DRS. II. S.C. IIUIJSMAN

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4 ( Pho to J. van Brummclcn) DRS. II. S.C. IIUIJSMAN

5 PI:.RSOONIA Published by the Rijkshcrba.rium, Lcidcn Volume 13. Pan 3. pp (1987) Drs. H.S.C. Huijsman (I 900- I 986) With the death on 24 September I 986 of Drs. H. S.C. Huijsman the Dutch mycologists lost one of their ablest and internationally known fellow members as well as a rich source ofagaricological information and inspiration. In the early beginning of his professional medical ufe as an oculist, Huijsman became spellbound by agarics and boleti and their wealth of ta xonomical, morphological and biological problems. By dedicated studies in the field and at home with microscope and rapidly growing library, he soon became the leading agaricologist in the Netherlands. Frequently he put his increasing knowledge to the test at mycological forays abroad, p3ct icularly in France, where he got acquainted with several of the great mycologists as Maire. Heim, Konrad, Maublanc, Kuhner, Romagnesi, Malcn9Qn, Josserand, Singer, Pearson, and others. His large medical practice was often difficult to combine with mycological activities, but could not keep Huijsman from becoming a kind of mycological oracle, frequently consulted by amateurs and professionals alike. An early retirement in 1953 made it possible for him to spend a much g.reater part of his time on his beloved mycology and soon afterwards he became a very welcome hon orary associate of the Rijksherbarium. It was also then that he and Mrs. Huijsman started to spend most mushroom seasons in rich pans of France of Switzerland. In 1958 they choose their permanent domicile in the Swiss Jura. where for a period of eleven years the myconora was extensively explored, but afterwards they returned to the Netherlnnds. Panicularly in the Swiss period Huijsman's knowledge of agarics and herbarium increased considerably. Few could measure with him in field-experience. During almost all his life Huijsman's activities were tempered by a regularly returning illness making him incapable of working for several periods each year. This and his im mensc scientific curiosity which made him enter every seemingly promising path 1 hat opened up to him, arc the reasons that his mycologica l production measured in pubucations has not been much larger yet. Once, before the electron microscope came into use in mycology. Huijsman started a comparative st udy on spore-wall structures in brown-spored agarics, but his efforts finally got frustrated by the limitat ions of his light microscope. Huijsman's greatest (albeit indirect) contribut ion to mycology in the Netherlands probabl> has been his consta nt call. particularly in his early mycological years. for improvement of mycological exploration and observations. Persoonia Vol. /)Part 2 was issued /6 Dec

6 234 PER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Part Besides his publications J luijsman left a large herbarium and boxes full of no1essomt times accompanied by water- colours by Mrs. Huijsman, all accommodated now in 1he Rijksherbarium, Leiden. Huijsman was a corresponding member of the Soci~t e mycologique de France and an honorary member of the Dutch Mycological Socicly. He is also honoured in some names of species, viz.: Lepiora huijsmanii Wichansky (1960), Enrolomo lwijsmonii Noordel. (1984), Hebelomina huijsmoniana Sing. (1 986; a synonym of H. neerlandico lluijsm3n, I 978}, and lnocybe huijsmanii Kuyper (I 986). C. Bas LIST OJ PUBLICATIONS 1929: Bekeerd. In Fungus I : : Bockbcoordcling: R. Hei.m, Le genre lnocybc. In Fungus 4 : : Uit Wnleheren. In Fungus 5: : Nicuwe flrocybe ~oo rtcn uit ons land. In Fungus 7: : Pleurotus porrigens. In Fungus 7: : Korte an ntekeningen over paddcstoelen I. In Fungus 7: : Ditto II. In Fungus 8: : Ditto Ill. In Fungus 8: : Met de Frano;e mycologen op st:lp. In Fungus 9: : Over Lcpiora's en nog wat. In Fungus 9: : De afgebrokcn excursie tc Spa. In Fungus 10: : Over enkcle Russula's I. In Fungus II : : Opmcrkmgen en problcmcn bctrcffcndc de taxonomic van hct geslacht Amanita. In Mc.kd. Ned. mycol. Vereen. 26: : OvcrenkcleRussu/o's U. ln Fungus l2: I : Lepioro brebissonii Godey. In Fungu~ 12: : Hcrinncringcn ann cnkclc vacn nticdngcn te Dcnekamp doorgcbracht. In Fungu' S. 1942: Zijn de wonderen de wereld al uit? (Amanita viuadinii in Delft.) In Fungu~ 13: : Observations sur Je 'genre' Lepioro. In Mcdcd. Ned. mycol. Vereen. 28 : : lnlciding tot de morphologic en physiologic dcr Fungi I en II. In Fungus 15: II 13. P : Ditto Ill. In Fungus 16: : Ditto IV. In Fungus 16 : : llcbelomifla microspora nov. spec. In Rev. Mycol. II : : Lepioro pseudo-jiloceo nov. spec. In Bull. Soc. linn. Lyon: : UrgcntiCJ)rOgram. punt no. I. In Fungus 18: : Over Bolctcn. In Fungus 18: : Paul Konrad t. In Fungus 19: I. 1949: Enkele retouches. In Fungus 19: : La Hollandc ct l e-~cham pignons SUJ>Cricurs. Jn Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax : Boekbcsprekingen : Agaricaceac par P. Konrad & A. Maublanc: Lcs association' fnn)!iqu, ~dts haut-marais jurussicns par Jules Favre. In Fungus 20: : Retord.... record. In Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax 6: I : Quch1ucs ch:unpignons rarcs. In Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax 7: : Boekbcspreking: Robert Ku hner et Jlenri Romag n c~i. Flore analytiquc de' dijinpigr.ons supcricurs: M. Moser, Cortinnrien-Studicn I. Phlegruacum. In Fungus 23: : De lcdcncxcursie van October. In Fungus 23:

7 83~: //. S. C 1/uijSIIIIIII 235 t9.s.c: 0''"' boleten. ln Coolia I: : lmxybc 14mbucino (Fl.) ctlnocyhc f ulvido!j re ~a dola compares 3 l"lnocybc quc:/eri R. Moire & Komnd. In Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax 1:!: S4 Corylldlo cqrpatfca (l'il3t) comb. nov. In Dul l. uimcst. Soc. mycol. for. 70: SS VoorpaupbatJCSlW:Immcn. In Cooll3 2: SS Onlr ttihn bruinc Rusruw s. In CooliJ 2: SS Obsfo~t ions on aprtcs. In Fungus 25: S6 upiou:. In Cool13 3: S6. Three rem;ukable ''hi tc spozed.r~aric) colkctcd in S\\JI crl.tnd. In Fungus 26: ; Sur qua uc Suoph.ui.rceac. In Fungu~ 27 : : Tu»cn Jura en Vogctcn. In Coolia 4: : Bockbcsprcking: M. Locquin. Petite Oorc des chnmpignons de France I. In Coolia 4: : ( R CYICW) li. Moller: Fungi or the Faeroe,. In Fungus 28: : o~u \ MyctiiiZ nou\"c3 Ul\ In Olumea Suppl. 4: :otc compjcrnentauc :i propo) de Cystodt7mo suprrbum HuiJ S1113n. In f-ungus 28: S -\u p~ys de Quelet. In Dull. Soc. I hst. n3t. ~lontbc IJJrd 1958 (5 pp.). 19S9 ~u' AmJnitcs meconnucs. In Bull. uimest. Soc.mycol. Fr. 75: Q ~ot s sur 1e genre Agoricus. 1n Pczsooni3 I O b;~l\":l tiom sur le. Lcpiotcae Fayod. In Pcrsoonw I: llycerro miserior tiuu>m. >PCC. nov. ct Myceno pseudopicra (J. Lange) KU hn. In Pcrsoonin I : Oh\CI\3tionqur lc genre Ripqrrircs. ln l'crsoonia t !\uue 24c expo}! lion de champ~&non s 3 :w 7 octobre In :~turali~t cs bclg. 41 : I (piott: 5«1. M it'licnt J. l.. L3ngc. In Schwcrz Z.Pllzk llm.:nito b«ktrl nov. p. In Bull. uimcst. So.:. lll)'coi. Fr. 71: SurtrOJ\ Ptl1ocybe. In Pcr-oonia o. u\ llcbcloma nouvcnul\. In Pcr-t)On ~ 2: Ohwr''JIIon~sur lcp.cnrc //nltenbue/telio. ln l'cr<oonia 2: : Sur k probli:mc l.ep loto lrelveola JJ rc. In Pcrsoonia 2: Nrvauon< ~ ur lc< Tncholom:llaceac I. I.e group Triclroloma rerrcw n ~c rhu suicto. In.-h-~11 z. llil7k Surl/usjluryi nov. spec. In Schwctz. Z. Pilzk Owr rc\'isccntie bij 1\g:lricalcs. In Coolia 15: ' 4.\ u" 'ur de lnocybc xcopllylw (So''. per Fr.) Ku mm. In (TrJvcau' m tcolo~ illuc dcdic'.j R. Kuhnm Bull Soc. linn. Lyon (nurn. s p ~c.): ,\ "~" ~ec i cs of Naucoria. In Kc\\ Bull. 3 t 'r\otc( on lnocybc. In Pcrsoonia 9: ib. ll~hclomino microspora ll uij ~m. and rcncxion~ on 1/ebelomlno R. Malle J~ a t:cnus. In r cr "'"'rij "9 R u~<~pongc Coprini en hun ~porc n. In Cuoha 22 :

8 PERSOON I A Published by the Rijkshcrb;uium. Leiden Volume 13, Pm3. pp (1987) NOTULAE AD FLORAM AGARJCINAM NEERLANDICAM- XV Mamsmius, Marasmiellus, Micromphalc, and Hohenbuehelia MACIII F.L E. NOORDELOOS Rijksltcrbarium, Leiden The present paper gh~ descriptions and notes on v;uious \\hitc-sporcd ag:me1. T\\O spe<:ics arc nc\\ to science, vi.z.: Marasmius cornelii and Morasmiellus omo tiuimm. Micromplwle bisporigera is provmonally described as new. The follow 1ng new combmations arc made: Marasmius serosus (Sow.) Noordcl. to replace M. rtcubons Qucl.. and M. bullijlrdii forma ocicola ( Lundell) Noordcl. to replace M. k'ttisttinii sensu ;wet. cur. HolteniJuchclia culmicolo is described as new to the myconora of the Netherland ~. Type tudics arc made of Marosmius pm i /latus Rea and M. suoveolens Rca. A key '' given to the European species of Marosmi11s sect. Gloioccpltolo and wet Epipltylli. Some critical ~pccics, viz. Marasmius socchorim1s, M. siccus, M. atjomolus, M. buxi, M. hutlsonii, Moras 1111ellus tricolor, and Marasmiei/IIS rose/ius. are fully dewribed and illustrated. I. MAR AS MIUS Section Gloioccphala I. Mamsmius cornclii LacssOc & Noordcl., spec F igs. I 5 G/ol()ttplra/a spec. B a~ in Pcr~oonia 2: M1upp l1 ed na rnc.- Morasmius menieri )Cnsu Corner in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 19: }4 DescllptJOn & Jllu~ua ti On. ua~m Pe r ~o onij2 : rJgS a 1 id1om~ta pal'\'3. Pllcus conve'<u vcl appijnjtu\, Jlb11lus vel crcmcu. vc r~u\ margine brunneus. k>11er ru~ow s, prumosus. llymemum glabrum vel lcvncr rugo~um. gn co-album. Lamellae abscntcs. ShJX"'I t \,cnuu:us vel latcralis. raro subccntrahs. 3p1ccm albus, ba\im hrunncu~ vel atrobrunncus. toto hutus Odor nulhs. Sporac x JJTTI, c llipso1dac vel lacrym01dac. tcnui1>a rictalcs, l'.lm)lo Jdc:~c. Bu idi:l x ~o~m. tctraspongcra. clavata, fibulata. Cysudia hymenii cia 1'112. '~Kulo)a vel bgcniformill x 6 20 ~o~m. sp;usa propc margin em pilei. I'Jicir elhs hymcniformi:l elemcnti cbvatis vel vcsiculosis x ~o~m. crassiparietalibus. t'ileocystidia (-110) x m ad basim ct 2-4. S~o~m ad upiccm, lagcniformia. tenuip;uictalia. t'ilcitrama gelati DOSa. Caulocysudia diver sa. clavata vel vc~ic ul o)a vel cylindracca usque ad II 0 ~o~m longa, ad apicem IS- S pm crassa Fibulae prcscntcs. Habitat ad Yllginis foliorum puuidis Cladii nmiscus in paludc. - llolotypus: 77romos Loessoe Oct. 1984, 'Kcldsnor. Lunden. lsland ungcland. Denmark' IC. IIOI)'PUS'" L) 237

9 238 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part Figs Marasmi11s come/if. 1. Fruit bodies (x 5). 2. Pilcipell is (x 500). 3 Stipiti p, llis (X500).-4. s pores (x 1500).- S. Chci1ocystidia (X 1000). (A ll fig.s. from holot ypc.)

10 NOORDELOOS: Notulae otl Florom ogoricinom- XV 239 Bastdiocarps very small. Pileus 1-2.5{- 4) mm broad. relatively robust. tough. con \'tx to applanate, white to cream colour. turning brown at margin, discolounng reddish brown on drying several hours after collecting, sometimes wrinkled, with scattered short hatrs all over. Lamellae absent. Hymenium smooth, in some specimens wavy to grooved, pale gray white. Stipe up to 4 x 0.3 mm, lateral or excentrical, rarely almost central, 11 hite at apex, reddish brown below to blackish brown at base, entirely white pubescent hairy, at base with some hairs attached to substrate. Smell absent. Spores x J.1m, average 15 x 5 J.1m, Q = , average Q = 2. 75, slenderly ellipsoid to lacrymoid, thin-walled. colourless, inamyloid. Basidia x J.llll, 4-spored. slenderly clavate, clamped. Hymenial cystidia x J.IITI. slenderly clavate to broadly vesiculosc or lageniform, thin-walled, very scarce and most frequently found near margin of pileus. Pileipellis a hymcniderm of clavate to vesi culose elements, xi 1-30 JJm with thickened, colourless or yellow walls. Pileo cystidia 55 90( 110) x 7-15 J.1m at base and J.1m at apex, numerous. slenderly lagemform. thtn-walled. colourless. Pileitrama distinctly gelatinized. made up of more or ltss radtally orientated, JJm wide cylindrical to innated hyphae. Stipitispellis a cutis. Caulocystidia very abundant. of two types, one x 8-20 J.1m, clavate to miculosc, thick-walled with yellowish walls. the other type x 3-10 JJm at base and J.1111 at apex, with thin or slightly thickened walls. colourless or pale yellow. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues. Habitat & distribution. On rotten leafsheetsofc/adium morisws in marshes, just above the water line. United Kingdom and Denmark. Rare. Collc<tton cumincd.- DE ~1ARK. Langcl.tnd. Kcld-.nor. Lunden. ts Ocl. t rom1:1UCS'SOC 098/ (hololypc, C. 1\0IYJ>C, L). Marasmius comelii is named after Dr. Cornebs Bas, curator of Agaricales at the Rijk. herbanurn. Leiden for his great stimulance or Agaricology. and for being the nestor of many young Dutch Mycologists. Bas ( 1962) in his excellent monograph of t he genus GloiocephaltJ in Europe, described an unnamed species on account or manuscript notes and drawings by Corner, who recorded the species for the first time (Corner, 1934) under the misapplied name Marasmim nu!men. Ras (I.e.) suggested that Corner's species most likely represented a taxon nel\ to science. but since dried material was lacking, it was impossible to give a formal description of 1 he species. Dunng a collecting-trip of some Danish mycologists to the island of Langeland in the bte autumn of 1984, Thomas Laess6e and Steen Elborne collected a fairly great number of small basidiocarps of Corner's species on Claclium mariscus in a marsh, a habitat quite comparable with that of Corner. They sent it to the Rijksherbarium for conrtrmation, where it came under the present author's attention. It was decided to name the new species after C. H:~ s, and in accordance with the author's view on the status of the genus Gloiocephala ( oordeloos, 1981 ), it was pia ccd in 1 he genus Marasmius section Glmocepllolo.. 1/araSIIIIIIS comelii is distinguished from the other species in sect. C:loiocepltala by the rather long. narrow pileo- and caulocystidia (see also the key below). The species of sect Wniocrpltalo show a strong resemblance with those of sect. Epipllylli, from which the~ mamly dtffer by having reduced basidiocarps with cxccntric, lateral, or absent Stipe and \'Cin lil.c or wanting lamellae.

11 240 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part Section Epiphylli 2. Marasmius saccharinus (Batsch: Fr.) Fr.- Figs. 6-9 Agaricus S4Ccltarinus Sotsch, Elcnch, Fung. cont. primo: Agaricus puri;: 'mts ~ s.-c cltarinus Babch: Fr.. Syst. mycol. I: Marasmlus sa 'cllarinus (Butsch: Fr) l r. I prlt.~ ScI c c t cd I i t e r a t u re. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 304. fig Pileus 9 n1111 broad, expanded slightly umbonate, white, pellucidly striate at nmgin when moist, dull, opaque on drying. Lamellae distant, free, subventricose, rather th.ck, white with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe up to 9 x 1.5 mm, slightly swollcu 3b0\t base, white above, pale tawny rusty at base. scattered white pruinose under lens.listu lose. Context concolorous with' surface, rusty tawny in stipe base. Smell slightly acrid. Spores x (3.0- )3.5-4 J.im, average 6.5 x 3.5 J.im, Q = , ellipsoid to somewhat lacrymoid in side view. Basidia 4-spored, clamped. Lamella edge almosl stcrilt Cheilocystidia x 5-10 J.im, irregularly clavate with one or more finger-or bladdtr like excrescences at the top. Pileipellis a hymeniderrn, made up of clavate. vcsiculoseor scmiglobosc clements, I 0-30 x J.Lrn with colourless, hyaline, so met imcs thicktntd walls. Pileocystidia not found. Stipitispellis a cutis with transitions to a trichodcrnr with clustered caulocyst idia. Caulocystidia x2- IOJ.irn, irregularly coralloid. colourless. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues. Chemic a I rc a c t ions. No part of basidiocarp amyloid nor dextrinoid rn \lei zer's reagent. Habitat & dist ribution. lnforest on Fagusleaves. Europe.Veryrare. Col lectio n exam incd.-united Kl CDOM. England, Surrey, Ctcnrosc, ~h c k lehjm. l9 Nov P. D. Orton 240 ( ). Marasmius saccltorinus has often been cited in Literature, but poorly known until recently. Orton ( 1960) gave a redescription of this taxon, but on account or this description I was unable to place thjs tiny whjte Marasmius in one of the sections or the genus. 7 OD6 00. Figs Marasmlm sacclrarinus Stipitispclhs (x 500) Cheilocystidi:l (X 1000) - 8. Pilcipellis (x 1000) Spores (X 1500). (All figs. from Orton 240.)

12 NOORDELOOS : Norulac ad Aoram agarlcinam- XV 241 Therefore the collection was asked on loan for closer study. On account of the white pileus, hyrneniform pilcipeljis with smooth, hyaline elements, insititious stipe, and chemical reactions Marasmius sacdrarinus has to be placed in sect. Epiphylli subsect. Epiplrylli. The small spores and size and shape of cheilocystidia distinguish it from au other species of that section in Europe: M. epiplrylltis and M. tremu/ae. MacroscopicaUy M. soccharinus resembles M. setosus ( = M. recubans), that grows also on leaves of Fagw. but that species clearly differs in having long hairs on the Stipe and by the larger spores. The distribution of M. sacclrarinus in Europe is not well known. Besides the recent find in England it was listed by Cl6men ~on (1982), who did not give informat ion on distribution. It will probably be clear in future that M. sacchorinus is a rare, but overlooked species. 3. Marasmius setosus (Sow.) Noordel., comb. nov. Atprkus wosus Sow.. Col. Figs. Engl. Fung1 3: 25. pl I (bas1onym). Mycena urojiij (Sou.) Gillet, Hymenomyc. Fr.: M1zrasmius r«ubans Quel. in Mcm. Soc. Ernul. Montbeli:lrd, ~c r : (Champ. Jura \'osges 2). Androsactus tufollarus Kuhner in Uull. mmcst. Soc. mycol. Fr. 43: I l l Marasmius (11/oliDtus (Kuhner) KuhnCI in Ootamstc 25: \l ua p p li c d n am c.-marasmiussaccharlm1s (Batsch: Fr.) Fr. <~e n su Que I. in Mem. Soc. Ernul ~f ont~li3rd. scr. II. 5: (Champ. Jura Vosges 1). Srltcted ll csco pt lo n s & illu s t ra t 1o ns. J. Ulngc, Fl. agar. d:~ n. 2. pl. 48E Soucrby.l.c. pl KOhner, in Bull. trimest. SO\:. mycol. Fr. 43 : t 927. Kuhner. in Botaniste 25: Charac ter is t ics.- Fruitbodies small. growing on dead leaves of Fagus, pileus purely white, lamellae welj developed ; stipe with long, hyaline hairs; pileipeuis with smooth elemems. While looking for old names fo r Mycenoid fungi, Dr. Maas Geesteranus. emeritusstaffmembcr of the Rijksherbarium, drew my attention to the plate and description of Aga ricus setosus Sow. He definitively felt that Sower by's fungus had to be excluded from the genus Myceno, and asked me to give my opinion. Considering the habit with long hyaline ha 1rs on the Stipe, and the habitat on leaves of Fagus syll atica, l have no doubt that Sower by depicted a Morasmius that long has been known as M. recubons in European literature. Since Sowcrby's name is older. it has priority, and the new combination has been made. P1!ru, \\llltl' or almost white. 1 8Js1d1.1 2-,porcd. KEY TO nm S t>t::cl 5 OF MARASMIUS SECTIONS GLOIOCEPHALA A ' D EPIPHYLLI h EUROPE

13 242 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. P:ut Cbmp-connections present; stipe cxccntrical. sometimes lacking: hyphae of ptlctpelw '&'\U gclatini7ed walls: spores ( ) x (4.5- ) Jnn : on dead lca\'cs of urn in swamps (Pcrsoonia 2: ) M witis 3. Clamp-connections absent; Stipe e>.cenuical or central: pores I I >. 2 S 41/lll:OI dead leave of Populus tremulo til trfmul«2. Basidia 4-spored. 4. Stipe central or excentrlcal: lamellae absent; pileus and stipc with up to 120 ~ lon' slcnderly lagcniform cystidia; spores J x : on stem of C/aurum ln4rijo CIIS in swamps ii. C'omdi 4. Sttpe central; lamellae present. 5. lamellae Wl:U developed. 6. Spores more than long; Stipe with up to I mm long. hyaltnc h:tu~.on cb4 leaves of Fagus syl atica. rarely on other substrates (Bent/a, Fraxmus) M. stto!'.ll 6. Spores ~o~m long; sttpe without long hairs: on Fagus lcav.: M. UK'Chii!UI:l! S. l.:lmellae poorly developed. usually only ridges or wnnkles at understde of ptleus. oftm forked and/or anastomosmg. 1. Pileipellis wit h smooth elements; spores (- li.o)x ~-tm.onbr~nc~e.. leaves etc M tpipltylltts 7. Pi l c ipc ll i~ with elements 'en brosse'; spores (- 18.0) x jltn,oo dead leaves of 1/cdera helix... M. cpiph)lloldn I. Pileus dbtinctly coloured. at lcast at centre. 8. Pileus pale brown to rcddi h/oclt raccou' bro\\ n: stipc reduced. almost uh,ays C\Ccnuk 01 lacktng; ptletpcllis with two types of clements, and with capitate pil cm:y~ t td t a, un kaf shatl of Typ/10 in swamps (Persooni.t 2: ) II. tntllm 8. Pileus pinkish/ochraccous: stipe almost always central. sometimes ~hght l y C\tCntr,.al. lltfu lateral or lacking; pilcipcllis wtth o ne type of clements and fusiform to ~ ~~cntfurm theiloc),. ud~:~ : on Co rex in swamps (Pcrsoonia II. 37 J. 1981) pscudowri Section Marnsmius 4. Marasmius bulliardii Qu61. forma acicola (Lundell) Noordel., comb. nol'. - Figs. I 0-13 MaraSIIIIilt rotu/a forma acicola Lundell, Fungi Exs. Succ. 49 SO: (ba~tonym). llobtypc.-s. Lundell. 3 Oct. 1935, Uondkyrkn. L. slope of Ascn to\1/ardo; the river Fym. Upp-.~b.l ppbnd. $\\eden (Fungi Exs. Suec UPS). M 1 ~a p p II e d name. :\farosmius wettstci11ii Sacc. & Sydo" wn5u ravrc tn Uer \Ch\\tt7 Bo:. Gcs. 62: : ~cn~u Ryman & HolmAsc n, Svampar: Pileus I - 6 m m broad. convex or hemispherica I. usually umbilicate, somettmcs with small papilla within umbilicus, radially grooved to sulcate on back of 1he lamellae, dark beige or brown ( 10 YR 6/6 7/ 4} with slightly to distinctly darker (blackish) brown centre. slightly granulose under lens. Lamellae (L = I 2 20, I = 0} wit It wide. distinct collarium, pale cream almost white ( I 0 Y R 8/4) with concolorous or white. ent1re edge. Stipe x (- 1) mm, fil iform, white or pale brown al apex, downwards via dark red-brown to blackish brown (7.5 YR 3/2 to 10 YR 2/ 1). polished,shining.smooth, with line longitudinal grooves lengthwise. Smell none. Spores ( ) x (2.5 ) ( 6.5) J1m. average 7. 2!L6 x J1m, Q = , average Q = ellipsoid to lacrymoid, thin-walled. hyahnc. inamyloid. Basidia x 6-9 J1m, 4-spored, clamped. Lamella edge stcnle. Chtil<>

14 NOORDELOOS: Not11/ae ad Horam agaricinam- *Q, D 0 XV 243 Figs Marasmius bulliardii forma acicola Fruit bodies (X.I ). - I I. S1>orcs (x 1500) Cheilocyscidia (x I 000). 13. Pilcipellis (x 1000). (A ll figs. from Bendikse Aug ) cystidia x 5-20 IJ.m, clavate wit h numerous 1-3/).m long wart like projections in apical part ('en brosse'}. Hymenophoral trama irregular, made up of 2.5-6/).m wide, inflated hyphae. Pilcipellis hymcniform, made up of clavate clements. I 0-30 x 5-17!Iffi, with I 4/).m long brown wart-like projections ('en brosse'). Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues. Habitat.- On needles of Picea, rarely Pinus in oligotrophic to meso tro r~hic CO niferous or mixed coniferous-deciduous forest. Distribu tion. Wide spread in boreal and montane/subalpine regions in Europe. Collccllo n ~ c x am 1 n cd LAND. Tava~tia australb. Korpiluhti. Rimm injarvi, 18 Aug Bt~1diksen (L).-GERM A 1 FEDERAL REI'UBLIC, Uaycrn. 13aycrischcs Wald, Boden sec. SchwartiXlch, I I Sept. 1978, C Bas 7313 (L). - 17RANCE. dept. Ain. Hautcvillc, 19 July 1957, 1/.S. C lluijsmon (L). SWITZERLAND, kanton Ncuchatcl. ncar Couvct, 16 Aug. 1966, H. S. C lluijsman (L): kanton Bern, Emmcntal. SchUpfhcun, I 3 Aug. 1955, fl. S. C lluijsmo11 (L). - AUSTRIA. Tiro l. Paznauntal, lschgl. 16 July R. A. Maas Geesteronus /]16/ (L). CZECHO SLOVAKIA. Slovenia. Low Tatra, B y~lra Dolina. l. of Brctno. 7 Sept. 1960, C. Bas 2104 (L). Favre (1 952) described a small Marasmius from the rotula group growing on Piceo needles as M. wettsteinii. I have seen this taxon in abunda nce in Scandinavia,and studied in 3ddition some collections from central Europe. and come to the conclusion that Favre's taxon is very similar tom. bulliordii. The only differences found arc the absence of sterile side-branches on the Stipe and the substrate. Marasmius bulliardii forma bulliar diigrows on leaves of deciduous trees, mainly Fagus, and has almost always small side-

15 244 P ER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3,1987 branches bearing a sterile pileus at the end. Consequently I came to the conclusion, likt Moser (1983), that M. wettsteinii sensu Favre is a synonym of M. bulliarclii. I prefer. however, to give Favre's taxon the rank of forma. Lundell (1957) considered the sarnt taxon as a form of Marasmius rotula. The identity of Marasmius wettsteinii is a bit obscure: it was described by Saccardo & Sydow ( 1899) to replace Marasmius tenerrimus Wettstein (non M. tenerrimus Bcrk. & Curt.). The original diagnosis clearly indicates that Wettstein's taxon belongs to section Marasmius: ' Pileus membranaceous, convex or almost hemispherical, 2-4 mm broad. umbilicate, plicate, glabrous, whitish ochraceous; lamellae few (I 0-16), broad, distant, united in a collarium, concolorous with pileus; stipe straight, with black rhizomorphs, mm long, tough, glabrous, brown-black, apex whitish: spores globose or ellipsoid, S- 7 JJm diameter, hyaline, smooth. On cones of Abies pectinata in Austria. M. row/a and M. gra minis affinis.' The small, globose spores make clear that, if Wettstein's observat ions were righ1. his fungus is not identical with ours and remains doubtful until it has been redisco\ crcd. Section Sicci 5. Marasmius siccus (Schwein.) Fr.- Figs Agaricus siccus Schwein., Schrift. Nat. Forst. Gcs. Leipzig I : Morasmius siccuj (Schwcin.) Fr. Epicr.: M is a p pi i e d n am c.- Morosmit1s borealis sensu Moser in Windahlia 14 : ScI c c t c d I i t c r a t u r c.- S. Jacobs.~on & S. Muskos in Jordstjarnan 6 (3) : Pileus 5-25 mm broad, campanulate, conical or hemjspherical, expanding with age1o plano-convex, with slightly truncate, papillate or depressed centre. with deflcxed or straight often crenate margin. rather strongly radially sulcate from margin almost up 10 centre, vividly orange to ochraceous or yellowish ochraceous (centre 5 YR 5/8. rest 7.5 YR 6 7/8, when old more like 7.5 YR- 1 0 YR 8/4 6), minutely pruinose all over (sub Jente). Lamellae (L = 10-20, I = 0-1 (3)) distant, almost free, thickish, narrowly vcnuic ose, whjte to cream colour (10 YR 8/6), sometimes with brownish edge, panicularly in dried specimens. Stipe x mm, cylindrical, tough, pale yellow at apex, below via red brown to blackish brown at base, smooth, glabrous, shining. Contcxl white in pileus, brown in stipe. Smell none. Taste mild. Spores x 4-5!J.m, average x 4-5 IJ.m, Q = 2.4-5, average Q = 3 5. fusiform, thin-walled. Basidia x 5 6!J.m, 4-spored, clamped. Lamella edge sterilt. CheiJocystidia 8-20 x 3-10 J.I.IO, clavate to vesiculose, en brosse with numerous J.I.IO long, yellow brown excrescences. Hymenial cystidia x 5-10!J.Ill. clavate 10 Figs Morosmius siccus Fruit bodies (x 1).- IS. Elements of pileipellis (x 1000) Plcurocystidia (x 1000) Cheilocystidia (x 1000) Spores (X 1500). 19 Plcurocystidia (X 1000) Fruitbodics (X 1) Chcilocystidia (x 1000) Spores (x 1500). ( from Muskos, 28 Aug. 1985: f1om Noordeloos )

16 NOORDELOOS: Noruwe ad F7oram agaricin.am- X V ~ 14 ~

17 246 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 fusiform or Iageniforrn, thin-walled, with yeijowish contents, scattered to fairly abundant. Subhymenium branched, made up of 2.5 f.lm wide hyphae. Pileipellis a hymen~ derm, made up of broadly clavate to vesiculose elements 'en brosse' with numerous 2-7 f.l.nl long, brown-coloured finger-like excrescences in upper part. Pileocystidia absent PiJeitrama subregular to irregular, made up of 3- lof.lm wide, branching, innated hyphae. Stipitispellis a compact cutis of brown-coloured, cylindrical, 2-7 f.lm wide hyphae. Caulocystidia absent. Clamp-connections abundant. Ha b ita I.- Gregarious on litter, sometimes on wood, in mixed boreal and subarctic forest, usually with Betula, Alnus and Piceo. Co II c c t ions c x am i n c d.-fin LAND, Oulu disuict, Oulu, Pirkkarala, Turkan~ar i. 30 Jul)' 1981, T. Ulvinen (OULU); Muhos, Poikajoki, lsterinkoski, 8 Aug. 1966, T. Ulvinen (OULL'). Muhos, Suokyla, 25 Sept. 1971, E. & M. Ohenoja (OULU): Muhos Muhospcra, Pckkala, 18 Aug ~1. Ohenoja (OULU); Muhos. Muhospcrli, Poikajoki, 18 Aug. 1967, M. Ohenoja (OULt;): Yli-11. Yh Tln nila, Kynkiilinniemi. Siuruanjoki, IS July 1974,1: U/vinen (OULU): Kliminki. Huttukyla. Knnnrkl joki, Bcvossaari, 21 Apr. 1968, M. Ohenoja (OULU}; lnari Lapland. Utsjoki. Kcvu, T,hJ I~Jot i, 14 Aug. 1961, L. Harmoinen (OULU); ditto, 16 Aug. 1965, T. Ulvinen (OULU}. NOR\\'AY. hnn mark, Alta, KMjord, &lkkob3dne, 22 Aug. I 966, T. Ulvinen (OULU): Troms, StorfJnrd. Skrl>orn, 2~ Aug. 1966, T. Ulvinen (OULU). - SWEDEN, Medelpad, Borgsjo. S. Sillre. 28 Aug Si11 Muskos (L). - CA ADA, Quebec, Gatincau National Park, II. Sept. 1984, M.. Noorddoos8-IJO/ (L). 6. Marasmius anomalus Lasch- Fig Marasmius anomalus Lasch in Klo tz.ch Herb. vivum mycol pl. I 7. fig not Marasmius anomalus Peck in Rep. N.Y. State Mus. nat. Hist. 24: Marasmius littoralis Qucl. in Bull. SllC. Ami.\ Sci. nat. Roucn, ~er. II, IS: 169, pl. 3. f1g I I Selected descriptions & illustrations. 13attetta in BuU. uimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. SO: , fig. l (as M. epodius); Benkert in Mykol. MittBJ. 22(2/3): S !!: Kuhner in Bo taniste: (as M. epodius va.r. microsporus); Pearson in Tran ~. Br. mycol. Soc. ls: 104 los (asm.iittoralis); Singer in Sydowia 18: Pileus ( - 15) mm broad, broadly hemispherical or conical at first then convex, usually with dist inct papilla, finally plano-convex wijh smaij papilla; translucently striate and grooved to sulcate on back of lamellae from centre to margin. pale ora nge. ochraceous or brown with darker centre (7.5 YR 5-6/6 8), pallescent with age ( 10 YR 8/ 3), glabrous or subpruinosc (lens). Lamellae (L = 10-20, I= 0(1)) equal. rarely I or~ lamellulae per fruitbody, distant. free or narrowly adnexed, broadly ventricose. usu3lly extending under pileus, pale cream to pale brown with distinctly darker brown. granulose edge. Stipe x (- 1.0) mm, filiform, cylindrical, tough, at apex pale cream to lemon yellow, then passing through yellow or orange to red-brown or blackish brown towards base (base 5 YR 3/2), glabrous, shining, finely grooved lengthwise. attached to substrate with red-brown, hairy disc. Context thin, concolorous with surface in cortex of pileus and stipe, pallid in inner part of pileus. Smell none. Tam mild. Spore print white. Sporesl ( 22.0)x ( 7.0)J..Im, average x4.9- S.4pm. Q= , average Q = , ellipsoid to fusiform with long apiculus, thin-,, alled. colourless, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia x m, 4-spored, clavate. Lamella edge sterile. Cheilocyst id ia x 5-10 f.lrn, clavate to broadly clavate or obpyrifonn.

18 NOORDELOOS: Nomlae ad Horom agaricinam- XII F~J:s Morosmius anomalus Fruit bodies (X 1, section x 2) Otcilocystidia (x 1000) Spores (x I 500) Elements of pilcipcllis (X 1 000) Pleurocystidin (x 1000). (All fig~. from Bas 4025.) with numerous warts and finger-like protuberances at apex. with brown, often thickened wail espec1ally in upper part, warts massif. brown. Pleurocystidia x 12-14,urn, fusiform to clavate, often constricted or molinifonn at apex, with colourless. granular content. rare to frequen t. Subhymeniunt ramose, made up of J..l.m wide hyphae. Hymenophoral trama subregular. made up of inoated, often anastomosing or branched hyphae, 3-12 J..l.lll wide. Pileipellis a hymeniderm, made up of broomcells, 6-15 x 5 I 0 jl1ti. with thin or thickened, brown walls and warts. Pileitrama compact in upper layer, made up of rather thick-wa lled, brownish hyphae, 2-8 J..l.rn wide, in lower part irregular, made up of innated, hya line, colourless. 3-10,urn wide hyphae. Stipitispellis a cutis of n.mow. brown. thick-walled hyphae. 3-6 J..l.lll wide. at apex with some patent 5 10 J..l.lll wide. hyaline. colourless terminal elements. Stipitistrama regular, made up of cylindrical to slight!} mnated hyphae, 5-12 J..l.lll wide. Clamp-connections abundant in most tis sues. but rare in st ipitistrarna. Chemical react ion s.- Walls of hyphae in stipe strongly dextrinoid and meta chromatic. All other parts inamyloid. not metachromatic. liabitat.- On grass and grass debris, sometimes also on roots, frequently found on rabbit dung. in rather dry. open vegetations like dune-grasslands. xerophytic grasslands. sometimes in rather saline habitats. often gregarious, sometimes caespitose. Distribution.-Europe. Fairly common in the coastal dune area in the Netherbods. Jul} - 1\ovcmbcr.

19 248 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Part Colle c ti ons cxamincd.- TIIE NETII ERLANDS. prov. Fricsland, lsi.schicrmonniltoo#. Nov ;'. J. M. A rnolds (L); prov. oord Ho iland, lsi. of Tcxcl. Hoorn. 27 Oct f. B. Jansen (L); Am tcrdam. 15 Sept , Ill. J. Reynders (L); Castricum, 10 Nov G. U. S"'D burg de Veye (L); ditto, 6 Oct. 1967, anon. (L): Santpoort. 9 Nov C Dos 4025 (l). Dluc:mtr da31, 30 Sept I c de Boer (L); Vogclcnznng. 20 Oct c Bas 6220 (L) & 24 o~t J. Dooms (L): prov. Zuid-Holland; Wassenaar, Meyendcl, 8 & 28 Oct. 1954, Fcllr de h'al (l ):dmo. 2 Nov C Bas I 156 (L): lsi. of Voorne, Oostvoornc, 20 Oct. 1963, P. B. Jansen. dnto. 31 O.t F. Benjominsen : ditto. 20 Oct !:.'. J. M. A molds: lsi. of Gocree, 13 Oct C &s (l ). prov. Zeeland, lsi. of Schouwen, 22 Oct. 1966, C Bas 4840 (L): lsi. of Noord-Bcvcl:wd. Onrustpo~ der. I 5 Sept Ill. G. Beeftink: lsi. of Walchcrcn, Vrouwcnpoldcr, 18 Aug /~B. ) QJIS(J (L). - GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC. Klotzsch llcrb. viv. mycol (lsotypc of M. enol>'.' Ius). GERMAN DE~I OC R ATIC REPUBLIC. Fahrin..cl. 9 ov. l913,j.j. Barkman 97J6(11'BS) Marasmius a noma/us belongs to a group of rather closely related species that u! widely distributed in boreal and temperate regions of Europe and North America. Gilliao (1975) described a number of new species in this group, mainly based on microscopiro differences, such as thick- or thjn-walled clements in pilcipellis and presence or absen:t of coloured pleurocystidia. In Europe at least two species are known. viz. M. siccusand M. anomalus, that arc very closely related, and distinguished mainly on habit and h!b: tat characters: Marasmius a noma/us is the smauest of the two with well developed bill(:. lac, growing on grasses, and M. siccus is usually more luxurious, has less broad,somcttme~ slightly reduced lamellae, and grows on forest litter. Some more species appear in tht European literature, viz. Marasmius epodius Bres., M. lirroralis Qu~l.. and M. ema/loru Sing. The latter seems to be well characterized by the green tinges in the stipc and lub~> tat on needles of Pi11us pinasrer in Mediterranean areas. Morosmius liuoralls is usuillr considered as a synonym of M. a11omalus, but the original diagnosis of Quelct isso!ll! what aberrant, since it describes a fungus with a pale, almost white pijeus and rcd-bro'o Stipe, growing on sticks. Without Q u~let's notice of large spores ( 15-20!Jill). tt coujj easily have been Marasmius cpiphyllus. Marasmius epoclius Bres. remains somewhat doubtful. Jacobsson ( 1985) studied some original collections of Bresadola 'sa species tn the Stockholm herbarium, and reports spores x 3-4!Jm, and plcurocystidit similar to those of M. siccus. Section Globularinj 7. Marasmius suaveolens (Rea) Rea.- Figs Morosmius argyro(jus var. suaveolens Rca in A.l. Smith & Rea in Trans Br. mycol. Soc.! 1? Marasmius suaveolens (Rca) Rea. Urit. Basidiom Pileus mm broad, convex then applanate or depressed, flesh colour bcconun~ paler on drying, striate at margin. Lamellae crowded, adncxed, separating. 6-8 nun broad, ventricose, pallid then fuscous. Stipe x 2-3 mm. cylindrical. twisted. reddish. paler at apex, covered with a white tomentose pruina. Comext tough. Smell pleasant, like that of Marasmius oreodcs. Spores (- 8.5) x pm, average 7 x 4 /Jill, Q = , ellipsoid til pip-shaped. colourless. inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored with clamp. Lamella edge hettro-

20 NOORDELOOS: Noruloe ad Florom ogaricinam- XV 249 QQOD OQOO 28 Figs Marasmius s110 ~ eolens Spores (X 1500) Pileipellis (x 1000) Otrdocystidia (x 1000). (AU figs. from holotype.) gencous. Chcilocystidia x 10-15!Jm, irregularly cylindrical to coralloid, scattered among basidia. Pileipellis hymeniform, made up of globose. thin-walled elements, x pm. SlipitispeUis a trichoderm, made up of cylindrical, colourless hairs. Clampconnections abundant in all tissues. Chemical reactions. No pan of basidiocarp amyloid of dextrinoid in Melzer's reagens: stipitistrama mctachromatical in crcsyl-blue. llabitat.- On leaves of Fagus in deciduous forest. Collcc tton examine d. UNITED KINGDOM. England. Bantshire. Swarrato n, Grange P:lrk. 30 Oct. 1904, C. RetJ (holotype, K). Rea (I.e.) described the spores as globose, 3-4 JJm across', but I found larger, ellipsoid spores in the holotype. On account of this, au other microscopical characters, and the type-plate at Kew, I am convinced that Marasmius suaveolens is a later synonym of the well-known and wide-spread M. wynnei Derk. & Br. ( = /1'/. globularis (Quel.) Kuhn. & Romagn. Section Hygrometrici 8. Marasmius buxi Fr.- Figs ,1/arQS/IIiiiS buxi Fr. in Qucl. in Mem. Soc. Emut Montbcli:l.rd. scr. II. 5 : (Champ. Jura Vos,.-es 1). A11drosoceus buxi (Fr. in Qucl.) Pat.. Essai taxon.:

21 250 PERSOONIA Vol. 13. Part 3, 1987 uo3p 6 Do ~35 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Figs Marasmius buxi Fruit bodies (x I) Fruitbodics (X 2). 33 Spom (x 1500} Basidia (x 1000) Cheilocystidia (x 1000) Elements or p ll~ rc:t:s (X 1000}.-37. Caulocystidia (X 1000). (All figs. rrom Noorde/oos ) S e lect e d de sc rip t i o n~ & il1u strntio n s.- Favre in Schweiz. Z. P1ld. II 7 9.rJ&. I. 1933: M n lcn~on & Bertault, Fl. Champ. sup. Maroc 2: r~g Pileus mm broad, convex with straight margin, not hygrophanous, not translucently striate, dark red brown at centre (7.5 YR 4/4), almost white at m a rg in.m1n utt~ pruinosc or rugulosc under lens. Lamellae (L = 3 7, I = 0 I) distant, adn:11e to adncxcd, well developed, sometimes anastomosing, white with entire, concolorous edge. Supt 2 IS( 20) x mm, njiform, white at apex, rest blackish brown, finely half) at first, glabresccnt, finally polished. Smell none, even when crushed. Taste mild. Spores ( 13.0) x (- 4.5) pm (incl. apiculus), average 9.5 x 4.0 J1111. Q = 1.8-3, average Q = 2.2, narrowly ellipsoid to almost cylindrical w1th long ap1cu l u~. thin-walled, colourless. Basidia x 6 9 f.j.m, 2- and 4-spored, clamped. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia x 3-10 pm, lagcniform, rarely more or less tibiiform, fairly abundant but mixed with basidia. Pleurocystidia none. H}mcnophol11 trama subregular to irregular, made up of 2 IS f.j.lll wide, cylindrical hyphae. Pilcipellis a hymeniderm. made up of clavate to globose broom-cells, x 5 25 p m with thin, colourless and tltick, brown walls and brown wans. Pileocystidia scattered. and usu3 1y only present near margin of pileus, similar to cheilocyst idia. Pileitrama similar to hymenophorallrama. Clamp-connections abundant. II abita t.- On dead leaves of Buxus semper 11irens (also recorded from 8 bo/('dfl(c in Maroc) (Malcnyon & Bcrtault, I.e.).

22 NOORDI:.LOOS : Notulac ad Horom agan"cinam - X V 25 1 Oistribut ion.- Wide-spread but apparently very rare in the natural distribution-area of its host in middle and southern Europe. The non hernmost limit of Dux us reaches south ern Belgium. Morosmius buxi has never been found on cultivated Buxus north of this limit. Collection exam inc d.- loos BELGIUM. prov, Namur, Nismes. 30Sept M. J:: Noordc Marosmius buxi is a nice little Morasmius, that ca n easily be recog n i~e<.l wit h its rc<.j. dish pileus and habitat on Buxus leaves. Although I have been looking for this mushroom during the last IS years, I never succeeded in collecting it on cultivated Bto:us in the Netherlands. The locality in Belgium mentioned above probably is the northernmost pbce where natural Buxus occurs. During the forays of the Netherlands' Mycological Soctety and 1986 Morosmius buxi was found in abundancy on dead leaves that still were on the B uxits bushes. Our collection agrees well with the description of Favre ( I. e.), except for the welldel-eloped lamellae. Favre described a form with more reduced, vein-hke lamellae or e1tn a smooth hymenium. 9. Marasmius hudsonii (Pers. : Fr.) Fr.-Figs A~:r~ricus hudson II Per\, Agan"cus lludsonil' Pers.. Fr.. Syst. rnycol. I : Maras mii/j hudsoiiii (Pers : Fr.) Fr.. pier AndrosaC#!Zl S lwdsonii (Pcrs.: r r.) Pat.. I ~\3i TJ~O n Agaritus pilorus Huds., Flora anglica Marasmius pilo111s (lluds.) Ouel., H mycol. rr Sdect ed description~&. illu~ t rntlon...- Cooke. Ill. Brit. FungJ, pl (1 135) llora 83tavJ, pl Kuhn. & Romagn., Fl. anal. Champ. sup.: 83. f~g Pileus I 6 mm broad, convex, with mvolute or denexed margin, sometimes weakly translu.:coi Striate, membranaceous, white then nesh coloured, densely hairy to Strigose with up to I mm long, brown-purple hairs. Lamellae distant, venose, not well devclopcd, often anastomosing and/or forked, absent in small specimens, white, wit h entire, conoolorous edge. Stipe I I 5-45 x mm. filiform, white at fi rst 1 hen red-brown from base upwards, apex remaining white. finely pruinose all ovcr,lower pan with long. setosc. red-brown hairs like those on pileus. Context very thin, concolorous with sur faet. Smell and taste mconspicuous. Spores x J1m, average 9.7 x 5.7 Jlm, Q = , averc1ge Q broadl> to nmowly ellipsoid, sometimes pip-shaped, thin-walled, colourless. Basidia x 5 9 J1m, 4 spored, clamped. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia x5 I:! J.On. lageniform to slenderly tibiiform, thjn.wa ljed. colourless, sometimes with hyaline slime-cap on top. scattered :unong basidia. Pileipellis hymeniform, made up of globose to clavate broom-cells, I 2 30 x 5 I 2 J1m with J1m long finger-like e>.ercscenccs. Pileocystidia x 4 14 Jlm, lageniform to slenderly tibiiform, more or less similar to cheilocystidia, fairly abundan t. Hairs on pileus and stipe ISO 750 x S-10 (base) x 2 6 J.. lln (apex), setiform with thick, red-brown walls. Clamp conncctions abundant. Habita t. On dead leaves of flex oquifolium in deciduous forest. D1stnbution. Wide-spread, ext remely rare in the 'etherlands, seemingly common in England.

23 252 P R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part Figs Marasmiuslmdsonii Pilcipellis (x 1000) Fruilbodics (x I) Fruit bodies (x 2.5) Spores (x 1500) Chcilocystidia (x I 000) Setae from Stipe (x 500). ( after Flora Bat:~va, pl. 2228: au other f~g s. from Clark. 29 Oct )

24 NOORDELOOS: Norulae ad A orom agarlcinom XV 253 F~g> Moratmiellus omatitsimus Fruitbodic (X 2) Spores (X I 500) Buidi:l ( >< 1000) Chcilocystidia (x 1000) Pilcipcllis (x I 000) Supitis pelhs (, 1000). (All figs. from holotypc.)

25 254 PER S 0 0 N 1 A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 Collection examined.-united KINGDOM, England, Devonshire, Slapton Oo.":~r 1\Jtwt reserve, 29 Oct M. C Clark (K). Marasmius hudsonii has been recorded once from the Nel herlands by Ltitjc h3rms (Warmond, 8 Nov. 1930, on dead leaves of /lex aquifolium) and depicted in the Flora Batava, pl No material is left of tll.is collection. Since then it has been imposstble to detect this uttle Marasmius again. While studying the colleclions at Kcw I came across a fairly large number of records of Marosmius lzudsonii from Englaud where it occurs frequently. ll. MARA SMI ELL US 10. MarasmieUus ornatissimus Noordel. & Barkman, spec. nov.- Figs Basidiomnta pnrvn. Pileus 2-3 mm latus, campanulatus demum convexus. rad ~alilcr ph,3tus. haud hygrophanus nee translucido striatus. albus centro brunncolus, toto pruinosus. L.lmcllac d t~tan tcs, ad nato dccurrcntcs, roscac. Stipes 2-5 x 0.3 mm, cylindraccus, curyutus, crcrneus. ba~irn bruc neus, toto nlbo pruinosus, basim strigosus. Odor nulla. Sporne x /.101, ellipsord:tc tl lacrimoidne, tcnuiparietajes, inamyloidae. Basidia x /.101, 4 raro 2 vel6 srorrgera Actt lamellarum stcrilis. Cheilocystidia x 5-11 J,lm, vcrsiformia, coralloidcac vel cy l i ndracco-cap~ tata. Pileipcllis cutis elementis inoatis ccllulis tcrminalibus corauoideis vel capllatis. Sllplllsptllis similis. Fib lac prcscntcs. Habitat ad lignum Callunac. Holotypus: J. J. Barkman O.:t 'Dalerpcel, prov. Oren the, The Netherlands' (WBS: isotypus in L). Basidiocarps small, dwarfish. Pileus 2-3 mm broad, campanulate then convex. some times slightly umbilicate, radially pucate, not hygrophanous, not transluccnt striate. white at centre sometimes tinged brown, dull, entirely pruinosc. Lamellae (L = I = 1-3) disunt. adnate-decurrent. sometimes loosening from stipe forming a pseudo collariurn, segmentiform, pale pink. Stipe 2-5 x 0.3 mm, cylindrical, curved. cream coloured more brown at base, entirely white pruinose, white strigose at base with white radiating hairs. Context concolorous with surface. Smell none. Taste not known. Spores x Jlm, average 11.7 x 5.5 Jlm, Q = 2-2.4, average Q =!.l. ellipsoid to lacrymoid, thin-walled, colourless, inamyloid. Basidia x 9 I ~.S pm. 4-, rarely 2-spored, clavate, clamped. LamelJa edge sterile. Cheilocystidia x 5 II Jlm, versiform from cylindrical capitate to irregularly coralloid with finger likc cxcrcs cences or one or more bladder-like heads at apex. Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of innated hyphae, elements x 8-20( - 25) /Jill. inter mixed with 4-10 J..lil1 wide cylindrical hyphae. PiJcipellis a cutis of 4 12( I ) pm wide, innated hyphae with cora lloid to diverticulate endings, mixed wilh pileocystidtoid capitate elements, 2-10 Jlm wide. PiJeitrama regular, made up of innated hyphae. sim ijar to hymenophoral trama. Slipit ispeihs a cutis with numerous cylindrical and capitate or coralloid to divert iculate caulocystidia, x 2-8 Jlm. Clamp connections abun dant in all tissues. Habitat & distribution.-on branchlets of Co/luna 1 ulgoris in open Betula for est on dry, peaty soil. Only known from the type locality. Co llec ti on cxamincd.- THE KETHERLANDS. prov. Drcnthe. Dalcrpccl. 2~ Oct J. J. Dorlauau /0500 (holotypc. WBS: isotypc. L).

