99-02A intro - College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources ...

Land Grant Technical Report No. 38 

List of Plant Diseases 

in 

American Samoa 

2002 

Fred Brooks, Plant Pathologist

Land Grant Technical Report No. 44, American Samoa Community College Land Grant Program, Aug. 2002. 

This work was funded in part by Hatch grants SAM-015 and -020, United States Department of Agriculture, 

Cooperative State Research, Extension, and Education Service (CSREES) and administered by American Samoa 

Community College. The author bears full responsibility for its content. 

The author wishes to acknowledge O.C. Steele for his assistance in plant identifications, the Land Grant 

Forestry crew for their work on the brown root rot survey, and M.A. Schmaedick for his continued support. 

For more information on this publication, please contact: 

Fred Brooks, Plant Pathologist 

American Samoa Community College 

Land Grant Program 

Pago Pago, AS 96799 

Tel. (684) 699-1394-1575 

Fax (684) 699-5011 

e-mail 

Title page: cordana leaf spot of banana caused by Cordana musae.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... iv 

About this text ........................................................................................................................................... vi 

Host-pathogen index .................................................................................................................................. 1 

Pathogen-host index .................................................................................................................................. 15 

Fungus pathogens on insects ..................................................................................................................... 27 

English and Samoan plant names, botanical equivalents .......................................................................... 28 

List of host plants by family ...................................................................................................................... 30 

Partial list of pathogens recorded in American Samoa ............................................................................. 31 

Authors of plant and fungus names ........................................................................................................... 34 

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................. 36 

Color plates (following page 14) 

iii 

Page

INTRODUCTION 

The Pacific islands of American Samoa are an unincorporated territory of the United States located between 

latitude 14°12’ and 14°23’ South and longitude 170°32’ and 170°52’ West. The five principal islands⎯Tutuila, 

Aunu’u, and the Manu’a Islands of Ofu, Olosega and Ta’u⎯have a land area of 197 km2 . They are volcanic, 

with narrow coastlines rising abruptly to tapered ridges. The ridges are comprised of primary and secondary 

forest, with 70% of the slopes greater than 30% (Wingert 1981). The highest elevations vary from 89 m on the 

small island of Aunu’u to 974 m on Ta’u; Matafao, 653 m, is the highest point on the main island of Tutuila. 

Traditional subsistence farming is still concentrated along the coastal strips and lower slopes. Population pressure 

on the 140 km2 island of Tutuila, however, is forcing development of slopes to 60%; approximately 90% of the 

more than 60,000 people in the Territory live on this island. Relatively level areas of importance are limited to 

the Tafuna (Leone) Plain on Tutuila and a few upland areas on the outer island of Ta’u. The wettest season is 

November-March, the driest season June-September. Yearly rainfall averages from 3,200 mm on the Tafuna 

Plain (airport) to 7,620 mm on Mt. Lata, Ta’u. The average temperature at Tafuna airport is about 28°C with an 

average high of 31°C and an average low of 25°C (Department of Commerce 1996). 

Few plant disease epidemics have been recorded in American Samoa. This is partly due to traditional agroforestry 

practices. These practices include interplanting small areas of subsistence crops⎯taro, giant taro, tapioca, 

kava⎯among banana, breadfruit, coconut or forest trees. One recent exception was the 1993-1994 taro leaf 

blight epidemic caused by Phytophthora colocasiae. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) was a major crop in both 

American Samoa and (Western) Samoa, planted over large areas of the islands. When P. colocasiae arrived it 

rapidly spread through the susceptible Samoan cultivars. Recent establishment of leaf blight resistant taro from 

Micronesia has revived local production. Banana Bunchy Top Virus, devastating in many parts of the Pacific, 

was introduced to American Samoa in the late 1950s (Magee 1967). A recent survey showed an average of less 

than 5% of banana mats on Tutuila Island were infected and no sign of the disease in the Manu’a Islands (Brooks 

1999). The percentage of disease in some of the commercial plantations, however was over 10%. The main 

limitations to banana production continue to be black leaf streak disease (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) and fruit 

damage by banana scab moth larvae (Nacoleia octasema). The role of nematodes is being assessed. 

Previous plant disease lists for American Samoa have been based on short, infrequent visits by consultants, 

including Dumbleton (1954) and Firman (1975). McKenzie’s work (1996) summarized these findings and 

others and, along with identifications from his 1989 survey, is the most complete record available. A technical 

paper on plant parasitic nematodes by Grandison was also published by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community 

(SPC) in 1996. 

The following plant disease indexes present plant pathogenic organisms collected and identified in American 

Samoa between October 1998 and July 2002. Another section lists fungal pathogens isolated from insects. The 

high ratio of fungi to other parasitic organisms in these lists reflects their abundance and diversity in the warm, 

humid environment of the tropics. Fungi, as opposed to most bacteria and viruses, are also more amenable to 

identification in a small plant pathology laboratory with limited resources. Due to the large number of specimens 

iv

collected during this project and the time and cost of having them identified at a reputable off-island facility, 

some of the identifications are tentative. A voucher collection, including herbarium sheets, microscope slides, 

photomicrographs and photographs, has been established at the Tauiliili Pemerika Center for Tropical Agricultural 

Research, the USDA Land Grant Division of American Samoa Community College (ASLG). 

v 

Fred Brooks 

August 2002

ABOUT THIS TEXT 

Plant disease nomenclature, authorities, and modified host and pathogen index formats follow Farr et al. 

(1989). Plant names and authorities follow Farr (1989), Whistler (1994a), The Plant Names Project (1999), 

and the Index of Botanists (2001). 

Host-pathogen index. Plant hosts are listed alphabetically by genus and species, followed by the author who 

first described them. Common and Samoan names follow the abbreviated author(s) names, in brackets. Below 

each host name in alphabetical order are potential disease-causing organisms isolated from that host and the 

name of the disease or most common symptom. An accession number follows specimens deposited in the 

American Samoa Land Grant herbarium (ASLG). Most of the organisms in this list are known pathogens but 

may be present as saprophytes. Pathogenicity tests were conducted only with Corynespora cassiicola on tomato, 

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on Seychelles fluted scale, and Metarhizium anisopliae on rhinoceros beetle. Banana 

Bunchy Top Virus was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 

Color plates. Between the indexes are photographs of plant pathogens and plant disease signs or symptoms. 

Each plate is referred to in the indexes following the name of the pathogen or host. 

Pathogen-host index. This is an alphabetical listing by genera of disease causing organisms followed by their 

authority and taxonomic classification. Below each pathogen are suggested species identifications based on 

morphology, growth characteristics in vivo or in culture, signs and symptoms, isolation from a known host, or 

published presence in American Samoa (McKenzie 1996). Unidentified species are listed as “sp.” Each species 

name is followed by the host from which it was isolated and the host’s common name. 

Fungus pathogens on insects. Several known entomopathogenic fungi have been isolated from insects. Most 

American Samoans do not use chemical pesticides and enhancing the indigenous population of insect pathogens 

is a potential biological control option. 

English and Samoan plant names, botanical equivalents. Latin scientific names are given for common 

English and Samoan plant names. 

List of host plants by family. This is a useful section for references like Farr et al. (1986) and Whistler 

(1994a), where it is necessary to know plant families in order to find genus and species information. 

Partial list of pathogens recorded in American Samoa. Most plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria recorded in 

American Samoa are in the publication by EHC McKenzie (1996). This list is an update of McKenzie’s publication 

and includes pathogenic organisms identified by the author from October 1998 to July 2002: The latter are 

followed by double asterisks (**). Banana nematodes described by Grandison (1996) are followed by a single 

asterisk (*). 

Authors of plant and fungus names. Full names of abbreviated plant and fungus authors listed in the indexes. 

