List of Plant Diseases - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human ...

Land Grant Technical Report No. 44 

List of Plant Diseases 

in 

American Samoa 

2006 

Fred Brooks, Plant Pathologist

Land Grant Technical Report No. 44, American Samoa Community College Land Grant Program, October 

2006. This work was partially funded by Hatch grant SAM-031, United States Department of Agriculture, 

Cooperative State Research, Extension, and Education Service (CSREES) and administered by American Samoa 

Community College. The author bears full responsibility for its content. 

For more information on this publication, please contact: 

Fred Brooks, Plant Pathologist 

American Samoa Community College 

Land Grant Program 

P. O. Box 5319 

Pago Pago, AS 96799 

Tel. (684) 699-1394/1575 

Fax (684) 699-5011 

e-mail , 

TITLE PAGE. Diseases caused by Phytophthora palmivora in American Samoa (clockwise from upper left): 

rot of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis); root rot of papaya (Carica papaya); black pod of cocoa (Theobroma 

cacao); sporangia of P. palmivora.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... iv 

About this text ........................................................................................................................................... vi 

Host-pathogen index .................................................................................................................................. 1 

Pathogen-host index .................................................................................................................................. 17 

Wood decay fungi ...................................................................................................................................... 31 

Plant-parasitic algae and their host plants ................................................................................................. 33 

Fungus pathogens on insects ..................................................................................................................... 39 

English and Samoan plant names, botanical equivalents .......................................................................... 40 

List of host plants by family ...................................................................................................................... 42 

Partial list of pathogens recorded in American Samoa.............................................................................. 43 

Authors of plant and fungus names ........................................................................................................... 46 

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 48 

Color plates (file available separately) 

Page

INTRODUCTION 

The Pacific islands of American Samoa are an unincorporated territory of the United States located between 

latitude 14°12’ and 14°23’ South and longitude 170°32’ and 170°52’ West. The five principal islands⎯Tutuila, 

Aunu’u, and the Manu’a Islands of Ofu, Olosega and Ta’u⎯have a land area of 197 km2 . They are volcanic, 

with narrow coastlines rising abruptly to tapered ridges. The ridges are comprised of primary and secondary 

forest, with 70% of the slopes greater than 30% (Wingert 1981). The highest elevations vary from 89 m on the 

small island of Aunu’u to 974 m on Ta’u; Matafao, 653 m, is the highest point on the main island of Tutuila. 

Traditional subsistence farming is still concentrated along the coastal strips and lower slopes. Population pressure 

on the 140 km2 island of Tutuila, however, is forcing development of slopes to 60%; approximately 90% of the 

more than 60,000 people in the Territory live on this island. Relatively level areas of importance are limited to 

the Tafuna (Leone) Plain on Tutuila and a few upland areas on the outer island of Ta’u. The wettest season is 

November-March, the driest season June-September. Yearly rainfall averages from 3,200 mm on the Tafuna 

Plain (airport) to 7,620 mm on Mt. Lata, Ta’u. The average temperature at Tafuna airport is about 28°C with an 

average high of 31°C and an average low of 25°C (Department of Commerce 1996). 

Few plant disease epidemics have been recorded in American Samoa. This is partly due to traditional agroforestry 

practices. These practices include interplanting small areas of subsistence crops⎯taro, giant taro, tapioca, 

kava⎯among banana, breadfruit, coconut or forest trees. One recent exception was the 1993-1994 taro leaf 

blight epidemic caused by Phytophthora colocasiae. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) was a major crop in both 

American Samoa and independent Samoa, planted over large areas of the islands. When P. colocasiae arrived it 

rapidly spread through the susceptible Samoan cultivars. Establishment of leaf blight resistant taro from the 

Republic of Palau in 1997 has revived local production. Currently, breeding lines from Southeast Asia and the 

Pacific are being introduced to improve eating quality and increase genetic diversity. 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus, devastating in many parts of the Pacific, was introduced to American Samoa in the 

late 1950s (Magee 1967). A territory-wide survey (Brooks 1999) showed an average of less than 5% of banana 

mats on Tutuila Island were infected and no sign of the disease in the Manu’a Islands. The percentage of disease 

in some of the commercial plantations, however, was over 10%. The main limitations to banana production are 

black leaf streak disease (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), fruit damage by banana scab moth larvae (Nacoleia octasema), 

and plant-parasitic nematodes. 

A survey of banana plantations in 2002-2003 revealed that every field (n = 25) was infested with root-parasitic 

nematodes (Brooks 2004). The average number of these nematodes per commercial field (n = 16) was 28,500 

per 100 g of roots. Spiral nematodes (Helicotylenchus multicinctus, H. dihystera) averaged 23,000 per 100 g of 

roots, and the more damaging burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) averaged 4,680 per 100 g of roots. 

Two lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus loosi and P. gibbicaudatus, were new records for American Samoa. The 

former is usually found on tea and coffee and the latter has never been reported on Musa spp. This was only the 

second report of P. gibbicaudatus outside of Japan. 

iv

Previous plant disease lists for American Samoa have been based on short, infrequent visits by consultants, 

including Dumbleton (1954) and Firman (1975). McKenzie’s work (1996) summarized these findings and 

others and, along with identifications from his 1989 survey, is the most complete record available. A technical 

paper on plant parasitic nematodes by Grandison was also published by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community 

(SPC) in 1996. 

The following plant disease indexes present plant pathogenic organisms collected and identified in American 

Samoa between October 1998 and October 2006. Separate sections list wood decay fungi, plant-parasitic algae, 

and fungal pathogens isolated from insects. The high ratio of fungi to other parasitic organisms in these lists 

reflects their abundance and diversity in the warm, humid environment of the tropics. Fungi, as opposed to most 

bacteria and viruses, are also more amenable to identification in a small plant pathology laboratory with limited 

resources. Many of the specimens collected during the past six years were causing minor damage to their host. 

Due to the time and cost of having them identified at a reputable off-island facility, some of these identifications 

are tentative. A voucher collection − herbarium sheets, microscope slides, photomicrographs, and photographs 

− has been established at the Tauiliili Pemerika Center for Tropical Agricultural Research, USDA Land Grant 

Division, American Samoa Community College. 

v 

Fred Brooks 

October 2006

ABOUT THIS TEXT 

Plant disease nomenclature, authorities, and modified host and pathogen index formats follow Farr et 

al. (1989). Plant names and authorities follow Farr (1989), Whistler (1994a), The Plant Names Project 

(1999), and the Index of Botanists (2001). 

Host-pathogen index. Plant hosts are listed alphabetically by genus and species, followed by the 

author who first described them. Common and Samoan names, in brackets, follow the abbreviated author(s) 

names. Below each host name in alphabetical order are potential disease-causing organisms isolated from that 

host and the name of the disease or most common symptom. An accession number follows specimens deposited 

in the American Samoa Land Grant herbarium (ASLG). Most of the organisms in this list are known pathogens 

but may be present as saprophytes. 

Color plates. Photographs of plant pathogens and plant disease signs or symptoms can be downloaded 

separately. Each plate is referred to in the indexes following the name of the host or pathogen. 

Pathogen-host index. This is an alphabetical listing by genus of disease causing organisms followed 

by their authority and taxonomic classification. Below each pathogen are suggested species identifications 

based on morphology, growth characteristics in vivo or in culture, signs and symptoms, isolation from a known 

host, or published presence in American Samoa (McKenzie 1996). Unidentified species are listed as “sp.” Each 

species name is followed by the host from which it was isolated and the host’s common name. 

Wood decay fungi. A list of macro-fungi collected by the author from 2001-2004 and accessioned into 

the Land Grant Herbarium (ASLG). Identifications confirmed by the USDA Forest Service Forest, Products 

Laboratory, Center for Mycology Research, Madison, WI, are followed by an asterisk. The list includes wood 

decay fungi collected by McKenzie in 1989 (PDD), and other decay fungi mentioned by him in his 1996 report 

(no accession numbers). 

Plant-parasitic algae and their host plants. Five species of parasitic algae in the genus Cephaleuros 

and two in Stomatochroon are listed, followed by the family, genus, and species of their host(s). 

Fungus pathogens on insects. Several known entomopathogenic fungi have been isolated from insects. 

Most American Samoans do not use chemical pesticides and enhancing the indigenous population of insect 

pathogens is a potential biological control option. 

English and Samoan plant names, botanical equivalents. Latin scientific names are given for common 

English and Samoan plant names. 

List of host plants by family. This is a useful entry for references like Farr et al. (1986) and Whistler 

(1994a), where it is necessary to know plant families in order to find genus and species information. 

Partial list of pathogens recorded in American Samoa. Most plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria 

recorded in American Samoa are in the publication by EHC McKenzie (1996). This list is an update of McKenzie’s 

publication and includes pathogenic organisms identified by the author. The latter are followed by double 

asterisks (**). Banana nematodes described by Grandison (1996) are followed by a single asterisk (*). 

Authors of plant and fungus names. Full names of abbreviated plant and fungus authorities listed in 

the indexes. 

Bibliography. List of sources used to identify plant pathogens, entomopathogens, nematodes, plantparasitic 

algae, and local flora. 

vi

HOST-PATHOGEN INDEX 

host genus & species authority common English & Samoan names 

Crinum asiaticum L. [crinum lily, lau talotalo] accession no. 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 285P) 

pathogen genus & species, if known common symptom or name of disease 

Adenanthera pavonina L. [lopa] 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot 

Format used in the host-pathogen index (from Farr et al. 1989) 

Aglaia samoensis A. Gray 

Stagonospora sp. — from bark canker (ASLG479P) 

Alocasia cucullata (Loureiro) G. Don [Chinese taro] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot (ASLG242P) 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don [giant taro, ta’amu] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot (ASLG230P) 

Glomerella cingulata — anthracnose (ASLG235P) 

Helicotylenchus dihystera — spiral nematode (423P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — from taro leaf blight lesion (ASLG452P) 

Macrophoma sp. — from taro leaf blight lesion (ASLG451P) 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae — leaf spot (ASLG007P) (Plate 2) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG033P) 

Phoma sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG135P) 

Phytophthora colocasiae — taro leaf blight (ASLG003,026,354,394,432P) 

Pratylenchus sp. — lesion nematode (ASLG422P) 

Angiopteris evecta Hoffm. 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG472P) 

Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. [breadfruit, ‘ulu] 

1


Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf spot, fruit necrosis (ASLG 344,349,358,368P) (Plate 3) 

Glomerella sp. — angular leaf spot (ASLG150P) 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot (ASLG228P) 

Phomopsis sp. — from necrotic spines on fruit (ASLG367P) 

Phyllosticta artocarpi — angular leaf spot (ASLG084,225P) 

Physalospora rhodina — leaf spot (ASLG 030P) 

Phytophthora palmivora — fruit rot (ASLG343,347,352,356P) 

Pseudocercospora artocarpi — leaf spot (ASLG326,456P) 

Sclerotium sp. — rot of fruit on ground (ASLG369P) 

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz [futu] 



Barringtonia samoensis A. Gray [faiaga] 


Bidens alba (L.) DC. [beggar’s-tick] 

Uromyces bidenticola — rust 

Bischofia javanica Blume [‘o’a] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG167P) 

Bixa orellana L. [lipstick-tree, loa] 

Cercospora bixae — leaf spot 

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. [bougainvillea, felila] 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae — leaf spot (ASLG154P) (Plates 4, 5) 

Brassica chinensis var. chinensis (L.) Prain [Chinese cabbage, pak-choi, kapisi] 

Ascochyta sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG270P) 

Cercospora brassicicola — from leaf necrosis (ASLG271P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — from leaf necrosis (ASLG272,415P) 

Erwinia sp. — bacterial crown rot 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — from leaf spots (ASLG 269,454P) 

Pythium spp. — damping-off 

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Venten. [paper-mulberry, u’a] 

Cercospora broussonetiae — leaf spot 

2

Brunfelsia americana L. [lady-of-the-night] 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose (ASLG296P) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — on anthracnose lesion (ASLG297P) 