26 NOORDELOOS: Notulae ad F1oram agaricinam XV 255 Q~OODDD Ftp I. Marosmius pruinl1n1s. SO. Spores (X I 500). - 5 I. Hyphae of pilei pel lis (X I 000). Marasmiellus omotissimus keys out in sect. Tricolores Sing. on account of the distinctly corauoid to diverticula te hyphae of the pileipellis (' ra mea lis-struct ure' ), and the btgt spores (Singer, 1973). ln thjs section only a few species are known from Europe. Marasmiellus tricolor comes very close, especially with regard to the pink lamellae, but the microscopical characters, e.g. the structure of the covering layers, are completely different, as is the habitat. Morosmius pminotus Rea shows superficial resemblance with its pruinose, wrute basidiocarps, but that species differs in a number of characters (sec type study below). The tropical members of sect. Tricolores. viz. M. coesioarer. M. berktltyi, and M. cubensis, au djffer in a considerable number of characters such as colour of pileus and stipc, structure of pileipellis, size and shape of spores. II. Marasmius pruinatus Rca Figs. S0-51 Mcrr~smius pruinatus Rca intra"'. IJr. mycol. Soc. 5: 435, pl Pileus 5-10 mrn broad, obtusely convex or obsoletely papillate with thin. cncurved margm, white becoming tinged with yellow, fle shy horny, pruinose. Lamellae decurrent, subdistant, very narrow, l mm broad, shining, white. Stipe x l - 2 mm, equal, rigid, white, pruinose base white villose. Spores x J.lm. average 10.4 x 4.9 f-1111, Q = , average Q = 2.2, ellipsoid. slightly broader at apex. No intact basidia nor cystidia seen. Pileipellis a cutis with transitions to a trichoderm, made up of radially arranged cylindrical hyphae with strong!) developed ramealis structure. Clamp-connections not seen with certainty. Chemical react io ns.- No part of basidiocarps amyloid or dextrinoid in Melzer's rtagent. Collecuon\ e>.3m i ne d. UN ITED KING DOM, England. Somc r~ct, West Prolock, 14 G:t G. lfcddm (holotypc, K). According to Orton ( 1960) and Singer (1973) Morasmius pntinows is a synonym of Mammitllusrricolor {Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Sing. My observations on the holotype of

27 256 P E R S 0 0 I A - Vol. 13, Part Marasmius pminows show slightly different spores. Furthermore the basidiocarp) of.ll pntinaws are entirely white, whereas those of M. tricolor have a dark coloured Stipe an;j pinkish lamellae. For those reasons I do not believe that Marasmius prumatm Rea sa synonym of M. tricolor but a species in its own right, that should be placed. howc\cr.in the genus Marasmiellus. Because of the base state of the holotype, however. M. pnnnotus is considered a nomen dubium. 12. MarasmieHus tricolor (Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) Sing.- Figs. 5:!- 57 Agaricus rrlcolor Alb. & Sch\\Clll.. Conspcct. rung.: Agancus mco/f)r \.b..! Schwein.: Fr.. Sy, t. mycol. I: Maratmiut tricolor (Alb. & Sdmc1n l r J Jo:u h ~ n BotanJstc: 25: !tfarasmiellut tricolor (Alb. & Schwem.: Fr.) Smg 111 P.1p. ~IJ,h \ <.d Sci. 32: Agan'cus languidus Lusch in Lmnaca 3: Agaricus languidus (l..;~,dl l f r. lri,r; Marasmiellus langr4idus (Losch) Sing. in LiUoa 22 : F." c I u d c d : Marasmius languidus sensu KU hn. & Ro magn.. Fl. anal. \hanljl 'up. llf> 1953 M. vall/amll). Se l e c t ed d escripti o n & l llustration.- KUhncr in Botanhtc 25: R Pileus 2-11 mm broad. convex, usually with small, conical papilla. cxpandi n~ with age to plano-convex or applanate, with enrolled margin, not hygrophanous. not tra ns. lucent-striate, white or cream-coloured, minutely pn1inose under lens, later ~omc llln~ more or less tomentosc. Lamellae (L = 10 17, I = 0-2) distant. broadly adnate to deeply decurrent. triangular, or arcuate, white or cream- coloured, often turning Oesl: pink with age or when dried, with entire. concolorous edge. Stipe 8 20 x mm. cylindrical, sometimes broadened towards base or apex. sometimes tapering t0\\3jjs base, whjtc to cream at apex, brown to black towards base. pruinosc to tomentose ad over. Context thin, concolorous with surface. Smell and taste inconspicuous. Spores (8.5 ) x ( 6.5)pm, average x pm. Q = , average Q , ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid. or pip-shaped. tlllll \"alled, colourless. Basidia x 8 II pm, 4- and 2-spored, clamped. Lamella edge fert ile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia absent or present. then very sparse, cylindrical to su~. lagcniform, x 4-10.urn. Pileipcllis a cutis of inoated hyphae. 2 IS J.ltn wij! with strongly developed ramealis-structurc. vi.g. ascending, inoated term inal clements with numerous finger- and bladder-like excrescences, with pale ye llow not ~llcjusted walls. Caulocystidia numerous along whole length of stipe, about 40 I ::!0 x 4 I' Jl'll with ramealis-structurc. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.!ia bit at. On roots of grass and grass-debris in grasslands of grassy spots. D ist ribu t ion.-rare and wide-spread in Europe. Summer Autumn. Collec t JOn) ex:~mined. NORWAY. Vcstfo ld, N\itt cr~y. Tete, Ro... tnr... f> \ u~ A. Aronsen6/8.5 (L). - Till:. NFTIII RLA NDS. prov. Gcldcrland, Groc,bcd. I J un~ 193:. A. C S. Scltwccn (L): Hotcrt. Hatcrtsc Vcnncn. 29 July G. A. de Vries (L): pro'. Lu 111 llol Ia nd. Alphen aan de Rljn, Zegerplas. 31 July C Ul/C (L). Fig Marasmic/Ius rn'color rruubodtc) (X 5). 53. Fruttbod 1c~ (X ll. - 5~ Spores (X I 500) Caulocystidin (x I 00) Pilcipcllis (xi 000). ( rom dr l rits 29 July :all other figs. from Aronun 6/85 )

28 NOORDELOOS: NotuiiJe od Floram agoricinom- X V 257

29 258 PER S 0 0 I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 Marasmiellus tricolor is a very rare, and probably also overlooked spcc1cs. The only 'modern' description of European material is that of KUhner ( 1933), and since I rc-:crlll} got two well preserved and annotated collections from Norway and the Netherlands. I decided to give a full description and illustration of this species. A character that alw3ys has been considered important, viz. the pink lamellae, is not always very clear. ChcJIO cystidia arc usually absent, rarely present, but then very sparse. This is a good ~hara~: t er, together with the size and shape of the spores, and the growth on grasses, to distinguish Marasmiellus tricolor from M. trabutii and M. candidus. Marasmie/lus omutissimlll comes also close, but grows on Co/luna, has well developed chcilocystidia and different structure of the covering layers of pileus and stipe. 13. Marasmiellus roscllus (J. Lange-) Mos.) Kuyper & Noordcl.- Figs Ompholio rose/lo J. L3ngc in Dansk bot. Ark. 6: C/itocybe rosello J lan l!~ - \lojt: in Sydowia 4 : too Omplwlina rosello (J. langc-. Mos.) Moser, Blauer und BauchpJiu. I. Aufl.: Morosmiel/us rosellus (J. L3nge 4 M o~. ) Ku yper & Noo rd c l oo~ 111 Pru... lnt Symp. Tricholomauceac, Borgo Taro: Myce11o com leo/or P. D. Orton in Trans. lh. my col. Soc. 43: Selected descriptio n & Illustrati o n. MaiCn\)011 & Denault, rt. \hjmp,u? Maroc 2: , fig Cha racteristics.- Pileus about 10 mm broad, plano-convex, umbilicate. shon l) translucently striate or not, pink or pinkish lilacinous, somewhat tomcntose. L:lmclbt arcuate-decurrent, pinkish like pileus. St ipe x 1-2 mm, cylindrical. whue or with pink tinge. Spores 8-11 x 4-6 j.j.m, ellipsoid or lacrymoid. thin-walled. colourkss, inamyloid. Basidia 2 and 4-spored. clamped. Cheilocystidia present, lageniform x 4-10 J.l.m. Pileipellis a cutis with transitions to a trichodem1, of repent and ascending hyphae with modified terminal elements (pileocystidia), x 5 IS( 10) pm, somewhat Jageniform or clavate. Pigment membranal and encrusting in pilcipellis anj upper pileitrama. Clamp- connections abundant. Co II cc t i o n c x ami n c d. THE NETHERLANDS. prov. Noord BrJ han t. :tlung Drontt- 1cns Kanaal between I lclvoirt nnd Druncn, 23 Oct. 1983, //. 1/uijser >. n. (L). Marasmiell11s rose/ius is pla ced in the genus Marasmiell11S on account oft he pilcipelhs that shows strong resemblance to that of M. l'aillantii and M. candid11s, and the wtll differentiated cheilocystidia. Ill. MI C ROMPHALE 14. Micromphale bisporigera, ad int.- Figs Basidiocarps small. Pileus 6-8 mm broad, irregularly convex to plano-com cx with only the outermost margin innexed, not distinctly hygrophanous, when moist dark yellowish brown {Muns. 10 YR 5/6), slightly paler toward s margin ( 10 YR 616) 3nd slightly darker at centre ( 10 YR 4/4 to 4/6). slightly translucently striate at marg n(up to 1/3 of radius), collicu losc at centre, glabrous, making a greyish impression. L:l nclbt ( L =about 17, I = I 3) rather crowded, free or very narrowly ad nate. adncxcd. mod

30 NOORDELOOS: Nom/oe od Aoram ogoricinom- XV 259 F~' Morosmiellus rose/ius f-ruit bodies (x 2). 59. Spores (X 1500) Olctloc) stidw (x I 000) Pilcipcllis (x I 000). (All figs. from 1/uijser, 23 Oct. I 983.) mtely broad (up to I. 2 mrn ), sometimes tending to form anastomoses, pale cream-buff to yellowish buff (2.5 Y 8/4 to 10 YR 7/4 but slightly more yellow), with entire, conoolorous edge. Stipe 5 x mm, cylindrical slightly tapering towards base, yellow-brown ( 10 YR 6/8-6/6), slightly more red at base, very minu tely granular or pruinose in same colour, fistulosc. Contex t pale yellow-brown with darker zone under pileipellis. Smell not remarkable. Taste not tried. Spores x J.Lm, broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, inamyloid. Basidia x 5-65 J.Lm. 2, rarely I or 3-spored, clamp less. Lamella edge heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia x 5-6 J.Lm, clavate, rare and scattered. Subhymenium ramose, probably not gelatinized. Hymenophoral trama strictly interwoven in upper part near pileus becoming more irregular downwards to perfectly regular near lamella edge. Pileipcllis a 20-40,um thick ixocutis of 5-12J.Lm wide, nodulose, thin-walled hyphae embedded in a gelatinous matrix, subpellis made up of innated hyphae, up to 25 J.Lm wide. Stipitispellis a cutis with dense clusters of caulocystidia. Caulocystidia x 4-8 J.Lill, cylindrical to clavate. Stipit istrama regular, made up of cylindrical clements up to 160 x IOJIITI. not constricted at scptac. Clamp-connections absent. llabitat & d istrib ut ion.- On bark of deciduous tree, only known from one locality in the Netherlands.

31 260 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 oooo 63 Figs Micromphale bisporigera Fruit bodies (X 2). 63. Spores (X 1500) - 6J Cheilocystidia (X 1000) D:uidi:l (X 1000) Elements from pile1pellis (x 1000) - 6 Clulocystidi:l (x 1000). (All fig. from l/lje, 20 Nov. 1984,) Collectio n C/lnmined. Till:: NETHERLANDS, prov. Zuld llollond. Alphen JJn dt RIJn, ncar Zcgersplas, 20 Nov. 1984, C. l/lje (L). The tiny basidiocarps, gelatinized pileipellis with nodulose hyphae, and clampless. ~ spored basidia make this taxon a good species of Micrompllale. The material IS too scanty for designation of a holotype and therefore no formal description of a new spe. cies has been made. IV. HO HENBUE H ELIA 15. Hohenbuehelia culmicola Bon- Figs /oltenbuelte/io Clllmicolo Don in Docum. mycol. 10(37 38): Selected descrip t ion & illu s tration. Don in Docum. mycol. 11(41 ): 51 SJ.r~ Pileus 9-25 mm broad, spathulate to reniform or convex with involute margm and irregularly lobed, undulating marginal zone, usually depressed at centre. not hygrophanous, not translucent-striate, densely villose all over with grey hairs on grcy-bla.:k

32 NOORDELOOS: Notulae ad F1o1r1m agaricinom XV 26 1 I. Figs lloltenblleltelia clllmicola Frultbodics (x I ) Spores (X I 500) Ot~iloc)stido (X 1000) Plcurocystidia (x 1000). (68 with from Vellinga 741. all other flf$. from Noortldoos ) b3ckground ( Muns. 10 YR 3/ 1-2, K & W 6E4),pallescent (10 YR4/ I 2)and sulcate on dr) tng. Lamellae (L up to 50, I = I 5) moderately crowded, decurrent, narrowly segmentiform, creamish wltite when young then greyish to brownish ( 10 YR 6/4) with brown. more or less entire edges. Stipe 8 20 x 3 4 mm. central or slightly excentrical, cylindrical, sometimes broadened towards base, concolorous or paler and more brown than pileus. covered in grey villose surface. Context pallid in pileus and stipe, with darker gelatinous layer under surface of pileus. Smell somewhat sourish fungoid. Taste mild. Spores x Jlm, average m, Q = , average Q = 1.5, ellipsoid. thin walled, inamyloid. Basidia x 7 J I Jlm, 4-spored, clamped. Lamella edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia I 5-40 x 8-25 Jlm, very irregular in shape. basal form usually clavate to lageniform. but apex often moliniform/capitatc or v. ith two or three apical. moniliform appendages, thin-walled, colourless. Plcurocystidta x 5 IS 11ffi (wall up to 4 f.jill thick), numerous. clavate to fusiform, thickwalled. metulotd. often with mucous mass covering the apex. PiJeipellis a trichoderm of dense fascicules of J.Jm wide, cylindrical hyphae with yellow, thin or thick, often encrusted walls. Clamp-connections very numerous in all tissues. llabt tat. Close to the ground on culms and leaf-sheats of Leymus arenarius in the outermost/one of coastal sand-dunes. Distrih ution.-known from France and two loca lities in the Netherlands. Nov. Colle( t 11 1 n ~ c ~ a mincd. TH E Nl:.T IIl:RLANDS. prov. Fncsland. h i. ofschtcrmonmkco:.ouc erdun~'. l9!':ov. l984. t : C Vellinga 741 (L).ditto, IO Nov.I985. E. C. Vtllillga(&J. /1. ltrr.wrr)mfl (I): (HOv. Zuid Ho lla nd. hl. ofgocrcc. K''adc llock. II Nov 1984,,41..,<\'oordt loos 84J Y<( ILl

33 262 P ERSOON IA Vol. 13. Part 3, 1987 Holrenbuelrelio culmico/a is a very remarkable member of the genus 1/ohc'llburhrlltJ because of the habit, habitat and substratum. Most species of Hohenbllehello grow on wood in deciduous or coniferous forest. It comes close to H. otrococmlco, hut that species never has a well-developed st ipc, and the ecology is completely different. ACK1 OWLEDGEMENTS Thomas Laess0e is gratefully thanked for providing the material of Morasmmt comr Iii. The curator of the herbarium at Oulu is acknowledged for the l o:~n of spccuncns. The director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, is greatly thanked for hospitality and providing working space. R EFERF. 'CF.S BAS. C. ( 1962). The genus Cloioccpholo Massce in Europe. In Pcrsoonia 2: CLi~MENyON, H. ( 1982). Compendium dcr 01atterpilze II. Morosmius. In Z Mykul. 411: 3 16 CORNER. I:.. J. II. ( 1934). The fungi of Wicken Fen, Ca mbridgeshire. In Trans. Br. mycol So~ 19: ra VRE, J. ( 1952). Morosmius weusteinii. In Ocr. Schw. bot. Ges. 62: GILLIAM, M. S. ( 1975). The genus Morosmius in the N ort h ea~ tcrn United Stat es~ nd adjjc~:nt C'anJJJ. In Mycotaxon 4 : JACOOSSON. S. & MUSKOS, S. ( 1985). Morosmius siccus (Schw.) l r. funncn i Svcngc. In Jord't)Jir.Ja 6(3): KUHNt:R, R. ( 1933). Etudes sur 1e genre Morosmlm. In BotanJStc 25: LU DELL. S. (1957}. Fungi Exsiccati Suecici, praescrtim UpsalicnSIS. Fasc ljppsall MOS E~. M. (1983). Die Rolu lingc und Dlatterpllzc, S. Aun. 2(b/2). Fischer, Stutttm NOORDELOOS, M. E. ( 1981). Notes on Morosmir1s I. Morosmius psc11docoricis,pee. nuv Jnd t!k status of Cloioccpholo Mass. In Persoonia II : ORTON. P. D. (1960). ew Checklist of agnrlcs and boleti. In Trans. Dr. m) col. S<X ~39. SACCARDO, P. A. & SYDOW, P. ( 1899). Syllogc fungorum 14. Patnvii. Sl GER. R. (1 973). The genera Morosmicllus, Crepidot11s, and Simocybe 10 thl' Jllcouoptn. In Ocih. ova Hcdwigin 44.

34 l'l::rsoonia Published by the Rij k~herbjnum. Leiden Volume 13. Part 3. pp (1987) ASORDARJA, A NEW GENUS OF TH E SORDARJACEAE, AND A NEW SPECIES OF MELANOCARPUS J. A. VONARX*. J. GUARRO.. and H. A. VAN DER AA Arordorw gen nov. IS introduced for Sordariaccae with ovate or broadly cllip ~Clld.ll, mooth ascosporcs wnhout gelatinous sheath. The g e nu~ l) ba~c d on Asordoruz ttntrifoe spec. nov. Seven specie~ of Sordtlria arc rcclass1f1cd m Asor dana and 11 further specie.s u dc)cribcd as A. islondica. Asordoria 1 ~ considered to be more closely related to Bootltitllo, Nturospora, Gelosinosporo. and Mtlonocorpus than to Sort/aria, '"hich ~ rc,uictcd to ~pccic.s with elongate nscosporcs \\ilh 11 gel11tinou sheath. Melonocorpus oblotus spec. nov. is described. An ascorny~:ctous fungus was isolated from droppings collected by the first author in March 1986 in Las Cai'ladas on Tcnerife (Canary Islands) at an altitude of about 2300 m. The droppings were incubated on moist filt er paper in Petri dishes at room temperature. The iuugus represents a So rdaria ce:~e sensu Lundqvist ( 1972) and differs from Sor doria hiiiiiuiw (ruckel) Winter by smaller ascospores and from S. arctica C:~in and S. (01/0tdeo Caillcux by larger, especially b ro:~ dcr ascosporcs (Cain, 1957; Cailleux, 1971 ). Sorclurtu jimtcola (Rob.) Ces. & de Not., the type species of the genus, is characterized b)' ellipsoidal or nearly cylindrical ascosporcs with a distinct gelatinous sheath surrounding each ascospore but leaving clear its base with a protuberant germ pore (Fig. lc). Such a sheath is absent in the species mentioned above. which therefore arc classified in a separate genus. AS 0 R 0 AR I A v. Arx, Guarro & v.d. Aa, gen. 1101'. C'uptopluiJ: cnlon1ac cclcritcr crcscunt. cum hyphi5 rodianus. Ia tis, cras$is. ~cpta t b; u~comata crumcnuj vd 'up~ rflc 1aha, ampulliformia vel pyriformia. ostiolnta. crn~)c!uilicata. ptj(mcntata: J~l C}bndtJ.:cl. \Uf\ runcau. unitunicati. cum refringcntc suuctura np1cah. oc to~po tl : asco~ porae ovaue \cl d h p~tl ld\'.u~. 3 ept3tac. glabrac. brunnco ntgtac, cum poro gcrminat i oni~ d imncto praedno. qne ~J~I~J ~luunosa. p.uaph)' )C~ ubount: unjmorpho'" abc~t. Spec1cs t)'pic3 ' A sordaria unerifot r. At\&. Cuarro Colonies expanding, with broad and regularly septate expanding hyphae; ascomata erumpent or superficial, large, ampullifonu or pyriform, with a thick wall of dark cells {textura angularis in surface view) and a beak-like, cylindrical or conical ostiolum; asci cy~ndrical. unitunicate, 8-spored, with a non-amyloid ring in the truncate apex, ascospores ovate or broadly ellipsoidal. aseptatc, smooth, dark brown or nearly black when mature. wuhout gelatinous sheath, with a distinct germ pore at the attenuated end; paraphyses absent ; ana morphs absent. Type spcc ies.- Asorcloria tenerifoe v. Arx & Guarro. CcntrJ.t ll>ur<'jii voor Schimmelculturcs. 8Jarn. T he Netherl.nd~. BIC>I ~ L>.:pJrlmcnt. Faculty of Medicine. Barcelona Uni ~ crsity. R cu ~. Spam. 263

35 264 P F. R SOON IA Vol. 13. Pan 3. 19K7 A c D.. ' I I l ll: I Sordorio fimicolo. - i\. f\ stoma. U A st1 (b;u: 100 pm). - C A~<hpur~' m unj~j in \\:Iter. 0. Ascosporcs mounted m lactophcnol (b.n : I 0 snn).

36 VON ARX. GUARRO & VAN DER AA: Asordorw 265 Species of Asordaria have been isolated from dung of carnivores and herbivores, mainly collected in arid and arctic regions (Sahara, Northern Canada, Iceland). They can easily be isolated, because the expanding hyphae grow quickly on wet filter paper, on which the glossy and black ascomata develop within a few days. The fast growing colonies with broad expanding hyphae and the unsheathed ascospores of Asordaria species indicate a closer relationship to Bootlliclla, Melanocarpus, Gelasinospora, and Neurospora than to Sordaria s.str. Gelasinospora species differ by p111ed, ret1culate, or alveolate ascospores with two or more or occasionally with a single germ pore. The ascomata may be ostiolate or non~s t iola t e. In one and the same species, ostiolatc and non~stio latc ascomata occur in the same colony (von Arx, 1982). Neurospora species have longitudinally striate ascospores with two germ pores, one at each end. Bootlriella tctraspora Lodhi & Mirza (1962) is characterized by pale, expanding hyphae, non-ostiolatc ascomata with a wall of angular, unpigmented cells and by 4-spored asci Without apical ring. The ascospores are similar to those of Asordario tenerifae in ilc, shape, structure, and pigmentation. Melonocorpus olbomyces is thermophilic and has fast growing expanding hyphae. The ascomata are dark, thick-walled, non-ostiolate; the asci are cylindrical or saccate, evanescent and the ascospores arc ovate or nearly spherical, usually bilaterally flattened, with a germ pore at the attenuated end..vcttrospora and Melonocarpus species include anamorphs with relatively large arthro conid1a, which develop from branched hypha by the formation of double, bulging septa with disjunctives. Asordoria resembles in some respectsapodosporo Cain & Mirza (1970), which includes spec1es with ascptatc asoospores with an apical germ pore. Apodospora, however, differs 10 that the ascospores are surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. The ascomata have a thjn wall composed of small cells, the asci arc surrounded by filamentous paraphyses, and spherical spermatia are formed basipetally at the apex of ampulliform cells. Apodo sporu is closely related to Podospora. Lasiospltaerio, and other genera of the Lasiosphaeri3ceae sensu Lundqvist ( 1972). ll<lraetomlllm may also be confused with Asordorio. The ascomata of A. globosum Rai & Tcwari, the type species. are ostiolate, thick-walled and covered with pale hyphae. The asci arc cylindrica l and evanescent. The ascospores are extruding as a dark, sticky nl3ss. They are dorsivcntrally flattened, round in fa ce view. ellipsoidal in lateral view, with a basal germ pore. Achaetomium has to be restricted to the type species, the other spec1es ha\'e been reclassified in Chaeromium by von Arx ( 1985) and Cannon ( 1986). KJ:Y TO TH E SI'I-CII S I~ t\...:\l\j)vrc\ ovj tc or nearly sphcncal b. A...:u,porc' llroadly clhpsoidal. aucnuatcd. and rounded Jl!loth ends !1 -\'<.'\l'l)ure> > ~m A. lwmono b "' '~' 'Pure',m,tllcr h..,,,u,jxifc\ x ~m. expanding hyphae ~m broad A. teneri foe b. "' ''l'porc~ ~mallcr, C'(panding hyphae 8-15 SLm broad... 4

37 266 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, a. Ascospores x J.tm, good sporulation at C A. orcnra b. Ascospores narrower, good )porulation at C a. Ascospores x J.tm A. gormdocnsrs b. Ascospores x9-12jjjn A pmli[tca 6 a. Ascospores x J.tm: ascomata nmpulliform, with a long, often curved beak A. tslomhca b. Ascospores smaller , 7 a. Ascospores x J.tm, ascomata pyriform ; t sibmii b. Ascospores smaller u. Ascosporcs x J.trn,nscomatn conical... A. ccmoidt: b. Ascosporcs x 1 J - 13 JJrn; ascomata spherical, with a shori cylindrical beak A. mobuk. emil Asordaria tenerifae v. Arx & Cuarro, spec Fig. 2 Ascomata JJill diam., JJm alta; asci x um; ascos pora ~ x JJrn. Typus ex fimo in herb. e cultuia CBS Colonies at 28 C on cornmeal agar with a daily growth rate of more lhan , filling the Petri dish within 3-4 days, becoming dark brown or nearly black: expandmg hyphae regularly and closely septate, rather thick-walled, pale brown, tjm broad: aerial hyphae noccose, much branched, septate, pale or brown, 2 5.um broad: ascomata formed from coiled hyphae, maturing within 10 days, ampulliform or pyrifonn. with a spherical body and a conical or cylindrical beak, smooth or nearly so. often glossy and black in surface view, um in diameter, urn high; the beak urn broad and urn high; ascomatal wall pm thick, composed of several layers of isodiarnetrical, thick-walled, brown cells, I 2 I 7,urn diameter. textura angularis in surface view; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, I x I 3-16 pm. with a thin bu t rather persistent wall, with a disc and a non-amyloid ring at the truncate apex: ascospores uniseriate, ovate, aseptate, smooth, greenish brown or nearly opaque when mature. without gelatinous sheath, with a distinct genn pore at the attenuated apex ~1 x J 3-18 pm; paraphyses absent, ostiolar pore lined with short, hyaline periphyses: ana morphs absent. Type. Canary Islands, Tenerife, Las Canadas, on rabbit(?) droppings, March 1986, J. A. von Arx (in herb. CBS, dried cultures and slides). Living cultures were incorporated in the CBS culture collection (CBS ). The top three ascospores in the ascus are apically attenuated with an apical germ pore. The ascospores in the basal part of the ascus are usually attenuated and porate 3t the base. Asordaria arctica (Cain) v. Arx & Cuarro, comb. nov. Sordorio arc rico Cain in Can. J. Bot. 35: (basionym). Asordaria conoidea (Cailleux) v. Arx & Cuarro, comb Sordoria conoidea Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: (basionym). Asordaria goundaensis (Cailleux) v. Arx & Guarro, comb. nov. Sordoria goundaensis Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: (basion)'lll)

38 VONARX, GUARRO & VAN DER AA : Asordorio 267 A I D 11~ 1 As()rdorio tenerifoe. - A. Ascoma (bar = JOO pm) Asci (b:u: = 50 pm). - C. Asco mat31 \\JII m,urf3cc view (b:u: = 10 pm). - D. Ascospores (bar = ).

39 268 P E R S 0 0 :-J I A - Vol 13. Pan 3, 1987 Sordoria goundaensis var. larisporo Caillcux is similar to A. orctico, probably rndt} tinguishable. Asordaria humana (Fuckcl) v. Arx & Guarro, comb Splwerio lzumona Fuckel, Fungi Rhcnani no (basionym). lwmona (Fuckcl) Winter in Bot. Ztg 30: For fu rt her synonyms see Lundqvist (1972). Sordarw This species seems to be rather common. Eight strains maintained in the CBS Culture Collections as Sordoria lzwnona have been examined. Only CBS , received from J. C. Krug and collected in Venezuela was correctly identified. The other isolates luve been reidenti fied as Sordaria fimicola and S. lappa a Potebnia. Asordaria islandica Guarro & van der Aa, spec. nov. Fig. 3 Ascomata superficialia. ampuuiformia. nigra #ffi diam.. couo Iongo. cur,ato prj~j.u asc1 c)llindrucci, unitunic3ti, J x #m, octospori; as<:osporac laic clhpsojdc3c. a~~ru tac, gin brae, brunnco-nigrac, x pm, cum poro gcrminationcs pracdlto. ~inc 'aguu glu tinos3. T)lpus ex fimo ovis in herb. CBS, c cultwu CBS Colonies at 28 C on cornmeal agar with a daily growth rate of more than IS mm. filling the Petri dish within 3 4 days, becoming dark brown or nearly black, Cll.panding hyphae septate, rather thick-walled, pale brown, pm broad, aerial hyphae rlo cosc, branched, hyaline or pale, 2-4 JJm broad; ascomata formed from hyphal rorls. maturing within 8 days (at 22 C), ampulliform or pyriform, with a spherical body Jnd 3 long conical or cylindrical, often recurved or irregular beak, smooth or nearly so. gl oss~ and black in reflected light, pm in diametcr, the beak pm broad near its base and pm long; ascomatal wall pm thick, composed of several layers of irregular, flattened, pm broad cells (tcxtura angularis in surfacf vie.,.,). asci cylindrical, with a short stalk and a truucate apex, 8-spored, x 19 ~~J.lm. with a persistent wall and a non.amyloid ring at the apex; ascospores uniscriatc. ovate or broadly ellipsoidal, ascptatc, smooth, g.reenish brown or black when mature.'' ithout gelatinous sheath, with a distinct germ pore at the base, IS 29 x J..un: paraphystt absent; anamorphs absent. T y pc. Iceland. near Rcykravik. on sheep dung, August J 977, in herb. I L \. v3n dcr A a (CBS. dried cu lture). Living cultures: CBS Asordaria mabokeensis (Cailleux) v. Arx & Guarro, comb. 1101'. Sordaria mohokeensis Caillcux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: (basion) m). Asordaria prolifica (Caillcux) v. Arx & Guarro, comb. no11. Sordario prolijica Caillcux in Bull. Soc. my col. Fr. 87: (basionym). Asordaria sibutii (CailJcux) v. Arx & Guarro, comb Sordoria sibwii Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. for. 87: (basionym). In the course of this study, a further undescribed ascomycetous fungus.,., a~ cn~.'oun. tcrcd in the CBS culture collection. This was maintained as Achaetvmium globm11m

40 VON ARX. GUARRO & VAN D R AA: Asordaria 269 Fig 3 Asordoria islandica. - A. Ascoma (bar = 100 pm) - 0. Ascus and apical part of an l!qij (bjr " 100 ~n). - C. Ascornatal wall in surface view (bar = J 0 pm). - D,. Ascospores (bai l0j1111).

41 270 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 (CBS ). It differs from the type of this species (CBS ) in non osuolate ascomata, immersed in the agar medium, in bilaterally flattened, oblate ascosporcs and in other characters. It shows affinities to Melanocarpus albomyces (Cooney & l::.merson) v. Arx and represents a further species of the genus Melanocarpus v. Arx. Melanocarpus oblatus Guarro & v. d. Aa, spec. nov. - Fig. 4 Ascomata globosa vel subglobosa, immersa vel erumpentia, brunneo nigja, crnsse tuni c:~ ta #Ill ; asci cylindracci vel saccati, unitunicati, octospori, x I 0-15.urn; ascosporac obbtat. biliteraliter depressae, aseptatae, brunneo-nigrae, poro germi.nntioncs distinctis pra.:ditac. 10-Jh. 8-9 JD11; arthroconidia cylindracea vel cllipsoidca, utrinque uuncata, aseptata, hyalina, 9 18 x wn. T ypus: CBS , cultura cxsiccata in herb. CBS. Colonies on cornmeal agar at 28 o C with a daily growth rate of 11 I pro ducing a red exudate and a pale aerial myce)jum composed of mainly hyaline. scpt3te, J1m broad hyphae; ascomata maturing within I 4 d :~ys, immersed or semi immersed, covered with yellow hyphae when crumpent (seen in renected light). spheri cal or nearly so, discrete or aggregated, non-ostiolate, I J1m in diameter: :.scoma tal wall dark brown, composed of flattened, 7 I 2 J1m broad cells (textura angularis in surface view), often surrounded by brown, septa te, 3-5 J1m broad hyphae; asci cylindri cal or obovate-saccate, evanescent, 8-spored, x I 0-15 J1m ; ascospores oblate. bilaterally flattened, round in face view, ellipsoidal in lateral view, dark brown when mature, smooth, unsheathed, x 8-9 J1m, with a distinct, basal (lateral) germ pore; arthroconidia occasionally formed in the aerial mycelium in short, often branched chains, cyundrical or barrel-shaped, ascptatc, hya)jne, 9- I 8 x 2.5-6{ - 8) J1m. T ype.- The type strain CBS was received from Upper Volta (Africa) with out any data. This fungus is mesophylic, such in contrast tom. albomyces, which is highly thermo philic. The anamorphs of M elanocarpus species are reminiscent of the Chrysonilio ana morphs of Neurospora species. They differ by small, uncoloured conidial pustules and by shorter chains of more elongate conidia. The conidia of Cllrysonilia sitophilo (Mont.) v. Arx and of other species develop in sporodochium-like, orange or red pustules and are short cyjjndrical. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Dr. G. S. de Hoog and Mr. D. Yarrow for reading the manuscript and Dr. J. A. Stalpers for help with the preparation of the Latin diagnoses. R EFERENCES ARX, J. A. von (1982). A key to the species of Gclasinospora. In Persoonin II ( 1985). On Aclraetomium and a ne" genus Subramonfu/4. In Proc. lndi3n Acad. Set. (l'ij nt Set) 94: CAILLEUX. R. ( ). l es genres Sordario, Cewsinospora. Bombordio (Biologic. ~t or pho ioj!l ~. Systematique). In Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87:

42 VON ARX, CUARRO & VAN DF.R AA: Asordurio 271 D F~. 4.lft1anocorpus oblarus. - A A'iComa ( b.u - I 00 #Ill). - B. C. A~c. - D. A'co,porc$ (bal ).

43 272 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 CAIN. R. l. (1957). Studies of coprophuous Ascomycete VI. Species from the llud on Bo~y.tCCJ. In Can. J. Dot. 35: CAIN, R. F. & MIRZA, J. H. (1970). Apodosporo, a new genus of the Sordariaceae. In Can. J. Bot. 48: CAN NON, P. F. (1986). A revision of Acltat tomium. Acltaetomiclla and Subromauiula. and \11111<' ~.imib r species of Otaetomium. In Trans. Dr. rnycol. Soc. 87: LODHI, S. A. & MIRZA. R. F. ( 1962). A new genus of the Eurotiales. In Mycologi,t 54: LUNDQVIST, N. ( 1972). Nordic Sordariaccac s. lat. In Symb. Bot. Upsal : I pis.

44 PERSOO t la Published by the Rijkshcrbarium, Leiden Volume 13, P:m 3, pp (1987) A RE-EVALUATION OF THE EUROTIALES J. A. VON ARX Cemraalb11rear.1 vocr Sclrimmelcultures. Baam The Ascornycota cl a ~s ifi cd in the Eurotiales, Gymnoasca l e~. and Onygenales are considered to belong to a single order Eurotiales. which mcludcs 4 families. b3'1td on the ~hape, size. and symmetry of the ascospores. T he Eurotbccac and Gymnoascaccae have dorsiventrally Oattcned ascosporcs. the Onygcnaceae have elonga ted ascosporcs, and those of the Amauroascaccae are spherical or nearly so. Spherical or obovate saccate, thin-waued, unitunicate asci, a septate, hyaline, or pale ascospores without germ pores. and the absence of ostiolate or discoid ascomata are chamcteristic of au Eurotiales (and the Erysiphalcs and Dipodasc.aceae). Anamorphs :ue often predominant; the conidia develop from rneristc matic hyphae. arc often catenate and separate from each other or from the support ing hypha by two septa, usually with disj unctivcs. Terms such as phialide, scp:uating ccu, schizo l yti~:. or rh exolytic arc considered to be misleading and supcrnuous. In a synopsis of the orders and families of Plectomycetes, I3enny & Kimbrough ( 1980) accepted 6 orders, the Elaphornycetales, Onygcnales, Eurotia les, Ascosphaerales, MicroaSC31es. and Ophiostomatales, which were separated from each other mainly by the structure of the centre of the ascomata (the arrangement of the asci within the cavity). AU orders exclusively contain species with spherical or ovate, evanescent asci, and asep. tate ascospores. The size, shape, symmetry, and pigmentation of the ascospores was neglected. The Erysiphales, which are also characterized by non-ostiolate ascomata, spherical or obovate asci, and aseptate ascospores, were excluded. The Eurotiales and Onyg.:nales (incl. Gymnoascales) are characterized by spherical asci borne throughout the asoomatal cavity and arc distinguished from each other mainly by the structure of the ascomatal wall and by the anamorphs, which are described as phialo-conidial for the f!fst order and for the second order as arthro or aleurio-eonidial. Von Arx (1971, 1974, 1977b) paid particular attention to the size and shape of the aseosporcs when he delhnited the genera of the Gymnoascaceae. Three groups of genera were distinguished, one with dorsiventrally Oattened, another with elongate, and a third with spherica l or nearly spherical, often reticulate ascospores. Von Arx & van der Walt (1986) showed that the conidiogencsis of species of both Eurotiales and Onygenales (Gymnobcales) is similar: the conidia develop in basipetal sequence or at random from meristematic (or conidiogenous) hyphae by the formation of two usually adjacent septa. Ckcasionally an empty part of the conidiogenous hypha is present between the two Pi 'l<'nt Jddrcs,: Brut;laan Jll Ba:un, The Netherlands. 213

45 274 PER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan septa. This is often described as a separating cell, even though contents and cell wall' are lacking. The conidia are arranged in ' true', dry chains and separate by disj unctive slruc. tures (disjunctors) and by rupture or lysis of the hypha! wail The seccession i~ t~rm~d 'schizolytic', when the two septa arc adjacent. It is often considered to be a s1ngle. splitting septum. TEM micrographs, however, show, that the septa never have a cc111 ral pore, but are often thickened and include disjunctives at an early state (von /l.rx & \>Jll d ~r Walt, J 986). The sccccssion is termed 'rhexolytic', when the two septa arc sepamed by shorter or longer, empty parts of the conidiogenous hypha. Both 'schizolytic' and rlu~xo lytic' seccession have been observed within a single conidiogenous hypha, e.g. in the 303 morphs of Byssoascus stratisporus (Barron & Booth) v. Arx and Xy logone splrac>rvspota v. Arx & Nilsson, in several species classified in the genera Clrrysospor ium. Corcmicllu.and Oidiodendron, in Molbrancheo arcuata Sigler & Carmichael and in Hormograplus rami r ezii Guarro & al. (Martinez & al., I 986, Guarro & al ). In species of Aspt rglliln. Paecilomyces, and their relatives, it is difficult to determine the ' rhexolytic' or schizo. lytic' nature of the conidial seccession, because the narrow septa become swollen. It also may be noted that unthickened hypha! septa with central pores have new been observed to split. A true 'schizolytic' seccession apparently docs not occur wi1hin the Eurotiales. The ' pltialidc' in Aspergillus. Paecilomyces, and related genera in fa ct forms a mens tematic filament, in which 'arthroconidia' are delimited in basipetal sequence by 1ht formation of double septa with disjunctives. The ampulliform cells of A spc'rgillus or the subuloid cells of Poecilomyces therefore should not be compared wilh the phia!ides' of Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Verticilliwn, or Fusarium. Species of these gcnw form conidia at or in the apex of the conidiogenous cells by budding in basipe1al or sympodial sequence. The conidia are usually mucoid and never have disjunctivcs. Spc cics of Clrolara form conidia inside a tube! ike cell from a basal meristematic zone b}' 1ht formation of endogenous, cylindrical cells. The heterogeneity (diversity) of the structures called phialides' has been recognitcd by Subramanian (1979) and by Minter & al. (1983). These authors compared also thc'tr!.le chains of conidia in Aspergillus and other members of the Eurotiales with the catcnm conidia of Oidium (Erysiphales), Geotriclwm candidum (Endomycctales), and Oit!iodm dron, which are formed from meristematic hyphae and also separate by tlisjuncliws. Both the Onygenales and Eurotiales sensu Benny & Kimbrough (1980) include genera characterized either by elongated (ellipsoidal. fusiform. or cylindrical}. sphcncal. or dorsiventrally flattened (bivalvate, Saturn.shaped, discoid, or lent icu lar) ascospore;. Von Arx & van der Walt (J 986) therefore suggested that the Eurotiales and Ouygcnale-s should not be separated. They considered the Eurotiales (incl. Onygenales) to be r ~ lmd to the Endomycetales (the ascomycetous yeasts), and to the Erysiphalcs (powdery mildews). The latter also have non.ostiolate ascomata, spherical or obovate asci. ascp1a1e ascosporcs and also form ascptatc conidia from meristematic hyphae. Currah (1985) restricted the Onygenales to Ascomycetes with 'rhcxolytic' scpmuon of t he conidia. He distinguished four families, t he Onygenaccac, Gyrnnoascaccac, M )~o

46 VONARX: Re-cl'oluotion of Eurotiales 275 trichaceae, and Arthrodcrmataceac, of which the two last mentioned arc new. Currah placed relatively little emphasis on characters such as symmetry and pigmentation of ascosporcs. and the structure of the ascomatal initials and asci. In the following treatment, the subdivision of the Eurotiales is based mainly on the shape and structure of the ascospores. All Eurotiales with ellipsoidal, fusiform or cylindrical ascospores are classified in the Onygenaceac. The Eurotiaccac are characteriled by tqujiiy bivalvate, often Saturn-shaped and ornamented ascospores and by ascomata with a well-developed pcridium. They include taxa with Aspergillus or Penicillium anamorphs and some taxa without known anamorphs. The Gymnoaseaccae are characteri.ted by discoid, lenticular, or unequally bivalvate, smooth ascosporcs. The family Amauroascaceae is erected for taxa with spherica l, occasiona lly ovate-oblate (apparently bilaterauy Oattcncd) ascosporcs with an ornamented, often reticulate or pitted wall. Dorsi ' entrally flattened, aseptate ascospores occur only in Eurotiales and Endomycetales. Both are considered to have common ancestors, because such peculiar ascosporcs are tiktly to ha~e evolved only once. Some members of the Pezizalcs may have the same ancestors, from which the Erysiphales also evolved (Muller & von Arx, 1962; von Arx & van dcr Walt, 1986). Some members of the Onygenaeeae have also been linked with the Oipodascaceae by Redhead & Malloch (1977): they classified Dipodascus geotriclwm (Butler & Peterson) v. Arx in a separate genus Golactomyces of the Onygenaceac. In its GtQtridmm anamorph. the catenate conidia separate by double septa with several uis JUnctJves. llyphal Endomycctales do not form hyphae with simple, centrally perforated se pt ~. but all septa arc double and have one or several disjunctivcs, which in the past have been considered to be microporcs, plasmodesmata, or closure lines of the septum. H)pluc arc separated sooner or later into sing.lc cells in nearly all Endomyoetales. KEY TO TilE FAMILI ES Ot Till t UROTtAL[S 12. A~~:ospurc ' dor~'''cntrally nattcncd, not reticulate or pitted b. A'ocosporcs sphcncal, elhpsotdal. fu,iform or eyhndrical. occas1onall y oblatc-i>vatc or nattencd. then ICIJ (U)~IC Of pitted ,....,..., la "'"'(l'porc, S:nurn-shaped or ec1uall) b1vah ate. often ornamented. a~coma ta usuall) with a lh,un.t pcridium Eurott:ICCJc b. A'tu>putc> discoid. lcnticui:h or unequally bivalvatc, mostly smooth: :~scomata Without a ''all ur tl~ll~llcd cell~ Gymno3~C3Ce:tC h. A,w,plllc' U\Ually c llip~idal, fusiform or cylindrical, often spinulosc. striate or punctul:ltc (plllcd) Onygcnaceac b. A\C\1\porc, u.. ually ~phcrical or ncar!) so. occastonall)' ov;~ t c obla t c or bibteroll) flattened, then "':h J p111cd or rcuculatc alvcol:llc \\:Ill Amauroascaceae Eurotiaceae Clem. & Shear, I 93 I A<comata superficial, often embedded in aerial mycelium or immersed in a stroma or a sdcrotium-like body, occasionally reduced to clusters of asci; asci irregularly disposed, sphcnc;~l or obovoid, often catenate, rarely formed from croziers; ascospores dorsiven-

47 276 P F. R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 trally flattened, mostly bivalv:lle or Saturn-shaped, often with equatorial frills and spr nulose, aseptate, hyaline, or pale. A namorphs: Aspergillus. PeniCillium. Polypaecilum, or absent. KEY TO THE GENERA I :t. All3morphs absent, ascosporcs spiny or with crests b. Anamorphs present Asci formed singly or in 113ked clusters from conjugating hyphaltips or cro2iers.. lla/loclti: b. Ascomntn with a wall of nattcned cells present Cnstaspot~ 3 n. Anamorph Penfcillium: nscomata usually immersed in a sclerotium-like ~t roma. slo1 ly mat u'ing l;upemrzlllljiii b. Anamorph Asperxillus or Polypaecilum ~ 4 a. Anarnorph Polypaecilum : conidiogenous cells apically branched: ascomata '' hitc: 3SC1 t\ltcnntc Oichotomom)WS b. Above characters not combmed, all3morph A spergillus a. Ascomata surrounded by thick-walled ' lhlllc cells' b. ' llullc cells' ab~cnt a. i\scomuta purpush: :tscosporcs red or blue-violet t.'mrnu/111 b. Ascom:lln gsccni~h or yellow: asco~po res pale 'tnr.tlbr 7 a. Ascomata with n thin wall composed of a single l:lycr of f1atlcncd cells. occasionau)' \\ithoot wall when old: conidia 4-10 pm long t.i~ronum b. Ascomnta with a thicker, often tomcntose wall or immersed in a suoma..... S 8 a. Ascomata discrete. with a wall composed of small cells or h) phac b. Ascomnta immersed in a crustosc or spherical-pulvinate sttomn :1. Conidi3 sphelical, small vrosartof)'l b. Conidia clavntc or obovoid Orort0>4tiOIJI 10 a. Ascomata immersed in a crustose stroma L>irhl&~:r. b. 1\scomata immersed in a ~phcrica l - pulvinatc suoma II II a. Conidia spherical. spiny. small Sdt01 b. Conidia clavate or obovoid ll('mictzrprortler Eurotium Link in Mag. Ges. naturf. Fr. Bert. 3: Type species: E. lterba riorum (Pers.) Link. - Synonyms: l;'dyuilliij Subram., Gy mnoeurorium Malloch & Cain. Ana mo rp hs: Aspergillus glaucus group sensu Raper & Fennell (1965). Eurotiwu was treated by Raper & Fennell ( 1965, as Aspergillus), Blaser (1976). and Pitt {1985). About twenty species have been accepted, but their delimitation is not satisfactory. Euroriwn arltecium (Raper & Fennell) v. Arx has been classified in 1ht separate genera Edy uillia and Gymnoeuro rium, because the ascomata :~reconsidered to have no pcridium. A deljcate, but distinct pcridium or flattened cells was obscmd in young ascomata, when a subculture of the type was studied in 1970 in cooperation with Miss A. C. Stoll<. Emericella Berk. & 13r. apud Berk., lntrod. crypt. Bot.: Type species: E. ariecolor Berk. & Br.-Synonyms: Diplosrepltanus l..angeron, ln: engaca Borzi. Anamorph: Aspergillus nidulans and its relatives. About 25 species have been delimited by the ornamen tation of the ascosporcs (Raper & Fennell, 1965; Samson & Mouchacca. 1974, Udagawa & llorie. 1976;CluistenStn &

48 VON ARX: Re-evaluation of EurotiDies 277 Raper. 1978). llorie (1980) published beautiful SEM micrographs of the ascospores of au accepted species. Fenne\lia Wiley & Simmons in Myco\ogia 65: 9'36. \91'3. - Type species: F. jlavipes Wiley & Simmons, the teleomorph of Aspergillus flavipes (Bainjer & Sartory) Thom & Church. Secon d species: F. niveo (Wiley & Simmons) Sa mson, the teleomorph of Aspergillus mreus Blochwitz (Samson, 1979). Neosartorya Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 50: J 972. Type species: N. fisdu ri (Wehmer) Malloch & Cain. Synonyms: flemisortorya Rai & Chowdhery, Sartorya a ucl. Raper & Fennell (1 965) treated seven species under the name Aspergillus. In all species the ascomata have a whlte or pale wall composed of filaments. Chactosartorya Subram. in Curr. Sci. 41: Type species: C. clrrysellus (Kwon &. Fennell) Subram., based on Aspergillus cltrysellus Kwon & Fennell. - Syn. onym: 1/orpezomyces Malloch & Cain. Second spe cies: C. cremea (Kwon & Fennell) Subram., based on Aspergillus ere mtt1s Kwon & t-ennell (Raper & Fennell, 1965). Hemicarpenteles Sarbhoy & Elphick in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 51: Type species. H. paradox us Sarbhoy & Elphack ( = Aspergillus acanthos{joms Udagawa & Takada). Synonym: Scleroc:leista Subram. Further species: H. ornata (Raper & al.) v. Arx, based on Aspergillus omaws Raper & al.: //. tlwxteri (Subram.) v. Arx ( = Sclcroclcista thaxtcri Subram.). Ana morp h: Aspergillus citrisporus Hohne1 (von Arx, 1974). Saitoa Rajendra n & Muthappa in Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Plant Sci. 89: Type species: S. japonica Rajendran & Muthappa, the teleomorph of an Aspergillus, SimaiJr to A.Joponicus (Aspergillus niger group). Th ~: apical swelling of the conidiophore is covered with ampulliform cells. forming. meristematic hyphae wruch are converted into chains of echinulate conidia. Dichlaena Our. & Mont., Fl. Alg.: Type species: D. lemisci Our. & ~lont. Dlrltlat'llll ll'lltisci was redescribed by Malloch & Cain (1972). They introduced a new genus Pctromyccs for a similar ascomycete described as Aspergillus alliaccus Thorn & Church (Raper & Fennell, 1965). No ascomata could be found on subcultures of the t~pc. The name Syncleistosrromo Subram. was introduced for the same species. Type species:. crus- Eupenicillium Ludwig, Lehrb. nied. Kryptog.: :! tcrcum Lud" ag. Synonym: Corpeme/es Langeron.

