A checklist of the Rubiaceae (coffee family) of Bioko and Annobon ...

Systematics and Biodiversity 5 (2): 159–186 Issued 25 May 2007 

doi:10.1017/S1477200006002143 Printed in the United Kingdom 

C○ The Natural History Museum 

A checklist of the Rubiaceae (coffee family) of Bioko and 

Annobon (Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea) 

A.P. Davis 1∗ &E. Figueiredo 2 

1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK 

2 Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Trav. Cde da Ribeira 7, 1300-142 Lisboa, Portugal 

Email: estrelafigueiredo@hotmail.com 

submitted September 2004 

accepted June 2006 

Contents 

Abstract 159 

Introduction 159 

Material and methods 160 

Diversity and conservation 160 

A checklist of Rubiaceae for Bioko and Annobon 161 

Excluded names and species records 180 

Acknowledgements 180 

References 181 

Systematic index 184 

Abstract A detailed checklist of the Rubiaceae (coffee family) occurring naturally on the islands of Bioko and Annobon 

(Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea) is presented, based on herbarium collections deposited in the herbaria of the Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Kew and The Natural History Museum, London. The checklist comprises 58 genera and 147 species, 

including six new generic records and 26 new infrageneric records. The total number of native Rubiaceae species occurring 

in Bioko is 139; three entities do not have formal names and probably represent new taxa. In Annobon there are 12 native 

genera and 13 indigenous species of Rubiaceae. The conservation status of two endemic species is assessed using IUCN 

criteria and it is proposed that they are considered Vulnerable. 

Key words Rubiaceae (coffee family), Bioko, Annobon, Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea, biodiversity 

Introduction 

The objective of the contribution presented here is to provide 

a contemporary checklist for the Rubiaceae (coffee family) of 

Bioko and Annobon, with annotated taxonomic entries, and 

notes on diversity and conservation. 

The islands of Bioko (‘Fernando Po’) and Annobon are 

two of the four Gulf of Guinea Islands, and are part of Equatorial 

Guinea. The other two islands (São Tomé andPríncipe) 

form a separate country. Biogeographically these islands are 

part of the the Lower Guinea centre of endemism, within the 

Guineo-Congolian Domain (White, 1979). 

Bioko is the larger of the four islands and the closest to the 

African mainland (32 km), lying on the continental shelf. It was 

characterized by Exell (1973) as a ‘littoral’ island, and shown 

to be floristically similar to the continent. Exell described the 

∗ Corresponding author. Email: a.davis@kew.org 

other three islands as ‘maritime’ noting that Annobon, being 

the furthest from the continent, had some characteristics of 

oceanic islands. 

Bioko has a lower percentage of endemic flowering plants 

compared with São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon (i.e. the other 

islands in the Gulf of Guinea) but has a higher level of species 

diversity. Bioko is of particular importance in the context of the 

African flora because it is the type locality for many African 

taxa. For example, and not taking into account infraspecific 

taxa, for 41 of the 139 species of Rubiaceae present in the 

island, the type specimen was collected on Bioko. The reason 

for this bias is historical, as the first comprehensive studies of 

the flora of Africa were undertaken in England based on collections 

deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K). The 

collections made in Bioko by Mann (in 1859–1862), Barter (in 

1858) and Vogel (in 1840–1841) were among the first available 

for tropical Africa. 

159

160 A.P. Davis & E. Figueiredo 

The Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson & Dalziel, 

1931, 1963) treated the flora of Bioko but not of Annobon. 

The flora of Annobon was treated by Exell (1944), and later 

the flora of both islands was included in a checklist by Exell 

(1973). There is a more recent list for Equatorial Guinea (Aedo 

et al., 1999), but it does not convey realistic information on 

plant diversity, being a list of all names and not distinguishing 

between accepted names and synonyms. For the Rubiaceae 

(coffee family) of Bioko 153 taxa (excluding cultivated Coffea) 

are listed, but the real figure for the diversity of the family 

known at the time was 118 taxa, for example. 

The history of botanical collecting in Bioko and Annobon 

has been recently treated in the literature (Aedo et al., 2001). 

After identifying the numerous collections made in Bioko in 

the 1980s by M.F. Carvalho and J.F. Casas, it became clear 

that previous enumerations of Rubiaceae occurring on Bioko 

and Annobon were very much out of date and that a new 

enumeration was urgently required. The Rubiaceae of São 

ToméandPríncipe having been recently revised (Figueiredo, 

2005), it was decided that the revision should be extended to 

the remaining islands. 

Material and methods 

The work presented here is based on herbarium collections 

made in Bioko and Annobon and deposited at the Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and The Natural History Museum 

London (BM). Duplicates from other herbaria are cited if 

known, but were not seen by us. Herbarium abbreviations 

follow Holmgren et al. (1990). 

Most of the data used herein is based on the collections 

made by Carvalho and F. Casas. Nearly all of their collections 

deposited at K lack collecting localities and dates. We 

succeeded in obtaining these data for some Carvalho specimens, 

from Francisco Cabezas at the Real Jardín Botánico 

Herbarium, in Madrid (MA). We noticed that for some collections 

with label data at K the data did not correspond to that 

obtained from MA. We assume the data acquired from MA to 

be correct. We did not succeed in obtaining data for most of the 

F. Casas collections. The collection numbers of both Carvalho 

and F. Casas specimens at K have an additional figure after a 

hyphen, which we think refers to the number of duplicates, but 

we are not certain about this. 

Under the heading ‘Representative specimens’ we cite 

all the collections examined by us and also some collections 

referred to in the literature but not seen by us [marked n.v. for 

not seen (non vidi)]. The material is cited following this order: 

specimens examined with locality data, specimens examined 

without locality data, specimens not seen. Localities are given 

in the format they appear on the label of the specimen cited; 

we have not tried to modernize such spellings. We make reference 

to type specimens when they originate from Bioko and 

Annobon and include only synonyms relevant for the area. The 

place of publication is given for accepted names but not for 

synonyms. Under the heading ‘Ecology’ are details of habit 

and habitat, again obtained directly from the specimen labels. 

It was not our intention to give a complete summary for each 

species but instead to summarize data that are available from 

field collections. The general distribution for each accepted 

taxon is given under the heading ‘Distribution’, and was obtained 

from a draft version of the World Rubiaceae Checklist 

(http://www.kew.org/data/rubiaceae/ Rubiaceae.htm). The distribution 

data for the World Rubiaceae Checklist was obtained 

from literature and herbarium study (Govaerts et al., inprep). 

The distribution of each species is given in brief narrative text 

and in code, following the TDWG system (Brummit, 2001) to 

level-3, although the codes for the Gulf of Guinea Islands have 

been added here to level-4. 

The starting point for this checklist is the work by Exell 

(1973), which represents the most recent angiosperm checklist 

available for the Gulf of Guinea islands. To avoid repetition 

we have not included synonyms or literature references already 

cited in Exell’s work. Taxa recognized as accepted by Exell 

but later placed into synonymy have been cited here. We have, 

however, included all the names of Rubiaceae for Bioko and 

Annobon enumerated in the more recent list for Equatorial 

Guinea by Aedo et al. (1999). This is necessary because the 

checklist of Aedo et al. does not distinguish between synonyms 

and accepted names (see above). The citations of basionyms 

and synonyms, where applicable, are given in italics under 

the relevant accepted name. Full synonymy for each accepted 

name can be found in the World Rubiaceae Checklist (see 

above). 

After each genus entry references for useful taxonomic 

literature (e.g. keys, descriptions, distribution) have been added 

under the heading ‘Useful taxonomic treatment’. General 

works have mostly not been added under this heading; useful, 

general floristic treatments include Flora of West Tropical 

Africa (Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1963), and Flore du Gabon 

(Hallé, 1966, 1970). A checklist by Figueiredo (2005) should 

be consulted for the the Gulf of Guinea islands of São Tomé 

and Príncipe. For widespread taxa and generic keys, the following 

works are useful: Flora Zambesiaca (Verdcourt, 1989; 

Bridson, 1998; Bridson & Verdcourt, 2003) and Flora of Tropical 

East Africa (Verdcourt, 1976; Bridson, 1988; Verdcourt & 

Bridson, 1991). 

Diversity and conservation 

The checklist includes 58 genera, 147 species and three unnamed 

entities of Rubiaceae represented in the flora of the islands 

of Bioko and Annobon. These numbers include six new 

generic records and 26 new infregeneric records, found during 

the course of our investigations. In addition, we have enumerated 

three potentially new taxa (Table 1). In Bioko, there are 

56 genera, 139 indigenous species and one introduced species 

of Rubiaceae. 

Of the seven species endemic to Bioko (Table 2), only 

one is represented in the recent collections examined. Most of 

the others have apparently been collected only once and may 

be rare or perhaps extinct. More data are needed to evaluate 

the conservation status of each of these endemic species. 

Five of the seven endemics have Mildbraed collections 

as their type specimens. These collections were held at the

Rubiaceae of Bioko and Annobon 161 

Bertiera racemosa (G. Don) K. Schum. var. elephantina N. 

Hallé 

Chassalia sp. A 

Corynanthe pachyceras K. Schum. 

Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K. Schum. subsp. triflora 

Cuviera longiflora Hiern 

Diodia serrulata (P. Beauv.) G. Taylor 

Euclinia longiflora Salisb. 

Geophila afzelii Hiern 

Lasianthus africanus Hiern 

Oxyanthus pallidus Hiern 

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. 

Pauridiantha floribunda (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Bremek. 

Pauridiantha hirtella (Benth.) Bremek. 

Polysphaeria macrophylla K. Schum. 

Psychotria globosa Hiern var. globosa 

Psychotria globosa Hiern var. ciliata (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit 

Psychotria humilis Hiern var. maior E.M.A. Petit 

Psychotria lucens Hiern var. lucens 

Psychotria psychotrioides (DC.) Roberty 

Psydrax acutiflora (Hiern) Bridson 

Psydrax kraussioides (Hiern) Bridson 

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson 

Rutidea glabra Hiern 

Rutidea sp. A 

Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns 

Sabicea pilosa Hiern 

Sabicea venosa Benth. 

Sericanthe jacfelicis (N. Hallé) Robbr. 

Sherbournia zenkeri Hua 

Tarenna eketensis Wernham 

Tricalysia sp. A 

Trichostachys aurea Hiern 

Table 1 

New records for Bioko and Annobon. 

Bertiera annobonensis G. Taylor 

Craterispermum montanum Hiern (+ Sâo Toméand 

Príncipe) 

Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. 

Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern 


Pavetta monticola Hiern (+ São Tomé) 

Pouchetia confertiflora Mildbr. 

Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. 

Rutidea smithii Hiern subsp. smithii 

Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns 

Sabicea ingrata K. Schum. var. insularis (Wernham) 

Joffroy (+ São Tomé) 

Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C. Adams ex W.C. Burger 

& C.M. Taylor 

Uncaria africana G. Don 

Table 3 

Rubiaceae from Annobon (endemics in bold). 

A comparison of the floras of the islands (both between 

themselves and with the flora of the continent) and analyses 

of their relative diversity and endemicity have been made by 

several authors and are sufficiently discussed in the literature 

(e.g. Exell, 1944; Exell, 1973; Figueiredo, 1994; Joffroy 

2000; Stévart, 2003). An updated table with data on the 

Rubiaceae (Table 4) shows how the diversity and endemism of 

this family compares with those of the flora in general. Despite 

the diversity of Rubiaceae on Bioko being relatively high, 

endemism is only 5%. This value is similar to that obtained 

for the angiosperm flora of Bioko as a whole. For the ‘maritime’ 

islands (São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon) endemism 

appears at a much higher rate in Rubiaceae when compared to 

the endemism in general. 

Lasianthus africanus Hiern (+ São ToméandPríncipe) 

Mussaenda lancifolia K. Krause 

Pavetta oresitropha Bremek. 

Psychotria crassicalyx K. Krause 

Psychotria mollipes K. Krause 

Psychotria recurva Hiern 

Sabicea urbaniana Wernham 

Table 2 

Rubiaceae species endemic to Bioko. 

Berlin-Dahlem Herbarium, Berlin (B) before it was destroyed 

during World War II; some duplicates exist at the Institut für 

Allgemeine Botanik, Hamburg (HBG). 

In Annobon there are 12 native genera and 13 indigenous 

species of Rubiaceae (Table 3). One species is introduced. 

Seven species are common to Bioko. Two taxa are endemic 

to Annobon, two are endemic to Annobon and São Tomé and 

one is endemic Annobon, São Tomé andPríncipe. It is proposed 

that the two Annobon endemics be considered Vulnerable 

(IUCN, 2001) due to the small area of this island. 

A checklist of Rubiaceae for Bioko 

and Annobon 

Aidia Lour. 

Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy in F.W. Andrews, Fl. Pl. 

Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 2: 424 (1952); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 278 (1999). 

Randia genipaeflora DC.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Ela Nguema 

(Noba Uan zone), 22-V-1988, Carvalho 3454-2 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Baney, along road, km 10–11, 9-VI-1988, Carvalho 

3481-4 (K, MA); Malabo-Bahia de Venus, 12-IV-1990, 

Carvalho 4319-1 (K, MA); s.l., Mann 228 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

11249-20 (K); s.l., Barter s.n. (K). 

Ecology. Shrub or small tree; littoral forest. 

Distribution. West tropical Africa. 22 IVO, SIE; 23 CMN, 

GGI-BI.


Bioko Príncipe São Tomé Annobon 

Flora (Spermatophyta) 1105 362 784 208 

Endemics (in %) 42 (4%) 44 (12%) 111 (14%) 20 (10%) 

Endemic to one island (in %) 40 (95%) 21 (48%) 83 (75%) 14 (70%) 

Rubiaceae 139 31 55 13 

Endemic species of Rubiaceae (in %) 7 (5%) 6 (19%) 23 (42%) 5 (38%) 

Rubiaceae endemic to one island (in %) 6 (85%) 2 (33%) 17 (74%) 2 (40%) 

Table 4 Diversity and endemism in the islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Figueiredo, 1994; Joffroy, 2000; Stévart, 2003). 

Anthospermum L. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Puff (1986). 

Anthospermum asperuloides Hook.f. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 

6: 11 (1862); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 

372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 278 

(1999) – Type: Bioko, summit of Clarence Peak, XII-1860, 

Mann 593 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Pico Basilé, road 

km 18–19, 6-X-1988, Carvalho 3653-8 (K, MA). 

Ecology. In woodland with shrubs, amongst grass. 

Distribution. East Cameroon and Bioko. 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Argostemma Wall. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Hallé (1970). 

Argostemma africana K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 

423 (1896); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 

372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

279 (1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Cupapa, road km 

22–23, 10-IX-1988, Carvalho 3615 (MA, n.v.), Mildbraed 

6308 (n.v.). 

Ecology. On the margins of watercourses, growing on rocks. 

Distribution. West and West central tropical Africa. 22 GUI, 

IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, EQG, GGI-BI. 

Bertiera Aubl. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Nguembou et al. (2003). 

Bertiera annobonensis G. Taylor in Mildbr. in Notizbl. Bot. 

Gart. & Mus. Berl.-Dahl. 13:703 (1937); Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 3(3): 102, pl.8 (1963); Exell in Bull. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973) – Types: Annobon, 

upper rim of north crater, 500 m, Mildbraed 6502 (B†, 

syntype); S.Mina, 400 m, Mildbraed 6760 (B†, syntype; BM, 

fragment, syntype). 

Representative specimens: Annobon. Near highest part of the 

crater, 490 m, 26-VII-1959, Wrigley & Melville 93 (BM, K). 

Distribution. Endemic to Annobon. 23 GGI-AN. 

Notes. Accepted status and distribution confirmed by recent 

study of Bertiera in Cameroon (Nguembou et al., 2003). 

Proposed IUCN category. Vulnerable VU D2. The population 

has a very restricted area of occupancy, of less than 20 km 2 

(D2). The island of Annobon is ±17 km 2 . 

Bertiera breviflora Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 84 (1877); 

Dawson et al. in Cable & Cheek, Pl. Mt. Cameroon: 103 

(1998). 


21–22, 1-V-1988, Carvalho 3410-1 (K, MA), loc. cit., 30-VIII- 

1989, Carvalho 4076-2 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Shrub; forest, near watercourses. 

Distribution. West and West central tropical Africa. 22 GHA, 

GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, 

ZAI. 

Bertiera laxa Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 394 (1849) var. 

laxa; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 

(1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 280 

(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 148 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-airport, road km 2, 

17-XI-1986, Carvalho 2716 (BM, K, MA); Malabo-Sampaca, 

road km 15, 6-VII-1987, Carvalho 2978-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Luba-Bococo (Veiga y Avendano), road km 70–71, 1-IX-1988, 

Carvalho 3604-5 (K, MA); Ureka beach, 15-II-1947, Guinea 

2445 (K); Ureka beach, 16-II-1947, Guinea 2503 (K); s.l., I- 

1860, Mann 200 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2375-5 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

11403-1 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; littoral forest and swampy areas. 

