena carlini<br />
Andrena Trachandrena ceanothi<br />
Andrena Melandrena dunningi<br />
Andrena Ptilandrena erigeniae<br />
Andrena Scrapopteris imatrix<br />
Andrena Simandrena nasonii<br />
Andrena Euandrena nigrihirta<br />
Andrena Micrandrena personata<br />
Andrena Andrena tridens<br />
Andrena Tomelissa violae<br />
Andrena Micrandrena ziziaeformis<br />
Augochlora pura<br />
Evylaeus macoupinensis<br />
Lassioglossum fuscipenne<br />
halictid sp.<br />
Augochorella striata<br />
Dialictus abanci<br />
Dialictus cressonii<br />
Lycaenopsis argiolus<br />
Euchlo creusa lotta<br />
Bombylius major<br />
Hylemya platura<br />
Gonia sp.<br />
Platycheirus obscurus<br />
Toxomerus geminatus<br />
AN_MOTT PL_MOTT<br />
Uvularia sessilifolia<br />
Trillium catesbei<br />
Erythronium umbilicatum<br />
Sanguinaria canadensis<br />
Podophyllum peltatum<br />
Thalictrum thalictroides<br />
Hepatica americana<br />
Stellaria pubera<br />
Claytonia virginica<br />
Tiarella cordifolia<br />
Viola papilionacea<br />
Cardamine angustata<br />
Aesculus sylvatica
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY MULL – Pollination<br />
AN_MULL<br />
Amblycerus piurae<br />
Orthoperus sp.<br />
Mordellistena galapagensis<br />
Naucles sp.<br />
Ammophorus sp.<br />
Oxacis sp.<br />
Hypasclera collenettei<br />
Hypasclera sp.<br />
Goniozus sp.<br />
Xylocopa darwini<br />
Camponotus planus<br />
Cardiocondyla nuda<br />
Monomorium floricola<br />
Tapinoma melanocephalum<br />
Tetramorium guineense<br />
Wasmannia auropunctata<br />
Paratrechina longicornis<br />
Paratrechina vaga<br />
Gelechioidea Moth<br />
Atteva hysginiella<br />
Tortricidae Moth<br />
Disclisioprocta stellata<br />
Urbanus dorantes<br />
Leptotes parrhasioides<br />
Phoebis sennae<br />
Utetheisa galapagensis<br />
Melipotis indomita<br />
Pseudoplusia includens<br />
Heliothis cystiphora<br />
Enyo lugubris delanoi<br />
Hawk moth Sphing.<br />
Agrius cingulatus<br />
Manduca rustica<br />
Pyralidae Moth<br />
Euchromius ocellus<br />
Olcella sp.<br />
Toxomerus crockeri<br />
Lepidanthrax tinctus<br />
Mythenteles sp.<br />
PL_MULL<br />
Persea maericana<br />
Setaria geniculta<br />
Canna sp.<br />
Polygonum opelousanum<br />
Plumbago scandens<br />
Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />
Commicarpus tuberosus<br />
Mirabilis jalapa<br />
Bougainvillea spectabilis<br />
Cryptocarpus pyriformis<br />
Portulaca oleracea<br />
Opuntia echios 1<br />
Opuntia echios 2<br />
Opuntia helleri<br />
Opuntia megasperma<br />
Opuntia sp. 1<br />
Opuntia sp. 2<br />
Cuphea racemosa<br />
Psidium guajava<br />
Miconia robinsoniana<br />
Tribulus cistoides<br />
Passiflora foetida<br />
Euphorbia cyathophora<br />
Croton scouleri<br />
Piscidia carthagenesis<br />
Geoffroea spinosa<br />
Rhynchosia minima<br />
Caesalpinia pulcherrima<br />
Parkinsonia aculeata<br />
Prosopis juliflora<br />
Vigna luteola<br />
Crotalaria incana<br />
Galactia striata<br />
Inga edulis<br />
Acacia insulae-iacobi<br />
Acacia macracantha<br />
Cassia occidentalis<br />
Cassia picta<br />
Cassia sp.<br />
Cucurbita pepo<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Carica papaya<br />
Brassica campestris<br />
Malvastrum coromandelianum<br />
Abelmoschus manihot<br />
Waltheria ovata<br />
Bastardia viscosa<br />
Hibiscus teliaceus<br />
Abutilon depauperatum<br />
Gossypium barbadense<br />
Gossypium sp.<br />
Sida acuta<br />
Sida paniculata<br />
Sida rhombifolia<br />
Sida spinosa<br />
Castela galapageia<br />
Bursera graveolens<br />
Cardiospermum galapageium<br />
Mentzelia aspera<br />
Phyla sp.<br />
Cordia leucophlyctis<br />
Cordia lutea<br />
Cordia sp.<br />
Tournefortia psilostachya<br />
Tournefortia rufo-sericea<br />
Coffea arabica<br />
Chiococca alba<br />
Psychotria rufipes<br />
Diodia radula<br />
Vallesia glabra<br />
Catharanthus roseus<br />
Avicennia germinans<br />
Tetramerium nervosum<br />
Justicia galapagana<br />
Bacopa monniera<br />
Galvezia leucantha<br />
Galvezia leucantha 1<br />
Stachytarpheta cayanensis<br />
Lantana peducularis<br />
Clerodendrum molle glabr.<br />
Clerodendrum molle<br />
Clerodendrum molle var.<br />
Ipomoea linearifolia<br />
Ipomoea pes-caprae<br />
Ipomoea sp.<br />
Solanum americanum<br />
Cacabus miersii<br />
Capsicum frutescens<br />
Nolana galapagensis<br />
Physalis pubescens<br />
Lycopersicon cheesmanii<br />
Lycopersicon cheesmanii minor<br />
Scaevola plumieri<br />
Jaegeria gracilis<br />
Encelia hispida<br />
Bidens pilosa<br />
Macraea laricifolia<br />
Sonchus oleraceus<br />
Ageratum conyzoides<br />
Darwiniothamnus tenuifolius<br />
Scalesia affinis<br />
Scalesia beurii<br />
Scalesia helleri<br />
Scalesia pedunculata<br />
Scalesia sp.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY NCOR – Frugivory<br />
AN_NCOR<br />
Columba palumbus<br />
Dendrocopos major<br />
Parus caeruleus<br />
Parus major<br />
Parus ater<br />
Parus cristatus<br />
Sylvia atricapilla<br />
Sylvia borin<br />
Sylvia communis<br />
Sylvia conspicillata<br />
Sylvia cantillans<br />
Sylvia melanocephala<br />
Sitta europaea<br />
Emberiza cia<br />
Coccothraustes coccothraustes<br />
Fringilla coelebs<br />
Loxia curvirostra<br />
Serinus citinella<br />
Serinus serinus<br />
Ficedula hypoleuca<br />
Erithacus rubecula<br />
Phoenicurus ochruros<br />
Phoenicurus phoenicurus<br />
Turdus pilaris<br />
Turdus torquatus<br />
Turdus iliacus<br />
Turdus viscivorus<br />
Turdus merula<br />
Turdus philomelos<br />
Pica pica<br />
Garrulus glandarius<br />
Corvus corone<br />
Corvus corax<br />
PL_NCOR<br />
Taxus baccata<br />
Juniperus phoenicea<br />
Juniperus communis<br />
Juniperus sabina<br />
Juniperus oxycedrus<br />
Arum italicum<br />
Polygonatum odoratum<br />
Berberis vulgaris<br />
Paeonia officinalis<br />
Daphne laureola<br />
Sorbus aria<br />
Crataegus monogyna<br />
Rosa canina<br />
Amelanchier ovalis<br />
Cotoneaster granatensis<br />
Rubus ulmifolius<br />
Prunus mahaleb<br />
Prunus<br />
Rhamnus myrtifolius<br />
Rhamnus saxatilis<br />
