Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team

Transcription

1 Forest Health Technology Enterrise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 United States Deartment of Agriculture Forest Service Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences FHTET December 2005

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3 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies VOLUME 2 Hao Zheng¹, Yun Wu², Jianqing Ding¹, Denise Binion², Weidong Fu¹ and Richard Reardon² ¹Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Environment and Sustainable Develoment in Agriculture Biological Control Laboratory Beijing, P. R. China ²USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterrise Team Morgantown, WV U.S. A.

4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements...vi Introduction...vii Arundo donax (Giant reed)...1 Carex kobomugi (Jaanese sedge, Asiatic sand sedge)...3 Gysohila aniculata (Baby s breath)...13 Leidium latifolium (Broadleaved eer weed)...15 Lygodium s. (Climbing fern)...17 I. Lygodium jaonicum (Jaanese climbing fern)...17 II. Lygodium microhyllum (Old World climbing fern)...18 Melia azedarach (Chinaberry tree)...20 Miscanthus sinensis (Chinese silver grass)...23 Murdannia keisak (Wart reving herb)...25 Phalaris arundinacea (Reed canary grass)...26 Phleum ratense (Tithy)...27 Phragmites australis (Comn reed)...28 Polygonum erfoliatum (Mile-a-minute)...34 Poulus alba (White olar)...43 Potageton crisus (Curly ondweed)...61 Pueraria ntana var. lobata (Pueraria lobata) (Kudzu)...63 Quercus acutissima (Sawtth oak)...66 Reynoutria jaonica (Jaanese knotweed)...87 Rhamnus s. (Buckthorn)...89 I. Rhamnus cathartica (Comn buckthorn)...89 II. Rhamnus frangula (Glossy buckthorn)...89 Rosa multiflora (Multiflora rose)...93 Rottboellia exaltata (Itchgrass, Raoulgrass) Rubus s. (Rasberry) I. Rubus elliticus var. obcordatus (Yellow Himalayan rasberry).101 II. Rubus nivens (Hill rasberry) III. Rubus hoenicolasius (Wineberry) Rumex s. (Dock, Sorrel) I. Rumex acetosella (Shee sorrel) iv Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

5 II. Rumex crisus (Curly dock, Yellow dock) Saium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) Setaria faberi (Giant foxtail) Siraea jaonica (Jaanese siraea) Stellaria media (Comn chickweed) Tamarix s. (Salt Cedar, Tamarisk) I. Tamarix chinensis (Salt cedar, Five stamen tamarisk) II. Tamarix rasissima Taxus cusidata (Jaanese yew) Tribulus terrestris (Puncture vine) Ulmus umila (Siberian elm) Verbascum thasus (Comn mullein) Viburnum oulus (Guelder rose, Euroean cranberry) Wisteria s. (Wisteria) I. Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria) II. Wisteria floribunda (Jaanese wisteria) Glossary References Aendix (Image credits) Scientific Name Index Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 v

6 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to this ublication: Dr. Linda Butler, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; and Dr. Ma Jinshuang, Brklyn Botanic Garden, Brklyn, NY and Dr. George Newcombe, University of Idaho, Moscow Idaho, for their technical review and comments. Liu Min, Zhang Guoliang, and Peng Peng, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Develoment in Agriculture, Biological Control Laboratory, Beijing; and Yang Changju and Zhao Chunsen, Deartment of Plant Protection, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China for their technical assistance. Michael Anderson, Fairnt, WV, for layout and grahics. The authors would like to acknowledge the following library facilities and their websites: Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (htt:// National Library of China (htt:// Library of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Library of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; IndexFungorum maintained by CABI Bioscience (htt:// Chinese Biodiversity Information System (htt:// Plants database (htt://lants.usda.gov); The Nature Conservancy website (htt://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu); and USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine website (htt://www. ahis.usda.gov/q/weeds). Images used in this ublication were rovided by: University of Georgia (UGA), Forestry Images (htt:// Invasive.org (htt://www. invasive.org) indicated by the UGA number on the image; USDA Plants Database (htt://lants.usda. gov/); Forest and Kim Starr, United States Geological Survey (USDGS), Makawao, HI, as well as, many other individual hotograhers. A comlete list of image credits is included in the Aendix. Funding for this ublication was rovided by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biological Control Laboratory and the USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterrise Team and International Programs. Additional coies of this ublication can be ordered from Yun Wu or Richard Reardon, USDA Forest Service, 180 Canfield Street, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, (304) or (304) or ywu@fs.fed.us or rreardon@fs.fed.us. On The Cover: Left to right: Polygonum erfoliatum (Mile-a-minute) leaves, flowers and fruits (Denise Binion, USDA Forest Service, FHTET); Melia azederach (Chinaberry tree) leaves, flowers and fruits (Ted Bodner, Southern Weed Science Society, htt:// Rubus hoenicolasius (Wineberry) leaves and fruits (Denise Binion, USDA Forest Service, FHTET). vi Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

7 Provinces with lant distributions listed in this bk are shown above. Introduction Invasive Plants Establishd in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 is the second ublication in this series containing summaries of information on lants found in Asia that were introduced urosefully or accidentally into the United States. Most of the lants in Volume 2 originated in Asia although there is some confusion for several of the lants which robably originated in Euroe; Gysohila aniculata, Phleum ratense, Poulus alba, Rhamnus cathartica, and Viburnum oulus. Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the United States and Their Natural Enemies Volume 1 contianed 45 secies whereas Volume 2 contains 41 secies of lants. All of the information in both volumes was obtained by searching and reviewing the Chinese literature as well as discussions with Chinese scientists. Prior to these volumes, information was scattered, inaccessible and available only in Chinese. The scientific names that aear in the lists of natural enemies were obtained from the Chinese literature and the authors and technical reviewers did not review all of the names, but udated those in obvious error. The bk also contains background information on the biology of each lant secies, an image to hel with identification, a ma of its distribution in China, indices of scientific names for each lant secies and a bibliograhy of over 200 references. The references are cited in the text as bracketed suerscrit numbers that are indexed in the reference section (ages ). Also included are mas of United States distribution for all lant secies. This bk is intended to serve as a resource for regulatory and lant rotection agencies worldwide. The invasive lant secies included in both volumes were selected according to their distribution, economic and ecological irtance in the United States based on information from the following sources: Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden (Randall and Marinelli 1996); Selection of Aroriate Future Target Weeds for Biological Control (Pemberton 2002); In: Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 vii

8 Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States (VanDriesche et al 2002), websites (htt://lants.usda.gov, htt:// tncweeds.ucdavis.edu, htt://www. ahis.usda.gov/q/weeds) and discussions with Dr. Bernd Blossey at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY and Dr. Ted Center at the USDA- ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Knowledge of host range (H.R.) secificity is essential for biological control. Tables containing lists of fungal and arthrd natural enemies are rovided for each lant secies. The lists of fungal natural enemies were revised based on the Index Fungorum (htt:// names.as). Where aroriate, the old names are noted below the table. The host range of natural enemies is based on the organism's feeding reference. Each natural enemy table contains a letter code reresenting the host range of a given organism. The codes in Volume 2 have been udated from those in Volume 1. The natural enemies found on the target lant are coded as m, o, or. Natural enemies coded,, or o are not found on the target lant. The code, using Ailanthus altissima as an examle, is as follows: m = recorded on Ailanthus altissima = recorded on one secies of the genus Ailanthus other than Ailanthus altissima o = recorded on re than one secies of Ailanthus including Ailanthus altissima = recorded on re than one secies of Ailanthus other than Ailanthus altissima = recorded on Ailanthus and other genera o = recorded on re than one genus including Ailanthus, but excluding Ailanthus altissima Distribution Mas The China distribution mas were created in China, with ESRI ArcView 3.1. using data rovided by the National Fundamental Geograhic Information system of China (NFGIS). (See samle ma and color key at right.) The United States distribution mas indicate whether the lant is resent (green) or absent (yellow). Data for the United States distribution mas were obtained by consulting a variety of sources including the Biota of North America (BONAP) (htt:// the USDA Plants Database (htt://lants.usda. gov); the Flora of North America (htt://huh.hua.harvard.edu/fna); and the National Park Service (htt://ns.gov). References Randall, J.M.; Marinelli, J Invasive lants: weeds of the global garden. Handbk 149. Brklyn, NY, Brklyn Botanic Garden, 111. VanDriesche, R.; Blossey, B.; Hoddle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. U.S. Deartment of Agriculture Forest Health Technology Enterrise Team, FHTET , Morgantown, WV COLOR CODED KEY TO DISTRIBUTION MAPS : Does not occur Probably does not occur Cultivated Probably occurs Occurs viii Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

9 Arundo donax Giant reed Introduction The genus Arundo contains 5 secies occurring in troical and subtroical regions. Two secies are recorded from China [122]. Secies of Arundo in China Scientific Name Arundo donax L. A. forsana Hack Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Arundioideae Tribe: Arundineae Subtribe: Arundinae Bews Genus: Arundo L. Secies: Arundo donax L. Descrition Aundo donax is an erect, erennial grass that can grow to a height of 3-6 m. The culms reach a diameter of 1-4 cm, are hollow, with walls 2 to 7 mm thick and divided by artitions at the nodes. The nodes vary in length from cm. The leaf sheath is glabrous and longer than the internode. Leaves are consicuously 2-ranked, cm long and 5-8 cm broad at the base and taering to a fine oint. Leaf bases are cordate and ersistent. The large lume-like anicles are erect, cm long. The sikelet, cosed of Fungi 2-4 florets, is mm in length. Glumes are lanceolate, nearly identical in size, and 3-5 veined, the lower lemma is 8-10 mm long, and about 4-5 mm for the uer. The flowers and fruits aear from Setember to December [58, 84, 87, 122]. Habitat A. donax refers sandy soil along riverbanks and roadsides [122]. Distribution A. donax occurs in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang rovinces [58, 122] and it is cultivated in Henan, Hubei and Shandong rovinces [9, 30, 53]. Economic Irtance The culm of A. donax is sometimes used for making reeds for musical wind instruments. Because of its high fibrin content, A. donax is used for aer making and artificial silk. Historically the entire lant was used as building material for rural cottages. It is also used for animal forage [58, 122]. Related Secies A. donax var. coleotricha Hack, native to Taiwan, can be distinguished from A. donax by the densely hairy leaf sheath. A. donax var. versiocolor Stokes, has graceful stries on the leaves. The much shorter A. forsana, with a height of cm, is also reorted from Taiwan [58, 77, 122]. Natural Enemies of Arundo Five fungi and one arthrd have been recorded in association with lants of the genus Arundo. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Meliolaceae Meliola arundinis Pat. [73] o Phyllachoraceae Phyllachora arundinis Sawada Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia arundinis-donacis T. Hirats. m [170] Anarhic Slanchnonema Helminthosorium arundinis Sawada Anarhic Uredinales Uredo arundinis-donacis F.L. Tai m Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 1

10 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Leidotera Noctuidae Simyra albovenosa (Goeze) [15] Recorded as Arsilonche albovenosa (Goeze) 2 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

11 Carex kobomugi Jaanese sedge, Asiatic sand sedge Introduction The genus Carex contains re than 2000 secies worldwide. In China, aroximately 500 secies have a nationwide distribution [114]. Taxonomy Order: Cyerales Family: Cyeraceae Subfamily: Caricoideae Pax Tribe: Cariceale Nees Genus: Carex L. Subgenus: Carex Section: Macrocehalae Kükenth Secies: Carex kobomugi Ohwi Descrition C. kobomugi is a erennial rhizomatous sedge. The culm is obtuse triangular, smth, cm in height and 3-4 mm in width, and covered with aged leaf sheath in the base. Leaves are leathery, tthed and yellow-green in color, often longer than the culms. Inflorescence is dioecious, usually sike. Male flower clusters are oblong in shae, 4-5 cm long and cm wide, with lanceolate scales, while female flower clusters are ovate or oblong, cm long and 4-5 Secies of Carex in China Scientific Name Scientific Name C. adrienii E. G. Camus C. maculata Btt C. aequialta Kükenth. C. magnoutriculata Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. agglomerata C. B. Clarke C. makinoensis Franch. C. alba Sco. C. makuensis P. C. Li C. alliiformis C. B. Clarke C. manca Btt C. aloecuroides D. Don C. mancaeformis C. B. Clarke ex Franch. C. alta Btt C. maorshanica Y. L. Chou C. altaica Gorodk. C. maquensis Y. C. Yang C. amgunensis Fr. Schmidt C. maubertiana Btt C. angarae Steud. C. maxiwiczii Miq. C. angustinowiczii Meinsh. ex Korsh. C. meihsienica K. T. Fu C. angustior Mack. C. melanantha C. A. Mey. C. angustiutricula Wang et Tang ex L. K. Dai C. melanocehala Turcz. C. anningensis Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. melanostachya M. Von Bieb. ex Willd. C. aerta Btt C. melinacra Franch. C. ahanoleis Franch. et Savat. C. metallica Levl. et Vant. C. aendiculata (Trautv.) Kükenth. C. meyeriana Kunth C. arcatica Meinsh. C. micrantha Kükenth. C. arguensis Turcz. ex Trev. C. microglochin Wahl. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 3

12 Scientific Name Scientific Name C. argyi Lével.et Vant. C. middendorffii Fr. Schmidt. C. aridula V. Krecz. C. minxianensis S. Y. Liang C. arisanensis Hayata C. mitrata Franch. C. aristatisquamata Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. miyabei Franch. C. aristulifera P. C. Li C. llicula Btt C. arnellii Christ ex Scheutz C. llissima Christ. C. ascocetra C. B. Clarke C. ntis-everestii Kükenth. C. aserifructus Kükenth. C. ntis-wutaii T. Koyama C. atrata L. C. mrcroftii Falc. ex Btt C. atrofusca Schkuhr. C. rii Hayata C. atrofuscoides K. T. Ku C. soynensis Franch. C. austro-occidentalis Wang et Tang C. tuoensis Y. C. Yang C. austrosinensis Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. uinensis Franch. C. autumnalis Ohwi C. mucronatiformis Tang et Wang C. baccans Nees C. muliensis Hand.-Mazz. C. baimaensis S. W. Su C. munda Btt C. baioshanensis P. C. Li C. myosurus Nees C. baohuashanica Tang et Wang ex L. X. Dai C. nachiana Ohwi C. bilateralis Hayata C. nakaoana T. Koyama C. bodinieri Franch. C. nanchuanensis Chü ex S. Y. Liang C. bohemica Schreb. C. nestachys Steud. C. bostrychostigma Maxim. C. neodigyna P. C. Li C. brachyathera Ohwi C. nelycehala Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. breviaristata K. T. Fu C. nervata Franch. et Savat. C. breviculmis R. Br. C. neurocara Maxim. C. brevicusis C. B. Clarke C. nitidiutriculata L. K. Dai C. breviscaa C. B. Clarke C. nivalis Btt C. brownii Tuckerm. C. nubigena D. Don C. brunnea Thunb. C. nugata. Ohwi C. caesititia Nees C. obovatosquamata Wang et Y. L. Chang ex P. C. Li C. caesitosa L. C. obscura Nees C. calcicola Tang et Wang C. obscurices Kükenth. C. callitrichos V. Krecz. C. obtusata Liljebl. C. canaliculata P. C. Li C. oedorrhamha Nelmes C. caillacea Btt C. oligostachya Nees C. caillaris L. C. olivacea Btt C. cailliformis Franch. C. omeiensis Tang et Wang C. caricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim. C. omiana Franch. et Savat. C. cardioleis Nees C. onoei Franch. et Savat. C. caucasica Stev. C. orbicularinucis L. K. Dai C. caudisicata Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. orbicularis Btt C. cheniana Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. orthostachys C. A. Mey. C. chinensis Retz. C. otaruensis Franch. C. chinganensis Litw. C. otruba Pod. C. chiwuana Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. ovatisiculata Y. L. Chang ex S. Y. Liang C. chlorocehalula Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. oxyhylla Franch. 4 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

13 Scientific Name Scientific Name C. chlorostachys Stev. C. achyneura Kitag. C. chrysoleis Franch. & Savat. C. allida C. A. Mey. C. chuiana Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. amirensis C. B. Clarke ex B. Fedtsch. C. chuii Nelmes C. aracuraica Wang et Y. L. Chang C. chungii C. P. Wang C. arva Nees C. cinerascens Kükenth. C. axii Kükenth. C. commixta Steud. C. ediformis C. A. Mey. C. cosita Btt C. eiktusani Kom. C. confertiflora Btt C. eliosanthifolia Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. continua C. B. Clarke C. erakensis C. B. Clarke C. coriohora Fisch. et C. A. Mey. ex Kunth C. ergracilis Nelmes C. courtallensis Nees ex Btt C. hacota Sreng. C. cranaocara Nelmes C. hyllocehala T. Koyama C. crasedotricha Nelmes C. hysodes M.-Bieb. C. crebra V. Krecz. C. ilosa Sco. C. crestachys Franch. C. isiformis Btt C. cruciata Wahlenb. C. laniculmis Kom. C. cruenta Nees C. laniscaa Chun et How C. crytocara C. A. Mey. C. latyserma Y. L. Chang et Y. L. Yang C. crytostachys Brongn C. oculisquama Kükenth. C. curaica Kunth C. olymascula P. C. Li C. curta Gd. C. olyschoenoides K. T. Fu C. cylindriostachya Franch. C. raeclara Nelmes C. dahurica Kükenth. C. raelonga C. B. Clarke C. dailingensis Y. L. Chou C. rolongata Kükenth. C. davidii Franch. C. ruinosa Btt C. deciduisquama Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. rzewalski Egorova C. delavayi Franch. C. seudo-curaica Fr. Schmidt C. densefimbriata Wang et Tang ex S. Y. Liang C. seudo-cyerus L. C. densicaesitosa L. K. Dai C. seudo-disalata K. T. Fu C. deqinensis L. K. Dai C. seudofoetida Kükenth. C. diandra Schrank C. seudohumilis Wang et Y. L. Chang ex P. C. Li C. dichroa Freyn C. seudo-latices Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. dickinsii Franch. et Savat. C. seudo-ligulata L. K. Dai C. dielsiana Kükenth. C. seudo-longerostrata Y. L. Chang et Y. L. Yang C. dirholeis Steud. C. seudo-hyllocehala L. K. Dai C. dilodon Nelmes C. seudo-suina Y. C. Tang ex L. K. Dai C. disalata Btt ex A. Gray C. sychrohila Nees C. diserma Dew C. terocaulos Nelmes C. doisuteensis T. Koyama C. umila Thunb. C. dolichostachya Hayata C. urureo-squamata L. K. Dai C. doniana Sreng. C. urureotincta Ohwi C. dreanorhyncha Franch. C. urureovagina Wang et Y. L. Chang C. dryhila Turcz C. utuoensis S. Y. Liang C. duriuscula C. A. Mey. C. ycnostachya Kar. et Kir. C. duvaliana Franch. et Savat. C. qingdaoensis F. Z. Li et S. J. Fan Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 5

14 Scientific Name Scientific Name C. earistata Wang et Y. L. Chang ex S. Y. Liang C. qinghaiensis Y. C. Yang C. echinochloaeformis Y. L. Chang et Y. L. Yang C. qingyangensis S. W. Su et S. M. Xu C. egena Lévl. et Vant. C. qiyunensis S. W. Su et S. M. Xu C. eleusinoides Turcz. ex Kunth C. quadriflora (Kükenth.) Ohwi C. emineus Nees C. raddei Kükenth. C. enervis C. A. Mey. C. radiciflora Dunn C. ensifolia Turcz. C. radicina C. P. Wang C. ereica Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. rafflesiana Btt C. ereyroides V. Krecz. C. rara Btt C. eriohylla (Kükenth.) Komarov. C. recurvisaccus T. Koyama C. erythrobasis Lévl. et Vant. C. retiuscula Wahlenb. C. fargesii Franch. C. retabunda (Trautv.) V. Krecz. C. fastigiata Franch. C. retrofracta Kükenth. C. fenghuangshanica Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. rhizda Maxim. C. fidia Nees C. rhynchohora Franch. C. filamentosa K. T. Fu C. rhynchohysa C. A. Mey. C. filicina Nees C. ridongensis P. C. Li C. filiedunculata S. W. Su C. riaria Curt. C. filies Franch. et Savat. C. rochebruni Franch. et Savat. C. finitima Btt C. rostrata Stokes C. fluviatilis Btt C. rubro-brunnea C. B. Clarke C. foraminata C. B. Clarke C. rugulosa Kükenth. C. foraminatiformis Y. C. Tang et S. Y. Liang C. sadoensis Franch. C. forficula Franch. et Sav. C. sagaensis Y. C. Yang C. forrestii Kükenth. C. satakeana T. Koyama C. fulvo-rubescens Hayata C. satsumensis Franch. et Sav. C. funingensis Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. saxicola Tang et Wang C. gaoligongshanensis P. C. Li C. scabrifolia Steud. C. gentilis Franch. C. scabrirostris Kükenth. C. gibba Wahlenb. C. scaosa C. B. Clarke C. giraldiana Kükenth. C. schmidtii Meinsh. C. glabrescens (Kükenth.) Ohwi C. schneideri Nelmes C. glaucaeformis Meinsh. C. sclerocara Franch. C. globistylosa P. C. Li C. scoloendriformis Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. globularis L. C. sedakovoii C. A. Mey. C. glossostigma Han.-Mazz. C. sendaica Franch. C. gmelinii Hk. et Arn. C. serreana Hand.-Mazz. C. gonggaensis P. C. Li C. setigera D. Don C. gongshanensis Tang et Wang ex Y. C. Yang C. setosa Btt C. grallatoria Maxim. C. shaanxiensis Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. graminiculmis T. Koyama C. shandanica Y. C. Yang C. grandiligulata Kükenth. C. shangchengensis S. Y. Liang C. gynocrates Wormskj. ex Drejer C. shanghaiensis S. X. Qian et Y. Q. Liu C. haematostoma Nees C. shanghangensis S. Y. Liang C. hancockiana Maxim. C. shuangbainsis L. K. Dai C. handelii Kükenth. C. shuchengensis S. W. Su et Q. Zhang 6 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

15 Scientific Name Scientific Name C. harealihinganica Y. L. Chang C. sichouensis P. C. Li C. harlandii Btt C. siderosticta Hance C. harrysmithii Kükenth. C. simulans C. B. Clarke C. hastata Kükenth C. sino-aristata Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. hattoriana Nakai C. sino-dissitiflora Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. hebecara C. A. Mey. C. siroumensis Koidz. C. henryi C. B. Clarke ex Franch. C. sociata Btt C. heshuonensis S. Y. Liang C. songarica Kar. et Kir. C. heteroleis Bunge C. sotoi Ohwi C. heterostachya Bge. C. sachiana Btt C. heudesii Lévl. et Vant. C. sarsiflora (Wahlenb.) Steud. C. hirtella Drejer C. seciosa Kunth. C. hirtelloides (Kükenth.) Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. stenocara Turcz. ex V. Krecz. C. hirticaulis P. C. Li C. stiata Muhl. ex Willd. C. hirtiutriculata L. K. Dai C. stiitinux C. B. Clarke C. hongyuanensis Y. C. Tang et S. Y. Liang C. stiitiutriculata P. C. Li C. huashanica Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. stramentitia Btt C. humida Y. L. Chang et Y. L. Yang C. subcernua Ohwi C. humilis Leyss. C. subebracteata (Kükenth.) Ohwi C. huolushanensis P. C. Li C. subfilicinoides Kükenth. C. hyochlora Freyn C. subllicula Tang et Wang ex L. K. Dai C. idzuroei Franch. et Savat. C. suberakensis L. K. Ling et Y. Z. Huang C. inanis Kunth C. subumila Tang et Wang ex L. X. Dai C. indica L. C. subtransversa C. B. Clarke C. indicaeformis Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. subtumida (Kükenth.) Ohwi C. infossa C. P. Wang C. sutchuensis Franch. C. infuscata Nees C. taihuensis S. W. Su et S. M. Xu C. insignis Btt. C. taiaishanica K. T. Fu C. ischnostachya Steud. C. taldycola Meinsh. C. ivanoviae Egorova. C. tangiana Ohwi C. jaluensis Kom. C. tangii Kükenth. C. jaonica Thunb. C. tangulashanensis Y. C. Yang C. jiaodongensis Y. M. Zhang et X. D. Chen C. taintzensis Franch. C. jinfoshanensis Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Ling C. tarumensis Franch. C. jiuxianshanensis L. K. Dai et Y. Z. Huang C. tatsiensis (Franch.) Kükenth. C. jizhuangensis S. Y. Liang C. tatsutakensis Hayata C. kansuensis Nelmes C. teinogyna Btt C. kaoi Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. tenebrosa Btt C. karlongensis Kükenth. C. tenuiflora Wahlenb. C. karoi (Freyn) Freyn C. tenuiformis Lévl. et Vant. C. kiangsuensis Kükenth. C. tenuianiculata P. C. Li C. kirganica Kom. C. tenuisicula T. Tang ex S. Y. Liang C. kirinensis Wang et Y. L. Chang C. teres Btt C. kobomugi Ohwi C. thibetica Franch. C. korshinskyi Kom. C. thomsonii Franch. C. kuchunensis Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang. C. thomsonii Btt Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 7

16 Scientific Name Scientific Name C. kucyniakii Raynd C. thunbergii Steud. C. kwangsiensis Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. transversa Btt C. kwangtoushanica K. T. Fu C. tricehala Böcklr. C. lachenalii Schkuhr C. tristachya Thunb. C. laeta Btt C. truncatigluma C. B. Clarke C. laevissima Nakai C. tsaiana Wang et Tang ex P. C. Li C. lancangensis S. Y. Liang C. tsiangii Wang et Tang C. lanceolata Btt C. tsoi Merr. et Chun C. lancifolia C. B. Clarke C. tuminensis Kom. C. lancisquamata L. K. Dai C. tungfangensis L. K. Dai et S. M. Huang C. laricetorum Y. L. Chou C. turkestanica Rgl. C. lasiocara Ehrh. C. uda Maxim. C. latices C. B. Clarke ex Franch. C. ulobasis V. Krecz. C. latisquamea Kom. C. unisexualis C. B. Clarke C. laxa Wahlenb. C. urelytra Ohwi C. ledebouriana C. A. Mey. et Trev. C. ussuriensis Kom. C. lehmanii Drejer C. vanheurckii Müell. Arg. C. leiorhyncha C. A. Mey. C. vesicaria L. C. lienchengensis S. Y. Liang et Y. Z. Huang C. vesicata Meinsh. C. ligata Btt C. viridimarginata Kükenth. C. ligulata Nees C. vulina L. C. lisa L. C. wawuensis Chü C. limrichtiana Kükenth. C. wenshanensis L. K. Dai C. lingii Wang et Tang C. wui Chii ex L. K. Dai C. liouana Wang et Tang C. wushanensis S. Y. Liang C. liqingii Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. wutuensis K. T. Fu C. lithohila Turcz. C. wuyishanensis Y. C. Tang ex S. Y. Liang C. litorhyncha Franch. C. xihium Kom. C. liui T. Koyama & Chuang C. yajiangensis Tang et Wang C. loliacea L. C. yamatsutana Ohwi C. longerostrata C. A. Mey. C. yangshuoensis Tang et Wang ex S. Y. Liang C. longies D. Don C. ysilandraefolia Wang et Tang C. longisiculata Y. C. Yang C. yuexiensis S. W. Su et S. M. Xu C. longanlaensis S. Y. Liang C. yulungshanensis P. C. Li C. longshengensis Y. C. Tang et S. Y. Liang C. yunlingensis P. C. Li C. longxishanensis S. Y. Liang C. yunnanensis Franch. C. luctuosa Franch. C. zekogensis Y. C. Yang C. lushanensis Kükenth. C. zhenkangensis Wang et Tang C. maackii Maxim. C. zhonghaiensis S. Y. Liang C. macrandroleis Lévl. et Vant. C. zizaniaefolia Raynd C. macrosandra (Franch.) V. Krecz. C. zunyiensis Tang et Wang 8 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

17 mm wide, with ovate scales that are leathery and veined. Fruits are olive nutlets, which are oblong or oblongobovate with length of mm, and enclosed in a aery sac [114]. Habitat C. kobomugi occurs along riverbanks and sandy lakeshores [114]. Distribution Carex kobomugi occurs in Heibei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, and Zhejiang rovinces [114]. Economic Irtance The stem and leaf fibers can be used for aermaking. The starchy fruits are edible [114]. Natural Enemies of Carex Aroximately 71 secies of fungi have been found in association with members of the genus Carex, but there are none identified from C. kobomugi. Only seven arthrds are recorded. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Mycoshaerellaceae Mycoshaerella tassiana (De Not.) Johanson o Anthracoidea angulata (Syd.) Boidol & Poelt [64] Anthracoidea butleri (H. & P. Sydow) H. & P. Sydow Anthracoidea caricis (Pers.) Bref. [64] [64] Anthracoidea caryohylleae Kukkonen [64] Anthracoidea eleocharidis Kukkonen [64] Anthracoidea intercedens Nannf. [64] I Anthracoideaceae Anthracoidea microsora L. Guo [64] Anthracoidea misandrae Kukkonen [64] Anthracoidea nealensis Kakish. & Y. Ono [64] Basidiomycota Anthracoidea aniceae Kukkonen [64] Anthracoidea siderostictae Kukkonen [64] Anthracoidea subinclusa (Körn.) Bref. [64] II Anthracoidea vankyi Nannf. [64] Cintractiaceae Farysiaceae Cintractia arctica Lagerh. Tolyosorium aterrimum (Tul. & C. Tul.) Dietel [64] Farysia butleri Syd o Farysia merrillii (Henn.) Syd. & P. Syd. o Farysia orientalis L. Ling Farysia thuemenii (A.A. Fisch. Waldh.) Nannf. III Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 9

18 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Glosoriaceae Thecahora aterrima Tul. & C. Tul. Puccinia angustata Peck Puccinia aoriensis Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia atrofusca (Dudley & C.H. Thoms.) Holw. o [170] o o [170] Puccinia biorosa J.Y. Zhuang [170] Puccinia breviculmis Dietel [170] Puccinia caricicola Fuckelel [170] Puccinia caricina DC. o Puccinia caricis Rebent. o [170] Pucciniaceae Puccinia caricis-brunneae Dietel Puccinia caricis-filicinae Barclay [170] [170] Puccinia caricis-gibbae Dietel Puccinia caricis-hancockianae J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei [170] [170] Puccinia caricis-jaonicae Dietel [170] Puccinia caricis-lanceolatae Morim. [170] Puccinia caricis-lingii J.Y. Zhuang [170] Puccinia caricis-lliculae Syd. & P. Syd. [170] Puccinia caricis-nubigenae Padwick & A. Khan [170] Puccinia caricis-ilosae Miura [170] Puccinia caricis-seudololiaceae Homma [170] Puccinia caricis-rhizdae Miura [170] 10 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

19 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Puccinia caricis-siderostictae Dietel [170] Puccinia caricis-thunbergii Homma [170] Puccinia congesta Berk. & Brme Puccinia dioicae Magnus Puccinia dioicae var. extensicola (Plowr.) D.M. Hend. Puccinia dulex Jørst. [170] o [170] o o [170] Puccinia hainanensis J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei [170] Puccinia humilicola Hasler [170] Puccinia hyalina Dietel [170] Puccinia jaceae-leorinae Tranzschel [170] Puccinia karelica Tranzschel [170] Puccinia leucocehala J.Y. Zhuang & S.X. Wei [170] Puccinia lineariformis Syd. & P. Syd. [170] Puccinia lyngbyei Miura [170] Puccinia mandshurica Miura [170] Puccinia microsora Körn. [170] Puccinia miyakei Syd. [170] Puccinia iwensis Miura [170] Puccinia oizii Bubák [170] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 11

20 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Puccinia saeta Jørst. Puccinia subhyalina Tranzschel [170] [170] Puccinia tahensis Tranzschel [170] Puccinia yaramesuga Homma [170] Puccinia yokogurae Henn. [170] Uromyces erigynius Halst. Urocystaceae Urocystis fischeri Körn. Ustilaginaceae Anarhic Mycoshaerella Orhanomyces arcticus (Rostr.) Savile [64] Schizonella melanogramma (DC.) J. Schröt. [64] Setoria caricis Pass. Setoria nigrificans Pat. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Coleotera Chrysomelidae Geinella invenusta (Jacobson) o [201] Hotera Callahididae Izihya flabellai (Sanborn) m [113] Crambidae Catagela adjurella Walker o [169] Heseriidae Ochlodes subhyalina Bremer & Grey o [228] Leidotera Eustrotia uncula (Clerck) Noctuidae [224] Plusia festata Graeser o Satyridae Erebia ligea (L.) o [219] 12 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

21 Gysohila aniculata Baby s breath Introduction There are aroximately 150 members of the genus Gysohila worldwide rimarily occurring in temerate Asia and Euroe. Seventeen secies occur in China, excluding Gysohila elegans Marschall von Bieberstein, a cultivated secies that is native to southwestern Asia and southeastern Euroe [136]. Secies of Gysohila in China Scientific Name Taxonomy Order: Centrosermae Suborder: Caryohyllineae Family: Caryohyllaceae Subfamily: Silenoideae A. Br. Tribe: Diantheae Pax Genus: Gysohila L. Section: Rokejeka (Forssk.) A. Br. Secies: Gysohila aniculata L. Descrition G. aniculata is a erennial herbaceous lant about cm high with robust rts. The stem, either solitary or sarsely clustered, is erect and multibranched, glabrous, or glandular hairy in the lower art. Leaves are lanceolate, or linear, 2-5 cm long and mm wide with an acuminate Scientific Name G. altissima L. G. oldhamiana Miq. G. caituliflora Rur. G. acifica Kom. G. cehalotes (Schrenk) Williams G. aniculata L. G. cerastioides D. Don G. atrinii Ser. G. davurica Turcz. ex Fenzl G. erfoliata L. G. desertorum (Bge.) Fenzl G. sericea (Ser.) Krylov G. huashanensis Y. W. Tsui et D. Q. Lu G. sinosa D. Q. Lu G. licentiana Hand. -Mazz. G. tschiliensis J. Krause G. muralis L. * * Revised Flora of China, and not listed in the Flora Reiublicae Poularis Sinicae aex and a consicuous midrib. The cound cymes bear numerous small flowers on glabrous, slender edicels which are about 2-6 mm long. The bracts are triangular with an abrutly acute aex. The calyx is broadly camanulate, mm long, urle veined, ovate lobed, with a scarious margin. Petals are white or ink, satulate, about 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, with a truncate or obtuse aex. The filaments are flat, linear, and equal to the etal in length, with globose anthers. The ovoid ovary is 1 mm in diameter with slender styles. The flowers aear from June through August, followed in August through Setember by globose casules that are longer than the ersistent calyx, and contain reddish brown, obtusely tuberculate seeds about 1 mm in diameter [135, 136]. Habitat and Distribution G. aniculata occurs in grasslands, on rocky sloes, fixed dunes, in fldlains, and cro fields at elevations of m. It is reorted to occur in the Altaic untain areas of northern Xinjiang and Taxkorgan of western Xinjiang [20, 135, 136]. Cultivation has been reorted in Anhui, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Shanghai rovinces [17, 35, , 221]. Economic Irtance The rt and stem of G. aniculata are medically useful. G. aniculata is also cultivated as an ornamental [136]. Related Secies G. erfoliata L., the other secies in the Section Rokejeka, differs from G. aniculata by its obovate oblong or obovate leaf which is covered with yellow, glandular hairs. The calyx is Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 13

22 2-4 mm long, and green veined. The etals are oblong, 5 mm long and 2 mm wide. G. erfoliata flowers July through August and fruits in August through Setember. It occurs in forest grasslands, wet riversides, salinealkaline soils, and stee sands at elevations of m in the Altaic untain area of northern Xinjiang [134, 136]. Natural Enemies of Gysohila Three secies of fungi are listed for the genus Gysohila, but none is associated with G. aniculata. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Puccinia behenis G.H. Otth o [229] Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia gysohilae Liou & Wang Uromyces dianthi (Pers.) Niessl o 14 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

23 Leidium latifolium Broadleaved eer weed Introduction There are 180 members of the genus Leidium worldwide. Sixteen secies are reorted from China [218]. Taxonomy Order: Paaverales Suborder: Caarineae Family: Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) Tribe: Leidieae DC. Genus: Leidium L. Section: Leidium Secies: Leidium latifolium L. Descrition Leidium latifolium is an herbaceous erennial about cm in length. The erect stems are glabrous or sarsely ubescent, branched in the uer art, and wdy at the base. The basal leaves and the leaves in the lower art of the stems are leathery, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, 3-6 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, abrutly acute or obtuse at the aex, cuneate at the base, and entire or dentate margins. The etiole is about 1-3 cm in length. The sessile uer leaves are lanceolate or oblong-ellitic, 2-5 cm long and 5-15 cm wide. The aniculate raceme has glabrescent seals, which are ovoid oblong, or nearly orbicular, about 1 mm in height, with a rounded aex. Petals are white, obovate, about 2 mm long, with a rounded aex. The flowers aear from May to July. In July through Setember, oblongellitic fruits aear. Fruits are mm long, glabrous, nearly glabrous, Secies of Leidium in China Scientific Name or ubescent, and wingless. Seeds are light brown, broadly ellitic, about 1 mm long, and also wingless [61, 218]. Habitat L. latifolium occurs in field margins and saline meadows, along roadsides, and on sloes, at elevations of m [218]. L. latifolium can also be found in cro field margins, along roadsides and arid, sandy laces at elevations of m in Xinjiang [21, 218]. Scientific Name L. alashanicum S. L. Yang L. ferganense Korsh. L. aetalum Willd. L. lacerum C. A. Meyer L. camestre (L.) R. Br. * L. latifolium L. L. caitatum Hk. f. et Thoms. L. obtusum Basin. L. cartilagineum (J. May.) Thell. L. erfoliatum L. L. cordatum Willd. ex Stev. L. ruderale L. L. cuneiforme C. Y. Wu L. sativum L. L. densiflorum Schrad. L. virginicum L. * Recorded as L. camestre (L.) R. Br. f. glabratum (Lej. et Court.) Thell. in FRPS. Distribution L. latifolium occurs in Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang rovinces [218]. Economic Irtance L.latifolium is used medicinally in northwestern China [218]. Related Secies L. obtusum Basin is distinguished from L. latifolium by its obtuse aex, Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 15

