SKRIFTER OM SVALBARD OG ISHAVET

Transcription

1 DE T KONGELIGE DEPARTEMENT FOR HANDEL, SJØFART, INDUSTRI, HÅNDVERK OG FISKERI NO RGES SVALBARD- OG ISHAVS-UNDERSØKELSER LEDER: ADOLF HOEL SKRIFTER OM SVALBARD OG ISHAVET Nr. 13 J. LIND: THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD OSLO I KOMMISJON HOS JACOB DYBWAD 1928

2 DET KONGELIGE DEPARTEMENT FOR HANDEL, SJ0FART, INDUSTRI OG FISKERI NORGES SVALBARD- OG ISHAVSUNDERS0KELSER LEDER: ADOLF HOEL SKRIFTER OM SVALBARD OG ISHAVET Nr.13 j. LIND: THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD --.)-- OSLO I KO MMISJO N HO S JA CO B DY BWAD 1928

3 A.W. BR0GG RS BOKTRYKKEI,I.\,;

4 Nr. 13. THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD BY J. LlND WITH ONE,\lAP AND THREE PLATES

5

6 Preface. he present paper deals with the Micromycetes found on fragments T of plants from Svalbard (Spitsbergen and Bear Island). As I have not visited the islands myself the investigation is based exclusively on the dried plant material brought home by other investigators and now to be found in the herbaria at Oslo and Copenhagen. I am greatly indebted to Dr. BERNT LYNGE, and Mr. C. CHRISTENSEN, M. A., Museum Inspectors, of Oslo and Copenhagen respectively, for the very great kindness with which they have placed their rich collections at my disposal. There are also in the Swedish museums large collections of plants from Svalbard, and I am grateful for the promise of permission to borrow them also, but it would be an insurmountable task for me to go through a greater amount of material than that I have already seen. Meanwhile, Professor O. juel of Uppsala has been good enough to lend me a small collection of 150 specimens, which the late C. I. JOHANSON had picked out from the herbaria for this very purpose. The plants which I have seen were collected during the course of a century, and I give below a list of the names of the expeditions and the collectors The Norwegian geologist, B. M. KEILHAU, made a voyage to Svalbard. He visited Bear Island from Aug. 20th to 23rd, 1827, explored the land near Sorkapp on Sept. 3rd, and Edge Island from Sept. 11 th to 19th the same year. I have found 19 species of fungi on his plants, and it is remarkable how well preserved and unchanged these micromycetes have kept during all these years French Government's expedition in "La Recherche". JENS V AHL, a Dane, was a botanist of that expedition and made collections in July-August 1838 in Bell Sound, in July 1839 at Bear Island, and in August 1839 at Magdalena Bay. In his abundant collections I have found 80 fungi Swedish expedition under the leadership of QTTO TORELL. In the plants collected by A. E. NORDENSKIOLD I have seen 3 species of fungi, esp. Entyloma on Dupontia Fisheri Swedish expedition led by QTTO TORELL. 7 fungi collected by A. GOEs and 4 fungi by K. CHYDENIUS Swedish expedition led by A. E. NORDENSKIOLD. 37 fungi by A. j. MALMGREN; of these fungi a number were collected on the expedition of 1861, of which MALMGREN also was a member.

7 6 J. L1ND Swedish expedition led by A. E. NORDENsKloLD. 169 fungi by TH. M. FRIEs Voyage to Spitsbergen undertaken by two Swedes, HJ. WILANDER and A. G. NATHORST. They found 21 fungi Swedish wintering expedition led by A. E. NORDENsKloLD. 40 fungi by F. R. KJELLMAN and 1 fungus by P. o BI<JR G The Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition led by G. O. SARS and H. MOHN. 39 fungi collected by D. C. DANIELssEN Swedish expedition led by A. G. NATHoRsT and G. DE GEER. NATHoRsT collected a rich material of plants and several of these were taken for the sake of the parasitical fungi. I have found 156 fungi on NATHORST'S plants Swedish meteorological wintering expedition led by N. EKHOLM fungi by A. THoREN fungi from Cape Thordsen by R. GYLLENCREUTZ Swedish expedition led by G. NORDENsKIOLD. 2 fungi by j. A. BJORLlNG The Norwegian botanist, E. J0RGENSEN, made a voyage to Spitsbergen and collected many plants, on which I have found 60 fungi Swedish expedition led by A. G. NATHORST. 16 fungi by GUNNAR ANDERSSON and HENRIK HESSELMAN Swedish arc measurement expedition led by E. JADERIN. During this expedition THoRILD WULFF visited Wijde Bay and Treurenberg Bay in July and August and collected 105 fungi Expedition fitted out by PRINCE ALBERT i of Monaco, and led by Captein G. ISAcHsEN. Mrs. HANNA RESVOLL -HOLMSEN (DIESET) took part in this expedition as a botanist Mrs. RESVOLL-HoLMSEN undertook a voyage to Spitsbergen in order to study the flora of the archipelago. In Mrs. RESVOLL-HoLMSEN'S excellent material from these two years i have found 790 fungi; several of the plants were collected just because they were attacked by fungi Expedition under the patronage of PRINCE ALBERT I of Monaco and led by HERMAN STOLL a Swiss. The botanist was R. SEEGER from Innsbruch, who gathered one fungus Swedish geological expedition led by ERIK ANDERssoN (now STENSIO). 133 fungi by ERIK ASPLUND Norwegian Government's expedition led by ADoLF HOEL. 16 fungi by ERIK STORM Norwegian Government's expedition led by ADOLF HOEL. Botanist was JOHANNES LID, who collected 434 fungi. A member of this expediton, KNUT ELLlNGSEN, gathered 8 fungi Norwegian Government's expedition led by ADOLF HOEL. The botanist, JOHANNES LID, collected 638 fungi. OVE H0EG, a member of this expedition, collected 10 fungi. The large collections from these two last-mentioned expeditions comprise very fine material on which I found many microfungi not hitherto found on Svalbard. A great many plants were collected by Mr. LID solely on account of their being attacked by fungi Norwegian Government's fishery expedition led by THoR iversen. 22 fungi from Hope Island by the leader and Mr. EINAR KOEFOED Norwegian geological expedition led by TH. VOGT. 95 fungi collected by FRIDTJOV ISAcHsEN.

8 THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD 7 It is rather surprising to see that a bout 2900 fungi could be found on about 4000 dried plants, of which by far the greater part had not been collected for the sake of the fungi. It shows, in the first place, how quickly every withered, or even only half-withered, leaf is attacked by micromycetes in Arctic regions. It also shows that every single species of microfungi can be found on many different host-plants. Most flowering plants are attacked by numerous micromycetes (see the hostplant index p. 41) and every species of fungi is found on many hostplants. As a matter of fact, it is only of late years that collectors have. paid any attention to the numerous micromycetes found on dead leaves; besides A. G. NATHORST and THORILD WULFF, Mrs. HANNA RESVOLL HOLMSEN and Mr. JoHANNEs LID have especially done so. Mrs. RESVOLL HOLMSEN writes about the parasitic fungi (1913, p. 80): "Sur ce point, j'ai de volumineux materiaux, qui ne sont pas encore traites". These words contain a request (to myself) which I have only now had an opportunity of acting upon to the best of my ability.