Caladium Venten. x hortulanum [caladium] 

Phyllosticta sp. — leaf spot 

Chaetomella sp. — from dead leaf tissue 

Calophyllum neo-ebudicum Guillaumin [tamanu] 


Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. [moso’oi] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — branch dieback 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot (ASLG210,249P) 

Canarium harveyi Seem. [mafoa] 



Canna indica L. [canna lily, fagamanu] 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot 

Puccinia sp. — rust (ASLG020P) 

Uredo pseudocannae — rust 

Capsicum annuum L. [sweet and hot peppers, polo] 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose (ASLG200P) (Plate 6) 

Phytophthora parasitica — root and crown rot (ASLG190P) 

Ralstonia solanacearum — bacterial wilt (Plate 15) 

Rhizopus stolonifer — fruit rot (ASLG201P) 

Carica papaya L. [papaya, esi] 

Calonectria sp. — from collar rot (ASLG350P) 


Corynespora cassiicola — target leaf spot (ASLG068,286P) (Plates 7, 8) 

Macrophoma sp. — from fruit rot (ASLG430P) 

Phoma sp. — stem canker (ASLG355P) 

Phomopsis sp. — stem canker (ASLG370P) 

Pythium sp. — damping off (ASLG353P) 

Phytophthora palmivora — root and crown rot (ASLG351,357P,373,416,441,449P) 

3

Carissa grandiflora (E. Mey.) A. DC. [natal plum] 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — branch dieback (ASLG274P) (Plate 9) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot 

Cerbera manghas L. [lava] 


Cieba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [kapok, vavae] 


Citrus aurantifolia L. Swingle [lime] 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — branch dieback (ASLG290P) 

Citrus sp. L. [citrus, moli] 

Capnodium sp. — sooty mold 

Chaetomella sp. — on leaves 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf anthracnose 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — on dead bark (ASLG152P) 

Meloidogyne sp. — root knot nematode 

Phellinus noxius — (ASLG248P) 

Phomopsis citri — citrus melanose 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa — citrus scab (ASLG169P) 

Cocos nucifera L. [coconut palm, niu] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from coalesced leaf spots (ASLG162P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — gray leaf blotch (ASLG262P) 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG283P) 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum — gray leaf spot (ASLG046P) 

Phoma sp. — leaf spot (ASLG263P) 

Phomopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG264P) 

Phyllosticta sp. — leaf spot 

Septoria sp. — from leaf spot 

causal agent unknown — American Samoa coconut yellowing (ASLG226P) 

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume [croton] 


Coix lacryma-jobi L. [sanasana] 


4

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [taro, talo] 

Cladosporium sp. — sooty mold 

Cladosporium colocassiicola — leaf blight in greenhouse (ASLG467P) (Plate 23) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG256,397,460P) 

Colletotrichum sp. — from chlorotic leaves (ASLG233P) 

Curvularia sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (ASLG170P) 

Dasheen Mosaic Virus — leaf chlorosis, discoloration (Plate 10) 

Fusarium solani — root and corm rot (ASLG308P) 

Glomerella cingulata — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG257,419,460P) 

Gonatobotryum sp. — on leaves and petioles 

Helicotylenchus dihystera — nematode root damage (ASLG379,425P) 

Helicotylenchus sp.— nematode root damage (ASLG023P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (ASLG147P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — leaf spot (ASLG143,412,420,456,457,474P) (Plates 11, 12) 

Marasmiellus stenophyllus — stem and corm rot (ASLG027M) 

Phoma sp. — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG255P) 

Phytophthora colocasiae — taro leaf blight (ASLG003,354,394P) (Plates 13, 14) 

Pythium aphanidermatum — root and corm rot (ASLG278P) 

Pythium sp. — corm rot (ASLG378,427P) 

Septoria sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot 

Cordia aspera Forst. f. [tou] 


Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth [ti] 

Ascochyta sp. — from leaf spot 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf spot 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG070P) 

Crinum asiaticum L. [crinum lily, lau talotalo] 


Crossostylis biflora Forst. [saitamu] 


Cucumis sativus L. [cucumber, kukama] 

Cercospora citrullina — leaf spot 

Corynespora cassiicola — leaf spot (ASLG184,360,366P) 

5

Didymella bryoniae — gummy stem blight (ASLG207P) 

Erysiphe sp. — powdery mildew (ASLG361P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — leaf spot (ASLG465P) 

Meloidogyne sp. — root knot nematode (376P) 

Oidium sp. — powdery mildew 

Phoma cucurbitacearum — gummy stem blight, leaf spot (ASLG149) 

Pythium aphanidermatum — wilt, fruit, root, crown rot (ASLG177P) (Plates 16) 

Pythium spp. — damping-off, root and crown rot (ASLG016,177,459P) 

Rhizoctonia solani — damping-off, fruit rot (ASLG142P) 

Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus — stunt, distortion, death (ASLG391P) 

Cuphea melvilla Lindl. [firecracker plant] 

Phyllosticta sp. — from necrotic leaf tip (ASLG294P) 

Cyperus rotundus L. [purple nut sedge, mumuta] 

Puccinia canaliculata — leaf rust (ASLG059P) 

Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth. [lala] 



Diffenbachia Schott [dumbcane] 

Lophodermium sp. — leaf spot 

Digitaria setigera Roem. & F.W. Schultz [crab grass] 

Puccinia oahuensis — leaf and stem rust (ASLG130P) 

Dioscorea bulbifera L. [bitter yam, soi] 



Diospyros samoensis A. Gray [au’auli] 

Glomerella sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG365P) 


Phyllosticta sp. — leaf spot (ASLG362P) 

Dysoxylum samoense A. Gray [tufaso] 


Pseudocercospora subsessilis — leaf spot (ASLG199P) 

6

Elattostachys falcata (A. Gray) Radlk. [taputo’i] 


Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. [gatae palagi] 

Phoma erythrinicola — leaf spot 

Erythrina variegata L. [coral tree, gatae] 


Phoma sp. — leaf spot (ASLG234, 238P) 

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch [poinsettia] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose (ASLG390P) 

Dothiorella sp. — branch dieback 

Glomerella sp. — leaf necrosis 


Phoma sp. — branch dieback (ASLG151P) 

Phomopsis sp. — branch dieback 

Sphaceloma poinsettiae — leaf and stem scab (ASLG389P) 

Fagraea berteroana A. Gray [pualulu] 

Sphaerulina sp. — leaf spot (ASLG258P) 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot 

Faradaya amicorum Seem. [mamalupe] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG192P) 

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Horne. [rubber plant] 


Ficus obliqua Forst. f. [banyan tree, aoa] 


Ficus scabra (mati vao)Forst. f. [mati’ata] 

Phyllachora sp. — tar spot (ASLG198,280,330P) 

Ficus tinctoria Forst. f. [dyer’s fig; mati] 

Phyllachora sp. — tar spot (ASLG229P) 


Fluggea flexuosa Muell. Arg. [poumuli] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from stem canker (ASLG426P) 

7


Glochidion ramiflorum Forst. [masame] 


Gloxinia perennis Druce [Canterbury bells] 

Colletotrichum sp. — blossom blight (ASLG300P) 

Corynespora cassiicola — on blighted blossoms (ASLG301P) 

Hedychium coronarium J. Konig ex Retz. [white ginger, teuila] 


Leptosphaeria sp. — leaf spot (ASLG260P) 

Mycosphaerella hedychii — leaf spot (ASLG074P) 



Heliconia humilis L. [lobster claw] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG099P) 

Curvularia sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG 158P) 

Mycosphaerella sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Physalospora sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Septoria sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG157P) 

Heliconia psittacorum L. fil [parrot flower] 

Curvularia sp. — leaf spot (ASLG268P) 

Dothiorella sp. — from leaf spot 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf spot 

Heliconia sp. L. [wild heliconia] 


Fusarium sp. — root, rhizome rot (ASLG377P) 

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Presl.) Kub. [pu’a] 


Hibiscus manihot L.[edible hibiscus, pele] 

Cercospora malayensis — angular leaf spot (ASLG403P) 


Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, ‘aute] 

Cercospora althaeina — leaf spot (ASLG166P) 

8

Colletotrichum — leaf spot (ASLG240P) 

Curvularia sp. — leaf anthracnose 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG241P) 

Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (ASLG188P) 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spots 

unidentified — sooty mold 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. [beach hibiscus, fau] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — (ASLG027) leaf spot 


Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (ASLG250P) (Plate 18) 

Phoma sp. — leaf spot 


Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 

Cercospora sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG476P) (Plate 1) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporoides — from leaf spots (ASLG478P) 

Guignardia sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG475P) 

Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosb. [ifi] 


Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze [ifilele] 


Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (Plate 19) 

Phyllachora afzeliae — tar spot (ASLG211,469P) 


Ipomoea alba L. [moonflower, fue sina] 


Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. [beach morning-glory, fue kula, fue mola] 


Iris L. [iris] 

Dothiorella sp. — from leaf spot 

Kyllinga nemoralis (Forst.) Dandy ex Hutchinson & Dalziel [sedge, kili’o’opu] 

Puccinia sp. — rust (ASLG327,328P) 

9

Lagerstroemia indica L. [crape-myrtle] 


Lansium domesticum Correa [langsat] 

Fusarium solani — branch dieback (ASLG314P) 

Nectria sp. — branch dieback (ASLG259P) 

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven [primrose willow] 


Lycopersicon esculentum Miller [tomato] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea — from leaf spot (ASLG095P) 

Corynespora cassiicola — leaf spot (ASLG056P) 

Colletotrichum coccodes — from lesion on fruit (ASLG439P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot 

Dothiorella sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG095P) 

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora — bacterial stem rot (ASLG014P) 

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici — wilt (ASLG424P) 

Meloidogyne incognita — root knot nematode (ASLG164,253,393P) (Plates 20, 21) 


Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1 — bacterial wilt (ASLG 141P) 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum — stem canker 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria — bacterial wilt 

Macaranga harveyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. [lau pata, pata] 


Macaranga stipulosa Muell. Arg. [lau fitu] 


Mangifera indica L. [mango, mago] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — anthracnose, flower blight (ASLG194,275P) (Plate 22) 

Dendrophoma sp. — from leaf spots 

Lophodermium sp. — on dead stems 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae — gray leaf spot (ASLG195P) 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot (ASLG386P,388P) 

Stigmina mangiferae — leaf spot (ASLG295P,380P) 

Manihot esculenta Crantz [tapioca, manioka] 

Botryosphaeria sp. — from leaf spots 

10


Cercosporidium henningsii — leaf spot (ASLG065,371P) 

Mycosphaerella henningsii — leaf spot (ASLG311P) 

Manilkara zapote (L.) D. Royen [sapote] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — gray leaf spot (ASLG197,236P) 

Pythium sp. — root and crown rot 

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hall. f. [fue lautetele] 


Metroxylon vitiense (H. Wendl.) Hook. f. [sago palm, niu o lotuma] 


Mikania micrantha Kunth [mile-a-minute vine, fue saina] 

Cercospora mikaniacola — leaf spot (ASLG037P) 


Cladosporium sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG336P) 

Marasmiellus sp. — on dead stem 

Momordica charantia L. [bitter gourd] 

Cercospora citrullina — leaf spot (ASLG045,323P) (Plate 24) 

Morinda citrifolia L. [nonu] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG445P) 

Didymella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG437P) 

Guignardia morindae — from leaf spot (ASLG193P) 


Phoma sp. — shot-hole leaf spot (ASLG440,442,444P) 

Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana Colla [edible banana, fa’i] 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus — stunting, sterility, plant death (ASLG004P) (Plate 25) 

Colletotrichum sp. — from black leaf streak lesion (ASLG341P) 

Cordana musae — leaf spot (ASLG063,284,339P) (Plate 26) 

Curvularia sp. — leaf spot 

Erwinia sp. — bacterial stem rot (ASLG435P) 

Guignardia musae — freckle (ASLG446,447P) 

Helicotylenchus dihystera — spiral nematode (ASLG379,413P) 