Bibliography. List of sources used to identify plant pathogens, entomopathogens, nematodes, and local flora. 

vi

HOST-PATHOGEN INDEX 

host genus & species authority common English & Samoan names 

Crinum asiaticum L. [crinum lily, lau talotalo] accession no. 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 285P) 

pathogen genus & species, if known common symptom or name of disease 

Format used in the host-pathogen index (from Farr et al. 1989) 

Adenanthera pavonina L. [lopa] 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot 

Alocasia cucullata (Loureiro) G. Don [Chinese taro] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 242P) 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don [giant taro, ta’amu] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot (ASLG 230P) 

Glomerella cingulata — anthracnose (ASLG 235P) 

Macrophoma sp. — from taro leaf blight lesion 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae — leaf spot (ASLG007P) (Plates 1, 2) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG 033P) 

Phoma sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG 135P) 

Phytophthora colocasiae — taro leaf blight (ASLG 003P) 

Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosb. [breadfruit, ‘ulu] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 326P) 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG 144P) (Plate 3) 

Glomerella sp. — angular leaf spot (ASLG 150P) 

Phellinus noxius — brown root rot (ASLG 228P) 

Physalospora rhodina — leaf spot (ASLG 030P) 

Phyllosticta artocarpi — angular leaf spot (ASLG 225P) 

Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz [futu] 


1

Barringtonia samoensis A. Gray [faiaga] 


Bidens alba (L.) DC. [beggar’s-tick] 

Uromyces bidenticola — rust (ASLG 127P) 

Bischofia javanica Blume [‘o’a] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 167P) 

Bixa orellana L. [lipstick-tree, loa] 

Cercospora bixae — leaf spot 

Brassica chinensis var. chinensis (L.) Prain [Chinese cabbage, pak-choi, kapisi] 

Ascochyta sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 270P) 

Cercospora brassicicola — from leaf necrosis (ASLG 271P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — from leaf necrosis (ASLG 272P) 

Erwinia sp. — bacterial crown rot (ASLG 041P) 

Leptosphaerulina sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 269P) 

Pythium spp. — damping-off 

Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. [bougainvillea, felila] 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae — leaf spot (ASLG 154P) (Plates 4, 5) 

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Venten. [paper-mulberry, u’a] 

Cercospora broussonetiae — leaf spot 

Brunfelsia americana L. [lady-of-the-night] 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose (ASLG 202P) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — on anthracnose lesion (ASLG 297P) 

Caladium Venten. x hortulanum [caladium] 

Phyllosticta sp. — leaf spot 

Chaetomella sp. — from dead leaf tissue 

Calophyllum neo-ebudicum Guillaumin [tamanu] 


Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. [moso’oi] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — branch dieback 


2

Canarium harveyi Seem. [mafoa] 



Canna indica L. [canna lily, fagamanu] 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot 

Uredo pseudocannae — rust 

Capsicum annuum L. [sweet and hot peppers, polo] 

Colletotrichum sp. — anthracnose (ASLG 200P) (Plate 6) 

Phytophthora parasitica — root and crown rot (ASLG 190P) 

Rhizopus stolonifer — fruit rot (ASLG 201P) 

Carica papaya L. [papaya, esi] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot (ASLG 171P) 

Corynespora cassiicola — target leaf spot (ASLG 286P) (Plates 7, 8) 

Carissa grandiflora (E. Mey.) A. DC. [natal plum] 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — branch dieback (ASLG 274P) (Plate 9) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot 

Cerbera manghas L. [lava] 


Cieba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [kapok, vavae] 


Citrus aurantifolia L. Swingle [lime] 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — branch dieback (ASLG 290P) 

Citrus sp. L. [citrus, moli] 

Capnodium sp. — sooty mold 

Chaetomella sp. — on leaves 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf anthracnose 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — on dead bark (ASLG 152P) 

Meloidogyne sp. — root knot nematode 

Phellinus noxius — (ASLG 248P) 

Phomopsis citri — citrus melanose (ASLG 309P) 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa — citrus scab (ASLG 169P) 

3

Cocos nucifera L. [coconut palm, niu] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from coalesced leaf spots (ASLG 162P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — gray leaf blotch (ASLG 262P) 


Pestalotiopsis palmarum — gray leaf spot (ASLG 046P) 

Phoma sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 263P) 

Phomopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 264P) 

Phyllosticta sp. — leaf spot 

Septoria sp. — from leaf spot 

causal agent unknown — American Samoa coconut yellowing (ASLG 226P) 

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume [croton] 


Coix lacryma-jobi L. [sanasana] 


Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [taro, talo] 

Cladosporium colocasiae — sooty mold 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG 256P) 

Colletotrichum sp. — from chlorotic leaves (ASLG 233P) 

Curvularia sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (ASLG 170P) 

Dasheen Mosaic Virus — leaf chlorosis, discoloration (Plate 10) 

Fusarium solani — root and corm rot (ASLG 308P) 

Glomerella cingulata — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG 257P) 

Gonatobotryum sp. — on leaves and petioles 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot (ASLG 147P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — leaf spot (ASLG 143P) (Plates 11, 12) 

Marasmiellus stenophyllus — stem and corm rot (ASLG 027M) 

Phoma sp. — from leaf blight lesions (ASLG 255P) 

Phytophthora colocasiae — taro leaf blight (ASLG 003P) (Plates 13, 14) 

Pythium aphanidermatum — root and corm rot (ASLG 278P) 

Pythium sp. — corm rot (ASLG 036P) 

Septoria sp. — from Leptosphaerulina leaf spot 

Cordia aspera Forst. f. [tou] 


Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth [ti] 

Ascochyta sp. — from leaf spot 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf spot 

4

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spot 

Crinum asiaticum L. [crinum lily, lau talotalo] 


Crossostylis biflora Forst. [saitamu] 


Cucumis sativus L. [cucumber, kukama] 

Cercospora citrullina — leaf spot 

Corynespora cassiicola — leaf spot (ASLG 184P) 

Didymella bryoniae — gummy stem blight (ASLG 207P) 


Oidium sp. — powdery mildew 

Phoma cucurbitacearum — gummy stem blight, leaf spot 

Pythium aphanidermatum — wilt, fruit, root, crown rot (Plates 15, 16) 

Pythium spp. — damping-off, root and crown rot (ASLG 177P) 

Rhizoctonia solani — damping-off, fruit rot (ASLG 142P) 

Cuphea melvilla Lindl. [firecracker plant] 

Phyllosticta sp. — from necrotic leaf tip (ASLG 294P) 

Cyperus rotundus L. [purple nut sedge, mumuta] 

Puccinia canaliculata — leaf rust (ASLG 059P) 

Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth. [lala] 


Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot 

Digitaria setigera Roem. & F.W. Schultz [crab grass] 

Puccinia oahuensis — leaf and stem rust (ASLG 130P) 

Diffenbachia Schott [dumbcane] 

Lophodermium sp. — leaf spot 

Dioscorea bulbifera L. [bitter yam, soi] 


Diospyros samoensis A. Gray [au’auli] 

5


Dysoxylum samoense A. Gray [tufaso] 


Pseudocercospora subsessilis — leaf spot (ASLG 199P) 

Elattostachys falcata (A. Gray) Radlk. [taputo’i] 


Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. [gatae palagi] 

Phoma erythrinicola — leaf spot 

Erythrina variegata L. [coral tree, gatae] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — (ASLG 073P) leaf spot 


Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch [poinsettia] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose 

Dothiorella sp. — branch dieback 

Glomerella sp. — leaf necrosis 


Phoma sp. — branch dieback (ASLG 151P) 

Phomopsis sp. — branch dieback 

Sphaceloma poinsettiae — leaf anthracnose 

Fagraea berteroana A. Gray [pualulu] 

Sphaerulina sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 258P) 


Faradaya amicorum Seem. [mamalupe] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 192P) 

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Horne. [rubber plant] 


Ficus obliqua Forst. f. [banyan tree] 


Ficus scabra Forst. f. [mati’ata] 

Phyllachora sp. — tar spot (ASLG 198P) 

6

Ficus tinctoria Forst. f. [dyer’s fig; mati] 



Fluggea flexuosa Muell. Arg. [poumuli] 


Glochidion ramiflorum Forst. [masame] 


Gloxinia perennis Druce [Canterbury bells] 

Colletotrichum sp. — blossom blight (ASLG 300P) 

Corynespora cassiicola — on blighted blossoms (ASLG 301P) 

Hedychium coronarium J. Konig ex Retz. [white ginger, teuila] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot 

Leptosphaeria sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 260P) 

Mycosphaerella hedychii — leaf spot 



Heliconia psittacorum L. fil [parrot flower] 

Curvularia sp. — leaf spot 

Dothiorella sp. — from leaf spot 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf spot 

Heliconia humilis L. [lobster claw] 

Colletotrichum sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Curvularia sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG 158P) 

Mycosphaerella sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Physalospora sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Septoria sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG 157P) 

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (Presl.) Kub. [pu’a] 


Hibiscus manihot L.[edible hibiscus, pele] 


Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, ‘aute] 

Cercospora althaeina — leaf spot (ASLG 166P) 

7

Colletotrichum — leaf spot (ASLG 140P) 

Curvularia sp. — leaf anthracnose 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 241P) 

Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (ASLG 188P) 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 165P) 

unidentified — sooty mold 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. [beach hibiscus, fau] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — (ASLG 317P) leaf spot 


Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (ASLG 203P) (Plate 18) 


Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosb. [ifi] 


Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze [ifilele] 


Phellinus noxius — root and crown rot (Plate 19) 

Phyllachora afzeliae — tar spot (ASLG 211P) 

Ipomoea alba L. [moonflower, fue sina] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf spot 

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. [beach morning-glory, fue kula, fue mola] 


Iris L. [iris] 