9 Chapter I. Earlier Accounts of Micromycetes from Svalbard. The plants that KEILHAU brought back to Norway in 1827 were dealt with by S0REN CHRISTIAN SOMMERFELT, who (1833) mentions three species of Agaricaceae and "Sphaeria herbarum" on Cerastium and Stellaria. The plants brought home by JENS VAHL in 1839 were dealt with by A. E. LINDBLOM (Botaniska Notiser 1839), the Sphaeria punctiformis being the only micromycet mentioned by him. In both of these cases the name given can almost certainly be regarded as one given in common to all the small black punctiform fungi. On the other hand, the collections made by the Swedish expeditions from 1861 to 1868, and especially the plants collected by TH. M. FRIES, were very thoroughly examined at Mustiala by P. A. KARSTEN, who wrote an excellent report on them in 1871 (printed 1872) in which he mentions 62 species of fungi. Twenty-three of these belong to the larger fungi and 39 to the micromycetes, and, of the latter, five are parasites and the rest saprofytes. It is one of the very earliest works we possess on Arctic fungi, and we must admire KARSTEN'S good descriptions of the species found. All later naturalists who have carried on researches in this field have benefited by KARSTEN'S work. Some years later (1884) KARSTEN returned to the same subject and made some additions and corrections. With a single exception I have succeeded in finding anew all the micromycetes mentioned by KARSTEN and give below a list of those demanding special mention: No. 23 Mollisia Dehnii is erroneously so named, should be Mollisia atrata. No. 24 Mollisia advena now Niptera advena. KARSTEN mentions it both on Eriophorum and Luzula, the later form is certainly Naevia pusilla. No. 26 Trochila diminuens now N aevia diminuens. No. 27 Duplicaria Empetri now Rhytisma Empetri. No. 28 Lophodermium culmigenum now Loph. arundinaceum. No. 30 Clathrospora alpina now Clath. Elynae. No. 31 Pleospora arctica now Pleosp. Karstenii.

10 THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD 9 No. 32 Pleospora herbarum seems to be a compound of many species, which is clearly shown by KARSTEN'S text, his measurements being very variable, and he describes the perithecia as being both smooth and hairy. In the correcting supplement, however, (1884 p. 37 and p. 38) he writes that most of the specimens to which he gave the name of Pleospora herbarum in 1872 are to be understood as Pyrenophora chrysospora, and he concludes with the rather surprising statement that "Pleospora herbarum et Pyrenophora Androsaces ex insulis Spetsbergensibus nondum sunt cognitae". Pleospora herbarum subsp. pentamera is now. Nos. 35, 36, 37 are to be united in a single species, see below Leptosphaeria caricinella. No. 42 Sphaeria hyperborea now Didymella hyperborea. No. 43 Isothea rhytismoides now HypospiJa rhytismoides. No. 44 Sphaerella eucarpa now Massaria eucarpa. No. 45 Sphaerella genuflexa subsp. polaris now Mycosphaerella polaris. No. 46 Sphaerella Andromedae now Leptosphaeria Andromedae. Nos Sphaerella Cerastii, Sph. Stellarinearum and Sph. Tassiana should doubtless all be united in one species, see p. 37. That Cladosporium graminum - as KARSTEN thinks - should be connected with this species has not yet been proved. No. 55 Sphaerella distincta has later by KARSTEN himself been named Lizonia. No. 59 Leptostroma Potentillae now Leptothyrium arcticum. No. 61 U stijago Candollei now U stiiago inflorescentiae. In the supplement which KARSTEN published later (1884) he mentions having found 8 species on the same plants from Svalbard, of these Pyrenophora chrysospora f. polaris is identical with Pyren. Cerastii, Septoria caudata is now Heteropatella umbilicata and Helminthosporium flexuosum is certainly Cladosporium graminum. Since KARSTEN'S time very little has appeared about the Micromycetes of Svalbard. The "Zweite deutsche Nordpolarexpedition" visited Spitsbergen in the year 1870 and FUCKEL mentions (1874 p. 323 and p. 322) two species as having been found here viz., Sphaeria arctica now and Pleospora hyperborea now Leptosphaeria Andromedae that is, only two of KARSTEN'S species with other names. PAX (1892 p. 73) mentions only Lycoperdon furfuraceum Schaeff and on old leaves of Dryas some Pyrenomycet "bereits verrottet". THORILD WULFF has in company with E. ROSTRUP published a list (1902 p. 115) of 9 species of micromycetes collected by himself in 1899.

11 10 J. LIND At last a few samples of Mrs. HANNA RESVOLL-HoLMSEN'S collections were sent to me, and were reported (1913 p. 80), and finally it should be mentioned that j. 1. LlRo, on going through the herbaria, has noted the presence of some Ustilagineae (1924), viz., Ustilago nivalis Liro and U stilago violacea. Taking them all together we have hitherto noticed about 45 species of micromycetes from Svalbard, and this number has now in the present paper increased to 197 species. From the foregoing brief historical survey it will also be seen that Finlanders, Swedes, Norwegians and Danes have all greatly helped one other, both with collections and with their treatment of the material. There has been excellent collaboration between the scientists of all the four nations.

12 Chapter H. Enumeration of Micromycetes from Svalbard. C hytridiaceae. Synchytrium groenlandicum ALLEscHER 1897 p. 40. On Saxifraga cernua, Coles Bay. Saxifraga rivularis, Sorkapplandet. Always found on all the leaves of the attacked plants, so undoubtedly its mycelium quite penetrates the host-plant or single branches. It is often found as thick swellings on the leaf-stalk or on the margin of the leaves. Peronosporaceae. Peronospora Alsinearum CASPARY Syll. VII p On Cerastium nigrescens, Advent Bay (LID). Peronospora parasitica (FRIES) TULASNE. Syll. VII p On Cochlearia officinalis, Sorkapplandet and Oyrnes. Draba alpina, Sassen Bay. Discomycetes. Lachnea stercorea (FRIES) GILL., Syl1. VIII p On dung of Anser sp., Advent Bay (LID). Lachnum patens (FRIES) KARSTEN, Syn. Dasyscypha patens REHM, Syll. VIII p On Catabrosa algida, Hope Island (IVERSEN and KOEFOED). Belonioscypha vexata (DE NOT.) REHM, Syn. Belodinium vexatum DE NOT. Syll. VIII p.503. On Carex pulla, Advent Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). Never before found in Arctic regions. Phialea rhodoleuca FRIES S. M. II p. 217, Syll. VIII p On Equisetum variegatum, Cape Boheman (LID). Equisetum arvense, Longyear Valley (LID). Mollisia atrata (FRIES) KARSTEN, Syn. Pyrenopeziza atrata (PERS.) FUCKEL, Syll. VIII p. 354, Trochila Potentillae ROSTRUP 1888 p Common on Potentilla emarginata, Pot. multifida, Pot. nivea and especially on Pot. pulchella from all localities in which Potentilla is collected. It is quite evidently the same species as that which KARSTEN saw on Pontentilla and classified ( 1872 p. 95) as Mollisia Dehnii.