Distribution. Nigeria to West central tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Bertiera racemosa (G. Don) K. Schum. in Bol. Soc. Brot. 

10: 127 (1892) var. racemosa; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 280 (1999). 

Bertiera montana Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 280 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., 

2100 m, 1860, Mann 292 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Between waterfall of R. 

Iladyi and Moca, in swamp, 1252 m, 10-XII-1986, Carvalho 

2783 (BM, K, MA); s.l., F. Casas 11756-2 (K). 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Tanzania. 22 GHA, GUI, 

IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, 

GGI-BI, RWA, ZAI; 25 TAN, UGA. 

var. elephantina N. Hallé in Fl. Gabon 17: 55 (1970). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Pico Basilé, Pico 

road km 3, 15-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3052-6 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Pico Basilé, road km 4–5, 1-IX-1989, Carvalho 4082-1 (K, 

MA).


Ecology. Shrub; secondary forest. 

Distribution. Sierra Leone to West central tropical Africa. 22 

GHA, IVO, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI- 

BI, GGI-PR, GGI-ST, ZAI. 

Bertiera retrofracta K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 452 

(1897); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 


(1999). 

Bertiera obversa K. Krause; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, road km 

15, 22-VII-1987, Carvalho 3002-1 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Shrub; forest. 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, 

EQG, GGI-BI. 

Calycosiphonia Pierre ex Robbr. 

Useful taxonomic treatments: Robbrecht (1981), Bridson 

(1988). 

Calycosiphonia macrochlamys (K. Schum.) Robbr. in Bull. 

Jard. Bot. Belg. 51: 377 (1981); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Coffea macrochlamys K. Schum.; Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 373 (1973); Aedo et al., 

Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 281 (1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Moca, road km 

63, 13-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3044-2 (K, MA); Moca-road ro 

Ureca, 14-XI-1989, Carvalho 4166-4 (K, MA); Malabo-Lago 

Loreto, road km 64–65, 20-XI-1989, Carvalho 4193-3 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11749-3 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary and secondary forest. 

Distribution. Ghana, West central tropical Africa. 22 GHA; 

23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Chassalia Poir. 

Chassalia cristata (Hiern) Bremek. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. 



(1999). 


14–15, 5-V-1987, Carvalho 2893-5 (K, MA); Malabo-Pico 

Basilé, Pico road km 11–12, 8-VIII-1988, Carvalho 3559-4 

(K, MA); Moca-Lago Biao, 1570 m, 15-VII-1986, F. Casas 

10389 (K, MA); above Moka, 1460 m, 8-IX-1959, Wrigley 

578 (BM, K); s.l., F. Casas 10211-14 (K), 11926-3 (K). 


Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 23 BUR, CAF, 

CMN, GGI-BI, RWA, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 

26 ANG. 

Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper in Kew Bull. 16: 330 



(1999). 

Psychotria benthaminana Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., 

Vogel s.n. (K, holotype). 

No further specimens known from Bioko. 

Distribution. West and West central tropical Africa. 22 BEN, 

GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, 

GGI-BI. 

Chassalia petitiana F. Piesschaert in Syst. Bot. 24 (3): 315 

(1999) – Type: Bioko, North Pico Sta Isabel, Basilé, 800– 

1000 m, Mildbraed 6433 (HBG lectotype; BR photograph & 

fruits). 

Psilanthus epiphyticum Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999), nom. nud. [perhaps an 

error for Psychotria epiphytica Mildbr. [nom. illeg.], see 

Exell (1973: 376)]. 


Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 GGI-BI, GAB, 

ZAI. 

Chassalia pteropetala (K. Schum.) Cheek in Kew Bull. 

55(4): 887 (2000). 

Psychotria pteropetala K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 

33: 369 (1903); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 376 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 


Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Mann 310a (K). 

Distribution. Cameroon and Bioko. 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Chassalia subherbacea (Hiern) Hepper in Kew Bull. 16: 331 



(1999). 

Psychotria subherbacea Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 




56, 4-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3027-2 (K, MA); Malabo-Luba, 

swamp area of Boloco near R. Tiburones, 3-VI-1990, Carvalho 

4377-3 (K, MA); s.l., F. Casas 10238-2 (K), 11296-3 (K), 

12071-1 (K). 

Ecology. Undershrub, up to 70 cm high, with blue fruits; 

forest. 


IVO, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Chassalia sp. A 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-airport, Pico road 

km 7–8, 10-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3042-2 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Pico Basilé, Pico road km 3–4, 10-IV-1990, Carvalho 4316-1 

(K, MA). 

Ecology. A climber or climbing shrub; secondary forest. 

Distribution. Bioko. 23 GGI-BI. 

Notes. Similar to C. cristata but differing by the larger, 

spreading corolla, 11–15 mm long. 

Chazaliella E.M.A. Petit & Verdc. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1977). 

Chazaliella insidens (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit & Verdc. in Kew 

Bull. 30: 269 (1975) subsp. insidens; Aedoet al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 281 (1999).


Psychotria insidens Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 376 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 288 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., 1860, 

Mann 310 (K, syntype); Bioko, s.l., 1861, Mann 1155 

(K, syntype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., F. Casas 11396-2 (K), 

11397-1 (K), 11624-1 (K). 

Distribution. Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, 

GGI-BI. 

Chazaliella sciadephora (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit & Verdc. in 

Kew Bull. 30: 270 (1975) var. sciadephora 

Psychotria sciadephora Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 376 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Mildbraed 6853 (n.v.) – 

this specimen was not seen by Petit & Verdcourt (Verdcourt, 

1975: 270). 

Distribution. West tropical Africa. 22 GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, 

NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Coffea L. 

Useful taxonomic treatments: Bridson (1988); Stoffelen 

(1998). 

Several species of Coffea have been recorded for Bioko 

but they are all cultivated. Exell (1973) recorded C. arabica L. 

and C. liberica Hiern under cultivation. Aedo et al. (1999) recorded 

also C. stenophylla G. Don, C. canephora A. Froehner, 

C. dybowskii De Wild. (= C. liberica), C. excelsa A. Chev. 

(= C. liberica), and C. robusta Linden (= C. canephora). Of 

these, we examined material of C. liberica [Carvalho 2933-1 

(K); F. Casas 12091-2 (K)] and C. canephora [Carvalho 3171 

(K); F. Casas 10235-11 (K)]. 

Corynanthe Welw. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Stoffelen, Robbrecht & Smets 

(1996). 

Corynanthe pachyceras K. Schum. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. 

Berlin-Dahlem 3: 96 (1901). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Ela Nguema 

cemetery, 23-X-1989, Carvalho 4148-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Ela 

Nguema cemetery, 12-III-1990, Carvalho 4296-1 (K, MA); 

s.l., Carvalho 2527-7 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub or small tree, with fragrant flowers. 


GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, 

GGI-BI, CON, EQG, GAB, ZAI. 

Note. ‘Corynanthe sp.’ as cited for Bioko by Exell (1973: 

373) is based on a specimen collected by Burchardt,whichwe 

have not seen. 

Craterispermum Benth. 

Craterispermum montanum Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 


373 (1973). 

Craterispermum cerinanthum sensu Verdc. in Kew Bull. 

28: 436 (1974) p.p. non Hiern (1877). 

Representative specimens: Annobon. East of path to Pico 

Mina, 400 m, 21-VII-1959, Melville 175 (BM); Quioveo, 500– 

600 m, IX-1911, Mildbraed 6535 (B†, BM). 

Distribution. São Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon. 23 GGI-AN, 

GGI-PR, GGI-ST. 

Note. Listed in IUCN (2004) Red List of Threatened Species 

as VU B1+2c, D2. 

Cremaspora Benth. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1981a). 

Cremaspora thomsonii Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 126 


(1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Burchardt s.n. (n.v.). 


GGI-BI. 

Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K. Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, 

Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(4): 88 (1891) subsp. triflora. 


road km 2–3, 29-III-1989, Carvalho 3864-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Pico Basilé, Pico road km 3–4, 30-VIII-1990, Carvalho 4467-2 

(K, MA). 


Distribution. Cape Verde, tropical Africa. 21 CVI; 22 GHA, 

GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, MLI, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 

BUR, CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, CON, EQG, GAB, RWA, ZAI; 

24 SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, 

ZIM. 

Cuviera Koel. 

Cuviera longiflora Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 157 

(1877). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Gran Caldeira de Luba, 

along the river towards Mt Pisarro, 27-II-1990, Carvalho 4268- 

1 (K); s.l., F. Casas 12167-19 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub. 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa to Angola. 23 CAF, 

CMN, GGI-BI, GAB, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Cuviera subuliflora Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 407 (1849); 

Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 373 (1973); 

Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 281 (1999) – 

Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 83 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., XII-1859, Mann 87 

(K); s.l., Carvalho 2283-22 (K), 2521-3 (K); F. Casas 11544- 

3 (K). 

Distribution. Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, Gabon. 22 

GHA, NGA; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Dictyandra Welw. ex Hook.f. 


Dictyandra arborescens Welw. ex Hook.f. in Benth. & 

Hook., Gen. Pl. 2: 85 (1873); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 


Ecuatorial: 280 (1999).


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Moca, road km 

68–69, 27-VII-1987, Carvalho 3015-2 (K, MA); Malabo-Lago 

Loreto, road km 64–65, 20-XI-1989, Carvalho 4196-4 (K, 

MA); Balachá, 15-I-1947, Guinea 1512 (K); s.l., Carvalho 

2507-1 (K), 2766-14 (K), F. Casas 11865-1 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub or small tree; forest. 

Distribution. Sierra Leone to Angola. 22 BEN, GHA, GUI, 

IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI; 25 UGA; 26 ANG. 

Diodia L. 

Diodia sarmentosa Sw., Prodr.: 30 (1788). 

Diodia scandens sensu auctt. e.g. Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 373 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 282 (1999), non Sw. (1788). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Musola-Moca, road km 

13–14, 21-III-1989, Carvalho 3818-6 (K, MA); Malabo-Luba- 

Riaba, road km 9–10 from cross to Moca and 66–67 km from 

Malabo, 18-VII-1990, Carvalho 4427-1 (K, MA); at the beach, 

VII-1860, Mann 403 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11793-1 (K). 

Ecology. Herb; secondary forest. 

Distribution. Mexico to tropical America, tropical Africa. 22 

BEN, GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE; 23 CAF, 

CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 ETH, SOM; 25 KEN, 

TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 79 MXT; 80 BLZ, 

GUA; 81 DOM, JAM, LEE, PUE, TRT, WIN; 82 FRG, GUY, 

SUR, VEN; 83 CLM, ECU, PER; 84 BZE, BZL, BZN. 

Diodia serrulata (P. Beauv.) G. Taylor in Exell, Cat. Vasc. 

Pl. S.Tome: 220 (1944). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Airport, 24-XI- 

1987, Carvalho 3222-2 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Herb; littoral zone. 

Distribution. Mexico to Venezuela, Caribbean, tropical 

Africa. 22 BEN, GHA, GNB, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, 

TOG; 23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, ZAI; 26 ANG; 

79+ 80; BLZ 81, CUB, HAI, PUE, WIN; 82 VEN; 83 CLM. 

Ecpoma K. Schum. 


Ecpoma gigantostipula (K. Schum.) N. Hallé in Adansonia 

n.s. 3: 173 (1963); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 373 (1973). 

Sabicea gigantostipula K. Schum.; Aedo et al., Bases 

Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 291 (1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Pico, 900 m, 10-XII-1952, 

Boughey 192 (K); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 21–22, 9-VIII- 

1987, Carvalho 3037-1 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Undershrub; primary forest. 


23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-PR. 

Ecpoma hierniana (Wernham) N. Hallé&F.Hallé in Adansonia 

n.s. 3: 173 (1963). 

Sabicea hierniana Wernham; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Mildbraed 6288 (n.v.). 

Distribution. Cameroon, Bioko, Gabon. 23 CMN, GGI-BI, 

GAB. 

Euclinia Salisb. 


Euclinia longiflora Salisb., Parad. Lond.: t. 93, errata (1808). 


49, leaving Baó Grande towards Riaba, 7-VIII-1987, Carvalho 

3032-1 (K, MA), 3032-4 (K, MA); Malabo-Riaba, road km 

49, 28-XI-1987, Carvalho 3237-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Belebú 

Balachá-road to Ureca, after 5–6 km, 30-XI-1989, Carvalho 

4204-6 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, 

LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 

SUD; 25 UGA; 26 ANG. 

Galium L. 

Galium simense Fresen., Mus. Senckenberg 2: 165 (1837); 


Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 282 (1999). 

Galium spurium sensu Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 282 (1999), non L. (1753). 

Galium rotundifolium sensu Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 282 (1999), non L. (1753). 

Galium aparine sensu Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 282 (1999), non L. (1753). 


km 20, 2050 m, 11-XI-1986, Carvalho 2684 (BM, K); Pico 

Sta Isabel, 2887 m, Guinea 2887 (K); Clarence Peak, 2100 m, 

1860, Mann 298 (K); Pico Sta Isabel, 2300–3000 m, 20–II- 

1969, Sanford 5951 (K); s.l., 1800–2400 m, XII-1860, Mann 

612 (K); s.l., XII-1952, Boughey in GC 10793 (K). 

Ecology. Herb; primary forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 23 BUR, CMN, GGI-BI, RWA, 

ZAI; 24 ETH, SUD; 25 KEN, TAN. 

Galium thunbergianum Eckl. & Zeyh., Enum. Pl. Afr. Austral.: 

369 (1837); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 373 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

282 (1999). 

var. hirsutum (Sond.) Verdc., Kew Bull. 30: 326 (1975). 

Galium biafrae Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 282 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., XII-1860, 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Pico Sta Isabel, 2800– 

3000 m, 2-III-1947, Guinea 2813 (K). 

Distribution. Cape Verde (Fogo), mountains of Africa and 

Madagascar. 21 CVI; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, RWA, ZAI; 24 ETH, 

SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ZIM; 27 CPP, TVL; 29 MDG. 

Geophila D. Don 

Geophila afzelii Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 221 (1877). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. s.l., 14-XI-1947, Guinea 

2289 (K).



GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, EQG, GAB, 

GGI-BI, GGI-PR, ZAI. 

Geophila obvallata (Schumach.) Didr. in Vidensk. Meddel. 

Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhaven 1854: 186 (1854); Exell 

in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973); 


subsp. obvallata. 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., 1860, Mann 173 (K). 


GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, 

ZAI. 

Hallea Leroy 

Hallea ledermannii (K. Krause) Verdc. in Kew. Bull. 40: 508 

(1985). 

Mitragyna ciliata Aubrév. & Pellegr.; Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases 


Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Vogel 138 (K); s.l., 

Carvalho 2382-2 (K). 


IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, 

ZAI. 

Heinsia DC. 

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor in Exell, Cat. Vasc. Pl. 

S.Tome: 209 (1944); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

283 (1999) subsp. crinita. 

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor var. crinita; Exell in 

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Baney, road km 

15, 13-XI-1987, Carvalho 3191-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

road km 20–21, 6-V-1989, Carvalho 3949-3 (K, MA); near 

seashore, Kalbreyer 12 (BM); s.l., Barter 2064 (K); s.l., 1860, 

Mann 1 (K), 1860, Mann 402 (K); s.l., Vogel 177 (K); s.l., 

Carvalho 2078-6 (K), 2697-4 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11283-1 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub or small tree; primary forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, 

NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI- 

PR, ZAI; 24 SOM; 25 KEN, TAN; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, 

ZAM, ZIM; 27 TVL. 

Hymenodictyon Wall. 


Hymenodictyon biafranum Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 

42 (1877); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 


(1999). 

Hymenodictyon epidendron Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; 

Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 283 

(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, km 42, 

Carvalho 2067-22 (K); Moca-Mt Muasa, 19-XI-1990, 

Carvalho 4562-1 (K, MA); Moka, 1400 m, 9-IX-1959, Wrigley 

581 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2464-1 (K), 2592-9 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

10082-17 (K). 

Ecology. Small tree; primary forest. 


23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-PR, GGI-ST. 

Ixora L. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: De Block (1998). 

Ixora coccinea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 110 (1753); Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 3(3): 102 (1963); Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Annobon. Ambo, near the mission, 

2-VIII-1959, Melville 218 (BM). 

Note. Cultivated. 

Distribution. West and South India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, 

cultivated elsewhere. 40 IND, SRL; 41 THA, VIE. 

Ixora foliosa Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 166 (1877); 

Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Carvalho 2298-2 (K), 

2303-6 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11959-20 (K). 

Distribution. East Nigeria, West Cameroon, Bioko. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Ixora guineensis Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 414 (1849); 

Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 


(1999). 

Ixora breviflora Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 


Guinea Ecuatorial: 283 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., 300 m, 

1860, Mann 315 (K, holotype). 

Ixora riparia Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 284 (1999) – Type: Bioko, riverbank, XII- 

1859, Mann 19 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moca-waterfalls at R. 