24 basally cordate fruits, and raceme inflorescence. It occurs in astures, field margins, waste laces, and deserts at elevations of m in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Tibet, and Xinjiang rovinces [61, 218]. Natural Enemies of Leidium Seven fungi have been recorded as associated with members of the genus Leidium. Nineteen arthrds are listed in association with members of the genus Leidium. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Oomycota Erysihaceae Albuginaceae Peronosoraceae Erysihe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien o * Erysihe cruciferarum Oiz ex L. Junell [24] n/a [182] Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze o [202] Albugo leidii A.N.S. Rao o [202] Peronosora leidii-virginici Gäum. Peronosora arasitica (Pers.) de Bary o [202] o Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta leidii Brunaud n/a [182] * Recorded as Erysihe olygoni DC. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Tetranychidae Tetranychus urticae (Koch) [168] Coleotera Hemitera Chrysomelidae Phyllotreta turcmenica Weise o [91] Phyllotreta vittula (Redtenbacher) o [91] Curculionidae Symiezomias velatus (Chevrolat) o [191] Lygaeidae NySius ericae (Schilling) o [124] Miridae Adelhocoris lineolatus (Goeze) [217] Pentatomidae Eurydema maracandicum Oschanin [217]I Eurydema ventrale Kolenati [208] Eurydema wilkinsi Distant [207] Hotera Ahididae Ahis gossyii Glover o [5] Leidotera Crambidae Loxostege sticticalis L. Noctuidae Pieridae Agrotis crassa (Hübner) o [119] [33] [131] [130]II Discestra trifolii (Hüfnagel) o [200]III Leucania zeae (Duonchel) o [10] Mamestra brassicae (L.) [140] Pieris raae (L.) o [198] Pieris canidia minima Verity o [102] Plutellidae Plutella xylostella L. o [112] Thysanotera Thriidae Thris tabaci Lindemann I Recorded as Eurydema festiva chlorotica Horváth II Recorded as Euxoa consicua Hübner III Recorded as Scotogramma trifolii (Rottenberg) o [149] o [66] 16 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

25 Lygodium secies Climbing fern Introduction The genus Lygodium contains 45 secies, st of which occur in troical and subtroical regions. Ten secies are reorted to occur in China [152]. Secies of Lygodium in China Scientific Name I. Lygodium jaonicum Jaanese climbing fern Taxonomy Order: Eufilicales Family: Lygodiaceae Genus: Lygodium Sw. Secies: Lygodium jaonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Scientific Name L. conforme C. Chr. L. microstachyum Desv. L. digitatum Presl L. olystachyum Wall. L. flexuosum (L.) Sw. L. salicifolium Presl L. jaonicum (Thunb.) Sw. L. subareolatum Christ L. microhyllum (Cav.) R. Br * L. yunnanense Ching * Listed as L. scandens (L.) Sw. in several sources The terminal lobe is 2-3 cm long and 6-8 mm wide, with an obtuse aex, subcordate base, and irregular crenulate margin. Fertile innae are ovoid triangular, about cm in both length and width. The innae are 4-5 aired, alternate, oblong-lancelate, 5-10 cm in length and 4-6 cm in width. Each inna has 3-4 airs of ovoid triangular innatifid innules. Sorangia, borne along the margin in two rows, are glabrous, dark brown, and 2-4 mm in length [83, 180]. Habitat and Distribution L. jaonicum occurs along roadsides, forests, forest margins or thickets of hillside sloes, cro field margins, at elevations u to 1000m [83, 180]. It is a comn conent of the erennial lant oulation [204]. L. jaonicum occurs rimarily south of the Yangtze River in the rovinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangsu, northern Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [56, 117,152]. North of the Yangtze River, L. jaonicum Descrition Lygodium jaonicum is a climbing fern reaching a height of 1-4 m. The numerous, site, cound leaves are 9-11 cm long. The etiole is 1.5 cm long and gray ubescent. The sterile leaves are triangular in overall outline, in both length and width. The 2-4 airs of innae (rimary leaflets) are alternate on the stem that is about 4-8 mm, ubescent, and with narrow wings. Each inna is ovoid, 4-8 cm long and 3-6 cm wide. The innules (rimary leaflets) are 2-3 aired, alternate, nearly sessile, ovoid triangular, and almately divided into 3 shortly broad lobes. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 17

26 occurs in thickets on the south sloes of the Qinling Mountains at elevations of m [80] and the rovinces of Gansu, Henan, and Shaanxi [80, 152]. This secies may also occur in the southern Dabieshan Mountain area in Hubei rovince [31]. Economic Irtance L. jaonicum is medicinally useful [83]. Related Secies L. microstachyum Desv., although similar to L. jaonicum in aearance, has narrower and longer lobes, and occurs in thickets at elevations of 150 m in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, and Yunnan rovinces [152]. II. Lygodium microhyllum Old World climbing fern Taxonomy Order Eufilicales Family Lygodiaceae Genus Lygodium Sw. Secies Lygodium microhyllum (Cav.) R. Br. [= Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw.] Descrition Lygodium microhyllum is a fern that can climb u to a height of 7 m. Numerous aery innately cound leaves are borne on a short stem about 2-4 mm long, sitely on the main stem with internode about 7-9 cm in length. The sterile leaves are imariinnate (divergent lobed for the terminal leaflet), oblong, 7-8 cm long and 4-7 cm wide, site along the lower art of the stem, with etiole about cm in length. Each sterile frond consists of about 4 airs of innae (leaflets), which grow alternately 8 mm aart along the rachis. The leaflet is ovoid triangular, about 2 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, with a crenulate margin, truncate or subcordate base, and an obtuse aex. Fertile fronds are oblong, 8-10 cm long and 4-6 cm wide. Each frond has 4-5 airs of leaflets that are triangular, cm long and cm wide, obtuse aically, with noticeable 2-3 branched leaf veins. Brown sorangia about 3-5 mm, occur along the margins of fertile [83, 180] innae Habitat L. microhyllum forms thickets, at elevations about m. and also occurs along stream banks and roadsides where there is abundant sunshine. It is an indicator of acid soil, growing best at h [83, 152, 180]. Distribution L. microhyllum occurs in western Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, and southeastern Yunnan rovinces [117, 152]. Economic Irtance L. microhyllum is used medicinally in China [83]. Natural Enemies of Lygodium Two fungi and seven arthrds are associated with the genus Lygodium. All can be hosted by L. jaonicum [89]. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pseudocercosora lygodii Sawada ex Goh & W.H. Hsieh m [129] Pseudocercosora olyodiacearum D.N. Shukla, A.K. Singh, P. Kumar & Kamal m [129] 18 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

27 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Acariformes Eriohyidae Floracarus erreae Knihinicki and Boczek n/a [89] Tenuialidae Brevialis s. n/a [89] Coleotera Coccinellidae Eilachna chinensis (Weise) Hotera Margarodidae Icerya urchasi Maskell Leidotera Crambidae Neomusotima consurcatalis Warren n/a [89] Noctuidae Calloistria s. n/a [89] Thysanotera Thriidae Octothris lygodii Mound n/a [89] Hosted by L. jaonicum Hosted by L. microhyllum Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 19

28 Melia azedarach Chinaberry tree Introduction The genus Melia contains three secies that occur rimarily in troical and subtroical regions of the Eastern hemishere. Two secies have been recorded from China in rovinces south the of Yellow River [7]. Secies of Melia in China Scientific Name M. azedarach L. M. tsendan Sieb. et Zucc. Taxonomy Order: Rutales Suborder: Rutineae Family: Meliaceae Subfamily: Melioideae Harms Tribe: Melieae Harms Genus: Melia L. Secies: Melia azedarach L. Descrition Melia azedarach is a deciduous tree with sreading branches that can reach u to 10 m in height. The bark is grayish brown and longitudinally fissured. Leaves are odd biinnate or triinnate counds, about cm in length. Leaflets are site, ovate, ellitic to lanceolate, 3-7 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, shortly acuminate in the aex, cuneate or broadly so at the slightly asymmetrical base, with a crenulate serrate margin. The leaflets are covered with stellate hairs when young, becoming glabrescent with airs of ascending, sreading lateral veins. The anicles are about equal to the leaf in length, glabrous, glabrescent scaly or ubescent. Calyxes are five-lobed. Each lobe is ovate to oblong, with an acute aex. Petals are light urle, obovately satulate, both surfaces are uberulous, and about 1 cm long. Stamens are nadelhous, urlish, glabrous or nearly so, 7-8 mm long, vertically stried, and 10 bi- or tri-denticulately lobed. Each lobe bears one anther on the inner wall. The ovary is subglobose, glabrous, containing 5-6 locules, with 2 ovules each. The fragrant flowers aear in Aril through May, the fruits, which are toxic, aear in October through Setember. They are globose to ellitic drues 1-2 cm long and 8-15 mm wide, 4-5 locules, each containing a single seed [7]. Habitat Melia azedarach occurs in low elevation oen fields, roadsides, or sarse forests. Due to its high economic value, M. azedarach is cultivated in many areas. M. azedarach refers a ist, fertile soil [7]. Distribution M. azedarach has a wide distribution in rovinces south of the Yellow River [7]. It has been reorted from Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang rovinces and cultivated in Hebei. Economic Irtance The sawd of M. azedarach is used in building construction and furniture making. The fresh leaves are used as an insect reellant. The rts and fruit are medically useful [7]. Related Secies The other Melia secies reorted in China is M. tsendan Sieb. & Zucc. It has a 6-8 locule ovary, drues about 3 cm long, and a nearly entire leaf margin. The inflorescence is half the length of the leaf. It refers ist soil in the fertile mixed forests of Guizhou, Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan [7]. Natural Enemies of Melia Eight fungal secies have been reorted on members of the genus Melia, and seven on M. azedarach. Melanconium meliae Teng and Cercosora meliae Ellis & Everh. have only one host record. Fifty six secies of arthrds have been 20 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

29 found on members of the genus Melia, mainly on M. azedarach. Ang them, two nohagous leafhoers Elbelus melianus Kuoh and Erythroneura melia Kuoh, cause significant damage [118, 203]. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Erysihaceae Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. I Basidiomycota Hymenochaetaceae Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin Incertae sedis Phellinus williamsii (Murrill) Pat. Polyoraceae Coriolus unicolor (Bull.) Pat. o Anarhic Lewia Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire [209] Anarhic Melanconis Melanconium meliae Teng m Anarhic Mycoshaerella I Recorded as Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. II Recorded as Cercosora subsessilis H. et P. Syd. Cercosora meliae Ellis & Everh. m Pseudocercosora subsessilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton o [129] m II Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Eriohyidae Acariformes Tetranychidae Cerambycidae Coleotera Hemitera Pentatomidae Panonychus citri (McGregor) Tetranychus s. Tetranychus urticae (Koch) Anolohora chinensis (Förster) Anolohora glabriennis (Motschulsky) Anolohora horsfieldi (Hoe) Batocera davidis Deyrolle Batocera lineolata Chevrolat Ceresium sinicum White Embrik-strandia unifasciata (Ritsema) Pururicenus sectabilis Motschulsky Rhytidodera bowringii White Cetoniidae Cetonia ilifera Motschulsky Curculionidae Chlorohanus auries Faust Eulidae Basileta sinarum Weise Holotrichia diomhalia Bates Melolonthidae Holotrichia lata Brenske Holotrichia sinensis Hoe Polyhylla laticollis Lewis Acanthosomatidae Elasmucha nionica (Esaki & Ishihara) [208] Chrysocoris grandis (Thunberg) [207] Dalada cincties Walker Plautia crossota (Dallas) Rhahigaster genitalia (Fabricius) [208] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 21

30 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Hotera Aleyrodidae Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) Cicadellidae Cicadula s. m Elbelus melianus Kuoh n/a [203] Erythroneura melia Kuoh m [118] m Nehotettix cinctices Uhler m Cicadidae Crytotymana atrata (Fabricius) Coccidae Diasididae Fulgoridae Ricaniidae Cerolastes floridensis Comstock [173] Cerolastes jaonicus Green Leidosahes tubulorum Ferris Parlatoria camelliae Comstock Lycorma delicatula (White) Ricania seculum (Walker) [220] [220] Hymenotera Eurytomidae Eurytoma lotnikovi Nikolskaya Leidotera Parasitiformes Thysanotera Geometridae Ascotis selenaria dianaria Hübner Ohthalmitis albosignaria (Bremer & Grey) [189]I Heialidae Phassus sinifer sinensis Mre Limacodidae Noctuidae Shingidae Monema flavescens Walker Setora ostornata (Hamson) Thosea sinensis (Walker) II Eisaris liturata (Fabricius) m Gramdes geometrica (Fabricius) III Psilogramma increta (Walker) Psilogramma menehron (Cramer) Tortricidae Enarnia koenigana Fabricius m Phytoseiidae Phlaeothriidae Thriidae Amblyseius okinawanus Ehara Amblyseius orientalis Ehara Euseius ovalis (Evans) Halothris chinensis Priesner Scirtothris dorsalis Hd [66] Thris coloratus Schmutz Thris flavidulus Bagnall Thris forsanus Priesner o [66] I Recorded as Ohthaldes albosignaria (Bremer et Grey) II Recorded as Cnidocama flavescens (Walker) III Recorded as Chalcioe geometrica Fabricius 22 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

31 Miscanthus sinensis Chinese silver grass Introduction The genus Miscanthus contains aroximately ten secies occurring rimarily in southeastern Asia and occasionally Africa. Six secies have been reorted from China [121]. Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Panicoideae A. Br. Tribe: Andrgoneae Durt. Subtribe: Saccharinae Griseb. Genus: Miscanthus Anderss. Secies: Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Descrition Miscanthus sinensis is a reed-like cluming erennial grass. The culms, about 1-2 m tall, are glabrous, or ilose below the inflorescences. The glabrous leaf sheath is longer than the internode. Ligule is membranous, obtuse, 1-3 mm long, with tiny cilia at the ti. The leaf is linear, ilose or farinose on the underside, cm long and 6-10 mm wide with a coarse margin. The erect anicles can reach mm in length, glabrous along the rachis but ubescent in the node and axils. The erect branches are triangular, about 10 to 30 cm long with 2 to 6 long stalks. The shiny yellowish sikelet is lanceolate, 4.5 to 5 mm long, and no longer than the white or light yellow filaceous hairs at the base of the glume. The lower glume is acuminate, 3 to Secies of Miscanthus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name M. flavidus Honda M. ururascens Anderss. M. floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex Schum. et Laut. M. sinensis Anderss. M. jinxianensis L. Liu M. transrrisonensis Hayata 4 veined and rough along the lateral vein, whereas the uer glume is single veined and ciliated along both sides of the involute margin. Noticeably shorter than the lower lemma, which is oblong, membranous, about 4 mm in length and ciliated, the uer lemma is 2-lobed. Between the lobes is a single, bent, brown awn 9 to 10 mm long. The inkish color of the flowers can be attributed to the -urlish brown anthers that are 2.2 to 2.5 mm long. The istils have urlish brown innate stigmas. The fruit is an oblong, dark urle caryosis [121]. Habitat M. sinensis occurs in untainous areas, highlands, and wastelands in the lains at elevations below 1800 m [121]. Distribution M. sinensis has been reorted from the rovinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [19, 30, 53, 105, 121]. Economic Irtance The fibers of Miscanthus sinensis are useful for many uroses including aermaking [121]. Related Secies Miscanthus jinxianensis L. Liu is rhologically similar to M. sinensis. However, M. jinxianensis has fewer inflorescences and larger sikelets measuring about mm in length [121]. Natural Enemies of Miscanthus Nineteen fungal secies and 18 arthrds are reorted from the lants of genus Miscanthus. Ten fungi are reortedly hosted by M. sinensis. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Chaetothyriaceae Chaetothyrium javanicum (Zimm.) Boedijn o Claviciitaceae Balansia clavices Seg. m * Dothioraceae Metashaeria miscanthi Sawada Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 23

32 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Erysihaceae Balansia andrgonis Syd. & E.J. Butler o Clavices ururea (Fr.) Tul. Meliolaceae Meliola andrgonis F. Stevens & A. Roldán Meliola boedijniana Hansf. o [73] Meliola anici Earle [73] o Meliola setariae Hansf. & Deighton o [73] Phyllachoraceae Phyllachora graminis var. graminis (Pers.) Fuckelel Phyllachora miscanthi Syd. & P. Syd. o Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia erythrous Dietel [170] Puccinia melanocehala Syd. & P. Syd. [170] Puccinia miscanthi Miura [170] Puccinia miscanthicola F.L. Tai & Cheo [170] Ustilago kusanoi Syd. & P. Syd. [72] Ustilaginaceae Sorisorium miscanthi (W.Y. Yen) L. Guo [72] Oomycota Sclerosoraceae Peronosclerosora miscanthi (T. Miyake) C.G. Shaw o [202] Sclerosora mischanthi Miyake o * Recorded as Phaeosaccardinula javanica (Zimm.) Yamam. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Coleotera Eulidae Smaragdina mandzhura (Jacobson) o [164] Hormahididae Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner Hotera Troiduchidae Catullia vittata Matsumura o [205] o o [220] o Aeromachus inachus Ménétriès m Astictoterus jama chinensis (Leech) m Borbo cinnara (Wallace) o Heseriidae Isoteinon lamrosilus Felder & Felder o Ochlodes venata Bremer & Grey o Leidotera Parnara ganga Evansman o Polytremis ellucida (Murray) o Polytremis zina (Eversman) o Lethe insana Kollar Satyridae Melaritis leda (L.) o Mycalesis francisca (Stoll) o Mycalesis sangaica Butler o Phlaeothriidae Ohthalthris miscanthicola (Haga) m [66] [66] Thysanotera Stenchaetothris cymbgoni Zhang & Tong o Thriidae [66] Thris flavidulus Bagnall o 24 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

33 Murdannia keisak Wart reving herb Introduction Forty members of the genus Murdannia occur in troical and subtroical regions worldwide. In China, 20 secies have been recorded, st of which occur south of the Yangtze River [69]. Secies of Murdannia in China Scientific Name Scientific Name M. bracteata (C. B. Clarke) J. K. Morton ex Hong M. medica (Lour.) Hong M. citrina D. Fang M. nudiflora (L.) Brenan M. divergens (C. B. Clarke) Brückn. M. simlex (Vahl) Brenan M. edulis (Stokes) Faden M. sectabilis (Kurz) Faden M. hkeri (C. B. Clark.) Brückn. M. sirata (L.) Brückn M. jaonica (Thunb.) Faden M. stenothyrsa (Diels) Hand. -Mazz. M. kainantensis (Masam.) Hong M. triquetra (Wall.) Brückn. M. keisak (Hassk.) Hand. -Mazz. M. undulata Hong M. loriformis (Hassk.) Rolla Rao et Kammathy Taxonomy Order: Commelinales Suborder: Commelinineae Family: Commelinaceae Genus: Murdannia Royle Section: Pauciflorae Brückn Secies: Murdannia keisak (Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. Descrition Murdannia keisak is a glabrous erennial herb that has fibrous, horizontal, elongate rhizomes. The decumbent stems are 40 cm in length. Internodes are 8 cm long, and have densely, white hairs. Leaves are sessile, sreading or slightly folded, linearlanceolate or linear-ellitic, 2-8 cm M. vaginata (L.) Brückn. M. macrocara Hong M. yunnanensis Hong Fungi long and 5-8 mm wide, acuminate aex, with a ciliate base extending by a line of hairs on the leaf sheath. A solitary flower aears in the axil or terminally on the eduncle 1-4 cm long. The linear bract is situated in the middle of the eduncle. Seals are narrowly oblong, 6-10 mm in length. The obovate etals are ink, urlish red, blue-urle, or grayish blue. Filaments are covered with dense, long hairs. Casules are narrowly ovoid, trigonous, 5-10 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, acute to nearly acuminate at both ends. There are 4 uniseriate, gray, slightly flattened seeds er valve. Flowers aear August through Setember. [70]. Habitat M. keisak refers wet laces such as ditch sides, flded addy field margins and shaded areas along roadsides [110, 115, 145]. Distribution M. keisak distribution includes southern Fujian, northern Jiangxi, eastern Jilin, Liaoning, and northeastern Zhejiang, also Anhui [38], Guizhou [110], Heilongjiang [223], Henan [30], Hubei [53], Hunan, Jilin [223] rovinces, and Taiwan [77]. Economic Irtance M. keisak is a comn weed of addy fields. Occurrence is sarse. The stems and leaves can be used as livestock forage [7]. Related Secies M. triquetra (Wall.) Brückn., shares similar habitat, aearance and distribution to M. keisaki, however, it has a long ellisoid, trigonous casule 8-10 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, and acute at both ends [69, 70]. Natural Enemies of Murdannia At least one fungal secies is associated with the genus Murdannia. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia adhikarii Ono o [170] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 25

34 Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass Introduction The genus Phalaris contains 10 secies that occur in the temerate regions of the Northern hemishere, rimarily in Euroe and North America. Only one secies and one variety has been recorded in China [162]. Secies of Phalaris in China Phalaris arundinacea L. Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Pideae Tribe: Phalarideae Kunth Genus: Phalaris L. Secies: Phalaris arundinacea L. Descrition Phalaris arundinacea is a rhizomatous erennial grass. The 6-8 noded culm grows solitarily or rarely in a clum about cm tall. The glabrous leaf sheath is shorter than the internode. The ligule is 2-3mm long and membranous. Leaves are flat, slightly coarse when young, 6-30 cm long and cm wide. Panicle is narrowly dense and 8-15 cm high, with erect branches. The sikelets, are 4-5 mm long and glabrous or slightly hairy. On the glume s keel is a narrow wing. The infertile lemma is broadly lanceolate, 3-4 mm long and ubescent; while the two degenerated fertile lemmae are linear and ubescent. The boat-shaed alea has one keel along which run ilose hairs. The anther is mm long. The flowers and fruit aear in June through August [162]. Habitat P. arundinacea occurs in forests and ist grasslands at elevations of m [162]. Distribution P. arundinacea has been reorted from Gansu, Hebei, Hunan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, [23, 30, Sichuan and Zhejiang rovinces 53, 77, 126, 142, 162]. Economic Irtance The young lants of P. arundinacea are favorite forage of oultry. The culms can be used for aermaking [162]. Related Secies P. arundinacea var. icta L. can be distinguished from Phalaris arundinacea var. arundinacea by its flat leaf and the white strie embossed in the white leaf [162]. Natural Enemies of Phalaris One fungal secies has been found on the single member of the genus Phalaris. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia sessilis W.G. Schneid. 26 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

35 Phleum ratense Tithy Introduction The genus Phleum is comrised of aroximately fifteen secies with distribution in the cold temerate regions of both hemisheres. In China, four secies have been reorted. Most members of the genus are conents of high-quality astures and hay fields [125]. Secies of Phleum in China Scientific Name P. alinum L. P. aniculatum Huds. P. hleoides (L.) Karst. P. ratense L. Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Pideae Tribe: Agrostideae Durt. Genus: Phleum L. Secies: Phleum ratense L. Descrition Phleum ratense is a erennial grass with densely fibrous rts and short rhizomes. The erect culm, cm in height with 5-6 nodes, rises from the bulbous base and the ersistent leaf sheath. The glabrous leaf sheath Fungi is shorter than the internode excet near the base where it is longer. Ligule is membranous, 2-5 mm long. Leaf blade is flat, coarse on uer and lower surfaces and along the margin, cm long and 3-8 mm wide. The anicle is cylindrical, grayish green, 4-15 cm long and 5-6 mm wide. Sikelets are oblong. The glume is membranous, 3 mm long with 3 vertical veins edged with stiff hairs and truncate aex. Awn is mm long. Slightly longer than the alea, the lemma is membranous, 2 mm long, with 7 veins covered with minute hairs. The anther is 1.5 mm long. The flower and fruits aear summer through autumn [4]. Habitat P. ratense occurs in broadleaf forests, forest margins, valley grasslands and rairie in the ist regions of the Tian Shan range and western Dzungarian untain area of Xinjiang, at elevations of m [23, 125]. Many rovinces have introduced the lant. In Shandong rovince, the secies is susected to have escaed cultivation [9]. Distribution P. ratense is native to Zhaosu and Xinjiang rovinces. It has been introduced as a forage lant into many other rovinces. Economic Irtance The secies is regarded as a high quality forage lant Natural Enemies of Phleum Two secies of fungi and two arthrds are reortedly associated with the genus Phleum. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Pleosoraceae Pyrenohora dictyoides A.R. Paul & Parbery m * Oomycota Peronosoraceae Ustilago striiformis (Westend.) Niessl * Recorded as Helminthosorium dictyoides Drechsler Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Coleotera Crioceridae Oulema oryzae (Kuwayama) [164] o [164] [133] Leidotera Tortricidae Ahelia aleana (Hübner) o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 27

36 Phragmites australis Comn reed Introduction The genus Phragmites contains 10 secies worldwide. Three members of the genus have been reorted from China [123]. Secies of Phragmites in China Scientific Name P. australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. P. jaonica Steud, P. karka (Retz.) Trin. Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Arundioideae Tribe: Arundineae Subtribe: Arundinae Bews Genus: Phragmites Trinius Secies: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. [=Phragmites communis Trin.] Descrition Phragmites australis is a erennial grass with stoloniferous rhizomes. The erect culm reaches a height of 8 m and a diameter of 1-4 cm. Below each node may be some white owdery substances. The leaf blade is flat, cm long and cm wide with a smth or coarse margin. The ligule is very short, truncate or aears as a ciliate ring, while the leaf sheath is glabrous or minutely hairy. Panicles are about cm long, slightly nodding with slightly sreading branchlets that are mm long and stly bear 4-7 florets, which maybe male for the first one from the base. The glumes are 3- veined, 3-7 mm long for the first glume and 5-11 mm for the second glume. The flowers aear from July to November [58, 68, 81, 84, 87, 123]. Habitat P. australis occurs at the edge of rivers, lakes, swams, ist areas, and wetlands at lower elevations [58, 84, 123]. Distribution P. australis has a nationwide distribution in China [123]. Economic Irtance Young lants of P. australis are rich in roteins and saccharides, and are therefore favored as cattle and horse feed. As it matures, the lignified lant cannot be used as forage. However, the mature culms can be used for construction and aer making [58, 123]. Related Secies P. karka (Retz.) Trin. has comaratively larger anicles and numerous sreading branches. It occurs in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan and Yunnan rovinces [123]. Natural Enemies of Phragmites Twenty four secies of fungi and 117 secies of arthrds have been recorded as associated with the genus Phragmites. 28 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

37 Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Aiosoraceae Aiosora ntagnei Sacc. m I Dothideaceae Scirrhia risa (Alb. & Schwein.) Fuckelel m II Incertae sedis Massariothea botulisora (Teng) B. Sutton m III Meliolaceae Meliola arundinis Pat. [73] o Phyllachoraceae Phyllachora arundinis Sawada IV Pucciniaceae Anarhic Ascomycetes Ustilaginaceae Puccinia abei Hirats. Puccinia invenusta Syd. [170] [170] Puccinia isiacae (Thüm.) G. Winter [170] Puccinia longinqua Cummins Puccinia magnusiana Körn. Puccinia riokaensis S. Ito Puccinia okatamaensis S. Ito Puccinia hragmitis (Schumach.) Körn. Puccinia sinkiangensis Y.C. Wang Ustilago grandis Fr. Ustilago himalensis (Kakish. & Y. Ono) Vánky & Oberw. Ustilago hragmitis L. Ling o [170] o o [170] m [170] o m [170] o [170] m m [170] m m [64] m [64] m [64]V m Brachysorium hragmitis Miyake m Deightoniella arundinacea (Corda) S. Hughes m VI Anarhic Lewia Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire [209] Anarhic Mycoshaerella Cladosorium arundinis (Corda) Sacc. m [210] Cladosorium cladosorioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries [210] Anarhic Uredinales Uredo hragmitis-karkae Anarhic Xylariales Hadrotrichum hragmiticola Teng m I Recorded as Coniosorium arundinis (Corda) Sacc. II Recorded as Hadrotrichum hragmitis Fuckel III Recorded as Hendersonia botulisora Teng IV Recorded as Phyllachora hragmitis-karkae Saw V Recorded as Ustilago hragmites Ling VI Recorded as Naicladium arundinaceum (Corda) Sacc. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 29

38 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Coleotera Eriohyidae Parategonotus hragmitae Kuang m [90] Tetranychidae Petrobia latens (Müller) [167] Anthribidae Phloeobius s. I Cerambycidae Dorysthenes hydroicus Pascoe Cetoniidae Protaetia brevitarsis (Lewis) II Chrysomelidae Psylliodes reitteri Weise m [201] Shaeroderma aicale Baly [201] Donacia clavies Fabricius m [164] Donacia rovosti Fairmaire Crioceridae Donacia vulgaris Zschach m [164] Oulema oryzae (Kuwayama) [164] Curculionidae Tanymecus circumdatus Wiedemann Dicladisa armigera (Olivier) Hisidae Hisellinus erens (Baly) Holotrichia oblita Feldermann Melolonthidae Holotrichia arallela Motschulsky Holotrichia trichohora (Fairmaire) IV Adoretus sinicus Burmeister Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse Rutelidae Anomala corulenta Motschulsky Anomala curies Hoe Anomala heydeni Frivaldszky Ditera Cecidomyiidae Giraudiella s. Aeschyntelus chinensis Dallas Coreidae Cletus unctiger Dallas Letocorisa varicornis (Fabricius) Lygaeidae Dirhoterus sinolae (Signoret) Hemitera Miridae Adelhocoris fasiaticollis Reuter Trigonotylus ruficonis Geoffroy [207] Metonymia glandulosa (Wolff) [207] Pentatomidae Scotinohara lurida (Burmeister) Stollia guttiger (Thunberg) Pyrrhocoridae Pyrrhocoris tibialis Stål [207] Aclerdidae Nionaclerda biwakoensis (Kuwana) Hotera Ahididae Hyaloterus amygdali Blanchard III [173] [205]V Macrosihum avenae Fabricius 30 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

39 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Melanahis sacchari (Zehntner) VI [113] Rhoalosihum adi (L.) Rhoalosihum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki) [205] Cercoidae Callitettix versicolor Fabricius Cicadula fasciifrons Stål Deltocehalus dorsalis (Motschulsky) VII Deltocehalus oryzae Matsumura Erythroneura limbata (Matsumura) Cicadellidae Erythroneura maculifrons (Motschulsky) Erythroneura subrufa (Motschulsky) Nehotettix cinctices Uhler Nehotettix virescens Distant Tettigoniella viridis (L.) VIII Cixiidae Oliarus aicalis (Uhler) Chloriona tateyamana Matsumura Dicranotrois nagaragawana Matsumura Laodelhax striatellus (Fallén) Delhacidae Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy Saccharosydne rocerus (Matsumura) Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) Toya roingua neoroingua (Muir) Unkanodes saorona Matsumura Dictyoharidae Dictyohara sinica Walker m Eriococcidae Rhizococcus trisinatus (Wang) [172]IX X Pseudococcidae Cannococcus ostiolata (Borchsenius) o [172]XI Liucoccus ehrhornioides Borchsenius [172] Hymenotera Tenthredinidae Dolerus tritici Chu Aloa lactinea (Cramer) XII Arctiidae Cossidae Leidotera Crambidae Creatonotos tranciens (Walker) XIII Silosoma lubriciedum (L.) XIV Phragmataecia castaneae Hübner Calachrous acutellus Eversmann XV [25] m [169] m Chilo hyrax Bleszynski Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky) [169] m [25] m Chilo hragmitellus Hübner Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 31

40 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Orthotera Chilo suressalis (Walker) [169] Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) [169] Schoenobius gigantellus Denis & Schiffermüller m [169] Parnara ganga Evansman Heseriidae Parnara guttata Bremer & Grey Polytremis zina (Eversman) Cifuna locules Walker Lymantriidae [212] [166] Laelia coenosa candioda Leech XVI Agrotis isilon (Hüfnagel) XVII Aletia udorina (Denis & Schiffermüller) [25]XVIII Archanara neurica (Hübner) m [15] Archanara hragmiticola Staudinger XIX Leucania insecuta Walker Leucania loreyi (Duonchel) Leucania venalba Mre Noctuidae Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner) m [15] Senta flammea (Curtis) [15] Sesamia inferens (Walker) [224] Sesamia vuteria (Stoll) [224]XX Sodotera deravata Butler XXI [166]XXII Sodotera litura (Fabricius) Psychidae Clania minuscula Butler [78]XXIII Pyralidae Proceras venosatum (Walker) XXIV Satyridae Coenonymha oedius (Fabricius) [219] Acrididae Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) XXV Chondracris rasea De Geer Hieroglyhus annulicornis (Shiraki) Catantoidae Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) Patanga jaonica (I. Bolivar) Shirakiacris shirakii (I. Bolivar) XXVI Conocehalidae Conocehalus gladiatus Redtenbacher Horocoryhus lineosus Walker Gryllidae Teleogryllus mitratus Burmeister XXVII Oediodidae Aiolous tamulus (Fabricius) Gastrimargus marratus (Thunberg) 32 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

41 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Thysanotera Locusta migratoria manilensis (Mayen) Oedaleus infernalis Saussure Phaneroteridae Ducetia jaonica (Thunberg) Pyrgorhidae Phlaeothriidae Thriidae I Probably Phloeobius triarrhenus Zhang II Recorded as Potosia brevitarsis Lewis III Also recorded as Hisa armigera Olivier IV Recorded as Pledina trichohora Fairmaire V Recorded as Hyalotera amygdali Blanchard VI Recorded as Longiunguis sacchari Zehntner VII Recorded as Inazuma dorsalis Motschulsky VIII Recorded as Tettigella viridis Linné IX, X Recorded as Eriococcus trisinatus Wang XI Recorded as Kiritshenkella ostiolata (Borchs) XII Recorded as Amsacta lactinea Cramer XIII Recorded as Creatonotus tranciens Walker XIV Recorded as Silosoma menthastri Eser XV Recorded as Phragmataecia castanea Hübner XVI Probably Laelia coenosa (Hübner) XVII Recorded as Agrotis ysilon Rottemberg XVIII Recorded as Leucania udorina Schiffermuller XIX Recorded as Agrotis hragmiticola Staudinger XX Probably Sesamia uniformis (Dudgeon) XXI, XXII Recorded as Sidemia deravata (Butler) XXIII Recorded as Clania minuscular Snellen XXIV Recorded as Procera venosatum Walker XXV Also recorded as Acrida chinensis Westwd XXV Recorded as Eurecnemis shirakii Bolivor XXVII Recorded as Gryllus testaceus Walker Atractorha lata (Motschulsky) Atractorha sinensis I. Bolivar Halothris aculeatus (Fabricius) [66] Halothris tritici (Kurdjuv) [66] Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) Scirtothris dorsalis Hd [66] Stenchaetothris bambusae (Shumsher Singh) [66] Stenchaetothris biformis (Bagnall) [66] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 33

42 Polygonum erfoliatum Mile-a-minute Introduction The genus Polygonum is comrised of 230 secies worldwide, rimarily in the northern temerate regions of the world. In China, 113 secies and 26 varieties have been reorted from all rovinces of the country [99]. Taxonomy Order: Polygonales Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Polygonideae Tribe: Polygoneae Genus: Polygonum L. Section: Echinocaulon Meisn. Secies: Polygonum erfoliatum L. Descrition Polygonum erfoliatum is an annual vine that can reach 1-2 m or re in length. The stems are furrowed with short recurved rickles along the ridges. Nearly as long as the etiole, the thin, aery leaves are triangular, about 3-7 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, glabrous on the uer surface with rickles along the mid-rib on the underside. The saucer-shaed ochrea (stiule sheath) is green and connate erfoliate with a diameter of cm. The flowers, 1-3 cm in length, are borne on racemes that emerge from the leaf axil or at the end of the stem in June through August. Bracts are ovoid, each containing 2-4 flowers with 8 stamens and 3 styles. The erianth consisting of 5 dee lobes, is white or light red in color, becoming blue at fruiting in July to October. Each shiny, black achene is globose, 3-4 mm in diameter, and contained in a ersistent erianth [95, 99]. Habitat P. erfoliatum occurs in ist areas at elevations of m. P. erfoliatum can be found along rivers and roadsides in eastern China [[128]] ; along valley streams and in thickets in northern China [17, 67] ; untain thickets, forest margins and stream banks at elevations of m in the the Qinling Mountains and Loess Plateau areas of northwestern China [48, 79] ; ditches, stream banks and wasteland in central and southern China [88, 120, 180] ; hillside thickets at 2100m in southern Tibet [184] ; and grassy sloes, forest margins, roadsides and river banks at m in Yunnan, southwestern China [2]. Distribution P. erfoliatum occurs in the rovinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, eastern Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, southern Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Chayu of southern Tibet, Yunnan, Zhejiang, and ossibly eastern Gansu [95, 99, 128, 184]. Economic Irtance Polygonum erfoliatum is traditionally regarded as medicinally useful in China, and it is also utililized for suressing [95, 120] vegetable insect ests Related Secies P. thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. has hastate leaves, occurs in wet valleys and on grassy sloes, at elevations of m. Its distribution includes Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan rovinces. [95]. Natural Enemies of Polygonum Seventy one secies of fungi have been reorted as associated with various Polygonum secies, of which 2 are associated with P. erfoliatum. The taxonomic status of Puccinia s. on members of the Polygonaceae in China was reviewed in the1980s [101]. The 30 reorted secies are included in the second flora on Puccinia [229]. Sixty-six arthrds have been 34 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