13 12 J. LIND And it is, further, the same species that ROSTRUP I. c. has described from Greenland as Trochila Potentillae and mentioned often from Arctic regions in his papers from 1888 to 1894, but later on he mentions it only as Mollisia atrata. Mollisia graminea KARSTEN 1871 p. 198, Syll. VIII p On Eriophorum Scheuchzeri, Erioph. polystachyum, Luzula confusa, Deschampsia alpina from Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Mollisia graminis (DESM.) KARSTEN, Hedwigia 32, 1893 p. 60. On Alopecurus alpinus, Deschampsia alpina, Poa abbreviata and Poa arctica from Bell Sound, Green Harbour and Cape Boheman. It is not quite the same species as that which REHM (1896 p. 1265) has described as Beloniella graminis. I have in accordance with KARSTEN found the asci I). x 9-10 I). and the spores I). x 4 fl. Helotium herbarum FRIES, Syll. VIII p On Poa alpigena, Wijde Bay (THORILD WULFF). Poa alpigena x alpina, Olsokflyan (E. STORM). Stellaria humifusa, Advent Bay (TH. M. FRIES). Cerastium Regelii, Sorkapplandet (LID). Niptera advena (KARSTEN) LIND, Syn. Mollisia advena KARSTEN 1872 p. 95, Syll. VIII p.352. See PI. I Fig. 3. Common on Eriophorum polystachyum in Ice Fjord and on Festuca rubra, Cross Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). KARSTEN has also reported it on Eriophorum from Ice Fjord. With its elongated, fusiform or scarcely clavate spores, pointed at both ends and clustered together in the asci, it is a true Niptera and widely different from Niptera melatephra (LAscH) REHM, Niptera Eriophori (KIRCHNER) REHM apud VESTERGREN 1909 p. 53 and Niptera cymbispora (ROSTRUP), Niptera caricinella PECK and Niptera arctica REHM, which are all to be found in Arctic regions on dead leaves of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Its spores measure longitudinally with 2-3 septa. Niptera phaea REHM, Syll. VIII p On Carex misandra, Kings Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). Carex subspathacea, Advent Point (AsPLuND) and Bell Sound (LID). Belonidium juncisedum (KARSTEN) REHM, Syn. Mollisia junc. KARSTEN 1871 I p. 198, Syll. VIII p. 347 and?mollisia scirpina (PECK) SACC., Syll. VIII p On J uncus castaneus, Longyear Valley (LID). J uncus biglumis Bell Sound (LID). A peculiar species with characteristic short and wide asci, sporidia filiform and clustered. Possibly this is the same species as that from Adirondack U. S. A. of which PECK has given a very incomplete description. Pseudopeziza Bistortae ( FRIES) FUCKEL. Syll. VIII p.723, Syn. Rhytisma Bistortae LIBERT, Ectostroma Bistortae FRIES S. M. II p. 602, Pseudorhytisma Bistortae JUEL.

14 THE MICROM YCETES OF SV ALBARD 13 On leaves of Polygonum viviparum, Cape Thordsen (H. RESVOLL HOLMsEN), Dickson Bay (LID), Tempel Bay (NATHORST). Fabraea Cerastiorum (FRIES) REHM, Syn. Pseudopeziza Cerast. FUCKEL, Syll. VIII p On Cerastium alpinum, Advent Bay (DANIELSSEN). Pyrenopeziza Svalbardensis spec. nov., see PI. III Figs. 19 and 20. Apotheciis epiphyllis in foliis nigricantibus innatis, de in erumpentibus, orbicularibus, c. 400 p. diam., disco nigrofuscescente margine nigricante cincto, ascis cylindraceo-clavatis 60 ij. x 6-7 :l., octosporis; lod +, paraphysibus hyalinis ad crassatis; sporidiis distichis, oblongoclavatis, curvulis, apice rotundatis, l-septatis, non constrictis, hyalinis, guttulatis, x 4 ll.. Subiculo late effuso ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, 6 fl latis, nigrofuscis. In foliis semivivis Saxifragae hirculis, Advent Bay 5th August 1924 leg. JOHANNES LID, nec non in foliis denigratis Drabae Wahlenbergii, Cape Boheman et Ny Alesund 28th August 1920 (LID). The mycelium of this fungus penetrates all the radical leaves of the same plant, sometimes also the upper ones and the root entirely, all the leaves of the same plant being attacked, the leaves at last becoming black and brittle and quite porous like charcoal. An excellent species, externally very closely resembling various other species of Pyrenopeziza e. g. Pyrenop. nigrificans, differing from them, however, by its uni-septate, clavate spores. Orbilia Primulae (REHM) SACC. Syll. VIII p On Taraxacum arcticum, Green Harbour (LID). Patellaria macrospora (FuCKEL) PHILL., Syn. Durella compressa (PERS.) TuL. Syll. VIII p On floating timber, Bear Island (TH. M. FRIES). Crumenula pllsiola KARSTEN 1871 I p. 214 and 1872 p. 96, Syn. Godronia pusiola KARSTEN 1885 p. 144, Syll. VIII p Collected on Dupontia Fisheri, Poa alpigena, Poa alpina, Poa alpina > arctica, Poa arctica, Poa Balfourii. Puccinellia Vahliana and Trisetum spicatum from Sorkapplandet up to Treurenberg Bay. KARSTEN has recorded it on Poa alpigena from many localities. An excellent species having small urceolate cups and the external cells of the ascomata prosenchymatic elongated as typical of the genera Crumenula and Godronia. It is mainly confined to withered, prematurely killed leaves of Poa especially Poa arctica; on other hostplants it is very rare. And it is undoubtedly more common on such dead leaves of Poa than has hitherto been recorded. The fact is that the said species is to be found in the herbaria from several places under erroneous names. I have, for instance, classified specimens of this species from N ovaya Zemlya (1924 b p. 7) as Beloniella graminis,

15 14 J. LIND and E. ROSTRUP has similarly included specimens from Greenland under the name of Mollisia graminis. Helotiella erythrostigma (REHM) SACC., Syll. VIII p.476, Syn. Mollisia eryth. REHM apud Voss 1887 p. 225, Calloria erythrostigmoides REHM 1896 p On Cerastium alpinum it is common from many localities on the western coast of Spitsbergen. On Cerastium nigrescens and Cerastium Regelii it is only found at Bear Island, Sorkapplandet and Norskoyane. The mycelium penetrates the stem and the leaves of the host giving them a characteristic pale scarlet colour. Naevia diminuens (KARSTEN) REHM, Syn. Phacidium dimin. KARSTEN 1885, Syll. VIII p. 721, Trochila dimin. KARSTEN 1871 I p. 248 and 1872 p. 96. On Col podium fulvum, Deschampsia alpina, Dupontia Fisheri, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra, Puccinellia Vahliana, Carex glareosa, Carex Lachenalii, Carex pulla, Carex rigida, Carex rupestris, Carex subspathacea and Carex ursina in many different localities on Spitsbergen as well as on Bear Island. Recorded by KARSTEN as found on Hierochloe alpina and Carex glareosa, Carex Lachenalii and Carex ursina from Green Harbour, Advent Bay and Liefde Bay. As KARSTEN further mentions it as found on Luzula confusa and does not mention Naevia pusilla, he has evidently united both these species, which are certainly closely related. Furthermore, the species in question is closely allied to Naevia ignobilis (Karsten) which is also found on dead leaves of Carex and in the same localities. It is very difficult to say whether the subtile differences proposed by KARSTEN (1871 I), REHM (1896 p. 142) and SCHROETER (1908 p. 151) to separate these species, are really constant. It can only be decided by a monographic treatment of the whole of this difficult genus. Naevia diminuens (KARSTEN) REHM forma prominens KARSTEN 1872 p. 96, Syll. VIII p Common on dead leaves of Alopecurus alpinus, Calamagrostis neglecta, Catabrosa algida, Hierochloe alpina, Poa alpigena, Poa alpina and Poa arctica from Hope Island and all localities visited on the west and north coast of Spitsbergen. KARSTEN has originally described the same form on Alopecurus alpinus from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES). The ascomata are black and convex, externaliy not to be distinguished from Lophodermium except by the elongated ostiolum of the latter; asci clavate fl x , spores fl x It is a well-marked form, and it is a debatable point whether it is not rather an independent species. It is hitherto only known from Spitsbergen. Naevia juscella (KARSTEN) LIND 1910 b p. 11, Syn. Trochila fuscella KARSTEN 1871 I p. 248, Phacidium fuscellum KARSTEN 1885 p. 160, Syll. VIII p. 720.

