Threatened plants of the Philippines: a preliminary assessment

Transcription

1 Threatened plants of the Philippines: a preliminary assessment EDWINO S. FERNANDO 1*, LEONARDO L. CO 2, DANIEL A. LAGUNZAD 3, WILLIAM SM. GRUÈZO 4, JULIE F. BARCELONA 5, DOMINGO A. MADULID 5, AIDA B. LAPIS 6, GREGORIO I. TEXON 7, ANTONIO C. MANILA 8, and PRESCILLANO M. ZAMORA 9 An assessment of the conservation status of the full bryophyte and vascular flora of the Philippines was conducted. The threat categories used follow those previously prescribed and defined in Philippine Republic Act No. 9147, the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act and its Implementing Rules and Regulations which were derived from the 1994 IUCN Categories and Criteria (ver. 2.3), and those in the DENR Administrative Order No The resulting list of the threatened plants of the Philippines comprises 694 taxa in the following categories: Critically Endangered 99, Endangered 186, Vulnerable 176, Other Threatened Species 64, and Other Wildlife Species 169. The taxa in the list include 478 angiosperms, 11 gymnosperms, 203 pteridophytes, and two bryophytes (mosses). More than 77 percent of all the taxa listed are endemic to the Philippines. Key Words: endangered plants, Philippines, threatened plants, Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, and Forestry Herbarium, Museum of Natural History, The University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines. (*Author for correspondence: esfernando@uplb.edu.ph) 2 Conservation International Philippines, 6 Maalalahanin St., Teachers Village, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines 3 Institute of Biology, College of Science, The University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines

2 Philippines threatened plants 2 4 Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, and Botanical Herbarium, Museum of Natural History, The University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, 4031 Laguna, Philippines 5 Division of Botany, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines 6 Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 7 ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 8 Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 9 National Academy of Sciences and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines

3 Philippines threatened plants 3 INTRODUCTION As one of the world s eight biodiversity hottest hotspots (Myers et al. 2000), the Philippines is home to some of the most endangered habitats and species in the world. Several lists of threatened plants have previously been initiated for the Philippines (e.g. Quisumbing 1967; Madulid 1982, 2000; Tan et al. 1986; Gruezo 1990). The current list is the most comprehensive national assessment for the threatened species of Philippine plants thus far, and is the first of such prepared as mandated by Philippine law and by the most number of Filipino botanists jointly working together. In the pursuit of the 2001 Philippine Republic Act No. 9147, also known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, the Secretary of the national government s Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), thru DENR Special Order No , created the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee that includes the majority of the authors of this paper. This particular committee was officially designated to serve as the National Red List Authority of the Philippines on Plants and as such shall establish the national list of threatened Philippine plants. This list is thus the output of several assessment meetings and workshops of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee within the past three years. In part, it is our national response to Target 2 ( A prelimary asessment of the conservation status of all known plant species, at national, regional, and international levels. ) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (SCBD 2002) and is within the Framework for the Philippine Plant Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (DENR-PAWB 2006).

4 Philippines threatened plants 4 This paper provides the basis for the national list of threatened plants of the Philippines and the categories and criteria used. This threatened plant list was officially issued on 22 January 2007 as DENR Administrative Order No , The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories. Republic Act 9147 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations allow the collection of plants in this list only for scientific and propagation purposes, and only by accredited individuals, business, research, educational, or scientific entities. It considers it unlawful for any person, group or entity to collect and/or trade the species listed unless such acts are covered by a permit granted by the DENR pursuant to the provisions of the law. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present list includes only plants (bryophytes, pteridophytes, and spermatophytes) known to be indigenous to the Philippines. Updated working checklists earlier compiled by some of us (LLC for most of seed plants, ESF for palms, and PMZ and JFB for ferns and fern allies) were used, in part, as basis for the assessments of conservation status. The taxonomic treatment of the species in the list follows the most recent family revisions for the Flora Malesiana series, monographs and similar taxonomic accounts such as world or country checklists. Each taxon assessed and listed is given its full scientific name, including author and family affinity. The threat categories used here (see Tables 1 and 2) are those already previously specified and defined in Section 5 of Philippine Republic Act No. 9147, the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act and its Implementing Rules and Regulations viz., Critically Endangered Species, Endangered Species, and Vulnerable Species. According to Section 22 of Republic Act 9147, the determination of the of the threat categories should be based on the best

5 Philippines threatened plants 5 scientific data, with due regard to internationally accepted criteria, including but not limited to the following: (a) present or threatened destruction, modification or curtailment of its habitat or range; (b) over-utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (c) inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms, and (d) other natural or man-made factors affecting the existence of wildlife. At the time of the enactment of the law in March 2001, the 1994 IUCN Categories and Criteria were still in use and the definitions of the categories in the law were derived from these. The criteria in IUCN encompasses those mentioned in Section 22 of the law and are appropriate to apply here, with due consideration of the Guidleines on their use at regional or country level (IUCN 2003). The 1994 IUCN Categories and Criteria (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994) were used by IUCN until 2000, and are still widely understood; many assessments in IUCN s 2006 list were still based on this version. Two other categories previously used in DENR Administrative Order No for threatened Philippine animals were also used here, viz., Other Threatened Species and Other Wildlife Species. These two categories are similar to IUCN s Lower Risk / Near Threatened (LR/nt) and Lower Risk / Least Concern (LR/lc) categories, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). All the categories were applied only to wild populations of plants occurring within the Philippine territory in their natural distribution range. Thus, some species included in this list may, in fact, be common in cultivation as ornamentals or as horticultural and tree crops in plantations. We carried out a national assessment of the full bryophyte and vascular flora of the Philippines. We focused firstly on taxa endemic to the Philippines, especially rare taxa with restricted ranges, and secondly on indigenous, non-endemic taxa. The assessment took account of the relatively

6 Philippines threatened plants 6 small size of the Philippines, it archipelagic setting and mountainous topography, the significant decrease in area of forests and natural habitats, and the large number of taxa with naturally restricted distribution patterns and small population sizes. We used a range of information, mostly broad factors that contribute to extinction risks (in the absence of data on population estimates), including, inter alia: geographic distribution of the species within the Philippine archipelago, extent of area of occupancy, status of habitats, perceived and actual threats to habitats (e.g. the continuing reduction of forest areas due to logging and conversion of habitats to other uses), declines in habitat area, human impacts, and pressure on wild population due to harvesting or collection because of high economic or commercial value. We gathered this information from various sources, including the scientific literature, available herbarium specimens, biodiversity survey data and reports, and our own many long years of in situ field experience working in the natural habitats of these plant species across the archipelago. Each taxon was carefully and thoroughly assessed as it occurs in the wild. The placement of candidate species in risk categories was based on a deliberated and consensus decision of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee following the criteria set in the 1994 IUCN Categories and Criteria (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994; Table 2). The criteria were interpreted in a consistent way across all taxonomic groups. The IUCN criteria and subcriteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable include a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system (Table 2). The first level is indicated by the use of upper case alphabet letters (A-E), the second by the use of numbers (1-4), and the third by the use of lower case alphabet letters (a-e). If more than one criterion at first level is met for a particular taxon, these are separated by the comma; at second

7 Philippines threatened plants 7 level by the + symbol (see Tables 6-8). Only one criterion needs to be met for a taxon to be included in a category. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 694 taxa of vascular plants and mosses indigenous to the Philippines have been included in the threatened plant list based on a preliminary assessment (Tables 3, 6-10; Figure 1). The threatened plant list includes 478 angiosperms, 11 gymnosperms, 203 pteridophytes, and two bryophytes (mosses) (Table 3). There are 99 taxa in the Critically Endangered (CR) species category (Tables 3 and 6), 186 taxa in the Endangered (EN) species category (Tables 3 and 7), 176 taxa in the Vulnerable (VU) species category (Tables 3 and 8), 64 taxa in the Other Threatened Species (OTS) category (Tables 3 and 9), and 169 taxa in the Other Wildlife Species (OWS) category (Tables 3 and 10). Up to 77.5% of the taxa in the present threatened plant list are endemic to the Philippines (Table 3). The main families of plants contributing to the threatened plant list (number of taxa in brackets) are Orchidaceae (57), Dryopteridaceae (34), Arecaceae (32), Begoniaceae (32), Dipterocarpaceae (31), Meliaceae (31), Thelypteridaceae (29), Cyatheaceae (29), Gesneriaceae (24), and Rubiaceae (22) (Table 4). These families reflect, in part, their dominance in the Philippine flora. Unlike the IUCN Red List, the threatened plant list presented here has been made part of the laws of the Philippines. There are stiff fines and penalties for the illegal collection and trade of any plant included in the National List of Threatened Philippine Plants.