49 278 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Ana m o rph: Penicillium. Eupenicillium was monographed by Sto ll< & Samson ( 1983). They accepted '"~my species and some varieties and added several 'related' Penicillium species forming stro malli: bodies (sclerotia). Oichotomomyces Saito ex Scott in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 55: Type species: D. cejpii (Milko) Scott. Ana mo rph: Polypaecilum insolitum G. Smith (conidiogenous cells apically br:wched. forming aseptate, smooth, hyaline conidia in a basipetal sequence from mcnstematr< branches). Crista pora Fort & Guarro in Mycologia 76: Type species: C. arxu Fort & Guarro. The fungus is known from a single strain. No anamorph is present. MaUocbia v. Arx & Samson in Persoonia 13: Type species: M. rthinu lara (Dutta & Ghosh) v. Arx & Samson. The genus is based on Pseudoaraclmiow s cchitwlorus Dutta & (jhosh. Asco m:~ta art absent ; the asci develop in clusters in the aerial mycelium from croziers or from con. j ugating hypha! tips. No anamorph is present. Gymnoascaceae Bara net1j:y, 1872 {incl. Arthrodermataccae Currah. 19 5) Ascomata superficial, with a peridium composed of a net-work of hyphae or absent. often with appendages (setae) ; asci spherical or obovate, not catenate, usu:tlly clustered and irregularly disposed, 8-spored ; ascospores dorsiventrally fla ttened, lenticular. dis coid, o r unequally bivalvate, aseptate, hyaline, yellow or reddish brown, usually s1nooth. but often with equatorial t hickenings or furrows, never reticulate, alveolate. or pitted. Anam o rphs: Cllrysosporium. Trichophy ron. Microsporon. Malbranclleo, or absent. K LY TO Til~ G NERA I a. Ascospores hyaline or pale yeuowish. bivalvate or discoid b. Asoospores pigmented, lenticular or discoid a. Asoomata " ithout peridium and wnhout appendages. often stipitatc or spurodochlll.lnd b r;t; than 0.3 mm: not keratinolytic \QrulrmlrriJ, b. Ascomala "ith a pcridium or with appendages. often kcratinolytic..., a. Ascomatal appendage comb-like, pigmented Ctl'llomym b. Com b-uke appendages absent o. Ascomatal appendages spirauy coiled, pale S b. Ascomata often tomcntose, without coiled appendages Sa. Anamorph Microsporum (conidia fusiform. septate) \'dmri: :~ b. Anamorph Triclroplry ton or Otrysosporirlm (conidia cyli ndric-eb vatc. septate or ~'cplat.:) A rtlrmjmr:

50 VONARX: Re-evo/uorion of Eurorioles 219 6a. Ascosporcs bivalvutc-lcnticular, smooth; ascomalll with a white pcridium... LeucorheciJWI b. Ascospores discoid, finely punctul.ate: ascomalll with a pale brown pcridium of flancncd cells. embedded in the aerial mycelium Xynophilo 1 a. Ascomata with long and thick, apically circinate appendages: kcratinolytic... Uncinocorpus b. Ascomata \\ ilhout such appendages, without pcridium or with a pcridium of often stiff hyphae with shorl or no appendages: usuall y not kcratinolytic Gymnooscus Gymooascus Baranctzky in Bot. Ztg 30: I Type species: G. reessii Baranetzky. - Synonyms: Gymnoscello Peck, Aroclmiollls J. Schrot., Petolosporus Ghosh & al., Pseudooraclmiorus Kuehn, Waldemaria Batista & al., Plunkeuomyces Orr, Gymnoascoides Orr, Disarticulaws Orr, Acirheca Currah. The genus was revised by von Arx ( 1986b ). It includes fourteen species, all with ascomatal structures embedded in the aerial mycelium, sessile, spherica l asci and lenti cular or discoid. pigmented ascospores. Only a few species include unnamed anamorphs. Uncinocarpus Sigler & Orr in Mycotaxon 4: Type species: U. reesii Sigler & Orr. An amorph: Malbrancheo. Second spc cies: U. uncinatus (Eidam) Currah (syn. Gymnooscus uncinatus Eidam). Both species are keratinolytic. In culture on agar media, U. reesii shows a poor growth and develops only the Malbranchea anamorph. Ascomata may be observed from hairs mixed with soil grown in moist cha mbers. The fungus is common in soij and is respons1ble for the degradation of keratinous material. Uncinocarpus uncinarus has been illustrated by Benjamin {1956) under the name Myxorriclwm uncinarum {Eidam) J. Schrot. Ctcnomyccs Eidam in Cohn in Beitr. Bioi. Pn. 3: Type species: C. serrams l;idam. Crenomvces serratus occurs on feathers of birds. occasionally on hairs and is often ISOlated from soil. It includes an anamorph described as Chrysosporium serrat11m Dominik. The ascospores are unequally biva lvat e and remain hyaline. Lcucothccium v. Arx & Samson in Persoonia 7: Type species: L. emdellii,._ Arx & Samson. The genus is monotypic and is known from a single strain. It forms hyaline arthroconidia which are separated by adjacent septa with disjunctives. Arthroderma Berk., Out I. Brit. Fungo!.: 357. I Type species: A. curreyi Berk. An ~ mo r phs: Triclwplty ron. Chrysospori ArrhmdermtJ has been monographcd by Padhye & Carmichael ( 1971 ). They accepted thirteen species. all kcratinolytic and often causing dermatomycoses.

51 280 P ERSOO la Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Nannizzia Stockdale in Sabouraudia I: J Type species: N. gypst u (Nan nizz.ia) Stockdale. Nannizzia is closely related to Arthroderma and can be distinguished ma inly b) tht Microsporum anamorph with large, fusiform, ornamented and multi-septate conidil. The conidia of Arlhroderma species are cylindric-clavate, either a septate or with several transverse septa. Eleven species have been described, some of which are morphologically similar. AU species are keratinolytic and cause dermatomycoses. Weitzman & al. (1986) synonymized Nannizzio with Artllroderma. Narasimhella Thirumalachar & Mathur in Sydowia 19: Type s p ~ci~ : N. poonensis Thirumalachar & Mathur. Three species will have to be accepted, au of which arc closely related. and somt intermediates exist. Narasimllella poonensis has ascospores with a distinct equator11l brim, and those of N. marginospora (Kuehn & Orr) v. Arx have a narrow. indistinct bum. The ascospores of N. llyalinospora (Kuehn & al.) v. Arx have no visible brim. In all pt cies the ascospores are unequally bivalvate and hyaline (von Arx. 1986a). Stalked. syn ncma-likc ascomatal structures have been observed inn. poonensis and some m aans oi N. llyalinospora. The colonies of N. marginospora arc usually green. A II species art coprophilous or soil-borne and N. hyalinospora is rather common. Xynophila Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 49: Type species X mt' philialis Malloch & Cain. The genus is monotypic. Apl!anooscus canadensis Currah is apparently identk:ll \lith X. mephilialis (J. Guarro, pcrs. comm.). Xy nopl!ila shows affinities to I he Am:turoascaceae. It is tentatively classified in the Gymnoascaceae, because the ascospore) 3rc dis tinctly discoid and their wall is not reticulate. Onygenaceae Fr., 1849 Synonyms: Monascaceae J. Schrot : Trichocomaceae Fischer, 1897: Cephalothec:l.:ar Holmcl : Ercmnscaceae Zender. 1923: Thcrmoascaccac Apinis, 1967; Myxotrichaccac (\nub Ascomata or ascogenous structures superficial, embedded in the aerial mycelium. occasionally large, pulvinate, spherical, or stipitatc, with or wit hout pcrid1um: 3>Cl spherical or obovatc, often with a cylindrical base, usually not catenate (except m Ta!J romyces); ascospores elongate, ellipsoidal. cylindrical, or fu siform, occasionally nwl) spherical. often rather t hick-walled. smooth, striate. furrowed, punctulatc. or spinulost hyaline or pale brown. Ana mor phs: Poecilomyces (incl. Penicillium sect. Biverticillata and sect. Sugeu()o mel/a), Raperia, Coremiella, Oidiodendron. Geomyces. Basipetospora. or ahscnt. KEY TO THE GENERA I a. i\scomnta 1- S mm. sometimes l.:lrgcr, stromatic. stipitatc or columnar b. Ascomata smaller or absent :

52 VON ARX: Re-evaluation of Eurotiales Ascomat:r clustered ar the apex of short sllllks: ascosporcs with longitudinal tlanges: growing on so..'cd of uopic31 pbnts Pcnicilliopsis b. Above characters not combined a. A~mat:a brush like, columnar. with a discoid base Tricltocoma b. Asoomata not brush Uke ;\ soom:at:a hc:ad llkc, with a distinct stlpc Onygeno b. ;\ scom:ua tuberous. pulvinate. or spherical, sessile... AscoetJivaria S :a. Thermophilic: nseonuta pulvinate or cru I OM:, reddish... Thermoascus b. Not thermophilic, occasionally thcrmotolerant; ascornata not crustosc ~. Ascornara ~ ph e r ical ~m. wnh a rom e nto ~e wall with sutures (cephalothecoid) Ccphalorluxa b. Above characters not combined h. Ascomata covered with seta Uke. often eircin3te or branched appendnges; ascosporcs often finely stuate due to numerous longitudinal crests Myxorriclmm b. Ascom:u:al appendages absent. or not set:a llke when present ASCI catenate: asc:om3ta usuauy sphericji3nd with 3 wall of pnle hyphae.... TalaromyCI!$ b. "sc1 not caten:u e a. Ascomat:a wnh 3 peridium composed of a network of stiff hyphae: ascosporcs smooth or with IOnj!IIUdinal crests...,, J'scudOJ{)'IIIIIOOSCIIS b. Ascomata wlthou t such 3 peridium I 0 10 a. OsmophiUc. asc:omata absent; asci formed from two conjugating hyphaltips.... t::remascus b. ;\ sci not formed from two conjugating hyphaltips II II :a. z\ sc:osporcs fu siform. with longitudinal furrows (stellate in tran~versc section): colonres green due 10 the anamorph forming branched chain of eonidi Byssoascus b..\bovc elulaeters not combined :a. Asca obovate or clavate. clustered: anamorph :absent... Monas~llo b. \ scr < phcru::~ l or oboyllte: anamorphs U\ually present :a. i\~cr Obo\'llle or obpyriform, borne from cro'ziers; conidiophores coarse. apica Uy lntlated 1/amigera b ;\ \CI sphcncal or obovare l a Asconnta small. with a distinct peridium when young Monoscus b Ascom:ata \\hhoutl distinct pcridium or absent... IS IS l Conid1:1 relatively small. elong:llc. smooth. '' ith disjunetivcs Ryssoclrlomys b. Conidia spherical. spiny. relatively lazgc Rt'nispora Onygcn.t t>crs., Syn. Fung.: Type species: 0. equina (Willd.) Pers. Seco nd ~pecies: 0. corl'ino Alb. & Schw. Om1:r~to cttuina occurs on hooves. horn. and similar substrates. hs ascospores are b road!~ cllipucal. smooth, pale brown and measure 7 9 x 4 6 J.llll. Onygena corl'ina hls been collccaed on pellets o f carnivores, feathers. wool (old socks), and simijar sub )!rah!). Its ascospores are cylindrical. o faen curved and measure 6-8 x pm. Both ~pcc i e) form white colonies and arthroconidia with disjunctors in cult ure. Ascocalvatia Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bo t. 49: I.-Type species: A. duro (Zubl) v. Arx (A. oll eolata Malloch & Cain). The description o f A. olveoloto agrees with that of Gymnoosc us dunts Zukal (vo n An. 19 6b).

53 282 PBRSOONIA Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Cephalotheca Fuckel in J b. nassau. Ver. Naturk : Type spo: cies: C. sulphurea Fuckel. A namorph: Paecilomyces (similar to P. marqua11dii (Massee) Hughes). Several further species have been included in the genus, but are excluded by ~l alloc h & Cain (J970b) (see also Chesters, 1934, Booth, 1961 ). Hamigera Stolk & Samson in Persoonia 6: Type species: H. orr/laura (Thorn & Turesson) Stolk & Samson. - Synonyms: Warcupiella Subra m., Spurupllor mus Malloch & Cain. Anamorph: Raperia (von Arx, J986a). flamigera ovellanea is the teleomorph of Roperia illgellleime11se (v. Beyma) v. Arx. Hamigera spi11ulosa (Warcup) v. Arx is based on Aspergillus spi11ulosus; ils anamorph has been described as Roperio spi11ulosa Subram. & Rajendran (von Arx, J986a). Byssochlamys WestHng in Svensk bot. Tidskr. 3: Type species. B. niveo Westling. Anamorph: Paecilomyces. Further species: B. fulva OIHvcr & Smith, B. a errocosa Samson & Ta nsey,b :o~ lemioe Ram, B. srriato (Raper & Fennell) v. Arx (Taluromyces srriatus. Pe11icillium stria 111m). Talaromyces C. R. Benjamjn in Mycologia 47: Type species: T. flal'iis (KJocker) Stolk & Samson. Synonym: Sagenoma Stolk & Orr. A n am o r ph: Paecilomyces (incl. Penicillium sect. Biverr icil/a ra, Soge11umella ). The genus includes about twenty species, treated by Stolk & Samson ( 1972) and Pin {1979). The following species have to be added: Talaromyces viride (Stolk & Orr)v.i\rx, comb (basionym: Sage11oma viride Stolk & Orr in Mycologia 66: ). and Talaromyces ryukyensis (Ueda & Udagawa) v. Arx, comb {basionyna. Sagmoma ry ukyensis Ueda & Udagawa in Mycotaxon 20: ). The anamorph of this spe. cies is a typical Paecilomyces with conidiophores and chains of fusiform conidia with distinct disjunctives. Byssoascus v. Arx in Persoonia 6: Type species: B. smartspuflts(l33r ron & Booth) v. Arx. Anamorph: unnamed, Coremiellu or Oidiode11dron like, forming branched chains of arthroconidia with disjunctives. The ascosporcs arc distinctly furrowed and have fil'e longitudinal rims (Barron & Booth, J 966). Pseudogymnoascus RaiUo in Zembl. Bakt. ParasitKde 2, 38: Typc spe cies : P. roseus Ra illo. A na mo rph: Ceomyces o r absent. Ceomyces fjfiiiiiorum is the anamorph of P. roseus (Samson, 1972). Species without anamorphs are P. bhotlii Samson and P a/pinus Muller & v. Arx (ascospores wirh two or three longitudinal rims).

54 VO ARX: Re-evoluorfon of Eurorfoles 283 MyxotriciJUm Kunze in Mykol. Heft e 2: Type species: M. chartorum Kunze. - Synonyms: A crinospora Corda, Eidomello Matr. & Dassonv., Toxor riclwm Orr & Kuehn. Anamor phs: unnamed, Geomyces- or Molbronclrea-like. Currah {1985) accepted nine species, au closely related. Monascus v. Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 31: 266. I Type species: M. ruber v. Tiegh. Synonyms: Allescherio Sacc. & Syd., Backusio Thirumalachar & al., Xcromyces Fraser. Ana morph: Bosiperospora. llawksworth & Pitt (1983) accepted three species. among which was M. purpurcus Went, but excluded M. bisporus (Fraser) v. Arx (as Xeromyces bisporus Fraser), a highly osmophilie species on dried fruits, tobacco and other substrates. Monascella Guarro & v. Arx in Mycologia 78: Type species: M. borry osa Guarro & v. Arx, isolated from soil in Spain, without anamorph. Eremascus Eidam in Cohn in Beitr. Bioi. PO. 3: Type species: E. a/bus Eidam. Second species: E. ferrilis Stoppel. Both species are highly osmophilic. The genus is related LO M onascus. Xcromyccs would be an intermediate, if it were to be accepted as a separate genus. Renispora Sigler & Carmichael in Mycotaxon 10: Type species: R. jloj issimo Sigler & al. Anarnorph: Chrysosporium. Thermoa cus Miehe, Die Selbsterhitzung des lleues: Type species: T. auranuacus Miehe. - Synonym: Dactylomyces Sopp. Anamorphs: Poecilomyccs. Polypoecilum, or absent. Fur ther species: T. crustaccus (Apirtis & Chesters) Stolk and T. rhermopltilus (Sopp) '' Arx. Trichocoma Jungh., Praemissa Fl. Crypt. Javae Ins. I: 9. I Type species: T. paradoxa Jungh. The fungus has been redescribed by Boedijn {1935), Kominamj & al. (J 952) and Malloch & Cain ( I 972). It includes a Paecilomyccs-like ana morph. Pcnicilliopsis Solms-Laubach in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 6: Type species: P cfaroriaeformis Solms-Laubach. Ana m or ph: Sorophorum. Stilbodendron (con idiogenesis as in Poccilomyces or Raperin ). Seco nd species: P. ofricono Samson & Seifert.

55 284 P ~ R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 The genus has been discussed by Samson & Seifert ( 1985). Its species occur on the large seeds of Araucaria. Dlosr>y ros, and other plants in tropical areas. The ellipsotdal ascospores are flanged, which is uncommon in the Onygenaccae. Amauroascaceae v. Atx,fam. nov. Ascomata superficialia. globosa, non-ostiolata, hyalirul vel pigmentata: asci globosi vel oljo ati. scssiles. plcrumquc octospori, tenui tunicati, cvancscentes: ascosporoe globosae, subg lo bo~c vel obll tae, non scptatae, hyalinac vel pigmentatae, ornamcntatae {alvcolatae vel punetatae) vel glabr.1~. - Genus typica: JlmOf/fOOscus J. Scluot. The Amauroascaceae include Eurotiales with spherical or nearly spherical. occasionally bilaterally nattened (oblate) ascospores with a relatively thick, often reuculate. alveolate, pitted, spinulosc, crested, or sheathed wall. The ascomata are usually spheric31 and smaij or medium-sized (up to 0.5 mm in diameter). Most species arc kcratinolytic. Similar asci and ascosporcs occur in the Pezizales, especially in the Tubcraceae and Ascodesmidiaccac. Some members of the Pezizaccac arc also characterized by spherical. alveolate.reticulate ascospores, but these are formed in cylindrical asci with an oper u Jum. Several genera of the Endomycetales (yeasts) include species with spherical. smooth or ornamented, usually hyaline and smau ascosporcs. Ana mo r phs: Chrysosporium, Malbranchea. 1/isroplasma. Zymonema. Geomclwmlike, often unnamed. K Y TO TH E GENERA I 11. Ascomata bearing densely coiled. pale appendages b. Ascomata without coiled appendages S 2 a. Ascomata dark, wi th a wall or angular cells Pfl'llrotlsrol b. Ascomata p:1lc and without such a wall a. Conidia of the anamo:rph spherical and warty... Emmo11Srtlla b. Conidia or the anamorph smooth o. Ascospores smooth. parasitic on man ljf/lomycN b. Ascospores punctulate or pitted. saprophytic Apmis.: Sa. Ascosporcs hyaline b. Ascospores pigmented a. Ascom~ta white or pale, with a wall of h) phal filaments.... Ararlurotlltca b. Ascomata with a dark wau a. Ascospores sheathed when young. becoming reticulate... Lciotlttcium b. A~o spo r es smooth or nearly so Xyloxont Sa. Ascomata with some long, apically circinate hairs: uscospores oblate. smooth. p3!c bro\\n Arar/IIIOIII)CN b. Above characters not combined a. Ascomata covered with stiff, often branched appendages or setae: ascospores reticulltni colnte Au.tortlrron b. Ascomata without such appendages

56 VONARX: Re-evoh1orio11 of Eurotiales J. Ascomata with a hypha! wau or without a wall; anrunorphs absent; ascospores spherical. reti culatc>alveolate Amaurooscus b. Ascomata 1vith a wau of angular or flattened cells; ascospores spherical-ovate or oblate.. ll II a. Ascospores 5-8 ~nn, reticul3te-alveolate or crested Apho11ooscus b. Ascospores 2-3 Jllll, punctulatc or pitted Xo11thorhecium Ama uroascus J. Schrot. in Kiypt. Fl. Schles. (ed. Cohn) 3(2): Type species: A. niger J. Schrot. Fun her species: A. murarus (Quel.) Rammeloo (A. vemtcosiis),a. aureus(eidam) v. Arx. A. kuehnii v. Arx (AracJmiows reticulatus Kuehn), A. volatilis-patellis (Orr & Kuehn) Currah. Amauroascus au reus may be pathogenic on man. Auxarthron Orr & Kuehn in Can. J. Bot. 41: Type species: A. coli fomiense Orr & Kuehn. - Synonym: Macronodus Orr (Currah, 1985). Currah (1985) accepted seven species, which are distinguished mainly by the struclure of the ascomatal hairs. Aphanoascus Zuka1 in Bcr. dt. bot. Ges. 8: Type species: A. cimwbarinus Zukal (A. fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis). - Synonyms: Anixiopsis Hansen, Kerati nophytou Randhawa & Sandhu. Anam orph: Chrysosporium. A11i:o:iopsis Hansen, with Anixiopsis fulvcscens (Cooke) de Vries as type species, may be an alternati\ e generic name. The identity of Aphanoascus cinnabarinus and Anixiopsisstercoraria Hansen has been questioned by de Vries (1969), because the type specimen of Aphanoascus cimwbarinus does not exist. A further species might be Keratinophytonrerrerun Randhawa & Sandhu. The taxon desc ribed by Currah (1985) under the incorrect name Keratinopllyton durum (Zukal) Currah represents an undescribed species with oblate ascospores with a reticulate wall (von Arx, 1986b ). Arachnotheca v. Arx in Persoonia 6: Type species: A. glomerata (Muller & Pa~:ha Aue) v. Arx. - Synonyms: Kuelmiella Orr, Nanniziopsis Currah. Anamorphs: Cllrysosporium. MalbranclrCil. Furth er species: A. albicans (Apinis) v. Arx;A. vricsii (Apinis) Samson apud v.arx (1981 ). Pleuroascus Massce & Salmon in Ann. Bot. 15: Type species: P. nicllol so11ii ~ l a ss & Salm. The fungus was redcscribed by Malloch & Benny ( 1973). The genus is monotypic. Apinisia LaTouchc in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 51: Type species: A. grammirola l.atouche. The fungus is known from a single specimen. It includes a Chrysosporiwn-like ana morph.

57 286 P E R S I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Emmonsiella Kwon.Chung in Science 177: Type species: E. (Opmkm Kwon-Chung. Emmonsiella capsula to is the rare tclcomorph of 1/isroplusmo capsulattlllt Darhng. McGinnis & Katz ( 1979) synonymized Emmonsiella with Aje/lomyce~. Both can be djs tinguished mainly by the much more common anamorphs. Ajellomyces McDonough & Lewis in Mycologia 60: dermotitidis McDonough & Lewis. Anamorph: Zymonema dermotitidis (Gilchrist & Stokes) Dodge. Type specte : tl. Xylogone v. Arx & Nilsson in Svensk bot. Tidskr. 63: X. spltoerospora v. Arx & Nilsson. Anamorph: unnamed, with septate, hyaline arthroconjdia wilh disjunctivcs. Xanthothecium v. Arx & Samson in Persoonia 7: peru ianum (Cain) v. Arx & Samson, without anamorph. Type sped~~ Leiorltecium Samson & Mouchacca in Can. J. Bot. 53: L. ellipsoideum Samson & Mouchacca. Type SJlCCJes: Arachnomyces Massee & Salmon in Ann. Bot. 16: Type species.. 1 m tidus Mass. & Salm. Further species: A. minimus MalJoch & Cain, A. sulplwreus ~1 :lss. & Salm (Mal loch & Cain, 1970a). Ti le ANAMORPHS OF THE EUROTIALES The anamorphs of the Eurotiales are similar to those of the Erysiphaccae and tht Dipodascaceae and can be recognized by the formation of arrhroconidia' or acrogcnocs 'aleurioconidia'. Catenate conidia develop in basipetal sequence or at random Jnd are separated from each other by two septa. Oisjunctivcs between the two septa arc usually present, but arc often not visible by light microscopy. Aerogenous conidia ~CJYJr3te from the supporting cell by two septa, which arc often not adjacent, but scparatl.'d by empty parts of the conidiogenous hypha. The conidia usually separate by clonga11on or swelling of the disjunctivcs and by cleavage or lysis of the hypha I wall. In the anamorphs of the Microascaceac, the conidia are often also arranged in bjsi petal chains, but the conidiogenous cells elongate pcrcurrently and often show anne~ lations. Oisjunctives between the conidia arc absent (form genera Scopularwpsis. Cepha lorriclttll/1, Gliomastix, and Memnonielfo ). In the anamorphs of the Xylariaceae the conidia also separate from the supporting cell by two septa. After release frills are visible at the base of the conid1a and on the conidiogenous cells. In contrast to the anamorphs of the Eurotiales, the conid J:J m formed singly and successively on numerous loci of the conidiogcnous cell. which rna~

58 VON ARX: Re-evaluarion of Eurotiales 287 elongate sympodially (form genera Dicyma (incl. llansfordia). Nodulisporium, Gcniculi sporium, and Demarophora). In the existing systems of the Hyphomycetes, the above-discussed relations have never been recognized. Consequently the anamorphs of the Eurotiales have been classified in the most divergent groups or fam ilies, mainly in the Aleuriosporae, Arthrosporae, and Phialosporae (compare in this respect Hawksworth & a!., 1983). Only genera known to the author from personal studies are included in the fo llowing key. Some anamorph genera of Sphaeriales and other Ascomycota are included, especia lly genera whkh often have been confused with anamorphs of Eurotiales. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ANAMORPHS I a. Conidia catenate b. Conidia not catenate a. Conidiogcnous filam ents develop from ampulliform or lanceoloid cells, conidia in basipetal chains b. AmpuUiform or lanccoloid ccus absent a. Colonic~ restricted, reddish; conidia short cylindrical; osmophilic Jl!allemia b. Above characters not combined a. Conidiogcnous cells ampullifonn: conidia spherical or ov-.1tc b. Conidiogcnous cells usually lanccolatc or cylindrical, or with 11 narrow and elongate neck; comdia cylindrical, fusiform, ellipsoidal. or occasionally nearly spherical Sa. C'omdiophorcs with an apical swelling... Aspergillus b. Comdtophorcs without apical swelling a. Comdtogcnous cells in an apical whorl; conidia dark. verrucose... M emnoniello b. Contdtophorcs pcnicillately branched or absent; conidia hyaline o r pale... Penicillium 1 a. Conidia broadly fusiform and longer than 20 Jllll Plrialomyces b. Conidia shorter a. Conidiophores apically inflated and coarse Rapcria b. Conidiophores apically not inflated. often verticillately or pcnicilbtely branched. occasionall y simple or absent s. Conidiopltorcs erect, pi~mentcd, verrucose Acrophialophora b. Co nidiophore~ pale, simple, branched. o r absent Paecilomyces Conidia formed in basipetal sequence, hyaline, smooth. spherical or e Wpsoidal... II b. Conidia usually formed at random in trnbranched or branched chains. usually cylindrical or b3 rrel-sltaped, or becoming spherical-obla te II G. Conidiogenous cells apically innated or forked, often with several conidiogenous loci Po/ypaecilum b. Conidiogenous cells not infla ted, not forked... Basipetospora 12 a. Colonic~ unpigmented, all hyphae disarticulating by double, adjacent septa... Ceorrichum b. Colonies pigmented or unpigmented. vegetative hyphae usually not dis3iticulating a. Conidial chains m uch branched : conidia 0 to 5-septatc, hyaline: parasitic o n palms. causing ro t Afauginiella b. Above characters not corn bined a. Conidtogcnous hyphae in whorls on long. erect conidiophorcs b. Above characters not combined a. Conidia barrel shaped. separated from each other by empty parts of the hypha Am bl yosporiu m b. Co nidia ~hort cylindrical. separated from each other by disj unctivcs... J 6

59 288 PERSOO la Vol. 13. P:ut 3, a. Con1diophores and conidia hyaline, colonies pigmented Botr)'t>mom!J.. b. Con d ophorcs and corudia pigmented Sruhdttl!: Conidiogenous hyphae formed successively 10 sympodulae. conidia c:yllllduc3l. hyahnc s) Ill p<xltil!; b. Conidiogenous hyphae not in sympodulae IS 18 a. Conidiogenous hyphae muc:h brllnched. formins orange. pustulate sp o rod och~:~: coloml') mccb expanding C7trnoml~> b. Conidia not In orange, pustulate sporodochia a. Pigmented. erect conidiophore usually present !0 b. Pigmented. erect conidiophoreubsent :1 20 a. Conidia sphcric3i oblatc, with a darker girdle... Supltanmpor.ut!l b. Conidia without such a girdle OuliOflttrJt(J. 21 a. Conidia hort cylindrical. not or only sljghtly swouen !? b. Conldb swollen or septate, with truncate ends or a truncate base...?~ 22 a. Conidiogcnou' hyphae and conidia 4 9 JJm broad Spurfndunm; b. Conldlogenous hyphae and conidia l.s-4 IJ,In broad ?3 23 a. Conidb u ually sepajated from c:~ch other by empty parts of the hypha.,lfolbfrjii(i:«b. Conidia scparuted from each other by two adjacent septa. often with d i~unc ti c,. Cml'm tllt 24 a. Conidia thlck-wnued or orn11mcnted. in short chailb. sep:uated from rjch other b).-mpt) J>arb or the hypha ?s b. Conidia thin-walled. ascptate or septate. smooth. In often branched chain~: usujily 'CJWJttd from each other by adjacent seplll l! 25 a. (from I and 24) A 1 IC3st some conidia large and many-septate !6 b. Conidia asep1111e (occasionally!-septate) !9 26 a. Macroconidla fusiform ,. b. M11croconidia cyijndrical or clavate obovate a. Maeroconidb broad!) fusiform. ornamented: rmcroconidia usually present. l/icro.puro~ '1 b. Macroconidia l\31towly fusiform and smooth. microconidia absent. Kt ratmoml't'ts 28 a. ~tac roconidia clavatc-obovatc. mierocomdia absent l;pidrrm<jplr)lf'~ b. Macroconldb cylindrical or cwpsoldal. microconidia present, often predominant ffichop/ij IGII Conldb spherical. relatively large (more than 10 pm) 3nd warty: p:ujsiuc on m3n lllsroplasrr.: b. Above characters not combined a. Conidb spheric3l or nearly so. rebtively large, "'IIOOth; p:m1silic on man... /J mo~~trn' b. Above c:haroctcrs not combined. conidia "hen spherical smaucr Indistinct conidiophores often present, c:onjdb rnuinly intcrcalajy Cit(lmytts b. llicc1 conidiophorcs absent. conidia intcrcabry and bteral T,ISII>f'M"~'~ 32 a. Comdl3 swouen. aseptate... l lfiiitop.:pj'.u b. Conidia not or only slightly S\\OIIen. septate /urmt!Q.:pf.:r Aspergillus ~1 ich. ex Link in Mag. Ges. Naturf. Berlin 3: Type )pc~t(s A. glaucus (Mich.) Link. - Synonyms: Sterigmotomyces Cramer. Racclellra Ctf.. Cladosonnn Yuill. About ISO species have been accepted by Raper & Fennell (1 965) Jnd 'amson ( 1979). Many more arc described. Penicillium Link in Mag. Ges. :-Jaturf. Berlin 3: Type spectcs I' ('\'par. sum Link. Synonyms: Coremium Link, Citromyces Wchmcr, Elaclto G Smuh. Rllocloceplwlus Corda, Torulomyces Delitsch.

60 VON ARX: Re-evo/uon on of Eurotiales 289 About 150 species wijj luvc to be accepted, but many more arc described. Penicillwm Stnsu Raper & Thorn (I 949) and sensu Pitt (1979) is polyphyletic; the species of the Stet ion Biverticilloto should be transferred to Poecilomyces. The type species oft he former genus Torulomyces Jus no distinct conidiophorcs. Ceosmithia Pitt is closely rtlated to Penicillium. WaUemia Johan-Olson in Forh. Christiana Vid. Sclsk. 12: W. stbr (Fr.) v. Arx.-Synonyms: Borgellinia Borzi,llemispora Yuill. Type species: Paecilomyces Bainier in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 23: Type species: P. 1anoui Bainicr.-Synonyms: Pllialotubus Roy & Leelavathy, Septofusidium W. Cams, Sagmomella W. Cams, Penicillium sect. Biverticillota sensu Raper & Thorn (1949), Spi- 0!111 3UCt. About 25 species will luve to be accepted. The entomogenous species with swoucn corudiogcnous cells and conidia without disjunctors belong to Nomuroeo Maubl. sensu Samson (1974) and represent anamorphs of Clavicipitaceae. J'rlariannaea Arnaud ex Samson {1974) IS unrelated to Paecilomyces, but may be indistinguishable from aonosrarhys Corda. The conidia have no disjunctors, but are arranged obliquely in 'false' chains. This genus includes anamorphs of the llypocreaceae.!uperia Subramanian & Rajcndran in Kavaka 3: Type species: R. spi nulow Subramanian & Rajendran. Synonym. Merimbla Pitt (von Arx, 1986a). Second spec ies: R. ingelheimensis (v. Bcyma) v. Arx. Memnoniella Hohnel in Zcntbl. Bact. ParasitKde 2, 60: Type species:.1( rcl111111to (Riv.) Galloway. Further species: M. subsimplcx (Cooke) Deighton. Teleomorphs are absent. The genus is reminiscent of Penicillium, but is a relative of Sropulorioplts (anamorphous Microascaceae). The spherical and echinulate, dark conidia lim an indistinctly truncate base without disjunctors (Jong & Davis, 1976). Phialomyces Misra & Talbot in Can. J. Bot. 42: Type species: P. l'lllrrospoms Misra & Talbot. Acrophialophora Edward in Mycologia 51 : Type species: A. nainiana Edward. Furt her specie s: A. fusispora (Sakscna) Samson, A. lea1is Samson & Tariq Mahmood. 113 ipctospora Cole & Kendr. in Can. J. Bot. 46: Type species: B. 111bra Cole & Kendr. Further spe cies: B. chlamydosporis Matsushima. 8. a ariabilis Matsushima.

61 290 PERSOO la Vol. 13, Prut 3, 1987 Polypaecilum G. Smith in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 44: Type species f imolirum G. Smith. Further species: P. borryoides (Brooks & Hansf.) Rao & Hoog. Stephanosporium Dal Vesco in Allionia 7: {Thurn.) Swart. Type species. S NTt'l1!4 Oidiodendron Robak in Nyt. Mag. Naturvid. 71 : t enuissimum (Peck) Hughes. About twelve species are described (Barron, 1962). Teleomorphs are unkno''" Type ~pcc i ~s:o. Coremiella Bubak & Krieger in Annis Mycol. 10: Type spectes: C rubisporo (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis. Further species: C. cuboidetj (Sacc. & Ellis) Cif. & Caretta. Briosio may be an older generic name, but the type specimen of the type spectcs tsoo longer adequate for study. Sigler & Carmichael {1976, 1983) and Sigler & al. (198.) classified some similar fungi in Arthrogruphis and in the new genera Arrlmx:riHulrJ an~ Arthropsis. Geomyces Traaen in Nyt. Mag. Naturvid. 52 : Type species U. flcii/1()- rum (Link) Hughes. The genus can be distinguished from Chry sosporium only with difficulty. Chrysosporium Corda in Sturm, Dtl. Fl., Pilze 3, 13: TyJ>C )pt:ctcs C merdorium (Link) Carmichael. Carmichael {1962) delimited about twenty species, some of whjch were tr ans fen~ by van Oorschot (1980) to Geomyces and Myceliopluhoro. The latter genus is pofy. phyletic and preferably should be restricted to anamorphs of Cory nuscus (Sordariacm) Scveralteleomorphs of Eurotiales include undescribed Chry sosporium anamorphs. Malbranchea Sacc. in M ichelia 2: Type species: M. pule/rei/a $3cc. Sigler and Carmichael accepted about fifteen species. among which the thcrmophilk M. cimramometj (Lib.) Oorschot & Hoog (as M. sulplwrca (Miche) Sigler & C3rmich3el). The genus is similar to Spor endonema and its separation from the Clrrysosporium,Gromyccs complex is artificia l and difficult. Sporendonema Desm. in Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: Type spcctcs S rasti De sm. Second species: S. purpuroscens (Bon.) Mason & Hughes. Teleomorphs are un known. Zymonema Beurm. & Gougcrot in Tribune Mcd. 42: Type species:z dermoliridis (Gilchrist & Stokes) Dodge (Blosromy ccs d ermoritidis, Z. gtlrlmstil) (\'an Oorschot, 1980).

62 VON ARX: Re-evaluation of Eurotiales 291 Type species: II. capsu- Histoplasma Darling in J. Am. mcd. Ass. 46: latum Darling. Microsporum Gruby in C. r. hcbd. Seance A cad. Sci. Paris I 7: species: M. audouinii Gruby. About twelve species are distinguished. Type Keratinomyces Vanbreus. in BuiJ. A cad. R. med. Belg. 38: I Type species: K. ajelloi Vanbrcus. (Tricllopllyron aje/101), a keratinolytic, apparently sapro phytic soil fungus. Two further species are described (Punsola & Guarro, 1984). Trichophyton Mahnsten in Arch. Anat. Phys. Wiss., Med. I : Type species: T. to11suro11s Malmsten. About forty species are described; common on man are T. menragrophy res (Robin) Blanchard. T. mbrum (Castellani) Sabouraud and T. 11io/oceum Sabouraud. Epidermophyton Sabour., Lcs maladies du Cuir Chevalu 3: cies: f. floccosum (Harz) Langcron & Milochcvitch. Type spe- Sympodiella Kendr. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 41: Type species: S. acirolo Kendr. Further species arc added by Matsushima ( 1975). Teleomorphs arc unknown. Staheliella Emden in Acta bot. Neerl. 23: Emden. without teleomorph. Type species: S. nodosa Botryomonilia Goos & Piroz. in Can. J. Bot. 53: Type species: B. Stlreelroe Coos & Piroz., without teleomorph. Arnblyosporium Fres. in Beitr. Mykol. 3: Type species: A. spongiosum (Pm.) Hughes. Pirozynski (1969) delimited three further species. Teleomorphs arc unknown. The culcural Slates are reminiscent to those of Sclerotiniaceae. Arthrographis Cochet ex Sigler & Carmichael in Mycotaxon 4: Type species A. kolrai (Tewari & Macpherson) Sigler & Carmichael. The tclcornorph has been described by von 1\rx ( 1978) as Pirlloascus langeronii (Pithoascaccac or Microascaceac). Sigler & Carmichael ( 1983) classified further species martltrographis. which have to be excluded, because they form dematiaceous and more t~p3nding colonies, and the conidia develop in unbranched chains and arc short cylindrical Jntl unswollcn. Hormographis Guarro & al. in Mycologia 78: rt:1iguarro & al., without telcomorph, keratinolytic. Type species: H. rami-

63 292 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Chrysonilia v. Arx in Sydowia 34: Type species: C. siroplllla (\lnml v. A rx (Monilia sirophila Mont.). The genus includes anamorphs of Neurospora species (Sordariaccae). The cjten.m conidia develop at random or in basipetal or acropetal sequence and separate by doubl! septa and extending disj unctors. Melanocarpus albomyces (Cooney & Emerson) ''.\rl has a similar anamorph with relatively large, long cylindrical conid ia. Thjs fungus 11 thermophihc and should also be classified in the Sordariaccac. Mauginiella Cav. in Boll. Orto bot. NapoH 8: Type species:,i/ mmm Cav. A teleomorph is unknown. The fu ngus causes rot on date palms and apparently r~ prtsents an anamorph of the Sclerotiniaceae, rela ted to Seproris (tcleomorph : Se,ummv similar to Sclerotinio). The septa of the vegetative hyphae have cemral pores. 111,, fu,"' plasmatic strands and migrating nuclei have been observed by von Arx & al ( 19 II Geotrichum Link in Mag. Gcs. Naturf. Berlin 3: Type species. G. w: didum Link. Synonyms: Oosporidea Sumstinc, Polymorphomyccs Co up in. IJI~sloscllizomyces Salkin & al. Teleomorph: Dipodascus Lagerh. (and Galacromy ccs Redhead & Malloch) (0Jpodascaceac, Endomycetales). Several Eurotiales include unnamed, Georriclwm.like anamorphs. The colonies. holl e1 er, are usually pigmented and the vegetative hyphae arc persistem and have sept3 1111b central pores. In Georriclmm species the colonies arc unpigmented and all hyph.1c form double, adjacent septa with disjunctives and disarticulate earlier or later into single cells. Several species of Ceorriclwm arc dimorptuc or even trimorpltic. Georrit lwm ormilh riae v. Arx for example forms art hroconidia and aerogenous, aseptatc, hyaline Jlcurioconidia (chlamydospores). which are often predontinant. Cco rriclwm capirarwn (Diddtra & Lodder) v. Arx forms arthroconidia and supplementary conidia with a truncate bast from syrnpodially elonga ting corudiogenous cells or hyphae. Erect conidiopho1c) r~y be present. A separa te genus B/asrosclrizomyces Salkin & al. (type species: B. pseudotr ichosporon Salkin & al.) has been introduced fo r this species. Other dirnorph1c Gtorriclwm species are G. er ieme (Hedrick & Dupont) Weijrnan and G. tcrresrrt' (\. d. WJ[I & Johannson) Weijman. Von Arx ( 1977a) delimited founecn species. eight of which include DlptHIOSl!Jl telcomorphs. The asci develop from conjugating hyphae or hyphaltips, which a r i~c from arthroconidia or fro m aerial hyphae. Dipodoscus mugnusii (Ludwig) v. J\rx fornb er«t ascophores, on which the gametangia! hyphae develop. All Dipodascus species hav<- rjthtl persistent asci and the ascospores are often extruded through an ::~pi ca l opening. Dlpodascus geotriclrwn (Butler & Peterson) v. Arx and D. reessii (v.d. Walt) v. i\rx have I or 2-spored asci with rather thick waucd ascospores. These species therefore ha1.: b.:-cn classified in a separate genus Cialocromy ces of the Onygcnaccae by Redhead & MJI!och (I 977). Ga/actomyces was synonymized with Dipodascus by von Arx { 1977a).

64 VON ARX: Re-evaluation of Eurori4les 293 The ascospores of Dipodascus species are reminiscent of those of the species of the yeast genera Yarrowia v. d. Walt & v. Arx and Schwanniomyces Klocker, and of those of the Onygenaccae. TAXA EXCLUDED FROM TH E EUROTIALES A. THE PSEUDEUROTIACEAE The Pseudeurotiaceae are described and delimited by Malloch & Cain ( 1970b ). They are characterized by relatively large, spherical ascomata with a distinct pcridjum, by spherical, oblate, or reruform, often pigmented ascospores, and by Cephalosporium- or Spcrothrix-like anamorphs with aseptate, hyaline blastoconidia. One species has a Cha lara-like anamorph with cylindrical conidia formed in a tube in basipeta l sequence from a meristematic zone. The Pseudeurotiaceae sensu Malloch & Cain (1970b). are probably polyphyletic, but au show affin ities to the Sphaeriales, especially to the Opruostomataceae, Microascaceae. 3nd Sordariaceae. KEY TO THE GENERA OF PSEUDEUROTIACEAE I a. Ascomata with a pale, fleshy wall; ascospores with a sheath or with winged appendages... 2 b. Ascomata with a dark. usually black wall: ascospores smooth. occasionally reticulate h. Ascosporcs ellipsoidal. with a sheath Leucosplwerina b. Ascospores ellipsoidal or fusiform, with winged appendages... Emericellopsis 3a. Ascomata pherical, not cephalothccoid ; ascomatal wall without sutures b. Ascomata cephalothecoid: ascomatal wall with sutures (tines of dehiscence) a. Ascospores with a reticulate wall, spherical or nearly so llapsidospora b. Ascospores with a smooth wall S St. <\ scospores hyaline b. Ascospores pigmented when mature a. Ascosporcs reniform in lateral vie w Connersi4 b. Ascospores spherical or nearly so Nigrosabulum h. Ascospores uiangular in Ia teral view Pidoplichkoviella b. Asco pores ovate or nearly spherical Pseudeurotium Sa. Asco,pores hyaline. short cylindrical Cryptendoxyla b. Ascosporcs no t cylindrical. pigmented when mature a. Plr.tSitic on Polypo rales: ascospores often bilaterally flatte ned... Alberriniella b. Saprophytic: ascosporcs renifo rm o r hemispherical Fragosphaeria Albertiniella Kirschst. in Annis Mycol. 34: Types species: A. polyporicola (Jacz.) Malloch & Cain. The fungus occurs on pores of members of the PolyporaJes. ll was first described as Cephalotlreca po(yporicola Jacz., and since as Albertiniella reticulata Kirschst. and as Cephalorheca sp/endens Udagawa & Horie (1971 ). The latter authors discovered a Ctphulosporium like anamorph. The ascospores are sughtly oblate (bilaterally flattened?) and brown when mature.

65 294 P L: R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Part 3, 1987 Connersia Malloch in Fungi Canadensis no Type species. C rtl\ (Booth) Malloch. Co1111ersia rilsto11ii is based on Pseudeurotium rilsto11ii Booth, which dllfcr~ lrvm typical Pseudeurotirtm species by hyaline, ellipsoidal.reniform, unil:nerall) llaucnc'a ascospores. Those of Pseudeurotittm species arc spherical Ovate and slightly prgrnc nt~j when mature. Cryptendoxyla Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 48: Type sped~:) ( hypophloio ~ blloch & Cain. Ttlis fungus includes a Cha/aro like anamorph with conidl3 formed in tube lll..c cdb endogenously in basipetal sequence. This anamorph is similar to that of Ct r.tt<'<'l'~lil species (Ophiostomataccac). Emerice.llopsis v. Beyma in An tonic van Leeuwenhoek 6: T) pc sp~ cics: E. tc"icola v. Beyma. Cams {1971) accepted seven species, a II with pale ascomata and cllipsordal f u)tlorm. slightly pigmented ascosporcs with longitudinal wings and crests. All species tndudt Ceplralosporium like anamorphs and arc closely related, probably indistinguishable The genus has been connected with the Hypocreaceae, but thjs may be qucsuonabh:. The ascospores are reminiscent of those of Pc11icilliops1S species. Fragosphaeria Shear in Mycologia 15 : Type species. F. Plifllllm Shear, with a Cepltolosporiwn.Jikc anamorph. Further species: J.: rc11i[ormis (Sacc. & Thcrry) Malloch & Cain. wtth a Spnrotlrrix like anamorph, and Fragosphaeria savoryi (Booth) v. Arx, comb 11or. (b 3~ 10n )'ll1 Ccpholotheco savoryi Booth in Mycol. Pap. 83: ) with a Tmiroduum.IJI...: aru. morph. Fragosphaerio may be related to Microascus and Pi1lroascus. Hapsidosporn Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 48: im!gularis Malloch & Cain, with :.t Ccphalosporwm-like anamorph. Type sr>e"cs II Leucosphaerina v. Arx, '. (replaced synonym: Leucospltocro v. Arx & al. in Pcrsoonia I 0: ; non Lcucospltaera Gilg, 1897). - Type species. Lcu co~ p hat rina indica (v. Arx & al.) v. Arx, comb. 1101'. (basionym: Leucospltoera mdtcu ' Arx & al. in Persoonia I 0: ). Anamorph: SporothrL'< or Ccplralosporium hke. Nigrosabulum Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 48: Type ~rcc es:.v globosw11 Malloch & Cain. This fungus includes a Cephalosporium like anamorph. The hya line ascosports art spherical or nearly so and often show a small lateral globule.

66 VO ARX. Re-evaluation of /;'urotiales 295 Pidoplichkoviella Kirilenko in Mykrobiol. Zh. 37: Type species: P. temcolo KmJcnko. The ascomata arc spherical, smooth, dark and relatively small. The pigmented ascospores are triangular in lateral view and have no germ pore. No anamorphs could be observed m subcultures of the type. A relationship to the Pithoascaccac has to bt con sidered. The ascosporcs, however, arc not dextrinoid when young. Pscudeurotium v. Beyma in Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitenKde. 2, 96: Type species: P :onuwm v. Beyma. The genus includes two or three species with dark, spherical ascomata with a wall of angular cells. The ascospores are spherical or broadly ellipsoidal. smooth and pigmented when mature. AU species include Cephalosporwm-lik.e or Sporotlzrix-like anamorphs with aseptate. hyaline blastoconidia. Pseudeurotium Ql a/is Stolk is a rather common soil fungus ll. OTIIER EXCLUDeD AND DOUBTFUL TAXA Amorphotheca Parbery in Austr. J. Bot. 17: Type species: A. resinoe P.Jrber}'. 11morpluuhl'co rcsinoe is the ra rely encountered teleomorph of llormoconis resinue (Lindau) v. J\rx & Vries (Cladosporium resinoe), the creosote fu ngus. The conidia are formed acropetally in branched chains with denticle-like, unthickened scars on erect comdrophores. The asci develop in obcampanulate or spherical ascomata with an amorphou~ \\all. :rre clavate and contain ellipsoidal-reniform, aseptate, hyaline, smooth ascospores. Redhead & Malloch (1977) classified the Amorphothecaceae in the Endomyce. tal"eae. It may be related to the Pithoascaceae and Microascaceae and consequently reprcscut a family of the Sphaerialcs. Aporothielavia M:llloch & Cain in Mycologia 65: Type species: A. ifptudermo (Booth) Malloch & Cain. Aporutltie/ar ta lcptodcrma is known from a single isolate. It is a relative of Zopjiella cunata (I-uckel) Winter with a septate ascospores without germ pores. The fungus should be dassrfrcd in the Lasiosphaeriaceac (von Arx, 1975). Eleuthera cus v. Arx in Persoonia 6: Type species: E. /ecrardii (Nicot) \ Ar>.. Synonym: 1/cmioscosporium Batra ( 1973). Von Arx ( 197 1) considered the fungus to be a relative of Ascodesmis (Pe7J zales) with sphencal asci without operculum. Several members of the Pezizales have similar asci and ascospores. especia lly taxa classified in the Tuberaccae. Eleuthcroscus includes four specie) (v:w Cmden, 1975; Huang, 1975: Samson & Luiten, 1975). Ephemeroascus Emden in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 61: Type species: E. rmiullatu~ Fmden.

