Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Marquesia, from which the species was isolated.

Foliicolous. Conidiomata stromatic, scattered to gregarious, erumpent, erect, acervuloid to cup-shaped, up to 400 μm diam; basal stroma up to 100 μm deep, consisting of textura angularis, hyaline, thick-walled; excipulum of textura prismatica and textura intricata; cavity surrounded by sterile hyphae, hyaline, 3–6-septate, with obtuse ends, up to 150 μm long, 2–2.5 μm diam. Conidiophores arising from conidiomatal cavity, septate, branched, hyaline, thin- and smooth-walled, branches fertile or ending in obtusely rounded, sterile setae, 10–50 × 2–2.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells integrated or discrete, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 8–15 × 2–2.5 μm, with mucoid layer; proliferating inconspicuous percurrently at apex. Conidia tetra-radiate, main axis cylindrical, 0–1-septate, cells unequal, base narrow, truncate with marginal frill, hyaline, smooth, 15–20 × 2–2.5 μm, with tubular, unbranched central appendage, 1–3.5 μm long; arms 3(–4), at different apical loci on main axis, separated by septa, attenuated, septate, hyaline, smooth, not constricted at septa, (15–)30–40(–55) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 12 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, erumpent, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobed margin. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white to buff, reverse luteous with patches of buff.

Typus. ZAMBIA, OM 4142, -11.81730 24.36443, on twigs of Marquesia acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae), 24 Feb. 2013, M. van der Bank (holotype CBS H-21977, culture ex-type CPC 22539 = CBS 138895; ITS sequence GenBank KP004443, LSU sequence GenBank KP004471, MycoBank MB810587).

Notes — The genus Crucellisporiopsis was treated by Nag Raj (1993), who accepted three species. The genus is characterised by having stromatic, acervuloid conidiomata, hyaline structures with conidiogenous cells giving rise to conidia via inconspicuous percurrent proliferation, and conidia with a sub-cylindrical central axis with basal appendage, and 4–5 radiate, septate arms. Crucellisporiopsis marquesiae can be distinguished from all three species based on its conidia having a basal appendage, and the dimensions of its central axis, and lateral, 3(–4) radiating arms.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Crucellisporium umtamvunae (GenBank GU291797; Identities = 546/560 (98 %), Gaps = 1/560 (0 %)), Lachnum varians (GenBank AB481267; Identities = 465/511 (91 %), Gaps = 8/511 (1 %)) and Lachnellula tricolor (GenBank KC464643; Identities = 488/541 (90 %), Gaps = 8/541 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Lachnellula suecica (GenBank KC492980; Identities = 788/809 (97 %), no gaps), Lachnellula flavovirens (GenBank KC492975; Identities = 788/809 (97 %), no gaps) and Lachnum cf. bicolor (GenBank AY544674; Identities = 788/809 (97 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Marquesia acuminata in Zambia; conidiomata, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars: conidiomata = 400 μm, all others = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Aloe, from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial, erumpent, brown, subglobose, up to 350 μm diam with central ostiole; wall of 6–8 layers of thick-walled, brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, 15–25 × 4–6 μm, proliferating several times percurrently at apex. Paraphyses intermingled among conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, unbranched, septate, up to 80 μm long, 4–6 μm diam. Conidia solitary, thick-walled, guttulate, initially hyaline, becoming pale brown, finely verruculose, with longitudinal striations (when mature) along the length of its body, (25–)30–35(–42) × (10–)12–14(–17) μm, clavate to subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, 4–6 μm diam, with marginal frill up to 2 μm long. Spermatial state developing in same conidioma. Spermatophores tightly aggregated, hyaline, smooth, branched, subcylindrical, 15–25 × 3–4 μm. Spermatogenous cells terminal, subcylindrical, 8–12 × 2–3 μm. Spermatia hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 3–6 × 2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 40 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA flat, spreading with sparse aerial mycelium and lobed, feathery margins; surface olivaceous-grey in centre, outer region dirty white. On OA and PDA olivaceous-grey with a dirty white outer region.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape province, Clanwilliam, Ramskop, on Aloe sp. (Aloaceae), Sept. 2013, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21978, culture ex-type CPC 23674 = CBS 138896; ITS sequence GenBank KP004444, LSU sequence GenBank KP004472, MycoBank MB810590).

Notes — The genus Alanphillipsia (Botryosphaeriaceae, see Phillips et al. 2013) was recently introduced to accommodate four species that are aplosporella-like in morphology, but have conidia with a hyaline outer layer. Of the three species known from Aloe, A. aloeicola is most similar to A. aloetica in morphology, but distinct in that conidia of A. aloeicola (25–)30–35(–42) × (10–)12–14(–17) μm are wider than those of A. aloetica (20–)30–33(–35) × (5–)6(–7) μm (Crous et al. 2013).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Alanphillipsia aloetica (GenBank KF777139; Identities = 568/571 (99 %), Gaps = 2/571 (0 %)), Alanphillipsia aloeigena (GenBank KF777137; Identities = 564/571 (99 %), Gaps = 4/571 (0 %)) and Alanphillipsia aloes (GenBank KF777138; Identities = 547/566 (97 %), Gaps = 9/566 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Alanphillipsia aloetica (GenBank KF777195; Identities = 811/812 (99 %), no gaps), Alanphillipsia aloeigena (GenBank KF777193; Identities = 783/784 (99 %), no gaps) and Alanphillipsia aloes (GenBank KF777194; Identities = 810/812 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Aloe sp. in Clanwilliam; conidiogenous cells with conidia, spermatophores and spermatia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Phragmites, from which the species was isolated.