16 THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARO 15 On Festuca rubra, S6rkapplandet (LlD) and Freemann Strait (MALM GREN). Luzula nivalis, Quade Ho k (H. RESVOLL-HoLMSEN). Naevia pusilla (LIB.) REHM 1896 p. 118 c. icon., Syll. VIII p. 662, Syn. Trochila juncicola ROSTRUP 1886 p. 231, Syl!. VIII p.732. On Juncus biglumis and triglumis, Luzula arcuata, Luz. confusa, Luz. nivalis and Luz. Wahlenbergii, very common in all localities visited at Spitsbergen as well as at Bear island. Concerning details for its nomenclature, see LINO 1910 b p.11. Naeviae Stellariae (ROSTRUP) LI NO 1924 b p. 8, Syn. Trochila Stel!. ROSTRUP 1888 p.540, Syl!. VIII p See P!. I Fig. 4. On Stellaria longipes from Bell Sound, Coles Bay and Advent Bay. Phacidiaceae. Pseudophacidium degenerans KARSTEN 1885 p. 157, Syl!. VIII p. 778, Syn. Phacidium degen. KARSTEN 1871 I p. 252, Cenangium Vaccinii (FucKEL) SACC., Syl!. VIII p. 558, Dothiora Vacc. FucKEL apud REHM 1896 p.94 and p. 1249, Myxophacidium degen. v. HOHNEL in Annal. Myco! p On Vaccinium uliginosum, Coles Bay (R. SEEGER). Phacidium Polygoni ROSTRUP 1891 p.612. On dead leaves of Polygon urn viviparum from Advent Bay and Hiorthamn (LlD), Cape Thordsen and Klaas Billen Bay (H. RESVOLL HOLMSEN). Stegia subvelata REHM, Hedwigia 19, 1880 p. 176, Syl!. VIII p. 734, Syn. Micropeziza subvel. REHM, Stegia Caricis PECK, Syll. XIV p. 814 (see BU BAK : Einige neue Pilze aus N. Am., Journal of Mycology 1906 March), Stegia subvelata REHM var. Winteri REHM 1896 p On dead leaves of Carex glareosa, Carex Lachenalii, Carex rigida, Carex rupestris and Carex subspathacea from various localities at Ice Fjord and once from Liefde Bay. This very excellent species, known immediately by its elongated, lanceolate, acutely pointed paraphyses has, as far as I can see, never before been met with in Arctic regions. (FRIES) REHM 1896 p. 73, Syn. Leptosphaeria Empetri (FuCKEL) WINTER 1887 p. 487, Metasphaeria Empetri SACC. Syl!. II p. 171, Excipula Empetri FRIES S. M. II p. 190, Syl!. III Sphaeropezia Empetri p.668. On dead leaves of Empetrum nigrum from Bell Sound U. V AHL), Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES) and Coles Bay (H. RESVOLL-HoLM SEN). The present specimens agree very well with the description by FRIES viz., "Primo convexo-conica dein cylindrica, demum obovatocylindrica".

17 16 J. LIND Rhytisma Empetri FRIES, Syll. VIII p. 751, Syn. Sphaeria Empetri FRIES S. M. 11 p. 522, Duplicaria Empetri FUCKEL. On Empetrum nigrum from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES). KAR STEN (1872 p. 96) has found it on quite the same collection, and I have not been able to discover the fungus on other collections of Empetrum from Svalbard. It agrees very well with the description given by FRIES viz., "... junior omnino vera Sphaeria orhicularis, laevis, atra, nitida.... demum vera collapsa, adplanata, inaequalis...". Undoubtedly the Melasmia Empetri Magnus (see below p. 39) represents the conidial fructification of this species. Rhytisma salicinum FRIES, Syll. VIII p On leaves of Salix polaris and Salix herbacea x polaris collected in many different localities at Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Hysteriaceae. Lophodermium arundinaceum (FRIES) CHEV., Syll. 11 p Syn. Lophoderm. culmigenum KARSTEN 1872 p. 96. On dead leaves of Calamagrostis neglecta, Catabrosa algid a and concinna, Deschampsia alpina, Dupontia Fisheri, Festuca ovina and rubra, Hierochloe alpina, Poa abbreviata, Poa alpigena x alpina, Poa alpigena x arctica, Poa alpina, Poa arctica, Poa Balfourii, Puccinellia angustata and Vahliana and Trisetum spicatum. Collected in many different localities, not absent from any region visited at Svalbard. I have seen 100 collections of Gramineae especially Festuca and Poa with this fungus. KARSTEN (1872 p. 96) has recorded it on nearly all the same grasses. Lophodermium caricinum (DESM.) DUBY, Syll. II p On Eriophorum Scheuchzeri, Advent Bay (LID). Undoubtedly Leptostroma Henningsii ALLESCHER is the conidial fructification of this species, see p. 39. Lophodermium Svalbardense spec. novo Peritheciis eliipticis, innatosuperficialibus, siccis medio leviter collabentibus, laevibus, nudis, nigris, demum rima longitudinali dehiscentibus, C diam., macula lata, albicante insidentibus. Ascis elongato-c]avatis, sursum obtusis, breve stipitatis [J. x , rectis, octosporis, paraphysibus filiformibus obvallatis. Sporidiis flliformibus, flexuosis, hyalin is, continuis apicem versus incrassatis, x See PI. I Figs. 1 and 2. Hab. in caulibus emortuis Papaveris radicatae. Sassen Bay Sept. 1 st, 1908 leg. H. RESVOLL-HoLMSEN. Erysiphaceae. Erysiphe gramlnls FRIES S. M. II p. 242, Syll. I p. 19. Syn. Oidium monilioides LINK, Syll. IV p. 46.