Rubia peregrina<br />
Hedera helix<br />
Lonicera arborea<br />
Lonicera splendida<br />
Lonicera etrusca
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY NNOG – Frugivory<br />
Columba palumbus<br />
Dendrocopos major<br />
Parus caeruleus<br />
Parus major<br />
Parus ater<br />
Parus cristatus<br />
Sylvia cantillans<br />
Sylvia atricapilla<br />
Sylvia borin<br />
Sitta europaea<br />
Emberiza cia<br />
Coccothraustes coccothraustes<br />
Loxia curvirostra<br />
Fringilla coelebs<br />
Ficedula hypoleuca<br />
Erithacus rubecula<br />
Phoenicurus ochruros<br />
Phoenicurus phoenicurus<br />
Turdus pilaris<br />
Turdus torquatus<br />
Turdus iliacus<br />
Turdus viscivorus<br />
Turdus merula<br />
Turdus philomelos<br />
Pica pica<br />
Garrulus glandarius<br />
Corvus corone<br />
Corvus corax<br />
AN_NNOG PL_NNOG<br />
Taxus baccata<br />
Juniperus phoenicea<br />
Juniperus communis<br />
Juniperus sabina<br />
Juniperus oxycedrus<br />
Berberis vulgaris<br />
Paeonia officinalis<br />
Daphne laureola<br />
Sorbus aria<br />
Crataegus monogyna<br />
Rosa canina<br />
Prunus mahaleb<br />
Amelanchier ovalis<br />
Rhamnus myrtifolius<br />
Rhamnus saxatilis<br />
Hedera helix<br />
Lonicera arborea<br />
Lonicera splendida
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY OFLO – Pollination<br />
AN_OFLO not available<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
PL_OFLO<br />
Freesia<br />
Beta maritima<br />
Silene vulgaris<br />
Lotus corniculatus<br />
Reseda luteola<br />
Crithmum maritimum<br />
Daucus carota<br />
Azorina vidalii<br />
Leucanthemum vulgare<br />
Solidago sempervirens
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY OFST – Pollination<br />
AN_OFST<br />
Cantharidae sp<br />
Dasytes plumbeus<br />
Byturus aestivus<br />
Olibrus aeneus<br />
Meligethes spp.<br />
Epuraea depressa<br />
Anaspis flava<br />
Anaspis rufilabris Gyllenhal<br />
Anaspis frontalis<br />
Leptura rubra<br />
Grammoptera ruficornis<br />
Rhynchites germanicus<br />
Ceuthorhynchus pollinarius<br />
Strophosoma capitatus<br />
Bombus hortorum<br />
Bombus pascuorum<br />
Nemophora degrella<br />
Adscita statices<br />
Polyommatus icarus<br />
Aphantopus hyperantus<br />
Maniola jurtina<br />
Scatopsidae sp<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
Tachinidae sp<br />
Lauxaniidae sp<br />
Chloropidae sp<br />
Opomyzidae sp<br />
Clusiidae sp<br />
Chrysogaster solstialis<br />
Episyrphus balteatus<br />
Eumerus tuberculatus<br />
Melanostoma scalare<br />
Neocnemodon sp.<br />
Rhingia campestris<br />
Volucella pellucens<br />
Empididae sp<br />
Dolichopodidae sp<br />
Bibionidae sp<br />
Mycetophilidae sp<br />
PL_OFST not available<br />
(not included in analyses)
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY OLAU – Pollination<br />
AN_OLAU<br />
Aleocharinae sp.<br />
Acmaeodera cisti<br />
Bruchidius wollastoni<br />
Attalus sp.<br />
Brachypterus sp.<br />
Anaspis proteus<br />
Mordella israelsoni<br />
Ichneumoidae sp<br />
Podalonia tydei<br />
Sphecodes marginatus<br />
Sphecodes ruficrus<br />
Andrena sp<br />
Thyreus histrionicus<br />
Anthophora alluaudi<br />
Bombus canariensis<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Halictus sp.<br />
Halictinae sp<br />
Lasioglossum chalcodes<br />
Lasioglossum loetum<br />
Cornutiplusia circumflexa<br />
Macroglossum stellatarum<br />
Cleora fortunata<br />
Cyclyrius webbianus<br />
Lycaena phlaeas<br />
Aricia cramera<br />
Lampides boeticus<br />
Pandoriana pandora<br />
Maniola jurtina<br />
Pararge xiphioides<br />
Vanessa indica ssp. vulcanica<br />
Vanessa atalanta<br />
Vanessa cardui<br />
Artogeia rapae<br />
Gonepteryx cleopatra<br />
Pontia daplidice<br />
Colias crocea<br />
Empis sp.<br />
Dasyphora albofasciata<br />
Delia platura<br />
Tachina canariensis<br />
Siphona sp.<br />
Pseudogonia fasciata<br />
Sapromyza sp<br />
Drosophila sp.<br />
Thaumatomyia notata<br />
Tricimba humeralis<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Meliscaeva auricollis<br />
Chrysotoxum triarcuatum<br />
Heringia adpropinquans<br />
Myotropa florea<br />
Bibio elmoi<br />
Sciaridae sp<br />
PL_OLAU<br />
Laurus azorica<br />
Appollonias barbujana<br />
Ranunculus cortusaefolius<br />
Silene gallica<br />
Aichryson laxum<br />
Geranium canariense<br />
Geranium robertianum<br />
Viola riviniana<br />
Hypericum grandifolium<br />
Rhamnus glandulosa<br />
Adenocarpus foliosus<br />
Psoralea bituminosa<br />
Raphanus raphanistrum<br />
Cistus monspeliensis<br />
Erica arborea<br />
Echium plantagineum<br />
Picconia excelsa<br />
Cedronella canariensis<br />
Ilex canarienis<br />
Ageratina adenophora<br />
Senecio steetzii<br />
Carduus tenuiflorus<br />
Anacyclus radiatus<br />
Argyranthemum broussonetti<br />
Galactites tomentosa<br />
Andryala pinnatifida<br />
Leontodon taraxacoides<br />
Sonchus cf.<br />
Sonchus tenerrimus
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY OLLE – Pollination<br />
AN_OLLE<br />
Chrysomelidae sp1<br />
Chrysomelidae sp2<br />
Curculionidae sp1<br />
Curculionidae sp2<br />
Elateridae sp<br />
Cantharidae sp<br />
Lycidae sp<br />
Scarabaeinae sp. 1<br />
Scarabaeinae sp. 2<br />
Scarabaeinae sp. 3<br />
Atrichelaphinis tigrina<br />
Cyrtothyrea marginalis<br />
Arge sp.<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Halictidae sp. 1<br />
Halictidae sp. 2<br />
Tiphia sp.<br />
Hemipepsis hilaris<br />
Pompilidae sp. 2<br />
Unid. butterfly<br />
Unid. micromoth<br />
Bibionidae sp<br />
Sarcophaga sp<br />
Calliphoridae genus 1<br />
Calliphoridae genus 2<br />
Calliphoridae genus 3<br />
Tachinidae Goniinae<br />
Tachinidae genus 2<br />
Microphthalma sp. 1<br />
Microphthalma sp. 2<br />
Musca domestica<br />
Muscidae genus 2<br />
Dacus sp.<br />
Chloropidae sp<br />
Sepsidae sp. 1<br />
Sepsidae sp. 2<br />
Sepsidae sp. 3<br />
Empididae sp. 1<br />
Empididae sp. 2<br />
PL_OLLE not available<br />
(not included in analyses)
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY PERC – Pollination<br />
AN_PERC<br />