Lagerstroemia indica L. [crape-myrtle] 

Oidium sp. — powdery mildew 

Lansium domesticum Correa [langsat] 

Fusarium solani — branch dieback (ASLG 314P) 

Nectria sp. — branch dieback (ASLG 259P) 

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven [primrose willow] 


8

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller [tomato] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea — from leaf spot (ASLG 095P) 

Corynespora cassiicola — leaf spot (ASLG 056P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot 


Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora — bacterial canker 

Meloidogyne incognita — root knot nematode (ASLG 164P) (Plates 20, 21) 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG 096P) 

Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1 — bacterial wilt (ASLG 141P) 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum — stem canker 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria — bacterial wilt (ASLG 224P) 

Macaranga harveyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. [lau pata, pata] 


Macaranga stipulosa Muell. Arg. [lau fitu] 


Mangifera indica L. [mango, mago] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — anthracnose (ASLG 194P) (Plate 22) 

Dendrophoma sp. — from leaf spots 

Lophodermium sp. — on dead stems 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae — gray leaf spot (ASLG 195P) 

Stigmina mangiferae — leaf spot (ASLG 295P) (Plate 23) 

Manihot esculenta Crantz [tapioca, manioka] 

Botryosphaeria sp. — from leaf spots 


Cercosporidium henningsii — leaf spot (ASLG 065P) 

Mycosphaerella henningsii — leaf spot (ASLG 311P) 

Manilkara zapote (L.) D. Royen [sapote] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — gray leaf spot (ASLG 197P) 

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hall. f. [fue lautetele] 


Metroxylon vitiense (H. Wendl.) Hook. f. [sago palm, niu o lotuma] 


Mikania micrantha Kunth [mile-a-minute vine, fue saina] 

9

Cercospora mikaniacola — leaf spot (ASLG 037P) 


Marasmiellus sp. — on dead stem 

Momordica charantia L. [bitter gourd] 

Cercospora citrullina — leaf spot (ASLG 323P) (Plate 24) 

Morinda citrifolia L. [nonu] 

Guignardia morindae — leaf spot (ASLG 193P) 


Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana Colla [edible banana, fa’i] 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus — stunting, sterility, plant death (ASLG 004P) (Plate 25) 

Cordana musae — leaf spot (ASLG 284P) (Plate 26) 

Curvularia sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 013P) 

Helicotylenchus sp. — spiral nematode 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf blight (ASLG 121P) 

Marasmiellus semiustus — pseudostem rot (ASLG 021M) 

Meloidogyne incognita — root knot nematode (ASLG 302P) 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis — black leaf streak (Plates 27, 28) 

Paracercospora fijiensis — black leaf streak (ASLG 287P) 

Phyllachora musicola — black cross leaf streak (Plate 29) 

Phyllosticta musarum — freckle (ASLG 288P) 

Radopholus similis —lesion nematode 

Uredo musae — banana rust (ASLG 282P) 

Myristica fatua Houtt. [Samoan nutmeg, ‘atone] 


Neonauclea forsteri (Seem. ex Havil.) Merr. [afa] 


Nicolaia elatior Horan. [torch ginger] 

Pestalotiopsis sp. — leaf blight 

Pandanus whitmeeanus Mart. [screwpine; paogo, fasa, lau fala] 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum — leaf spot (ASLG 044P) 

Pestalozziella sp. — from leaf spot 

Paspalum conjugatum Bergius [sour paspalum, sourgrass] 

Physopella sp. — rust (ASLG 303P) 

10

Persea americana Miller [avocado, ‘avoka] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea — from leaf spot (ASLG 120P) 

Discosia sp. — from leaf spot 

Dothiorella sp. (Fusicoccum) — branch canker (ASLG 136P) 

Fusarium solani — root rot (ASLG 196P) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — root rot (ASLG 205P) 

Phaseolus vulgaris L. [French bean, green bean, etc.] 

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum — anthracnose (ASLG 304P) 

Philodendron Schott [heart-leaf philodendron] 

Physalospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 159P) 

Piper methysticum Forst. f. [kava] 

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus — kava wilt, dieback (ASLG 313P) (Plate 30) 

Pipturus argenteus (Forst. f.) Wedd. [soga] 


Planchonella grayana St. John [‘ala’a] 


Planchonella samoensis H.J. Lam ex Christoph. [mamalava] 


Planchonella torricellensis (K. Schum.) Lam [mamalava] 


Rhynchosphaeria sp. — ‘shot hole’ leaf spot 

Plumeria sp. L. [frangipani, pua fiti] 

Coleosporium plumeriae — rust on leaves (Plate 31) 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (W. Bull) L.H. Bailey [panax, tanitani] 

Cercospora sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 168P) (Plate 32) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — leaf spot 

Glomerella sp. — from leaf spot 

Pometia pinnata Forst. [tava] 

Cladosporium sp. — sooty mold 


11

Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. Wendl. ex Wendl. [Fiji Island fan palm, niu piu] 

Bipolaris sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 316P) 

Botryosphaeria sp. — on leaf spot (ASLG 129P) 


Curvularia sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 214P) 


Pestalotiopsis palmarum — leaf spot (ASLG 128P) 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (Seemann) Guillaumin [none known] 

Cercospora sp. (ASLG 221P) 


Glomerella sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 180P) 

Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. [rust fungus on purple nut sedge] 

Sphaerellopsis filum — mycoparasite of P. canaliculata (ASLG 060P) (Plate 17) 

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi [kudzu] 


Colletotrichum sp. — angular leaf spot 

Guignardia sp. — from leaf spot (ASLG 116P) 

Synchytrium minutum — ‘false rust’ (ASLG 299P) 

Rhus taitensis Guillemin [tavai] 



Rosa chinensis Jacq. [rose] 

Marssonina rosae — leaf spot (ASLG 289P) 

Mycosphaerella rosicola — leaf spot (ASLG 209P) 

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. [monkeypod tree, tamaligi palagi] 


Sanchezia Ruiz & Pav. [not known] 

Mycosphaerella sp. — leaf spot 

Solanum melongena L. [eggplant, aubergine, israeli] 

Phoma sp. — leaf spot, fruit spot (ASLG 160P) 

Cercospora egenula — leaf spot (ASLG 206P) 

Cercospora melongenae — leaf spot (ASLG 161P) 

12


Rhizopus stolonifer — fruit rot (ASLG 183P) 

Solanum nigrum L. [black nightshade, magalo] 


Spathoglottis plicata Blume [Philippine orchid] 

Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose (Plate 33) 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae — from leaf blight (ASLG 155P) 

Leptosphaeria sp. — from leaf blight 

Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf blight 

Spondias dulcis Park. [vi apple] 




Syngonium podophyllum Schott [nephthytis] 


Colletotrichum sp. — leaf anthracnose 


Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf anthracnose (ASLG 173P) 

Syzygium inophylloides (A. Gray) C. Muell. [asi] 


Tarenna sambucina (Forst. f.) Durand [ma’anunu] 



Terminalia richii A. Gray [malili] 


Terminalia samoensis Rech. [talie] 


Theobroma cacao L. [cacao, koko] 

Physalospora sp. — from leaf anthracnose 

Uromyces sp. (Link) Unger, nom. cons. [rust fungus on Vigna sp.] 

Sphaerellopsis filum — mycoparasite of Uromyces spp. (ASLG 187P) 

13

Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H. Moore [Manila palm] 

Cercospora sp. — from leaf spots (ASLG 156P) 

Dothiorella sp (Fusicoccum). — from leaf spot 

Fusarium oxysporum — from rotted roots (ASLG 307P) 

Pestalosphaeria sp. — leaf spot (ASLG 178P) 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum — gray leaf spot 

Phyllosticta sp. — from leaf spots 

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. [yard-long bean, bush bean] 

Cercospora cruenta — leaf spot (ASLG 252P) 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides — anthracnose (ASLG 191P) 

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum — anthracnose (ASLG 245P) 

Glomerella cingulata — anthracnose (ASLG 191P) 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii — leaf spot (ASLG 325P) 

Oidium sp. — powdery mildew (ASLG 243P) 

Pseudocercospora cruenta — leaf spot (ASLG 185P) 

Uromyces appendiculatus — leaf rust (ASLG 244P) 

Uromyces sp. — leaf rust (ASLG 186P) 

Zea mays L. [corn, sana] 

Pythium aphanidermatum — root rot 

Zinnia violacea Cav. [zinnia] 

Cercospora zinniae — leaf spot (ASLG 217P) 

14

1. Alocasia leaf spot caused by 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae. 

4. Cercosporidium leaf spot on 

bougainvillea. 

7. Papaya leaf spot caused by 

Corynespora cassiicola. 

2. Mycosphaerella leaf spots and 

chlorosis on giant taro (Alocasia). 

