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Alternaria Nees, Syst. Pilze 72 (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17

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Present
New Zealand
Political Region

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Nees
Nees
1816-17
72
conserved
ICN
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
genus
Alternaria

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Alternaria

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Alternaria Nees 1816-17

Molecular phylogenetic studies have challenged the reliability of using morphological characteristics to differentiate Alternaria species but have also suggested that commonly used molecular markers for fungal phylogenetics may not be sufficiently informative at this taxonomic level. To allow the assessment of molecular variation and evolutionary history at a genome-wide scale, we present an overview and analysis of phylogenomic resources for Alternaria section Alternaria. We review the currently available genomic resources and report five newly sequenced genomes. We then perform multiple comparative genomic analyses, including macrosynteny assessment and inference of phylogenetic relationships using a variety of data sets and analysis methods. Fine-scale, genome-wide phylogenetic reconstruction revealed incomplete lineage sorting and the genomic distribution of gene/species tree discordance. Based on these patterns, we propose a list of candidate genes that may be developed into informative markers that are diagnostic for the main lineages.

Alternaria Nees 1816-17

Based on results of extensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of five phylogenetically informative loci and previous morphological data, this work proposes to elevate all currently and newly described asexual species-groups of Alternaria to the taxonomic status of section. The infectoria species-group is not supported phylogenetically as Alternaria; therefore we do not propose to formalize this species-group as a section within Alternaria but instead suggest that further taxonomic revision of this group is necessary to eliminate the current polyphyly of the genus Alternaria.

Alternaria Nees 1816-17

According to Hong et al. (2005), the major allergen Alt a 1 facilitates identification to the species level, but later studies showed that it is not sufficient within some sections like the small-spored section Alternaria (Dettman & Eggertson, 2021; Hong et al., 2005; Woudenberg et al., 2015). When using molecular barcode markers, a combination of several loci is necessary. The most commonly used markers are ITS, GAPDH, RPB2, TEF1 and Alt a 1 (e.g., Kokaeva et al., 2022; Woudenberg et al., 2014), and most studies with a multilocus phylogeny employ these five or subset of them, with or without additional, less common loci like endoPG, histone H3, calmodulin and OPA 10–2 (e.g., Adhikari et al., 2020; Bessadat et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2019; Landschoot, Vandecasteele, Carrette, et al., 2017; Woudenberg et al., 2015). Recently, Dettman et al. developed (Dettman & Eggertson, 2021, 2022) and tested (Dettman et al., 2023) new markers to achieve better identification of small-spored Alternaria.

Nishikawa and Nakashima claim that morphological and molecular phylogenetic data should be complemented by experimental host ranges to achieve an integrated species recognition (Nishikawa & Nakashima, 2020). Genes for host-specific toxins are subject to horizontal gene transfer and some A. alternata pathotypes spontaneously lose their pathogenicity as a consequence of losing their capability to produce the host-specific toxin, so pathotype should not be employed as a character in the taxonomy of small-spored Alternaria (Andrew et al., 2009; Pinto & Patriarca, 2017). Chemotaxonomy, using secondary metabolite profiling for species identification, showed promising results for some species groups like A. infectoria (Andersen et al., 2008; Andersen & Thrane, 1996; Kelman et al., 2020; Zwickel et al., 2018) but not for all sections of Alternaria (Andersen et al., 2015; Zwickel et al., 2018). Secondary metabolite profiles can be combined with morphological and molecular analyses for polyphasic taxonomy (Pinto & Patriarca, 2017). The study by Woudenberg et al. (2015) is also an example for the combination of methodological approaches, as it employed a multilocus phylogeny, whole genome data and transcriptomics (Woudenberg et al., 2015).

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Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Alternaria Nees (1816-17)
Brachycladium Corda (1838)
Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderbitzin 2006
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Curvularia tritici S.M. Kumar & Nema (1969)
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Lewia M.E. Barr & E.G. Simmons 1986
Alternaria Nees 1816-17

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Alternaria Nees 1816-17
[Not available]
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Bulgaria
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
France
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Indonesia
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Italy
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Kiribati
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Auckland
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Bay of Plenty
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Buller
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Chatham Islands
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Coromandel
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Fiordland
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Gisborne
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Kaikoura
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Marlborough
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Mid Canterbury
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
New Zealand
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Northland
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Taranaki
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Taupo
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Waikato
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Wairarapa
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Wanganui
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
New Zealand
Wellington
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Papua New Guinea
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Samoa
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Solomon Islands
Alternaria Nees 1816-17
Tonga
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
Auckland
New Zealand
Auckland
New Zealand
Bay of Plenty
New Zealand
Gisborne
New Zealand
Kaikoura
New Zealand
Mid Canterbury
New Zealand
Nelson
New Zealand
Waikato
New Zealand
Wanganui

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1cb17d15-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c
scientific name
Names_Fungi
26 March 1993
27 March 2014
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