Sporulating on PNA. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, up to 250 μm diam, black, erumpent, exuding creamy conidial droplets from central ostioles; walls consisting of 3–6 layers of medium brown textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, 1–3-septate, rarely branched, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, 20–30 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells 10–17 × 2–2.5 μm, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal and intercalary, with slight apical taper, 1–1.5 μm diam, with visible periclinal thickening; collarette prominently flared, up to 3 μm long. Paraphyses not observed. Alpha conidia aseptate, hyaline, smooth, multi- or bi-guttulate, fusoid to ellipsoid, tapering towards both ends, straight apex subobtuse, base subtruncate, (6–)7–8(–8.5) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm. Gamma and beta conidia not observed.

Culture characteristics — Colonies covering dish after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA flat, spreading with moderate aerial mycelium and lobed, feathery margins; surface dirty white, reverse apricot. On OA and PDA dirty white.

Typus. CHINA, Beijing, Fragrant Hill, N39°59’18.4" E116°11’25", on Phragmites australis (Poaceae), 31 Aug. 2013, P.W. Crous & Y. Zhang (holotype CBS H-21979, culture ex-type CPC 23607 = CBS 138897; ITS sequence GenBank KP004445, LSU sequence GenBank KP004473, HIS sequence GenBank KP004503, TUB sequence GenBank KP004507, MycoBank MB810588).

Notes — Diaporthe phragmitis was isolated as endophyte from leaves of Phragmites australis. Phylogenetically, it is similar to species such as P. cotoneastri, P. juglandica and P. vaccinii based on DNA sequence data of the ITS gene, but can be distinguished from these taxa based on other loci (Lombard et al. 2014).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Phomopsis vaccinii (GenBank KJ739481; Identities = 561/567 (99 %), no gaps), Phomopsis juglandina (GenBank KC242236; Identities = 530/536 (99 %), Gaps = 1/536 (0 %)) and Diaporthe cotoneastri (GenBank KJ609015; Identities = 564/572 (99 %), Gaps = 2/572 (0 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Diaporthe eres (GenBank AF362565; Identities = 794/794 (100 %), no gaps), Diaporthe maytenicola (GenBank KF777210; Identities = 793/794 (99 %), no gaps) and Phomopsis vaccinii (GenBank AF439630; Identities = 793/794 (99 %), no gaps).

HIS. Closest hits using the HIS sequence had highest similarity to numerous sequences of Diaporthe eres (e.g. GenBank KJ420886; Identities = 319/319 (100 %), no gaps), as well as hits with Diaporthe cf. nobilis (GenBank KC343635; Identities = 319/319 (100 %), no gaps) and Diaporthe nitschkei (GenBank KJ420875; Identities = 317/319 (99 %), no gaps).

TUB. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the TUB sequence are Diaporthe ‘sp. YY-2013’ (an unpublished species from jujube in China; GenBank KF600610; Identities = 773/785 (98 %), Gaps = 1/785 (0 %)), Diaporthe cf. nobilis (GenBank KC344115; Identities = 692/697 (99 %), no gaps) and Diaporthe bicincta (GenBank KC344102; Identities = 688/697 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Fragrant Hill, Beijing; conidiomata, conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Ipomoea, from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata stromatic, scattered or aggregated, superficial, pale brown, cupulate, unilocular, globose, up to 250 μm diam, setose with a central crystalline conidial mass on PNA; basal stroma of textura angularis, layer 20–30 μm thick. Setae of two types. Type A brown to black, simple, subulate with acute apex, unbranched, smooth, thick-walled, up to 6-septate, 50–200 × 5–8 μm, 1 μm wide at acute apex, arising from basal stroma or lateral from excipulum. Type B setate pale brown, flexuous, septate, up to 100 μm long, 1.5–2 μm diam. Conidiophores lining the basal stroma, 1–2-septate, sparingly branched, cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, base pale brown, apex hyaline, 15–20 × 2–3 μm. Conidiogenous cells determinate, phialidic with periclinal thickening, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 8–12 × 2–2.5 μm. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, ends acutely rounded, guttulate, (7–)8(–9) × (2.5–)3(–3.5) μm, with three, unbranched, flexuous, centric, tubular appendages at each end, 3–5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark spreading, flat, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium and feathery margins. On MEA surface white, reverse white to ochreous. On OA buff. On PDA surface dirty white, reverse buff.

Typus. VIETNAM, Can Dao Islands, Con Son, sea shore, on leaves of Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae), 12 Dec. 2012, U. Damm (holotype CBS H-21980, culture ex-type CPC 21885 = CBS 138898; ITS sequence GenBank KP004446, LSU sequence GenBank KP004474, MycoBank MB810589).

Notes — The genus Dinemasporium and allied genera were recently treated in separate studies (Crous et al. 2012b, 2014, Hashimoto et al. 2014), in which Diarimella and Stauronema were reduced to synonymy under Dinemasporium. In conidiomata of Dinemasporium ipomoeae, dehiscence by a longitudinal raphe was not seen, but the conidial appendages and two types of setae suggest that this is a member of the genus Diarimella sensu Sutton (1980). This adds further support to reduce Diarimella to synonymy with Dinemasporium (Hashimoto et al. 2014). Dinemasporium ipomoeae is phylogenetically distinct from other members.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Dinemasporium polygonum (GenBank JQ889276; Identities = 428/445 (96 %), Gaps = 8/445 (1 %)), Dinemasporium americana (GenBank JQ889274; Identities = 474/509 (93 %), Gaps = 13/509 (2 %)) and Dinemasporium strigosum (GenBank JQ889283; Identities = 521/560 (93 %), Gaps = 16/560 (2 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Dinemasporium polygonum (GenBank JQ889292; Identities = 788/793 (99 %), no gaps), Dinemasporium morbidum (GenBank JQ889297; Identities = 786/793 (99 %), no gaps) and Dinemasporium pseudostrigosum (GenBank JQ889295; Identities = 786/793 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Scenic tree from Can Dao Islands, Vietnam; conidiomata on CLA, setae, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Mimusops, from which the species was isolated.