8 Philippines threatened plants 8 A number of recently described plant species from the Philippines also qualify as threatened. They are unfortunately not yet included in this initial assessment. A regular review of the list and reassessment of the risks of species is required by Philippine Republic Act No In the future, some other species may be included in the list, others may move from one category to another, or they may be removed from the list. The law, however, stipulates that no species shall be removed from the list within three years following its initial listing. Philippine plants in the 2006 IUCN Red List IUCN s 2006 figure of 323 taxa for the Philippines represents an increase by nearly a hundred taxa from the year Only 47% of the taxa assessed by IUCN are endemic to the Philippines (Table 4, IUCN 2006). More than a third, or 113, of the taxa are not in our present list. Some of these are species that are widespread in the Philippines and the South East Asian region (e.g. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Alstonia macrophylla Wall., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Octomeles sumatrana Miq., and Rhizophora apiculata Blume). Although others are Philippine endemics (e.g. Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr., Ficus ulmifolia Lam., and Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg.), these are still rather frequent in thickets and second-growth forests in most islands. At least seven species included in the 2006 IUCN list for the Philippines are, in fact, not native to the Philippines, viz., Santalum album L. (VU), Alstonia spathulata Blume (LR/lc), Irvingia malayana Oliv. ex A.W. Benn. (LR/lc), Scleropyrum wallichianum (Wight & Arnott) Arnott (LR/lc), Swintonia spicifera Hook. f. (LR/lc), Tarrietia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr. & Chun. (= Heritiera parvifolia Merr.) (LR/lc), and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn. (DD). Pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) were not included in the 2006 IUCN Red List.

9 Philippines threatened plants 9 The figure of 694 taxa in our present list is significantly greater, in fact, more than double, the 323 taxa red-listed by IUCN for the Philippines (Table 5, IUCN 2006). Only 30% of the taxa in the present list are included in IUCN s 2006 figure. Of the 99 taxa in our Critically Endangered (CR) category, only 39 appear in the IUCN list, 55 of the 186 in our Endangered (EN) category, 61 of the 176 in our Vulnerable (VU) category, 30 of the 64 in our Other Threatened Species (OTS) category, and 25 of the 169 in our Other Wildlife Species (OWS) category. The same two species of bryophytes, Drepanolejeunea bakeri Herzog and Merrilliobryum fabronioides Broth., are categorized as Endangered (EN) in both the IUCN and the current list. These two bryophyte species have earlier been assessed by Tan et al. (2000). All other plant species native to the Philippine not included in the current list should still be treated as though they are threatened to help protect the plants and their habitats. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Wilfrido S. Pollisco and Theresa Mundita.S. Lim of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City for providing the venues and resources for the assessment meetings and workshops of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee; Esperanza Maribel G. Agoo of De La Salle University - Manila, for useful information on the orchids. REFERENCES DENR-PAWB (Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Framework for Philippine Plant Conservation Strategy and Action

10 Philippines threatened plants 10 Plan. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. 44p. Gruezo, Wm.Sm Endangered plants of the Philippines. Life Today 46(8): SCBD (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity) Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. CBD Conference of the Parties 7, Decision VI/9. Secretariat of the CBD, Montreal, Canada. 13p. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 2.3. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources) Guidelines for the Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed 12 March Madulid, D.A Plants in peril. Filipinas Journal of Science and Culture 3: Madulid, D.A Philippine Plants: Endangered Plants. Island Publishing House, Manila. 50p. Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. De Fonseca, and J. Kent Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: Quisumbing, E Philippine species of plants facing extinction. Araneta Journal of Agriculture 14: Tan, B.C., P. Geissler, T. Hallingback, and L. Soderstrom The 2000 IUCN World Red List of Bryophytes. Accessed 03 February Tan, B.C., E.S. Fernando, and J.P. Rojo An updated list of endangered Philippine plants. Yushania (Taiwan) 3(2): 1-5.

11 Philippines threatened plants 11 Table 1. Categories used for evaluating conservation status or risk categories of Philippine plants. This paper 1 IUCN 1994 (ver. 2.3) Critically Endangered (CR) 2 Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) 3 Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) 4 Vulnerable (VU) Other Threatened Species (OTS) 5 Lower Risk / near threatened (LR/nt) Other Wildlife Species (OWS) 6 Lower Risk / least concern (LR/lc) 1 Categories specified in Philippine Republic Act No. 9147, the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act and its Implementing Rules and Regulations, and DENR Administrative Order Nos and Critically Endangered (CR) Species - a species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future; this shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. 3 Endangered (EN) Species - a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; this shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. 4 Vulnerable (VU) Species - a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered, but is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the future; this shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. 5 Other Threatened Species (OTS) - refers to a species or subspecies that is not critically endangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as over collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future; this shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories. 6 Other Wildlife Species (OWS) - refers to non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary (of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources) upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee; this shall include varieties, formae or other infraspecific categories.

12 Philippines threatened plants 12 Table 2. Criteria used for the risk categories (after the 1994 IUCN Categories and Criteria ver. 2.3 and DENR Administrative Order No ) Critically Endangered (CR): This category is defined by any of the following criteria (A to E). A - population reduction in the form of either of (1) an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of: (a) direct observation; (b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon; (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat; (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation; (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites; (2) a reduction of at least 80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above; B - extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km 2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km 2, and estimates indicating any two of: (1) severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location; (2) continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (d) number of locations or subpopulations; (e) number of mature individuals; (3) extreme fluctuations in any, of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) number of locations or subpopulations; (d) number of mature individuals; C - population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and either: (1) an estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within 3 years or one generation, whichever is longer or (2) a continuing decline, observed, projected or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: (a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals); (b) all individuals in a single subpopulation; D - population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals; E - quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer. Endangered (EN): This category is defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): A - population reduction in the form of either of: (1) an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of: (a) direct observation; (b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon; (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat; (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation; (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites;

13 Philippines threatened plants 13 (2) a reduction of at least 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d), or (e) above; B - extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km 2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km 2, and estimates indicating any two of: (1) severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations; (2) continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (d) number of locations or subpopulations; (e) number of mature individuals; (3) extreme fluctuations in any of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) number of locations or subpopulations; (d) number of mature individuals; C - population estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals and either: (1) an estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is longer, or (2) a continuing decline, observed, projected or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: (a) severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals); (b) all individuals in a single subpopulation; D - population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals; E - quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer. Vulnerable (VU): This category is defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): A - population reduction in the form of either of: (1) an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of: (a) direct observation; (b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon; (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat; (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation; (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites; (2) a reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above; B - extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km 2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2,000 km 2, and estimates indicating any two of: (1) severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than ten locations; (2) continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (d) number of locations or subpopulations; (e) number of mature individuals; (3) extreme fluctuations in any of: (a) extent of occurrence; (b) area of occupancy; (c) number of locations or subpopulations; (d) number of mature individuals; C - population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and either: (1) an estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is longer, or (2) a continuing decline, observed, projected or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either: (a) severely fragmented (i.e. no

14 Philippines threatened plants 14 subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals); (b) all individuals in a single subpopulation; D - population very small or restricted in the form of either of: (1) population estimated to number less than 1,000 mature individuals; (2) population characterised by acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 km 2 ) or in the number of locations (typically less than 5); E - quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years. Other Threatened Species (OTS): A taxon is categorized as Other Threatened Species when it has been evaluated but does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable. However, it remains under threat from adverse factors, such as over collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future. This is equivalent to the Lower Risk, near threatened category of IUCN. A taxon in this category is given the code OTS LR/nt. Other Wildlife Species (OWS): A taxon is categorized as Other Wildlife Species when it has been evaluated but does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Other Threatened Species, but have the tendency to become threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary (of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources) upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee. This is equivalent to the Lower Risk, least concern category of IUCN. A taxon in this category is given the code OWS LR/lc

15 Philippines threatened plants 15 Table 3. Summary of the threatened Philippine plants and their categories. Figures in parenthesis refer to the number of taxa endemic to the Philippines. All Category Angiosperms Gymnosperms Pteridophytes Bryophytes Taxonomic groups Critically Endangered (CR) 89 (80) - 10 (9) - 99 (89) Endangered (EN) 140 (114) 9 (4) 35 (27) 2 (2) 186 (147) Vulnerable (VU) 123 (91) 2 (0) 51 (34) (125) Other Threatened Species (OTS) 56 (45) - 8 (6) - 64 (51) Other Wildlife Species (OWS) 70 (47) - 99 (80) (127) All Categories 478 (377) 11 (4) 203 (156) 2 (2) 694 (539)

16 Philippines threatened plants 16 Table 4. Plant families contributing the most number of taxa in the National List of Threatened Philippine Plants. Plant family Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Other Threatened Species (OTS) Other Wildlife Species (OWS) Orchidaceae Dryopteridaceae Arecaceae (Palmae) Begoniaceae Dipterocarpaceae Meliaceae Thelypteridaceae Cyatheaceae Gesneriaceae Rubiaceae Polypodiaceae Leguminosae Asclepiadaceae Myrtaceae Melastomataceae Sapindaceae Hymenophyllaceae Ebenaceae Nepenthaceae Euphorbiaceae Myristicaeae Total