18 THE MICROM YCETES OF SV ALBARD 17 On living leaves of Poa alpina, Poa alpigena x arctica and Catabrosa algida from Advent Bay, Bjorndalen, Cape Boheman and Wijde Bay. The present fungus is only in its Oidium stage according to the custom of this species when growing in most northerly places. Sphaerotheca fuliginea (FRIES) LINO 1913 p On Taraxacum arcticum. Advent Bay July and August (LID). M icrothyriaceae. Microthyrium arcticum OUDS p. 160 c. fig., Syll. IX p On Potentilla pulchella, Treurenberg Bay (MALMGREN). Doihideaceae. Dothidella betulina (FRIES) SACC., Syll. II p. 6 28, Syn. Dothidea betulina FRIES S. M. II p. 554, Eurhyachora betulina THEISSEN et SYDOW, Annal. Mycol p. 365, Dothidella Betulae nanae (W AHLENB.) SACC. On Betula nana, Coles Bay and Advent Bay. Phyllachora amenti ROSTRUP 1891 b p. 5, Syn. Haplothecium amenti THEISSEN et SYDOW, Annal. Mycol p Upon the stalk of the catkins of Salix polaris, Longyear Valley and Cape Thordsen (LID). Phyllachora Junci (FRIES) FUCKEL, Syll. II p. 605, Syn. Sphaeria junci FRIES S. M. II p. 428, Endothorella junci, THEISSEN et SYDOW, Annal. Mycol p On j uncus arcticus, Dickson Bay (LID). The mycelium penetrates the whole of the j uncus, accordingly one plant is found attacked by Phyllachora on all its stems, while another plant close by is quite free. Sphaeriales. Coleroa circinans (FRIES) WINTER, Syn. Perisporium Clrcmans FRIES S. M, III p. 252, Venturia circinans SACC. See PI. I I. Fig. 12. On Potentilla pulchella, Bell Sound, Advent Bay and Klaas Billen Bay. The perithecia are minute, only about in diam.,. globose, covered by dense, black, short, rigid setae, situated on the upper surface of the leaves in large, close, irregular clusters that give the living leaves an almost black colour. The asci measure x , the spores x , the unripe spores are hyaline, later on chlorine and finally olive brown, the upper cell is almost globular the lower narrow and conical. Lizonia distincta KARSTEN 1871 II p. 186 and 1885 p. 59, Syll. I p. 574, Syn. Sphaerella distincta KARSTEN 1872 p. 107, Mycosphaerella distincta STARBA.CK 1896: Skrifter om Svalbard og Ishavet. Nr

19 18 J. LlND On Catabrosa algida and concinna, Puccinellia angustata and Vahliana from many places. KARSTEN has found it on Puccinellia Vahliana from Cape Thordsen (TH. M. FRIES). MycosphaereUa perexigua (KARSTEN)jOHANSON, Syn. Sphaerella perex. KARSTEN 1871 II p. 54, Syl!. I p. 528, Mycosphaerella perexigua var. minima johanson 1884 p. 166, Syl!. IX p Common on juncus biglumis, juncus triglumis, Luzula confusa and Luz. nivalis besides a single instance on Carex misandra. KEILHAU has collected it at Edge Island 1827 and all the following collectors have met with the same species at all the stations visited. KARSTEN has originally described it on j uncus biglumis from Advent Bay and Nordfjord 1868 (TH. M. FRIES). The perithecia are perhaps a little smaller than those of Wichuriana viz., in diam., asci >< 9-12 fl, spores fl x 3 fl. It is often found associated with Septoria punctoidea, which it greatly resembles. Mycosphaerella pusilla (AWD.) j OHANSON, Syn. Sphaerella pusilla AWD., Syl!. I p. 530, Sphaerella Tassiana DE NOT. var. pusilla (AWD.) KAR STEN 1871 p. 168, On Carex rigida, Carex rupestris and Carex subspathacea, only collected in the Ice Fjord. Mycosphaerella Wichuriana (SCHROETER) johanson, Syn. Sphaerella Wich. SCHROETER 1881 p. 173, Syl!. I p. 530, var. alpina LINDFORS 1915 p. 256 c. fig. Found on the leaves of many different species of Cyperaceae and Gramineae viz., Carex Hepburnii, Carex misandra, Carex pulla, Carex rupestris, Carex subspathacea, Alopecurus alpinus, Catabrosa algida and concinna, Dupontia Fisheri, Poa alpigena x arctica, Poa Balfourii and Puccinellia Vahliana. Collected at all visited localities on the west coast of Spitsbergen and also at Magdalena Bay, Liefde Bay, Wijde Bay, Brandewijne Bay, Edge Island and Bear Island. Perithecia epiphyllous, innate, congregated on dark gray spots, which on the species of Carex are formed like a band across the leaf infected. On Puccinellia the spots blacken the whole of the surface of the attacked leaf. The perithecia are exceedingly small, only 65 fl in diameter, the asci few and globular, the spores clustered and comparatively large. There is no doubt about Lindfors' fungus being the same species as the present. (DE NOT.) johanson, Syn. Sphaerella Tassiana DE NOT. Syl!. I p. 530, Sphaerella pachyasca ROSTRUP, Syl!. IX p. 613, Didymella nivalis (FucKEL) BERLEsE et VOGLlNO Syl!. IX, p See P!. I Fig. 11. is the most common of all fungi on Spitsbergen and Bear Island, and is found on the following host-plants: Cystopteris fragilis, Equisetum arvense, Alopecurus alpinus, Calama-

20 THE MICROM YCETES OF SV ALBARD 19 grostis neglecta, Carex spp., Catabrosa algid a and concinna, Cobresia caricina, Colpodium fulvum, Deschampsia alpina and caespitosa, Dupontia, Eriophorum spp., Festuca ovina and rubra, Hierochloe, Juncus arcticus, J uncus biglumis, J uncus castaneus, J uncus triglumis, Luzula confusa and nivalis, Poa spp., Tofieldia and Trisetum. Further on Arabis alpina, Braya, Campanula uniflora, Cardamine bellidifolia and pratensis, Cassiope, Cerastium spp., Cochlearia officinalis, Draba spp., Eutrema, Honckenya, Koenigia, Melandrium affine and apetalum, Mertensia, Minuartia spp., Papaver, Pedicularis hirsuta, Polemonium, Polygonum, Potentilla emarginata and nivea, Ranunculus lapponicus and sulphureus, Sagina, Saxifraga cernua, Sax. comosa, Sax. flagellaris, Sax. hirculus, Sax. nivalis, Sax. oppositifolia, Silene acaulis, Stellaria spp. and Taraxacum arcticum. Especially common on Poa and Carex as well as on Cerastium, Silene, Stellaria and Papaver on which it is hardly ever absent. On the other hand, it is never found on the more robust and thick-skinned plants such as Dryas, Betula nana, Salix, Vaccinium, Empetrum. It attacks Equisetum arvense, but never Equ. scirpoides and Equ. variegatum. MycosphaereUa polaris (KARSTEN) LINDAU, Syn. Sphaerella polaris KARSTEN, Syl!. I p. 486, Sphaerella genuflexa AWD. subsp. polaris KARSTEN 1872 p On Salix,polaris from Bell Sound and Wijde Bay. Salix herbacea polaris, Sorkapplandet. Originally described from Spitsbergen as a variety, but later on considered by SACCARDO a proper species. In the absence of sufficient material I am not capable of taking any standpoint in the present case. Mycosphaerella maculiformis (FRIES) SCHROETER, Syn. Sphaerella mac. FRIES, Syl!. I p On dead leaves of Betula nana, Coles Bay. Mycosphaerella conjinis (KARSTEN) LIND, Syn. Sphaerella conf. KAR STEN 1872 p. 106 and p. 179, Sphaerella carniolica N IESSL, Oestr. bot. Zeitschr p. 85 and apud Voss 1891 p. 158, Syl!. I p Found on some species of Caryophyllaceae viz., Sagina intermedia, Melandrium affine and apetalum, Honckenya peploides, Minuartia verna and Arenaria ciliata. Further, on some species of Cruciferae, viz., Braya purpurascens, Cochlearia officinalis, Draba alpina, Dr. oblongata, Dr. rupestris, Dr. subcapitata and Dr. Wahlenbergii. And finally on Erigeron unalaschkensis. The mycelium of the fungus penetrates the whole branch or the entire host-plant, and the densely clustered perithecia are to be found on every dead or withering leaf of the affected plant, even on the sepals. KARSTEN has described it on Braya and Draba from many different places, THORILD WULFF too (1902 p. lis) has found it at Wijde Bay and Treurenberg Bay.