5. Conidiophores and spores of 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae. 

8. Conidiophores and spores of 

Corynespora cassiicola. 

3. Colletotrichum leaf spot on 

breadfruit (Artocarpus). 

6. Colletotrichum acervuli and setae 

on pepper (Capsicum). 

9. Branch dieback of Carissa by 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae.

10. Dasheen Mosaic Virus on taro 

(Colocasia-type). 

13. Taro leaf blight caused by 

Phytophthora colocasiae. 

16. Pythium aphanidermatum: 

oogonium, antheridium, oospore. 

11. White leaf spot on taro caused by 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii. 

14. White spores around taro leaf 

blight lesions (Colocasia taro). 

17. Spores of Sphaerellopsis filum, a 

parasite of rust fungi. 

12. Asci and ascospores of 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii. 

15. Cucumber wilt and dieback caused 

by a species of Pythium. 

18. Crusty mycelium of P. noxius on 

rotted roots of Hibiscus.

19. Phellinus noxius on multistemmed 

forest tree (Intsia). 

22. Mango flower blight caused by 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. 

25. Stunted sucker growth caused by 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus. 

20. Galls on roots of tomato caused by 

Meloidogyne sp. 

23. Angular leaf spot of mango caused 

by Stigmina mangiferae. 

26. Cordana leaf spot of banana 

caused by Cordana musae. 

21. Female root knot nematode, 

Meloidogyne incognita. 

24. Cercospora leaf spot of bitter 

gourd (Momordica). 

27. Black leaf streak caused by 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis.

28. Small, reddish streaks due to early 

M. fijiensis infection. 

31. Coleosporium rust on upper 

surface of plumeria leaf. 

34. Metarhizium fungus on cicada 

before formation of green spores. 

29. Black cross leaf spot of banana 

(Phyllachora musicola). 

32. Cercospora leaf spot on panax 

(Polyscias). 

35. Green spores of Metarhizium 

anisopliae on rhino beetle larva. 

30. Stem discoloration and dieback 

caused by CMV. 

33. Colletotrichum anthracnose on 

Phliippine orchid (Spathoglottis). 

36. Conidiophore of Verticillium 

lecanii on aphid.

PATHOGEN-HOST INDEX 

pathogen genus authority higher taxonomic classifications 

Mycosphaerella Johans. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae H. & P. Sydow 

pathogen genus & species, accepted name authority 

__________________________________________________________ 

Format used in the pathogen-host list (from Farr et al. 1989) 

Ascochyta Lib. [Coelomycetes] 

Ascochyta sp. 

Brassica chinensis var. chinensis (Chinese cabbage) 

Cordyline terminalis (ti) 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus 

Musa hybrids (bananas and plantains) (Plate 25) 

Bipolaris Shoemaker [Hyphomycetes] 

Bipolaris sp. (Fiji Island fan palm) 

Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 

Lycopersicon esculentum (from leaf spot on tomato) 

Persea americana (avocado) 

Botryosphaeria sp. 

Manihot esculenta (tapioca) 

Pritchardia pacifica (Fiji Island fan palm) 

Capnodium Mont. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Capnodium sp. 

Citrus sp. (citrus) 

Cercospora Fresen. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cercospora althaeina Sacc. 

Hibiscus rosa-chinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 

Cercospora bixae Allesch. & F. Noack 

Bixia orellana (lipstick tree) 

Cercospora broussonetiae Chupp & Linder 

Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry) 

Cercospora brassicicola Henn. 


Cercospora citrullina Cooke 

Cucumis sativus (cucumber) 

15

Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) (Plate 24) 

Cercospora cruenta Latham 

Vigna unguiculata (yard-long bean) 

Cercospora egenula (H. Syd.) Chupp & Doidge 

Solanum melongena (aubergine) 

Cercospora mikaniacola F. Stevens 

Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute-vine) 

Cercospora melongenae C. Welles 


Cercospora zinniae Ellis & G. Martin 

Zinnia violacea (zinnia) 

Cercospora sp. 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (giant taro) 

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) 

Dendrolobium umbellatum (lala) 

Dioscorea bulbifera (bitter yam) 

Hibiscus manihot (edible hibiscus) 

Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning-glory) 

Ludwigia octovalvis (primrose willow) 


Meremia umbellata (morning-glory) 

Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute vine) 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) (Plate 32) 

Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum (none known) 

Pueraria lobata (kudzu) 


Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) 

Spondias dulcis (vi apple) 

Syngonium podophyllum (nephthytis) 

Terminalia samoensis (talie) 

Veitchia merrillii (Manila palm) 

Cercosporidium Earle [Hyphomycetes] 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae (Muntanola) Sobers & C.P. Seymour 

Bougainvillea sp. (bougainvillea) (Plates 4, 5) 

Cercosporidium henningsii (Allesch.) Deighton 


Chaetomella Fuckel [Coelomycetes] 

Chaetomella sp. 

Caladium hortulanum (caladium) 


Cladosporium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cladosporium colocasiae Sawada 

Colocasia esculenta (taro) 

Cladosporium sp. 

Pometia pinnata (tava) 

Coleosporium Lev. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Coleosporium plumeriae Pat. 

16

Plumeria sp. (frangipani) (Plate 31) 

Colletotrichum Corda in Sturm [Coelomycetes] 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz. 


Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) (Plate 3) 


Cananga odorata (moso’oi) 

Carica papaya (papaya) 



Erythrina variegata (coral tree) 

Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus) 

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 

Mangifera indica (mango) (Plate 22) 

Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) (Plate 32) 

Pseuderanthemum reticulatum (none known) 


Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.-Scrib. 

Phaseolus vulgaris (French or green bean) 


Colletotrichum sp. 

Alocasia cucullata (Chinese taro) 

Brunfelsia americana (lady-of-the-night) 

Canarium harveyi (mafoa) 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) (Plate 6) 

Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) 

Codiaeum variegatum (croton) 



Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) 

Fagraea berteroana (pualulu) 

Gloxinia perennis (Canterbury bells) 

Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) 

Heliconia humilis (lobster claw) 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) 

Ipomoea alba (morning-glory vine) 




Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine orchid) (Plate 33) 

Syngonium sp. (nephthytis) 

Cordana G. Preuss [Hyphomycetes] 

Cordana musae (A. Zimmerm.) Hohn. 

Musa hybrid (edible banana) (Plate 26) 

Corynespora H.T. Gussow [Hyphomycetes] 

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei 

Carica papaya (papaya) (Plates 7, 8) 

17


Gloxinia perennis (Canterbury bells) 


Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus 

Piper methysticum (kava) (Plate 30) 

Curvularia Boedijn [Hyphomycetes] 

Curvularia sp. 



Heliconia psittacorum (parrot flower) 


Musa hybrid (edible banana) 


Daldinia Ces. & De Not., nom. cons. [Pyrenomycetes, Xylariales] 

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 

Citrus sp. (on citrus wood) 

Dasheen Mosaic Virus 

Colocasia esculenta (taro) (Plate 10) 

Dendrophoma Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Dendrophoma sp. 

Mangifera indica (mango) 

Didymella Sacc. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm 


Discosia Lib. [Coelomycetes] 

Discosia sp. 


Dothiorella Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Dothiorella sp. 



Iris sp. (iris) 




Erwinia Winslow, Broadhurst Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers & Smith, 

1920 [Enterobacteriaceae] 

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Dye 


Erwinia sp. 


18

Fusarium Link: Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. 


Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 


Lansium domesticum (langsat) 


Fusicoccum Corda in Sturm [Coelomycetes] 

Fusicoccum sp. 



Glomerella Spauld. & H. Schrenk [Pyrenomycetes, Phyllachorales] 

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk 




Glomerella sp. 



Polyscias scutellaria ‘Tricochleata’ (panax) 


Gonatobotryum Sacc. [Hyphomycetes] 

Gonatobotryum sp. 


Guignardia Viala & Ravaz [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Guignardia morindae (Koorders) van der Aa 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu) 

Guignardia sp. 


Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 [Hoplolaimidae, Hoplolaiminae] 

Helicotylenchus spp. 


Lasiodiplodia Ellis & Everh. [Coelomycetes] 

Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. 

Brunfelsia americana (lady-of-the-night) 

Carissa grandiflora (natal plum) (Plate 9) 

Citrus aurantifolia (lime) 




Spathoglottis plicata (Philippine orchid) 

Tarenna sambucina (ma’anunu) 

Leptosphaeria Ces. & De Not., nom. cons. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Leptosphaeria sp. 

19










Leptosphaerulina McAlpine [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr. (Plates 11, 12) 



Leptosphaerulina sp. 


Lophodermium Chev. [Discomycetes, Rhytismatales] 

Lophodermium sp. 