Iladyi, 6-IV-1989, Carvalho 3875-2 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11849- 

16 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary forest. 

Distribution. West and West central tropical Africa. 22 IVO, 

LBR, NGA; 23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Ixora nematopoda K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 33: 357 



(1999). 

Ixora rosea K. Schum.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 



14–15, 23-X-1989, Carvalho 4149-3 (K, MA); Malabo-Baney, 

road km 13–14, 17-VIII-1990, Carvalho 4452-1 (K, MA); s.l., 

1860, Mann s.n. (K). 


Distribution. South-east Nigeria, West central tropical Africa. 

22 NGA; 23 CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Keetia E. Phillips 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Bridson (1991).


Keetia hispida (Benth.) Bridson in Kew Bull. 41: 986 (1986), 

sensu lato. 

Canthium setosum Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 




20–21, 10-XI-1987, Carvalho 3183-7 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Riaba, road km 54, 17-VII-1989, Carvalho 4024-4 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Belebú Balachá-road to Ureca, after 1 km, 30-XI- 

1989, Carvalho 4201-2 (K, MA); s.l., Carvalho 2637-15 (K), 

2810-24 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11751-4 (K). 

Ecology. Climber or climbing shrub; primary or secondary 

forest. 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Angola. 22 GHA, IVO, 

LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 BUR, CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Notes. These specimens belong to a group of taxa (K. hispida 

s.l.) requiring taxonomic revision. 

UNDETERMINED KEETIA SPECIMENS 

Carvalho 3897-2 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Cupapa, road km 

20–21, 10-IV-1989, in primary forest], and 4077-3 (K, MA) 

[Bioko, Malabo-Cupapa, road km 21–22, 30-VIII-1989, in 

primary forest], are two fruiting specimens of a climber similar 

to Keetia purseglovei Bridson (from Cameroon, Congo- 

Kinshasa, Uganda), but differing from that species in having 

pubescent instead of glabrous leaves. 

Lasianthus Jack 

Lasianthus africanus Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 228 

(1877). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., F. Casas 11834-3 (K). 

Distribution. EndemictoBioko,São ToméandPríncipe. 23 

GGI-BI, GGI-PR, GGI-ST. 

Lasianthus batangensis K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 28: 

107 (1899). 

Lasianthus aff. mannii Wernham; Hepper in Fl. W. Trop. 

Afr., ed 2, 2: 190 (1963); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka, Plateau area, 1050– 

1200 m, 9-XII-1951, Boughey 73 (K); Waterfall of R.Iladyi- 

Moca, 1252 m, 10-XII-1986, Carvalho 2780 (BM, K, MA); 

Moka, Las Cascadas, 29-I-1947, Guinea 2156 (K), 2157 (K); 

South of Moka, 1260 m, 21-IX-1959, Melville 629 (BM, K); 

s.l., F. Casas 11734-4 (K). 


IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Note. According to a manuscript by J. Jannerup (not dated, 

copy in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 

(K)), the above cited material may eventually be described as 

a new species. 

Massularia (K. Schum.) Hoyle 


Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyle in Burtt 

Davy & Hoyle, Checklist For Trees & Shrubs Brit. Emp. 3: 


374 (1973). 

Randia acuminata (G. Don) Benth.; Aedo et al., Bases 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, near Cupapa, 

km 21–22, 300 m, 12-IX-1989, Carvalho 4101-4 (K, 

MA); Boloko, 3-I-1947, Guinea 907 (K), 909 (K); s.l., I-1860, 

Mann 211 (K) s.l., F. Casas 11406-2 (K). 



GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Mitriostigma Hochst. 

Mitriostigma barteri Hook.f. ex Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 



284 (1999) – Types: Bioko, s.l., 1860, Mann 234 (K, syntype); 

Bioko, s.l., Barter s.n. (K, syntype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, 22-VII- 

1987, Carvalho 3000-2 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Cameroon and Bioko. 23 CMN. GGI-BI. 

Notes. This species is not endemic to Bioko, as previously 

thought (Exell, 1973), as it occurs also in Cameroon (Dawson 

et al., 1998). 

Morinda L. 

Morinda longiflora G. Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 545 (1834); Exell 

in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973); Aedo 

et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 284 (1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Barter 2066 (K); s.l., 

VI-1860, Mann 411 (K); s.l., III-1863, Mann 2341 (K). 


GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, 

ZAI. 

Morinda lucida Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 406 (1849); Exell 


et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 284 (1999) – Type: 

Bioko, s.l., Vogel 77 (K, syntype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Barter 2039 (K). 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 BEN, GHA, IVO, LBR, 

NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, 

GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 TAN, UGA; 26 

ANG. 

Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. in Kew Bull. 2: 

31(1947); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 


(1999). 

Morinda confusa Hutch.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., Vogel 188 (K). 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Sudan and Angola. 22 

GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, 

GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 26 ANG. 

Mussaenda L. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Hallé (1966).


Mussaenda arcuata Lam. ex Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 4: 392 



(1999). 


km 3–4, 1000 m, 30-VII-1986, Carvalho 2165 (BM, K, MA); 

Malabo-Pico Basilé, Pico road, km 2–3, 28-III-1990, Carvalho 

4304-1 (K, MA); Pico Basilé, 700 m, 4-VII-1986, F. Casas 

10178 (BM, MA); s.l., Mann s.n. (K); s.l., Carvalho 2184-10 

(K). 

Ecology. Climber; primary and secondary forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes. 22 

GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, 

EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 ETH, SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, 

UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 29 MAU, MDG, 

REU. 

Mussaenda elegans Schumach. & Thonn. in Schumach., Beskr. 

Guin. Pl.: 117 (1827); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 

Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 


Representative specimens: Bioko. road to Riaba, near bridge 

of Cope, 350 m, 6-VII-1986, F. Casas 10229 (BM, K); s.l., 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Uganda and Angola. 22 

BEN, GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, MLI, NGA, SIE, TOG; 

23 CAB, CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 UGA; 26 

ANG. 

Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn.; Exell in 

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973); Aedo et al., 



18, 24-IV-1989, Carvalho 3926-3 (K); Malabo-Cupapa, road 

km 20, 25-VIII-1989, Carvalho 4067-2 (K, MA); Rilaja, 

720 m, 29-VI-1986, F. Casas 10064 (BM, K, MA). 

Ecology. Climber or climbing shrub; primary and secondary 

forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa; widely cultivated as an ornamental. 

22 GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 BUR, 

CAF, CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 KEN, 

TAN, UGA; 26 ANG. 

Mussaenda isertiana DC., Prodr. 4: 371 (1830); Exell in 



Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, bridge of 

Cope, km 43, 13-IX-1986, Carvalho 2448 (BM, K, MA); s.l., 

Vogel 226 (K). 

Ecology. Primary forest. 


GHA, IVO, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Mussaenda lancifolia K. Krause in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 28 



(1999) –Type: Mildbraed 6813 (B†, holotype). 

Distribution. Endemic to Bioko. 23 GGI-BI. 

Notes. The type specimen held at the Berlin Herbarium (B) 

was destroyed during World War II and no further collections 

are known. 

Mussaenda polita Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 67 (1877); 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Cupapa, km 6, 

40 m, 18-X-1989, Carvalho 4144 (K). 

Ecology. Woody climber; recorded in cocoa plantations. 

Distribution. Nigeria to Gabon. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, EQG, 

GAB, GGI-BI. 

Mussaenda tenuiflora Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 392 


(1999) var. tenuiflora; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 

Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 67 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka area, 1500 m, 9-XII- 

1951, Boughey 89 (K); Moca-Luba, road km 4, 1520 m, 27- 

XI-1986, Carvalho 2734 (BM, K, MA); Malabo-Ela Nguema 

(Noba Uan area), 22-V-1988, Carvalho 3456-1 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Moca, road km 73–74, 8-IX-1989, Carvalho 4091- 

1 (K, MA); near Bososo, 170 m, 2-VII-1986, F. Casas 10136 

(BM, K, MA); Finca Puente, 24-I-1947, Guinea 1702 (K); 

Ureka beach, 14-II-1947, Guinea 2505 (K); Moka, 1400 m, 7- 

IX-1959, Wrigley 564 (BM, K); s.l., XII-1859, Mann 60 (K); 

s.l., Barter 1232 (K), 2068 (K), 3308 (K); s.l., F. Casas 10134 

(K), 11300-2 (K), 11459-6 (K), 11752-1 (K). 

Ecology. Woody climber or climbing shrub; littoral areas and 

secondary forest. 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Angola. 22 GUI, NGA, 

SIE; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Oldenlandia L. 

Oldenlandia corymbosa L., Sp. Pl.: 119 (1753); Exell in 



Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-airport, Mirupurura 

River, 20 m, 24-VI-1986, Carvalho 2021 (K, MA); Sta 

Isabel, 1962, Swarbrick 2925 (K); s.l., Milne s.n. (K); s.l., Vogel 

201 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11421-3 (K). Annobon. Lower region, 

up to 150 m, 15-II-1933, Exell 881 (BM); North-west of island, 

150 m, 11-VII-1959, Melville 121 (BM, K); northwest cape, 

Mildbraed 6647 (n.v.); north, Mildbraed 6714 (n.v.). 

Distribution. Africa, tropical and subtropical Asia; introduced 

elsewhere. 20 EGY, MOR; 21 CVI; 22 BEN, GAM, 

GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 

BUR, CAF, CMN, CON, GGI-AN, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI- 

PR, RWA, ZAI; 24 ETH, SOC, SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 

26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 27 BOT, TVL; 29 MAU, 

REU; 35 SAU; 36 CHC, CHH, CHS; 38 OGA, TAI; 40 ASS, 

EHM, IND, LDV, MDV, NEP, SRL, WHM; 41 AND, MYA, 

NCB, THA, VIE; 42 BOR, JAW, MLY, PHI, SUL, SUM; 43 

NWG. 

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb., Hort. Bengal.: 11 (1814); 



Representative specimens: Annobon. North-west of island, 

150 m, 11-VII-1959, Wrigley 11 (BM, K). 

Distribution. Africa (incl. Annobon), India, Sri Lanka; widely 

introduced. 21 CVI; 22 BEN, GAM, GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO,


LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, GGI-AN, 

GGI-ST, RWA, ZAI; 24 ETH, SOC, SOM; 25 KEN, TAN, 

UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 27 BOT, CPP, CPV, 

LES, NAM, NAT, OFS, SWZ, TVL; 29 MAU, MDG, REU; 

40 ASS, BAN, IND, SRL. 

Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC., Prodr. 4: 425 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Sampaca, road km 

3, 27-X-1986, Carvalho 2633 (K, MA); Malabo-Bombe- 

Mueri, road km 56–57, 20-IX-1990, Carvalho 4495-1 (K, 

MA); Malabo-Moca, 18-XI-1990, Carvalho 4553-1 (K, MA); 

Moka, 1200–1350 m, 31-I-1933, Exell 822a (BM); below 

Moka, 1300 m, 21-IX-1959, Wrigley 635 (BM, K); s.l., F. Casas 

11971-2 (K). 

Ecology. Herb; recorded in plantations and by watercourses. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa, South Africa; naturalized in 

tropical America. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 

BUR, CAF, CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, 

RWA, ZAI; 24 ETH, SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, 

MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 27 BOT, NAM, TVL; 29 ALD, 

MDG. 

Otomeria Benth. 

Otomeria cameronica (Bremek.) Hepper in Kew Bull. 14: 



285 (1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka, 1200 m, 6-XII- 

1951, Boughey 2 (K); Moca-Lago Biao, 1470 m, 15-VII-1986, 

F. Casas 10358 (BM, K, MA); Moca-Luba, road km 2, 1500 m, 

27-XI-1986, Carvalho 2732 (BM, K, MA); Malabo-Moka, 

road kms 73–74, 8-IX-1989, Carvalho 4090-2 (K, MA); Moka, 

1400 m, 26-IX-1959, Melville 679 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11452-2 

(K), 11609-5 (K), 11759-2 (K), 12120–6 (K). 

Ecology. Forest and roadsides. 


IVO, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CMN, EQG, GGI-BI, GGI-PR. 

Oxyanthus DC. 

Useful taxonomic treatments: Bridson (1979); Sonké (1999). 

Oxyanthus formosus Planch. in Hook., Ic. Pl. 8: t.785-6 



(1999). 

Oxyanthus breviflorus Benth.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 285 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 

209 (K, holotype). 


22, 20-IV-1987, Carvalho 3842-1 (K, MA); s.l., IV-1860, 

Mann 390 (K). 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Uganda. 22 BEN, GHA, 

GUI, IVO, LBR, MLI, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CAB, CMN, CON, 

GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 UGA. 

Oxyanthus gracilis Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 109 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-airport, km 2–3, 

10-X-1986, Carvalho 2554 (K); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 21- 

22, 24-IV-1989, Carvalho 3927-16 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary forest and swamp forest. 


23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Oxyanthus montanus Sonké inBull.Jard.Bot.Nat.Belg. 

63: 397 (1994); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

285 (1999) – Type: Bioko, Moka, 1400 m, 5-IX-1959, Wrigley 

559 (K, holotype; BM, K isotypes). 

Oxyanthus sp. A; Hepper in Fl. W. Trop. Afr., ed. 2, 2: 

129 (1963); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 375 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Road to Pico Basilé, km 

18, 2000 m, 11-XI-1986, Carvalho 2862-5 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Moca, road km 68, 13-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3047-2 (K, MA); 

Moca-Lago Biao, 1550 m, 15-VII-1986, F. Casas 10382 (BM, 

K, MA); estate of D. Marcelino Puente, 20-I-1947, Guinea 

1695 (K). 


Distribution. Cameroon, Bioko. 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Oxyanthus pallidus Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 465 (1898). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Pico Basilé, km 

13, 1-VIII-1986, Carvalho 2187 (K, MA); s.l., F. Casas 12151- 

1 (K). 

Ecology. Primary forest. 

Distribution. Sierra Leone to Angola. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, 

SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. in Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 9: 

218 (1807). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba-Riaba, road 

km 65–66, 12-XII-1988, Carvalho 3775-4 (K, MA); s.l., F. 

Casas 11922-14 (K). 

Ecology. Tree; forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GAM, GHA, GNB, GUI, 

IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 BUR, CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, 

EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, ZAI; 24 ETH; 25 

TAN, UGA; 26 ANG. 

Note. Oxyanthus speciosus is divided into a number of subspecies 

(Bridson, 1979; Sonké, 1999). Bridson (1979) discusses 

the possibility of a distinct taxon for São Tomé Oxyanthus, 

and the same may be true for Bioko. In this treatment 

we have placed the material examined under O. speciosus because 

we cannot comment on its taxonomic placement within 

this species. 

Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3:110 


(1999) p.p. excl. spec. Wrigley. 


Annobon. Forest of Sta Cruz, 50 m, Newton (LISU, n.v.).


Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, NGA, 

SIE; 23 BUR, CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI- 

AN, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 UGA; 26 ANG. 

Parapentas Bremek. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1953b). 

Parapentas setigera (Hiern) Verdc. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 



(1999). 

Virecta setigera Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 

Ecuatorial: 293 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Barter 2048 

(K, syntype); Bioko, s.l., I-1860, Mann 215 (K, syntype); 

Sierra Leone, Mann 874 (K, syntype). 


20–21, 12-VIII-1988, Carvalho 3572-2 (K, MA); s.l., F. Casas 

11853-1 (K). 

Ecology. Herb; roadsides. 

Distribution. Tropical West and central Africa to Malawi. 22 

GHA, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, 

ZAI; 26 MLW. 

Pauridiantha Hook.f. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Bremekamp (1940). 

Pauridiantha canthiiflora Hook.f. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. 

Pl. 2: 70 (1873); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 


(1999). 

Urophyllum canthiiflorum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel; 

Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 292 

(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Mann 167 (K, n.v.). 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, 

EQG, GAB, GGI-BI. 


in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 71: 216 (1940); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 375 (1973). 

Urophyllum annobonense Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases 

Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 292 (1999) nom. nud. 


Annobon. Summit of Quioveo, 600–650 m, Mildbraed 6574 

(n.v.), 6678 (n.v.). 

Distribution. South Nigeria to Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Islands. 

22 NGA; 23 CAF, CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-AN, GGI-BI, GGI- 

PR, GGI-ST. 

Pauridiantha hirtella (Benth.) Bremek. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 


375 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, road km 

37–38, between Finca Fernandina and beach Arena Blanca, 

15-VII-1990, Carvalho 4420-3 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary coastal forest. 

Distribution. Guinea-Bissau to Cameroon, Bioko. 22 GHA, 

GNB, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek. in Bot. Jahrb. 