21 20 J. LINO SACCAROO (Syll. I p. 502) and KARSTEN (1885 p. 67) both consider Sphaerella carniolica identical with the present species. MycosphaereZZa densa (RoSTRUP) LINO, Syn. Sphaerella densa RosTRuP 1885 p.225, Syll. IX p.622. On Cardamine bellidifolia and pratensis, Eutrema Edwardsii and Saxifraga nivalis. It occurs in many places on the western coast of Spitsbergen from Bjornbeinflyan in the South to Cross Bay in the North. Biologically it is of the same type as Mycosph. con finis, attacking almost all the leaves of the same plant while they are still alive. The bright reddish-brown perithecia are very small and clustered together as closely as possible, often forming circular patches up to 2 cm. in diameter on the leaves of Saxifraga on the upper side of the leaves. Mycosp h aerella Ranunculi (KARSTEN) LINO, Syn. Sphaerella Ran. KAR STEN 1872 p. 105, Syll. IX p. 611, Sphaerella fusispora FucKEL 1874 p. 318 c. fig., Syll. IX p. 611, Sphaerella fusispora var. groenlandica ALLEscHER 1897 p. 46. On dead leaves and petioles of Ranunculus affinis, Ran. glacialis, Ran. nivalis, Ran. pygmaeus and Ran. sulphureus, common at all visited localities from Sorkapp northwards to Norskoyane. KARSTEN describes it from Green Harbour and Wijde Bay. MycosphaereZZa vivipari (WINTER) LINO, Syn. Sphaerella vivip. WT. Syll. XI p On dead leaves of Polygonum viviparum found along the whole of the western shores of Spitsbergen from Sorkapp to Cross Bay. The perithecia are small and globular, only 150 il in diam., asci cylindrical il x 5-6 I)" spores hyaline 1 O 13 I)' 3 IJ. MycosphaereZZa Polygonorum (CRIB) LINO, Syn. Sphaerella Polyg. (CRIB) SACC., Syl1. I p On dead leaves of Polygonum viviparum from Bell Sound up to Magdalena Bay. It differs from all other Arctic species of this genus in the colour of the spores, they are hyaline while unripe, later on greenish, finally olive-brown. Asci il x il, spores x 9 11 ij.;1 have found them considerably larger than recorded by SACCAROO, he als,o calls the spores "dilute virescentibus" and can therefore hardly have seen mature spores. Mycosphaerella minor (KARSTEN) johanson, Syn. Sphaerella minor KARSTEN p. 246, Syll. I p On Saxifraga hirculus from several places in the Ice Fjord and in one instance from Bell Sound (VAHL) and from Bear Island (KEILHAU). The perithecia are smaller than those of Tassiana, more depressed in the leaves, glossy black, and with a plane surface; asci smaller, IJ. ;< 7-9 il, spores IJ. x 3 4 p., often hyalinechlorine.

22 THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD 21 Mycosphaerella inconspicua (SCHROETER) VESTERGREN, Syn. Sphaerella incons. SCHROETER 1881 p. 173, Syll. I p On dead leaves and peduncles of Cassiope tetragona Tempel Bay, Cape Thordsen and Coles Bay. Mycosphaerella Pedicularidis (KARSTEN) LIND, Syn. SphaereUa Ped. KARSTEN 1872 p. 107, Syll. I p On Pedicularis lanata only once, Saurieberget (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN) on Pedicularis hirsuta very common even from Edge Island (KEILHAU). KARSTEN has described it from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES). Mycosphaerella eriophila (NIESSL) Syn. Sphaerella eriophila NIESSL. 011 Erigeron unalaschkensis, Advent Bay and Alkhornet. MycosphaereZZa Taraxaci (KARSTEN) LIND, Syn. Sphaerella Tarax. KAR STEN 1872 p. 106, Syll. I p On dead leaves of Petasites frigidus and Taraxacum arcticum, common at all visited localities. KARSTEN has described it on Taraxacum from Lomme Bay and Kings Bay. It closely resembles Myc. minor and Myc. eriophila, as the perithecia are glossy black, immerged in the leaf and rather plane; they are often clustered closely together and have always been found on the upper side of the leaves. Physalosphora alpestris NIESSL 1876 p On Carex misandra, Cross Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). The perithecia are most frequently found on the margin of the leaves. The large, light spores correspond exactly to the description given by NIESSL. Physalosphora Empetri ROSTRUP 1901 p. 310, Syll. XVII p. 583, Syn. Physalosp. alpina SPEG. subspec. Crepiniana SACC. Syll. IX p. 594, Phomatospora Crepiniana (SA CC. ) THEISSEN, Verh. Zool. -botan. Gesell. Wien 1916 p On Empetrum nigrum, Mimesdalen (NATHORST) and Coles Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). Venturia chlorospora (CES.) KARSTEN, Syll. I p On dead leaves of Salix herbacea, Salix herbacea x polaris, Salix polaris and Salix reticulata from Spitsbergen and Bear Island. Venturia ditricha (FRIES) KARSTEN, Syll. I p On dead leaves of Betula nana. Coles Bay. (N ATHORST). Venturia Petasitidis (FucKEL) SACC., Syll. I p. 592 and Syll. IX p On leaves of Petasites frigidus, Cape Thordsen and Longyear Valley. Massariopsis WUlffii LIND 1924 p. 296, see PI. I Fig. 8. On Poa arctica, Poa alpigena >< arctica and Puccinellia Vahliana from Cross Bay, Quade Hoek and Nordfjord. DidymeZZa glacialis REHM, Hedwigia 21, 1882 p On Poa alpigena ", alpina, Klaas Billen Bay ( H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN). Asci cylindrical 63 :J.,6 :L, very numerous in the perithecium, para-