43 reorted as associated with members of the genus Polygonum. One hundred eleven arthrd secies were found during a survey to identify otential biological control agents against P. erfoliatum. More than half are Coleoteran secies, with one weevil secies, Rhinoncomimus laties Korotyaev (Coleotera: Curculionidae), regarded as the st romising agent. In addition, 3 oligohagous leaf beetles, Smaragdina nigrifrons (Coleotera: Eulidae), Gallerucida bifasciata and Galerucella lacida (Coleotera: Chrysomelidae), were dominant at st of the surveyed sites as well as Timandra griseata (Leidotera: Geometridae), a geometrid th. One bug, Cletus schmidti (Hemitera: Coreidae), and one sawfly, Allantus nigrocaeruleus (Hymenotera: Tenthredinidae), were recommended for further host secificity evaluations [32]. [95, 99] Secies of Polygonum in China Scientific Name Scientific Name P. acerosum Ledeb. ex Meisn. P. macrohyllum D. Don P. acetosum Bieb. P. manshuriense V. Petr. ex Kom. P. affine D. Don P. microcehalum D. Don P. ajanense (Regel et Til.) Grig. P. milletii (Lévl.) Lévl. P. aloecuroides Turcz. ex Besser P. lle D. Don P. alinum All. P. lliiforme Boiss. P. amhibium L. P. muricatum Meisn. P. amlexicaule D. Don P. nealense Meisn. P. angustifolium Pall. P. nummulariifolium Meisn. IV P. arenastrum Boreau P. ochotense V. Petr. ex Kom. P. argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kuntze I P. ochreatum L. P. assamicum Meisn. P. orientale L. P. aviculare L. P. acificum V. Petr. ex Kom. P. barbatum L. P. aleaceum Wall. ex Hk. f. P. biconvexum Hayata P. almatum Dunn P. bistorta L. P. aralimicola A. J. Li P. bungeanum Turcz. P. aronychioides C. A. Mey. ex Hohen. P. camanulatum Hk. f. P. atulum Bieb. P. caitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don P. erfoliatum L. P. cathayanum A. J. Li P. ersicaria L. P. chinense L. P. inetorum Hemsl. P. cognatum Meisn. P. latyhyllum Li et Chang P. coriaceum Sam. P. lebeium R. Br. P. coriarium Grig. P. olycneides Jaub. et Sach P. crilitanum Hance P. olystachyum Wall. ex Meisn. P. cyanandrum Diels P. vii Borod. P. darrisii Lévl. P. osumbu Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don P. delicatulum Meisn. P. raetermissum Hk. f. P. dichotomum Blume P. ubescens Blume P. dissitiflorum Hemsl. P. ulchrum Blume P. divaricatum L. P. urureonervosum A. J. Li Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 35

44 Scientific Name Scientific Name P. elliticum Willd. ex Sreng. P. rigidum Skv. P. edi Meisn. P. runcinatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don P. fertile (Maxim.) A. J. Li P. sagittatum L. V P. filicaule Wall. ex Meisn. P. schischkinii Ivan. ex Borod. P. foliosum H. Lindb. P. senticosum (Meisn.) Franch. et Sav. P. forrestii Diels P. sibiricum Laxm. P. glabrum Willd. P. sinontanum Sam. P. glaciale (Meisn.) Hk. f. P. songaricum Schrenk P. griffithii J. D. Hker II P. sarsiilosum A. J. Li P. hastatosagittatum Mak. P. strigosum R. Br. P. honanense Kung P. strindbergii Schust. P. hkeri Meisn. P. subscaosum Diels P. huananense A. J. Li P. suffultoides A. J. Li P. humifusum Merk ex C. Koch P. suffultum Maxim. P. humile Meisn. P. taquetii Lévl. P. hydroier L. P. thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. P. intrangolicum A. J. Li P. Tibeticum Hemsl. P. jaonicum Meisn. P. tinctorium Ait. P. jucundum Meisn. P. tortuosum D. Don P. kawagoeanum Makino III P. umbrosum Sam. P. laathifolium L. P. vacciniifolium Wall. ex Meisn. VI P. lichiangense W. W. Smith P. viscoferum Mak. P. limicola Sam. P. viscosum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don P. lisum Kom. P. viviarum L. P. longisetum De Br. P. wallichii Meisn. P. maackianum Regel I Recorded as P. argyrocoleum Steud. ex Kunze in FRPS II Recorded as P. calostachyum Diels in FRPS III Recorded as P. tenellum Blume in FRPS IV Recorded as P. nummularifolium Meisn in FRPS V Recorded as P. sieboldii Meisn. in FRPS VI Recorded as P. vaccinifolium Wall. ex Meisn. in FRPS Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Erysihaceae o Erysihe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien o Shaerotheca annosa (Wallr.) Lév. I [24]I Sclerotiniaceae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary o Atheliaceae Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. o II Basidiomycota Melanosichiaceae Melanosichium nealense (Liro) Zundel o III [64]IV 36 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

45 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Melanosichium ennsylvanicum Hirschh. Liroa edensis (Berk.) Cif. o [64] [64] V Microbotryaceae Microbotryum reticulatum (Liro) R. Bauer & Oberw. VI [64]VII Shacelotheca hydroieris (Schumach.) de Bary o [64] Puccinia barclayi S. Ahmad [229] Puccinia benokiyamensis Hirats. f. Puccinia bistortae (F. Strauss) DC. Puccinia calumnata Syd. & P. Syd. Puccinia congesta Berk. & Brme [229] [229] [229] [229] Puccinia fagoyricola Jørst. o Pucciniaceae Puccinia hanyuenensis F.L. Tai [229] Puccinia iwateyamensis Hirats. f. [229] Puccinia kweichowana Cummins Puccinia mammillata J. Schröt. Puccinia nitidula Tranzschel [229] [229] [229] Puccinia omeiensis Puccinia hragmitis (Schumach.) Körn. o 10 Puccinia olygoni-alini Cruchet & Mayor [229] Puccinia olygoni-amhibii Pers. o [229] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 37

46 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Puccinia olygonicola F.L. Tai [229] Puccinia olygoni-laathifolii T. N. Liou & Y. C. Wang [229] Puccinia olygoni-sieboldii (Hirats. & S. Kaneko) B. Li [229] Puccinia olygoni-weyrichii Miyabe Puccinia setentrionalis Juel [229] Puccinia taliensis F.L. Tai [229] Puccinia taylorii Balf.-Browne [229] Puccinia thibetana J.Y. Zhuang [229] Puccinia viviari Jørst. [229] Puccinia wulingensis B. Li [229] Puccinia yunnanensis F.L. Tai o Uromyces olygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P. Karst. o Ustilago anhweiana Zundel Ustilago anomala J. Kunze ex G. Winter Ustilago bistortarum (DC.) Körn. [64] Ustilago bosniaca Beck [64] Ustilago cordae Liro [64] Ustilago dehiscens L. Ling [64] Ustilaginaceae Ustilago filamenticola L. Ling Ustilago koenigiae Rostr. [64] [64] Ustilago longiseti Vánky & Oberw. [64] Ustilago ochrearum Berk. [64] Ustilago icacea Lagerh. & Liro [64] Ustilago ieri G.P. Clinton [64] Ustilago olygoni-alati Thirum. & Pavgi [64] Ustilago ustulata (DC.) G. Winter [64] 38 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

47 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ustilago sinkiangensis Y.C. Wang Ustilago tuberculiformis Syd. & P. Syd. [64] Albuginaceae Albugo olygoni Z.D. Jiang & P.K. Chi [202] Oomycota Anarhic Guignardia Peronosoraceae Peronosora sinensis D.Z. Tang o [202] Phytohthora olygoni Sawada [202] Phyllosticta olygoni-bungeani Miura Phyllosticta olygonorum Sacc. o Anarhic Lewia Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. o Cercosora ersicariae W. Yamam. Cercosora olygonaceae Ellis & Everh. Cercosora olygonorum Cke Cladosorium effusum Berk. & M.A. Curtis o [210] Passalora olygoni Y. L. Guo [65] Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pythiaceae Pseudocercosora avicularis (G. Winter) A.Z.M. Khan & Shamsi [129] Pseudocercosora ersicariae (W. Yamam.) Deighton [129] Pseudocercosora olygonicola (A.K. Kar & M. Mandal) Deighton Pseudocercosora olygonorum (Cke) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu [129] [129] Setoria olygonicola (Lasch) Sacc. Setoria olygonorum Desm. o [1] Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta olygoni Rabenh. Anarhic Uredinales I Recorded as Erysihe olygoni DC. II Recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres. III Recorded as Ustilago nealensis Lindr. IV Recorded as Ustilago nealensis Liro V Recorded as Ustilago edensis Berk. VI Recorded as Ustilago reticulata Lindr. VII Recorded as Ustilago reticulata (Zundel) Vánky & Oberwinkler Aecidium olygoni-cusidati Dietel Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 39

48 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Tetranychidae Tetranychus truncatus Ehara o [167] Chaetocnema bella (Baly) Chrysomelidae Coleotera Crioceridae Chaetocnema concinna (Marsham) [201] Entoscelis orientalis Motschulsky o [201] Galeruca barovskyi Jacobson [201] Galerucella grisescens (Joannis) o [201] o Gallerucida bifasciata Motschulsky o [201] Gallerucida singularis (Harold) [201] Gastrohysa atrocyanea (Motschulsky) o [201] Gastrohysa olygoni (L.) [201] Geinella invenusta (Jacobson) o [201] Geinella slendida Chen, Jiang & Wang o o [201] Hesera auricurea Chen & Wang o Hesera brachyelytra Chen & Wang o [201] o Stenoluerus flavies Chen o Stenoluerus nionensis (Laboissiere) Lema lacosa Pic o o o o o [164] Lema aagai Chûjô o [164] Lilioceris merdigera (L.) o o [164] Curculionidae Lagenolobus sieversi Faust [211] Basileta ubiventer T'an Basileta ruficolle (Jacoby) o o [164] Eulidae Chlamisus saicus T'an Crytocehalus aberrans Jacoby [164] Nodina ilifrons Chen Pachnehorus seriatus Lefèvre o [164] Smaragdina aurita hammarstraemi (Jacobson) o [164] Coreidae Cletus unctulatus(westwd) o [207] Mictis angusta Hsiao o [207] Hemitera Lygaeidae NySius ericae (Schilling) o [207] Pentatomidae Holistodera fergussoni Distant o [208] Platasidae Cotosoma arviicta Montandon m [208] 40 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

49 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ahalaridae Hotera Ahididae Coccidae Ahalara fasciata Kuwayama o [160] Ahalara olygonia Foerter [160] Caitohorus javanicus Hille Ris Lambers [205] Margituberculatus longituberculatus Zhang Cerolastes ceriferus (Anderson) o [173] Cerolastes floridensis Comstock o [173] Triozidae Eubactericera dreanoides Li [160] Hymenotera Tenthredinidae Tenthredo mesomelas (L.) o [166] Hyhantria cunea (Drury) o [45] Lemyra hasma (Leech) o [45] Arctiidae Rhyarioides metelkana (Lederer) Silosoma lubriciedum (L.) Crambidae Mecyna gilvata Fabricius Geometridae o [44] o [45] o [45] Chilo suressalis (Walker) o [169] Lythria ururaria (L.) o [195] Lycaenidae Heliohorus ila matsumurae (Fruhstorfer) o [219] Leidotera Lymantriidae Cifuna locules Walker o [166] o I o [169] o [25] Nohila noctuella Denis & Schiffermüller o [169] Calothysanis comtaria Walker o [78] [189] Dysstroma citrata (L.) o [195] Acronicta rumicis (L.) Analectoides rasina (Denis & Schiffermüller) o o o [25] o [224]II [11] o [181]? Noctuidae Discestra trifolii (Hüfnagel) o [15]III Gramdes geometrica (Fabricius) o [224]IV Lacanobia w-latinum (Hüfnagel) o [25]V Polia thalathina (Rottemburg) o [15] Simyra nervosa (Denis & Schiffermüller)? [25] Trachea atrilicis (L.) [224] o [25]? Xylena forsa (Butler) [224]VI Nymhalidae Seyeria aglaja (L.) o [219] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 41

50 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [66] Halothris aculeatus (Fabricius) o Phlaeothriidae [66] Halothris chinensis Priesner o Thysanotera [66] Scolothris takahashii Priesner o Thriidae [66] Thris hawaiiensis (Morgan) o I Recorded as Silosoma ura Leech II Recorded as Acronycta rumicis (L.) III Recorded as Scotogramma trifolii (Rottemberg) IV Recorded as Chalcioe geometrica (Fabricius) V Recorded as Polia w-latinum Hufnagel VI Recorded as Xylina forsa (Butler) 42 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

51 Poulus alba White olar Introduction The genus Poulus contains aroximately 100 secies throughout Eurasia and North America. Known for its raid growth and tolerance for harsh environmental conditions, the genus Poulus comnly occurs between N, at elevations below 3000 m. In China, aroximately 71 secies including hybrids and cultivated varieties have been reorted [46, 171]. Taxonomy Order Salicales Family Salicaceae Genus Poulus L. Secies Poulus alba L. Descrition Poulus alba is a broad-crowned deciduous tree that can reach m in height.the bark is white to grayish white, smth, becoming coarse in the lower bark. Young shts are initially white tomentose, coice shts are grayish green to russet, and densely tomentose. The shiny, brown buds are ovate, 4-5 mm, acuminate aically, white tomentose and glabrescent. The leaves, measuring 4-8 cm in length and 2-5 cm in width are ovoid-rounded or ellitically ovate with an irregular dentate margin. The etiole is slightly flattened, tomentose, and equal in length to the leaf. The flowers are dioecious, aearing from Aril to May. Male catkins 3-6 cm long and female catkins are about 5-10 cm in length. The irregularly tthed bract is membranous, broadly ellitic, and has a length of about 3 mm. Stamens are 8-10 with violet anthers. The fruits are narrowly conical casules, measuring 5 mm long, two-valved and glabrous, aearing in May [46, 171]. Habitat P. alba occurs in areas with a continental climate. Although it tolerantes r soil, wind and cold, P. alba also grows well in humid areas with fertile, sandy soil. P. alba is intolerant of hot, wet conditions where it is re suscetible to insect and disease attack [171]. Distribution Poulus alba is native to the Irtysh River area of northern Xinjiang rovince, occurring on the islands and along the river valley, and the Zinjinshan Mountain area of western Shanxi rovince [22, 43, 171]. P. alba is cultivated in the rovinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, and Tibet [34, 35, 62, 88, 171, 221]. Economic Irtance The wd of P. alba is straightgrained, fine textured, and light weight, making it useful material for construction, furniture and aer. The ground leaves are used to remedy bed bug infestations. Because of its attractive growth form, P. alba is often used in landscaing. In the desert lain area of northwestern China, P. alba is cultivated for use as windbreaks [171]. Related Secies Two varieties of P. alba are reorted in China. P. alba var. yramidalis Bunge has a yramidal crown, in contrast to the rounded crown of other varieties, P. alba var. bachofenii (Wierzbicki ex Rochel) Wesmael, differs from P. alba in its bark color and leaf shae. The bark of P. alba var. bachofenii is gray or bluish gray and the leaves of the short branchlets are abaxially subglabrous [46, 171]. Natural Enemies of Poulus Sixty nine fungi and 419 arthrds have been recorded for the lants of the genus Poulus. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 43

52 [46, 171] Secies of Poulus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name P. beijingensis W. Y. Hsu I P. minhoensis S. F. Yang & H. F. Wu* P. berolinensis Di. P. nakaii Skv. P. canadensis Moench P. nigra L. P. gansuensis C. Wang & H. L. Yang P. ningshanica C. Wang et Tung P. hoeiensis Hu & Chow in Hu P. amirica Kom. P. jrtyschensis Ch. Y. Yang P. ilosa Rehd. P. seudo-tomentosa C. Wang et Tung P. ruinosa Schrenk P. xiaohei T. S. Hwang et Liang P. ruinosa Schrenk* P. xiaozhuanica W. Y. Hsu et Liang P. rzewalskii Maxim. P. adenda Maxim. P. seudoglauca C. Wang et P. Y. Fu P. afghanica (Ait. et Hemsl.) Schneid. P. seudomaxiwiczii C. Wang et Tung P. alachanica Kom. P. seudo-sinii Kitag. P. alba L. P. urdomii Rehd P. amurensis Kom. P. qamdoensis C. Wang et Tung P. candicans Ait. P. qiongdaoensis T. Hong & P. Luo* P. canescens (Ait.) Smith. P. rotundifolia Griff. P. cathayana Rehd P. schneideri (Rehder) N. Chao* P. charbinensis C. Wang et Skv. P. shanxiensis C. Wang et Tung P. ciliata Wall. P. sinii Carr. P. davidiana Dode P. suaveolens Fisch. P. euhratica Oliv. P. szechuanica Schneid. P. girinensis Skv. P. talassica Kom. P. glauca Haines P. tomentosa Carr. P. haoana Cheng et C. Wang P. tremula L. P. hsinganica C. Wang et Skv. P. trinervis C. Wang et Tung P. iliensis Drob. P. ussuriensis Kom. P. intrangolica T. Y. Sun & E. W. Ma* P. violascens Dode P. kangdingensis C. Wang et Tung P. wenxianica Z. C. Feng & J. L. Guo ex G. Zhu* P. keerqinensis T. Y. Sun P. wilsonii Schneid. P. koreana Rehd. P. wuana C. Wang et Tung P. lancifolia N. Chao* P. wulianensis S. B. Liang & X. W. Li* P. lasiocara Oliv. P. xiangchengensis C. Wang & S. L. Tung P. laurifolia Ledeb. P. yatungensis (C. Wang et P. Y. Fu) C. Wang et Tung P. mainlingensis C. Wang et Tung P. yuana C. Wang et Tung P. manshurica Nakai P. yunnanensis Dode P. maxiwiczii Henry I Result of hybridization * Not listed in the FRPS Recorded as P. gansuensis C. Wang et H. L. Yang in FRPS Recorded as P. hoeiensis Hu et Chow in FRPS 44 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

53 Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Botryoshaeriaceae Macrohoma tumefaciens Shear Canodiaceae Canodium salicinum Mont. o Dermateaceae Dreanoeziza oulorum (Desm.) Höhn. I Gloeosorium ouli-albae Desm. m Diatryaceae Crytoshaeria ligniota (Fr.) Auersw. II Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. III Phyllactinia ouli (Jacz.) Y.N. Yu o [24] Pleochaeta oulicola X.L. Zhang [24] Erysihaceae Uncinula adunca var. adunca (Wallr.) Lév. o o Uncinula adunca var. mandshurica (Miura) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen o [24] Uncinula fragilis R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen [24] [24]IV V Uncinula longisora var. longisora o [24] Ascomycota Uncinula longisora var. minor R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen [24] Uncinula mandshurica Miura Uncinula seudocedrelae R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen [24] Uncinula salicis (DC.) Wint. forma oulorum Rabenh. Mycoshaerellaceae Phyllachoraceae Mycoshaerella mandshurica Miura Mycoshaerella ouli (Auersw.) J. Schröt. VI Plectoshaera oulina (Maubl.) Arx & E. Müll. VII Lambertella fructicola Dunt [230] Tahrinaceae Tahrina oulina Fr. Chondrolea oulea (Sacc. & Briard) Kleb. VIII Valsaceae Venturiaceae Valsa ambiens (Pers.) Fr. IX Valsa sordida Nitschke X o Naicladium asteroma Allesch. Venturia tremulae Aderh. Ganodermataceae Ganoderma alanatum (Pers.) Pat. o Hericiaceae Hericium coralloides (Sco.) Pers. Inonotus rheades (Pers.) Bondartsev & Singer o Basidiomycota Hymenochaetaceae Melamsoraceae Inonotus radiatus (Sowerby) P. Karst. o Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. o Phellinus setulosus (Lloyd) Imazeki o Phellinus yucatanensis (Murrill) Imazeki Xanthochrous hisidus (Bull.) Pat. o Melamsora laricis-oulina Kleb. o Melamsora magnusiana G. Wagner o Melamsora oulnea (Pers.) P. Karst. o XI Melamsora oulnea f.s. laricis Boerema & Verh. XII Melamsora ruinosae Tranzschel Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 45

54 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Platygloeaceae Helicobasidium brebissonii (Desm.) Donk Pleurotaceae Polyoraceae Strohariaceae Pleurotus calytratus (Lindblad) Sacc. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Quél. o Coriolus unicolor (Bull.) Pat. o Daedaleosis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt. o Favolus squasus (Huds.) Ames o Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát o XIII Trametes suaveolens (L.) Fr. o Pholiota adiosa (Fr.) Quél. o Pholiota oulnea (Pers.) Kuyer & Tjall.-Beuk. XIV Tricholomataceae Tectella calytrata (Lindbl.) Sing. Anarhic Acantharia Fusicladium tremulae Fr. Anarhic Ascomycetes Anarhic Dilocaron Anarhic Gibberella Anarhic Guignardia Anarhic Letoshaeria Myxosorium risum Fautrey Rhabdosora longisora Ferraris Marssonina larici Hart. Marssonina oulicola Miura Fusarium ciliatum Sacc. o Fusarium sarcochroum (Desm.) Sacc. Phyllosticta oulea Sacc. Phyllosticta oulina Sacc. Coniothyrium olivaceum Bonord. Coniothyrium oulicola Miura Anarhic Lewia Alternaria dauci f. s. solani o Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pseudocercosora salicina (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton o [129] Setoria oulicola Peck Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta ouli Delacr. Anarhic Pseudovalsa Coryneum oulinum Bres. Anarhic Uredinales Uredo tholosora Cummins XV Anarhic Venturia Pollaccia radiosa (Lib.) E. Bald. & Cif. I Recorded as Marssonina ouli (Lib.) Magn. II Recorded as Crytoshaeria oulina (Pers) Wint III Recorded as Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. IV Recorded as Uncinula adunca (Wallr.) V Recorded as Uncinula salicis (DC.) Wint. VI Recorded as Setoria ouli Desm VII Recorded as Physalosora oulina Maubl. VIII Recorded as Dothichiza oulea Sacc. et Br IX Recorded as Valsa oulina Fuckel. X Recorded as Cytosora chrysoserma (Pers.) Fr. XI Recorded as Melamsora rostruii Wagn. XII Recorded as Melamsora laricis Hart. 46 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

55 XIII Recorded as Coriolus hirsutus (Wulf ex Fr.) Quél XIV Recorded as Pholiota destruens (Brond.) Gill. XV Recorded as Fusicladium radiosum (Lib.) Lind Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Eriohyidae Acariformes Tetranychidae Attelabidae Coleotera Cerambycidae Tetrasinus ouli Kuang & Hong [90] Eotetranychus geniculatus Ehara o [167] Eotetranychus ouli (Koch) [167] Tetranychus urticae (Koch) o Tetranychus viennensis Zacher o Aoderus jekeli Roelofs o Byctiscus congener Jekel o Burestidae Melanohila decastigma Fabricius Acaloleta degener (Bates) Acanthoderes clavies (Schrank) o [86] Agaanthia daurica Ganglbauer o [150] Anolodera rubra dichroa (Blanchard) o Anolohora chinensis (Förster) o [13] Anolohora glabriennis (Motschulsky) o Anolohora nobilis Ganglbauer o [86] Ahrodisium rovosti (Fairmaire) o Ariona germari (Hoe) o Aromia bungii Faldermann o Aromia schata (L.) Aromia schata orientalis Plavils [13] Asias halodendri (Pallas) o Bacchisa atriarsis (Pic) o Bandar ascoei (Lansberge) o Batocera horsfieldi (Hoe) o Chelidonium rovosti (Fairmaire) [150] Chelidonium urureies Gressitt o Chlorohorus diadema Motschulsky o Chlorohorus macaumensis (Chevrolat) o Chlorohorus sexmaculatus (Motschulsky) Coscinesthes orosa Bates o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 47

56 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Dorysthenes hydroicus Pascoe o Dorysthenes aradoxus (Faldermann) o Eutetraha sedecimunctata (Motschulsky) o Lamiomimus gottschei Kolbe o Letura thoracica Creutzer Megois sinica White [13] [13] o Mesosa longiennis Bates [13] Neocerambyx mandarinus Gressitt [150] o Olenecamtus octoustulatus Motschulsky o Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix (Bates) o Rhoaloscelis unifasciatus Blessig [86] Saerda carcharias (L.) o [150] Saerda erforata (Pallas) m [86] Saerda oulnea (L.) o o [150] Toxotus meridianus (L.) [86] Trichoferus camestris (Faldermann) o Trichoferus camestris Faldermann [150] Trirachys orientalis Hoe o Xylotrechus magnicollis (Fairmaire) o Moseriana rugulosa Ma [143] Cetoniidae Oxycetonia jucunda (Faldermann) o Protaetia famelica Janson I Agelastica alni orientalis Baly [201] Agrosteomela chinensis (Weise) Altica viridicyanea (Baly) o Arthrotus nigrofasciatus (Jacoby) o Chrysomela laonica L. o Chrysomela ouli L. Chrysomelidae o II [201] m Chrysomela salicivorax (Fairmaire) o III Chrysomela tremulae Fabricius o [201] Chrysomela vigintiunctata (Scli) o IV Creidodera luta (Latreille) [201] o 48 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

57 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Fleutiauxia armata (Baly) [201] Galeruca sectabilis (Faldermann) o Galerucida gloriosa Baly o Lochmaeata careae (L.) [201] Melasoma vigintiunctata Scli o V Monoleta hieroglyhica (Motschulsky) o Monoleta allidula (Baly) o [201] Monoleta yoasanica Chen o Phratora aenea Wang m Phratora costiennis Chen [201] Phratora laticollis (Suffrian) [201] o Phratora ha Daccordi m Phratora multiunctata (Jacoby) o Phratora haedonoides occidentalis Chen [201] o Phratora vitellinae (L.) o [201] Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting) o Crioceridae Pedrillia annulata Baly o [164] Chlorohanus auries Faust Chlorohanus lineolus Motschulsky Curculionidae Leyrus jaonicus Roelofs [211] o Chlorohanus sibiricus Gyllenhal o Ectatorrhinus adamsi Pascoe o o Lixus amurensis Faust Phyllobius virideaeris Laicharting [211] Piazomias validus Motschulsky [6, 211] Symiezomias velatus (Chevrolat) o Tanymecus urbanus Gyllenhal [6, 211] Elateridae Agriotes fuscicollis Miwa o Pleonomus canaliculatus (Faldermann) o Abirorhus anceyi Pic o [164] Basileta davidi (Lefèvre) o [164] Clytra laeviuscula Ratzeburg o Clytra quadriunctata (L.) [164] Eulidae Crytocehalus koltzei Weise Labidostomis biunctata (Mannerheim) o [164] o Labidostomis chinensis (Lefèvre) o [164] Parascela cribrata (Schaufuss) o [164] o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 49

58 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Parnos glasunowi Jacobson [164] o Smaragdina aurita hammarstraemi (Jacobson) [164] Trichochrysea jaana (Motschulsky) o Basirionota bisignata (Boheman) Hisidae o Laccotera quadrimaculata (Thunberg) o Lucanidae Lucanus fortunei Saunders Megaldidae Zeugohora ancora Reitter [164] Zeugohora scutellaris Suffrian o [164] Melolonthidae Aogonia chinensis Moser o Hetohylla icea Motschulsky o Holotrichia convexoyga Moser o Holotrichia diomhalia Bates o Holotrichia lata Brenske o Holotrichia oblita Feldermann o Holotrichia arallela Motschulsky o Holotrichia serobiculata Brenske Holotrichia titanis Reitter o Holotrichia trichohora (Fairmaire) o Maladera castanea (Arrow) o Maladera orientalis Motschulsky o Maladera ovatula (Fairmaire) o Polyhylla laticollis Lewis o Adoretus sinicus Burmeister o Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse o Anomala corulenta Motschulsky o Rutelidae Scolytidae Anomala rufocurea Motschulsky o Poillia atrocoerulea Bates o Poillia ustulata Fairmaire o Poillia quadriguttata (Fabricius) o Proagoertha lucidula Faldermann o Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff) [197] o Scolytolatyus raja Blandford Tryohloeus alni Lindemann Xyleborus adumbratus Blandford o [197] Xyleborus emarginatus Eichhoff o [197] o Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff o [197] Xyleborus interjectus Blandford o [197] Xyleborus lewisi Blandford o [197] 50 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

59 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Hemitera Hotera Miridae Pentatomidae Tingidae Ahididae Xyleborus saxeseni Ratzeburg o [197] Xyleborus semioacus Eichhoff o [197] Adelhocoris lineolatus (Goeze) Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) [207] o [207] o Grahosoma rubrolineata (Westwd) o Lelia decemunctata Motschulsky [207] o Palomena amlifioata Distant [207] Pentatoma jaonica (Distant) o Pentatoma metallifera (Motschulsky) [208] Pentatoma rufies (L.) [207] o Rhahigaster nebulosa Poda [207] Hegesidemus habrus Drake o Monostira unicostata (Mulsant & Rey) [207] Physatocheila costata (Fabricius) o [208] Stehanitis s. o Pterocomma anyangense Zhang [205] Pterocomma bailangense Zhang [205] Pterocomma neingolense Zhang [205]VI Pterocomma sanunum Zhang [205] Pterocomma sinioulifoliae Zhang [205] Ahrohoridae Ahrohora intermedia Uhler o Cercoidae Eoscarta assimilis (Uhler) Chaitohoridae Cicadellidae Cicadidae Chaitohorus ouleti (Panzer) Chaitohorus oulialbae (Boyer de Fonscolombe) o [205] Chaitohorus oulihabitans Zhang Chaitohorus ouliyunnanensis Zhang Chaitohorus saliniger Shinji o Chaitohorus Tibetensis Zhang [205] Bothrogonia sinica Yang & Li o Easca biguttula (Ishida) o Easca flavescens (Fabricius) o Easca limbifera Matsumura Idiocerus urakawensis Matsumura [57] Tettigoniella viridis (L.) Crytotymana atrata (Fabricius) Crytotymana mandarina Distant o [57] o o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 51

60 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Crytotymana ustulata (Fabricius) Meimuna oalifera (Walker) Platyleura kaemferi (Fabricius) o Suisha coreana (Matsumura) Cerolastes jaonicus Green o o Coccidae Eulecanium douglasi (Sǔlc) [173] Eulecanium rugulosum (Arch.) [173] Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) Parthenolecanium ersicae (Fabricius) o Dynasidiotus britannicus (Newstead) o Diasididae Fulgoridae Leidosahes tubulorum Ferris o Leidosahes ulmi (L.) o Pseudaulacasis entagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) o Quadrasidiotus erniciosus (Comstock) o Quadrasidiotus slavonicus (Green) o Lycorma delicatula (White) o Hormahididae Dorahis ouli (Maskell) o Lachnidae Longistigma Tibetensis Zhang Membracidae Gargara genistae (Fabricius) o Eiemhigus sanuouli (Zhang & Zhong) [205] Kaburagia ensigallis (Tsai & Tang) Kaburagia ovogallis (Tsai & Tang) Pemhigus yangcola Zhang o Pemhigus borealis Tullgren [205] Pemhigus choensis Zhang [205] Pemhigus circellatus Zhang & Zhong Pemhigus immunis Buckton [205] Pemhigus mankamensis Zhang m Pemhigidae Pemhigus matsumurai Monzen [205] Pemhigus rotosirae Lichtenstein o [205] Pemhigus sinobursarius Zhang [205] Pemhigus Tibetensis Zhang [205] Pemhigus yangcola Zhang [205] Pemhigus yunnanensis Zhang [205] o Thecabius ouli (Tao) m Phloeomyzidae Phloeomyzus asserinii zhangwuensis Zhang [205] Ricaniidae Ricania seculum (Walker) o 52 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

61 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Hymenotera Isotera Leidotera Siricidae Tremex aicalis Matsumura o Tenthredinidae Rhogogaster viridis (L.) o [166] Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder o Termitidae Macrotermes barneyi Light o Aegeriidae Paranthrene tabaniformis Rottenburg o Aloa lactinea (Cramer) o Hyhantria cunea (Drury) Arctiidae Callidulidae Cleis fasciata Butler [44] [45] Lemyra melli (Daniel) [166] Silarctia subcarnea (Walker) o Cossus cossus L. Cossidae Holcocerus vicarius Walker Azygohles albofasciata Mre o o [166] o Xyleutes leuconotus (Walker) o Zeuzera yrina L. Botyodes asialis Guenée Botyodes diniasalis Walker Crambidae Botyodes rincialis Guenée o [169] m [166] m [169] m o m o [169] o Diahania ersectalis (Walker) Cyclidia substigmaria (Hübner) o Dreanidae Dreana curvatula (Borkhausen) o [78] Gelechiidae Anacamsis oulella Clerck o Abraxas susecta Warren Alcis reandata L. o [78] Geometridae Aocheima cinerarius Erschoff [78] Archiearis notha Hübner [78] Archiearis notha suifunensis Kardakoff o [161]VII Arichanna melanaria (L.) o [161] Biston betularia (L.) o [78] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 53

62 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Biston comitata Warren o o [161] VIII VIII Calosilos susecta Warren o [161] Culcula anterinaria (Bremer & Grey) Cystidia stratonice (Stoll) o [78] o [78] Eione vesertaria Fabricius [78] Ereborha consors Butler o [161] Gelasma illiturata(walker) o [161] Hiarchus ailionaria L. [78] Hyomecis unctinalis conferenda (Butler) Lomasilis marginata amurensis (Heydemann) o [161] Lygris testata achatinellaria Oberthür o [161] Naxa seriaria Motschulsky o Ochrognesia difficta (Walker) [161] o [166] o [78] Odontoera aurata (Prout) Ohthalmitis albosignaria (Bremer & Grey) [166] Ohthaldes sinensium Oberthür Ourateryx ersica Ménétriès o [161] Percnia giraffata (Guenée) Serraca unctinalis conferenda Butler o Yala yricola Chu [78] Zamacra excavata Dyar o Gracillariidae Lithocolletis ringoniella Matsumura o Lasiocamidae Cyclohragma yamadai (Nagano) o Gastroacha oulifolia Eser o Gastroacha quercifolia (L.) o Malacosoma dentata Mell o Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky o [166] Odonestis runi L. o Limacodidae Cnidocama flavescens (Walker) o [78] 54 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

63 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Latoia consocia Walker o [78]IX IX Latoia hilarata (Staudinger) o X Latoia leida (Cramer) o XI Latoia seudoreanda (Hering) o XII Latoia reunda (Walker) o XIII Monema flavescens Walker Narosoideus vulinus (Wileman) o Parasa sinica Mre o [78] Setora ostornata (Hamson) o Thosea sinensis (Walker) Lymantriidae Euroctis biunctaex (Hamson) o [78] Arctornis alba (Bremer) o Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller) Cifuna locules Walker o [212] [166] o Dasychira chekiangensis Collenette o Dasychira chinensis Swinhoe Dasychira conjuncta Wileman o Dasychira fascelina (L.) o [212] Dasychira olga (Oberthür) [212] Dasychira udibunda (L.) [212] [212] [166] o Euroctis chrysorrhoea (L.) [212] Euroctis karghalica Mre Laelia coenosa (Hübner) [212] [213] [212] o Laelia noscola Collenette o Lymantria disar (L.) o [212] [166] o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 55

64 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Lymantria mathura Mre [166] Lymantria nacha (L.) o [212] o Orgyia antiqua (L.) [212] Orgyia dubia (Tauscher) [212] Orgyia gonostigma (L.) Porthesia similis (Fueszly) Stilnotia candida Staudinger Stilnotia melanoscela Collenette Stilnotia salicis (L.) [212] o o [212] [212] [166] o o [212] o Stilnotia sartus (Erschoff) o [213] Teia ericae Germar [212] o [213] Teia gonostigma (L.) [213] Acronicta intermedia Warren o Acronicta megacehala (Denis & Schiffermüller) [15] [166] Acronicta rumicis (L.) o Agrotis exclamationis (L.) o XIV Agrotis isilon (Hufnagel) o Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) o o [166] Agrotis tokionis Butler o Noctuidae Amathes triangulum Hufnagel o Amhiyra erflua (Fabricius) o [166] Amhiyra yramidea (L.) o Catocala electa (Vieweg) o [224] o Catocala elocata (Eser) [15] Colobochyla salicalis (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [228] 56 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

65 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Cymatohorosis trimaculata (Bremer) o Earias udicana Staudinger o o Euxoa oberthuri Leech XV [224]XV XV o o Iirha retusa (L.) [228] Iirha subtusa (Denis & Schiffermüller) [228] [166] Melanchra ersicariae (L.) o Moma alium (Osbeck) o XVI Orthosia gracilis (Denis & Schiffermüller) [15] Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel) [15] Orthosia munda (Denis & Schiffermüller) [15] Scolioteryx libatrix (L.) o o [224] [166] Xestia c-nigrum (L.) o XVII Xylena exsoleta (L.) [15]XVIII Cerura felina Butler [4]XIX Cerura menciana Mre [4] [166] o Clostera albosigma curtuloides (Erschoff) o [4]XX Clostera anachoreta (Fabricius) Clostera anastosis (L.) [4] [166] o o [4] [166] Notodontidae Clostera curtula canescens (Graeser) [4] Furcula furcula lanigera (Mre) [166]XXI Gangarides dharma Mre o Gazalina chrysoloha (Kollar) o Gluhisia crenata (Eser) m [4]XXII Gonoclostera tiniorum (Bremer) o XXIII Haryia langiera (Butler) [4] o Haryia umbrosa (Staudinger) o XXIV Micromelaloha sieversi (Staudinger) Neocerura wisei (Swinhoe) o [4]XXV XXV [4] o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 57