Unidentified green beetle<br />
Unidentified beetle<br />
Dielis dorsata<br />
Unidentified Wasp<br />
Formicidae black ant 3sp.<br />
Formicidae brown ant 2sp.<br />
Microbembex monadonta<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Anthophorid<br />
Exomalopsis sp.<br />
Euglossa cordata<br />
Xylocopa sp.<br />
Centris dirrhoda<br />
Centris sp.<br />
Anartia jatrophae<br />
Papilio polydamas<br />
Leptotes cassius<br />
Strymon columella<br />
Junonia spp.<br />
Agraulis vanillae<br />
Danaus gilippus<br />
Danaus eresimus<br />
Phoebis sennae<br />
Eurema<br />
Ascia josephina<br />
Polygonus leo<br />
Urbanus proteus<br />
Hylephila phyleus<br />
Culex sp<br />
Eristalis vinatorum<br />
Unidentified fly<br />
PL_PERC<br />
Broughtonia sanguinea<br />
Sesuvium portulacastrum<br />
Philoxerus vermicularis<br />
Alternanthera ficoidea<br />
Cissus sicycoides<br />
Conocarpus erectus<br />
Tribulus cistoides<br />
Turnera ulmifolia<br />
Argythamnia candicans<br />
Euphorbia heterophylla<br />
Euphorbia hyssopifolia<br />
Malpighia glabra<br />
Byrsonima coriacea<br />
Bunchosia media<br />
Momordica charantia<br />
Mimosa pudica<br />
Piscidia piscipula<br />
Bauhinia divaricata<br />
Indigofera tinctoria<br />
Crotalaria verrucosa<br />
Stylosanthes hamata<br />
Cassia sp.<br />
Cassia occidentalis<br />
Capparis ferruginea<br />
Bursera simaruba<br />
Waltheria indica<br />
Guazuma ulmifolia<br />
Melochia nodiflora<br />
Jacquinia arborea<br />
Ehretia tinifolia<br />
Bourreria succulenta<br />
Cordia globosa<br />
Cordia gerascanthus<br />
Cordia sebestena<br />
Cordia brownei<br />
Borreria laevis<br />
Morinda royoc<br />
Rhabdadenia biflora<br />
Urechites lutea<br />
Sarcostemma clausum<br />
Asclepias curassavica<br />
Capraria biflora<br />
Blechum pyramidatum<br />
Avicennia germinans<br />
Thunbergia fragrans<br />
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis<br />
Lippia nodiflora<br />
Lantana involucrata<br />
Lantana camara<br />
Evolvulus nummularius<br />
Merremia umbellata<br />
Ipomoea acuminata<br />
Ipomoea tiliacea<br />
Physalis angulata<br />
Solanum erianthum<br />
Solanum havanense<br />
Solanum torvum<br />
Vernonia cinerea<br />
Eupatorium odoratum<br />
<br />
Spilanthes urens<br />
Mikania micrantha
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY PRAP – Pollination<br />
AN_PRAP<br />
Mordella detracta<br />
Zorion minutum<br />
Adoxia cheesemani<br />
Adoxia obscura<br />
Hoplocneme sp.<br />
Rhopalomerus sp.<br />
Asilis pilicomis<br />
Cyphon sp.<br />
Lasioglossum A<br />
Leioproctus maritimus<br />
Leioproctus fulvescens<br />
Leioproctus A<br />
Leioproctus D<br />
Eudonia sabulosella<br />
Pasiphila inductata<br />
Argyrophenga janitae<br />
Eulalia sp.<br />
Apsonia muscaria<br />
Calliphora quadrimaculata<br />
Erythronychia aliena<br />
Gracilicera setosa<br />
Mallochomacquartia setiventris<br />
Peremptor modica<br />
Veluta albicincta<br />
Avibrissina isolata<br />
Avibrissina n. Sp.<br />
Heteria appendiculata<br />
Heteria plebeia<br />
Neotachina n. sp.<br />
Neotachina obtusa<br />
Occisor n. sp.<br />
Occisor versutus<br />
Procissio near kumarensis<br />
Proscissio cana<br />
Proscissio kumarensis<br />
Proscissio lateralis<br />
Protohystricia huttoni<br />
Protohystricia orientalis<br />
Zealandotachina nigrifemorata<br />
Zealandotachina varipes<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
Musc sp<br />
Helophilus hochstetteri<br />
Lepidomyia decessum<br />
Pilinasica cingulata<br />
Xylota montana<br />
Cheilosia fulvipes<br />
Cheilosia sp.<br />
Melangyna novaezelandiae<br />
Melangyna ortas<br />
Melangyna sp.<br />
Empididae sp<br />
Dolichopodidae sp<br />
PL_PRAP<br />
Ranunculus lyalii<br />
Hoheria glabrata<br />
Galium propinquum<br />
Gentiana corymbifera<br />
Parahebe lyalii<br />
Hebe odora<br />
Ourisia macrocarpa<br />
Wahlenbergia albomarginata<br />
Pratia angulata<br />
Helichrysum bellidioides<br />
Cassinia vauvilliersi<br />
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum<br />
Craspedia uniflora<br />
Celmisia coriacea<br />
Celmisia armstrongii<br />
Senecio bellidioides<br />
Senecio bidwilli<br />
Senecio scorzoneroides
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY PRCA – Pollination<br />
AN_PRCA *<br />
Mordella detracta<br />
Selenopalpus aciphyllae<br />
Zorion minutum<br />
Adoxia obscura<br />
Hoplocneme sp.<br />
Oreocalus hebe<br />
Dasytes subcyaneus<br />
Arthracanthus obscuricollis<br />
Cyphon sp.<br />
Cyphon aff. suturahs<br />
Pseudofoenus pedunculatus<br />
Chelaner antarcticus<br />
Appis mellifera<br />
Bombus terrestris<br />
Bombus hortotum<br />
Bombus ruderatus<br />
Leioproctus [10 spp.]<br />
Hylaeus [3 spp.]<br />
Lasioglossum sordidum<br />
Lasioglossum A<br />
Gelechia lithodes<br />
Lycaena salustius<br />
Lycaena boldenarium<br />
Argirophenga sp.<br />
Argyrophenga antipodium<br />
Austrocidaria similata<br />
Eucymatoge gobiata<br />
Homodotis megaspilata<br />
Ischalis fortinata<br />
Notoreas cataphyrrha<br />
Sestra flexata<br />
Declana junctilinea<br />
Declana niveata<br />
Ephiphryne undosata<br />
Epiphryne xanthaspis<br />
Helastia cineraria<br />
Helastia semisignata<br />
Hydriomena rixata<br />
Hydriomena deltoidata<br />
Pasiphila bilineolata<br />
Pasiphila inductata<br />
Pasiphila nereis<br />
Pasiphila sandycias<br />
Pasiphila sp near dryas<br />
Pasiphila sp. grey<br />
Pseudocoremia monacha<br />
Pseudocoremia scariphota<br />
Rictonis comma<br />
Agrotis ipsilon anieturma<br />
Leucania toroneura<br />
Graphania omoplaca<br />
Graphania sequens<br />
Graphania disjungens<br />
Eudonia sabulosella<br />
Mecyna flavidalis<br />
Pareromene pyrsophanes<br />
Orocrambus crenaeus<br />
Orocrambus flexuosellus<br />
Orocrambus lectus<br />
Scoparia minisculalis<br />
Scoparia philerga<br />
Scoparia rotuella<br />
Scoparia submarginalis<br />
Philia nigrostigma<br />
Eulalia sp.<br />
Sawpogon proximus<br />
Hybopygia varia<br />
Calliphora [5 spp.]<br />
Lucilia sericata<br />
Bothrophora lupina<br />