Leaf spots brown, amphigenous, subcircular, associated with leaf margins, up to 2 cm diam. Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, black, erumpent, globose, exuding colourless to opaque conidial masses; pycnidia up to 150 μm diam; pycnidial wall of several layers of textura angularis, up to 30 μm thick; inner wall of hyaline textura angularis. Ostiole central, up to 10–20 μm diam. Conidiophores subcylindrical to ampulliform, reduced to conidiogenous cells, or with 1–2 supporting cells, at times branched at base, 20–30 × 5–7 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, coated in a mucoid layer, 7–15 × 2.5–3 μm; proliferating several times percurrently near apex. Conidia 10–11(–12) × (5.5–)6–6.5(–7) μm, solitary, hyaline, aseptate, thin- and smooth-walled, coarsely guttulate, or with a single large central guttule, ellipsoid to obovoid, tapering towards a narrow truncate base, 2.5–3 μm diam, enclosed in a thin, persistent mucoid sheath, 1–2 μm thick and bearing a hyaline, apical mucoid appendage, (8–)17–25(–35) × 1.5(–2) μm, flexible, unbranched, tapering towards an acute tip. Spermatogonia resembling conidiomata. Spermatia hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical with obtuse apex and truncate base, 7–15 × 1.5–2 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading with sparse aerial mycelium, and feathery, lobate margins. On PDA surface greenish black, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface iron-grey. On MEA surface olivaceous-grey in centre, pale olivaceous-grey in outer region, olivaceous-grey underneath.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, Limpopo province, Klein Kariba ATKV resort, S24°50’11.6" E28°19’55.6", on leaves of Mimusops zeyheri (Sapotaceae), 22 Jan. 2013, P.W. Crous & W.J. Swart (holotype CBS H-21981, culture ex-type CPC 22063 = CBS 138899; ITS sequence GenBank KP004447, LSU sequence GenBank KP004475, MycoBank MB810591).

Notes — Several species of Phyllosticta have been described from Mimusops, namely P. mimusopsidis Henn., which turned out to be a species of Phomopsis, P. mimusopsidis Cufino, which appears to be a species of Phoma, along with P. mimusopsidis-elengi (van der Aa & Vanev 2002). As far as we are aware, Phyllosticta mimusopisicola is thus the first true species of Phyllosticta reported from Mimusops.

In a recent phylogenetic re-evaluation of the genus Phyllosticta (Wikee et al. 2013), two nomenclatural errors were made that need to be corrected, namely P. rubra Berl. & Voglino (1886) was added to the MycoBank repository after the deposit of P. rubra Wikee & Crous (2013), rendering the latter invalid, while the name P. mangifera-indica Wikee, Crous, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie was never deposited in MycoBank.

Phyllosticta rubella Wikee & Crous, nom. nov. — MycoBank MB810592

≡ Phyllosticta rubra Wikee & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 76: 25. 2013 (nom. illegit., Art. 53.1), non P. rubra Berl. & Voglino (1886).

Description and illustration: Wikee et al. (2013).

Specimen examined. USA, Missouri, on Acer rubrum, July 1999, G. Carroll (holotype CBS H-21398, culture ex-type CBS 111635).

Phyllosticta mangiferae-indicae Wikee, Crous, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, sp. nov. –– MycoBank MB810593

≡ Phyllosticta mangifera-indica Wikee, Crous, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie, Stud. Mycol. 76: 18. 2013 (nom. illegit., Art. 42.1).

Description and illustration: Wikee et al. (2013).

Specimen examined. THAILAND, Chiangrai, Nanglae, on healthy leaf of Mangifera indica, July 2011, S. Wikee (holotype MFU13-0108; ex-type culture CPC 20274 = MFLUCC10-0029 = CBS 136061).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Phyllosticta podocarpicola (GenBank KF206173; Identities = 389/409 (95 %), Gaps = 7/409 (1 %)), Phyllosticta cornicola (GenBank KF170307; Identities = 384/409 (94 %), Gaps = 9/409 (2 %)) and Phyllosticta minima (GenBank KF766216; Identities = 384/409 (94 %), Gaps = 6/409 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Phyllosticta philoprina (GenBank KF766342; Identities = 762/773 (99 %), no gaps), Guignardia rhodorae (GenBank KF206292; Identities = 745/756 (99 %), no gaps) and Phyllosticta foliorum (GenBank KF206287; Identities = 745/756 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Mimusops zeyheri at the Klein Kariba ATKV resort; conidiomata, conidiophores, conidia and spermatia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Eucalyptus, from which the species was isolated.

Leaf spots brown, amphigenous, subcircular to irregular, up to 15 mm diam. Colonies homothallic, sporulating on OA. Ascomata pseudothecial, erumpent, up to 90 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci fasciculate, bitunicate, subsessile, hyaline, smooth, 8-spored, narrowly obovoid, with minute apical chamber, 1 μm diam, 23–40 × 7–12 μm. Pseudoparaphyses absent. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, widest in middle of apical cell, tapering towards both ends, constricted at median septum, (10–)11–12 × 3(–3.5) μm; ascospores germinating from both ends, frequently with lateral branches, ascospores becoming distorted, 6–8 μm diam, brown and verruculose.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 12 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, spreading with moderate aerial mycelium, and even, smooth margins. On MEA surface olivaceous-grey, reverse iron-grey. On PDA surface smoke grey, reverse olivaceous-grey. On OA surface olivaceous-grey.

Typus. ETHIOPIA, Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa Botanical Garden, N09°05’ 16.2" E38°43’4.7", on leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae), 24 June 2013, P.W. Crous & A. Assefa (holotype CBS H-21982, culture ex-type CPC 23241 = CBS 138900; ITS sequence GenBank KP004448, LSU sequence GenBank KP004476, MycoBank MB810594).