17 Philippines threatened plants 17 Table 5. Summary of Philippine plants included in the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2006). Figures in parenthesis refer to the number of taxa endemic to the Philippines. All Category 1 Angiosperms GymnospermsPteridophytes Bryophytes Taxonomic groups Critically Endangered (CR) 46 (15) (15) Endangered (EN) 31 (9) 2 (0) - 2 (2) 35 (11) Vulnerable (VU) (94) 3 (1) (95) Lower Risk / near 26 (5) (5) threatened (LR/nt) Lower Risk / least concern (LR/lc) 3 52 (5) 13 (11) (16) Lower Risk / conservation dependent (LR/cd) 3 (1) (1) Data Deficient (DD) 4 8 (6) 6 (3) (9) All Categories / Total 297 (135) 24 (15) - 2 (2) 323 (152) 1 Many taxa in the 2006 list were assessed using threat categories in IUCN Categories and Criteria ver. 2.3 (1994) and ver. 3.1 (2001); 2 VU - includes one taxon not native to the Philippines; 3 LR/lc - includes five taxa not native to the Philippines; 4 DD- includes one taxon not native to the Philippines; Data Deficient (DD) is not considered a threat category in the 1994 and 2001 versions

18 Philippines threatened plants 18 Table 6. National list of threatened Philippine plants in the Critically Endangered (CR) Species Category. The criteria used here follow those of the IUCN (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994; Table 2) for the same category. Family Scientific name Common name Category & Criteria Apocynaceae Kibatalia longifolia Merr. Malapasnit CR B1+2c Arecaceae Areca parens Becc. Takobtob CR A1c, B1+2ac (Palmae) Calamus batanensis (Becc.) Baja- Valit CR A1c, B1+2d Lapis Calamus jenningsianus Becc. - CR B1+2c Calamus vinosus Becc. - CR B1+2c Daemonorops affinis Becc. Bag-bag CR B1+2c Daemonorops oligolepis Becc. Rogman CR B1+2c Daemonorops pannosus Becc. Sabilog CR B1+2c Heterospathe califrons Fernando Yanisi CR A1c, B1+2bc, C2a Heterospathe dransfieldii Fernando Dransfield CR B1+2c sanakti Heterospathe scitula Fernando Malasanakti CR A1cd, B1+2cd Heterospathe sibuyanensis Becc. Bilis CR A1c, B1+2c Heterospathe trispatha Fernando Tatlong bilisan CR A1c, B1+2c Pinanga batanensis Becc. Dapiau CR A1c, B1+2c Pinanga bicolana Fernando Bicol abiki CR A1cd, B1+2bd, C2a Pinanga samarana Becc. Samar abiki CR B1+2c Pinanga sclerophylla Becc. Abiking-tigas CR B1+2c Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibañgan CR A1c, B1+2c Plectocomia elmeri Becc. Uñgang CR A1c, B1+2cd Cyatheaceae Cyathea microchlamys Holtt. Tree Fern CR A1cd, B2c Dipterocarpaceae Hopea acuminata Merr. Manggachapui / CR A1cd, B1+2c Dalingdingan Hopea basilanica Foxw. Basilan yakal CR A1cd, B1+2c Hopea brachyptera (Foxw.) Slooten Mindanao narek CR A1c+2c, B1+2cd Hopea cagayanensis (Foxw.) Slooten Narek CR A1cd+2cd, B1+2cd Hopea foxworthyi Elmer Dalindingan CR A1cd, B1+2bc Hopea malibato Foxw. Yakal-kaliot CR A1cd, B1+2c Hopea mindanensis Foxw. Yakal-magasusu CR A1cd, B1+2c Hopea philippinensis Dyer Gisok-gisok CR A1cd, B1+2c Hopea quisumbingiana Gutierrez Quisuimbing gisok CR A1cd, B1+2c

19 Philippines threatened plants 19 Hopea samarensis Gutierrez Samar gisok CR A1cd, B1+2c Shorea astylosa Foxw. Yakal CR A1cd Shorea malibato Foxw. Yakal-malibato CR A1cd Vatica elliptica Foxw. Kaladis narig CR A1cd Vatica pachyphylla Merr. Thick-leafed Narig CR A1cd Dryopteridaceae Ctenitis paleolata Copel. CR A1c Ebenaceae Diospyros blancoi A DC. Kamagong / CR A1cd mabolo Diospyros brideliifolia Elmer Malinoag CR B1+2ac Diospyros cauliflora Blume Apunan CR A1cd Diospyros poncei Merr. Ponce kamagong CR A1cd, B1+2ac Ericaceae Rhododendron javanicum (Blume) Malagos CR A1cd Benn. var. schadenbergii (Warb.) Sleum. Rhododendron kochii Stein Koch's malagos CR A1cd Rhododendron taxifolium Merr. Yew-leafed rhododendron CR A1cd, B1+2bc Euphorbiaceae Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Baguilumbang CR A1c Shaw Hypericaceae Hypericum pulogense Merr. Pulag St. CR A1c, B1+2ac Isoetaceae Isoetes philippinensis Merr. & Perry Johnswort Philippine Quillwort; Rogiro CR A1c, B1+2bc Lauraceae Cinnamomum cebuense Kosterm. Cebu kalingag CR A1ac, B1+2cd, C2a Leguminosae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma Smooth narra CR A1cd indicus Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma Prickly narra CR A1cd echinatus (Pers.) Rojo Loranthaceae Thaumasianthes amplifolia (Merr.) Danser Samar mistletoe CR B1+2ac Meliaceae Aglaia pyriformis Merr. Kanining-peneras CR B1+2ac Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Kalantas CR A1cd Myrtaceae Syzygium nitidum Benth. Makaasim CR A1cd Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Malabayabas CR A1cd, B2c Peter G. Wilson & Waterhouse Xanthostemon bracteatus Merr. Mapilig CR B1+2ac Xanthostemon philippinensis Merr. Bagoadlau CR B1+2ac Nepenthaceae Nepenthes argentii M. Jebb & M. Cheek Argent pitcher plant CR A1cd, B1+2bc Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarlane Mindanao giant pitcher plant, Lapsai CR A1cd, B1+2ac

20 Philippines threatened plants 20 Oleaceae Orchidaceae Peranemaceae Polypodiaceae Nepenthes sibuyanensis J. Nerz Sibuyan pitcher plant CR A1cd, B1+2bc Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. Kayantol CR B1+2ac & Merr.) Kiew Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Pamoplasin CR A1c Kiew Olea palawanensis Kiew Palawan olive CR B1+2ac Amesiella monticola J. Cootes & - CR B1+2ac D.P. Banks Ascoglossum calopterum - CR B1+2ac (Reichb.f.) Schlecter Ceratocentron fesseli Senghas - CR B1+2ac Dendrobium schuetzei Rolfe - CR A1cd, B2bc Euanthe sanderiana (Reichb.f.) Waling-waling CR A1cd Schltr. [= Vanda sanderiana Reichb.f.] Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.- - CR A1cd Ham. ex J.E. Sm.) D.Don Paphiopedilum acmodontum Lady slipper CR A1cd, Schoser ex M.W. Wood B1+2ac Paphiopedilum adductum Asher Lady slipper CR A1cd, B1+2ac Paphiopedilum anitum Golamco Lady slipper CR A1cd Paphiopedilum argus (Reichb.f.) Lady slipper CR A1cd Stein Paphiopedilum fowliei Birk Lady slipper CR A1cd, B1+2ac Paphiopedilum haynaldianum Lady slipper CR A1cd (Reichb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum hennisianum (M.W. Lady slipper CR A1cd Wood) Fowlie Paphiopedilum randsii Fowlie Lady slipper CR A1cd Paphiopedilum urbanianum Fowlie Lady slipper CR A1cd, B1+2ac Paphiopedilum usitatum O. Gruss Lady slipper CR A1cd, & J. Roeth B1+2ac Phalaenopsis micholitzii Rolfe - CR A1cd Phragmorchis teretifolia L.O. - CR A1cd Williams Vanda lamellata Lindl. var. - CR A1cd calayan Valmayor & D. Tiu Peranema cyatheoides D. Don var. - CR A1c luzonicum (Copel.) Ching & S.H. Wu Platycerium coronarium (Koenig Staghorn fern CR A1cd ex Müller) Desv.