Calcager apertum<br />
Campylia nudarum<br />
Evibrissa huttoni<br />
Gracilicera setosa<br />
Neotachina sp.<br />
Pales [5 spp.]<br />
Peremptor modica<br />
Perrissina brunniceps<br />
Plagiomyia turbidum<br />
Zealandotachina [4 spp.]<br />
Avibrissina brevivalpis<br />
Avibrissina isolata<br />
Heteria appendiculata<br />
Heteria plebeia<br />
Occisor n. sp.<br />
Occisor versutus<br />
Procissio valida<br />
Proscissio albiceps<br />
Proscissio cana<br />
Proscissio lateralis<br />
Proscission sp.<br />
Protohystirica huttoni<br />
Protohystricia alcis<br />
Protohystricia huttoni 1<br />
Scaptia Pseudoscione adrel<br />
Scaptia Pseudoscione brevipalpis<br />
Musc. sp<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
Melangyna ortas [4 spp.]<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Xylota montana<br />
Lepidomyia decessum<br />
Helophilus hochstetteri<br />
Helophilus antipodus<br />
Empididae sp<br />
Dolichopodidae sp<br />
PL_PRCA<br />
Muehlenbeckia axillaris<br />
Muehlenbeckia complexa<br />
Epilobium sp.<br />
Leptospermum scoparium<br />
Linum catharticum<br />
Carmichaelia angusta<br />
Cytisus scoparius<br />
Lupinus polyphyllus<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Trifolium pratense<br />
Discaria toumatou<br />
Rosa rubiginosa<br />
Potentilla anserina<br />
Pimelea traversii<br />
Pimelea sericeo-villosa<br />
Dracophyllum acerosum<br />
Echium vulgare<br />
Galium propinquum<br />
Marrubium vulgare<br />
Digitalis purpurea<br />
Verbascum thapsis<br />
Parahebe decora<br />
Parahebe lyalii<br />
Hebe salicifolia<br />
Hebe brachysiphon<br />
Aciphylla subflavellata<br />
Corokia cotoneaster<br />
Wahlenbergia albomarginata<br />
Pratia angulata<br />
Isotoma fluviatilis<br />
Achillea millefolium<br />
Helichrysum selago<br />
Olearia virgata<br />
Brachycome sinclairii<br />
Cassinia fulvida<br />
Cirsium arvense<br />
Celmisia spectabilis<br />
Celmisia gracilenta<br />
Raoulia subsericea<br />
Raoulia lutescens<br />
Raoulia mammilaris<br />
* Obs: politomies within genera were<br />
removed for clarity (but were included in<br />
analyses). Number of congeneric species<br />
included as soft politomies are shown<br />
within brackets.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY PRCG – Pollination<br />
AN_PRCG *<br />
Rygmodus cyaneus<br />
Mordella detracta<br />
Dasytes subcyaneus<br />
Zorion minutum<br />
Adoxia obscura<br />
Adoxia cheesemani<br />
Hoplocneme sp.2<br />
Rhopalomerus sp.<br />
Peristoreus sp.<br />
Asilis pilicomis<br />
Cyphon sp.<br />
Cyphon aff. fuscifrons<br />
Pseudofoenus pedunculatus<br />
Chelaner antarcticus<br />
Appis mellifera<br />
Bombus terrestris<br />
Lasioglossum A<br />
Lasioglossum sordidum<br />
Leioproctus [9 spp.]<br />
Lepidomyia decessum<br />
Hylaeus relegatus<br />
Hylaeus sp.<br />
Gelechia lithodes<br />
Gelophaula aenea<br />
Eudonia sabulosella<br />
Orocrambus crenaeus<br />
Pareromene pyrsophanes<br />
Scoparia minisculalis<br />
Scoparia philerga<br />
Scoparia rotuella<br />
Scoparia submarginalis<br />
Argirophenga sp.<br />
Lycaena salustius<br />
Lycaena boldenarium<br />
Asaphodes clarata<br />
Austrocidaria similata<br />
Dasyuris anceps<br />
Declana junctilinea<br />
Helastia cineraria<br />
Homodotis megaspilata<br />
Hydriomena deltoidata<br />
Pasiphila [4 spp.]<br />
Sestra flexata<br />
Notoreas anthracias<br />
Notoreas cataphyrrha<br />
Notoreas mechanitis<br />
Graphania omoplaca<br />
Rictonis comma<br />
Calliphora [4 spp.]<br />
Calcager nudum<br />
Erythronychia aliena<br />
Gracilicera setosa<br />
Heteria [3 spp.]<br />
Mallochomacquartia setiventris<br />
Medinella flavotemorata<br />
Pales tecta<br />
Perrissina brunniceps<br />
Plagiomyia turbidum<br />
Veluta albicincta<br />
Xenorhynchia peeli<br />
Zealandotachina [4 spp.]<br />
Avibrissina brevivalpis<br />
Avibrissina isolata<br />
Neotachina n. sp.<br />
Neotachina obtusa<br />
Occisor n. sp.<br />
Occisor versutus<br />
Peremptor modica<br />
Peremptor n. sp.<br />
Proscissio albiceps<br />
Proscissio cana<br />
Proscissio kumarensis<br />
Proscissio lateralis<br />
Proscission sp.<br />
Protohystirica huttoni<br />
Protohystricia huttoni<br />
Muscidae sp<br />
Musc. sp<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Helophilus hochstetteri<br />
Xylota montana<br />
Cheilosia captalis<br />
Cheilosia fulvipes<br />
Cheilosia sp.<br />
Melangyna novaezelandiae<br />
Melangyna ortas<br />
Melangyna sp.<br />
Empididae sp<br />
Dolichopodidae sp<br />
Eulalia sp.<br />
Scaptia adrel<br />
Scaptia brevipalpis<br />
PL_PRCG<br />
Ranunculus enysii<br />
Muehlenbeckia axillaris<br />
Epilobium sp.<br />
Leptospermum scoparium<br />
Viola cunninghamii<br />
Geum uniflorum<br />
Pimelea traversii<br />
Drapetes dieffenbachii<br />
Dracophyllum pronum<br />
Gentiana montana<br />
Galium propinquum<br />
Galium perpusillum<br />
Euphrasia revoluta<br />
Euphrasia zelandica<br />
Parahebe decora<br />
Ourisia caespitosa<br />
Hebe subalpina<br />
Hebe pinguifolia<br />
Hebe epacridea<br />
Hebe odora<br />
Aciphylla scott-thompsoni<br />
Anisotome aromatica<br />
Anisotome flexuosus<br />
Wahlenbergia albomarginata<br />
Pratia angulata<br />
Pratia macrodon<br />
Donatia novae-zelandiae<br />
Phyllachne colensoi<br />
Senecio scorzoneroides<br />
Brachycome sinlcairii<br />
Cassinia vauvilliersii<br />
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum<br />
Leucogenes grandiceps<br />
Cotula pyrethrifolia<br />
Hypochaeris radicata<br />
Craspedia uniflora<br />
Helichrysum selago<br />
Helichrysum bellidioides<br />
Celmisia spectabilis<br />
Celmisia discolor<br />
Celmisia petiolata<br />
Celmisia gracilenta<br />
Celmisia laricifolia<br />
Celmisia lyalii<br />
Celmisia sessiliflora<br />
Raoulia subsericea<br />
Raoulia grandiflora<br />
Hieracium praealtum<br />
Hieracium pilosella<br />
* Obs: politomies within genera were<br />
removed for clarity (but were included in<br />
analyses). Number of congeneric species<br />
included as soft politomies are shown<br />
within brackets.