23 22 J. LIND physes filiform, sporidia chlorine, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 12-14p.x411 Didymella hyperborea (KARSTEN) SACC., SylI. I p. 551, Syn. Sphaeria hyperborea KARSTEN 1872 p See PI. I Fig. 7. On dead leaves of Cassiope tetragona, Green Harbour and other places in the Ice Fjord beside Wijde Bay (THORILD WULFF). KARSTEN has described it after specimens from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES). Didymosphaeria Dryadis (FUCKEL) BERLESE et VOGLINO, SylI. IX p. 733, Syn. Pleospora Dryad. FUCKEL 1874 b p. 93 c. fig. On dead leaves of Dryas octopetaia from. Bell Sound, Ice Fjord, Cross Bay and Treurenberg Bay. Leptosphaeria Eqaiseti KARSTEN 1872 p. 101, Syll. II p. 81, BERLEsE 1894 p. 54, see PI. II Fig. IS. On Equisetum scirpoides and Equ. variegatum from several localities from Recherche Bay up to Wijde Bay. KARSTEN has described it on Equisetum variegatum from Liefde Bay. KARSTEN'S species is distinguished from Leptos. Iimosa, Leptos. hiemalis and Leptos. arvensis by the spores being 7-13 septate, cylindrical and obtuse at both ends, il x 7-8 if., asci cylindrical p. x Leptosphaeria consobrina KARSTEN 1872 p. 102, Syll. II p. 78. On leaves of Carex parallela and Carex puila from several localities in the Ice Fjord. KARSTEN has also found it on Carex pulla from Ice Fjord (TH. M. FRIES). Leptosphaeria caricinella KARSTEN 1872 p. 100, SylI. II p. 65, Syn. Leptosph. jul1ciseda KARSTEN 1872 p. 101, SylI. II p. 67 and Leptosph. vagans KARSTEN 1872 p. 10 I, Syll. 11 p, 59, see PI. II Fig. 18. Found on Carex Lachenalii, Carex pulla, Carex rigida, Catabrosa algid a and concinna, Dupontia, Pleuropogon, Puccinellia Vahliana, J uncus biglumis and triglumis and Luzula confusa over all the western and northern coasts of Spitsbergen from Sorkapplandet up to Treurenberg Bay. KARSTEN has originally described it as three different species, an examination of the copious material brought home in lafer years has convinced me that it is all a single species. Leptosphaeria arundinacea (Sow.) SACC., Syll. II p. 62. On Poa abbreviata, Gips Bay (LID). Leptosphaeria microscopica KARSTEN 1872 p. 102, SylI. I I p. 59, Syn. Leptosph. culmorum AWD., Leptosph. typharum (DESM.) KARSTEN, Syll. 11 p. 64 p. 54 see BERLEsE 1894 p. 66 and v. HOHNEL in Annales Mycol p On Care x Lachenalii, Carex misandra, Carex parallela, Carex pulla, Carex rupestris, Carex ursina, Eriophorum polystachyum, Erioph. Scheuchzeri, J uncus arcticus and biglumis, Alopecurus alpinus, Deschampsia alpina, Dupontia, Festuca ovina, Hierochloe, Poa alpigena, Poa alpina >< arctica, Puccinellia phryganoides and Vahliana from all

24 THE MICROMYCETES OF SVALBARD 23 the places visited from Sorkapplandet up to Wijde Bay and Lomme Bay. KARSTEN has described it on Poa, Trisetum and Alopecurus from Cross Bay, Magdalena Bay and Liefde Bay. Leptosphaeria algida RosTRuP 1888 p On Catabrosa algida and concinna from Cape Boheman, Wahlenberg Bay and Red Bay. It is rather difficult to distinguish the species from Leptosph. microscopica. Leptosphaeria insignis KARSTEN 1872 p. 100, Syll. II p. 71. On Alopecurus, Col podium fulvum, Deschampsia alpina and caespitosa, Dupontia Fisheri and Poa :alpigena x arctica from Sorkapplandet up to Liefde Bay and Wijde Bay. KARSTEN has described it on Col podium fulvum and Dupontia. The perithecia are small and insignificant in appearance, the asci, on the other hand, quite uncommonly large. I have measured asci x fl' spores 5 septate, the third cell much longer and broader than the other five, the colour is not green as on BERLEsE's illustration (1894 p. 79) but yellowish-brown. Leptosphaeria graminum SACC., Michelia 1878 p. 119, Syn. Metasphaeria gram. SACC., Syll. II p On Poa alpigena x alpina. Olsokflyan (E. STORM). By its very small asci and its almost hyaline, small and narrow spores it deviates in a marked degree from all the other species of Leptosphaeria mentioned here. Asci 40 fl x 6 [1., spores , 3 septate. Leptosphaeria culmicola (FRIES) AWD., Syll. II p. 70, Syn. Sphaeria culmicola FRIES S. M. II p On Festuca ovina, Klaas Billen Bay (H. REsvoLL-HoLMsEN), and on Carex parallela, Dickson Bay (LID). Leptosphaeria culmijraga (FRIES) CES., Syll. II p. 75. On Carex misandra and Carex pulla further on several species of Gramineae viz., Alopecurus alpinus, Catabrosa algida, Catabrosa concinna, Poa abbreviata and Poa alpina. Rarely on the leaves, more often on old withered sheaths at the base of the tufts. Leptosphaeria brachyasca RosTRuP 1891 p. 618, Syll. XI p. 321, see PI. I I Fig. 17. On leaves of Saxifraga oppositifolia, Bear Island (LID). This singular species deviates considerably from other species of Leptosphaeria by its broad, obtuse and cylindric asci. Leptosphaeria Andromedae (AwD.) SACC., Syll. II p. 49, Syn. Sphaerella Androm. AWD. Synopsis Pyrenomyc, Pleospora hyperborea FUCKEL 1874 b p. 93 c. fig., Leptosphaeria hyperborea (FUCKEL) BERLESE et VOGLINO. On dead leaves of Cassiope tetragona, common. KARSTEN has seen it from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES) and FUCKEL has seen it from Spitsbergen (1874 p. 322). It is scarcely a true Leptosphaeria; the

25 24 J. LINO immature spores are long time I-septate, hyaline, later on 3-septate and finally brown. It stands between Leptosphaeria and Massaria. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (FucKEL) SACC. On leaves of Salix polaris, Sassen Bay (H. RESVOLL-HoLMSEN). Leptosphaeria Silenes acaulis DE NOT., Syl!. II p. 47, Syn. Leptosph. Stellariae ROSTRUP 1888 p Syl!. IX p. 783, Leptosph. Rostrupii BERLESE 1894 p. 87, Leptosph. Hausmanniana AWD. Hedwigia 7, 1868 p On Silene acaulis, Stellaria humifusa and Stellaria longipes from Bell Sound, various places in Ice Fjord and from Magdalena Bay, certainly common but inconspicuous. KARSTEN has recorded it (1872 p. 102) from Green Harbour (TH. M. FRIES). Leptosphaeria Weberi OUDS, 1885 p. 156 c. fig., Syl!. IV p. 756, BERLESE 1894 p. 68. On Ranunculus pygmaeus from Sorkapplandet, Cape Boheman and Cape Thordsen (LID). Metasphaeria sepalorum VLEUGEL 1908 p. 369 c. fig. On Luzula nivalis, Grey Hoek (FRIDTJOV ISAcHsEN). Metasphaeria Cassiopes ROSTRUP 1888 p. 561, see P!. I Fig. 9. On Cassiope tetragona from Mimesdalen and Longyear Valley. Pleospora Karstenii SACC., Syl!. II p. 271, Syn. Pleospora arctica KAR STEN 1872 p. 79, Pleospora islandica J OHANSON 1884 p. 170 c. fig. Common on dead leaves of J uncus biglumis, Eriophorum polystachyum, Carex pulla, Alopecurus alpinus, Calamagrostis neglecta, Catabrosa algida, Colpodium fulvum, Deschampsia alpina, Dupontia Fisheri, Festuca ovina and rubra, Poa abbreviata, Poa alpigena alpina, Poa alpigena x arctica, Poa arctica, Puccinellia angustata and Pucc. Vahliana from Sorkapplandet and up to Wijde Bay. KARSTEN has described it on Poa alpigena from Liefde Bay (TH. M. FRIES). Easily recognisable by its small perithecia, its stalkless asci and large spores of light colour and thin wails, it has from 7 to 10 septa across and numerous thin walls at length which are seldom continued from cell to cel!. Paraphyses numerous. Pleospora discors (DUR. et MONT.) CES. et DE NOT., Syl!. II p. 230, BERLESE 1900 p. 18, Syn. Pleospora Arctagrostidis OUDS p. 154, Syl!. IX p. 879, BERLESE 1900 p. 17, Pleospora heterospora DE NOT. Syl!. II p Found on many different species of Monocotyledones viz., Alopecurus alpinus, Arctagrostis latifolia, Calamagrostis neglecta, Catabrosa algida, Colpodium fulvum, Deschampsia alpina, Dupontia Fisheri, Hierochloe alpina, Poa abbreviata, Poa alpigena, Poa alpigena alpina, Poa alpigena x arctica, Poa arctica, Carex Hepburnii, Carex pulla, Carex rupestris and Juncus triglumis from all localities visited. Tihs is doubtless the species seen by KARSTEN (1872 p. 98) on