Syst. 71: 212 (1940); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 



Urophyllum paucinerve Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 




km 14, 5-V-1987, Carvalho 2894-5 (K, MA); Malabo-Moca, 

near waterfalls, 6-XII-1987, Carvalho 3262-13 (K, MA); 

Moca-road to Riaba, 15-XI-1989, Carvalho 4183-2 (K, MA); 

Moka region, Mioko springs, 1370 m, 1-II-1933, Exell 844 

(BM); Finca Puente, 21-I-1947, Guinea 1791 (K); Las Cascadas, 

29-I-1947, Guinea 2172 (K); Moka, 1400 m, 19-IX-1959, 

Melville 618 (K); s.l., F. Casas 10361-4a (K), 11804-18 (K), 

11880-4 (K). 


Distribution. Tropical Africa, Madagascar. 22 NGA; 23 BUR, 

CMN, GGI-BI, RWA, ZAI; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 MLW, 

ZAM; 29 MDG. 

Pauridiantha rubens (Benth.) Bremek. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 



(1999). 

Urophyllum rubens Benth.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 293 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Sampaca, road 

km 6, 10-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3039-4 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Sampaca, road km 6, 6-XI-1987, Carvalho 3178-2 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Luba-Riaba, at km 58–59 from Malabo, 1-VI-1990, 

Carvalho 4371-1 (K, MA); s.l., F. Casas 11603-4 (K), 12000-4 

(K); s.l., s.c., s.n. (BM). 

Ecology. Shrub; secondary forest and wasteland. 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 CAF, CMN, 

CON, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, ZAI. 

Pavetta L. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Bremekamp (1934). 

Pavetta bidentata Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 170 (1877); 



Type: Bioko, s.l., 300 m, IV-1860, Mann 395 (K, holotype & 

isotype). 


Distribution. South Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo- 

Kinshasa. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Pavetta brachycalyx Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 169 



(1999). 



Cupapa, road km 20–21, 3-IX-1989, Carvalho 4084-1 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11280-5 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary forest.


Distribution. Cameroon (Mt Cameroon), Bioko. 23 CMN, 

GGI-BI. 

Pavetta hispida Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 175 (1877); 



Type: Bioko, s.l., I-1860, Mann 227 (K, holotype). 


Distribution. South Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, Cabinda. 22 

NGA; 23 CAB, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Pavetta hookeriana Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 176 



(1999). 

Pavetta exellii Bremek.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 286 (1999) – Type: Bioko, Moka, 

1200–1500 m, 29-I-1933, Exell 787 (BM, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka, 1200–1500 m, 29-I- 

1933, Exell 790 (BM); s.l., Carvalho 2678-3 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

10392-20 (K), 11821-5 (K). 

Distribution. Nigeria, Annobon, Bioko, Cameroon (mountains). 

22 NGA; 23 CMN, GGI-AN, GGI-BI. 

Pavetta monticola Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 170 

(1877); G. Taylor in Exell, Cat. Vasc. Pl. São Tomé: 206 


(1973). 

Pavetta dermatophylla Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 286 (1999) – Type: Annobon, 

above S. Pedro, Mildbraed 6749 (B†, holotype; HBG, 

isotype). 

Pavetta annobonensis Bremek.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 286 (1999) – Type: Annobon, summit 

of Quioveo, ± 650 m, Mildbraed 6676 (B†, holotype; 

HBG, isotype). 

Representative specimens: Annobon. Palé-Alturas de Mol, 

margin of R. A. Bobo, 12-IX-1987, Carvalho 3101-3 (K, MA); 

s.l., Burton s.n. (K); north crater, 300–400 m, Mildbraed 6508 

(HBG, n.v.). 

Distribution. Endemic to Annobon and São Tomé. 23 GGI- 

AN, GGI-ST. 

Notes. According to Bremekamp (1939) P. dermatophylla is 

very similar to P. monticola Hiern from São Tomé, differing 

on the basis of its larger leaves, shorter (and glabrous inside) 

calyx lobes and shorter corolla lobes. Taylor (in Exell, 1944) 

considered these two species to be conspecific. He also placed 

Mildbraed 6676 (later to be the type specimen of P. annobonensis) 

under P. monticola, believing that all the material 

from Annobon was conspecific with P. monticola from São 

Tomé. We agree with Taylor. 

Pavetta neurocarpa Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 414 (1849); 





21–22, 9-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3038-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Cupapa, road km 21–22, 15-III-1989, Carvalho 3812-1 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11641-3 (K). 


Distribution. Bioko, Cameroon, South-east Nigeria. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Pavetta oresitropha Bremek. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni 

Veg. 37: 73 (1934); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 375 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

287 (1999) – Type: Mildbraed 7100 (B†, holotype; HBG, 

isotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Mildbraed 7135 (n.v.). 


Notes. This species appears to be closely related to P. owariensis 

and P. hookeriana (see Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1963, 

p. 140). 

Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv., Fl. Oware 1: 87 (1806); Exell 


et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999) var. owariensis. 

Pavetta corymbosa sensu Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 375 (1973), non (DC.) F.N.Williams 

(1907). 

Pavetta nitida sensu auctt. Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. 

Trop. Afr., ed 1, 2: 91 (1931); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999), non (Schumach. & 

Thonn.) Hutch. & Dalziel (1931). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Musola, 10-I-1947, 

Guinea 1164 (K), 1218 (K), 12I29 (K); s.l., I-1860, Mann 195 

(K); s.l., Vogel 114 (K). 


IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI. 

var. glaucescens (Hiern) S.D. Manning in Ann. Miss. Bot. 

Gard. 83: 136 (1996). 

Pavetta glaucescens Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 



Mann s.n. (K, holotype). 


road km 9, 21-VII-1988, Carvalho 3546-1 (K, MA); Roché- 

Caldeira de Luba, 23-III-1989, Carvalho 3844-2 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Baney, road km 15, 13-IV-1989, Carvalho 3903-2 

(K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 15, 22-IV-1989, Carvalho 

3924-1 (K, MA). 


Distribution. South-east Nigeria, West central tropical Africa. 

22 NGA; 23 CAB, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Pavetta rigida Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 178 (1877); 



Type: Bioko, s.l., I-1860, Mann 183 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Roché-Caldeira de Luba, 

23-III-1989, Carvalho 3830-1 (K, MA); Gran Caldeira de 

Luba, 26-II-1990, Carvalho 4264-1 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, 

GGI-BI. 

UNDETERMINED PAVETTA SPECIMENS


Carvalho 3018-1 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Moca, road km 67, 

27-VII-1987]; Carvalho 3770-10 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo- 

Luba-Riaba, road km 61, 10-X-1988]; F. Casas 12139-1 

(K). A group of specimens resembling Pavetta monticola 

Hiern, from São Tomé and Annobon. 

Carvalho 3215-2 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Baney, road km 

14, 23-XI-1987], a fruiting undershrub. 

Wrigley 71 (BM, K) [Annobon, Pico Surcado, 300 m, 21-VII- 

1959]. 

Pentas Benth. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1953c). 

Pentas schimperiana (A. Rich.) Vatke in Linnaea 40: 192 

(1876) subsp. occidentalis (Hook.f.) Verdc. in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Etat 23: 266 (1923); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 



Vignaldia occidentalis Hook.f.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 293 (1999). 


km 8, 1200 m, 7-VIII-1986, Carvalho 2232 (BM, K, MA); 

Malabo-Pico Basilé, road km 14–15, 30-VI-1987, Carvalho 

2963-3 (K, MA); Pico Basilé, 2680 m, 3-VII-1986, F. Casas 

10161 (BM, K); outer slope of Lago Biao, 1800 m, 24-IX- 

1959, Melville 674 (BM, K); Pico, Guinea 2724 (K); s.l., 

2600 m, Mann s.n. (K); Pico Sta Isabel, 2300–3000 m, 20- 

II-1969, Sanford 5929 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2587-8 (K); s.l., F. 

Casas 12211-1 (K). 

Ecology. Undershrub; primary forest and roadsides. 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 CMN, GGI-BI, 

GGI-ST, RWA, ZAI. 

Pleiocoryne Rauschert 

Pleiocoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Rauschert in Taxon 31: 

561 (1982). 

Polycoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Keay; Exell in Bull. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 375 (1973); Aedo et 

al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999). 

Gardenia fernandensis Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 


XII-1859, Mann 22 (K, holotype). 



GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CAB, CMN, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Polysphaeria Hook.f. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1981b). 

Polysphaeria macrophylla K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 

33: 349 (1903). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, Boloco 

swamp area, near R. Tiburones, 3-VI-1990, Carvalho 4375-6 

(K, MA). 


Distribution. Liberia to Cameroon and Bioko. 22 GHA, LBR, 

NGA; 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Pouchetia A. Rich. ex DC. 


Pouchetia confertiflora Mildbr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. & 

Mus. Berl.-Dahl. 13: 703 (1937); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 375 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Annobon. Palé-Lago A Pot, 28- 

IX-1997, Carvalho 3152-4 (K, MA); near S. Pedro, 90 m, 21- 

VII-1959, Wrigley 72 (BM); West slope of Quioveo, ± 200 m, 

Mildbraed 6594 (n.v.); forest above S. Pedro, Mildbraed 6761 

(n.v.). 


Distribution. Endemic to Annobon. 23 GGI-AN. 

Notes. The Carvalho and Wrigley collections are tentatively 

placed here. The genus Pouchetia is currently under revision 

by E. Robbrecht (1990, ms. in herb. BR), who has suggested 

that specimens from S.Tomé, Príncipe and Annobon might 

belong to another taxon. 

Proposed IUCN category. VU D2. As currently circumscribed 

this species is considered Vulnerable, due to its restricted 

area of occupancy of less than 20 km 2 (D2). 

Pouchetia parviflora Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 395 (1849); 



Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel (K, holotype). 


8–9, 30-XI-1987, Carvalho 3246-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Riaba, 

km 45–46, 22-XI-1988, Carvalho 3728-25 (K, MA); s.l., 

Barter 2065 (K, n.v.); s.l., Vogel 183 (K, n.v.), 252 (K, n.v.). 

Ecology. Shrub; secondary forest and plantations. 

Distribution. West tropical Africa, Gulf of Guinea Isl. 22 

BEN, GUI, NGA, SIE; 23 GGI-BI. 

Notes. In the publication of this species (Hooker & Bentham, 

1849) the collection ‘Fernando Po, Vogel’ is cited. The type 

of P. parviflora is one of the Vogel specimens cited above. As 

we have not been able to see these specimens we are unable to 

specify a holotype. 

Preussiodora Keay 


Preussiodora sulphurea (K. Schum.) Keay in Bull. Jard. 

Bot. Etat 28: 32 (1958); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 



Randia exserta K. Schum.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Randia sulphurea K. Schum.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, road km 

33, 12-VII-1987, Carvalho 2980-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Baney, 

km 22–23, 2-VI-1988, Carvalho 3471-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Luba, in Boloco swamp area, near R. Tiburones, 3-VI-1990, 

Carvalho 4376-1 (K, MA); s.l., 1860, Mann 288 (K); s.l., 



Distribution. Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo- 

Kinshasa. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI, ZAI.


Psilanthus Hook.f. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Stoffelen (1998). 

Psilanthus mannii Hook.f., Ic. Pl. 12: t. 1129 (1873); Exell 


et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999) – Type: 

Bioko, s.l., 1860, Mann 266 (K, holotype). 

Heinsia jasminiflora sensu Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 283 (1999), non DC. (1830). 

Heinsia pulchella sensu Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 283 (1999), non (G. Don) K. Schum. 

(1891). 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Angola. 22 GHA, IVO, 

NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Psychotria L. 

Useful taxonomic treatments: 

Figueiredo & Davis (2005). 

Petit (1964, 1966); Alves, 

Psychotria bifaria Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 198 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., VI-1860, Mann 419 (K, holotype; 

P, isotype). 


Distribution. Bioko, Cameroon, Gabon. 23 CMN, GAB, 

GGI-BI. 

Psychotria brachyantha Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 196 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Mann 1423 (K, holotype). 



GUI, IVO; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Psychotria calva Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 199 (1877); 




Bioko. Malabo-Bahia de Venus (Mongola), 9-V-1988, 

Carvalho 3429-1 (K, MA); Ureca-road to waterfall of R. Eolá, 

along coast, 3-III-1990, Carvalho 4293-3 (K, MA); S. Carlos, 

31-XII-1946, Guinea 731 (K); s.l., 27-XII-1946, Guinea 238 

(K); s.l., F. Casas 11253-2 (K). 



GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, 

CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Psychotria camptopus Verdc. in Kew Bull. 30: 259 (1975). 

Camptopus mannii Hook.f. – Type: Bioko, s.l., 600 m, 


Cephaelis mannii (Hook.f.) Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. 



Uragoga mannii (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel; Aedo et al., 



road km 11–12, 10-VIII-1988, Carvalho 3563-3 (K, MA); 

Gran Caldeira de Luba, 26-II-1990, Carvalho 4258-1 (K, MA); 

Pico Sta Isabel, 900–2300 m, 21-II-1969, Sanford 5985 (K), 

s.l., F. Casas 11753-20 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary and secondary forest and in plantations. 

Distribution. Cameroon, Bioko. 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Psychotria crassicalyx K. Krause in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 46 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, North Pico Sta Isabel, above Basilé, 

Mildbraed 7124 (B†, holotype). 


Notes. The type specimen of P. crassicalyx was destroyed at 

Berlin Herbarium (B) and no further collections are known. 

Psychotria fernandopoensis E.M.A. Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. 



Ecuatorial: 288 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., I-1860, Mann 223 

(K, holotype). 

Grumilea sphaerocarpa Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 


Psychotria sphaerocarpa (Hiern) Hutch. & Dalziel; Aedo 

et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 289 (1999), non 

Wall. (1820). 


Distribution. Liberia, Ivory Coast, Bioko, Gabon. 22 IVO, 

LBR; 23 GAB, GGI-BI. 

Psychotria globosa Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 208 

(1877) var. globosa 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Cupapa, km 22– 

23, 17-IV-1989, Carvalho 3913-6 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Nigeria, Cameroon. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, GGI- 

BI. 

var. ciliata (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 34: 

160 (1964). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Cupapa, km 22– 

23, 18-V-1988, Carvalho 3451-2 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

km 22–23, 20-IV-1989, Carvalho 3917-4 (K, MA); s.l., F. 

Casas 11404-1 (K). 


Distribution. Nigeria, tropical West central Africa, to Angola. 

22 NGA; 23 CAB, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Psychotria humilis Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 198 

(1877) var. cornuta (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Etat 36: 182 (1966); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

288 (1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Mann 1429 (K, holotype; 

P, isotype). 

Psychotria cornuta Hiern; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 



No further specimens known. 

Distribution. Ivory Coast, Bioko. 22 IVO; 23 GGI-BI. 

var. maior E.M.A. Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 36: 181 (1966).



road km 13–14, 30-VIII-1990, Carvalho 4463-1 (K, MA); s.l., 

Carvalho 2467-1 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11446-1 (K), 12144-2A 

(K). 

Ecology. Undershrub; secondary forest. 

Distribution. Nigeria & Bioko. 22 NGA 23 GGI-BI. 

Psychotria latistipula Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 419 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel s.n. (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, praia 

Manuel Rodrigues, 19-VIII-1986, Carvalho 2336 (BM, K, 

MA); Malabo-Sampaca, road km 15, 6-VII-1987, Carvalho 

2977-1 (K, MA); path to Pico Basilé, 680 m, 10-VII-1986, F. 

Casas 10308 (BM, K, MA); Bokoko, 3-I-1947, Guinea 840 

(K); s.l., XII-1859, Mann 40 (K, P); s.l., IV-1862, Mann 1425 

(K, P). s.l., Barter s.n. (K); s.l., Carvalho 2163-4 (K); s.l., F. 

Casas 11639-1 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; secondary forest, roadsides, and coastal 

areas. 

Distribution. Tropical West and West central Africa. 22 NGA, 

TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Psychotria leptophylla Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 200 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 167 (K, holotype). 

Psychotria setacea Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Basilé, 550 m, 17-IX- 

1986, Carvalho 2472 (K, MA); Malabo-Riaba, road km 15, 22- 

VII-1987, Carvalho 2997-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road 

km 22-23, 21-V-1989, Carvalho 3975-1 (K, MA); s.l., 27-XI- 

1947, Guinea 2618 (K); s.l., F. Casas 10227-11 (K), 11292-1 

(K), 12145-1 (K). 

Ecology. Undershrub; primary and secondary forest. 


NGA; 23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Psychotria lucens Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 211 (1877) 

var. lucens. 



Baney, road km 14, 23-XI-1987, Carvalho 3214-1 (K, MA); 

Moca-Cupapa, km 20–21, 360 m, 6-V-1989, Carvalho 3951- 

3 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 22–23, 27-VII-1989, 

Carvalho 4039-4 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 22–23, 

15-X-1989, Carvalho 4141-4 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Nigeria, tropical West central Africa. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR. 

Psychotria martinetugei Cheek in Kew Bull. 57 (2): 377 

(2002). 

Psychotria malchairi sensu auctt. Exell in Bull. Brit. 


Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 288 (1999), non De 

Wild. (1924). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Roché-Caldeira de Luba, 

23-III-1989, Carvalho 3843-1 (K, MA); s.l., 900 m, 24-IX- 

1959, Melville 658 (BM, K). 



23 CMN, EQG, GGI-BI. 

Psychotria mollipes K. Krause in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 45 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, N Pico Sta Isabel, above Basilé, Mildbraed 

6360 (B†, holotype). 



Notes. The type specimen held at the Berlin Herbarium (B) 

was destroyed; no further collections are known. 

Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. in Mem. New 

York Bot. Gard. 23: 546 (1972). 

Cephaelis peduncularis Salisb.; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4: 373 (1973). 

Uragoga peduncularis (Salisb.) K. Schum.; Aedo et al., 


Uragoga membranifolia Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 292 (1999), nom. nud. 

Representative specimens: Annobon. S.l., Wrigley & 

Melville 64 (K); north crater, Mildbraed 6500 (n.v.). 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GAM, GHA, GNB, GUI, 

IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, 

EQG, GAB, GGI-AN, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, RWA, ZAI; 24 ETH, 

SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, 

ZIM. 

var. hypsophila (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Verdc. in Kew Bull. 

30: 257 (1975). 

Cephaelis peduncularis Salisb. var. hypsophila (K. 

Schum. & K. Krause) Hepper; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 



Representative specimens: Bioko. Pico, 1500 m, 10-XII- 

1951, Boughey 179 (K); Malabo-Pico Basilé, road to Pico, km 

3, 16-IV-1987, Carvalho 2836-3 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

km 22–23, 21-V-1989, Carvalho 3980-4 (K, MA); s.l., Barter 

s.n. (K); s.l., I-1860, Mann 222 (K); s.l., 1950 m, 14-IX-1959, 

Melville 497 (BM, K); s.l., F. Casas 10210-11 (K), 11925-3 

(K). 


Distribution. Tropical West and West central Africa. 22 GHA, 

GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA; 23 CMN, GGI-BI. 

Psychotria psychotrioides (DC.) Roberty in Bull. Inst. 

Franç. Afrique Noire 16: 62 (1954). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Lago Loreto, road 

km 64–65, 20-XI-1989, Carvalho 4195-2 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Luba-Riaba, road from crossroads to Moca and kms 58–59 

from Malabo, 1-VI-1990, Carvalho 4372-3 (K, MA). 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Sudan. 22 BEN, GHA, 

GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, MLI, NGA, SEN, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, 

EQG, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD.


Psychotria recurva Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 206 



(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., Mann 1430 (K, holotype; P, isotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Bokoko, 14 km North 

Punta de Sangre, Mildbraed 6825 (HBG, n.v.). 


Psychotria subobliqua Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 



289(1999) – Type: Bioko, s.l., 1862, Mann 1421 (K, holotype). 


55, 25-VII-1987, Carvalho 3006-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

road km 15, 22-XI-1987, Carvalho 3199-1 (K, MA). 



IVO, NGA; 23 CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, 

GGI-PR, ZAI. 

Psychotria subpunctata Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 201 

(1877); Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 36: 104 (1966); Aedo 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Clarence Peak, Mildbraed 

6383 (HBG, n.v.). 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 EQG, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Psychotria venosa (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit in Bull. Jard. Bot. 




Grumilea venosa Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Mann 254 (K, lectotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, km 15, 

Carvalho 2219-3 (K); Malabo-Luba-Moca, road km 71–72, 

23-VI-1990, Carvalho 4402-1 (K, MA); Baney, 250 m, 2-VII- 

1986, F. Casas 10128-8 (K, MA); near Moca, 1410 m, 6-VII- 

1986, F. Casas 10252-6 (K, MA); on the beach, XII-1859, 

Mann 31 (K); Moka, 1390 m, 21-IX-1959, Melville 645 (K); 

s.l., 1862, Mann 1440 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11468-5 (K), 11750-2 

(K), 11886-3 (K). 

Ecology. Small tree; forest and roadsides. 

Distribution. Nigeria, tropical West central Africa. 22 NGA; 

23 CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, ZAI. 

Note on Psychotria. Psychotria sp. as recorded for Bioko by 

Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973), and 

based on Mildbraed 7042 (Grumilea sp.) was not examined by 

us. 

UNDETERMINED PSYCHOTRIA SPECIMENS 

Carvalho 3218-5 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Baney, road km 

14, 23-XI-1987, in forest], a fruiting undershrub. F. Casas 

11904-1 (K) [Bioko], a flowering specimen. 

Psydrax Gaertn. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Bridson (1985). 

Psydrax acutiflora (Hiern) Bridson in Kew Bull. 40: 722 

(1985). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Moca, between 

Moca and waterfalls, 6-XII-1987, Carvalho 3259-1 (K, MA); 

Malabo-Moca, road km 70, 8-IX-1989, Carvalho 4089-1 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 10426-9 (K), 11701-14 (K), 11811-1 (K). 

Ecology. Climber or climbing shrub; forest. 

Distribution. Ivory Coast to Tanzania. 22 IVO, NGA; 23 

BUR, CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, ZAI; 

24 SUD; 25 TAN, UGA; 26 MOZ. 

Psydrax dunlapii (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bridson in Kew Bull. 

40: 699 (1985); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

289 (1999). 

Canthium dunlapii Hutch. & Dalziel; Exell in Bull. Brit. 

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Moca, road km 70, 

Carvalho 3014-1 (K, MA); Moka, 1200–1350 m, 1-II-1933, 

Exell 851 (BM); Moka, 1200–1800 m, 30-I-1933, Exell 310 

(BM); above Moka, 1500 m, 8-IX-1959, Wrigley 572 (BM, 

K); s.l., F. Casas 10394-19 (K), 10399-5 (K), 11881-3 (K), 

11934-5 (K). 



GGI-BI. 

Psydrax kraussioides (Hiern) Bridson in Kew Bull. 40: 723 

(1985). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo, islets in front of 

Malabo quay, 13-IX-1990, Carvalho 4484-4 (K, MA); Riaba- 

Moca, 1330 m, 6-VII-1986, F. Casas 10247-13 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Climbing shrub. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, GUI, IVO, LBR, 

NGA, SIE; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI; 25 TAN; 

26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM. 

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson in Kew Bull. 40: 698 

(1985). 



Cupapa, road km 11–12, 30-VI-1988, Carvalho 3504-1 (K, 

MA); s.l., Carvalho 2281-18 (K), 2446-3 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

11571-8 (K), 11697-4 (K). 



LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, 

GGI-BI, GGI-ST, RWA, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 UGA; 26 ANG, 

ZAM. 

Rothmannia Thunb. 


Rothmannia lateriflora (K. Schum.) Keay in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Etat 28: 52 (1958). 

Gardenia nigrificans Wernham; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 


Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 280 (1999).


Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 CAB, CAF, 

CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Notes. Recorded for Bioko by Guinea (1946) but without specimen 

citations. 

Rothmannia longiflora Salisb., Parad. Lond.: t. 65 (1807); 



Randia maculata DC.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Basupu, road km 

14, 1-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3025-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

road km 21–22, 12-IX-1989, Carvalho 4100-1 (K, MA); s.l., 

I-1860, Mann 178 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2555-2 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary or secondary forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 BEN, BKN, GAM, GHA, 

GNB, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 BUR, 

CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, 

UGA; 26 ANG, MLW. 

Rothmannia macrocarpa (Hiern) Keay in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Etat 28: 55 (1958); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 

4(8): 377 (1973). 

Randia myrmecophylla De Wild.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 


Distribution. West central tropical Africa. 23 CAF, CMN, 

EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Notes. Recorded for Bioko by Guinea (1946) but without specimen 

citations. 

Rothmannia octomera (Hook.) Fagerl. in Ark. Bot. 30A(7): 



(1999). 

Gardenia octomera Hook. – Type: Bioko, s.l., Mann s.n. 

(K, holotype). 

Randia octomera (Hook.) Hook.f.; Aedo et al., Bases 



15, 22-VII-1987, Carvalho 2996-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

road km 15, 22-IV-1989, Carvalho 3925-4 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Nigeria to Angola. 22 NGA; 23 CAF, CMN, 

CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy in Andrews, Fl. Pl. 

Anglo-Egypt. Sudan 2: 461 (1952); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973). 


21–22, 5-V-1988, Carvalho 3421-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, 

road km 21–22, 30-VI-1989, Carvalho 3996-3 (K, MA). 



LBR, MLI, NGA, SEN, SIE; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, EQG, 

GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, 

ZAM, ZIM. 

Rutidea DC. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Bridson (1978). 

Rutidea decorticata Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 190 


(1973); Bridson in Kew Bull. 33: 273 (1978); Aedo et al., 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Cupapa, near Cupapa, 

km 23, 15-XI-1986, Carvalho 2696 (BM, K, MA); 

Malabo-Cupapa, road km 20–21, 24-IV-1988, Carvalho 3393- 

1 (K, MA); Roché-Caldeira de Luba, 23-III-1989, Carvalho 

3839-9 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 21–22, 5-X-1989, 

Carvalho 4129-1 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Woody climber; primary forest. 

Distribution. South Nigeria, West central tropical Africa. 22 

NGA; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Rutidea glabra Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 190 (1877). 


km 3, 15-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3053-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Cupapa, road km 21–22, 27-IV-1988, Carvalho 3404-3 (K, 

MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 22–23, 20-IV-1989, Carvalho 

3918-1 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Climber or climbing shrub; primary or secondary 

forest. 

Distribution. South Nigeria, Cameroon, Bioko, Congo, Gabon. 

22 NGA; 23 CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Rutidea smithii Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 189 (1877) 

subsp. smithii; Bridson in Kew Bull. 33: 270 (1978); Aedo 


Rutidea smithii Hiern var. welwitschii Scott Elliot; Exell 

in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973). 


km 3–4, 28-X-1986, Carvalho 2645 (BM, K, MA); Roché- 

Caldeira de Luba, 23-III-1989, Carvalho 3829-4 (K, MA); 

Moka, 1460 m, 8-IX-1959, Wrigley 570 (BM, K); s.l., F. Casas 

11616-1 (K). Annobon. North-west of S. Pedro, 400 m, 21- 

VIII-1959, Melville 307 (BM); north crater, 300 m, Mildbraed 

6542 (n.v.). 

Ecology. Climbing shrub; primary and secondary forest. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, NGA, 

SIE; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-AN, GGI-BI, 

GGI-ST, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, ZAM. 

Rutidea sp. A; Bridson in Kew Bull. 33: 261 (1978); Aedo 


Rutidea syringoides sensu auctt. Hepper in Fl. W. Trop. 

Afr., ed. 2, 2: 146 (1963); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. 

Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 290 (1999), non (Webb) Bremek. 

(1934). 


14, 23-XI-1987, Carvalho 3217-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Luba- 

Riaba, road km 72–73, 12-XII-1988, Carvalho 3777-1 (K, 

MA); Musola, 10-I-1947, Guinea 1143 (K); s.l., Carvalho 

2465-9 (K). 


Distribution. Bioko. GGI-BI. 

Rytigynia Blume 

Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Etat 11: 184 (1928).


Vangueria concolor Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Rytigynia concolor (Hiern) Robyns; Exell in Bull. Brit. 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Moca-waterfall of R. 

Iladyi, path towards Ureca, 8-IV-1989, Carvalho 3883-3 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11832-1 (K). Annobon. Palé-Alturas de 

Mol, R. A Bobo, 26-IX-1987, Carvalho 3143-1 (K, MA); s.l., 

Burton (cited by Hiern but not found by Exell, n.v.). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary forest and savanna. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa to Botswana. 22 GHA, GNB, 

GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, GAB, 

GGI-AN, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, GGI-PR, ZAI; 24 SUD; 25 KEN, 

TAN, UGA; 26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM; 27 BOT, CPV. 

Notes. A sterile specimen from Annobon [Ambo, 45 m, 7- 

VIII-1959, Wrigley 242 (BM)] is possibly a Rytigynia. 

Sabicea Aubl. 

Sabicea calycina Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 399 (1849); 



Type: Bioko, Clarence Peak, Vogel 35 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, road km 40, 

27-VII-1986, Carvalho 2115 (BM, K, MA); Musola, 9-I-1947, 

Guinea 973 (K); Las Corteras, 28-I-1947, Guinea 2072 (K); 

s.l., Barter s.n. (K); s.l., XII-1859, Mann 53 (K); s.l., F. Casas 

10073-7 (K), 11351-2 (K), 11410-2 (K), 11532-3 (K), 11604-2 

(K), 11649-5 (K), 12054-3 (K). 

Distribution. Sierra Leone to Uganda. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, 

NGA, SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 25 

UGA. 

Sabicea capitellata Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 398 (1849); 




Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Rebola, km 4–5, 

Carvalho 2804-5 (K); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 21–22, 22-XI- 

1987, Carvalho 3201-2 (K, MA); Moca-Ureca, 2.5 km from 

Moca, 14-XI-1989, Carvalho 4171-6 (K, MA); s.l., XII-1860, 

Mann 41 (K). 

Ecology. Liana; primary and secondary forest. 

Distribution. South-east Nigeria to West central tropical 

Africa. 22 NGA; 23 CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Sabicea ingrata K. Schum. in Henriq. in Bol. Soc. Brot. 10: 

126 (1893) var. insularis (Wernham) Joffroy in Syst. Geogr. 

Pl. 71: 389, fig. 2 (2001). 

Sabicea annobonensis Mildbr., nom. nud.; Aedo et al., 


Sabicea insularis (Wernham) G. Taylor; Exell in Bull. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973); Aedo et al., 


Representative specimens: Annobon. Pico del Centro, 1- 

VIII-1959, Melville 211 (BM, K); Quioveo, 500–600 m, Mildbraed 

6534 (HBH, n.v.), 6653 (HBG, n.v.) 

Distribution. Endemic to Annobon and São Tomé. 23 GGI- 

AN, GGI-ST. 

Sabicea pilosa Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 76 (1877). 


22–23, 12-V-1988, Carvalho 3437-3 (K, MA). 

Ecology. Climber; primary forest. 

Distribution. Ivory Coast, West central tropical Africa. 22 

IVO; 23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Sabicea schaeferi Wernham, Monogr. Sabicea: 59 (1914); 



Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka, 30-I-1947, Guinea 

2241 (K); South outer side of Lago Biao, 1200 m, 24-IX- 

1959, Wrigley 656 (K); s.l., Wrigley & Melville s.n. (BM); s.l., 

Carvalho 2796-3 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11943-5 (K). 

Distribution. Cameroon, Bioko. 23 CMN GGI-BI. 

Sabicea urbaniana Wernham, Monogr. Sabicea: 28 (1914); 



Type: Bioko, San Carlos-Moka, 6–1200 m, 1911, Mildbraed 

7041 (BM, photograph; HBG). 



Sabicea urceolata Hepper in Kew Bull. 13: 293 (1958); 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Ureca-Path to Belebú 

Balachá, ± 3 km from Ureca, 2-III-1990, Carvalho 4287-1 

(K, MA); Musola, 9-I-1947, Guinea 1053 (K). 

Ecology. Climber. 

Distribution. Nigeria, Bioko. 22 NGA; 23 GGI-BI. 

Sabicea venosa Benth. in Hook., Niger Fl.: 399 (1849). 


road km 8–9, 26-IV-1987, Carvalho 2859-2 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Luba-Riaba, 4–5 km from crossroads towards Moca, 62–63 km 

from Malabo, 30-VII-1990, Carvalho 4436-4 (K, MA); near 

Moca, 1410 m, 6-VII-1986, F. Casas 10251 (BM, K, MA); s.l., 

Carvalho 2199-6 (K); s.l., F. Casas 10198-3 (K). 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Zambia. 22 GHA, GNB, 

IVO, LBR, SEN, SIE; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, 

GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG, ZAM. 

Sacosperma G. Taylor 


Sacosperma paniculatum (Benth.) G. Taylor in Exell, Cat. 

Vasc. Pl. S. Tome: 218 (1944); Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 



Peltospermum paniculatum Benth. – Type: Bioko, s.l., 

Vogel s.n. (K, holotype). 

Oldenlandia peltospermum Hiern; Aedo et al., Bases 

Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 285 (1999).


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Riaba, near Bariobe 

km 38, 15-XI-1986, Carvalho 2704 (BM, K); Malabo- 

Sampaca, road km 3-4, 8-VII-1989, Carvalho 2975-2 (K, 

MA); Malabo-Luba, road km 37–38, 10-VII-1990, Carvalho 

4418-1 (K, MA); s.l., Barter 2059 (K); s.l., XII-1959, Mann 

58 (K); s.l., Vogel 74 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2215-14 (K). 

Ecology. Woody climber; forest, plantations, and littoral zone. 

Distribution. West and West central tropical Africa to North 

Angola. 22 BEN, GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SEN, 

SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI- 

ST, ZAI; 26 ANG. 