Notes — The genus Rachicladosporium was established for taxa associated with leaf spots that are cladosporium-like in morphology, but distinct in that they have conidiophores with an apical rachis, and conidia that are pigmented, occur in chains and have slightly thickened hila (Crous et al. 2007b). Rachicladosporium eucalypti is the first species in the genus with a known sexual morph, which is mycosphaerella-like in morphology.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Rachicladosporium alpinum (GenBank KF309941; Identities = 451/464 (97 %), Gaps = 4/464 (0 %)), Rachicladosporium inconspicuum (GenBank KF309939; Identities = 451/464 (97 %), Gaps = 4/464 (0 %)) and Rachicladosporium pini (GenBank JF951145; Identities = 564/584 (97 %), Gaps = 3/584 (0 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Rachicladosporium alpinum (GenBank KF309988; Identities = 705/707 (99 %), no gaps), Rachicladosporium pini (GenBank JF951165; Identities = 756/759 (99 %), no gaps) and Rachicladosporium luculiae (GenBank EU040237; Identities = 756/759 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Eucalyptus globules leaves at the Addis Ababa Botanical Garden, Ethiopia; ascomata, asci and germinating ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Dolichandra, from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata sporodochial, forming loose, brown, superficial sporodochia on agar surface, up to 300 μm diam, consisting of brown textura angularis to textura globulosa, that become fertile at the edges. Conidiogenous cells smooth, brown, globose to somewhat elongated, 4–6 μm diam, phialidic, with minute periclinal thickening. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, reniform, medianly 1-septate, inner plane with apical and basal horn-like appendages following curvature of inner plane, 2–3 μm long; conidia (incl. appendages) 10–11 × 2.5–3 μm, with a slightly raised hilum (0.5 μm diam) at the base where the basal appendage joins the conidium body.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, appressed, spreading with sparse aerial mycelium, surface folded with smooth, lobate margin, reaching 3 cm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse ochreous. On PDA surface dirty white, reverse pale luteous. On OA surface pale luteous.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, S29°37’50.95" E30°25’51.67", on leaves of Dolichandra unguiscati (Bignoniaceae), 24 May 2013, A. King (holotype CBS H-21983, culture ex-type CPC 22951 = CBS 138853; ITS sequence GenBank KP004449, LSU sequence GenBank KP004477, MycoBank MB810595).

Notes — The genus Arxiella was established for a fungus collected from leaf litter and soil under Acacia karroo in South Africa (Papendorf 1967) and presently includes two species. Arxiella dolichandrae is distinct from these species by its conidial dimensions (A. terrestris, 6–16 × 3–4.5 μm; A. lunata, 10–17 × 3–4 μm) (Papendorf 1967, Ruscoe 1970).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (GenBank JN711860; Identities = 363/420 (86 %), Gaps = 17/420 (4 %)), Polychaeton citri (GenBank GU214649; Identities = 445/538 (83 %), Gaps = 22/538 (4 %)) and Leptoxyphium madagascariense (GenBank GQ303277; Identities = 409/501 (82 %), Gaps = 28/501 (5 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis (GenBank JN865198; Identities = 722/809 (89 %), Gaps = 5/809 (0 %)), Hysterium vermiforme (GenBank GQ221897; Identities = 719/810 (89 %), Gaps = 6/810 (0 %)) and Chlamydotubeufia khunkornensis (GenBank JN865190; Identities = 720/813 (89 %), Gaps = 11/813 (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Symptomatic leaves of Dolichandra unguiscati; colonies on OA, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Endiandra, from which the species was isolated.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, smooth, branched, septate, 3–4 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, erect, straight to flexuous, subcylindrical, unbranched, brown, thick-walled, finely roughened, base bulbous, lacking rhizoids, 10–12 μm diam, stipe 200–300 × 5–7 μm, 8–16-septate. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and lateral, monotretic, subcylindrical, brown, finely roughened, slightly darkened, 2 μm diam. Conidia obclavate, solitary or in short chains (2–3), thick-walled, brown, finely roughened, 3(–4) distoseptate, (35–)37–45(–57) × (7–)8(–9) μm; hila darkened, thickened, 2.5–3.5 μm diam.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, even margins. On MEA, PDA and OA surface and reverse dirty white.

Typus. AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, Nightcap National Park, S28.33.918 E153.20.228, on leaves of Endiandra introrsa (Lauraceae), 9 Mar. 2013, B.A. Summerell (holotype CBS H-21984, culture ex-type CPC 22194 = CBS 138902; ITS sequence GenBank KP004450, LSU sequence GenBank KP004478, MycoBank MB810596).

Notes — Species of Corynespora are commonly associated with leaf spots as necrotrophic pathogens. Species have mainly been described based on host association, and the genus is in need of revision. No species have thus far been recorded on Endiandra, and based on the key provided by Siboe et al. (1999), C. endiandrae appears to represent a novel taxon.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Helminthosporium velutinum (GenBank JN198435; Identities = 453/505 (90 %), Gaps = 9/505 (1 %)), Helminthosporium solani (GenBank KC106739; Identities = 501/560 (89 %), Gaps = 13/560 (2 %)) and Helminthosporium chlorophorae (GenBank AF120259; Identities = 422/475 (89 %), Gaps = 16/475 (3 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Corynespora leucadendri (GenBank KF251654; Identities = 806/819 (98 %), no gaps), Corynespora olivacea (GenBank JQ044448; Identities = 806/820 (98 %), Gaps = 1/820 (0 %)) and Byssothecium circinans (GenBank GU205217; Identities = 802/819 (98 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Nightcap National Park, Australia; conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Triunia, from which the species was isolated.