Helicotylenchus multicinctus — spiral nematode (ASLG372P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf blight (ASLG121P) 

Marasmiellus semiustus — pseudostem rot (ASLG021M) 

11

Meloidogyne incognita — root knot nematode (ASLG302P) 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis — black leaf streak (ASLG025,337P) (Plates 27, 28) 

Phyllachora musicola — black cross leaf streak (ASLG019P) (Plate 29) 

Phyllosticta musarum — freckle (ASLG288P) 

Pratylenchus gibbicaudatus — lesion nematode (ASLG384P) 

Pratylenchus loosi — lesion nematode (ASLG022,383P) 

Pseudocercospora fijiensis — black leaf streak (ASLG287,340,418,448P) 

Pyrenochaeta sp. — from black leaf streak lesion (ASLG342P) 

Radopholus similis — burrowing nematode (ASLG011P) 

Sphaerulina sp. — leaf spot (ASLG338P) 

Uredo musae — banana rust (ASLG282,291P) 

Myristica fatua Houtt. [Samoan nutmeg, ‘atone] 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot (ASLG174P,387P) 

Neonauclea forsteri (Seem. ex Havil.) Merr. [afa] 


Nicolaia elatior Horan. [torch ginger] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf blight 

Pandanus whitmeeanus Mart. [screwpine; paogo, fasa, lau fala] 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum — leaf spot (ASLG044P) 

Pestalozziella sp. — from leaf spot 

Paspalum conjugatum Bergius [sour paspalum, sourgrass] 

Physopella sp. — rust (ASLG303P) 

Persea americana Miller [avocado, ‘avoka] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea — from leaf spot 

Discosia sp. — from leaf spot 

Dothiorella sp. (Fusicoccum) — branch canker (ASLG136P) 

Fusarium solani — root rot (ASLG196P) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — root rot (ASLG205P) 

Phaseolus vulgaris L. [French bean, green bean, etc.] 

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum — anthracnose (ASLG304P) 

Philodendron Schott [heart-leaf philodendron] 

Physalospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG159P) 

12

Piper methysticum Forst. f. [kava] 


Cucumber Mosaic (cucumo)Virus — kava wilt, dieback (ASLG313P) (Plate 30) 

Phyllachora sp. — tar spot on leaves (ASLG392P) 

Pipturus argenteus (Forst. f.) Wedd. [soga] 


Planchonella grayana St. John [‘ala’a] 


Planchonella samoensis H.J. Lam ex Christoph. [mamalava] 


Planchonella torricellensis (K. Schum.) Lam [mamalava] 


Rhynchosphaeria sp. — ‘shot hole’ leaf spot 

Plumeria sp. L. [frangipani, pua fiti] 

Coleosporium plumeriae — rust on leaves (ASLG006P) (Plate 31) 

Polyscias guilfoylei (W. Bull) L.H. Bailey [geranium-leaf aralia] 

Pseudocercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG032P) 


Glomerella sp. — leaf spot 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (W. Bull) L.H. Bailey [panax, tanitani] 

Pseudocercospora sp. (P. panacis?) — leaf spot (ASLG168,473P) (Plate 32) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot 

Glomerella sp. — from leaf spot 

Pometia pinnata Forst. [tava] 

Cladosporium sp. — sooty mold 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG411P) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG410P) 


Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl. ex Wendl. [Fiji Island fan palm, niu piu] 

Bipolaris sp. — leaf spot (ASLG316P) 

Botryosphaeria sp. — on leaf spot 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot (ASLG213P,375P) 

13

Curvularia sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG214P) 


Pestalotiopsis palmarum — leaf spot 

Phomopsis sp. — leaf spot (374P) 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (Seemann) Guillaumin [el dorado] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG221,329P) 


Glomerella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG180P) 

Psidium guajava L. [guava, apple guava] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — fruit spot 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from necrotic fruit (ASLG421P) 

Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. [rust fungus on purple nut sedge] 

Sphaerellopsis filum — mycoparasite of P. canaliculata (ASLG060,131,328P) (Plate 17) 

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi [kudzu] 


Colletotrichum sp. — angular leaf spot (ASLG088P) 

Guignardia sp. — from leaf spot 

Synchytrium minutum — ‘false rust’ (ASLG299P) 

Rhus taitensis Guillemin [tavai] 



Rollinia deliciosa Saff. [rollinia] 


Didymella sp. — from anthracnose lesions (ASLG364P) 

Rosa chinensis Jacq. [rose] 

Diplocarpon rosae — leaf spot (ASLG450P) 

Marssonina rosae — leaf spot (ASLG289P) 

Monochaetia sp. — from stem canker (ASLG462P) 

Mycosphaerella rosicola — leaf spot (ASLG209P) 

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. [monkeypod tree, tamaligi palagi] 


Sanchezia Ruiz & Pav. [not known] 

14

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot 

Solanum melongena L. [eggplant, aubergine, israeli] 

Phoma sp. — leaf spot, fruit spot (ASLG160P) 

Cercospora egenula — leaf spot (ASLG206P) 

Cercospora melongenae — leaf spot (ASLG161P) 


Rhizopus stolonifer — fruit rot (ASLG183P) 

Solanum nigrum L. [black nightshade, magalo] 


Spathoglottis plicata Blume [Philippine orchid] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose (Plate 33) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — from leaf blight (ASLG155P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf blight 

Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf blight 

Spondias dulcis Park. [vi apple] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG247,292P) 



Syngonium podophyllum Schott [nephthytis] 


Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose (ASLG048,461P) 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Xanthomonas campestris — bacterial leaf spot (ASLG438P) 

Syzygium inophylloides (A. Gray) C. Muell. [asi] 


Tarenna sambucina (Forst. f.) Durand [ma’anunu] 


Meloidogyne sp. — root knot nematode 

Terminalia catappa L. [talie] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG402) 

Terminalia richii A. Gray [malili] 


15

Terminalia samoensis Rech. [talie] 


Theobroma cacao L. [cacao, koko] 

Nectria sp. — on mummified pods (ASLG345, 359P) 

Physalospora sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Phytophthora palmivora — branch canker (ASLG346,348P) 

Uromyces spp. (Link) Unger, nom. cons. [rust fungus on Vigna sp.] 

Sphaerellopsis filum — mycoparasite of Uromyces spp. (ASLG187P) 

Fusarium oxysporum — from rotted roots (ASLG307P) 


Pestalosphaeria sp. — leaf spot (ASLG178P) 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum — gray leaf spot 

Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spots 

Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H. Moore [Manila palm] 

Cercospora sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG156P) 

Dothiorella sp (Fusicoccum). — from leaf spot (ASLG138P) 

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. [yard-long bean, bush bean] 

Cercospora cruenta — leaf spot (ASLG252P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — anthracnose (ASLG191P) 

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum — anthracnose (ASLG245,332P) 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose (ASLG332P) 

Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli — stem and root rot (ASLG333P) 

Glomerella cingulata — anthracnose (ASLG191P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — leaf spot (ASLG325P) 

Oidium sp. — powdery mildew (ASLG243P) 

Pseudocercospora cruenta — leaf spot (ASLG185P) 

Sclerotium rolfsii — southern blight (ASLG331P) 

Uromyces appendiculatus — leaf rust (ASLG186,244,405,406P) 

Uromyces sp. — leaf rust (ASLG186P) 

Zea mays L. [corn, sana] 

Pythium aphanidermatum — root rot 

Fusarium solani — stalk rot (ASLG483P) 

Zinnia violacea Cav. [zinnia] 

Cercospora zinniae — leaf spot 

16

PATHOGEN-HOST INDEX 

pathogen genus authority higher taxonomic classifications 

Mycosphaerella Johans. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae H. & P. Sydow 

pathogen genus & species, accepted name authority 

__________________________________________________________ 

Format used in the pathogen-host list (from Farr et al. 1989) 

Ascochyta Lib. [Coelomycetes] 

Ascochyta sp. 

Brassica chinensis var. chinensis (Chinese cabbage, pak choi) 

Cordyline terminalis (ti plant) 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus 

Musa hybrids (bananas and plantains) (Plate 25) 

Bipolaris Shoemaker [Hyphomycetes] 

Bipolaris sp. 

Pritchardia pacifica (Fiji Island fan palm) 

Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 

Persea americana (avocado) 

Botryosphaeria sp. 

Manihot esculenta (tapioca, manioc) 


Calonectria De Not. [Pyrenomycetes, Hypocreales] 

Calonectria sp. 

Carica papaya (papaya) 

Capnodium Mont. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Capnodium sp. 

Citrus sp. (citrus) 

Cercospora Fresen. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cercospora althaeina Sacc. 

Hibiscus rosa-chinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 

Cercospora bixae Allesch. & F. Noack 

Bixia orellana (lipstick tree, loa) 

Cercospora broussonetiae Chupp & Linder 

17

Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry, u’a) 

Cercospora brassicicola Henn. 


Cercospora citrullina Cooke 

Cucumis sativus (cucumber) 

Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) (Plate 24) 

Cercospora cruenta Latham 

Vigna unguiculata (yard-long bean) 

Cercospora egenula (H. Syd.) Chupp & Doidge 

Solanum melongena (aubergine, eggplant) 

Cercospora fuligena Roldan 


Cercospora malayensis F.Stev. & Solh. 

Hibiscus maniot (lau pele) 

Cercospora mikaniacola F. Stevens 

Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute-vine) 

Cercospora melongenae C. Welles 

Solanum melongena (aubergine) 

Cercospora zinniae Ellis & G. Martin 

Zinnia violacea (zinnia) 

Cercospora sp. 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (giant taro, swamp taro) 

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit, ulu) 

Barringtonia asiatica (fish poison tree, futu) 

Dendrolobium umbellatum (lala) 

Dioscorea bulbifera (bitter yam, soi) 

Heliconia sp. (parrot flower) 

Hibiscus manihot (edible hibiscus, pele) 

Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) (Plate 1) 

Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning-glory) 

Ludwigia octovalvis (primrose willow) 

Manihot esculenta (tapioca) 

Merremia umbellata (morning-glory) 

Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute vine) 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (none known) 

Pueraria lobata (kudzu) 


Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) 

Spondias dulcis (Otaheite apple, vi apple) 

Terminalia samoensis (talie) 

Veitchia merrillii (Manila palm) 

Cercosporidium Earle [Hyphomycetes] 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae (Muntanola) Sobers & C.P. Seymour 

Bougainvillea sp. (bougainvillea) (Plates 4, 5) 

Cercosporidium henningsii (Allesch.) Deighton 


Chaetomella Fuckel [Coelomycetes] 

Chaetomella sp 

18


Cladosporium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cladosporium colocasiicola Sawada 

Colocasia esculenta (taro, talo) (Plate 23) 

Cladosporium sp. 

Pometia pinnata (tava) 


Coleosporium Lev. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Coleosporium plumeriae Pat. 

Plumeria obtusa (frangipani, pua hawaii) (Plate 31) 

Colletotrichum Corda in Sturm [Coelomycetes] 

Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) S.J. Hughes 


Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. 


Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit, ulu) (Plate 3) 


Caladium x hortulanum (caladium) 

Cananga odorata (moso’oi) 



Colocasia esculenta (taro, talo) 

Erythrina variegata (coral tree, gatae) 

Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus, fau) 


Mangifera indica (mango) (Plate 22) 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) 


Pseuderanthemum caruthersii var. reticulatum (el dorado) 


Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib. 

Phaseolus vulgaris (French or green bean) 


Colletotrichum sp. 

Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) 


Brunfelsia americana (lady-of-the-night) 

Canarium harveyi (mafoa) 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) (Plate 6) 

Citrus aurantifolia (lime) 

Cocos nucifera (coconut palm, niu) 

Codiaeum variegatum (croton) 


Cordyline terminalis (ti) 

Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) 

Fagraea berteroana (pualulu) 

Gloxinia perennis (Canterbury bells) 

Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) 

19

Heliconia humilis (lobster claw) 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 

Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) 

Ipomoea alba (morning-glory vine) 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu, noni) 

Musa hybrid (dessert banana) 

Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) 

Piper methysticum (kava) 


Pseuderanthemum caruthersii var. reticulatum (el dorado) 


Rollinia deliciosa (biriba) 

Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine orchid) (Plate 33) 

Syngonium sp. (nephthytis) 

Cordana G. Preuss [Hyphomycetes] 

Cordana musae (A. Zimmerm.) Hohn. 