Diffenbachia sp. (dumbcane) 


Macrophoma (Sacc.) Berl. & Voglino [Coelomycetes] 

Macrophoma sp. 


Marssonina J.C. Fisch. [Coelomycetes] 

Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Died. 

Rosa chinensis (rose) 

Marasmiellus Murrill [Basidiomycetes, Agaricales] 

Marasmiellus semiustus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Singer 


Marasmiellus stenophyllus (Mont.) Singer 


Marasmiellus sp. 

Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute vine) 

Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 [Heteroderidae, Meloidogyninae] 

Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) (Plates 20, 21) 

Musa hybrid (dessert banana) 

Meloidogyne sp. 



Tarenna sambucina (ma’anunu) 

Mycosphaerella Johans. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae H. & P. Sydow 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (giant taro) (Plates 1, 2) 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morlet 

20

Musa hybrid (edible banana) (Plates 27, 28) 

Mycosphaerella henningsii Sivanesan 


Mycosphaerella heydichii F. Stevens & P.A. Young in F. Stevens 


Mycosphaerella rosicola B.H. Davis ex Deighton 


Mycosphaerella sp. 

Canna indica (canna lily) 


Coix lacryma-jobi (sanasana) 

Crinum asiaticum (crinum lily) 

Ficus elastica (rubber plant) 



Sanchezia sp. (none known) 


Nectria (Fr.) Fr. [Pyrenomycetes, Hypocreales] 

Nectria haematacocca Berk. & Broom 

Lansium domesticum (langsat) 

Oidium Link, nom. cons. [Hyphomycetes] 

Oidium sp. 


Lagerstroemia indica (crape-myrtle) 


Paracercocpora Deighton [Hyphomycetes] 

Paracercospora fijiensis (Morlet) Deighton 


Pestalosphaeria Barr. [Pyrenomycetes] 

Pestalosphaeria sp. 


Pestalotiopsis Steyaert [Coelomycetes] 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert 


Pestalotiopsis palmarum (Cooke) Steyaert 


Pandanus whitmeeanus (pandanus) 



Pestalotiopsis sp. 


Bischofia javanica (‘o’a) 

Carissa grandiflora (natal plum) 


Dendrolobium umbellatum (lala) 

Faradaya amicorum (mamalupe) 

21




Manilkara zapote (sapote) 

Nicolaia elatior (torch ginger) 

Planchonella torricellensis (mamalava) 

Pestalozziella Sacc. & Ellis in Sacc. [Coelomycetes] 

Pestalozziella sp. 

Pandanus whitmeeanus (pandanus) 

Phellinus Quel. [Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales] 

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G.H. Cunningham 

Adenanthera pavonina (lopa) 


Barringtonia asiatica (futu) 

Barringtonia samoensis (faiaga) 

Calophyllum neo-ebudicum (tamanu) 

Cananga odorata (moso’oi) 

Canarium harveyi (mafoa) 

Cerbera manghas (lava) 

Cieba pentandra (kapok) 


Cordia aspera (tou) 

Crossostylis biflora (saitamu) 

Diospyros samoensis (au’auli) 

Dysoxylum samoense (tufaso) 

Elattostachys falcata (taputo’i) 

Ficus obliqua (banyan) 

Ficus tinctoria (dyer’s fig) 

Fluggea flexuosa (poumuli) 

Glochidion ramiflorum (masame) 

Hernandia nymphaeifolia (pu’a) 


Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus) (Plate 18) 

Inocarpus fagifer (ifi) 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) (Plate 19) 

Macaranga harveyana (lau pata) 

Macaranga stipulosa (lau fatu) 

Morinda citrifolia (nonu) 

Myristica fatua (Samoan nutmeg) 

Neonauclea forsteri (afa) 

Pipturus argenteus (soga) 

Planchonella grayana (‘ala’a) 

Planchonella samoensis (mamalava) 

Pometia pinnata (tava) 

Rhus taitensis (tavai) 

Samanea saman (monkey-pod tree) 


Syzygium inophylloides (asi) 

Terminalia richii (malili) 

22

Phoma Sacc., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. 


Phoma erythrinicola Tracy & Earle 

Erythrina subumbrans (coral tree) 

Phoma sp. 





Erythrina variegata (coral tree) 




Rhus taitensis (tavai) 


Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubak [Coelomycetes] 

Phomopsis citri H. Fawc. non (Sacc.) Traverso & Spessa, hom. illeg. 


Phomopsis sp. 

Cococ nucifera (coconut palm) 


Phyllachora Nitschke ex Fuckel, nom. cons. [Pyrenomycetes, Phyllachorales] 

Phyllachora afzeliae Sydow 

Intsia bijuga (ifilele) 

Phyllachora musicola Booth & Shaw 

Musa hybrid (edible banana) (Plate 29) 

Phyllachora sp. 

Ficus scabra (mati’ata) 

Ficus tinctoria (dyer’s fig) 


Metroxylon vitiense (sago palm) 

Phyllosticta Pers., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Phyllosticta artocarpi Speg. 


Phyllosticta cordylines (Thuem.) Petrak & H. Sydow 


Phyllosticta musarum (Cooke) van der Aa 


Phyllosticta sp. 

Caladium x hortulanum (caladium) 



Cuphea melvilla (firecracker plant) 

Hibiscus rosa-chinensis (Hawaiian hibiscus) 



23


Physalospora Niessl [Pyrenomycetes, Amphisphaeriales] 

Physalospora rhodina Berkley & Curtis in Cooke 


Physalospora sp. 


Philodendron sp. (heart-leaf philodendron) 

Theobroma cacao (cacao) 

Physopella Arth. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Physopella sp. 

Paspalum conjugatum (sourgrass) 

Phytophthora de Bary [Oomycetes, Peronosporales] 

Phytophthora colocasiae Racib. 


Colocasia esculenta (taro) (Plates 13, 14) 

Phytophthora parasitica Dastur (P. nicotianae Breda de Haan var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. 

Waterhouse) 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) 

Pseudocercospora Speg. [Hyphomycetes] 

Pseudocercospora cruenta (Sacc.) Deighton 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (yard-long bean) 

Pseudocercospora subsessilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton 

Dysoxylum samoense (tufaso) 

Pseudomonas Migula, 1894 [Pseudomonadaceae] 

Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1 (Smith 1896) D.F. Smith, 1914 


Puccinia Pers.:Pers. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Puccinia canaliculata (Schwein.) Lagerh. 

Cyperus rotundus (purple nut sedge) 

Puccinia oahuensis Ellis & Everh. 

Digitaria setigera (crab grass) 

Puccinia sp. 


Pythium Pringsh., nom. cons. [Oomycetes, Peronosporales] 

Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. 



Zea mays (corn, maize) (Plate 16) 

Pythium sp. 



Cucumis sativus (cucumber) (Plate 15) 

Radopholus Thorne, 1949 [Pratylenchidae, Pratylenchinae] 

24

Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949 


Rhizoctonia DC. [Agonomycetes] 

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn 


Rhizopus Ehrenb. [Zygomycetes, Mucorales] 

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. 

Capsicum annuum (sweet or hot pepper) 


Rhynchosphaeria (Sacc.) Berl. [Pyrenomycetes, Sphaeriales] 

Rhynchosphaeria sp. 

Planchonella torricellensis (mamalava) 

Sclerotinia Fuckel, nom. cons. [Discomycetes, Helotiales] 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary 


Septoria Sacc., nom. cons. [Coelomycetes] 

Septoria sp. 




Sphaceloma de Bary [ Coelomycetes] 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa (McAlp. & Tryon) Jenkins 


Sphaceloma poinsettiae Jenk. & Ruehle 


Sphaerellopsis Cooke [Coelomycetes] 

Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv.-Bern. ex Fr.) Sutton 

Puccinia canaliculata (rust on nut sedge and canna) (Plate 17) 

Uromyces appendiculatus (rust on yard-long bean) 

Note: Sphaerellopsis is a mycoparasite of rust fungi. 

Sphaerulina Sacc. [Loculoascomycetes, Dothideales] 

Sphaerulina sp. 

Fagraea berteroana (pualulu) 

Stigmina Sacc. [Hyphomycetes] 

Stigmina mangiferae (Koorders) M.B. Ellis 

Mangifera indica (mango) (Plate 23) 

Synchytrium de Bary & Woronin. 

Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gaumann 


25

Uredo Pers.:Pers. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Uredo musae Cummins 

Musa hybrid 

Uredo pseudocannae Cummings 


Uromyces (Link) Unger, nom. cons. [Basidiomycetes, Uredinales] 

Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (yard-long bean) 

Uromyces bidenticola Arth. 

Bidens alba (beggar’s tick) 

Uromyces sp. 