Mycelium consisting of hyaline, septate, branched, 2–3 μm diam hyphae. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, erect, arising from superficial hyphae, straight to flexuous, T-cell at base slightly swollen (up to 7 μm diam) or not, stipe 200–280 μm long, 4–5 μm diam at the base, 4–7-septate, brown, smooth, thin-walled, branched in upper part. Primary branches pale brown, verruculose, subcylindrical, aseptate, 25–35 × 3–4 μm, giving rise to 1–2 secondary branches, pale brown, subcylindrical, aseptate, 15–20 × 3–4 μm. Secondary branches giving rise to a conidiogenous region consisting of 3–4 subcylindrical cells, pale brown, finely verruculose to smooth, each cell with an upper fertile region consisting of aggregated denticulate loci, 0.5 μm long, 1 μm diam, darkened and thickened; at times cells also have a fertile lateral branch, 13–20 × 3–3.5 μm. Conidia solitary, clavate, pale brown, guttulate, roughened, apex obtuse, lower part attenuating towards truncate base, 1 μm diam; conidia 1-septate, slightly constricted at septum, straight to slightly curved, apical cell 5–6 μm long, basal cell 7–8 μm long, conidia (10–)12–14(–15) × (3.5–)4(–4.5) μm (apical cell rarely developing a second septum); hila 0.5–1 μm diam, somewhat darkened and thickened.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 15 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, even margins. On MEA surface ochreous, reverse umber. On PDA surface luteous to buff, with diffuse, luteous pigment, but umber in reverse. On OA surface dirty white with diffuse buff pigment.

Typus. AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, Nightcap National Park, S28.38.413 E153.20.179, on leaves of Triunia youngiana (Proteaceae), 9 Mar. 2013, B.A. Summerell (holotype CBS H-21985, culture ex-type CPC 22191, 22192 = CBS 138901; ITS sequence of CPC 22191, GenBank KP004451, LSU sequence GenBank KP004479, MycoBank MB810597).

Notes — Species of Gonatophragmium are commonly associated with leaf spots on a wide range of hosts (Ellis 1971, 1976, Braun & Hill 2008). Of the approximately 15 species presently known to occur in the genus, G. triuniae is easily distinguished based on its small, 1-septate conidia. It is also the only species thus far reported from Triunia.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Arthothelium spectabile (GenBank AF138814; Identities = 446/469 (95 %), Gaps = 9/469 (1 %)), Phaeodactylium stadleri (GenBank HF678526; Identities = 317/369 (86 %), Gaps = 8/369 (2 %)) and Radulidium subulatum (GenBank EU041790; Identities = 436/544 (80 %), Gaps = 36/544 (6 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Acrospermum adeanum (GenBank EU940104; Identities = 758/800 (95 %), no gaps), Pseudovirgaria grisea (GenBank JF957610; Identities = 780/827 (94 %), Gaps = 2/827 (0 %)) and Pseudovirgaria hyperparasitica (GenBank EU041822; Identities = 780/827 (94 %), Gaps = 2/827 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Nightcap National Park, Australia; conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Podocarpus, from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial, erumpent, brown, globose, solitary, up to 300 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 4–8 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, 4–7 × 3–4 μm, phialidic with inconspicuous periclinal thickening at apex. Paraphyses intermingled among conidiogenous cells, subcylindrical, hyaline, 1–2-septate, up to 25 μm long, 2–3 μm diam. Conidia solitary, red-brown in mass, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoidal, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1–1.5 μm diam, medianly 1-septate, mostly straight, (7–)8–10(–12) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 30 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, surface folded, with moderate aerial mycelium and even, lobate margins. On MEA surface dirty white, reverse apricot. On OA surface pale olivaceous-grey. On PDA surface pale olivaceous-grey, reverse olivaceous-grey.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Garden Route National Park, Velbroeksdraai picnic site, Diepwalle Forest, S33°56’ E23°09’, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 1 July 2013, A.R. Wood (holotype CBS H-21986, culture ex-type CPC 23433 = CBS 138903; ITS sequence GenBank KP004452, LSU sequence GenBank KP004480, ACT sequence GenBank KP004502, TUB sequence GenBank KP004508, MycoBank MB810598).

Notes — The genus Phaeoseptoria was shown to be synonymous with Phaeosphaeria by Quaedvlieg et al. (2013). Although most of the asexual morphs of Phaeosphaeria species have multiseptate conidia, the general morphology of P. podocarpi corresponds with other members of the genus. However, there are several unresolved lineages that are phaeosphaeria-like awaiting study. It is thus possible that P. podocarpi could still be segregated in a distinct genus based on additional collections and DNA sequence data.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Ascochyta manawaorae (GenBank GU230751; Identities = 461/478 (96 %), Gaps = 3/478 (0 %)), Phaeosphaeria poagena (GenBank KJ869114; Identities = 522/542 (96 %), Gaps = 3/542 (0 %)) and Parastagonospora nodorum (GenBank KF512822; Identities = 510/532 (96 %), Gaps = 9/532 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Phaeosphaeria oryzae (GenBank KF251689; Identities = 816/816 (100 %), no gaps), Phaeosphaeriopsis musae (GenBank DQ885894; Identities = 816/816 (100 %), no gaps) and Phaeosphaeria papayae (GenBank KF251690; Identities = 815/815 (100 %), no gaps).

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Podocarpus, from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial, hyaline to subhyaline on SNA, aggregated in clusters, globose, up to 350 μm diam; wall of 3–6 layers of hyaline textura intricata. Conidiophores lining the inner cavity, subcylindrical, smooth, hyaline, 1-septate, giving rise to 1–2 conidiogenous cells, 5–8 × 2–2.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to doliiform, proliferating sympodially at apex, 3–6 × 2–2.5 μm. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, flexuous, apex obtuse, base truncate, (45–)50–70(–90) × 2(–2.5) μm, 9–18-septate, disarticulating into phragmospores, cylindrical with truncate ends, 5–6 μm long.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 10 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, spreading, with fluffy aerial mycelium and feathery margin. On MEA surface and reverse dirty white, with diffuse apricot zone in agar. On OA surface apricot. On PDA surface salmon, reverse dirty white.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Knysna, Garden Route National Park, Velbroeksdraai picnic site, Diepwalle Forest, S33°56’ E23°09’, on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius (Podocarpaceae), 1 July 2013, A.R. Wood (holotype CBS H-21987, culture ex-type CPC 23447 = CBS 138904; ITS sequence GenBank KP004453, LSU sequence GenBank KP004481, MycoBank MB810599).