Musa hybrid (dessert banana) (Plate 26) 

Corynespora H.T. Gussow [Hyphomycetes] 

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei 

Carica papaya (papaya) (Plates 7, 8) 


Gloxinia perennis (Canterbury bells) 


Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus 

Piper methysticum (kava) (Plate 30) 

Curvularia Boedijn [Hyphomycetes] 

Curvularia sp. 

Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper) 



Heliconia psittacorum (parrot flower) 




Dasheen Mosaic Virus 

Colocasia esculenta (taro, talo) (Plate 10) 

Dendrophoma Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Dendrophoma sp. 

Mangifera indica (mango) 

Didymella Sacc. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm 


20

Rollinia deliciosa (biriba) 

Diplocarpon F.A. Wolf. [Hyphomycetes] 

Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf 

Rosa chinensis (common rose) 

Discosia Lib. [Coelomycetes] 

Discosia sp. 


Dothiorella Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Dothiorella berengeriana Sacc. 



Iris sp. (iris) 




Erwinia Winslow, Broadhurst Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers & Smith, 

1920 [Enterobacteriaceae] 

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Dye 


Erwinia sp. 


Musa hybrid ( FHIA-17, -23 bananas) 

Erysiphe R. Hedw. ex DC.:Fr. [Pyrenomycetes, Erysiphales] 

Erysiphe sp. 


Fusarium Link: Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. 


Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans. 


Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 


Lansium domesticum (langsat) 

Persea americana (avocado, ‘avoka) 

Vigna unguiculata (bush bean) 

Zea mays (corn, maize) 

Fusarium sp. 

Heliconia paka (heliconia) 

Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk [Pyrenomycetes, Phyllachorales] 

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk 




21

Glomerella sp. 



Diospyros samoensis (‘au’auli) 


Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (el dorado) 

Gonatobotryum Sacc. [Hyphomycetes] 

Gonatobotryum sp. 


Guignardia Viala & Ravaz [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Guignardia morindae (Koorders) van der Aa 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu) 

Guignardia musae Racib. 

Musa cvs. (banana) 

Guignardia sp. 

Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea) 


Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 [Hoplolaimidae, Hoplolaiminae] 

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 


Musa hybrids (edible bananas) 

Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 

Alocasia microrrhiza (ta’amu, giant taro) 


Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. [Coelomycetes] 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. 

Brunfelsia americana (lady-of-the-night) 

Carissa grandiflora (natal plum) (Plate 9) 

Citrus aurantifolia (lime) 




Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine orchid) 

Tarenna sambucina (ma’anunu) 

Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not., nom. cons. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Leptosphaeria sp. 









Syngonium podophyllum (nephthytis, arrowhead vine) 

22

Leptosphaerulina McAlpine [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr. (Plates 11, 12) 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (ta’amu, giant taro) 




Lophodermium Chev. [Discomycetes, Rhytismatales] 

Lophodermium sp. 

Diffenbachia sp. (dumbcane) 


Macrophoma (Sacc.) Berl. & Voglino [Coelomycetes] 

Macrophoma sp. 


Marsonnina J.C. Fisch. [Coelomycetes] 

Marsonnina rosae (Lib.) Died. 

Rosa chinensis (rose) 

Marasmiellus Murrill [Basidomycetes, Agaricales] 

Marasmiellus semiustus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer 


Marasmiellus stenophyllus (Mont.) Singer 


Marasmiellus sp. 


Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 [Heteroderidae, Meloidogyninae] 

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) (Plates 20, 21) 


Meloidogyne sp. 




Tarenna sambucina (ma’anunu) 

Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch. [Coelomycetes] 

Monochaetia sp. 


Mycosphaerella Johans. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae H. & P. Sydow 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (giant taro, swamp taro) (Plate 2) 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morlet 

Musa hybrids (dessert banana) (Plates 27, 28) 

Mycosphaerella henningsii Sivanesan 


Mycosphaerella hedychii F. Stevens & P.A. Young in F. Stevens 


23

Mycosphaerella rosicola (B.H. Davis ex Deighton 


Mycosphaerella sp. 

Canna indica (canna lily) 


Coix lacryma-jobi (sanasana) 

Crinum asiaticum (crinum lily) 

Dioscorea bulbifera (bitter yam) 

Ficus elastica (rubber plant) 



Sanchezia sp. (none known) 

Spondias dulcis (vi apple) 

Nectria (Fr.) Fr. [Pyrenomycetes, Hypocreales] 

Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome 

Lansium domesticum (langsat) 

Nectria sp. 

Theobroma cacao (cocoa) 

Oidium Link, nom. cons. [Hyphomycetes] 

Oidium sp. 


Lagerstroemia indica (crape-myrtle) 


Pestalotiopsis Steyaert [Coelomycetes] 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert 


Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert 


Pandanus whitmeeanus (pandanus) 



Pestalotiopsis sp. 


Bischofia javanica (o’a) 

Carissa grandiflora (natal plum) 


Dendrolobium umbellatum (lala) 

Faradaya amicorum (mamalupe) 




Manilkara zapote (sapote) 

Nicolaia elatior (torch ginger) 

Planchonella torricellensis (mamalava) 


Psidium guajava (guava) 

Terminalia catappa (talie) 

24

Pestalozziella Sacc. & Ellis in Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Pestalozziella sp. 

Pandanus whitmeeanus (pandanus) 

Phellinus Quel. [Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales] 

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunningham 

Adenanthera pavonina (lopa) 


Barringtonia asiatica (fish poison tree, futu) 

Barringtonia samoensis (faiaga) 

Calophyllum neo-ebudicum (tamanu) 

Cananga odorata (moso’oi) 

Canarium harveyi (mafoa) 

Cerbera manghas (lava) 

Cieba pentandra (kapok, vavae) 


Cordia aspera (tou) 

Crossostylis biflora (saitamu) 

Diospyros samoensis (au’auli) 

Dysoxylum samoense (tufaso) 

Elattostachys falcata (taputo’i) 

Ficus obliqua (banyan, aoa) 

Ficus tinctoria (dyer’s fig, mati) 

Flueggea flexuosa (poumuli) 

Glochidion ramiflorum (masame) 

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (pu’a) 


Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus, fau) (Plate 18) 

Inocarpus fagifer (ifi) 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) (Plate 19) 

Macaranga harveyana (lau pata) 

Macaranga stipulosa (lau fatu) 

Mangifera indica (mango, mago) 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu) 

Myristica fatua (Samoan nutmeg) 

Neonauclea forsteri (afa) 

Pipturus argenteus (soga) 

Planchonella grayana (‘ala’a) 

Planchonella samoensis (mamalava) 


Rhus taitensis (tavai) 

Samanea saman (monkey-pod tree) 

Spondias dulcis (vi apple) 

Syzygium inophylloides (asi) 

Terminalia richii (malili) 

25

Phoma Sacc., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. 


Phoma erythrinicola Tracy & Earle 

Erythrina subumbrans (coral tree, gatae palagi) 

Phoma sp. 


Capsicum annuum (sweet pepper) 

Carica papaya (papaya, pawpaw) 




Erythrina variegata (coral tree, gatae) 





Rhus taitensis (tavai) 


Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubak [Coelomycetes] 

Phomopsis citri H. Fawc. non (Sacc.) Traverso & Spessa, hom. illeg. 


Phomopsis sp. 


Carica papaya (papaya, pawpaw) 

Cococ nucifera (coconut palm, niu) 


Pritchardia pacifica (Fiji island fan palm) 

Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel, nom. cons. [Pyrenomycetes, Phyllachorales] 

Phyllachora afzeliae Sydow 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) 

Phyllachora musicola Booth & Shaw 

Musa hybrid (dessert banana) (Plate 29) 

Phyllachora sp. 

Ficus scabra (mati vao) 

Ficus tinctoria (dyer’s fig, mati) 


Metroxylon vitiense (sago palm) 

Piper methysticum (kava) 

Phyllosticta Pers., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Phyllosticta artocarpi Speg. 


Phyllosticta cordylines (Thuem.) Petrak & H. Sydow 


Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) van der Aa 

26


Phyllosticta sp. 

Caladium x hortulanum (caladium) 



Cuphea melvilla (firecracker plant) 

Diospyros samoensis (‘au’auli) 

Hibiscus rosa-chinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 


Syngonium podophyllum (nephthytis, arrowhead vine) 


Physalospora Niessl [Pyrenomycetes, Amphisphaeriales] 

Physalospora rhodina Berkley & Curtis in Cooke 


Physalospora sp. 


Philodendron sp. (heart-leaf philodendron) 

Theobroma cacao (cacao) 

Physopella Arth. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Physopella sp. 

Paspalum conjugatum (sourgrass) 

Phytophthora de Bary [Oomycetes, Peronosporales] 

Phytophthora colocasiae Racib. 


Colocasia esculenta (taro, talo) (Plates 13, 14) 

Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler 


Carica papaya (papaya, esi) 

Theobromae cacao (cocoa) 

Phytophthora parasitica Dastur (P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterhouse) 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) 

Pratylenchus Filipjev, 1936 

Pratylenchus gibbicaudatus Minagawa, 1982 

Musa cv. Ducasse (dessert banana) 

Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 

Musa cv. Paka Samoa (dessert banana) 

Pratylenchus sp. 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (giant taro, ta’amu) 

Pseudocercospora Speg. [Hyphomycetes] 

Pseudocercospora artocarpi (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton 


Pseudocercospora cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (yard-long bean) 

Pseudocercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton 

Musa hybrid (edible banana, fa’i) 

27

Pseudocercospora subsessilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton 

Dysoxylum samoense (maota mamala) 

Pseudocerspora sp. 

Polyscias guilfoylei (geranium-leaf panax) 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) (Plate 32) 

Pseudomonas Migula, 1894 [Pseudomonadaceae] 

Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1 (Smith 1896) D.F. Smith, 1914 


Puccinia Pers.:Pers. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. 

Cyperus rotundus (purple nut sedge) 

Puccinia oahuensis Ellis & Everh. 

Digitaria setigera (crab grass) 

Puccinia sp. 


Kyllinga nemoralis (sedge) 

Pyrenochaeta De Not. [Coelomycetes] 

Pyrenochaeta sp. 


Pythium Pringsh., nom. cons. [Oomycetes, Peronosporales] 

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. 



Zea mays (corn, maize) (Plate 16) 

Pythium sp. 





Radopholus Thorne, 1949 [Pratylenchidae, Pratylenchinae] 

Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 


Ralstonia gen. nov. 

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta and Nishiuchi 1996 

Capsicum anuum ‘Super Set’ (sweet pepper) (Plate 15) 

Rhizoctonia DC. [Agonomycetes] 

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn 


Rhizopus Ehrenb. [Zygomycetes, Mucorales] 

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) 


28

Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl. [Pyrenomycetes, Sphaeriales] 

Rhynchosphaeria sp. 

Planchonella torricellensis (mamalava) 

Sclerotinia Fuckel, nom. cons. [Discomycetes, Helotiales] 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary 


Sclerotium Tode:Fr. [Agonomycetes] 

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. 

Vigna unguiculata (bush bean) 

Sclerotium sp. 


Septoria Sacc., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Septoria sp. 




Sphaceloma de Bary [Coelomycetes] 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa (McAlp. & Tryon) Jenkins 


Sphaceloma poinsettiae Jenk. & Ruehle 


Sphaerellopsis Cooke [Coelomycetes] 

Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bern. ex Fr.) Sutton 

Puccinia canaliculata (rust on nut sedge and canna) (Plate 17) 

Uromyces appendiculatus (rust on yard-long bean) 

Note: Sphaerellopsis is a mycoparasite of rust fungi. 

Sphaerulina Sacc. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Sphaerulina sp. 