66 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Notodonta torva (Hübner) [4]XXVI Phalera assimilis (Bremer & Grey) o Phalera bucehala (L.) o Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey) Nymhalidae Limenitis ouli (L.) [4] o Phalera fuscescens Butler o Pheosia fusiformis (Matsumura) m [4] Pterostoma griseum (Bremer) o [4] Pterostoma sinicum Mre o Pygaera tin (Hübner) [4] Aatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller) o Aatura ilia substituta Butler Aatura iris (L.) o Aatura metis Freyer o Chalinga elwesi (Oberthür) o [219] o [219] o Litinga cottini (Oberthür) o [219] Nymhalis antioa (L.) o [219] Sumalia daraxa (Doubleday) o [219] Vanessa indica L. o Pieridae Aoria crataegi (L.) o Chalioides kondonis Matsumura o Psychidae Clania minuscula Butler o XXVII Clania variegata Snellen o XXVIII Pyralidae Nehoteryx semirubella Scli o Actias dubernardi Oberthür o Actias heterogyna Mell o Actias selene ningoana Felder o Saturniidae Dictyoloca jaonica Mre o Dictyloca jaonica Mre Neoris haraldi Schawerda o Rhodinia davidi Oberthür o Arha amurensis (Staudinger) Aocalysis velox Butler Shingidae o o [225] o [227] [225] o [227] Callambulyx tatarinovi (Bremer & Grey) o Mimas tiliae christohi (Staudinger) [225] [227] o Phylloshingia dissimilis sinensis Jordan o 58 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

67 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Smerinthus lanus Walker o Smerithus caecus Ménétriès Smerithus kindermanni Lederer Smerithus lanus alticola Clark Smerithus lanus Walker [225] [227] [225] [227] [225] [227] [225] [227] Acleris alnivora Oku??? [133] Acleris emargana (Fabricius) Acleris issikii Oku [133] [78] o [133] [78] o Acleris submaccana (Filijev) [133] Adoxohyes orana Fischer von Röslerstamm [133] Ancylis unculana (Haworth) [78] Aotomis inundana (Denis & Schiffermüller) [133] Archis crataegana (Hübner) [133] Archis xylosteana (L.) [133] Caua favillaceana (Hübner) [133] Cerace stiatana Walker o Tortricidae Choristoneura diversana (Hübner) [133] Crytohlebia ombrodelta (Lower) o Einotia nisella (Clerck) [133] Einotia ramella (L.) [133] [166] Gibberifera simlana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) m [78] Gysonoma minutana (Hübner) [133] Hedya salicella (L.) [133] Pandemis corylana (Fabricius) o Pandemis hearana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Ptycholoma lecheana (L.) [133] o o [133] Salicihaga achris (Butler) [133] Sciahila branderiana (L.) o [133] Yonomeutidae Yonomeuta adella (L.) Zygaenidae Pidorus glaucois atratus Butler o Oediodidae Locusta migriatoria manilensis (Meyen) o Orthotera Phaneroteridae Holochlora jaonica Bremer von Wattenwyi o Pyrgorhidae Atractorha lata (Motschulsky) o Thysanotera Phlaeothriidae Acanthothris nodicornis (Reuter) [66] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 59

68 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Thriidae Anahothris ouli Zhang & Tong [155] Neohydatothris ouli Han m [66] Scolothris dilongicornis Han & Zhang [66] Scolothris takahashii Priesner I Recorded as Potosia famelica Janson II Recorded as Chrysolamra ouli L. III Recorded as Chrysolamra saliciwrax Fairmaire IV Recorded as Chrysolamra vigintiunctata (Scli) V Possilble synym of Chrysomela vigintiunctata (Scli) VI Recorded as Pterocomma neigolense Zhang VII Recorded as Brehos notha suifunensis Kardarkoff VIII Recorded as Biston regalis comitata (Warren) IX Recorded as Parasa consocia Walker X Recorded as Parasa hilarata (Staudinger) XI Recorded as Parasa leida (Cramer) XII Recorded as Parasa seudoreanda Hering XIII Recorded as Parasa reunda Hamson XIV Recorded as Euxoa exclamationis L. XV Recorded as Earias udicana uillana Staudinger XVI Recorded as Trichosea chama Mre XVII Recorded as Agrotis c-nigrum L. XVIII Recorded as Xylena exoleta (L.) XIX Recorded as Cerura vinula felina (Butler) XX Recorded as Clostera curtuloides Erschoff XXI Recorded as Furcula lanigera (Butler) XXII Recorded as Gluhisia jaonica (Wileman) XXIII Recorded as Gonoclostera tinides (Bremer) XXIV Recorded as Hybocama umbrosa (Staudinger) XXV Recorded as Micromelaloha troglodyta (Graeser) XXVI Recorded as Notodonta tritohus uniformis Oberthür XXVII Recorded as Crytothelea minuscula Butler XXVIII Recorded as Crytothelea variegata Snellen o [66] 60 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

69 Potageton crisus Curly ondweed Introduction There are aroximately 90 secies of the genus Potageton worldwide. Twenty six secies have been reorted in China with a nationwide distribution [3, 4]. Taxonomy Order: Helobiae Suborder: Potagetonineae Family: Potagetonaceae Genus: Potageton L. Subgenus: Potageton Secies: Potageton crisus L. Descrition Potageton crisus is a submerged freshwater erennial. It has a terete to slightly flattened rhizome. The stems are saringly branched, also terete to slightly flattened and angular, and creeing at the base. The stiff axillary turions are 1-3 cm long and 8-15mm wide. Leaves are sessile, broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 3-8 cm long and 3-10 mm wide, stly undulate or crisate, with serrulate margins, and obtuse or rounded aices. Stiules are 5-10 mm long, convolute to shortly connate, membranous and evanescent. Inflorescences are cylindrical sikes cosed of 2-4 whorls of site Secies of Potageton in China [3] Scientific Name Scientific Name P. acutifolius Link P. manchriensis (A. Benn) A. Benn. * P. alinus Balb. I P. natans L. P. amblyohyllus C. A. Meyer P. nodosus Poir. P. comressus L. * P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch P. crisus L. P. octandrus Poir. III P. cristatus Rgl. & Maack P. oxyhyllus Miq. P. distinctus A. Benn. II P. amiricus Baag. P. filiformis Pers. P. ectinatus L. IV P. gramineus L. P. erfoliatus L. P. intortifolius J. B. He et al. P. olygonifolius Pour. P. lucens L. P. raelongus Wulf. P. maackianus A. Benn. P. usillus L. P. malaianus Miq. P. recurvatus Hagstrom I recorded as P. heterohyllus Schreb. in FRPS II recorded as P. fontigenus Y. H. Guo et al. in FRPS III recorded as P. hubeiensis W. X. Wang in FRPS IV recorded as P. letanthus Y. D. Chen and P. nanus Y. D. Chen in FRPS *listed in the revised FOC flowers borne on eduncles u to 5 cm in length. Carels are 4-mercous, shortly connate at the base. Fruits are ovate, mm long; with a significant dorsal keels that are sarsely dentate on the lower ridge. The beak is slender, nearly equal to or longer than the body of carel. Flowers and fruits aear from Aril through July [4]. Habitat P. crisus occurs in lakes, streams, onds, reservoirs, addy fields less than 2 m in deth [4, 7]. It also occurs in freshwater marshes at elevations of 2300 m in Qinghai, northwestern China [6], and m in Yunnan [7]. Distribution P. crisus reortedly occurs nationwide in China with the excetion of Tibet. Economic Irtance P. crisus is regarded as green manure, and as a forage lant for fish and livestock [1, 3], as well as a comn aquatic weed. It is also host to some aquatic insect ests [5]. Like many aquatic lants, P. crisus serves as an sawning habitat Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 61

70 for fish and shrim in the early sring when flowering occurs [7]. Related Secies P. malaianus Miq., similar to P. crisus in aearance, is etiolate, with an undulate or distinctly serrulate margin, 7 or re veined. P. malaianus occurs in still or slowly running water and addy fields. It is also a nationally distributed aquatic weed [2, 4]. Natural Enemies of Potageton One arthrd secies has been recorded as associated with lants of genus Potageton. One aquatic beetle, Donacia rovosti Fairmaire (Coleotera: Crioceridae), is mentioned in association with Potageton [5]. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Hotera Ahididae Rhoalosihum nymhaeae (L.) o [8] 62 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

71 Pueraria ntana var. lobata (Pueraria lobata) Kudzu Introduction The genus Pueraria contains aroximately 35 secies, occurring in East and Southeast Asia. Eight secies have been reorted in China with distribution extending from northwestern and central southern into southeastern China [176, 177]. Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Leguminosae Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Subfamily: Pailionideae Giseke Tribe: Phasoleae DC. Subtribe: Glycininae Benth. Genus: Pueraria DC. Secies: Pueraria ntana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjaa & Pradee Descrition Pueraria ntana var. lobata is a hirsute wdy vine that can grows to a height of 8 meters in China. It has a xyloid stem base, and starchy rt tubers. The leaves are 3-leaflets, innately cound, with ovoid-oblong, vertically veined stiules. Each leaflet is 3-lobed, or occasionally entire with linear-lanceolate stiels equal to or longer than the etiolule.the terminal leaflet, 7-15 cm long and 5-12, wide is broadly to obliquely ovate. The lateral leaflets are slightly smaller, obliquely ovate, with light yellow aressed ilose hairs on the uer surface and re densely so on the underside. Racemes, about cm in length, bear flowers mainly in the uer half of the inflorescence. The caducous bracts are linear-lanceolate to linear, and longer than the bractlets, which are ovate, less than 2 mm in length. Florets occur in cluster of three at the rachis node. Calyces are camanulate, lanceolate-lobed, 8-10 mm long, and covered with yellowish brown hairs. Secies of Pueraria in China Scientific Name Corollas are urle, mm long, with a 2-lobed, obovate flag at the base. Flowers aear from Setember through October, consequently followed in November to December by brownish hirsute, flat, oblong ods 5-9 cm long and 8-11 cm wide [176]. Habitat In general, P. Montana var. lobata occurs in dense or sarse forests in untainous areas [176]. Additional habitats include warm, ist hillsides, roadsides, and streamsides at elevations of m in the Qinling Mountains, northwestern China; and broadleaf forests, forest edges, thickets, and undisturbed untains in northeastern China [52, 82]. Distribution The distribution of P. ntana var. lobata has been reorted from st of the rovinces in China excet Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang [176], and ossibly Ningxia [141]. Scientific Name P. aloecuroides Craib P. eduncularis (Grah. ex Benth.) Benth. P. calycina Franch. P. haseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. P. edulis Paman. P. stricta Kurz P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi P. wallichii DC. Nine secies are listed in the revised FOC. P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is comnly acceted as Pueraria ntana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjaa & Pradee Economic Irtance The rt of P. ntana var. lobata is medically useful in China. The lant is a fiber source for weaving and aermaking [176]. P. ntana is also lanted for soil conservation in some areas in China [82, 88]. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 63

72 Related Seceis Pueraria ntana var. ntana (Lour.) Merr, acceted as Pueraria lobata var. ntana (Lour.) van der Maesen in FRPS, flowers from July through Setember and fruits from October through December. It occurs in thickets and sarsely forested untainous areas, in the rovinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [176]. Pueraria Fungi lobata var. thomsonii (Benth.) van der Maesen, also known as Pueraria lobata var. thomsonii Benth, may be listed as a searate secies in the revised Flora of China(FOC). It occurs in thickets and sarse forests, flowering in Setember and fruiting in November in the rovinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [177]. Natural Enemies of Pueraria Twelve secies of fungi have been reorted from members of the genus Pueraria in China. Three Anarhic Mycoshaerella secies, Cercosora ueraricola W. Yamam., Mycovellosiella uerariae D.E. Shaw & Deighton, Pseudocercosora uerariae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton, have been recorded only from Pueraria ntana var. lobata. Forty-eight arthrd secies have been found. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Erysihaceae Meliolaceae Erysihe uerariae R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen o [24] Pleochaeta olychaeta (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kimbr. & Korf o Meliola banosensis Syd. o [72] Mycoshaerellaceae Mycoshaerella uerariae o Ceratobasidiaceae Thanatehorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Phakosoraceae Phakosora achyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. Chytridiomycota Synchytriaceae Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gäum. Anarhic Mycoshaerella Cercosora ueraricola W. Yamam. m Mycovellosiella uerariae D.E. Shaw & Deighton m [65] Pseudocercosora uerariae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton m [129] Pseudocercosora uerariicola (W. Yamam.) Deighton o [129] Anarhic Pleochaeta Stretdium s. o [24] Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [201] o Brachyhora nigrovittata Jacoby Coleotera Hemitera Chrysomelidae Crioceridae Gonioctena flexuosa (Baly) [201] Gonioctena tredecimmaculata (Jacoby) Sagra ferata ururea Lichtenstein [201] o o [164] Curculionidae Alcidodes trifidus (Pascoe) Coreidae Lygaeidae Fracastorius cornutus Distant m [208] Hoeocerus dilatatus Horváth [207] Hoeocerus marginellus Herrich-Schäffer [207] Hoeocerus uniunctatus (Thunberg) [207] Chaulios fallax Scott [207] Malcus elongatus Stys m [208] Malcus inconsicuus Stål [207] Troidothorax cruciger (Motschulsky) [208] 64 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

73 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Pentatomidae Cantheconidea humeralis (Distant) [208] Cycloelta obscura (Leeletier & Serville) [207] Cycloelta arva Distant [207] Dilorhinus furcatus (Westwd) [208] Megarrhamhus truncatus (Westwd) [207] Stollia guttiger (Thunberg) [207] Leidotera Platasidae Crambidae Aonsila ntana (Distant) m [208] Brachylatys uncties Montandon m [208] Cotosoma intermedia Yang Cotosoma notabilis Montandon [208] [207] Megacota cribraria (Fabricius) [207] Megacota distanti (Montandon) [208] Megacota horvathi (Montandon) Paracota duodecimunctatum (Germar) [207] Paracota rufiscuta Hsiao et Jen [208] Lamrosema diemenalis (Guenée) [169] Maruca testulalis Geyer [169] [166] Dreanidae Callidreana argenteola (Mre) I Catochrysos anormus (Felder) o [219] Celastrina albocaerulea Mre Celastrina argiola (L.) [219] Lycaenidae Celastrina argiolus (L.) Curetis acuta Mre [219] Jamides bochus forsanus (Fruhstorfer) [219] Lamides boeticus (L.) [219] Noctuidae Mocis ancilla (Warren) Notodontidae Phalera cossioides Walker [4]II Nymhalidae Shingidae Netis hylas luculenta Fruhstorfer [219] Netis nata adiala Mre Netis nata lutatia Fruhstorfer [219] Netis soma Mre [219] Acosmeryx miskini (Murray) Acosmeryx naga (Mre) Clanis bilineata (Walker) Clanis bilibeata tsingtauica Mell I Probably the synonym of Callidreana atrana (Mre) II Recorded as Phalera rocera (Felder) [225] [227] [166] [225] [225] o o o [225] o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 65

74 Quercus acutissima Sawtth oak Introduction The genus Quercus contains aroximately 300 secies worldwide with distribution in Asia, Africa, Euroe and North America. Thirty-five secies are recorded in the revised Flora of China. Members of the genus Quercus grow in alst every rovince of the country due to their high economic value [74]. Taxonomy Order Fagales Family Fagaceae Genus Quercus L. Secies Quercus acutissima Carruth Descrition Quercus acutissima is a deciduous tree that can reach a height of 30 m and a diameter of one meter. The bark is dark grayish brown with dee longitudinal fissures. Young shts are grayish yellow with grayish yellow ubescence becoming glabrescent, and light yellow lenticels. Winter buds are conical and ubescent. The leaves, 8-19 cm long and 2-6 cm wide, may *[74, 194] Secies of Quercus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name Q. acrodonta Seem. Q. marlioensis Hu et Cheng Q. acutissima Carruth. Q. ngolica Fisch. ex Ledeb IV Q. aliena Bl. Q. nitricha Hand-Mazz. Q. aquifolioides Rehd. et Wils. Q. oxyhylla (Wils.) Hand.-Mazz. Q. baronii Skan Q. alustris Muench. Q. bawanglingensis Huang, Li et Xing Q. hillyraeoides A. Gray Q. chenii Nakal Q. rehderiana Hand.-Mazz. V Q. cocciferoides Hand.-Mazz. Q. robur L. Q. dentata Thunb. Q. semecarifolia Smith Q. dolicholeis A. Camus Q. senescens Hand.-Mazz. Q. engleriana Seem. I Q. serrata Thunb Q. fabri Hance Q. setulosa Hick. et A. Camus Q. franchetii Skan Q. sinosa David. ex Franch. VI Q. griffithii Hk. F. et Thoms. ex Miq. Q. tarokoensis Hayata Q. guajavifolia Lévl. II Q. utilis Hu et Cheng Q. kingiana Craib Q. variabilis Bl. Q. lanata Smith III Q. yunnanensis Franch. VII Q. lodicosa E. F. Warb. * 51 secies, 14 varieties and 1 form in FRPS. Some secies excluded from FOC are hybrids, or synonyms, listed below [32]. I recorded as Q. kongshanensis Y. C. Hsu et H. W. Jen and Q. lanceolata S. Z. Qu et W. H. Zhang in FRPS II recorded as Q. annosa Hand.-Mazz. in FRPS III recorded as Q. tungmaiensis Y. T. Chang. in FRPS IV recorded as Q. wutaishanica Mayr. in FRPS V recorded as Q. longisica (Hand.-Mazz.) A. Camus. in FRPS VI recorded as Q. gilliana Rehd. et Wils. in FRPS VII recorded as Q. malacotricha A. Camus in FRPS 66 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

75 have varied rhology, but oblong ellitic is the st comnly observed shae. The leaf aex is acuminate, base rounded to broadly cuneate, margin serrate. Young uer and lower leaf surfaces are ubescent becoming sarsely ubescent along the lower leaf veins. The glabrate etiole is about 1-3 cm in length. From March to Aril, catkins form in the leaf axils. The cuules are 1.5 cm in length and 2-4 cm in diameter. Bractlets are subulate to ligulate, revolute with a grayish white tomentum. In Setember to October of the following year, Quercus acutissima roduces ovoid to ellisoid acorns that are cm long and cm wide [194].. Habitat Q. acutissima occurs on sunny sloes, in ure forests or mixed forests at elevations of m. in the rovinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, as well as southwestern China [194]. Distribution Q. acutissima is reorted to occur in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan,Yunnan, Zhejiang, and robably Gangsu, and southeastern Xizang rovinces [74, 79]. Q. acutissima is cultivated in Taiwan [76]. Economic Irtance Q. acutissima has a ring-orous wd used for making cross ties, timbers, and furniture. The leaves can used as a fd source for a silkworm that roduces a tye of coarse silk.it is also used as forage and as a starch source for industrial use. The acorns and bark can be used in the tanning rocess [194]. Related Secies Two varieties have been reorted. Q. acutissima var. setentrionalis Liou, which occurs in Hebei and Shandong, has glabrous or sarsely ubescent young shts, whereas Q. acutissima var. deressinucata H. W. Jen et R.Q.Gao, with flattened round acorns, occurs on sloes or in valleys at elevations of m in Shandong rovince [74]. Natural Enemies of Quercus Eighty-six secies of fungi and 606 arthrds have been found in association with members of the genus Quercus. Most of the arthrds are regarded as est secies in China. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Asterinaceae Prillieuxina sinensis Petr. Botryoshaeriaceae Macrohoma fusisora Bubák Macrohoma suberis var. nigromaculata Keissl. Caldariomyces fumago Woron. o I Hyocanodium setosum (Zimm.) Seg. o Canodiaceae Neocanodium tanakae o Scorias communis W. Yamam. o Ascomycota Triosoriosis sinigera (Höhn.) W. Yamam. o Chaetothyriaceae Chaetothyrium javanicum (Zimm.) Boedijn o II Coccoideaceae Coccodiscus quercicola Henn. Dermateaceae Gloeosorium quercuum Miura Cystotheca lanestris (Harkn.) Sacc. [24] Cystotheca wrightii Berk. & M.A. Curtis [24] Erysihaceae Erysihe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien o III Erysihe gracilis R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen [24] Erysihe sikkimensis Chona, J.N. Kar & H.S. Gill o [24] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 67

76 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Basidiomycota Microshaera alhitoides Griffon & Maubl. [24] o Microshaera hyohylla Nevod. o [24] Phyllactinia roboris (Gachet) S. Blumer o o [24] Shaerotheca lanestris Harkn. Shaerotheca wrightii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn. Tyhulochaeta jaonica S. Ito & Hara Uncinula setata E.S. Saln [24] o [24] Asteridiella cyclobalanosidicola (W. Yamam.) Hansf. o [72]IV Asteridiella quercina (Hansf.) Hansf. o [72]V Irenina quercina Hansf. Meliola cyclobalanosina var. cyclobalanosina o [72] Meliolaceae Meliola cyclobalanosina W. Yamam. o Meliola shiiae W. Yamam. [72] Meliola taityuensis W. Yamam. [72] Meliola taiwaniana W. Yamam. [72] Phyllachoraceae Trabutia sinensis Arx & E. Müll. Rhytismataceae Coccomyces dentatus (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Sacc. VI Rutstroemiaceae Lambertella guizhouensis W.Y. Zhuang & Korf [230] Rutstroemia sydowiana (Rehm) W.L. White [230] Sclerotiniaceae Ciboria batschiana (Zof) N.F. Buchw. VII Ciboria bolaris (Batsch) Fuckelel [230] Tahrinaceae Tahrina caerulescens (Desm. & Mont.) Tul. Crytoderis quercina Teng Valsaceae Cytosora microsora (Corda) Rabenh. Linosora conflicta (Cke) Sacc. Venturiaceae Acantharia sinensis (Petr.) Arx Cronartiaceae Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai Fomitosidaceae Fomitosis castanea Imazeki VIII Fomitosis inicola (Sw.) P. Karst. o Ganodermataceae Ganoderma alanatum (Pers.) Pat. o Haaloilaceae Aurantiorus fissilis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) H. Jahn o IX Songiellis litschaueri Lohwag o Hericium caut-medusae (Bull.) Pers. Hericiaceae Hericium cirrhatum (Pers.) Nikol. X Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. o Inonotus rheades (Pers.) Bondartsev & Singer o Hymenochaetaceae Inonotus dryadeus (Pers.) Murrill o 68 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

77 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Inonotus gilvoides (Lloyd) Teng Inonotus krawtzewii (Pilát) Pilát Inonotus radiatus var. licentii Pilát o Phellinus igniarius (L.) Quél. o Phellinus ectinatus (Klotzsch) Quél. XI Phellinus robustus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin o Phellinus setulosus (Lloyd) Imazeki o Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Bourdot & Galzin o Xanthochrous hisidus (Bull.) Pat. o Marasmiaceae Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm. o XII Microstromataceae Microstroma album var. jaonicum Henn. Polyoraceae Coriolus unicolor (Bull.) Pat. o Daedaleosis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt. o Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx o Laetiorus sulhureus (Bull.) Murrill o Poria lacerata Murrill Poria lurida Bres. o Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát o Trametes quercina Lloyd Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd o XIII Truncosora truncatosora (Lloyd) S. Ito o Schizraceae Schizra aradoxa (Schrad.) Donk XIV Stereaceae Xylobolus frustulatus (Pers.) Boidin XV Xylobolus subileatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Boidin Tremellaceae Tremella indurata Berk. & Brme Anarhic Aiognonia Discula quercina (Westend.) Arx XVI Anarhic Ascomycetes Hadronema orbiculare Syd. & P. Syd. Monochaetia kansensis (Ellis & Barthol.) Sacc. Anarhic Dilocaron Marssonina martinii (Sacc. & Ellis) Magnus XVII Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta hranicensis Petr. m Phyllosticta quercus Sacc. & Seg. Anarhic Letoshaeria Coniothyrium quercinum (Bonord.) Sacc. Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta quercus Sacc. & Seg. I Recorded as Fumago vagans Pers II Recorded as Phaeosaccardinula javanica (Zimm.) Yamam III Recorded as Erysihe olygoni DC. IV Recorded as Asteridiella cyclobalanosicola (Yam.) Hansf. V Recorded as Asteridiella quercina (Hansf.) Hansf. VI Recorded as Letothyrium quercinum (Lasch) Sacc. VII Recorded as Stromatinia seudotuberosa Rehm VIII Recorded as Fomitosis castaneus Imaz. IX Recorded as Tyromyces fissilis (Berk. et Curt.) Donk X Recorded as Steccherinum cirrhatum (Pers. ex Fr.) Teng XI Recorded as Pyrlyorus ectinatus (Kl.) Murr. XII Recorded as Armillariella mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 69

78 XIII Recorded as Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quél XIV Recorded as Poria versiora (Pers.) Rom XV Recorded as Stereum frustulosum (Pers) Fr XVI Recorded as Gloeosorium quercinum West. XVII Recorded as Marssonina martinii (Sacc. et Ell.) Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Brevialus obovatus Donnadieu o Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) [167] Acariformes Tetranychidae Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) [167] Tetranychus neocaledonicus André [167] Tetranychus viennensis Zacher o Parolaoderus melanostictus Fairmaire Attelabidae Parolaoderus semiannulatus Jekel o Burestidae Agrilus cyaneoniger Saunders o Coleotera Cerambycidae Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius) Anolodera rubra dichroa (Blanchard) 70 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 o [86] o o [150] o Anolohora beryllina (Hoe) o Anolohora chinensis (Förster) o Anolohora imitatrix (White) o Anolohora leechi (Gahan) o Ahrodisium sinicum (White) [150] o Ariona germari (Hoe) o [13] Aromia bungii Faldermann o Asias halodendri (Pallas) o Bandar ascoei (Lansberge) o Batocera davidis Deyrolle o Batocera horsfieldi (Hoe) [13] o Batocera lineolata Chevrolat o Calliogon relictus (Semenov) o [13] Chloridolum jaonicum (Harold) m [86] Chloridolum lameeri (Pic) o Chlorohorus eleodes (Fairmaire) o Chlorohorus miwai Gressitt o Chlorohorus uinensis (Fairmaire) o Chlorohorus searatus Gressitt Chlorohorus sexmaculatus (Motschulsky) [150] o o [13] Dere thoracica White o [86] Dorysthenes hügelii Redtenbacher o Embrik-strandia unifasciata (Ritsema) o Euryoda antennata Saunders [150] o

79 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Gracilia minuta Fabricius o [13] o [13] Lamiomimus gottschei Kolbe o Letura aethios Poda o [13] Linda aicalis Pic Cetoniidae Macrotoma fisheri Waterhouse o [13] o o [13] Mallambyx raddei (Blessig) [13] Megois sinica White o [13] Mesosa longiennis Bates o Moechotya dihysis (Pascoe) [13] o o [150] Monochamus guerryi Pic o o Monochamus sarsutus Fairmaire Morisasma aradoxum Ganglbauer o [86] Olenecamtus octoustulatus Motschulsky o Ouyrrhidium cinnabarinum (Blessig) [150] Perissus laetus Lameere [86] o Plagionotus ulcher Blessig o [13] Polyzonus fasciatus (Fabricius) o Pseudaeolesthes chrysothrix (Bates) o [13] Pururicenus etasifer Fairmaire o Pururicenus sideriger Fairmaire o [150] Rhahuma horsfieldi (White) Rosalia lameerei Brongniart [207] o [13] Stenygrinum quadrinotatum Bates o Strangalia attenuata (L.) [86] Strangalia basilicata (Fairmaire) m Stromatium longicorne (Newman) [13] Thermistis croceocincta (Saunders) o Toxotus meridianus (L.) [86] Trichoferus guerryi (Pic) [86] Xylotrechus magnicollis (Fairmaire) [150] o Xylotrechus rusticus (L.) [13] Xystrocera globosa (Olivier) o Agestrata orichalca (L.) o [143] Anomalocera olivacea (Janson) o [143] Anomalocera arryi Westwd o [143] Anthracohora rusticola Burmeister [143] Camsiura insignis (Gestro) o [143] Camsiura javanica (Gory & Percheron) o [143] Camsiura mirabilis (Faldermann) o Camsiura ochreiennis (Fairmaire) o [143] o Camsiura suerba (Van de Poll) o [143] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 71

80 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Camsiura xanthorrhina Hoe o [143] Cetonia rutilans (Janson) o [143] Clinteria ducalis White [143] Clinterocera mandarina (Westwd) I Coelodera enicillata Hoe [143] Coenochilus nitidus Arrow o [143] Cosmiorha desta Saunders o [143] Cosmiorha setulosa Westwd o o o Cosmiorha similis Fairmaire o [143] Cyhorus ulchellus Arrow o [143] Dicranobia otanini (Kraatz) o [143] Dicranocehalus adamsi (Pascoe) o Dicranocehalus bowringi Pascoe o Dicranocehalus dabryi Auzoux o [143] [143] Dicranocehalus wallichi bowringi Pascoe o [143] Dicranocehalus wallichi Hoe o [143] Euchlorous laetus Fabricius o [143] Euselates ornata (Saunders) o [143] Euselates ulchella (Gestro) [143] Euselates quadrilineata (Hoe) o [143] Euselates schönfeldti Kraatz o [143] Euselates tonkinensis Moser o Glycyhana fulvistemma Motschulsky Glycyhana horsfieldi (Hoe) o [143] o o [143] o Glycyhana nealensis Kraatz o [143] o Goliathosis velutinus Pouillaude o [143] Heterorrhina unctatissima Westwd o [143] Iumnos ruckeri Saunders [143] Ixorida uhoti (Wallace) o [143] Meroloba suturalis (Snellen) o [143] Moseriana breviilosa Ma o [143] Moseriana longiilosa Ma o [143] Moseriana rugulosa Ma o [143] Mycteristes microhyllus Wd-Mason o [143] Neohaedimus auzouxi Lucas [143] Neohaedimus castanus Ma o [143] Oxycetonia bealiae (Gory & Percheron) o [143] o o o 72 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

81 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. o [143] Oxycetonia jucunda (Faldermann) o o o Parailinurgus variegatus Arrow o [143] Poecilohilides rusticola (Burmeister) o Protaetia aerata (Erichson) [143] Protaetia andamanarum Janson o [143] Protaetia brevitarsis (Lewis) Protaetia famelica Janson o [143] o o o [143] o II Protaetia fusca (Herbst) o [143] Protaetia lugubris orientalis Medvedev o III o [143] Protaetia nitididorsis (Fairmaire) o IV o Pseudodiceros nigrocyaneus (Bourgoin) o [143] o [143] Rhomborrhina fortunei (Saunders) o Rhomborrhina fulvoilosa (Moser) o Rhomborrhina fuscies Fairmaire o [143] Rhomborrhina jaonica (Hoe) o o Rhomborrhina nigra Saunders o [143] Rhomborrhina olivacea (Janson) o Rhomborrhina arryi Westwd Rhomborrhina unicolor Motschulsky o [143] Rhomborrhina yunnana Moser [143] o Taeniodera cmani (Bourgoin) o [143] Taeniodera flavofasciata (Moser) o [143] o Taeniodera garnieri (Bourgoin) o [143] Taeniodera idolica Janson o [143] Taeniodera malabariensis (Gory & Percheron) o Thaumastoeus nigritus (Fröhlich) [143] Torynorrhina fulvoilosa (Moser) [143] Torynorrhina hyacinthina (Hoe) o [143] Trigonohorus nealensis Hoe o [143] Trigonohorus rothschildi Fairmaire o [143] Trigonohorus rothschildi varians (Bourgoin) o Cneorane cariosiennis Fairmaire Exosoma flaviventris (Motschulsky) Meristoides grandiennis (Fairmaire) Chrysomelidae Mimastra limbata Baly o Oides tarsatus (Baly) o Pseudesera sericea Chen, Wang & Jiang Pseudodera xanthosila Baly Crioceridae Sagra fulgida janthina Chen o Curculionidae Alcidodes waltoni (Boheman) o Chlorohanus grandis Roelofs Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 73

82 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Crytoderma fortunei Waterhouse o Curculio arakawai Matsumura & Kono o Curculio davidi Fairmaire o Curculio distinguedus Roelofs o Ectatorrhinus adamsi Pascoe o Eisomus chinensis Faust [211] Eumyllocerus sectator (Reitter) o [6, 211] Macrocorynus fortis (Reitter) m [6, 211] o Macrocorynus sittacinus Redtenbacher o Myllocerinus ochrolineatus Voss o [6, 211] Neomyllocerus hedini (Marshall) o Styanax aicatus Heller o [164] Basileta sinarum Weise o [164] Clerus variabilis (Baly) o Cotocehala asiatica chûjô [164] Crytocehalus biunctatus cautus Weise [164] Crytocehalus cunctatus Clavareau [164] Eulidae Crytocehalus luteosignatus Pic o [164] Crytocehalus ustulies Ménétriès Crytocehalus regalis Gebler o Crytocehalus tetradecasilotus Baly o Detina albomaculata Tan m Detina bicolorices Tan [164] Detina fasciculata Baly Trichochrysea jaana (Motschulsky) o Xanthonia collaris Chen o o Dactylisa angulosa (Solsky) o Hisidae Dactylisa excisa (Kraatz) o Dactylisa subquadrata (Baly) o Dorcus antaeus Hoe Dorcus nealensis Hoe Dorcus reichei Hoe o Dorcus tityus (Hoe) o Lucanus arryi Boileau o Neolucanus chamioni Parry Neolucanus sinicus Saunders Lucanidae Odontolabis cuvera Hoe Melolonthidae Rutelidae 74 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 Odontolabis siva (Hoe & Westwd) o Proscoilus astacoides Hoe Proscoilus blanchardi Parry Serrognathus titanus Boisduval Autoserica jaonica Motschulsky o Holotrichia diomhalia Bates o Holotrichia trichohora (Fairmaire) o Adoretosoma elegans Blanchard o Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse o

83 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anomala corulenta Motschulsky o Anomala ngolica Faldermann Anomala rufithorax Ohans Callistethus lagiicollis Fairmaire Ectinoholia rufies Motschulsky o Mimela slendens (Gyllenhal) o Poillia ustulata Fairmaire o Poillia quadriguttata (Fabricius) o Acanthotomicus sinosus Blandford m Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff) Cnestus maculatus Browne Cotodryas erarvus (Samson) Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) Hadrodemius arrhus (Eggers) Indocryhalus intermedius (Samson) Scolytolatyus raja Blandford Hemitera Scolytidae Trichiidae Valgidae Acanthosomatidae Scolytus querci Yin & Huang [197] [197] m Shaerotryes imitans Eggers o [197] Shaerotryes yunnanensis Tsai & Yin Terminalinus cristatus (Schedl) Tryodendron lineatum Olivier o [197] Xyleborus arhus Eggers o [197] Xyleborus aicalis Blandford o [197] Xyleborus armiennis Schedl o [197] Xyleborus brevis Eichhoff o [197] Xyleborus disar Fabricius o Xyleborus emarginatus Eichhoff o [197] o [197] o Xyleborus germanus (Blandford) [197] Xyleborus lewisi Blandford o [197] Xyleborus mancus forsanus Eggers o [197] Xyleborus saxeseni Ratzeburg o [197] Xyleborus seriatus Blandford o [143] Paratrichius dulicatus Lewis Paratrichius auliani Tesar Paratrichius setemdecimguttatus (Snellen) o [143] Trichius bifasciatus Moser o Trichius dubernardi Pouillaude o [143] o Dasyvalgus laliganti (Fairmaire) o [143] Dasyvalgus sellatus (Kraatz) o [143] Oreoderus crassies Arrow o [143] Oreoderus meitensis Arrow o [143] Oreoderus quadricarinatus Arrow o [143] Acanthosoma forficula Jakovlev Anaxandra levicornis Dallas o Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius) [155] Sastragala esakii Hasegawa [208] o Sastragala armata Distant [208] Coreidae Cletus rusticus Stål Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 75

84 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [208] Dalader laniventris (Hsiao) o Mictis fuscies Hsiao [207] Mictis tenebrosa (Fabricius) o [208] Nototeryx soror Hsiao o [208] Ochrochira ferruginea Hsiao [208] Petillosis calcar Dallas [208] Pterygomia humeralis Hsiao [208] Trematocoris insignis (Hsiao) Asongous chinensis Dallas o [207] Axiagastus rosmaus Dallas m Dalada cincties Walker o Eurostus grossie Dallas o [208] Eurostus ochraceus Montandon [207] Eurostus validus Dallas o Eusthenes cureus (Westwd) o [207] Grahosoma rubrolineata (Westwd) o Halyorha halys (Stål) o [208] Homalogonia obtusa (Walker) o [208] Mattihus slendidus Distant [207] Pentatomidae Megarrhamhus truncatus (Westwd) m [208] Menida forsa (Westwd) o [207] Palomena angulosa Motschulsky Paterculus elatus (Yang) [207] Pentatoma jaonica (Distant) o Pentatoma rufies (L.) [207] Poecilocoris dissimilis Martin Poecilocoris lewisi (Distant) [207] Poecilocoris sanszesignatus Yang o [207] Poecilocoris slendidulus Esaki o Prionaca hubeiensis Zhang & Lin Tessaratoma aillosa (Drury) o o o [207] o o Hotera Udonga sinidens Distant 76 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 [207] Cotosoma lasciva Bergroth [208] Platasidae Cotosoma variegata Herich-Schaeffer o [207] o Megacota hui (Yang) m [208] Tingidae Corythucha arcuata (Sty) o Uhlerites debilis (Uhler) [208] Urochela distincta Distant o Urostylidae Urochela yangi Maa Urostylis lateralis Walker [208] Aetalionidae Darthula hardwicki (Gray) Ahididae Myzocallis kuricola Motschulsky o Asterolecaniidae Asterodiasis jaonica (Cockerell) o [173] Callahididae Dihyllahis quercus (Takahashi) m Tuberculatus caitatus (Essig & Kuwana) o [205]