26 THE MICROM. YCETES OF SVALBARD 25 Alopecurus and taken by him to be a Pleospora herbarum with I:1rge spores. The spores are I}' >; , 7 septate, elliptic, acuminate, the walls rather stout and dark coloured, with few longitudinal walls, asci fl >< i.1., early dissolved. Pleospora Junci PASSERINI et BELTRANI, Syll. II p Syn. Pleosp. spinosella REHM, Syll. II p On Juncus arcticus, Juncus biglumis and Luzula nivalis from Bell Sound and a few places in Ice Fjord. I see no reason to keep the two above-named species separated, BERLEsE has (1888 Tab. IV Fig. 2) delineated Pleosp. spinosella as having the spores 5 septate, but it is not in accordance with the description. The asci are clavate, :1. >< F" the spores elliptical, chestnut-coloured, 7 septate, and with a single septum. longitudinally, x i1.. Pleospora scirpicola ( FRIES) KARSTEN, Syll. II p. 265, BERLESE 1888 Tab. I Fig. 11 and 1900 p. 13, Syn. Sphaeria scirpicola FRIES S. M. II p. 51O. On Eriophorum polystachyum, Juncus arcticus; Festuca ovina and Festuca rubra from Green Harbour, Coles Bay and Dickson Bay. Pleospora dejlectens KARSTEN 1872 p. 99, Syll. II p. 266, Syn. Pleosp, deflectens var. triseti KARSTEN 1872 p. 100, Pleosp. hydrophila KAR STEN sec. KARSTEN 1885 p. 38 and BERLEsE 1900 p. 11. Found on many different host-plants monocotyledones as well as dicotyledones viz., Carex Lachenalii, Catabrosa algida, Cat. concinna, Deschampsia alpina, Festuca ovina, Puccinellia Vahliana, Draba cinerea, Cerastium nigrescens, Melandrium affine and apetalum, Silene acaulis, PotentiJIa emarginata, Pot. pulchella and Ranunculus nivalis. Collected at many places in Ice Fjord and also S6rkapplandet, Cross Bay, Liefde Bay, Brandewijne Bay and Bear Island. KARSTEN has described it on Poa alpigena and Trisetum spica tu m from Liefde Bay (TH. M. FRIES). Concerning the shape of the spores it reminds one of the spores of Pyrenophora coronata, Pyrenoph. setigera and Pleospora vagans; their upper half is broad and globular, their lower half is long and narrow and scarcely without septa lengthwise, the colour is at first yellow, later on dark brown, asci :}. \5-20 :}., quickly dissolved. the spores are ij. x 7-8 fl, 7 septate, constricted at the 3 septum. Pleospora vagans NIESSL, Syll. II p On Catabrosa algida. Brandewijne Bay (TH. M. FRIES). Pleospora injectoria FUCKEL, Syll. II p. 265, Syn. Pleosp. vulgaris NIESSL, Syll. II p. 243, Pleosp. Drabae SCHROETER 1881 p. 176, Syll. II p Very common on many different host-plants of Dicotyledones as well as of Monocotyledones, viz., Carex incurva, Carex parallela, Carex pulla, J uncus biglumis, Dupontia Fisheri, Festuca ovina, Poa

27 26 J. LIND abbreviata, Poa alpina, Poa Balfourii, PuccineIlia angustata, Pucc. phryganoides and Pucc. VahIiana, also Cam panula rotundifolia Cardamine beilidifolia, Draba alpina. Dr. cinerea, Dr. Adamsii, Dr. nivalis, Dr. subcapitata, Dr. Wahlenbergii, Eutrema Edwardsii, Arenaria ciliata, Cerastium alpinum, Melandrium affine and apetalum, Stellaria longipes, Papaver radicatum, Pedicularis hirsuta, Ped. lanata, Polygonum viviparum, Saxifraga aizoides, Sax. cernua, Sax. comosa, Sax. groenlandica, Sax. hirculus, Sax. nivalis, Sax. oppositifolia, Sax. tenuis and Taraxacum arcticum. From all the places visited on Spitsbergen as well as on Bear Island. Pleospora Magnasiana BERLESE 1900 p. 15, see PI. III Figs. 21 and 22. On some Monocotyledones viz., Carex incurva, Carex parailela, Eriophorum polystachyum and Scheuchzeri, Luzula nivalis, Calamagrostis neglecta, Catabrosa algida, Deschampsia alpina and caespitosa, Poa abbreviata, Poa alpigena, Poa alpigena alpina, Poa alpigena x arctica, Poa alpina, Poa arctica, Poa Balfourii, Puccinellia angustata and [Pucc. Vahliana. From many localities on the western coast of Spitsbergen, also from Liefde Bay, Wijde Bay, Treurenberg Bay and Lomme Bay on the north coast. It somewhat resembles Pleospora media, but is easily recognisable by the perithecia tapering upwards in a conical neck which is often oblique. The spores are cylindrical and in the middle somewhat narrower, the walls are fairly strong, 5 crosswalls and 1 longitudinal wall and the latter often bends obliquely to the side in the two outermost segments, asci x " spores V. x , the colour dark chestnut, the perithecia are in diameter. The history of this species is rather peculiar, it has been delineated by BERLESE (1888 Tab. III Fig. 8) under the name of Pleospora pentamera KARSTEN, but in the text BERLESE himself writes that the figure does not correspond to KARSTEN'S description and he therefore repeats KARSTEN'S description verbatim. Later on BERLESE must have received fresh :TJaterial of the true Pentamera from KARSTEN, as we find in the larger edition of his illustrated work (1900) a very striking illustration of Pentamera, while our species is now called Pleosp. Magnusiana with the remark that it has been found "in culmis et foliis Glyceriae Vahlianae in Visby, Gotlandiae, Magnus". Here again, however, there must be a mistake, for Puccinellia Vahliana has never been found in Gothland. Another of our Svalbardian fungi viz., Pleospora deflectens, is also asserted to have been found at Visby (Syll. II p. 266, BERLESE 1900). In both cases there must be a mistake. Pleospora Magnusiana has hitherto never been found outside of Svalbard.