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3 CDM CDM COP11 CDM CDM CDM CDM 8,000 CDM CDM NGO CDM NGO CDM 17 CDM ( ) 1

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5 i ii iii A/R CDM /(EB22) /(EB26) 1999 Implementation of Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA) on land eligibility for trial A/R CDM project model in Kurbian Socio Economic Survey in Sambelia Sub District, East Lombok Regency for CDM Project Environmental Impacts by Forestation Study on basic environmental information of Kurbian s JIFPRO CDM project site Part Basic Environmental Information Project Proposal of the trial and study on small-scale AR-CDM in Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), Indonesia MOU-Project of Trial Plantation for Feasibility Study on Small-Scale A/R CDM in the Republic of Panama 1 () Localizacion Regional del Proyecto Siglo ( )

6 i 17 CDM CDM COP11 CDM CDM CDM 8,000 CDM CDM NGO CDM NGO CDM ii 1) NGO/

7 2) NGO iii CDM CDM (Project Design Document-PDD) 18 MOU CDM

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9 /A/R CDM 9 COP9 COP A/R CDM EB22 A/R EB26 A/R COP/MOP2 02 decision -/CMP.2 3 EB28 A/R A/R CDM decision5/cmp.1 4 Land use, land-use change and forestry decision16/cmp.1 Annex 5 COP/MOP2 CDM A/R A/R WG13 JIFPRO CDM 1 22 CDM EB22 Report Annex CDM EB26 Report Annex Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism 25 4 Modalities and procedures for afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol 5 Definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines relating to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the Kyoto Protocol 1 3

10 reforestation Sambelia Labuhan Pandan Kurbian JIFPRO CDM GPS ha 20m 1,400m (a), (b), (c) EB22 Report Annex16 (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) Participatory rural appraisal, PRA -II/2004 / P14 6 5m 30% The minister of forestry regulation (PERMEN) no.p14/2004 concerning rules and procedures for implementation of A/R CDM in Indonesia

11 (a) (a-1) Google Earth WEB Google Earth m 1m m 30% (a-2) CIFOR World Agroforestry Center ADB Murdiyarso et al., km CDM (a-3) savanna 2002 (a-4) GERHAN GERHAN GERHAN

12 CDM (a-5) 1993/ / 2 Semak/Belukar 1993/1994 5m 30% 0.25 (a-6) Landsat L TM SIDaB 8 Landsat TM Thematic Mapper m 30m m 30% WEB Landsat TM Thematic MapperCIFOR

13 1989 5m 30% 0.25 (b) (c) (a) (a) (b) (b) Participatory rural appraisal, PRA a) PRA Zizyphus mauritiana PRA Sheil et al., 2002

14 (c) (a) (a) EB22 Report Annex16 WEB Google Earth 2006 JIFPRO Google Earth CDM 1989 Landsat TM 30m 30m PRA A/R CDM /1994 5

15 Murdiyarso D., Puntodewo A., Widayati A. & Noordwijk M. V., Determination of eligible lands for A/R CDM project activities and of priority districts for project development support in Indonesia, CIFOR. Sheil, D., Puri, R. K., Basuki, I., Heist, M. V., Wan, M., Liswanti, N., Rukmiyati, Sardjono, M. A., Samsoedin, I., Sidiyasa, K., Chrisandini, Permana, E., Angi, E. M., Gatzweiler, F., Johnson, B. & Wijaya, A., Exploring biological diversity, environment and local people s perspectives in forest landscapes: Methods for a multidisciplinary landscape assessment, CIFOR. Pp

16 1-1-1 Google Earth 2007 GPS

17 1-1-2 Google Earth m 1m Google Earth 2007

18 1-1-4 The Indonesian forest cover before 1990 (Iremonger et al. 1997) The Indonesian forest cover after 1990 (Stibig et al. 1997) Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2006 P.2 13 Source: Murdiyarso et al., 2006 P.3

19 FP Fishpond AL SF AL FP Agricultural Land S Savanna PF Plantation Forest SF Secondary Forest 2 S FP FP PF S AL PF Google Earth 2007

20 1 / GERHAN

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22 1-1-9 Landsat TM Thematic Mapper

23 1 Annex 16 / (EB22 Report) A/R CDM (a) i. ii. (b) i ii. 50 (a) 1(b) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) Participatory rural appraisal, PRA 1 1 PRA

24 2 Annex 18 / 1 EB26 Report ver A/R CDM (a) i. 2 11/CP.7 19/CP.9 DNA ii. iii. iv. (b) i. (a) ii iii

25 (a) 1(b) (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) (a) (b)(c) Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA 6 1 A/R CDM 2 Marrakesh Accords 2-5m 10% - 30% LULUCF IPCC GPG / CDM /

26 5 CDM 6 PRA Chambers, R Rural Appraisal: Rapid, Relaxed, and Participatory. Discussion Paper 311, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex. Theis, J. & Grady, H Participatory rapid appraisal for community development. Save the Children Fund, London.

27 3 Decision16/CMP.1 Land use, land-use change and forestry Annex A (a) 2-5m 10% - 30% % - 30% 2-5m (b) 50 (c)

28 4 1999

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32 REPORT Implementation of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) on land eligibility for trial A/R CDM project model in Kurbian Labuhan Pandan Village, Sambelia sub-district, East Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province (11 12 August 2006) By: Dry land and Land Rehabilitation Assessment Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram In collaboration with Forestry service (Dinas Kehutanan) of NTB Province and Japan International Forestry Promotion & Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) MATARAM OCTOBER 2006

33 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Human activities are having an increasing impact on the integrity of ecosystems that provide essential resources and services for human well being and economic activities. Managing the natural resources (land, water, air, and living resources) based on sustainable and integrated manner is essential for sustainable development. In this regard to reverse the current trend in natural resource degradation as soon as possible, it is necessary to implement strategies which should include targets adopted at the national and regional/international levels to protect ecosystems and to achieve integrated management of land, water, air, and living resources that human being needed for sustainable development. One important common concern of humankind at present is change of the Earth s climate and its possible adverse effects on sustainable development on Earth. The problems of forest and land degradation, poverty, overpopulation, and increasing industrial emission should be at the center of global attention since these factors are the main causes (directly and indirectly) of the Earth s climate change. Strategies should be drawn to encounter the problems and these should include reforestation and afforestation strategies to avoid the land, forest, and living resources degradation and to reduce carbon concentration in the atmosphere. Trial A/R CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project model at Kurbian sub village is meant for promoting such a recommended approach, particularly in dealing with land, forest, and living resources degradation as well as in an attempt at sequestering atmospheric carbon in the form of living plant (biomass). This project is administered by Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (Dishut NTB) and funded together by Dishut NTB and Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) in Japan. For NTB, this project should help in combating forest and land degradation, training of local communities, staffs and professionals, and establishing international cooperation. For JIFPRO, this trial A/R CDM project model could serve as an important field laboratory for the implementation of A/R CDM project activities in developing countries for emission trading and as to show Japan s high commitment to international communities in reducing greenhouse gases emission as obligated by Kyoto Protocol (KP) (Japan is one of the 38 developed countries, as written in annex I of the KP, that required to reduce its CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 emissions, 5,2 percent to its 1990 emission level in total of the Annex I countries).

34 To establish a A/R CDM project activity in context of emission trading, there are some requirements that should be satisfied. One of the important requirements is the land eligibility for A/R CDM. To be eligible, the purposed project area must have forest land cover less than 30% at least since the year To demonstrate the eligibility of lands for A/R CDM, data and information should be provided and these could be proven using satellite images or aerial photographs showing forest land cover of the area both in the past (< 1990) and at present. In the case that such types of verifiable information are not available, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) for land eligibility is required to confirm the status of land. Based on the discussions above, two days PRA was conducted in Labuhan pandan (Kurbian) Village to see the eligibility of land that is proposed for the area of the trial A/R CDM project model Objectives The objectives of the PRA conducted in Kurbian on 11 and 12 August 2006 are to acquire data and information regarding: (1) The general description of Labuhan pandan (Kurbian) village, traditional communities, rules, and regulations, and (2) The status of land and the history of land use and land cover in the forest land proposed for The Kurbian trial A/R CDM project model Outputs The PRA is expected to result in exposed data and information, strategies, expectation, challenges, and action plans required to conduct successful implementation of the trial A/R CDM project model in Kurbian. Among the expected outputs are: (1) Exposed data and information regarding the Labuhan pandan Village, map, area, people, and their activities and role in utilization and conservation of forest and land. (2) Exposed data and information regarding the land eligibility of Kurbian forest land for the purpose of A/R CDM project, and

35 (3) Exposed opportunity, challenges, expectation, and recommended action plan for the successful management of the forest and land (of Kurbian region) in general, and A/R CDM in particular. 2. METODOLOGY This study employed descriptive method using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and survey techniques. Questionnaire sheets were developed by referencing the reports, Douglas Sheil et al. (2002) Exploring biological diversity, environment and local people s perspectives in forest landscapes: Methods for a multidisciplinary landscape assessment. CIFOR. Focus group discussion (FGD) and plenary session approaches were used in the implementation of PRA, which is done and conducted by experienced facilitators. The activities were conducted in the Village of Labuhan pandan (in which the Kurbian trial A/R CDM project model is located), to gather data and information regarding the general information about the village, area, people, and their activities as well as their role in utilization and conservation of forest and land. Data and information regarding the land eligibility (status of land, land cover and land history of the trial A/R CDM project model area) is of main concern in this study. In addition, traditional and indigenous cultures, communities, rules and regulations are also part of the data and information needed. With regard to land cover, land history, and land eligibility, data and information collected from PRA activities were then cross checked with ground based surveys and spatial information and official documents. Ground based surveys were implemented through field survey which employed transect technique guided by elderly person and people who are experienced and knowledgeable (know-well) about the A/R CDM area and the areas in the surrounding. Spatial information and official documents were then collected from related institutions (such as Dishut NTB, Dishut Lotim, BPN Mataram, and Dinas Pertanahan Lotim) to support and/or verify the PRA data. Data and information obtained from PRA and survey were then compiled, analyzed, discussed and concluded. Recommendation and suggestion were then made and presented in the form of suggested action programs.

36 3. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRA 3.1. Place In accordance with the agreement made from earlier communication through a personal hand phone, the Padak Sub Village of Labuhan pandan was chosen as the place for conducting PRA works. It took place at Mr. Hamlin s home. The PRA activities were conducted in two days attended by 16 participants at first day and by 24 participants in the following day. The first day PRA was focused on acquiring data and information needed, followed by plenary session in the second day Timetable PRA land eligibility was conducted at 11 and 12 August 2006 in Padak, Labuhan pandan Village Facilitators and Participants The PRA was implemented by: (1) 3 facilitators, (2) One observer, and (3) participants. The facilitator from university was Mr. Sri Tejowulan of Mataram University. The facilitators from NGOs were Mr. Zainuddin Hariri of Cheraken (NGO) and Mr. Wein of Gema Alam (NGO). The observer was Mr. Eiichiro Nakama of JIFPRO Japan. The participants of the PRA are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1. A List of participants on land eligibility PRA in Padak sub village of Labuhan pandan. Day 1: 11 August 2006 No. Name Address 1 Baharuddin (village staff) Transad 2 Amirudin (head of the sub-village) Tibu Borok 3 Supriadi Kurbian 4 Ahmadi Niraja (field instructor of agriculture) Senanggalih 5 Hamlin (forest self-security force) Padak 6 Nur Leper 7 Saep Leper 8 S. Hartono (field trainee) Senanggalih 9 Sahirudin Kurbian 10 Mahsun Kurbian 11 Rus (Toma) Tibu Borok 12 S. Riyanto Sambelia

37 13 Mahli Sambelia 14 Mashar Sambelia 15 Mahnan Sambelia 16 A. Muardi Sambelia Day 2: 12 August 2006 No. Name Address 1 Badaruddin, BA Transad 2 Ahmadi Niraja, SP Senanggalih 3 Rusmaini Tibu Borok 4 Jalal Leper 5 Muslihin Kurbian 6 Muardi Kurbian 7 Bas Kurbian 8 Mahnan Kurbian 9 Mashar Kurbian 10 Sahirudi Kurbian 11 Mahsun Kurbian 12 S. Riyanto Sambelia 13 Mastur Padak Guar 14 Suparman Padak Guar 15 Rohendi Padag Guar 16 Rahimah Padak Guar 17 Nur Leper 18 Saep Leper 19 Suyat Padak Guar 20 Samsul Padak Guar 21 Padi Padak Guar 22 Solihan Padak Guar 23 Arifin Kurbian 24 Mustiadi Padak Guar 4. PROCESS AND RESULTS 4.1. PRA Preparation Social preparation is an important step for conducting successful PRA. With regard to this, several contacts had been made through personal communications with a Dishut representative that is available in Labuhan pandan Village, who fortunately is a person of local origin. Gathering the PRA s participants or communities for a meeting is seemingly not a difficult task as they mostly live in small sub-villages along the main road.

38 Communication between communities/inhabitants is also made easier with a tightly bound social life that exists among people in the village. In short, with respect to scheduled PRA meeting: people of Kurbian is aware, curious, willing, and helpful to participate. As it was communicated and expected, the participants would come from sub-villages adjacent to the trial A/R CDM project model site i.e. Leper, Kurbian, and Padak Guar sub villages and it was finally materialized. From the preparation and communication we had made, it was decided that PRA meeting was due to take place in Padak Guar sub-village of Labuhan pandan, at Mr. Hamlin s home PRA Techniques The focus of PRA was to obtain and gather information related to land eligibility for the proposed trial A/R CDM project model site in Kurbian. For this purpose, seven PRA techniques were employed (Table 2), but the extent of their uses were limited to obtain information related to land eligibility. Beside that, some techniques were applied with high flexibility to available timetable. The chosen techniques and how they should be practiced or applied were consulted to the facilitators just before PRA presentation. Tools, equipments, and other supports had been well prepared before the PRA presentation, so that no major obstacles were encountered during the implementation of the PRA work. The facilitators explained the purpose and method of the PRA (Figure 1). Table 2. PRA techniques used in PRA for land eligibility in Kurbian. No. PRA Techniques Main Outputs 1 Mapping (Figure 2) To know the boundary of the village and land uses in the trial A/R CDM Site and surrounding areas. 2 Historical event To know the land use history, land covers, and programs that had been conducted in the past and will be conducted in the future in the A/R CDM Site and surrounding areas. 3 Matrix of the To know the changing that had been taken place in the A/R trend CDM site and surrounding area with regard to population and and changing natural resources such as forest, land, and water. 4 Seasonal calendar To know the communal activities during the dry and wet seasons. 5 Focus group To obtain information regarding the general information Discussion about the Labuhan pandan Village, the traditional (Figure 3) communities, rules, and regulations etc. 6 Plenary session To cross check, clarify, and validate all the information (Figure 4) obtained from the previous activities, and to acquire additional information still needed. 7 Transect To see the present condition on trial A/R CDM project model

39 site and surrounding areas, and to cross check the land use and land cover history in the past (1990) based on the results of PRA PRA Process First day of PRA The participants were separated into 3 focus groups to discuss information regarding: (1) the village description, (2) the land use and land cover, and (3) the general description of traditional community, rules, and regulations. Each group consisted of about 5-6 people and was guided by one facilitator. Group of village description is managed by Mr. Zainuddin, Land use by Mr. Tejowulan, and General description on traditional community, rules, and regulations by Mr. Wein. PRA techniques, objectives, and their implementation processes are listed in Table 3 below. Second day of PRA meeting Plenary session was conducted in this second day of PRA gathering, supervised by three facilitators, an observer, and a scribe. A week after the plenary session, a transect was conducted across the trial A/R CDM project model site by Mr. Tejowulan (as a coordinator PRA) accompanied by 4 local field experts, to clarify and validate the present land use and land cover on the trial A/R CDM project model site, as well as to obtain an imaginary map (sketch) on land use and land cover of the area in the year of Table 3. Techniques, objectives, and the implementation process of PRA. No PRA Implementation Processes Techniques 1 Mapping To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. To discuss with the participants about the region and its surrounding that will be mapped. To start the discussion with putting some legends that will be mapped: river, agriculture field, forests, sub-villages, etc. To start making sketch (hand drawing maps) of (1) village borders and (2) land use in the trial A/R CDM project model site and surrounding areas, through drawing and discussion in the group.

40 2 Historical event 3 Matrix of the trend and changing 4 Seasonal calendar 5 Focus group discussion To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. Facilitator starts to ask questions about the land use history. Participants start discussing the history and programs that had changed the regions. Participants start discussing the programs that will be conducted in the regions. Facilitator asks a representative to write the result of discussion on a blank sheet of paper in their desirable format. Participants verify, cross check, and improve the data and information obtained from the discussion. To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. To explain the format used in this activities. Participants start discussions on: (1) population changes and changes on (2) forest area, (3) land cover, and (4) the availability of water in Kurbian region. Facilitator asks a representative to write the result of discussion on a blank sheet of paper in their desirable format. Participants verify, cross check, and improve the information obtained from the discussion. To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. To explain the format used in this activities. Facilitator asks participants to start the discussion Facilitator asks a representative to write the result of discussion on a blank sheet of paper in their desirable format. Participants verify, cross check, and improve the information obtained from the discussion. To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. To explain the format used in this activities. Participants start to discuss about the theme under facilitator supervision. Facilitator asks a representative to write the result of discussion on a blank sheet of paper in their desirable format. Participants verify, cross check, and improve the information obtained.

41 6 Plenary session To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. Each representative presents and explains the PRA results obtained by its group Group Member to clarify the presentation and explanation made by its group. Other participants were to criticize, ask, clarify, add, or reduce the information obtained. Facilitator supervised the plenary session. Observer advises facilitator concerning the discussion and other still needed information. Scribe writes the results. 7 Transect To start with explanation about the objective of this activity. To walk and see the land use and land cover across the proposed trial A/R CDM project model site. To draw a sketch about land use and land cover on the trial A/R CDM project model site. To imagine and draw back a sketch of land use and land cover on the trial A/R CDM project model site for the year of 1990, based on the explanation given by field experienced participants PRA RESULTS General Information about Labuhan Pandan/Kurbian Village Administration, areas, and Geographical location With respect to the available data and information from PRA, it is known that Labuhan pandan village is part of Kecamatan Sambelia (Sambelia sub-district). It is located about 17 Km from Sambelia, 50 Km from Selong (the capital city of East Lombok district), and 95 Km eastward from Mataram (the capital city of West Nusa Tenggara Province). Labuhan Pandan was a new village formed in the year of It was split out from the former Village of Sambelia as part of an attempt to speed up development in the region. Labuhan Pandan comprises of 8 sub villages as follows: (1) Kurbian 1 (2) Kurbian 2 or Gubuk Baru (3) Gubuk Tambak (4) Padak Guar (5) Sengkurik (6) Transad (7) Tibo Borok, and (8) Labu pandan.

42 Labuhan Pandan is bordered by village of Sambelia in the North, village of Labuhan Lombok in the South, Sumbawa Strait in the East, and forested regions (production and protected forest) in the West side. Labuhan Pandan Village has a total area of about 17,000 ha in which most of it (about 14,000 ha) is the forested lands. The remaining areas consist of mostly agriculture field, shrubs and grassland, and small areas of oceanic fishery ponds (tambak). The agriculture field mostly locates in the dry coastal region of gently landscape position and more are located in the somewhat undulating landscape position in the surrounding forested areas. From these forested regions Kurbian river, Lever river, Sengkurito river, Timba Sap river, and other small rivers flow. Most of the rivers are seasonal rivers that are out of water during the dry season of 9 months (April-December) Population, occupation (source of incomes), and education In the year of 2006, Labuhan pandan village has a total population of about 8,705 (or 2,332 households) comprising of 4,150 males (47.7%) and 4,555 females (52.3%). The population steady increased every year but in relatively constant ethnic groups: Sasak (Lombok Origin) 80%, Bugis (South Celebes Origin) 8%, Java (7%), Bali, Bima, Sumbawa, Madura, and others about 1% respectively. With regards to jobs and occupations, incomes are mostly generated from agricultural activities and some from fishery, retail store, and private entrepreneurship activities. No industrial activities are noted in this region except for coral mining and burning activities for local used of coral-cement production. The coral burnings do not support much income to the communities but result in a widespread destruction on coastal environment condition, particularly on the health of coral reef fields and land abrasion in the region. In general, the sources of income for the Labuhan Pandan inhabitants are listed as follows: (1) Agriculture field farmers (petani ladang): 1,988 people (2) Agriculture labors (buruh tani): 1,752 people (3) Fishermen (nelayan): 391 people (4) Venders (pedagang): 257 people (5) Private businesses (swasta): 188 people (6) Retirement (pensiunan): 52 people (7) Army and police (tentara dan polisi): 43 people (8) Civil servant (pegawai negeri): 37 people

43 With respect to education, the level is considered low. This can be explained from the relatively low numbers of educated people. From its 8,705 inhabitants, only 27 people are granted a bachelor degree, 40 people diploma degree, 400 people high school degree, 700 people junior high school degree, and 1,005 people with elementary school degree. The remaining population has no school graduation certificate Forest, Land cover, and the Climate In general, forest of Kurbian region is in fairly good condition, particularly in the protected forest parts, in upland (hilly regions). But, there are a few large trees near the populated areas in the coastal region. Illegal logging by Kurbian communities may have resulted in decreasing numbers of large trees in the protected forest areas. Meanwhile, production forest areas are almost no large trees; trees are rarely found except in some areas along the bank of the rivers, particularly in the hilly terrain. Most of the production forest area is covered by shrubs and trees of savanna dominated by grasses and young widara (Zizyphus calophylla) trees. Some areas are covered by sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) forest plantation, others by grasslands and National Movement on Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GERHAN), taungya system (tumpangsari), and still others are used for staple food agricultural activities, particularly in the areas south of the proposed trial A/R CDM project model site. In general, forest land cover in the production forest areas ranges from 15% to 60%, mainly covered by shrubs and small sized trees. The proposed trial A/R CDM project model area has about 15% to 25% forest land covers, mainly by some population of young widara trees. In term of the climate, the Kurbian region is said to be much drier now than it was 16 year ago. People who were living in the year of 1990 and the earlier experienced only one month of dry season in this region in October. The water, fishes, and shrimps can always be found in the river through the year except in October. People are now thinking that the climate in this region is drier, dry season is longer, and more intense. At present, the dry season is starting in April and ended at late December or early January. During the dry months there are no water found in the river, no shrimps nor fishes Soil and water Soil of the Kurbian region is of a young volcanic origin, with fairly high fertility. According to farmers, there are three kinds of soils recognized in the area, namely: black (vertisol), white (entisol), and red (Alfisol) soils. These soils are found in the proposed A/R

44 CDM site and in the surrounding areas. The black soil dominates the lower slope, the white soil in the middle slope, and the red soil in the upper slope. The main constraint of utilizing these soils for plantation, forestry, or other agricultural uses is mainly due to the limited water availability to support such activities. Although, stone and rock outcrops widespread on the lands, it would not be considered as a main constraint by the farmers but water. Black soil is very fertile, wet in rainy season, and cracking in dry season. White soils are fertile and easy to work, but is easy to lost its water content and prone towards soil erosion. The red soil is fairly fertile, well drainage, and favorable for pepper crops. No noticeable soil erosion was observed in the region and this is mainly due to short rainy season perceived in this region and by fast growing grasses and shrubs that covers much of the landscapes. However, care should be taken particularly for the white soil (tanah sari - entisol) experienced with cash crops agricultural activities, in which soils are reworked for cash crops growth preparation thus exposes their surfaces to rain drops and other erosion factors to take place. The white soil is very sensitive to erosion due to its poor structure (granular structure or structure less). As it is stated in the proceeding paragraph, water is clearly the major constraint in any activities related to farming, forestry, and plantation activities in this region. The Kurbian area receives only two to three months wet month (wet season) or less. In most years, rains fall in January and February in which about 85% of the total rains usually has fallen in these two months. Therefore, timing for farming, forestry, and plantation activities is very crucial for the successful of these agricultural activities. Luckily, this region is blessed with fairly good sources of deep groundwater storages that have been exercised through constructions of some deep well drillings. At present, there are 11 deep groundwater wells in the area adjacent to trial A/R CDM project model site (Kurbian sub-village). They provide people with drinking water and (in some extent) irrigation water. The price of water for an irrigation purpose costs the farmers about Rp. 15,000 per hour pumping. The money is mainly used for buying the diesel fuels for running the water pump. Although the water price seemed cheap, many farmers could not afford it due to their low incomes and poverty. Inefficiency of water use, low productivity, middleman system, and considerably low price of cash crops products (that made of the major agricultural product in the region) are believed to become the major causes of the low income and poverty in the region Agriculture, cash crops, trees, and live stocks