Fagraea berteroana (pualulu) 

Heliconia psittacorum ( parrot heliconia) 


Stagonospora (Sacc.) Sacc. nom. cons. 

Stagonospora sp. 

Aglaia samoensis (laga’ali) 

Stigmina Sacc. [Hyphomycetes] 

Stigmina mangiferae (Koorders) M.B. Ellis 


Synchytrium de Bary & Woronin. [Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiales] 

Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gaumann 


Uredo Pers.:Pers. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

29

Uredo musae Cummins 

Musa hybrid 

Uredo pseudocannae Cummings 


Uromyces (Link) Unger, nom. cons. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (yard-long bean) 

Vigna unguiculata cultivars (bush and pole beans) 

Uromyces bidenticola Arth. 

Bidens alba (beggar’s tick) 

Uromyces sp. 


Xanthomonas Dowson, 1939 [Pseudomonadaceae] 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye 


Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine) 

Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus 


30

WOOD DECAY FUNGI 

Fungi collected from decaying wood of living or dead plants are listed in alphabetical order, by genus, within 

their respective division, Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Each fungal taxon is followed by its authority, family 

or order, and accession number in the American Samoa Community College Land Grant Program Herbarium 

(ASLG), or Landcare Research facility (PDD) in Auckland, New Zealand. The location of voucher specimens 

for some previously reported species are unknown (--). 

ASCOMYCOTA 

Cookeina sulcipes (Berk.) O. Kuntze [Pezizales] -- 

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. [Xylariaceae] ASLG176M 

Hypoxylon deustum (Hoffm.) Greville [Pyrenomycetes, Xylariales] -- 

Hypoxylon hypomiltum Mont. [Pyrenomycetes, Xylariales] -- 

Hypoxylon musceum J.D. Rogers [Pyrenomycetes, Xylariales] ASLG227M 

Hypoxylon sp. Bull.:Fr. nom. cons. [Pyrenomycetes, Xylariales] ASLG073,253,326,338M 

Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fries [Xylariaceae] -- 

Xylaria sp. J. Hill ex Schrank, nom. cons. [Xylariaceae] ASLG023,068,106M 

BASIDIOMYCOTA 

Amylosporus (?) campbellii (Berk.) Ryvarden [Polyporaceae] PDD58716 

Antrodiella semisupina (Berk. & Curt.) Ryv. comb. nov. [Polyporaceae] ASLG268M* 

Antrodiella sp. Ryv. & Johan. [Polyporaceae] ASLG119M* 

Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. [Auriculariaceae] PDD55947, 58709 

Auricularia sp. Bull. [Auriculariaceae] ASLG004,152,198M 

Cerenna sp. S.F. Gray [Polyporaceae] ASLG190M 

Ceriporia sp. Donk [Polyporaceae] ASLG199M 

Coriolopsis floccosa (Jungh.) Ryvarden [Polyporaceae] -- 

Cotylidia aurantiaca (Pers.) Weldon [Stereaceae] -- 

Daedalia sp. Pers.:Fr. [Polyporaceae] ASLG091M 

Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) R.L. Gilbertson & Ryv. [Polyporaceae] ASLG124,214M* 

Echinochaete russiceps (Berk. & Broome ) Reid [Polyporaceae] -- 

Echinochaete sp. D.A. Reid [Polyporaceae] ASLG151M 

Elmerina sp. Bres. [Polyporaceae] ASLG178M* 

Favolus spathulatus (Jungh.) Bresadola [Polyporaceae] -- 

Favolaschia pustulosa (Jungh.) Singer [Tricholomataceae] -- 

Flavodon flavus Ryvarden [Polyporaceae] ASLG138,195,212M* 

Ganoderma sp. P. Karst. [Ganodermataceae] ASLG007,029,094M 

Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. [Ganodermataceae] ASLG061,123,185M* 

Ganoderma lucidum (W. Curtis:Fr.) P. Karst. [Ganodermataceae] ASLG069,131,201M 

Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. [Ganodermataceae] ASLG029,094,135M* 

Hexagonia apiaria (Pers.) Fries [Polyporaceae] -- 

Hexagonia tenuis (Hook.) Fries [Polyporaceae] -- 

Hyphoderma rude (Bres.) Huorest. & Ryv. [Hyphodermataceae] ASLG269M* 

Hypocrea incarnata Pat. & Har. [Hypocreales] -- 

Lenzites elegans (Fr.) Pat. [Polyporaceae] ASLG117,290,345M* 

Lenzites vespacea (Pers.) Ryv. [Polyporaceae] ASLG117,184M 

Lenzites sp. Fr. [Polyporaceae] ASLG018M 

Microporus sp. Kuntz [Polyporaceae] ASLG150M 

Microporus affinis (Fr.:Blume & Nees) Kunt. [Polyporaceae] ASLG065,097M 

31

Microporus vernicipes (Berk.) Kunt. [Polyporaceae] ASLG187M* 

Mycorrhaphium steroides (Cooke) Maas G. [Hydnaceae] -- 

Nigroporus durus (Jungh.) Murr. [Polyporaceae] -- 

Phanerochaete salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Julich [Corticiaceae] -- 

Phellinus lamaensis (Murrill) R. Heim [Hymenochaetaceae] ASLG055,121,197M* 

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn. [Hymenochaetaceae] ASLG012,082,147M* 

Phellinus sp. Quel. [Hymenochaetaceae] ASLG048,053M* 

Phillipsia domingensis (Berk.) Berk. [Pezizales] -- 

Pleurotus sp. (Fr.) P. Kumm., nom. cons. [Lentinaceae] ASLG079,108,126M 

Podoscypha involuta (Klotzsch ) Imazeki [Stereaceae] -- 

Podoscypha nitidula (Berk.) Pat. in Duss [Stereaceae] -- 

Polyporus (?) grammocephalus Berk. [Polyporaceae] -- 

Polyporus philippinensis Berk. [Polyporaceae] ASLG108,111,112M* 

Polyporus sp. P. Mich. ex Adans.:Fr., sensu Donk. [Polyporaceae] ASLG022M 

Pseudohydnum sp. P. Karst. [Exidiaceae] ASLG030M 

Pycnoporus sp. P. Karst. [Polyporaceae] ASLG156M* 

Rigidoporus cystidioides (Lloyd) Corner [Polyporaceae] ASLG161M 

Rigidoporus defibulatus (Reid) Corner [Polyporaceae] ASLG049,158M* 

Rigidoporus microporus (Fr.) v. Overeem [Polyporaceae] ASLG200,203M* 

Schizophyllum commune Fr.:Fr. [Schizophyllaceae] ASLG015,179,180M 

Stereopsis radicans (Berk.) Reid [Stereaceae] -- 

Stereum sp. J. Hill ex Pers. [Stereaceae] ASLG031,162,163M 

Trametes hemitephra (Berk.) Corner [Polyporaceae] -- 

Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen:Fr.) Quel. [Polyporaceae] ASLG129,196,207M 

Trametes marianna (Pers.) Ryv. [Polyporaceae] ASLG160M 

Trametes menziesii (Berk.) Ryv. [Polyporaceae] ASLG090,192,211M 

Trametes modesta (Fr.) Ryv. [Polyporaceae] ASLG096,119M* 

Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat [Polyporaceae] ASLG011,139,189M 

Trametes sp. Fr. [Polyporaceae] ASLG009,058,145M* 

Tremella cinnabarina (Mont.) Pat. [Tremellales] -- 

Tremella fuciformis Berk. [Tremellaceae] ASLG017,105M 

Tremella sp. Pers.:Fr., nom. cons. [Tremellaceae] ASLG003,062,093M 

32

PARASITIC ALGAE AND THEIR PLANT HOSTS 

Name of the algal parasite is followed by the plant host families and species it was found on. Common plant 

names are in parentheses, followed by accession numbers for each specimen housed in the American Samoa 

Community College Land Grant Program Herbarium (ASLG). 

Cephaleuros expansa, Thompson & Wujek sp. nov. 1997 

Amaryllidaceae 

Crinum asiaticum (crinum lily, lau talotalo) ASLG132A 

Apocynaceae 

Allamanda sp. (allemanda) ASLG152A 

Araceae 

Epipremnum pinnatum (pothos, devil’s ivy) ASLG131A 

Leeaceae 

Leea guineensis (green, red leea) ASLG190A 

Rubiaceae 

Ixora finlaysoniana (white ixora) ASLG125A 

Cephaleuros henningsii Schmidle 1902 

Leeaceae 

Leea guineensis (red, green leea) ASLG155A 

Orchidaceae 

Arachnis x maingayi (spider orchid) ASLG058, 107A 

Arundina graminifolia (bamboo orchid) ASLG059, 151A 

Cephaleuros karstenii Schmidle 1897 

Begoniaceae 

Begonia sp. (begonia) ASLG163A 

Cupressaceae 

Cupressus sp. (cypress) ASLG165A 

Fabaceae 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) ASLG176A 

Magnoliaceae 

Michelia champak (orange michelia) ASLG019A 

Meliaceae 

Swietenia macrophylla (none known) ASLG074A 

Zingiberaceae 

Alpinia purpurata (red ginger) ASLG177A 

Cephaleuros minimus Karsten 1891 

Lythraceae 

Lagerstroemia speciosa (queen’s crape myrtle) ASLG098A 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus, China rose) ASLG114A 

Orchidaceae 

Dendrobium lepidochilum (dendrobium) ASLG178A 

Rubiaceae 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu) ASLG004, 095, 100, 183A 

33

Cephaleuros parasiticus Karsten 1891 

Anacardiaceae 

Mangifera indica (mango) ASLG103A 

Annonaceae 

Annona squamosa x A. cherimoya ‘Pink Mammoth’ (atemoya) ASLG133A 

Arecaceae 

Veitchia merrillii (Manila palm) ASLG162A 

Bixaceae 

Bixa orellana (lipstick tree, loa) ASLG052, 150A 

Fabaceae 

Acacia sp. (acacia) ASLG147A 

Heliconiaceae 

Heliconia x ‘Golden Torch’ (golden torch heliconia) ASLG159A 

Leeaceae 

Leea guineensis (green, red leea) ASLG129, 155A 

Lythraceae 

Cuphea melvilla (cigar flower) ASLG142A 

Lagerstroemia speciosa (pride of India) ASLG008, 098, 138, 189A 

Marantaceae 

Maranta arundinacea ‘Variegata’ (arrowroot, obedience plant) ASLG145, 170A 

Myrtaceae 

Psidium guajava ‘Waikea’ (waikea guava) ASLG104A 

Syzygium corynocarpum (none known) ASLG036, 096, 188A 

Syzygium inophylloides (none known) ASLG172A 

Orchidaceae 

Arundina graminifolia (bamboo orchid) ASLG151A 

Sapotaceae 

Manilkara zapota ‘Ponderosa’ (ponderosa sapodilla) ASLG022A 

Pouteria sapota (canistel, egg-fruit tree) ASLG033A 

Sandoricum koetjape ‘Bangkok’ (Bangkok santol) ASLG038A 

Synsepalum dulcificum (miracle berry) ASLG037A 

Cephaleuros virescens Kunze in Fries 1827 

Acanthaceae 

Aphelandra sinclairiana (coral aphelandra) ASLG167A 

Odontonema tubiforme (fire spike) ASLG143, 168A 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (el dorado) ASLG110A 