Sarcocephalus Sabine 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Ridsdale (1975). 

Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A. Bruce in Kew Bull. 2: 

31 (1947). 

Nauclea latifolia Sm.; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 

Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 374 (1973). 

‘Sarcocephalus sculentus-afzelius’ of Aedo et al., Bases 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Ela Nguema, 25- 

IV-1988, Carvalho 3400-1 (K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 

19, 1-I-1990, Carvalho 4385-2 (K, MA); Luba-Moeri, near 

Bombe, 265 m, 13-VII-1986, F. Casas 10342 (BM, K, MA). 

Ecology. Small tree; forest and plantations, also littoral vegetation. 

Distribution. Senegal to Kenya. 22 BEN, BKN, GAM, GHA, 

GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, MLI, MTN, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 

CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 ETH, SUD; 

25 KEN, UGA. 

Schumanniophyton Harms 


Schumanniophyton magnificum (K. Schum.) Harms in 

Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 1: 313 (1897); Exell 

in Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 377 (1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Mildbraed 6350 (n.v.), 

6936 (n.v.). 


23 CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI ZAI. 

Sericanthe Robbr. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Robbrecht (1978). 

Sericanthe jacfelicis (N. Hallé) Robbr. in Bull. Jard. Bot. 

Belg. 48: 46 (1978). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Moca-Ureca, 14-XI-1989, 


Ecology. Small tree; secondary forest. 

Distribution. Cameroon, Congo, Bioko. 23 CMN, CON, 

GGI-BI. 

Sherbournia G. Don 

Useful taxonomic treatments: Hua (1901); Hallé (1970). 

Sherbournia zenkeri Hua in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 14: 

394 (1901). 


23–24, 14-III-1989, Carvalho 3808-5 (K, MA). 


Distribution. Nigeria, West central tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Spermacoce L. 

Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C. Adams ex W.C. Burger 

& C.M. Taylor in Fieldiana, botany, n.s. 33: 316, f. 5 (1993). 

Spermacoce mauritiana Gideon; Verdcourt in Fl. Trop. 

East Afr. Rub.: 927 (1991). 

Borreria ocymoides sensu auctt. Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973); Aedo et al., Bases 

Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 280 (1999), non (Burm. f.) 

DC. (1830). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Pico, 520 m, 10-XII-1951, 

Boughey 186 (K); Malabo, in wasteland, 22-VII-1986, 

Carvalho 2057 (BM, K, MA). Annobon. On the way to the 

crater lake, 120 m, 15-II-1933, Exell 903 (BM); Pico de Fogo, 

400 m, 25-VII-1959, Melville 196 (BM, K). 

Distribution. Tropical America, widely introduced elsewhere. 

79 MXS, MXT; 80 BLZ, COS, NIC, PAN; 81 CUB, DOM, 

JAM, TRT, WIN; 82 FRG, GUY, SUR, VEN; 83 BOL, CLM, 

ECU, PER; 84 BZC, BZE, BZN; 85 AGE, AGW, PAR. 

Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. in Kew Bull. 30: 

307 (1975). 

Borreria princeae K. Schum.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


var. pubescens (Hepper) Verdc. in Kew Bull. 30: 307 (1975). 

Borreria princeae K. Schum. var. pubescens Hepper; 


(1973); Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. Guinea Ecuatorial: 

280 (1999) – Type: Bioko, Moka, 1200 m, 6-XII-1951, 

Boughey 32 (K, holotype). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba-Moca, road 

km 71, 7-IX-1986, Carvalho 2424 (BM, K, MA); Moka, 

1400 m, Melville 404 (BM, K), s.l., F. Casas 11481-1 (K). 

Distribution. Cameroon to Uganda. 23 CMN, GGI-BI; 25 

KEN, TAN, UGA. 

Spermacoce ruelliae DC., Prodr. 4: 554 (1830). 

Borreria scabra (Schumach.) K. Schum.; Exell in Bull. 

Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 372 (1973); Aedo et al., 


Borreria monticola Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Aedo 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Mildbraed 7071 (n.v.); 

Tessmann 2818 (n.v.). 

Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 BEN, BKN, GAM, GHA, 

GNB, GUI, IVO, MLI, NGA, SEN, SIE, TOG; 23 CAF, CMN, 

CON, GGI-BI, ZAI; 24 CHA, SUD; 25 UGA; 26 ANG. 

Notes. Borreria monticola was considered a synonym of B. 

ruelliae by Hutchinson & Dalziel (1931), and later B. ruelliae 

was considered a synonym of B. scabra by the same authors 

(Hutchinson & Dalziel, 1963). Mildbraed (1922) cited the collections 

Mildbraed 7071 and Tessmann 2818 for B. monticola. 

The collection Mildbraed 7071 was cited by Hutchinson &


Dalziel (1931) but later Hutchinson & Dalziel (1963) cited 

only Melville 404, probably in error as they also cited the 

same collection under B. princeae (= Spermacoce princeae). 

Stipularia Haw. 


Stipularia africana P. Beauv., Fl. Oware 2: 26 (1807); Aedo 


Sabicea africana (P. Beauv.) Hepper; Exell in Bull. Brit. 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Zambia. 22 GHA, IVO, 

LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 26 ANG, 

ZAM. 

Note. Recorded by Guinea (1951) for Bioko but without specimen 

citations. 

Tarenna Gaertn. 


Tarenna bipindensis (K. Schum. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) 

Bremek. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 7, 208 (1934); 



Ixora bipindensis K. Schum. ex Hutch. & Dalziel; Aedo 


Representative specimens: Bioko. S.l., I-1860, Mann 212 (K). 


GUI, IVO, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Tarenna conferta (Benth.) Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-airport, Bahia de 

Venus, km 6, 9-X-1986, Carvalho 2552 (K, MA); Malaboairport, 

Punta Europa, 24-XI-1987, Carvalho 3227-3 (K, MA); 

s.l., I-1860, Mann 207 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2257-5 (K); s.l., F. 

Casas 11277-8 (K), 11542-6 (K), 11612-5 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; coastal forest and dunes. 


NGA; 23 BUR, CAF, CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Tarenna eketensis Wernham in J. Bot. 52: 4 (1914). 


22–23, 31-V-1988, Carvalho 3467-3 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Cupapa, road km 21–22, 30-VI-1989, Carvalho 3993-5 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11843-3 (K). 


Distribution. West tropical Africa to Zambia. 22 GHA, IVO, 

LBR, NGA; 23 CAF, CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-ST, 

ZAI; 26 ZAM. 

Tarenna grandiflora (Benth.) Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 



(1999). 

Stylocoryne grandiflora Benth. – Type: Bioko, s.l., Vogel 


Representative specimens: Bioko. s.l., Barter s.n. (K); s.l., 

XII-1859, Mann 25 (K); s.l., Carvalho 2340-6 (K). 

Distribution. Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo. 22 NGA; 23 

CMN, CON, GGI-BI. 

UNDETERMINED TARENNA SPECIMENS 

F. Casas 11982-3 (K) [Bioko, s.l.]. 

Carvalho 3202-1 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Cupapa, road 

km 20–21, 22-XI-1987]; Carvalho 4014-5 (K, MA) [Bioko, 

Malabo-Luba, road km 27, 8-VII-1989]; Carvalho 2812-5 (K) 

[Bioko, s.l.]. These three specimens are of the same entity. 

Tricalysia A. Rich. 

Useful taxonomic treatments: Robbrecht (1979, 1982, 1983, 

1987). 

Tricalysia biafrana Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 122 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Luba, km 36–37, 

between Patio M. Isabel Cristina and Playa Arena Blanca, 8- 

XII-1989, Carvalho 4228-2 (K, MA); Malabo-coast at Porto 

Velho, 2-VIII-1990, Carvalho 4439-3 (K, MA); s.l., Guinea 

2420 (K); s.l., F. Casas 11666-4 (K). 

Ecology. Shrub; primary coastal forest. 


IVO, LBR, NGA; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, CON, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Tricalysia oligoneura K. Schum. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 448 


(1973). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Malabo-Rebola, road km 

9–10, 28-VIII-1989, Carvalho 4075-10 (K, MA); s.l., 


Ecology. Shrub; recorded in plantations. 

Distribution. West central tropical Africa to Nigeria. 22 NGA; 

23 CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Note. Exell (1973) listed Tricalysia oligoneura as a doubtful 

record for Bioko. 

Tricalysia pallens Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 121 (1877); 



Type: Bioko, s.l., 1860, Mann s.n. (K, holotype). 


km 10–11, 18-V-1987, Carvalho 2914-2 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Pico Basilé, road km 5–6, 11-VII-1988, Carvalho 3530-2 (K, 

MA); Malabo-Pico Basilé, road km 6, 5-XII-1988, Carvalho 

3756-18 (K, MA); Moca-Ureca, 14-XI-1989, Carvalho 4170- 

1 (K, MA); Moca-Lago Biao, 1570 m, 15-VII-1986, F. Casas 

10391 (BM, K); Moka, 1400 m, 1-IX-1959, Wrigley 523 (BM, 

K); s.l., Carvalho 2738-5 (K), 2784-18 (K), F. Casas 11799-2 

(K), 11815-1 (K), 12154-1 (K). 


Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 GHA, IVO, LBR, NGA; 23 

CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI; 25 KEN, TAN; 

26 ANG, MLW, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM.


Tricalysia pangolina N. Hallé in Fl. Gabon 17: 295 (1970). 


21–22, 25-IV-1988, Carvalho 3395-1 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Cupapa, road km 22–23, 26-III-1989, Carvalho 3854-3 (K, 

MA); s.l., F. Casas 11393-2 (K). 


Distribution. Cameroon, Congo, Gabon. 23 CMN, CON, 

GAB, GGI-BI. 

Tricalysia sp. A 


21–22, 9-VIII-1987, Carvalho 3034-5 (K, MA); Malabo- 

Cupapa, road km 21–22, 30-VI-1989, Carvalho 3994-6 

(K, MA); Malabo-Cupapa, road km 20–21, 27-VIII-1989, 


Distribution. Bioko. 23 GGI-BI. 

Note. This entity closely resembles T. gossweileri S. Moore 

(occurring in tropical West Africa, from Cameroon to Angola) 

but with longer inflorescences and longer pedicels. 

UNDETERMINED TRICALYSIA SPECIMENS 

Carvalho 3495-1 (K, MA) [Bioko, Malabo-Cupapa, road km 

22–23, 26-VI-1988, in forest], a shrub. 

Trichostachys Hook.f. 

Trichostachys aurea Hiern in Oliv., Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 227 

(1877). 


22–23, 30-X-1988, Carvalho 3666-3 (K, MA). 



IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CMN, GAB, GGI-BI, GGI-PR. 

Uncaria Schreb. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Ridsdale (1978). 

Uncaria africana G. Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 471 (1834); Exell in 

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 3(3): 102 (1963); Exell in 



Representative specimens: Annobon. Pico Sulcado, 570 m, 

11-VIII-1959, Wrigley 304 (BM). 

Distribution. West tropical Africa to Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), 

Comoros, Madagascar. 22 GHA, GNB, GUI, IVO, 

LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAF, CMN, CON, EQG, GAB, GGI- 

AN, GGI-ST, ZAI; 24 ETH; 25 KEN, TAN, UGA; 26 ANG; 

29 COM, MDG. 

Vangueriella Verdc. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1987). 

Vangueriella chlorantha (K. Schum.) Verdc. in Kew Bull. 

42: 193 (1987). 

Vangueriopsis chlorantha (K. Schum.) Robyns; Aedo 


Distribution. Nigeria, West central tropical Africa. 22 NGA; 

23 CMN, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI. 

Notes. Recorded for Bioko by Guinea (1968) but without any 

specimens cited. 

Virectaria Bremek. 

Useful taxonomic treatment: Verdcourt (1953a). 

Virectaria major (K. Schum.) Verdc. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat 

23: 42 (1953) subsp. major 

Virectaria major (K. Schum.) Verdc. var. major; Exell in 

Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 378 (1973); Aedo 


Representative specimens: Bioko. Moka, 1200 m, 6-XII- 

1951, Boughey 33 (K); Malabo-Luba, road km 4, 1520 m, 27- 

XI-1986, Carvalho 2735-26 (K, MA); Moka, 1200–1500 m, 

28-I-1933, Exell 758 (BM); Moka road, 23-I-1947, Guinea 

1923 (K); near Biao, 1980 m, 10-IX-1959, Melville 465 (K); 

near Pico Biao, 1820 m, Wrigley 585 (K); s.l., Casas 11478-2 

(K), 11885-3 (K), 11935-3 (K). 


Distribution. Tropical Africa. 22 IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE, TOG; 

23 BUR, CAF, CMN, GGI-BI, RWA, ZAI; 25 TAN, UGA; 

26 ZAM. 

Virectaria procumbens (Sm.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. 

Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk, Tweede Sect. 48(2): 21 



(1999). 

Representative specimens: Bioko. Musola, 10-I-1947, 

Guinea 1095 (K). 


GNB, GUI, IVO, LBR, NGA, SIE; 23 CAB, CAF, CMN, 

CON, EQG, GAB, GGI-BI, ZAI. 

Excluded names and species records 

Aidia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyle as cited by Aedo 


Note. This is probably a mistake for Massularia acuminata. 

Heinsia epidendron Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Note. This is probably an error for Hymenodictyon epidendron 

Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel (= H. biafranum Hiern); see 

Exell (1973: 374). 

Psilanthus bicarinatus Mildbr.; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 

Guinea Ecuatorial: 287 (1999), nom. nud. 

Note. The use of this name is probably an error for Psychotria 

bicarinata Mildbr. (= P. recurva Hiern); see Exell (1973: 376). 

Psychotria erythropus K. Schum.; Exell in Bull. Brit. Mus. 

(Nat. Hist.) Bot. 4(8): 376 (1973). 

Note. Recorded for Bioko by Exell (1973: 376) based on the 

specimen Mildbraed 6327, whichisaChassalia according to 

Petit (1964). 

Uragoga nutans K. Krause; Aedo et al., Bases Doc. Fl. 


Note. This is either Psychotria camptopus or P. peduncularis, 

according to Exell (1973, p. 378). 

Acknowledgements 

E. Figueiredo would like to gratefully acknowledge Fundação 

paraaCiência e Tecnologia, Portugal, for providing a grant for


sabbatical leave at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Thanks are due 

to F. Cabezas (MA) for providing a file with Carvalho and F. Casas 

collection data, and to T. Feuerer (HBG) for supplying information on 

Mildbraed’s duplicates and organizing a loan of specimens. We also 

gratefully acknowledge the assistance of D. Bridson, S. Dawson and 

M. Cheek for their help with the identification of Rubiaceae specimens. 

E. Figueiredo would like to thank the Keeper of the Herbarium 

and staff at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for 

resources and assistance during her sabbatical leave. We thank E. 

Robbrecht for reviewing the manuscript. 

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Exsiccatae 

Barter s.n. Aidia genipiflora; s.n. Mitriostigma barteri; s.n. Tarenna 

grandiflora; s.n. Sabicea calycina; s.n. Psychotria latistipula; s.n. Psychotria 

peduncularis var. hypsophila; 1232 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. 

tenuiflora; 2039 Morinda lucida; 2048 Parapentas setigera; 2059 Sacosperma 

paniculatum; 2064 Heinsia crinita; 2065 Pouchetia parviflora; 

2066 Morinda longiflora; 2068 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 

3308 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora. 

Boughey 2 Otomeria cameronica; 32 Spermacoce princeae var. pubescens; 

33 Virectaria major subsp. major; 73 Lasianthus batanguensis; 

89 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 179 Psychotria peduncularis 

var. hypsophila; 186 Spermacoce mauritiana; 192 Ecpoma gigantistipula. 

Burchardt s.n. Cremaspora thomsonii. 

Burton s.n. Pavetta monticola. 