45 Agriculture is the major income for Kurbian People. Cash crops such as corn, tomato, and beans are preferable by farmers and are the dominant cash crops grown in the region. All farmers grow cash crops (which are seasonal and shallow rooted crops), but the erratic rainfalls in the region often results in harvest failure for the crops, mainly due to water shortage or drought during the growing period. Horticultural trees has been introduced since 1990 through a government program named UTT (Usaha Tani Terpadu = an integrated agricultural approach), and is now increasing in their numbers. Mango, coconut palm, Cashew, cocoa, and banana are among the plantation trees found in the region. The farmers believe that trees provide better incomes than the cash crops but the amount of incomes from the trees are low because much of the lands are still used and allocated for growing cash crops. Live stocks such as caw can be the major source of income for the farmers in the Kurbian region but the limited number of caws owing by the farmers hampers such prosperity to occur. In fact, abundance biomass production and warm soil and climate during rainy season in this region is actually could become best places for live stocks tending, fattening, breeding, and production Land use Q1. Where do the villagers usually go for agriculture cultivation; forest product gathering, gardening, and recreation (attractive places)? A1. Most farming activities are implemented in the agricultural lands. Seldom people implemented agriculture cultivation and gardening activities in state forest area of the National Movement on Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GERHAN). There is no people who go to forest for recreation. Forest products that are collected by the local people are as follows: (1) Lengkulun (2) Renge (3) Laban (Vitex pinnata) (4) Suren (Toona calantas) (5) Bajur (6) Elar (7) Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) (8) Klokos (9) Linong

46 (10) Kesampi (11) Ketimus Timber species for building material that are favorable to cut down by local people are as follows: (1) Laban (Vitex pinnata) (2) Suren (Toona calantas) (3) Bajur (4) Elar (5) Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) (6) Klokos (7) Linong Fodder species for live stocks that are favorable by local people are as follows: (1) Rumput (weeds) (2) Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) (3) Alang-alang (Leucaena leucocephala) Fodder species for goats Rainy season Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) Rumput (weeds) Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) Fodder species for cows Rainy season Rumput (weeds) Pohon pisang (Musa spp.) Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) Dry season Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) Dry season Pohon pisang (Musa spp.) Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) Fodder species that are utilized/obtained from the trial A/R CDM project model site are as follows. (1) Rumput (weeds) (2) Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) (3) Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala)

47 Q2. Is there any plan of land conversion in the village? For example: for transmigration, mining, plantation or others? If yes, where is the location? A2. Yes, There is a plan to convert private agricultural land of local community into plantation forest of Jati (Tectona grandis) and Jarak (Jatropha curcas) supported by the local government and private limited company (C.V.). Q3. Are there any changes in the area of the forest utilized by the villagers from year to year? A3. There was no change of the area of forest land since Q4. Are there any changes in village rules concerning forest utilization? A4. We have 4 rules as follows. (1) Rule of banning on logging wood (2) Rule of supervision on forest collaboration with government and local communities. (3) Rule on preventing forest fire (4) Rule on reforestation of the degraded land Q5. Is it getting more difficult to utilize/obtain a new forest area? A5. Yes, it is. A6. Land use, land cover and its historical change in the surrounding area of the trial A/R CDM project model site. Year Condition 1976 Primary forest Small sub-villages located along the coast with small population, for example: Leper sub-village = 30 households Kurbian sub-village = 20 households Padak Guar sub-village = 18 households 1978 Forest began to cut down by local people for agricultural land use. Forest logging and planting jarak pagar (Jatropha spp.) by private limited company (CV).

48 The sub-villages were more and more expanded and the population increased. A small part of the forest was newly opened. Started to allocate governmental budget to this region Agricultural land was expanded to reforestation area in state forest. Professional collectors of sea coral rock change their jobs to farmers (agriculture). Government awareness in agricultural sector to this region raised Integrated Agricultural Approach (UTT, usaha tani terpadu) program came to Kubian. Grants form government as UTT program are as follows: Seeds of vegetables and other non rice crops Horticultural trees i.e. Cashew, Mango, Coconut palm and etc. Breading cattle Breading goat Army reforestation program (AMR, ABRI Manunggal Reboisasi) came to Kurbian National Movement on Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GERHAN) came to Kurbian Trial A/R CDM project model came to Kurbian A7. Land use, land cover and its historical change of the trial A/R CDM project model site. Land use and land cover in the 1980s: Open forest dominated and scattered with widara trees (Zizyphus mauritiana). Logging pressure for timber use and/or fuel wood use was intensified due to population increase. Forest fire was occurred year by year. Land use and land cover in the 1990s: Dominated by grasslands and scattered with widara trees (Zizyphus mauritiana). Forest degradation was accelerated by increase of logging pressure and forest fire. Industrial plantation forest (HTI) operation by private limited company (CV) was implemented from 1993 to 1996 by clear-cutting land preparation.

49 Notes: GERHAN tumpangsari = 2 locations: West side of the trial A/R CDM project model site = 40 ha North east side from sea = 70 ha AMR = Sonokeling & imsa (South side of the trial A/R CDM project model site). UTT = Holticulture and agriculutre = 80 ha 1990: Mango, banana, coconut palm, jack fruits 1996: Cashew, mango (epuh) Leper sub-village = 1976 Uplan farm land = 30 ha in Leper sub-village Farm land = 20 ha in Kubian sub-village, 20 ha in Gubuk Baru dan Gubuk Tambak subvillage and 20 ha in Padak sub-village. There are 7 boring wells at BT 51, BT 52, BT 57, BT 72, BT 73, BT 77, BT 78 (Kurbian and Leper sub-village). 100 ha of the special function for irrigated rice field (east side of the trial A/R CDM project model site), farm land to coast is planned to develop plantation of jati (Tectona grandis) and jarak pagar (Jatropha spp.). Trial A/R CDM project model site located in Padak Renge Lengkukun Sambelia Crop species: Corn, green bean (i.e. mung bean), cashew Spting of Sando: ± 45 ha from the trial A/R CDM project model Five intake area = 1,350 ha (along the river of Aik Koa, source of the spring of Sando) River near the trial A/R CDM project area Ai Lengang (Kubian) river

50 Aik Koa river Timba Sap river Sengkerito river Leper river Sub-villages in east side of the trial A/R CDM project model site. Leper Kurbian Gubuk Baru Gubuk Tambak Padak Sub-village, Labuhan Pandan village: Forest fire also occurred Organize group (Lang-lang) Land status is clear Planting method Sugihan village, Sambelia and Padak village is a part of the Labuhan Padak village that composed of: Kubian 1 Kubian 2/ Gubuk Tambak Padak Sengkerik Tansad Tibu Borok Labu Pandan Description of Labuhan pandan village Labuhan pandan village has area of 3,897 Km2 with 7,317 population and composed of 5 sub-villages as below. (1) Padak (2) Labu Pandan (3) Senang Galih

51 (4) Veteran (5) Kulur Sambelia village was established in 2003, separated from Labuhan pandan village since 31 March After that, the Sambelia village was authorized by East Lombok District on 17 August The Sambelia village has already been allocated budget for the village amount of more than 50 million Indonesian rupiah from local government of East Lombok district. Area of the Sambelia village of 3897 km2 composed of: (1) Forest land area of about 700 km2 located at Senang Galih, Padak and Labu Pandan sub-village. (2) Garden (Kebun) (3) Agriculture field (Ladang) (4) Irrigated rice field (Sawah) (5) River in 3 location i.e. Kurbian river, Sengkurik river and Tibu Borok river (6) No swamp (7) Home garden and residence (8) Embung 3 buah Boundary of the Labuhan pandan village (1) East side is divided by sea (Selat Alas) (2) West side is divided by Sambelia village and Forest area (3) South side is divided by Kurbian river (4) North side is divided by Dadap sub-village Land use of the Labuhan pandan village (1) Forest = 700 ha (2) Garden = 2,481 ha (3) Agriculture/irrigated rice field = 510 ha (4) Swamp = 16 ha Religion of the population: Islam 93%, Hindu 5% and Christian 2% Ethnic balance: Sasak 80%, Mandar (Sulawesi) 8%, Java 5%, Bali 2% and others (Sumbawa, Mbojo) 5%

52 Distributed in: (1) Sasak people live evenly in all sub-villages (2) Mandar live in Labu Pandan sub-village (3) Java live in Transad Padak and Senang Galih sub-village (4) Bali live in Transad sub-village History of the inhabitants and area of the Labuhan pandan village The oldest sub-village is Labu Pandan, the largest sub-village is Padak. In the year of 1913, inhabitants already lived in Labuhan Pandan and represented governmental village. However, in the year of 1950, all area was merged together with Sambelia village, therefore Sambelia became 13 sub-villages. In the year of 1967, first immigration to Labuhan Pandan village and surrounding area by local transmigration program phase I, originated from: (1) Sakra (2) Rumbuk (3) Pohgading (4) Aikmel (5) Pringgabaya In the year of 1975, transmigrated from some villages of Central Lombok district, originated from: (1) Kopang (2) Jelujuk (3) Janapria and etc. Other inhabitant locations: Senang Galih sub-village in 1967, including some ex. Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) Transad sub-village in 1975 Padak, Kurbian, Veteran sub-village in 1980 Other event of immigration to Padak sub-village by voluntary basis occurred with some reason as below.

53 (1) Followed to family members (2) Economic reason (3) Seeking more large available land (4) Create job opportunity Special events occurred: Forest fires were occurred year by year in May, June and July. Causes for the forest fire were not intentional but as follows: Local people using fire for land preparation. However they could not prevent spreading the fire to shrub because wind was very strong. Labor throw their finished cigarette to anywhere without attention or making fire in the field. Children burned grass-hopper and cow dung and leave the fire. Occurrence of the fire is usually detected by local people or forest self-security force (Lang-lang hutan) catching sight of the fire, after that, gathering local people to engage in fire fighting activities through emergency communication by word of mouth or ringing bell. Until now, fire fighting activities implemented by using existing simple instruments/tools as follows: Wet branch of a tree (Kapak) Hand sprayer/jet shooter Fire hitting Tool, which looks fan Problems that local community faces at present are as follows: Amount of precipitation is low: Shortage of water (both clean water and irrigation water) limited their farm land. For example, rain-fed agriculture field, irrigated rice field with water pump (boring well), those agriculture field and irrigated rice field are found in Senang Galih, Pulur and Veteran subvillage with irrigation system, while boring wells are found in Padak, Labu Pandan and Senang Galih, about 7 unit. Other problem: poor/bad harvest

54 Figure 1-1. Explanation of the PRA method Figure1-2. Participatory mapping through discussion among local people Figure 1-3. Focus group discussion Figure 1-4. Plenary session Figure 1-5. Vegetation map created by the Participants

55 1) Labuan Pandan NGO 2) ,896 2, km Sambelia 1-2-

56 *1 (2006) * (2005) *(2004) * (2006) 1960 Masbagik Pringgabaya Sambelia Human Development Index: HDI BPS-Statistics Indonesia et al Rp.1,212, Rp.400,000 Rp.4,800, ,

57 ha 0.58ha ) 1 2km 95ha ( ) 2005 Gegaet Lengkoker 20

58 ha displacement 4) (1) (2) (3) Louise Aukland, Pedro Moura Cost, Sandra Brown(2003)A conceptual framework and its application for addressing leakage: the case of avoided deforestation, Climate Policy, 3: Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia(2003)Technical report - National Strategy Study on CDM in Forestry Sector Reimung Schwarze, John O. Niles and Jacob Olander(2002)Understanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projects, The Royal Society UNFCCC(2005)Simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism (FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/4/add.1, Annex ) 1-2-4(1)

59 (2) (3) (1) (2) UNFCCC 2006 (3) 5) a)

60 b) c) cashew nut jambu mete Anacardium occidentalecashew nut Spondias Glilicidia Jatropha d) e) f) a) b)

61 c) d) 24 96

62 a) 44 b)

63 BPS(2006)Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2005/2006 BPS-Statistics Indonesia, Bappenas and UNDP Indonesia(2004)National Human Development Report 2004, The Economics of Democracy: Financing Human Development in Indonesia Louise Aukland, Pedro Moura Cost, Sandra Brown(2003)A conceptual framework and its application for addressing leakage: the case of avoided deforestation, Climate Policy, 3: Ministry of Environment Republic of Indonesia(2003)Technical report - National Strategy Study on CDM in Forestry Sector Reimung Schwarze, John O. Niles and Jacob Olander(2002)Understanding and managing leakage in forest-based greenhouse-gas-mitigation projects, The Royal Society UNFCCC(2005)Simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism (FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/4/add.1, Annex ) UNFCCC(2006) Definition of renewable biomass(eb 23, Report, Annex 18) - (2006)The monograpy of Labuan Pandan village - (2004)Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province - (2005)Sambelia Sub-Distric in Figure

64 1 SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY IN SAMBELIA SUB DISTRICT, EAST LOMBOK REGENCY FOR CDM PROJECT ABDULLAH USMAN JAPAN INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY PROMOTION AND COOPERATION CENTER (JIFPRO) IN COOPERATION WITH FOREST RESOURCE STUDY CENTRE (P KSK) MATARAM UNIVERSITY. 2006

65 2 PREFACE This Socio-Economic Study is a part of fundamental study on the effect of AR-CDM Project. There are two teams run this study: Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) and Forest Resource Study Centre (PKSK) Mataram University. The arrangement of this report mainly base format provided by JIFPRO part with lightly modified according to the need of study. This report attempt accommodate the many variatis of resources both in the form of data and information. Data was collected both primary and secondary data. In this time, we would like to address the acknowledgements, cincere appreciation and indeep gratitude to: 1. JIFPRO site (who fund this survey) especially fro: Hayashi, Oosumi, Morikawa, Matsui and the others that we can not mention one by one. Thank for the discussion both in quesstionnaire stage and in survey and report stages. 2. The Directur of PKSK (Centre for Study of Forestry Resources), the dean of Agricultural Faculty and the Rector of Mataram University of being permiting me to participate and joint this survey for CDM project. 3. All farmers respondents who participate in full of anthusias along the interview process, including the field workers and enumerators: Juhartono, Hamblin, Kamaluddin, Ahmadi, Marsahan. 4. Local govermen: Arifin (the head of village) and his staff, Head of Sub District Military (Koramil), Head of Sub District (Camat) for their support in running this survey. 5. My collegues Ir. Addinul Yakin, M.Ec., Ir M. Yusuf, MSi, Ir Annas Z, MSc, Rato SKh, Wish this report useful especially for project and for readers in general. Mataram, March 2006 Researcher

66 3 SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY IN SAMBELIA SUB DISTRICT, EAST LOMBOK REGENCY FOR CDM PROJECT, 2006 I. Introduction 5 II. Objectives 6 III. Methodology Way of Selecting Target Village Way of Selecting Target Family dan Respondents The Data 7 IV. Result & Analysis The Implementation Manner of Plantation Project Outline of Project 8 PLAN OF PLANTING ACTIVITIES Relation with Local People/Society The General Condition of Local Community Brief Description of Plantation Area General Condition of Target Village Effect of Project on Local Community 23 The Involvement of Local People 23 Reference 25

67 4 LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix 1. Village Map and CDM Project Site ( ) Appendix 2. Map of Plantation Project Area ( 1-5 ) Appendix 3. List of Farmers Involved in CDM Project as a Population in Doing Sampling Appendix 3a. Respondents of Farmers (Participants and Not Participants), Government, University Staffs and NGO Parties. Appendix 4. Population of West Nusa Tenggara by District/municipality and Sex, 2004 Appendix 5. Population of East Lombok District by Sub-District and Sex, 2004 Appendix 6. GRDP of West Nusa tenggara by Industrial Origin at Market Price, (Rp ) Appendix 7. GRDP of West Nusa tenggara by Industrial Origin at 1993 Constant Price, (Rp ) Appendix 8. Population, Family, Population per Family of Sambelia Sub District by Vallage, 2004 Appendix 9. The Number of Sambelia's People by Agricultural Job and by Villages, 2004 Appendix 10. The Primary Data From Interviewing Respondents

68 5 SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY IN SAMBELIA SUB DISTRICT, EAST LOMBOK REGENCY FOR CDM PROJECT, 2006 I. INTRODUCTION The forest land in NTB dominates the province, the large of about 1,068,977 ha (53.04%). Similar to other province, the forest in NTB province is in the terrible degradation brought by illegal felling, land occupation and burning. This condition has a long severe impact environmentally. Lost and disappear of water sources, global warming, the extinguish of biodiversity, the increase of carbon dioxide level, are the examples of bad impacts of degraded inveronment. This unexpected condition is experienced by about 4,200,000 people life in that province, spread into two islands: Lombok and Sumbawa Islands. In the year of 2002, the Human Development Indext (HDI) of this province is the lowest in Indonesia (ranked number 30 of 30 provinces) (The UNDP, 2003). Annual income of this province was Rp 1,100,000 (equal to US$130) per capita in average, education is very low (most of the people are elementary school graduation), and the levels of health is the lowest including the life expectation rate of life of the people. As income so low, mean while the cost of living is getting increase, leads people to work harder and attempt to find any opportunity to generate income including going to forest to harvest the forest products. The high pressure of need causes people neglect the right and wise way to explore the resources. Some people run illegal loging, illegal grazing and illegal land occupation which distroy the resources. Awaring this harmfull trend, the NTB government sets some programs. In the period of , the government targets to rehabilitate the degraded land of 75,000 hectares in 5 years. The presence of foreign aids can be a significant encouragement in running the development. Cleaning Development Mechanism (CDM) is a sustainable development program funded internationally. Refer to Rio de Jeneiro Declaration (Earth Summit) and Kyoto Protocol, the program of CDM is open for any eligible countries over the world. About 300 hectares degraded forest at Kurbian Labuan Pandan Sambelia is considered as a very match land for CDM. Since the end of year 2005, the CDM project has commenced to plant the trees in that site. To compile the socioeconomic data and opinions, it is urgent to run a socioeconomic survey at that site.orest land

69 6 II. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this survey are: 1. To grasp local people's forest/land use pattern in the tree plantation area including a) present condition and b) chronological changes and its reasons 2. To get a clarification about the project effect on local community III. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Way of Selecting Target Village The target village was selected on purpose that is Labuan Pandan Village under consideration that CDM project site is located in this village (see Village map and CDM Project Site) and therefore the village has been strongly effected by plantation project Way of Selecting Target Family and Respondents Respondents in this survey consists of farmers and other stake holders such as local government, NGO s people, and university people. To be comprehensive, the respondents of farmers include those who involve in project and not involve in project. The total of farmer selected as respondents is quoted to 25 persons, 16 persons are those who involve in project and the rest of 9 persons are those who not involve in the project. The respondents come from 4 sub-villages located in Labuan Pandan Village. The arrangement of selecting farmers respondents is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Selecting Farmers Respondents No Sub village Lot Number of involved farmers number of farmer sample Involve in project Not involve in project Total 1 Aik Manis, Kpg Lepper Padak Guar Kurubian I Kurubian II Total

70 7 So far, the project has grown about 40 hectares land from the target of 150 hectares for three years time. The 40 hectares was divided into 4 lots of 10 hectares (Appendix 1 [ ]). The number of farmers (as laborers) for each lot is 11 persons including the field coordinator. So, the total of the involved farmers is 44 persons (the list is presented in Appendix 3). From this number, 16 involved farmers were selected by using Simple Random Sampling. The list of involved farmers is presented in Appendix 3. The respondents of not involved farmers were selected from the consecutive sub-villages as shown in Table 1. The total of not involved farmers is 9 persons, and they are selected accidentally in each sub village. The respondents of stake holders is quoted to 7 persons consists of 2 persons are the local government (the head of Labuan Pandan village and the Field Forestry Worker), 3 persons from Mataram University and 2 persons from NGO. The detail of the respondents is presented in Appendix 2 [ -5 ] 3.3. The Data Data in this study consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected by interviewing the total of 32 respondents (25 farmers, 7 stake holders) using quissionaire provided by revised CDM Project. Secondary data were collected from relevant institution such as East Lombok District Office, Sambelia Sub District Office, and from Statistic Office.

71 8 IV. Result & Analysis 4.1. The Implementation Manner of Plantation Project Outline of Project Objectives The objectives of the project are: 1. To forest 150 hectares badly degraded forest land; 2. To generate job opportunity and income for 100 local inhibitants; 3. To promote participation and collaboration in sustaible forest management; 4. To improve environment condition in term of rduce soil errotion, microclimate, and carbon sinking. Starting Year and Planting The commencement of planting in the Lombok CDM project is in January 2006, the land preparation and clean started at two months before planting (Nopember December 2005). This time is considered as a right time for planting as the rain still come until Marc April 2006 Target Area The Lombok CDM project is located in Dusun Kurbian, Desa Labuan Pandan, Sambelia Sub District, East Lombok. The target area is 150 ha for three years (2005, 2006, 2007). The large of 40 ha has been planted in first year (2005), the other 55 and 55 ha will be planted in the year two (2006) and year three (2007) respectively. Vegetation before project starting is grass and bushes with small trees scatered. In dry seasons, the vegetation turn dry and it is very easy to cause a fire. Before project starting, the land is left unused, but only illegal fuelwood production by local people, and for certain places are used as a resource of grass for animal food. The increasing number of the farmers who raising animals lead to the increase of grass need. People from other sub district like from Masbagik, Aikmail come to that place hiring truck

72 9 to carry the grass. So far the grass is not marketable, those who need the grass simply come and collect it without paying. PLAN OF PLANTING ACTIVITIES The percentage of life planted trees is high that is about 75%. In average, the population of trees per hectare is 800 trees, about 600 trees is alife. The distance between trees in one raw takes 2.5 meters, and between raw takes 5 meters with the hole size is 40 x 40 x 40 cm in length, wide and depth respectively. The pattern used in this project is by repeating 5 raws pattern consist of 5 kind of trees (Figure 1): Jati putih (Gmelina), imba (Azadirachta indica), sengon (Parasirientes falcatoria, sp), trembesi, and jambu mete (cashew fruit, Anacardium occidentale, sp). Four kind of trees are for forest trees and one kind is for fruit trees, that is cashew fruit. The composition is 75% forest trees and 25% MPTS. J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J Jati putih (Gmelina arborea) imba (Azadirachta indica) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L MMMMMMMMMMMMMMM Sengon (Parasirientes f sp) Trembesi (Samanea saman) Jambu mete (Anacardium, sp) Figure 1. The Pattern of Five Kind Trees

73 Relation with Local People/Society Condemn of Land The presence of this project does not affect much to the local people, in the sense of land usage. Historically, the land is under forestry departement outhorisation. In the past (last decades), local people used the forest for fuelwood and for house material wood and (in very limit amount) is for hunting animals (deers). Currently, local people use the land for none but grass and illegal fuelwood. The grass there dominates by unedible grass for animal. Gegaet, lengkoker (local term) grow well and heavy but animals do not like them. Grass Rumput minyak (local term) is also available in small amount though animals (especially for caw) like the grass very much. Employment The number of local people (the employee) who use that land currently is neglectable. In the dry season, the land can not be used, very dry, no water available. The only use of the land is in the rainy season that is mainly for grass which is grow naturally. The fuelwood is very limited, just collecting small branches of trees that grow naturally in the rainy season. There is no efford of local people to till the land. The land is too heavy to grow the crop, need high cost technology to treat the soil before growing. They do not have technology and money for usage the unready land. Agroforestry The condition of the land currently is empty, no agroferestry is running there. The effect of CDM project on local people in the sense of agroforestry is neglectable. In the case of exist agroforestry there is a slight difference in performance between sites of agroforestry. The exist agroforestry in NTB located speadly in Santong, Darrussadikin, Sesaot, Sekaroh, Sekotong, Sambelia, Parado and Rembitan (Hartina and Tejowulan, 2006) Support for Village Development The support (benefit) of the CDM site for village development is that the site can be a potency for agriculture development including for racing animals. For time being the current problem is lack of spacing for development. Many high quality of lands have been converted

74 11 into not agricultural purposes, for offices, houses, industries and others. Along with the population increase, the need of the land (including the infertile, dry land) is also increase. Because this CDM site locates not far from villagers settlement (1-2 km) from the main province road), it can be very possible, the people will used the land for house or other development. Dialogue- Any agreement. In initial stage there is a mall dispute between local people and plantation entity. Local people do not agree to import laborer from villages out of Labuan Pandan Village. The plantation entity encourages the local people to take part in that project by asking them to grow crop in between the trees. They do not agree to do so, they do not have technology and enough money to cost the high risk activities. Manner of dialogue. The dialogue was run by using semi structure direct question. A leader direct the topic keep staying in the issue needed. The floor participated by expressing their willingness and objection without intervering much by third part. In the case of very poor farmers in the sense of communication, the leader help the farmer by raising the alternative of possible anwers, kind of close question for that kind of farmer. One person (administratur) keep taking note along the dialogue and some times help the forum by reminding the on pregress discussion, if needed. Rights and duties of both plantation entity and local people. Based on the on progress current practice, right of local people is their payment, daily based salary which they received every week, on Friday. Their duty is running the pointed jobs which have been set by plantation entity part. For current job is replanting the died small trees which has been planted on January The other jobs is weeding by cuting up the grass (weed) grown surround the small trees. The stage is to be followed by applying herbicide to control the very rapid germination of the grass. If the herbicide is to be applied directly in advance without cutting the grass manually, it will harm the small tree. The herbicide will also kill the small tree. The second benefit of weeding is for fire management. With the high dense dried grass in the dry season, it is very easy to cause the fire. In the palantation entity side, the right is get the job done by local people according to direction which have been set before. This is not including maintaining and keep the trees safe and alife. The duties of them (entity part) is to set the dayly job and supervising the labourers.