85 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Tuberculatus fulviabdominalis (Shinji) [205] Tuberculatus jaonicus radisectuae G. X. Zhang & W. Y. Zhang m Tuberculatus stigmatus (Matsumura) [205] Drabescus nigriferatus (Matsumura) o [57] Eurhadina alba Dworakowska m [155] Cicadellidae Ledra auditura Walker [57] Petalocehala discolor Uhler [57] Tettigoniella albomarginata (Signoret) [57] Cicadidae Coccidae Diasididae Fulgoridae Greenideidae Lachnidae Crytotymana atrata (Fabricius) Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas) o [173] Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) o [173] Saissetia oleae (Bernard) [173] Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti) o Fiorinia vacciniae Kuwana o Leidosahes beckii (Newman) o Leidosahes corni (Takahashi) o Leidosahes tubulorum Ferris o o Pseudaonidia dulex (Cockerell) o Lycorma delicatula (White) [220] Eutrichosihum izas Zhang o Eutrichosihum asaniae (Okajima) Eutrichosihum tattakanum (Takahashi) m [205]V Greenidea hangnigra Zhang m [113]V o Holotrichosihon dubius yulongshanense Zhang m Holotrichosihon russallee lijiangense Zhang m Lachnus roboris (L.) [205] Lachnus siniquercus Zhang [205] Lachnus troicalis (van der Gt) [205] o Crescoccus candidus Wang o [173] Lecanodiasididae Lecanodiasis circularis (Borchsenius) [173] Pseudoulvinaria sikkimensis Atkinson o [173] Psoraleococcus costatus Borchsenius o [173] Margarodidae Drosicha corulenta (Kuwana) o Membracidae Jingkara hyaliunctata Chou Tricentrus aleuritis Chou o [172] Drycoccus rhizohilus Borchsenius Pseudococcidae [172] Physeriococcus cellulosus Borchsenius o [205] o Cervahis quercus Takahashi Thelaxidae [205] Kurisakia quercihila Takahashi o VI Dilole agana Hart Hymenotera Cyniidae Dryocosmus kurihilus Yasumatsu o Isotera Rhinotermitidae Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder o Aegeriidae Conoia quercus Matsumura Leidotera Amathusiidae Stichohthalma howqua (Westwd) o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 77

86 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Arctiidae Bombycidae Brahmaeidae Cossidae Crambidae Dreanidae [44] Camtoloma interiorata (Walker) o Cyana haedra (Leech) o Hyhantria cunea (Drury) [45] Rhyarioides amurensis (Bremer) [45] [44] [45] [166] o Oberthueria falcigera Butler o [226] Oberthüria caeca Oberthür Theohila mandarina Mre [166] [226] o o Brahmaea certhia Fabricius o Brahmaea hearseyi (White) o Holcocerus vicarius Walker Xyleutes leuconotus (Walker) o VII Zeuzera leuconotum Butler o Diahania angustalis (Snellen) [169] Syleta balteata(fabricius) VIII Agnidra scabiosa fixseni (Bryk) o Dreana disilata Warren Nordstromia jaonica (Mre) Palaedreana haragula (Eser) o o [78] o Pseudalbara arvula (Leech) Gelechiidae Chelaria gibbosella Zeller o [78] Acasis viretata (Hübner) o [195] Asthena nymhaeata (Staudinger) [195] Biston betularia (L.) o Geometridae Boarmia disliscens Butler o o Buzura suressaria (Guenée) Colotois ennaria ussuriensis O. Bang-Haas [78] Comibaena delicator Warren m [78] Comibaena ictiennis Butler m Conchia mundataria Cramer o [161] Culcula anterinaria (Bremer & Grey) o o Deiletenia ribeata Clerck [78] Electrohaes corylata (Thunberg) o [195] Erannis dira Butler [78] Esakioteryx volitans (Butler) o [195] 78 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

87 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Garaeus arva distans Warren o [161] o Gelasma glaucaria (Walker) [161] Hemistola tenuilinea (Alhéraky) [161] Lasiocamidae Hemithea aestivaria Hübner Hiarchus valida Felder [161] o [78] o [161] [78] Hyomecis unctinalis conferenda (Butler) [195] Idiotehria debilitata (Leech) [78] Inurois fletcheri Inoue o Jodis lactearia (L.) [78] [78] Larerannis filijevi Wehrli Mixochlora vittata (Mre) o Ochrognesia difficta (Walker) o [161] [195] Oerohtera brumata (L.) o [195] Oerohtera fagata (Scharfenberg) o [195] Oerohtera relegata Prout o IX Ourateryx aristidaria Oberthür o Ourateryx nivea Butler o [78] o Ourateryx sambucaria L. o Photoscotosia atrostrigata (Bremer) o Phthonosema invenustaria Leech o [161] o Selenia tetralunaria Hufnagel [78] [78] Serraca unctinalis conferenda Butler Tanaorhinus rafflesi rafflesi Mre Tanaorhinus recirocata confuciaria Walker [78] Trichoteryx hemana (Butler) [195] Trichoteryx terranea (Butler) [195] Trichoteryx ustata (Christoh) [195] Xanthabraxas hemionata (Guenée) Cyclohragma lineata (Mre) o Cyclohragma undans (Walker) o Cyclohragma undans fasciatella Ménétriès o Cyclohragma xichangensis (Tsai & Liu) [166] Cyclohragma yamadai (Nagano) o Gastroacha oulifolia Eser o Lebeda nobilis Walker o Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky o Odonestis runi L. o Paralebeda lagifera ferata (Ménétriès) Paralebeda lagifera Walker [166] o o Trabala vishnou Lefebure [78] Limacodidae Aoda dentatus Oberthür Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 79

88 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Cnidocama flavescens (Walker) o Latoia consocia Walker o X Lycaenidae Lymantriidae 80 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 Latoia hilarata (Staudinger) [78]XI Narosa edoensis Kawada [78] Narosoideus flavidorsalis (Staudinger) o Phocoderma velutina Kollar [78] Setora ostornata (Hamson) o Thosea sinensis (Walker) o Acytoleis usa (Horsfield) o [219] Antigius attilia (Bremer) o [219] Arhoala jaonica (Murray) o [219] Arhoala rama Kollar Celastrina argiola (L.) o [219] Chrysozehyrus kabrua niitakanus (Kano) [219] Chrysozehyrus lingi Okano et Ohkura [219] Chrysozehyrus rarasana (Mutsumura) [219] Euasa milionia forsana Nomura [219] Favonius orientalis (Murray) o [219] Jaonica lutea (Hewitson) [219] Jaonica saeestriata (Hewitson) o [219] Leucantigius atayalicus (Shirôzu & Murayama) [219] Nihanda fusca (Bremer & Grey) o [219] Shirozua jonasi (Janson) Strynidia w-album (Knoch) o [219] Teratozehyrus arisanus (Wileman) [219] Teratozehyrus hecale (Leech) [212] o o Arctornis alba (Bremer) Arctornis gelashora Collenette o Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller) [212] [166] o [166] Arctornis xanthochila Collenette Aroa substrigosa Walker o [213] Cisia lunata Chao [166] Dasychira acerosa Chao m Dasychira angulata Hamson m [166] m [212] Dasychira aurifera Scriba m m Dasychira chinensis Swinhoe Dasychira conjuncta Wileman Dasychira lunulata Butler [212] m o [212]

89 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [212] Dasychira olga (Oberthür) [212] Dasychira seudabietis (Butler) [212] Dasychira udibunda (L.) o Euroctis biunctaex (Hamson) [212] Euroctis chrysorrhoea (L.) Noctuidae Euroctis diloxutha Collenette Euroctis flava (Bremer) o [212] o [212] m Euroctis lana Walker o Ivela ochrda (Eversmann) o [212] [166] Lymantria disar (L.) o Lymantria disar jaonica Motschulsky o o Lymantria dissoluta Swinhoe Lymantria marginata Walker o Lymantria mathura Mre [212] [166] o o [212] Lymantria nacha (L.) o [166] Lymantria viola Swinhoe [212] Orgyia antiqua (L.) [212] Orgyia dubia (Tauscher) o [212] Orgyia gonostigma (L.) o [212] Orgyia thyellina Butler Pida strigiennis (Mre) Porthesia scintillans (Walker) Porthesia similis (Fueszly) o [213] o o [212] o [212] Teia ericae Germar [213] o Teia gonostigma (L.) [213] Acronicta aceris (L.) o [15] Acronicta leorina (L.) o [15]XII Acronicta tridens (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15] Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) [166] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 81

90 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [224] o [166] Amhiyra erflua (Fabricius) o Amhiyra yramidea (L.) o [228] Bena bicolorana (L.) m XIII o Bena rasinana (L.) XIII XIV Dihtherocome allida (Mre) o Dihtherocome vivida (Leech) o XV Dysgonia stuosa (Fabricius) Notodontidae Ehesia dissimilis (Bremer) [224] [166] o XVI Ehesia streckeri (Staudinger) [224] Gramdes stolida (Fabricius) o [224]XVII Hyblaea uera Cramer Hyersynoides astrigera (Butler) XVIII Hyersynoides unctosa (Walker) XIX Hyocala mrei Butler o Hyocala subsatura Guenée Lacanobia contigua (Denis & Schiffermüller) [166] o o [224]XX [166] o [224]XXI [166] XXII Moma alium (Osbeck) o m [224] Mornia dula (Bremer) [15] Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel) [15] Orthosia munda (Denis & Schiffermüller) [15] Polia thalathina (Rottenburg) Prodenia litura (Fabricius) o [15]XXIII m Pseudois sylha (Butler) XXIII o [228]XXIV o [166]XXIV Synoides icta Butler o XXIV XXV Synoides simlex (Leech) [15]XXVI Xylena exsoleta (L.) Cnethodonta grisescens Staudinger o [4]XXVII Ellida viridimixta (Bremer) [4]XXVIII o Euhamsonia cristata (Butler) XXIX o Euhamsonia niveices (Walker) [166]XXIX o XXVIII Euhamsonia slendida (Oberthür) [4] o 82 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

91 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. [4] [166] Fentonia ocyete (Bremer) o Gazalina asara (Mre) [166] Gazalina chrysoloha (Kollar) o [4]XXX Haryia umbrosa (Staudinger) o XXX Hexafrenum leucodera (Staudinger) Mesohalera sigmata (Butler) o [4] [4] [166] Phalera assimilis (Bremer & Grey) o Phalera bucehala (L.) o [4] o Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey) o o Phalera fuscescens Butler o [4]XXXI Phalerodonta bombycina (Oberthür) XXXII [4] o Quadricalcarifera fasciata (Mre) o [4] Semidonta biloba (Oberthür) o Satalia dives Oberthür o [166] Satalia doerriesi Graeser o Satalia lusiotis (Oberthür) o Staurous ersimilis Butler [4] Togeteryx velutina (Oberthür) o Euthalia nara omeia Leech o Euthalia nara acifica Mell o Euthalia atala (Kollar) [219] Nymhalidae Euthalia ratti Leech m Sehisa chandra (Mre) Sehisa daimio Matsumura [219] Sehisa rinces (Fixsen) m Pailionidae Pailio bianor Sonan o Psychidae Pyralidae Saturniidae Chalia larminati Heylaerts [166] Clania minuscula Butler o XXXIII Clania variegata Snellen Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 83 o XXXIV Dichocrocis chlorohanta Butler o Herculia glaucinalis L. Herculia elasgalis Walker [169] Sybrida fasciata Butler Actias dubernardi Oberthür o [226] Actias heterogyna Mell o [226] Actias kongjiaria Chu & Wang [226] Actias rhodoneuma Röber o

92 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. XXXV Actias selene ningoana Felder o [226] o o Actias sinensis Walker [226] Aglia tau amurensis Jordan o [226] o Antheraea ernyi Guerin-Méneville o [166] Antheraea ernyi Guérin-Méneville [226] Antheraea yamamai Guerin-Méneville o [226] Attacus atlas (L.) o [226] Caligula boisduvalii fallax Jordan o [226] Caligula lindia bonita Jordan o [226] Caligula zuleika Hoe o [226] Dictyoloca jaonica Mre o Loea katinka Westwd [226] Rhodinia davidi Oberthür o [226] Rhodinia fugax Butler o Eninanga transtriata Chu & Wang Shingidae Thyrididae Tortricidae Marumba maacki (Bremer) Marumba serchius Ménétriès Mimas tiliae christohi (Staudinger) 84 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 [225] m [227] [225] [227] [166] o [225] o [227] [225] [227] Oxyambulyx liturata (Butler) Oxyambulyx ochracea (Butler) o Oxyambulyx schauffelbergeri (Bremer & Grey) [225] [166] o [226] Rhodoneura erecta (Leech) [155] [226] Rhodoneura midfascia Chu & Wang [226] Striglina bisota Chu & Wang o [166] Striglina cancellata Christoh m [226] Striglina curvita Chu & Wang o Striglina scitaria Walker Acleris delicatana (Christoh) [227] o [78] [227] Acleris erfundana Kuznetzov [227] Ahelia aleana (Hübner) [227] Archis crataegana (Hübner) [227] Archis ingentana (Christoh) [227] Archis xylosteana (L.) Cerace stiatana Walker o [227] Choristoneura diversana (Hübner) [227] Choristoneura longicellana (Walsingham) o Croesia conchyloides (Walsingham) [227] Einotia tenerana (Denis & Schiffermüller)

93 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Eudemis orhyrana (Hübner) [227] Eulia ministrana (L.) [227] Hedya inornata (Walsingham) [227] Hona magnanima Diakonoff Laseyresia slendana (Hübner) Pandemis cinnameana (Treitschke) Pandemis corylana (Fabricius) Pandemis hearana (Denis & Schiffermüller ) [78] [227] o [227] [166] o [227] o [227] o [227] Pandemis ribeana (Hübner) o [78] Strohedra nitidana Fabricius [227] Syndemis erulchrana (Kennel) Yonomeutidae Yonomeuta olystigmellus Felder & Felder Zygaenidae Illiberis sinensis Walker o Parasitiformes Phytoseiidae Euseius sublebeius (Wu & Li) o [155] Baculum dolichocercatum Bi & Wang m Bacillidae Baculum irregulariter-dentatum Brunner von [155] Wattenwyl [155] Phasmida Phobaeticus longicornis Bi & Wang m Phraortes elongatus Thunberg o Phasmatidea [155] Phraortes illeidus (Brunner von Wattenwyl) [155] Siyloidea truncata Chen & He m [155] Phlaeothriidae Neoheegeria s. m o o [78] Thysanotera Thriidae Selenothris rubrocinctus (Giard) o [66] o I Recorded as Clinterocera mandarinus (Westwd) II Recorded as Potosia famelica Janson III Recorded as Potosia lugubris orientalis Medvedev IV Recorded as Potosia nitididorsis Fairmaire V Recorded as Greenidea hangnigri Zhang VI Possible synonym of Andricus ostreus (Hartig) VII Recorded as Zeuzera leuconotus Butler VIII Recorded as Zanclalbara scabiosa (Butler) as well as Agnidra scabiosa fixseni (Bryk) IX Recorded as Exurateryx aristidaria (Oberthür) X Recorded as Parasa consocia Walker XI Recorded as Parata hilarata (Staudinger) XII Recorded as Acronicta leorina leorella Staudinger XIII Recorded as Bena fagana L. XIV Recorded as Daseochaeta allida Mre XV Recorded as Parallelia stuosa Fabricius XVI Recorded as Catocala dissimilis Bremer XVII Recorded as Chalcioe stolida (Fabricius) XVIII Recorded as Syna astrigera Butler XIX Recorded as Syna unctosa Walker XX Recorded as Polia contigua (Schiffermüller et Denis) XXI Recorded as Daseochaeta alium (Osbeck) XXII Recorded as Daseochaeta alium (Osbeck), as well as Trichosea chama Mre, and Moma alium Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 85

94 (Osbeck) XXIII Recorded as Bena sylha (Butler) XXIV Recorded as Syna icta Butler XXV Recorded as Syna simlex Leech XXVI Recorded as Xylena exoleta (L.) XXVII Recorded as Urodonta viridimixta (Bremer) XXVIII Recorded as Lamronadata cristata (Butler) XXIX Recorded as Rabtala cristata (Butler) XXX Recorded as Hybocama umbrosa (Staudinger) XXXI Recorded as Phalera albibasis (Chiang) XXXII Recorded as Naganoea albibasis (Chiang), as well as Phalerodonta albibasis (Chiang) XXXIII Recorded as Crytothelea minuscula Butler XXXIV Recorded as Crytothelea variegata Snellen XXXV Recorded as Actias selene Hübner 86 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

95 Reynoutria jaonica Polygonum cusidatum Falloia jaonica Jaanese knotweed Introduction The genus Reynoutria contains 3 secies occurring in eastern Asia. In China, the only reorted secies occurs in southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi, eastern, southern, southwestern, and central China. The secies under this account are also considered as the constituents of the genus Polygonum L., or genus Falloia Adanson. Secies of Reynoutria in China Reynoutria jaonica Houtt. Taxonomy Order: Polygonales Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Polygonideae Tribe: Polygoneae Genus: Reynoutria Houtt. Secies: Reynoutria jaonica Houtt. * * also comnly known as Polygonum cusidatum Sieb. & Zucc., and Falloia jaonica (Houttuyn) Ronse Decraene Descrition Reynoutria jaonica is a stout erennial with long-lived, sturdy creeing rhizomes. The hollow, erect stems, reaching, 1-2 m in height, are glabrous, and have consicuous vertical furrows, swollen nodes and scattered red or urlish red sots. The nearly leathery leaves are glabrous, broadly ovate or ovoid ellitic, 5-12 cm long and 4-9 cm wide, with acuminate aex, broadly cuneate, truncate or suborbicular base and entire margins. The brownish ochrea, often caducous, is membranous, glabrous, asymmetrical, 3-5 mm in length, truncate aically, and vertically veined. The unisexual flowers are borne on axillary anicles 3-8 cm long. Bracts are funnel-shaed, about mm long, and acuminate at the aex, each containing 2 to 4 flowers. The stiule is a membranous sheath, 2-4 mm long. The greenish-white flowers aear in August throught Setember. The shiny blackish brown achenes, contained in a ersistent erianth are about 4-5 mm long, are roduced in Setember through October [96] Habitat R. jaonica occurs in thickets on untain sloes, valleys, roadsides, and wetlands in field margins, at elevations of meters [96, 100]. Distribution R. jaonica is occurs in Anhui, Fujian, northern Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang rovinces. It is cultivated in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang rovinces [17, 22, 52, 100, 104]. Economic Irtance The rhizomes of Reynoutria jaonica are medicinally useful [96]. Natural Enemies of Reynoutria Two fungi have been found on R. jaonica. Five arthrds are reorted to be associated with R. jaonica. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 87

96 Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Puccinia olygoni-amhibii Pers. * o Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Puccinia olygoni-amhibii Persn var. olugonisieboldii Hiratsuka f. & S. Kaneko [229] Anarhic Uredinales Aecidium olygoni-cusidati Dietel o * Probable synonym of Puccinia olygoni-amhibii Persn var. olugoni-sieboldii Hiratsuka f. & S. Kaneko Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Leidotera Geometridae Ectrois excellens Butler [189] Lycaenidae Noctuidae Celastrina argiola (L.) [219] Plebejus argus (L.) [219] Polia illoba (Butler) [228] Xylena forsa (Butler) [166] 88 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

97 Rhamnus secies Buckthorn Introduction The genus Rhamnus contains aroximately 200 secies occurring rimarily in temerate to troical regions of eastern Asia and North America. Fifty eight secies and 14 varieties occur nationwide in China. The largest oulations occur in southwestern and southern China [3]. I. Rhamnus cathartica Comn buckthorn Taxonomy Order: Rhamnales Family: Rhamnaceae Genus: Rhamnus L. Subgenus: Frangula (Mill.) S. F. Gray Secies: Rhamnus cathartica L. Descrition Rhamnus cathartica is a shrub or small tree 5-8 m in height. The branchlets are urlish red or silvery gray, site or nearly so along the main stems, with terminal sines. Scales of terminal buds are marginally hairy. Leaves are aery, nearly site, alternate, or clustered in the twigs. The leaf blade is ellitic, ovoid ellitic, or ovate, cm long and cm wide, with a shortly acuminate, acute or obtuse aex, rounded or broadly cuneate base and densely crenate serrate margin. Both sides of the leaf are glabrous. There are 3-4 airs of lateral veins, the roximal one of which is stout, and often consicuously divaricated. The etiole is cm long, grved, and ilose or nearly glabrous. The flowers are unisexual, dioecious, 4-merous and usually grow in clusters of 10 on the twigs or from the leaf axil on the lower art of the long branches. The edicel is 2-4 mm long. Male flowers have etals, but the stamens are degenerate and small. The ovary of female flowers has 3 loculi, with 1 ovule each. The style is long and 3-lobed. Fruits are black globular drues, with 3 internal yrenes with ersistent calyx-tubes at the base. The fruit s edicel is 5-8 mm long. The seeds are shortly grved dorsally, and sutured adaxially. Flowers aear May through June, and fruits July through Setember [3]. Habitat and Distribution R. cathartica occurs in valleys and hillside thickets at elevations of m in northern Xinjiang [3]. Economic Irtance The fruits of R. cathartica contain catharine, a laxative substance which used medicinally [3]. II. Rhamnus frangula Glossy buckthorn Taxonomy Order: Rhamnales Family: Rhamnaceae Genus: Rhamnus L. Subgenus: Rhamnus Section: Rhamnus Secies: Rhamnus frangula L. Descrition Rhamnus frangula is a shrubby or small wdy tree u to 7 m in height. The branchlets are urlish brown, sarsely ubescent. the leaves are aery, broady ellitic, oblong, or occasionally obovate, 4-11 cm long and cm wide, aiculate or round in the aex, broadly cuneate or nearly round at base, with entire margins. The uside of the leaves is dark green, glabrous, while underside is light green, ilose along the midrib, with 6-10 lateral veins. The etiole is about cm long, and glabrescently ubescent. Growing solitary or in clusters of no less than 2 in the leaf axil, flowers are bisexual, 5-merous, glabrous, with edicel about Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 89

98 5-10 mm long. Seals have beak like outgrowth in the aex. Petals are rounded, slightly lobed aically. Floral disc is thin and cu-shaed. Ovary is globose, 2-celled with 1 ovule for each. Fruits are globose drues that are 6-8 mm in diameter, red at maturity, but turning urlish-black. Fruit edicels are 7-10 mm long. Flowers aears from Aril through July, and fruits June through Setember [3]. Habitat and Distribution R. frangula occurs in forest margins, along riverbanks and lakesides, in northern Xinjiang rovince [3]. Economic Irtance The bark of R. frangula is also medically useful. The bark and immature fruit are sources of dye. The wd is used to make gunowder [3]. Related Secies In China, R. davurica P. S. Pallas is the st comnly known member of the genus Rhamnus. It occurs in the forest on sloes, in thickets or in forest margins, and wet areas near ditches at elevations under 1800 m in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Shanxi rovinces [3]. Natural Enemies of Rhamnus Fifteen secies of fungi and 20 arthrds have been recorded for members of the genus Rhamnus, but none of them are known to attack R. cathartica or R. frangula Secies of Rhamnus in China Scientific Names Scientific Names R. arguta Maxivicz. R. letacantha C. K. Schneider R. aurea Heler R. letohylla C. K. Schneider R. bodinieri H. Leveille R. liukiuensis (Wilson) Koidzumi R. brachyoda C. Y. Wu ex Y. L. Chen R. longies Merril et Chun R. bungeana J. Vassieew. R. maxivicziana J. Vassilev. R. cathartica Linneus R. minuta Grubav R. coriohylla Handel-Mazzetti R. nakaharai (Hayata) Hayata R. crenata S. A. Siebold et Zuccarinii R. naalensis (Wall.) Lawson R. davurica P. S. Pallas R. nigricans Handcl-Mazzetti R. diamantiaca T. Nakai R. arvifolia Bung R. dumetorunn C. K. Schneider R. rocumbens Edgeworth R. erythroxylon Pallas R. rostrata H. A. Jacques R. esquirolii H. Leveille R. rhododendrihylla Y. L. Chen R. flavescens Y. L. Chen et P. K. Chou R. rosthornii E. Pritzen 90 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

99 Scientific Names Scientific Names R. forssana Matsumura R. rugulose Hemsley R. frangula Linneaus R. sargentiana Schneider R. fulvo-tincta Metcalf. R. schneideri H. Leveille. et Vaniot Fedde R. gilgiana Heer R. songorica Gontsch R. globosa Bunge R. subaetala E. D. Merril R. grandiflora C. Y. Wu ex Y. L. Chen R. tangutica J. Vassilev R. hainanensis Merril et Chun R. tzetweiensis Y. L. Chen et P. K. ChouBull. R. hemsleyana C. K. Schneider R. ussuriensis J. Vassilev. R. henryi C. K. Schneider R. utilis J. Decaisrne R. heterohylla Oliver R. velutina Anthony R. huehensis C. K. Schneider R. virgata Roxburg. R. iteinohylla C. K. Schneider R. wilsonii C. K. Schneider R. koraiensis C. K. Schneider R. wumingensis Y. L. Chen et P. K. Chou R. kwangsiensis Y. L. Chen et P. K. Chou R. xizangensis Y. L. Chen et P. K. Chou R. lamrohylla C. K. Schneider Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Erysihaceae Erysihe friesii (Lév.) U. Braun & S. Takam Meliolaceae Microshaera enicillata (Wallr.) Lév. o [4]II Pucciniaceae Puccinia coronata Corda o [4]I [6]I o [14] o [4] Puccinia oae-ratensis Miura o [4] Anarhic Gibberella Fusisorium bacilligerum Berk. & Brme [4]III Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta rhamnicola Desm. [4] Anarhic Letoshaeria Anarhic Mycoshaerella Coniothyrium dumeei Briosi & Cavara [4] Coniothyrium rhamni Miyake [4] [4] Cercosora rhamni Fuckel [5]IV Pseudocercosora bacilligera (Berk. & Brme) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu [11] Pseudocercosora rhamnaceicola Goh & W.H. Hsieh o [11] Setoria frangulae Guéin [4] Setoria rhamni-catharticae Ces. [1] Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta rhamni W.B. Cke & C.G. Shaw [4] Anarhic Uredinales Aecidium alaterni Maire [4] I Recorded as Microshaera friesii Lév. II Recorded as Microshaera alni (Wallr.) Salm. III Recorded as Cercosora bacilligera (Berk. & Brme) Wollenw. IV Regarded as Passalora rhamni (Fuckel) U. Braun Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 91

100 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Hotera Leidotera Ahididae Ahis glycines (Matsumura) o [17] Ahis gossyii Glover o [17] Ahis rhamni Boyer de Fonscolombe [10] Ahis utilis Zhang [17] Psyllidae Cacosylla rhamnae Li & Sun [12] Triozidae Eubactericera curvata Li & Sun [9] Geometridae Lycaenidae Acasis viretata (Hübner) o [16] Ohthaldes irrorataria Bremer & Grey o [15] Philereme transversata Hüfnagel o [13]I [16] [13] Megisba malaya sikkima Mre o [18] Raala caerulea (Bremer & Grey) o [18] Satyrium iyonis (Oxta & Kusunoki) o [18] o [18] Satyrium sini (Denis & Schiffermüller) [18] Lymantriidae Teia ericae Germar o [7]II Noctuidae Pieridae Cymatohorosis trimaculata (Bremer) [2] o [7] Eurema hecabe hobsoni (Butler) o [18] Goneteryx amintha Blanchard [18] Goneteryx amintha forsana Fruhstorfer o [18] o [18] Goneteryx rhamni (L.) o [18] Thyrididae Rhodoneura lobulatus (Mre) [19] I Recorded as Ohthalmitis irrorataria (Bremer & Grey) II Recorded as Orgyia ericae Gremer 92 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

101 Rosa multiflora Multiflora rose Introduction There are 200 members of the genus Rosa distributed widely in subtroical to cold temerate regions of Asia, Euroe, North Africa and North America. In China, 95 secies have been recorded [60]. Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Focke Genus: Rosa L. Subgenus: Rosa Section: Synthylae DC. Series: Multiflorae Yü et Ku Secies: Rosa multiflora Thunb. Descrition Rosa multiflora is a climbing, erennial shrub. The branchlets are glabrous and cylindrical with short curved rickles. The leaf axil, etiole and edicel are glabrous or covered with glandular hairs. The leaves are imariinnate, alternate, and cosed of 3-9 shartthed leaflets, 5-10 cm long including leafstalk. The leaflets are obovate, oblong or ovate, cm in length and cm in width, acute or obtuse aex, suborbicular or cuneate base, with simle serrate or biserrate margins. A air of stiules are adnate to the base of the leafstalk. The uer leaf surface is glabrous and the underside is ubescent. Flowers aear from May through June, as clusters in a corymb inflorescence, cm in diameter. Each has white, broad-obovate etals that are glabrous outside and ubescent inside. The lanceolate calyx has a retuse aex and a cuneate base. Fruits are red, glabrous, subglobular his, with a diameter of 6-8 mm, develoing from July to August [59]. Habitat R. multiflora habitats include thickets, forest margins, and along road sides and streams in untainous areas [9, 88]. Distribution R. multiflora occurs in northern Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, [36, 40, Zhejiang, and ossibly Guizhou 59, 60, 88, 109, 175]. Economic Irtance The flowers of R. multiflora contain an essential oil used in the fd and cosmetic industries. Flowers, fruits, leaves and rts are medically useful. R. multiflora is also cultivated as a hedge lant [9]. Related Secies Three varieties of R. multiflora are comnly cultivated in China: 1) R. multflora var. cathayensis Rehd. et Wils., with simle ink flowers, occurs on hilly sloes, scrub or on riverbanks at elevations u to 1300 m. It occurs in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong and Zhejiang rovinces. It is lanted in northern China as a hedge. The rts contain 25% tannin which is useful in tanning. 2) R. multiflora var. carnea Thory, with double ink etals, is lanted as an ornamental and as a hedge. 3) R. multiflora var. albolena Yu et Ku, with double, white etals, is Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 93

102 comnly cultivated in Beijing as an ornamental [59]. Natural Enemies of Rosa Forty-eight secies of fungi and 95 arthrds have been found on the members of the genus Rosa. Secies of Rosa in China Scientific Name Scientific Name R. alba L. R. longicusis Bertol. R. fortuneana Lindley R. luciae Fr. & Rochebr. R. acicularis Lindl. R. lucidissima Lévl. R. albertii Regel R. ludingensis T. C. Ku R. aneniflora Fort. ex Lindl. R. macrohylla Lindl. R. baiyushanensis Q. L. Wang R. mairei Lévl. R. banksiae Ait. R. maxiwicziana Regel. R. banksiosis Baker R. miyiensis T. C. Ku R. beggeriana Schrenk R. rrisonensis Hayata R. bella Rehd. et Wils. R. yesii Hemsl. et Wils. R. berberifolia Pall. R. multibracteata Hemsl. et Wils. R. bracteata Wendl. R. multiflora Thunb. R. brunonii Lindl. R. murielae Rehd. et Wils. R. calytda Card. R. odorata (Andr.) Sweet R. caudata Baker R. omeiensis Rolfe R. centifolia L. R. oxyacantha M. Bieb. R. chengkouensis Yü et Ku R. ersetosa Rolfe R. chinensis Jacq. R. innatiseala T. C. Ku R. corymbulosa Rolfe R. latyacantha Schrenk R. cysa Tratt. R. raelucens Byhouwer R. daishanensis T. C. Ku R. rattii Hernsl. R. damascena Mill. R. ricei Hayata R. davidii Cré. R. rimula Bouleng. R. davurica Pall. R. seudobanksiae Yü et Ku R. deqenensis T. C. Ku R. roxburghii Tratt. R. derongensis T. C. Ku R. rubus Lévl. et Vant. R. dulicata Yü et Ku R. rugosa Thunb. R. fargesiana Boulenger R. sambucina Koidzumi var. ubescens Koidzumi R. farreri Staf ex Cox. R. saturata Baker R. fedtschenkoana Regel R. sericea Lindl. R. filies Rehd. et Wils. R. sertata Rolfe R. foetida Herrm. var. ersiana (Lem.) Rehd. R. setioda Hemsl. et Wils. R. forrestiana Bouleng. R. shangchengensis T. C. Ku R. gallica L. R. sikangensis Yü et Ku R. giraldii Cré. R. sinobiflora T. C. Ku R. glomerata Rehd. et Wils. R. soulieana Cré. R. graciliflora Rehd. et Wils. R. sinosissima L. R. helenae Rehd. et Wils. R. sweginzowii Koehne R. henryi Bouleng. R. taiwanensis Nakai R. hezhangensis T. L. Xu R. taronensis Yü et Ku R. hugonis Hemsl. R. Tibetica Yü et Ku 94 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

103 Scientific Name Scientific Name R. kokanica Regel ex Juze. R. transrrisonensis Hayata R. koreana Kom. R. tsinglingensis Pax. et Hoffm. R. kunmingensis T. C. Ku R. uniflorella Buzunova * R. kwangtungensis Yü et Tsai R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle R. kweichowensis Yü et Ku R. weisiensis Yü et Ku R. laevigata Michk. R. wichuraiana Cré. R. langyashanica D. C. Zhang et J. Z. Shao R. willttiae Hemel. R. lasioseala Metc. R. xanthina Lindl. R. laxa Retz. R. zhongdianensis T. C. Ku R. lichiangensis Yü et Ku Cultivated not listed in FRPS [59] * Recorded as R. uniflora Yü et Ku in FRPS5 [59] Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Botryoshaeriaceae Guignardia rosae (Auersw.) Petr. Canodiaceae Caldariomyces fumago Woron. I Dermateaceae Dilocaron rosae F.A. Wolf II Elsinoaceae Elsinoë rosarum Jenkins & Bitanc. III Erysihaceae Medusoshaera rosae Golovin & Gamalizk. [24] Shaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci o Shaerotheca humuli (DC.) Burrill o Shaerotheca annosa (Wallr.) Lév. o [24] Shaerotheca rosae (Jacz.) Z.Y. Zhao [24] Uncinula simulans E.S. Saln Uncinuliella simulans var. rosae-rubi R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen [24] Incertae sedis Hendersonia sarmentorum Westend. Meliolaceae Mycoshaerellaceae Aendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Höhn. o [72] Asteridiella rosae (Hansf.) Hansf. o [72] o IV Irenina rosae Hansf. Mycoshaerella rosigena (Ellis & Everh.) Lindau ex McMurran V o Shaerulina rehmiana Jaa [1]VI Rhytismataceae Coloma rosae (Teng) Teng Valsaceae Valsa ceratoserma (Tode) Maire o VII Phragmidiaceae Gerwasia rosae F.L. Tai o Kuehneola jaonica Diet. o Phragmidium handelii Petr. Phragmidium hashiokai Hirats. f. Phragmidium ntivagum Arthur Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl. o Phragmidium rosae-davuricae Miura Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 95

104 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Ascomycetes Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae Dietel o Phragmidium rosae-rugosae Kasai Phragmidium tuberculatum Jul. Müll. Teloconia kamtschatkae (H.W. Anderson) Hirats. f. Monochaetia concentrica (Berk. & Brme) Sacc. & D. Sacc. Monochaetia seiridioides (Sacc.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. Myxosorium rosae Fuckelel Anarhic Botryotinia Botrytis cinerea Pers. o Anarhic Lewia Anarhic Mycoshaerella Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. o [209] Alternaria rosicola (V.G. Rao) T.Y. Zhang & Y.L. Guo [209] Alternaria tamijiana Rajd. [209] Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire o [209] Cercosora uderii B.H. Davis o Cercosora rosae (Fuckelel) Höhn. o Cercosora rosicola Pass. o [65]VIII Cladosorium cladosorioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries o [210] Cladosorium oxysorum Berk. & M.A. Curtis o [210] Cladosorium tenuissimum Cke o [210] Pseudocercosora uderi B.H. Davis ex Deighton [129] Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta rosicola Sacc. [1] Anarhic Pseudovalsa Coryneum rosicola Miura IX Anarhic Uredinales Caeoma warburgianum Henn. I Recorded as Fumago vagans Pers II Recorded as Actinonema rosae (Lib.) Fr. III Recorded as Phyllosticta rosarum Pass. IV Recorded as Oidium leucoconium Desm. V Recorded as Setoria rosae Desm. VI Recorded as Setoria rosae (Libert) Desm. VII Recorded as Valsa coronata (Hoffm.) Fr. VIII Recorded as Passalora rosicola (Pass.) U. Braun IX Possibly the synonym of Caeoma warburgiana Henn. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Eriohyidae Acariformes Tetranychidae Panonychus citri (McGregor) [166] Phyllocotes rosarum (Liro) [90] Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara [166] [166] Eotetranychus smithi Pritchard & Baker o [167] Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) o [167] Pananychus ulmi (Koch) o [167] 96 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

105 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Attelabidae Aoderus raecellens Shar Cerambycidae Molorchus liui Gressitt [86] Luerorha Xanthodera Fairmaire [201] Chrysomelidae Coleotera Crioceridae Eulidae Hemitera Acanthosomatidae Ahididae Cicadellidae Hotera Coccidae Diasididae Margarodidae Nonarthra ostfasciata (Fairmaire) m Nonarthra variabilis Baly m Tuomueria tibialis Chen et Jiang [201] Lilioceris egena (Weise) o Temnasis ulchra Baly [164] Clerus variabilis (Baly) o o [164] Platacantha forfex (Dallas) o [208] Sastragala edessoides Distant o [208] Acyrthosihon dirhodum (Walker) o Longicaudus trirhodus (Walker) o [113] o [205] Macrosihum rosae L. Macrosihum rosivorum Zhang [205] Matsumuraja forsana Takahashi Myzahis rosarum (Kaltenbach) Rhodobium orosum (Sanderson) o [113] Asterolecaniidae Russellasis ustulans (Cockerell) o [173] Cerococcidae Asterococcus yunnanensis Borchsenius o [173] Aguriahana triangularis (Matsumura) o Erythroneura sudra (Distant) o [57] Eutettix disciguttus (Walker) o [57] Tettigoniella albomarginata (Signoret) o [57] Tyhlocyba rosae (Linnaues) o [57] Cerolastes rubens Maskell o Coccus heseridum (L.) o Metaceronema jaonica (Maskell) o [173] o Pulvinaria vitis (L.) o [173] Saissetia oleae (Bernard) o [173] Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) o o Chrysomhalus aonidum (L.) o Pseudaonidia dulex (Cockerell) Icerya urchasi Maskell o o o o Pseudococcidae Phenacoccus runicola. Borchsenius [172] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 97