Anacardiaceae 

Anacardium occidentale (cashew) ASLG083A 

Mangifera indica (mango) ASLG001, 103A 

Annonaceae 

Annona muricata (soursop, sasalapa) ASLG030, 112A 

Annona muricata ‘Cuban Fiberless’ (Cuban fiberless soursop) ASLG024A 

Annona muricata ‘Dulce Cuban’ (dulce soursop) ASLG002A 

Annona squamosa ‘Seedless’ (sugar apple) ASLG007A 

A. squamosa x A. cherimoya ‘Pink Mammoth’ (atemoya) ASLG133A 

Rollinia deliciosa (biriba) ASLG073A 

Apocynaceae 

Allamanda cathartica (golden trumpet) ASLG109A 

34

Carissa grandiflora (natal plum) ASLG069A 

Araceae 

Anthurium sp. (flamingo flower, anthurium) ASLG157A 

Epipremnum pinnatum (pothos, devil’s ivy) ASLG045A 

Araliaceae 

Polyscias fruticosa (ming aralia, parsley panax) ASLG087A 

Polyscias scutellaria (panax) ASLG017A 

Arecaceae 

Metroxylon vitiense (sago palm, niu o lotuma) ASLG088A 

Pritchardia pacifica (Fiji Island fan palm, niu piu) ASLG161A 

Asclepidaceae 

Hoya australis (wax flower, fue seieia) ASLG080A 

Bignoniaceae 

Tabebuia heterophylla (pink tecoma, pink trumpet tree) ASLG064A 

Bixaceae 

Bixa orellana (lipstick tree, loa) ASLG052A 

Bombacaceae 

Ceiba pentandra (kapok tree, vavae) ASLG065A 

Durio zibethinus (durian) ASLG016A 

Pachira aquatica (water-chestnut) ASLG057A 

Burseraceae 

Canarium ovatum (pili nut) ASLG025A 

Clusiaceae 

Calophyllum inophyllum (Indian laurel, fetau) ASLG124A 

Combretaceae 

Terminalia samoensis (talie) ASLG011A 

Euphorbiaceae 

Acalypha hispida (chennile plant) ASLG067A 

Acalypha wilkesiana (beefsteak plant) ASLG086A 

Aleurites moluccana (candlenut) ASLG013, 116, 117A 

Bischofia javanica (o’a) ASLG012, 136A 

Codiaeum variegatum (croton) ASLG089, 099, 154A 

Codiaeum variegatum ‘Acubifolium’ (acubifolium croton) ASLG039, 144A 

Codiaeum variegatum ‘Majesticum’ (majesticum croton) ASLG127A 

Euphorbia neriifolia (Indian spurge tree) ASLG048A 

Flueggea flexuosa (poumuli) . ASLG108A 

Jatropha integerrima (peregrina, rose-flowered jatropha) ASLG043A 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (redbird cactus, slipper flower) ASLG182A 

Fabaceae 


Calliandra surinamensis (pink powder puff) ASLG060A 

Cassia javanica (pink-and-white shower tree) ASLG113A 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) ASLG009A 

Sophora tomentosa (silverbush) ASLG111A 

Lauraceae 

Persea americana (avocado, alligator pear, avoka) ASLG006,198A 

Leeaceae 

Leea guineensis (green, red leea) ASLG129A 

Loganiaceae 

35

Fagraea berteroana (pualulu) ASLG081, 094A 

Lythraceae 

Lagerstroemia speciosa (queen’s crape myrtle) ASLG008, 098, 139A 

Malpighiaceae 

Malpighia glabra (acerola, Barbados cherry) ASLG018A 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus, aute) ASLG114A 

Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus, fau) ASLG097A 

Hibiscus tiliaceus cultivar (none known) ASLG062A 

Marantaceae 

Maranta arundinacea ‘Variegata’ (arrowroot) ASLG145A 

Meliaceae 

Lansium domesticum (langsat) ASLG092A 

Melia azedarach (chinaberry, Indian lilac ) ASLG031A 

Moraceae 

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit, ulu) ASLG050A 

Ficus benghalensis (banyan fig, aoa) ASLG041A 

Ficus benjamina (Java fig, tropic laurel, mati) ASLG185A 

Ficus elastica (India rubber fig, mati) ASLG128A 

Ficus prolixa (banyan fig, aoa) ASLG070A 

Ficus tinctoria (dyer’s fig, mati) ASLG021A 

Myrtaceae 

Eugenia uniflora (= Syzygium uniflora) (Surinam cherry) ASLG055, 115A 

Psidium guajava (guava, kuava) ASLG003, 181A 

Psidium guajava ‘Waikea’ (waikea guava) ASLG104A 

Syzygium jambos (rose apple) ASLG046A 

Nyctaginaceae 

Bougainvillea spectabilis (bougainvillea, felila) ASLG063A 

Oleaceae 

Jasminum multiflorum (= J. pubescens) (star jasmine) ASLG084A 

Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine) ASLG187A 

Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) ASLG044A 

Oxidalidaceae 

Averrhoa carambola ‘Jurong’ (jurong star fruit) ASLG032A 

Averrhoa carambola ‘Kajang’ (kanjang star fruit) ASLG148A 

Averrhoa carambola ‘Kembangan’ (kembangan star fruit) ASLG072A 

Pandanaceae 

Pandanus whitmeeanus (screwpine, lau fala) ASLG130A 

Piperaceae 

Piper methysticum (kava) ASLG054A 

Polygonaceae 

Homalocladium platycladium (ribbon bush, tapeworm plant) ASLG118A 

Rubiaceae 

Gardenia jasminoides ‘Veitchii’ (gardenia cape jasmine) ASLG047A 

Ixora casei (giant red ixora) ASLG035, 071A 

Ixora finlaysoniana (white ixora) ASLG085A 

Mussaenda frondosa (none known) ASLG066A 

Mussaenda philippica (white mussaenda) ASLG042A 

Tarenna sambucina (ma’anunu) ASLG123A 

36

Rutaceae 

Citrus aurantifolia (lime) ASLG014A 

Murraya paniculata (China-box, orange jessamine) ASLG146A 

Sapindaceae 

Euphoria longan ‘Bai Dum’ (bai dum longan) ASLG029A 

Euphoria longan ‘Chompoo’ (chompoo longan) ASLG102A 

Litchi chinensis (litchi, lychee) ASLG093A 

Pometia pinnata (tava) ASLG175A 

Sapotaceae 

Chrysophyllum cainito ‘Grimal’ (grimal star apple) ASLG028A 

Chrysophyllum cainito ‘Hatian’ (Hatian star apple) ASLG015A 

Chrysophyllum cainito ‘Philippine Gold’ (Phil. gold star apple) ASLG061A 

Chrysophyllum cainito ‘Seedless’ (seedless star apple) ASLG101A 

Manilkara zapota ‘Alano’ (alano sapote) ASLG005A 

Manilkara zapota ‘Bethawi’ (bethawi sapote) ASLG027A 

Manilkara zapota ‘Ponderosa’ (ponderosa sapote) ASLG022A 

Pouteria sapota (mamee sapote, sapota) ASLG033, 186A 

Sandoricum koetjape ‘Bangkok’ (Bangkok santol) ASLG038A 

Sandoricum koetjape ‘Chompoo’ (chompoo santol) ASLG020A 

Synsepalum dulcificum (miracle berry) ASLG037A 

Solanaceae 

Brunfelsia americana (lady of the night) ASLG075A 

Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today-and-tomorrow) ASLG076A 

Cestrum diurnum (day cestrum, day jessamine) ASLG106A 

Sterculiaceae 

Theobroma cacao (cocoa) ASLG010, 160A 

Verbenaceae 

Clerodendrum wallichii (none known) ASLG166A 

Clerodendrum x speciosum (Java glorybower) ASLG051A 

Congea griffithiana (shower of orchids) ASLG105A 

Faradaya amicorum (mamalupe) ASLG078A 

Premna serratifolia (aloalo) ASLG053A 

Cephaleuros sp. 

Agavaceae 

Cordyline terminalis (= C. fruticosa) (ti plant) ASLG091A 

Convolvulaceae 

Operculina turpethum (none known) ASLG079A 

Euphorbiaceae 

Codiaeum variegatum pictum ‘Stewartii’ (croton) ASLG040A 

Fabaceae 

Acacia mangium (acacia) ASLG082A 

Pterocarpus indicus (Burmese rosewood) ASLG049A 

Lythraceae 

Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle) ASLG058A 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus, China rose) ASLG090A 

Orchidaceae 

Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine orchid) ASLG077A 

37

Piperaceae 

Piper graeffei (fue manogi) ASLG034A 

Rubiaceae 

Gardenia taitensis (tahitian gardenia) ASLG068A 

Mussaenda erythrophylla ‘Rosea’ (mussaenda) ASLG056A 

. Rutaceae 

Citrus aurantifolia ‘Thornless Mexican’ (Mexican lime) ASLG026A 

Sapotaceae 

Lucuma nervosa ‘Bruce’ (Bruce canistel, egg fruit) ASLG023A 

Unidentified hosts ASLG134, 135, 153, 156A 

Stomatochroon coalitus sp. nov. Thompson & Wujek 1997 

Annonaceae 

Rollinia deliciosa (biriba) ASLG149A 

Stomatochroon consociatus sp. nov. Thompson & Wujek 1997 

Anacardiaceae 

Mangifera indica (mango) ASLG140A 

Fabaceae 


Lythraceae 

Cuphea melvilla (firecracker plant, cigar flower) ASLG141, 191A 

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Hawaiian crape myrtle) ASLG008, 098, 137A 

Solanaceae 

Cestrum diurnum (day-blooming cestrum) ASLG106A 

38

FUNGUS PATHOGENS ON INSECTS 

Aspergillus P. Mich. ex Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Aspergillus sp. 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) ASLG108P 

Bactrocera spp. (fruit flies) ASLG315P 

Rodolia limbata (lady beetle) ASLG100P 

Cladosporium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cladosporium sp. 

Aphis gossypii (on dead aphids) ASLG109P 

Fusarium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Fusarium sp. 

Rodolia limbata (lady beetle) ASLG117P 

Tarophagus proserpina (taro planthopper) 

Metarhizium (Metchnikoff) Sorokin [Hyphomycetes] 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) 

Brontispa longissima (coconut hispid beetle) ASLG401P 

Cicada sp. (cicada) (Plate 34) ASLG204P 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus (Metsch.) Sorokin 

Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle) (Plate 35) ASLG227P 

Paecilomyces Bainier [Hyphomycetes] 

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) AHS Brown & G. Smith 

Bemesia tabaci biotype B (silverleaf whitefly) ASLG112P 

Brontispa longissima (hispid beetle) ASLG382P 

Icerya seychellarum (Seychelles fluted scale) ASLG118P 

Trichoderma Pers.:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) ASLG182P) 

Trichothecium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Trichothecium sp. 

Icerya seychallarum (Seychelles fluted scale) ASL 068P 

Verticillium Nees [Hyphomycets] 

Verticillium lecanii (A. Zimmerm.) Viegas 

Aedes sp. (mosquito) ASLG381P 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) (Plate 36) ASLG 182P 

Thrips palmi (palm thrips) 

39

ENGLISH AND SAMOAN PLANT NAMES, BOTANICAL EQUIVALENTS 

‘atone Myristica fatua 

aubergine Solanum melongena 

‘aute Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

‘avoca Persea americana 

banana Musa cultivars, hybrids 

beach hibiscus Hibiscus tiliaceus 

beach morning-glory Ipomoea pes-caprae 

beggar’s-tick Bidens alba 

bell pepper Capsicum annuum 

bitter gourd Momordica charantia 

bitter yam Dioscorea bulbifera 

black nightshade Solanum nigrum 

bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis 

breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 

cacao Theobroma cacao 

caladium Cladium x hortulanum 

canna lily Canna indica 

Canterbury bells Gloxinia perennis 

Chinese cabbage Brassica chinensis 

Chinese taro Alocasia cucullata 

citrus Citrus spp. 

coconut palm Cocos nucifera 

coral tree Erythrina variegata 

corn Zea mays 

crab grass Digitaria setigera 

crape-myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 

crinum lily Crinum asiaticum 

croton Codiaeum variegatum 

cucumber Cucumis sativus 

dumbcane Diffenbachia sp. 

dyer’s fig Ficus tinctoria 

edible hibiscus Hibiscus manihot 

eggplant Solanum melongena 

esi Carica papaya 

fagamanu Canna indica 

fa’i Musa cultivars, hybrids 

fasa Pandanus whitmeeanus 

fau Hibiscus tiliaceus 

Fiji Island fan palm Pritchardia pacifica 

firecracker plant Cuphea melvilla 

frangipani Plumeria spp. 