Carvalho 2021 Oldenlandia corymbosa; 2057 Spermacoce mauritiana; 

2067-22 Hymenodictyon biafranum; 2078-6 Heinsia crinita; 

2115 Sabicea calycina; 2163-4 Psychotria latistipula; 2165 Mussaenda 

arcuata; 2184-10 Mussaenda arcuata; 2187 Oxyanthus pallidus; 

2199-6 Sabicea venosa; 2215-14 Sacosperma paniculatum; 

2219-3 Psychotria venosa; 2232 Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 

2257-5 Tarenna conferta; 2281-18 Psydrax subcordata; 2283- 

22 Cuviera subuliflora; 2298-2 Ixora foliosa; 2303-6 Ixora foliosa; 

2322-13 Tricalysia oligoneura; 2336 Psychotria latistipula; 2340-6 

Tarenna grandiflora; 2342-17 Preussiodora sulphurea; 2375-5 Bertiera 

laxa var. laxa; 2382-2 Hallea ledermannii; 2424 Spermacoce 

princeae var. pubescens; 2446-3 Psydrax subcordata; 2448 Mussaenda 

isertiana; 2464-1 Hymenodictyon biafranum; 2465-9 Rutidea 

sp. A; 2467-1 Psychotria humilis var. maior; 2472 Psychotria 

leptophylla; 2507-1 Dictyandra arborescens; 2521-3 Cuviera 

subuliflora; 2527-7 Corynanthe pachyceras; 2552 Tarenna conferta; 

2554 Oxyanthus gracilis; 2555-2 Rothmannia longiflora; 2587-8 

Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 2592-9 Hymenodictyon biafranum; 

2633 Oldenlandia lancifolia; 2637-15 Keetia hispida s.l.; 

2645 Rutidea smithii subsp. smithii; 2678-3 Pavetta hookeriana; 2684 

Galium simense; 2696 Rutidea decorticata; 2697-4 Heinsia crinita; 

2704 Sacosperma paniculatum; 2716 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 2732 

Otomeria cameronica; 2734 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 

2735-26 Virectaria major subsp. major; 2738-5 Tricalysia pallens; 

2766-14 Dictyandra arborescens; 2780 Lasianthus batanguensis; 2783 

Bertiera racemosa var. racemosa; 2784-18 Tricalysia pallens; 2796-3 

Sabicea schaeferi; 2804-5 Sabicea capitellata; 2810-24 Keetia hispida 

s.l.; 2812-5 Tarenna sp.; 2836-3 Psychotria peduncularis var. hypsophila; 

2859-2 Sabicea venosa; 2862-5 Oxyanthus montanus; 2893-5 

Chassalia cristata; 2894-5 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 2914-2 Tricalysia 

pallens; 2933-1 Coffea liberica; 2963-3 Pentas schimperiana 

subsp. occidentalis; 2975-2 Sacosperma paniculatum; 2977-1 Psychotria 

latistipula; 2978-1 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 2980-1 Preussiodora sulphurea; 

2996-1 Rothmannia octomera; 2997-1 Psychotria leptophylla; 

3000-2 Mitriostigma barteri; 3002-1 Bertiera retrofracta; 3006-1 Psychotria 

subobliqua; 3014-1 Psydrax dunlapii; 3015-2 Dictyandra arboroscens; 

3018-1 Pavetta sp.; 3025-1 Rothmannia longiflora; 3027- 

2 Chassalia subherbacea; 3032-1 Euclinia longiflora; 3032-4 Euclinia 

longiflora; 3034-5 Tricalysia sp.A; 3037-1 Ecpoma gigantistipula; 

3038-1 Pavetta neurocarpa; 3039-4 Pauridiantha rubens; 3042-2 

Chassalia sp. A; 3044-2 Calycosiphonia macrochlamys; 3047-2 Oxyanthus 

montanus; 3052-6 Bertiera racemosa var. elephantina; 3053-1 

Rutidea glabra; 3101-3 Pavetta monticola; 3143-1 Rytigynia umbellulata; 

3152-4 Pouchetia confertiflora; 3168-3 Psydrax subcordata; 

3171 Coffea canephora; 3176-1 Psychotria lucens var. lucens; 3178-2 

Pauridiantha rubens; 3183-7 Keetia hispida s.l.; 3191-1 Heinsia crinita; 

3199-1 Psychotria subobliqua; 3201-2 Sabicea capitellata; 3202-1 

Tarenna sp.; 3214-1 Psychotria lucens var. lucens; 3215-2 Pavetta sp.; 

3217-1 Rutidea sp. A; 3218-5 Psychotria sp.; 3222-2 Diodia serrulata; 

3227-3 Tarenna conferta; 3230-1 Pavetta brachycalyx; 3237-1 Euclinia 

longiflora; 3246-1 Pouchetia parviflora; 3259-1 Psydrax acutiflora; 

3262-13 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 3393-1 Rutidea decorticata; 

3395-1 Tricalysia pangolina; 3400-1 Sarcocephalus latifolius; 3404-3 

Rutidea glabra; 3410-1 Bertiera breviflora; 3421-1 Rothmannia whitfieldii; 

3429-1 Psychotria calva; 3437-3 Sabicea pilosa; 3451-2 Psychotria 

globosa var. ciliata; 3454-2 Aidia genipiflora; 3456-1 Mussaenda 

tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 3467-3 Tarenna eketensis; 3471-1


Preussiodora sulphurea; 3481-4 Aidia genipiflora; 3495-1 Tricalysia 

sp.; 3504-1 Psydrax subcordata; 3530-2 Tricalysia pallens; 3546-1 

Pavetta owariensis var. glaucescens; 3559-4 Chassalia cristata; 3563- 

3 Psychotria camptopus; 3572-2 Parapentas setigera; 3604-5 Bertiera 

laxa var. laxa; 3615 Argostemma africanum; 3653-8 Anthospermum 

asperuloides; 3666-3 Trichostachys aurea; 3728-25 Pouchetia parviflora; 

3756-18 Tricalysia pallens; 3770-10 Pavetta sp.; 3775-4 Oxyanthus 

speciosus; 3777-1 Rutidea sp. A; 3808-5 Sherbournia zenkeri; 

3812-1 Pavetta neurocarpa; 3818-6 Diodia sarmentosa; 3829-4 Rutidea 

smithii subsp. smithii; 3830-1 Pavetta rigida; 3839-9 Rutidea 

decorticata; 3842-1 Oxyanthus formosus; 3843-1 Psychotria martinetugei; 

3844-2 Pavetta owariensis var. glaucescens; 3854-3 Tricalysia 

pangolina; 3864-1 Cremaspora triflora; 3875-2 Ixora guineensis; 

3883-3 Rytigynia umbellulata; 3897-2 Keetia sp.; 3903-2 Pavetta 

owariensis var. glaucescens; 3913-6 Psychotria globosa var. globosa; 

3917-4 Psychotria globosa var. ciliata; 3918-1 Rutidea glabra; 3924-1 

Pavetta owariensis var. glaucescens; 3925-4 Rothmannia octomera; 

3926-3 Mussaenda erythrophylla; 3927-16 Oxyanthus gracilis; 3949- 

3 Heinsia crinita; 3951-3 Psychotria lucens var. lucens; 3975-1 Psychotria 

leptophylla; 3980-4 Psychotria peduncularis var. hypsophila; 

3993-5 Tarenna eketensis; 3994-6 Tricalysia sp.A; 3996-3 Rothmannia 

whitfieldii; 4014-5 Tarenna sp.; 4024-4 Keetia hispida s.l.; 4039- 

4 Psychotria lucens var. lucens; 4067-2 Mussaenda erythrophylla; 

4073-2 Tricalysia sp.A; 4075-10 Tricalysia oligoneura; 4076-2 Bertiera 

breviflora; 4077-3 Keetia sp.; 4082-1 Bertiera racemosa var. 

elephantina; 4084-1 Pavetta brachycalyx; 4089-1 Psydrax acutiflora; 

4090-2 Otomeria cameronica; 4091-1 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 

4100-1 Rothmannia longiflora; 4101-4 Massularia acuminata; 

4129-1 Rutidea decorticata; 4141-4 Psychotria lucens var. lucens; 

4144 Mussaenda polita; 4148-1 Corynanthe pachyceras; 4149-3 Ixora 

nematopoda; 4166-4 Calycosiphonia macrochlamys; 4169-1 Sericanthe 

jacfelicis; 4170-1 Tricalysia pallens; 4171-6 Sabicea capitellata; 

4183-2 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 4193-3 Calycosiphonia macrochlamys; 

4195-2 Psychotria psychotrioides; 4196-4 Dictyandra arborescens; 

4201-2 Keetia hispida s.l.; 4204-6 Euclinia longiflora; 4228-2 

Tricalysia biafrana; 4258-1 Psychotria camptopus; 4264-1 Pavetta rigida; 

4268-1 Cuviera longiflora; 4287-1 Sabicea urceolata; 4293-3 

Psychotria calva; 4296-1 Corynanthe pachyceras; 4304-1 Mussaenda 

arcuata; 4316-1 Chassalia sp. A; 4319-1 Aidia genipiflora; 4371-1 

Pauridiantha rubens; 4372-3 Psychotria psychotrioides; 4375-6 Polysphaeria 

macrophylla; 4377-3 Chassalia subherbacea; 4376-1 Preussiodora 

sulphurea; 4385-2 Sarcocephalus latifolius; 4402-1 Psychotria 

venosa; 4418-1 Sacosperma paniculatum; 4420-3 Pauridiantha hirtella; 

4427-1 Diodia sarmentosa; 4428-2 Mussaenda elegans; 4436-4 

Sabicea venosa; 4439-3 Tricalysia biafrana; 4452-1 Ixora nematopoda; 

4463-1 Psychotria humilis var. maior; 4467-2 Cremaspora triflora; 

4484-4 Psydrax kraussioides; 4495-1 Oldenlandia lancifolia; 

4553-1 Oldenlandia lancifolia; 4562-1 Hymenodictyon biafranum. 

F. Casas 10064 Mussaenda erythrophylla; 10082-17 Hymenodictyon 

biafranum; 10073-7 Sabicea calycina; 10128-8 Psychotria venosa; 

10134 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 10136 Mussaenda tenuiflora 

var. tenuiflora; 10161 Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 

10178 Mussaenda arcuata; 10198-3 Sabicea venosa; 10210-11 Psychotria 

peduncularis var. hypsophila; 10211-14 Chassalia cristata; 

10227-11 Psychotria leptophylla; 10229 Mussaenda elegans; 10235- 

11 Coffea canephora; 10238-2 Chassalia subherbacea; 10247-13 

Psydrax kraussioides; 10251 Sabicea venosa; 10252-6 Psychotria 

venosa; 10308 Psychotria latistipula; 10342 Sarcocephalus latifolius; 

10358 Otomeria cameronica; 10361-4a Pauridiantha paucinervis; 

10382 Oxyanthus montanus; 10389 Chassalia cristata; 10391 Tricalysia 

pallens; 10392-20 Pavetta hookeriana; 10394-19 Psydrax dunlapii; 

10399-5 Psydrax dunlapii; 10426-9 Psydrax acutiflora; 11249- 

20 Aidia genipiflora; 11253-2 Psychotria calva; 11277-8 Tarenna conferta; 

11280-5 Pavetta brachycalyx; 11283-1 Heinsia crinita; 11292-1 

Psychotria leptophylla; 11296-3 Chassalia subherbacea; 11300-2 

Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 11309-2 Tricalysia cf. pangolina; 

11351-2 Sabicea calycina; 11375-2 Oxyanthus unilocularis; 

11393-2 Tricalysia pangolina; 11396-2 Chazaliella insidens; 11397-1 

Chazaliella insidens; 11403-1 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 11404-1 Psychotria 

globosa var. ciliata; 11406-2 Massularia acuminata; 11410-2 

Sabicea calycina; 11421-3 Oldenlandia corymbosa; 11446-1 Psychotria 

humilis var. maior; 11452-2 Otomeria cameronica; 11459-6 Mussaenda 

tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 11468-5 Psychotria venosa; 11478-2 

Virectaria major subsp. major; 11481-1 Spermacoce princeae var. 

pubescens; 11524-3 Sabicea urbaniana; 11532-3 Sabicea calycina; 

11542-6 Tarenna conferta; 11544-3 Cuviera subuliflora; 11571-8 

Psydrax subcordata; 11603-4 Pauridiantha rubens; 11604-2 Sabicea 

calycina; 11609-5 Otomeria cameronica; 11612-5 Tarenna conferta; 

11616-1 Rutidea smithii subsp. smithii; 11624-1 Chazaliella insidens; 

11639-1 Psychotria latistipula; 11641-3 Pavetta neurocarpa; 11649-5 

Sabicea calycina; 11666-4 Tricalysia biafrana; 11697-4 Psydrax subcordata; 

11701-14 Psydrax acutiflora; 11734-4 Lasianthus batanguensis; 

11749-3 Calycosiphonia macrochlamys; 11750-2 Psychotria venosa; 

11751-4 Keetia hispida s.l.; 11752-1 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. 

tenuiflora; 11753-20 Psychotria camptopus; 11756-2 Bertiera racemosa 

var. racemosa; 11759-2 Otomeria cameronica; 11763-5 Pauridiantha 

floribunda; 11793-1 Diodia sarmentosa; 11799-2 Tricalysia 

pallens; 11804-18 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 11811-1 Psydrax acutiflora; 

11815-1 Tricalysia pallens; 11821-5 Pavetta hookeriana; 11832- 

1 Rytigynia umbellulata; 11834-3 Lasianthus africanus; 11843-3 Tarenna 

eketensis; 11849-16 Ixora guineensis; 11853-1 Parapentas setigera; 

11865-1 Dictyandra arborescens; 11880-4 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 

11881-3 Psydrax dunlapii; 11885-3 Virectaria major subsp. 

major; 11886-3 Psychotria venosa; 11904-1 Psychotria sp.; 11922-14 

Oxyanthus speciosus; 11925-3 Psychotria peduncularis var. hypsophila; 

11926-3 Chassalia cristata; 11934-5 Psydrax dunlapii; 11935-3 

Virectaria major subsp. major; 11943-5 Sabicea schaeferi; 11959- 

20 Ixora foliosa; 11971-2 Oldenlandia lancifolia; 11982-3 Tarenna 

sp.; 12000-4 Pauridiantha rubens; 12054-3 Sabicea calycina; 12071-1 

Chassalia subherbacea; 12091-2 Coffea liberica; 12120-6 Otomeria 

cameronica; 12139-1 Pavetta sp.; 12144-2a Psychotria humilis var. 

maior; 12145-1 Psychotria leptophylla; 12151-1 Oxyanthus pallidus; 

12154-1 Tricalysia pallens; 12167-19 Cuviera longiflora; 12211-1 

Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis. 

Exell 310 Psydrax dunlapii; 758 Virectaria major subsp. major; 787 

Pavetta hookeriana; 790 Pavetta hookeriana; 822a Oldenlandia lancifolia; 

844 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 851 Psydrax dunlapii; 881 Oldenlandia 

corymbosa; 903 Spermacoce mauritiana. 

GC 10793 Galium simense. 

Guinea 238 Psychotria calva; 731 Psychotria calva; 840 Psychotria 

latistipula; 907 Massularia acuminata; 909 Massularia acuminata; 

973 Sabicea calycina; 1053 Sabicea urceolata; 1095 Virectaria procumbens; 

1143 Rutidea sp. A; 1164 Pavetta owariensis var. owariensis; 

1218 Pavetta owariensis var. owariensis; 1229 Pavetta owariensis 

var. owariensis; 1512 Dictyandra arborescens; 1695 Oxyanthus 

montanus; 1702 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 1791 Pauridiantha 

paucinervis; 1923 Virectaria major subsp. major; 2072 Sabicea 

calycina; 2156 Lasianthus batanguensis; 2157 Lasianthus batanguensis; 

2172 Pauridiantha paucinervis; 2241 Sabicea schaeferi; 2289 Geophila 

afzelii; 2420 Tricalylia biafrana; 2445 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 

2503 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 2505 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 

2618 Psychotria leptophylla; 2724 Pentas schimperiana subsp. 

occidentalis; 2813 Galium thunbergianum; 2887 Galium simense. 

Kalbreyer 12 Heinsia crinita. 