21 Philippines threatened plants 21 Platycerium grande (Fee) Kunze Giant staghorn CR A1cd fern Podosorus angustatus Holtt. Pteridaceae Pteris calocarpa (Copel.) M.G. - CR A1c Price Pteris pachysora (Copel.) M.G. - CR A1c Price Rafflesiaceae Rafflesia manillana Teschem. Malaboo CR A1a, B2ad Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Uruy CR A1c, B2c Fernando Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göppert Bo-o CR A1c, B2c ex Hieron. Rubiaceae Greeniopsis pubescens Merr. [= Paluay mabolo CR A1c Greeniopsis multiflora (Elmer) Merr.] Villaria acutifolia (Elmer) Merr. Tango CR B1+2ac Rutaceae Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Kabuyok CR A1cd Sapindaceae Gongrospermum philippinense Kasau-kasau CR A1c Radlk. Guioa palawanica Welzen Palawan alahan CR A1c Guioa parvifoliola Merr. Angset CR A1c Guioa reticulata Radlk. Alahan-sinima CR A1c Thelypteridaceae Coryphopteris borealis Holtt. - CR A1c Verbenaceae Clerodendrum quadriloculare Bagauak-morado CR A1cd (Blanco) Merr. Tectona philippinensis Benth. & Hook.f. Philippine teak CR A1cd, B2bc

22 Philippines threatened plants 22 Table 7. National list of threatened Philippine plants in the Endangered (EN) Species Category. The criteria used here follow those of the IUCN (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994; Table 2) for the same category. Family Scientific name Common name Category & Criteria Anacardiaceae Mangifera odorata Griff. Huani EN A1cd, B2bc Apocynaceae Kibatalia puberula Merr. Paslit-mabolo EN A1c, B2bc Kibatalia stenopetala Merr. Paslit-kitid EN A1c, B2bc Araceae Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull. Sander s alocasia EN A1cd Araliaceae Schefflera agamae Merr. Agama galamayamo EN A1c, B2c [= Schefflera foxworthyi Merr.] Schefflera albido-bracteata Elmer Makinging EN A1c, B2c Schefflera curranii Merr. Curran galamayamo EN A1cd Schefflera palawanensis Merr. Palawan EN A1c, B2c Arecaceae (Palmae) galamay-amo Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc. Manila Palm EN A1c, B1+2cd Areca camarinensis Becc. Mono EN A1c, B1+2ac Calamus balerensis Fernando Malatandulang EN A1c, B1+2cd parang Heterospathe brevicaulis Fernando Marighoi-baba EN A1c, B1+2cd Oncosperma platyphyllum Becc. Anibong EN B1+2ac Pinanga glaucifolia Fernando Abiking-puti EN A1c, B1+2ac Pinanga sobolifera Fernando - EN A1c, B1+2ac Salacca clemensiana Becc. Lakaubi EN B1+2ac Asclepiadaceae Hoya alagensis Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya angustisepala Burton - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya burtoniae Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya crasssicaulis (Elmer) - EN A1cd, B1+2c Kloppenburg Hoya el-nidicus Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya gigantanganensis - EN A1cd, B1+2c Kloppenburg Hoya greenii Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya halconensis Kloppenburg - EN A1c, B2c Hoya heuschkeliana Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c Hoya panchoi Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B1+2c [= Hoya diversifolia Blume] Hoya pulgarensis Elmer - EN A1cd, B2c Hoya quinquinervia Warb. - EN A1cd, B2c Hoya quisumbingii Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B2c Hoya rizaliana Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B2c

23 Philippines threatened plants 23 Hoya wayetii Kloppenburg - EN A1cd, B2c Centrolepidaceae Centrolepis philippinensis Merr. - EN A1c, B2c Combretaceae Terminalia darlingii Merr. Malaputat EN B2bc Cyatheaceae Cyathea acuminata Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea apoensis Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea atropurpurea Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea binuangensis Alderw. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea callosa Christ Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea caudata (J. Sm.) Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea christii Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea cinerea Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea curranii Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea edanoi Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea ferruginea Christ Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea fuliginosa (Christ) Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea halconensis Christ Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea heterochlamydea Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea masapilidensis Copel. Tree Fern EN A1cd Cyathea negrosiana Christ Tree Fern EN A1cd Cycadaceae Cycas curranii (J. Schust.) K.D. Curran pitogo EN A1cd, B2bc Hill Cycas edentata de Laubenf. Pitogong dagat EN A1cd, B2bc Cycas riuminiana Porté ex Regel Pitogo EN A1cd, B2bc Cycas silvestris K.D. Hill Palawan pitogo EN A1cd, B2bc Cycas wadei Merr. Culion pitogo Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera costata Korth. Mindanao palosapis EN A1cd+2cd, B2c Dipterocarpus eurynchus Miq. Basilan apitong EN A1cd+2cd, B1+2bc Dipterocarpus philippinensis Foxw. Hairy-leafed apitong EN A1cd+2cd, B1+2bc Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vidal Yakal saplungan EN A1cd, B1+2bc Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Tiaong EN A1cd, B1+2bc Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris chrysocoma (Christ) - EN A1c Chr. Dryopteris permagna M.G. Price - EN A1c Ebenaceae Diospyros longiciliata Merr. Itom-itom EN A1cd, B1+2ac Diospyros philippinensis A. DC. O-oi EN A1c, B1+2abc Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco Bolong-eta EN A1cd, B1+2ac Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Anang EN A1cd,

24 Philippines threatened plants 24 B1+2ac Ericaceae Rhododendron subsessile Rendle Ausip EN A1cd, B2c Fabroniaceae Merrilliobryum fabronioides Broth. - EN B1+2cd Gesneriaceae Agalmyla bilirana Hilliard & B.L. Biliran lipstick EN A1c, B2c Burtt plant Lauraceae Cinnamomum oroi Quisumb. Oro kalingag EN A1c, B1+2c Cryptocarya palawanensis Merr. Paren EN A1c, B2c Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling EN A1cd, B2c Leguminosae Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal Tindalo EN A1cd, B2c Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze Ipil EN A1cd, B2c Kingiodendron alternifolium Batete EN A1cd, B2c (Elmer) Merr. & Rolfe Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. Manggis EN A1c, B2c Sindora supa Merr. Supa EN A1cd, B2c Strongylodon macrobotrys A. Gray Jade Vine / EN A1cd, B2c Tayabak Sympetalandra densiflora (Elmer) Kamatog EN A1c, B2c Steen. Wallaceodendron celebicum Banuyo EN A1cd, B2c Koord. Lejeuneaceae Drepanolejeunea bakeri Herzog - EN B1+2cd Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium halconense Copel. - EN A1c, B2c [= Lateristachys halconensis (Copel.) Holub] Lycopodium magnusianum Herter - EN A1c [= Huperzia magnusiana (Herter) Holub] Lycopodium phlegmaria L. - EN A1c [= Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm.] Lycopodium salvinioides (Herter) - EN A1c Tagawa [= Huperzia salvinioides (Herter) Holub] Lycopodium squarrosum G. Forst. - EN A1c [= Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.] Melastomataceae Astrocalyx calycina (Vidal) Merr. Tanghau EN B2ac Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. Ickis tungau EN B2ac Beccarianthus pulcherrimus Malintungau EN B2ac (Merr.) Maxw. Medinilla banahaensis Elmer Kalamboglambog EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla calelanensis Elmer Tiualos tatana EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla clementis Merr. Gubangbang EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla compressicaulis Merr. Salanakad EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla coronata Regalado Pagirang EN A1cd, B2ac

25 Philippines threatened plants 25 Medinilla magnifica Lindl. Kapa-kapa EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla palawanensis Regalado Palawan EN A1cd, B2ac medinilla Medinilla pendula Merr. Baladu EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla stenobotrys Merr. Lalanug EN A1cd, B2ac Medinilla surigaoensis Regalado Eastern EN A1cd, B2ac Mindanao medinilla Medinilla tayabensis Merr. Mt. Binuang EN A1cd, B2ac medinilla Meliaceae Walsura monophylla Merr. Bukalau EN A1c, B2ac Myristicaceae Knema ridsdaleana de Wilde Ridsdale EN A1c, B1+2c tambalau Myristica colinridsdalei de Wilde Ridsdale duguan EN A1c, B2c Myrtaceae Tristaniopsis littoralis (Merr.) Peter Taba EN A1c, B2ac G. Wilson & Waterhouse Xanthostemon fruticosus Peter G. Sierra Madre EN A1c, B2c Wilson & Co mangkono Xanthostemon speciosus Merr. Palawan EN A1cd, B2c mangkono Xanthostemon verdugonianus Mangkono EN A1cd, B2c Naves Nepenthaceae Nepenthes bellii Kondo Kondo pitcher EN A1cd, B2ac plant Nepenthes burkei Masters Burke pitcher EN A1cd, B2ac plant Nepenthes deaniana Macfarlane Macfarlane EN A1cd, B2ac pitcher plant Nepenthes globamphora Sh Kurata Globamphora EN A1cd, B2ac & Toyoshima pitcher plant Nepenthes petiolata Danser pitcher plant EN A1cd, B1+2ac Nepenthes philippinensis pitcher plant; EN A1cd, B2ac Macfarlane Kuong-kuong Nepenthes truncata Macfarlane pitcher plant, EN A1cd, B2ac Sandaoua Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco pitcher plant, EN A1cd, B2ac Kako Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum pendulum L. Adder's tongue EN A1cd Orchidaceae Aerides lawrenciae Reichb.f. - EN A1cd, B2c Amesiella philippinensis (Ames) - EN A1cd, B2c Garay Bulbophyllum stramineum Ames EN A1cd, B2c [= Bulbophyllum cumingii (Lindl.) Reichb.f.] - Bulbophyllum whitfordii Rolfe - EN A1cd