Xanthomonas Dowson, 1939 [Pseudomonadaceae] 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye 


26

FUNGUS PATHOGENS ON INSECTS 

Aspergillus P. Mich. ex Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Aspergillus sp. 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) (ASLG 108P) 

Bactrocera spp. (fruit flies) (ASLG 315P) 

Rodolia limbata (lady beetle) (ASLG 100P) 

Cladosporium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Cladosporium sp. 

Aphis gossypii (on dead aphids) (ASLG 109P) 

Fusarium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Fusarium sp. 

Rodolia limbata (lady beetle) (ASLG 117P) 

Tarophagus proserpina (taro planthopper) 

Metarhizium (Metchnikoff) Sorokin [Hyphomycetes] 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) 

Cicada sp. (cicada) (ASLG 204P) (Plate 34) 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus (Metsch.) Sorokin 

Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle) (ASLG 227P) (Plate 35) 

Paecilomyces Bainier [Hyphomycetes] 

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) AHS Brown & G. Smith 

Bemesia tabaci biotype B (silverleaf whitefly) (ASLG 112P) 

Icerya seychellarum (Seychelles fluted scale) (ASLG 118P) 

Trichoderma Pers.:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) (ASLG 182P) 

Trichothecium Link:Fr. [Hyphomycetes] 

Trichothecium sp. 

Icerya seychallarum (Seychelles fluted scale) (ASLG 068P) 

Verticillium Nees [Hyphomycets] 

Verticillium lecanii (A. Zimmerm.) Viegas 

Aphis gossypii (green peach aphid) (ASLG 182P) (Plate 36) 

Thrips palmi (palm thrips) 

27

ENGLISH AND SAMOAN PLANT NAMES, BOTANICAL EQUIVALENTS 

‘atone Myristica fatua 

aubergine Solanum melongena 

‘aute Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

‘avoca Persea americana 

banana Musa cultivars, hybrids 

beach hibiscus Hibiscus tiliaceus 

beach morning-glory Ipomoea pes-caprae 

beggar’s-tick Bidens alba 

bell pepper Capsicum annuum 

bitter gourd Momordica charantia 

bitter yam Dioscorea bulbifera 

black nightshade Solanum nigrum 

bougainvillea Bougainvillea spectabilis 

breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 

cacao Theobroma cacao 

caladium Cladium x hortulanum 

canna lily Canna indica 

Canterbury bells Gloxinia perennis 

Chinese cabbage Brassica chinensis 

Chinese taro Alocasia cucullata 

citrus Citrus spp. 

coconut palm Cocos nucifera 

coral tree Erythrina variegata 

corn Zea mays 

crab grass Digitaria setigera 

crape-myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 

crinum lily Crinum asiaticum 

croton Codiaeum variegatum 

cucumber Cucumis sativus 

dumbcane Diffenbachia sp. 

dyer’s fig Ficus tinctoria 

edible hibiscus Hibiscus manihot 

eggplant Solanum melongena 

esi Carica papaya 

fagamanu canna indica 

fa’i Musa cultivars, hybrids 

fasa Pandanus whitmeeanus 

fau Hibiscus tiliaceus 

Fiji Island fan palm Pritchardia pacifica 

firecracker plant Cuphea melvilla 

frangipani Plumeria spp. 

French bean Phaseolus vulgaris 

fue kula Ipomoea pes-caprae 

fue lauteletele Merremia umbellata 

fue mola Ipomoea pes-caprae 

fue saina Mikania micrantha 

fue sina Ipomoea alba 

gatae Erythrina variegata 

gatae palagi Erythrina subumbrans 

geranium-leaf aralia Polyscias guilfoylei 

giant taro Alocasia macrorrhiza 

green bean Phaseolus vulgaris 

heeart-leaf philodendron Philodendron sp. 

hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

hot pepper Capsicum annuum 

ifilele Intsia bijuga 

iris Iris sp. 

israeli Solanum melongena 

kapisi Brassica chinensis 

kapok Cieba pentandra 

kava Piper methysticum 

koko Theobroma cacao 

kudzu Pueraria lobata 

kukama Cucumis sativus 

lady-of-the-night Brunfelsia americana 

lala Dendrolobium umbellatum 

langsat Lansium domesticum 

lau fala Pandanus whitmeeanus 

lau pata Macaranga harveyana 

lau talotalo Crinum asiaticum 

lime Citrus aurantifolia 

lipstick-tree Bixa orellana 

loa Bixa orellana 

lobster claw Heliconia sp. 

ma’anunu Tarenna sambucina 

mafoa Canarium harveyi 

magalo Solanum nigrum 

mago Mangifera indica 

mamalava Planchonella torricellensis 

mamalupe Faradaya amicorum 

mango Mangifera indica 

Manila palm Veitchia merrillii 

manioka Manihot esculenta 

mati Ficus tinctoria 

mile-a-minute vine Mikania micrantha 

moli Citrus spp. 

moon flower Ipomoea alba 

moso’oi Cananga odorata 

mumuta Cyperus rotundus 

natal plum Carissa grandiflora 

nephthytis Syngonium podophyllum 

niu Cocos nucifera 

niu o lotuma Metroxylon vitiense 

niu piu Pritchardia pacifica 

nonu Morinda citrifolia 

nutmeg, Samoan Myristica fatua 

‘o’a Bischofia javanica 

pak-choi Brassica chinensis 

panax Polyscias scutellaria 

paogo Pandanus whitmeeanus 

28

papaya Carica papaya 

paper-mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera 

parrot flower Heliconia psittacorum 

pata Macaranga harveyana 

pele Hibiscus manihot 

Philippine orchid Spathoglottis plicata 

poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima 

polo Capsicum annuum 

poumuli Fluggea flexuosa 

primrose willow Ludwigia octovalvis 

pua fiti Plumeria sp. 

pualulu Fagraea berteroana 

purple nut sedge Cyperus rotundus 

rose Rosa chinensis 

rubber tree Ficus elastica 

sago palm Metroxylon vitiense 

Samoan nutmeg Myristica fatua 

sana Zea mays 

sanasana Coix lacryma-jobi 

sapote Manilkara zapote 

screwpine Pandanus whitmeeanus 

soi Dioscorea bulbifera 

sweet pepper Capsicum annuum 

ta’amu Alocasia macrorrhiza 

talie Terminalia samoensis 

talo Colocasia esculenta 

tanitani Polyscias guilfoylei 

tapioca Manihot esculenta 

taro Colocasia esculenta 

tava Pometia pinnata 

tavai Rhus taitensis 

teuila Hedychium coronarium 

ti Cordyline terminalis 

tipolo Citrus aurantifolia 

tomato Lycopersicon esculentum 

torch ginger Nicolaia elatior 

tufaso Dysoxylum samoense 

u’a Brousonetia papyrifera 

‘ulu Artocarpus altilis 

vavae Cieba pentandra 

vi apple Spondias dulcis 

white ginger Hedychium coronarium 

yard-long bean Vigna unguiculata 

29

30 

Acanthaceae 

Pseuderanthemum 

Sanchezia 

Agavaceae 

Cordyline 

Anacardiaceae 

Mangifera 

Rhus 

Spondias 

Annonaceae 

Cananga 

Apocynaceae 

Carissa 

Plumeria 

Araceae 

Alocasia 

Caladium 

Colocasia 

Diffenbachia 

Philodendron 

Syngonium 

Araliaceae 

Polyscias 

Arecaceae 

Cocos 

Pritchardia 

Veitchia 

Asteraceae 

Bidens 

Mikania 

Bixaceae 

Bixia 

Brassicaceae 

Brassica 

LIST OF HOST PLANTS BY FAMILY 

Burseraceae 

Canarium 

Cannaceae 

Canna 

Caricaceae 

Carica 

Combretaceae 

Terminalia 

Convolvulaceae 

Ipomoea 

Merremia 

Cucurbitaceae 

Cucumis 

Momordica 

Cyperaceae 

Cyperus 

Dioscoreaceae 

Dioscorea 

Euphorbiaceae 

Bischofia 

Codiaeum 

Euphorbia 

Fluggea 

Macaranga 

Manihot 

Fabaceae 

Dendrolobium 

Erythrina 

Intsia 

Phaseolus 

Pueraria 

Vigna 

Gesnariaceae 

Gloxinia 

Heliconiaceae 

Heliconia 

Iridaceae 

Iris 

Lauraceae 

Persea 

Liliaceae 

Crinum 

Loganiaceae 

Fagraea 

Lythraceae 

Cuphea 

Lagerstroemia 

Malvaceae 

Hibiscus 

Meliaceae 

Dysoxylum 

Lansium 

Moraceae 

Artocarpus 

Broussonetia 

Ficus 

Musaceae 

Musa 

Myristicaceae 

Myristica 

Nyctaginaceae 

Bougainvillea 

Onagraceae 

Ludwigia 

Orchidaceae 

Spathoglottis 

Pandanaceae 

Pandanus 

Piperaceae 

Piper 

Poaceae 

Coix 

Digitaria 

Paspalum 

Zea 

Rosaceae 

Rosa 

Rubiaceae 

Morinda 

Tarenna 

Rutaceae 

Citrus 

Sapindaceae 

Pometia 

Sapotaceae 

Manilkara 

Planchonella 

Solanaceae 

Brunfelsia 

Capsicum 

Lycopersicon 

Solanum 

Sterculiaceae 

Theobroma 

Verbenaceae 

Faradaya 

Zingiberaceae 

Hedychium 

Nicolaia

PARTIAL LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED IN AMERICAN SAMOA 

Alternaria brassicicola 

Ascochyta sp.** 

Aspergillus sp.** 

Asterina sp. 

