Studies of the genus Dicoma (Asteraceae, tribe Mutisieae s. 1.) indicate that this taxon as currently defined is paraphyletic, and in fact comprises at least three groups showing marked morphological and anatomical differences. One of these groups is differentiated from Dicoma s. str. by a large number of characters relating to the morphology and anatomy of the phyllaries, corolla, anthers, style, cypsela, and testa. This paper proposes that this group should be considered as a separate genus, for which the name Cloiselia S. Moore has nomenclatural priority. The article presents a systematic study of Cloiselia, which comprises four species: two are new (C. madagascariensis and C. humbertii) and one is a new combination (C. oleifolia).