67 296 P 1!. R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 The fungus is known from a single isolate. h has been considered to be a relative of Coniochaeta with ascospores without germ slits. The ascomata arc stromatic. black and a Verticillium anamorph with hyaline conidiophores and conidia is present. Europhium Parker in Can. J. Bot. 35: Type species: E. trinacmjormr Parker. The fungus has hat-shaped ascospores. very early-evanescent asci and includes a l.rp tographium ( Verticicladiella) anamorph. It has to be classified in the Ophiostomataccac. but should not be synonymized with Ceratocystis or Ophiostomo. R obinson-j cffrc~ & Davidson ( 1968) described supplementary species. Faurelina Locquin-Linard in Rev. ~1 ycol. 39: Type species: / }mri gena Locquin-Linard. Further species are F. elongata (Udagawa & Furuya) Furuya and F. indu:a v. Arx & al. The latter species includes an anamorph with!-septate anhroconidia. The genus lu) been connected with the Microascaceae, but its classification is debatable. The ascomm arc hemispherical-pustulate and the ascospores arc finely striate and pale brown when mature. The ascospore ornamentation and the anamorph suggest a relationship to,\t uro spora (Sordariaccac). Leuconeurosporn Malloch & Cain in Can. J. Bot. 48: Type specres: 1.. pulcherrima (Winter) Malloch & Cain. This psychrophilic, soil-borne, or coprophilous fungus develops at temperatures of about 6 C. Jt forms cephalothecoid ascomata and broadly fusiform, ridged or reticulate. pale brown ascospores. VonArx (1978) suggested a relationship to Sphat'rodc.~ (C'Cr3 tostomataceae, Melanosporaccac), which differs by ascospores with two prominent and protuberant, apical germ pores and by ostiolate or non-ostiolatc ascomata with J pjie wall. Neogymnomyces Orr in Can. J. Bot. 48: Type species: N. demon hrcunii (Ajcllo & Cheng) Orr. The genus is based on Gymnoascus demonbreumi Ajcllo & Cheng. which is known hy a single isolate. Currah (1985) redescribed the fungus and classified it in the On}genaceae. Subcultures of the type arc sterile. The value of the genus may be quc~tionell. Neoxenophila Apinis & Clark in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 63: Typ.: >!JC cies: N. [oetida Apinis & Clark. Currah ( 1985) classified the fungus tentatively in the Onygcnaceac. It is known hy 3 single specimen, which was not available. The description is rather inadequate. Pectinotrichum Varsavsky & Orr in tycopath. Mycol. appl. 43: species: P. 1/anense Varsavsky & Orr. f}~

68 VON ARX: Re-evalualio11 of Eurotiales 297 Currah (1985) classified the fungus in the Onygenaceae. It may be related to A uxor throll, but differs by smooth and apparently oblate ascospores, a character of the Gymnoascaccac. No cultures or specimens with asci and ascospores could be studied. Pithoascus v. Arx in Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. (C) 76: Type species: P. 11idicolo (Massee & Salmon) v. Arx. The genus includes seven species, partly with ostiolate, partly with non-ostiolate ascomata (von Arx, 1973, 1978). It differs from Microascus by fusiform or narrowly navicular ascospores without germ pore. A few species include Scopulariopsis- or Arthrogrophis-like anamorphs. Benny & Kimbrough (1980) introduced a separate family Pithoascaceae for Pitlloascus and Faurelina. ShanoreUa Benjamin in Aliso 3: Type species: S. spirotricha Benjamin. The fungus is characterized by ascomata with a peridium composed of disarticulating hyphae and with spirally coiled, pale appendages. The ascospores are lenticular and slightly pigmented. Shanorella may belong to the Gymnoascaceae. Subcultures of the type are sterile. Currah (1985) observed the fungus on dung of carnivores after a long period of incubation. Spiromastix Kuehn & Orr in Mycologia 59: Type species: S. warcupii Kuehn & Orr. The genus is characterized by ascomata surrounded by arcuate, pigmented appendages and small, lenticular, yellow ascospores. It may belong to the Gymnoascaceae. Subcultures of the type are sterile. ACKNOWL EDG E~1 EN TS The author thanks Dr. P.C. Cannon, Dr. D. W. Minter, Dr. J. Guarro, and Mr. D Yarrow for reading the manuscript and for useful suggest ions and additions. REFERE 'CES ARX. J. A. von (197t). On Araclmioflls and related genera of the Gymnoascaceae. In Persoonia 6: 37 t 380. (1 973). The genera Perrll!lfidium and Pithoascus {Microascaceae). In Persoonia 7: (1974). The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture. 2nd. Ed.. Vaduz. (1975). On nrielavia nnd some similar genera of the Asoomycetes. In Stud. Mycol. 8 : I 3l. - ( 1977a). Notes on Dipodascus, Endomyces and Georriclwm with the description of two new 'po.:cacs. In Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 43: ( 1977b). Notes on Gymnoascaceae. In Persoonia 9: (1978). Notes on Microascaceae with the description of two new species. In l>ersoonia 10: (1981). The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture. 3rd. Ed.. Vadul:. ( 1986a). On Hamigera, its Raperia anamorph and its classification in the Onygenaceae. In Mycotaxon 26:

69 298 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, ( 1986b). The ascomycete genus Gymnooscus. In Pcrsoonia 13: ARX, J. A. von & WALT. J.P. van der (1986). Are yeast cells of Endomycct:.les homologu.:s or conidia of Eurotiales? In Persooni:l13: ARX. J. A. von, WA LT, J.P. van dcr & LIESENBERG, N. V. D. W. ( 1981). On Mauginiella sr:amct. In Sydowia 34: SARRO ' C.l. (1962). New species and new records of Oidiodendron. In Can. J. Bot. 40: BARRON. C. l. & BOOTH, C. ( 1966). A new species of Araclmiotus with an Oidiodendron conidiji state. In Can. J. Bot. 44: BATRA, L. R. ( 1973). Hemiascosporiaccac, a new family based on 1/emiascospor ium spinulosm11.1n Mycologia 65: DENJAMI, R. K. (1956). A new genus of the Cymnoascaceae with a review of the other genera. In Aliso 3: DEN Y, G. L. & KIMBROUGH, J. W. (1980). A synopsis of the orders and families or the l'lectomycctcs with keys to genera. In Mycotaxon 12: BLASER, P. (1976). Taxonomischc und physiologischc Untersuchungen llber die Gattung huorium. In Sydowia 28 : BOEDIJ N, K. B. (1935). On the morphology and cytology of Tricltocon10 paradoxa. In Ann. hrd. bot. Buitenzorg 44: BOOTH. C. (1961 ). Studies of Pyrenomycctes: VI. In Mycol. Pap. 83: CARMICHAEL. J. W. (1962). Otrysosporium and some other aleuriosporic llyphomycctcs. In Can. J.Bot. 40: CHI:.STERS, C. G. C. (1934). The life histories of three species of Cepltalorh eca. In Trans. Br. myrol Soc. 19: CHRISTENSEN, M. &. RAPER, K. D. (1978). Synoptic key to A spergillus nidu/ans group ~pccic~ and related Emericello species. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 7 1: CURRAH, R. S. (1985). Taxonomy of Onygenalcs: Arthrodermataccac, Cymnooscaccac. ~l yxotiichaccae and Onygcnaccac. In Mycotaxon 24: EMDEN, J. H. van (1975). Three new fungi from Suriname soil. In Acta bot. Necrl. 24: GAMS, W. (1971). Cepltalosporiwn artige II yphomyccten. Stuttgart. CUARRO, J., PUNSOLA, L. & ARX, J. A. von ( 1986). Hormogrophisromirezii, a kcratinoph)lic fungus from Spanish soils. In Mycologia 78: HAWKSWORTII, D. L. & PITT. J. l. (1983). A new taxonomy of MOIIOscus species based on cultural and microscopical characters. In Austr. J. Bot. 31: HAWKSWORTH, D. L., SUTTON, B.C. & AINSWORTH, G. C. ( 1983). Dictionary of the fungi. ("\II. Kew. HORIE, Y. ( 1980). Ascospore ornamentation and its application on the taxonomic rc cvaluation in Emericella. In Trans. mycol. Soc. Japan 2 1: HUANG, L. H. (1975). A new species of 1:."/rurheroscus from Peruvian soil. In Mycolog1:t 67: JONG, S.C. & DAVIS. F.. F.. ( 1976). Conuibution to the knowledge of Srachyborrys and 1/('ml!l; nie/la in culture. In Mycotaxon 3: KOMI AM I, K.. KOOA YASI, Y. & T UBA KI, K. (1 952). Is Trichocoma paradoxa compccific \lith Penicillium /u reum? In Nagaoa 2 : MALLOCH, D. & B ~ Y, G. L. (1973). California Ascomycetes: four new ~pccic, and a nc" rtc ord. In Mycologia 65: MALLOCH, D. & CAl, R. f. ( 1970a). Tile genus Aroclmomyces. In Can. J. Bot. 48: &. - ( 1970b). Five new genera in the new family Pseudeurotiaceae. In Can. J. Uot 48: &. - (1972). The Trichocomataceae: Ascomycetes with Aspergillus. Poecilomyces and l'mi r:il/ium imperfect states. In Can. J. Bot. 50:

70 VONARX : Re-evaluation ofl:"urotioles 299 MAK 111'-CZ. A. T., C UARRO, J., F I G U Er~AS, M. J. & PUNSOLA, L. ( 1986). Arthric con idiogenesis m.lfolbrancltro arcuata. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 86: ~IAl S l SI II\I A. T. (1 975). leone microfungorum a Matsushima lectorum. Ko be. McGI'Il\IS, M. R. & KATZ, B. ( 1979). Ajellomyccs and its synonym F.mmonsiella. In Mycotaxon 8 : ~II N ll R. D. W.. KIRK, P. M. & SUTTON, 8. C. ( 1983). T hallic phiaudes. In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. so \Ill\ II R. D. W.. SUTTON. B. C. & ORA DY, IJ. L. (1 983). What arc phialidcs anyway? In Trans. Ur. my col. Soc. 8 1 : I ~l vll l R. L & ARX. J. A. von (1962). Die Gattungcn der didymospores Pyrcnomyceten. In Beitr. 1\r)'pt. II. ch"'cit II (2): OORSC110T, C. A. N. van (1980). A revision of Orrysosporiwn and alued genera. In Stud. Mycol. 20: I 89. PADII Yt:. A. A. & CARM ICIIAEL. J. W. (197 1). The gen u ~ Arthroderm o. In Ca n. J. Bot. 49: I'JROI) 'ISKI. K. A. (1969). Reassessment of the genus Amblyosporium. In Can. J. Bot. 47: Pin. J. l. ( 1979). The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupcnicillmm and Taloromyccs. London. - (1985). Nomenclatura l and taxonomic problems in the genus t.'urotium. In Samson & Pitt (cth.). t\dvnnccs in l't'nicillitllll and A spergillus ystematics: PU:>:SOLA. L. & GUARRO. J. ( 1984). Keratinoiii)'C '1 cerctanicus sp. nov.. a psychroph1lic dermatophyte from soil. In Mycopathologia 85: R 1'1 R. 1.:. B. & FE LLL, (1 965). rhe gcnus A sperxillus. Baltim ore. RAPt R, K. B. & THOM, C. ( 1949). A manual of the Penicillia. Baltimore. RFDIII AD. S. A. & MALLOCH, D. ( 1977). The Endomycctaccac: new concepts. ne'' taxa. In \ an. J. Bot. 55 : ROBII\S0:-1-Jf.FFRI Y. R. C. & DA VIDSON, R. W. ( 1968). Three ne" t."uroplrium spe cie~ w11 h l'erticrclodiclla imperfect st:lles on blue stained pine. In \an. J. Bot Si\ \ISO'. R. A. ( 1972). Notes on Pseudogymnooscus. Gy mnooscus and related genera. In Acta bot. ' -crt ( 1974). Paecilomy ce1 and some allied llyphomycetcs. In Stud. Mycol. 6: (1 979). A compilation of the Asp erxilli described since In Stud. Mycol. 18: I 38. SA ~ISO '. R. A. & ll.l ren, B. ( 1975). /;'ferulrerascus tu~rculatus. a new hea t r c~is t a n t ascomycete. In Trans. Dr. mycol. Soc. 64: SA \ISO'. R. A. & MOUCII ACCA, J. ( 1974). Some interesting species of 1-.'m ericello and A spergillus lrum Lttyptian desert soil. In An tome van Lccu\\enhoek 40 : SAM SOl\. R. A. & SEif- LRT, K. A. ( 1985). The ascomycete genus Penicitliopsis. In Sa m ~o n & Pat (cds.). Advances in Penicillium nnd Aspergillus s y s temat i c ~ : SIG1 1 R. L. & CARMICII AEL, J. W. (1 976). Taxonomy of MalbronclrCJI and some other llyphom y~'c tc~ \\ith arthroconidia. In Mycotnxon 4: &. ( 1983). Rcdi'J)Osition of some fungi referred to Oidnmr microsperm um and a revie" of Artlrrograplris. In Mycotaxon 18: SIGll R, L.. DU N, M. T. & CARMICIIAfL. J. W. ( 1982). Artlrricrismla and Artlrrnpsis. two new ll) phomycetcs with d cm a t iacco u ~ arthroconidia. In Mycotaxon I 5: STOLl\. A. C. & SAMSO, R. A. ( 1972). The genus Talornmyces. In Stud. Mycol. 2: I 64. & - ( 1983). TI1e uscomycete genus Hupenicillium and related Penicillium anamorphs. In Swd. Mycol. 23: Sl DR\ \la 'la I\, C V. (1 979). Phi:JUdie Hyphomycetes :~nd their teleomorphs- an analy is. In B. 1\cnduck (ed.). The " hole fu n~u s

71 300 PER S 0 0 N I A - VoL 13, Part 3, 1987 UDACAWA, S. & HOR1E, Y. (1971). Tnxonomic:ll notes on mycogcnous fungi. In J. gen. 3ppL Microblol. Tokyo 17: & - (1976). A new species of Emuicel/4. In Myeotaxon 4 : VRIES. C. A. de ( 1969). Das Problem Apllanooscus oder Anixiopsis. In Mycoscn 12: I ll 122. WEITZMAN, 1., McGINNIS, M. R. PADIIYE. A. A. & AJELLO. L. (1986). The genus ArtllfodmM and its later synonym Namtizzill. In Mycotaxon 25:

72 P E RSOONIA Published by the Rijksherb:mum, Leiden Volume 13, Pan 3. pp (1987) TH E ASCOMYCETE GENUS SORDARIA J. CUARRQ & J. A. VON ARX.. SQidorio is restricted to coprophilous. soil. or secd bornc Pyrcnomyccte wilh 3septatc, elongate ascospores wilh a gcllltinous. amorphous sheath. The genus is redescnbcd and a key to fowtccn ncccptcd species is given. A chcckust of au taxa described as SordtJrio is added. In the course of a revision of cultures of Sordorio species maintained in the CBS Culture CoUection, a checkjist of all Sordorio species was compiled. The genussordorio is restricted to species with ostiolate ascomata, cylindrical asci and aseptatc, elonga te, cylindrical. ellipsoidal, or fusiform ascospores with a distinct gelatinous sheath. Species with ov.~te, broadly fusiform, or nearly spherical ascospores without sheath are classified in a separjtc genus Asordaria (von Arx & at., 1987). Treatments on Sordoria have been published by Bayer ( 1924) for Central Europe, Cain (1934) for Ontario, Canada, Moreau {1 953) for Europe, Boedijn (1962) for Indonesia, Ca llcux ( 1972) for central parts of Africa, Lundqvist ( 1972) for nordic regions and by Barrasa & at. (1986) for Spain. In this paper a new description of Sordorio sensu stricto is given, followed by a key to fou rteen accepted species and a Hst of au species that have been referred to Sordorio. S 0 R D A R I A Ces. & De Not. Sordoria Ces. & De Not. in Comm. Soc. \rit. ltal. I: Type species (lectotype) : S. jimic«a (Rob.) Ccs. & De Not. 1'01 ~)no n yms sec Lundqvist {1972). Colontcs expanding, dark, oft en with a pale or brown aerial mycelium, reverse brown or bijcl.. ascomata superficial, often embedded in the aerial mycelium, obovate, pyriform. or ampulliform, with a conical or cylindrical ostiolar beak. ascomatal wall pigmented. brown or nearly black. composed of 3-5 layers of rather large, slightly flattened cells. text ura angularis in surface view, smooth or covered with pigmented hyphalappendages: asci cylindrical. with a short stalk, unitunicate, at the truncate apex with distinct, non amyloid. often ring-like thickenings, 8-sporcd, ascosporcs uniseriate, ellipsoida l, cylindn ca l, or fusiform with rounded ends, aseptate, brown or opaque when mature, with a distinct. often protuberant germ pore at base, with an amorphous, hyaline gelatinous sheat h surrounding the spore except for the basal, porate part. Coprophilous, so il- or seed-borne or isolated from plant debris. Homot hallic or hcterothallic. o~-pt. of B io l o~;y, l-ac. or ~1 e d!cio C, University of Barcelona. Reus. Spain. Ccnuaalbweau voor Schimmelcultures. Daarn, The 'cthcrlands. 301

73 302 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 The hctcrothallic species can be recognized by a more abundant, often pale :tcml mycelium, on which aseptate, hyaline micro-conidia (spermatia) are formed by butldmg. KEY TO T HF. SPECIES I 11. Ascospores with n length/width ra tio o f b. Ascospores with n length/width ratio of a. Ascosporcs x 9-13pm l b. Ascospores broader S 3 a. Homothallic; spermatia absent ; ascomntn pyriform, usuauy smooth....'i fimtc~ b. lletcrothaujc; spermatia (ascptate, conidia} present a. Ascomata with a long beak, tomentose S tomtm()db2 b. Ascomata pyriform, with a broad. hort beak... S. bwrcdlu S. srlcrogtn!j S. tltemmphrl: 5 a. Ascospores x J 2-15 pm, cuipsoidal obovate S. lappet b. Ascosporcs lllrgcr a. Ascosporcs x 14-17pm S.supnbl b. Ascospores x JJm a. Ascosporcs JJm broad S copruror b. Ascosporcs pm broad S Sa. llomothaiuc, spermatia absent S CfOSfJOt~ b. Hetcroth3Ulc, spermatin present S llettrotllcuii 9a. Ascosporcs with a rounded apex and an attenuated base b. Ascospores attenuated at both ends. fusiform II 10 a. Ascosporcs x 9-12 pm, with a non-protuberant germ pore S ofcrm b. Ascospores x pm, with a protuberant germ pore S. papl1/m II a. 1\ scospores x JJJ" S hallie-: b. Ascospores x prn S. t:lon.~atispor. Clll:.CKLIST List of species that, at one time or ano ther, have been referred to Sordorio (S.). ames accepted in Sordario Ces. & De Not., emend. Guarro & v. Arx arc punted sp ac ed. S. o I c in o Lundq. in Symb. bo t. upsal. 20 : S. ollalrobodcmis Srivastava & al. m Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 30: : Podosporo oustro-omericono (Speg.) Mira & Cain. S. oloides Fuckel in Jb. nassau. Ver. 1 :llurk : = Podosporo alotdrs Fuckel (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. olpi11o Griff. in Mem. Torrey bot. Club II : I. - The type could not be studied. S. omplticomis Sacc., Syll. Fung. I: = Podosporo oppe11diculota (Auersw.) Niess! (Mirta & Cain, 1969). S. ompltispltocroidcs Ell. & Ev. in Am. at. 3 1: 340. J 897 = 1/y p ocopro ompltisplwr roidcs (Ell. & Ev.) Griff.

74 GUARRO & VONARX: Sordori.a 303 S. anomala (Griff.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. in SyU. Fung. 17: = Potlospora ano mala (Griff.) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. anserina Win I. (Winter, 1873: I 00) = Podosporo anserina Niess!. S opiculifera Speg. in An. Mus. nac. I list. nat. B. Aires 6: = Potlospora api culifera (Spcg.) Mirza & Cain (Mirza & Cain. 1969) or = P. australis (Speg.) Niess! (Lundqvist, 1972). S. appendiculoto Auersw. in Niess! in Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn I 0 : = Potlo spora o(l(lendiculato Auersw. ex Niess! (Mir.t.a & Cain, 1969). S. araclmoidea (Niess!) Sacc. & Syd. in Syll. 1-u ng. 14: = Cerrophora co pro pili/a (fr.) Lundq. (Lundq,rist, 1972). S aroncosa Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (B1ol. Ser.) 38: = Podospora aronc osa (Cam) Ca1n. S orwco Cain in Can. J. Bo1. 35: =Asortlaria arcrico (Cam) v. Arx &Guarro. S orenicolo Grove in J. Bo The type could not be studied. S. orgemmo Speg. in An. Soc. ci. argent. I 0: = S. fimicolo (Lundqvist, 1972). S. orgentinensis Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 23: = Potlosporo orgenti uensis (Speg.) Mirza & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. ori:cmensis {Griff.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 17: 60 I = Amium orizoncnsc Lundq. & Krug ( Lundqvist. 1972). S. oustrolis (Speg.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. I: =Podosporo australis (Speg.) Niess! (Mi11.a & Cain, 1969). S. austro-americono (Speg.) Sacc., Syll. l-ung. I: = Potlospora ausrro-ame ncrmo (Spcg.) Mirta & Cain {Mirza & Cain. 1969). S bait i c a Lundq. in Symb. bot. upsal. 20: S barbato E. C. llans. in Vid. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 1876: = Amium macrotlleca (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S bicur~ uto Rick in Broteria 2: S. bi~porulo (Crouan) Cooke & Plowr. in Grevillea 7: = Trichodclitschio bisponila (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1964a). S. bolbuoni (Quel.) Wint. in Rabenh. Kryptog.. FI. (2. Aun.) I, Pilzc 2: Thi ts a doubtful species (Bayer, 1924}. S homhortlioides Auersw. ex Niess! in Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn I 0: = BomborJi01tleo bombordioitles (Auersw. ex Niess!) C. Moreau. S. bos( nsi) Das in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 45: = Areolospora bosensis (D-as) Ha11 1\S\\. (llawkswonh, 1980). S. bntryo.m J>enz. &Sacc.,lcon. Fung. Javan.: =Bombordia bombardo (Batsch) J. Schroet. (.\-lorcau. 1953). S. bm illo (Cooke) Cooke in Grevillca 16: = Cercophoro coprophiln (Fr.) Lundq. (I undqvist, 1972). S. brassicoc (KI.) Crouan, Fl. Finistere: = Amium olemm (Fr.) Lundq. & Krug apud Lundq. (Lundqvist. 1972). S br('j( /clit Zopf in Z. 1aturw. 56: = /lypocowo brefeldii (Zopf) Chen.

75 304 PER S 0 0 ' I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 S. bre11icaudata Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 6: Th ts IS a nomen dubium (Lundqvist, 1972). S. brevi co IIi s OHvc & Fantini in Am. J. Bot. 48: Tlus species ts a heterothallic relative of S. [imicola. S. bravisata P. Karst. in Bidr. K:inn. Fin I. Nat. Folk 23: = Puduspura a ppm diculoto (Auersw.) Niess! {Mirza & Cain, 1969) o r = P. paucisera (Ces.) Trav. (Lund~vis t. 1972). S. burkillii Mass. in BulJ. misc. lnf. R. bot. Gdns Kew 1913: Timts probably identical with P. oppendiculoto (Moreau, 1953). S. byssiseda Petch in Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 7: = Podospora sp-~cits (according to the description). S. coeruic/1 Petch in Ceylon J. Sci. (Bot.) 9: Probably a Cercopluw species (Cam, 1934). S. coli[omica Plowr. in Grevillea 7: = Cercophoro colifom ico (Piowr.) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. c apturo e Speg.inAn.Soc.ci.argcnt.9: Moreau (l953)constders this species to be a synonym of S. popyricolo, but according to Lundqvist ( 19n) 11 is a good species. S. corbonoria (Phill. & Plowr.) Sacc., SyU. Fung. I : = Zup[iello carbonam (Phill. & Plowr.) v. Alx. S. coriciculo Ell. & Ev. in herb. = S. fimicolo ( Lundqvist, 1972). S. cauda to (Curr.) Sacc., Syll. Fun g. I : = Cercophora cauc/ata (Curt.) Lundq. (llilber & l lilber, 1979). S. caulicola Ccs. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matem. 8 (3): = Antlwstomrlb caulicolo (Ces.) Sacc. (Moreau, 1953). S. cara,ina Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = P. cm ina Cam (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. cimfero Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 6 : = Arnitmt cirrifemm (Speg.) Krug & C:~in (K rug & Cain, 1972). S. cirsii Crouan, Fl. Finistere: The type was not available for study. S. citrino Petch in Ann. R. bot. Gdns Peradeniya 7: = PodQS(Jora )pc,ies (according to the description). S. cladoniae Anzi in Atti Soc. ita I. Sci. nat. II : = Adelococcm cladomat (Arui} Keissl. (l lawksworth, 1978). S. clat artae Ces. & De No t. in Comm. Soc. critt. ital. I : = IIC'Imintlwsplwf ria clotwiae (Tul.) Fuckel (von Arx & ~hiller, 1954). S. clot ato P:u. apud Pat. & Lagerh. in Rull. Soc. mycol. Fr. II : The des~:rip tion is not adequate, and Lhe rungus has been excluded from Sordorio by Moreau ( 1953). S. clypeato De Not., Sphaerici italici I : = Entosordoria clyprato (De 'ot.) v. Arx & MUller (von Arx & Muller, 1954). S. COl/lata (Kirschst.) Bayer (Bayer. 1924: 7 1 ). This is a doubt rul species. It 1113)' represent a Poclosporo species (accordtng to the description).

76 GUARRO & VO, ARX: Sordaria 305 S. communis (Speg.) Sacc., SyU. Fung. I: = Podosporo communis (Speg.) Sacc. (~hrza & Cain, 1969). S. rommrmis var. bracltyuro = Podosporo communis (Speg.) Sacc. (Mirza & Cain, 1969}. S. communis var. macmro = Podospora decipiens (Wi nter) Niessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. collmrwris var. tetraspora = Podospora onscrina (Ces. in Rab.) Niessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. conoidca Catlleux in BuiJ. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: = Asordorio conoid eo (Ca~Jeux ) v. Aix & Guarro. S. roi/sallguinca Ces. in Rab. F. eur. extraeur., Cent. XXVII ; in Hedwigia 21 : I 0. - This 1s a doubtful species (Bayer, 1924). S. roprophilo (Fr.) Ces. & De Not. in Comm. Soc. critt. ital. I : = Cerco phora coprophila (Fr.) Lundq. (Lundqvist. 1972). S.roroni[era Grove in J. Bot. 44 : = Podosporaaloides (Grove) Mirza & Cam (Mirla & Cain, 1969). S. culmigena Sacc. & Speg. in Michclia I : = Amiwn olerwn (Fr.) Lundq. & Krug (Moreau, 1953). S. cu"cl'i Auersw. ex Niessl in Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn I 0: = Amium olen1m (1-r.) Lundq. & Krug (Moreau, 1953). S. cun icolla Wint. in Hedwigia I 0: = Podospora curvicollo (Wint.) Niessl (Mi17.3 & Cain, 1969). S cumspora Cain in Can. J. Res. (Scr. C) 26: = Podosporo curvisporo (Cam) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S cumdo de Bary, Morphol. Physiol. PiJze: = Podosporo curvulo (debary) ~iess l. S. crm ulo var. coronota = Podospora curvula (de Bary) Niessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969) = Sdri:orhemun conicum (Fuckel) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. rrmula var. coronifera = Podosporo aloides (Fuckel) Mira & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S curmla var. tetrasporo = Scllizotltecium conicum (Fuckel) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 197 ~) S dtxrprcns Wint. ex Fuckel in Jb. nassau Ver. Naturk : = Podosporo deupu 1b (Wmt. ex Fuckel) t\iessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S ddihdlioides Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 6 : = Cercopltoro sordari Ollles ( peg.) Lundq. (Lundqvist. 1972). S tlrstriiciis (Shear) Hawk. in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 34: Thts includes non-cnpruphilous relatives of S. fimicolo. S di~rospora Auersw. ex Niess! in Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn 10: = Conio chjrto dtswspora (Auersw.) Cain (Cain, 1934). S ditcvsporo var. major Wint. (Winter, 1873 : 20) = Coniocltaeto scotigeno (Berk. & B:~Xmtc l ( 310 (Cain, 1934).

77 306 P ERSOON IA VoL 13, Part 3, 1987 S. dubio E. C. llans. in Vid. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 1876: = Podt>sporo dubi!j (E. C. Hans.) Cain (Cain, 1962) or Schizothecium dubium (l lans.) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. c/ephamina P. llenn. in Bot. Jb. (ed. bngler) 22: = Ccrcoplwro roprrr philo (Fr.) Lundq. (Moreau, 1953). S. ellisiana (Griff.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 17: = Podospora ellisiunu (Griff.) Mirta & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. e I o 11 got is p o ro Barrasa & al. in Persoonia 13: S. eminens Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = Podosporatm~ nens Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. equirw (Fr.) Cooke in Grevillea 17: = Podosporo fimisedo (fuckei)n!tssl. S. equilw (Berk. & Rav.) Mil7.a & Cain apud Udagawa & liorie (Kobayashi, ). - From the description given in Kobayashi (1971), the fungus represcmsardl tive of S. fimicolo with ascospores showing a thin gelatinous sheath. S. equorum (Fuckel) Wint. (Winter, 1873: 77) = Hypocopra equorum (ruckcl) W1r.t. (Bayer, 1924). S. erccto (Speg.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. I: = Podospora anserina (Ccs. m Rab.) Niess! (Mirza & Cain, 1969) = Podospom pauciseta (Ces.) Trav. (Lundqvist, 197~). S. erostrota (Griff.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 17: = Zopfiella erostmta (Grifi.) Udagawa & Furuya (Udagawa & Furuya, 1974). S. [crmcllli (Fuckel) Wint. (Winter, 1873: 85) = S. humono (Moreau, 1953). S. fimbriata Bayer (Bayer, 1924: 29) = Podosporo [imbriata (Bayer) Ca1n (Mirza! Cain. 1969). S. fimeti (Pers.) Wint. (Winter, 1873: 78) = Hypocopro [imeti (Pers.) fr. (Baytt, 1924). S. f i m i co I o (Rob.) Ces. & De ot. in Comm. Soc. critt. ita!. I: S. fimiscdo Ces. & De Not. in Comm. Soc. critt. ita!. I : = Podosporofimi colo Ces. (Mina & Cain, 1969). S. friesii Niess! in Verh. naturf. Ver. BrUnn 3: I = Conicx:haetu pula eraua (Ehrh.) Munk (von Arx & MUller, 1954). S. gagliordi De Not., Spher. ita I. 21 : This is a doubtful spec1cs. S. gorhwolensis Srivastava & Blust. in Indian Phytopath. 36: The l)'jlt was not available for study. S. gigaspora Fuckel in Jb. nassau. Ver. 1'\aturk : A type JS no1 available and the description is inadequate for recognition of the fungus. S. globosa Mass. & SaJm. in Ann. Bot. IS : = Podosporo globosa (~l ass. & Salm.) Cain (Cain, 1962). S. glutinam Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Diol. Ser.) 38: = Podospvru gluti nons (Cain) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. gowtdaensis Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: =Asordorio xmmjamjij (Cailleux) v. Arx & Guarro. S. gmeo Ces. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matcm. 8(3): fh1s i ~ a doubtful species and was excluded from Sordoria by Moreau ( 1953).

78 GUARRO & VON ARX: Sordaria 307 S. lronsenii Oud. in Hedwigia 21: = Coniocltaeta ltansenii (Oud.) Cain (Cain, 1934}. S. lr l' t e r o tit a IIi s fields & Maniotis in Am. J. Bot. 50 : This is a heterothalhc relative of S. mucrospora. S.luppiCD (Berk. & Rav.) Ellis & Ev., N. Am. Pyrenom.: = S. equina (Bcrk. & Ra,.) Mina & Cain apud Udagawa & Horic (Kobayashi ). S. hippica (Sacc.) Cooke in Grevillea 16: = S. fimicolo ( Lundqvist, 1972}. S. hirsma (Dang.) Sacc. & Trav. in SyU. Fung. 20 : = Podospora hirsuto Dang. (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. hirto E. C. Hans. in Vi d. Mcddr dansk n:nurh. Forcn. 1876: = Amium him1m ([. C. llans.) Lundq. & Krug (Lundqvist. 1972). S. hispidula Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 6: = Podospora curvulo (de Bary) ~iessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969) = Podospora pseudomimaa Spcg. (Mirza & Cain. 1969). S. lwmona (Fuckel} Wint. in Bot. Ztg 30: = A sordorio lwmano (Fuckcl) v. Arx & Guarro. S. hyalino Griff. in Mem. Torrey bot. Club II : = Pltomatosporo ltyalino (Griff.) Cain (Cain, 1934) = Phomatosporo minutissima (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1 97~ ). S. hyalopilosa (Stra11on) Cain in niv. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = PodosrHJra ltyalopilosa (Stratton) Cain (Miru & Cain, 1969). S. hydropltila (Kirschst.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 24: = Crrcopltora hydrophilo (Kirschst.) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. hypocoproides Spcg. in Boln Acad. Ci. C6rdoba II: = Hypocopra h; {JQ< oproides (Speg.) Krug & Cain (Krug & Cain, 1974b). S. macquolis Cain in Can. J. Res. (Ser. C.) 26: = Podospora inaequolis (C'ain) (3in (~1 irza & Cain, 1969). S. maet1uilatera/is Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. ( Bioi. Scr.) 38: = Amium I/IIJtQtll11itera/is (Cain) Lundq. & Krug (Lundqvist. 1972). S. mdico Srivastava & Tandon in Curr. Sci. 34: = Acltaetomium glohosum Rai & Tcwari (according to the description). S. iltsignis E. C. Hans. in Vid. Meddr dansk nalurh. Forcn. 1876: = Strot t011it1 msignis (E. C. Hans.) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. ioll'ulla Ell. & Holw. in J. Mycol. 4: = S. fimicolo (Moreau. 1953). S. komensis (Griff.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 17: = Amium konsense (Gnff.) Krug & Cain (Krug & Cain ). S. kilimondscllarico A. Schm. in Jber. schles. Ges. vaterl. Kult.: = Podospora ki/imandscltorica (A. Schm.) Cain (Cain. 1962). S. lanuginoso (Preuss) Sacc., Fungi Veneti Scr. 6: = Amium olerum (Fr.) Lundq. & Krug (Lundqvist, 1972). S. lanuginosa (Zopf) A. Sclun. Verbreit. coproph. Pilze Schles.: = Strauonia :opfii l undq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S.loppae Potebniain Annls Mycol.5:

79 308 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 S. leporina Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = llmiw11 /c>parr num (Cain) Lundq. & Krug. S. /euc:oplac:a (Berk. & Rav.) Ell. & Ev.,. Am. Pyrenom.: = Comocltat:: leucoplaca (Berk. & Rav.) Cain (Cain, 1934). S. leucotricha Speg. in Michelia I : = Zopjiella leucotric:ha (Spcg.) t.h llocb & Cain (Malloch & Cain, 1971 ). S. lignicola Fuckel in Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk : = (.'ercopllvra t:mjdata (Curr.) Lundq. {Lundqvisl, 1972). S. linguifonnis Cain in Univ. Toron10 Stud. {Bioi. Scr.) 38: = Podospon linguiformis (Cain) Cain {Mirza & Cain, 1969) = Scllizotllecium dubium (llans.) Lundt (Lundqvist, 1972). S. longtcaudata (Griff.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 18: = Poc/osporo longtcu1uh:: (Griff.) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. longispora Batista & Pontual in Bol. Agr., Pernambuco 15: = Podu!>/)QI: appendiculata (Auersw.) Niess! (Mina & Cain, 1969). S. lugubris Ccs. & De Not. Comment. Soc. crill. ital. I : = llnrlwsromrlb lugubris (Rob. & Desm.) Sacc. (Moreau, 1953). S. lutca Ell. & Ev. in J. Mycol. 3: =Cercophora lanuginosa (C'rouan) Lundq. (Lundqvisl, 1972). S. mabokensis Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: =Asorclariu mubaktnsis (Cailleux) v. Arx & Guarro. S. m o c r o s p o r a Auersw. in 11edwigia 5: S. macrostoma Speg. in An. Mus. nae. B. Aires 6: = Potlo~pora commww {Speg.) ~iessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. macrotheca {Crouan) Cooke in Grevillea 16: = llmium mocrutltm (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972}. S. macrura (Bayer, 1924: 71) = Podospora ousrrolis (Speg.) 1 iessl ( ~lirta & C'Jtn. 1969). S. malacotricha Auersw. ex Niess1 in Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn 10: :!-Cun~ chaeta malacotriclla (Auersw. ex Niessl) Trav. S. ma.xima 'iess1 in Rab., Fungi Eur. exs = Bombarclwrc/('o t~m (l(ij (DC.) Lundq. (Lundqvisl, 1972). S. merdaria (Fr.) Auersw. ex Wint. (Wimer, 1873: 13) = 1/ypoeopro IIIC'fdorta Fnn ( Bayer, 1924). S. microscopico De N01. in Comm. Soc. cm1. ilal. 2: R.uldlima 111M"" scopico ( De Not.) Sacc. (Moreau, 1953). S. microspora Ces. in Alii R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Ma1em. 8(3): :n. 1879,., RCJSellmu microsporo (Ces.) Sacc. (Moreau, 1953). S. microspora P1owr. in Grevillea 6: = Conioc.:hacto leucoplut u ( Ucrk. & Rav.) Cain (Cain, 1934). S. micrura (Speg.) Sacc.. SyU. Fung. I: = Podosporn cumtlu ( tl~ B a 1~ ) Niess! (Mir a & Cain, 1969).

80 GUARRO & VON ARX: SordoriD 309 S. millespora (A. Schm.) Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = Podospora mill~spora (Schmidt) Cain (Cain, 1962). S. minima Sacc. &Speg. in Michelia I : This is a doubtful species; Moreau (1953) excluded it from Sordario ; it probably is a species of Coniochaeta. S. minor (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. & Syd. in Syll. Fung. 14: = Podospora minor Ell. & Ev. (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. mimua Fuckel in Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk : = Podospora vcsticola (Berk. & Br.) Mirza & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S minutclla Cooke & Plowr. in Grevillea 7: = Trichodelitschio bisporula (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1964a). S. morolira ( iessl) Cooke in Grevillea 16: = Trichodelitsclria bispomla (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1964a). S. mulucaudata (Griff.) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. I 7: = Amium macrotheca (Crouan) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. 1111/SOC (Maire) Sacc. in Syll. f ung. 24: = Cercoplwra spec. (according to the description). S. mmospora Crouan, Fl. Finistcre: = Podospora myriaspora (Crouan) Niess! (Lundqvist, 1972). S. nowliua (Speg.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. I : This is a doubtful species and was excluded from Sordoria by Moreau ( 1953). S.nt>glccro E. C. Hans. in Vid. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren. 1876: =Arnium ole111m (Fr.) Lundq. & Krug (Lundqvist, 1972). S. oblectom Ces. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matern. 8(3): = Roselli11io oblet tans (Ces.) Cooke (Moreau, 1953). S. obltquoto Ces. & De Not. in Comm. Soc. critt. ital. I : = Roselli11ia obliquata (Somm.) Sacc. (Moreau, 1953). S. ocddentalis Batista & Pontual in Bol. Agr., Pernambuco 15: = Podospora comm11nis (Spcg.) Niess! (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. Olltommsis Cain in Uni v. Toronto Stud. (Diol. Ser.) 38: = Arnium ontorieme (CJIIl) Krug & Cain (Krug & Cain, ). S ory:oe I lara, Diseases of the riceplant: The type was not available and the dcscnption ts not adequate for recognition of the fungus. S urr:e11 Sacc. m N. Gior. bot. ita I. 23: 20 I This is a doubtful species and hls been excluded from Sordario by Moreau ( 1953). S on:111a I lara, Diseases of the riceplant: The type was not available ~nd the descrtption is inadequate for recognit ion of the fu ngus. S. osnulata ~II. & Ev. in Bull. Torrey bot. Club 24: = S. flmicola {Moreau. 1953). S pochydcrmotico Ces. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matern. 8(3): Moreau (19:.1) tncludes this species in Rosellinia or Coniochaeto. S {lllcht spura Mout. in Bull. Soc. r. Bot. Belg. 39: mluded I rom Sordario by ~l o reau ( 1953). This name has been

81 310 P ERSOO la Vol. 13, Part 3, J987 S. palmicola Auersw., Un. itin. Crypt., 1 o = Antltosromelfa polmiro/o (Auersw.) Rab. (Pirozynski, 1972). S. pap i I I a 1 a Urries in Boln Soc. esp. llist. nat. 32: S. papillosa Bayer ( Bayer, 1924: 51)= Sordario lwmana (Moreau, 1953). S. papyricola Wint. (Winter, 1873: I 8). - This is a nomen dubium (Lundqvist, 1972). S. penicillata Ell. & Ev. in J. Mycol. 4: = Podosporapauciseta(Ccs.)Trav. (Lundqvist, 1972). S. per[idiosa De Not. in Comm. Soc. critt. ita!. 2: = Entosordorioperfo diosa (De Not.) Hoehne! (von Arx & Muller, 1954). S. perileuco Sacc. in All i Accad. sci. vcn.-trent.-istr. I 0: = Cercophoro S41ro wacensis (Ccs.) Lundq. ( Lundqvist, 1972). S. perplexans Cain in Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: = Podosporo ptr plexans (Cain) Cain (Cain, 1962). S. pl!ilocoproides Griff. in Mem. Torrey bot. Club II : = Coniochoeto plril~ coproides (Griff.) Cain (Cain. 1934). S. plzyllogena (Sacc.) Niessl in Hedwigia 22: ISS = S. lwmano. S. pilifera Bayer (Bayer, 1924: 62). The type was not available. Probably 3 species with small ascosporcs {10.5 x 7 tjm) was studied. S. pilosa Mout. in Bull. Soc. r. Bot. Belg. 25: = Podospora pilosa (Mout.) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969) = Cercoplzora elepllamina (P. llenn.) Lundq. ( Lundq1ist, 1972). S. pilosa Pctch in Ann. R. bot. Gdns Pcradcniya 7 : = Podosporo spedes (according to the description). S. plaryspora Plowr. in Grevillea 6 : = Coniocl!aera scarigena (Berk. & 8r.) Cain {Cain, 1962). S.pleiospora Wint. in lledwigia 10: =Podosporapleiospora (Wi nt.)~i~ {Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. polyspora Phill. & Plowr. in Grevillea 10: = Conioclzaeta sp. (Cain.l934). S. potent iliac Gucewiz, Plant. non vase.: The description and illustra lions are incomplete. Probably a species of Asordaria with small ascospores (14-15x (Jm) was studied. S. proli[ica Caillcux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: = Asordario proli}ica (Cailleux) v. Aix & Guarro. S. pseudominuto Speg. in Boln A cad. Ci. C6rdoba II : = Podospora cunula {debary) icssl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. pumila Bayer (Bayer, 1924: 49). - The type was not available for study. The spe cies is characterized by very small ascospores (8-9 x 5-7 (Jm). S. puntiformis Ccs. in Atti R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matern. 8{3): This is a doubtful species. Moreau (1953) excluded it from Sordaria. S. pyriformis Bayer (Bayer, 1924: 113) = Podospora pyriformis (Bayer) Cain (Mirn & Cain, I 969). S. rabenhorstii Niess! in Rab., Fungi cur = Fimetariello robenlrorstii (Nicssl) Lundq. (Lundqvist, 1946b).

82 GUARRO & VONARX: Sordoria 311 S. rlryuclroplroro De Not. in Comm. critt. ita I. 2: = Cerotostolllo notorisii Slcc. (Moreau, 1953). S rotulo (Cooke) Niess! in Hedwigia 22: ISS = Apiosordoria row/a (Cooke) v.arx. S. sorawocensis Ces. in Ani R. Accad. Sci. Fis. Matern. 8(3): This is a doub1fut species. S. s de r o g c 11 i a Fields & Grear. in Mycologia 58: This is a hctcrothauic relative of S. fimicola with a spcrmat ical state. S. semmuda Griff. in Mcm. Torrey bot. Club II : SO. 190 I = Podospora seminuda (Griff.) ~hrza & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. srprospora Cain in Uni\. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: The type could 1101 be examined. S. seriguonensis (Fabre) Cooke in Grevillea 16: = Bombardioidea serignar.msis (hbre) Lundq. S.seroso Wmt. (Winter. 1873: 97) = Podosporosetoso (Wint.) Niess! (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. siburii Caillcux in Hull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: =Asordario sibutii (Cailleux) v. Arx & <.uarro. S. smults E. C. Hans. m Vid. Mcddr dansk Naturh. Foren 1876: 336. I 77 = Podosporo su1111is (E. C. Hans.) Niess! (Mir7.a & Cain, 1969). S wn.j De ~ot. in Comm. Soc. critt. ita!. 2: = Rosellinia socia (De Not.) Slcc (Moreau. I 953). S. wrdarioides (Speg.) Cooke in Grevillea I 6: 56. I 887 = Cercopltora sordarioides (Speg.) lundq. (Lundqvist, 1972). S tpltacrosporo Ell. & Ev.. N. Am. Pyrcnom.: = Asordoria lw111ona (Moreau. 1953). S. squumuloso Croua n, Fl. F inist~re: =Scltizotltecium squamulosum (Crouan) Lundq. S. srcrtororia (Sow.) Ou d., Rev. Champ. Pays Bas : I = 1/ypocopra stercorom ($o\\.1 Fuckel. S str111to Ell. & Ev. in J. Mycol. 4: = Cercopltora striata (Ell. & Ev.) Lundq. (lundqm. 1972). S w fl e r b a De Not. in Comm. Soc. crit. ital. 2: S. supt rujt (Griff.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. in Syll. Fung. I 7: = Podosporo oppen J.i(u/310 (Aucrsw.) N1essl (Mirza & Cain, I 969). S. srlrot1ca Daszewska in Bull. Soc. bot. Gencvc 4: 294. I 9 12 = S. fimicola (Moreau, 1953}. S. t.jctlwsij Speg. in An. Mus. nac. B. Aires 6: 255. I This is a nomen dubium (Lundqvrsl, I 972). S. to<moides (Griff.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. i11 Syll. Fun g. I 7: = Podospora australis (Speg.l \ 1cssl (Mina & Cain, I 969). S u rrqsporo Wmt. rn JledwJgJa 10: = Podospora retra~poro (Wint.) Cain l'lr'll ~ Cam. I 969).

83 312 PER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 S. texanica (Rehm) Doguet in Botaniste 39: 222. I The type could no1 bt examined. S. the r mo p IIi I a Fields in Mycologia 60: I This is a helcrolhallic relative of S. fimicolo with thermophilic requirements. S. tjibodiana Penz. & Sacc. in Malpighia II: 395. I The type COl ld no1 bt examined. Moreau (1953) excluded the species from Sordaria. S. tome 11 to- a I b a Cailleux in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: Th1sspt cics is a heterothallic relative of S. fimicola. S. romentoso (Speg.) Sacc., SyU. Fung. I : = Arniwn wmenfo) I/111 (Spe:1.) Lundq. & Kiug (Lundqvist, 1972). S. usronun Mout. in Bull. Soc. r. Bot. Belg. 36: II. I 897 = Apiosordorto rorub (Cooke) v. Arx. S. uvicolo Viala & Marsais in Annls Ins. naut. Rech. agron., Paris (C) 2: =S destruens (Shear) Hawk. (Lundqvist, 1972) = S. fimicola (Cain, 1950). S. vogons De Not. in Comm. Soc. crill. ita I. 2: The type was no1 availab!t for examination. Its description is inadequate for the recognition of the fungus. S. valsoides (Peck) Sacc., Syll. Fun g. I: = Podospora oppendiculota (Auersw.) Niess! (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. verruculosa (Jensen) Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 24: = Apiosordario rmucul~ (Jensen) v. Arx & Cams. S. vesricola (Berk. & Br.) Hohn. in Annls Mycol. 16: =Podospura esurolt (Bcrk. & Br.) Mirza & Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. vest ito (Zopf) Sacc. & D. Sacc. in Syll. Fung. 18: = Podospora commu nis (Spcg.) Niess! (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. violaceo EIJ. & Ev. in Am. Nat. 3 I : = Podosordorio violocco (Ell. & Ev.) Krug & Cain (Krug & Cain, 1974a). S. vratisloviensis A. Schm., Vcrbreit. coproph. Pilze Schlcs.: = Podospom fimbria to (Bayer) Cain (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. wiesneri Zuk. in Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 37: = Asordorto lwmatij (Moreau, I 953). S. winteri P. Karst. in Bidr. Kann. FinJ. at. Folk 23: I 5 I = Podospura up[jtn diculato (Aucrsw.) 1 iessl (Mirza & Cain, 1969). S. willferi Oud. in Hedwigia 21: = S. fimicola (Moreau, 1953). S. zygospora Speg. in Michelia I: = Zygopleurage zygospora (Spcg.) Baed. (Moreau, 1953). REFERFNCES ARX, J. A. von, GUARRO, J. & AA, H. A. van der (1987). A sordorio, n new genus of the Sor!Wil ceae. and a new species of Melonocorpus. In Persoonia 13: ARX, J. A. von & MULLER, E. (1954). Die Gattungen der amcrosporen Pyrcnomycctcn. In Beiu. Kiypt.FI. Schweiz I I (I): BAR RASA. J. M.. LUNDQVIST, N. & MORENO. G. (1986). Notes on the genu~ Sordoria in Sp3in In Persoonia 13:

84 GUARRO & VON ARX: Sordaria 313 BAYER. A. (1924). MonO!,'Taphik:i studie strcdoevropskych druhu ccledi Sordariaccac. In Pr:ice Mor;IVske Prirod. Spolec, Brno I : BOEDIJN. K. B. ( 1962). The Sordariaccae of Indo nesia. In Pcrsoonia 2: CAILLEUX. R. ( 1972). Recherches sur Ia myconore Centrafricaine. Les gerues SordJJrio, Gelsino spora. Bombordlo. cologie. In BuU. Soc. mycol. Fr. 87: ('1971'). CAIN, R. f'. (1934). Studies of coprophilous Sph:lerialcs in Ont31i..,, In Univ. Toronto Stud. (Bioi. Ser.) 38: (1950). Studies of c,oprophilous Ascomycetes I. Gelosinosporo. In Can. 1. Res. (C) 28: (1962). Studies of coprophilous Ascomycetes VIII. New species of Podosporo. In Can. J. Bot. 40: HAIVKSWORTII, D. L. ( 1978). Notes o n British lichcnicolo us fungi II. In o tcs R. bot. Gdn Edinb. 36: (1980). Sordorio bosemis, an earlier epithet for Areolosporo terrophilo. In Norwegian J. Bot. 27: IIILBr:R. R. & HILDER, 0. (J 979 ). Einigc Aruncrkungen zu der Gattung Cercophoro (La.siosph3c raceac). In Z. Mykol. 45: KOBA Y AS Ill, Y. (1971). Mycological reports from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands ( 1-11 ). In BuU. natn. Sci. Mus.. Tokyo 14: I. KRUG. J. C. & CAIN, R. r:. (1972). Additions to the genus Amium. In Can. J. Bot. SO: & - ( 1974a). A prelimin31y ucatment of the genus Podosordoria. In Cnn. J. Bot. 52: & - (1974b}. Nc" specie~ of Hypoeopro (Xylarial~). In Can. J. Bo t. 52: LUNDQVI T.. (19G4a). The ~,;cnus Trlchodelitschio in Sweden. In Svcnsk bot. Tidskr. 58: (1964b). Fimctoriello, a new genus of coprophilous Pyrenomycctcs. In Bot. Notiscr 117: (1972). ordic Sordariaceae s.lat. In Symb. bot. upsal. 20(1): MALLOCH. D. & CAIN, R. F. (1971). New cleisto1hecial Sordariaccac and a new family, Coniochac t3ceac. In Can. J. Bot. 49: MIRZA. J. ll. & CA IN, R. r. (1969). Revision of the genus Podosporo. In Can. J. Bo t. 47: MORf AU. C. ( 1953). Lcs genres Sordorio et Ptcuroge. ln Encycl. ~ ycol. 25 : PIROZY 'SKI. K.A. ( 1972). Microfungj of Tanzania. In Mycol. Pap. 129: UDAGt\\\ J\, S. & FURUYA, K. ( 1974). o tcs on some Japanese Ascomycetes XII. In Trnns. mycol. Soc. Japan 15 : \lNTI R. (;, (1873). Die dcutsche Sord:uicn. In Abh. naturf. Ccs. HaUc 13: (1877 as scpa rate issue).