106 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ricaniidae Ricania seculum (Walker) o [220] Hymenotera Argidae Arge agana (Panzer) Geometridae Limacodidae Lycaenidae Leidotera Lymantriidae Noctuidae Cidaria fulvata (Forster) Hyomecis unctinalis conferenda (Butler) [195] o [25] o o o [78] Ourateryx sambucaria L. o [161] Plemyria rubiginata (Denis et Schiffermüller) o [195] Sauris hirudinata (Guenée) o [195] Xanthorhoe saturata (Guenée) o [195] Scoelodes venosa kwangtungensis Hering o o [78] Acytoleis usa (Horsfield) [219] Raala caerulea (Bremer et Grey) [219] Raala nissa (Kollar) o [219] Dasychira horsfieldi Saunders o [213] Dasychira udibunda (L.) o [212] Euroctis chrysorrhoea (L.) o [212] Euroctis diloxutha Collenette Euroctis flava (Bremer) Euroctis fraterna (Mre) o o o o [212] o [166] o o Euroctis nihonis (Butler) o Porthesia similis (Fueszly) Teia ericae Germar Teia gonostigma (L.) o o [212] o o [212]I o [213] o [212] o [213] o Acronicta si (L.) o [25] Dysgonia arctotaenia (Guenée) Notodontidae Staurous alternus Walker o [4] [166]II [224]II II 98 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

107 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Thysanotera Psychidae Saturniidae Tortricidae Clania minuscula Butler o [78] Clania variegata Snellen o [166]III Daula tertia Temleton o Eriogyna yretorum (Westwd) [226] Eudia avonia L. o [226] Acleris cristana (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [133] o [78] Adoxohyes cyrtosema Meyrick o [78] Adoxohyes orana Fischer von Röslerstamm o [133] o Ancylis comtana (Frölich) o [133] Celyhoides cesitana (Hübner) [133]IV Choristoneura luticostana (Christoh) o [133] Clesis rurinana (L.) o [133]V o Eiblema (Notocelia) tetragonana (Stehens) o [133] Eiblema rosaecolana (Doubleday) [133] Eulia ministrana (L.) o [133] Hedya ochroleucana (Frölich) [133] Hona magnanima Diakonoff o o [78] Aeolothriidae Aeolothris fasciatus (L.) o [66] Phlaeothriidae Thriidae I Recorded as Orgyia ericae Germar II Recorded as Parallelia arctotaenia (Guenée) III Recorded as Eumeta variegata Snellen IV Recorded as Celyhoides cesitanus (Hübner) V Recorded as Clesis (Siclobola) semialbana (Guenée) Halothris chinensis Priesner o [66] o Halothris subtilissimus Haliday o [66] Ernothris lobatus (Bhatti) o [66] Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) o [66] Megalurothris distalis (Karny) o [66] Thris flavidulus Bagnall Thris flavus Schrank o [66] o o [66] o Thris hawaiiensis (Morgan) o [66] Thris almi Karny o Thris tabaci Lindemann o [66] Thris vulgatissimus Haliday [66] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 99

108 Rottboellia exaltata Itchgrass, Raoulgrass Introduction The genus Rottboellia contains four secies widesread in troical and subtroical regions of the Old World and introduced to troical regions of the New World. Two secies occur in China [159]. Secies of Rottboellia in China Scientific Name R. exaltata L. f. R. laevisica Keng Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: Panicoideae A. Br. Tribe: Andrgoneae Durt. Subtribe: Rottboelliinae Presl Genus: Rottboellia L. f. Secies: Rottboellia exaltata L. f. Descrition Rottboellia exaltata is a robust annual grass with numerous fibrous rts. Sometimes aerial ro rts are also resent. Usually erect, aearing in dwarf clusters, the glabrous culm grows u to 2 m in height and 8 mm in diameter. The leaf has a hirsute or glabrescent sheath and a ciliated ligule that is about 2 mm long. The leaf blade is linear, 50 cm long and 2 cm wide, glabrous or hisidulous adaxially, with a rominent midrib. The raceme is Fungi uright, acuminate aically, and can reach a height of 15 cm and diameter of 3-4 mm. The internodes of the inflorescence, are 5 mm long, rotrude outward and may be broken off at the node. In the axil are sessile sikelets, with a relatively thin, scahoid uer glume and a thick, ovate, multi-veined lower glume, with an obtuse, bicusid or tricusid aex. The first flower from the bottom is male. Its anther is shorter and darker than that of the second flower from the bottom. The second flower is bisexual with yellow anthers about 2 mm long and urle stigma. The fruit is an ovoid-oblong caryosis. The stalked sikelet is green, ovoidoblong with two male florets that are sometimes degenerated. The flowers and fruits aear in autumn [159]. Habitat R. exaltata occurs in cro fields and along roadsides [159]. Distribution R. exaltata occurs in the rovinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [8, 115, 159], and ossibly Hunan and Jiangxi [92, 151]. Economic Irtance R. exaltata is a troublesome weed that thrives in cro fields. It consumes large aunts of water and soil nutrients due to its large size [108, 159]. Related Secies R. laevisica Keng, occurs in shady areas of forests and hilly sloes,. It can be distinguished from R. exaltata by its lanceolate, abaxilly sessile, smth sikelets [159]. Natural Enemies of Rottboellia Two secies of fungi have been found on members of genus Rottboellia. There are no records of arthrds associated with R. exaltata. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Pucciniaceae Puccinia microsora Dietel [170] Basidiomycota Ustilaginaceae Sorisorium ohiuri (Henn.) Vánky * Recorded as Shacelotheca ohiuri (P. Henn.) Ling [64] m * 100 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

109 Rubus Secies Rasberry Introduction The genus Rubus contains about 700 secies worldwide, rimarily in the temerate regions of the Northern hemishere. Aroximately 208 secies have been recorded from China [138]. I. Rubus elliticus var. obcordatus Yellow Himalayan rasberry Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Focke Genus: Rubus L. Section: Idaeobatus Focke. Subsection: Stimulantes Yü et Lu Secies: Rubus elliticus Smith Subseceis: Rubus elliticus Smith var. obcordatus (Franch.) Focke Descrition Rubus elliticus var. obcordatus is a deciduous shrub aroximately 1-2 m tall. The branchlets are stout, urlish brown, ubescent, intermixed with rickles and brownish bristles. The leaves are trifoliate. The leaflets are obcordate or obovate, cm long and cm wide (terminal leaflet is larger in size), truncate, or subrounded in the aex that is usually lobed, and broadly cuneate at the base, with a serrulate margin. The underside of the leaflet is densely tomentose, dark greenish, with rominent veins. Petiolule and etiole (leaf rachis) are also tomentose, scattered with rickles and bristles. The inflorescence is a dense cyme. The edicel is short and hairy. Flowers are white or ink, cm in diameter. The seals are ovate and densely tomentose on the outer surface. Fruits are yellow globose aggregate fruits 7-9 mm in diameter [85]. Habitat R. elliticus var. obcordatus occurs on hillside sloes, roadsides or in thickets, valleys, sarse forests, and broad-leaf forests at elevations of m, m in Guizhou, and m in southeastern Tibet [109, 137, 185]. Distribution R. elliticus var. obcordatus is distributed in Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan rovinces [138]. Economic Irtance The twigs and leaves are used medicinally [137]. The fruits are edible. II. Rubus nivens Hill rasberry Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Focke Genus: Rubus L. Section: Idaeobatus Focke. Subsection: Idaeanthi (Foche) Yü et Lu Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 101

110 Secies: Rubus niveus Thunb. Descrition R. niveus is a shrub m in height. Branches are urlish red, and farinose, with sarse rickles. Branchlets are urlish or green, and glabrescently tomentose. The leaf tyically consists of 7-9 (occasionally 5 or 11) leaflets that are glabrous or ubescent along the leaf vein on the uer surface, and grayish tomentose on the underside, ellitic, ovoid so, or rhombic-ellitic, 2.5-6(8) cm long and 1-3(4) cm wide, acute or obtuse aically, cuneate or rounded basally, with an irregular acutely serrate or rarely obtuse margin. The etiole is about cm in length. Terminal leaflets are ovate or ellitic, slightly longer than lateral ones, acuminate aically and 3-lobed marginally with a etiole about cm in length. Lateral leaflets are nearly sessile, tomentose with scattered rickles. Stiule is linear lanceolate, and ubescent. The inflorescence is a terminal or axillary corymb or anicle. Pedicels are cm long and tomentose. Flowers are 1 cm in diameter. Bracts are lanceolate or linear, and ubescent. Calyxes are densely tomentose outside, or mixed with soft hairs, and have triangular ovate or triangular lanceolate seals that are acute or taering in the aex and erect when flowering and fruiting. Shorter than the seals, the etals are red, nearly orbicular, and bear short claws at the base. Fruits are semiglobose, 8-12 mm in diameter, dark red becoming black, densely white tomentose. Pyrenes are slightly rugose. Flowers aear from May through July, and fruit from August through Setember [137]. Habitat R. niveus occurs in thickets along hillside sloes, in sarse forests, valleys, fld land, and along streamsides at elevations of m [138], m in Guizhou, m in Tibet, and m in Tsingling Mountains [79, 109, 185]. Distribution R. niveus is reorted to occur in Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Tibet, and Yunnan rovinces [28, 138]. Economic Irtance Fruits are edible and useful in winemaking. The rts contain an extract used in tanning [137]. III. Rubus hoenicolasius Wine rasberry Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Rosoideae Focke Genus: Rubus L. Section: Idaeobatus Focke. Subsection: Stimulantes Yü et Lu Secies: Rubus hoenicolasius Maxim. Descrition Rubus hoenicolasius is a shrub aroximately 1-3 m high covered with densely reddish brown glandular hairs and sarse rickles. The branches are erect initially, but will rt where they come in contact with soil. The leaves are cosed of 3 (rarely 5) ovate, broadly ovate, rhombic, or occasionally ellitic leaflets, 4-8 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, with an acute to acuminate aex, rounded or subcordate base, and irregularly serrate, 102 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

111 usually incised leaf margin. Petiole is 3-6 cm long. The terminal leaflets are slightly lobed, and etiolule 2-3 cm long, whereas the lateral leaflet is subsessile. Stiule is linear, ubescent and glandular hairy. The inflorescence is a terminal or axillary raceme. The flowers are few in number, 6-10 mm in diameter, with a long edicel about 5-15 mm long and lanceolate bracts. The seals are lanceolate, caudate in the aex, and about cm in length. Petals are erect, urlish red, obovate satulate, or nearly orbicular, with claws and soft hairs near the base. Fruits are red, glabrous, semiglobose, aggregate druelets, 1 cm in diameter. Pyrenes have rugose wrinkles and its. Flowers aear in May through June, and fruit July through August [137]. Habitat R. hoenicolasius occurs along roadsides, in valleys, and forests, at low to medium elevations [138]. R. hoenicolasius may occur as an understory lant at elevations of m in the Tsingling untain area [79], 3300m in Qinghai [127], and 1400 m in Shanxi; thickets along hillsides and ist valleys in Henan [28] ; thickets at forest edges in the Helanshan untain area of Ningxia [141], and at elevations of about 600 m in northwestern Hubei [55]. Distribution R. hoenicolasius occurs in Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, and Sichuan rovinces [138, 141, 151]. Economic Irtance The stems and leaves are used medicinally and the fruits are edible. The stems can be used in making tanning extracts [137]. Natural Enemies of Rubus In China, 42 fungi and 43 arthrds have been recorded as associated with members of the genus Rubus. Two fungi, Hamasora sinica F.L. Tai & C.C. Cheo and Phragmidium nambuanum Dietel, are recorded as associates of R. hoenicolasius. Hamasora rubi-sieboldii (Kawagoe) Dietel, is associated with R. elliticus var. obcordatus, which is also host to two arthrd secies, Photoscotosia miniosata (Walker) and Chlamisus setosus (Bowditch). Secies of Rubus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name R. acuminatus Smith R. lobatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. adenohorus Rolfe R. lobohyllus Y. K. Shih ex F. P. Metcalf, R. alceifolius Poiret R. lohfauensis F. P. Metcalf R. alexeterius Focke R. lucens Focke R. alnifoliolatus H. Léveillé R. luchunensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. amabilis Focke R. lutescens Franchet R. amhidasys Focke R. macilentus Cambessèdes R. angustibracteatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. malifolius Focke R. arachnoideus Y. C. Liu et F. Y. Lu R. malioensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. arcticus L. R. mallotifolius C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. assamensis Focke R. menglaensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 103

112 Scientific Name Scientific Name R. aurantiacus Focke R. mesogaeus Focke R. austrotibetanus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. metoensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. bambusarum Focke R. multisetosus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. biflorus Buchanan-Hamilton ex Smith R. nagasawanus Koidzumi R. bonatianus Focke R. neoviburnifolius L. T. Lu et Boufford R. brevietiolatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. niveus Thunberg R. buergeri Miquel R. nyalamensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. caesius L. R. oblongus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. calycacanthus H. Léveillé R. ourosealus Cardot R. calycinus Wallich ex D. Don R. acificus Hance R. caudifolius Wuzhi R. anduratus Handel-Mazzetti R. chamaerus L. R. aniculatus Smith R. chiliadenus Focke R. ararosifolius F. P. Metcalf R. chingii H. H. Hu R. arkeri Hance R. chrsealus Focke R. arviaraliifolius Hayata R. chrysobotrys Handel-Mazzetti R. arvifolius L. R. cinclidodictyus Cardot R. aucidentatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. clivicola E. Walker R. ectinarioides H. Hara R. cochinchinensis Trattinnick R. ectinaris Focke R. cockburnianus Hemsley R. ectinellus Maxiwicz R. columellaris Tutcher R. edunculosus D. Don R. corchorifolius L. R. eltatus Maxiwicz R. coreanus Miquel R. enduliflorus C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. crassifolius T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. entagonus Wallich ex Focke R. crataegifolius Bunge R. hoenicolasius Maxiwicz R. croceacanthus H. Léveillé R. ileatus Focke R. delavayi Franchet R. iluliferus Focke R. dolichohyllus Handel-Mazzetti R. innatisealus Hemsley R. doyonensis Handel-Mazzetti R. irifolius Smith R. dunnii F. P. Metcalf R. latysealus Handel-Mazzetti R. elliticus Smith R. layfairianus Hemsley ex Focke R. erythrocarus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. luribracteatus L. T. Lu et Boufford R. eucalytus Focke R. oliohyllus Kuntze R. eustehanos Focke R. olyodontus Handel-Mazzetti R. faberi Focke, R. otentilloides W. E. Evans R. fanjingshanensis L. T. Lu ex Boufford et al. R. retanthus Focke R. feddei H. Léveillé et Vaniot R. seudoileatus Cardot R. flagelliflorus Focke R. tilocarus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. flosculosus Focke R. ungens Cambessèdes R. fockeanus Kurz R. quinquefoliolatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. foliaceistiulatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. raoingensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. forsensis Kuntze R. reflexus Ker Gawler R. forrestianus Handel-Mazzetti R. refractus H. Léveillé R. fragarioides Bertoloni R. reticulatus Wallich ex J. D. Hker 104 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

113 Scientific Name Scientific Name R. fraxinifoliolus Hayata R. rolfei S. Vidal R. fraxinifolius Poiret R. rosifolius Smith R. fujianensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. rubrisetulosus Cardot R. fuscifolius T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. rufus Focke R. fuscorubens Focke R. sachalinensis H. Léveillé R. glabricarus W. C. Cheng R. salwinensis Handel-Mazzetti R. glandulosocalycinus Hayata R. saxatilis L. R. glandulosocarus M. X. Nie R. setchuenensis Bureau et Franchet R. gongshanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. shihae F. P. Metcalf R. grandianiculatus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. sikkimensis J. D. Hker R. grayanus Maxiwicz R. simlex Focke R. gressittii F. P. Metcalf R. sananthus Z. M. Wu et Z. L. Cheng R. gyamdaensis L. T. Lu et Boufford R. sinulosoides F. P. Metcalf R. hanceanus Kuntze R. stans Focke R. hastifolius H. Léveillé et Vaniot R. stimulans Focke R. hemithyrsus Handel-Mazzetti R. stiulosus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. henryi Hemsley et Kuntze R. subcoreanus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. hirsutus Thunberg, R. subinoertus T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. howii Merrill et Chun R. subornatus Focke R. huangingensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. subtibetanus Handel-Mazzetti R. humulifolius C. A. Meyer R. sumatranus Miquel R. hunanensis Handel-Mazzetti R. swinhoei Hance R. hyoitys Focke R. taitoensis Hayata R. ichangensis Hemsley et Kuntze R. taiwanicola Koidzumi et Ohwi R. idaeosis Focke R. taronensis C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. idaeus L. R. tehrodes Hance R. imressinervus F. P. Metcalf R. thibetanus Franchet R. innominatus S. Mre R. tinifolius C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. inoertus (Focke) Focke R. treutleri J. D. Hker R. irenaeus Focke R. trianthus Focke R. irritans Focke R. tricolor Focke R. jambosoides Hance R. trijugus Focke R. jianensis L. T. Lu et Boufford R. tsangii Merrill R. jinfoshanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. tsangorum Handel-Mazzetti R. kawakamii Hayata R. wallichianus Wight et Arnott R. komarovii Nakai R. wangii F. P. Metcalf R. kulinganus L. H. Bailey R. wardii Merrill R. kwangsiensis H. L. Li R. wawushanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. lambertianus Seringe R. wilsonii Duthie R. lanyuensis Chang R. wushanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. lasiostylus Focke R. wuzhianus L. T. Lu et Boufford R. lasiotrichos Focke R. xanthocarus Bureau et Franchet R. latoauriculatus F. P. Metcalf R. xanthoneurus Focke R. laxus Focke R. xichouensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 105

114 Scientific Name Scientific Name R. leucanthus Hance, R. yanyunii Y. T. Chang et L. Y. Chen R. lichuanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. yiwuanus W. P. Fang R. lineatus Reinwardt R. yuliensis Y. C. Liu et F. Y. Lu R. lishuiensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu R. yunanicus Kuntze R. liui Yuen P. Yang et S. Y. Lu R. zhaogoshanensis T. T. Yu et L. T. Lu Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Amhishaeriaceae Coryneosis rubi (Westend.) Grove [1] Meliolaceae Mycoshaerellaceae Aendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Höhn. Meliola forsensis W. Yamam. 106 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 o [72] [73] Meliola rubiella Hansf. [73] Mycoshaerella confusa F.A. Wolf o [129] Mycoshaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau Mycoshaerella rubi Roark Patellariaceae Rhytidhysterium rosoidis Peck Incertae sedis Phragmidiaceae Phragtelium forsanum (Hirats.) Thirum. Phragtelium okianum (Hara) Thirum. Phragtelium rubi-fraxinifolii (Syd. & P. Syd.) Thirum Arthuriomyces eckianus (Howe) Cummins & Y. Hirats. Gerwasia rubi Racib. Hamasora acutissima P. Syd. & Syd Hamasora hashiokai Hirats. f. Hamasora rubi-sieboldii (Kawagoe) Dietel o Hamasora sinica F.L. Tai & C.C. Cheo o Hamasora tairai Hirats. Hamasora taiwaniana Hirats. f. & Hashioka Phragmidium arisanense Hirats. & Hashioka Phragmidium griseum Dietel Phragmidium nambuanum Dietel o Phragmidium auciloculare (Dietel) Syd. & P. Syd. Phragmidium rubi-thunbergii Kusano Phragmidium shensianum F.L. Tai & C.C. Cheo Phragmidium sikangense Petr. Phragmidium sinicum F.L. Tai & C.C. Cheo Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter Phragmidium yamadanum Hirats. Oomycota Pythiaceae Phytohthora citricola Sawada o [202] Anarhic Ascomycetes Acrothecium rubi Sawada

115 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Botryotinia Botrytis cinerea Pers. o Anarhic Didymella Hendersonia vulgaris Desm. Anarhic Dilocaron Gloeosorium venetum Seg. Anarhic Discostroma Coryneosis rubi (Westend.) Grove Anarhic Hyochreales Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold o Anarhic Hyocrella Aschersonia tamurai Henn. Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pseudocercosora heteromalla (Syd.) Deighton [129] Pseudocercosora rubicola (Thüm.) X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo [129] Setoria brevisora Ellis & Davis Setoria rubi var. brevisora Sacc. Anarhic Uredinales Caeoma cheoanum Cummins Hosted by Rubus hoenicolasius Hosted by Rubus elliticus var. obcordatus I Recorded as Setoria rubi Westendor II Recorded as Pseudocercosora rubi (Sacc.) Deighton III Recorded as Phragmidium forsanum Hirats. IV Recorded as Phragmidium okianum Hara V Recorded as Phragmidium rubi-fraxinifolii Syd. & P. Syd. VI Recorded as Gymnoconia eckiana (Howe) Trotter VII Recorded as Hamasora hashiokae Hirats VIII Recorded as Hamasora benguetensis Syd. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Burestidae Coraebus quadriundulatus Motschulsky Ahthona howenchuni (Chen) [201] Chrysomelidae Batohila imressa Wang [201] Chaetocnema simlicifrons (Baly) [201] Phaedon fulvescens Weise [201] Curculionidae Enatorrhinus convexiusculus Heller o [211] Coleotera Basileta leechi (Jacoby) o [164] Basileta ruficolle (Jacoby) o [164] Chlamisus indicus Jacoby [164] Eulidae Chlamisus latiusculus Chûjô [164] Chlamisus rufices (Chen) o [164] Chlamisus semirufus (Chen) o [164] Chlamisus setosus (Bowditch) m [164] Hisidae Alledoya vesertina (Boheman) o [207] Dereteryx fuliginosa (Uhler) o Coreidae [207] Hemitera Dereteryx lunata (Distant) o Pentatomidae Amyntor obscurus (Dallas) o [207] Hotera Ahididae Acyrthosihon rubiforsanum (Takahashi) o [205] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 107

116 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Leidotera Geometridae Dysstroma cinereata (Mre) [195] Dysstroma citrata (L.) o [195] Mesoleuca albicillata (L.) o [161] o [195] [189] Photoscotosia miniosata (Walker) m [195] Plagodis dolabraria (L.) [161] Heseriidae Abraxirha davidii (Mabille) [219] Lycaenidae Sinthusa chandrana (Mre) [219] Noctuidae Nymhalidae Acronicta rumicis (L.) o [224]I o [181] Analectoides rasina (Denis & Schiffermüller) [181] Anomis mesogona (Walker) [224] Gramdes geometrica (Fabricius) o o [224]II [11]III Gramdes stolida (Fabricius) o [224]IV Synoides icta Butler o [228]V Argynnis ahia (L.) o [219] Brenthis dahne (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [219] Brenthis ino (Rottemburg) o [219] Saturniidae Loea damaritis Jordan o [226] Tortricidae Adoxohyes orana Fischer von Röslerstamm o [133] Ancylis comtana (Frölich) o [133] Archis xylosteana (L.) o [133] Eiblema tetragonana (Stehens) o [133] Einotia ustulana Hübner [133] Olethreutes lacunana (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [133]VI Orthotaenia undulana (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [133] Syndemis erulchrana (Kennel) o [133] Hosted by Rubus elliticus var. obcordatus I Recorded as Acronycta rumicis (L.) II Recorded as Chalcioe geometrica Fabricius III Recorded as Gramdes geometrica (Fabricius) IV Recorded as Chalcioe stolida (Fabricius) V Recorded as Syna icta Butler VI Recorded as Argyroloce lacunana (Denis et Schiffermuller) 108 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

117 Rumex secies dock, sorrel Introduction The genus Rumex contains aroximately 200 secies worldwide, occurring rimarily in the north temerate regions. In China 27 secies occur nationwide [98]. I. Rumex acetosella Shee sorrel Taxonomy Order: Polygonales Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Rumicoideae Damm. Tribe: Rumiceae Damm. Genus: Rumex L. Subgenus: acetosella (Meisn.) Rech. f. Secies: Rumex acetosella L. Descrition Rumex acetosella is a erennial herb with a creeing xyloid rhizome from which numerous stems are sread. The lant can reach 35 cm in height. The stems are slender and furrowed, usually branching in the uer half of the stem. The leaves are narrowlanceolate or linear hastate, the etiole is 2-5 cm long. The middle lobe of the Secies of Rumex in China * Scientific Name Scientific Name R. acetosa L. R. marschallianus Reichb. R. acetosella L. R. microcarus Camd. R. amurensis Fr. Schm. ex Maxim. R. nealensis Sreng. R. angulatus Rech. f. R. obtusifolius L. R. aquaticus L. R. atientia L. R. chaleensis Mill. R. vii Pachom. R. seudonatronatus (Borb.) R. confertus Willdenow Borb. ex Murb. R. crisus L. R. similans K. H. Rechinger R. dentatus L. R. stenohyllus Ledeb. R. gmelinii Turcz. ex Ledeb. R. thyrsiflorus Fingerh R. hastatus D. Don R. thianschanicus Los. R. jaonicus Houtt. R. trisetifer Stokes R. longifolius DC. R. yungningensis Sam. R. maritimus L. Not listed in FRPS Recorded as R. tianschanicus Los. in FRPS * R. ucranicus Fisch. ex Sreng. is not listed in the revised FOC leaves is lanceolate or linear lanceolate, 2-4 cm long and 3 to 6 mm wide, with acute aex. The uer leaves are relatively slender, with a short etiole or sessile. The ochrea or stiule sheath is membranous, white to silver. From June to July, dioecious unisexual flowers occur in clusters of 2-7 in a terminal anicle. Male flowers, with 6 stamens, have ellitic inner seals that are mm long and larger than the lanceolate outer ones. The inner seals of female flowers are veined, ovate and about mm long, with acute aices and rounded bases, while the outer ones are lanceolate and about 1 mm long. The achenes are roduced in July through August. The shiny, yellowish brown fruits are broadly ovate, 3-winged, and about mm long [97, 98]. Habitat R. acetosella occurs on grassy sloes, forest margins, ist valleys, meadow rairies, gravel land of the stees and Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 109

118 roadsides at elevations of m [97, 108]. Distribution R.acetosella occurs in Fujian, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan and Xinjiang, Zhejiang, and robably Yunnan rovinces [97, 98]. Economic Irtance R. acetosella is used for goat and shee feed in the summer and fall [108]. Related Secies R.acetosa L. is the st comn secies of Rumex in China. It occurs nationwide along hillsides, ditches, roads and forest margins at elevations of m. It is used in Chinese medicine and the young stems and leaves are edible and also used as animal forage in some areas. R. acetosa is distinguished from R. acetosella by its sagittate basal leaves and the absence of a rhizome [97, 98]. II. Rumex crisus Curly Dock, Yellow Dock Taxonomy Order: Polygonales Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Rumicoideae Damm. Tribe: Rumiceae Damm. Genus: Rumex L. Subgenus: Rumex Secies: Rumex crisus L. Descrition R. crisus is a erennial herb with a stout yellowish-brown rt. The grved stem is 50 to 120 cm tall, and unbranched or branched at the uer art. The basal leaves are lanceolate or narrowly so, cm long and 2-5 cm wide with a crised, wavy margin, acute aex and cuneate base. The cauline leaves are comaratively smaller, and narrowly lanceolate. The ochra or stiule sheath is membranous, and fragile. The inflorescence is a narrow anicle. The bisexual flower is light green, with a slender, jointed edicel. There are 6 ellitic seals each about 1 mm long. The inner seals are broadly ovate, 4-5 mm long, slightly obtuse aically with a nearly truncate base, with a noticeable net of veins, and tubercles, which are ovate and mm long. Flowers aear from May to June. Aearing at the end of July, the fruit is a dark brown, shiny, trigonous ovate achene [97, 98]. Habitat R. crisus occurs along riversides, wetland areas, and roadsides, at elevations of m [97, 98, 108]. Distribution R. crisus occurs in Gansu, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and robably Hainan and Zhejiang rovinces [98] Related Seceis R. crisus var. unicallosus Petermann also occurs in China [97]. Economic Irtance R. crisus causes damage to wheat, vegetables, and young trees when, it occurs in orchards and in cro fields [39, 108]. However, it is also industrially and medicinally useful [120]. Natural Enemies of Rumex Twenty-two secies of fungi have been found on members of the genus Rumex in China, with two from R. acetosella and five from R. crisus. Fifty-one arthrd secies are recorded as associates of Rumex. One secies, associated rimarily with R. acetosa exhibits a narrow host range secificity for members of Rumex and Polygonum making it a otential biological control candidate, however R. crisus is the referred feeding choice in northeastern China [107, 148]. 110 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

119 Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Ascomycota Basidiomycota Oomycota Erysihaceae Erysihe betae (Vaňha) Weltzien Sclerotiniaceae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary o Venturiaceae Venturia rumicis (Desm.) G. Winter II Pucciniaceae Ustilaginaceae Puccinia acetosae (Schumach.) Körn. I [24]I [229] Puccinia hultenii Tranzschel & Jørst. [229] Puccinia namjagbarwana B. Li & J.Y. Zhuang [229] Puccinia nealensis Barclay & Dietel [229] Puccinia ornata Arthur & Holw. [229] Puccinia otaniana Hirats. f. o [229] Puccinia hragmitis (Schumach.) Körn. o [170] Puccinia unctiformis Dietel & Holw. o Uromyces olygoni-avicularis (Pers.) P. Karst. o Uromyces rumicis (Schumach.) G. Winter III Ustilago hsuii Y.C. Wang Ustilago kuehneana R. Wolff [64] Ustilago rumicis (Berk.) G.P. Clinton Ustilago warmingii Rostr. [64] Peronosoraceae Peronosora rumicis Corda [202] Pythiaceae Pythium helicandrum Drechsler m [202] Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta rumicicola Miura o Anarhic Mycoshaerella Ramularia deciiens Ellis & Everh. Ramularia rumicis-crisi Sawada o I Recorded as Erysihe olygoni DC II Recorded as Mycoshaerella rumicis (Desm.) Cke III Recorded as Uromyces rumicis (Schum.) Wint. Secies found on Rumex acetosella Secies found on Rumex crisus Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Gallerucella grisescens (Joannis) o [201] Gallerucida bifasciata Motschulsky o [201] Coleotera Chrysomelidae Gastrohysa atrocyanea (Motschulsky) o Hesera brachyelytra Chen & Wang o o [201] [208] Lygaeidae Lygaeus vicarius Winkler & Kerzhner o [208] Hemitera Holistodera fergussoni Distant o Pentatomidae [208] Seontia aenea Distant Hotera Ahididae Ahis rumicis L. [205] m [113] m Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 111

120 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Arctiidae Crambidae Geometridae Lycaenidae Leidotera Noctuidae Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.) Silosoma urticae (Eser) o [45] o [44] o [25] o [44] o [45] o [25] Loxostege verticalis L. o [169] Mesograhe forficalis L. o [169] Pyrausta memnialis Walker [169] Calothysanis amata (L.) [25]I Dysstroma citrata (L.) o [195] Lythria ururaria (L.) o [195] Lythria s. o [25] Orthonama obstiata (Fabricius) [195] Xanthorhoe quadrifasciata (Clerck) o [195] Heliohorus ila matsumurae (Fruhstorfer) o [219] Lycaena hlaeas (L.) o2 o Agrotis clavis (Hüfnagel) o o Leucania comma (L.) o [15] 112 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 [161]II [219]III [219]III [181]IV [166]IV Agrotis exclamationis (L.) o [166] Aletia l-album (L.) o [25]V Analectoides rasina (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [11] o [181] Aamea characteria (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15]VI Aamea crenata (Hüfnagel) o [166]VII Atrachea nitens (Butler) m [11] Cerastis rubricosa (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15] Diarsia brunnea (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15] o [166] Diarsia canescens (Butler) o [166] Grahihora augur (Fabricius) o [15] Hadena reticulata (Villers) o [228]VIII Heliohobus reticulata (Goeze) Holodrina alsines (Brahm) o o [166] o [25] o o [15]IX [166]IX Holodrina blanda (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15]X Lacanobia contigua (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [25] o Lacanobia suasa (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [25]XI [15]XI

121 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Shingidae Naenia contaminata (Walker) o [224] o [11] Noctua ronuba (L.) o [15] Polia illoba (Butler) [228] Simyra nervosa (Schiffermüller) o [15] Trachea atrilicis (L.) o [224] Valeria viridimacula (Graeser) [228]XII Xestia c-nigrum (L.) o [166]XIII Xestia triangulum (Hüfnagel) o o o o [11]XIV [181]XIV XIV [224]XIV Xestia umbrosa (Hübner) o [15]XV Xylena forsa (Butler) o [224]XVI Celerio lineata livornica (Eser) Hiotion celerio (L.) I Recorded as Timandra amata L. II Recorded as Nycterosea obstiata (Fabricius) III Regarded as another family (Internet) IV Recorded as Agrotis corticea (Schiffermuller) V Recorded as Leucania l-album L. VI Recorded as Aamea heatica (L.) VII Recorded as Aamea rurea Fabricius VIII Probably Heliohobus reticulata (Goeze) IX Recorded as Athetis alsines (Brahm) X Recorded as Athetis blanda (Schiffermüller) XI Recorded as Polia suasa (Schiffermüller) XII Recorded as Valeriodes viridimacula (Graeser) XIII Recorded as Amathes c-nigrum L. XIV Recorded as Agrotis triangulum (Hüfnagel) XV Recorded as Amathes sexstrigata (Haworth) XVI Recorded as Xylina forsa (Bütler) o [225] [227] o [225] o [227] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 113

122 Saium sebiferum Triadica sebifera Chinese tallow tree Introduction The genus Saium consists of aroximately 120 secies worldwide. Members of the genus occur rimarily in troical regions, esecially in South America. Nine secies occur in the low hills of southeastern and southwestern China [16]. Taxonomy Order: Geraniales Suborder: Euhorbiineae Family: Euhorbiaceae Subfamily: Euhorbioideae Tribe: Hiomaneae Reichb. Genus: Saium P. Br. Section: Triadica (Lour.) Muell. Arg Secies: Saium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. (=Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) Descrition Saium sebiferum is a deciduous tree that can reach 15 m in height. Most arts of the lant are glabrous. The bark is gray to whitish-gray with vertical cracks. The alternate leaves are broad rhombic to ovate 3-8 cm long and 3-8 cm wide, entire margin, and a cordateacuminate aex and a rounded base. Secies of Saium in China Scientific Name The etiole is slender, cm long, bearing 2 glands in the terminal. The stem contains a milky, oisonous sa. Flowers are noecious, without etals or flower discs, arranged as terminal sikes. The slender male flowers have a 3-lobed culike calyx and 2 stamens with searated filaments. One to four female flowers aear at the base of Scientific Name S. sebiferum (L.) Roxb. S. insigne (Royle) Benth. ex Hk. f. S. atrobadiomaculatum Metcalf S. jaonicum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Pax et S. baccatum Roxb. Hoffm.(Sieb.) S. chihsinianum S. K. Lee S. leiocarum Y. C. Tseng S. discolor (Cham. ex Benth.) Muell. Arg. S. rotundifolium Hemsl. the inflorescence. The female flower is borne on the edicel, which is 2-4 mm long with 2 kidney-shaed glands in the base. The flowers aear from Aril through August. Fruits are ear-shaed globular casules cm in diameter. Each fruit contains 3 black seeds that are flat globular and covered with a waxy, white arils at maturity [16]. Habitat S. sebiferum occurs occurs in oen areas, edges of cro fields, sarse forests, and near bodies of water at elevations below 1200 m. It is also lanted as an ornamental along roadsides [16, 82, 88]. Distribution S. sebiferum occurs in Anhui, Fujian,, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, and ossibly Gansu, st of which are rovinces south of the Yellow River. [17, 86] It is also cultivated in Hebei and Shanxi [19, 48]. 114 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

123 Economic Irtance The rigidity and fine texture of the light colored wd makes S. sebiferum suitable for construction and furniture making. The outer rt covering has medicinal value. The leaves are a source for a black dye. The wax-coated seeds are a source of candle wax, and fatty acids for soa making. The leaves are a fd source for the larvae of the atlas th, Attacus atlas (Leidotera: Saturniidae) [16, 82]. In addition, S. sebiferum [88, 179] is a nectariferous lant Natural Enemies of Saium Three secies of fungi have been found on S. sebiferum. Stigmina saii is reorted to cause abnormal leaf dro of S. sebiferum [26, 147]. One hundred fifteen secies of arthrds have been reorted to damage members of the genus Saium. Most of them are foliage feeders. A detailed review on the arthrd secies associated with Saium can be found in Cultivation of Chinese Tallow Tree [163, 190, 193]. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. ref Ascomycota Erysihaceae Anarhic Mycoshaerella Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. I Phyllactinia saii Sawada m [24] Meliolaceae Meliola saiicola Y.X. Hu & B. Song [158] Cercosora stillingiae Ellis & Everh. Pseudocercosora saii-sebiferi Sawada ex Goh & W.H. Hsieh m [129] Anarhic Otthia Stigmina saii (J. Miyake) M.B. Ellis m II I Recorded as Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. II Recorded as Cercosora micromera Syd. and Helminthosorium saii Miyake Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Eriohyidae Phyllocotruta saii Kuang & Zhuo m [90] Coleotera Attelabidae Cerambycidae Cetoniidae Chrysomelidae Aoderus bicallosocollis Voss m Aoderus nigroaicatus Jekel Aeolesthes holosericea (Fabricius) o [13] Aeolesthes induta (Newman) [13] Anolohora chinensis (Förster) [193] [190] Ariona germari (Hoe) [193] Batocera horsfieldi (Hoe) Batocera lineolata Chevrolat [13] [163] [193] [190] Erythrus chamioni White Philus antennatus (Gyllenhal) Rhahiodus gahani Lameere m [86] Cetonia ilifera (Motschulsky) Poecilohilides rusticola (Burmeister) Ahthonorha collaris (Baly) m m m [201] Morhoshaera jaonica Hornstedt m Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 115