26 Philippines threatened plants 26 Coelogyne palawanensis Ames - EN A1cd, B1+2c Corybas laceratus L.O. Williams - EN A1c, B1+2c Corybas merrillii (Ames) Ames - EN A1c, B1+2c Corybas ramosianus J. Dransf. - EN A1c, B1+2c Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb. - EN A1c, B2c Cymbidium gonzalesii Quisumb. - EN A1c, B1+2c [= Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw.] Dendrobium lunatum Lindl. - EN A1cd, B1+2c Paphiopedilum ciliolare (Reichb.f.) - EN A1cd Stein Phalaenopsis fasciata Reichb.f. - EN A1cd Phalaenopsis gertrudeae Quisumb. - EN A1cd [= Phalaenopsis veitchiana Reichb.f.] Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica - EN A1cd (Reichb.f.) H.R. Sweet Phalaenopsis x intermedia Lindl. - EN A1cd Phalaenopsis x leucorrhoda - EN A1cd Reichb.f. Phalaenopsis lindenii Loher - EN A1cd, B2c Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana - EN A1cd, B2c Reichb.f. Phalaenopsis pallens (Lindl.) - EN A1cd, B2c Reichb.f. Phalaenopsis x porteri Reichb.f. - EN A1cd Phalaenopsis pulchra (Reichb.f.) - EN A1cd, B2c H.R. Sweet Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana - EN A1cd Reichb.f. & Sander Phalaenopsis sanderiana Reichb.f. - EN A1cd, B2c Phalaenopsis schilleriana Reichb.f. - EN A1cd, B2c Phalaenopsis stuartiana Reichb.f. - EN A1cd, B2c Phalaenopsis x veitchiana - EN A1cd Reichb.f. Phalaenopsis x virataii Quisumb. - EN A1cd Vanda javierae D. Tiu ex Fessel & - EN A1cd, B1+2c Lückel Vanda scandens Holltum - EN A1cd Vanda luzonica Loher ex Rolfe - EN A1cd, B2c Vanda merrillii Ames & Quisumb. - EN A1cd, B2c Vandopsis davisii Ames & EN A1cd, B2c Quisumb. [= Staurochilus loherianus (Kraenzl.) Karas.] - Vandopsis kupperiana Kraenzl. [= Staurochilus luzonensis - EN A1cd, B2c

27 Philippines threatened plants 27 (Ames) Ames] Vandopsis leytensis Ames - EN A1cd [= Staurochilus fasciatus (Reichb.f.) Ridl.] Poaceae Danthonia oreoboloides (F. Muell.) Pulag carpet EN B2bc (Gramineae) Stapf grass Podocarpaceae Podocarpus costalis C. Presl Igem-dagat EN A1cd, B2bc Podocarpus lophatus de Laubenf. Igem-pugot EN A1c, B1+2bc Podocarpus palawanensis de Palawan igem EN A1c, B2bc Laubenf. & Silba [= Podocarpus rumphii Blume] Podocarpus rotundus de Laubenf. Igem-bilogan EN A1c, B1+2bc Polypodiaceae Lecanopteris deparioides (Cesati) Mahabac EN A1c, B2c Baker Lecanopteris lomarioides (Kunze) Ant fern EN A1c, B2c Copel. Lecanopteris luzonensis Hennip. Ant fern EN A1c, B2c Pteridaceae Pteris endoneura M.G. Price - EN A1c, B2c Rosaceae Prunus pulgarensis (Elmer) Kalkm. gupit EN A1c, B1+2c Prunus rubiginosa (Elmer) Kalkm. Bakad pula EN A1c, B2c Rubiaceae Boholia nematostylis Merr. - EN A1c, B1+2c Mussaenda philippinensis Merr. - EN A1cd, B2c Sapindaceae Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb. Kubili EN A1c, B2c Dimocarpus longan Lour. ssp. Alupag lalaki EN A1c, B2c malesianus Leenh. var. malesianus Dimocarpus longan Lour. ssp. Alupag amo EN A1c, B2c malesianus Leenh. var. echinatus Leenh. Gloeocarpus patentivalvis (Radlk.) Tamaho EN A1c, B2c Radlk. Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi EN A1c, B2c Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan-puti EN A1c, B2c Guioa myriadenia Radlk. Ulas EN A1c, B2c Guioa truncata Radlk. Uyos EN A1c, B2c Litchi chinensis Sonn. ssp. Alupag EN A1cd, B2c philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh. Sapotaceae Ganua monticola (Merr.) H.J. Lam Betis-bundok EN A1c, B2c Ganua obovatifolia (Merr.) Assem Pianga EN A1c, B2c Madhuca betis (Blanco) McBride Betis EN A1cd, B2bc Madhuca oblongifolia (Merr.) Malabetis EN A1cd, B2bc Merr. Selaginellaceae Selaginella atimonanensis B.C. - EN A1c, B2bc Tan & Jermy Selaginella pricei B.C. Tan & Jermy - EN A1c, B2bc

28 Philippines threatened plants 28 Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia Jack ssp. Linatog EN A1c, B2c eglandulosa (Merr.) Noot. Tectariaceae Heterogonium wenzelii (Copel.) - EN A1c, B2c Holtt. Tectaridium macleanii Copel. - EN A1c, B2c Thelypteridaceae Chingia urens Holtt. - EN A1c, B2c Verbenaceae Vitex parviflora Juss. Molave EN A1cd, B2bc Woodsiaceae Diplazium egenolfioides M.G. - EN A1c, B2c Price Zingiberaceae Hedychium philippinense K. Schum. Dainsuli EN A1cd, B2c

29 Philippines threatened plants 29 Table 8. National list of threatened Philippine plants in the Vulnerable (VU) Species Category. The criteria used here follow those of the IUCN (ver. 2.3, IUCN 199; Table 2) for the same category. Family Scientific name Common name Category & Criteria Actinidiaceae Saurauia bontocensis Merr. Dagwey VU A1cd, B2c Adiantaceae Adiantum cupreum Copel. Coppery VU A1c, B2c maidenhair fern Adiantum mindanaoense Copel. Mindanao VU A1c, B2c maidenhair fern Adiantum scabripes Copel. Rough VU A1c, B2c maidenhair fern Doryopteris cuspidata Copel. - VU A1c, B2c Alangiaceae Alangium longiflorum Merr. Malatapay VU A1c Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. Dao VU A1cd & Rolfe Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Lamio VU A1cd Skeels Koordersiodendron pinnatum Amugis VU A1cd (Blanco) Merr. Mangifera altissima Blanco Pahutan VU A1cd Mangifera merrillii Mukherji Pahong-liitan VU A1c, B2c Mangifera monandra Merr. Malapaho VU A1c, B2c Semecarpus paucinervius Merr. Ligas-ilanan VU A1c, B2c Annonaceae Dasymaschalon scandens Elmer Kalabuyo VU A1c, B1+2c Mitrephora caudata Merr. Lanutan-buntolan VU A1c, B1+2c Mitrephora fragrans Merr. Lanutanbanguhan VU A1c, B1+2c Mitrephora lanotan (Blanco) Merr. Lanotan VU A1c, B2c Orophea creaghii (Ridley) Tabingalang VU A1c, B1+2c Leonardía & Kessler Orophea cumingiana Vidal Mapatak VU A1c, B2c Polyalthia elmeri Merr. Bangar VU A1c, B1+2c Polyalthia palawanensis Merr. Palawan-lanutan VU A1c, B1+2c Apocynaceae Kibatalia elmeri Woodson Elmer pasnit VU A1c, B2c Kibatalia merrilliana Woodson Merrill pasnit VU A1c, B1+2c Tabernaemontana cordata Merr. Sakang-manok VU A1c, B1+2c Aquifoliaceae Ilex palawanica Loesen. ex Elmer Palawan kalasan VU A1c, B1+2c Araceae Alocasia micholitziana Sander Micholitz VU A1cd, B1+2c alocasia Alocasia zebrina Schott ex van Badiang VU A1cd, B2c Houtte Araliaceae Arthrophyllum pulgarense Elmer Higin VU A1c, B1+2c