75 The General Condition of Local Community Brief Description of Plantation Area ) Map -area map (see attachment, separated file) The plantation area located in Kurubian Sub Village. The far from main hotmixed road is about 2,5 kms which is still earth-stone solid road. The location is devided into 3 blocks: I, II, III, with the area of about 40, 55, 55 ha respectively. The project works on the Block I for this year 1 (2005/2006) which is devided into 4 lots to ease the management of planting. -vegetation map The vegetation in that site currently consists of wild grasses and bushes with small trees scattered. Closed to the site is peoples dryland that they use to grow corn in rainy aeason, in between their cashew fruit. -Religious or traditional sacred site In the past (more than two decades a go), the site used to be a heavy jungle. Imigrants with heterogen backgound came and settled there. There is no typical feature of the site in term of religious or traditional sacred site ) Demography According to the latest publication (Table 2), the population of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) in the year of 2003 have reached 4,225,360 people with the population growth rate is about 1,8 %. According to the Figure, the population of Lombok Island is about more then double of Sumbawa Island population. On the other side, the large of Sumbawa Island is about triple of that of Lombok Islan. The most populated district in NTB is Mataram Municipality with the density of 6,019 people per km2 (Appendix 4). Tabel 2. Population of West Nusa Tenggara by Island and by Sex, 2003 Number of People Area Population density No. District Total Male Female (Km 2 ) (/km 2 ) 1 Lombok 2,837,642 1,341,516 1,496,126 4, Sumbawa 1,387, , ,992 15, NTB 4,225,360 1,932,242 2,293,118 19, Source: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Province, 2004

76 13 In general, the number of male in NTB is 45.7%, slightly lower than that of female. This condition is applied for the two islands. CDM site project located in East Lombok District which consists of 20 sub-districts. It population in the year of 2004 is about 973,296 people, live in 261,296 families, or each family consists of about 4 people: husban, wife and two children. Like other districts in NTB, the portion of male is about 47% less than portion of female. The detail of this figure is presented in Appendix 5. Sub-district Sambelia, where the CDM project is running, consists of 5 villages (Tabel 3) since last year (2005). Before that year, Labuan Pandan and Sugian Villages are still as a part of Sambelia villages. Labuan Pandan is the village, where CDM project is running. Tabel 3. Number of Family, Number of People, Large of Area and Population Density of Sambelia Sub-District by Villages, 2004 No. Village number of person number of family total male Female Area (Km2) Population density (n/km2) 1 Sambelia 4,807 16,706 8,087 8, Belanting 1,740 5,872 2,967 2, Obel-obel 951 3,756 1,861 1, Sugian*) Labuan Pandan*) Total ,498 26,334 12,915 13, Total ,310 26,283 12,890 13, Total ,112 25,559 12,592 12, Total ,927 25,249 12,439 12, Total ,749 24,944 12,289 12, % Growth/year 2.22 % 1.11 % 1.02 % 1.21 % Source: Sambelia Sub-District in Figure, *) still as parts of Sambelia Village, not yet separated The Sambelia Sub District population in the year of 2004 is about 26,334 people, live in 7,498 families, or each family consists of about 4 people: husban, wife and two children. The portion of male is about 49% less than portion of female. Increase of population and family per year is about 1.11% and 2.22% respectively in the periode of (Table 3)

77 ) Local Economic Activities, GRDP The contribution of Agricultural sector into Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in West Nusa Tenggara is still high although it is a decline trend currently. Based on market price, the contribution decline from 28.49% in 2000 to 25.20% in This is slightly different to that Based on the 1993 Constant Price (Table 4).. Table 4. The Contribution of Agricultural Sector into Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of West Nusa Tenggara From Based on Market Price and the 1993 Constant Price, (Rp ) Year Market Price Constant Price Rp. % Rp. % ,296, ,211, ,694, ,219, ,977, ,236, Source: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Province, 2004 This declining is expected, indicating that there is a progress in national development. Eventually, the contribution of agricultural should be just about providing raw materials for industries. In agregate, the GRDP of West Nusa Tenggara both based on market price and constant price tend to increase from year to year (Table 5). The big difference between GRDP based on market price and the GRDP based on constant price, indicating the high rate of inflation. Table 5. The Increase of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of West Nusa Tenggara Based on Market Price and the 1993 Constant Price, (Rp ) GRDP The Increase Year 1993 Constant 1993 Constant Market Price Market Price Price Price ,569,978 4,377,225 na na ,135,550 4,770, ,784,629 4,950, Source: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Province, 2004, na: not available

78 15 and 7. The detail figure of GRDP of West Nusa Tenggara Province is presented in Appendix General Condition of Target Village This session presents Profile of Village, Local Economical Activities, Forest/Land Use Pattern, and Future plan. The rich and depth of discussion go along with the data availability both primary and secondary data. The secondary data and literature study are involved to attempt the discussion expanded informatively ) Profile of Village Demography Labuan Pandan Village consists of 5 sub villages, occupied by 6, 896 people (2,300 families) (Table 6) and about 49% is male. Tabel 6. Number of Family, Number of Peopleof Labuan Pandan Village by Sex and by Sub Villages, 2006 No. Sub Village Number of Number of people family Total Male Female 1 Labuan Pandan 456 1, Padak Guar 655 1, Sendang Gale 509 1, Veteran 345 1, Pulur Total 2,300 6,896 3,399 3,497 Source: The Monography of Labuan Pandan Village, 2006 From 25 farmer repondents, it is identified that the family size range between 1 to 15 people with the average of 5 people per family (Table 7). This is not including the head of family. In the ground level, the number of girl is more than boy with the girl-boy ratio is 1,32. Mortality rate is also high, from 112 children born, some of 22 children are die, two died children per family in average. There are 4 families (out of 25 respondents) practicing polygamy in the sense that they marry more than once.

79 16 Table 7. The Composition of Family of Respondents, Lombok CDM Project 2006 Detail Wife Boys Girls Others Total Died Total Min Max Average Source: Primary data The high load of family without balancing by enough income, causing local people remain poor. NTB province is the poorest people nationally. Annual income of local people lay far below the NTB Province Minimum Wage. It ranges between Rp 960,000 to Rp 1,440,000 with the average of Rp1,212,000 per year (Appendix 10) while the Province Minimum Wage is Rp 400,000 per month or Rp 4,800,000 per yar. With the very low level of education (the majority of elementary school) which also associated with skills, it is understandable if most of them are low productive people. Besides low skill, low purchase power contributes significantly to labor wage. This, will in turn will determine the level of income, the very basic cause of many fails in running social project. Issue of poverty in this place is complex, kind of satanic circle: low education leads to low skill, low skill leads to low productivity, low productivity leads to low investment, low investment leads to low education, etc. Usman (2003) identified that at least, there are 4 factors causes them poor; miss money management, low productivity, high loading family, and marriage-divorce. These causes can stand alone or combination of two or more. Dynamics of Population Change in The Last 2 Decades of Labuan Pandan Village The changes of population for this village is unidentified. This is because of the rearrangement of area administratively for decades. The Village of Labuan Pandan historically have been exist since 1960s as a village of Pringgabaya Sub District. This Sub district was divided into two, emerging Sambelia Sub District. At that time, the status of Labuan Pandan changed from village to sub village of Sambelia, which consist of 13 sub villages. In 2002, Sambelia Village was divided into three villages: Sambelia, Labuan Pandan and Sugian Villages. In 2005, the Labuan Pandan village established definitifely with Mr. Arifin as the first head of the village. The Feature of Labuan Pandan Village

80 17 Labuan Pandan is a multiculture village, occupied dominantly by Sasak ethnic (65%). The other ethnics are: Bugis, Java, Bali, Bima and Sumbawa. The majority (80%) of land in this village is forest, and the rest is dry and sleeping lands. The land there is chategorised as low quality soil, heavy soil which is hard to use for crops. The only known water spring is located in Bokor, about five kilometers from the village, take about two hours on food. The capacity of the water spring 600 mls per 11 seconds or 54 mls per second measured in dry season. In the driy season, which is peaked on July, Augest, September, the location is very sensitive on fire. fire is the very common nature dissastre happened at the village. People of that villages is populer of their habit in distroying forest. They collect fuelwood from forest by cutting the trees illegally for their income. Almost all family in the village have stock of fuelwood to be sold (Picture 1,2,3,4). They cut, and choop the wood in due common size and tie it in about 30 cm in diameters. Each tie can contain cut wood with the length about cm. A tie of wood is enough for two days cooking for common family, that is cooking just for family not for selling. They sold about Rp 3.000,- per tie in their place, the buyers come with truck and carry the wood to market in the cities. The demand of fuelwood is predicted to increase more than double within this year as a direct impact of the increase of oil (carosine) price. Beside expensive, the availability of carosine is unstable, compete with the tobacco farmers who buy the carosine in big amount to dry (oven) their tobacco leaves, and left the oil empty for other people. There are 7,289 families using fuelwood for cooking (domestic purpose), far higher compare to those who use carosine stove (Table 8). Majority (86%) of family in Sambelia Sub District rely on wood for cooking. Table 8. The Number of Family in Sambelia Sub District by Village and by Source of Energy for Domestic Purpose, 2004 No. Village Fuelwood Kerosene Total family % of fire wood 1 Sambelia 1, , Belanting 1, , Obel-obel , Sugian 1, , Labuan Pandan 1, , Total 7,289 1,191 8, Sources: Sambelia District in Figure, 2004

81 18 All 25 farmer respondents use fuelwood for cooking. Only one respondent uses carosine stove in addition to fuelwood (Appendix 10). The rate use of fuelwood of the respondents ranges between 2.54 to with the average of 7.68 m3/month (Appendix 10). It depend on number of dishes (menus) they cook which is 40% of people cook just one menu (Table 9). Table 9. Number of Menu Cooked by Respondents, Lombok CDM Project, Variation of cook N respondent % 1 menu menu menu menu 4 16 Total Source: Primary data Beside rice which serves three times per day in common, (few two times per day) they also cook 1) vegetable, 2) fish, 3) drink water, 4) cake 5) cofee/tea. Some respondents boild corn not just for family consumption, but also for selling. Latter respondents need more fuelwood. Actually, it is hard for respondents to answer the amount of fuelwood they use per month. To get this data, team approaches using the frequency of cooking and how many pieces of wood they use per time of cooking. The team counted themselves to get the figure. According to the best prediction of respondents, the volume of fuelwood they used ranges from 2.54 to m3 with the average of 7.68 m3 per month. This figure is bigger than that in Sakaroh which is 1,87 m3 per month per family on average, or 22,44 m3 per year with ranges from 2,2 to 1 m3 per month (Usman, 2003). The possible reason is the frequency and the volume of cooking. Labuan Pandan people cook more often and more dishes variative, besides some Pandan people cook dishes for selling. The frequency of collecting fuelwood mostly (60%) on the week base, 32% on the daily base and the rest is monthly base. They spend 15 to 50 minutes walking to the place of fuelwood which commonly (60%) is from forest. The rest is from field (garden), from homeyard and others. For time being, they do not feel fuelwood as a problem. Beside for domestic purpose, wood is also used for industries: lime stone, red brick, and clay tile including for restoran especially in the form of charcool for satay. They put the chooped

82 19 wood in chamber (Picture 5) to burn the staffs. The lime powder in plastic sacks are store in their kiosk (Picture 6) waiting for buyers. Some home agroindustries also use fuelwood for cooking their product to gain the special favour of the product ) Local Economical Activities The majority of Sambelia people work in agricultural sector. In the year of 2004, the number of agricultural labourer is 9,659 people, land owner 1,646 people and livestock 1,105 people (see the detail in Appendix 9). In non-agricultural sector, people working as trader is rank 1 (42.87%) followed by transport (31,55%) and the other activities which range of 2.32% % (Table 10). The detail of Local Economical Activities (Non Agricultural Sector) of People in Sambelia Sub District, 2004 is presented in Appendix 10. Table 10. Local Economical Activities (Non Agricultural Sector) of People in Sambelia Sub District, 2004 Economic activities People % 1. Transport Skill labor:wood Silled labor: brick Digger: mining Sivil servant Militery/policement Trader Industry Total Sources: Sambelia District in Figure, 2004 Data collected shows that some 20% of respondent do not have own land. This group run farming on other people land with rent land or share yield. There are 44% respondents who own land also tillage other people land. This indicate the performance and conduct of people. Those who diligently work on land can manage more, contradict to those who are less dilligent. It is also found that the land under their authorisation (own or rent) is used less intensive in the

83 20 meaning that some area of the land is left unplanted. The majority (56%) respondents grow crop on their land, some 48% grow fruit trees dominantly cashew fruit and only very few respondets want to grow forest tree on their land. Asking further for their reason, the main consideration is cash, short term income. They grow crop for meeting the daily need. They perceive that growing forest tree is uncertain in the sense of harvesting product. Because take longer time for tree for growing up until reach the marketable size, there is no guarantee that they will have chance to harvest the trees. Some unexpected cases discourage them to grow trees. Grown trees planted by certain people are harvested by other people, unfair. Beside time factor and uncertainty, farmers respondents also consider 1) price, 2) soil compatibility, 3) seed availabilty, 4) cost rate, 5) invironmental reason, 6) easyness (familiarity) in choosing the plants. Reason 2 (soil compatibility) stand at number 1 followed by reason 1 and others. Respondents assess that crop is not the main Source of income. More money they earn from hiring labour, contribute about 62%. This is true, spesifically in the era of project when many people got chance to hire their lebourer. Their annual income ranges from Rp. 960,000 to Rp. 1,440,000 with the with the average of Rp. 1,212, ) Forest/Land Use Pattern Opinions to the CDM project CDM is not so familiar to people in Lombok. Not many people now the project. No farmer know the meaning of CDM. Farmers perceive the project just the same as common rebisation project. Planting trees, meintaining them until the trees grown up und their canopies cover the land are the activies they known in this project, not different to reboisation project. Most of university people do not know CDM. They express their opinion after interviewer explained the CDM in advance. In principle, they support the CDM project. A Mataram university staff assesses that it needs a high commitment to maintain this earth from the distroy. There is a polemic in economic development: resource economic vs environmental economic. Resource development focus its study on extracting the resources optimally without enough concern to environmental impact. This is common in the capitalist line of thinking, profit maximisation. On the other hand, the negative impact of the practices left the deep shore to the people. Global warming, drier climate, flood, erosion etc have reached the serious and untolerable condition. This worries push people to think about recovering the environment. Where the money comes to cost the environmental development? CDM is a clean development mechanism which take

84 21 into account the environment in due portion. Countries that do not have forest should pay compentation to the countries with their forest. This is to pursue the green countries not to shrimp their forest area, even, they are encouraged to enlarge their forest to balance the CO2 emition in the air with the ability of leaves to absorb the CO2. Refers to kyoto protocol concept, CDM seems very complecated concept. It is suspectable that the diificulties are being on purpose as some developed countries seems still reluctant to pay compensation ) Future plan Problems, Troubles Or Difficulties Based on in deepth discussion with local government and its staffs, it can be summarised that the main trouble in future plan for forest in that location are water, fire, poor clay soil and price of agricultural products. All responden are eagerly hope government and other stake holders to get involve in tackling the problems. These three problems causing people frequently fail in running reboisation and reforestration. Prior to this current CDM project, that site has been efforted to plant forest trees. Unright time of planting (too late) causing the trees die of drought. Although the trees get a life in the rainy season, but because the water limitation, and fire particularly in dry season, cause the life trees distinguished. In the long run issue, once the trees have grown up, the common potential problem is illegal logging. This practice reaches the peak at the time of reformation. People feel free to cut trees under reason that the unfairness system stipulated by government does not help the poor people in tackling their life problems. Cutting trees is the anger expression of people. Some people confronted this reason. This group of people tend to see that people used and cut the tree for their income. The closeness of job opportunity in industrial and trading sector direct the people to peep the forest as their source of income. Based on respondents, the main problem their face in income generating (livelihood) is the difficulties in finding job opportunity (a) and low wage (b). The total of responden facing this two problems reach 66% (the total percentage from No 1 to No 5 (Table 11). Table 11. The Problems in Running Livelihood of Repondents, 2006 No. Problem in livelihood n Repondent % 1 a 2 8 Explanation 2 a,b 2 8 a. finding job opportunity 3 a,b,c,d,e 3 12 b. low wage

85 22 4 a,e 1 4 c. poor skill 5 b 8 32 d. low price 6 c 4 16 e. natural disastre 7 d 2 8 f. Working capital 8 e f 1 4 Total Source: Primary data The hardness in finding job causing people get involve in bribe practices, especially in getting government employee both as civil servant and as military staffs. Not many people are able to bribe and win the competition in getting the job. Those who fail in the competition, leave their fate to the time. No alternative, rather than zerro, they forcefully accept the low pay job or step in the forest for generating income. This, in turn, will add the vandalism of the forest. Besides economic factor, deforestration in Lombok are also triggered by social and political factors. This is concordance with Yakin (2005) which reported that the weakness in law enforcement, social envy, misslead of NGO function contribute to practices of deforestration in Rinjani Maountain Area. In some cases, local government officers are supposed to shield and maintain the forest, but in field it is found that they are also involved in taking part in illegal logging activities. Tree Plantation (Positive And Negative Effect of Project To Local People) All respondens but one expressed that the presence of CDM project does not loose them. On the othe hand, they get benefit from the project. In short run, they get chance to hire their labor for the project from land preparartion, digging hole, planting and maintaining until enough age and heigh for the trees to have a self restrain especially from a drought. The reasons of joining CDM project are for earning wage (80%) as they are involved as daily hired labourers, for getting land for growing crop (15%) and for getting fuelwood (5%) (Appendix 10). It seems contradictive, only 5% respondent confess that their involvement in CDM project is for fuelwood, mean while they claim that all of them (100%) use fuelwood for cooking. Apparantly, they meant that they do not collect fuelwood much from the CDM site, but most of the fuelwood are from exist forest, garden and home yard, not from CDM project site. However, it is very possible in the future after trees grown up that CDM project is one pontential target area for people to collect fuelwood. Unless there is an alternative resource of fuelwood so the people do not need to disturb the CDM project.

86 23 Actually, local people want to participate in the project not only as hired labourers but also want to use the land for growing crop for certain periode until the forest trees grown up. Some 76% respondents show their willingness to use the land for crop. All respondends but one do not agree to involve people out of the village to participate in project especially as employees. They expect the project very much to put a main priority to the local people to be involved in that activities. Asking forest maintenance, some 68% respondents agree that local people should take care for the forest, 28% respondents said that the forest should maintained by government together with the local people, and the rest of 4% respondents said that industriest should take responsiblity for the forest. The majority of respondents (88%) are ready to play their function of social control by hindering and aborting any body who want to distroy the forest. The perceptions of respondent toward the forest worthy in their life are various. According to their answers, there are three benefits respondents elicit from forest namely: 1) for income generating, 2) for water spring, 3) and for erosion prevention. Some 28% respondents gave a single answer (answer 1 or 3, none for answer 2), 48% gave multiple answers (the combination of anwers 1-2, , 1-3, and 2-3). It is also identified that 24% respondents can not perceive the worthy of forest and saying none they got from forest. The latter respondents do not concern much to the development of forest. The other issue collected from respondents is regulation and institution. Local traditional regulation is exist informally, means that the regulation is not in the form of written document. They confess the effectiveness of the traditional regulation as a reference norm of the people. To those who break the regulation will burden a sanction which is negotiable and in family context. If they fail to agree the kind of sanction, the laggard person can escape from the sanction, but people will social-psycologically exile the laggard unrespectfully. According to local people thought, to keep trees remain alife is by watering them in dry season particularly for the first three years of planting. They explained that the cause of failure so far is because the planted trees were not watered in dry season, and then replant again next coming year which face the same fate (die again in dry season). That occurred repeatedly year to year Effect of Project on Local Community The Involvement of Local People

87 24 Unlike social forestry, the CDM project involved the local people as a daily base laborers, not as owners/keepers, eat least for this first year planting. Involving local people in running CDM comprises a dilema. o In one hand, it has been made an offer to local people to utilise the CDM site to grow crop, but they are reluctan to accept the offer, because the land/soil is too heavy (Vertisol/ clay land) can not be used to grow crops. o On the other hand, they do not agree if the land is to be tealage by people out of the Labuan Pandan Village. They worry if (in the future) the new comer will claim the land as theirs. The local people prefer to leave the land empty rather than using by other villagers. o To moderate this conflict, the project does not involve people out of the village but involve the local villagers as daily hire laborers with the rate of Rp /day, 11 laborers per lot, 4 lots of 10 ha. The total of labourers involved for time being is 44 labourers including four field coordinatoors for each lot. o The main enemy of this project in the sense of keeping the trees a life is fire. In June, July, and August, the air is very dry. It is very easy to cause the fire. The cigarate fire that through carelessly by people can trigger the serious forest fire. o The other enemy is illegal usage. Learning from experience, all respondents agree to preceive that the absence of local people to take care the forest emerges a high risk. When the trees grown up and already reach the size to be used, unidentified people come to the site and cut down the trees without caring the sustainability of the forest. The local people stay backward while other parts (people) take benefit from the land in that place. This can be viewed as a triggered of social envy

88 25 REFERENCE The UNDP, in Anonimous, Proposal of Project for Establishment of Model for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) for Forest in Lombok. Cooperation between Japan International Forest Promotion and Cooperation Centre (JIFPRO) and Provincial Forestry Services of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Anonimous, Methodological Issues land use, land-use change and forestry:defintions and modalities for including afforestation and reforestation activities under article 12 of the KYOTO PROTOCOL Hartina and Tejowulan, Community Forrestry in Lombok. Paper fro JIFPRO FELLOW Workshop on January 2006 in Mataram. Yakin A Community Involvement and Invironmental Management of Rinjani National Park, Lombok Island in Sustainable Lombok: The Rich Nature and The Rich People in The 21 St Century. Editied By Mitsuda, H And Sayuti, HS. Mataram University Press. Usman, A Bench Mark Socio-Economic Survey Of Jifpro Planting Project. Collaboration Between Forest Resource Study Centre (PKSK) With Japan International Forestry Promotion And Cooperation Center (JIFPRO)

89 Appendix 1 Village Map and Project site Appendix 2 Map of Plantation Project Area P.13 P.152 Appendix 3. SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY IN SAMBELIA SUB DISTRICT, EAST LOMBOK REGENCY FOR CDM PROJECT, 2006 List of Farmers who Involve in CDM Project Quesstionnaires Lot 1 Kpg Leper Lot III Kurubian II No. Nama No. Nama 1 Aq. Jalah 1 Aq. Arifin 2 Jalaluddin 2 Herman 3 Aq. Iduk 3 Mashur 4 Sidi 4 Mashar 5 Saifuddin 5 Awal 6 Adi- Lio 6 Mahya 7 Sabri 7 Andi 8 Aq. Urun 8 Anahe 9 Pak Pau 9 Sue (Roso) 10 Loq. Rim 10 Junas 11 Lo Jumenep 11 Aq. Run Lot II Padak Guar Lot IV Kurubian I No. Nama No. Nama 1 Hamblin 1 Aq. Muar 2 Aq. Lan 2 Aq. Ir 3 Landri 3 Bp Ah 4 P' Yah 4 Bolang 5 Amat 5 Jun 6 Jainuddin 6 Guntur 7 Azis 7 Man 8 Bp. Rita 8 Aq. Pit 9 Aq. Yus (M) 9 Bp. Eli 10 Andi (anak aq Yus) 10 Man 11 Basirun 11 Muardi

90 Quesstionnaire (for farmers) Pewawancara Tgl wawancara Waktu No: A. Profile 1. Nama Reponden 2. Umur 3. Alamat 4. Pekerjaan pokok 5. Pekerjaan sampingan 6. Asal dari mana? 7. Jumlah tanggungan Istri: org, anak laki: org, anak perempuan: org, lainnya org, meninggal org. B. Pendapaatan 8. Lahan yang dikuasaai Milik :.. ha,.. petak Bukan milik :.. ha,.. petak 9. Apa yang ditanam? Tanaman hutan, b) tanaman buah c) tanaman semusim d) lainnya 10. Pertimbangan dalam a) harga, b) kecocokan lahan, c) ketersediaan bibit, d) penggunan lahan (memilih murah biaya, e) lingkungan, f) kemudahan usaha tanaman) 11. Sumber pendapatan a) buruh, b) usaha sendiri 1) c)pemberian 12. Porsi sumber pendapatan

91 (%) 13. Apa masalah dalam mencari nafkah? a) lapangan kerja, b) upah rendah, c) keterampilan, d) pemasaran, e) alam (air, api, hama), f) lainnya C. Bahan bakar rumah tangga 14. Masak pakai 15. Frequensi masak (x/hari) 16. Selain nasi, juga masak 17. Asal kayu api 18. Jumlah penggunaan per hari 19. Pengadaan kayu api 20. Jarak (lama) tempuh dari rumah ke lokasi kayu api a). Kayu api, b). kompor minyak, c). kompor gas d). tungku pobara. e) lainnya a) 1, b) 2, c) 3d a) sayur, b) ikan, c) air minum, d) jajan e) kopi/teh a) beli, b) dari hutan, c) d) dari kebun, e) dari halaman, f) lainnya....batang, panjangnya...cm, diameter... a) tiap hari, b) tiap minggu, c) tiap bulan, d) lainnya D. Keterlibatan dalam proyek 21. Ikut CDM? 22. Alasan ikut proyek CDM 23. Alasan tidak ikut proyek CDM 24. Mau kelola lahan CDM? 25. Setuju libatkan orang luar desa untuk kelola lahan CDM? 26. Siapa yag bertanggung jawab pada pohon di lahan CDM? 27. Jika ada yang tebang pohon nanti, biarkan saaja? 28. Adanya CDM, merugikan Bapak? Ya/tidak a) dapat gaji, b) kelola lahannya, c) dapat kayunya, d) lainnya a) tidak tahu, b) tidak dilibatkan, c) tidak mau d) lainnya Ya/tidak Ya/tidak a) pemerintah, b) masyarakat setempat, c) pengusaha, d) lainnya Ya/tidak Ya/yidak.