124 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Curculionidae Eulidae Melolonthidae Alcidodes erro (Pascoe) [6] m Chlorohanus auries Faust Eucrytorrhynchus chinensis (Olivier) Hyomeces squasus Fabricius [193] Colasosoma dauricum aurienne (Motschulsky) Crytocehalus fortunatus Baly Aogonia cribricollis Burmeister Holotrichia lumbea Hoe [193] Holotrichia trichohora (Fairmaire) [193] Maladera orientalis Mots [193] Rutelidae Adoretus sinicus Burmeister Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse [193] [190] [190] Anomala antiqua (Gyllenhal) [193] Anomala corulenta Motschulsky [193] Anomala curea Hoe Poillia quadriguttata (Fabricius) [193] Acanthosomatidae Elasmucha nionica (Esaki & Ishihara) [208] Coreidae Physomerus grossies (Fabricius) [208] Hemitera Pentatomidae Urostylidae Eurostus validus Dallas [207] Rhahigaster genitalia Yang [208] Urochela distincta Distant [207] Ahis s. [163] Ahididae Toxotera odinae (van der Gt) m [205] Cicadellidae Erythroneura subrufa (Motschulsky) [193] Nehotettix biunctatus cinctices (Uhler) [193] Hotera Tettigoniella viridis (Linné) [193] Cicadidae Gaeana muculata consors Distant m Coccidae Diasididae Cerolastes jaonicus Green Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) [173] Saissetia formicarii (Green) [173] Aulacasis rosarum Borchsennius [190] Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti) Leidosahes tubulorum Ferris Pseudaulacasis entagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) Flatidae Geisha distinctissima (Walker) 116 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

125 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Fulgoridae Fulgora candelaria (L.) [220] Fulgora watanabei Matsumura m [220] Margarodidae Icerya urchasi Maskell [193] Membracidae Hysauchertia chinensis Chou [190] Tricentrus aleuritis Chou Ricaniidae Ricania seculum (Walker) Isotera Termitidae Odontotermes forsanus (Shiraki) [193] Aloa lactinea (Cramer) I [44] Leidotera Arctiidae Camtoloma interiorata (Walker) [190] [193] Brahmaeidae Brahmaea hearseyi (White) Cossidae Euterotidae Geometridae Arbela dea Swinhoe Zeuzera coffeae Nietner [193] [190] Euterote chinensis Leech Euterote saivora Yang & Yang Biston marginata Matsumura Buzura suressaria Guenee [190] [196] [190] [190] [193] Comibaena rocumbaria (Pryer) Heialidae Phassus sinifer sinensis Mre [193] Lasiocamidae Trabala vishnou Lefebure [193] Latoia hilarata (Staudinger) [190] II Limacodidae Monema flavescens Walker Parasa consociawalker [193]II [190]II [163] [193] Parasa hilarata (Staudinger) Parasa seudoreanda Hering Parasa sinica Mre Phocoderma velutina Kollar Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 117

126 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Setora ostornata (Hamson) Thosea sinensis (Walker) [163] [193] [190] [193] Lymantriidae Artaxa flava (Bremer) III Noctuidae Euroctis biunctaex (Hamson) Euroctis seudoconsersa Strand [212] [163] [166] [193] [190] [212] [193] [190] Euroctis similis xanthocama Dyar. [193]IV Lymantria xylina Swinhoe [193] Porthesia atereta Collenette [166] Porthesia scintillans (Walker) Agrotis isilon (Hufnagel) [163]V Dysgonia stuosa Fabricius VI Gramdes geometrica (Febricius) VII Iscadia inexacta (Walker) Oecohoridae Odites xenohaea (Meyrick) [190] Pailionidae Pailio olytes L. m m m m m [224]VIII VIII VIII VIII [190]VIII Acanthosyche subferalbata Hamson [193] Psychidae Chalioides kondonis Kondo Clania minuscula Butler [163] [193] IX IX [163]IX 118 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

127 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Saturniidae Tortricidae Clania variegata Snellen Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume X [163]X [193]X Daula tertia Temleton [190] Mahasena colona Sonan Actias artemis artemis (Bremer & Gray) [190] [226] Actias heterogyna Mell [226] Actias selene ningoana Felder Antheraea frithii javanensis Bouvier Attacus atlas (L.) [163] [166] [193] [226] [190] [226] [226] Caligula anna Mre [226] Eriogyna yretorum (Westwd) [190] Eriogyna yretorum lucifera Jordan [226] Samia cynthia (Drurvy) XI XI [163]XI [166]XI [193]XI [190]XII XII [226] Samia cynthia canningi (Hutton) [226] Samia cynthia ricina (Donovan) XIII [226] Archis iceana (L.) [193] Gatesclarkeana idia Diakonoff m [190] Zygaenidae Soritia ulchella sexunctata Walker Orthotera Pyrgorhidae Atractorha sinensis I. Bolivar Phasmida Phasmatidae Baculum saussure (Saussure) [190] Thysanotera Thriidae Selenothris rubrocinctus (Giard) [66] est list aendix of Chinese literature Not described in the literature I Recorded as Amsacta lactinea (Cramer) II Recorded as Cnidocama flavescens (Walker) III Possiblee synonym of Euroctis flava (Bremer). According to the Chinese name it may be Euroctis chrysorrhoea (L.) IV Possibly Euroctis similis (Fueslly)

128 V Recorded as Agrotis ysilon (Rottemberg) VI Recorded as Parallelia stuosa Fabricius VII Recorded as Chalcioe geometrica Fabricius VIII Recorded as Gadirtha inexacta Walker IX Recorded as Crytothelea minuscula Butler X Recorded as Crytothelea variegata Snellen XI Recorded as Philosamia cynthia Walker & Felder XII Recorded as Philosamia cynthia walkeri Felder & Felder XIII Recorded as Philosamia cynthia ricina Donovan 120 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

129 Setaria faberii Giant foxtail Introduction The genus Setaria consists of aroximately 130 secies, occurring in troical and temerate regions. Although some Setaria secies thrive in Africa, additional secies extend into the Arctic Circle. In China, 15 secies, 3 subsecies, and 5 varieties have been recorded. Most members of the genus Setaria are of economically irtant [156]. Taxonomy Order: Graminales Suborder: Gramineae Family: Gramineae (Poaceae) Subfamily: anicoideae A. Br. Tribe: Paniceae R. Br. Subtribe: Setariinae Dum. Genus: Setaria Beauv. Section: Setaria Secies: Setaria faberii Herrm. Descrition Setaria faberi is an annual grass with ro rts. The glabrous culm is rigid and erect, 50 to 120 cm in height and 6 mm in diameter. The sheath is lse with a ciliated margin, but glabrous and membranous at the base of the culm. The ligules are densely ciliate, 1-2 mm long. Secies of Setaria in China Scientific Name Leaves are linear lanceolate, cm long and 5-20 mm wide, aex acuminate and base obtuse or attenuate, margin Scientific Name S. arenaria Kitag. S. italica (L.) Beauv. S. chondrachne (Steud.) Honda S. allidifusca (Schumach.) Staf et Hubb. S. faberi Herrm. S. almifolia (Koen.) Staf S. forbesiana (Nees) Hk. f. S. licata (Lam.) T. Cke S. geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. S. verticillata (L.) Beauv. S. glauca (L.) Beauv. S. viridis (L.) Beauv. S. guizhouensis S. L. Chen et G. Y. S. yunnanensis Keng et K. D. Yu ex Sheng Keng f. et Y. K. Ma S. intermedia Roem. et Schult. Listed as S. arviflora (Poiret) Kerguélen revised FOC [188] Listed ass. almifolia (J. König) Staf revised FOC [188] serrate, glabrous or sarsely vesiculose on the uer surface, but rarely so on the under side,. The inflorescences is dense a cylindrical anicle, 5 to 24 cm long, dring, with densely ubescent rachis. The sikelets are ellitical, 3 mm long bearing 1-3 coarse, green to light urlish brown bristles 5-15 mm in length, The lower glume is broadly ovate and 3-veined with a taering ti aroximately 1/3-1/2 of the length of the sikelet. The uer glume is nearly 3/4 the length of the sikelet, taering at the aex. The uer lemma is rugose. The lower lemma is membranous and lanceolate. The fruits aear from July to October [156]. Habitat S. faberi occurs on hill sloes, roadsides, Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 121

130 and in cro fields, orchards and wastelands [156]. Distribution Setaria faberi is reorted to occur in Anhui, Guizhou, Guangxi, Heilingjiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan and Zhejiang [156]. Economic Irtance The young leaves, culms and grains of some secies are used for forage. It is sometimes lanted for conservation of soil and water and sand stabilization for embankment rotection [156]. Related Secies S. viridis (L.) Beauv. is often confused with S. faberi, but the latter has broader acute sikelets and a shorter uer glume clearly exosing the ti of the uer lemma while the uer glume of S. viridis alst comletely covers the uer lemma and the sikelets are usually obtuse [188]. S. viridis is a comn weed occurring in cro fields, wastelands and roadsides nationwide below 4000 m elevation [156]. Natural Enemies of Setaria Sixty three secies of fungi have been recorded from members of the genus Setaria in China, but few are reorted from Setaria faberi. Aroximately 73 arthrds attack members of the genus Setaria, but few arthrd secies attack S. faberi. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Glomerellaceae Glomerella graminicola D.J. Politis o I Ascomycota Basidiomycota Incertae sedis Khuskia oryzae H.J. Huds. o II Monograhella nivalis var. nivalis o Letoshaeriaceae Letoshaeria sacchari Breda de Haan o III Magnaorthaceae Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier Magnaorthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr Meliolaceae Meliola setariae Hansf. & Deighton o [73] Nectriaceae Phyllachoraceae Pleosoraceae Atheliaceae o o o IV V [210]V Gibberella acuminata C. Bth o VI Gibberella avenacea R.J. Ck o VII Gibberella intricans Wollenw. o VIII Gibberella niliformis Wineland o IX Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch o X Phyllachora graminis var. graminis (Pers.) Fuckelel o XI Phyllachora setariicola Seg. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur Cochliobolus sativus (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur Cochliobolus setariae (S. Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. o XII XIII XIV o o XV XVI Ceratobasidiaceae Thanatehorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk o XVII Pucciniaceae Puccinia graminis Pers. o Puccinia anici-ntani Fujik. ex Ramachar & Cummins Puccinia setariae-forbesianae Tai [170] [170] Puccinia setariae-viridis Dietel 122 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

131 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino Ascochyta sorghi Sacc. o XXIII Anarhic Slanchnonema Helminthosorium yamadae Y. Nisik. o Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume o XVIII Tilletiaceae Tilletia setariae L. Ling Macalinomyces tanakae (S. Ito) Vánky [64]XIX Ustilago crameri Körn. Ustilaginaceae Ustilago neglecta Niessl o [64] o [64] o Ustilago syntherismae (Schwein.) Peck o Pythium aristosorum Vanter. [202] [202] Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler o Pythiaceae [202] Pythium nosermum Pringsh. o Oomycota [202] Pythium tardicrescens Vanter. o Sclerosoraceae Sclerosora graminicola (Sacc.) J. Schröt. o [202] Anarhic Ascomycetes Ustilaginoidea setariae Bref. Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke) Takah. Anarhic Balansia Ehelis jaonica Henn. o Fusarium comactum (Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon XX Fusarium concolor Reinking o Fusarium culrum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. o Fusarium diversisorum Sherb. o Anarhic Gibberella Fusarium heterosorum Nees o Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. var. satariae You et Lou Fusarium orthoceras var. longius (Sherb.) Wollenw. o Fusarium oae (Peck) Wollenw. o Fusarium sciri var. caudatum (Wollenw.) Wollenw. Fusarium sorotrichioides Sherb. Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta setariae Ferraris Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. Anarhic Lewia Anarhic Magnaorthe Pyricularia setariae Y. Nisik. Anarhic Mycoshaerella Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae o o [209] Alternaria setariae T.Y. Zhang [209] o XXII [210] Cercosora fusimaculans G.F. Atk o [65]XXI Cercosora fusimaculans G.F. Atk. o Cercosora setariae G.F. Atk. Cladosorium cladosorioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries o [210] Cladosorium herbarum (Pers.) Link o [210] Cladosorium herbarum var. lablab Sacc. Ascochyta graminicola Sacc. o o [1]

132 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Taesia Ramulisora sorghicola E. Harris o Uredo anici-licati Sawada Anarhic Uredinales Uredo setariae-excurrentis Y.C. Wang I Recorded as Colletotrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wils. II Recorded as Nigrosora oryzae (Berk. et Br.) Petch III Recorded as Phyllosticta sorghina Sacc. IV Recorded as Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier V Recorded as Pyricularia grisea (Cke) Sacc. VI Recorded as Fusarium sciri Lamb. et Fautr. VII Recorded as Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. VIII Recorded as Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. IX Recorded as Fusarium niliforme Sheld. X Recorded as Fusarium graminearum Schw. XI Recorded as Phyllachora graminis (Pers.) Fuckel XII Recorded as Phyllachora evanssi Syd. XIII Recorded as Phyllachora azschkeana Sdy. XIV Recorded as Phyllachora vanderystii Theiss. et Syd. XV Recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres. XVI Recorded as Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc XVII Recorded as Corticium sasakii (Shirai) Matsum. XVIII Recorded as Uromyces letodermus Syd. XIX Recorded as Ustilago tanakae S. Ito XX Recorded as Fusarium sciri Lamb. et Fautr. var. camactum Wollenw XXI Recorded as Piricularia setariae Nishik. XXII Recorded as Phaeoramularia fusimaculans (Atk.) X. J. Liu & Y. L. Guo XXIII Recorded as Mycoshaerella ceres Sacc. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Chrysomelidae Coleotera Crioceridae Aohylia flavovirens (Fairmaire) Chaetocnema basalis (Baly) o [201] o o o [201] Chaetocnema hortensis (Geoffroy) o [201] Chaetocnema ingenua (Baly) o o [201] Hesera lomasa Maulik o Shaeroderma aicale Baly o [201] Oulema atrosuturalis (Pic) o [164] Oulema oryzae (Kuwayama) o [164] Oulema tristis (Herbst) o [164] Curculionidae Stelorrhinoides freyi (Zumt) o [6] Aeschyntelus chinensis Dallas o [207] Hemitera Coreidae Aeschyntelus notatus Hsiao o [207] Cletus tenuis Kiritshenko [207] Letocorisa chinensis Dallas o [207] 124 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

133 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Letocorisa leida Breddin m [208] Letocorisa varicornis (Fabricius) o [207] Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) o [207] Ritortus linearis (Fabricius) o [207] Ritortus edestris (Fabricius) o [207] Hotera Leidotera Cydnidae Adrisa magna Uhler o [207] Stibarous forsanus Takado & Yamagihara o [207] Cavelerius saccharivorus (Okajima) o [207] Lygaeidae NySius ericae (Schilling) o [207] Pachygrontha antennata (Uhler) o [207] Miridae Trigonotylus ruficonis Geoffroy [207] Dolycoris baccarum (L.) o [207] Euryasis flavescens Distant o [207] Eysarcoris arvus Uhler o [208] Megarrhamhus hastatus (Fabricius) o [207] Nezara viridula (L.) o [207] Pentatomidae Piezodorus rubrofasciatus (Fabricius) o [207] Rubiconia intermedia (Wolff) o [207] Scotinohara lurida (Burmeister) o [207] Stollia guttiger (Thunberg) o I o [207] Stollia ventralis (Westwd) o [207] Rhoalosihum maidis (Fitch) Ahididae [205] o Schizahis graminum (Rondani) [205] Cicadellidae Tettigoniella viridis (L.) o [57] Cixiidae Oliarus aicalis (Uhler) o [220] Derbidae Diostrombus olitus Uhler o [220] Meenoliidae Nisia atrovenosa (Lethierry) o [220] Chilo auricilius Dudgeon o [169] Chilo suressalis (Walker) o o [169] Crambidae Dichocrocis chlorohanta Butler o [169] Marasmia traezalis Guenée o [169] Marasmia venilialis Walker o Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) [169] Geometridae Culcula anterinaria (Bremer & Grey) o [78] Heseriidae Borbo cinnara (Wallace) o [219] o Polytremis zina (Eversman) o Telicota ohara forsana Fruhstorfer o [219] Noctuidae Agrotis trifurca Eversmann o [166] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 125

134 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Thysanotera Euxoa oberthuri Leech o [166] Leucania venalba Mre o Pseudaletia searata (Walker) o II Sesamia inferens (Walker) o Sodotera deravata Butler o [166]III Xestia triangulum (Hüfnagel) o [224]IV Notodontidae Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey) o [4] Pyralidae Saturniidae Satyridae Phlaeothriidae Thriidae Mamava biunctella Ragonot o [169] Proceras venosatum (Walker) o [169]V Attacus atlas (L.) [226] o Melanitis hedima Cramer o [219] Melanitis hedima olishana Fruhstorfer o [219] Mycalesis francisca forsana Fruhstorfer o [219] Mycalesis sangaica mara Fruhstorfer o [219] Ythima esakii Shirôzu o [219] Ythima forsana Fruhstorfer o [219] Ythima multistriata Butler o [219] Halothris aculeatus (Fabricius) o [66] o Anahothris sudanensis Trybom o Frankliniella tenuicornis (Uzel) o o Phibalothris eringueyi (Faure) o I Recorded as Eysarcoris guttiger Thunberg II Recorded as Leucania searata Walker III Recorded as Sidemia deravata Butler IV Recorded as Agrotis triangulum (Hüfnagel) V Recorded as Proceras venosatum (Walker) 126 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

135 Siraea jaonica Jaanese siraea Introduction The genus Siraea is comrised of aroximately 100 secies occurring in the untainous areas of temerate and subtroical regions of the Northern hemishere. At least 70 secies have been recorded in China [139]. Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Rosineae Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Siraeoideae Genus: Siraea L. Section: Calosira K. Koch Series: Jaonicae Yü Secies: Siraea jaonica L. f. Descrition Siraea jaonica is an uright shrub that can grow to 1.5 m in height. The slender branchlets are subcylindrical, glabrous and ubescent when young, giving a sreading aearance. Leaf blade, incised bidentate or dentate margined, is ovate to ovoid ellitic, 2-8 cm long and 1 to 3 cm broad, with an abrut to shortly acuminate aex and a cuneate base. The uer surface is dark green, glabrous or uberulous along the veins, the underside is lighter in color or glaucous and ubescent along the veins. The etiole, about 1-3 mm long, is also ubescent. In June through July, ubescent flowers, about 4-7 mm in diameter, blm densely in the erect, cound corymb arising from the aex of the annual sht. Bracts are lanceolate to linear lanceolate and uberulous on the underside. Calyx is camanulate, ubescent inside and sarely so outside. The ubescent seals are triangular with an abrut aex. The etals, much shorter than stamens and ink in color, are ovate to orbicular, and obtuse aically, with a length of mm and a width of 2-3 mm. [139, 199]. Habitat and Distribution Native to Jaan and Korea, S. jaonicaca is cultivated nationwide throughout China as an ornamental [139]. Related Secies S. jaonica is highly variable. There are eight varieties reorted in China [139, 199]. 1) S. jaonica L. f. var. acuta Yü occurs in mixed forests and grassy sloes in western Yunnan rovince at elevations of m. 2) S. jaonica L. f. var. acuminata Franch. occurs in sarsely or densely mixed forests, ravines, riversides and grassy sloes at elevations of m, in Anhui, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang rovinces. 3) S. jaonica L. f. var. incisa Yü occurs in rairie thickets at elevations of m, in Sichuan and Yunnan rovinces. 4) S. jaonica L. f. var. ovalifolia Franch. occurs on rocky sloes, forest edges or ravines at elevations of m, in Sichuan and Yunan rovinces. 5) S. jaonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planchon) Rehd. occurs hilly sloes, crolands, or mixed forests at elevations of m, in Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang rovinces. 6) S. jaonica L. f. var. glabra (Regel) Koidz. occurs on rocky land, forests, or forest edges at elevations of m, in Anhui, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang rovinces. 7) S. jaonica var. innatifida T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu occurs on sloes in mixed forests; at elevations of about 2900 m in Xizang rovince. Natural Enemies of Siraea Seven fungal secies and twenty-seven arthrds have been recorded from members of the genus Siraea. Few natural enemies are recorded for S. jaonica. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 127

136 Secies of Siraea in China Scientific Name Scientific Name S. alina Pall. S. miyabei Koidz. S. anomala Bata. * S. llifolia Rehd. S. aquilegiifolia Pallas S. ngolica Maxim. S. arcuata Hk. S. rrisonicola Hayata S. bella Sims S. muliensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu * S. blumei S. myrtilloides Rehd. S. calcicola W. W. Smith S. ningshiaensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu * S. canescens D. Don S. nishimurae Kitag. S. cantoniensis Lour. S. ovalis Rehd. S. cavaleriei H. Lév. * S. aillosa Rehd. S. chamaedryfolia L. S. rostrata Maxim. S. chinensis Maxim. S. runifolia Sieb. & Zucc. S. comsohylla Hand.-Mazz. S. ubescens Turcz. S. dahurica Maxim. S. ururea Hand.-Mazz. S. daochengensis L. T. Lu * S. rosthornii Pritz. S. dasyantha Bge. S. salicifolia L. S. elegans Pojark. S. sargentiana Rehd. S. flexuosa Fisch. ex Cambess. S. schneideriana Rehd. S. forsana Hayata S. schochiana Rehd. S. fritschiana Schneid. S. sericea Turcz. S. hailarensis Liou S. siccanea (W. W. Smith) Rehd. S. hayatana H. L. Li * S. sublobata Hand.-Mazz. S. henryi Hemsl. S. tarokoensis Hayata S. hingshanensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu * S. teniana S. hirsuta (Hemsl.) Schneid. S. teretiuscula C. K. Schneider * S. hyericifolia L. S. thunbergii Sieb. ex Blume S. jaonica L. f. S. trichocara Nakai S. kwangsiensis Yü S. trilobata L. S. kweichowensis T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu * S. uratensis Franch. S. laeta Rehd. S. vanhouttei (Briot) Zabel S. lichiangensis W. W. Smith S. veitchii Hemsl. S. lobulata T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu * S. velutina Franch. S. longigemmis Maxim. S. wilsonii Duthie S. martinii Lévl. S. Tibetensis L. T. Lu * S. media Schmidt S. yunnanensis Franch. * Not listed in FRPS [199] Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Ascomycota Erysihaceae Podoshaera clandestina var. clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. o o [24] Anarhic Botryoshaeria Dilodia siraeae Thüm. [24]I II 128 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

137 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref Anarhic Letoshaeria Coniothyrium siraeae Miyake Cercosora siraeae Thüm. m Cladosorium herbarum (Pers.) Link o [210] Anarhic Mycoshaerella Cladosorium nodulosum Corda [210] I Recorded as Podoshaera minor Hacke II Recorded as Podoshora oxyacanthae (DC.) de Bary Pseudocercosora siraeicola (A.S. Mull. & Chu) X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo o [129] Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Eriohyidae Eitrimerus siraeae Kuang [90] Coleotera Hemitera Cerambycidae Xylotrechus robusticollis (Pic) o [150] Chrysomelidae Stenoluerus flavies Chen o Acanthosomatidae Elasmucha dorsalis (Jakovlev) o [208] Pentatomidae Seontia variolosa (Walker) [207] o Hotera Ahididae Ahis citricola van der Gt [205] o Psyllidae Cyahila s. m [160] Gelechiidae Comsolechia metagramma Meyrick [78] Hesiriidae Pyrgus darwazicus Kauffmann [25] Lycaenidae Acytoleis usa myla (Fruhstorfer) o [219] Noctuidae Orthosia gracilis (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15] Brenthis ino (Rottemburg) o [219] Nymhalidae Limenitis sydyi Lederer Netis ryeri Butler Netis ryeri jucundita Fruhstorfer [219] Leidotera Saturniidae Neoris haraldi Schawerda o [226] Acleris latifasciana (Haworth) o [133] o [78] Acleris sheherdana (Stehens) o [133] Tortricidae Clesis allidana (Fabricius) o [133] Einotia contrariana (Christoh) o [133] Olethreutes siderana (Treitschke) o [133] Pandemis dumetana Treitschke o [78] o [166] Pandemis hearana (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [133] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 129

138 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Thysanotera Aeolothriidae Aeolothris melaleucus (Haliday) o [66] Phlaeothriidae Halothris chinensis Priesner o o [66] Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) o Thriidae [66] Thris flavidulus Bagnall o * Recorded as Clesis (Siclobola) strigana (Hübner) 130 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

139 Stellaria media Comn chickweed Introduction The genus Stellaria contains aroximately 190 secies, occurring rimarily in the temerate regions. Sixty-four secies have been reorted in China [12]. Taxonomy Order: Centrosermae Suborder: Caryohyllineae Family: Caryohyllaceae Subfamily: Alsinoideae Vierh. Tribe: Alsineae Pax Subtribe: Stellarinae Aschers. et Graebn. Genus: Stellaria L. Section: Stellaria Subsection: Stellaria Series: Petiolares Fenal Secies: Stellaria media (L.) Cyr. Descrition Stellaria media is an annual or biennual herb that can reach cm in height. The stem is light urlish red with one or two rows of hairs on the surface, and rocumbent or erect branches at the base. Leaves are broad ovate or ovate, margin entire, cm long and cm wide, with acuminate or abrut aex and attenuate or subcordate base, lower leaf is etioled. The inflorescence is a terminal cyme. The seals are, ovate lanceolate, about 4 mm in length, slightly obtuse or suborbicular aically and covered with short glandular hairs outside. Shorter than seals, each etal is white, oblong, nearly bisected. Shorter than etals, stamens are 3-5 with 3 linear styles. Slightly longer than the ersistent calyx, casules are ovate, 6-lobed aically. The flowers blm from June to July and followed by fruits in July through August. The lentiful seeds are reddish brown, ovate to suborbicular, nearly comressed, mm in diameter [12, 187]. Habitat Stellaria media st often occurs in ist crolands, along roadsides, or in grasslands near streams [39]. Distribution Stellaria media occurs in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang rovinces [12, 187]. Economic Irtance Although the stems, leaves and seeds of S.media are reorted to be medically useful and edible, S. media is a bothersome weed during the early through middle stage of cro growth of wheat, rae and some vegetables. It is also oisonous to oultry [39, 108, 187]. Related Secies S. media var. micrantha (Hayata) T. S. Liu & S. S. Ying, native to Taiwan, is a erennial herb. Its etals are nearly equal to seals, which are mm long, whereas S. media var. media has longer seals and shorter etals [12]. S. media and five additional members of the genus Stellaria are regarded as unwelcome lants in China. They are S. alsine Grimm, S. allida (Durtier) Créin, S. dichotoma L., S. discolor Turcz., and S. neglecta Weihe ex Bluff et Fingerh [108]. Natural Enemies of Stellaria Eleven fungi and eighteen arthrds have been found on the members of the genus Stellaria. Four fungal secies are reorted to infect S. media. One out of seven insects that attack S. media, Hyera basalis (Voss) is considered to be a otential biological control agent [116]. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 131

140 [12, 187] Secies of Stellaria in China Scientific Name Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Sclerotiniaceae Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Basidiomycota Pucciniaceae Scientific Name S. alaschanica Y. Z. Zhao S. media (L.) Cyr. S. alsine Grimm I S. noserma Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don S. amblyoseala Schrenk S. neglecta Weihe ex Bluff et Fingerh. S. arenarioides Shi L. Chen et al. II S. nerum L. S. arisanensis (Hayata) Hayata S. nealensis Majumdar et Vartak S. bistyla Y. Z. Zhao S. nionica Ohwi S. brachyetala Bge. S. omeiensis C. Y. Wu et Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke S. bungeana Fenzl S. ovatifolia (Mizushima) Mizushima S. cherleriae (Fisch. ex Ser.) Williams S. oxycoccoides Kom. S. chinensis Regel S. allida (Durtier) Créin III S. congestiflora Hara S. alustris Ehrh. ex Retz. S. crassifolia Ehrh. S. arviumbellata Y. Z. Zhao S. decumbens Edgew. S. atens D. Don S. delavayi Franch. S. etiolaris Hand.-Mazz. S. deressa E. Schmid S. etraea Bge. S. dianthifolia Williams S. ilosoides Shi L. Chen et al. IV S. dichotoma L. S. usilla E. Schmid S. discolor Turcz. S. radians L. S. ebracteata Kom. S. reticulivena Hayata S. filicaulis Makino S. salicifolia Y. W. Tsui ex P. Ke S. graminea L. S. sngorica Roshev. S. gyangtseensis Williams S. souliei Williams S. gyirongensis L. H. Zhou S. strongyloseala Handel-Mazzetti S. henryi Williams S. subumbellata Edgew. S. imbricata Bge. S. Tibetica Kurz S. infracta Maxim. S. uda Williams S. irrigua Bge. S. umbellata Turcz. S. lanata Hk. f. ex Edgew. et Hk. f. S. vestita Kurz S. lanies C. Y. Wu et H. Chuang S. winkleri (Briq.) Schischk. S. longifolia Muehl. ex Willd. S. wushanensis Williams S. mainlingensis L. H. Zhou S. yunnanensis Franch. S. martjanovii Krylov S. zangnanensis L. H. Zhou Not listed in FRPS I Recorded as S. uliginosa Murr. in FRPS II Recorded as S. arenaria Maxim. in FRPS III Recorded as S. aetala Ucria ex Roem. in FRPS IV Recorded as S. ilosa Franch. in FRPS Puccinia arenariae (Schumach.) J. Schröt. o [229] Puccinia stellariicola Cummins Uromyces inaequalis Lasch ex Rabenh. o 132 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

141 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Uromyces letaleus Syd. Peronosora alsinearum Cas. Peronosora media Gäum. m Oomycota Peronosoraceae Peronosora arva Gäum. [202] Peronosora stellariae-radiantis Sawada [202] Peronosora stellariae-uliginosae Sawada m [202] o [202] Anarhic Mycoshaerella Setoria arahysoides Seg. Arthrds Order Faimly Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Tetranychidae Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) o [167] Coleotera Curculionidae Hyera basalis (Voss) m [116] Hymenotera Tenthredinidae Rhogogaster viridis (L.) o [166] Leidotera Geometridae Noctuidae Euhyia cineraria (Butler) m [195] m [189] Euhyia unangulata (Haworth) m [195] Euhyia unangulata gracilaria (Bang-Haas) m [189] Sterrha rufaria Hübner m [25] Agrotis exclamationis (L.) o [166] Amathes triangulum Hüfnagel o [166] Aamea characteria (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15]I Axylia utris (L.) I Recorded as Aamea heatica (L.) II Recorded as Agrotis utris (L.) III Recorded as Athetis alsines (Brahm) IV Recorded as Athetis blanda (Schiffermüller) V Recorded as Recorded as Polia w-latinum Hüfnagel VI Recorded as Amathes c-nigrum L. VII Recorded as Agrotis triangulum (Hüfnagel) o [228]II o o [11] Euxoa tritici (L.) [25] Holodrina alsines (Brahm) o o o [181]II [15]III [166]III Holodrina blanda (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15]IV Lacanobia w-latinum (Hüfnagel) o [25]V Polia illoba (Butler) [228] Xestia c-nigrum (L.) [166]VI Xestia triangulum (Hüfnagel) o o o o VII [224]VII [11]VII [181]VII Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 133

142 Tamarix secies Salt Cedar, Tamarisk Introduction The genus Tamarix contains aroximately 90 secies worldwide, rimarily in Asia and North Africa, as well as the arid and semi-arid areas of Euroe. Distribution ranges from 10 W to 145 E, and 50 through 20 N in the Northern hemishere, and 55 through 12 S in the Southern hemishere. Members of the genus are tolerant to dry, saline, hot conditions, with a reference for sand and water [206]. I. Tamarix chinensis Five stamen Tamarisk, Salt Cedar Taxonomy Order: Violales Suborder: Tamaricineae Family: Tamaricaceae Genus: Tamarix L. Secies: Tamarix chinensis Lour. Descrition Tamarix chinensis is a deciduous shrub or small tree 3-6 m tall. The branches are urlish red, dark red or light brown; and thin, slender and weeing when Secies of Tamarix in China [206] Scientific Name young. The leaves are subulate or ovate lanceolate, 1-3 mm long, and scale-like on the underside. The inflorescence is a anicle at the end of the sht. Flower stalks are slender. Bracts are oblong, or linear chisel shaed, and inflated at the base. The seals are 5-numbered, narrowly ovate, and shorter than urlish etals, which are also 5-numbered, and ersistent when fruited. The floral disc is urlish, and has 5 or 10 lobes, between which stamens occur in 5s and are longer than the etals. The ovary is cylindrical with 3 rod-shaed styles. The fruit is a casule about 3.5 mm in length. The flowers aear in Aril followed by fruits in late summer through October [206]. Habitat T. chinensis occurs in alluvial lains, seashores, fld lains, and other ist and saline areas [206]. Additional habitats include streamsides and roadsides at elevations of m in Yunnan rovince, southwestern China [14], valleys, and hillside sloes at elevations of 900 m in Shanxi rovince, northern China [47], at 500 m in the Shenlongjia Mountain area, and Hubei rovince of central China [54]. Scientific Name T. tenuissima Nakai T. hohenackeri Bunge T. androssowii Litw. T. jintaenia P. Y. Zhang et M. T. Liu T. ahylla (L.) Karst. T. karelinii Bunge T. arceuthoides Bunge T. laxa Willd. T. austrongolica Nakai T. letostachys Bunge T. chinensis Lour. T. ngolica Niedenzu T. elongata Ledeb. T. rasissima Ledeb. T. gansuensis H. Z. Zhang T. sachuensls P. Y. Zhang et M. T. Liu T. gracilis Willd. T. taklamakanensis M. T. Liu T. hisida Willd. T. tarimensis P. Y. Zhang et M. T. Liu T. chinensis is native to Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Shandong rovinces. It is lanted in areas of eastern and southwestern China [206] extending to Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan [85]. Recently ublished rovincial floras indicate that T. chinensis may also occur in Gansu, Hubei [54], Hunan [151], Inner Mongolia [144], Ningxia [142], Shanxi [47], Yunnan [14], cultivated in Fujian [41], Guangxi [63], Jiangxi [42], Qinghai [127], Shaanxi [82], Zhejiang [153], and robably Guangdong [85], Heilongjiang [157], and Sichuan [85]. Economic Irtance T. chinensis, is cultivated for soil stabilization and as an ornamental. The young shts, leaves, and flowers are used medicinally [14]. II. Tamarix rasissima Taxonomy Order Violales Suborder Tamaricineae Family Tamaricaceae Genus Tamarix L. Secies Tamarix rasissima Ledeb. Distribution Descrition 134 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

143 Tamarix rasissima is a shrub or small tree 1-3 m tall. The stems and older bark are dark gray. The annual lignified vegetable shts are erect, slender, multi-stemmed, light red or orange yellow color, which fades on the biennial sht. Leaves on the lignified sht are lanceolate, and half erfoliate, while the leaves of the green vegetative shts are subovate, or triangular-cordate, 2-5 mm long, acuminate at the aex, and nearly erfoliate. The raceme inflorescence, cm long and 3-5 mm wide, aears at the aex of the annual sht in a anicle arrangement cm in length. The bract is lanceolate, mm long, and equal to or longer than the calyx, etals are ink to urle, obovate to broadly so, and ersistent when in fruit. The seals are broadly ellitic, or ovate, mm long. Flowers are 5-numbered. The floral disc is five-lobed, equal to or 2.5 times the length of the corolla. The fruit is a conical casule, 3-4 times longer than calyx. The flowers and fruits aear from May through Setember [47]. Habitat T. rasissima occurs on hillside sloes, along stream banks and stream beds at elevations of m in Shanxi [47], m in Qinghai [127], salt marshes, fldlains, sandy areas in Shandong [9], wetland and swam interface in Ningxia [142], dry riverbeds in Inner Mongolia [144]. Distribution T. rasissima occurs in the rovinces of Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, northern Shandong, Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang, [9, 47, 206], and robably Beijing and western Tibet [18, 67, 186, 206]. Economic Irtance T. rasissima is cultivated in arid areas for soil stabilization and reforestation. It is sometimes lanted as an ornamental and as shee and cattle forage. However, it is regarded as a weed when it aears in cro fields and irrigation areas [206]. Natural Enemies of Tamarix At least two fungal secies and eight arthrds have been recorded as associated with Tamarix. Alternaria tamaricis T. Y. Zhang, Liocleonus clathratus (Olivier), Crytocehalus astracanicus Suffrian, and Stylosomus tamaricis Herrich-Schäffer are recorded hosted by T. Chinensis. Meng et al reorted 105 secies in 29 families of 7 orders resulted from the surveys on Tamarix seecies in Xinjiang [146]. Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen, a leaf beetle secific to tamarix s, was already irted and released in the western United States [27]. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Basidiomycota Incertae sedis Inonotus rheades (Pers.) Bondartsev & Singer o Anarhic Lewia Alternaria tamaricis T. Y. Zhang m [209] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 135

144 Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Coleotera Chrysomelidae Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen [173] Curculionidae Liocleonus clathratus (Olivier) m [6] Eulidae Crytocehalus astracanicus Suffrian m [164] Stylosomus tamaricis Herrich-Schäffer m [164] Hemitera Pentatomidae Desertomenida quadrimaculata (Horvath) [208] Hotera Coccidae Cerolastes rubens Maskell o [173] Leidotera Lymantriidae Teia ericae Germar o [212] o [213] Pyralidae Crytoblabes gnidiella (Millière) o [169] Recorded as Diorhabda deserticola Chen Recorded as Orgyia ericae Gremer 136 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