30 Philippines threatened plants 30 Araucariaceae Agathis celebica (Koord.) Ward Palawan VU A1cd, B2c almaciga Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga VU A1cd, B2c Arecaceae Areca hutchinsoniana Becc. Pisa VU A1c, B2c (Palmae) Areca ipot Becc. Bungang-ipot VU A1cd, B2c Areca macrocarpa Becc. Bungang lakihan VU A1cd, B1+2c Corypha microclada Becc. Biliran buri VU A1cd, B1+2c Livistona robinsoniana Becc. Kayabing VU A1cd, B1+2bc Asclepiadaceae Hoya paziae Kloppenburg - VU A1cd, B2c Quisumbingia merrillii (Schltr.) - VU A1c, B2c Merr. Aspleniaceae Asplenium nidus L. Pugad-lawin VU A1cd, B2c Asplenium vittaeforme Cav. Dahu VU A1cd, B2c Begoniaceae Begonia oxysperma A. DC. - VU A1cd, B2c Bignoniaceae Radermachera coriacea Merr. Bitbit-parang VU A1c, B2c Blechnaceae Blechnum fraseri (A. Cunn.) - VU A1c, B2c Luerss. Celastraceae Glyptopetalum palawanense Merr. Palawan surag VU A1c, B1+2c Combretaceae Terminalia macrantha Merr. & Quisumb. ex Rojo Bongoran VU A1c, B1+B2c Terminalia surigaensis Merr. Dalinsoi VU A1c, B2c Cyatheaceae Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Tree Fern VU A1cd Copel. Cyathea elmeri (Copel.) Copel Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea latipinnula Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea obliqua Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea philippinensis Baker Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea robinsonii Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea rufopannosa Christ Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea setulosa Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea sibuyanensis Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Cyathea zamboangana Copel. Tree Fern VU A1cd Dicksonia mollis Holtt. Tree Fern VU A1cd Dilleniaceae Dillenia reifferscheidia Villar Katmon-kalabau VU A1c Dipteridaceae Dipteris lobbiana (Blume) Moore - VU A1cd Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus gracilis Blume Panaw VU A1cd+2cd Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume Hasselt's panaw VU A1cd+2cd Dipterocarpus kunstleri King Broad-leafed VU A1cd+2cd apitong Shorea almon Foxw. Almon VU A1cd Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan VU A1cd Shorea falciferoides Foxw. ssp. Yakal-yamban VU A1cd falciferoides Shorea negrosensis Foxw. Red lauan VU A1cd

31 Philippines threatened plants 31 Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile VU A1cd Shorea seminis (de Vriese) Slooten Malayakal VU A1cd Vatica mangachapoi Blanco ssp. Narig VU A1cd mangachapoi Vatica mangachapoi Blanco ssp. Palawan narig VU A1cd obtusifolia (Elmer) Ashton Vatica maritima Slooten Narig laot VU A1cd Ebenaceae Diospyros curranii Merr. Malagaitmon VU A1cd Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. Bantulinaw VU A1cd var. buxifolia (Rottb.) Bakh. Diospyros mindanaensis Merr. Ata-ata VU A1cd Euphorbiaceae Balakata luzonica (Vidal) Esser Bakat gubat VU A1cd Securinega flexuosa Muell.-Arg. Anislag VU A1c Fagaceae Lithocarpus apoensis (Elmer) Apo oak VU A1c Rehd. Lithocarpus jordanae (Laguna) Rehd. Katiluk VU A1c Gesneriaceae Aeschynanthus cuernosensis Schltr. Cuernos lipstick plant VU A1cd, B1+2c Aeschynanthus curvicalyx Mendum Cleopatra's VU A1cd, B1+2c lipstick plant Aeschynanthus elmeri Mendum Elmer's lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Aeschynanthus firmus Kraenzl. Lanao lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Aeschynanthus littoralis Schltr. Davao lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Aeschynanthus madulidii Mendum Madulid's lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Aeschynanthus miniaceus B.L. Pamingkauan VU A1cd, B1+2c Burtt & P.J.B. Woods Aeschynanthus nervosus Schltr. Chila VU A1cd, B2c Aeschynanthus ovatus Schltr. Round-leafed lipstick plant VU A1cd, B1+2c Aeschynanthus pergracilis Kraenzl. Slender lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Aeschynanthus truncatus Schltr. Truncate lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c plant Agalmyla biflora (Elmer) Hilliard Twin-flowered VU A1cd, B2c & B.L. Burtt. lipstick plant Agalmyla calelanensis (Elmer) Tasik-sa-lomot VU A1cd Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Agalmyla glabra (Merr.) Hilliard & Smooth lipstick VU A1cd B.L. Burtt plant Agalmyla montistomasi Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Benguet lipstick plant VU A1cd, B1+2c

32 Philippines threatened plants 32 Agalmyla parvilimba Hilliard & Leyte lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c B.L. Burtt plant Agalmyla persimilis Hilliard & Agusan lipstick VU A1cd B.L. Burtt plant Agalmyla rotundiloba Hilliard & Round-lobed VU A1cd, B1+2c B.L. Burtt lipstick plant Agalmyla samarica Hilliard & B.L. Samar lipstick VU A1cd Burtt plant Agalmyla sibuyanensis Hilliard & Sibuyan lipstick VU A1cd, B1+2c B.L. Burtt plant Agalmyla urdanetensis (Elmer) Balibadon VU A1cd Hilliard & B.L. Burtt Guttiferae Calophyllum laticostatum P.F. Thick-veined VU A1c Stevens bitanghol Hammamelidace Embolanthera spicata Merr. Paningit VU A1c, B1+2c ae Lauraceae Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag VU A1c Cryptocarya ampla Merr. Bagarilau VU A1c Leguminosae Cynometra inaequifolia A. Gray Dila-dila VU A1c Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites Makapilit VU A1c Sindora inermis Merr. Kayugalo VU A1cd Strongylodon elmeri Merr. Bindanugan VU A1cd Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium carinatum Desv. VU A1c Melastomataceae Medinilla dolichophylla Merr. Gunang VU A1cd Meliaceae Aglaia angustifolia Miq. Kaniuing kitid VU A1c Aglaia cumingiana Turcz. Alauihau VU A1c Aglaia edulis (Roxb). Wall Malasaging VU A1cd Aglaia rimosa (Blanco) Merr. Balubar VU A1c Aglaia smithii Koord. Batukanag VU A1c Aglaia tenuicaulis Hiern Oksa VU A1c Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Kangko VU A1c R.N. Parker Dyxosylum angustifoliolum (Merr.) Tarublang VU A1c Harms [= Dysoxylum cauliflorum Hiern] Dyxosylum oppositifolium F. Kayatau VU A1c Muell. Moraceae Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb. Kalulot VU A1c Artocarpus treculianus Elmer Pakak VU A1c Myristicaeae Horsfieldia samarensis de Wilde Samar yabnob VU A1c, B1+2c Ophioglossaceae Botrychium daucifolium Wall. Grape fern VU A1c Botrychium lanuginosum Wall. Grape fern VU A1c Orchidaceae Aerides leeana Reichb.f. - VU A1cd Dendrobium sanderae Rolfe - VU A1cd Epigeneium treacherianum Reichb.f. ex Hook.f.) Summerh. VU A1cd

33 Philippines threatened plants 33 Pandanaceae Sararanga philippinensis Merr. Bagaas, VU A1c Abasanay Polypodiaceae Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) Libagod VU A1c Hovenkamp Aglaomorpha cornucopia (Copel.) - VU A1c Roos Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Saraukong VU A1c Copel. Aglaomorpha meyeniana (Hook.) - VU A1c Schott Aglaomorpha pilosa (Hook. & - VU A1c Bauer) Copel. Aglaomorpha splendens (Hook. & - VU A1c Bauer) Copel. Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab VU A1c Goniophlebium terrestre Copel. VU A1c Microsorum punctatum (L.) Copel. Barauwai VU A1c Microsorum sarawakense (Baker) - VU A1c Ching Microsorum scolopendria Barawetku VU A1c (Burm.f.) Copel. Pyrrosia splendens (C. Presl) Turko VU A1c Ching Psilotaceae Psilotum complanatum Sw. Flat whisk fern VU A1c Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. Whisk fern VU A1c Tmesipteris lanceolata Dang - VU A1c Pteridaceae Taenitis cordata (Gaud.) Holtt. - VU A1c Rubiaceae Antherostele banahaensis (Elmer) - VU A1c Bremek. Antherostele callophylla Bremek. - VU A1c, B1+2c Antherostele grandistipula (Merr.) - VU A1c Bremek. Antherostele luzoniensis (Merr.) - VU A1c, B1+2c Bremek. Badusa palawanensis Ridsd. Palawan palak VU A1c, B1+2c Mussaenda acuminatissima Merr. Katudai VU A1c, B1+2c Mussaenda attenuifolia Elmer Bungag VU A1c, B1+2c Mussaenda chlorantha Merr. - VU A1c, B1+2c Mussaenda setosa Merr. Sigidago VU A1c, B1+2c Myrmephytum beccarii Elmer Sibuyan ant plant VU A1c Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack Burebid VU A1c Villaria fasciculiflora Quisumb. & Otto VU A1c, B1+2c Merr. Rutaceae Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum (Merr.) Merr. Salai VU A1c

34 Philippines threatened plants 34 Sapotaceae Palaquium luzoniense (Fernandez- Red nato / nato VU A1cd Villar) Vidal Palaquium mindanaense Merr. Pinulog VU A1cd Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C. Malak-malak VU A1cd Robinson Pouteria villamilii (Merr.) Baehni Villamil nato / VU A1cd White nato Selaginellaceae Selaginella magnifica Warb. - VU A1c Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) - VU A1c Spring Tectariaceae Tectaria stalactica M.G. Price - VU A1c Thelypteridaceae Chingia paucipaleata Holtt. - VU A1c Chingia pricei Holtt. - VU A1c Christella subdentata Holtt. - VU A1c Coryphopteris squamipes (Copel.) - VU A1c Holtt. Cyclogramma auriculata (J. Sm.) - VU A1c Ching Verbenaceae Clerodendrum macrocalyx H.J. - VU A1c Lam Clerodendrum mindorense Merr. Bagab VU A1c Woodsiaceae Cornopteris irigaense (Copel.) - VU A1c M.G. Price Diplazium costulisorum C. Presl - VU A1c Diplazium cultratum C. Presl - VU A1c Diplazium propinquum (Copel.) - VU A1c Alderw. Gymnocarpium oyamense (Baker) Ching - VU A1c Zingiberaceae Adelmeria paradoxa (Ridley) Merr. Parapat VU A1cd Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl Banai VU A1cd