85 PERSOONIA Published by the Rijkshcrbarium, Lcidcn Volume JJ, Part 3, pp (1987) REPLY TO SINGER & MACHOL T H. W. KUYPER & M. VAN VUURE.. Some additional arguments arc provided for a few name changes in Russula. We conclude, conuary to Singer & Macho!, that the starting point rules failed to put the nomenclature of the past into order and that the new sanctioning sys tcm will be better in this respect. Some dangers inherent in special provisions for particular taxonomic groups arc mentioned. The disadvantage of a special typification status for sanctioned names is discussed. We are pleased that Singer & Machol (1986) accepted the invitation to co mment upon our conclusions regarding the nomenclature of the genus Russula (Kuyper & van Vuure. 1985). We consider their comments as a contribution to a rational discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the sanctioning system. Only a rational discussion will help us to arrive at a dehberate judgment whether the 'Sydney Code' (Voss & al., 1983) should be set back or left unaltered. A balanced assessment of t he various nomenclatural systems ca n only be made on the basis of a careful study of a large number of individual nomenclatural problems. For that reason we start with a discussion of the three examples that Singer & Macho I reviewed and supplement it with some general considcrat ions concerning mycological nomenclature. It should be noted at the outset that the introduction of the sanctioning system, after more than a decade of discussion, yielded several unforeseen but not unforeseeable difficulties. For that reason the present wording is not always unambiguous. It might therefore well be possible that our interpretation of the ICBN differs from that by Singer &Machol. RUSSUI.J\ DFI.ICA V RSUS R. ~XSUCCA When writing our paper we were of course aware that Agaricus exsuccus (Pers.) Otto could IVell threaten the name Russula delica Fr., although our wording is apparently somewhat cryptic. We also noted that such a name change could be avoided by a judi cious typification of the former name. Agaricus exsuccus is automatically typified by the type of Lactorius piperallls (3 exlltcciis Pcrs. {ICBN, Art ). The latter taxon could be typified either by a neotype conforming to Pcrsoon's short description or by the type of an included clement. The types of the included elements can serve as syntypcs, and Jectotypification from syntypes takes precedence over neotypification (Art. 7. 4). Singer & Macho! (1986: 190) assert that our Jectotypification of Persoon's taxon by the type of A. giganteus is in serious conflict with the protologue and for that reason a,ologisch Station, Kampswcg PO Wijster. Netherlands. Prins Willcm Alcxandcrlaan 7, 7242 GH Lochcm, Netherlands. 315

86 316 I' E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 may be superseded (Art. 8). They therefore rejected our lectotypification and desig nated a neotypc purported to make A. exsuccus a priorable synonym of R. tm im. However, our choice is definitely not in conflict with the protologue. as the proto Iogue consists not only of the diagnosis and description, but also of its included syn. onymy (see definition of protologue). It is the protologue itself that contaius conua dictory elements, but the ICBN does not provide guidelines which element is then tv be preferred for typification purposes. Our lectotypification of Persoon's (and Otto's) taxon, purported to get rill of the name A. ex succus by making it ijjegit imate on specific level, was the first and must hence be fo llowed (Art. 8). The consequence of Singer & Machol's neotypification would be that if the 'Sydney Code' remains unaltered the name R. d elica would have to make way for R. exsucca, a name change that neither Singer & Macho! nor we wa nt. However, our previous analysis was incomplete, as we overlooked that Fries (18 ~1 : 77) introduced A. vellereus (j exsuccus Fr.: Fr. with the explicit exclusion of its type (A. giganteus was treated on p. 80 of the same work). Fries therefore created a new na m~ that must be ascribed solely to him (An. 48). Singer & Macho! seem to suggest that thi1 taxon is identical with R. delica, but it is noteworthy that Fries ( 1838: 340) rccogn i~d both R. delica and a milkless variant of f-t~c tarius vellereus and emphasized that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between both taxa. Neuhoff ( 1956: 94) also interpreted var. exsuccus as a milklcss variant of L. vellereus. It seems unlikely then that we can now interpret for certain what species Per soon or Fries thought to have had at hand. RUSSULA ATROPURPUREA VERSUS R. KROMBHOLZII Singer & Macho I agree with our conclusion that R. arropurpurea (K.rombh.) Bruz. is an illegitimate homonym of R. atropurpurea Peck. They seem to disagree that R. J.rumb holzii is the correct name, mentioning four older names that could well refer to that taxon. As all names arc heterotypic, we will make only a few comments that are reje. vant from a nomenclatural point of view. Russula depallens (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. has, according to our restricted interpn:tation of Art. 7.17, to be typified by the type of A. dcpallcms Pers. Unfortunately, no authentic material of this species is found at the Persoon Herbarium (L). Persoon s description is too short in our opinion to allow a reliable interpretation. We also note that according to Romagnesi ( 1967: 941) the name R. depallens has been used for at least ten different species! This makes the name an extremely apt candidate for rejection as a nomen dubium. Although the concepts of nomen dubium and nomen ambiguum are not any longer ment ioned explicitly in the ICB, it seems clear that no rule of nomenclature can force us to reintroduce a name of extremely dubious application. Concerning R. atropurpurina (Sing.) Crawsh. and its basionym R. eiiu!ticu subsp. arropurpurina Sing. we wish to draw attention to the fa ct that R. cmcrica var.utru{lrtl purca Sing. (which is homotypic with R. cmetica subsp. arropurpuri11a) was exphc1tl)' kept separate from R. atropurpurea (Krombh.) Britz. by Singer ( 1925)!

87 KUYPER & VAN VUURE: Reply to Singer & Machol 317 RUSSULA NITIDA Singer & Machol's (1986: 190) statement that Russula nirida and Agaricus nitidus are undoub;edly superouous names under the new Code needs some qualification. Implicit in their wording is the suggestion that sanctioning can make a name superouous. But sanctioning itself can never make a name superfluous; all that counts is whether A.nitidus Pers. was supernuous when publislzed (Art ). There is no need to typify A.nitidus by the type of A. purpureus or A. risigallinus. Article 7.11 relates only to the status of the name when published and Art relates to special starting points, now irrelevant under the new rules. We could of course typify A. niridus Pers.: Fr. by the type of A. purpureus or A. risiga/linus, such a typificat ion being allowed under the present wording of Art However, tltis is not obligatory. Was A. nitidus (Pcrsoon, 1801: 444) superfluous when published? It is true that Persoon included A. purpureus Schaeff. in it, albeit with a statement that makes it debatable whether he considered both names as simple sy~onyms. But under a strict interpretation of Art. 63 the name was supcrouous when published. We dismjssed that point too simply in our previous paper. Sanctioning leghimises such names. Admittedly, trus is not stated explicitly in the present wording, although the formula tion 'treated as if conserved against competing synonyms makes it at least implicit. We agree with Singer & Macho! that it should be clarified in the next edition. Article deals with the typification of superfluous names and the wording of that article dis~:riminates between true superfluous names, wruch arc typified automatically and apparent supernuous names, whlch are not typified automatically because the author of the superfluous name has defin itely indicated another type. Persoon divided A.nitidus into two subspecies, viz. a niridus (not mentioned explicitly) and {3 purpureo fuligiueus. It seems likely that Schaeffer's taxon had to be referred to thls latter subspcctes; it is at least certain that Persoon definjtely indicated a different type for A. nitidus. We therefore uphold our conclusions that A. nitidus Pers. is not to be typified by the type of 11. purpureus Schaeff. but has to be typified according tc Pcrsoon's diagnosis. This technical discussion undoubtedly seems more a juridical contrivance than straight forvmd legislation, and one is immediately remjnded of Holt tum's devastat ing judgment about supernuous non.sensc' (Holtt um, 1961). There can hardly be any doubt that Donk (1963) was basically correct in his opposition against the ruling of superfluous mmcs. Although it would seem the better solution to discard the concept of superfluity and illegitimacy completely, all efforts to remodel or improve Art. 63 have failed so far. Abandon of this concept would now undoubtedly lead to quite a lot of name changes. Retemion of a less than perfect but stable ICBN seems in this case more worthwhile than a continuously improving but unstable ICBN. However. is it not inconsistent to defend a stable 'Code' and at the same time be a partisan of the introduction of the sanctioning system? Is the new wording of Art.

88 318 P E R SOON 1 A - Vo1. 13,Part3, {d) really 'detrimental to stability in nomenclature', as Singer & Macho! (1986: 189) state? We should ftrst recognise that the change in Art (d) was not so drastic as com. monty presumed, as the concept of sanctioning was incorporated in the ICBN more tlue 35 years ago. Sanctioning acknowledges the fact that mycological nomenclature 1111 heavily influenced by the works of E. M. Fries ('Systema mycologjcum' and 'Eicnch1l! Fungorum') but not or hardly so by other mycologjcal publications that happened to have appeared in We should also be aware that the starting point arbmarily divided perfectly normal names into valid ones and invalid ones. Demoulin & al. (1981) provided ample illustrations that the old system was often difficult to work with. It is oft en insufficiently realised that even after 75 years several problems associated with the 1821-starting point have not been resolved, e.g. the question what constituttl (re)validation and the typification of revalidated names. We must therefore co nclude that the old rules failed to put t he nomenclature of the past into order. There is a difficulty with the sanctioning system that has hitherto been insufficientlr recognised. Such a nomenclatural novelty as sanctioning might well have far-reachill! ramifications for other articles. This could easily lead to a plethora of special provisioll! for fungal nomenclature. Greuter & McNeill ( 1987) warned against such a develoj> ment, stating that special provisions are acceptable when they have their roots in the particular biological features of the fungi, but that they should not be extended to Cl!Stl where the peculiarities are in the specialists themselves. We should therefore resist our tendency to extend the special provision of sanctioning. In particular we should restrict sanctioning to nomenclatural protection and not extend it to typification purposes, as is now the case wit h Art The present equivocal wording of Art , which allows even for supersession of a holotype, can lead to the persistence of ambiguous application of names. This is clearly contrary to the spiritcf the ICBN, which aims at rejecting the use of names which may cause ambiguity (Pre amble 1 ). It seems also likely that this article can have a lot of unexpected consequenct; (e.g. for Arts. 7.3, 7.10, 8, 46, 48, and 50), necessitating subsequent alterations in tht ICBN. Whereas the sa nctioning system was discussed during more than a decade, Art was introduced at the last minute. It is conspicuously absent in the wording of Demoulin & al. (I 981 ). Such last-minute legislation is apt to create new controversies and ne~~ legislation: it leads away from a stable met hod of naming taxonomic groups (Preamble I~ REFER ENCl:.S DEMOULI N, V., HAWKSWORT H, D. L.. KORf', R. P. & POUZAR, Z. {1981). A soluuon of tilt starting point problem in the nomenclature of fungi. In Taxon 30: OONK, M.A. (1963). On superfluous names. In TOJCon 12: FRIES. E. M. ( 1821). Systema mycologicum, Vol. L Lundac. - ( 1838). Epicrisis systcmatis myco1ogici. Upsa1iac. GREUTER, W. & Me EILL, J. (1987). Synopsis of proposals on botanical nomenclature. Btrlm In Taxon 36: I.

89 KUYPER&. VA VUURE: Reply ro Si11ger & Macho/ 319 HOLTIUM, R. E. (1961). Supcrnuous non scnsc. In Taxon 10: KUYPER. Th. W. & van VUURL:., M. (1985). Nomenclatural notes on Russulll. In Pcrsoonia 12: NEUHOFF, W. (1956). Die Milchlinge (Lactaru). Bad llcilbrunn. PERSOON, C. H. (1801). Synopsis mcthodica Fungorum. G~ttingen. ROMAGNESI, H. (1967). Lcs Rus.sulcs. P.J.ris. SINGER, R. (1925). Kriti.schc Formcnk rcisc a us dcr Gattung Russula. In Z. Pilzk. 5: & ~IACHOL, R. ( 1986). The nomcncbture of Russula species and the Sydney rule~ In Pcrsoonia 13: VOSS, E. G. & al. (1983). Internatio nal Code of Botanical Nomenclature. In Rcgn. vegct. Ill:

90 PERSOONIA Published by the RiJksherb:uium. Lciden Volume 13, Pan (1987) NOTES ON CYSTOLEPIOTA SE.\UNUDA l:.lsl: C. VELLINGA Rij/uherbarittm, Leiden A description of Cysrolepiota seminudji (Lasch) Kumm. is given. II is shown that this name is correct, and that C. sistrata is not conspecific. Cysrolepiota sororiji (lluijsm.) Sing. is reduced to the synonymy of C. semimtda. The genus Cysrolepiora has been created by Singer (in Singer & Digilio, 1952) for the tw of Lepiora with non-dextrinoid spores and a pijeipellis made up of globose elements. Later, this concept has slightly changed fo r the European species (Singer & Cl6men~on, 1972: Knudsen, 1978, 1980; Bon, 1981). This paper dea ls wit h one species only, belonging to Cystolepiota sensu stricto, with non-dextrinoid sporos. An attempt has been made to study the variability of Cystulepiora semmuda, and the nomenclature of this taxon is elaborately discussed. Cystolepiota seminuda (Lasch) M. Bon Figs. I 4, 6 Azarrtltsseminudus l.:lsch in Linnaea 3: l. epiota semi nuda (l.:lsch) Kumm., FUhr. Pilzk.: 136. t87 I. - Lepiota sistrata var. stminuda (Lasch) Qucl.. Champ. Juro Vosges 1: C)stodtmla seminuda (Lasch) fay. in Annis Sci. nat. {Bot.) VII, Cysroltpior.: stminuda (Lasch) M. Bon in Docum. mycol. 6(24): ; Kalamce in Urbonas & :1l., Coospw. l I. Agaric. Fung. l.llh., Latv., I:st. : (supernuous comb.). l.tpiora sororia Huijsm. in Persoon~1 I : Cysroltpiota sororia (lluijsm.) Sing. in lkth. Sydo HI 7: tplotaseminuda f. minima J. l.:lnge, H. agar. dan. t : (invalicl, no Latin diagn.). Ltplot& srst111ta f. minima (J. Lange) Oabos in Annis hist.-nal. Mu s. natn. hung (invalid, buion) m not Y;J lid). \l1 ~3 p p 11 e d name ~.- l,epiora sfstrata :1nd Cysrolepiota sisrrata sensu au ct. eur. Stltcted illustral ions.- J. l.:lnge, Fl. agar. d:1n. I : pl. 14A, : Lanzoni & Can dusso in Bol. Gruppo micol. 'G. BrcS:ldob' Trento 26: (as C slstrata). Stlec t ed dcscripllons.- Babos. l.c.: (:as L. sfstrata f. minima); Huijsm.. I.e.: (:Is L. sororia): Lanzoni & Candusso. I.e.: (as C. sisrrata). P~eus 3 ~0( 30) mm. hemispherical to obtusely conical when young, with inflexed margin. with velar remnants between margin and stipe, expanding to plano-convex with or IYilhout low umbo, white, white with cream to yellowish tinge at centre, or white '-'ilh pink ish tinge at centre, when young with densely noccose-verrucose covering, later on granulosc to pruinose-farinose, or even glabrous. Lamellae, L = 30 40, I = 1-3, 11ther crowded. free or nearly free. ventricose or subventricose, 2 3 mm wic.le, whjte, }tllow!sh-creamy, or with pale lemon-yellow tinge, with even to finely noccujose edge. Stipe 15-50( - 70) x 1-3 mm, cylindrical, fistulose, cream to pale lemon-yellow, lower down to the base mostly purplish or vinaceous pink, with age and when touched, some

91 322 P E RSOO N I A Vol. 13, Pan 3, o o o o o2 3bo o o o o Q 0 Q Q 0 so 0 Q 0 0 Figs. I 4. Cystolepiota semitmda. Spores (X 1500) and basidia (x I 500) (lag. I. uom C B Ulje 639; Fig. 2. from II. S. C lluiftman 1651; Fig. 3. from. C Velfi!IKO / 005, a. an ammo na. b. g ammoni:l and acetic acid; Fig. 4. from //, S. C. 1/uijsman. 18 Oct. 1959, holotypc of I. SOfO!il~ Fig. 5. Cystolepiota spec.- Spores (x 1500), basidi:l {x 1500), and chcilo c)'>t id~:~ tx ISOO)(al from II. S. C 1/uijsman, 18 Oct. 1959). times with greyish tinge, very rarely not reddening at all, minutely pubescent at apex, downwards whitish pruinose when young, mostly glabrescent with age. Context thin, concolorous with surfaces. SmeiJ not distinct to fruity-fungoid. Taste indistinct. Spore print white. Spores (- 5.5) x J..lm, 0 = (- 2.2) J..llll, Q = , eijipsoid, oblong, cylindrical, rather thin-waijed, without germ pore or callus. not dex u ~ noid, not metachromatic in Cresyl Blue, slowly pink in Congo Red ; wall pale blue in Cotton Blue, not swelling in ammonia and :~ cetic :~cid; hilar appendage indistinct to distinct. Basidia x J..lm, 4-spored. Cheilo and plcurocystidia absent Pile~ pellis a several ceijs thick layer of rather thin-waijed to slightly thiek walled globose. sphero pedunculate to ellipsoid elements, IS 40 J..lm in diam.: inner e lemen t ~ thm \lal)(d and compressed, colourless. outer clements with incrusting colou rless pigment. SupitispeiJis a cutis made up of cylindrical hyphae, 4 10 J..lm in diam., w1th (some) SC3ttertd globose elements similar to those on pileipeijis. Clamp connections present. Habitat & distribution. Mostly gregarious, rarely solitary, in various forest types: in deciduous forests on rich soil, in Picea-plantat ions, in grass lawns. on humous sandy to loamy soils; once recorded from wood. In temperate zones of the onhern Hemisphere. Not common in the Netherlands, with a slight preference for I0311lY soils. Aug. Oct. (mely in the beginning of Nov.). Co II ec t ions ex :1 m in e d. I:.TII CR LJ\NDS: prov. Gc ldcrland, Steendcrcn, UJ a~. 2HlcL II. S.C. 1/uijsman 1651 {L): prov. Noord llo lland: Amsterdam, AmstcrdJrnsc Bo~. S Oct 1983, C. B. ljin 454 {llcrb. Ulje); ibidem, 17 Aug C B. ljlje 639 (Herb. UIJc). Jbadcm, 15 Stpt

92 VELLINGA: Notu on Cystolcpioto , C B. U/Je (E. C. VeiJinga I 005, L): Blocmcndaal, Ko ningshof. 2 No v. 1974, C. 8os 6505 {1..): prov. Zuid-Ho lland. Roucrdam, Kralingcrhout, 30 Sept. 1961, C. 8os 2455 (L): prov. Zccl3nd, leeuws Vbandcrcn, Aardenburg, Watcrbndkcrkjc, Jagcrsbos. 19 Oct. 1982, A. dc Meyer 645 (L). - BELGI UM. prov. Lim burg, Teuven, 4 Oct. 1964, J. von Bnonmclcn {1..). - FRANCE: dpt. Moselle. Loudrcfing, Foret dominialc de Ftneuange, 20 Aug. 1955, R. A. Moos Ceesteronus /0564 (L): dpt. Oisc, Cornpicgnc. Oct II. S.C. 1/ui/S IIUJII 1044 & (L). - GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC, Bay e rn, Haspelmoor. 4 i\ug. 1982, Th. W. Kuyper 2103 (L). - SWITZER LAND: kt. Bern: Aneth, Schwangr3ben, 14 Oct H. S.C. Huijsmon (L); ibidem, 18 Oct. 1959, H.S. C Huijsmon (holotype of Lepioto sororio, L); kt. Aarga u. Brugg, along rhe river A arc. 30 Oct. 1959, H. S. C lluijsmon (L). This taxon, as described above, has been known in recent literature (e. g. Moser, 1983: 236) as Cystolepioto sistrato (Fr.: Fr.) Sing., or as Lepiola scminudo (Lasch) Kumm. (e.g. Kuhner & Romagnesi, 1953: 395); sometimes both taxa arc distinguished. Fries (1821: 24) described Agaricus sisrraws as a fungus with a slight ly pruinosc white pileus. yellowish with age, em broad and a white stipe x em. Lasch (1828: 157) described Agaricus seminudus as a delicate fungus with a white to p3le flesh-coloured pileus, em broad, and a white stipe, reddening when touched, x ern. It is clear from those two (shortened) descriptions that the description given above fits excellently Lasch's description. Size and colours of the fruit-bodies agree well. Fries' fungus is quite a different species. not reddening and with a relatively broad pileus and thick stipc. even the stoutest specimens of C. seminuda are more fragile and smaller than A. sistrallls, which possibly is idem ical with Lepiola subalba KUhner. Fayod (1889: 351) has also stressed that the two taxa are not the sa me, making the new genus Fr1sisporo for A. sistratus. This genus is characterized by the spores: fusiform with a truncate apex and a suprahilar depression. If A. sistratus would be conspecific with A. ~minudus. the genus Cystolepiora should be called Fusisporo, a rather unpleasant situa tion. as the spores of the species in this genus are not fusiform, with those of C. buck Mllii as an exception. The confusion concerning the name and interpretation of A. sistratus has been started by Fries himself, who considered A. seminudus Lasch at one hand a synonym of his A. sistrotus, in 1832(: 41), 1854(: 14), and 1869(: 15) in the last mentioned publication 11ith the addit ion that both taxa differ in habitus, but other distinguishing characters arc not found - at the other hand, however. as a distinct species. in 1838(: 18) and in 1874(: ). Furthermore, the sizes of pileus and stipe o f A. sisrraw s decrease in Fries time: in 1854(: 14) pileus em, Stipe as in I 82 I (: 24), and in 1869(: I 5) pileus broader than 2.5 em, and stipe t 5 x em. On accounl of the differences in colour even the last mentioned description does not fit in with that of Lasch. The plate 1n Fries leones ( : pl. 15) does not depict fries' A. sistralus, bu t as Fries states. that variant of Lasch ('formam Laschu' - compare A. cxpallcns Persoonii, on p:~ge 54 in t he same work). In our opinion the plate is not very typical for A. semi r.udus. Fries had not seen Lasch s fungus himself. Bon (1981: 24) dist inguishcd two small species. Cystolcpiora scminuda and C. sisrrato: th~ lat ter with the following characters: specimens not as delicate and gracile as C.

93 324 P E RSOONii\ Vol. 13, Part 3, t 987 ~ = 2J) i- I! ~ 0 ~ 0 t * s.o r ig. 6. Cystoltplota stminuda and C. spec. Scatterdiagram: sporc-le~ th ptoued Jt:lUlst ~ width ratio of sp ore~ Each dot represents :an average of to measurements per co ll~t111n C ste nuda from the etherl.lnds; C. seminudij from abroad. holotypc of L sororla. * C: 'J)(C. scminuda, pileus 1-3 em broad, pileus and Stipe pinkish, with strongly appendicubtt margin: spores 4.5 x J.lm. llon clearly misinterprets Fries' description. lk wt1 rather artificia l characters to distinguish his two taxa, and his description of C. sistrar~ fits in with the above description of C: seminuda rather well. Huijsman ( 1960: 326} described Lepiora sororio, differing from 1. tiwruro (as ht called it) in the size of the fru it bodies. the pale lemon-yellow tinges in the 13rnc113e3od the apex of the Stipe, the copious velum, and the longer spores. Reexaminauon of the type collection revealed the spores to measure (4.2 } ( - 5.4) x (2.1 )~ ( 3.0) JJm, Q = ( ) ( 2.2). Q = (20 spores. 2 fruu- bodin~ Fig. 6 gjves 3 scatter diagram of the distnbution of the average spore length ploutd against average length-width ratio (Q) of the pores of all collections of C. swum1di1 ~nd C. sororio studied. The spores of C. sororio arc longer and narrower than those of t h~ C seminudo collections. but the extreme va lues do not exceed those of C. SC'IIIIIIIItlo. llsing these characters it seems impossible to distinguish C. sororia as a separate species. The other characters used by Huijsman ( 1960) to distinguish L. sororiu occur all m individua l fruit-bodies of C. seminuda as well. It is striking that this taxon. mcnuontd by Moser (1 983: 235) and by Bon (1 981: 24) in their keys, has never been fountl3~lll since Both authors give the same sites for the spores as did II UIJSIIIJn. h>r tl:t

94 VELLINGA: Notes 0 11 Cystolepioto 325 time being, awaiting the rediscovery of this variant, this name is reduced to the syn onymy of C. seminuda. Huijsman made another collection, close to C. seminuda from the same locality and of e\'ell date as the type of L. sororia. Tllis collection also lacks pinkish colours as present in typical C. seminuda, and has the following microscopical characters (see Fig. 5): spores x J..lm, Q = ( 1.7- ) I 5( ), Q = 2.0; basidia I 6-20 x S-6 Jllll, 2 and 4-spored; cheilocystidia 11 - I 7 x 5-6 J..lm, cylindrical and subcapitate, more or less utriform; pileipellis made up of globose to ellipsoid elements. I 5 35 J..lm in diam., rather thin-walled, colourless, with scattered cylindrical elements. Tllis variant, with its striking features, also awaits rediscovery before being described in its own right. Probably also the American taxa Lepiota hemisphocrica Murrill and Agaricus pusillo mym'peck belong to Cystolepiota seminuda. ACKNOW LEDGE~1 ENTS Thomas Kuyper and Dr C. 13as are thanked for critical reading the text. Jan van Os was so kind 3S to prepare Fig. 6. REFERENCES (1981). CJe monogr.~phlquc des " l epiotcs" d'europc (= Agarieaceae, Tribus Lepioteae ct BO~. M. Ullt:ocoprinl!tle). In Docum. mycol. 11 (43): FAYOO, V. (1889). Prodrome d'une hlstoire natureue des Agaricinces. In Annis Sci. nat. ( Bot.) VII, 9: FRIFS, f.. M. ( 1821 ). Systcma mycologic urn I. l undae. - (1832). Systema mycologicurn. Index. Gryphiswaldac. (1838). Epicrisis system atis mycologici. U p s:~liae. - (1854). Monographia hymenomycetum sueciae. Ups:~ lia c. - ( ). leones sclcctac hymenomycctum nondum delincatorum I. Holmiac. - (1874). Hymcnomycctcs curopaci cpicriscos systcmatis rnyco lo~:ici. Editio altera. Upsaliac. HUUSMA:-.1, 11. S.C. ( 1960). Observations sur les l.epioteae Fayod. In Pcrsoonia 1: KNUDSHI, II. (1978). otcs on Cysrolepioto Sing. and /,epiota S. F. Gray. In Bot. Tidsskr. 73: (1980). A revision of Lepioto sect. Ecllinotae and Amyloideae (Agarieaeeac) in Europe. In Bot. Tidsskr. 75: I KUHI\LR. R. & ROMAGNt:SI, H. ( 1953). Flore analytiquc des champignons superieurs. Paris. LASCII.W.G. (1828). Enumeratio agaricorum marchiae brandcnburgicae. In Linnaca 3: , MOSER. M. (1983). Die Rohrlinge und Bliitterpi.lzc. In Gums, H. Kl. Kzyptog. O. 2b/ Aun. S I~CER, R. & CLEMENvON, H. (1 972). Notes on some lcucosporous and rhodosporous European Ag~~ries. l n Nova Hcdwigia 23: SI ~GER, R. & DIGILIO, R. P. L. (1952). Prodomo de Ia nora agaricina argentina. In Lilloa 25: 5-461('1951').

95 PFRSOON I A Published by the Rijkshcrbarium, Leidcn Volume 13, Part 3, pp (1987) ADDITIONS TO OUR MONOGRAPH ON PSATHYRELLA Thirteen new species, some revised keys, comments on other recently described species, and corrections and additions to our monograph E. KITS VAN WAVEREN Rijksllerborium, Leiden Thirteen new species and a new variety of Psothyrello arc described: P. bodio, P. bemllardii, P. borgensis, P. copirorocysris, P. dennyensis, P. minutfssimo, P. mookensis, P. mulricysridioro. P. perpusil/o, P. ploddensis, P. romseyensis, P. tm'ckelensis, I~ vymwyensis, and P. obrusoto var. obe"ons. Some rectifications in the keys published in our monograph (Kits van Waveren, 1985) and some reconstructed keys necessitated by the insertion of new species arc given. Rc ccntly described new species from outside the area covered by our monograph arc bricoy described and discussed. Corrections in and supplcmcnt:uy infor mation to some of our descriptions in the monograph and a redescription of P. ob111sara arc presented. lla\ing brought about the manuscript of our monograph on the Dutch, French, and British species of Psathyrello (Kits van Waveren, 1985), we found ourselves still facing some 65 unidentified but fully described collections (dated from 1959 up till 1984) of which we started the identification in Almost all of these had been collected by ourselves. Since 1982 we regularly received excellently documentated material from Scandinavian countries, especially from Mr. 0. Weholt (Norway) who supplied us with a wealth of exsiccata. accompanied with excellent drawings and descriptions, which widened our knowledge about the awesome variability in species of Psotltyrel/a, which so often leads to erroneous interpretations. Among our 65 unidentified collections we came across a few species in which we acquired a better insight in the variability of their characters, necessitating(usually slight) alterations in or additional information to descriptions of species in our monograph. These cases the reader will find enumerated in the last pan of this paper, viz. that with supplementary notes and corrections to our monograph, in the same sequence as in that t.ork. As expected we came across a number (in fact 13) of hithert o unknown species, which 1\t felt had to be described as new. Their descriptions and accompanying drawings arc to be found in the ftrst part of this paper, arranged per section or subsection. In the ktys to sections Hydrophilae and Pennatae and subsection Lutenses severa l new species hld to be inserted which resulted in considerable alteration and reshuffling. In these ases newly constructed keys are provided. 327

96 328 PERSOONIA Vol. 13, Pari 3, 1987 In our monograph P. obtusata is dealt with in section Hydropllilae (and only wy unobtrusively in the key to the species of section Pcmzarae), as the mean length of th1 spores can be 7.5 J,Jm or less while all other macroscopical and microscop1cal charactr11 arc in keeping with those of the other species of that section. It is now given fullvli:k in the key to section Pennotoe as more often the mean length of the spores is J,Jm. Moreover :l new, dist inctive and in our opinion taxonomically important mteroscopica l feature was discovered and added to the key characters. Improved knowltdge of this species made a complete redescription desirable. The illustrations of both the macroscopical and microscopical characters for each tm2 again have been taken and selected from au collections available or the taxon lll'ot td in order to demonstrate the variability of all characters. AJI our pictures of frun bodltl were drawn at natural size. Spores were drawn with a magnification or x 2420 and reduced to x Basidia and cystidia were drawn at x and reduced to x SiS These magnifications arc not indicated in our illustrations or legends. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES SECTI ON PSATHYR ELLA Psathyrella bernhardii Kits van Wav., spec '. Figs. I 5 Pileus primo 4 5 mm l::nus, parabolicus, badius, m:uuriulle , paraboh t u~ 'el \On~ parnbolicus, brunneus. pnllidior margincm vc r~u s, dcin obscure sordidequc brunncus. strialu,, h) r;r~ phanus, in sioco alutaccus fcrc albus, vel pallide cincrcus. colore rosco dcstttulus. rugulosus. ~tollll> tus Velum album c fibrillis ct fasciculi, formatum. haud appendlculatum. Lamellae 2-3 rnm buc. vcnu icosac. angu:.lc adnatae, pnmo dilute brunncac, maturitatc obscure sordidequc nn~rcupuji"" reo-b r unne:~e. acie albae. Stipe) x mm. cylindraceus cavu. radicat u ~. albadus dcors.11 isabcllinus. a pice prutnosus. Caro pilei centro I mm cussa, obscure brunnca. stipuis albada. dcon dilute brunne:~, b:~~i brunnca. Sporac In cumulo purpurcoatrac. (9-)10 II ( 11.5)x5.S 6.SJ.11. cl hpsoadene haud phascouformcs, in aqua obscrvatae obscure rubrae. poro gcrmina11vo magno (1.8-2 ~m) munitac, non opacae. Oasidb 20-25( ) x I lllll, sphcropcdunculat~. 4 \POI!ftll. Pleurocyst idia x ~m. S:Jt numerosa, fusoidca pcdlcclbttl. collo c)'hn<lr3loo 'tl $".1bcylindracco a ngus to pracdtta. tenuuunic:lla. subincolorala Cellulae marginales: cheilocystidal U1f&Jo formb ' 'el sublageniformia, collocylindraceo pracdita x 8-11 #Jfl, num croo;~, crllu!jssp~tr~ pcdunculatis ct clavatis x 8 II,«.un ct basadais JntcrmLxtis. Pileipellis e cdluli' f01m1tt 1'rama lamellarurn colorota. Tc~rcMri~. in sabulo arido :uro, sub Fago. Autumno. GrcganJ. l)pw nac Netherlands. prov. Ovcujsscl. Dcldcn. 17 Sept Kits V0/1 h'ovcrcn (l). ~t ymology: Named in honour of II. R. ll. Prince Bernhard of the Ncthcrlmds. l uun d~r Pr~sidcnt of the World Wild Life l und International. Cap in early mges 4 5 mm broad. paraboloid and reddtsh brown ( ~l u. S YR / 4), very soon centre and ridges between the striae wit hout reddish hue and mmly dark brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4), striae themselves slightly paler (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/4). ovcrau colour, dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/4), paler near margin, striate up to half-way fro:n margin ; at maturit y mm, paraboloid or conico-paraboloid. dark ~ordid. fuhg~ nous brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 3/2; 10 YR 3/2. 3/3). striate up 10 1/ 2 2/3 from m:trgm.o n:~ sughtly paler (Mu. I 0 YR 4/3) ncar margin. hygrophanous. rapidly drying out to aluuceous. almost white or very pale greyish (Mu. 10 YR 7/2. 8/ 2). without ptnk but rug~-

97 KITS VAN WAV ER EN : A dditions to Psothyrel/a 329 oocaw ~ooo~, \J V t;jq Q Fip Psothyrella bemhardii. - I. Carpophorcs (x I) Spores Basidia Plrurocystidiogrurn.-5. Chcilocystid iogmm. lose and micaceous. Veil white, in early stages forming rather coarse fibrils and wickerworks of fibrils, reaching up to half-way from margin, in places rather dense at margin, not appcndiculate, fugacious, at full maturity few fibrils both near margin of cap and on stem. Gills :-3 mm broad. vent ricose, narrowly adnate, at first pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 6/3), 21 maturity sordid greyish brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/3), finally dark sordid greyish-purplish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/2), with white edge, not underlined with red. Stem x I 1.5 mm, cylindrical, distinctly rooting (pseudorrhiza up to 12 mm ), hollow. whitish in upper part, isabelline lower down, at base brown (.\1 u. I 0 YR 5/3), at extreme apex little pruinose. Trama of 'washed' gills pigmented, be it not strongly, in basal I /4 of gill pale ytllowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 6/4), towards edge via pale greyish brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/3) 10 very pale greyish brown. almost greyish (Mu. 10 YR 7/2) at edge. Spore print purplish black. Spores (9- ) (- 11.5) x J.llll (mean values J..im: I collection), ellipsoid. adaxially nattened, dark, in water dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6), in NH 4 0 H 10% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/4, 3/4), in KOH 5% very dark fuliginous brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4 1 2: 10 YR 3/3). not opaque, with large germ pore ( I.8 2 J.lm) and distinct hilar appendix. Basidia :!0-25( ) x I J..!.m, sphero-pedunculate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia x J.lm, moderately numerous, fusoid-ped icellate with narrow (3 4 J.lm) C)lindrical to subcylindrical neck. graduajjy passing into ventricose cell body, thin-walled, practically colourless in NH 4 0H I 0 %. Marginal cells: lageniform to sublageniform cheilo-

98 330 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 cyst idia with cylindrical neck more sharply delimited from cell body than wllh pl~ur~> cyst idia, x 8-11 J.Ull, numerous (but not densely packed as in P. microrrln:o). in term ixcd with many unobtrusive smaij spheropedunculate and clavate cells. I 0 11 S x pm and both immature and mature basidia; all cells thin.wallcd ami colourless. Hymenophoral trama in basal part of gills distinctly brown from membranal pigmem with few yellow hypha! septa and a fair number of minute encrustations: pigmcntartor decreasing towards edge and very faint in peripheral half of gill. Pilcipcllis a 2 3 cells deep layer of globose and subglobose colourless cells, J.llll diam. Habitat.- Terrestrial in sandy soil of a roadside of a main road under Fugus.somt specimens attached to bccch.nuts. September. Gregarious. Known only from type lo~:ali t). Co llection cxamined.- TIIENETHc RLANDS, prov. Overijsscl. Dcldcn, nwn 101 ~ Deldcn Borne ncar icc rink (some 40 specimens), 17 Sept /:."'. K. v. Ill. (type. l ). The species is close to P. trepido (as interpreted and described in our monog raph. 1985: 74), with which it has in common the fujjginous colour of cap and gtll and tht relatively small spores. It is distingu ished from P. trepido by its much smaller Wl' (Cl? only up to 16 mm, stem only up to 40 mm long), its cap being paraboloid and not becoming convex, its narrowly adnatc gills, its fusoid and not sublagcniform plcurocys. tidia, its distinctly pigmented hymcnophoral trama and its habitat (not in marshprea) In our monograph P. bemhardii keys out in section Psothyrello ncar P. trepidu. Tl.t following add it ions to the key to the species of 1 hat section (p. 41) arc necessary Spores small (mc:111 values x #Ill), caps fuligmous brown. 21 C:lps mm broad. at maturity becoming convex, stem mm long. plcuro.::~ idia sublageniform : in marshes /' trtpld: 21 Caps mm broad. at marurity remaining paraboloid or conico p:uubuloid. \lfrn ~0-40 nun Ions : pleurocystidia rusoid pediceilllte with narrow, fairly Ions ned. tcrrc)trill r hemhcrdii 21. Spores large (me:m VII lues x #111), ca ps not fulig inous: SECT I ON HYDR O PHIL AE REVISED K Y TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION HYDROPJJJli\1~ 1 I. Sporesvcry smau.averagesize x JJm: 2. Plcurocystidia mucronate: 3. Plcurocystidia #Ill long. with + plumpy rosua of x pm, not >hjrpl) delimited from eel/ body (r.uely narrower or longer. up 10 I 0 #m); pl cu r ocy~ udio id chtiji>. cystidi:l very scarce: cap smooth P. lo t:tmitr~ 3. Plcurocystidia #Ill long. with narrow rostra of 2-10 x ( 3} #Ill. htrpl) delimited from cell body; plcurocystidioid cheilocystidin numerous; cap at centre mmuttly gra nul3r P. suh(idpruata 2. Plcurocystidi:l not mucronate: 4. Germ pore distinct; carpophorcs solitary. thick SCI P hydrvpjii7oitln 4. Germ pore indistinct (cauus) or very smau: carpophorcs caespitosc. subcjcq>itosc. rarcl) souury, rather ~l e nder : For three extr:tumital species sec elsewhere in this paper: /~ berolinensis from Germany (p. 361), P. ivounsis from Sweden (p. 365), P. stigmorospora from Switzerland and Swede n (p. 36JI

99 KJTS VA WAVEREN: Additions to Psorhyrello Pleurocystidia non-capitate, mainly fu s.iform, vcnu icosc or clavate, some u uiform, with broad. short pedicel; germ pore indistinct (callus) ; smell indistinctive P. piluliformis (sec alsop. 367) 5. Pleurocystidia broadly capitate to subcapitatc, mainly narrowly to broadly ventricose, more rarely uuiform, slcndc.rly clavate. with fait I> na.rrow and somewhat longer pedicel: germ pore very small (0.5 ~);sme ll disdnct and sweet..... P. fragrans I. Spores larger, average s.ize x ~ (but ra ther frequently ~m long in P. obtuscto): 6. Plewocystidia (most, many to only a few) mucronate: 7. Carpophores medium-sized to fairly large; caps mm P. mucrocysris (sec alsop. 367) 7. Carpophoressmall:caps mm P. umbrino va.r. umbrino (see also f~ subumbrina from Sweden, p. 362) 6. Plewocystidia never mucronate: 8. Pleurocystidia in their upper pa.rt covered by muooid substance, staining red in neutral red P. pseudocasca 8. Not as above: 9. Plcurocystidioid cheilocystidia very to moderately numerous: 10. Pleurocystidia fusoid, ellipsoid or sublageniform: II. Many pleurocystidia with short to fairly long (sub )cylindrical, often subcapitate apical elongation; spores di~ t inctly phascoliform P. cllondrodermo (sec also p. 367) 11. Not as above: 12. Spores distinctly phaseoliform, in water pale brownish (M u. 10 YR 5/6, 7.5 YR 6/6): pleurocystidia fu siform to sublageniform with subacute to obtuse apex, x pm;gills reddish rus t-brown P. frnsrulenra (sec also p. 367) 12. Spores not phaseoliform, in wate.r dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/6); plcurocystidia rather narrowly fusoid to sublageniform, ( 60) x pm, with acute to sulxlcute apex: gills dark brown with purplish hu'! P. rannochii 10. Plcurocystidia uuiform: 13. Large ~pccies (cap 60 rnm, stern 85 x 7-10 mrn).. P. borgensis, p Small specie (cap mm, stem x nun): 14. Spores wi th distinct germ pore. fair ly dark, in water orange-brown (Mu. 5 YR 5/6. 4/6): veil poorly developed. rudimentary P. mookerrsis, p Spores with indistinct (callus) or absent germ pore, conspicuously pale or distinctly dark; veil suongly developed. IS. Germ pore absent; spores conspicuously pale, in water yellow (Mu. 7.5 YR 6/6, 7/8): spore print distinctly brown P. umbrirro var.rllriformis 15. Germ pore indistinct (callus): spores dark, in water reddish (Mu. 2.5 YR 4/8): spore print very dusky red... P. demryerrsis, p l'leurocystidioid cheilocystidia (very) sca.rce, spheropcdunculate and clavate cells a bun dant: 16. Pleuroeystidia venuicose-fusiform (or sublagenifoml); few to many spheropedunculatc or clavate cells at their apex equipped with a shon thick protuberance or somewhat longer subcylindrical or cylindrical short neck P. obtusato var. obrusoro, p Plcurocystidia utriform: no spheropcdunculntc or clavate cells cc1uippcd with a protuberance P. obwsora var. aberrons, p. 340

100 332 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan3, 1987 PsathyreUa borgensis Kits van Wav., spec Figs Pileus maturitatc 60 mm latus. subplanus. subumbonotus. badius. nuugincm versus pallidror. r:ugi brunneus et levitcr pwpureo-tirn:tus. suiatus. hygophanus, in sicco p3llidc cinerco-ochntta cenuo ochraceo brunneus, ma.rcine distinctc roseus. Velum tcnue. Lamellae 4 mm latac. ~ubco nfer tae, venuicosae. late adnotae, obscure brunneae ct purpureo tinctae. acie albae. Stipes 85.J( 7 (lpfl) - I 0 mm (basis), cylindraceus, cr3dicatus. a pice albus, pruinosus et striatus. at bus. d co r ~mn so:d!& albus. ad b3sim isabelllnus. Caro pilei 2-3 mm crassa. concolor. stipitis alb3, infra isabcllina SJ>oru in cumulo obseurissimc purpureobrunncac, ( - 8.0) x (4.0-)4.5(- 5) ~m. e llip ~ordea c. $Jepe cllipsoidco-ovoideae, ra.ro subphaseoliformcs, in aqua observatae brunneae. poro cerminativo c. U wn Ia to munit3c. Basidia x7.5-8 SJm, clavata. 4 sporigera. PlcurocysHdb x m, numcrosa. uuiformia. tcnuitunicata. CeiJulae marginates: cheilocystidia pleuroc)midioida similin x SJm, numcrosa: ceuulac sphcropedunculatac et clavatac x S- 10.lifO numerosae intermixtae. intcrdum subcrasse tunieat3 ct paw de brunneae. Pilcrpcl1is e.-cllulr. i«mata. Tramalllmcllarum colorata. Ad tcrram, solitaria. in silvis frondosis. /\estate. Typus: J11c Nethtt lands, prov. Ovcrijsscl, Dcnckamp, Borgbosch. 11 July :.: Kits van 1\!averen (L). Et ymology: Named after the type locality. Cap at maturity 60 mm, convex to almost plane, with vague umbo (20-25 mm broad), at centre fairly dark reddish brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/3, 4/4), elsewhere less reddish and paler brown (Mu. 5 YR 5/3, 5/4) with a trace of purple, particularly in marginalar~. striate up to half-way, hygrophanous, drying out to ochreous brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5{6) at centre, elsewhere pale greyish brown (Mu. I 0 Y R 6/3), in c. 20 mm broad margim.l f'igs Psathyrella borgcnsis Ca.rpophorc (xi) Spores Ba~idra. - 9 Plcurocystidiogrnm. - I 0. Chciloc) stidiogrnm.

101 KITS VAN WAVEREN: Additions to Psothytclla 333 area slightly but distinctly pink, in peripheral half distinctly rugulose and slightly micaceous. Veil rudimentary, at maturity forming scattered minute fibrils along margin of cap and loose fibrils on stem. GiJJs 4 mm broad, fairly crowded, ventricose, ending sharply at margin of cap, broadly ad nate without tooth, conspicuously dark brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/2) with purplish hue, paler and more greyish brown ncar edge; edge white but in some places pale brown, not red underlined. Stem 85 x 7 mm at apex, 10 mm at base, very cradually thickening towards base, fragil e, not rooting, at apex white, slightly pruinose and striate over a distance of 20 mm, elsewhere sordid white and at base isabelline, my finely fibrillose striate below apex. hollow ; cavity wide and penetrating into flesh of cap. Flesh of cap in centre 3 mm thick but above cavity of stem 2 mm thick, at surface of cap concolorous, elsewhere greyish brown: of stem white but near base pale brown and at base brown; smell indistinctive. Trama of 'washed' gill equally strongly pigmented from base to edge. pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 6/3). Spore print very dark purp!ish brown. Spores ( 8.0) x ( 4.0- )4.5(- 5) JJm (mean values 6.9 x 4.5 JJm: I collection), tllipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, not phascoliform, adaxially fla ttened, rarely subphaseouform. in water dark warm brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/6), in NH 4 0 H 10% darker (Mu. 5 YR 4]4). in KOH 5% sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 4/3). not opaque, with distinct germ pore (1.5 pm) and small hilar appendix. Basidia x 7.5-8JJm, clavate. 4-spored. Pleuro cystidia SO 57.5 x JJm, numerous, utriform with fairly short pedicel, the majority with subapical constriction, thin-walled, colourless or faintly brown in NH40H 10%. Marginal cells: pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia x JJffi, many rather thick-set as compared with pleurocystidia. numerous, quite a few pale to distinctly brown in NH 4 0H 10 %, at their base intermixed with numerous, unobtrusive spheropedunculate and clavate cells, I 0-20 x S- 10 JJm; the (many) larger cells slightly to dis tinctly brown in NH 40 H I 0 %, somewhat thick-walled and sometimes irregularly shaped. tlymenophoral trama in Nll I 0 %sub micr.: narrow hyphae distinctly, broad hyphae scarcely brown from membranal pigment with few yellow hypha! septa in basal part of gill, without encrustations. Pileipeilis a 2 3 cells deep layer of colourless subglobose cells, 15-40( SO)pm diam. Habitat & distribution. Terrestrial, solitary. found growing from the almost 1 ertital side of a small, shallow dry ditch (hence the curved stem). Known only from type locality. Collection exa m in cd.- TIIE Nt.:TII hrlands, prov. OvcriJ SSCI. Dcnckamp, Borgbosch, II Jul) :: K. v. II'. (type, L). We rank this species with those of section Hydrupllilae on account of the small size of the spores, although in some respects it seems close to P. fitsca (pink colour in the marginal area of the drying cap, rudimentary veil, gills dark brown with a purplish hue). But in P. fitsca (mean length of the spores JJm) the cap is always conical or conico-paraboloid. never plane or vaguely umbonate. while the pleurocystidia differ in stupe from those of P. borgensis. Psathyrelln mookcnsis Kits van Wav., spec. nov.-figs. II IS l'llcu' 16 mrn latus. conico-con,cxus. striatu ~. griscobrunneus, centro vcro Oavospadiccus. hygrophlnu\, rn \lcco palhdc brunncus. colore ros.:u dcstitutus. Velum tcnuc. l..:lrncllae 2 mm Jatac, ad IC'(nd~ntc,, IJtC adnatac. obscure purpurcobrunncae. acic albae. Stipes 30 x 2 mm. cyhndjaccus. era w:jtu<. Jlbu,, mfra p:lltidc lhvobrunncus a pice pruinosus. Caro pilei 1.5 mm c rass:~. con color. stipi

102 334 P R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Part 3, 1987 tis alba. infra isabellir.a. Sporae In cumulo non obscrv:~tae x 4.5 ~m. elhpsoldc3c. \Jtpt ovoidcac, haud phascoliformcs, in aqua obscrv:~ ta c nu111n ti.lcobrunncae, poro germinativo I I S lltll Ia to munitae. Basidia X IDll, clavuto, 4-sporigcra. Plcurocyslldia X 12 S ~m numcrosa. utriformb, tcnuitunicato. CeUullle marg.inales: chcilocystidia plcuroc )'S tldloldr~ sirnilb, (- SO) x S ~m. chcilocystidia sphcropedunculllta ct clavata ( IS ~. et eellulis forrn3 intcrmedi3 numerosis intcrmixtis. Trarna lamellarum colorata PikiJ'fiW e ccllulis formata. Ad tcrrarn. solitaria, in silvu frondosls. Typus: The Netherlands. IHO\' LnnbJlf Mook, 30 July E. Kits votr IYover~n (1.). Et yrnology: 'arned after the village Mook. in the area of which the spcc1cs was found. Cap J 6 mm, conico-convex, striate up to half-way, greyish brown, wirh ochreous (Mu. I 0 YR 7/6-6/6) centre, hygrophanous, drying out to very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 8/3), without pink, not micaceous but distinctly rugulose. Veil only seen on lower th1rd of stem as white fibril s. Gills 2 mm broad, rounded near margin of cap, I hen asccndmg. straight, broadly ad nate with tooth, dark purplish brown (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/2; 5 YR 3. ~ ). with white edge. Stem 30 x 2 mm, cylindrical, neither rooting nor bulbillate, while bur in lower half pale yellowish brown, hollow, with distinctly pruinose apex. flesh cf.:ap in centre 1.5 mm thick, concolorous, of stem white but in lower half pa le isabelhnt Trama of 'washed' gills pale brownish yellow (Mu. JO YR 7/4) from base to edge. ~por t print colour not recorded. Spores x 4.5 Jim (mean values 6.9 x 4.5 Jiffi : I collec1 ion), in face view ellipsoid, but many distinctly ovoid, in profile adaxia lly nauened, in water not pale.(orange-) brown (Mu. 5 YR 5/6, 4/6), in NH 4 0H I 0% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/3). in KOII SI{ sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/4, 4/4), not opaque, with fairly distinct germ pore (I 1.: Jim) and small hilar appendix. Basidia x Jim, clavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia x Jim, numerous, utriform almost always wilh a subap1.:al constricrion, with relatively shon, fairly broad pedicel, thin-walled, colourless. ~l a rg~na l cells a motley of numerous utriform cells, 30-40( 50) x Jim and sphcropedunculate and clavate cells, 20-30( - 40) x I 0-15 Jiffi, with numerous intermcdlllt stages. Hymenophoral lrama in NH 40H 10% pale yellowish brown from membranll pigment, paler towards edge, wit hout yellow hypha! septa. with very few minute cncrus. tat ions. Pileipcllis a 2 3 cells deep layer of globose, subglobosc ( J..llll} and 31s~ ellipsoid (30-50 x Jim), colourless cells. II r igs. II IS. Prothyrdlo mookensis.- II. C11pophorc (x 1). 14. Plcurocystidiograrn. - IS. Cheilocystidiogram.