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY PTND – Pollination<br />
AN_PTNDf<br />
Phylogeny at the<br />
family level (total of<br />
666 spp.)<br />
Scarabeidae<br />
Dermestidae<br />
Coccinelidae<br />
Nitidulidae<br />
Phalacridae<br />
Curculionidae<br />
Melyridae<br />
Cleridae<br />
Meloidae<br />
Mordellidae<br />
Oedemeridae<br />
Phytidae<br />
Tenebrionidae<br />
Bruchidae<br />
Cerambycidae<br />
Chrysomelidae<br />
Buprestidae<br />
Cantharidae<br />
Cephidae<br />
Gasteruptiidae<br />
Chrisididae<br />
Sphecidae<br />
Halictidae<br />
Melittidae<br />
Apidae<br />
Megachiliidae<br />
Andrenidae<br />
Colletidae<br />
Vespidae<br />
Scoliidae<br />
Tiphiidae<br />
Sapygidae<br />
Ichneoumoidae<br />
Braconidae<br />
Argidae<br />
Tenthredinidae<br />
Incurvariidae<br />
Zygaenidae<br />
Sphingidae<br />
Hesperiidae<br />
Pieridae<br />
Papilionidae<br />
Lycaenidae<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
Chironomidae<br />
Bibionidae<br />
Stratiomyidae<br />
Syrphidae<br />
Rhinophoridae<br />
Tachinidae<br />
Sarcophagidae<br />
Calliphoridae<br />
Scatophagidae<br />
Anthomyiidae<br />
Muscidae<br />
Psilidae<br />
Otitidae<br />
Tephritidae<br />
Lauxaniidae<br />
Sepsidae<br />
Agromyzidae<br />
Chloropidae<br />
Camillidae<br />
Drosophilidae<br />
Empididae<br />
Dolichopodidae<br />
Bombyliidae<br />
Asilidae<br />
PL_PTND<br />
Arisarum vulgare<br />
Gagea granatelli<br />
Urginea maritima<br />
Fritillaria graeca<br />
Muscari comosum<br />
Muscari neglectum<br />
Muscari commutatum<br />
Ophrys lutea<br />
Ophrys sphegodes<br />
Ophrys tenthredinifera<br />
Iris pumila<br />
Crocus cancellatus<br />
Crocus laevigatus<br />
Asphodelus aestivus<br />
Sternbergia lutea<br />
Allium subhirsutum<br />
Allium neapolitanum<br />
Asparagus acutifolius<br />
Ornithogalum exscapum<br />
Scilla autumnalis<br />
Papaver rhoeas<br />
Delphinium peregrinum<br />
Nigella arvensis<br />
Ranunculus spruneranus<br />
Anemone coronaria<br />
Anemone pavonina<br />
Osyris alba<br />
Silene colorata<br />
Petrorhagia velutina<br />
Geranium rotundifolium<br />
Erodium malacoides<br />
Erodium cicutarium<br />
Oxalis pes-caprae<br />
Euphorbia acanthothamnos<br />
linum strictum<br />
Hypericum triquetrifolium<br />
Hypericum empetrifolium<br />
Sarcopoterium spinosum<br />
Ecballium elaterium<br />
Ononis ornithopioides<br />
Lathyrus cicera<br />
Psoralea bituminosa<br />
Anthyllis hermanniae<br />
Medicago lupulina<br />
Astragalus monspessulanus<br />
Hymenocarpos circinnatus<br />
Scaligera cretica<br />
Trifolium stellatum<br />
Trifolium repens<br />
Ruta graveolens<br />
Reseda alba<br />
Malcolmia chia<br />
Capsella bursa-pastoris<br />
Cardaria draba<br />
Capparis ovata<br />
Eruca vesicaria<br />
Hirschfeldia incana<br />
Sisymbrium orientale<br />
Biscutella didyma<br />
Thymelaea hirsuta<br />
Thymelaea tartonraira<br />
Fumana thymifolia<br />
Fumana arabica<br />
Fumana amarysia<br />
Cistus parviflorus<br />
Cistus salvifolius<br />
Malva sylvestris<br />
Alcea pallida<br />
Ebenus sibthorpii<br />
Erica manipuliflora<br />
Cyclamen graecum<br />
Anagallis arvensis<br />
Sherardia arvensis<br />
Alkanna tinctoria<br />
Echium angustifolium<br />
Anchusa undulata<br />
Anchusa variegata<br />
Heliotropium hirsutissimum<br />
Heliotropium dolosum<br />
Heliotropium europaeum<br />
Acanthus spinosus<br />
Satureja thymbra<br />
Thymus capitatus<br />
Prasium majus<br />
Stachys cretica<br />
Lamium amplexicaule<br />
Phlomis fructicosa<br />
Teucrium polium<br />
Ballota acetabulosa<br />
Salvia verbenaca<br />
Salvia triloba<br />
Veronica persica<br />
Plantago lagopus<br />
Globularia alypum<br />
Bellardia trixago<br />
Verbascum undulatum<br />
Convolvulus althaeoides<br />
Convolvulus cantabrica<br />
Convolvulus arvensis<br />
Scandix australis<br />
Thapsia garganica<br />
Daucus guttatus<br />
Eryngium campestre<br />
Tordylium apulum<br />
Pterocephalus papposus<br />
Tremastelma palestinum<br />
Scabiosa atropurpurea<br />
Campanula drabifolia<br />
Helichrysum stoechas<br />
Calendula arvensis<br />
Senecio vulgaris<br />
Pallenis spinosa<br />
Chrysanthemum coronarium<br />
Dittrichia graveolens<br />
Carduus pycnocephalus<br />
Echinops microcephalus<br />
Phagnalon graecum<br />
Reichardia picroides<br />
Taraxacum officinale<br />
Bellis annua<br />
Chamomilla recutita<br />
Hypochoeris achyrophorus<br />
Scolymus hispanicus<br />
Crupina crupinastrum<br />
Tragopogon porrifolius<br />
Scorzonera cana<br />
Scorzonera lanata<br />
Chondrilla junea<br />
Chondrilla ramosissima<br />
Centaurea orphanidea<br />
Centaurea raphanina
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY RABR – Pollination<br />
AN_RABR<br />
Pepsis sp.<br />
Campsomeris dorsata<br />
Eumenes sp.<br />
Polistes subsericeus<br />
Parancistrocerus sp.<br />
Polybia ignobilis<br />
Polybia occidentalis<br />
Cerceris sp.<br />
Sphex melanopus<br />
Augochlora sp.<br />
Augochlora sp. 3<br />
Augochlorensis callichroa<br />
Auhochloropsis vesta<br />
Augochloropsis sp.<br />
Pereirapis sp. 2<br />
Dialictus sp.<br />
Dialictus sp. 7<br />
Anthidiellum sp.<br />
Athidium sp.<br />
Megachile sp.<br />
Ceratina sp.<br />
Exomalopsis sp.<br />
Xylocopa fibriata<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Euglossa cordata<br />
Eulaema nigrita<br />
Melipona favosa<br />
Trigona angustula<br />
Junonia evarete<br />
Eurema nise<br />
Heliopetes arsalte<br />
Pyrgus oileus orcus<br />
Cogia calchas<br />
Pompeius amblyspoila<br />
Urbanus dorantes<br />
Urbanus simplicius<br />
Tabanus sp<br />
Cyclocephala gravis<br />
Phaenica sp.<br />
Chrysagria duodecimpuntata<br />
Helicobia morionella<br />
Sarcophagula occidua<br />
Ornidia obesa<br />
Palpada pusio<br />
Toxomerus floralis<br />
Toxomerus marginatus<br />
PL_RABR<br />
Montrichardia arborescens<br />