Notes — The genus Phacidiella (1884) has been linked to Pyrenopeziza (1870) sexual morphs (Sutton 1980). However, Pyrenopeziza is also linked to Cylindrosporium (1823), while some species of Cylindrosporium are linked to Blumeriella (1961) (Johnston et al. 1914). Sutton (1980) stated that Phacidiella and its generic synonyms are in need of revision, as some have 1-septate conidia (e.g. Ramulariospora), and others are aseptate, suggesting that they may not all be congeneric. Phacidiella podocarpi is thus best described in the genus Phacidiella based on its hyaline, aseptate conidia.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Glomerobolus gelineus (GenBank DQ247782; Identities = 232/248 (94 %), Gaps = 6/248 (2 %)), Caloplaca albopruinosa (GenBank EF093566; Identities = 240/260 (92 %), Gaps = 3/260 (1 %)) and Umbilicaria mammulata (GenBank DQ782851; Identities = 243/265 (92 %), Gaps = 5/265 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Stictis radiata (GenBank AY300864; Identities = 751/783 (96 %), no gaps), Carestiella socia (GenBank AY661682; Identities = 790/827 (96 %), Gaps = 3/827 (0 %)) and Conotrema populorum (GenBank AY300833; Identities = 780/826 (94 %), Gaps = 4/826 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Velbroeksdraai picnic site, Diepwalle Forest, South Africa; Phaeosphaeria podocarpi (left column): colonies on OA, conidiogenous cells and conidia; Phacidiella podocarpi (right column): conidiomata on PNA, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. L. = crescit, growing on, referring to its ecological habit, growing on Phellinus.

Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, solitary or aggregated, uni- to multilocular, with central ostiole; wall consisting of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis; outer surface covered in brown, warty hyphae. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or a supporting cell. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, tightly aggregated, subcylindrical, straight to curved, phialidic with periclinal thickening. Conidia aseptate, solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, thin-walled, ellipsoid to tear-drop-shaped.

Type species. Phellinocrescentia guianensis.

MycoBank MB810600.

Etymology. Name reflects the locality, French Guiana, where this species was collected.

Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, solitary or aggregated, uni- to multilocular, up to 220 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall consisting of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis, becoming hyaline towards inner centrum; outer surface covered in brown, warty hyphae, 3–4 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells or a supporting cell. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, tightly aggregated, subcylindrical, straight to curved, phialidic with periclinal thickening, 5–12 × 1.5 μm. Conidia aseptate, solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate, thin-walled, ellipsoid to tear-drop-shaped, (2.5–)3(–4) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies reaching 7 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, surface folded, with sparse aerial mycelium and even, lobed margins. On MEA surface a mixture of dirty white and olivaceous-grey, reverse olivaceous-grey. On OA and PDA olivaceous-grey.

Typus. FRENCH GUIANA, on polypore No. 742 (Phellinus sp.), 12 July 2013, C. Decock (holotype CBS H-21988, culture ex-type CPC 23600 = CBS 138913; ITS sequence GenBank KP004454, LSU sequence GenBank KP004482, MycoBank MB810601).

Notes — The strain was found growing on the sporocarp of a Phellinus sp. and isolated by plating it on malt agar. Phellinocrescentia guianensis is phoma-like in morphology, but distinct in having solitary or aggregated, uni- to multilocular conidiomata, and ellipsoid to tear-drop-shaped conidia. It also has a unique ecological habit, growing on basidiocarps of a Phellinus sp. It was not possible to assign a genus to this fungus based on phylogenetic inference and the new genus, Phellinocrescentia, is introduced to accommodate it.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Didymosphaeria futilis (GenBank EU552123; Identities = 470/574 (82 %), Gaps = 38/574 (6 %)), Funbolia dimorpha (GenBank JF951136; Identities = 362/424 (85 %), Gaps = 15/424 (3 %)) and Geomyces pannorum var. asperulatus (GenBank AJ938166; Identities = 329/395 (83 %), Gaps = 25/395 (6 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Pseudopassalora gouriqua (GenBank JN712565; Identities = 743/790 (94 %), no gaps), Heleiosa barbatula (GenBank GU479787; Identities = 735/793 (93 %), Gaps = 5/793 (0 %)) and Funbolia dimorpha (GenBank JF951156; Identities = 729/790 (92 %), Gaps = 1/790 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Basidiomata of Phellinus sp. on a dead standing tree in French Guiana; conidiomata in agar, warty hyphae, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the location, Lake Urmia (formerly known as Chichast), from which the species was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, uniloculate, black, up to 200 μm diam, with 1–3 papillate necks (up to 150 μm diam), with central ostioles 5–10 μm diam. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner cavity, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 7–15 × 4–5 μm, proliferating percurrently at apex. Paraphyses intermingled between conidiogenous cells, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, 1–2-septate with obtuse ends, up to 35 μm long, 4–5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, brown, finely roughened, ellipsoid, widest in middle, apex obtuse, muriformly septate, thick-walled, base truncate, 2–3 μm diam, (11–)15–19(–22) × (6–)8–9(–11) μm; 3 transverse septa, 1–2 oblique or vertical septa.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading with sparse aerial mycelia. On OA surface olivaceous-grey. On MEA surface pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey. Optimum growth occurred at 25 °C, but the fungus grew at 15 °C up to 35 °C. Furthermore, optimum growth was recorded at pH values between 5.5 and 6.5, although it could grow at a broad range of pH values (4–10).

Typus. IRAN, Lake Urmia, soil, 2011, M. Papizadeh & M.R. Soudi (holo-type CBS H-21989, culture ex-type IBRC-M 30126 = CBS 137502; ITS sequence GenBank KP004455, LSU sequence GenBank KP004483, MycoBank MB810602).