103 KITS VAN WAVI:R CN: AdditiOIIS to Psatllyrdla 335 Habitat & distrib ut ion. Solitary in humus. found along footpath in dcciduou wood. Known only from type localit y. Collect io n examin e d. TII ENETUERLA 1 DS. prov. Limburg. Groesbeck ncar hotel 'ol!sbcrg. 30 July 1965.J:: K. v. W. (type, L). Although the colour of cap, gills, and hymcnophoral trama is not conspicuously brown. this species belongs to section Hy drophiloc because of its small spores. Psathyrella dcnnyensis Kits van Wav. spec Figs Plku\ 19 mm. conico-parabollcus. obscure sordldcque brunncus rccens on pcrobscurc bad i u ~. \'Jldt str!j tu\, hygrophanus. In s cco pallidc brunncus. colore roseo destitutus, haud rugul o~us nee a toma~u ( Velum album, insigne e noceulis in tona pileimllfginale sat angusta etiam appcndiculatum, lllplltm mf11 apicem pruinosum omnino fibrillis l:lnosis obtcgens. La mellae 2.5 mm latac. adscen l!erltes. rtcuc. l:lte adnatae, obscure talxlcinac, acic ulbac. Stipes 40 x 3 mm, eyli ndraceus. a lbus, O \'\JS. eradjcjtus. apice prulnosus. Quo pilei ccnuo 2 mm erassa. eoncolor. stipitis albus. Sporac in a:mulo obscure badiae, 7-8 x IJill, cllipsoidcac, h:lud phaseohfo rmes. In :~qua observata rubro trunnr:ar. poro germin3tivo indi ~tinc t o insuucuc. Bas1d1a x um, cl:lvat3, 4 sporigcr3. Plturoc)SIIdia (- 55) x ( I 0 - ) IJrll, utrlformia, plcrumquc fusoidcus pracditus cum apu ' aide obtusus. interdum sat nurnt'rosa. tcnui tunic:ua. Ccllul:lc marginalc\: c hciloeystidia plcuro C) SIIdtordl3 27.S 4S x 7.5 IS PJO, numcrosa, chcilocystidia sphcropcdunculatis ct clavatis I x7 S 12 S IJill numerosis. Trama bmcllarum paulo color.lla. Pil cipclh~ e cc ll uh~ formata. Tcr rcqr1~. ihtk'tll1. subbt /11/a,aurumno. Typus; Great Brit:Hn. llampshuc. New l orcsl. Denny Bog. 2 1 Sept. 19'1. 1- Kitr 1a11 k'avertn (L). l t) mo lo ~y: Named a rrcr the ur~-a. called Denny Oo~. m I he em Forest. C'ap 19 mm. conico pamboloid, dark sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 3/3, 4/3. 4/ 4) and probably very dark reddish brown when quite fre~h. strongly striate, hygrophanous, dry irg out to very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 8/4), scarcely darker at centre, without pink, otither rugulosc nor micaceous. Veil white. form ing rat her strongly developed flocculi oo surface of cap, but exclusively in a fai rly narrow marginal 1..one, also appcndiculate along entire margin. furt hem1ore forming a Janose.fibrillose coating down the entire I, Psathy rella dennyt11sis Carpophorc (x 1 ) Spores B:l~id ia. 19 P!furocysud ouam. 20. Chetlocystid ogram

104 336 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, P:ut stem below its pruinose apex. Gills 2.5 mm broad, ascending, Str3ight. f:mly b ro1 dl~ adnatc, dark tobacco-coloured (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/2), with white edge. Stem 40 x 3 mr.t cylindrical, white, hollow, not rooting. pruinosc at apex. Flesh of cap in ccmre ~ m11 thick, concolorous. of stem white; smell indistinctive. Trama of 'washed' gill in bas:~ II J pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/ 4}, paler (Mu. 10 YR 7/ 3) towards margin and very pale(~l u. I 0 YR 7/2) ne3r edge. Spore print very dusky red. Spores 7 8 x J.!.m (mean values 7.3 x 4.5 J,lm; I collection), e llip~oid. not phaseoliforrn, in water reddish (Mu. 2.5 Y R 4/8), in NH 4 0 1l I 0 % dark hrown (Mu. 5 YR 4/4), in KOH 5% sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 4/3), germ pore indistinct (cjiius). hibr appendix distinct, not opaque. Basidia x J.l.m. cl3vatc, 4-sporcd. Plcuro cystidi ( - 55) x ( ) J,lm, utriform. sever:. I cells with subcapual.:on strict ion. most cells however fusoid with very obtuse apex, rather numcrou~. thin-wj!lej. very pale brown in NH %. Marginal cells: pleurocystidioid chellocyslldta 1i 5-45 x J.!.m, numerous, intermixed with numerous spheropcdunculate Jnd dmtt cells. 15 2:!.5 x 7.5- J2.5 J,lm ; au ceijs thin-waijcd and colourless. llymenophoral tranu very pale brown from membranal pigment, without yellow hypha! septa and cncrulll tions. Pilcipc llis a 2-3 cells deep layer of in NH 4 0H 10% very pale brown globost 3nj subglobosc cells (a few broadly cmpsoid ccijs), J.lm diam. Habitat & distribution.- Terrest ri31 in heath, solitary. September. Only kno~n from type locality in southern England. Collection exami ned.- GRl:.AT BRITAIN, Hampshire, ew Forest. O ~ nny Uog. ll Sept I;'. K. ~ (type. l). Psotllyrcllo dcmzyensis in several respects rather resembles P. romscy11 in subsecuon Lutenses. The pleurocystidia and the pattern of cellular lining of the gill edge IS for both species basically the same and the spores of both species have an indistinct gcrm-po!t (callus). The difference between the two species hardly finds expression 111 the actwl description of the spores but immediately leaps to the eye when spores of both speoes arc compared in two mounts on one slide. In P. romseyensis the mean v a l u e~ for the spore size are 7.7 x 4.2 J.llll, the spores are orange-brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/ 6. 4t ) when mounted in water and often slightly phaseoliform, whereas in P. dennyenm they art slightly smaller, the mean values for their sizes being 7.3 x 4.5 J.lm (which pl:tcc) the Spt cies in section 1/ydroplziloe), while when mounted in water they also arc darker. reddish (Mu. 2.5 YR 4/8) and not phascoliforrn. Also in P. demzyensis the ple urocy~u d~:~ ilft more ventricose. measuring x ( I 0 ) pm. Because of the scarcity of material for comparison and considering the great VJJiJbrl ity of macroscopical characters the following differences between P. romseymszs and P demzyensis nrc less reliable but provisionally may be taken into account. ('ont rary top romseyensis the cap in P. demzycnsis is conico-paraboloid and not convex. nc1thcr um bonate, the veil is rather strongly developed, and the gills arc neit her ventncos,_. nor con spicuously broadly adnatc. But here again more observations on more collections art needed. Psathyrclla obtusata (Pers.: Fr.) A. H. Smith Syno nymy. Sce Kitsv:lnWaveren.t

105 KITS VAN WAVE RI:.N: Addirion.s to Psotllyrella 337 var. obtusata- Figs Descriptions & ill ustrations. Seeenumer:uion by Kits van Waveren. 1985: 197. Cap mm, conical, conico-convcx, but sometimes conspicuously paraboloid, without (rarely with) umbo, striate up to 2/3 from margin, at central half strikingly brown (between Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4 and 5/4), in peripheral half much palcr(mu. 10 YR 6/4) but v.ith darker striation (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/4), hygrophanous, drying out to very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 8/4), without pink, rugulose and distinctly micaceous. VeiJ white, distinct but miablc, usually scanty; velar fibrils and minute fibrillose networks of fibrils on surface of cap in a 1-2 mm broad zone along margin, but sometimes more strongly developed, IThrils and networks reaching up to 2/3 from margin, rarely even up to apex; surface of bv.-er ~/3 of stem covered with quite a few fibrils. CiUs 3 4 mm broad, strikingly pink ISh bro"'n, colour of weak chocolate (Mu. 5 YR 5/3 6/3), moderately ventricose, rather brojdly adnate, with white edge. Stem x 2-3 mm, slightly thickening towards b1st. somewhat nexuous, not rooting, hollow, with white smooth surface and pruinose 1ptx. Flesh of cap 2 mm thick in centre, concolorous (c. Mu. 10 YR 4/3) with a trace of rtddtsh. Trama of 'washed' gill pale brown (Mu. I 0 YR 7/3) in peripheral half, slightly browner (Mu. 10 YR 7/4) towards base, somet imes still browner in narrow strip at base, sometimes with brownish yellow (Mu. 10 YR 5/6) anastomosing tissue strands running irom base towards edge through the in itself pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 6/4) gill tissue. Spore print brown with purplish hue. Spores 7-8 x J..Lm (mean values: sometimes x J..Lm, bringmg the species in section Hydrophilae; more often x J..Lrn, bringing the sp«tc) m section Pennatae), in face view ellipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, in promc adaxiaijy rbttened. often subphascoliform, sometimes even distinctly phaseoliform, pale, in water pl)e yellowish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 6/8, 5/8) with reddish hue, in NH 4 0H 10% brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/6, 5/6: 7.5 YR 5/6) without reddish hue, in KOH 5% sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 5,3. S/4). not opaque. with small and sometimes rather indistinct germ pore and small hilar appendix. Basidia x (9 ) 10 J..Lm, spheropedunculate to clavate, 4-!porcd Plcurocystidia x 9 15 Jim, abundan t, ventricose-fusoid or sublageniform, 111th short rather broad pedicel and subacute to subobtuse, rarely obtuse apex, thinw:j!i~d. practically colourless or very pale brown in N11 4 0H I 0%. Marginal cells: three drffrrent kinds of cells, viz. (i) spheropedunculate and clavate cells, normally large, 35 x Jim, abundant. very densely packed (sec our monograph: I 98, fig. 283, bo11om row of cells); {ii) the same cells but at apex equipped with a short, relatively th~e l. protubemnce (bulge), x 3-5 J..Lm, passing gradually into cell body, or with a somt\\hat longer subcylindrical or cylindrical short neck. 5-6 x J..Lm, either pas si:lg gradually into cell body or more or less sharply delimited from it (sec our monof12ph 198, fig top row of cells); (iii) plcurocystidioid chcilocystidia, x e.s 17 J.lm, very few to few in number (rarely locally or along entire edge slightly mote) (The cells mentioned sub ii arc distinctive for P. obwsata (Figs ), normally ie'>l m number, rarely numerous and then very st riking. Needless to say that intermedi at~ forms between sub i. ii and iii occur.) Hymenophoral trama in NH I 0% sub mr. r m basa l half distinctly brown from membranal pigment with a fair number of yellollbh h)'phal septa and few to many minute encrustations, in peripheral ha lf very pale bro1111 Pileipellis a 2-4 cells deep layer of globose and subglobose cells, J..Ltn dum.. m \II I 0% very pale brown. IIJ blla l & d ist ribu t io n. Terrestrial, solitary but sometimes gregarious, in decidu.xh.1 c1nds. Sept. Oct. Rather rare in the etherlands. Reported from France and the Bulbi. hies: several collections seen from Norway.

106 338 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Part 3, Figs Psathyrella objusata Chcilocystidiog:am. from 21 Oct ld.. from 17 Oct Jd., from 25 Sept Jd., from 30 June 1985 ( NOI\\3)". h'tholt 8/85). 25. Plcurocysridiogram, 30 June 1985 (Norway. Weltolt 8/85). Figs Psathy re/14 obtusata var. aberrans Carpophores (x I) Pl ~u r oc}\1~ d1og:am. 28. Cheilocystidiogram.

107 KITS VAN WAVERF.N: Additions to Psathyrtlla 339 Collrct ro n s exam Inc d. THI: NETHERLA DS: prov. Overijsscl: Dcnek:amp. estate 'Sc:p11'tn'. 17 & 20 Oct IS Oct (L): Delden. bank of 'Oclerbc:ck', 17 Oct (L): p:ov. Noord Holland, estate 'Elswout', 25 Sept. 1975, 2 1 Oct (L); prov. Lrm burg, Wruem,! Ott 1964 (2 collccuons. L). DR ITISIIISLES: Oxford. estate 'Wychwood ForClt', 13 Sept (l l. Scotland, lnvcmcssshirc, Tomich, 17 Sept (L).- NORWA Y: 2 Sept (herbarium 0. 1\'rboh Nr. 188/82), 3 1 Oct (Nr. 226/82), 21 May 1983 ( r. 24/83) and 30 June 1985 (N r. 8,8S)(0)at (L). This is our second redescription and reevaluation of an in our experience in the N~thcrbn ds rather rare species. Ow observations on this species in our monograph {1985: 199) and earlier (1977: 199) on the reasons why we adopted the interpretation by Lange {I 939: 98, pl. I 52 A), A. H. Smith ( 1972: 385) and Romagnesi ( 1975: 197) of Fries's Agaricus obtusows for the spectcs described above, are still valid. In our 1977 description of P. obwsota we had onh one collection of this rare species at our disposal. Its characters, above all the microscopical ones, fully agreed with those reported by Lange: (i) Gill edge lined wit h abundant large sphcropcdunculate and clavate cells. intermixed with only few of these cells, tquipped wtth a very short apical protubera nce or neck. (In 1977 we called the latter etlls v.tongly merely 'cheilocystidia' and in 1982 did not sharply distinguish between lh~e latter cells and the pleurocyst ic.lioid cheilocystidia.) (ii) Small spores (with L:lnge 7!1-7 ~ x 4\ pm), mean values for our then sole collection 7.4 x 4.6 J.llll. t:or our 1985 dtscnpuon we had seven collections at our disposal for which we ( 1985: 198) incorrt'\tl) (pnnter's error) gave x 4.5 S pm for the mean values of the spore stzes. (ul) The overall brown colour of cap and gills. The fourteen collections now at our disposal can be split into two groups. one (a) comprising three collect ions in wtlich the spores arc small (7.4-7.S pm long) and therefore fining very well in section 1/ydropltilae and one {b) comprising eleven collections in 11hich the spores arc larger ( J.lm long) and therefore fitting less well in this section and keying out in sect ion Pemratae. Going by the size of the spores P. obtusota is intermediate between t he two sections mtntioncd. Because of its overall resemblance to the other typical members of section l(rdroplulae (particularly the dominantly brown colours of the fruit-bodies) we mainuin the spectes in that section, but also arc dealing with it in the key to the section Pen r,jiilt. In reuospeet 11 turned out to be that all our chcilocyst idiograms made 10 previous ~tars of our collections of this species showed a few to several spheropcdunculate and clavate cells eqmpped with an apical protuberance or short neck, although while m~ k ing these cheilocystidiograms we had never been aware of the presence of these rather pcculiu and striking cells. These cells arc easily overlooked but not at all difficult to notice. The)' stem to be distinctive for P. ohrusota and therefore of taxonomical va lue. They dtd not occur on the three cheilocystidiograms we made in 1979 of P. a ym11 ~1 'ii, a species close to P. obwsota and were not seen in P. obwsota var. abcrrans.

108 340 PERSOO I l A Vol 13, Pnrt Psathyrella obt usata var. aberrans l(jts van Wav.. I'Or Figs Misapplied nome.- PS1111zy rella obl!lsata var. urri{ormis sensu Kits v~n Wav. Ill Pcrsoo11:1 (Suppl.) 2: A fom1a typiea differt pleuroeystidi3 ct ehcilocystidia plcurocystidioidea uuiformi'l. Cll<ilo() ~ tidi3 spheropcdunculatac ct cla~tae sine protuber:~nti3c. Typus: The Netherlands. prov. O. etijllet Dcnekamp, 'Sing:raven', IS Oct (L). On Oct. 15th 1967 we found two lots, each comprising two specimens of seemi~ the same species of Psa!hyrel/a on a mossy coniferous tree stump. growing close ro each other. The specimens of one lot turned out to be typical specimens of P. obtusat0\'3!. oblllsala with conical caps, mean values of spore sizes 7.6 x 4.6 J..lm, slender fusoid pltll rocystidia and scanty pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia, large quantities of spheropeduncc. late and clavate cells (some equipped with an apical protuberance). The specimens (!( the other lot had (like sometimes also in P. obwsata) umbonate caps, mean valucsoi spore sizes 7.9 x 4.6 J..lffi, but the pleurocystidia and scanty pleurocystidioid cltejiot)stidia were distinctly utriform (figs. 27, 28), many even with subcapital constnctio!l. none of the numerous spheropeduncul:ue and clavate, chei!ocystidia were equ1ppt( with an apical protuberance. We described ( 1982: 499) this aberrant variety as P. obtr. sara var. utriformis. A recent revision of our material of P. obwsata, however, revealed that we had erra. ncously designated (JUts van Waveren, 1982: 499) the wrong collection for the typ.: oi this variety, viz. one that t umed out to represent P. spadiceogriscn f. e.xalbi('(]ns (spores with distinct germ pore and dark gills and spores). Nevertheless a variant of the true f. obtusata, characterised by the pleurocystidia and pleurocystidioid cheilocysttd ia btinr utriform as the sole difference with P. obwsata var. ubwsata does exist. It is describtd here asp. obtusata var. aberrans. The pleurocystidia depicted in our monograph (1 985: 200. fig. 284) are those of P. oblllsata var. aberrans and nbt of P. obwsata var.umf()( mis. The latter name has now to be placed in the synonymy of P. spadiceogrisco f.t.~l bicans. Collections of P. obtusala var. aberrans with a mean value of the length of the sports above 7.5 J..llll key out in subsection Spadiceogriseoe side by side with P. dirensis (Ki1s van Wavcrcn, 1985: 22 1 ). It turned out to be quite difficult to distinguish between P. obwsato var. obmom and P. clil,ensis. Size, shape, and colours of the carpophores of bot h species arc abou1 the same, both have utriform pleurocystidia and the same pattern of cellular-lining oi the gill edge (large quantities of sphcropedunculate and clavate cells, intermixed 11ith only few utriform cheilocystidia). But P. obtusato var. aberrans has smaller (mean \'31UN 7.9 x 4.6 gm) and darker (alt hough still fairly pale spores (in water Mu. 7.5 YR 6:8. 5/8), which have a very small, somet imes indistinct germ pore. whereas the spores off. cli11ensis are distinctly larger (mean values x J..tm) and paler (tn wa1tr Mu. 7.5 YR 6/ 6}, and do not have a germ pore (at most a callus). Resides P. o biiis/111 var. aberrans is a woodland and P. c/ircnsis typically a grassland species.

109 KITS VAN WAVEREN: Additions to Psa thyr~iid 341 SUUShCT I ON LUTENSES RlVJSED KEY TO TIIC SPECIES OF SUBSf;.CTJON L TENSES I. Mucoid dcposlls staining bluish gceen in Ntt % o n pleurocystidia and plcurocystidioid chtikx ysudu (deposits very gr:aduauy djsappearing In exsiccata) P. lutensef 1\or u ~bo\"t.?. Annulus present on stem (very rarely ejcclusively as very distinct appendiculate denticles at mugm of cap P. sphagnicoid 2. 1'-o annulus on stem : 3. \'ell suongty developed. covering entire cap: 4. CaJpophorcs densely caespitose: veil forming dense :uachnoid fleece of silk y ad pressed r~dl3 1 ribrils o n cap P. pamrucioides 4. Dspophores not caesphose; veil on cap noccose scaly: S. Cap small (8 12 mm), predominantly snow-white, only at centre very pale yeuowrsh bro"-n (see alsop. kitsiana from Sweden, p..364)... P. v~srita S. Cap medium-sized (25-35 mm). at rust at central half pale ochre, pale brown, later predomin:antly pale mouse grey prncticauy all ovci (sec also P. suavissima from Switzerland. p. 362) P. pervdata 3. VcU thin, rudimentary, fugacious: 6. Germ pore present: 7. Few, many or most pteurocystidioid eheilocystldia distinctly capit~ne, the non capi tate ones being uuiform (Fig. 33) P. capitarocysris, p. 342 i 'ot 3S 3 bove 8 Rather la1ge and tall species; stems mm tong; c:aps (1 5- ) mm. 9. Stem gcadually and conspi<:uou~ly t hickening towards b:isc.g.ius d:uk grey to black (rnrcly brownish if spores failed to ripen); spores bjge (mean values x #ffi). in water dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6, 3/4) P. tcphroplrylla 9. Stem cylindrical (sometimes only ''cry slightly thickening towaids base); gilh greyish brown-purple; spores smaller (mean values x JJm) in water or:~ngc-brown ( ~fu. 5 YR 4/4, 4/6. 4/8) P. fusca II. SmaUer specie~ ; stems not tau ( 55) mm long; caps 7-40 mm (but sec also in subsection Spadiceogrisea~: P. almtmmsis :~nd P. spadiccogrisco f. cxalbi cans of "hich the g.iu edge sometimes. be it raicly, is lin.:d with many instc3d of few ut1iform ecus): 10. Most, many. or only a few spores in face view distinctly subtriangulal P. panacoloidcs (see also p. 368) I 0. Not as above II llabuat: rn marshy :III.~). muddy borders of ponds with thick bed of dcc3yrng leaves. bog&>' bed~ o f dnchcs. often greg:mous; cap r:~rely umbon:nc; stems relatively short (15-55 x rmn) as compared with dl!lmercr o r cap (I 0-40 mm); m3ny cystidia wilh subapical constrict ion P. noli tangere II. llabitot not as above; terrestrial: 12. Surface or fresh cap stro ngly wrinkled, cap 5-15 mm P. rericulota I 2. 'ot as above; cap 34 mm and distinctly umbonate P. rwickele11sis, p Germ pore indistinct (cauus) or absent.

110 342 PllRSOONIA Vol. 13. Pan Pleurocystidia excccdlngly abund3nt, verworm... P. multrc)'stididta. p.l Not as above: 14. Pleurocystid ia utrlform, thlck set. very ventricose, (- 42.S)xl (- 20) snn. many with ~ubapical constriction, others fusotd wtth cty obtuse apex: spores tn WGter dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6. 4/6): srnau JpeOCS; cap 14 mm. without umbo; stem 20 x 1 mm... P. hctfu. p. ~! 14. Plewocystidb uuiform. rather slender. (30- }35-45( SO} x (7.5 )9- IS:.o. most pleurocystidia fusoid wuh (ver) ) obtuse to ubobtuse ape\, cr) f" wi th subapical con~lrl c ll on; spores tn \l.'ater or:~ngc-brown (Mu. 5 YR SiS. 4/8 ); robuster species; cap mm. with umbo; stem x 2 4 c f'. roiiist)'tnjis. p. ~) Psathyrella capitatocystis Kits van Wav., spec Figs Pileus mrn btus, cj~.umbono t us. conicus. maturttate cmereus. brunnescens aptctn lt~ perstrutus. h) grophanus. in Sltco m:ugine :1dmodum pallidc cincrcus. apicem versus p31hdt h:u neu apice dilute ochlaceus. Velum album. pruno e fibrillls fasciculisque fibrillosi ~ numerosiszocr pilei m111ginalem mm Ia tam formans. nee appendicularum. et fibrllhe In stipitc p3uc3t. Lam~ lac 3 5 mm latae ad pilei margin em vcntricosae, alibi rectac, adsccndcntc. 1:llc adnatae. aete alblr Stipes x 2 mm. deorsum!eviler incrusatus, cradicatus. cavus, aplcc CJ~.imlc pruino;us. U!o pilei centro I mm cra~"ll. brunnca. stipiti~ alba. Sporae in cumulo purpureo auae x 4.S SJO. euipsoide:~e. nee phaseoliformes. obseune. in oqu11 obscrvatae obscure badiae. nee opacar. roro ect minotivo distincto munitae. Basidg x 8-10 pm cbvata. 4-spougera. Pleuroc) stidij (3S x ( 20) pm, sat numerosa, uuiformia. plurimum subuuuormta d cn tn i:'o~e> f.& formij, nonnulla capitata, collo Ia to brcvique praedna. tnterdum collls tenuituni~ tas. CtiiJb: lm! giroles cheilocystidia p l eu rocys tidioide:~ x (-IS)prn. nurnero~.' ulgo rapn ata.c~nl.> cysti dii ~ sphcropc d uncula&i~ ct clavatis J0-20 (-22.5) x pmmtermima. Piletpclhs t ctu:tla form:~to. Trama lamell:uum colorata. Tcrrcs\rls. solltaria, in graminis sub Berulo. Autumno. T)ru The Netherlands. prov. Overljssel, OldcnUJal, ' Rodcrveld', 21 Oct :.: Kits l'oll llomtn lll Cap mm, conical. without umbo, at maturity conspicuously grey (Mu. 10 YR 6/2), in peripheral half, towards centre slightly browner (Mu. 10 YR 6/3) and at 4 n::; broad apex brown (Mu. 10 YR 6/4. 5/ 4}, strongly striate up to 3/ 4 from margin. h>~ phanous. rapidly drying out to very pale grey at margin. pale brown (Mu. 10 YR.l 8/4) elsewhere, slightly ochraceous at apex, wuhout pink,distinctlymicaceousandfintl) rugulose; cap of young specimens drying out to pale brown everywhere, blll slrgh1~ ochraceous at apex. Veil white, in young specimens forming on a mm broad rnv gina I zone many isolated fibrils and rather dense fib rillose wicker-works. the Iauer 10 many places interwoven to small strands, lying horizontally along extreme margm oi cap, not appendiculatc; a few scattered fibrils on stem. Gills 3-5 mm brojd. vcntnoosc ncar margin of cap, then ascending. straight. broadly ad nate with tooth. browntsh g;t) (Mu. 5 YR 5/2) to greyish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/2). with white, minutcl) fimbra:c edge. Stem x 2 mm (growing in tall grass, hence the long tcm). graduall) 'tfj slightly thickening {3 mm) towards non rooting base, hollow, white, densely prutnosta: apex. Flesh of cap in centre 1.5 mm thick, brown (Mu. 10 YR 4/3, 3/3). of stem whit~. in bottom part pale brown and in base brown. Smell indistinctive. Trama of wa hcd'!jg pale brownish grey (Mu. 2.5 YR 6/2), from base to edge. Spore print purphsh black. Spores8 10x4.5 5J.1m(meanvalues8.7x4.6JJm: I collection),e llipsoi d.ada ~ilu) nattened. neither ovoid nor phascoliform, dark. in water dark red (Mu. ::!.5 YR NH 40H 10% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/4}, in KOII I 5% dark sordid bro\\o (Mu. ij \R 4/2), not opaque, with distinct germ pore { J.tm) and small apsculus. Ba~i dta :0-

111 KITS VAN WAVIIU N: Additions to PSiltlzyreiiD 343 ooo~oooq90 Q Q.o 0 0 I J!~ PSiltlzyrello copitorocystis. 29. CArpophorc1 (X I) Spores. 31. Basidia Plrurocysudio&rnm. 33. Cheilocystidiogram... x 10 pm. clavate, 4-spored. many with sterigmata up to 5 /.Jill long. PleurocysodtJ (35 )40 50{ 55) x ( -20) /.Jill. fairly numerous, most cells subutriforrn or (\tr)) vemncose-fusoid, some utriform, most cells with broad. usually very short oed. pmmg either gradually or abruptly into cell body. very few capitate, thin-walled, rolourltss.mfrequently neck longer and very thin-walled and more or less sharply delimtttd from cell body: pedicel either short and broad or longer and narrower. Marginal ctlls pleurocystidioid cheilocystid ia x (- 15) /.Jill, abundant. in most pbres densely packed. few or many or even most cells distinctly capitate, intermixed ith many unobtrusive small sphcropcdunculatc and clavate cells, 10 I 2.5 x pm, and ;t small number of larger cells ( ) x I 0- I 7.5 /.Jill, some of which ith slightly thickened wall and very pale brown iu NH 4 0 H I 0 %. Hymcnophoral trama m~ pale brown from membranal pigment with very few yellow hypha! septa in basal pn of ill. without encrustat ions. Pileipellis a 2 4 cells deep layer of colourless globose a:d sub&lobose cells J,Jm diam. lhbllat & d ist ribu t io n. Terrestrial, solitary. found in tall grass in deciduous wood under Bewlo. Known only from type locality.

112 344 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, I 987 Co llection exami n ed. T HENETII ERLANDS, prov. Overijssel. estate 'Roden-cif (nature reserve), 21 Oct (7 specimens), t: K. v. Ill. (type, L). Ln this species capitate cystidia are always present but their number varies fromoot specimen and even one gill to another. Capitate pleurocystidia are few to even very ft'f in number (easily overlooked, a thorough search needed), but capitate cheilocystidia occur more frequently and sometimes numerous to even abundant. Psathyrella twickelensis Kits van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Pileus primo 10 mm l:1tus, pal:lboucus. dein convexus vel dcnique rcvolutus,robuste umbonatas. obscure badius dcin brunncus. margine substriato. subsul catus. hygrophanus, in sicco pallide bruru:1111, centro ochraceus. colore rosco destitutus, paulum rugulosus, nee atomatus. Velum album, c libn& et fasciculis parvis. zonam pilei marginalem 2 mm latam formans. edam fibrillae in stipae. L3mdbt 3-5 mm l:~tae, subventricosae, adscendcntes, l:~ tc adnntac, purpureo-<:incrcobrunncac. brunnelc14 bllsim. :~cie albae. Stipes x mm, cylindr:~ccus, er:1dicatus, albus, minute librillos01ttlltus. C:lro pilei ccnuo 3 mm cra ssa, obscure badill. Sporac in cumulo purpureo-atrac. (6.S )7-8(-9) x 4-5 ~m. ellipsoideae. nee phnseoliformes. in aqua observatae obscure rubcllac. poro germilutm distincto ( wn) munitae. Basidia x 8-9 wn. clavata, 4 -sporigera. Pleuroeysudu 35-55(- 60) x wn, numerosa, utriformia. fusoideo-pedicellata.apice pcrobtusa. raro con.strictioot subapicale instructa. tcnui tunicata. colore carentia. Cellulae marginales: cheiloc)'stidia plcuroc)'ltidioidea x (- 15) pm, numcrosa. ceuuhs sphcropedunculatis ct clavatis (10 ) ( -20) x 5- l 0 ~m intermixta. tcnui-tunicata ct colore destituta. Trama lamcllarum 1'11lde.m. tincte colornta. PilcipciUs c ccuulis formata. Tcrresuis sub Fago vel Qucrquo. Acstatc- Autulll.lO Typus: The Netherlands, prov. Ovcrijssel, Delden, 20 Oct E. Kirs vo11 lllovereu (L). Etymology: Named nftcr the estate 'Twickel', where it was fust found. Cap at first c. I 0 mm, paraboloid, later spreading to 35 mm and then convex w11h deflexed marginal zone and finally plane with even revolute marginal area. with largt umbo, at first very dark red-brown (Mu. 2.5 YR 2.5/4, 3/4; 5 YR 3/2) later dark reddish brown (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6. 4/6), red soon disappearing from margin towards cenue and colour gradually becoming warm brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4) then ye llowish brown (~lu. i YR 5/8, 5/6: 7.5 YR 6/8, 7/8), faintly striate-sulcate only at margin, hygrophanous, rapidly drying out, finally all over pale brown (Mu. I 0 YR 7/3) with centre more ochrcou~ without pink, slightly rugulose. not micaceous. Veil white, formjng fine. radiallyarrangtd fibrils and small wicker-works of fibrils on a 2 mm broad zone along entire margin of cap; scattered fibrils on stem. Gills 3.5 mm broad, near margin slightly concave. half. way edge becoming slightly ventricose and ascending, broadly ad nate. in basall/3 broa1l (Mu. 10 YR 5/4), elsewhere purplish brown (± Mu. 2.5 YR 4/4 with greyish hue). with minutely funbriate wltite edge. Stem x mm, cylindrical, not rooting. 1(1) pale brown under a rather dense and homogeneous layer of white fibrils. rendcnng sur face white and minutely longitudinally striate, with pruinose apex. Flesh of cap ince ntr! 3 nun thick (umbo!), very dark red-brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/2), rapidly becomlllg browner (Mu. 5 YR 3/3, 4/3), of stem pale brown (Mu. I 0 YR 6/3). Trama of 'washed' gill cor. spicuously pigmented, in basal 1/3 pale (reddish) brown (Mu. 5 YR 6/4; 7.5 YR 614). towards edge rather suddenly much paler, in peripheral 1/3 very pale brown ( ~1 u. 10 YR 7/2), practically colourless. Spore print purplish black. Spores (6.5- )7-8(- 9) x 4-5 J.J.m (mean values x 4.5 J.J.m: 2 collections), ellirsoid. adaxially flattened. neither ovoid nor phaseoliform, dark, in water dark red ( ~lu. 2.5 YR 3/6), in NH 4 0H I 0% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/4, 4/4), in KOH 5% dark sord1j brown (Mu. I 0 YR 3/3), not opaque, with distinct germ pore (I J.J.m) and dtstin<t

113 KITS VA WAVER N : Additions to Psathyrello 345 ooo o.. o o o o g..v ~ hcs Psatllyrella rwickelensis Carpophorcs (X 1), Ocldcn, 20 Oct JS. Btdtn. 13 June Spores Basidia.-38. Plcurocystidiogram. 39. Cheilocys ndjostam. hibr appendix. Basidia x 8-9 J..lnl, clavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia 35 55( 60) K JJJTl, numerous, utriform, fusoid-pediccllate with very obtuse to subobtuse aptx, hardly ever with subapical constriction, thin-walled, colourless. Marginal cells: plewocystidioid cheilocystidia x J..lm, numerous, intermixed with numerous small. (10- ) ( - 20) x 5-10 J..lm, spheropedunculate and clavate cells. All cells thin-walled, colou rless. Hymenophoral trama strikingly brown from membranal pigment\\ 11h a number of yellow hypha! septa and numerous minute encrus1a1 ions. Hab it a I &. distribution. Terrestrial under Fagus and Quercus. Colle ction s examincd.- THE NETHERLA OS: prov. Overijssel. verge of main road llddtn-bornc, ncar ice rink, 20 Oct K. v. W. (type, L): prov. Oren the, Bcilen, garden of Sdlapendnrt 29, 13 June 1974, H. S. C. 1/uijsman (L). A~ho ugh a majority of both pleurocystidia and plcurocystidioid cheilocystidia of the specimen of the June 1974 collection were fusoid with (very) obtuse apex, we identified this specimen, which was also growing solitarily, as P. Lwickelensis on account of the prestnce of a number of utriform cells while its macroscopical characters agreed with those of rhe type specimen.

114 346 f' E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, f'an3, 1987 PsathyreiJa multicystidiata KHs van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Pileus 8-17 mm latus, parabolicus vel conico-parabolicus, primo margine in c urvatu~. objct:t badius, dein (centro excepto) umbrinus vel ochraceus. suiatus. hygrophanus, in sicco brunneus.c'oiit:r rosea dcstitutus. Velum album primo c fibril lis et fasciculis fcre ad apiccm, nee appcndiculatum. ~ nescens, fibrilla e in stipite paucae. Lamellae 2 mm b tae, parum venuicosac, angustc adnaue. pnr~ brunneae, dein obscure sordideque marginem versus purpurco-cinercae, acie albae. Supes 20-4Sx 1-2 mm, cylindraceus, parte supcriorc albus, parte infcriorc isabcllinus, eradicatu ~. ;tpice pruino~ Quo pilei concolor. stipitis ajba, dcorsum dilute brunnea. Sporae in cumulo obscure umbrinar x 4.5 J.Lm, ellipsoideae, nee phaseoliformes, in aqua observatac sat pallidc lbvobrunnclr. ~!K poro gcnninativo vel cauo. Dasidia x J.Lnl. clavata. 4-sporigcra. Plcuroq ~ tidg S0-70 x (- 20) Jlnl, perabundantia, vcrsiformia, utriformia, vulgo fusoidca vel su bcyhndmt~ pcdiceuata, apicibus valde obtusa et interdum consuictione subapicali instructa, ctiam interdumblt clavata, raro subbgcnifomria vel apicibus furcatis, tenui-tunicata, colore dcstituta vel admodji:i dilute brunnea in NH 40H 10%. Cellulae marginates eximie versiformcs: chcilocy>tidta plcuroc)r Lidioidca (-50) x pm, sat numcrosa. ceuulis anguste clavatis vel subij~rmfoi mibus intermixta, x J.Lnl, ctiam cellulis sphcropedunculatis cla, atisquc JOx 7.5- J 5 J.Lnl. Tram a lamellarum admodum pigmento pracdita. Pileipcllis e cellulis formata. Tcrusu11. Autum no. Typus: The Netherlands. prov. Overijssel, Denekamp. 'Singravcn' (arboretum). 23 O.L I 971,.Kits von ll'overe11 (L). Cap 8-17 mm, paraboloid or conico-paraboloid, at first with incurved marginal arta, dark reddish brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/3, 3/4), later only at centre dark reddish bro110 or brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/4), outside centre warm brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4) to ochreous (Mu. 7.5 YR 6/6), striate up to half-way from margin, hygrophanous, drying out to p3k brown, slightly darker than in most species of Psarhyrclla (acorn-colour. Mu. 10 YR 7/4), darker at centre, without pink, not rugulose or micaceous. Veil white, in the begin ning many scattered fib rils and fascicles of fib rils almost reaching apex of cap, increasing in number towards margin, but not appendiculate, fugacious, later decreasmg m number. scattered fibrils on stem. Gills 2 mm broad, slightly ventricose, strongly ascending. nlf rowly adnate, conspicuously yellowish brown (slightly paler than Mu. 10 YR 5'6}at base, gradually paler and sligh tly greyish towards edge (Mu. 10 YR 7/2, 8/2).1ater dart sordid brown (Mu. I 0 YR 4/3) with trace of purple at base, towards edge via greyish brown (Mu. J 0 YR 5/2) to purptish grey (Mu. 5 YR 6/ 1 ), with white edge. Stem ::!0 45 x mm, cyhndrical, white from a minutely fibrillose superficial layer, glossy. 113 belline in lower l/3, not rooting, hollow, with pruinose apex. Flesh of cap conco lorous. of stem white but in lower half pale brown. Trama of ' washed' gill very distinctly pig mented, in a very narrow zone along base strong brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/6). basall/3 brownish ye llow (Mu. I 0 YR 6/6), peripheral 2/3 pale greyish brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/2). Spore print dark brown. Spores x 4.5 J.lm (mean values 8.1 x 4.5 J.lm: I collection), ellipsoid adaxially flattened, neither ovoid, nor phaseoliform, relatively pale. in water yellowish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/6, 6/6) with reddish hue, in NH 4 0 H 10% brown (Mu. 5 YR 5/6). KOH 5% sordid brown (Mu. I 0 YR 5/3). neither with pore nor even with callus. not opaque, with minute, scarcely visible hilar appendix. Basidia x J.lm. clavate.4 spored. Pleurocystidia x I ( - 20)J.,lm, exceedingly abundant, very vcrsiform but in the main to be called utriform, far and away most cells fusoid to sub c) lindrit. pedicellate and with very obtuse apex, rarely with subapical constriction or forked ape>. (2 or even 4 apical protrusions), some cells (broadly) clavate, rarely sublagcntform. all cells thin-walled and very pale brown in NH 4 0 H I 0% or practically colourlm. ~la rginal celjs: gill edge sterile from a motley of cells: utriform pleurocystidia ( 50)x J J.lm, fairly numerous, in some parts predominating and intermixed with narrow

115 KITS VAN WAV ER EN: Additions to Psathyrella 347 l'"s Psathyrellamulricystidiata Carpophores (X I). - 4 I. Spores Basi dil Plcurocystidiogram Cheilocystidiogram. clavate and/or sublageniform cells, x 7.5- I 0 J.lm, in other pans either narrow clavate or sublageniform cells predominating, intermixed with only few to fai rly numerous utriform cells, oft en transitional forms, in some parts spheropedunculatc and clavate ctus x J.lm. predominating. Hymenophoral trama in basal part of gills strongly pigmented from yellowish brown membranal pigment, numerous yellow hypha! septa, 3nd numerous very small encrustations; pigmentation gradually decreasing towards edge. Pileipellis a 3-4 cells deep layer of globose, subglobose, obpyriform and a few my broadly ellipsoid colourless cells, J.lm diam. Babi ta t & d istr ibu t ion.- Terrestrial against small dead branch in humose ground of JXllh in very mixed deciduous wood (arboretum). Known only from type locality. Collec ti o n examined. Tim NF.TIIERLANDS. prov. Ovcrijsscl, Dcnckamp, 'Singraqo' (;uboretum ). 23 Oct. 1971, t.: K. v. Ill. (type, l.). The exceedingly abundant, large and in the main utriform pleurocystidia with very obtuse apex are distinctive. Psathyre//o nwlticystidiota resembles both P. fruswlema and P. obw sata because of the brown colour of its cap and gills, its abundance of pleurocystidia (most of which

116 348 P ER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, l>an 3, 1987 pale brown in NH40 H I 0%), its strongly pigmented hymenophoral trama and its pal~ spores. It differs from P. fmstulenta by its less strongly developed veil, its larger spores (mean values 8.1 x 4.5) which arc not phaseoliform and its in the main utriform pleurocystidia. It differs from P. obtusata (in which not infrequently the spores are almost of the same size as in P. multicysridiata) by its non-phaseoliform spores, which do not ha1t a germ pore (very small in P. obtusata), its much longer and differently shaped plcurocystidia and above all by its pattern of the cellular lining of the gill edge, which is not or the spadiceogrisea type as in P. obtusara. Psathyrella badia IGts van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Pileus 14 mm latus, conico-paraboticus, obscure badius, striatus, hygrophanus, in sicco sat p;suidt brunneus, parum subsulcatus, haud roscus. Velum album e fibrillis ct fascicutis parvis. 1onam pila marginalem 1 mm Ia tam formans, haud appendiculatum, et fibrillae in stipitis pane infcriori pauc:tt lamellae 2.5 rnm Jatae, vcntricosae, late adnatae, cincreobrunneae, acie albae. Stipes 20 x I mm. cylindraceus, cavus, sordide olbus, basi paulum radicatus, apicc pruinosus. Caro pile centro 5 rrm crassa, badia. stipitis alba. Sporae in cumulo non observatae, 7-8 x (4- )4.5-5.um. ellip ot d ro~. d euipsoidco ovoidcae, nee phascoliformes. obscure rubcllae, poro germinativo distmcto mumtae. I» sidia x8-9.5.um, clavota, 4-sporigera. Pleurocystidia x 10-15(- 17 S) JJ.1l S<1t numerosa, utriformia, tunica tenui pr.~e dita, colore carentia. Cellulae marginalcs: chciloqstidil pleurocystioidea x l um, sat numcrosa, chclloeystidia sphaeropeduncubus tt clavatis (- 22.5) x 6-10.urn intermlxta. Tram a larncllarum distincte colorata. PilcipclliH ccllulis haud colora tis formata. Terrestris in locis muscosis. Autumno. T ypus: The :>:ether la nds. pro Noord Holland, Castricum, 5 Oct. 1968, E. Kits van Wa1 eren (L). Cap 14 mm, conico-paraboloid, without umbo dark red-brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/ 4). striatt up to 2/3 from margin, hygrophanous, drying out to fairly pale brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 6!4). without pink, not micaceous, slightly radially sulcate. Veil white, form ing numerous fibrils and small fascicles on surface of cap in a I mm broad zone along entire margin of cap, not appendiculate; on lower half of stem scattered fibrils and a few fa scicles. Gills 2.5 mm broad, ventricose near margin of cap, then ascending, straight, conspicuous!)' broadly ad nate, at edge pale grey (Mu. 10 YR 6/1 ), towards base soon greyish brown {Mu. 10 YR 5/2), at base browner (Mu. 10 YR 4/3), with minutely fimbriate while edge. Stem 20 x I mm, cylindrical, hollow, sordid wh.ite, minutely longitudinally fibrillose striate, with very slightly rooting base (pseudorrh.iza 3 mm) and pruinose apex. Flesh oi cap in centre 0.5 mm t hick, reddish brown (c. Mu. 5 YR 4/3), of stem whitish. smell indist inctive. Trama of ' washed' gill distinctly pigmented, in basal2/ 3 of gill pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/4), in periphery paler (Mu. 10 YR 7/3). Spore print not record ~d. Spores 7-8 x ( 4- )4.5-5 f.llll (mean values 7.8 x 4.5 f.jm: I collection), ellipsoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, not phaseoliform, dark, in water dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6. 4/6). in NH40H 10% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/3) in KOH 5% dark sordid brown {~ l u. 10 YR 3/3); germ pore indistinct {callus), at most minute; hilar appendix small. Basidaa x f.lm, clavate, 4-spored. Plcurocystidia small, ( ) x (- 20) f.llll, moderately numerous, utriform, mostly with subapical constriction, somet imes fusoid, very ventricose and with very obtuse apex, thin-walled, colourless. Marginal cells: pleurocyst idio id ( utriform) cheilocystidia x I f.jm, rather numerous but- except in a few places- not densely packed, intennixed with many small 3nd unobtrusive spheropedunculate and clavate cells, ( ) x 6-10 pm: all cells thin-walled and colourless. Hymenophoral trarna very distinctly yellowish brown from

117 KITS VAN WAVEREN: Additions to Psotlzyrello 349 ngs hotllyrella badia Carpophore (x 1) Spores Basidia.-48. Plnuocysud10gr3m Chcilocystidiogram. membranal pigment with a fair number of yellow hyphal septa and many minute encrust UIOns. Ptleipellis a 2 3 cells deep layer of globose to subglobose, rarely broadly ellipsoid colourless cells, pm diam. Hab ita t & distribution. In moss of dip in coastal dunes. October. Known only rrom type locality. Collection examined. T il E NETHERLANDS, prov. Noord ll o lland, Castricum, COISW dunes of Amsterdam Wntcr Supply, 5 Oct K. v. Jll. (type. L). llfcau)c of the utriform shape of the cystidia, which on the gill edge arc numerous anj mtermixcd with very small spheropedunculatc and clavate cells, this species belongs to subsc.:tion Lutenses, in which the species is outstanding because of its small size and dark spores. PsathyreUa romseyensis Kits van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Plltas mm l:uus. comco-convcxus. convexus vel plano-convcxus. umbonat us. obscure!r.nnc.u. rubello unctus (an primo ccnuo badius) mwgincm versus paucscens. striatus. hygropha 1ft sk.:o pallide brunneus. colore rosco dcstitutus, nee ruttulosus, nee atomatus. Velum album ttt~c. ~v:tncs(;c ns. margine pilei, c fibnllis et fascjculis parvis formatum, nee appcndiculatum, fibril b pitc paucnc. Lamellae 3 5 mm l:ltae, ventncosae, late vel admodurn lute adnatac, obscure uhwue vel cincrcobrunncac, ac:ic albae. Stipes x 2-4 mm, cylind ra ce u~. cavus. sordidc llbus. d co r~um brunncsccns, cradicu tus. a pice pruinosus. Ca ro pilei cenuo mm crassa. obscure!rannca. SIIPIIIS sordide alba vel pallidc brunnca et brunncsccns dcorsum. Sporae in curnulo admo m oblcure badiac, x wn. cllipsoidcae. nonnullae phascoliforme1. m aqua obscrvatae 1.nnuoblunncac. poro gernunauvo indistincto munitac. Basidia x J,Lm. clavata. 4 spo IJiUl Pleurocvstid&a (30- )35-45 (- 50) x (7.5- )9 13 J.Lm. uuiform.i3. raro :~p i ce constricta. vulgo (;JO:clel ap1cc (:admodum) obtu~ ~el subobtusa, parum numerosa. tenuitunicata, ~ inc colore vel d :11.Jdum dilu te brunnca m NH 4 0H 10%. CeUul:lc m:ugin;~les: cheilocystidia pleurocystidioidca

118 350 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, I X 7.5- I 2.5 J.tm, abundantia, ceuulis sphcropcdunculatis ct cla va tis X Jl3 inter mixta, tenuitunicata et sine colore, numerosa. Trama lamcllarum colorata. Pileipcllis e ctulllis formata. Tcrrcstris, subcacspitosa vel solitaria. Typus: Brittannia, Hamsphire, cw l orcst. RomSt}, II Sept. 1971, E. Kirs van Waver en (L). Etymo logy: Named after the village of Romsey. Cap mm, conico-convex to convex or plano-convex, with umbo, very dark brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 3/2; 10 YR 3/2} with reddish hue (in early stages probably dark reddish brown) or dark brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4} at centre, elsewhere paler, greyish bro'o\o (Mu. 10 YR 5/2} or acorn-coloured, striate up to 2/3 from margin, hygrophanous, dr; ing out to pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/4), shghtly darker at centre, without pink. neithf: rugulose nor micaceous. Veil white, rudimentary, forming many or only a few fibrils and small wicker-works of fibrils in a 1 mm broad zone along margin of cap, not appendiculate, fugacious; few scattered fibrils on stem. Gills 3-5 mm broad, ventricose. broadly to very broadly ad nate without tooth, more or less tobacco-colou red or greyish bro~o (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4; 10 YR 5/2, 5/3, 5/4), with white edge. Stem x 2-4 mm, cylindrical or slightly thicker towards base, hollow, whitish (but see observations). minutely longitudinally fibrillose striate from a thin whitish layer, pruinosc at apex; base rwt rooting, covered by down. Flesh of cap in centre mm thick, dark brown (Mu. 10 YR 3/3) of stem whit ish (but see observations); smell indistincuvc. Trama of washed' gill pigmented (but see observations). Spore print very dark reddish brown. Spores x J..lm (mean values x J..lm: 2 collections). ellipsoid, adaxiajiy nattened but a number of spores slightly but distinctly phascoliform,in water orange-brown {Mu. 5 YR 5/8, 4/8}, in NH 4 0 H 10% dark brown (Mu. 5 YR4f4, 4/6), in KOH 5% sordid brown (Mu. I 0 YR 5/3, 4/3), with indistinct germ pore (callus} 0000 U 00 l\ 0 r{)nt) 0 nq 0 o.ooo u.p Ovv..u v ~ ~00 Figs. 50- SS. Psarhyrello romseyemis. - SO. Carpophorcs (x 1 ), Romsey. II Sept Sl ld.. Dclden, 23 Sept Spores Basidia Plcurocystiodiogram - 55 Chtl locystidiogram.