Sagittaria guyanensis<br />
Rhynchospora barbata<br />
Rhynchospora velutina<br />
Syngonanthus caulescens<br />
Xyris laxifolia<br />
Xyris savanensis<br />
Panicum laxum<br />
Aristida capillacea<br />
Paspalum pilosum<br />
Heliconia psittacorum<br />
Thalia geniculata<br />
Cuphea o'donellii<br />
Ludwigia decurrens<br />
Ludwigia nervosa<br />
Rhynchanthera serrulata<br />
Pterolepis glomerata<br />
Clidemia capitellata<br />
Desmoscelis villosa<br />
Miconia stephananthera<br />
Sauvagesia rubiginosa<br />
Croton hirtus<br />
Caperonia pallustris<br />
Mimosa camporum<br />
Aeschynomene pratensis<br />
Desmodium barbatum<br />
Byttnera scabra<br />
Melochia villosa<br />
Diodia multiflora<br />
Shultesia brachyptera<br />
Sinningia sp.<br />
Hyptis conferta<br />
Hyptis dilatata
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY RMRZ – Pollination<br />
AN_RMRZ<br />
Cyclocephala sp1<br />
Cyclocephala sp2<br />
Hylaeus sp.<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Ceratina sp.<br />
Euglossa sp.<br />
Eulaema meriana<br />
Exomalopsis sp.<br />
Xylocopa sp.<br />
Bombus atratus<br />
Bombus pullatus<br />
Bombus volucelloides<br />
Melipona compresipes<br />
Melipona scutellaris<br />
Augochlora sp3<br />
Pereirapsis<br />
Pseudaugochloropsis sp 1<br />
Augochloropsis sp 0<br />
Augochloropsis sp 2<br />
Augochloropsis sp 3<br />
Dialictus sp 1<br />
Dialictus sp 2<br />
Cerciris sp.<br />
Oxybelus sp.<br />
Sticia sp.<br />
Tachites sp.<br />
Sphex ichneumoneus<br />
Sphex sp.<br />
Pepsis sp.<br />
Campsomeris sp.<br />
Brachygastra lecheguana<br />
Montezumia azurescens<br />
Pachodynerus nasidens<br />
Polistes lanio soikai<br />
Polistes vibex braeceps<br />
Polybia occidentalis<br />
Polybia scrobalis<br />
Calicopis sp<br />
Panoquina bola<br />
Vehilius inca<br />
Pyrrhogige sp.<br />
Sarcodexia innota<br />
Cylindromia sp<br />
Copestylum sp.<br />
Eristalis sp.<br />
Volucella sp.<br />
PL_RMRZ<br />
Philodendron ptarianum<br />
Sobralia liliastrum<br />
Pogonia stricta<br />
Epistephium duckei<br />
Epidendrum ibaguense<br />
Catasetum discolor<br />
Eriopsis biloba<br />
Stegolepsis angustata<br />
Brocchinia acuminata<br />
Xyris setigera<br />
Phthirusa adunca<br />
Meriana sclerophylla<br />
Tibouchina fraterna<br />
Miconia ciliata<br />
Siphanthera cordifolia<br />
Marcetia taxifolia<br />
Tococa nitens<br />
Macairea pachyphylla<br />
Macairea parvifolia<br />
Humiria balsamifera<br />
Vismia lauriformis<br />
Clusia pusilla<br />
Clusia grandiflora<br />
Poecilandra retusa<br />
Sauvagesia angustifolia<br />
Cybianthus quelchii<br />
Cyrilla racemiflora<br />
Notopora schomburgkii<br />
Befaria glauca<br />
Vaccinium puberulum<br />
Vaccinium euryanthum<br />
Digomphia laurifolia<br />
Ternstroemia crassifolia<br />
Sipanea galioides<br />
Declieuxia fruticosa<br />
Borreria capitata<br />
Remijia densiflora<br />
Bonnetia sessilis<br />
Pagameopsis garryoides<br />
Heliamphora heterodoxa<br />
Irlbachia nemorosa<br />
Mandevilla benthamii<br />
Galactophora schomburgkiana<br />
Ilex retusa<br />
Vernonia bolivariensis<br />
Chromolanea sp.<br />
Calea lucidivenia<br />
Mikania psilotachya
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY SAPF – Frugivory<br />
AN_SAPF<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Columba janthina<br />
Sphenurus formosae<br />
Ficedula narcissina<br />
Turdus dauma<br />
Turdus pallidus<br />
Turdus chrysolaus<br />
Hypsipetes amaurotis<br />
Zosterops japonica<br />
PL_SAPF<br />
Eurya japonica<br />
Kadsura japonica<br />
Litsea acuminata<br />
Persea thunbergii<br />
Neolitsea aciculata<br />
Neolitsea sericea<br />
Taxillus yadoriki<br />
Daphniphyllum teijsmannii<br />
Syzygium buxifolium<br />
Elaeocarpus japonica<br />
Elaeocarpus sylvestris<br />
Myrica rubra<br />
Prunus jamasakura<br />
Rhaphiolepis indica<br />
Cleyera japonica<br />
Diospyros morrisiana<br />
Symplocos prunifolia<br />
Myrsine sguinii<br />
Ardisia sieboldii<br />
Vaccinium bracteatum<br />
Actinidia arguta<br />
Morinda umbellata<br />
Psychotria serpens<br />
Ilex goshiensis<br />
Ilex rotunda<br />
Schefflera octophylla<br />
Lonicera affinis
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY SCHM – Pollination<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Bombus griseocollis<br />
Ceratina metallica<br />
Nomada luteola<br />
Augochlora pura<br />
Augochlorella striata<br />
Halictus confusus<br />
Lasioglossum forbesii<br />
Dialictus coeruleus<br />
Dialictus oblongus<br />
Dialictus obscurus<br />
Dialictus imitatus<br />
Dialictus zephyrus<br />
Andrena carlini<br />
Andrena irgeniae<br />
Andrena forbesii<br />
Andrena mansonii<br />
Andrena rugosa<br />
Andrena cressoni<br />
Andrena miserabilis<br />
Andrena erythronii<br />
Andrena personata<br />
Andrena sp<br />
Helophilus fasciatus<br />
Melanostoma sp.<br />
Metasyrphus americanus<br />
Eristalis dimidiatus<br />
Carposcalis obscura<br />
Mesograpta marginata<br />
Xylota nemorum<br />
Syrphus torvus<br />
Syrphus sp<br />
AN_SCHM PL_SCHM<br />
(not included in analyses)<br />
Erythronium<br />
Isopyrum<br />
Sanguinaria<br />
Dicentra cu<br />
Dicentra ca<br />
Claytonia<br />
<br />
Dentaria
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY SMAL – Pollination<br />
AN_SMAL<br />
Macrodactlyus subspinosus<br />
Cyphon variabilis<br />
Dialictus pilosus<br />
Colletes inaequalis<br />
Andrena alleghaniensis<br />
Andrena bradleyi<br />
Andrena carlini<br />
Andrena carolina<br />
Andrena mandibularis<br />
Andrena regularis<br />
Andrena vicina<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Bombus terricola<br />
Pyrobombus impatiens<br />
Pyrobombus perplexus<br />
Pyrobombus sandersoni<br />
Pyrobombus ternarius<br />
Adela purpurea<br />
Thymelicus lineola<br />
Dilophus caurinus<br />
Hybomitra minuscula<br />
Hybomitra typhus<br />