35 Philippines threatened plants 35 Table 9. National list of threatened Philippine plants in the Other Threatened Species (OTS) Category. The criteria used here follow those of the IUCN (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994) for Lower Risk / near threatened category and DENR Administrative Order No (see also Table 2). Family Scientific name Common name Category & Criteria Burseraceae Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Piling-liitan OTS LR/nt Gray Canarium ovatum Engl. Pili OTS LR/nt Protium connarifolium (Perkins) Marangub OTS LR/nt Merr. Dilleniaceae Dillenia fischeri Merr. Katmon OTS LR/nt Dillenia luzoniensis (Vidal) Malakatmon OTS LR/nt Martelli ex Durand & Jackson Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus dinagatensis Merr. Dinagat-konakan OTS LR/nt Elaeocarpus gigantifolius Elmer Nabol OTS LR/nt Euphorbiaceae Antidesma obliquinervium Merr. Aniam OTS LR/nt Antidesma subolivaceum Elmer Aniam-Gubat OTS LR/nt Drypetes palawanensis Pax & Tombong-uak OTS LR/nt Hoffm. Macaranga congestiflora Merr. Amublit OTS LR/nt Fagaceae Lithocarpus luzoniensis (Merr.) Kilog OTS LR/nt Rehd. Lithocarpus ovalis (Blanco) Rehd. Mangasiriki OTS LR/nt Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus alcalae C. DC. Dudua OTS LR/nt Xylosma palawanense Mendoza Mansalay OTS LR/nt Gesneriaceae Monophyllaea longipes Kraenzl. North luzon oneleafed OTS LR/nt plant Monophyllaea merrilliana Kraenzl. Sabongaiahon OTS LR/nt Labiatae Plectranthus apoensis (Elmer) H. Kalalapo-bulan OTS LR/nt Keng Plectranthus merrillii H. Keng Bungbungtit OTS LR/nt Lauraceae Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Clove cinnamon OTS LR/nt Blume Eusideroxylon zwageri Teysm. & Tambulian OTS LR/nt Binn. Persea philippinensis (Merr.) Kulilisiau OTS LR/nt Elmer Leguminosae Adenanthera intermedia Merr. Tanglin OTS LR/nt Entada rheedii Sprengel Gugo OTS LR/nt Luzonia purpurea Elmer Baloktot OTS LR/nt Parkia harbesonii Elmer [= Parkia speciosa Hassk.] Butad OTS LR/nt

36 Philippines threatened plants 36 Lomariopsidacea Lomagramma pedicellata Copel. - OTS LR/nt e Meliaceae Aglaia aherniana Perkins Alamag OTS LR/nt Aglaia costata Elmer ex Merr. Manabiog OTS LR/nt Sandoricum vidalii Merr. Malasantol OTS LR/nt Myristicaceae Knema alvarezii Merr. Duhao OTS LR/nt Knema stenocarpa Warb. Libago OTS LR/nt Myristica basilanica de Wilde Basilan duguan OTS LR/nt Myristica frugifera de Wilde - OTS LR/nt Myristica longipetiolata de Wilde - OTS LR/nt Myristica philippensis Lamk. Duguan OTS LR/nt Myristica pilosigemma de Wilde - OTS LR/nt Myrsinaceae Ardisia romanii Elmer Roman tagpo OTS LR/nt Myrtaceae Kania microphylla (Quisumb. & Tigang-liitan OTS LR/nt Merr.) Peter G. Wilson Kania urdanetensis (Elmer) Peter Sambulanan OTS LR/nt G. Wilson Metrosideros halconensis (Merr.) Magadhan OTS LR/nt Dawson Syzygium cagayanense (Merr.) Amtuk OTS LR/nt Merr. Syzygium ciliato-setosum (Merr.) Lakangan OTS LR/nt Merr. Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Salakadan OTS LR/nt Merr. Syzygium panduriforme (Elmer) Lauig-lauigan OTS LR/nt Merr. Syzygium subrotundifolium (C. Kalogkog-dagat OTS LR/nt Robinson) Merr. Pandanaceae Pandanus basilocularis Martelli Olango OTS LR/nt Polypodiaceae Arthromeris proteus (Copel.) - OTS LR/nt Tagawa Christopteris sagitta (Christ) Cacam-cam OTS LR/nt Copel. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus hutchinsonii Merr. Lumuluas OTS LR/nt Ziziphus talanai (Blanco) Merr. Balakat OTS LR/nt Rosaceae Prunus subglabra (Merr.) Kalkm. Kanumog OTS LR/nt Rosa luciae Franch. & Rochbr. ex Kuyaob OTS LR/nt Crepin Rosa transmorrisonensis Hayata Pauikan OTS LR/nt Rubus heterosepalus Merr. Tukong OTS LR/nt Sapindaceae Guioa bicolor Merr. Kaninging OTS LR/nt Symplocaceae Symplocos polyandra (Blanco) Balakbakan OTS LR/nt Brand. Tectariaceae Tectaria adenophora Copel. - OTS LR/nt Urticaceae Astrothalamus reticulatus (Wedd.) Lapnai OTS LR/nt

37 Philippines threatened plants 37 C. Robinson Woodsiaceae Diplazium calliphyllum (Copel.) - OTS LR/nt M.G. Price Diplazium macrosorum (Copel.) - OTS LR/nt M.G. Price Diplazium sibuyanense (Copel.) - OTS LR/nt Alderw. Diplazium vestitum C. Presl - OTS LR/nt Zingiberaceae Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr. Agbab OTS LR/nt

38 Philippines threatened plants 38 Table 10. National list of threatened Philippine plants in the Other Wildlife Species (OWS) Category. The criteria used here follow those of the IUCN (ver. 2.3, IUCN 1994) for Lower Risk / least concern category and DENR Administrative Order No (see also Table 2). Family Scientific name Common name Category & Criteria Arecaceae Areca whitfordii Becc. Bungang gubat OWS LR/lc (Palmae) Aspleniaceae Asplenium mantalingahanum P.M. OWS LR/lc Zamora & Co Asteraceae Merrittia benguetensis (Elmer) Agakob OWS LR/lc (Compositae) Merr. Begoniaceae Begonia alba Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia angilogensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia casiguranensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia castilloi Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia caudata Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia chloroneura P. Wilkie & - OWS LR/lc Sands Begonia collisiae Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia coronensis Merr. Coron begonia OWS LR/lc Begonia edanoi Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia elatostematoides Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia esculenta Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia gitingensis Elmer Guiting-guiting OWS LR/lc begonia Begonia isabelensis Quisumb. & Isabela begonia OWS LR/lc Merr. Begonia lacera Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia lancifolia Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia longibracteata Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia longinoda Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia obtusifolia Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia palawanensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia panayensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia parva Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia perryae L.B. Smith & - OWS LR/lc Wasshausen Begonia rubrifolia Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia rufipila Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia samarensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia sarmentosa L.B. Smith & - OWS LR/lc Wasshausen Begonia subtruncata Merr. - OWS LR/lc

39 Philippines threatened plants 39 Begonia urdanetensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia wadei Merr. & Quisumb. - OWS LR/lc Begonia weberi Merr. - OWS LR/lc Begonia zamboangensis Merr. - OWS LR/lc Cornaceae Mastixia macrocarpa Matthew Apanit-lakibunga OWS LR/lc Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia articulata Copel. - OWS LR/lc Dennstaedtia fusca Copel. - OWS LR/lc Dennstaedtia macgregori Copel. - OWS LR/lc Dennstaedtia williamsii Copel. - OWS LR/lc Lindsaea apoensis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Lindsaea ramosii Copel. - OWS LR/lc Microlepia protracta Copel. - OWS LR/lc Dilleniaceae Dillenia megalantha Merr. Katmon-bayani OWS LR/lc Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Katmon OWS LR/lc Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris polita Rosenst. - OWS LR/lc Dryopteris uropinna M.G. Price - OWS LR/lc Polystichum copelandii (Christ) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Polystichum elmeri Copel. - OWS LR/lc Polystichum fuscum Copel. - OWS LR/lc Polystichum nudum Copel. - OWS LR/lc Psomiocarpa apiifolia C. Presl - OWS LR/lc Euphorbiaceae Aporosa elliptifolia Merr. Apnong-tilos OWS LR/lc Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer Dilak-banguhan OWS LR/lc Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer Daha OWS LR/lc Fagaceae Castanopsis philipensis (Blanco) Philippine OWS LR/lc Vidal chestnut Quercus merrillii Seem. Pungo-pungo OWS LR/lc Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. Bitongol OWS LR/lc Grammitidaceae Acrosorus nudicarpus P.M. Zamora - OWS LR/lc & Co Calymmodon ordinatus Copel. - OWS LR/lc Ctenopteris halconensis (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Ctenopteris matutumensis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Ctenopteris negrosensis (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Ctenopteris pachycaula (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Ctenopteris spongiosa (Copel.) OWS LR/lc Copel. - Grammitis bulbotricha (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Grammitis loheriana (Christ) - OWS LR/lc Copel. Grammitis microtricha Copel. - OWS LR/lc