92 29. Dengan adanya CDM, lahan tersebut tidak lagi bisa untuk: 30. Guna hutan (CDM) bagi bapak? a) ambil rumput ternak, b) ambil kayu api, c) betanam tanaman semusim, d) lainnya a) sumber penghasilan, b) sumber kesejukan, c) sumber air, d) cegah erosi, f) tidak ada

93 E. Kelembagaan 31. Ada awik-awik (aturan desa) di sini? 32. Efektif kah awik awik tsb? Ada/tidak Ya/tidak F. Lainnya 1) usahatani (perladangan berpindah padang, kebun buah, kebun sayur, sawah, hutan tani, lainnya), peternakan, perikanan, pengumpul hasil hutan non kayu (buah, berburu, produk bernilai tinggi, sarang burung, rotan, kayu aloe, madu, lainnya), kayu( kayu bakar, kayu bangunan, bahan kerajinan, kayu bulat, lainnya) Jika jawaban lebih dari satu, dapatkan gambaran porsinya (%).

94 Appendix 4. Population of West Nusa Tenggara by District/municipality and Sex, 2004 No District Number of person Total Male Female Area (Km2) Population density (n/km2) 1 Lombok Barat 708, , ,087 1, Lombok Tengah 776, , ,897 1, Lombok Timur 1,012, , ,962 1, Kota Mataram 339, , , ,019 Total Lombok 2,837,642 1,341,516 1,496,126 4, Sumbawa 678, , ,121 8, Dompu 190,796 94,283 96,513 2, Bima 517, , ,358 4, Total Sumbawa 1,387, , ,992 15, Total NTB Resource: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, 2004

95 Appendix 5. Population of East Lombok District by sub-district and sex, 2004

96

97 Appendix 6. GRDP of West Nusa tenggara by Industrial Origin at Current Market Price, (Rp ) No Sector Rp % Rp % Rp % Rp % 1 Agriculture 3,296, ,694, ,977, ,082, Farm Food Crops 2,107, ,348, ,492, ,535, Estate Crops 299, , , , Livestock 458, , , , Forestry 120, , , , Fishery 308, , , , Mining and Quarriying 2,944, ,316, ,834, ,757, Manufacturing 500, , , , Water, Gas and electricity 30, , , , Construction 779, , ,036, ,169, Trade, Restorant and Hotels 1,550, ,818, ,053, ,243, Transportation, Storage and Communication 891, ,053, ,326, ,476, Finance, Rental and business services 165, , , , Public services 1,410, ,565, ,652, ,979, Total 11,569, ,135, ,784, ,828, Resource: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Province, 2004 Appendix 7. GRDP of West Nusa tenggara by Industrial Origin at 1993 Constant Price, (Rp ) Sector Rp % Rp % Rp % Rp % 1 Agriculture 1,211, ,219, ,236, ,275, Farm Food Crops 769, , , , Estate Crops 115, , , , Livestock 155, , , , Forestry 45, , , , Fishery 125, , , , Mining and Quarriying 1,084, ,379, ,442, ,447, Processing Industry 173, , , , Water, Gas and electricity 19, , , , Construction 271, , , , No

98 6 Trade, Restorant and Hotels 548, , , , Transportation, Storage and Communication 423, , , , Finance, Rental and business services 78, , , , Public services 565, , , , Total 4,377, ,770, ,950, ,385, Resource: Statistic of Nusa Tenggara Province, 2004

99 PDD A ( ) 1) A/R CDM PDD A A/R CDM F A/R CDM D On the analysis of the environmental impacts, including impacts on biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and impacts outside the project boundary of the afforestation or reforestation project activity under CDM. This analysis should include information on hydrology, soils, risk of fires, pests and diseases(19/cp.9-an.) DNA Check List Mataram Part Part Part CDM PDD (A4.1.5) () () 2) PDD CDM PDD A/R CDM A/R CDM

100 A/R CDM 2007 PDD Check List Check List A/R CDM 2007 PDD (UNFCCC 2007) (mm) ( C) (drought) ( ) ( 50% ) ( 50% ) 1) ha Rinjani (3,767m)

101 /km2 (boundary) () ) Mt.Nangi(2307m) / ( 20 ) 65-85m Kurbian Kurbian Kurbian 2300m (15km) 11/12 3) / Denumdera(DDA) ( ) Inceptisol Vertisol Alfisol Ustropept Pellustert 50% (ph ) Vertisol Alfisol

102 4) Rinjani 700~1,000mm ( 1-3-1) 50km 90% 65%~75% Oldeman E4 25 C C 11 C 20km Sambelia Kurbian

103 1-3-1 ( ) Station Year Month sum 1.Sambelia , , Average ,014 2.Pringgabaya Average , ,2 Grand average : ,9 5) Heteropogon contortus Polytrias praemosa Zyziphus mummularia 5m

104 Table Protected Bird in Lombok (modified from WWF, 2004) Treros floris, Ducula lecernulata, Halcyon Australasia, Caridonax fulgidus, Pitta elegans, Zoothera dohertyi, Phylloscopus presbyted, Dicaeum maugei, Lichmera Lombokin Source: Flora Dan Fauna Kawasan Gunung Rinjani (WWF, TNGR, DISHUT) Table1-3-3 List of protected flora in Lombok (modified from WWF, 2004) Magnolia candolii (= Talauma soembensis), Myristica fatua var. Sphanoghean Myristica lancifolia var. montana ontana, Mammea congregate, Heritiera gigantean(?), Flacourtia zippelii var. rindjanica, Clethra javanica var. lombokensis,christia paroiflora lora, Eucalyptus urophylla, Terminalia stambawana,alangium villosum var. popuflorum, Mangifera timorensis,argyreia bifrons, Argyreia glabra, Stictocardia cordatosepaia, Vernonia albifolia, Vernonia tengwallii, Salacca zalacca var. Amboinensis, Chrysogogon lenuiculmis, Dendrobium rindjaniense,, Peristylus alberlii, Peristylus rindjaniensis, Vanda lombokensis, Vanda drakei, Vanda punclata, Vanda tricuspidata, Dipterocarpus retusus Source: Flora Dan Fauna Kawasan Gunung Rinjani (WWF, TNGR, DISHUT) Rinjani Kurbian UNFCCC CDM-EB(2007): Guidelines for completing CDM-SSC-AR-PDD and F-CDM-SSC-AR-Subm CDM-ver.03 WWF Indonesia (2004): Flora dan Fauna Kawasan Grung Rinjani Lombok-Nusa Tenggara Barat. WWF Program Nusa Tenggara, Mataram

105 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 1 ( 7) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS BY FORESTATION: STUDY ON BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION OF KURBIAN s JIFPRO CDM PROJECT SITE Part 1 STUDY ON BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION OF KURBIAN s JIFPRO CDM PROJECT SITE Conducted By: UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM incollaboration with JIFPRO and DINAS KEHUTANAN PROVINCE OF WEST NUSATENGGARA Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram MATARAM, MARCH 2006

106 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 2 STUDY ON BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION OF KURBIAN s JIFPRO CDM PROJECT SITE 1. BACKGROUND Increasing human populations, decreasing resources, social and economic instability, and environmental degradation pose serious threats to natural processess that sustain the global ecosphere and life on earth. Global climate change, depletion of protective ozone layer, serious declines in species biodiversity, and degradation and loss of productive agricultural and forest land are among the most pressing concerns associated with our technological search for a higher standard of living for an ever-growing human population. Past management of forestry, agriculture, and other ecosystems to meet the need for increasing population has taxed the resiliency of soil, land, and natural processes to maintain global balances of energy and matter. The quality of many soils worldwide has decline significantly since grasslands and forestland were converted to arable agriculture and cultivation. Intensive cultivation and continued deforestation have resulted in physical soil loss and displacement through erosion, large decreases in soil organic matter content, and a concomitant release of organic C as carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In the last two decades, it has been recorded that over 15% of the earth s arable land was considered severely degraded as a result of soil erosion, atmospheric pollution, extensive soil cultivation, overgrazing, land clearing, salinization, and desertification. The quality of land has been jeopardized in many parts of the world by intensive land management practices and this resulted in consequent imbalance of C, N, and water cycling in soil that contribute to the world atmospheric problem. The way people manage the land can influence atmospheric quality through changes in the soil quality to produce or consume important atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane. These necessitates serious effort atmospheric gaseous have resulted in many uncertainties concerning the ability of the globe to sustain human needs and environmental needed by human being. Because of the present threat of global climate change and ozone depletion, through elevated levels at atmospheric gases and altered hydrological cycles necessitates efforts to return the gases into its solid phases, in healthy balance with their concentrations in the atmosphere. A Clean Development Management program, commonly called as CDM is initiated to accelerate the sesquiteration of these polluting atmospheric gases through reforestation. 2. OBJECTIVES General objective. This study is aiming at acquiring basic information on environmental conditions of the Kurbian region, a site designated for the implementation of reforestation in the scheme of JIFPRO s CDM program. Specific objectives. The specific objectives of the environmental study conducted in the proposed Kurbian s site project are to obtain: Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

107 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 3 Detailed of geographical location of the proposed areas in Kurbian; and A description of the present environmental condition of the proposed area 3. OUTPUTS This study is expected to produce data and information on: General information on Geology. General information on soil. General information on climate. General information on ecosystem diversity. General information on endangered and rare fauna and flora. Existance of natural conservation regulation in the surrounding proposed project site. Existance of endangered or rare fauna and flora. Existance of officially regulated breeding and feeding fround for wild life. 4. GEOGRAPHYCAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED AR-CDM PROJECT SITE IN KURBIAN The proposed AR-CDM project site in Lombok is located in Kurbian region, a sub village of Labuan Pandan village, District of East Lombok, Province of West Nusa Tenggara. It is situated at the Northeastern side of Lombok Island at Latitude S 080 o 26.6 and Longitude E 116 o The site lies in a degraded forest land in the footslope of Mt. Nangi (Mt. Rinjani Complex) and is close to dry coastal region of Labuhan pandan and Sambelia. The site is bordered by farmland in the East, South, and West side direction and by degraded forest land in the North. In the South of the site project also lies Kurbian river. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE PROPOSED AREA Understanding the environmental issues and conditions of the project site is detrimental for the successful implementation of the AR- CDM project. For this reason, such data and information should me made available. Among important environmental data and information are geology, soil, climate, ecosystem biodiversity, and endagered flora and fauna that will be described further in the following discussion Geological Status. Understanding geological status is of important for studying ecology and environment and other aspects of life sciences. Geological information is valuable because it is related directly and indirectly to topography, geographycal status, and discussion on river system and water condition in the landscapes. Geology. Geological status of Kurbian region is generally very young, as it can be traced from the geological status of Lombok island (Tabel 1). The area is believed to age about 200,000 year ago as it can be related to the formation of the northern s volcano of Lombok island, on which the kurbian is now located. Lombok geological features is mainly oceanic in origin, rising out of deep water. As a consequences of this, coastal or marine land forms are not well developed. Fewer of these land forms exist here because of the recent uplift of reef limestone and sedimentary materials that Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

108 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 4 made of the southern part of this island. Most of coastal plain in Lombok is therefore no more than a narrow fringe. The largest is those of Mataram plain. Lombok island has two basic hill or mountain land forms. The older volcanoes such as Mt. Nangi (where the Kurbian is situated) are strongly dissected, with high, narrow, and steep-sided mountain ridges. Younger and active volcanic centers have a characteristic conical form, characterized by Mt. Rinjani (3726 m). Such a cone called stratovolcanoes made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic rocks, mostly of intermediate basic/andesitic composition having medium viscocity. Kurbian site lies on valleys bottom/deposits made of colluvial fan and lahar of Mt. Nangi and frequently covered by volcanic ash of Mt. Rinjani. Colluvial fans are material transported by gravity that accumulates at the base of steep slopes, such as rock screes. Table 1. The geological history of Lombok Island. Cenozic: Quaternary Holocene Period Ended of millions of years ago Central plains infills Lombok Island Pleistocene northern volcanoes form (initially marine) Tertiary: Pilocene 1 Tertiary: Pilocene Miocene 10 Southern volcanoes form (Initially marine) Oligocene 25 Base of pre-miocene marine rocks Eocene 40 Palaeocene 60 Mesozoic: Cretaceous 70 Did not exist Jurassic 145 Geographycal status and topography. Kurbian located at the slope of Mt. Nangi (2307 m) at elevation between 65 to 85m asl with physiographic type of fans and lahar or meander belts, having amplitude of feature less than 10 m. Most of the land in the site are characterized by gently sloping slope with fewer flat areas in the bottom of the slope. River System and water condition. Hydrological balance is certainly once of the most important limiting factors for flora, fauna, and human population. This problem is more pronounced in small island such as Lombok. Since components of the hydrological cycle (precipitation, evaporation, run off, and percolation to the groundwater) are linked directly to geological and climatic condition; the status of rivers, lakes, swamps, and groundwater determines the extent of life that can be sustained. The increasing demand for land and water makes small island vulnarable, causes several problems. Poor land management leads to surface erosion, downstream flooding, and sedimentation. An understanding of the basic hydrological of an area is therefore essential for planning development strategies. Beside that, major efforts to conserve the limited water supplies of this island are needed and forest can be used to prevent further degradation on water quantity and quality. Forests is also minimizing water shortages. The drainage pattern of Kurbian region resembles to those of drainage pattern of Lombok island, divided longitudinally along the central axis by mountain. River flowing into two dominan opposing directions, characterized by short and steep flow resulting in flash floods that peak quickly. The mountain is the source of all rivers. Kurbian river is one of the rivers comprising east catchment river systems on Lombok island. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

109 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 5 Kurbian river has a dendritric river systems, measured at about 15 km at its longest length. Like many rivers in Nortwest, Norteast, and nothern parts of Lombok island, river shape more or less are straight, at 90 o to coast, short, steep, and seasonal. Kurbian rivers flows between November or December and August with its regular debit large in wet season and very little to drying up completely during dry season. During rainy seasons, after few hours of the rainfalls, the water drops rapidly. Because the catchment area is small and steep, run off and, therefore river-flow rates are closely linked to rainfall in time and intensity. Irregularity of the rainfall pattern makes difficult to see the pattern of river discharge. The river patterns are extremely variable. Our measurement shows that the base flow during rainy seasons are 5, 20, 100, 85, and 15 liter per second for the month of November, December, January, February, and March, respectively. The base flow may only 2 or 3 % of the peak flow during the rainy seasons. Such a river is difficult to harness for useful purposes. In term of ground water, being dominated by volcano lahar and unconsolidated primary and secondary layer, kurbian region could be an excellent to medium aquifers because of their high porosity. However, because of dry climate, uneven rainfall distribution (resulting in high run off), this region may anly pose a medium to a low potential source for undergroundwater Soils. Studying of soil can be valuable for scientists to infer local climate, potential productivity, and other important management considerations at a given site. Erosion and fertility of soil, for example, are two important considerations in discussion on water resources, agriculture, and ecological development management. Soils develop from acid rocks tend to be infertile as compared to those of basic rock origin. High ph of soil may restrict the availability of phosphorus, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Cl, and converselly at low ph soils they may cause toxicity. For these reasons soil classification and description is necessary. Furthermore, knowing the fertility of soils is of important for planning activities related to agriculture and biomas production and of physical soil properties for information concerning the sensitivity of a soil towards erosion. Soil classification and description. Soils of Kurbian areas are of Denumdera (DDA) land system with land type of dissected intermediate/basic lava flows in dry areas. This site sits on igneous, intermediate hilly plain. Lithology is of volcanic origin, containing a mixture of basalt and andesite rocks. At higher elevation is dominated by Gamkonora (GKA) land system with land type of stratovolcanos on intermediate/basic volcanoes. At lower elevation is Hadakewa (HKA) land system with land type of moderately sloping volcanic alluvial fans in arid areas. Soils of Kurbian region are dominated by inceptisol with vertisols presents as associate soil. Kurbian CDM site sits at a complex soil among vertisols, inceptisols, and alfisols (the later is not in the proposed project site). The present of inceptisols are characterized by the occurrence of cambic horizon on its profiles. It is classified to suborder tropepts and soil type ustropepts. The present of vertisols are indicated by black color soils, high clay content, high stickiness, low permeability, and slinckinesses occurance at lower profiles that can be classified into suborder usterts and soil type pellusterts. Alfisols present are indicated by illuviated clay layer at B horizon. This soils may be classified to sub order ustalfs and soil type haplustalfs. Most of the soils in Kurbian sites have less than 15 o slope, therefore they are suitable for cultivation. This suggestion is supported by agricultural activities practiced by farmers in the surrounding project site that produce high yield. The long dry season that persists in the region are probably the most obstacle that limits the use of these soils for such purposes. Soil physical and chemical properties of typical profiles. All the soil profiles dug contain abundant rocks and rock fragments in all layers. PH values ranging from 6.6 to 7.3. Salinity ranges from 0.3 to 0,5 mmhos/cm with low to medium organic matter contents. The low to medium organic matter content is caused by high and hot temperature in this region. In this condition bacteria decompose dead vegetation faster than it accumulates, with the result that humus and fertility levels diminish. bythe alfisols and inceptisol has medium to course textures while vertisol dominated by fine textured soils. Permeability is verylow in vertisol, medium in inceptisol and low to medium in alfisols due to the present of clay layer in the B horizon. The profile is deep in vertisols recorded over 150 cm. All profiles has a low to medium carbonates contents. In vertisols, the surface of soil is denudated by water for 10 to 15 days after rainfall therefore limit the growth of seedlings, particularly for cashew and albasia (sengon). The water conditions at surface soils clearly allows different vegetation types and growth as we observed in the field. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

110 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 6 In general, most soils in Lombok is fertile because of its volcanic origin and frequently juvenilized by volcanic ash from Mt. Rinjani explotion. This include of inceptisols, vertisols, alfisols, and entisols. Basaltic rock and andesitic volcanic ash can be beneficial to soils in raising ph. They are base-rich, especially if associated with young volcanic center. The chemical and mineralogical composition of volcanic materials is marked by an abundance of easily weatherable components, accountable for the remarkable properties that soils in volcanic region have in common. Soil Erosion. Soil erosion on the project site is very minimal at present. It is mainly due to completely land cover by different grasses and scrubs and by flat and gently sloping landscape that protect soils from raindrops and provide high frictions to water run off. As a result, more time allows for percolation to take place and slow-released water runoff. Water leaves the areas in slow controlled flow, mainly through the paths left by the walkers, or slowly drip to lower elevation from the dence grass and scrubs. The bank erosion at river is also minimal, mainly caused by the quality of river path which contain sufficient boulders and rocks that allows water to move slowly with less force Climate. A knowledge of climatic conditions is of great importance for environmental management. When mapping the distribution on an endagered animal or plant to identify conservation area, climatic map can indicate where the climatic range core and edges of particular species may occur. An accurate knowledge of climatic factors is also mandatory for achieving more efficient use of agricultural resources. Climatic maps showing the amount and distribution of rainfall, together will all important dry or drought periods, indicate what types of crops will grow or what pests may be able to migrate onto the area if particular crops are cultivated. Precipitation. Kurbian site has seasonal climate. A combination of low rainfall, high wind speeds, and intense solar radiation make the area one of the driest regions in Lombok Island. The climate of this Kurbian region is affected strongly by monsoon and trade winds. Wet season weakens over this area because the area is in the rain shadow of the Mt. Rinjani and Mt. Nangi. The dry season becomes increasingly extreme caused by the dry southeast wind and the lower topography of the area. The low annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm is therefore often recorded in this area. This low rainfall is often further bolted by a small number of rainy days, and strong seasonality a true monsoon drought cycle. In Lombok, the western parts are slightly wetter than the eastern. The Northwest monsoon starts earlier here and finishes later than in the east. The North coasts are drier than the South. Smaller mountain systems or individual mountains influence the amount and distribution of rainfall in a complex way. This can be seen in Lombok, where the Rinjani massif creates a rain shadow in the Southeast of the island. Spatial differences within island in annual rainfall can be immense, from about 700 mm in the driest part of Lombok in the east coast to over 3500 mm over the Mt. Rinjani volcano areas. Important small scale rainfall differences may also occur between North and South slopes in the August dry seasons. The dry Southeast winds still bring some moisture to South slopes, whereas the North slopes may be critically drought stressed. Temperature. The most important feature of the tropical climate is the continuous warm. Temperatur is high, and typically the variation within 24 h (the diurnal range) is greater than any variation from one time of year to another. Diurnal temperatures fluctuate from a maximum at noon to a minimum just before sunrise, having decreases slowly from sunset to sunrise. Southeast monsoon brings relatively dry winds, clear skies, and the largest variation in diurnal temperatures. The Nortwest monsoon bring moist winds, increased cloud cover, and smaller diurnal temperature fluctuations. In the Kurbian Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram area fluctuations in diurnal temperatures during the wet months of December to March ranged from 6 o C to 8 o C but up to 11 o C towards the end of dry seasons. The maximum recorded temperature was 37 o C. Minimum recorded temperatur were 15 o C. In contrast to diurnal fluctuations, the maximum, minimum, and mean monthly temperatures of Kurbian site each varies by 2 o to 3 o C throughout the year. Minimum temperatur usually occurs during July or August, and maximum temperaturs during October and Nopember. Temperatures in this area are affected by cloud cover and elevation. Coastal sites might influence diurnal variations than the inland locations because of the moderately effect of the sea. Air humidity. Air humidity in Kurbian region is mostly high in wet seasons, mostly falls between 90 to 100%. In dry season, the humidity falls between 65 to 75% in average. Air humidity and its daily variation differs considerably from open to closed forest. It has significant impact on the ecological life on the site. Duration of wet and dry season. Duration of rainy seasons in Kurbian Region is very short, it is recorded less that 3 months annually. Base on this number of wet months Oldemen classified this reagion into E4 type climate region, that is a region having less than 3 months wet month and more than 6 months