Notes — Neocamarosporium chichastianum clusters with N. goegapense, the type species of the genus Neocamarosporium, which is morphologically similar to the genus Camarosporium based on its pycnidial conidiomata, hyaline, percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, and brown, muriformly septate conidia (Crous et al. 2014). Neocamarosporium chichastianum is the second species described in this genus, and interestingly has paraphyses, which were not observed in N. goegapense.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Neocamarosporium goegapense (GenBank KJ869163; Identities = 550/579 (95 %), Gaps = 5/579 (0 %)), Phoma betae (GenBank KC460811; Identities = 463/493 (94 %), Gaps = 7/493 (1 %)) and Ascochyta obiones (GenBank GU230752; Identities = 463/498 (93 %), Gaps = 4/498 (0 %)). Our ITS sequence is 98 % (517/529) identical to the sequence of Chaetosphaeronema hispidulum CBS 826.88 in Q-bank (www.q-bank.eu).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Neocamarosporium goegapense (GenBank KJ869220; Identities = 804/806 (99 %), no gaps), Chaetosphaeronema hispidulum (GenBank EU754145; Identities = 848/851 (99 %), no gaps) and Coniothyrium obiones (GenBank DQ678054; Identities = 849/853 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Lake Urmia in Iran; conidiomata on OA and PNA, conidiomatal neck, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Pelargonium, from which this species was isolated.

Sporulating on SNA. Conidiomata pycnidial, brown, separate, immersed to erumpent, globose, up to 150 μm diam, exuding a creamy crystalline conidial mass via a central ostiole; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, at times pale brown, smooth, subcylindrical, straight to geniculous-sinuous, 7–15 × 3–5 μm, proliferating sympodially. Conidia hyaline, smooth, guttulate, filiform, narrowly obclavate, apex subobtusely rounded, base long obconically truncate, (1–)3–4-septate, (15–)28–45(–60) × 1.5–2(–2.5) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies on PDA, MEA and OA spreading with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium, and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA surface olivaceous-grey with apricot sporulation, iron-grey underneath. On PDA surface olivaceous-grey with strands of dirty white mycelium, reverse iron-grey. On OA surface dirty white.

Typus. SOUTH AFRICA, Western Cape Province, Betty’s Bay, Harold Porter National Botanical Garden, on leaves of Pelargonium sp. (Geraniaceae), 15 Jan. 2014, P.W. Crous & M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21990, culture ex-type CPC 24151 = CBS 138857; ITS sequence GenBank KP004456, LSU sequence GenBank KP004484, TEF sequence GenBank KP004506, MycoBank MB810603).

Notes — The genus Sphaerulina was shown to have septoria-like asexual morphs by Quaedvlieg et al. (2013), several of which were either endophytes or important plant pathogens. Although Sphaerulina pelargonii was associated with small, brown leaf spots on Pelargonium, inoculation studies have not been conducted to confirm its pathogenicity. This is the first species of Sphaerulina reported on this host. Similar taxa reported from Pelargonium include Septoria pelargonii (conidia 3–5-septate, 40–60 × 2–2.5 μm), Septoria canberrica (conidia 1–3-septate, 12–30(–36) × 1.5–2 μm), Septoria geranii (conidia 35–50 × 1 μm) and Septoria geranii-nodosi (conidia 50–65 × 2 μm). Species of Septoria that are known from culture were recently treated in detail by Verkley et al. (2013).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Sphaerulina rhododendricola (GenBank KF777187; Identities = 600/614 (98 %), Gaps = 8/614 (1 %)), Mycosphaerella ribis (GenBank EU167588; Identities = 634/649 (98 %), Gaps = 5/649 (0 %)) and Pseudocercosporella chaenomelis (GenBank JQ793663; Identities = 573/587 (98 %), Gaps = 8/587 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Sphaerulina rhododendricola (GenBank KF779493; Identities = 834/836 (99 %), no gaps), Pseudocercosporella chaenomelis (GenBank GU253834; Identities = 826/828 (99 %), no gaps) and Sphaerulina azaleae (GenBank KF252105; Identities = 823/825 (99 %), no gaps).

TEF. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the TEF sequence are Sphaerulina rhabdoclinis (GenBank KF253578; Identities = 344/382 (90 %), Gaps = 9/382 (2 %)), Sphaerulina amelanchier (GenBank KF253545; Identities = 344/382 (90 %), Gaps = 9/382 (2 %)) and Sphaerulina menispermi (GenBank KF253565; Identities = 343/381 (90 %), Gaps = 10/381 (2 %)).

Colour illustrations. Harold Porter National Botanical Garden, Betty’s Bay, South Africa; conidiomata on OA, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Eucalyptus, from which this species was isolated.

Leaf spots amphigenous, dark brown, 10–20 mm diam, with dark brown border. Co-occurring on leaf spots with Zasmidium eucalyptigenum. Ascomata hypophyllous, black erumpent, globose, solitary, up to 110 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci fasciculate, bitunicate, subsessile, hyaline, smooth, 8-spored, obovoid to ellipsoid, aparaphysate, straight to slightly curved, 35–45 × 10–12 μm. Pseudoparaphyses absent. Ascospores tri- to multi-seriate, hyaline, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, widest in apical cell, one third from apex, tapering towards both ends, not constricted at median septum, (17–)18–20(–22) × (3–)4 μm; ascospores germinating from both ends, not constricting or distorting, remaining hyaline, 4–5 μm diam; germ tubes developing numerous lateral branches.

Culture characteristics — Colonies spreading, erumpent with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam on PDA, MEA and OA after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA surface pale luteus with patches of dirty white, reverse sienna. On OA surface saffron. On PDA surface saffron, reverse pale luteus.

Typus. MOZAMBIQUE, Forestas de Niassa, leaf spots of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae), 2 Feb. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21991, culture ex-type CPC 24247 = CBS 138858; ITS sequence GenBank KP004457, LSU sequence GenBank KP004485, MycoBank MB810604).