French bean Phaseolus vulgaris 

fue kula Ipomoea pes-caprae 

fue lauteletele Merremia umbellata 

fue mola Ipomoea pes-caprae 

fue saina Mikania micrantha 

fue sina Ipomoea alba 

gatae Erythrina variegata 

gatae palagi Erythrina subumbrans 

geranium-leaf aralia Polyscias guilfoylei 

giant taro Alocasia macrorrhiza 

green bean Phaseolus vulgaris 

heeart-leaf philodendron Philodendron sp. 

hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

hot pepper Capsicum annuum 

ifilele Intsia bijuga 

iris Iris sp. 

israeli Solanum melongena 

kapisi Brassica chinensis 

kapok Cieba pentandra 

kava Piper methysticum 

koko Theobroma cacao 

kudzu Pueraria lobata 

kukama Cucumis sativus 

lady-of-the-night Brunfelsia americana 

laga’ali Aglaia samoensis 

lala Dendrolobium umbellatum 

langsat Lansium domesticum 

lau fala Pandanus whitmeeanus 

lau pata Macaranga harveyana 

lau pele Hibiscus manihot 

lau talotalo Crinum asiaticum 

lime Citrus aurantifolia 

lipstick-tree Bixa orellana 

loa Bixa orellana 

lobster claw Heliconia sp. 

ma’anunu Tarenna sambucina 

mafoa Canarium harveyi 

magalo Solanum nigrum 

mago Mangifera indica 

mamalava Planchonella torricellensis 

mamalupe Faradaya amicorum 

mango Mangifera indica 

Manila palm Veitchia merrillii 

manioka Manihot esculenta 

mati Ficus tinctoria 

mile-a-minute vine Mikania micrantha 

moli Citrus spp. 

moon flower Ipomoea alba 

moso’oi Cananga odorata 

mumuta Cyperus rotundus 

natal plum Carissa grandiflora 

nephthytis Syngonium podophyllum 

niu Cocos nucifera 

niu o lotuma Metroxylon vitiense 

niu piu Pritchardia pacifica 

nonu Morinda citrifolia 

nutmeg, Samoan Myristica fatua 

‘o’a Bischofia javanica 

pak-choi Brassica chinensis 

40

panax Polyscias scutellaria 

paogo Pandanus whitmeeanus 

papaya Carica papaya 

paper-mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera 

parrot flower Heliconia psittacorum 

pata Macaranga harveyana 

pele Hibiscus manihot 

Philippine orchid Spathoglottis plicata 

poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima 

polo Capsicum annuum 

poumuli Flueggea flexuosa 

primrose willow Ludwigia octovalvis 

pua fiti Plumeria sp. 

pualulu Fagraea berteroana 

purple nut sedge Cyperus rotundus 

rose Rosa chinensis 

rubber tree Ficus elastica 

sago palm Metroxylon vitiense 

Samoan nutmeg Myristica fatua 

sana Zea mays 

sanasana Coix lacryma-jobi 

sapote Manilkara zapote 

screwpine Pandanus whitmeeanus 

soi Dioscorea bulbifera 

sweet pepper Capsicum annuum 

ta’amu Alocasia macrorrhiza 

talie Terminalia spp. 

talo Colocasia esculenta 

tanitani Polyscias guilfoylei 

tapioca Manihot esculenta 

taro Colocasia esculenta 

tava Pometia pinnata 

tavai Rhus taitensis 

teuila Hedychium coronarium 

ti Cordyline terminalis 

tipolo Citrus aurantifolia 

tomato Lycopersicon esculentum 

torch ginger Nicolaia elatior 

tufaso Dysoxylum samoense 

u’a Brousonetia papyrifera 

‘ulu Artocarpus altilis 

vavae Cieba pentandra 

vi apple Spondias dulcis 

white ginger Hedychium coronarium 

yard-long bean Vigna unguiculata 

41

Acanthaceae 

Pseuderanthemum 

Sanchezia 

Agavaceae 

Cordyline 

Anacardiaceae 

Mangifera 

Rhus 

Spondias 

Annonaceae 

Cananga 

Rollinia 

Apocynaceae 

Carissa 

Plumeria 

Araceae 

Alocasia 

Caladium 

Colocasia 

Diffenbachia 

Philodendron 

Syngonium 

Araliaceae 

Polyscias 

Arecaceae 

Cocos 

Metroxylon 

Pritchardia 

Veitchia 

Asteraceae 

Bidens 

Mikania 

Zinnia 

Bixaceae 

Bixia 

Bombacaceae 

Cieba 

LIST OF HOST PLANTS BY FAMILY 

Brassicaceae 

Brassica 

Burseraceae 

Canarium 

Byttneriaceae 

Theobroma 

Cannaceae 

Canna 

Caricaceae 

Carica 

Combretaceae 

Terminalia 

Convolvulaceae 

Ipomoea 

Merremia 

Cucurbitaceae 

Cucumis 

Momordica 

Cyperaceae 

Cyperus 

Kyllinga 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea 

Ebenaceae 

Diospyros 

Euphorbiaceae 

Bischofia 

Codiaeum 

Euphorbia 

Flueggea 

Macaranga 

Manihot 

Fabaceae 

Dendrolobium 

Derris 

Erythrina 

Intsia 

Phaseolus 

Pueraria 

Vigna 

Gesnariaceae 

Gloxinia 

Heliconiaceae 

Heliconia 

Hydrangaceae 

Hydrangea 

Iridaceae 

Iris 

Lauraceae 

Persea 

Liliaceae 

Crinum 

Loganiaceae 

Fagraea 

Lythraceae 

Cuphea 

Lagerstroemia 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus 

Marratiaceae 

Angiopteris 

Melastomaceae 

Aglaia 

Meliaceae 

Dysoxylum 

Lansium 

Moraceae 

Artocarpus 

Broussonetia 

Ficus 

Musaceae 

Musa 

Myristicaceae 

Myristica 

Myrtaceae 

Psidium 

Nyctaginaceae 

Bougainvillea 

Onagraceae 

Ludwigia 

Orchidaceae 

Spathoglottis 

Pandanaceae 

Pandanus 

Piperaceae 

Piper 

Poaceae 

Coix 

Digitaria 

Paspalum 

Zea 

Rhizophoraceae 

Brugiera 

Rosaceae 

Rosa 

Rubiaceae 

Gardenia 

Momordica 

Morinda 

Tarenna 

Rutaceae 

Citrus 

Sapindaceae 

Pometia 

Sapotaceae 

Manilkara 

Planchonella 

Solanaceae 

Brunfelsia 

Capsicum 

Lycopersicon 

Solanum 

Sterculiaceae 

Theobroma 

Urticaceae 

Broussonetia 

Verbenaceae 

Faradaya 

Zingiberaceae 

Hedychium 

Nicolaia 

42

PARTIAL LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED IN AMERICAN SAMOA 

Alternaria brassicicola 

Ascochyta sp.** 

Aspergillus sp.** 

Asterina sp. 

Atractilina parasitica 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus** 

Bipolaris micropus 

Bipolaris stenospila 

Botryodiplodia palmarum 

Botryosphaeria dothidea** 

Botryosphaeria sp.** 

Capnodium sp. 

Cercospora althaeina** 

Cercospora bidentis 

Cercospora bixae** 

Cercospora broussonetiae** 

Cercospora canescens 

Cercospora capsici 

Cercospora catappae 

Cercospora citrullina 

Cercospora coffeicola 

Cercospora fuligena** 

Cercospora ipomoeae 

Cercospora malayensis** 

Cercospora melongenae 

Cercospora mikaniicola 

Cercospora polysciatis 

Cercospora pudicae 

Cercospora sorghi 

Cercospora taccae 

Cercospora yoshinagiana 

Cercospora zinniae 

Cercospora spp. 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae** 

Cercosporidium henningsii** 

Chaetomella sp.** 

Cintractia axicola 

Cladosporium colocasiicola** 

Cladosporium sp.** 

Cochliobolus heterostrophus 

Cochliobolus pallescens 

Cochliobolus verruculosus 

Coleosporium plumeriae** 

Colletotrichum capsici 

Colletotrichum dematium 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides** 

Colletotrichum graminicola 

Colletotrichum higginsianum 

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum** 

Colletotrichum orbiculare 

Colletotrichum spp.** 

Coniothyrium perottianum 

Coniothyrium sp. 

Cordana musae 

Corticium sp. 

Corynespora cassiicola** 

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus** 

Curvularia spp** 

Dactylaria sp. 

Dasheen Mosaic Virus** 

Dendrophoma sp.** 

Diaporthe citri 

Didymella sp. 

Diplodia fructus-pandani 

Diplodia sp. 

Distocercospora pachyderma 

Dothiorella sp.** 

Elsinoe fawcettii 

Endophyllum kaernbachii 

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora** 

Erwinia sp.** 

Erysiphe cichoracearum 

Eudarluca caricis 

Fulvia fulva 

Fusarium oxysporum 

Fusarium pandani 

Fusarium proliferatum 

Fusarium solani** 

Fusarium sp.** 

Fusicoccum sp.** 

Ganoderma australe 

Ganoderma chalceum 

Ganoderma lucidum** 

Ganoderma resinaceum** 

Ganoderma sp.** 

Gibberella fujikuroi 

Gibberella intricans 

Gloeocercospora sorghi 

Glomerella cingulata 

Glomerella tucumanensis 

Glomerella spp.** 

Gonatabotryum sp.** 

Goplana dioscoreae 

Guignardia dioscoreae 

Guignardia morindae 

Guignardia musae 

Guignardia sp.** 

Haplobasidion musae 

43

Helicotylenchus dihystera* 

Helicotylenchus multicinctus* 

Hemileia vastatrix 

Hypoxylon deustum 

Hypoxylon mediterraneum 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae** 

Leptosphaeria sacchari 

Leptosphaeria sp.** 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii** 

Lophodermium sp.** 

Macrophoma pandani 

Macrophoma sp.** 

Macroposthonia denoudeni* 

Magnaporthe grisea 

Marasmiellus inoderma 

Marasmiellus semiustus 

Marasmiellus stenophyllus** 

Marasmiellus spp.** 

Marasmius sp. 

Marssonina rosae** 

Meliola evodiae 

Meliola panici 

Meliolina samoensis 

Meloidogyne incognita* 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae** 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus** 

Monochaetia sp.** 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae 

Mycosphaerella cruenta 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis 

Mycosphaerella gastonis 

Mycosphaerella henningsii 

Mycosphaerella horii 

Mycosphaerella musicola 

Mycosphaerella rosicola 

Mycosphaerella spp** 

Mycovellosiella koepkei 

Myrothecium roridum 

Nectria haematacocca** 

Nectria jungneri 

Nectria ochroleuca 

Nectria rigidiuscula 

Nectria sp. 

Neojohnstonia colocasiae 

Oidium sp. 

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus** 

Paraphaeosphaeria michotii 

Pellicularia koleroga 

Penicillium digitatum 

Periconiella perseae 

Peronospora parasitica 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae** 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum 

Pestalotiopsis sp** 

Pestalozziella sp.** 

Phanerochaeta salmonicolor 

Phellinus lamaensis 

Phellinus noxius 

Phoma cucurbitacearum** 

Phoma erythrinicola** 

Phoma fructus-pandani 

Phoma martellii 

Phoma spp.** 

Phomopsis palmicola 

Phomopsis sp.** 

Phyllachora afzeliae 

Phyllachora musicola 

Phyllachora paspalicola 

Phyllachora setariicola 

Phyllosticta artocarpi** 

Phyllosticta cordylines 

Phyllosticta musarum 

Phyllosticta spp.** 

Physalospora rhodina 

Physalospora sp.** 

Phytophthora colocasiae 

Phytophthora infestans 

Phytophthora nicotiane var. parasitica (P. parasitica) 

Phytophthora palmivora 

Pratylenchus gibbicaudatus** 

Pratylenchus loosi** 

Pseudocercospora ablemoschi 

Pseudocercospora borreriae 

Pseudocercospora colocasiae 

Pseudocercospora cruenta** 

Pseudocercospora fijiensis** 

Pseudocercospora jatrophae 

Pseudocercospora sawadae 

Pseudocercospora stahlii 

Pseudocercospora synedrellae 

Pseudocercospora timorensis 

Pseudocercospora sp. 