111 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 7 dry-month. A wet-month is defined as the month that receives an equal or more than 200 mm rainwater, whereas dry month is the month that receives less than 100 mm rainwater. The rainfall intensity in Kurbian is often exagerated because much of the rain falls within a short period, the extreme seasonality being nine dry months and two or three wet months. This has serious implications for water management and agriculture, as well as influencing the types of natural vegetation occuring on this land. Furthermore, within wet months rainfalls is not equally distributed, therefore it further disturbs the cultivation. The distribution of rainfall within the year characterises a seasonal climate and has greater influence on the vegetation than the annual total. The rainy season falls in Kurbian between December and February, some time starts at early January and ends at late February. Radiation. Solar radiation in Kurbian is high at dry season, averaging at 85 to 90% radiation daily. Conversely, it ranges from 55 to 85% during wet season. Length of solar radiation is important because it related to amount of water losses from the soil through evaporation and transpiration. High solar radiation in Kurbian will profoundently reduce the amounts of water availability in soils that can be utilized by plant and animals. This will affect directly and indirectly to the abundance of flora and fauna in the region, particularly within dry season Ecosystem diversity. Present condition of vegetation. Kurbian region used to be a pristine forest similar to the forests in the adjacent mountain areas. Logging and land clearance had cleared the forest and removed some tree species out of the areas. The remaining tree species are badly degraded and manage to regenerate through natural succession in the field dominated by grassland. Trees spread over the grassland in a small group of 2 to 3 trees by distance (20 to 100 m) between the groups. Often, there is only one tree species in the group. Most of the trees measures no more than 15 cm in diameter. The grasses thrives very well in Kurbian site. Some grass species extent to the height of 1.5 to 2.0 m. Such growths would hardly be found in other places. This indicates that the location provides favourable conditions for the optimal growth of those grass species, particularly those of rumput merak (Heteropogon contortus) and kekeritan (Polytrias praemosa) species. The two grasses occupy most of the areas as compared to the rest of the plant species existing in the site. The grasses overgrowth others both in the plain and in the gently sloping landscape areas. Among the vegetation, there are scrub that manage to regenerate themselves. Most of the scrub species are those plant species that requires open environment and full day sunlight radiation. Our observation showed that land has been planted with various exostic plants of different species. This shows the involvement of human in the succession of vegetation in the area. Our observation shows that there are at least 127 vegetation growing in the study area. Of the 138 vegetations observed, 77 are herbs, 33 trees, 23 scrub, and 5 lian. The result of the observation are listed in Table 2, Table 3. Table 4, and Table 5. No Local name or Indonesian Name Table 2. Herb in Kurbian site (Field observation in 2006). Genus and Spesies Family The uses 1 Jagung Zea mays Poaceae Cultivation crops: Food for human and animal 2 Rumput merak Heteropogon contortus Poaceae Animal feed; low nutrition value 3 Rumput belulang Eleusine indica Poaceae Animal feed 4 Rumput kawat Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Animal feed. Energized a cock 5 Kekeritan Polytrias praemosa Poaceae Animal feed 6 Pupak Sporobolus elongatus Poaceae Animal feed 7 Lancuran Sporobolus sp. Poaceae Animal feed 8 Rumput pait Paspalum conjugatum Poaceae Animal feed 9 Pupak kecil Eragrostis brownii Poaceae Animal feed 10 Rumput Jepang Eragrostis tenella Poaceae Animal feed 11 Tapak jalak Dactyloctenium aegypticum Poaceae Animal feed 12 Brachyacne Brachyachne convergens Poaceae Land protection 13 Cenchrus Cenchrus echinatus Poaceae Land protection 14 Rottboellia Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae Animal feed Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

112 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 8 15 Bothriochloa Bothriochloa bladhii Poaceae Animal feed 16 Memerakan, rumput Themeda arguensis Poaceae Animal feed. genung Traditional medicine. 17 Rumput sarang tikus Panicum brevifolium Poaceae Animal feed High nutrition value 18 Cariangan leutik Paspalum orbiculare Poaceae Land cover 19 Laronan tegal Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae Animal feed 20 Bulu mata munding Fimbritylis annua Poaceae Animal feed 21 Komak Dolichos lablab Fabaceae Cultivation crop 22 Kacang hijau Phaseolus radiatus Fabaceae Cultivation crop 23 Kacang panjang Vigna unguiculata Fabaceae Ultivation crop 24 Kanyere Desmodium sp Fabaceae Green manure 25 Stylosia sp. Fabaceae Land cover 26 Kacang pantai Vigna marina Fabaceae Green manure or vegetable 27 Ketepeng Senna tora Caesalpiniaceae Green manure 28 Euphorbia Euphorbia prunifolia Euphorbiaceae Medicine for stomach upset 29 Patikan kebo Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Medicine 30 Meniran besar Phyllanthus sp. Euphorbiaceae Medicine 31 Ceka mas Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Medicine 32 Meniran Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae Medicine 33 Phyllantus sp. Euphorbiaceae Estetic plant 34 Patah tulang Euphorbia tirucalii Euphorbiaceae Medicine and rubber 35 Gandapura Abelmoschus moschatus Malvaceae Perfume 36 Gletang warak Synedrella nodiflora Asteraceae Medicine 37 Hareuga Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Medicine 38 Kancing baju Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Animal feed Medicine 39 Bandotan Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Medicine 40 Pare Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Cultivation crop Vegetable 41 Perenggi Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae Cultivation crop Vegetable 42 Waluh Cucurbita moschata Cucurbitaceae Cultivation crop Vegetable 43 Terowok (oyong) Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Cultivation crop 44 Teki Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Medicine Animal feed Oil 45 Teki Cyperus miliacea Cyperaceae Animal feed Land cover 46 Jukut papayungan Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Animal feed Land cover ah 47 Tikusan Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae Food Natural pesticida 48 Ipomoea Ipomoea triloba Convolvulaceae Living fence 49 Ubi jalar Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae Cultivation crop Vegetable 50 Gewor, tali korang Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Vegetable Animal feed 51 Cyanotis Cyanotis cristata Commelinaceae Land cover 52 Murdania Murdania nudiflora Commelinaceae Land cover 53 Cleome Cleome rutidosperma Capparaceae Land cover Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

113 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 9 54 Maman laki Polinisia icosandra Capparidaceae Vegetable 55 Buangit Gynandropsis gynandra Capparidaceae Vegetable Natural pesticida 56 Asystasia Asystasia sp. Acanthaceae - 57 Ceraka Plumbago indica Plumbaginaceae Medicine 58 Galing Cayratia trifoliata Vitaceae Medicine Vegetable Natural pesticida 59 Ciplukan Physalis angulata Solanaceae Land cover Green manure Medicine 60 Tomat Lycopersicum esculentum Solanaceae Cultivation crop Vegetable 61 Ki Payung Biophytum sensitivum Oxalidaceae Medicine 62 Gadung Dioscorea hispida Dioscoreaceae Food 63 Ubi manis Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae Food 64 Rumput bau, lampesan Hyptis suaveolens. Labiatae Medicine Oil Milk production stimulant 65 Jengger ayam Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Vegetable Medicine Estetic plants 66 Bayam putih Amaranthus gracilis Amaranthaceae Vegetables 67 Bayam duri Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Medicine 68 Hedyotis Hedyotis corymbosa Rubiaceae Medicine 69 Mollugo Mollugo pentaphylla Rubiaceae Medicine 70 Pisang Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Cultivation crop Food 71 Jukut mata keuyeup Lindernia crustacea Scrophulariaceae Medicine 72 Cacabean Ludwigia octovalis Onagraceae Land cover 73 Lumut Riccia sp. Ricciaceae Land cover 74 Krokot Trianthemum portulacastrum Aizoaceae Vegetable 75 Cakaran Boerhavia erecta Nyctaginaceae Land cover 76 Paria gunung, pare kurung Cardiospermum halicacabum Sapindaceae Medicine No Local name or Indonesian Name Table 3. Trees in Kurbian site (Field observation in 2006). Genus and Spesies Family The uses 1 Jati Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Construction material 2 Jati putih Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Construction material 3 Lamtoro Leucaena glauca Mimosaceae Animal feed Construction material 4 Koste Dicrostachys cinerea Mimosaceae Medicine Construction material 5 Sengon Albizzia falcataria Mimosaceae Paper Construction material 6 Ki hujan Samanea saman Mimosaceae Construction material 7 Sonokerling Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae Construction material 8 Asam Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae Vegetable Medicine Construction material 9 Cassia Cassia sp. Caesalpiniaceae Construction material Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

114 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Bidara Ziziphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Fruit 11 Suren Toona sureni Meliaceae Construction material 12 Mimba Azediractha indica Meliaceae Medicine Natural pesticida 13 Jambu Mete Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Fruit 14 Mangga Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruit Construction material 15 Bantenan Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Animal feed Living fence Fuelwood 16 Kacemcem Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Vegetable Construction material Fruit 17 Walikukun, Schoutenia ovata Tiliaceae Construction material Langkukun 18 Tanggulun/ketimus Protium javanicum Burseraceae Medicine Fruit 19 Beberu, kayu Garuga floribunda Burseraceae Medicine kambing 20 Kesambi Scleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Medicine Vegetable Construction material 21 Kererongan Erioglossum rubiginosum Sapindaceae Construction material Vegetable Medicine Fruit 22 Serut Streblus asper Moraceae Construction material Animal feed 23 Buaq are Ficus racemosa Moraceae Construction material Fruit 24 Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Fruit Construction material 25 Buaq goak Ficus fistulosa Moraceae Construction material Vegetable Fruit 26 Jeliti Wrightia sp. Apocynaceae Construction material 27 Srikaya Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruit 28 Kapok Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Animal Feed Construction material Oil 29 Berore Kleinhovia hospita Sterculiaceae Construction material Medicine 30 Kleang Pterospermum diversifolium Sterculiaceae Construction material 31 Kelapa Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruit Construction material 32 Trema Trema cannabina Ulmaceae Construction material 33 Kelor Moringa pterygosperma Moringaceae Vegetable Perfume. Table 4. Scrub in Kurbian site (Field observation in 2006) No Local name or Genus and Spesies Family The uses Indonesian Name 1 Laban Vitex pubescens Verbenaceae Medicine Construction material 2 Temblekan, lantana Lantana camara Verbenaceae Green manure Medicine Firewood Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

115 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 11 3 Akar kupok Acacia pseudo-instia Mimosaceae Medicine 4 Turi Sesbania grandiflora Fabaceae Vegetable Fuelwood Animal feed 5 Jayanti Sesbania sesban Fabaceae Vegetable Fruit Medicine 6 Katison Aescynomene indica Fabaceae Green manure 7 Gamal Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae Animal feed Living fence To kill imperata c. 8 Lebui Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Vegetable 9 Klecon Bauhinia monandra Caesalpiniaceae Estetic plant 10 Aruk Caesalpinia bonducella Caesalpiniaceae Medicine 11 Kayu temek, Tapen Mallotus subpeltatus Euphorbiaceae Natural coloring material 12 Jarak kosta merah Jatropha gossypifolia var. Euphorbiaceae Medicine elegans Oil Mallotus phillipinensis Euphorbiaceae Natural coloring material 13 Cemek,Puder, Temek 14 Phyllanthus sp. Euphorbiaceae Medicine 15 Jarak Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil 16 Jarak pagar Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Medicine 17 Widuri Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae 18 Okra Hibiscus sabdarifa Malvaceae Fiber material 19 Kapas Gossypium sp. Malvaceae Textile 20 Cemplok Abutilon hirtum Malvaceae Fiber material Medicine 21 Ceraka Plumbago indica Plumbaginaceae Medicine 22 Wangon Olax scandens Olacaceae Vegetable 23 Delima Punica granatum Punicaceae Medicine Fruit Table 5. Bush in Kurbian site (Field observation in 2006) No Local name or Indonesian Name Genus and Spesies Family The uses 1 Tom cantik Indigofera suffruticosa Fabaceae Natural coloring material 2 Pulut-pulut Triumfeta indica Tiliaceae Fiber material 3 Bluak Grewia microcos Tiliaceae Fiber material 4 Sidagori, singuri Sida acuta Malvaceae Medicine 5 Sidagori Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Medicine Botanical zone and association. From field observation, it is noticed that there are various biodiversity along the path of observation but there are no clear indication of the existance of any botanical zonations. Towards the CDM site from the kurbian sub village, observation shows the existance of mixtures of cultivated and uncultivated vegetations grown together in the agricultural lands. In these lands, jagung (Zea mays) and beans such as kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata), komak (Dolichos lablab), lebui (Cajanus cajan) and kacang hijau (Phaseolus radiatus) grew very well. Vegetable groups such as pare (Momordica charantia), perenggi (Cucurbita maxima), waluh (Cucurbita moschata), tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum), and oyong (Luffa acutangula) also grew well. Cultivation crops such as pisang (Musa paradisiaca) and ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas) were also found abundant. Fruit trees such as jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale), mangga (Mangifera indica), nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and srikaya (Annona squamosa) were found healthy and grew in large numbers. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

116 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 12 Vegetable trees such as kelor (Moringa pterygosperma) were also found although it was not extensive like those of other trees and herbs. Wood trees such as sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) are planted in forest land although some are found in agricultural land. This tree is cultivated in mixtures with other cultivation crops and trees. Herbs were planted in mixture with other crops or in monoculture system in the agricultural areas. In the CDM site, there are found large grassland with tree species sparsely grow on it. Along the observation path there are found different grasses grew in different locations. The kinds of dominant grasses found in the site among them are rumput merak (Heteropogon contortus), tapak jalak (Dactyloctenium aegypticum), kekeritan (Polytrias praemosa), rumput genung (Themeda arguensis), and that of Cenchrus echinatus that grow close to the river. All the open space in the location are covered by rumput merak (Heteropogon contortus). The exception are those of locations under the trees, scrub, or other shadowy places. Increasing the population of rumput merak, tapak jalak, and kekeritan in the proposed project site is caused by abundance amount of water staying on the surface of soil that results from poor soil drainage system. Within dry seasons, these grasses would not experience the same growth as this was in wet season. Although in general the zonation of grasses can be seen in the field, other grasses and vegetations are also found associated with the grasses. The common forms of association are between rumput merak (Heteropogon contortus) and tapak jalak (Dactyloctenium aegypticum), similarly between Rottboellia cochchinensis and Brachyachne convergens. Complex associations were also persisted, for example, among rumput merak (Heteropogon contortus), kanyere (Desmodium sp.), Stylosia, and kacang pantai (Vigna marina). Herbs (other than Poaceae) do not form clear association with other. Association between trees and scrubs are not much found on the field. But association between scrub or trees with herbs do exist. Bidara (Ziziphus mummularia) tree produces large canopy, creating microclimates in which various herbs thrive under its canopy. Observation results show that ki payung (Biophytum sensitivum), galing (Cayratia trifoliata), and tikusan (Passiflora foetida) often found in association with the bidara (Ziziphus nummularia) tree. Other tree species that form association with herbs is walikukun (Schoutenia ovata) tree. The tree often made association with herbs such as those of Phyllanthus sp. several Leguminosae. Walikukun (Schoutenia ovata) needs growth conditons similar to kleang (Pterospermum javanicum). These two vegetations of Tiliaceae form close association between them. Observation showed that any locations where walikukun exists there were also found kleang. Biodiversity on the river bank and its vicinity are consider quite high. In these location are found trees with larger sizes. Among the trees found in the areas are buaq are (Ficus racemosa), buaq goaq (Ficus glomerata), serut (Streblus asper), tanggulun (Protium javanicum), and berore (Kleinhovia hospita). These trees do not form association, but each tree often forms association with liana and several herbs suc as papasan (Cayratia trifoliata) and ceraka (Plumbago indica). Potential vegetation. Land clearance in the proposed project site has caused many of the abundance tree species gone forever or badly degraded. The remaining is large grassland with few tree species sparcely spred on it. Most trees are small in diameter and some emerge from the remaining cuts left on the ground. The result of field observation shows that many of the vegetation species found in the field resemble to those of vegetation species present in the adjacent forested area. This showed that those species are the potential vegetation that have been long adapted to the Kurbian environment. Among the potential vegetations in the region are walikukun (Schoutenia ovata), suren (Toona sureni), kleang (Pterospermum diversifolium), beberu (Garuga floribunda), jeliti (Wrightia sp), berore (Kleinhovia hospita), buaq goaq (Ficus fistulosa), buq are (Ficus racemosa), serut (Streblus asper), tanggulun (Protium javanicum), koste (Dichrostachys cinerea), bidara (Ziziphus nummularia), asam (Tamarindus indica), and krerongan (Erioglossum rubiginosum). All the potential vegetation found in the site have small population, although there are noticed tree domination by bidara (Ziziphus nummularia) and walikukun (Schoutenis ovata). Some bidara develops quite well in its size, but such phenomenon is not found on walikukun. This phenomena may be caused by the benefits of walikukun as a quality wood construction materials and fuelwood, therefore it is frequently hunted by people. Walikukan is a preceious wood, it is wanted and hunted therefore its population fastly deminish. Luckily, this wood could regenerate through the extension of its roots so that it regenerate fast. The presence of any tree species at a given site is very much determined by the fertility of its soil. Our observation shows that many tree species existed on Kurbian site have strong similarity with those vegetations that thrive in South Lombok, Sekotong, and Sambelia region. The existance of vegetations in one place is determined by the fertility of its soil, the climate, and its environmental quality. Several tree species found in Kurbian, and observed in South Lombok, Sekotong, and Sambelia among them are walikukun (Schoutenia ovata), kleang (Pterospermum diversifolium), koste (Dichrostachys cinerea), beberu (Garuga floribunda), bantenan (Lannea coromandelica), suren (Toona Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

117 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 13 sureni), bidara (Ziziphus nummularia), and asam (Tamarindus indica). With this similarity, it is percieved that some trees that grow well in South Lombok, Sekotong, and Sambelia could grow well in Kurbian and therefore they are potential vegetation recommended for use in Kurbian site. Some vegetation species found in South Lombok, Sekotong, and Sambelia but do not exist at kurbian at present may thrive well in Kurbian site in the past. Some vegetation species from the three locations believed to exist in Kuriban site in the past among them are: loam (Pithecellobium umbellatum), sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki), many kinds of garu (Dysoxylum spp.), pucat (Planchonia valida), and ki tokek (Albizia lebbeck). Other common potential/exotic trees that can be brought into Kurbian region among them are: sengon (Albizzia falcataria), sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia), akasia (Acacia auriculaeformis), ki hujan (Samanea saman), and filing (Adenanthera pavonina). Furthermore, these fast growing tree such as rajumas (Duabanga moluccana), mahagony, and jati (Tectona grandis) may be potential for the Kurbian location. Jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale), mimba (Azediractha indica), and kesambi (Scleichera oleosa) have been planted in Kurbian as well as tree and other vegetation species that have been grown and thrive well in the agricultural land in the surrounding areas (see Table 2, 3, 4, and 5) Endangered and rare flora and fauna. Development has brought to quality life for human being but often brings with them distruction to natural resources due to mismanagement. As a consequences, many natural resources are exting, degraded, or deminish before people can take benefits or advantages from their presence. For the reason, countries have managed to regulate the use, the management, and the trade of some species of concerns for the sake of protecting and returning the biodiversity into its safety level. Table 6, 7, and 8 show the list of fauna and flora protected in Indonesia, and Table 9 and 10 of Lombok Lists. Table 6. List of protected fauna in Indonesia (PP No. 7 Tahun 1999). No Scientific Name Indonesian Name MAMAL (Mamalia) Anoa depressicornis Anoa quarlensi Arctictis binturong Arctonix collaris Bobyrousa babyrussa Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera physalus Bos sondaicus Copricornis sumatrensis Cervus kuhli; Axis kuhli Cervus spp. 12 Cetacea 13 Cuon alpinus 14 Cynocephalus variegatus 15 Cynogale bennetti 16 Cynopithecus niger 17 Dendrolagus spp. 18 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 19 Dolphinidae 20 Dugong dugon 21 Elephas indicus 22 Felis badia 23 Felis bengolensis 24 Felis mormorota 25 Felis planiceps 26 Felis temmincki 27 Felis viverrinus Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Anoa dataran rendah, Kerbau Pendek. Anoa pegunungan Binturung Pulusan Babirusa Paus biru Paus bersirip Banteng Kambing Sumatera Rusa Bawean Manjangan, Rusa, Sambar (all are genus Cervus) Paus (all are Cetacea family) Ajang Kubung, Tando, Wlangkekes Musang air Monyet Hitam Sulawesi Kanguru pohon (all are genus Dendrolagus) Badak Sumatera Lumba-lumba air laut (all are Dolphinidae family) Duyung Gajah Kucing merah Kucing hutan, Meong congkok Kuwuk Kucing dampak Kucing emas Kucing bakau

118 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Helarctos malayanus Hylobatidae Hystrix brachyura Lomys horsfieldi Lariscus hosei Lariscus insignis Lutra-lutra Lutra sumatrana Macaca brunnescens Macaca maura Macaca pangensis Macaca tonkeana Macrogalidea musschenbroeki Manis javanica Megaptera novanensis Mentiacus muntjak Mydaus javanensis Nasalis larvatus Neofelis nebulusa Nesolagus netscheri Nyticebus coucang Orcaella brevirostris Panthera pardus Panthera tigris sondaica Panthera tigris sumatrae Petaurista elegans Phalanger spp. Pongo pygmaeus Presbitys frontata Presbitys rubicunda Presbitys aygula Presbitys potenziani Presbitys thomasi Prionodon linsang Prochidna bruijni Ratufa bicolor Rhinoceros sondaicus Semias concolor Tapirus indicus Tarsius spp. Thylogale spp. Trogulus spp. Ziphiidae Beruang madu Owa, Kera tak berbuntut (all are famili Hylobatidae family) Landak Bajing terbang ekor merah Bajing tanah bergaris Bajing tanah, tupai tanah Lutra Lutra Sumatera Monyet Sulawesi Monyet Sulawesi Bokoi, Beruk Mentawai Monyet jambul Musang Sulawesi Trenggiling, Peusing Paus bongkok Kidang, Muncak Sigung Kahau, Bekantan Harimau dahan Kelinci Sumatera Malu-malu Lumba-lumba air tawar, Pesut Macam kumbang, Macan tutul Harimau Jawa Harimau Sumatera Ckbo, Bajing terbang Kuskus (all are genus Phalanger) Orang Utan, Mawas Lutung dahli putih Lutung merah, Kelasi Surili Joja, Lutung Mengtawai Rungka Musang congkok Landak Irian, Landak semut Jelarang Badak Jawa Simpei Mentawi Tapir, Cipan, Tenuk Binatang hantu, Singapura (all are genus Tarsius) Kanguru tanah (all are genus Thylogale) Kancil, Pelanduk, Napu (all are Ziphiidae family) Lumba-lumba air laut AVES (BURUNG) 71 Accipitridae 72 Aethopyga exima 73 Aethopyga duyvenbodei 74 Alcedinidae 75 Alcippe pyrrhoptera 76 Anhinga melanogaster 77 Aromidopsis plateni Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Burung alap-alap, Elang (all are Ziphiidae family) Jantingan gunung Burung madu Sangihe Burung udang, Raja udang (all are Alcedinidae family) Brencet wergen Pecuk ular Mandar Sulawesi