119 KITS VAN WAVERE1 :Additions to Psorhyrelfo 35 1 and distinct hllar appendix, not opaque. Basid ia x pm, clavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia {30- )35-45 (- 50} x (7.5- )9-13 pm, utriform but very few with subapical constriction, most cells being fusoid with (very) oblllse to subobtuse apex, with broad pedicel, little numerous, thin-walled. colourless or very pale brown in NH 4 0 H 10%. Marginal cells: pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia x J.Lm, abundant or merely numerous and then in some areas crowded, intermixed with fairly numerous sphcropedunculate and clavate cells, x J.Lm; all cells thin-walled and colourless. Hymenophoral trama pigmented {but see observat ions). Pileipellis a 2-3 cells deep layer of globose and subglobose cells, J 5-40 pm diam., very pale brown in NH %, practically colourless. Habitat & distribution.- Terrestrial (found in dry soil of a heath, also in moss), solitary or subcaespitose. September. Co llections examined.-creat BRITAIN, Hampshire, New Forest, Ampficld Wood nw Romsey, 11 Sept K. v. Ill. (type. L).- T HE NhTIIERLANDS, prov. Ovcrijsscl. Dtlde.n, Bornse suaatweg near ice rink. 23 Sept ::. K. v. IV. (I.). This species in some respects resembles P. noli-tangere but differs from that species by its habitat (not in marshy areas), its slightly robuster habit, the presence of an umbo, its l'ery broadly adnate gills, its smaller, narrower and little numerous pleurocystidia, which moreover are very infrequently provided with a subapical constriction, and its spores not having a distinct germ pore. At fust we were relucta nt in concluding the specimens of the British co llection (4 subcaespitose specimens on a heath) and the Dutch coijection ( I solitary specimen in wet moss) to represent one and the same species. In the end we decided that they may be regarded as such, chieny because sizes, shape, colour, and germ pore (callus) of the spores and sizes and shapes of pleurocystidia and pleurocystidioid cheilocystid ia in both collections were precisely the same, while most macroscopical characters (size, umbo, rudimentary veil, broadly adnatc gills) also were fully identical. There were three differences between the two collections: (i) In the Dutch specimen the nesh of the stem was clearly pigmented, the result being that while the thin superficial layer of the stem rendered the upper half of the stem whitish, the lower half was increasingly brownish towards the base, the fibrils of the thin layer increasingly disjoining towards the base and therewith increasingly exposing the brown colour of the stem, which in its upper half was yellowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/4), lower down gradually darker towards the base (Mu.IO YR 3/3). In the British collection the nesh of the stem was very pale brown. (ii) In the Dutch specimen the hymenophoral trama was little pigmented ('washed' gill pale brown, Mu. 10 YR 7/4, paler towards the edge, sub micr. very pale brown, without yel ~w hypha! septa and encrustations) whereas in the Brit ish material this trama was distinctly pigmented ('washed' gill with very vague yellowish brown anastomosing tissue strands running from base almost to edge through the in itself pale brownish grey, paler than Mu. 10 YR 6/2, gill tissue and sub micr. distinctly brown with few yellow hypha I septa and here and there minute encrustations). (iii) The Dutch specimen grew in wet moss, the British speci mens in the dry soil of a sandy heath. Considering the great variability of pigmentations in Psothyrella and the doubtful importance here to be attached to the difference in habitat as only two collections were

120 352 P E RSOONIA Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 available, we let the striking similarity of the macro- and microscopical fea tures between the specimens of our two collections overrule these three differences. Obviously more collections are needed for further observation. For a comparison of P. romseyensis with P. dennyensis (in sect. 1/ydropllilnc) see the discussion under that species. SECT I ON P F. NNATA E REVISED KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION PENNi\TJ\ 1" I. Veil very strong!) to suongly developed: no red underlining of gill edge: cystidia without oil) mdu sions: 2. In coastal dunes. behind fore dunes. amongst Ammophila, Carex :~nd Fcsruca. <pore< 9-10 (- 11 ) x JD11 (but sec fust 9; also in dunes but gill edge red underlined and >JlOtC> 7-9 X ~11) P. j /cxis{hjiq 2. Not as above: 3. Pleurocystidia vcnt.ricose-fusoid. tapering too subacute, acute or ve ry :1cute ape~. >lightl)' thick-walled. distinclly (pale) brown i.n NII40II 10 %. with refractive wall: 4. On burnt ground; pleurocystidia x ~m. with cry acut~. Sh3rply pointed apex: spores x m, without germ pore... I' pemuua 4. Not on burnt g1ound, terrestrial: pleurocystidia x ~m. "ith sub3cutt to acute apex; spores with gezm pore: 5. Spores 8-10 x ~ P. arrcmisiac v:ji.arttw:iri&t 5. Spores (- 8) x ~nn P. ortemisiae v:ji. mrtrorporc 3. Plcurocystidia ventricose-fusoid with subobtusc to subacute apex. with wall ncuher rhick coed, nor refrnctivc, not distinctly (pale) brown in N %: 6. Distinctly pink in drying cap P. impexa (,cc abo p. 368) 6. No pink in drying cap (sec alsop. rostelloto, p. 365) P. [rinii I. Veil rudintent:jiy or thin. only rarely at most moderately developed, fugacious: 7. Pleurocystidia and plcurocystidioid cheilocystidin with one large oily inclu~io n and r a ie,. sm:illcr one '. ~c>ss. pin~ 7. Cystidia without oily inclusions: 8. Ca.rpophorcs on culms of Phrogmitis, Scirpus just above water level (sec aho 1'. olml'mrru) I~ M>ii 8. Not as above: 9. Gill edge red unde.rlined; sphcropcdunculatc and claylltc chcilocy~ ud a l:ugc ( x urn) and abundant: spores 7 9 X lllll (lf spores 9-11 x sec /~ murcido. ): 10. Pin k in drying cap: spores (mean values 8.1 x ). ellipsoid, d:uk. wi1h 'm3ll(c 1 wn wide) germ pore: plcurocystidioid cheilocystidia moderately nmncrous P. cllllltllli! 10. No pink in drying cap; s pore~ (mc:1n values 8.7 x 5.4 lllll) cllip)ojd but ) distinctly ovoid, with distinct (c. 1.8 ~m wide) germ pore: plcurocysud o d chtll~ cystidia few in number P Jum:rtJm 9. Gill edge not red underlined (cxoept rarely in P. murcida): II. Qupophores minute: cap 3-9(- 11) mm: stem mm long. 12. Basidia 2-sporcd: plcurocystidia not mucronate.... P. p C"rpusilla. p. 35 ~ 12. Ba idia 4-spored: pleurocy)tidia mucronate. subcapitatc or forked P. mimrrissima. p. ) Carpophores la.rger:

121 KITS VAN WAVERJ:.N Additions to PsothyreikJ Rather large central nrc:~ of c:~p becoming conspicuou.~ly warm ochre-brown during process of drying: 14. Spores 10-I I.S x S.S JlfTI, very dark, opaque; basidia subspheropedunculatc; pleurocystidin S(- 75) x S JDn, lageniform with long. narrow neck P. dicrani 14. Sportl smaller x m. <br k. subopaquc or not opaque; basi dia clavate: IS. Pleurocystidia 55-7S(- 88)x(8- ) 10-12( 15)JlfTI, narrowly fusoid or lagcn1form P. fulvescen$ IS. Pleurocystidia 3S- SS(-60)x(8-)10-15(- 17.S) ~m. fusoid or sublageniform P.fulvescens var. brevicystis 13. Cenual area of cap not conspicuously browning during prooess of drying (but if spores very dark and opaque and basidia subsphcropcduncubte. see P. di cram): 16. Carpophores densely caespitosc, with long stems nnd relatively small c:~ps P. multipedata 16. Not lis above: 17. Spores large (mc:~n values 9.6- IO.S x S ~m): large species from Fagus woods; cap mm;stem x3.5-6 mm P rcida 17. Spores smaller (mc:~n values 7-9.S x3.9- S.S JlfTI) and smaller spe cies: 18. Carpophorc on dead wood from deciduous trees... P. senex 18. Carpophores tcrresuial, in gjass, moss, or clayey soil, often nttached to sprigs or wooden debris hidden in the ground (compare also P. twickelensis in subsect. Lutenses with plcurocystidia doubtfully utriform): 19. Medium-s1zed pecie~. robust; c:~p 30 mm; stem 64 x 4 mm P. ploddensis. p Smaller. usually more slender species; cap 8-2S mm; stem J 7 60( 7S) x l.s- 3 mm: 20. Spores pale, in water pale yellowish brown to orange (Mu. 7.5 YR 6/8. S/8, 5 YR S/6, 6/6); spheropedun cubte and clavate c h cilo l.-ystid~alarge, S x JllTI, abundant ; pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia few; pleurocystidia vcntricosc-fu~oid, 3S- 7 S x 9-1 S JlfTl; spore print some shade of brown: 21. Spores small (mean ~alues x 4.S- 4.9 ~ ); pleurocystidio d cheilocystidia scarcc,rarely locally or along cnti.re edge somewhat more; plcurocystidin ventricosc-fusoid, sublagcniform, 3S- 7S x 9-15 JlfTl P. obtusota. p Spores larger (mean value$ 8.7 x S.2 pm); pleuro cystidio d chcilocystidia as under first 21 but in very small ~tretch adjoining stem suddenly num erous; wh1le sphcropcdunculate and c l:tv~te cells less numerous and smaller; pleurocystidia narrowly fusoid to subcyll ndri c:~ l, S0-6S x I 0-12 ~l P. vymwyensis, p. 3S9 20. Spores dark. in water dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6), spore print purplish blllck.

122 354 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. I 3, Para 3, Spheropcdunculatc and clavate ch.:-aloq 11dsJ large, X #Ill, numtrou', plcurocystidioid chcilocystidia sc:~nt}'. 'J'O:r> a.:: elongate (mean ' 'ajucs x ,.!Ill P. S<',l'lllOIIItrllll 22. Spheropcdunculatc and C'lavato.:.:hcilo\) \Uc!a small, X 5-10 #Ill, unobuu <a,~. pltu.~ cystidioid cheilocystidla numcrou'. 'P.'r~-s rio> ga te (mc:~n vnjues x Pill) /' oall::' Psathyrella perpusilla Kits van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs PIJcus 3-5( - 8) mm. parabolicus. striatus, obscure badio cinereo brunneus, h> grophlnj' in SIM centro pnjiidc ochraceus. marginem versus pallcsccns, colore roseo dest itutu ~. cxnnic ma c~'cuo.lf\'1- tcr rugulosus. Velum album, primo dense mcmbrlnaceum. pileum ct stipitc conjugcns. ti b1 ill.t' nurnm sus pilei marginem formans. Lamellae 1.5 mm latae, ventrlcosnc, late adnatac. obscure:- lxldmc. l 1! albae. Stipes x mm, cylindroccus, njbus, crodicatus, apicc p ruinu~u,. Ouo palca t wn:l tcnuis. concolor, stipitis alba. Sporac in cumulo obscure purpurco ( 10) x (5- )S S- 6 S, late cuipsoldcae, haud ph3seoli.formes, in aqua observ:nae obscure badi3c. poro germinaii'o U #tn munitac. S:ls.idia x ~~. clavata, 2 sporigcra. Pleurocystidi:l St - 501x pm, moderatim numerosa, lagcniformia vel sublageniformia. couo subcylindraccu pa3cdiu, tenui-tunlcata. Cellulae marginajes: cheilocystidia plcurocy)tidioidea ( " 7.S IG (-12.5) #m numcrosa, ccllulis sphac.ropcdunculatis ct ci.:iyllt is, I 5-20( ) x pm inrn mix1a. Trama lamcllarum colorata. Pileipcllis c ccllulis formata, nee colorata. Tcrrcstrl>. an rem:: ar&illosam inter graminis in silva frondosa (;linus, Populus). solitaria. Typus: The cthcrbn<h. rr01 Noord-Holland, Amsterdam Wood, 24 July 1962, E. Kits ~ o11 Wovcren ( l ). Cap 3-5(- 8-11) mm, paraboloid or conico-paraboloid, when moist stnatc up to 1/2-2/3 from margin, dark reddish-greyish brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/2: 7.5 YR 4/ ~) \l ith purplish hue, soon browner (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4), hygrophanous, rapidly drying out to p3ll greyish ochre (Mu. 10 YR 7/4) at centre, paler (Mu. 10 YR 8/4) towards margu1 on:u taceous (Mu. 10 YR 6/2, 7/3), without pink, strongly micaceous, not or onl) slrght~ rugulose. Veil distinct, in very young specimens forming a dense neccc. conncctmg stem with margin of cap, at maturity leaving many white minute fibrils and wtckcr-worksoi fibrils in a I mm broad zone along margin of cap and scattered isolated fibrils fur the r u~ even at apex, also at base of stem. Gills 1.5 mm broad. ventricose. broadly ad nate. iu$1 pale. later dark chocolate (Mu. 2.5 YR 5/2; 5 YR 4/2), with white. minutely fi mbrutt edge. Stem x mm, cylindrical with distinct very sm:~ll bulb at ba~. somt times springing from a minute, disc-like structure, white, in lower part isabcllinc. ho~ low. not rooting; apex distinctly pruinose. Flesh of cap in centre very thin. co n~o lor ous. of stem white. Trama of 'washed' gill in basal2/3 of gill pale yellowish hrown (Mu 75 YR 7/6) in periphery paler (Mu. 10 YR 7/3), without red underlining of gill ed~e. Spm print not recorded. Spores 8.0-9(- 10) x (5 ) J,Jm {mean values x J,Jm: 4 ro~ Jections), broad-ellipsoid to ovoid, adaxially flattened. in water dark orange-red (Mu. 2.5 YR 4/6, 3/6), in Nll % dark brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/3, 4/4, 3/4). 111 K0115 '< dark sordid brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/2), not opaque to subopaque, with distinct gwn pole (c. 1.5 J.lm) and distinct hilar appendix. Basidia x J,Jm. clavate. ~ - spore~ (very few!-spored basidia seen, accounting for the presence of very few. vcr) hrtt spores, e.g. I I x 7.0 J,Jm). Plcurocystidia {- 60) x J,Jm. fairl> nurlkr

123 KITS VA N W;\VI'.REN : Additions to Psathy rd/a 355 l l;s Psotllyrdla ~rpusm.a Carpophorcs (x I ). Amsterd3m Wood. 13 June 1961 llld N July Spores. Amstercbm Wood, 24 J uly ld Oo t Flevobnd, 12 lbrch Bastdi3. ;\ mstercbm Wood, 24 July ld.. Oost Flcvoland. 12 March Plcurocystidlogr3m, 24 July ld.. 12 Marcl Otcilocystidiopam. 24 July ous IJgeniform 10 sublageniform or fusoid, with cylindrical to subcylindrical and some ttmes long neck ( 4-5 J.lrtl thick) and subacute to acute apex, passing gradually into ven to:ost cell body, with relatively broad and distinct pedicel, thin.walled. colourless. Mar gina I cells: plcurocyst idioid cheilocystidia, ( 45) x ( 12.5) pm, numer ous. often even densely packed, intcnnixed with moderately numerous spheropeduncu. late and clavate cells, 15-20( 22.5) x pm; all cells thin.walled and colourless. llymenophoral trama in Nll % sub micr. pale but distinctly (part icularly at base) yellowtsh brown from membranal pigment, with ncar base a few and at base a fair num ber of yellow hypha! septa, without encrustations. Pileipellis a 2 3 cells deep layer of globose. olourless cells, 25-40( 50).urn diam. ll abltat & distribution. Terrest rial in cidycy soil, against small dead prigs in dtdduous woods (AI11ttS, Populus) between thin grass. Very rare. Col lections ex a min e d.-tiii:. NCHIER LANDS: prov. :-;oord HOII3nd. Amsterd3m. AmsterdJ m \\'uod, 13 June Sept & 24 July 1962 (type},/-., K. '' Ill. (L): pro v. Fie Oland, Oolt Hcvoland, Wiscntbos (lot K 85). 12 March D. Tjol/ingii Bcukers: Lelystad, Zui,rrpla' Clot A 62). I 5 June P. B. Janren. Not recorded from France und British Isles. Tlus species is charactensed macroscopically by tts exceedingly small size of the ~r pophore :JOd its bulbillate stem, microscopically by its 2 sporcd basidia, and broad spores.

124 356 P 1:. R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Port 3, 1987 Psathyrella minutissima Kits van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Pileus 4-9 mm latus, conicus vel parabolicus. pallide navo brunneus sed mar!;incm \'ersus d nmobrunneus, pcrsuiato-sulcatus, hygrophanus, in sicco pauidc brunneus, colore rosco dcstllutus. n«atomatus, parum rugulosus. Velum album. initio pileum obvolvcns, fugacissimum dcntum 3 p1leo abseedens, stipitis nd basim parum. Lnmellne I mm la tae. s ubventricos:~c, late ndnatnc. ctncrco pji pwcac, acicalbac. Stipes x mm,cylindraccus, basi parum in cra ssatu~. cradicalll>. pjuidt brunncus, a pice pruinosus. CHo cenuo pilei I mm crassa, brunnc:~, stipitis :tlba. Sporac in ~umu~ obscure brunnc:~e, 8-10 x pm, ewpsoide:te vel ellipsoideo~voideae, nee phas.:ohformcs. nt; opac:us, nee obseurac, in aqub observata rubbelo-aurantiacae, poro germinativo di$tincto (1.5- I.S pm) munitae. Oasidia x 8-10 JJm, cl.nvnw, 4-sporigcrn. Pleurocystidiu x (- 20) JJm, S:lt numeros:1, subl.:lgeniformia vel fusiform in, apice subacuta vel o btusa, sacpc m um>iui~ vel sub c:~pit3tn fu rc3ta, tenui-tunic3ta, colore dcstituta. Ccllul.:le marginalcs: e oo~ dlis nunwosl) ~n Stnntcs et ecllulis spheropcdunc:ulntis parvis (7.5- ) x 5 - l 0 pm ctiam cellulis sph.. c rop 'llu r <~: Ia tis majoribus, (-30) x ( 20) ~n. chcilocystidiis sparsis vcrsifornubus pl~rum4tt tenui tunicatis. dccoloratisque intcrmixtis. Trama lamellaium colorata. Pileipcllis c cc ll uli~ form~u Tcrrestris solitario, inter ramc:ntjs silvarum (Quercus. Fagus}. Autumno. T ypus: The Ncth<rbnd<. prov. Noord IIOU3nd. Ovcrvc:cn, 'Eiswout', 25 Oct. 1980,. Kits van Waveren (l). Cap 4-9 mm, conical or paraboloid, central half or two third pale yellowish bro11n (Mu. 10 YR 6/4-5/4), peripheral half or one third greyish brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/ ~). striate-sulcate up to half-way from margin, hygrophanous, drying out to ver) pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 8/3), at centre ochreous yellow, without pink, not micaceous. slight I) rugu lose. Veil white in primordium (total length of stern + height of cap 2 mm) cov~r i ng entire cap with a whitish, silvery coating, inserting on stem, very fugacious, at m3turity absent from cap but on basal half of stem as scattered minute fibrils. Gi lls I mm bn:>jd, slightly ventricose, rather broadly ad nate distant. greyish purple (Mu. 5 YR 5/ 'Y.). \\ith white edge. Stem x 0.75 I mm, cylindrical, slightly thicker at base, not rooting. very pale brown, minutely longitudinally fib rillose striate, at apex rather coarsely prutn ose. Flesh of cap in centre I mm thick, brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/4), in stem whuc. lo" er down very pale brown. Trama of ' washed' gill pale yellowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 7f~ ). gradually paler towards edge. Spore print very dark brown. Spores 8-10 x !Jm (mean values 8.6 x 5.1!Jm: 1 collection). ellipsoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, not phaseolifonn, not dark, in water reddish yellow, orange (Mu. 5 YR 5/6) in NI1 40H 10% brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/4) with reddish hue, in KOII 5%sordid brown {Mu. I 0 YR 5/3), not opaque, with distinct germ pore ( /Jm) and small hil3r appendix. Basidia x 8-10 /Jill, clavate, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia 45 io x (-20) IJ.m, rather numerous, sublageniform to fusoid with fairly short and broad or longer and narrower ( I 0-15 x pm) pedicel and subacute. subobtusc or obtuse and often mucronate or subcapitate or lobed (forked) apex, thin-walled. colour less. Edge of gill heteromorphic: numerous immature and rather few mature bjsidrj intermixed with (i) many small spheropcdunculate cells, (7.5- ) I 0 15 x 5 10 J111l3nd only few and scattered larger sphcropcdunculate cells, 20 25(- 30) x 1:?.5 15(!OJ pm, some of the latter cells slightly thick-walled and very pale brown in ' li ~O II IO r.f. {u) relati vely few and scattered (in a few places somewhat more) versiform sublagcnifonn or fusoid cheilocystidia, 35-50(- 55) x 10 IS J1m with subobtusc or obtu c. rard) forked apex and short, broad pedicel. and (iii) some broadly ellipsoid to utriform drcijo. cystidia, x 20 IJ.m: far and away most cells thin-walled ancl colourless in 1 ll:oh 10%. Hymenophoral trama pale brown from membranal pigment. paler towards edge. no yellow hypha! septa or encrustations. Pileipellis a two cells deep layer of colourkss globose and subglobose cells, pm diam.

125 KITS VAN WAV EREN: Additions to Psorhyrella F~s Psorhyrello minutissimo C3rpophorcs (X I) Spores Basidia Plcurocy tidiogram O tcilocystidiogram. Habitat & d is tributio n.- Solitary, against dead branch o n the ground in deciduous woods (Quercus and Fagus). Known only from type loca lity. Collectio n e xa m i n e d.- T II E N T IIERLANDS, prov. Noord Ho lland. Overveen, estate 'Elswout'. 25 Oct (5 specimens),. K. v. Ill. (type. L). Psathyrella ploddcnsis Kjts van Wav., spec. nov.- Figs Pileus 30 rnru latus, conico convexus. recens obscure badius. perstriat us, hygrophanus. in sicco pauidc brunncus. haud roscus. Velum album, e fibrillis vel fasciculis numerosis in zonam pilei margi mlem 8 nun Ia tarn for mans. haud appcndiculaturn, ct fibrillae in stipite paucae. Lamellae 4 nun 13tae. ad prlci margmcm vcntricosac, alibi rcctae adscendentcs. late adnatae. basi brunncac, acicm versus c:inensccntc,. acie albae. Stipes 65 x 4 mm, cylindraccus, crad.icatus a pice pruinosus. cavus. albus. Cuo pdei centro 2 mm c r:1ssa. obscure brunncus, stipitis a pice brunncus. alibi pallide brunnca. Spo ru in cumulo purpurco atrae, 7-8 x p.m. cllipsoidcac, haud phaseoliformes, in aqua obscrvata obscur~ b3di:le. poro germinativo parvo instructa c. Basidia x pm, clavata. 4 sporigera.

126 358 P R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13. Prut 3, 1987 Pleurocystidia (35- )40-50 x I 0-15 (- 17.5).urn. sat numerosa, ventricoso fusoidca, ap1cc subacilu vel subobtusa, tcnui tunicata. Cellulae margindics: chcilocystidi:l plcurocystidioidb ct ) ubla~~nifor mil x (-15).um. abundanti:l, interdum confertissima, ccllulis sphczopeduncubuul c!jtvatis x S- 1.5.um immixta. Trama lamcllarum distincte colorata. Pil1:1pdlis r ctll>ll:l formata. In muscos udos sub Befllla. Typus: Scotia, lnvcrncssshirc, Tomich, Plodda l aus. 10 SepL E. Kits van Waveren (L). Etymo logy: Named aftcz the type locality. Cap 30 mm, conico convex, when fresh dark reddish brown (Mu. 5 YR 3/4). r~d \try soon disappearing, then becoming dark warm brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 4/4). with extremt margin slightly extending beyond gills and whitish, strongly striate up to 2/3 from mar gin, hygrophanous, drying out to pale brown without pink, neither micaceous nor rugu lose. Veil white, leaving numerous fibrils, isolated and fascicu lated in a 8 mm brood marginal zone of cap, not appendiculate, and loose scattered fibrils on stem. Gills 4 mm broad, ventricose near margin of cap, then straight and ascending, broadly ad nate. bro~nish (Mu. 10 YR 5/4) at base, becoming greyer towards edge, in periphery pale brownish grey, with white edge. Stem 65 x 4 (apex) x 5 (base) mm, cylindrical, not rooting. hoi low, white, glossy, named, with minute longitudinal fibrillose striation, pruinoscatapcx. Flesh of cap in centre 2 mm thick, dark brown (Mu. I 0 YR 4/4), of stem alongs1de g~ls brownish (Mu. 10 YR 4/4), lower down very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/ 3) but n~rar.d in base darker, entire stem covered by a thin whhe superficial layer. Trama of.,,ashtd' gills brownish yellow in a very narrow strip at base. in basal 1/ 3 pale brown (:.lu. 10 YR 7/4), elsewhere very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/3). Spore print purplish black O Q~ DOOQ 0 0~~~ DO Figs Psarhy rella ploddensis Clrpophorc (X 1) Spores Uas1d1) PlcurocyMidiogram eilocystidiogr3m.

127 KITS VA, WAVFRF.N: Addrtions to Psothyrt lla 359 Spores 7 8 x 4.5-S pm (mean values 1.8 x 4.6 pm: I collection). ellipsoid. adaxially Jbttened, dark. m water dark red (Mu. 2.5 YR 3/6) in NH 4 0H 10% dark brown {Mu. 5 YR 4!4, 3/4), In KOH 5% dark sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 4/3. 3/3). with distinct but small germ pore (c. I pm) and small but distinct hilar appendix. Basidia x clavate. 4-spored. Pleurocystidia (35 )40 SOx 10 IS( 17.5) pm, fa irly numerous, ventricose fusoid to sublageniform. with short and fairl y broad pedicel and sub 2eute to subobtuse apex, thin-walled, colourless. Marginal cells: pleurocyst idioid cheilo C)'Stid a x 1.5 I 2.5( I 5) J,.tm, densely packed. intermixed with many unobtru si"e small spheropedunculate and clavate cells S x S- 7.5 pm; all cells thin-walled and colourless. Hymenophoral trama distinctly brown from membranal pigment, partie ularly in basal 1/3 and there with many yellow hypha! septa and minute encrustations. Pde1pelhs a 2 3 cells deep layer of globose and subglobose in NH40H I 0% colourless or 1 ery p3le brown cells. IS 50 J,.tm diam. Habitat & distribut ion. In very wet moss under Beudo. September. Known on!) from type locality. Colltclion c:umtncd.-scotla D. lnverncssshuc. Tomich. Ptodda bus. 10 Sep , E K. r Ill. (lype, L). Psatlrrretla ploddensis is a rather robust but otherwise uncharacteristic species, which because of the size of its dark spores and fusoid to sublageniform pleurocystidia belongs to stet ion Pemwtae. Ps:uhyrella vymwyensis Kits van Wav., spec. not.- figs Pik"s 17 mm LUlU, 10 mm altus. oblusc comcu~ c' umbonale. cen1ro brunneus m:ij'gmem versus 101c!Jdc brunnciu, nnalu~. hygophanus. m stcco admodum paujde brunneus, aptce fbvidus. colore roseo dc>iiiuiu'i. subatomatus e1 subrugosus. Velum :~lbum. e fibrillis et fuciculis fibri llosi minutis cbssemamm mazgmcm pilei formatum. Lamcll:~c btac. ad pilei margincm vcntrico)iic. alibt rcc ue. 2d~o:enden1u, ble :~dn:uac. acic :~lb:lc. Stipes 40 x 2-3 mm, apicc albus. dconum palhdc brun ntus. cjvus. 3picc pruinosus. Caro pilei centro 2 rnm crassa. concolor. caro ) lipilas aptcc alba. deor f-11'1 p;~lhdt brunnc:a. Sporac in cumulo obscure brunncnc. 8-9 x JJnt, clhpsotdc:a e nonnullae 11.\ plu~liforrnes. nrc obscurac, in aqu:~ ob crva1a nuranliacac. haud o pacac. poro gcrminativondmo dum p;lf\'0 B.utdia X 7-10 JJIIl, cla vata, 4 ~po rigc ra. l'tcuroc) Stidia (45- )50 65 X S ;nn, abundan1i1, :anjotu\lc fusiformia, apace oblusa. subobiu"<~ \'CI subacuta, brcv1 pedtcc:ll:~ta, renuhunicu~. colore: dcsliluta cellulae. Cellulae margmales: ccllul3e sphcropedunculalae ct clavai3c pmbundlnlts x Jtm, crcbcmmae. chctloc) Siidus lageniformibus. sublnt;cnifor mabjs\d fu\tform t bu~ (-45) x pm parvulus sed juxta su pcs confcrtis in1ermix1ac. T1U12 bmdbrum colorata Pilerpcllis c ccllulis form:ll3. Tcrrestus. sub l agus. Typus Bri11aniea. V11ks. pro'. Pol\)'\, Lake Vyrn... y, 29 AuJ Kits von Wavtren (L). Et) molojy. '1mcd af1er the I}'J)C loc:ality. Cap 17 mm broad, 10 mm high. obtuse conical without umbo, central half warm brov.n ( ~l u. 7.5 YR S/4) with reddish. peripheral half sord id brown (Mu. 10 YR S/4). stuate up to 2/3 from margin, hygrophanous, drying out to yellowish (Mu. I 0 YR 8/6) at apex, very pale brown (Mu. 10 YR 8/4) towards margin. palest (Mu. 10 YR 8/4) at margin, without pink, slightly micaceous, not rugu lose but distinctly, be it slightly, sulcate Veil white, fo rming here and there minute fibrils and small wicker works of librils close to margin of cap. not appcndiculate. not seen on stem. Gills 4 mm broad. vcntrirost near margin of cap. then straight. ascending. broadly adnate, with white. fimbria te tdgt Stem 40 x 2 (apex) x 3 (base) mm, gradually thickening towards base. white at tjlt>. om 3 d1stancc of 8 mm. lower down J)ale brown, hollow. at apex pruinose. at base

128 360 P ER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 ooooo.ooo ooo,.o 74 Figs P$11thyrello vyrmvyensis Qupohorc (X I) Spores $idi Plcurocystidiogram CheUocystidiogram. a. nror m3l'gin of cap. b. half way stcm. c. l djoining stem. strigose from white hairs. f lesh of cap in centre 2 mm thick, brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/.t) with reddish hue, of stem in apex wltite to very pale brown, browner towards base. yel lowish brown in the middle, pale bronze brown in base. Trama of 'washed' gill ''ery plle yellowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 7/3) from base to edge. Spore print dark brown. Spores 8-9 x J.!.m (mean values8.7 x 5.2JJ.m: I specimen). ellipsoid.ad3xtally flattened, few slightly phaseoliform, not dark, in water orange (Mu. 5 YR 5/6. 6:6). in NH 4 0H 10% yellowish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 5/8), in KOH 5% sordid olivaccou> brown (Mu. I 0 YR 6/4) with reddish hue, not opaque, with very small germ pore and small hilar appendix. Basidia x 7 10 JJ.m. clavate, 4-spored. J>leurocysudta ( 45 - ) x JJ.m, abundant, narrowly fu siform with obtuse. subobtusc or 3Cute apex and short pedicel, thin walled. colourless. Marginal cells: gill edge sterile from w;y large quantities of spheropedunculate cells, I x I J.l.lll. near mjrgin of cap densely packed and intermixed with only very few lageniform, sublagcniform or fusoid cheilocystidia, 30-40(- 45) x JJ.m, hajf.way towards stem slight ly in creasing in number, but suddenly in very small stretch adjoining stem, numerous. simul taneously the spheropcdunculate cells, although remaining distinctly in cvitlcnc~. b~ coming less numerous, smaller and more clavate; most spheropcdunculatc cell'. pjrtlc

129 KITS VA N WAVEREN: Additions co Psothyrello 36 t ularly those in the area of the margin of the cap slightly thick-walled and pale brown in NH 4 0H 10%. Hymenophoral trama very pale brown from membranal pigment, hardly any yellow hypha! septa, few minute encrustations. Pileipellis a 2-3 cells deep layer of colourless globose and subglobose cells, pm diam. and a few broadly ellipsoid cells 50 x 25 /-lffi. llabi tat & distribution.- On humus in rich soil under Fagus. Known only from type locality in Wales. Collection cxa mincd ,. K. v. II'. (type, L). BRITISH ISLES, Wales, county Powys, lake Vyrnwy, 29 Aug. In an nuempt to identify this species with Smith's (1972) keys, we arrived at P. agra riel/a. of which Smith states, unfortunately without giving pictures of carpophores and cells, that the plcurocystidia arc abundant, fusoid ventricose, x pm, that the spores have a small germ pore. Allowing for the great variabilit y of macroscopical characters within all species of Psarhyrclla- Smith's description of these characters in P. agrariel/a seems sufficiently to fit in with P. vymwyensis. But of the cellular lining o f the gill edge of P. agrariella Smith states 'chcilocystidia abundant, broad ly ventricose, mucronate or saccate, x I 0-16 pm, slightly yellowish revived in KOH in some.' This description unfortunately does not elucidate to which kind of cells it pertains as no distinction is made between on the one hand the lagcniform, sublagcniform and fusoid cheilocystidia and on the other hand the sphcropedunculate and clavate cells while the ratio between these two types of cells (very important in P. vyrmvyensis) is not mentioned. Moreover none of the marginal cells of P. vym wyensis were mucronate and in P. agrari('l/o the plcurocyst idia were more ventricose (up to J 4 pm) than in P. vyrmvyensis ( 1 ~.5 J)m: among the abundance of plcurocystidia we found only one cell of which the brcadt h was 14 pm and one in which it was 15 p m). As both size and shape of the pleurocystidia in P vyrmvyensis and the dark brown colour of the spore print (not mentioned by Smith for P. ograriclla) arc striking, it was decided to regard P. vymwycnsis as a species in its own right. RECE1 TLY DESCRiB ED NEW SPECIES FROM OUTSJDE THE AREA COVERED BY OUR MONOGRAPH (The data on macroscopical characters mentioned are taken from the original descriptions. The microscopical data mentioned arc from our own examination of the type material, except in the case of P. berolinense.) Psathyrclla berolinensc Gerhardt, IIOh. Pilze Langen Luch: 137, fig. 120, pl Descriptions & illustrations. Engel in PilzO. N. W.oberfrankcn 6: 95, pl. on cover. 1982: Gerhard t, Pilze I: , Kricgclstcincr in Z. Mykol. 49: ; Kuhicka in Z. Mykol. 48:

130 362 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vo l. 13, Pan 3, 1987 This small (cap 3 20 mm. stem x I 2 mm) coprophilous (boar dmpjhrgst Psotllyrella was discovered in Germany (Berlin.Crunewald, August <. cdt~rdt) Because of its small spores ( x J.lm) it would belong in section 1/ t clmpl:~ lae, but because of the presence of pileocystidia and other striking characters (Ctlprop\ ilous growth, small size, entirely pruinose stem, dark spores) it should perhaps be pb.~j in a new sect ion or be removed from Psothyrclla, e.g. to Coprinus subsect. S! tt!ltj\t. h b funhermore characterised by the presence of lageniform pleurocystidia (10 30 "~ 95 J.lm), cheilocystidia (size not given, no distinction given between pleurocystldii)jd chcdo cystidia and spheropeduncujate and clavate cells) and even pileocyst tdia (50 x II ;nr.). their numbers not given. We have not examined type material. Psathyrella ubumbrina Kits van Wav. & Orstadius in Persoonia 31: X<> This species, found in Sweden by Orstadius (Kjugekull, 22 Oct. 19 3). dtffcr> ircjt P. umbrina by its thick-set habit (stem IS 30 x 2-3 mm, cap 9 13mm), i t ~ ~ t c111 ~~~'Ill! a bulbous base, its strongly developed and in early stages consp ic u ou~l y appcnri cub1r veil and its slightly smaller spores (6.5 7 x J.llll, mean values 6.7 x 4.5 /Jill)" hich are provided with a rather striking oily drop in the centre. Because of the small Sill of the spores and the overall brown colours this species belongs to sect1on 1/rJr,. philo e. Psathyrella suavi.ssirna Ayer 111 Mycol. helv. I : cltariolens Enderle in Beitr. Kenntn. l'ilte Mitteleur. I: Pwtlll 1( /b ur This remarkable species was first found by Ayer in 1971, later agam by him anj others in severo I Swiss localities. Like P. pcn elata, to which it is very clolte, 11 hj~ J lei} strongly developed veil but it differs from that species by its cap being 111 all < I Jg~ strikingly paraboloid (in the end with flattened centre) and never. like 111 P pcm lm. conical or conico paraboloid, while its colour is strong ochreous orange to bro \\ n-or3ngt (Mu. 5 YR 6/8, 5/8; 7.5 YR 6/8. 5/8): in P. perl'eloto the cap colour is p red~liiiu IJnt l) mouse grey, only in the beginning at centre pale ochre to pale brown. 1-urthcrmore P suavissima is characterised by a very strong smelj (of 1/ebeloma sacdumoltm) \\lui~ u; utriform pleurocystidia are smaller (37.S 45 x J.lm) and do not ha\c.1 \lbjp~ cal constriction. We examined the type (Swuzerland, Fribourg, Chatonn) c. ~0 \h~ 1980 (LAU)), in fact produced the line-drowings of the cystidia, depicted hr the ;~uthor Much later (between May and October 1983) Enderle found in German) ({.runmt~ fingen, forest 'llornle') 1 he very same species and published it provisionally a~ J ne11 species producing two kinds of spores (obviously mature and larger. paler. Jllllll3ture ones) under the name Psotltyre/lo soccltoriolens Enderle, nom. prov. ( Joe m.j The pleurocystidia being utriform and the utriform pleurocystidio1d che t lo~ysud;l being numerous this species belongs to subsection Lutenses.

131 KITS VAN WAVEREN: Additions to Psatltyrella 363 PsathyreUa stigmatospora C lcmen~on in Mycol. helv. I : A combination of three striking microscopical feat ures characterises this species of which we examined type material: (i) Spores small, 7-8 x JJ.ITl (mean values 7.3 x 4.6 Jllll) rather pale, in water reddish brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/8), in NH 4 0 H 10% warm brown (Mu. 5 YR 4/6), in KOIJ 5% sordid brown (Mu. 10 YR 4/4) with distinct germ pore and hilar appendix. (ii) Surface of most spores minutely but distinctly rough to punctate (oil immersion). (iii) Gill edge lined with abundant and densely packed spheropedunculate (majority) and clavate (minority) rather small cells, ( ) 15-20(- 25) x ( IS).um. intermixed with very few, easily overlooked, pleurocystidioid cheijo. cystidia x I um, some of which scarcely distinguishable from clavate marginal cells. Pleurocystidia (20-)25-40( ) x 9-15.um, numerous, in the main \'entricose-fusoid with short pedicel and obtuse to very obtuse apex, some utriform but without subapical constriction. Cap mm, paraboloid. brown, hygrophanous, drying out to very pale brown without pink; veil very distinct, white; floccu li at matu rity reaching up to half-way centre and appendiculate; gills 3 mm broad, not crowded, brownish. broadly adnate, with white edge; stem x 3 4 mm, cylindrical, not rooting, white; nesh of cap fairly thick, in centre 2-3 mm thick, sordid brown, of stem white but wall of cavity pale yellowish. Trama of washed' gill in NH 4 0 H I 0% almost colourless. in peripheral 1/3 very pale brown (Mu. I 0 YR 7/3) towards base slightly darker (Mu. 10 YR 7/4) and at base Mu. 10 YR 6/4. Spore print (Cicmenvon) dark brown. The average length of the spores (7.3.um)- 7.I.urn in the Swedish collection, see below brings this species in section Hydrophilae. Many spores in the Swiss collection were abnormally shaped, elongate or constricted. or/and provided with a protruding, drawn out apex. Clcmenyon- aware of this great variability of the spores, obviously due to abnormal development- very wisely deleted these spores in measuring their proper sizes. which he nevertheless still recorded as rather diverging (5.9-9 x j.lllt): he did not give mean values. We did and were careful in selecting only the darkest (=mature) spores of which the shape moreover could be regarded to be normal. In this way we arnved at the figure 7.3.um for the average length of the spores. The spores sub micr. being fairly pale, the spore print accordingly dark brown and the prevailing colour of cap and gills also having been described as brown, the species seemed to fit in well with those of section Hydroplziloe. The minutely but distinctly rough surface of most spores is a phenomenon hitherto not ) et described for European species of Psatlzyrello. A. H. Smith (1972: 35-42) described four species (P. eclziniceps, P. rugoceplzala, P. rigidipes. P. subcinomomeo) all of them having a distinctly. be it faint ly, rough surface. only just perceptible with the light microscope and comparable with the ornamentation in P. stigmatospora. In Lacrymario relwino and allied species this ornamentation is very much coarser. The characteristic pattern of the cellular lining of the gill edge would bring P. stigmatosporo in our subsection Spadiceogriseae, in which this species would be very close to

132 364 P E RSOON t A - Voi.I3,Part3,1987 (and in our key to that subsection would adjoin) P. casco. Having examined P. sflgmoto spora we immediately reexamined the two collections of P. casca mcmionci.l in our monograph ( 1985: 228). Our Dutch collection ( I Aug. 1974, the only one used for cal culating the mean values for the spore sizes as given in our monograph ; the Swed1sh col lection having been added much later, while the manuscript was already with the prin ter) had larger and perfectly smooth spores (mean values 7.7 x 4.5 J.«ll). larger plcuro cystidia ( 55) x J..lm. which. moreover. in the main were distinctly utri form with subapical constriction, while the marginal spheropedunculate and clavate cells also were distinctly larger, x (- 20) J.«Tl and intermixed with very few vent ric:ose-fusoid and also larger (25-40 x J.«ll) pleurocystidioid clh:ilocyst idia. To our very great surprise we next discovered on reexamination of the microscopical characters of the Swedish collection. mentioned in our monograph ( 1985: }30). that they were fully identical with those of P. srigmarospora and that. while examing that collection earlier, we had overlooked the ornamentation of the spores (of wh1ch the mean values for the sizes had been found to be 7. 1 x 3.9 J..lln). Pleurocyst idia and the pattern of the cellular lining of the gill edge were exactly the same as those of Clcmcnvon's P. srigmarospora. Tills Swedish collection therefore was wrongly mentioned ~sa collection of P. casca and is to be deleted from the paragraph 'collections examined' under that species. The last sentence of our exposition on P. casca is also to be deleted as it pertains to the Swedish collection of P. stigmatospora. The sizes given by Orstadius for the carpophores of his collection of P. srigmawspora are: cap mm; stem up to 80 x 7 mm, sometimes thickening towards it s base (10 mm); veil well developed, appendieulate, sometimes even forming a fugaciou s :wnular zone: gills light brown, 6-7 mm broad; spore print dark brown. Co llect ions examined.- Switzerland, Epalinges ncar Lausanne, Les L ~ isc ~. 3 June 1979 (type LAU, isotype L). Sweden, Skiine, Kjugekull, c. 15 km East of Kns tianstad. I June 1983 (herb. L. Orstadius 53-83, L). Psathyrella kitsiana Orstadius in Windahlia 16: The author found four specimens of this small species in Sweden, Skane. 'asum. Vastana, on 4 Oct. 1985, growing near an old trunk of Quercus (Orsradius 2 J 7- '5). Cap I 0- J 8 mm, conical to convex, strong brown, striate. Veil very strongly developed. both on cap and stem. Stem mm, pale brown. Gills subdistant, slightly ventricose. \'ery pale brown when young, then brownish. Spore print dark brown. The spcc1cs is durac terised by the curious and conspicuous shape of the spores, immediately leaping 10 the eye sub micr. They measure 7-8( - 9) x J..l01 (mean va lues 7.9 x 4.3,um) are in face view ellipsoid to sometimes subobovoid, conspicuously narrowing ncar base. in profit~ adaxiauy Oattened bu t in lower half usually strikingjy depressed and termin:uing m a conspicuously protruding hyaline hilar appendix. without germ pore (at most a callus). Basidia x J..lln, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia x ,um. num ~ r ous, utriform without subapical constrict ion, subutriform or fusoid with very obwse 10

133 KITS VAN WAVERE : Additions to PS4thyrella 365 subobtuse apex. Pleurocystidia cheilocystid ia x j.jm, numerous, spheropcdunculate and clavate cheilocystidia x I 0-20 J.lffi numerous. Hymenophoral trama practically colourless. Because of the size of its spores, its in the main utriform pleurocystidia and its pleurocystidioid chcilocystidia being numerous this species belongs to subsection l~ urenses. Psathyrella rostellata Orstadius in Windahlia 16: Of th1s species the author found four collections in Sweden of which he sent us two: Orstaditts , Skane, Opmanna. B6keniis,(Fagus forest) 12 Oct andorsradius , Skane, Benestad (on decayed mossy wood, probably Ulmus) 17 Oct Cap B- 30 mm. conico-<:onvex, dark brown, striate. Veil moderately to strongly developed on both cap (up to 2/3 from margin) and stem. Gills crowded, ventricose, adnate, light brown, wuh whjte fimbriate edge. Stem x 3-5 mm, wrutish, sometimes thick emng towards base. Spore print very dark brown, almost black. Spores 7 8 x ( 4-)4.5-5 JJOI (mean values X j.jm), ellipsoid, adaxiauy Oattened, not dark (in water yellowish brown), with distinct but small gem1 pore. Basidia x 7.5-9( 10) J.lnl. 4-spored. Pleurocyst idia x I J.Jm, abundant, fusoid-pedicellate 11ith subobtuse to subacute and often either mucronate or forked apex, practically colourless. thin-walled. Pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia x J.Jm, fai rly abundant. numerous spheropedunculate and few clavate cheilocystidia x J.lm. Hymenophoral tram a pigmented. Because of the size of its spores and the shape of its pleurocystidia this species belongs to section Pcnnarae. Because of its strongly developed veil it finds its place in the fttst half of our key to that section close top. friesii. It differs from P. friesii by the presence of both mucronate and forked pleurocystidia and its distinctly paler spores. P)3thyrclla ivoeensis Orstadius in WindahJia 16: or this ~pe c ies the author found three specimens in Sweden: Orstadius , Skane, lvo, growing at the base of an old Fagus tree on 7 Oct Cap mm, convex wh1le young. only sligluly spreading at maturity, brown. striate. Veil absent on cap, sparse fibrils on stem. Gills crowded. rather broadly ad nate, 3 mm broad, blackish brown, ~'lth edge coarsely funbriate. Spore print dark brown, blackish brown. Spores (- ) x J.lm (mean values 7.3 x 4 J.Jm), ellipsoid.adaxially flattened, some slightly phastohform. dark. in water orange. germ pore absent but callus. Basidia x 6-5 J.lrn. 4-spored. Pleurocystidia x 8 12 j.jm, modera tely numerous, narrowly fusoid, sublageniform or subcylindric with obtuse to subobtuse apex and wit h short and f3irly broad pedicel, sometimes with minute droplets or granules at the apex, staining pale blue Ill Nll %. Gill edge lined with a motley of very vcrsiform abundant and dtnstl}' packed clavate. utriform, subutriform, subcylindricaj, sublageoiform cheilocysudi.j x J.Jm (in the absence of spheropedunculate and small clavate cheilo-

134 366 P E RSOONIA Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 cystidia) many of which (particularly those near the margin of the cap) at their apex covered by a crown of refractive crystalloid mucoid material staining pale blue inl\ll 4 0H 10% but for the greater part dissolving in KOH 5%. Hymenophoral trama : mcdtosua. tum very pale brown in NH 4 0H I 0% from membranal pigment but subhymcnium (par ticularly at gill edge) very strongly pigmented from yellowish brown membraual prg ment with numerous yellow hypha! septa. Because of the small spores (mean length 7.3 J..lm) this species is to be ranked with those of section Hydrophiloe (the overall brown colours, the strongly pigmented hymenophoral tram a and the absence of a germ pore also fitting well in this section) in which it is outstanding because of the nature of the eel lutar lining of the gill edge and the mucoid material on the apices of many chctlocrs tidia, staining blue in NH 4 0H 10%. Having asked us to examine and identify his three new species discussed in the pres ent paper, Mr. Orstadius accepted our offer to use our complete microscopical dcscrip lions and line drawings for publication, but gave his own figures for the sizes of cysudil. basidia, and spores. In P. ivoeensis this resulted in a fundamental difference between hts and our findings with regard to the size of the spores, which we found to be 7-7.5(- ) x J..lm (mean values 7.3 x 4 J..lm) on account of which the species belongs to sc.: tion Hydrophilae (upper Hmit of length of spores 7.5 J..lm) whereas Crstadius found 7.~- 8 x J..lm (mean values 7.6 x 4 J.lm). Our figure of 7.3 J..lm is fu lly in keeping with the macroscopical characters of P. ivoeensis: brown cap and gills, spore-print blacktsh brown, spores brown sub micr., strongly pigmented hymenophoral trama even 11ith browner anastomosing strands running from base to edge when studied under the binoc ular lens on a ' washed' gill. In spite of having found the mean length of the spores 76 J.lm, i.e. just above the upper limit of 7.5 J..lm for the species of section Hydrophilol!. brsta dius correctly ranked this species with that section. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE SPECIES DEALT WITH I I OUR MONOGRAPH AND CORRECTIONS (The page numbers between brackets refer to those or our monograph.) (p. 98) P. srercororia. - ln the synonymy: Arnolds in Bib!. myc. 90: should read (p. 123) P. p opulina.- Collections examined: We received exsiccata of this extremely rare species from Mr. 0. Weholt (Norway), who had round it in a valley on the :\orth coast of the Isle of Samos (Greece) on 5 June 1985, and from Mr. P. Blank (Swrtzer. land), who had found it in a wood along the river 'Whitach', municipality Schlcithcim (Switzerland), date not mentioned. (p. 159) P. cemua.- Addition to the observations on P. cemuo: Agaricus oreolorm Klotzsch apud Berk. in J. E. Smith, Engl. Fl. 5 (2): 112. J 836 or in Hooker Brit. Fl.~(~) , or which many authors later gave descriptions, has been associated with /'. cer 11uo, e.g. Brcs., lconogr. mycol. 18: pl. 861, 193 1, as Psilocybe cemuo Vahl var. (ITM!ot/1

135 KITS VA WAVEREN : Additions to Psothyrello 367 (Klotzsch) Bres. Dennis, Orton & Hora {1960: 172) already indicated that Agaricus areolar a was a doubtful species. Reid & Austwick ( 1963: 296) exam.ined the type (K) and discovered that this species in fact is Lacrymaria 1e/utina (Pers. ex Fr.) Konr. & Maubl. We were enabled to examine a fragment of the type and confrrmed their conclusion. (p. 163) P. spadic:ea.- Recvaluation of the colour of the spores of P. spadicca: in water as well as in Nll 4 0H 10% and in KOH 5% very pale g,eyish-pinkish to yellowish pink (Mu. 5 YR 7/4; 7.5 YR 7/4. 7/6, 8/6) with scarcely different hues in these three media. (p. 165)P. sarcocephala.- Reevaluation of the colour of the spores of P. sarcocephala: in water as well as in NH 4 0H 10% and in KOII 5% pale reddish brown (Mu. 7.5 YR 6/4) with slightly different hues in the three media. (p.1 80)P. pi/uliformis.- ln footnote: should read (p. 186) P. mucrocysris.- The pleurocystidia of specimens (exsiccata sent to us) found, growing in a group, by U. Soderholm on 29 August 1985 in Finland, Tampere, were identical with those described and depicted by us, but the abundant spheropedun. culatc and clavate chcilocystidia were intermixed with scattered but rather numerous pleurocystidioid cheilocystidia provided not with a small and short but with a strikingly large apical elongation (sec Fig. 80). (p. l89) P. frusrulenta. - ln first line of the description: for 'up to 30 mm' read 'up to40 mm'. (p. 190) Stern x 2 3.5( 5)' should read 'Stem x 2-4(- 5) mrn'. (p. 190) Pleurocystidia... 'colourless' shou ld read colourless or very pale brown in NHcOH 10%'. (p.l92) fl. cltondroderma. Top line of 2nd paragraph '(mean values JJm: 3 collections)' should read '(mean values x J1m: 3 collections).' (p. 196) P. rannochii.- Addition to description of pigmentation of 'washed' gill: or distinctly yellowish brown, particularly in basal half, from brownish yellow (M u. 10 YR 6!4-6/6) anastomosing tissue-strands running through the in itself pale greyish brown ~l u. 10 YR 6/2) tissue from base (where they merge) almost to edge. 79 vo Fi8s l'sorhyrcllo mucrocystis (FinL~nd. Tampcrc. 29 Aug (herb. Orstadius. L)) P!eurocystidlogmm. 80. Cheilocystidiogram.

136 368 P ER S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 (p. 196) Addition to descrip tion of colour of spores in KOH 5%: 5/4,4/4. (p. 196) Collections examined: we received exsiccata with full descriptions of tv.o collections (both from coniferous sawdust) from Mr. 0. Weholt (Norway): Nor111y, Lindedalen, 12 Sept {herb. Weholt Nr. 129/83) and Frcderikstad. ~stfold, 30 May 1984 (herb. Weholt Nr. 5/84). (p. 197) P. obw sata.- Sce redescription of this species and its var. aberrant on p. 336 of the present publication. (p. 213) P. ponaeoloides.- Description of size and shape of the spores to be dt!tttd and substituted by : Spores 7- JO( II ) x x pm (mean values x x J..llll : 10 collections), usually all, sometimes only many. rarely onlp few spores in face view very broadly ovate or subtriangular (some even subglobose),id profile lenticular (spores not having th.is shape are ellipsoid. adaxiauy nattened). (p. 214) Additional information: In specimens in wh.ich only a limited number of spores is lent icular (the others ellipsoid, adaxially nattcned) it is impossible 10 dt\il!t whether a given spore, seen in profile would turn out to be subtriangular if seen en fa~. In such cases it may be impossible to give the spore size in three dimensions. (p. 229) P. casco. Swedish collection cited belongs to P. stigmatosporo. (p. 230) Delete last paragraph above Psathyrella ni11eobadia'. ( p. 239) P. spodiceogrisea f. exalbicans.- To be added to the synonymy: Psathyrtlb obwsara var. utnformis Kits van Wav. in Persoonia I I : (p. 249) P. impexo.- Pleurocystidia 'tapering towards obtuse to subacute :tpex'to be substituted by tapering towards subobtuse to subacute apex'. (p. 272) A. areolatus Klotzsch = /,ocry moria velutina. Sec note above under '(p.l 59) P. cernua'. (p. 284) 'Arnolds, E. (198)' should read 'Arnolds, E. (1982)'. (p. 285) Omitted from the list of references: Hirsch, G. ( 1984) Pilznora dcr O.D.R - Zur Nomenklawr ciniger Taxa. In Wiss. Z. Friedrich Schillcr-Univ.. Jena. :-laturwm. R., 33: REFERENCES DENNIS, R. W. G., ORTON, P. D. & IIORA, F. B. (1960). New checklist of Dritish agaucs and boletl In Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43 (Suppl.}. KITS van WAVERF.N, E. (1977). Notes on the genus Psarltyrella VI. Four c~ ntr ovc r sij I ~p«:tsof Psarhyrl!lfa r. fibrlllosa, r. [ntswtenra. P. clive11sis and P. obmsata. In Persoonaa (1982). Pcrsoonia II : 499. (1 985}. The Dutch. French and British species of Psathyrella. Pcrsoonia Supplement Volum<!. I.ANGE, J. (1939). f lora agarieina danica 4. Copenhagen. REID, D. A. & AUST WtCK, P. K. C. ( 1963). An annotated list of the less common Sco111sh lbs,tdji) mycetcs. In Gl:lsgow NaturaL 18 : ROMAGNESI, H. (1975}. Description de qu~:lques especes de Drosoplt1la Quel. (Psatllyrclii1 )S.dilll.). In Oull. trimcst. Soc. mycol Fr. 9 1: SMITH, A. H. ( 1972). Tht.: l\orth American species of PSllthyrella. In ~I em. N. Y. bot. Gdn 24.