Spilogona fatima<br />
Pyrophaena rosarum<br />
Melanostoma sp.<br />
Eristalis dimidiata<br />
Syritta pipiens<br />
Toxomerus marginatus<br />
Syrphus torvus<br />
Helophilus latifrons<br />
Helophilus fasciatus<br />
Helophilus laetus<br />
PL_SMAL<br />
Smilacina trifolia<br />
Calopogon pulchellus<br />
Salix fragilis<br />
Spiraea alba<br />
Aronia melanocarpa<br />
Nemopanthus mucronata<br />
Andromeda glaucophylla<br />
Ledum groenlandicum<br />
Chamaedaphne calyculata<br />
Vaccinium myrtilloides<br />
Gaylussacia baccata<br />
Kalmia polifolia<br />
Kalmia angustifolia
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY SMRA – Pollination<br />
AN_SMRA *<br />
Adalia deficiens<br />
Melanophthalma aff. seminigra<br />
Eurymetopun obscurum<br />
Eurymetopun prasinum<br />
Eurymetopun proteus<br />
Hylodanacea binotus<br />
Hylodanacea elegans<br />
Mordellidae [7 spp.]<br />
Mecopselaphus maculicollis<br />
Mordella erythrura<br />
Mordella luctuosa<br />
Callideriphus laetus<br />
Chenoderus testaceus<br />
Platynocera gracilipes<br />
Platynocera gracilis<br />
Clamirius apicarius<br />
Chlamysus sp.<br />
Dasydema hirtella<br />
Rhopalomerus tenuirostris<br />
Scirtidae [11 spp.]<br />
Chauliognathus sp.<br />
Dysmorphocellus sp.<br />
Hyponotum kraussei<br />
Schizochelus serratus<br />
Staphylinidae [7 spp.]<br />
Hypodynerus sp.<br />
Vespula germanica<br />
Vespidae Species 2<br />
Vespidae Euneminae Species 1<br />
Pompilidae Species 1<br />
Pompilidae Species 2<br />
Diphaglossa gayi<br />
Apis mellifera<br />
Bombus dahlbomii<br />
Caenohalictus movilicornis<br />
Callochlora chloris<br />
Cadeguala albopilosa<br />
Cadeguala occipitalis<br />
Corynura corynogastra<br />
Corynura patagonica<br />
Corynura rubella<br />
Corynura aff. lepida<br />
Corynura aff. atrovirens<br />
Braconidae sp 2<br />
Ichneumonidae Species 1<br />
Ichneumonidae Species 2<br />
Scaptia pseudomelpia horrens<br />
Bombyliidae Species 1<br />
Calliphoridae [4 spp.]<br />
Sarcophagidae [5 spp.]<br />
Lypha erigonopsidis<br />
Morphodexia sp.<br />
Peleteria filipalpis<br />
Tachinidae Species 2<br />
Tachinidae Species 3<br />
Fannia [7 spp.]<br />
Craspedochaeta linbinervis<br />
Lauxaniidae Species 1<br />
Lauxaniidae Species 4<br />
Cheilosia nitescens<br />
Macrometopia atra<br />
Melanostoma [4 spp.]<br />
Stilbosona cyanea<br />
Syrphus octomaculatus<br />
Tropidia sp.<br />
New species<br />
Allograpta hortensis<br />
Allograpta pulchra<br />
Dolichogyna chilensis<br />
Dolichogyna nigripes<br />
Eristalis assimilis<br />
Eristalis elegans<br />
Eristalis tenax<br />
Fazia bullaephora<br />
Fazia macquarti<br />
Mesograpta calceolatus<br />
Mesograpta philippi<br />
Empididae Species 1<br />
Thrypticus sp. 1<br />
Megalybus crassus<br />
Trichophthalma commutata<br />
Trichophthalma herbsti<br />
Vanessa sp.<br />
Eroessa chilensis<br />
PL_SMRA<br />
* Obs: politomies within genera or<br />
families were removed for clarity (but<br />
were included in analyses). Number of<br />
species included as soft politomies<br />
within each group are shown<br />
in brackets.<br />
Luzuriaga polyphylla<br />
Luzuriaga radicans<br />
Berberis darwinii<br />
Berberis buxifolia<br />
Embothrium coccineum<br />
Gevuina avellana<br />
Ovidia pillo<br />
Myrteola nummularia<br />
Tepualia stipularis<br />
Luma apiculata<br />
Amomyrtus luma<br />
Amomyrtus meli<br />
Myrceugenia ovata<br />
Myrceugenia planipes<br />
Myrceugenia parvifolia<br />
Ugni candollei<br />
Ugni molinae<br />
Eucryphia cordifolia<br />
Caldcluvia paniculata<br />
Hydrangea serratifolia<br />
Anagallis alternifolia<br />
Gaultheria mucronata<br />
Gaultheria phillyreifolia<br />
Rhaphithamnus spinosus<br />
Mitraria coccinea<br />
Asteranthera ovata
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY SNOW – Frugivory<br />
AN_SNOW<br />
Euphonia violacea<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Thraupis episcopus<br />
Thraupis palmarum<br />
Tangara guttata<br />
Tangara mexicana<br />
Tangara gyrola<br />
Chlorophanes spiza<br />
Dacnis cayana<br />
Cyanerpes caeruleus<br />
Cyanerpes cyaneus<br />
Ramphocelus carbo<br />
Tachyphonus rufus<br />
Tachyphonus luctuosus<br />
PL_SNOW<br />
Piper sp.<br />
Anthurium gracile<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Gravisia aquilega<br />
Aechmaea dichlamydea<br />
Aechmaea mertensii<br />
Aechmaea nudicaulis<br />
Doliocarpus dentatus<br />
Davilla aspera<br />
Phytolacca rivinoides<br />
Rhipsalis sp.<br />
Eugenia baileyi<br />
Psidium guajava<br />
Calycolpus glaber<br />
Myrcia sp.<br />
Myrcia leptoclada<br />
Clidemia spp.<br />
Henriettea sp.<br />
Miconia spp.<br />
Rourea surinamensis<br />
Lacistema aggregatum<br />
Laetia procera<br />
Clusia spp.<br />
Byrsonima spicata<br />
Alchornea glandulosa<br />
Sapium aucuparium<br />
Hieronyma caribaea<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Cecropia peltata<br />
Castilla elastica<br />
Ficus clusiifolia<br />
Ficus tobagensis<br />
Ficus citrifolia<br />
Sloanea stipilata<br />
Protium heptaphyllum<br />
Cupania sp.<br />
Norantea guianensis<br />
Cordia bicolor<br />
Cordia curassavica<br />
Coussarea paniculata<br />
Chiococca alba<br />
Psychotria spp.<br />
Isertia parviflora<br />
Aegiphilia integrifolia<br />
Solanum sp.<br />
Ilex sp.<br />
Didymopanax morototoni<br />
Wulffia baccata
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY WES – Frugivory<br />
AN_WES<br />
Tinamus solitarius<br />
Columba plumbea<br />
Laniisoma elegans<br />
Pyroderus scutatus<br />
Lipaugus lanioides<br />
Phibalura flavirostris<br />
Procnias nudicollis<br />
Neopelma aurifrons<br />
Chiroxiphia caudata<br />
Ilicura militaris<br />
Schiffornis virescens<br />
Pachyramphus castaneus<br />
Pachyramphus validus<br />
Tityra inquisitor<br />
Tityra cayana<br />
Oxyruncus cristatus<br />