119 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Argusianus argus Bebulcus ibis Bucerotidae Cacatua galerita Cacatua goffini Cacatua moluccensis Cacatua sulphurea Cairina scutulata Caloenas nicobarica Casuarius bennetti Casuarius-casuarius Casuarius unappenddicuslatus Ciconia episcopus Colluricincla megarrhyncha Sanghirensis Crocias albonotatus Ducula whartoni Egretta sacra Agretta spp. Elamus caerulleus Kuau Kuntul, Bangau Putih Julang, Enggang, Rongkong, Kangkareng (all are Bucerotidae family) Kakatua putih besar jambul kuning Kakatua gofin Kakatua seram Kakatua kecil jambul kuning Itik liar Junai, Burungmas, Minata Kasuari kecil Kasuari Kasuari gelambir satu, Kasuari leher kuning, Bangau hitam, Sandanglawe Burung sihabe coklat Burung matahari Pergam raja Kuntul karang Kuntul, Bangau putih (all are genus Egretta) Alap-alap putih, Alap-alap tikus Elanus hypoleucus Eos histrio Esacus magnirostris Eutrichomyias rowleyi Falconidae Fregeta andrewsi Garrulax rufifrons Goura spp. 105 Gracula religiosa mertensi 106 Gracula religiosa robusta 107 Gracula religiosa venerata 108 Grus spp. 109 Himantopus-himantopus 110 Ibis cinereus 111 Ibis leucocephala 112 Larius roratus 113 Leptoptilos javanicus 114 Leucopsar rathschildi 115 Limnodromus semipalmatus 116 Lophozosterops javanica 117 Lophura bulweri 118 Loriculus catamene 119 Loriculus exilis 120 Lorius domicellus 121 Macrocephalon maleo 122 Megalaima armillaris 123 Megalaima corvina 124 Megalaima javansis 125 Megapodiidae Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Alap-alap putih, Alap-alap tikus Nuri Sangir Wili-wili, Ular, Bebek laut Seriwang Sangihe Burung alap-alap, Elang (all are Falconidae family) Burung gunting, Bintayung Burung kuda Burung dara mahkota, Burung titi,mambruk (all are genus Goura) Beo Flores Beo Nias Beo Sumbawa Jenjang (semua jenis genus Grus) Trulek lidi, Lilimo Bluwok, Walangkadak Bluwok berwarna Bayan Marabu, Bangau tongtong Jalak Bali Blekek Asia Burung kaca mata leher abu-abu Beleang ekor putih Serindit Sangihe Seridit Sulawesi Nori merah kepala hitam Burung maleo Cangcarang Haruku, ketuk-ketuk Tulung tumpuk, Butlok Jawa Maleo, Burung gosong (all are Megapolidae family)

120 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Megapodius reintwardtii Meliphagidae Musciscapa ruecki Mycteria cineria Nectariniidae Numenius spp. Nycticorax caledonicus Otus migicus beccarii Burung gosong Burung sesap, Pengisap madu (all are Nectariniidae family) Burung kipas biru Bangau putih susu, Bluwok Burung madu, Jantingan, Klaces (all are Nectariniidae family) Gagajahan (all are genus Numenius) Kowak merah Burung hantu Biak Pandionidae Paradiseidae Povo muticus Pelecanidae Pittidae Plegadis falcinellus Polyplectron malacense Probosciger aterrimus Psaltria exilis Pseudibis davisoni Psitrichas fulgidus Ptilonorhynchidae Rhipidura euryura Rhipidura javanica Rhipidura phoenicura Satchyris grammiceps Satchyris melanothorax Sterna zimmermanni Sternidae 153 Sturnus melanopterus 154 Sula abbotti 155 Sula dactylatra 156 Sula leucogaster 157 Sula-sula 158 Tanygnathus sumatranus 159 Therskiornis aethiopicus 160 Tricholossus ornatus 161 Tringa guttifer 162 Trogonidae 163 Vanellus macropterus REPTILIA (MELATA) 164 Batagur baska 165 Caretta-caretta 166 Carettochelys insculpta 167 Chelodina novaeguineae 168 Chelonia mydas Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Burung alap-alap, Elang (all are Pandionidae family) Burung cendrawasih (all are Paradiseidae family) Burung merak Gangsa laut (all are Pelecanidae family) Burung paok, Burung cacing (all are pittidae family) Ibis hitam, roko-roko Merak kerdil Kakatua raja, Kakatua hitam Glatik kecil, Glatik gunung Ibis hitam punggung putih Kasturi raja, Betet besar Burung namdur, Burung dewata Burung kipas perut putih, Kipas gunung Burung kipas Burung kipas ekor merah Burung tepus dada putih Burung tepus pipi perak Dara laut berjambul Burung dara laut (all are Sternidae family) Jalak putih, Kaleng putih Gangsa batu aboti Gangsa batu muka biru Gangsa batu Gangsa batu kaki merah Nuri Sulawesi Ibis putih, Platuk besi Kasturi Sulawesi Trinil tutul Kasumba, Suruku, Burung luntur Trulek ekor putih Tuntong Penyu tempayan Kura-kura Irian Kura Irian leher panjang Penyu hijau Labi-labi besar

121 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Chitra indica 170 Chlamydosaurus kingii 171 Chondropython viridis 172 Crocodylus novaeguineae 173 Crocodylus porosus 174 Crocodylus siamensis 175 Dermochelys coriacea 176 Elseya novaeguineae 177 Eretmochelys imbricata 178 Gonychephalus dilophus 179 Hidrasaurus amboinensis Lepidochelys olivacea Natator depressa Orlita borneensis Python molurus Python timorensis Tiliqua gigas Tomistoma sclegelii Varanus borneensis Varanus gouldi Varanus indicus Varanus komodoensis Varanus nebulosus Varanus prasinus Varanus timorensis Varanus togianus Soa payung Sanca hijau Buaya air tawar Irian Buaya muara Buaya siam Penyu belimbing Kura Irian leher pendek Penyu sisik Bunglon sisir Soa-soa, Biawak Ambon, Biawak pohon Penyu ridel Penyu pipih Kura-kura gading Sanca bodo Sanca Timor Kadal Panana Senyulong, Buaya sapit Biawak Kalimantan Biawa coklat Biawak Maluku Biawak Komodo, Ora Biawak abu-abu Biawak hijau Biawak Timor Biawak Togian INSECTA (SERANGGA) 195 Cethosia myrina 196 Ornithoptera chimaera 197 Ornithoptera goliath 198 Ornithoptera paradisea 199 Ornithoptera priamus 200 Ornithoptera rotschldi 201 Ornithoptera tithonus 202 Trogonotera brookiana 203 Troides amphrysus 204 Troides andromanche 205 Troides criton 206 Troides haliphron 207 Troides helena 208 Troides hypolitus 209 Troides meoris 210 Troides miranda 211 Troides plato 212 Troides rhadamantus 213 Troides riedeli 214 Troides vandepolli PISCES (IKAN) 215 Homaloptera gymnogaster 216 Latimeria chalumnae 217 Notopterus spp. 218 Printis spp. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Kupu bidadari Kupu sayap burung peri Kupu sayap burung goliat Kupu sayap burung surga Kupu burung priamus Kupu burung rotsil Kupu burung titon Kupu trogon Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Kupu raja Selusur Maninjau Ikan raja laut Belida Jawa, Lopis Jawa (all are genus Notopterus) Pari Sentani, Hiu Sentani

122 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Pritis microps Scleropages formosus Scleropages jardini ANTHOZOA (KORAL) Antiphates spp. BIVALVIA Birgus latro Cassis cornuta Charonia tritonis Hippopus-hippopus Hippopus porcellanus Nautilus pompillius Tachipleus gigas Tridacna crocea Tridacna derasa Tridacna gigas Tridacna maxima Tridacna squamosa Trochus niloticus Turbo marmoratus (all are genus Pritis) Wader goa Peyang malaya, Tangkelasa Arowana Irian, Peyang Irian, Kaloso Akar bahar, Koral hitam (all are genus Antiphates) Ketam kelapa Kepala kambing Triton terompet Kimia tapak kuda, Kima kuku beruang Kimia cina Nautilus berongga Ketam tapak kuda Kima kunia, Lubang Kima Selatan Kima raksasa Kima kecil Kima sisik, Kima seruling Troksa, susur bundar Batu laga, Siput hijau Table 7. List of protected flora in Indonesia (PP No. 7 Tahun 1999). No Scientific Name Indonesian Name PALME Amorphophallus decussilvae Amorphophallus titanum Borrassodendron borneensis Caryota no Ceratolobus glaucescens Cytostachys lakka Cytostachys ronda Eungeissona utilis Johanneste ijsmaria altifrons Livistona spp. Nenga gajah Phoenix paludosa Pigafatta filaris Pinanga javana Bunga bangkai jangkung Bunga bangkai raksasa Bindang, Budang Palem raja/indonesia Palem Jawa Pinang merah Kalimantan Pinang merah Bangka Bertan Daun payung Pelem kipas Sumatera (all are genus Livistona) Palem Sumatera Korma rawa Manga Pinang Jawa RAFFLESSIACEA 15 Rafflesia spp. ORCHIDACEAE 16 Ascocentrum miniatun 17 Coelogyne pandurata 18 Corybas fornicatus 19 Chymbidium hartinahianum 20 Dendrobium catinecloesum 21 Dendrobium d`albertisii 22 Dendrobium lasianthera 23 Dendrobium macrophyllum Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Rafflesia, Bunga Padma (all are genus Rafflesia) Anggrek kebun Anggrek hitam Anggrek koribas Anggrek hartinah Anggrek karawai Anggrek albert Anggrek stuberi Anggrek jamrud

123 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Dendrobium ostrinoglossum Dendrobium phalaenopsis Grammatophyllum papuanum Grammatophyllum speciosum Macodes petola Paphiopedilum chamberlainianum Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum Paphiopedilum praestans Paraphalaenopsis denevei Paraphalaenopsis laycockii Paraphalaenopsis serpentilingua Phalaenopsis amboinensis Phalaenopsis singantea Phalaenopsis sumatrana Phalaenopsis violacose Renanthera matutina Spathoglottis zurea Vanda celebica Vanda hookeriana Vanda pumila Vanda sumatrana NEPHENTACEAE Nephentes spp. DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea stenopten Shorea stenoptera Shorea gysberstiana Shorea pinanga Shorea compressa Shorea seminis Shorea martiniana Shorea mexistopteryx Shorea beccariana Shoreamicrantha Shoreapalembanica Shorea lepidota Shorea singkawang Anggrek karawai Anggrek larat Anggrek raksasa Irian Anggrek tebu Anggrek ki aksara Anggrek kasut kumis Anggrek kasut berbulu Anggrek kasut pita Anggrek bulan binatang Anggrek bulan Kalimantan Tengah Anggrek bulan Kalimantan Barat Anggrek bulan Ambon Anggrek bulan raksasa Angreek bulan Sumatera Anggrek kelip Anggrek jingga Angggrek sendok Vanda mungil minahasa Vanda pensil Vanda mini Vanda Sumatera Kantong semar (all are genus Nephentes) Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tengkawang Tabel 8. List of endengered flora species in Indonesia (Mogea et al, 2002). No Family Scientific Name Indonesian Name 1 Anacardiaceae Mangifera casturi Kosterm 2 Anacardiaceae Mangifera gadebe Miquel 3 Annonaceae Anaxagorea javanica Blume 4 Apiaceae Pimpinella pruatjan Molkenb 5 Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. 6 Apocynaceae Alyxia almeheira Miq. 7 Apocynaceae Alyxia reinwardtii Blume 8 Apocynaceae Parameria laevigata (Juss) Moldenke 9 Apocynaceae Rauvolfia serpentina (L) Bth.ex Kurz. 10 Apocynaceae Voacanga grandifolia (Miq) Rolfe 11 Araceae Amorphophalus decus-silvae Back & v.a.v.r Areca glandiformis Lam. 12 Arecaceae Areca tunku Dransf. & Lim Chong-Keat 13 Arecaceae Arenga distincta Mongea 14 Arecaceae Arenga hastata (Becc.) Whitmore Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Mangga kasturi Gedede Pelir musang Purwocwng Pulai Pulasari Pulasari Kayu rapat Ala-antong kalantong Pinang tunku

124 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arecaceae Arenga longipes Mongea Arenga talamauensis Mongea Calamus ciliaris B;. ex Roemer & Schultes Calamus hispidus Becc. Calamus impar Becc. Calamus karuensis Ridl. Calamus kjelbergii Furt Calamus melanolema Mart. Calamus minahassae Becc. Calamus pandanosmus Furt. Calamus pygmaeus Becc. Calamus robinsoniaus Becc. Calamus spectabilis Bl. Caryota maxima Bl. Caryota no Becc. Ceratolobus pseudoconcolor Dransfl. Daemonorops acamptosptachys Becc. Daemonorops monticola (Griff.) Mart. Drymophloeus oliformis (Giseke) Miq Eugeissona ambigua Becc. Iguanura leucocarpa Bl. Korthalsia junghuhnii Miq Licuala elegans BI. Licuala gracilis Bl. Licuala kingiana Becc. Licuala pumila Bl. Poenix poludosa Roxb. Pinanga albescens Becc. Ex H. Winkler Pinanga borneensis Scheff. 45 Arecaceae 46 Arecaceae 47 Arecaceae 48 Arecaceae 49 Arecaceae 50 Arecaceae 51 Arecaceae 52 Arecaceae 53 Arecaceae 54 Arecaceae 55 Arecaceae 56 Arecaceae Arecaceae 57 Arecaceae 58 Arecaceae 59 Arecaceae 60 Arecaceae 61 Arecaceae 62 Arecaceae 63 Arecaceae 64 Balsaminaceae 65 Bignoniaceae 66 Bombacaceae 67 Bombacaceae 68 Bombacaceae 69 Bombacaceae 70 Convolvulaceae 71 Cucurbitaceae 72 Cucurbitaceae 73 Cucurbitaceae 74 Cucurbitaceae Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Pinanga celebica Scheff. Pinanga javana Bl. Pinanga keahii Furt Pinanga kjellbergii Burr. Pinanga patula var. borneensis Becc. Pinanga pulchella Burr. Pinanga punicea (Bl.) Merr. Var. punicea Plectocomia billitonensis Becc. Plectocomia logistigma Madulid Plectocomia lorzingii Madulid Plectocomia pygmaea Madulid Plectocomiopsis borneensis Becc. Salacca acehensis Mogea Salacca dransfieldiana Mogea Salacca palembanica Mogea Siphokentia beguinii Burr. Siphokentia pachycarpus Burr. Sommieria affinis Becc. Sommieria elegans Becc. Sommieria leucophylla Becc. Impatiens erriensii (Zoll) T.Shimizu Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Durio grandiflorus (Masters) Kosterm. & Soegeng Durio graveolens Becc. Durio lowianus Scort. Ex King Durio testudinarium Becc. Merremia mammosa (Lour) Hallier f. Trichosanthes coriacea Bl. Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina Trichosanthes amarginata Rugayah Trichosanthes florentis Rugayah Cibotium barometz (L.) J.J.Sm Rotan cacing Rotan robinson Sarai Jawa Sarai Raja Bertam Danau Sentarum Pinang kera buah pucat Rotan dahan bogor Palas lampung Palas kecil Palas king Palas kerdil Korma rawa Pinang Sulawesi Pinang Jawa Pinang keah Pinang kjellberg Pinang kera Bubuhai bilitung kapahe Bubuhai stigma panjang Bubuhai lorzing Bubuhai kecil Bubuhai Kalimantan Salak Aceh Salak dransfield Kayu pedang Durian hantu Durian burung Durian sepeh Durian kura-kura Bidara upas

125 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Dicksoniaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Shorea javanica K. & V. Shorea palembanica Miq Shorea pinanga Sheff. Upuna borneensis Sym. Vatica bantemensis (Hassk.) B. & H. ex. Miq. Vatica rassak (Korth.) Blume Baccaurea angulata Merr Macaraga involucrata Baill. Macaraga longistipulata Muell. Arg. Glochidion beguinii Airy Shaw. Paku simpai Damar mata kucing Tengkawang majau Tengkawang amung Upun batu Vatika Resak hiru, resak Irian Rambai hutan Mahang sirap Mahang tutup 87 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion ternatium Airy Shaw. 88 Fabaceae Caesalpinia bundoc (I.) Roxb. 89 Fabaceae Caesalpinia crista Auct. Non L. 90 Fabaceae Cynometra cauliflora L. 91 Fabaceae Cynometra ramiflora L. 92 Fabaceae Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 93 Fabaceae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 94 Fabaceae Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch.) Benn. 95 Fabaceae Kompassia Excelsa Taub. 96 Fabaceae Kompassia malanccensis Maing. 97 Fabaceae Mucuna acuminatan Grah. Ex Baker. 98 Fabaceae Mucuna albertisii R.v. Muell 99 Fabaceae Mucuna benettii F.v. Muell 100 Fabaceae Mucuna bracteata D.C. ex Kurz 101 Fabaceae Mucuna elegans Merr. 102 Fabaceae Mucuna almeri Merr. 103 Fabaceae Mucuna hooglandii 104 Fabaceae Mucuna longipedunculata Merr. 105 Fabaceae Mucuna minata Merr. 106 Fabaceae Mucuna macrophylla Miq. 107 Fabaceae Mucuna novoguineensis Scheff. 108 Fabaceae Mucuna reticulata Burck 109 Fabaceae Mucuna schlechteri Harms 110 Fabaceae Mucuna schmutzii Wiriadinata 111 Fabaceae Mucuna tomentosa K.Schum. 112 Fabaceae Mucuna toppingii Merr. 113 Fabaceae Parkia intermedia Hassk. 114 Fabaceae Parkia roxburghii G.Don. 115 Lamiaceae Scutellaria javanica Jungh. 116 Lauraceae Cinnamomum culibaban (L.) Persl. 117 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sintoc Blume 118 Lauraceae Cryptocarya massoia (Oken) Kosterm. 119 Loganiaceae Strychnos agnatii Berg. 120 Loganiaceae Strychnos lucida R.Br. 121 Melastomaceae Astronia papetaria Blume 122 Menispermaceae Arcagelicia flava (L.) Merr. 123 Menispermaceae Fibraurea tinctoria Loureiro 124 Moraceae Artocarpus fulvicortex Jarrett 125 Moraceae Artocarpus lanceifolius -Roxb.ssp.clementis (Merr.) Jarrett 126 Moraceae Morus macroura Miq. 127 Myristicaceae Myristica argentea Warb. 128 Myristicaceae Myristica papuana Scheff. 129 Myristicaceae Myristica paucifolia var. lancifolia 130 Myristicaceae Myristica sphaerosperma S.C. Smith 131 Prosteaceae Macadamia hildebrandii Sten. 132 Olaceae Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Nam nam Kopi anjing Sonokeling Pidada Pranajiwa Kedundung Kompas Benguk pantai Bunga kukumacan Bunga Irian Petir Kedaung Perlutan, upar-upar Kulit lawang Sintok Masoi Ipu kayo Kayu ular Obat papeda Ki koneng Akar kuning Klempatak, pradong Keledang Andalas Pala Irian Perande, kayu balo Molaba, tinapu Kayu bawang

126 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Ascocentrum miniatun (Lidl.) Schltr. Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg. Kingidium deliciosum (Rchb.f.) Sweet Paphiopedilum bullenianum (Rchb.f.) Pftzer Paphiopedilum bullenianum var. celebense (Fowlie & Birk)P.J. Cribb Paphiopedilum gigantifolium Braem & C. Backer Paphiopedilum glanduliferum (Blume) Stein Paphiopedilum glanduliferum var. praestans Paphiopedilum glanduliferum var. wilhelminae (L.O. Williams) P.J. Cribb Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum J.J. Sm. Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum var. moquetteanum J.J. Sm. Paphiopedilum hookerae (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum javanicum (Reinw.ex Lindl.) Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.) Stein Paphiopedilum lowii var. richardianum (Ascher & Beaman) Gruss Paphiopedilum mohrianum Braem Paphiopedilum papuanum (Ridl.) Ridl. Paphiopedilum sangii Braem Paphiopedilum schoseri Braem & H. Mohr Paphiopedilum supardii G. Braem & Loeb Paphiopedilum superbiens (Rchb.f.) Stein Phalaenopsis superbiens var. curtisii (Rchb.f.) G.J. Braem Paphiopedilum tonsum (Rchb.f.) Stein Paphiopedilum tonsum var. braemii (Mohr) Gruss Paphiopedilum victoria-regina (Sander) M.W. Wood Paphiopedilum violences Schltr. Pecteilis susannae L. Rafin Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Phalaenopsis celebensis Sweet Phalaenopsis cornu-cervei (Breda) Bl. & Rechb.f. Phalaenopsis fibriata J.J. Smith Anggrek larat Anggrek susana Anggrek bulan Anggrek bulan Sulawesi 164 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis fuscata Rchb.f. 165 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis maculata Rchb.f. 166 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis mariae Burbidge ex. Warner & Williams 167 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis modesta J.J. Smith 168 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis patherina Rchb.f. 169 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis sumatrana Korth. & Rchb.f. 170 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis violacea Witte 171 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis viridis J.J. Smith 172 Pandanaceae Pandanus. Brosimus Merr. & Perry 173 Pandanaceae Pandanus conoideus Lmk 174 Pandanaceae Pandanus julianettii Mart. 175 Plumbaginaceae Aegialitis angulata R. Brown Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram Anggrek bulan Sumatera

127 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Proteceae Rhizophoraceae Rhizophoraceae Rubiaceae Rutaceae Sapotaceae Schisandraceae Symplocaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Verbenaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Gitantochla achmadii Widjaja Gitantochla kuring Widjaja Gitantochla mangong Widjaja Gitantochla pruriens Widjaja Gitantochla serik Widjaja Neololeba inaurita Widjaja Schizostachyum bamban Widjaja Schizostachyum castaneum Widjaja Schizostachyum mampouw Widjaja Macadamia hildebradii Steen Brugueira exaristata Ding Hou Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Timonius timon (Spreng) Merr. Citrus celebica Koord. Zanthoxylum rhetza (Roxb.) DC Diploknema oligomera H.J. Lam Ganua motleyana Pierre Kadsura scandens (Bl.) Symlocos odoratissima (Bl.) choisy Aetoxylon sympetalum (Steen. & Domke) Airy Shaw Aquilaria hirta ridley Enkleia malaccensis Grifft. Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Reem. Curcuma petiolata Roxb. Elettariopsis sumatrana val. Perade, kayu balo Baco-baco Ketimun Munteh intalum Pangkal buaya Ki lebur Sariawan Garu laka Karas Akar karas Suren Temu putri Puar tenagau Table 9. Distribution and protected Bird in Lombok and Sumbawa Island (WWF, 2004). No Scientific Name Indonesian Name Distribution Status Lombok Sumbawa E P 1 Treros floris Punai Flores * * ENU 2 Ducula rosacea Pergam katanjar * E 3 Ducula lecernulata Pergam punggung hitam * * E 4 Otus silvicola Celepuk Wallace * ENU 5 Halcyon australasia Cakakak kalung coklat * E * 6 Caridonax fulgidus Cakakak tungging putih * * ENU * 7 Pitta elegans Paok la us * * * * 8 Coracina doherty Kepudang-sungu Sumba * E 9 Pericrocotus lansbergei Sepah kerdil * ENU 10 Zoothera dohertyi Anis Nusa Tenggara * * E 11 Tersia everetti Tersia Timor * ENU 12 Phylloscopus presbyted Ckrak Timor * * E 13 Rhipidura diluta Kipasan lemah * ENU 14 Pachyccphala mudigula Kancilan Flores * ENU 15 Dicaeum annac Burung cabe emas * ENU 16 Dicaeum igniferum Burung cabe dahi hitam * ENU 17 Dicaeum maugei Burung cabe Lombok * E 18 Nectaria solaris Burung madu matari * E * 19 Zosterops wailacei Kacamata Wellace * E 20 Laophozosterops Opior Flores * ENU superciliaris 21 Laophozosterops dohertyi Opior jambul * ENU 22 Heleia crassirostris Opior paruh tebal * ENU 23 Lichmera Lombokin Isap madu opi sisik * * ENU * Source: Flora Dan Fauna Kawasan Gunung Rinjani (WWF, TNGR, DISHUT); P=protected; ENU=Nusa Tenggara Endemic; E=Indonesia Endemic Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