Atractilina parasitica 

Banana Bunchy Top Virus** 

Bipolaris micropus 

Bipolaris stenospila 

Botryodiplodia palmarum 

Botryosphaeria dothidea** 

Botryosphaeria sp.** 

Capnodium sp. 

Cercospora althaeina** 

Cercospora bidentis 

Cercospora bixae** 

Cercospora broussonetiae** 

Cercospora canescens 

Cercospora capsici 

Cercospora catappae 

Cercospora citrullina 

Cercospora coffeicola 

Cercospora ipomoeae 

Cercospora melongenae 

Cercospora mikaniicola 

Cercospora polysciatis 

Cercospora pudicae 

Cercospora sorghi 

Cercospora taccae 

Cercospora yoshinagiana 

Cercospora zinniae 

Cercospora spp. 

Cercosporidium bougainvilleae** 

Cercosporidium henningsii** 

Chaetomella sp.** 

Cintractia axicola 

Cladosporium colocasiae 

Cladosporium sp.** 

Cochliobolus heterostrophus 

Cochliobolus pallescens 

Cochliobolus verruculosus 

Coleosporium plumeriae** 

Colletotrichum capsici 

Colletotrichum dematium 

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides** 

Colletotrichum graminicola 

Colletotrichum higginsianum 

Colletotrichum orbiculare 

Colletotrichum spp.** 

Coniothyrium perottianum 

31 

Coniothyrium sp. 

Cordana musae 

Corticium sp. 

Corynespora cassiicola 

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus** 

Curvularia spp** 

Dactylaria sp. 

Dasheen Mosaic Virus** 

Dendrophoma sp.** 

Diaporthe citri 

Didymella sp. 

Diplodia fructus-pandani 

Diplodia sp. 

Distocercospora pachyderma 

Dothiorella sp.** 

Elsinoe fawcettii 

Endophyllum kaernbachii 

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora** 

Erwinia sp.** 

Erysiphe cichoracearum 

Eudarluca caricis 

Fulvia fulva 

Fusarium oxysporum 

Fusarium pandani 

Fusarium proliferatum 

Fusarium sp.** 

Fusicoccum sp.** 

Ganoderma australe 

Ganoderma chalceum 

Ganoderma resinaceum** 

Ganoderma sp.** 

Gibberella fujikuroi 

Gibberella intricans 

Gloeocercospora sorghi 

Glomerella cingulata 

Glomerella tucumanensis 

Glomerella spp.** 

Gonatabotryum sp.** 

Goplana dioscoreae 

Guignardia dioscoreae 

Guignardia morindae 

Guignardia musae 

Guignardia sp.** 

Haplobasidion musae 

Helicotylenchus dihystera* 

Helicotylenchus multicinctus* 

Hemileia vastatrix 

Hypoxylon deustum 

Hypoxylon mediterraneum

Lasiodiplodia theobromae** 

Leptosphaeria sacchari 

Leptosphaeria sp.** 

Leptosphaerulina trifolii** 

Lophodermium sp.** 

Macrophoma pandani 

Macrophoma sp.** 

Macroposthonia denoudeni* 

Magnaporthe grisea 

Marasmiellus inoderma 

Marasmiellus semiustus 

Marasmiellus stenophyllus** 

Marasmiellus spp.** 

Marasmius sp. 

Meliola evodiae 

Meliola panici 

Meliolina samoensis 

Meloidogyne incognita* 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae** 

Metarhizium anisopliae var. majus** 

Mycosphaerella alocasiae 

Mycosphaerella cruenta 

Mycosphaerella fijiensis 

Mycosphaerella gastonis 

Mycosphaerella henningsii 

Mycosphaerella horii 

Mycosphaerella musicola 

Mycosphaerella rosicola 

Mycosphaerella spp** 

Mycovellosiella koepkei 

Myrothecium roridum 

Nectria haematacocca** 

Nectria jungneri 

Nectria ochroleuca 

Nectria rigidiuscula 

Nectria sp. 

Neojohnstonia colocasiae 

Oidium sp. 

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus** 

Paraphaeosphaeria michotii 

Pellicularia koleroga 

Penicillium digitatum 

Periconiella perseae 

Peronospora parasitica 

Pestalotiopsis mangiferae** 

Pestalotiopsis palmarum 

Pestalotiopsis sp** 

Pestalozziella sp.** 

Phanerochaeta salmonicolor 

Phellinus lamaensis 

Phellinus noxius 

Phoma cucurbitacearum** 

Phoma erythrinicola** 

Phoma fructus-pandani 

Phoma martellii 

Phoma spp.** 

Phomopsis palmicola 

Phomopsis sp.** 

Phyllachora afzeliae 

Phyllachora musicola 

Phyllachora paspalicola 

Phyllachora setariicola 

Phyllosticta artocarpi** 

Phyllosticta cordylines 

Phyllosticta musarum 

Phyllosticta spp.** 

Physalospora rhodina 

Physalospora sp.** 

Phytophthora colocasiae 

Phytophthora infestans 

Phytophthora nicotiane var. parasitica (P. parasitica) 

Phytophthora palmivora 

Pseudocercospora ablemoschi 

Pseudocercospora borreriae 

Pseudocercospora colocasiae 

Pseudocercospora cruenta** 

Pseudocercospora jatrophae 

Pseudocercospora sawadae 

Pseudocercospora stahlii 

Pseudocercospora synedrellae 

Pseudocercospora timorensis 

Pseudocercospora sp. 

Pseudoepicoccum cocos 

Pseudomonas solanacearum 

Pseudomonas solanacearum race 1** 

Pseudoperonospora cubensis 

Puccinia canaliculata** 

Puccinia cenchri 

Puccinia cyperi 

Puccinia fimbristylidis 

Puccinia kuehnii 

Puccinia lepturi 

Puccinia melanocephala 

Puccinia miscanthi 

Puccinia oahuensis 

Puccinia operta 

Puccinia polysora 

Pythium aphanidermatum** 

32

Pythium sp.** 

Radopholus similis* 

Ramichloridium musae 

Ravenelia sessilis 

Rhizoctonia solani** 

Rhizoctonia sp. 

Rhizopus stolonifer** 

Rhynchosphaeria sp.** 

Rigidoporus microporus 

Rotylenchulus reniformis* 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum** 

Septobasidium separans 

Septoria eburnea 

Septoria sp.** 

Setosphaeria monoceras 

Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa** 

Sphaceloma poinsettiae** 

Sphaerellopsis filum** 

Stagonospora sp. 

Stemphylium solani 

Stigmina mangiferae 

Synchytrium minutum 

Thanatephorus cucumeris 

Trametes hemitephra 

Trametes menziesii 

Trametes modesta** 

Trametes sp.** 

Trichoderma viride** 

Trichothecium sp.** 

Uredo artocarpi 

Uredo dioscoreae-sativae 

Uredo musae 

Uredo pseudocannae 

Uredo sp. 

Uromyces appendiculatus** 

Uromyces bidenticola 

Uromyces dactyloctenii 

Uromyces setariae-italicae 

Uromyces tenuicutis 

Uromyces vignae 

Ustilago zeae 

Verticillium lecanii** 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli 

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria** 

Xiphinema ensiculiferum* 

* Banana nematodes from Grandison (1996) 

** New identifications by the author, 1999-2002 

(no asterisk) Identifications from McKenzie (1996) 

33

AUTHORS OF PLANT AND FUNGAL NAMES 

A. DC. — Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre 

Pyramus de 

A. Gray — Gray, Asa 

A.H.S. Brown ⎯ Brown, Agnes H.S. 

Allesch. ⎯ Allescher, Andreas 

Arth. ⎯ Arthur, Joseph Charles 

Auersw. ⎯ Auerswald, Bernhard 

A. Zimmerm. ⎯ Zimmermann, Albrecht W. Phillip 

Bainier ⎯ Bainier, Georges 

Becc. — Beccari, Odoardo 

Benth. — Bentham, George 

Bergius — Bergius, Peter Jonas 

Berk. ⎯ Berkeley, Miles Joseph 

Berl. ⎯ Berlese, Augusto Napoleone 

Biv.-Bern. ⎯ Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio de 

Blume — Blume, Carl Ludwig von 

Boedijn ⎯ Boedijn, Karl Bernard 

Bolton — Bolton, James 

Booth — Booth, Colin B. 