137 PFR SOO NIA Published by the Rijk sher b~ rium, Leiden Volume 13, Part 3, pp (1987) ULTRASTUCfURE OF THE ASCUS AND THE ASCOSPORES ln PSEUOASCOZONUS (PEZIZALES, ASCOMYCOTINA) J. VA BRUMMELEN Rijkslrerborium, Lelden The ultrastructure of the ascus and the ascospores in Pseudascozom1s is described. 'The top of the ascus opens by a smau rather roughly delimited o perculum. 1\ cucular fu rrow in the inner a seal w311 causes 3 weakcn'ed zone. Tite development of the ascospore wall ho\\s 3 simple homogeneous episporc and disappearanoc of au secondary wau material In the epiplasm of the ascus a unique type of envelope, surrounding all eight ascospores. is described. Relationship with AscozomJs nnd Thclcboli with 8-sporcd asci is suggested. S111ce the first description of Pseudascozonus Brumm., based on a single species, Pseu doscozonus racemospoms Brumm. (van llrummelen, 1985), fresh material of this fungus came to hand for a more detailed study. The earlier study of P. racemospoms with the help of light microscopy already indi cated the presence of an interesting structure of the opening mechanism of the ascus top and the pecuhar way in which the ascospores are loosely united into fascicles or bunches. The aim of this study is to reveal the fine structure of the ascus and the ascospores "ith the help of electron microscopy. MAT ERIALS AND METHODS The material of Pseudascozonus raccmospoms was isolated from deer dung collected at the type locality of the species, at the ' Tourbi6re de Frasne', Frasne, d6p. Doubs, france, 20 Ill 1985 (van Bnmzmelen 7198). In the laboratory fruit-bodies were taken from the substratu m kept under humid conditions in petri-dishes for several weeks at I2 C in a conditioned growth chamber. Fruit-bodies were fixed for 3 hours in I %glutaraldehyde buffered at ph 7.2 with 0.2 }I cacodylate at 4 C. To compensate for differences in osmotic value 1.5 % sucrose was added. The material was post-fixed for I hour in I% buffered Os0 4 at 4 C. Fixed auterial was spread in very thjn layers of solidifying water agar. dehydrated in an ethanol stnes.and embedded in Epon. Longitudinal median sections were cut with a diamond-knife on an LKB Ultratome Ill. contrasted with Reynolds' lead citrate and uranyl acetate, and examjncd with a Plulips EM 300 electron microscope. 369

138 370 P c R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, P:ut 3, 1987 OBSI:.RVA TIO!'\S The ascus Because of the rather smaij number of fruit-bodies available for this study. the m~ th ods were restricted to glutaraldehyde-os0 4 -fixation foll owed by Epon embeddmg. In P. raccmospon1s the fruil-body consists for the main part of a fu lly e~posed. rtb lively small bundle of asci. The shape of the asci is broadly clavate to oblong obovoid, often slightly cun ed towards one side. They reach a length of J..lm and a width of II IS J..llll (I- ig). I A. B. 0). The base is rather broad with a plugged narrow central pore in the basal septum 1M top is regularly rounded. The walls of the young ascus, up to the moment of meiosis. au of rather uniform thickness (approximately nm) and undifferellijjted. After meiosis the ascal wall thickens and becomes stratified. An inner. rather th~t'<. more flexible, electron-dense layer is difterentiated from an outer, rather ng1d. rcbtl\tl) electron-transparent layer. In the lateral region of the asca l wall the inner layer reaches a thickness of nm and the outer layer nm. On further ripening neither a subapica l ring, as observed in asci of Asro:unus( Rcnny) E.C.Ilansen (van Brurnmelen, 1974, 1978;Samuelson, 1978), nor a subapit.:al nnt: Siu ptd protrusion of the inner a seal wall layer, as reported for several members of the Pyronemataocae (Hung, 1977; Samuelson.l.c.), is found. Structural differe ntiation in the top of the ascus is observed only short I} bcrore the moment of spore discharge. Especially the inner ascal layer thickens. Shghtly behind tht tip it then measures nm. At the extreme tip an irregular hem i sphenc:~l or trur. cate-conical body is demarcated at the inner side of the wall (Figs. 2B, C). The dijm. cter of this body is about nm, in the centre it reaches a thicknc)h>f nm. At the inner side of the a seal wall it is surrounded by a gradually decpcrung nee Jar furrow. At this stage no stratifica tion of the inner or the outer layer can be ohscl\ cd. A bbrcviations used in figures.- AS, ascostome: AW. ascus "au: C, complc\c) of ckcuon dense material of the envelope surrounding au ascospores: E. epipb sm ; 1:. endo~porc. I " ' enwl ope: EP. cpispore: ER, endoplasrnatic reticulum; fo, furrow; HB, hemispherical body. IL. um~r b~~. IM, investing membrane; 0, operculum: O L, outer bycr; PW, primary spore "all. S..1\CO~or~;S~. sceonda1y spore v.o:~ ll ; WZ, wcakcned.tone. The scale marker$ in au ftg1u es equal appro>.lmately 0.5 snn. l'ig. I. Pscudllsco:onus racemospoms. electron microgjaphs of as<:i. - A. U, 0. LOnj:ll ~danj I -«tions of almost mature :uci. C. DistaiJ>Ortion of an ascus. Hg. 2. Pseudoscnzonus roccmospoms, electron micrograph~ of ripening and empt i~d ~'.:' A Dct3il of a ripening ascus. - B. Dclllil of the apex of an almost mature ascu~ JUSI before dclu~en~t. C. Median section of the apex of a ripening nl>tu. D. Median section of an emptied NUl showing the operculum. Fil(. 3. Pseuc/oscozonus racemospoms. electron micrographs of advanced awu~pmc dc,dnrmtnt. A. 1\ scospore~ Ito" ing invcstmg mcmbr3nes and a portion of the envelope. B. 1>.-wl '"u"i.'ij investing membranes. - C, D. Oculi~ showint investing membr3 ncs and porttons of tht' c n\ flo~

139 VA OR UM\iELEN: lj1rrastmcture i11 Pseudascozonus 371 5/tm,.

140 372 PER S 0 0 :-II A -Vol. 13, Part 3,1987

141 VA BRUMMELEN: Ulrrosttucture in Pseudoscozonus 373

142 374 PERSOONIA Vol. 13, Part3, 1987 The circular furrow in the inner layer fonns a weakened zone in the top of the as."us. From observations of sections of dettisced asci it is clear that the initial fra cturing Stliii very close to thjs circular furrow. A small operculum of about 211m diameter and I /JifJ tttick opens forcibly by a fracture in thjs zone of the inner layer and a very irrcgubt rupture in the outer layer (Fig. 2D). As a result the margins of the operculum and th ascostome are very irregular and rough (Fig. 2D). Because of strong teanng to\vards the base, often a more or Jess tongue shaped operculum is formed. Also rather dttp cleavage of the ascal wall from the top downwards can be found in emptied asci. Afttt dehiscence of the ascus, swollen remnants of the inner layer can be found at the inntt face of the opercu lum (Fig. 20). Neither a funnel nor a tract is present in the apical part of the epiplasrn at any mtt of development. The ascospores The initial development of ascospores in Pseudascozonus closely confirms the gcnml process described for Ascomycetes (e.g. Reeves, 1967; Wells. 1972; Merkus, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976). In the young ascus eight ascospores are formed. The primary wall develops bctweed the two delimiting unit membranes 3nd consists of homogeneous elcctrorhranspartnt material. At a later stage two layers can be distinguished in the primary w:lll. an inntr endospore and an outer cpispore. The endospore varies in the thickness from 230- ).;0 nm and is always fairly electron-transparent, with only some vague sublayerrng at full maturity. The epispore is nm thick and seems to consist only of a single fjir~ electron-dense layer without finer striation (Figs. 3A- D). While the inner spore delimiting membrane becomes the sporoplasmalemm:~. thcou ttr spore delimiting membrane changes into the investing membrane (or perisporal sack). Between the investing membrane and the primary wall new material is deposited 0:1 the outside of the epispore. This secondary wall materia l is floccose and fa irl)' electron transparent. Its thickness varies with the strong undulations of the investing membrane (Figs. 3A- D). The investing membrane remains till the last stages, has a constant 1 hickness of nm, and consists of two very thin electron-dense layers separated by a tr:msparcnt one. The secondary wall material shows no condensation on the primary wall and becomes fully electron-transparent in the end (Fig. 3A). The mature ascospore) arc pcrfl'ctl~ smooth. During development all eight ascosporcs become surrounded by a more or lc~~ com plete envelope (Figs. 1 A D). Tttis envelope includes all ascospores with their invc511ng membranes and some epiplasm. It is formed by very thin cohering membrancsofwhat seems to be endoplasmatic reticulum. Between these membranes an almost homoge. neous, very electron-dense material is deposited as an irregular often very incomplett layer. Its thickness varies usually from 100 to 370 nm, but reaches even nm in greater complexes (Figs. 3C. D).

143 VAN BRUMMELE!\: Ultrrmructure in Preudarcozonur 375 With hght microscopy only the thick parts and the larger complexes ca n be observed as a yellowish or pale brownish amorphous substance (van Brummelen, 1985). To a certain degree the arrangement of the ascospores in the fuuy mature ascus is influenced by the presence of this envelope. In spore shots, the ascospores arc often found to be more or less cohering in clusters (van Brummelen, 1985: fig. 2). On ripening, the amorphous substance tends to concentrate at one side of the spore-cluster. DISCUSSION The structure of the ascus top in Pseudascozonus is summarized in a diagrammatic scheme (Figs. 4B- C). This type of ascus is characterized by a relatively thin, electron-transparent, rather rigid outer layer and a thicker, more electron-dense, rather flexuous inner layer. At the inner face of the latter an apical hemispherical or truncate-conical part is segregated, surrounded by a narrow circular furrow. Here disintegration of the inner wall takes place and causes a circular weakened zone at the top. Dehiscence of the ascus starts in this weakened zone of the inner layer, inciting rather irregular tearing at the corresponding places of the outer layer. This causes a small roughly delimited operculum and ascostome. Furt her tearing of the a seal wall from this initial opening downwards is caused by the forcible release of the more or less cohering ascospore cluster. Although such a type of ascus top is not known from the genera of Pezizales studied thus far, there is a certain resemblance with the tops of asci described for species of Asrn:onus and Tl1elebolus (van 13rummelen, 1974, 1978). In Ascozonus a minor operculum or an apical disk (van Brummelen. 1974) is also found at the extreme top of the ascus, and the layers in the top arc similar. The prominent ring 111 the a seal wall of Asco:onus is absent in Pseudascozontts. A somewhat simi lar type of ascus top is found in Thelebolus Todc, where a roughly delimited operculum occurs in some of the species with 8-sporcd asci. In the development of t he ascospore wall in Pseudascozcmus it should be noted that the cpispore consists of only one homogeneous electron-dense layer, that all secondary wall material disappears. and that the invest ing membrane remains persistent till the latest stages of development. This is very similar to the structure and development of the ascospore wall as described by Merkus ( 1976) for Ascozomts woolhopensis (Berk. & Br. apud Renny) E. C. Hansen. Rather resembling arc also the ascospore walls in Thelebo!uscntstaceus (Fuckel) Kimbr. apud Y. Kobay. & al., T. srercorarius Tode, and 'Ascophanus' coemansii Boud. (a representative of 171clebolus with 8-spored asci). but here it is reported (Merkus, I.e.) that the secondary wall condenses on the epispore to form a smooth, persistent, extra layer. The envelope surrounding all ascosporcs is very reminiscent of the common investing membr:mc of the ascosporcs in Saccobolus glober (Pers.: Fr.) Lamb.. as described by Canoll ( , ass. ken erm). But, while the common investing membrane in Soc cobolusglabcr is continuous and replaces the individual investing membranes of the asco-

144 376 PER S 0 0 I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, B 0 c Fig. 4. Diagrammatic longitudinal, medion sections of the ascus and the ascus top as seen " ith electron microscopy. A. Mature ascus. B. Top of mature ascus. - C. Top of a\cu\ after port dischbige. spores, the envelope in Pscudasco::onus is not formed by fusion of these membranes. since here they arc very persistent. In the epiplasm of Pseudascozonus, cohering clements of the endoplasmnuc reticu lum form the inner and outer clothing of a common envelope consisting for the main part of rather homogeneous electron-dense material. Such an envelope has not prcvtousl) been observed in other representatives of the Petizales (Fig. 4A). Peculiar epiplasmatic structures have especially been recorded in some spcctcs of the Thelebolaceac. A pale brownish net-shaped structure, holding aij eight ascosporcs 1s known from Ascophanus' coemansii (Boudicr, 1869: pl. XXX, figs. 7, 8; Mcrkus. 1976: pl. SF. G). Large globules with a net-work of plaited units occur in the cpipl3sm of Tilt lebo/us stercoreus (Merkus, I.e.: pl. 4F, SA, B). The ultrastructure of the ascus top and of the ascospore wajj strongly support the view that Pscudascozonus is related to Ascozonus, while it also shows affinity to representatives of Thelebolus with 8-spored asci. There are, however, sufficient <.hffcrcn~'cs to maintain it as a separate genus within the Thelebolaceae.

145 VAN BRUMM ELEN: Ultrosrrucrure in Pseudoscozomu 377 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Mr. W. Star for his most skilful technical assistance throughout this study. Gratitude is also due to the director of the Botanical Laboratory (Leiden) for the use of the transmission electron microscope. REFERENCES BOUDI ER, J. L. E. (1869). Mcmoire sur les Ascobolaces. In Annis Sci. nat. (Dot.) V, 10 : , pis BRUMMELEN, J. van (1974). Light nnd electron microscopic studies of the ascus top in Ascozonus "'00/hopensis. In Pcrsoonia 8: (1978). The operculate ascus and allied forms. In Pcrsoonia 10: (1985). Pseudoscozonus, a new genus of Pezizales. In Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Pl. Sci.) 94: CARROLL, G. C. ( 1967). The ultrastructure of ascospore delimitation in Saccobolus kerverni. In J. Cell Bioi. 33: (1969). t\ study of the fmc structure of ascosporogenesis in Soccobolus kerveni.ln Arch. Mi k.robiol. 66: IIUNG, C. Y. (1971). I:Jitrastructural studies of ascospore liberation in Pyronemo domesticum. In Bioi. Rev. 40: WERKUS, E. (1973). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall in Pezizales (Ascomycctes)- 1. Ascodesmis mlcroscop/ca (Crouan) Seaver and A. nigricons van Ticgh. In Pcrsoonia 1: (1974). Ultrastructure in the ascospore wall in Pezizalcs (Ascomycctcs)- 11. Pyroncmataceae sensu Eckblad. In Persoonia 8: (1975). Ultrastructure of the ascospore wall in Pczizalcs (Ascomycctcs) Otidcaceac and Pczil3ctae. In Persooni3 8 : (1976). Ultrnstructure of the ascospore wall in l'ezizales (Ascomycctes)- IV. Morchcllaccnc, Helvellaccac, Rhizinaccae, Thelebolaocac, and Sarcoscyphaccac: gene.ral discussion. In Persoonia 9: REF.VF.S Jr.. F. (1967). The fine structure of ascospore formation in Pyronemo domesticwn. In ~lycologia 59: SAMUELSON. D. A. ( 1978). Asci of the Pezizalcs. II. The apical apparatus of representatives of the Oridea Aieuria complex. In C1n. J. Bot. 56: WELLS, K. (1972). Light and electron microscopic studies of Ascobolus stercororius. II. Ascus and ascospore ontogeny. In Univ. Calif. Pub!. Bot. 62: 1 93.

146 PERSOO la Published by the Rijksberbarium, Leiden Volume 13, Pan 3, pp (1987) NOTES AND BRJ EF ARTICLES OTULAE AD FLORAM AGARlClNAM NEERLANDICAM XIV A OMENCLATURAL NOTE ON RHODOCYBE TRUNCATA MACIIIEL E. NOORDI:.LOOS and THOMAS W. K YPER u Agaricus mmcaws Schaeff. (Fungi Bavariae, pl. 25 J. J 763) is variously interpreted as a species of 1/ebelomo and Rllodocybe. Although the type-plate is not so easy to interpre:. the adnate, sinuate lamellae, sordid spore print, and red-brown, truncate pileus give way to the idea that Fries (1838) was right in placing Agaricus mmcotus in tribus IIebe loma. This opinion was followed by e.g. J. Lange (1938) and Moser ( 1978, 1984). Quelet (1880) had another opinion on Agaricus truncatus and placed it in the genus Tricholoma. Tlus concept is known by modern mycologists as Rhodocybe truncata (Schaeff.) Singer. Still Tricholoma truucotllm (Schaeff.) Que!., Rllodopaxillus truncaws (Schaeff.) Maire, and Rllodocybe truucata (Schaeff.) Singer all have the same type, viz. Schaeffer's pbte, and must be considered as synonyms of Hebelon1a mmcatus (Schaeff.) Kumm. It is clear that the binomial Rhodocybe truncata cannot be used for Quelet's fungus. Therefore Bon (I 985) was wrong in creating the so-called new combination Rhodocybe mmcata (Qucl.) Bon. The epithet trun cata cannot be ascribed to Quclet, as is pointed out above. Even if Bon had been right, the name Rhodocybe mmcoto (Que!.) Bon would have been a heterotypical homonym of Rhodocybe truncata (Schaeff.) Singer and could not have been used for that reason. Fries (1836) described Agaricus geminus as a new species referring to Paulet (I 800) who described the same fungus under the name Fungus cinnamome11s. This species clearly represents Rhodocybe mmcata sensu Quclet, and has been depicted by J. La ngc (1938) as Trirholoma geminum. For this reason the epithet gemina is accepted here for Rhodocybc mmcata sensu Qu~let, and the new combination is proposed. Rhodocybe gemina (Fr.) Kuyp. & Noordel., comb. 1101'. Agaricus gcminus l r., Epicr (basionym). Tricholoma gemim1m (1-r.) S. Petersen, Oanskc A~a r ~I I> a p p 11 c d n am c.- Tricholoma tnmcatum sensu Quelet in BuU. Soc. Am is Sci. nat. Rouen, Str. II. 15 : (Champ. Jura Vos!!cs, Suppl. 9): Rhodophyllus tnmcatus sensu Maire in Annis mycol. II : ; Rhodocybe tnmcata sensu Singer in M) cologia 38: 687. I 946; sensu Baroni in Bcih.!\ova llcdwigia 67: : Cliropilus trnncarus sensu Kilhner & Romagnesi. Fl. anal. Clump. sup I 953. R1jkshcrbarium, Leiden. Biological Station. Kampsweg 27, I'D WiJster, Netherlands. 379

147 380 P F. R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, P3rt 3, 1987 REFERENCES BON, M. (1985). Validations de lllxons. In Docum. myeol. 15 {59): FRIES, E. { 1838). Epicri s systematis mycologici scu synopsis hymenomycctorurn. Ups:~lla c. LANGE, J. {1938). Flora agaricina danica, vol. 3. K(Sbenhavn. MOSER, M. ( 1978). Die Rlllulinge uod 81/ittcrpilze. In Gams, Kl. KryptogFI. 4. Aun. 2 (b/2). Stull gart. - (1984). Die Rlllulingc und Bllittcrpilze. In G:uns. Kl. Kr yptogfi. 5. Aun. 2(b/ 2). S tull~ Pi\ ULET, L. ( 1800). Traite des Champignons I. PlUis. QUELET, L. ( 1880). Champignons recemment observes en Norman die, aux enviions de Paras tt de La RocheUe, en Alsacc. en Suisse ct dans les montagnes du Jura ct des Vosges(= Champ. Jun Vosges, Suppl. 9). In OuU. Soc. Am.is Sci. nat. Rouen. Scr. II, 15: 153. ('1879') 1880.

148 Notes and Brief Articles 381 ON THE IDENTITY OF CU RVULARJA SUBULATA C. S. TAN 3nd G. S. de HOOG Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn Occasionally fungal strains have been received by the 'Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures' under the name Curvu/aria subu/ara (Nees) Boedijn. This name also turns up in the literature (Corbetta, 1965; Jalal & al., 1984). A culture, carrying this name and deposited recently at the CBS, was indistinguishable from Curvularia hmota. Since the tpithet 'subulata' is older than 'lunata', a study was made to establish the identity of Omuloria subulato. The bmomial Curvuklria subuloto was mentioned by Gilman (1945), with the cited author's names '(Nccs) Boedijn' and making reference to Boedijn's ( 1983) paper on Cufl!uloriu. llowcver, neither in thjs article, nor in any other article Doedijn's personal notes, maintained at the rujksherbarium at Leiden, no reference to Curvularia subulota, nor its basionym, Helmintlrosporium subulatum Necs, could be found. The name was also not included in most of the recent treatments of Curvulorio (see for example Ellis, 1966). neither was Helminrhosporium subulatum mentioned in Hughes' ( 1985) list of ucluded 1/clminthosporiwn species. We consequently assume that Gilman (1945) first!lllde the combination Cuntu/orio subulota. The same conclusion was drawn in the 'Index of FungJ' (1 950: 278). Gilman's material had origjnauy been isolated by Takahashi (1919) from so 1l and is now probably lost. ~ ecs & Necs ( 1818) described llelminthosporium subulowm Nees & T. Nees as having Slraight, mostly unbranched conidiophorcs bearing oblong-clavate corudia with rounded apices. On their accompanying tab. V, fig. 13 the conidia were depicted as being 3-4- septate. Tllis concept of H. subulorum was adopted by Fries (1832), Saccardo ( 1886), and Lindau (191 0). The last mentioned author gave the corudial measurements as x C) II Jllll. I lis description was copied by Gilman ( 1945). Apparently Li11dau's {1910) ~nd Gilman's (1945) descriptions do not refer to the type specimen, as in a collew on preserved at the Brussels herbarium (No , without data; scr. Nees?), 11hich is probably authentic for II. subulotum, and a collection preserved at the Leningrad berbanum (no. 72, ex sredinsky Crypt. Mosqucnsis'), the conidia arc found to be obclante, measuring x Jlm. Both specimens arc indistinguishable from llelmintlwsp()f'llllll I'C!futinum Link: Fr. A similarity of fl. subulowm to fl. velminum was already suggested by Ellis ( 1961) when he reidentified a secondary specimen of H. subulatum at the Kew herbarium. Judging from Nees & Nees' (1818) description and illustration, they and many later authors nuerprctcd the conidial attachment incorrectly. and depicted the corudia upsidedown This explains its erroneous interpretation by later authors as a possible Gimtuforia sp«1es. Consequently llelmimhosporium subulotl/111 ees & T. Nees: Fr. should be regarded as a s} nonym of H. vefutinum, and the combination Cun ulorio subulota docs not jeo-

149 382 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 pardize Curvularia lunata. Strains that are maintained (CBS ) in, or received by the CBS collection as C. subulata, have all been reidentified as C. lunata (Wakkcr) Doe.. dijn. R EFER ENCES DOEDIJN, K. B. (1933). Ueber cin igc phragmosporen Dcmatiazcen. In Dull. J3rd. l>ot. 8uittnl«J, SCr. lll, 13: CORBETT A, G. ( 1965).!Wssegna delle specie del genere Qu vu/otio. In II Riso 14 : DONK, M. A. (1965). The mycological publications of K. B. Bocdijn. In Pcrsoonia 3 (3): 32S 330. ELLIS, M. B. (1961). Dcmatiaccous Hyphomycetcs Ill. In Mycol. Pap. 82: (1966). Dcmatiaeeous llyphomycctcs VII. In Mycol. P:lp. 106: FRIES, E. M. (1832). Systema myeologicum. Vol. 3(2), Grcifswald. GILMAN, J. C. (1945). A manual of soil fungi pp Ames. Iowa. HUG lies, S. J. (1958). Revisions hyphomycetum aliquot cum appcndice de nominibus rejickndis. In Can. J. Bot. 36: JALAI, M.A. F., MOCHARI.A, R. & llelm, D. van dcr ( 1984). Separation of fcrrichromes u:4 other hydroxamate sidcrophorcs of fungal origin by revcrscdphasc chromatogrjph). In I. Chromat. 301: LINDAU, G. ( 1910). Fungi irnpcrfccti: llyphomycetcs (zwcitc Halftc}. In Kabcnh. ~ryptot. Ft I (9). NEES von ESENBECK, C. G. D. & NEES von ESENBJ::CK, T. f. L. (1818). De plant is nonnullis t mycctoidearum regno tum nupcr detect is, tum minus cognitis comrncntatio pnor doctorij N~ ab Escnbcck et Fridcricinecs frauum. In Nova Acta Ac;~d. Caesar. Leop. Carol. 9: 242. SACCA ROO, P. A. (1836). Sylloge fungorum. Vol. 4. Patavii. TAKAHASHI, R. (1919). On the fungcous nora of the soil. In Ann. Ph) topath. Soc. h p1n I

150 Notes and Brief Articles 383 TAXONOMIC AND NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON LACCARJA B. & BR.- 11 LACCARIA BICOLOR, L. FRATERNA, AND L. LACCATA VAR. PALLIDJFOLJA ELSE C. VELLI CA Rijksherborium, l.eiden CRI:.GORY M. MUELLER 1-'ield Museum of Natural History, Chicago, fl. U. S.A. Since our previous publication (Mueller & Vellinga, 1986), additional information concerning the nomenclature and synonymy of some names in the genus Laccaria has been obtained. Study of the holotypes of Laccaria lac:cata var. pscudobicolor M. Bon and I~. affinis \'ill. sardoa M. Bon revealed microscopic characters that support the view that these names should be placed in the synonymy of L. bicolor and L. laccata var. pallidifolia respectively. Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P. D. Orton- Fig. I ucrorio loetoto V3I. bicolor Maire in l'ublcion( lnst. bot., BBicelonn 3: Laccaria I'QXimo ar. bicolor (~lair c) Kuhn. & Ro magn., Fl. anal. Cltanll>. sup.: (nom. inval., ICBN All. 33.2). - /..t;ccoria bicolor (Maire) P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: Type ~im e n (holotypc): R. Moire, 1 Oct. 1933, Spain, Catalonia, Collado de Tos.(es (M PU). l«coria weco to var. pseudobicolor M. Don in M. Don & llaluwijn in Docum. mycol. 12(46): Type specimen (holotypc): M. Bon (Herb. :.1. Bon). Misa ppl icd n am c. - Laccaria farinacea sensu Sing. non Huds. in Sydowia BeiJ1. 7: Basidiosporcs (cxcl. ornamentation) (6.5- ) x J.Lill, Q = J. ls Q = J.D. usually broadly ellipsoid, occasionally ellipsoid, echinulate: spines up to ll.umlong. numerous; hilar appendage truncate; wall up to I J.1m thick. Basidia 4- spored. Cysudia not observed. Pileipellis an undifferentiated cutis with ascending fascicles of hyphae: terminal hyphae with rounded apices and brown pigment. S t ipit is pellis a cutis of cylindrical hyphae; apex of stipe lacking cystidia. The description above is based on study of the holotype of L. toccata var. pseudobi rolor M. Bon. The colour of the lamellae, vivid lilac (Bon & van Haluwijn, 1982: 42),and the size llld shape of the basidiospores observed in the holotype fit within the circumscription of/, hicolor (Maire) P. D. Orton. Additionally, specimens of 1.. bicolor are occasionally tncountered that lack lilac tinges at the base of the stipe. Thus, L. laccata var. pscudobi color is considered a synonym of /.. bicolor. and not of L. laccota (Scop.: Fr.) B. & Br., as M stated previously (Mueller & Vellinga. 1986: 35).

151 384 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part Laccaria fratenta (Cooke & Mass. ~ Sacc.) Pegl. 1 Agaricus frat emus Cooke & Mass. in Grevillea 16: , non Agaricus [rrztemus Lasch tn li:r naea 3 : (: Cortinarius spec.). - Naucoria fratema (Cooke & M ass.~) Sacc. in Syll. FuJII. 9: Loccaria {ratema (Cooke & Mass.~ Sacc.) Peg!. in Aust. J. Bot. 13: Naucoria goossensiae Beeli in BuU. Soc. r. Bot. Belg. 6 1: Laccaria laccato r btsjioi' Heinemann in BuU. Jard. bot. Etat 34 : (change of name). Laccaria /ateritia ~13len~. in DuU. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 82: Dr. R. Courtecuisse (Aubers, France) kindly drew our attention to the existence oi Agaricus frat emus Lasch, This name is now treated in Coninarius. The comet citation and synonymy of Laccaria fratema is as presented above. Laccaria laccata var. palljdifolia (Peck) Peck- Fig. 2 For synonymy sec MucUcr & Vellinga, 1986: 37. Basidiosporcs (cxcl. ornamentation) x (- 9.5)J.lm. Q = ~. Q = 1.1, globose to subglobose, occasionally broadly ellipsoid, finely echinulate: spine> up to I J.lm high; ltilar appendage truncate; wall up to I J.lm thick. Ba sidta 4-spored. Pleurocystid ia lacking. Cheilocystidia up to 50 x l2j.lm, cylindrical with rou nded apices, hyaline. Pilcipcllis an undifferentiated cutis wit h some ascending fascicles of hyphae; terminal hyphae with rounded apices and brown pigment. S 1 ipit ispellis a cutis of cylindrical hyphae; apex of stipe with patent cylindrical, hyaline. cysudia-like clemen ts; clements up to 80 x 14 J.lm, with rounded apices. The description above is based on study of the holotype of Laccaria a/finis var. W doa M. Bon & Contu (coil. M. Bon 84395, llcrb. M. Bon). Bon & Contu ( 1985: 53) state that laccarioaffinis var. sordoa is unique because of the pink colours of its basidiocarps. Colour variation within the L. Iocca to complex is so great, however, that we do not feel that this is taxonomically significant. \%ile tbt conspicuous cystidia-likc clements at the stipe apex observed in the holotype are sig nificant and deserving of mention, we do not feel that this alone is sufficient to merit maintaining this taxon as a separate variety. Following our circumscription of 1.. /accrm var. pallidifolia (Mueller & Vcllinga, 1986: 38-39) we place L. affinis var. sarcloo in the synonymy of L. laccata var. pallidifolia. ACKNOWL I:.DCI:.M NTS Dr. R. Courtccuissc is thanked for his letter concerning Agaricus frat emus and we a r~ indebted to Mr. M. Bon for the loan of type specimens. 1 For the use ofthe:urow see Mueller & Vellinga. 1986: 27.

152 Notes and Brief Articles Fig. I. /.accan"a bicolor. - Spores (X 1500) (from M. Bon 70428, holotype of /i. laccata var. pseudobicolor). Fig. 2. l.accario loccoto var. pallidifolia. - Spores (x 1500) (from M. Bon 84395, holotype of L. affinls var.!sijrdoo). REFERENCES BON. M. & CONTU, M. (1985). Taxons nouveaux. In Docum. mycol. 15(59): 53. BON. ~1. & HALUWIJN, C. V'.tn ( 1982). Macromyci:tes des terri1s de charbonnage du Nord de Ia Fmnl'C, Jcmc partie. In Docum. mycol. 12(46): MUELLER. G. M. & VELLINGA, E. C. (1986). Taxonomic and nomencbtura1 notes on LAccoria B. & Dr. l.accoria ametllystea. L. frotema, L. laccoto, L. pumi/a, and their synonyms. In Persoonia 13:

153 386 P 1:. R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pa ri 3, 1987 OTES ON HYGROPHORACEAE- X T HREE NEW COMBINATIONS IN HYGROPHORACEAI:. EEF ARNOLDS Bioloxlcol Station. 111/jster In the scope of the preparation of the volume on llygrophoraceae of rlora aga ricina neerlandica {Bas, 1983) three additional new combinations have to be made: Camarophyllopsis micacea (B. & Br.) Arnolds, comb. nov. - Basionym: l(l'gmplm ms micaceus B. & Br., in Ann. Mag. nat. llist.. Ser. V, 3: (Notic. 13rit rung. 31). It was intended to include this taxon in the Flora as Camarophyllopsts phocoxamho (Romagn.) Arnolds {1986: 643). However, I agree with Printz & Laesspe ( 1986 <>O) that llygropl10rus phaeoxantlius Romagn. ( : 874) is a synonym of t he older name H. micaccus B. & Br. Printz & Lae ss~e did not propose the necessary combination in Camarophyllopsis. Hygrocybe cinerella (Kuhner) Arnolds, comb. 1101'. - Basionym: Camaroph_lllus ci11ere/lus KUhner in Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: Hygrocybc hygrocyboides (KOlmer) Arnolds, comb. 110v. - Basionym. Camarvplt_1/ Ius hygrocyboides KOhner in Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: R EFERE 'CCS ARNO LOS, F.. ( 1986). No tes o n Hygrophor11c:eac IX. Cimroropllyllopsis llcnnk. 3n o ld ~r name for llyrrotmmo Sing. In Mycotaxon 25: BAS, C. (1983). Notulac ad Floram agar icinarn necrlllndicam. In Pcrsoonin 12: PRINTZ, P. & LAESS(i)C, T. (1986). Vokshatlcslacgtcn CiJmorophyllopsis i Denmark. In Sv~rnpc 14: ROM1\GNESI, H. (1971). Sur quelques cspeccs omphabo1dc~ d'agarics lcu t:o~pun:,. In BuU. tr imcst Soc. mycol. rr. 86: ('1970'). Comm. no. 335 o r the Bio logical Station Dr. W. BeiJCrlnck. Wijstcr. l'cthcrland,.

154 Notet and Brief Articles 387 BRUNNEOSPORA RETICULATA, GEN. ET SPEC. NOV. A KERATINOPH ILIC ASCOMYCETE FROM SPAIN J. C ARRO, L. PU SOLA and M. J. FIGUhRAS Two stra.ns of a gymnoascaceous keratinophilic fungus growing on hair have been tncountered during the routine screening of soil fungi in Catalonia (Spain), using the hair bait method. Examination of these strains indicated that they differ from previously described genera of the Eurotiales or Onygenales and apparently represent a new genus. It is described below. BRUNNEOSPORA Guano & Punsoln. gen. nov. Ascomalll rubro-brunnea. globosa. ad pcriphcrum appendieibus spirnubus praedita. discretn vel c:onouentia. clcmenta ascom:ata componenua els h)'phazum veget:arum simms, Jaxe intertexta ct mos ciscundata. asci globosi vel ellipsoidci. cvancsccntes. oetospori: :ascosporae irregularitcr cwpti cu. rubro brunncac. rcticulntae, crassitunicatac. S t atu~ ascxualis in forma aleuriosporarum. Species rypica: Brnmrtospora reticulata. Ascomata reddish brown, more or less globose, with coiled appendages at the pc riphery. solitary or connuent. Peridial elements similar to those of the vegetative hyphae, loosely interlaced to enclose the asci. Asci globose or ellipsoidal, evanescent, 8-spored. Ascospores irregularly elliptical, thick-walled, reticulate, reddish brown. Type spccies.-bnmneosporo rcticuloro. Brunneo porn reticulata Guarro & Punsola. spec '. Ascomata rubro-brunnca pm; asci 8 12 pm dtam.: ascosporae. irrcgularitcr cllipticac. m«irunicauc. reuculatae x #In, rubro brunncac. Contdia terminalill et a.lteralia. <tlstlll 1cl in protrusionibus brevtbus vel ramuhs latcralibus oriunda. hyalina. tcnuhunicata, obovoi cia 1cl cllv3ta, 4 8(- 10) x pm, contdia mtcrcalaria solitarl3. Ceratinophilica. Typus ex solo mherb. FMR' ccultura FMR 784. Ascomat:l reddish-brown, more or less globose, um diam.,often connuent; pcridial hyphae scanty to absent, smooth, septate, 2 4.urn wide. hyaline. anastomosed or intertwined. loosely reticulate, rx:ripheral appendages coiled, septate, subhyaline to pale brown um diam. Asci globose or ellipsoidal urn diam., evanescent, 8-spored. ascospores irregularly elliptical. with rounded ends, roundish in polar view, rtddish brown, thick-walled. aseptate, reticulate, x um, often covered 1\tth mucilaginous material which masks the reticle. Keratinophilic. Anamorph represented by terminal, interca larly and lateral conidia, sessile or on short protrusions or branches, usually solitary, hyaline, smooth, obovoid to clavate with a broad and truncate base with long frills after secession. 4-8( 10) x um, thin walled. aseptate or occasionally!-septate. intercalarly conidia hyaline. inequilaterally swollen or cylimlrical. Add rc,~. Department of Microbiology. Faculty of Medicine. Reus. Tnrragonn. Spain(- FMR).

155 388 P R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Part 3, 1987 Fig. 1. Bnmneospora rericulata. morph. A. Ascomata. - B. Ascospores. C. Cltrysospormm1n:1 Mat e r ia l ox amine d. FMR 784 (type ~train) isolated from arable sou by L. l'un)oll, Se13ii. Catalonia. Spain, Sept F~iR 81 1, from the same kind of soil. Baix Ebre. Cataloma. Spllll. Aug Dried material of the type ha~ been deposited at the IMI herbarium. In artificial culture it is very difficult to obtain the teleomorph, and we only rod some success using oatmeal agar mixed with human hair and sma ll pieces of co" hoof. in that case a lot of ascomata immersed in an abundant aerial, white mycelium areob tained, although these ascomata Jack coiled appendages. The Cllrysosporiw11 anamorph grows well on Phytone-yeast extract agar (PYt:)wnh colonies attaining mm diam. in 14 days, mostly white or pale yellow. rather dense, slightly raised at the centre, margin defined, reverse pale creamy yellow. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) the colonies are similar reaching mm diam days. white, powdery; margin defined, regular, slightly fimbriate, reverse pale brown. Distinguishing characters of Brwmeosporo are the euipsoidal, pigmented ascospores with a thick, reticulate-alveolate wall. Such ascospores occur also in AplloiiOOWIS Zukal which includes species with spherical ascomata with a distinct, dark peridium composed of Oattened cells. Spirally coiled appendages are absent. The ascospores arc usu:~llyo\':ltc or oblate, bilaterally Oattened. Those of Brwmeosporo reliculola arc round in polar view. Currah ( 1985) classified Aphonooscus in the Onygenaceae. The spcc1es of On.1gena Pers. also have ellipsoidal, but pale and nearly smooth ascospores. Currah classified in the Onygenaceae also genera with dorsivcntrally naucncd (lenticular or discoid) or with spherical ascospores, which formerly had been classified in the Gymnoascacc:sc. Von Arx ( 1986) on the other hand restricted the Onygenaceae to taxa with elongate. elhp soidal, fusiform, or cylindrical ascosporcs. Currah included the genera j \~r.wtrtdmm Kunze, Pseudogym11oascus Raillo. and Byssoascus v. Arx, characterized by ellipsoidal or fusiform ascospores in a new family Myxotrichaceac. All species of these gene ra ha\ e

156 Notes and Brief Articles 389 r,~ 2 Bnmneosporo rericulara - A. Coloni31morpholo&> of the ;~namorp h after 14 d:lys on PYI ~ 0 9 B. Coiled appcnd:lgcs of the ucomata. x S C. Asci. x D. Ascosporcs t<..2rmrt:.:k-.:tron micrograph). x E. A~ co. pores (interference contrast opucs). x 1600.

157 390 P.E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. 13, Pan 3, 1987 hyaline or pale, smooth, striate or longitudinally furrowed ascosporcs. Another genus with elongate, often slightly inequilateral, hyaline ascospores is Renisporo Sigler & Car michael. Currah classified this genus in the Onygenaceae, because the ascosporcs of its type are finely pitted when studied with SEM and because it is keratinophilic. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Dr. C. Ramirez for reading the manuscript and correcting the Latin descriptions and Dr. J. A. von Arx for his many helpful suggestions during the \'isit of one of us (J. G.) to the CBS and his critical reviewing of the manuscript. REPERENCES ARX, J. A. von (1986). On Homigero, its Roperia anamorph and its cla ssification in the On> ~~~~ccac. In Mycotaxon 26: t CURRAii, R. S. (1985). Taxonomy of the OnygenaJes: Artluodermataccac, Cymnoascaccac. Myxouichaceae. In Mycotaxon 24:

158 PER SOON I A Published by the RjJksherbaJium, Leiden Volume 13, Part 3, pp ( 1987) BOOKS RECEIVED BY THE RJJKSHERBARIUM LIBRARY R. Agerer (Editor). Colour Atlas of ectomyco"hizae with glossary. (Einhorn-Verlag, Schwabisch Cmiind, B. R. D ) Pp. 18, including I 0 Col. Pis., 20 pages of blackand white photographs. Price: OM (atlas with 10 Pis.), OM 5.- {binder for 50 Pis.). This is the ftrst delivery of what is meant to become a long series of coloured and bllck.and-whitc photographs of ectomycorrhizac, arranged according to funga l species. Of each species a plate with four high.quality colour photographs of the mycorrhizae at different magnifications arc provided together with an addit ional series of half-tone photographs showing important characters, such as details of structures, mant te, and rhiwmorphs, both in surface views and in sections. The colour of the mycorrhizac is considered to be of prime importance for the iden tification of a species. A key and synoptic tables are included for determination of the mycorrluae shown. Each year I 0-15 plates will be delivered as part of a loose leaf system. Finally this will contain species. J.A. \On Arx. Plant pathogenic fungi. (Bcihefte Nova lledwigia 87, Cramer, Berlin & Stuttgart ) Pp. 288, I 05 Text-figs. Price: OM This book is based on an unpublished EngHsh translation of 'Pilzkunde' (von Arx, 1967) and some data from 'Mykologie' {MUIJcr & Loeffler, 1982). 1t includes a taxonomic treatise on the fungi with special emphasis on those groups which cause diseases of culti\'3ted plants and of forest trees. Also fungi causing decay of wood, fruits, or food arc mcluded. Revised keys for the identification of genera are provided. In a few cases, keys to the species are also included. The contents of the book has been fully rearranged and brought up-to-date with new insights in the taxonomy of the fungi. G. Chevassut. Catalogue ecologique des champignons supcrieurs mmiterroneens. Fasc. 1: Amomtacces. (Ecole Nationale Su~r ieu re Agronomique, Montpcllier ) Pp. 44, 2 Text figs. Price: Fr The first part of a series of six publications on the ecology of agarics in the French Mediterranean region. Mycologists of Roussillon, Languedoc, Provence, and C6te d' Azur ha\c cooperated to bring together ecological information on 38 species of Amanita and Lunacel/a, many of which arc very rare. In the introduction the special characters of the French Mediterranean climate, phaneroga mic vegetation, and soils with respect to the mushroom habitat arc given. 391

159 392 PERSOONI/\ Vol. 13. P:ut 3, 1987 E. J. H. Corner. Ad Polyporaccoe IV. 17ze genera Daedalco. Flabellophora.!-1arodo11. Gloeoplzyllum, Heteroporus, lrpex, Lenzites, Microplzorellus. Nigro[omes. J\'igropo rus, Oxyporus. Paratriclzaptwn, Rigidoporus. Scemidium. Trichapwm. and Sterclleri num. (Beihefte Nova Hedwigia 86, Cramer, Berlin & Stuttgart ) Pp. ~ Text-figs., 8 Col. Pls., 3 black-and-white Pis. Price: OM This is the fourth in a series of taxonornic notes on generic and family classific:uion of polypores. The choice of the sixteen genera assembled in this delivery is made rather arbitrarily. There are discussions on structure, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Most spe cies treated are tropical and based for the major part on the collections made by the author in southeast Asia, the Solomon Islands, and Brazil. FulJ descriptions of genera and species are given. The descriptions and the illustrations are based on notes on the living fungi as well as on dried specimens and alcohol-formalin material. Inde nted keys for determination of genera and species are provided. Altogether 56 new species and one new genus are described. H. Dorfelt & C. Muller-Uri. Geastrales - Bibliographie. 3 Hefte. Terresrriscllf! Okalog~e Sonderheft 6. (Universitats- und Landcsbibliothck Sachscn-Anhalt, Halle, D. D. R ) Pp Price not known. The aim of the bibliography is a quick reference to information published on systematics, ecology, anatomy, morphology, and geography of the group of fungi concerned. It should help beginning students in the Geastrales. About 1000 publications arc incl ud ed. A. Einhellinger. Die Gauwzg Russula in Bayem. (Bibliothcca mycologica 98. J. Cramer in der Gebruder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart ) Pp including 32 pp. of Col. Pis. Price: OM This is a re-edit ion of this important book on Russula first published in Hoppca 43, 1985 (see Persoonia 13: 134). Text and plates seem to be unaltered except tim the brilliant water colours of H. Marxmuller illustrating 42 species and varieties arc printed now on both sides of the leaves, which does them no harm, but resulted in cll:lngcd page numbers of the appendices and the key to Russula by Brcsinsky following the plates. One page or errata and complimentary observations has been added. H. Kreisel (Editor). Pilzflora der Dew sclten Demokrariscltcn Rcpub/ik. Basic/u)/1/_I'CCit'S (Gallen -. Hur- 1.md Baucllpilze). (VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jcna. 1987). Pp. ~81. Price: DM The main part of this mycoflora consists of a list of 2577 species in 390 genera of Basidiomycetes s.str. recorded from the Democratic Republic of Germany. Fourteen authors cooperated in this volume. Each o ne is responsible for a number of g.:nera. Records from literature were checked and many collections in state and priva te hcrbana

160 Boo~s rccetved 393 were revised. The information for each species consists of the correct scientific name according to the Sydney-Code, the German name, important synonyms, iljustrations in literature, and notes on habitat, frequency, and distribution within the D. R. G. P. Konrad & A. Maublanc. leones selecrae Fungonan. Vol. JV and V. (Reprint edition. Librcria edit rice Giovanna BieUa, Sa ron no (lt.) ) Together 20 I Col. Pis. and accompanying text-pages. Price: Lire each volume. With the appearance of the fourth and fifth volume of this important mycological iconography all 500 coloured plates have been reproduced. As stated before (Persoonia 13: ), the plates of this new edition are of a high standard, with onjy occasionauy slight differences in tinges. Even colours that, according to remarks by Konrad & Maubbnc, were not correct in the original edition, are co rr~cted accordingly in the reprint edition. H. E. Laux. Unsere best en Speisepilze. t:rkennen. Sammeln, Zubereiren. (Wissenschaftliche Vcrlagsgcsellschaft, Stuttgart ) Pp. I 03, 66 Col. Pis. Price: OM This is an introductory guide for mushroom hunters. Thirty-five of the most common edible species are described and illustrated with colour photographs. For each species hints are given on co Uecting and preparation for the kitchen. Cases where poisonous mushrooms could cventuauy be mistaken for edible ones are mentioned and illustrated. There is an appendix with new recipes by Mrs. H. Laux. M. McKenny & D. E. Stuntz. The new savory wild mushroom. (UniversityofWashington Press. Seaule ) Pp. xiii + 249,200 Col. Pis. Price: S (paperback), $ 25. (clothbound). This is the third edition of 'The savory wild mushroom' by McKenny & Stuntz. It has been completely revised by J.F. Ammirati under a slightly changed title. Fine colour photographs are included for all of the 200 edible or poisonous species of mushroom des ribcd. Although this guide contains many species with a wide distribution, it primarily co1 ers the region of the Pacific Northwest of the United States. There arc two additional ch:lpters. on mushroom poisons (by V. E. Tyler) and on preparing mushrooms for the kitchen {by A. M. PeUcgrini). E. Michael, B. Hennig & H. Kreisel. Handbuch fur Pilz[reunde. Band J. 8/iiuerpilze-Hell bliluer und l.eistlinge. 4. Auf/. (Gustav rischer Verlag, Stuttgart & New York ) Pp. 484, 23 Text-figs, 147 Col. Pis. Price: OM The fourth edition of volume 3 of this handbook contains the families of agarics with pale gills and the Cantharellaccac. The information on taxonomy, ecology, and toxicolog)' h:tve been brought up-to-date. The nomenclature is now in accordance with the 'Rules'

161 394 P E R S 0 0 N I A - Vol. l3, Pall 3, 1987 of the Sydney-Code. Most chapters of the general part have been thoroughly rcv1scd In the systematic part many keys have been improved as a result of recent taxonomic rcvr sions. More references to modern literature arc given. In the special part all pijtes are now printed by colour offset. Several plates have been replaced and 49 new plates b; E. W. Rieck and B. Decker are added. M. Moser & W. JUlich. Farbor/as dcr Bosidiomycercn. Colour Atlas of Basidiom.H' 'trs. (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart & New York.) Lief. 3 (1986): Pp. vi i Pis. with 159 coloured figs. Price: DM Lief. 4 (1987): Pp. vi Pis \\ith 163 coloured figs., including a loose-leaf binder. Price : OM II 0.-. The third and fourth issue of a loose-leaf colour atlas of which the initial double issue appeared in 1985 (see Persoonia 13: 135). Most plates are of reasonable to gootl qu3lil). revealing relevant taxonomic characters. The plates of the aga rics show two colourtd figures of different, but related species, while the plates of the aphyllophoralcs usua lly show different aspects of the same species. The value of the work as a reference and complement to the two volumes of the Kl ein~ I<ryptogamenflora' II b/1, and II b/2 will certainly increase on further completion. S. T. Moss (Editor). 17te biology ofmorineftmgi. (Cambridge Univcrsit y Press. CJmbridge 1986.) Pp. xii + 382, 30 Text-figs. Price: i A collection of 30 papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on ~13rinc Mycology, held at Portsmouth, U.K., in August The four main chcmcs ol the.:on tributions are ecology, taxonomy, physiology, and biotechnology of marine fung1. Each author gives a survey of his specia lizcd field of research with emphasis on recent OC\C!Op mcnts and provides a comprehensive and up-to.<jate list of references. P. D. Orton. Plureoceoe: Pluteus & Volvoricl/a. (British Fungus Flora pan 4. Royal Bota nic Garden, Edinburgh ) Pp. 99, including 8 pp. of line-drawings. Price: 8.-. In this fourth part of the British Fungus Flora Orton supplies keys to anti full tlcscnptions of the 43 species of Plweus and 21 species of Voli'Oriello of which the occum nct on the British Isles has been established by him. In addition five extralimital ~pe.:i c ) of Plweus are treated in the key. The general features of the three sections rccol\nilcd u: Plutcus and of Voll'oriello arc illustrated and in addition (mainly microscopical) chmc ters of 21 species of Plweus and two species of Vo!l oriellb. Near the end of 1hc book are added an ecological list of the species and indices to synonyms and m i ~ idc nt i fi ca. tions, to rejected names, and to epithets mentioned in the observations. In an :~ppcndix Watling gives a list of references 10 literature on cult ivation, genetics, chemistry. tlcwlopmcnt, and general aspects of the family.

162 Bookes received 395 C.H.Pcck. Annual reports of tlte stole botanist Vol. 3 ( ). {Repnnt edit Jon. Boerhaave Press, P. 0. Box 1051, 2302 BB Lei den ) Pp. 720, including 68 black-a nd-white plates. Price: on The tlurd volume of the reprint edit ion of Peck's 45 annual reports of the State Botanist of ew York. The whole series contains the descriptions, and oft en also the illustrations, of about 2500 new species of North America n fungi. The work is now scheduled to be published in six volumes. The first five with approximately 3400 pages of text and 206 plates in black-and-white, the sixth with a full index of Latin names. D.N. Pegler. Agaric [/oro of Sri Lanka. (Kew Bulletin Additional Series XII, HMSO, London. 1986). Pp. 5 19, I Map, I 04 Text-figs. Price: Through the studies by Rev. M.J. Berkeley and subsequently by T. Petch and a few others the mycoflora of the island of Sri Lanka is probably one of the best explored in southeast Asia. Many of the names for agaricoid fungi have hitherto been used with little criticism. This new agaric nora of Sri Lanka is based on the study of types, other aut hen. tic material. original water-colour drawings, and addit ionally collected specimens. All material is deposited in the Kew Herbarium. This m) coflora comprises 335 species of aga rics within 94 genera and 21 families. There are indented keys for the determination of all orders, famil ies, genera, and species treated. Each species is fully described and illustrated in black-and-white line drawings showing both the macroscopic and the microscopic characters. Although the author descnbed onl) a single species as new, fou r new names and 70 new combinations are pro posed. There arc valuable appendices with lists of agaric collections (mostly types) made by G. Gardner and G. ll. K. Twa ites from Sri Lanka with their recent redetermination. A work Indispensable for the study of tropical agarics. T. Wieland. Peptides of poisonous A manito mushrooms. (Springer Verlag, Berlin. I 986.) Pp. ~iv Text-figs., I Col. Pl. Price: DM This is a monograph on molecular biology, especially elucidat ing the analytical, structural. and synthetic chemistry of the toxic componentes (like amatoxins, phallotoxins, and \'irotoxins) of Amanita mushrooms and many of their structurally related non-toxic analogues {e.g. alllamanide and other cycloamanides). All current knowledge on these components and their use in natura l science is brought together in a concise form. An up-to-date list of references on the subject covers 35 pages. The book is recommended for reading by biochemists, pharmacologists, medical scientists. and mycologists interested in toxicology.