Myiopagis caniceps<br />
Phyllomyias fasciatus<br />
Elaenia mesoleuca<br />
Elaenia obscura<br />
Elaenia flavogaster<br />
Myiarchus swainsoni<br />
Phylloscartes oustaleti<br />
Mionectes rufiventris<br />
Pitangus sulphuratus<br />
Myiodynastes maculatus<br />
Conopias trivirgata<br />
Megarynchus pitangua<br />
Tyrannus melancholicus<br />
Empidonomus varius<br />
Euphonia pectoralis<br />
Euphonia violacea<br />
Icterus cayanensis<br />
Cacicus haemorrhous<br />
Cacicus chrysopterus<br />
Habia rubica<br />
Saltator similis<br />
Pitylus fuliginosus<br />
Hemithraupis ruficapilla<br />
Dacnis cayana<br />
Tachyphonus coronatus<br />
Tachyphonus cristatus<br />
Coereba flaveola<br />
Cissopis leveriana<br />
Tangara cyanocephala<br />
Tangara desmaresti<br />
Tangara seledon<br />
Tangara peruviana<br />
Thraupis cyanoptera<br />
Thraupis ornata<br />
Thraupis sayaca<br />
Mimus saturninus<br />
Atilla rufus<br />
Platycichla flavipes<br />
Turdus albicollis<br />
Turdus rufiventris<br />
Turdus amaurochalinus<br />
Turdus leucomelas<br />
Turdus subalaris<br />
Hylophilus poicilotis<br />
Vireo chivi<br />
Baryphthengus ruficapillus<br />
Ramphastos dicolorus<br />
Baillonius bailloni<br />
Selenidera maculirostris<br />
Celeus flavescens<br />
Colaptes campestris<br />
Melanerpes flavifrons<br />
Veniliornis spilogaster<br />
Brotogeris tirica<br />
Pyrrhura frontalis<br />
Forpus xanthopterygius<br />
Triclaria malachitacea<br />
Pionus maximiliani<br />
Trogon surrucura<br />
Trogon viridis<br />
Trogon rufus<br />
Odontophorus capueira<br />
Pipile jacutinga<br />
Penelope obscura<br />
PL_WES *<br />
next page<br />
Philodendron appendiculatum<br />
Anthurium crassipes<br />
Anthurium scandens<br />
Heteropsis rigidifolia<br />
Heteropsis sp1<br />
Smilax elastica<br />
Allibertia mycifolia<br />
Syagrus romazoffianum<br />
Euterpe edulis<br />
Geonoma gamiova<br />
Geonoma sp1<br />
Poacea sp<br />
Bromelia sp1<br />
Bromelia sp2<br />
Dichorisandra thyrsiflora<br />
Hedychium coronarium<br />
Virola bicuhyba<br />
Xylopia brasiliensis<br />
Guatteria dusenii<br />
Rollinia emarginata<br />
Rollinia sericea<br />
Mollinedia boracensis<br />
Mollinedia floribunda<br />
Mollinedia uleana<br />
Lauraceae sp1<br />
Cryptocarya moschata<br />
Nectandra [4 spp.]<br />
Ocotea [9 spp.]<br />
Persea pyrifolia<br />
Drimys brasiliensis<br />
Drimys winterii<br />
Piper dilatatum<br />
Piper sp<br />
Piper corintoanum<br />
Piper aduncum<br />
Abuta sellowiana<br />
Rhipsalis [5 spp.]<br />
Guapira opposita<br />
Phytolacca dioica<br />
Agonandra sp1<br />
Phoradendron crassifolium<br />
Loranthaceae sp<br />
Struthanthus sp<br />
Struthanthus vulgaris<br />
Struthanthus concinus<br />
Psittacanthus sp2<br />
Psittacanthus sp1<br />
Fuchsia regia<br />
Siphoneugena densiflora<br />
Myrcia [6 spp.]<br />
Marlierea reitzii<br />
Neomitranthes glomerata<br />
Eugenia melanogyna<br />
Eugenia mosenii<br />
Eugenia sp1<br />
Gomidesia schaueriana<br />
Gomidesia affinis<br />
Gomidesia fenzliana<br />
Psidium cattleianum<br />
Psidium guajava<br />
Psidium sp1<br />
Campomanesia guaviroba<br />
Campomanesia xanthocarpa<br />
Campomanesia neriiflora<br />
Ossaea amygdaloides<br />
Leandra [11 spp.]<br />
Miconia [17 spp.]<br />
Maytenus robustus<br />
Maytenus litoralis<br />
Passiflora sp<br />
Clusia criuva<br />
Vismia sp<br />
Ouratea vaccinioides<br />
Sapium glandulatum<br />
Hieronyma alchorneoides<br />
Tetrorchidium rubrivenium<br />
Alchornea triplinervia<br />
Alchornea glandulosa<br />
Casearia sylvestris<br />
Casearia decandra<br />
Andira pisonis<br />
Inga marginata<br />
Inga sessilis<br />
Rubus rosaefolius<br />
Rubus urticaefolius<br />
Rubus brasiliensis<br />
Trema micrantha<br />
Celtis iguaneae<br />
Coussapoa microcarpa<br />
Ficus luschnatiana<br />
Ficus sp<br />
Ficus sp1<br />
Urera baccifera<br />
Cecropia glaziovi<br />
Cucumis sp1<br />
Cayaponia sp1<br />
Cucurbitaceae sp3<br />
Cucurbitaceae sp2<br />
Carica papaya<br />
Zanthoxylum riedelianum<br />
Guarea macrophylla<br />
Cabralea canjerana<br />
Protium heptaphyllum<br />
Tapirira guianensis<br />
Schinus terebinthifolius<br />
Allophylus edulis<br />
Paullinia uloptera<br />
Matayba guianensis<br />
Cupania vernalis
5956 <br />
Community WES (continued)<br />
PL_WES *<br />
* Obs: politomies within genera were<br />
removed for clarity (but were included in<br />
analyses). Number of congeneric species<br />
included as soft politomies are shown within<br />
brackets.<br />
Marcgravia polyantha<br />
Symplocos glanduloso-marginata<br />
Symplocos variabilis<br />
Symplocos tetrandra<br />
Cybianthus peruvianus<br />
Myrsine [5 spp.]<br />
Cordia corymbosa<br />
Tournefortia paniculata<br />
Posoqueria latifolia<br />
Coussarea contracta<br />
Amaioua intermedia<br />
Psychotria [5 spp.]<br />
Ixora heterodoxa<br />
Rudgea jasminoides<br />
Galium hypocarpium<br />
Coccosypselum krauseanum<br />
Coccosypselum hasserianum<br />
Strychnos brasiliensis<br />
Peschiera catharinensis<br />
Codonanthe cordifolia<br />
Lantana camara<br />
Solanum [15 spp.]<br />
Vassobia breviflora<br />
Aureliana fasciculata<br />
Aureliana sp1<br />
Ilex brevicuspis<br />
Ilex microdonta<br />
Didymopanax angustissimum<br />
Oreopanax sp
5956 <br />
COMMUNITY WYTH – Frugivory<br />
Columba palumbus<br />
Pyrrhula pyrrhula<br />
Fringilla coelebs<br />
Sitta europaea<br />
Erithacus rubecula<br />
Turdus merula<br />
Turdus philomelos<br />
Turdus iliacus<br />
Turdus pilaris<br />
Sylvia atricapilla<br />
Aegithalos caudatus<br />
Parus caeruleus<br />
Parus palustris<br />
AN_WYTH PL_WYTH<br />
Parus major<br />
Tamus communis<br />
Euonymus europaeus<br />
Bryonia dioica<br />
Crataegus monogyna<br />
Rosa sp.<br />
Prunus spinosa<br />
Rubus sp.<br />
Solanum dulcamara<br />
Hedera helix<br />
Sambucus nigra<br />
Lonicera periclymenum