Mann s.n. Ixora nematopoda; s.n. Mussaenda arcuata; s.n. Pavetta 

owariensis var. glaucescens; s.n. Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 

s.n. Rothmannia octomera; s.n. Tricalysia pallens; 1 Heinsia 

crinita; 19 Ixora guineensis; 22 Pleiocoryne fernandensis; 25 Tarenna 

grandiflora; 31 Psychotria venosa; 40 Psychotria latistipula; 41 

Sabicea capitellata; 53 Sabicea calycina; 58 Sacosperma paniculatum; 

60 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 87 Cuviera subuliflora; 167 

Pauridiantha canthiiflora; 173 Geophila obvallata; 178 Rothmannia 

longiflora; 183 Pavetta rigida; 195 Pavetta owariensis var. owariensis; 

200 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 207 Tarenna conferta; 211 Massularia 

acuminata; 212 Tarenna bipindensis; 215 Parapentas setigera; 222


Psychotria peduncularis var. hypsophila; 223 Psychotria fernandopoensis; 

227 Pavetta hispida; 228 Aidia genipiflora; 234 Mitriostigma 

barteri; 254 Psychotria venosa; 266 Psilanthus mannii; 288 Preussiodora 

sulphurea; 292 Bertiera racemosa var. racemosa; 298 Galium simense; 

310a Chassalia pteropetala; 310 Chazaliella insidens; 312 Psychotria 

camptopus; 315 Ixora guineensis; 390 Oxyanthus formosus; 

395 Pavetta bidentata; 402 Heinsia crinita; 403 Diodia sarmentosa; 

411 Morinda longiflora; 419 Psychotria bifaria; 593 Anthospermum 

asperuloides; 605 Galium thunbergianum; 612 Galium simense; 1155 

Chazaliella insidens; 1420 Chassalia subherbacea; 1421 Psychotria 

subobliqua; 1423 Psychotria brachyantha; 1425 Psychotria latistipula; 

1429 Psychotria humilis var. cornuta; 1430 Psychotria recurva; 

1440 Psychotria venosa; 2341 Morinda longiflora. 

Melville 121 Oldenlandia corymbosa; 175 Craterispermum 

montanum; 196 Spermacoce mauritiana; 211 Sabicea ingrata var. 

insularis; 218 Ixora coccinea; 307 Rutidea smithii subsp. smithii; 

404 Spermacoce princeae var. pubescens; 465 Virectaria major subsp. 

major; 497 Psychotria peduncularis var. hypsophila; 618 Pauridiantha 

paucinervis; 629 Lasianthus batanguensis; 645 Psychotria venosa; 658 

Psychotria martinetugei; 674 Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 

679 Otomeria cameronica. 

Mildbraed 6288 Ecpoma hierniana; 6308 Argostemma africanum; 

6350 Schumanniophyton magnificum; 6360 Psychotria mollipes; 

6383 Psychotria subpunctata; 6433 Chassalia petitiana; 6500 Psychotria 

peduncularis; 6502 Bertiera annobonensis; 6508 Pavetta 

monticola; 6534 Sabicea ingrata var. insularis; 6535 Craterispermum 

montanum; 6542 Rutidea smithii subsp. smithii; 6574 Pauridiantha 

floribunda; 6594 Pouchetia confertiflora; 6647 Oldenlandia 

corymbosa; 6653 Sabicea ingrata var. insularis; 6676 Pavetta monticola; 

6678 Pauridiantha floribunda; 6714 Oldenlandia corymbosa; 

6749 Pavetta monticola; 6760 Bertiera annobonensis; 6761 Pouchetia 

confertiflora; 6813 Mussaenda lancifolia; 6825 Psychotria recurva; 

6853 Chazaliella sciadephora var. sciadephora; 6936 Schumanniophyton 

magnificum; 7041 Sabicea urbaniana; 7042 Psychotria sp.; 

7071 Spermacoce ruelliae; 7100 Pavetta oresitropha; 7124 Psychotria 

crassicalyx; 7135 Pavetta oresitropha. 

Milne s.n. Oldenlandia corymbosa. 

Newton s.n. Oxyanthus speciosus. 

Sanford 5929 Pentas schimperiana subsp. occidentalis; 5951 Galium 

simense; 5985 Psychotria camptopus. 

Swarbrick 2925 Oldenlandia corymbosa. 

Tessmann 2818 Spermacoce ruelliae. 

Vogel s.n. Chassalia kolly; s.n. Sacosperma paniculatum; s.n. 

Psychotria latistipula; 35 Sabicea calycina; 48 Pauridiantha 

rubens; 67 Mussaenda tenuiflora var. tenuiflora; 74 Sacosperma 

paniculatum; 77 Morinda lucida; 83 Cuviera subuliflora; 

88 Sabicea capitellata; 114 Pavetta owariensis var. 

owariensis; 138 Hallea ledermannii; 148 Bertiera laxa var. laxa; 157 

Pavetta neurocarpa; 167 Psychotria leptophylla; 177 Heinsia crinita; 

183 Pouchetia parviflora; 188 Morinda morindoides; 190 Psychotria 

calva; 201 Oldenlandia corymbosa; 209 Oxyanthus formosus; 226 

Mussaenda isertiana; 252 Pouchetia parviflora; 262 Tarenna grandiflora. 

Wrigley 11 Oldenlandia herbacea; 71 Pavetta sp.; 72 Pouchetia confertiflora; 

242 Rytigynia umbellulata; 304 Uncaria africana; 523 

Tricalysia pallens; 559 Oxyanthus montanus; 564 Mussaenda tenuiflora 

var. tenuiflora; 570 Rutidea smithii subsp. smithii; 572 Psydrax 

dunlapii; 578 Chassalia cristata; 581 Hymenodictyon biafranum; 

585 Virectaria major subsp. major; 635 Oldenlandia lancifolia; 656 

Sabicea schaeferi. 

Wrigley & Melville 64 Psychotria peduncularis; 93 Bertiera annobonensis; 

s.n. Sabicea schaeferi. 

Systematic index 

Synonyms are in italics. 

Aidia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyle 180 

Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy 161 

Anthospermum asperuloides Hook.f. 162 

Argostemma africana K. Schum. 162 

Bertiera annobonensis G. Taylor 162 

Bertiera breviflora Hiern 162 

Bertiera laxa Benth. var. laxa 162 

Bertiera montana Hiern 162 

Bertiera obversa K. Krause 163 

Bertiera racemosa (G. Don) K. Schum. var. elephantina 

N. Hallé 162 

Bertiera racemosa (G. Don) K. Schum. var. racemosa 162 

Bertiera retrofracta K. Schum. 163 

Borreria monticola Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel 178 

Borreria ocymoides sensu auct. 178 

Borreria princeae K. Schum. 178 

Borreria princeae K. Schum. var. pubescens Hepper 178 

Borreria scabra (Schumach.) K. Schum. 178 

Calycosiphonia macrochlamys (K. Schum.) Robbr. 163 

Camptopus mannii Hook.f. 173 

Canthium dunlapii Hutch. & Dalziel 175 

Canthium setosum Hiern 167 

Cephaelis mannii (Hook.f.) Hiern 173 

Cephaelis peduncularis Salisb. 176 

Cephaelis peduncularis Salisb. var. hypsophila (K. Schum. & 

K. Krause) Hepper 176 

Chassalia cristata (Hiern) Bremek. 163 

Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper 163 

Chassalia petitiana F. Piesschaert 163 

Chassalia pteropetala (K. Schum.) Cheek 163 

Chassalia sp. A 163 

Chassalia subherbacea (Hiern) Hepper 163 

Chazaliella insidens (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit & Verdc. subsp. 

insidens 163 

Chazaliella sciadephora (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit & Verdc. var. 

sciadephora 164 

Coffea arabica L. 164 

Coffea canephora A. Froehner 164 

Coffea dybowskii De Wild. 164 

Coffea excelsa A. Chev. 164 

Coffea liberica Hiern 164 

Coffea macrochlamys K. Schum. 163 

Coffea robusta Linden 164 

Coffea stenophylla G. Don 164 

Corynanthe pachyceras K. Schum. 164 

Craterispermum cerinanthum sensu auct. 165 

Craterispermum montanum Hiern 164 

Cremaspora thomsonii Hiern 164 

Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K. Schum. subsp. triflora 164 

Cuviera longiflora Hiern 164 

Cuviera subuliflora Benth. 164 

Dictyandra arborescens Welw. ex Hook.f. 164 

Diodia sarmentosa Sw. 165 

Diodia scandens sensu auct. 165


Diodia serrulata (P. Beauv.) G. Taylor 165 

Ecpoma gigantostipula (K. Schum.) N. Hallé 165 

Ecpoma hierniana (Wernham) N. Hallé &F.Hallé 165 

Euclinia longiflora Salisb. 165 

Galium aparine sensu auct. 165 

Galium biafrae Hiern 165 

Galium rotundifolium sensu auct. 165 

Galium simense Fresen. 165 

Galium spurium sensu auct. 165 

Galium thunbergianum Eckl. & Zeyh. var. hirsutum (Sond.) 

Verdc. 165 

Gardenia fernandensis Hiern 172 

Gardenia nigrificans Wernham 175 

Gardenia octomera Hook. 178 

Geophila afzelii Hiern 165 

Geophila obvallata (Schumach.) Didr. 166 

Grumilea sphaerocarpa Hiern 173 

Grumilea venosa Hiern 175 

Hallea ledermannii (K. Krause) Verdc. 166 

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor var. crinita 166 

Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor subsp. crinita 166 

Heinsia epidendron Mildbr. 180 

Heinsia jasminiflora sensu auct. 173 

Heinsia pulchella sensu auct. 173 

Hymenodictyon biafranum Hiern 166 

Hymenodictyon epidendron Mildbr. ex Hutch. & Dalziel 166 

Ixora coccinea L. 166 

Ixora bipindensis K. Schum. ex Hutch. & Dalziel 179 

Ixora breviflora Hiern 166 

Ixora foliosa Hiern 166 

Ixora guineensis Benth. 166 

Ixora nematopoda K. Schum. 166 

Ixora riparia Hiern 166 

Ixora rosea K. Schum. 167 

Keetia hispida (Benth.) Bridson sensu lato 167 

Lasianthus africanus Hiern 167 

Lasianthus aff. mannii Wernham 167 

Lasianthus batangensis K. Schum. 167 

Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock ex Hoyle 167 

Mitragyna ciliata Aubrév. & Pellegr. 166 

Mitriostigma barteri Hook.f. ex Hiern 167 

Morinda confusa Hutch. 167 

Morinda longiflora G. Don 167 

Morinda lucida Benth. 167 

Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. 167 

Mussaenda arcuata Lam. ex Poir. 168 

Mussaenda elegans Schumach. & Thonn. 168 

Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. 168 

Mussaenda isertiana DC. 168 

Mussaenda lancifolia K. Krause 168 

Mussaenda polita Hiern 168 

Mussaenda tenuiflora Benth. var. tenuiflora 168 

Nauclea latifolia Sm. 178 

Oldenlandia corymbosa L. 168 

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. 168 

Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC. 169 

Oldenlandia peltospermum Hiern 177 

Otomeria cameronica (Bremek.) Hepper 169 

Oxyanthus breviflorus Benth. 169 

Oxyanthus formosus Planch. 169 

Oxyanthus gracilis Hiern 169 

Oxyanthus montanus Sonké 169 

Oxyanthus pallidus Hiern 169 

Oxyanthus speciosus DC. 169 

Oxyanthus sp. A 169 

Oxyanthus unilocularis Hiern 169 

Parapentas setigera (Hiern) Verdc. 170 

Pauridiantha canthiiflora Hook.f. 170 


170 

Pauridiantha hirtella (Benth.) Bremek. 170 

Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek. 170 

Pauridiantha rubens (Benth.) Bremek. 170 

Pavetta annobonensis Bremek. 171 

Pavetta bidentata Hiern 170 

Pavetta brachycalyx Hiern 170 

Pavetta corymbosa sensu auct. 173 

Pavetta dermatophylla Mildbr. 171 

Pavetta exellii Bremek. 171 

Pavetta glaucescens Hiern 171 

Pavetta hispida Hiern 171 

Pavetta hookeriana Hiern 171 

Pavetta monticola Hiern 171 

Pavetta neurocarpa Benth. 171 

Pavetta nitida sensu auct. 173 

Pavetta oresitropha Bremek. 171 

Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. var. glaucescens (Hiern) S.D. 

Manning 171 

Pavetta owariensis P. Beauv. var. owariensis 171 

Pavetta rigida Hiern 171 

Peltospermum paniculatum Benth. 177 

Pentas schimperiana (A. Rich.) Vatke subsp. occidentalis 

(Hook.f.) Verdc. 172 

Pleiocoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Rauschert 172 

Polycoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Keay 172 

Polysphaeria macrophylla K. Schum. 172 

Pouchetia confertiflora Mildbr. 172 

Pouchetia parviflora Benth. 172 

Preussiodora sulphurea (K. Schum.) Keay 172 

Psilanthus bicarinatus Mildbr. 180 

Psilanthus epiphyticum Mildbr. 163 

Psilanthus mannii Hook.f. 173 

Psychotria benthaminana Hiern 163 

Psychotria bicarinata Mildbr. 180 

Psychotria bifaria Hiern 173 

Psychotria brachyantha Hiern 173 

Psychotria calva Hiern 173 

Psychotria camptopus Verdc. 173 

Psychotria cornuta Hiern 175 

Psychotria crassicalyx K. Krause 173 

Psychotria epiphytica Mildbr. 163 

Psychotria erythropus K. Schum. 180 

Psychotria fernandopoensis E.M.A. Petit 173 

Psychotria globosa Hiern var. ciliata (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit 

173 

Psychotria globosa Hiern var. globosa 173


Psychotria humilis Hiern var. cornuta (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit 173 

Psychotria humilis Hiern var. maior E.M.A. Petit 173 

Psychotria insidens Hiern 164 

Psychotria latistipula Benth. 174 

Psychotria leptophylla Hiern 174 

Psychotria lucens Hiern var. lucens 174 

Psychotria malchairi sensu auct. 174 

Psychotria martinetugei Cheek 174 

Psychotria mollipes K. Krause 174 

Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. 174 

Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. var. hypsophila 

(K. Schum. & K. Krause) Verdc. 174 

Psychotria psychotrioides (DC.) Roberty 174 

Psychotria pteropetala K. Schum. 163 

Psychotria recurva Hiern 175 

Psychotria sciadephora Hiern 174 

Psychotria setacea Hiern 174 

Psychotria sphaerocarpa (Hiern) Hutch. & Dalziel 173 

Psychotria subherbacea Hiern 163 

Psychotria subobliqua Hiern 175 

Psychotria subpunctata Hiern 175 

Psychotria venosa (Hiern) E.M.A. Petit 175 

Psydrax acutiflora (Hiern) Bridson 175 

Psydrax dunlapii (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bridson 175 

Psydrax kraussioides (Hiern) Bridson 175 

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson 175 

Randia acuminata (G. Don) Benth. 167 

Randia exserta K. Schum. 172 

Randia genipaeflora DC. 161 

Randia maculata DC. 176 

Randia myrmecophylla De Wild. 176 

Randia octomera (Hook.) Hook.f. 176 

Randia sulphurea K. Schum. 172 

Rothmannia lateriflora (K. Schum.) Keay 175 

Rothmannia longiflora Salisb. 176 

Rothmannia macrocarpa (Hiern) Keay 176 

Rothmannia octomera (Hook.) Fagerl. 176 

Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy 176 

Rutidea decorticata Hiern 176 

Rutidea glabra Hiern 176 

Rutidea smithii Hiern subsp. smithii 176 

Rutidea smithii Hiern var. welwitschii Scott Elliot 176 

Rutidea sp. A 176 

Rutidea syringoides sensu auct. 176 

Rytigynia concolor (Hiern) Robyns 177 

Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns 176 

Sabicea africana (Beauv.) Hepper 179 

Sabicea annobonensis Mildbr. 177 

Sabicea calycina Benth. 177 

Sabicea capitellata Benth. 177 

Sabicea gigantistipula K. Schum. 165 

Sabicea hierniana Wernham 165 

Sabicea ingrata K. Schum. var. insularis (Wernham) 

Joffroy 177 

Sabicea insularis (Wernham) G. Taylor 177 

Sabicea pilosa Hiern 177 

Sabicea schaeferi Wernham 177 

Sabicea urbaniana Wernham 177 

Sabicea urceolata Hepper 177 

Sabicea venosa Benth. 177 

Sacosperma paniculatum (Benth.) G. Taylor 177 

Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A. Bruce 178 

‘Sarcocephalus sculentus-afzelius’ 178 

Schumanniophyton magnificum (K. Schum.) Harms 178 

Sericanthe jacfelicis (N. Hallé) Robbr. 178 

Sherbournia zenkeri Hua 178 

Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C. Adams ex W.C. 

Burger & C.M. Taylor 178 

Spermacoce mauritiana Gideon 178 

Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc. var. pubescens 

(Hepper) Verdc. 178 

Spermacoce ruelliae DC. 178 

Stipularia africana P. Beauv. 179 

Stylocoryne grandiflora Benth. 179 

Tarenna bipindensis (K. Schum. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) 

Bremek. 179 

Tarenna conferta (Benth.) Hiern 179 

Tarenna eketensis Wernham 179 

Tarenna grandiflora (Benth.) Hiern 179 

Tricalysia biafrana Hiern 179 

Tricalysia oligoneura K. Schum. 179 

Tricalysia pallens Hiern 179 

Tricalysia pangolina N. Hallé 180 

Tricalysia sp. A 180 

Trichostachys aurea Hiern 180 

Uncaria africana G. Don 180 

Uragoga mannii (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel 173 

Uragoga membranifolia Mildbr. 176 

Uragoga nutans K. Krause 180 

Uragoga peduncularis (Salisb.) K. Schum. 176 

Urophyllum annobonense Mildbr. 170 

Urophyllum canthiiflorum (Hook.f.) Hutch. & Dalziel 170 

Urophyllum paucinerve Hiern 170 

Urophyllum rubens Benth. 170 

Vangueria concolor Hiern 177 

Vangueriella chlorantha (K. Schum.) Verdc. 180 

Vangueriopsis chlorantha (K. Schum.) Robyns 180 

Vignaldia occidentalis Hook.f. 172 

Virecta setigera Hiern 170 

Virectaria major (K. Schum.) Verdc. subsp. major 180 

Virectaria major (K. Schum.) Verdc. var. major 180 

Virectaria procumbens (Sm.) Bremek. 180

A checklist of the Rubiaceae (coffee family) of Bioko and Annobon ...

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