145 Taxus cusidata Jaanese yew Introduction The genus Taxus contains 9 secies occuring rimarily in the Northern hemishere. Three of these secies occur in China [50]. Taxonomy Order: Taxales Family: Taxaceae Tribe: Taxeae Milchior et Werd. Genus: Taxus L. Secies: Taxus cusidata Sieb. et Zucc. Descrition Taxus cusidata is tree aroximately 20 m in height and 1 m in diameter. The bark is reddish brown with shallow cracks on the surface. Branches are dense, in a sreading or ascending growth form. Bud scales ersist in the branchlets. Annual branchlets are green, turning reddish brown in the fall. The biennial and triennial brachlets are reddish brown or yellowish brown. The scales of the yellowish brown winter buds are acuminate in the aex and longitudinally ridged on the back. Leaves grow irregularly in two rows about 45 degrees to each other along the stems. The leaves are linear, straight or slightly falcate, (occasionally 4) cm long and mm wide, with a narrow base, mucronate aex and short etiole. The uer surface of the leaf is dark green, and shiny, while the underside has two rows of grayish green becoming yellowish brown stomata, which are two-third the width of the leaf. Each male cone has 9-14 microsorohylls (stamens), with 5-8 anthers each. Seeds are urlish red, shiny, ovoid, about 6 mm long, with 3-4 obtuse ridges near the to. Flowers aear from May to June, and seeds rien in Setember Secies of Taxus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name T. cusidata Sieb. et Zucc. T. wallichiana Zucc. T. fauna Nan Li et R. R. Mill Recorded in FRPS as T. wallichiana Zucc. Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis (Pilger) Florin is recorded in FRPS as T. chinensis (Pilger) Rehd.; T. wallichiana var. wallichiana is recorded in FRPS as T. yunnanensis Cheng et L. K. Fu. through October [215]. Habitat T. cusidata occurs on acidic soils in cold, humid habitats, at elevations of m [50, 215]. Distribution T. cusidata occurs in Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, Liaoning, and Shaanx rovincesi [50]. It is also reortedly cultivated in Beijing, and Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, and Shanghai rovinces [67, 215]. Economic Irtance The wd of T. cusidata is used in construction and furniture making. It is also the source of a red dye. The seed is used as an oil source and other arts of the lant contain chemical counds used in medicine [215]. Natural Enemies of Taxus Only one secies of fungi has been recorded from T. cusidata [215]. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Botryoshaeria Macrohoma taxi (Berk.) Berl. & Voglino m Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 137

146 Tribulus terrestris Puncture vine Introduction The genus Tribulus contains 20 secies worldwide, rimarily occurring in troical and subtroical regions. In China, only 2 secies have been recorded [132]. Secies of Tribulus in China Scientific Name T. terrestris L. * T. cistoides L. * Recorded as T. terrester L. in FRPS Taxonomy Order: Geraniales Suborder: Geraniineae Family: Zygohyllaceae Genus: Tribulus L. Secies: Tribulus terrestris L. (=Tribulus terrester L.) Descrition Tribulus terrestris is an herbaceous annual, with glabrous, villous or hirsute, rocumbent stems that are cm in length. Leaves are arainnately cound cm long with 3-8 airs of site leaflets for each. Each leaf is oblong or asymmetrical, 5-10 mm long and 2-5 mm wide, acute or obtuse aically, slightly asymmetrical basally, and an entire margin. Axillary yellow flowers have a edicel shorter than the leaf. Both etals and ersistent calyxes are 5-numbered. Ten stamens occur at the base of the floral disc which also bears scale-like glands. The ovary has 5 ridges, and a 5-lobed stigma, with 3-4 ovules in each loculus. Flowers aear from May through August, Fungi and fruit July through Setember. Fruits are stiff, glabrous or hairy, 4-6 mm long, with 2 sines in the middle of fruit margin. The fruits is a 5 art mericar [132]. Habitat Tribulus terrestris occurs in sandy areas, waste land, hillside sloes, as well as residential areas [132]. Distribution Tribulus terrestris has a nationwide distribution in China [132]. Economic Irtance Tribulus terrestris can be used as forage while green. Fruits are medically useful. It is a comn est lant in the asture [132] and causes damage to cotton, ulse, rt and tuber cros and other cros and vegetables [39]. Related Secies Tribulus cistoides has a edicel nearly equal to the leaf in length and a larger flower with a diameter of about 3 cm, whereas T. terrestris is 1 cm in diameter. T. cistoides occurs along coastal beaches and sarse forests in Hainan, and the hot, dry valleys in Yunnan [132]. Natural Enemies of Tribulus One secies of fungi and one arthrd have been found to be associated with Tribulus terrestris. Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Oomycota Peronosoraceae Peronosora tribulina Pass. m [202] Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Acariformes Tetranychidae Tetranychus truncatus Ehara [106] 138 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

147 Ulmus umila Siberian elm Introduction The genus Ulmus contains aroximately 30 secies in North America, Asia and Euroe. More than 20 of these secies occur nationwide in China, although st secies occur north of the Yangtze River. Because of their high economic value, many Ulmus secies are cultivated outside of their [49, 51] native range Taxonomy Order: Urticales Family: Ulmaceae Genus: Ulmus L. Section: Ulmus Series: Glabrae Moss. Secies: Ulmus umila L. Descrition Ulmus umila is a deciduous tree that can reach 25 m in height and 1 m in diameter. In arid areas U. umila grows as a shrub. The shts have smth bark, which is grayish brown or light grayish, but will become coarse, dark grayish and silt irregularly with age. The twigs are light yellowish gray, light grayish brown or light gray, glabrous or ubescent, with scattered lenticels. Winter buds are ovoid to globose. The surface scales are glabrous, whereas those inside the buds are white and ciliated along the margins. The leaves are ellitically ovate to ellitically lanceolate, or ovoid lanceolate, 2-8 cm long and cm wide, with an acuminate aex and asymmetrical base with dentate or bidentate margins. The uer leaf surface is glabrous, while the lower side is glabrescent with hairy vein axils. Emerging earlier than the leaves, fascicled cymes aear in the leaf axil of the second year branchlets. Fruits are suborbicular samaras about cm long, glabrous excet for the stigmatic surface which is ubescent. The ersistent erianth is glabrous and 4-lobed with a ciliated margin. In general, the flowers and fruits aear from March to June, somewhat later in northeastern China [49]. Habitat U. umila occurs on hillside sloes, in valleys, lains, and dunes at elevations of 1000 to 2500 m [49, 51]. Distribution U. umila occurs rimarily in north, northwest, northeast China, and some southwestern rovinces [49] In fact, the aearance of the tree in areas south of the Yangtze River is due to cultivation. [83] U. umila occurs in Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, eastern Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Xizang rovinces [51]. According to rovincial floras and other ublications, U. umila may occur, in Guizhou and Yunnan rovinces. It may occur in Guizhou and Yunnan, two southwestern rovinces according to rovincial floras and other ublications [111, 183]. U. umila is comnly cultivated in the rovinces situated at the lower reach of the Yangtze River and it is easily found in the countryside of the northern Anhui and Huabei lains [49]. Economic Irtance U. umila yields high quality wd. It is often used in reforestation. The bark can be used as a fiber source instead of hem. The finely ground bark can be used to roduce a tye of vinegar. The leaves can be used as forage. The samaras are edible and are also used in the harmaceutical and chemical industries [49, 51]. Natural Enemies of Ulmus Twenty nine secies of fungi and 284 arthrds are reorted to be associated with members of the genus Ulmus. Chinese elm, the comn name for U. umila, generally refers to various secies of Ulmus, therefore natural enemies coded m may attack other Ulmus secies as well as U. umila. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 139

148 Secies of Ulmus in China Scientific Name Scientific Name U. americana L. U. laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr U. androssowii Litw. var. subhirsuta (Schneid.) P. H. Huang, F. Y. Gao et. L H Zhuo U. laevis Pall. U. bergmanniana Schneid. U. lamellosa T. Wang et S. L. Chang ex L. K. Fu U. castaneifolia Hemsl. U. lanceifolia Roxb. ex Wallich U. changii Cheng U. macrocara Hance U. chenui Cheng U. microcara L. K. Fu U. davidiana Planch. U. arvifolia Jacq. U. densa Litw. U. runifolia Cheng et L. K. Fu U. elongata L. K. Fu et C. S. Ding U. seudoroinqua Wang et Li U. gaussenii Cheng U. umila L. U. glaucescens Franch. U. szechuanica Fang U. harbinensis S. Q. Nie et K. Q. Huang U. uyematsui Hayata Non-native secies grown as cultivated lants in China. [51] [49, 51] Recorded as U. lanceaefolia Roxb. in FRPS, also the current name of U. tonkinensis Gagne. Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. [24] Phyllactinia teroceltidis Y.N. Yu & S.J. Han [24]I o Podoshaera clandestina var. clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. I [24] Erysihaceae Uncinula clandestina var. clandestina o [24] Uncinula clandestina var. ulmi-foliaceae Biv. [24] Uncinula kenjiana Homma II Ascomycota Mycoshaerellaceae Mycoshaerella ulmi Kleb. o III Nectriaceae Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. Rhytismataceae Melasmia ulmicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis o Gnonia oharana Y. Nisik. & H. Matsuto Valsaceae Stegohora aemula Syd. IV Venturiaceae Platychora ulmi (Schleich.) Petr. Hymenochaetaceae Xanthochrous hisidus (Bull.) Pat. o Coriolus unicolor (Bull.) Pat. o Favolus squasus (Huds.) Ames o Polyoraceae Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx V Basidiomycota Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát o Tyromyces galactinus (Berk.) Bondartsev o VI Sistotremataceae Fibulria donkii Domański o VII Tricholomataceae Lyohyllum ulmarium (Bull.) Kühner Tyhulaceae Aiosorium salicinum (Pers.) Kunze Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta bellunensis Martelli o Anarhic Guignardia Phyllosticta ulmicola Sacc. o VIII Anarhic Leteutya Seiridium intermedium (Sacc.) B. Sutton IX Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pseudocercosora shaeriiformis (Cke) Y.L. Guo & m [129] Anarhic Mycoshaerella X.J. Liu Anarhic Mycoshaerella Setoria yokokawai Hara Anarhic Mycoshaerellaceae Ascochyta ulmi m Gnonia ulmea (Schwein.) Thüm. o Rehmiella ulmicola Miyake 140 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

149 Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Anarhic Pyrenoeziza Cylindrosorium ulmi (Fr.) Vassiljevsky m I Recorded as Uncinula clandestina (Biv. -Bern.) Schrot II Recorded as Setoria ulmi Hara III Recorded as Tubercularia vulgaris Tode IV Recorded as Systremma ulmi (Duv. ex Fr.) Theiss. et Syd. V Recorded as Coriolus hirsutus (Wulf ex Fr.) Quél VI Recorded as Poria mucida (Pers.) Fr. VII Recorded as Pleurotus ulmarius (Bull. ex Fr.) Quél VIII Recorded as Coryneum intermedium Sacc IX Recorded as Cerosora shaeriiformis Cke Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Acariformes Coleotera Eriohyidae Rhyncahytotidae Aceria nanjingensis Kuang [90] Panonychus citri (Mc Gregor) Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Ditacus seudocerasis Kuang & Hong [90] Rhinohytotus xiamenensis Kuang [90] Rhyncahytotus ulmi chongqingensis Kuang & Hong [90] Rhyncahytotus ulmivagrans (Keifer) o [90] Tarsoneomidae Polyhagotarsonemus latus (Bank) Tetranychidae Attelabidae Cerambycidae Eotetranychus s. Eurytetranychus ulmi Wang o [167] Aoderus jekeli Roelofs Byctiscus congener Jekel Phymataoderus latiennis (Jekel) Amarysius altajensis (Laxmann) o [13] Anolohora chinensis (Förster) Anolohora glabriennis (Motschulsky) Anolohora horsfieldi (Hoe) [13] [13] m Anolohora nobilis Ganglbauer [86] Ahrodisium rovosti (Fairmaire) Ariona germari (Hoe) Asias halodendri (Pallas) [13] o [13] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 141

150 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Cetoniidae Batocera horsfieldi (Hoe) Batocera lineolata Chevrolat [13] Calliogon relictus (Semenov) [13] Chelidonium rovosti (Fairmaire) [150] Chelidonium urureies Gressitt Clytobius davidis (Fairmaire) [150] Dorysthenes hydroicus Pascoe Dorysthenes aradoxus Faldermann Glenea relicta Pascoe Megois sinica White o [13] [13] Mesosa longiennis Bates o [13] Mesosa myos (Dalman) o [13] Olenecamtus clarus Pascoe Olatocera oberthuri Gahan Philus antennatus (Gyllenhal) [86] m m Plagionotus ulcher Blessig [13] Pogonocherus dimidiatus Blessig o [13] Prionus heros (Semenov-Tian-Shanskij) m [86] Prionus insularis Motschulsky [13] Pterolohia rigida (Bates) [13] Trichoferus camestris (Faldermann) Xylotrechus cuneiennis (Kraatz) Xylotrechus grayii (White) [13] o [13] Xylotrechus rusticus (L.) o [13] Anthracohora rusticola Burmeister [143] Oxycetonia jucunda Faldermann Poecilohilides rusticola (Burmeister) Protaetia aerata (Erichson) [143] Protaetia brevitarsis (Lewis) I o [143] Protaetia famelica Janson II 142 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

151 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Protaetia lugubris orientalis (Medvedev) Protaetia nitididorsis (Fairmaire) [143] Torynorrhina fulvoilosa (Moser) III Ambrostoma fortunei (Baly) Ambrostoma leigongshana Wang Ambrostoma quadriimressum (Motschulsky) Mimastra cyanura (Hoe) Chrysomelidae Mimastra limbata Baly Curculionidae Eulidae [201] m m [201] m m [201] m o Dercetina flavocincta (Hoe) m Gastrolina eltoidea (Gebler) [201] [201] o Monoleta yoasanica Chen Pallasiola absinthii (Pallas) [201] Pyrrhalta aenescens (Fairmaire) Pyrrhalta maculicollis (Motschulsky) [201] m m m [201] m m Chlorohanus lineolus Motschulsky Chlorohanus sibiricus Gyllenhal Eugnathus distinctus Roelofs m Piazomias globulicollis Faldermann [211] Piazomias validus Motschulsky [211] Tanymecus urbanus Gyllenhal [211] Abirus fortunei (Baly) [164] Basileta leechi (Jacoby) Clytra laeviuscula Ratzeburg [164] Crytocehalus lemniscatus Suffrian m [164] Crytocehalus mannerheimi Gebler [164] Crytocehalus ochroloma Gebler [164] Crytocehalus ilosellus Suffrian [164] Crytocehalus regalis Gebler Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 143

152 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Crytocehalus stchukini Faldermann m [164] Labidostomis biunctata (Mannerheim) [164] Smaragdina mandzhura (Jacobson) [164] Smaragdina semiaurantiaca (Fairmaire) [164] m Aegus arallelus Hoe & Westwd Lucanus fortunei Saunders Lucanidae Proagoertha lucidula Faldermann Proscoilus blanchardi Parry Aogonia chinensis Moser Hetohylla icea Motschulsky Holotrichia convexoyga Moser Holotrichia diomhalia Moser Melolonthidae Holotrichia lata Brenske Holotrichia rosa Waterhouse Holotrichia arallela Motschulsky Holotrichia trichohora (Fairmaire) Maladera castanea (Arrow) Maladera orientalis (Motschulsky) Nitidulidae Librodor jaonicus (Motschulsky) m Rhynchohoridae Hyosialus gigas Fabricius Anomala corulenta Motschulsky Rutelidae Poillia atrocoerulea Bates Poillia quadriguttata (Fabricius) Scolytus aratus Blandford o [197] Scolytus butovitschi Stark m [197] Scolytus confusus Eggers m [197] Scolytus esuriens Blandford [197] Scolytus jacobsoni Sessivtseff [197] Scolytus arviclaviger Yin & Huang [197] Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov [197] Scolytidae Scolytus semenovi Sessivtseff o [197] Scolytus seulensis Murayama Scolytus shikisani Niisima m [197] Scolytus squasus Yin & Huang [197] Shaerotryes ulmi Tsai & Yin m [197] Tryodendron signatum Fabricius o Xyleborus emarginatus Eichhoff Xyleterus roximus Niisima o [197] Trichiidae Trichius fasciatus (L.) [143] 144 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

153 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Hemitera Hotera Acanthosomatidae Lygaeidae Pentatomidae Tingidae Urostylidae Ahrohoridae Callahididae Cicadellidae Dichobothrium nubilum (Dallas) Elasstethus humeralis Jakovlev [207] m [207] o Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius) [208] Lygaeus equestris (L.) [207] m Lygaeus quadratomaculatus (L.) m Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) Grahosoma rubrolineata (Westwd) [207] Halyorha halys (Stål) Lelia decemunctata Motschulsky Menida scotti Puton Menida violacea Motschulsky Pentatoma jaonica (Distant) Pentatoma rufies (L.) [207] [207] [207] [207] Physatocheila dumetorum (Herrich-Schaeffer) m [208] Stehanitis nashi Esaki & Takeya m Stehanitis yriodes (Scott) Urochela distincta Distant Urochela quadrinotata Reuter [207] Ahrohora intermedia Uhler IV Trigohora obliqua (Uhler) Chrocallis nirecola (Shinji) m [205] Chrocallis umili Zhang m [205] Chrocallis similinirecola Zhang m [205] Sinochaitohorus maoi Takahashi m [205] Tinocallis saltans (Nevsky) [205] m Bythoscous dorsalis (Matsumura) [57] Easca biguttula (Ishida) Oniella leucocehala Matsumura [57] Tettigoniella viridis (Linné) V Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 145

154 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Crytotymana atrata (Fabricius) Cicadidae Crytotymana mandarina Distant Crytotymana ustulata (Fabricius) Suisha coreana (Matsumura) Cerolastes jaonicus Green Eulecanium kostylevi Borchs. m [173] Coccidae Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda [173] Eulecanium rugulosum (Arch.) [173] Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) Pulvinaria vitis (L.) [173] Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti) Diasididae Pseudaulacasis entagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) Euscelidae Phlogotettix cyclos (Mulsant et Rey) Fulgoridae Lycorma delicatula (White) [220] Membracidae Gargara genistae (Fabricius) Eriosoma dilanuginosum Zhang m [205] Pemhigidae Tetraneura akinire Sasaki [205] m Tetraneura ulmi (L.) m Pseudococcidae Eriococcus ulmitang m [172] Psyllidae Cacosylla eregrina (Förster) [160] Hymenotera Argidae Arge cativa (Smith) Cyana haedra (Leech) VI Hyhantria cunea Drury [45] Lemyra melli Daniel Arctiidae Rhyarioides amurensis (Bremer) Leidotera Cossidae o [45] [166]VII [44] [166] [45] Silarctia subcarnea (Walker) Cossus cossus L. [166] Xyleutes leuconotus (Walker) Zeuzera yrina L. [166] 146 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

155 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Crambidae Cotachena histricalis (Walker) Ctenuchidae Amata ascus (Leech) [166] Eicoeiidae Eicoeia mencia Mre Biston betularia L. Geometridae Culcula anterinaria (Bremer & Grey) Lasiocamidae Limacodidae m m [78] m Abraxas flavisinuata Warren Abraxas susecta Warren VIII Abraxas sylvata (Scli) Aocheima cinerarius Erschoff [78] Ascotis selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) [161] o Ascotis selenaria dianaria Hübner [78] [78] Heterohles confusa (Wileman) o [195] Odezia atrata (L.) [161] o [78] Ohthaldes giraffata(guenee) Semiothisa hebesata (Walker) Yala yricola Chu [78] Gastroacha quercifolia (L.) Malacosoma dentata Mell Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky Monema flavescens Walker Parasa consocia Walker [166] IX [78]IX [78] Parasa hilarata (Staudinger) Parasa sinica Mre [78] Lycaenidae Strynidia w-album (Knoch) Arctornis alba (Bremer) Lymantriidae Arctornis gelashora Collenette Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 147

156 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Noctuidae Arctornis l-nigrum (Müller) [212] Aroa substrigosa Walker Cifuna locules Walker [212] [166] Dasychira chekiangensis Collenette Dasychira horsfieldi Saunders [213] Euroctis chrysorrhoea (L.) [212] Ivela ochrda (Eversmann) Laelia coenosa (Hübner) X [212] m [212] Laelia noscola Collenette Lymantria disar (L.) [212] [166] Lymantria disar jaonica Motschulsky Lymantria nacha (L.) [212] o Porthesia similis (Fueslly) Stilnotia melanoscela Collenette Teia gonostigma (L.) [213] Acronicta auricoma (Denis & Schiffermüller) o [15] Acronicta hercules (Felder & Rogenhofer) [166] m m m [228]XI Acronicta intermedia Warren XII Amhiyra erflua (Fabricius) Amhiyra yramidea (L.) [224] o [224] o Calymnia affinis (L.) [15] Catocala fraxini (L.) o [224] Herminia tarsicrinalis (Knoch) m XIII Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel) [15] 148 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

157 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Orthosia munda (Denis & Schiffermüller) [15] Pangrata vasava Butler m [224] Polia nebulosa (Hufnagel) [15] Trachea atrilicis (L.) m Zanclognatha griselda (Butler) Cnethodonta grisescens Staudinger Exaereta ulmi (Denis & Schiffermüller) Nericoides davidi (Oberthür) Phalera assimilis (Bremer & Grey) Notodontidae Phalera bucehala (L.) Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey) Phalera fuscescens Butler Phalera takasagoensis Matsumura [4] o [4] m m Gangarides dharma Mre Hybocama umbrosa (Staudinger) [4] m m [4] [4] [4] [4] Staurous basalis Mre m Aatura iris (L.) Hestina assimilis (L.) Mimathyma ambica Kollar [219] Mimathyma nycteis (Ménétrès) [219] Nymhalis antioa (L.) o [219] Nymhalidae Polygonia c-album (L.) [219] o Polygonia c-album asakurai Nakahara o [219] Polygonia c-aureum L. m Vanessa cardui (L.) m Vanessa indica Herbst Pieridae Aoria crataegi (L.) Psychidae Chalioides kondonis Kondo Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 149

158 Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Clania minuscula Butler Dictyloca jaonica Mre Saturniidae Eriogyna yretorum (Westwd) o [78] XIV Aglia tau ferenigra Th. Mieg [226] [226] Neoris haraldi Schawerda [226] Syntherata loeoides Butler [226] Arha sinica Rothschild & Jordan Callambulyx tatarinovi (Bremer & Grey) Shingidae Mimas tiliae christohi (Staudinger) [225] [227] o Callambulyx orbita Chu & Wang [225] [227] o [225] [227] o Parum orhyria (Butler) Smerinthus lanus Walker Acleris alnivora Oku o [133] Acleris cristana (Denis & Schiffermüller) [133] [78] o Acleris ulmicola (Meyrick) [133] Archis crataegana (Hübner) [133] Archis xylosteana (L.) [133] Choristoneura diversana (Hübner) [133] Tortricidae Einotia tenerana (Denis & Schiffermüller) [133] Pandemis corylana (Fabricius) Pandemis hearana (Schiffermüller) Pandemis ribeana (Hübner) Ptycholoma lecheana (L.) [133] [133] [133] Orthotera Oediodidae Locusta migriatoria manilensis (Meyen) Amblyseius oguroi Ehara Parasitiformes Phytoseiidae Phytoseius huaxiensis Xin, Liang & Ke [66] Rhynchothris fuscus Steinweden & Moulton m Phlaeothriidae [66] Rhynchothris turkestanicus John m Thysanotera Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) Thriidae [66] Thris major Uzel m 150 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

159 Verbascum thasus Comn mullein Introduction The genus Verbascum contains aroximately 300 secies worldwide rimarily in the temerate regions of Asia and Euroe. Five secies and one subsecies are recorded from China, rimarily in Xinjiang, northwestern China [71, 216]. Taxonomy Order: Tubiflorae Suborder: Solanieae Family: Scrohulariaceae Genus: Verbascum L. Secies: Verbascum thasus L. Descrition Verbascum thasus is a biennial herbaceous lant u to 1.5 m in height, with densely light grayish yellow stellate hairs. The basal leaves and those in the lower art of the stem are oblancelate oblong, 15 cm long and 6 cm wide, and narrowly etiole-like at base, with crenate margins. The leaves in the uer art of stem are gradually decreasing in size uward into oblong and ovoid oblong in shae, with base decurrent into narrow wings. The inflorescences are anicles in arrangement of cylindrical shae, 30 Secies of Verbascum in China Scientific Name Scientific Name V. blattaria L. V. hoeniceum L. V. chaixii Vill. subs. orientale Hayek V. songoricum Schrenk V. chinense (L.) Santaau * V. thasus L. * Recorded as V. coromandelianum (Vahl) O. Kuntze in FRPS cm in length and 2 cm in diameter, but exanded when in fruit. The dense flowers occur in clusters (at least in the lower art of the florescence) on the very short edicel. Calyx is 7 mm long, and lancelately lobed. Corolla is yellow and 1-2 cm in diameter. Filaments of osterior 3 out of 5 stamens are ubescent, whereas the 2 anterior ones are glabrous. The anthers are divergent at base of the lobes. Flowers aear in June through August, and followed in July through October by fruits, which are ovate casules equal to ersistent calyx in length [11]. Habitat Verbascum thasus occurs on grassy sloes, and grasslands near rivers banks at elevations of m [54, 216]. Distribution Verbascum thasus occurs in the western rovinces of Sichuan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Yunnan [71, 216] ; the Jigongshan Mountains on the borders of Henan and Hubei [29, 54], two rovinces of central China; and Jiangsu and Zhejiang rovinces of eastern China where it is susected to have escaed cultivation [88, 214]. Cultivation of Verbascum thasus is also reorted from Anhui, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning rovinces [18, 37, 105, 222]. Economic Irtance Verbascum thasus is cultivated as an ornamental. In addition, the lant contains a volatile essential oil and viscous materials used as a lubricant [37, 88]. Related Secies Another Verbascum secies that occurs in Xinjiang is V. chinense (L.) Santaau, reviously recorded as V. coromandelianum (Vahl) O. Kuntze in many floras. It occurs in sandy areas along rivers at elevations of m, in Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan rovinces [216]. Natural Enemies of Verbascum Only one arthrd is listed as an associate of members of the genus Verbascum. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Hemitera Miridae Camylomma verbasci (Meyer-Duer) o [93] Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 151

160 Viburnum oulus Guelder rose, Euroean cranberry Introduction The genus Viburnum contains aroximately 200 secies worldwide. Seventy-four secies have been recorded in China with nationwide distribution, but mainly in southwestern China [192]. Taxonomy Order Disacales Family Carifoliaceae Tribe Viburneae (Sach) Fritsch Genus Viburnum L. Section Oulus DC. Secies Viburnum oulus L. Descrition Viburnum oulus is a deciduous shrub m high. Annual twigs are stried, glabrous, with noticeable raised lenticels on the surface; biennial twigs are yellowish or reddish brown, and nearly cylindrical; while erennial twigs and stem are dark grayish, with thin bark that is non-corky and vertically cracked. Winter buds are ovate, stalked, covered by a air of glabrous concrescent outer scales, and membranous inner scales that grow concrescently into a cylindrical form at the base. The leaf blade is ovate to broadly so, or obovate, 6-12 cm long, comnly 3-lobed with digitately ternate veins. The glabrous leaf has a round, cuneate, or subcordate base. The lobe has an acuminate aex, and an irregular dentate margin. The leaves in the uer stem are narrow, ellitic to oblong-lanceolate, without lobes with sarsely crenate margin, or slightly lobed with nearly entire margins, the lateral one is shorter than the middle one. The etiole is robust, 1-2 cm long, glabrous, with no less than 2 oblong-disc glands and 2 basal stiules. The cound umbel-shaed cyme inflorescence has a diameter of 5-10 cm, with 6-8 rimary whorled branches. Sessile, sterile and fertile flowers are borne on the secondary braches. The glabrous calyx of fertile flowers is conical, about 1 mm long, and triangularly lobed. Corollas are white, crenulate lobed, about 1 mm long, and villous inside. Sterile flowers, borne on a long edicel, are white, cm in diameter, and have broadly obovate, crenate or irregular lobes. Fruits are red, nearly round, 8-10 mm in diameter with grayish, oblate core 7-9 mm in diameter. The flowers occur in May through June; fruits rien in Setember through October [192]. Habitat and Distribution V. oulus occurs under the surge in the valley forest at elevation of m in northwestern Xinjiang, and is cultivated in Beijing [18, 192]. Economic Irtance V. oulus is grown rimarily as an ornamental [18]. Related Secies V. oulus var. calvescens has thick, corky bark. The twigs, etiole and rachis are glabrous, but hairs cluster in the vein axils on the lower leaf surface and aressed sericeous hairs occur sarsely along the veins. The anthers are urlish red while that of Viburnum oulus var. oulus are whitish yellow. V. oulus var. calvescens occurs in sarse forests, on stream banks or in thickets at elevations of m, in southwestern Anhui, southern Gansu, northern Hebei, Heilongjiang, western Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, southern Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, and northwestern Zhejiang rovinces. V. oulus var. calvescens (Rehd.) Hara forma uberulum (Kom.) has a yellow villous etiole, rachis, young sht and leaf underside. It occurs in mixed forests near rivers or forest margins at elevations of m [192]. 152 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

161 Natural Enemies of Viburnum Fourteen secies of fungi and 14 arthrds are listed for members of the genus Virburnum. One fungus, Phaeoramularia enicillata (Ces.) X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo, and one mite, Calacarus carinatus (Green) are V. oulus associated. Secies of Viburnum in China Scientific Name Scientific Name V. amlifolium Rehd. V. laterale Rehd. V. atrocyaneum C. B. Clarke V. leiocarum Hsu V. betulifolium Batal. V. longiedunculatum (Hsu) Hsu V. brachybotryum Hemsl. V. longiradiatum Hsu et S. W. Fan V. brevies Rehd. V. lutescens Blume V. brevitubum (Hsu) Hsu V. luzonicum Rolfe V. buddleifolium C. H. Wright V. macrocehalum Fort. V. burejaeticum Regel et Herd. V. melanocarum Hsu V. burmanicum (Rehd.) C. Y. Wu ex Hsu V. ngolicum (Pall.) Rehd. V. chingii Hsu V. mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don V. chinshanense Graebn. V. nervosum D. Don V. chunii Hsu V. odoratissimum Ker-Gawl. V. cinnamifolium Rehd. V. oliganthum Batal. V. congestum Rehd. V. omeiense Hsu V. corymbiflorum Hsu et S. C. Hsu V. oulus L. V. cotinifolium D. Don V. arvifolium Hayata V. cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don V. licatum Thunb. V. dalzielii W. W. Smith V. roinquum Hemsl. V. davidii Franch. V. unctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don V. dilatatum Thunb. V. yramidatum Rehd. V. erosum Thunb. V. rhytidohyllum Hemsl. V. erubescens Wall. ex DC. V. schensianum Maxim. V. farreri W. T. Stearn V. semervirens K. Koch V. foetidum Wall. V. setigerum Hance V. fordiae Hance V. shweliense W. W. Smith V. forsanum Havata V. squamulosum Hsu V. glomeratum Maxim. V. subalinum Hand.-Mazz. V. grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. V. sydiale Graebn. V. hainanense Merr. et Chun V. taitoense Hayata V. hanceanum Maxim. V. tengyuehense (W. W. Smith) Hsu V. hengshanicum Tsiang ex Hsu V. ternatum Rehd. V. henryi Hemsl. V. trabeculosum C. Y. Wu ex Hsu V. inoinatum Craib V. trilinerve Hand. -Mazz. V. integrifolium Hayata V. urceolatum Sieb. et Zucc. V. kansuense Batal. V. utile Hemsl. V. koreanum Nakai V. wrightii Miq. V. lancifolium Hsu V. yunnanense Rehd. Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 153

162 Fungi Phylum Family Secies H. R. Ref. Ascomycota Basidiomycota Asterinaceae Asterina viburni Pat. Meliolaceae Pucciniaceae Irenina viburni (Syd.) F. Stevens Meliola aequatoriensis Petr. Puccinia linkii Klotzsch [229] Puccinia viburnicola J.Y. Zhuang [229] Anarhic Dothideales Placoshaeria viburni Henn. Anarhic Letoshaeria Anarhic Mycoshaerella Phoma exigua var. viburni (Roum. ex Sacc.) Boerema [1]I Cercosora enicillata (Ces.) Fresen. Cercosora viburni-cylindrici F.L. Tai Phaeoramularia enicillata (Ces.) X.J. Liu & Y.L. Guo o [65] Setoria viburni Westend. Anarhic Otthia Stigmina tinea (Sacc.) M.B. Ellis II Anarhic Rhytisma Melasmia viburni Sawada Anarhic Uredinales Aecidium viburni Henn. & Shirai I Recorded as Ascochyta viburni (Roumeguere) Saccardo II Recorded as Cercosora tinea Sacc. Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref Acariformes Eriohyidae Calacarus carinatus (Green) [90] Coleotera Leidotera Chrysomelidae Eulidae Scolytidae Dreanidae Monoleta hieroglyhica (Motschulsky) o Pyrrhalta humeralis (Chen) Colasoides feralis Lefèvre o [201] o [164] o Cnestus maculatus Browne o Cryhalus viburni Stark [197] Scolytolatyus darjeelingi Stebbing o Oreta eminens (Bryk) o Oreta ulchries Butler Oreta turis (Butler) o Lycaenidae Celastrina albocaerulea Mre o Nymhalidae Athyma fortuna (Leech) Tortricidae Acleris submaccana (Filijev) o [133] Thysanotera Phlaeothriidae Liothris kuwayainai (Moulton) o [66] 154 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2

163 Wisteria secies Wisteria Introduction The genus Wisteria contains aroximately ten members occurring in East Asia, North America and Australia. Five secies and one form are reorted from China [174]. I. Wisteria sinensis Chinese wisteria Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Leguminosae Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Subfamily: Pailiobideae Tribe: Tehrosieae Genus: Wisteria Nutt. Secies: Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet. Descrition Wisteria sinensis is a deciduous climbing vine. The stout stem, covered with glabrescent white hairs, twines clockwise. Winter buds are ovate. The imariinnate leaf is cm long, and cosed of 3-6 airs of leaflets, which are ovoid ellitic to ovoid lanceolate, acuminate Secies of Wisteria in China Scientific Name or somewhat caudate aically and obtuse, cuneate or asymmetrical at the base, 5-8 cm in length and 2-4 cm in width decreasing in size along the stem from the base to the aex. The caduceus stiule is linear whereas the stiel is bristle-like and ersistent. The inflorescence, a endulous flower cluster, aears in the terminal bud or axillary bud of the revious year s twigs. The clusters are cm in length and 8-10 cm in diameter. The axil is villous. Bracts are lanceolate and caducous. The fragrant flowers are borne on a slender edicel 2-3 cm long. The calyx is camanulate or cu-shaed, 5-6 mm long and 7-8 mm wide, with two obtuse teeth on the uer side and three ovoid triangular teeth on the lower side. Corollas are sericeous, obtuse and bifid on the uer edge and trifid on the lower edge. Petals are urle. W. sinensis blms from mid Aril to early May, followed in June to August by ersistent, oblanceolate, tomentose ods, cm long and cm wide, containing 1-3 brown, oblate seeds [174]. Scientific Name W. sinensis (Sims) Sweet W. venusta Rehd. et Wils. W. brevidentata Rehd. W. floribunda (Willd.) DC. W. villosa Rehd m [82, 174]. Distribution W. sinensis occurs in Guizhou, Guanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Yunnan rovinces and southern Hebei rovince. [174]. Economic Irtance W. sinensis is usually lanted to climb on a trellis as an ornamental. The seeds contain sarteine which is considered to be medicy useful. The bark is a fiber sources [82, 88, 174]. Habitat W. sinensis occurs in valleys, untain forests, and on sloes at elevations of Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2 155

164 Related Secies W. sinensis (Sims) Sweet f. alba (Lindl.) Rehd. et Wils. can be distinguished from W. sinensis (Sims) Sweet by flower color. The former is white and the latter is urle. W. sinensis f. alba is native to Hubei rovince and is widely cultivated throughout the nation [174]. II. Wisteria floribunda Jaanese wisteria Taxonomy Order: Rosales Suborder: Leguminosae Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Subfamily: Pailiobideae Tribe: Tehrosieae Genus: Wisteria Nutt. Secies: Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. Descrition W. floribunda is a deciduous vine with reddish-brown bark. Unlike, W. sinensis, the stem of W. floribunda twines counterclockwise. The slender, brown stem is densely branched and uberscent when young becoming glabrous as it grows. The innately cound leaves are about cm long, and cosed of 5-9 airs of leaflets, each of which is aery thin, 4-8 cm long and cm wide with an acuminate aex and obtuse or somewhat asymmetric base with an aressed ubescence when young, ovoid lanceolate and gradually narrowing downward along the leaf axil. In late Aril to mid May, racemes, about cm in length, aear in the terminal axil, blming sequentially uwards. Each floret aears on the inflorescence, from base to aex along the densely ubescent rachis, becoming about cm in length. Calyx is cu-shaed, 4-5 mm long and 5-6 mm wide, and covered with the soft, silky hairs. Corollas are violet to blue violet. The fruits follow in May to July, as oblanceolate, tomentose ods, long and cm wide, containing 3-6 glossy, orbicular, violet urle seeds, about cm [174]. Distribution W. floribunda is native to Jaan and introduced to China where it is cultivated nationwide [174]. Natural Enemies of Wisteria Only two secies of fungi have been reorted to occur on members of the genus Wisteria. Eighteen secies of arthrds are associated with W. sinensis. Two out of the 18 secies may be host secific. Fungi Phylum Family Index of Fungi H. R. Ref. Anarhic Letoshaeria Coniothyrium kraunhiae Miyake m Anarhic Mycoshaerella Pseudocercosora wisteriicola (J.M. Yen) J.M. Yen m [129] Can attack Wisteria sinensis Arthrds Order Family Secies H. R. Ref. Coleotera Curculionidae Eisomus chinensis Faust Hotera Ahididae Ahis craccivora usuana Zhang [113] Aulacohoroides hoffmanni (Takahashi) m [205] [113] Cicadellidae Tettigoniella albomarginata (Signoret) [57] 156 Invasive Plants Established in the United States that are Found in Asia and Their Associated Natural Enemies Volume 2