128 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 24 Tabel 10. Distribution and protected flora in Lombok and Sumbawa Island (WWF, 2004). No Scientific Name Distribution Lombok Sumbawa NT Magnoliaceae 1 Magnolia candolii (= Talauma soembensis) * * Myristicaceae 2 Myristica fatua var. sphanogheana * 3 Myristica lancifolia var. Montana * Lauraceae 4 Cryptocarya sumbawaensis * Guttiferae 5 Mammea congregata * 6 Septorgarcinia sumbawaensis * Elaeocarpaceae 7 Elaeocarpus acronodia sundanum * 8 Elaeocarpus batudulangii * 9 Elaeocarpus brunneo tomentosus * 10 Elaeocarpus schmutzii * (?) Tiliaceae 11 Colona kostermansiana * Sterculiaceae 12 Firmiana sumbawaensis * 13 Heritiera gigantean * (?) * 14 Hildegardia sundaica * Lecythidaceae 15 Planchonia timorensis * Flacourtiaceae 16 Flacourtia zippelii var. rindjanica * * Clethraceae 17 Clethra javanica var. lombokensis * 18 Clethra sumbawaensis * Leguminosae 19 Acacia kostermansit * 20 Albizia tomentella subsp. Rotundata var. sumbawaensis * 21 Archidendron (= Abarema) harmsii * 22 Archidendron sumbawaensis * 23 Christia paroiflora * 24 Parachidenron pruinosum var. sumbawaense * 25 Psoralea tamborensis * Myrtaceae 26 Eucalyptus urophylla * Combretaceae 27 Terminalia stambawana * 28 Terminalia zollingeri * Alangiaceae 29 Alangium villosum var. popuflorum * Euphorbiaceae 30 Acalypha zollingeri * 31 Claocylon colfsii * 32 Claocylon glabriforum var. integrifolium * 33 Codiaeum bracteiferum * 34 Codiaeum stellingianum * 35 Drypetes of subcubica var. hermaphrodita * 36 Glochidion cacuminum * 37 Glochidion kostermansii * 38 Glochidion macrocarpum var. sumbawanum * 39 Phyllanthus collinsae var. leiocarpus * Anacardiaceae Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

129 Environmental Impacts By Forestation Mangifera sumbawaensis * 41 Mangifera timorensis * Meliaceae 42 Lansium breviracemosum * 43 Keinwartiodendrom (= Lansium) kostermansii * Araliaceae 44 Schefflera sp. aff. Parasitica * Convolvulaceae 45 Argyreia bifrons * 46 Argyreia glabra * 47 Argyreia sumbawana * 48 Stictocardia cordatosepaia * Compositae 49 Vernonia albifolia * 50 Vernonia capituliflora * 51 Vernonia sumbavensis * 52 Vernonia tengwallii * Palmae 53 Calamus sumbawaensis * 54 Salacca zalacca var. amboinensis * Gramineae 55 Chrysogogon lenuiculmis * Orchidaceae 56 Calanthe pauciverrcosa * 57 Dendrobium rindjaniense * 58 Peristylus alberlii * 59 Peristylus lombokensis * 60 Peristylus rindjaniensis * 61 Vanda lombokensis * 62 Vanda drakei * 63 Vanda punclata * 64 Vanda tricuspidata * Dipterocarpaceae (Endemic?) 65 Dipterocarpus retusus * Source: Flora Dan Fauna Kawasan Gunung Rinjani (WWF, TNGR, DISHUT); NT=nusa tenggara References Backer, C.A. dan R.C.B. van den Brink Jr Flora of Java (Spermatophytes Only). Volume I, II, III. N.V.P. oordhof- Groningen, The Netherlans. Baihaki, Pengelolaan Sumber Hayati Pertanian. Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung. Groombridge, B., Global Biodiversity: Satus of the Earth Living Resources. A report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. In Collaboration with Chapman & Hall, London and in association with IUCN (The World Conservation Union), UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature, and the World Resources Institutes. Heyne, K Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia (terjemahan). Jilid I, II, II, IV. Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta. Mogea, J.P., T. Gandawijaya, H. Wiriadinata, R.E. Nasution, dan Irawati, Tumbuhan Langka Indonesia. LIPI. Balai Penelitian Botani, Herbarium Bogorense. Bogor, Indonesia. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

130 Environmental Impacts By Forestation 26 Partomihardjo, T. dan S. Prawiroatmodjo Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Hutan Bukit kapur Pulau Nusakambangan, Cilacap Jawa Tengah, dalam Proyek Inventarisasi dan Karakterisasi Sumberdaya Hayati. Pusat Penelitian LIPI, Bogor. Polosakan, R Komposisi Jenis Pohon di Hutan Kawasan Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh, Propinsi Riau, dalam Proyek Inventarisasi dan Karakterisasi Sumberdaya Hayati. Pusat Penelitian LIPI, Bogor. Purwaningsih dan M. Amir Beberapa Vegetasi Hutan di Kawasan Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat, dalam Proyek Inventarisasi dan Karakterisasi Sumberdaya Hayati. Pusat Penelitian LIPI, Bogor. Sastrapraja, D.S., A. Adisoemarto, K. Kartawinata, S. Sastrapraja, dan M.A. Rifai. Keanekaragaman Hayati Untuk Kelangsungan Hidup Bangsa. LIPI. Bogor. Sastrapradja S dan J.J. Afriastini Polong-Polongan Perdu. Lembaga Biologi Nasiobal LIPI, Bogor. Sastrapradja, S., J.J. Afriastini dan H. Sutarno Makanan Ternak. Lembaga Biologi Nasional LIPI, Bogor. Sastrapradja, S dan J.J. Afriastini Rumput Pegunungan. Lembaga Biologi Nasional LIPI, Bogor. So, M.L Mosses and Liverworts of Hong Kong. Heavenly People Depot, Hong Kong. Sutaryono, Y.A. dan I J. Partrige Mengelola Padang Rumput Alam di Indonesia Tenggara. Departement of Primary Queensland, Australia. Uji, T. dan M. Amir Keanekaragaman dan Potensi Flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat, dalam Proyek Inventarisasi dan Karakterisasi Sumberdaya Hayati. Pusat Penelitian LIPI, Bogor. Van Steenis, C.G.G.J Flora untuk sekolah di Indonesia. PT. Pradnya aramita, Jakarta. WWF Indonesia, Flora dan Fauna Kawasan Gunung Rinjani Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat. WWF Program Nusa Tenggara, Mataram. Department of Soil Science Universitas Of Mataram

131 CDM ( P.14/Menhut/2004 TATA CARA AFORESTASI DAN REFORESTASI DALAM KERANGKA MEKANISME PEMBANGUNAN BERSIH) (Pedoman Penyusunan Usulan Proyek Aforestasi Atau Reforestasi Dalam Kerangka Mekanisme Pembagunan Bersih (MPB)) CDM CDM DNA Dr. Gintings Baderun Zainal Mr. Abdullah Dr.Tejowulan Gintings 1-5 A/R CDM A/R CDM 1)1989 2)CDM 3) 4) 5) CDM 6)

132 1) (PRA) ) 1 3) 16 P.140 4) (P P ) 26,513 5) P P CDM 6) P.2 DNA 1:10,000 CDM PDD

133 Project Proposal Dr. Ngaloken Gintings Name of Project Project Location : THE TRIAL AND STUDY ON SMALL-SCALE AR-CDM IN LOMBOK ISLAND, WEST NUSA TENGGARA (NTB), INDONESIA : Kurbian Sub-Village, Labu Pandan Village, Sambelia Sub- District, East Lombok District, Province of West Nusa Teggara, Indonesia. I. GENERAL INFORMATION A. Data on Developer : From Indonesia: Regional Government of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province that consists of : 1. Mr. H. Lalu Serinata, Govenor of NTB Province, Address : Jl. Pejanggik No. 12 Mataram, Telp , fax Ir. Baderun Zainal, MM. Head of Forestry Service of NTB Province, Responsible Person of the Project. Address : Jl. Majapahit No. 54 Mataram, Lombok, NTB, Indonesia 83115, Phone : Fax : kehutananntb@yahoo.com 3. Mr. H. Moh. Ali Bin Dahlan, Bupati (Head of District) of East Lombok Address : Jl. Prof. Moh Yamin, Selong, Telp. (0376) 2100, fax Ir. R. Mulyanto Tejokusumo, SH. Head of Foretsry and Estate Crop of East Lombok District (Responsible person) Address : Jl. Prof. Moh Yamin, Selong, Telp (0376) fax Partners : Farmer Group Name of Farmer Group : Pade Girang Name of the chairman : A. Landri Members : 44 person Address : Dusun Padak, Labuhan Pandan village, Sambelia Sub District. Representative for management of Block I : Chairman of compartment : Compartment I : A. Jalal (Kurbian) Compartment II : A. Toni (Kurbian) Compartment III : A. Landri (Padak) Compartment IV : Hamlin (Padak, as foremen/coordinator) 1

134 From Foreign Country: 1. Mr. Tsuguo Ban (Chairman), JIFPRO (Japan International Forestry Promotion & Cooperation Center) Address : Rinyu Building, Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Telephone : ; Fax hisaharu@jifpro.or.jp B. Status of Negotiation : The level of agreement is between Government of NTB Province and partners (Local community at Kurbian). The Staff of Forestry Service of NTB Province and Head of Foretsry and Estate Crop of East Lombok District have discussed the agreement level with local community of Kurbian Sub-village. The agreement is in the form of a temporary (short term) contract for planting and partial work; and in this contract, the workers get only wages, but no more incentive for them. The activities of planting and partial works will be carried on several blocks code-numbered as consecutively I, II, III, etc. At block I with the acreage totaling 40 ha, it consists of 4 compartments. Every compartment may cover 10 ha area. Each of the the comparments is managed by one chairman. The proportion of trees that will be planted in one ha consists of consecutively 0.25 ha for cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and 0.75 ha for tree crops. Every compartment chairman is rensponsible for plantation management determined by local community. C. Project Type : The type of project activity is a reforestation conducted merely on a mosaic of grass land and shrub land which has already existed since the end of 1989 and still survived at present, through the so-called small-scale fruit and timber-tree systems. The total area is 95 ha. Major components of shrubs are bush-type of legumes and Zizyphus jujuba, with their tree heights below 5 meters. Therefore, the area would be satisfied according to the non-forest criteria as implemented in Indonesia. The species that will be planted are: gmelina (Gmelina arborea), sengon buto (Albiggia falcata), mimba (Azadirachta indica), trembesi (Samanea saman), and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) as MPTS (multi-purpose tree species). Meanwhile, the planted species for firecontrol trees are kedondong (Spondias pinnata), glirisidia (Gliricidia speum) and jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas). Every planted species is established with a 50-m width space to the end of the boundary within each block for avoiding the shade caused by the growth of fast-growing trees. Twenty meters of fire break are made along the block boundary with agriculture lands and other grass lands. The total area is 95 ha and planting will be conducted in stages for three years, i.e. 40 ha in the first year (2005/2006), 20 ha in the second year (2006/2007), and 35 ha in the third year (2007/2008). Maintenance: weeding is conducted 3 times a year, and will lasts for two years. Watering will be carried out 2 times a week with the quantity of one liter/seedling in the dry area for two years. 2

135 The growth rotation of sengon is 10 years, gmelina 20 years, mimba 30 years, trembesi 30 years, and cashew nut 25 years. D. Project Location : The project will take the location at Kurbian Sub-Village, Labu Pandan Village, Sambelia Sub- District, East Lombok District, NTB Province, Indonesia. The area is situated at the Northestern side of Lombok Island at Latitude 08 o o S and Longitude 116 o o E. The map of the location is shown in Appendix 1. The detailed of the location is shown in Appendix 2. According to Tejowulan (2006), the site lies in a degraded forest land in the foot-slope of Mt. Nangi (Mt. Rinjani Complex) and is close to dry coastal region of Labuhan Pandan and Sambelia. The site is bordered by farmland in the East, South and West side direction; and by degraded forest land in the North. In the South of the site project also lies the Kurbian River. The geology, geographical status and topography, river system and water condition, soils, soil physical and chemical properties of typical profiles, and climate ( precipitation, temperature, air humidity, duration of wet and dry season and radiation) are as follows : Geology. Geological status of Kurbian region is generally very young, as it can be traced from the geological status of Lombok island. The area is believed to age about 200,000 years ago as related to the formation of the northern s volcano of Lombok island, on which the Kurbian is now located. Kurbian site lies on valley bottom/deposits made-up of colluvial fan and lava of Mt. Nangi and is frequently covered by volcanic ash of Mt. Rinjani. Colluvial fans are material transported down by gravity force, which accumulate at the base of steep slopes, such as rock screes. Geographycal status and topography. Kurbian is located at the slope of Mt. Nangi (2307 m) at elevation between 65 to 85 m asl (above sea level) with physiographic type of fans and lava or meander belts, having amplitude of feature less than 10 m. Most of the lands in the site are characterized by gently sloping slope with fewer flat areas in the bottom of the slope. River System and water condition. Hydrological balance is certainly one of the most important limiting factors for flora, fauna, and human populations. Poor-land management leads to surface erosion, downstream flooding, and sedimentation. An understanding of the basic hydrological of an area is therefore essential for the planning of development strategies. Besides that, major efforts to conserve the limited water supplies of this island are needed, and forests can be used to prevent further degradation on water quantity and quality. Forests are also minimizing water shortages. The drainage patterns of Kurbian region resembles to those in Lombok island, divided longitudinally along the central axis by mountain. River flowing into two dominant opposing directions, characterized by short and steep flow resulting in flash floods that peak quickly. The mountain is the head source of all rivers. The Kurbian river is one of the rivers comprising east catchment river systems on Lombok island. The Kurbian river has a dendritric river system, measuring about 15 km at its longest length with the shape more or less straight, running almost at 90 o angle to the coast line, short in length, steep in topography, and seasonal in flow. The Kurbian river flows between November or December and August with its regular debit large in wet season and very little to drying-up 3

136 completely during dry season. During rainy seasons, after a few hours of the rainfalls, the water amount drops rapidly. Because the catchment area is small and steep, run off, therefore river-flow rates are closely linked to rainfall in time and intensity. Irregularity of the rainfall pattern makes it difficult to see the pattern of river discharge. The river patterns are extremely variable. The base flow rate during rainy seasons are 5, 20, 100, 85, and 15 liters per second for the month of November, December, January, February, and March, respectively. The base flow rate may only 2 or 3 % of the peak flow rate during the rainy seasons. Such a river is difficult to harness for useful purposes. In term of ground water, it is dominated by volcano lahar and unconsolidated primary and secondary layers. Kurbian region could be an excellent to medium aquifers because of their high porosity. However, because of dry climate and uneven rainfall distribution (resulting in high run off), this region may only pose a medium to a low potential source for under groundwater. Soils. Soils develop from acid rocks, which therefore tend to be infertile as compared to those of basic rock origin. High ph of soil may restrict the availability of phosphorus, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Cl; and converselly at low soil phs, those chemical elements may cause toxicity. Soil classification and description. Soils of Kurbian areas are of Denumdera (DDA) land system with land type of dissected intermediate/basic lava flows in dry areas. This site sits on igneous, intermediate hilly plain. Lithology is of volcanic origin, containing a mixture of basalt and andesite rocks. At higher elevation, it is dominated by Gamkonora (GKA) land system with land type of stratovolcanos on intermediate/basic volcanoes. At lower elevation is Hadakewa (HKA) land system with land type of moderately sloping volcanic alluvial fans in arid areas. Soils of Kurbian region are dominated by inceptisol with vertisols present as associate soil. Kurbian CDM site sits at a complex soil among vertisols, inceptisols, and alfisols (the later is not in the proposed project site). The presence of inceptisols is characterized by the occurrence of cambic horizon on its profiles. It is classified as suborder tropepts, and soil type ustropepts. Meanwhile, the presence of vertisols is indicated by black-colored soils, high clay content, high stickiness, low permeability, and slinckinesses occurrence at lower profiles that can be classified into suborder usterts and soil type pellusterts. Alfisols present are indicated by illuviated clay layer at B horizon. These soils may be classified into sub order ustalfs and soil type haplustalfs. Most of the soils in Kurbian sites have less than 15 o slope, therefore they are suitable for cultivation. Physical and chemical properties of typical soil profiles. All the soil profiles dug contain abundant rocks and rock fragments in all layers, with ph values ranging from 6.6 to 7.3. Salinity ranges from 0.3 to 0,5 mmhos/cm with low to medium organic matter contents. The low to medium organic matter content is caused by high and hot temperature in this region. In this condition, bacteria decompose dead vegetation faster than it accumulates, with the result that humus and fertility levels diminish. The alfisols and inceptisol have medium to course textures while vertisol dominated by fine textured soils. Permeability is very low in vertisol, medium in inceptisol and low to medium in alfisols due to the presence of clay layer in the B horizon. The deep profile of vertisols is recorded over 150 cm. All the soil profiles have a low to medium carbonate contents. In vertisols, the surface of soil is denuded by water for 10 to 15 days after rainfall, and therefore limits the growth of seedlings, particularly for those of cashew-nut and albizia (sengon). The water conditions at surface soils clearly allow different vegetation types and growth as we have observed in the field before. In general, most soils in Lombok are fertile because of its volcanic origin and frequently juvenilized by volcanic ash from Mt. Rinjani explosion. These soils consist of inceptisols, 4

137 vertisols, alfisols, and entisols. Basaltic rock and andesitic volcanic ash can be beneficial to soils in raising ph. They are base-rich, especially if associated with young volcanic center. The chemical and mineralogical composition of volcanic materials is marked by an abundance of easily weatherable components, accountable for the remarkable properties that soils in volcanic region have in common. Soil Erosion. Soil erosion on the project site is very minimal in intensity at present. It is mainly due to the almost complete land cover by different grasses and scrubs, and caused by flat and gently sloping landscape that protect soils from raindrops; and provides high frictions to water run off. The bank erosion at river is also minimal, mainly caused by the quality of river path that contain sufficient boulders and rocks thereby allowing water to move slowly with less force. Climate. Precipitation. Kurbian site has seasonal climate. A combination of low rainfall, high wind speeds, and intense solar radiation makes the area one of the driest regions in Lombok Island. The climate of this Kurbian region is affected strongly by monsoon and trade winds. Wet season weakens over this area because the area is in the rain shadow of the Mt. Rinjani and Mt. Nangi. The dry season becomes increasingly extreme caused by the dry southeast wind and the lower topography of the area. The low annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm is therefore often recorded in this area. This low rainfall is often further bolted by a small number of rainy days, and strong seasonality of a true monsoon drought cycle. Spatial differences within island in annual rainfall can be immense, from about 700 mm in the driest part of Lombok in the east coast to over 3500 mm over the Mt. Rinjani volcano areas. Important small-scale rainfall differences may also occur between North and South slopes in the August dry seasons. The dry Southeast winds still bring some moisture to South slopes, whereas the North slopes may be critically drought-stressed. Temperature. Air temperature is high, and typically the variation within 24 hours (the diurnal range) is greater than any variation from one time of year to another. Diurnal temperatures fluctuate from a maximum at noon to a minimum just before sunrise, having decreases slowly from sunset to sunrise. In the Kurbian area, fluctuations in diurnal temperatures during the wet months of December to March ranged from 6 o C to 8 o C but up to 11 o C towards the end of dry seasons. The recorded maximum temperature was 37 o C, and the recorded Minimum temperatur 15 o C. In contrast to diurnal fluctuations, the maximum, minimum, and mean over monthly temperatures of Kurbian site each vary slightly by 2 o to 3 o C throughout the year. Minimum temperatures usually occur during July or August, and maximum temperatures during October and Nopember. Temperatures in this area are affected by cloud cover and elevation. Coastal sites might influence diurnal variations than the inland locations because of the moderating effect of the sea. Air humidity. Air humidity in Kurbian region is mostly high in wet seasons, which mostly falls between 90 to 100%. In dry season, the humidity falls between 65 to 75% in average. Air humidity and its daily variation differ considerably from those in open to closed forest. It has significant impact on the ecological life on the site. Duration of wet and dry seasons. Duration of rainy seasons in Kurbian Region is very short, it is recorded fewer that 3 months annually. Based on this number of wet months, Oldemen classified this reagion into E4-type climate region, that is a region having fewer than 3 months during wet month and more than 6 months during dry-month. A wet-month is defined as the 5

138 month that receives an equal or more than 200 mm rainwater, whereas dry month is the month that receives less than 100 mm rainwater. The rainfall intensity in Kurbian is often exagerated because much of the rain falls occurs within a short period, and due to the extreme seasonality that comprises nine dry months and two or three wet months. This has serious implications for water management and agriculture, as well as influencing the types of natural vegetation occuring on this land. Furthermore, within wet months rainfalls are not equally distributed, and therefore can further disturb the cultivation. The distribution of rainfall within the year characterizes a seasonal climate and has greater influence on the vegetation than the annual total. The rainy season falls in Kurbian between December and February, which sometimes starts early January and ends late February. Radiation. Intensity of solar radiation in Kurbian is high at dry season, averaging at 85 to 90% of the maximum radiation daily. Conversely, it ranges from 55 to 85% during wet season. Length of solar radiation is important because it is related to amount of water losses from the soil through evaporation and transpiration. High solar radiation in Kurbian will profoundly reduce the amounts of water availability in soils that can be utilized by plant and animals. This will affect directly and indirectly the abundance and survival of flora and fauna in the region, particularly within dry season. II. WORK PLAN A. Project Period The starting and ending time of the project is as follows: Starting time: 17 th., Nov., 2005 Ending time: 16 th., Nov., 2035 (Funding will end 31 st March, 2009) It means, the planning is long term CER. B. Activities Coverage The project activities from the beginning until the end of project are as follows: Those activities can consist of planning stages, planting implementation, maintenance, and cutting. Timetable for each activity should be presented Selection of the eligible lands for AR CDM, and evaluating the barriers for the AR CDM. Kurbian Sub-village is elected as the project site. Evaluation of barrier: Technical difficulty in seedling survival by drought is to be cleared by the AR CDM. Evaluation of water volume/min. and distance to the site from a spring on the mountain Nov., 2005 to negotiate counter parts and exchange of MOU Dec., 2005 to develop technical methods for planting and nursing seedlings, to select trees and, to decide the motods of planting pattern with local people to conduct planting in ( ) ha = 95 ha to establish pipeline for watering , to clear fire break and to weed for plantation management 6

139 Monitoring to establish fire prevention tree lines by Spondias & Glilicidia to harvest cashew nuts, fodder from Spondias and Glilicidia and nuts from Jatropha Monitoring by LOTIM Monitoring by LOTIM Monitoring by LOTIM Monitoring by LOTIM Monitoring by LOTIM to finish operation The detail of planting plan are as follow : a. Year 2005/2006: 40 ha, Block I, Compartments 1 to 4. - Land clearing in raw, planting space 5 m by 2.5 m (800 seedlings per ha) with 10% reserve seedlings for maintenance, size of planting hole 40cm by 40cm by 40 cm, organic fertilizer applied, 5 species are grown. Figure 1. Planting of Paraserianthes falcataria in 2005/6 at Kurbian Lombok Figure 2. Planting of Gmelina arborea in 2005/6 at Kurbian Lombok Five species and their rotations: - Cashew, 200 seedlings per ha, rotation 25 years - Albizia (sengon), 150 seedlings per ha, rotation 10 years - Niem, 150 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Samania saman, 150 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Gmelina, 150 seedlings per ha, rotation 20 years b. Year 2006/2007: 20 ha, Block II, Compartments 1 and 2 7