Breda de Haan — Breda de Haan, Jacob van 

Broome ⎯ Broome, Christopher Edmund 

Bubak ⎯ Bubak, Frantisek 

Cav. — Cavanilles 

Ces. ⎯ Cesati, Vincenzo de 

Chev. ⎯ Chevallier, Francoise Fulgis 

Chupp — Chupp, Charles David 

Colla — Colla, Louigi Aloysius 

Cooke ⎯ Cooke, Mordecai Cubitt 

Corda ⎯ Corda, August Karl Joseph 

Corner — Corner, Edred John Henry 

C.P. Seymour — Seymour, C.P. 

Crantz — Crantz, Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von 

C.T. Wei ⎯ Wei, Ching-Chao 

Cummins — Cummins, George Baker 

Curtis — Curtis, William 

C. Welles — Welles, Colin Gilchrist 

Dastur — Dastur, Jehangir Fardunji 

DC. — Candolle, Agustin Pyramus de 

de Bary ⎯ Bary, Heinrich Anton de 

Deighton ⎯ Deighton, Charles Fredrick 

De Not. ⎯ De Notaris, Giuseppe 

Died. — Diedicke, Hermann 

Doidge — Doidge, Ethel Mary 

Don — Don, George 

Druce — Druce, George Claridge 

Durand — Durand, Theophile Alexis 

E. Mey. — Meyer, Ernest Heinrich Friedrich 

Earle ⎯ Earle, Franklin Summer 

Edson — Edson, Howard Austin 

Ehrenb. — Ehrenberg, Christian Gotfried 

Ellis ⎯ Ellis, Job Bicknell 

Everh. ⎯ Everhart, Benjamin Matlack 

Fitzp. — Fitzpatrick, Harry Morton 

F. Noack — Noack, Fritz 

Forst. f. — Forster, Carl Friedrich 

Fosb. — Fosberg, Francis Raymond 

Fr. ⎯ Fries, Elias Magnus 

Fresen. ⎯ Fresenius, Johann Baptiste Georg 

Wolfgang 

F. Stevens ⎯ Stevens, Frank Lincoln 

Fuckel ⎯ Fuckel, Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold 

F.W. Schultz — Schultz, Friedrich Wilhelm 

Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph 

Gaumann — Gaumann, Ernest Albert 

G. Cunn. — Cunningham, Gordon Herriot 

G.M. Waterhouse — Waterhouse, Grace Marion 

G. Preuss ⎯ Preuss, (Carl) Gotlieb Traugott 

Griffon — Griffon, Edouard 

G. Sm. ⎯ Smith, George 

Guillemin — Guillemin, Jean Baptiste Antoine 

Hall. f. — Haller, Albrecht von 

Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl 

Henn. — Hennings, Paul Christoph 

H. Fawc. — Fawcett, Howard Samuel 

Hohn. ⎯ Hohnel, Franz Xaver Rudolf von 

Holmsk. ⎯ Holmskjold, Theodor 

Hook. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton 

H. & P. Syd. — Sydow, Hans & Paul 

Horan. — Horaninow, Paulus (Paul) Fedorowitsch 

Horne. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken 

Houtt. — Houttuyn, Maarten (Martin) 

H. Schrenk ⎯ Schrenk, Hermann von 

H.T. Gussow — Gussow, Hans Theodor 

H. Wendl. — Wendlann, Herman 

Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus von 

J.C. Fisch. — Fischer, Johann Carl 

J.D. Hook. — Hooker, Joseph Dalton 

Jenk. — Jenkins, Anna Eliza 

Johans. ⎯ Johanson, Carl Johan 

Klotzsch — Klotzsch, Johann Friedrich 

Koorders — Koorders, Sijfert Hendrick 

K. Schum. — Schumann, Karl Moritz 

Kuhn — Kuhn, Julius Gotthelf 

Kunth — Kunth, Karl Sigisimund 

Kuntze — Kuntze, Carl Ernst Otto 

L. — Linnaeus, Carl von 

Lagerh. ⎯ Lagerheim, Nils Gustaf 

Lam — Lam, Herman Johannes 

34

Lam. — Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoinne Pierre de 

Monnet de 

Lam. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke 

Lams.-Scrib. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank 

Latham — Latham, Dennis Harold 

Lev. ⎯ Leveille, Joseph Henri 

L.H. Bailey— Bailey, Liberty Hyde 

Lib. ⎯ Libert, Marie-Anne 

Linder — Linder, David Hunt 

Lindl. — Lindley, John 

Link ⎯ Link, Johann Heinrich Friedrich 

Loureiro — Loureiro, Joao de 

M.A. Curtis ⎯ Curtis, Moses Ashley 

Magnus — Magnus, Paul Wilhelm 

Mart. — Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von 

Maubl. — Maublanc, Andre 

M.B. Ellis — Ellis, Martin B. 

McAlpine ⎯ McAlpine, Daniel 

Merr. — Merril, Elmer Drew 

Metch. ⎯ Metchnikoff 

Miller — Miller, Philip 

Mont. ⎯ Montagne, Jean Pierre Francoise Camille 

Morelet ⎯ Morelet, Michel 

Moug. ⎯ Mougeot, Jean Baptiste 

Muell. — Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von 

Muntanola — Muntanola, Maria 

Murrill ⎯ Murrill, William Alfonso 

Nees ⎯ Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried 

Daniel 

Niessl ⎯ Niessl von Mayendorf, Gustav 

Nitschke ⎯ Nitschke, Theodor Rudolf Joseph 

Park. — Parkinson, Charles Edward 

Pat. ⎯ Patouillard, Narcisse Theophile 

Pavon — Pavon, Jose Antonio 

P.A. Young ⎯ Young, Paul Allen 

Penz. ⎯ Penzig, Albert Julius Otto 

Pers. ⎯ Persoon, Christiaan Hendrick 

Petr., Petrak ⎯ Petrak, Franz 

P. Mich. ⎯ Micheli, Pier’ Antonio 

Prain — Prain, David 

Pringsh. ⎯ Pringsheim, Nathanael 

Quel. ⎯ Quelet, Lucien 

Racib. ⎯ Raciborski, Marjan 

Radlk. — Radlkofer, Ludwig Adolph Timotheus 

Ravaz ⎯ Ravaz, Louis Etienne 

Raven — Raven, Peter Hamilton 

R. Br. — Brown, Robert 

Rech. — Rechinger, Karl 

Rehm — Rehm, Heinrich (Simon Ludwig Friedrich 

35 

Felix) 

Retz. — Retzius, Anders Jahan 

Roem. — Roemer, Max Joseph 

Rostr. — Rostrup, (Frederick Georg) Emil 

Roxb. — Roxburgh, William 

Ruehle ⎯ Ruehle, George Dewey 

Ruiz — Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito 

Sacc. ⎯ Saccardo, Pier Andrea 

Sawada — Sawada, Kaneyoshi 

Schlechtend. — Schlechtendahl, Diedrich Franz 

Leonhard von 

Schott — Schott, Heinrich Wilhelm 

Schwein. — Schweinfurth, Georg August 

Schwein. ⎯ Schweinitz, Lewis David von 

Singer — Singer, Rolf 

Sivanesan — Sivanesan, A. 

Sobers — Sobers, Edward K. 

Sorokin ⎯ Sorokin, Nikolai Vasilevich 

Spauld. ⎯ Spaulding, Perley 

Speg. ⎯ Spegazzini, Carlo Luigi 

Spessa — Spessa, Caroline 

Steyaert ⎯ Steyaert, Rene 

Sturm ⎯ Sturm, Jacob 

Sutton — Sutton, Brian C. 

Swingle — Swingle, Walter Tennyson 

Thoms. — Thomson, Thomas 

Thuem. ⎯ Thumen, Felix Karl Albert Ernst Joachim 

von 

Tracy ⎯ Tracy, Samuel Mills 

Traverso — Traverso, Giovanni Battista 

Unger ⎯ Unger, Franz Joseph Andreas Nicolaus 

van der Aa ⎯ van der Aa, H.A. 

Venten. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre 

Verdc. — Verdcourt, Bernard 

Viala ⎯ Viala, Pierre 

Viegas ⎯ Viegas, Ahmes Pinto 

Voglino ⎯ Voglino, Pietro 

Vuill. — Vuillemin, Jean Paul 

Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard 

W. Bull — Bull, William 

Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig von 

Woronin — Woronin, Michael, Stepanovich

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