40 Philippines threatened plants 40 Prosaptia ancestralis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Xiphopteris apoensis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllace Hymenophyllum bartlettii (Copel.) Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc ae Morton Hymenophyllum bicolanum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllum bontocense Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllum campanulatum Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Christ Hymenophyllum edanoi (Copel.) Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Morton Hymenophyllum pulchrum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllum ramosii Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllum reductum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Hymenophyllum vittatum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Trichomanes acutum C. Presl Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Trichomanes crassum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Trichomanes gracillinum Copel. Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc Trichomanes zamboanganum Filmy Fern OWS LR/lc (Copel.) Morton Lindsaeaceae Tapeinidum acuminatum Kramer - OWS LR/lc Lomariopsidacea Elaphoglossum apoense Holtt. - OWS LR/lc e Elaphoglossum basilanicum Copel. - OWS LR/lc Elaphoglossum calanasanicum - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Elaphoglossum negrosensis Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Lomagramma cordata Copel. - OWS LR/lc Matoniaceae Matonia foxworthyi Copel. - OWS LR/lc Meliaceae Aglaia grandis Korth. ex Miq. Barongisan OWS LR/lc Aglaia korthalsii Miq. Korthal gisihan OWS LR/lc Aglaia lancilimba Merr. Tapuyi OWS LR/lc Aglaia lepthantha Merr. Gisihan OWS LR/lc Aglaia leucophylla King Bubunau OWS LR/lc Aglaia luzoniensis (Vidal) Merr. & Kuling-manuk OWS LR/lc Rolfe Aglaia malaccensis (Ridley) Pannel Malacca kato OWS LR/lc Aglaia oligophylla Miq. Ansa OWS LR/lc Aglaia pachyphylla Miq. Tukang-kalau OWS LR/lc Aglaia palembanica Miq. Gasatin OWS LR/lc Aglaia rubiginosa (Hiern) Pannel - OWS LR/lc Aglaia sexipetala Griff. Basinau OWS LR/lc Aglaia squamulosa King Bugalbal-pula OWS LR/lc Aglaia silvestris (M. Roemer) Merr. Salamingal OWS LR/lc Aglaia teysmanniana (Miq.) Pannel Teysmann kato OWS LR/lc Oleandraceae Oleandra benguetensis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pandanaceae Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsl. - OWS LR/lc

41 Philippines threatened plants 41 Peranemaceae Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. - OWS LR/lc Sm. Poaceae Aristida holathera Domin - OWS LR/lc (Gramineae) Cephalostachyum mindorense Bakto OWS LR/lc Gamble Chionachne biaurita Hackel - OWS LR/lc Polypodiaceae Microsorum membranifolium (R. OWS LR/lc Br.) Ching Pteridaceae Pteris brevis Copel. OWS LR/lc Pteris dataensis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris distans J. Smith - OWS LR/lc Pteris edanoi Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris elmeri Christ - OWS LR/lc Pteris loheri Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris macgregori Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris melanorachis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris micracantha Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris mucronulata Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris ramosii Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris squamipes Copel. - OWS LR/lc Pteris taenitis Copel. - OWS LR/lc Rosaceae Prunus clementis (Merr.) Kalkm. Dalisai OWS LR/lc Rubiaceae Greeniopsis discolor Merr. Pangalimanan OWS LR/lc Greeniopsis euphlebia Merr. Buhon-buhon OWS LR/lc Greeniopsis megalantha Merr. Hamagos OWS LR/lc Ixora palawanensis Merr. Palawan santan OWS LR/lc Ixora tenuipedunculata Merr. Suding OWS LR/lc Sulitia obscurinervia (Merr.) Ridsd. Kalinigi OWS LR/lc Selaginellaceae Selaginella apoensis Hieron. - OWS LR/lc Tectariaceae Aenigmopteris mindanaensis Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Tectaria lobbii (Hook.) Copel. - OWS LR/lc Thelypteridaceae Nannothelypteris aoristisora - OWS LR/lc (Harr.) Holtt. Nannothelypteris camarinensis - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Nannothelypteris inaequilobata - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Nannothelypteris nervosa (Fée) OWS LR/lc Holtt. - Nannothelypteris philippina (C. - OWS LR/lc Presl) Elmer Pronephrium bulusanicum (Holtt.) - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Pronephrium clemensiae (Copel.) Holtt. - OWS LR/lc

42 Philippines threatened plants 42 Pronephrium diminutus (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Pronephrium hosei (Baker) Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Pronephrium solsonicum Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Sphaerostephanos angustifolius (C. - OWS LR/lc Presl) Holtt. Sphaerostephanos cartilagidens - OWS LR/lc P.M. Zamora & Co Sphaerostephanos dichrotrichoides - OWS LR/lc (Alderw.) Holtt. Sphaerostephanos fenixii Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Sphaerostephanos hernaezii Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Sphaerostephanos magnus (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Sphaerostephanos major (Copel.) - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Sphaerostephanos mindorensis - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Sphaerostephanos polisianus Holtt. - OWS LR/lc Sphaerostephanos spenceri (Christ) - OWS LR/lc Holtt. Sphaerostephanos stenodontus - OWS LR/lc (Copel.) Holtt. Sphaerostephanos tephrophyllus - OWS LR/lc (Copel.) Holtt. Sphaerostephanos williamsii - OWS LR/lc (Copel.) Holtt. Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria cumingiana (Decne.) Butlo OWS LR/lc Ridley Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Agar wood OWS LR/lc Vittariaceae Monogramma capillaris Copel. - OWS LR/lc Vittaria hecistophylla Copel. - OWS LR/lc Vittaria pachystemma Christ - OWS LR/lc Vittaria subcoriacea Christ - OWS LR/lc Vittaria taeniophylla Copel. - OWS LR/lc Woodsiaceae Athyrium stramineum Copel. - OWS LR/lc Diplazium bolsteri Copel. - OWS LR/lc Diplazium geophilum (Copel.) OWS LR/lc Alderw. - Diplazium symmetricum (Copel.) M.G. Price - OWS LR/lc Diplazium tenuifolium (Copel.) Lellinger - OWS LR/lc

43 Philippines threatened plants 43 CAPTIONS TO FIGURES Figure 1. Threatened plants of the Philippines. A, Heterospathe califrons Fernando, Critically Endangered (CR); B, Nepenthes merrilliana Macfarlane, Critically Endangered (CR); C, Paphiopedilum acmodontum Schoser ex M.W. Wood, Critically Endangered (CR); D, Platycerium grande (Fee) Kunze, Critically Endangered (CR); E, Rafflesia manillana Teschem., Critically Endangered (CR); F, Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Peter G. Wilson & Waterhouse, Critically Endangered (CR); G, Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull., Endangered (EN); H, Cycas edentata de Laubenf., Endangered (EN); I, Xanthostemon speciosus Merr. A-B and D-I photos by Edwino S. Fernando; C, photo by Leonardo L. Co. Figure 2. Threatened plants of the Philippines. A, Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal, Endangered (EN); B, Medinilla magnifica Lindl., Endangered (EN); C, Ophioglossum pendulum L., Endangered (EN); D, Alangium longiflorum Merr., Vulnerable (VU); E, Botrychium daucifolium Wall., Vulnerable (VU); F, Dipteris lobbiana (Blume) Moore, Vulnerable (VU); G, Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl, Vulnerable (VU); H, Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr., Vulnerable (VU); I, Strongylodon elmeri Merr., Vulnerable (VU). A-B, D, and H photos by Edwino S. Fernando; C, E-G, and I photos by Leonardo L. Co. Figure 3. Threatened plants of the Philippines. A, Ardisia romani Elmer, Other Threatened Species (OTS); B, Hydnocarpus alcalae C. DC., Other Threatened Species (OTS); C, Monophyllaea longipes Kraenzl., Other Threatened Species (OTS); D, Protium connarifolium (Perkins) Merr., Other Threatened Species (OTS); E, Rosa luciae Franch. & Rochbr. ex Crepin, Other Threatened Species (OTS); F, Syzygium ciliato-setosum (Merr.) Merr., Other Threatened

44 Philippines threatened plants 44 Species (OTS); G, Begonia chloroneura P. Wilkie & Sands, Other Wildlife Species (OWS); H, Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe, Other Wildlife Species (OWS); I, Tapeinidium acuminatum Kramer, Other Wildlife Species (OWS). A-B, D-E, and H photos by Edwino S. Fernando; C, F- G, and I photos by Leonardo L. Co.

45 A B C D E F G H I

46 A B C D E F G H I

47 A B C D E F G H I