140 - Total land clearing, planting space 5 m by 2.5 m (800 seedlings per ha) with 10% reserve seedling for maintenance, size of planting hole 40 cm by 40cm by 40cm, organic fertilizer applied, 5 species are grown. Species and their rotations: - Cashew, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 25 years - Albizia (sengon), 160 seedling per ha, rotation 10 years - Niem, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Samania saman, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Gmelina, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 20 years c. Year 2007/2008 : 35 ha, Block III, Compartments 1, 2, and 3 - Total land clearing, planting space 5 m by 2.5 m ( 800 seedlings / ha) with seedling for reserve 10 % for maintenance, size of planting hole 40 cm by 40 cm by 40 cm, organic fertilizer applied, 5 species will be grown. Species and their rotations: - Cashew, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 25 years - Albizia (sengon), 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 10 years - Niem, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Samania saman, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 30 years - Gmelina, 160 seedlings per ha, rotation 20 years C. Pattern of Planting Land preparation is done by cutting shrub and grass along the planting plan. Trees is planted in block with the spacing between block of 50 m for avoiding the growing shade caused by faster growth trees on competition triggered by the different growing rates of selected species. The spacing of trees 5 m x 2.5 m. The planting pit is made 40 cm by 40 cm by 40cm. No intercropping by demand of local people. Along the boundry of plantation and farmer land 20 m is used as fire break. At the inner line of fire break, Spondias pinnata is grown with the spacing of 20 cm. At the outer line of fire break, Gliricidia speum is grown with the spacing of 20 cm. At the area,, between inner line and outer line, 9 (nine) row of Jatropha curcas is grown with the spacing of 2 m by 2 m. D. Pattern of Maintenance and Production To increase survival rate for seedling in initial time by watering in dry spells. To weed 3 (three) times a year for avoiding competition with weeds and for clearing the flamable materials to defend the wild fire. Fodder and green manure from weeded grass could be used as compost for plantation. Fodder and fire wood from tree line of Spondias and Glilicidia, could be used by the farmers to support their animal and for cooking. Jatropha nuts from fire -break, could be used by farmers for source of renewable energy. Cashew nuts from plantations at a certain block, could be used by farmers for source of income. III. INVESTMENT PLAN 8

141 A. Estimated Project Cost The budget is used for selection of the area, measuring the eligible land for CDM, marking block planting, land preparataion, seedling preparataion, making pits, planting, maintenance and monitoring. Since the duration of rainy seasons in Kurbian Region is very short, it is recorded fewer that 3 months annually (December February), watering system is needed to make the plantation succesful. Therefore, piping water from mountain to project site, as long as around 5 km was established. The budget is provided by local government and investor as shown at Table 1. Table 1. Total budget provided by the different sources for the project Source of Total of budget/year ( in x 1,000 Rupiahs) budget TOTAL JIFPRO 483, , , ,550 45,680 1,283,390 NTB PROV 64,700 64,100 65,700 77,300 89, ,300 EAST LOMBOK DISTRICT - 222,300 * * * 222,300 TOTAL 548, , , , ,180 1,866,990 B. Funding Source Proposed total budget from 2005 until 2009 is 1,866,990,000 rupiahs as shown in Table 1. The budget comes from JIFPRO : Tropical Forest Conservation & Forestation Fund contributed by private companies and Subsided Fund by Japanese Forestry Agency as an Official Development Assistance, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province and East Lombok District. C. Estimated Revenue Based on the growth of sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria), and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale), the allometric equation for the biomass for the plantation is : Y = X R 2 = (Morikawa, 2007) Where : Y = the biomass per tree (kg/tree) X = diameter, at breast height (cm) The average diameters of sengon and cashew nut, both at their 2 years old at Sempager are 9.60 cm and 4.18 cm, respectively. Based on the allometric equation with its high determination coefficient (R 2 ) as above, it is used to predict the biomass weight of sengon laut and cashew nut, both at their 2 years old, as shown in collum 3 on Table 2. If the growth increment in diameter of each species stays the same for each year until reaching its rotation, the potential biomass weight of each species at its particular age could be calculated as shown in Table 2. 9

142 Table 2. The biomass of each tree at different ages Species Total biomass eac tree at diference age (kg) Content at the end of rotation (kg) C CO 2 1 yr 2 yrs 10 yrs 20 yrs 25 yrs 30 yrs Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) (1) Gmelina (Gmelina 60% arborea) (2) x (3) Sengon butu (Albiggia falcata) (3) Mimba (Azadirachta 50% x indica) (4) (3) Trembesi (5) (Samanea saman) 100% x (3) The total of trees of the cashew nut in first period 2005/2006 is 200 trees/ha. The total of plantation is 40 ha, it means the total of all cashew nut plantation is 8,000 trees. The total of trees of cashew nut in the second period 2006/2007 and third period 2007/2008 is 160 trees/ha. The total of plantation in second and thir period is 55 ha, it means total of all cashew nut in the second and third period is 8,800 trees. The total of cashew nut trees from the first period until the third period become 16,800 trees. Their potential to absorb carbon become 366,660 ton C or 1, ton CO 2. The total of trees of the sengon in first period 2005/2006 is 150 trees/ha. The total of plantation is 40 ha, it means the total of all sengon plantation is 6,000 trees. The total of trees of sengon laut in the second period 2006/2007 and third period 2007/2008 is 160 trees/ha. The total of plantation in second and thir period is 55 ha, it means total of all sengon in the second and third period is 8,800 trees. The total of sengon trees from first until third period is trees. Their potential to absorb carbon become 1, ton C or 3, ton CO 2. Based on the measurement in difference location the potensial of trembesi, mimba and gmelina to absorb CO 2 is 100%, 50% and 60% on the capacity of sengon to absorb CO 2 respectively. It means, the total potential of trembesi, mimba and gmelina from first until third period to absorb CO 2 become 11, ton CO 2, 5, ton CO 2 and 4, ton CO 2 respectively. The total potential of all species (4 trees and 1 MPTS) from first until third period to absorb CO 2 at their end rotation is 26, ton CO 2. The revenue is depend on the price of CO 2 in the future. IV. ESTIMATED BENEFIT FROM ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT A. Carbon Estimation 10

143 The amount of carbon, which can be absorbed by difference tree species for a certain time period, until the end of project, is shown in Table 3. Table 3: The amount of Carbon and Carbon dioxide absorbed by trees in the project AR- CDM in Kurbian at a certain time period. Species The amount of carbon and carbon dioxide (in ton) Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) (1) Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) (2) Sengon butu (Albiggia falcata) (3) Mimba (Azadirachta indica) (4) Trembesi (5) (Samanea saman) 10 yrs 20 yrs 25 yrs 30 yrs C CO 2 C CO 2 C CO 2 C CO , , , , , , Total of all species to absorb CO 2 at the end of their rotaion is 26, ton CO 2. 5, , B. Baseline Scenario o Vegetations before the project starts were grasses and bushes with small trees scattered somewhere in negligible number. In dry seasons, the vegetations turn dry and it is very easy to cause a fire. o Before the project starts, the land was left unutilized, but only cultivated to grow particular tree species intended for illegal fuel wood productions by local people, and certain places on this land are used as a resource of grasses for fodder. The increasing number of the farmers who are raising animals/cattles lead to the increase of grass need. People from other sub districts like those from Masbagik, Aikmail come to that place by hiring truck to cut down grasses there and then carry them away. So far, the grasses are not marketable, and those who need the grasses simply come and collect them without paying. o Based on the above explanation, it s tend to assess that the amount of carbon absorbed or sequestered before the project is realized is practically none or negligible. When linked to the forest-fire disaster in this location, it is due to the drought shrubs and grasses that are dangerously vulnerable to the fire or flame. As evidence, in the last year (2006) there occurred disastrous forest fire twice a year (i.e. in August and November). Therefore, this implies that instead of adsorbing/sequestering CO 2, this location released substantial amount of CO 2 ; or in other words, the CO 2 adsorption was negative. 11

144 C. Environmental Benefit 1. Global The project benefit, in globally is improving the environment such as a good micro climate, absorbed CO 2 from atmosphere. The potential of plantation to absorb CO 2 at the end of rotation is around 31,000 ton CO Local and National The Benefits The presence of this project benefits local people in the sense of ecology including fresh clean air, water spring, erosion avoidance, and biodiversity. Drier climate, flood, erosion etc have reached the serious and intolerable condition. In economic sense, local people can get many benefits in short, middle, and long terms as well as in local/national and international senses, which could be described as follows:. In short term o Local people earn money (wage) since the project empowers local people as labourers. All laborers fell highly gratified to the project as the project saves their livess. They earn Rp ,- per day. Although the wage rate is lower than NTB province s minimum wage that is Rp 700,000 per month or Rp per day, but because of no option to earn money, they forcefully accept the low-pay job. o Some local companies also get jobs: installing water pipes, developing forest roads, providing seeds, seedling or small trees. o Transportation company and small local kiosks also get benefits In midle term o Local people can utilize the land for crops until the trees grow high, and the canopies almost completely cover the land, so the farmer (local people) could not use the land any more. This benefit will be really effective as far as project guides and empowers the local people in growing the crop. Otherwise, they will suffer lost as the crops can not grow. o Besides crops, local people can also take fuel wood from the dried branches. By developing appropriate mechanism, it can be convinced that the trees are in safe condition though local people are allowed to collect dry branches. o Besides fuel wood, local people can also collect green grass for their animals. o Sesbania can also be very potential trees as sourse of animal foliage even for people vegetable. The leaves and flowers of Sesbania have a high calory and mother commonly eats the leaves for high productivity of her breast milk. In the long run o Local people can harvest the fruits without harming/degrading the forest trees. Again, with appropriate mechanism, the trees can be kept in good maintenance. 12

145 Local and international o Local and regional development. Agriculture developments have a high multiplier effects both forward and backward linkages. o Create link and partership between target countries (Indonesia) and sponsores (consortium countries), which leads to better understanding in win-win collaboration o Reduce global warming o Tackling skin cancer and other disease as impact of more thickening in ozon layers. D. Accounting Method Monitoring of change in carbon stock is done by measured the increament and growth of each diamter of tree planting. The allometric equation, to calculate the biomass of each species was found, i. e.; Y = X R 2 = (Morikawa,2007) Where : Y = the biomass per tree (kg/tree) X = diameter, at breast height (cm) The portion of Carbon is 0.5 x biomass anc CO2 = 44/12 x C. Based on the above equations, the capacity of trees to absorb CO2 could be calculated. The above ground biomass will be measured directly by using sampling method. E. Status of Environmental Study The area of Sambelia sub-village, with the areal size of 95 ha, has already existed as bare land since several decades ago. Since the area is dominated by grasses and scatered shrubs, on dry seasons fire disaster usually occurs almost all through the year. Therefore, the quality of the soils at the location is decreased from time to time. Grasses has a limited number of uses subsisted by local community / no economic uses Grasses is usually used to make compost and young shoot of the grasses are used for animal fodder. Based on the above condition, the SS AR-CDM activities occupying 95 ha area are available, and will provide positive effect on the environement. Based on that reasons, the local government and participating communities have approved of the project activities. The SS R-CDM will increase the productivity of the land and at the same time give better condition of the environment. V. ESTIMATED BENEFITS FROM SOCIAL AND ECONOMY ASPECTS Based on the calculation of Abdullah (2007), estimated benefits from social and economy aspects could be described as follows: A. Absorption of Work Force The total labour which will involve in this project is around 667 man days per hectare. Since the total area is 95 ha, the total labour will involve in this activities become 63,365 people. 13

146 B. Income Increment The impact of project to local community due to presence of the project, could be described as follows: For local people Lacal people. The presence of this project does not cause local people to move and find other land for their livelihood because local people left the site unused: unfertile, less productive, and loose. Historically, the land is under forestry department authorization. In the past (last decades), local people used the forest for fuelwood, for house-material wood, and (in a very limited amount) as the place for hunting animals (deers). Currently, local people use the land for none but grasses and illegal fuelwood. The grasses there are dominated by unedible grass for animal. Gegaet, lengkoker (local term) grow well and heavy but animals do not like them. Grass Rumput minyak (local term) is also available in small amount though animals (especially cows) like the grass very much. C. Economy The impact of project on local economic system and community welfare, especially in the village/ district/ regency territory could be described as follows (Abdullah, 2007): Significant absorption of man power due to the SS AR- CDM acticities: -Improvement on general management o surveying, planning, capacity building, empowerment -Enhancement physical development o Water pipe line, forest road, fence, fire control system -Developing of technical work o seedling o land clearance o digging hole o planting o watering o weeding o maintenance of replanting As an illustration, the project will employ 44 labourers for planting 4 lots covering 10 ha area. Each labourer gets Rp /day for digging hole, carrying seedling from forest road to the hole and doing the planting, not including maintenance (weeding, replanting, watering). To get a rough figure about laborer needs, we conduct an approach as follows: Distance between trees: 3 m by 5m 15 m 2 Effective area 80% Population per hectare (trees) 533 Cost per tree (Rp) 25,000 Cost per hectare (Rp) 13,333,333 Labour wage (Rp/day/man) 20,000 Equivalent labourer (man days) 667 According to this approach, we need 667 man days per hectare. In the field, we can find that certain projects make an offer (tender/sell) of some jobs to certain company or NGO. The contract price can be varied, depending on negotiation. In the case above, we use Rp ,- per tree for doing plantation beginning from providing the seedlings until the trees growth 14

147 With one year maintenance, minimum of 80% of trees are living or survived to live. These prices are subject to changes and need to be updated according to market. This is about the approach calculating the labour needs for farming job. To get a rough figure about total labour absorbed by this project, we need to compile some data and information and perform best approximation. The advantage of SS AR CDM activities for the Communities. Based on the Abdullah calculation, the adventage of AR-CDM could be sumaries as follows: 1. The very direct benefit is employment. By using the figure of 667 man days per ha for the first year, it means that this project absorbs (employs) about man days in a year, quite a very significant figure for the local people. The wage rate of Rp per day leads to obtain as much as Rp 2 thousand million per year (British English system). This is not including labourer for management and construction. 2. Fuel woods from dried branches. By using kerosene of about one botle per day with the price Rp 2.000,- per botle (the very pesimist fugure), this project can save Rp thousand million (British system). We assume, the dried bunches are just enough for the villagers. The calculation is as follows: Kerosene use (bottle/day/family) 1 Price (Rp/botle) 2,000 Cost per month/family (Rp) 60,000 Cost per year/family (Rp) 720,000 Total family in Labuan Pandan Village 2,300 Cost/year for the villagers (Rp) 1,656,000, Grass and Sesbania sp. for animal foliages contribute Rp 81 millions a year farmer spendings for one animal (horse, caw) (Rp/day) 5,000 animal population in the village 45 spendings per day (Rp) 225,000 spendings per month (Rp) 6,750,000 spendings per year (Rp) 81,000, Sasbania for vegetable (can be sold) contributes Rp millions per year farmer purchasing of sasbania for vegetable (Rp/day/family) 500 total family for Labuan Pandan Village 2,300 Assume 60% Villager consumes sasbania (family) 1,380 spendings per day (Rp) 690,000 spendings per month (Rp) 20,700,000 spendings per year (Rp) 248,400, In total, this project at list can contribute about Rp 4 thousand million (British system) per year for local villager: Labourer 2,000,000,000 fuel wood 1,656,000,000 foliage (grass and sasbania) 81,000,000 Sasbania for vegetable 248,400,000 Total 3,985,400,000 This figure excludes the fruit that local people can harvest after let s say 4-5 years. This is just financial benefits not including economy and ecology benefits which are almost uncountable. D. Other Factors The positive impact of AR-CDM (directly or indirectly) among others: 1. Improve the production of the land 15

148 2. Improve the income of the community especially which joint the project. 3. Improve the quality of the environment. The negative impact of AR-CDM (directly or indirectly) among others: 1. The community can not change the farmer involve every time. 2. The farmer can not change the tree species in the period of contract. 3. The animal can not grassing in the project area. 4. The people can not cut the trees before reach the end of the contact. E. Relation to National Policy The policy which is carried out by the government is to increase the welfare of the people. In this regard the government consider social, economic and environment. It means the bare land / degraded land should be rehabilitated / reforested. Since the budget of rehabilitation is limited, the program AR-CDM is appropriate to be developed. F. Stakeholder Stake holder consists of local government (e.g. Forestry Services, Regional Authority, and Farmer Group). In each 10 ha of the total 95 ha area, it is cultivated by 10 farmers in all under the control of a group leader. VI. POSSIBLE LEAKAGE AND ITS MITIGATION Estimation of leakage It can be said that the leakage is negligible. The only significant cause of leakage is a fire which can occur or happen unexpectedly, and people keep working in tackling or handling the problem. Figure 3 and 4. Condition of bare land at Kurbian wich was fired every year Once the problem can be solved, it is safe to say that the leakage reaches almost a zero level. The leakage is just brought about by the gases emitted from the exhausts of running-trucks which are carrying seedling and other materials. However, this happens very rarely. 16

149 Sometimes people use motor cycle passing through the site. Again, this is also very rare. When the trees grows high, collecting fuel wood does not cause leakage as far as the local people collect the dried branches, which fall down naturally or from pruning. Taking leaves for animal and vegetable can be arranged in such a way that it does not cause leakage when one is applying a series system (Abdullah, 2007). A. Analysis The project will be implemented on underutilized grassland and bushes where no significant activities currently occur. Since the condition of location surrounding the project site is more or less similar to that within the project, it is clear that the project will not displace any people or activities from one place to others. Therefore, there will be no leakage attributable to the project activity within the project boundary. However, as the result of survey on farmers indicated that some of them may apply organic and/or synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to their annual or trees crops, leakage from N 2 O emissions of nitrogen fertilizers will be calculated. If results of calculations find that the estimate is less than 10 per cent of the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks, this emission from this source will be assumed to be zero. Estimation of N 2 O emission from the use of fertilizers The following formulas are adopted from IPCC Good Practice Guidelines to estimate the emission of N from synthetic and organic fertilizers. Step 1. Monitoring and estimating the amount of synthetic and organic nitrogen fertilizer used by farmer participants. Where N SN-Fert = total use of synthetic fertilizer within the project boundary, tons N yr -1 ; N ON-Fert = total use of organic fertilizer within the project boundary, tons N yr -1 ; A k = area of tree species k with fertilization, ha yr-1 N SN-Fert,k = use of synthetic fertilizer per unit area for tree species k, kg N ha -1 yr -1 ; N ON-Fert,k = use of organic fertilizer per unit area for tree species k, kg N ha -1 yr -1 ; = conversion kg N to tons N. Step 2: Calculating the direct N 2 O emissions from nitrogen fertilization13 L( tv) ( FSN FON )* EF1 *44/ 28*310 FSN N SN Fert *(1 FracGASF ) FON NON Fert *(1 FracGASM ) Where: L (tv) = leakage, the direct N2O emission as a result of nitrogen application during monitoring interval, tons CO2-e yr -1 FSN = Amount of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen applied adjusted for volatilization as NH3 and NOx, tons N yr-1 FON = Annual amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen applied adjusted for volatilization as NH3 and NOx, tons N yr -1 NSN-Fert = Amount of synthetic fertilizer nitrogen applied, tons N yr-1 17

150 NON-Fert = Amount of organic fertilizer nitrogen applied, tons N yr-1 EF1 = Emission factor for emissions from N inputs, tons N2O-N (tons N input)-1, IPCC default value = 1.25% FracGASF = the fraction that volatilizes as NH3 and NOx for synthetic fertilizers, dimensionless, IPCC default value = 0.1; FracGASM = the fraction that volatilizes as NH3 and NOx for organic fertilizers, dimensionless, IPCC default value = 0.2; 44/28 = ratio of molecular weights of N2O and nitrogen, dimensionless 310 = Global Warming Potential for N2O The default values of GPG 2000 and 1996 IPCC Guideline are used for relevant parameters 1. B. Mitigation In relation with mitigation, it incorporates the aspects of overcoming fire disaster, assisting the fertilization and irrigation plans, etc. This needs an integrative approach to tackle the fire problem. There are four sources of fire, i.e. smoking, domestic work (cooking), land clearance, and very dried grasses. The last aspect is questionable, but some people in Calabai (Sumbawa Island) did mention about it. It happened that fire rose /broke out, from the siwft ignition, between the very dried leaves. Strong wind blow the dried leaves causing the weaving or strong shake. This strong shake that further inflict heavy friction between dried vegetation matters can also induce fire. To solve the problem, we need to think about removing the dried grasses by: 1. Weeding in strip or total weeding which is much more expensive 2. Apply herbicide (if any) in appropriate time. Never do that in dry season, especially when the grasses have grown numerously and heavily. 3. Form a fire brigade 4. Develop accessible forest road 5. Use Spondias, Gliricidia and Jatropha plant as fence which can function as fire strap and at the same time can be a foliage source for animal. 1 Sited from PDD of Siddenreng Rappang District, ADB Report 18

151 References Abdullah, U Some information on the benefits of AR-CDM Project in Lombok. Communication through the network. Anonymous Project Design Document form for Aforestation and Reforestation Project Activity: Facilitating Reforestation for Guangxi Watershed Management in Pearl River Basin, China. Boer, R Strategy of Utilization: Programmatic CDM to Support Forest and Land Rehabilitation in Indonesia. Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry. Jakarta Indonesia (Title and Text in Indonesian) Morikawa, Y Allometric equation of tree species based on measurement of their growth in Kurbian site, Lombok. Communication through the network. Murdiyarso, D., Hety Herawati, and Haris Iskandar Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor Indonesia. Siregar, P Indonesia: The First National Communication under the Umited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. State Ministry for Environment. Jakarta Indonesia. Starr C. and R. Taggart Greenhouse Gases and a Global Warming Trend. In: Biology, the Umity and Diversity of Life, Fifth Edition. Wadworth Publishing Co., A Division of Wadsworth, Inc. Belmont California pp. Tejowulan, Environmental impacts by Forestation : Study on Basic Environmental Information of Kurbian s JIFPRRO CDM Project Site. Conducted by: the University of Mataram incollaboration with JIFPRO and Dinas Kehutanan Province of West Nusa Tenggara. Mataram 19

152 LOCATION MAP AR-CDM KURBIAN, SEMBELIA SUB DISTRICT Scale 1 : 25,000 Location to be proposed 300 ha Appendix 1. Location map of AR-CDM Lombok 20

153 Appendix 2. The block map of the location of AR-CDM in Lombok 21

154 ( ) 95ha -30% -0.25ha -5m CDM 1989 PRA 1 Samanea saman Azadirachta indica Paraserianthes falcataria Gmelina arborea Anacardium occidentale 3m 3m 1) Paraserianthes Forest service Albiggia falcata Sengon Buto Anacardium 30 50m 2) MPTS Anacardium 5m 2.5m 3m 3m 5m 2.5m 1ha 1,100 1ha 800

155 20m 20m 1) 11ha 2) 45m 20m ( 1-5-1) Spondias Glilicidia ( 1-5-1)

156 2~3m Jatropha spp.( ) 2m 2m A B m m 20m 9 (2m 2m) Spondias Glilicidia 3) Kurbian NGO 1.5m

157 1) ( ) 10ha ( 1-5-2) ( ) ml 15cm 1.5 2)

158 1-5-1 Spondias 1m 1.5m Glilicidia cm

159 ( ) 20mm ( ) 12.5mm

160

161 A/R CDM ( ) A/R CDM 1ha Ferralsol Oxisol CDM 2-1 A/R CDM 466 /km2 41 /km2 MOU CDM A/R CDM JICA

162 A/R CDM (Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente ANAM) CDM (CEDESAM) ANAM CEDESAM ( 10) A/R CDM A/R CDM ( 2005) CDM ( 2006) A/R CDM ,700ha CDM FAO enrichment 826 ha CDM 142 ha ( 2005) CDM ANAM ANAM A/R CDM A/R CDM

163 ( ) A/R CDM A/R CDM ANAM CEDESAM Rio Hato ANAM 1975 A/R CDM 1989 A/R CDM 2009 ANAM A/R CDM 1) ( ) 7,000ha Cerro Cara Iguana 800m 500m ( ) ANAM 2)

164 ( 2005) Rio Hato 1,100mm 800mm ( 2-2) ( 1999) 100mm Rio Hato 27 C 2 C 2-2 ( 2005) 3) (Mapa Geologico) El Valle (Mapa Geomorphologico) (Glasis cuaternario medio) (E.A.Lao, 2006 ) 4) Lao (E. A. Lao 1985) 84% Loamy Sand

165 Entisol Psamment distric distric Psamment FAO distric Regosol ( ) Lao Alfisol Oxisol Lao (Psamment) 5) A/R CDM (ANAM ) CDM A/R CDM A/R CDM (2005): ( ) (2006): A/R CDM CDM pp (1999):p.31 Efrain Antonio Lao M. (1985): Site Evaluation of Caribbean Pine Plantations in Panama, Master thesis of North Carolina State University, Appendix B, pp.73-81

166 El Valle

167 distric Psamments or albic Arenosol distric Alfisol

168

169

170

171

172

173