Pseudoepicoccum cocos 

Pseudomonas solanacearum 

Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1** 

Pseudoperonospora cubensis 

44

Puccinia canaliculata** 

Puccinia cenchri 

Puccinia cyperi 

Puccinia fimbristylidis 

Puccinia kuehnii 

Puccinia lepturi 

Puccinia melanocephala 

Puccinia miscanthi 

Puccinia oahuensis 

Puccinia operta 

Puccinia polysora 

Pyrenochaeta sp.** 

Pythium aphanidermatum** 

Pythium sp.** 

Radopholus similis* 

Ramichloridium musae 

Ravenelia sessilis 

Rhizoctonia solani** 

Rhizoctonia sp. 

Rhizopus stolonifer** 

Rhynchosphaeria sp.** 

Rigidoporus microporus 

Rotylenchulus reniformis* 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum** 

Sclerotium rolfsii** 

Septobasidium separans 

Septoria eburnea 

Septoria sp.** 

Setosphaeria monoceras 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa** 

Sphaceloma poinsettiae** 

Sphaerellopsis filum** 

Stagonospora sp.** 

Stemphylium solani 

Stigmina mangiferae 

Synchytrium minutum 

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

Trametes hemitephra 

Trametes menziesii 

Trametes modesta** 

Trametes sp.** 

Trichoderma viride** 

Trichothecium sp.** 

Uredo artocarpi 

Uredo dioscoreae-sativae 

Uredo musae 

Uredo pseudocannae 

Uredo sp. 

Uromyces appendiculatus** 

Uromyces bidenticola 

Uromyces dactyloctenii 

Uromyces setariae-italicae 

Uromyces tenuicutis 

Uromyces vignae 

Ustilago zeae 

Verticillium lecanii** 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria** 

Xiphinema ensiculiferum* 

Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus** 

* Banana nematodes from Grandison (1996) 

** Identifications by the author, 1999-2004 

(no asterisk) Identifications from McKenzie (1996) 

45

AUTHORS OF PLANT AND FUNGAL NAMES 

A. DC. — Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre 

Pyramus de 

A. Gray — Gray, Asa 

A.H.S. Brown ⎯ Brown, Agnes H.S. 

Allesch. ⎯ Allescher, Andreas 

Arth. ⎯ Arthur, Joseph Charles 

Auersw. ⎯ Auerswald, Bernhard 

A. Zimmerm. ⎯ Zimmermann, Albrecht W. Phillip 

Bainier ⎯ Bainier, Georges 

Becc. — Beccari, Odoardo 

Benth. — Bentham, George 

Bergius — Bergius, Peter Jonas 

Berk. ⎯ Berkeley, Miles Joseph 

Berl. ⎯ Berlese, Augusto Napoleone 

Biv.-Bern. ⎯ Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio de 

Blume — Blume, Carl Ludwig von 

Boedijn ⎯ Boedijn, Karl Bernard 

Bolton — Bolton, James 

Booth — Booth, Colin B. 

Breda de Haan — Breda de Haan, Jacob van 

Broome ⎯ Broome, Christopher Edmund 

Bubak ⎯ Bubak, Frantisek 

Cav. — Cavanilles 

Ces. ⎯ Cesati, Vincenzo de 

Chev. ⎯ Chevallier, Francoise Fulgis 

Chupp — Chupp, Charles David 

Colla — Colla, Louigi Aloysius 

Cooke ⎯ Cooke, Mordecai Cubitt 

Corda ⎯ Corda, August Karl Joseph 

Corner — Corner, Edred John Henry 

C.P. Seymour — Seymour, C.P. 

Crantz — Crantz, Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von 

C.T. Wei ⎯ Wei, Ching-Chao 

Cummins — Cummins, George Baker 

Curtis — Curtis, William 

C. Welles — Welles, Colin Gilchrist 

Dastur — Dastur, Jehangir Fardunji 

DC. — Candolle, Agustin Pyramus de 

de Bary ⎯ Bary, Heinrich Anton de 

Deighton ⎯ Deighton, Charles Fredrick 

De Not. ⎯ De Notaris, Giuseppe 

Died. — Diedicke, Hermann 

Doidge — Doidge, Ethel Mary 

Don — Don, George 

Druce — Druce, George Claridge 

Durand — Durand, Theophile Alexis 

E. Mey. — Meyer, Ernest Heinrich Friedrich 

Earle ⎯ Earle, Franklin Summer 

Edson — Edson, Howard Austin 

Ehrenb. — Ehrenberg, Christian Gotfried 

Ellis ⎯ Ellis, Job Bicknell 

Everh. ⎯ Everhart, Benjamin Matlack 

Fitzp. — Fitzpatrick, Harry Morton 

F. Noack — Noack, Fritz 

Forst. f. — Forster, Carl Friedrich 

Fosb. — Fosberg, Francis Raymond 

Fr. ⎯ Fries, Elias Magnus 

Fresen. ⎯ Fresenius, Johann Baptiste Georg 

Wolfgang 

F. Stevens ⎯ Stevens, Frank Lincoln 

Fuckel ⎯ Fuckel, Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold 

F.W. Schultz — Schultz, Friedrich Wilhelm 

Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph 

Gaumann — Gaumann, Ernest Albert 

G. Cunn. — Cunningham, Gordon Herriot 

G.M. Waterhouse — Waterhouse, Grace Marion 

G. Preuss ⎯ Preuss, (Carl) Gotlieb Traugott 

Grev. ⎯ Greville, Robert Kaye 

Griffon — Griffon, Edouard 

G. Sm. ⎯ Smith, George 

Guillemin — Guillemin, Jean Baptiste Antoine 

Hall. f. — Haller, Albrecht von 

Har. ⎯ Hariot, Paul Auguste 

Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl 

Henn. — Hennings, Paul Christoph 

H. Fawc. — Fawcett, Howard Samuel 

Hoffm. ⎯ Hoffmann, Georg Franz 

Hohn. ⎯ Hohnel, Franz Xaver Rudolf von 

Holmsk. ⎯ Holmskjold, Theodor 

Hook. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton 

H. & P. Syd. — Sydow, Hans & Paul 

Horan. — Horaninow, Paulus (Paul) Fedorowitsch 

Horne. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken 

Houtt. — Houttuyn, Maarten (Martin) 

H. Schrenk ⎯ Schrenk, Hermann von 

H.T. Gussow — Gussow, Hans Theodor 

H. Wendl. — Wendlann, Herman 

Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus von 

J.C. Fisch. — Fischer, Johann Carl 

J.D. Hook. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton 

Jenk. — Jenkins, Anna Eliza 

Johans. ⎯ Johanson, Carl Johan 

Jungh. ⎯ Junghuhn, Franz Wilhelm 

Klotzsch — Klotzsch, Johann Friedrich 

Koorders — Koorders, Sijfert Hendrick 

K. Schum. — Schumann, Karl Moritz 

Kuhn — Kuhn, Julius Gotthelf 

Kunth — Kunth, Karl Sigisimund 

46

Kuntze — Kuntze, Carl Ernst Otto 

L. — Linnaeus, Carl von 

Lagerh. ⎯ Lagerheim, Nils Gustaf 

Lam — Lam, Herman Johannes 

Lam. — Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoinne Pierre de 

Monnet de 

Lam. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke 

Lams.-Scrib. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank 

Latham — Latham, Dennis Harold 

Lev. ⎯ Leveille, Joseph Henri 

L.H. Bailey— Bailey, Liberty Hyde 

Lib. ⎯ Libert, Marie-Anne 

Linder — Linder, David Hunt 

Lindl. — Lindley, John 

Link ⎯ Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich 

Loureiro — Loureiro, Joao de 

M.A. Curtis ⎯ Curtis, Moses Ashley 

Maas G. ⎯ Maas Geesteranus, Rudolph Arnold 

Magnus — Magnus, Paul Wilhelm 

Mart. — Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von 

Maubl. — Maublanc, Andre 

M.B. Ellis — Ellis, Martin B. 

McAlpine ⎯ McAlpine, Daniel 

Merr. — Merril, Elmer Drew 

Metch. ⎯ Metchnikoff 

Miller — Miller, Philip 

Mont. ⎯ Montagne, Jean Pierre Francoise Camille 

Morelet ⎯ Morelet, Michel 

Moug. ⎯ Mougeot, Jean Baptiste 

Muell. — Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von 

Muntanola — Muntanola, Maria 

Murrill ⎯ Murrill, William Alfonso 

Nees ⎯ Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried 

Daniel 

Niessl ⎯ Niessl von Mayendorf, Gustav 

Nitschke ⎯ Nitschke, Theodor Rudolf Joseph 

Park. — Parkinson, Charles Edward 

Pat. ⎯ Patouillard, Narcisse Theophile 

Pavon — Pavon, Jose Antonio 

P.A. Young ⎯ Young, Paul Allen 

Penz. ⎯ Penzig, Albert Julius Otto 

Pers. ⎯ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrick 

Petr., Petrak ⎯ Petrak, Franz 

P. Mich. ⎯ Micheli, Pier’ Antonio 

Prain — Prain, David 

Pringsh. ⎯ Pringsheim, Nathanael 

Quel. ⎯ Quelet, Lucien 

Racib. ⎯ Raciborski, Marjan 

Radlk. — Radlkofer, Ludwig Adolph Timotheus 

Ravaz ⎯ Ravaz, Louis Etienne 

Raven — Raven, Peter Hamilton 

R. Br. — Brown, Robert 

Rech. — Rechinger, Karl 

Rehm — Rehm, Heinrich (Simon Ludwig Friedrich 

Felix) 

Retz. — Retzius, Anders Jahan 

R.L. Gilbertson — Gilbertson, Robert, L. 

Roem. — Roemer, Max Joseph 

Rostr. — Rostrup, (Frederick Georg) Emil 

Roxb. — Roxburgh, William 

Ruehle ⎯ Ruehle, George Dewey 

Ruiz — Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito 

Ryv. ⎯ Ryvarden, Leif 

Sacc. ⎯ Saccardo, Pier Andrea 

Sawada — Sawada, Kaneyoshi 

Schlechtend. — Schlechtendahl, Diedrich Franz 

Leonhard von 

Schott — Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm 

Schwein. — Schweinfurth, Georg August 

Schwein. ⎯ Schweinitz, Lewis David von 

Singer — Singer, Rolf 

Sivanesan — Sivanesan, A. 

Sobers — Sobers, Edward K. 

Sorokin ⎯ Sorokin, Nikolai Vasilevich 

Spauld. ⎯ Spaulding, Perley 

Speg. ⎯ Spegazzini, Carlo Luigi 

Spessa — Spessa, Caroline 

Steyaert ⎯ Steyaert, Rene 

Sturm ⎯ Sturm, Jacob 

Sutton — Sutton, Brian C. 

Swingle — Swingle, Walter Tennyson 

Thoms. — Thomson, Thomas 

Thuem. ⎯ Thumen, Felix Karl Albert Ernst Joachim 

von 

Tracy ⎯ Tracy, Samuel Mills 

Traverso — Traverso, Giovanni Battista 

Unger ⎯ Unger, Franz Joseph Andreas Nicolaus 

van der Aa ⎯ van der Aa, H.A. 

Venten. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre 

Verdc. — Verdcourt, Bernard 

Viala ⎯ Viala, Pierre 

Viegas ⎯ Viegas, Ahmes Pinto 

Voglino ⎯ Voglino, Pietro 

Vuill. — Vuillemin, Jean Paul 

Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard 

W. Bull — Bull, William 

Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig von 

Woronin — Woronin, Michael, Stepanovich 

47

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Arauz LF. 2000. Mango anthracnose: Economic impact and current options for integrated management. 

Plant Disease 84(6): 600-611. 

Barbetti MJ. 1991. Effects of temperature and humidity on diseases caused by Phoma medicaginis and 

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