Notes — Xenosonderhenia eucalypti appears to represent an undescribed genus in the Mycosphaerellaceae. It clusters with ‘Mycosphaerella’ elaeocarpi that lacks an asexual morph and Xenosonderhenia syzygii, which lacks a sexual morph (Crous et al. 2012a). Because this taxon is clearly not a species of Mycosphaerella s.str., which has Ramularia asexual morphs (Verkley et al. 2004, Crous et al. 2009b), we tentatively place it in the genus Xenosonderhenia, pending further collections.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Xenosonderhenia syzygii (GenBank JX069872; Identities = 506/525 (96 %), Gaps = 3/525 (0 %)), Mycosphaerella elongata (GenBank EF394833; Identities = 492/520 (95 %), Gaps = 4/520 (0 %)) and Mycosphaerella elaeocarpi (GenBank EU040212; Identities = 514/547 (94 %), Gaps = 7/547 (1 %)).

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Eucalyptus, from which this species was isolated.

Co-occurring on leaf spots with Xenosonderhenia eucalypti. Ascomata hypophyllous, black erumpent, globose, solitary, up to 100 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci fasciculate, bitunicate, subsessile, hyaline, smooth, 8-spored, obovoid to ellipsoid, aparaphysate, straight to slightly curved, 25–40 × 8–10 μm. Pseudoparaphyses absent. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, widest in middle of apical cell, tapering towards both ends, constricted at median septum, 13–16 × (2.5–)3.5–4 μm; ascospores germinating from both ends, becoming constricted, but remaining hyaline and smooth, 4–6 μm diam, developing lateral branches. Mycelium brown, verruculose, typical of Zasmidium asexual morph. Conidiophores brown, verruculose, solitary on superficial hyphae, erect, branched or not, up to 50 μm tall, 3–4 μm diam, 1–3-septate. Conidiogenous cells terminal or intercalary, with several thickened, darkened, refractive scars, 1 μm diam. Conidia brown, verruculose, straight to curved, solitary or in branched chains, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base tapering to a truncate hilum, 1–1.5 μm diam, 1–9-septate, 30–120 × (2.5–)3 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies erumpent, spreading, folded, with mucoid exudate and sparse to moderate aerial mycelium, and smooth, lobed margins, reaching 3 cm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. Culture is sterile.. On OA surface olivaceous-grey. On MEA surface olivaceous-grey with patches of pale olivaceous-grey. On PDA surface olivaceous-grey with patches of pale olivaceous-grey, iron-grey in reverse.

Typus. MOZAMBIQUE, Forestas de Niassa, leaf spots of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae), 2 Feb. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21992, culture ex-type CPC 24251 = CBS 138860; ITS sequence GenBank KP004458, LSU sequence GenBank KP004486, MycoBank MB810605).

Notes — The genus Mycosphaerella is polyphyletic (Crous et al. 2007a), and Zasmidium is the oldest name to accommodate stenella-like taxa clustering in the Mycosphaerellaceae (Arzanlou et al. 2007). Several species have thus far been described from Eucalyptus (Crous et al. 2009a, b, Braun et al. 2010), all of which are phylogenetically distinct from Z. eucalyptigenum.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Zasmidium rothmanniae (GenBank KJ869135; Identities = 461/480 (96 %), Gaps = 7/480 (1 %)), Periconiella arcuata (GenBank EU041779; Identities = 427/449 (95 %), Gaps = 6/449 (1 %)) and Mycosphaerella pseudovespa (GenBank DQ530216; Identities = 432/457 (95 %), Gaps = 6/457 (1 %)).

Colour illustrations. Leaf spots on Eucalyptus urophylla. Xenosonderhenia eucalypti (left column): leaf spot, asci with ascospores and germinating ascospores; Zasmidium eucalyptigenum (right column): leaf spots, conidiophore and conidia, ascospores and germinating ascospores. Scale bars =10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Acacia, from which this species was isolated.

Sporulating on PNA. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, up to 300 μm diam, black, erumpent, exuding creamy conidial droplets from central ostioles; walls consisting of 3–6 layers of medium brown textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, 2–3-septate, branched, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, 20–30 × 2.5–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells 15–25 × 2–3 μm, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal and intercalary, with slight apical taper, 1–1.5 μm diam, with visible periclinal thickenening; collarette not flared, up to 2 μm long. Paraphyses not observed. Alpha conidia (6–)6.5–7(–7.5) × (2–)2.5(–3) μm, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, bi-guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, tapering towards both ends, straight apex subobtuse, base subtruncate, 1 μm diam. Beta conidia spindle-shaped, aseptate, smooth, hyaline, apex acutely rounded, base truncate, tapering from the lower third towards the base, (20–)25–35(–40) × 1.5(–2) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies covering the dish after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, with sparse to moderate aerial mycelium. On MEA, PDA and OA surface dirty white with patches of grey-olivaceous, reverse dirty white with patches of sienna.

Typus. TANZANIA, Serengeti, on thorns of Acacia tortilis (Fabaceae), Feb. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21994, culture ex-type CPC 24324 = CBS 138862; ITS sequence GenBank KP004460, LSU sequence GenBank KP004488, HIS sequence GenBank KP004504, TUB sequence GenBank KP004509, MycoBank MB810606).

Notes — No Diaporthe (incl. Phomopsis) species have been described from Acacia tortilis (Uecker 1988, Gomes et al. 2013). Phylogenetically, D. acaciarum is closely related to several species based on ITS (see below), but it can be distinguished from them based on TUB sequence data.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Phomopsis chimonanthi (GenBank KF746059; Identities = 505/513 (98 %), Gaps = 5/513 (0 %)), Diaporthe helianthi (GenBank JQ936257; Identities = 546/556 (98 %), Gaps = 1/556 (0 %)) and Diaporthe infecunda (GenBank KF939614; Identities = 525/536 (98 %), Gaps = 4/536 (0 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Diaporthe leucospermi (GenBank JN712524; Identities = 836/839 (99 %), no gaps), Taeniolella alta (GenBank DQ377938; Identities = 834/839 (99 %), no gaps) and Diaporthe arctii (GenBank AF362562; Identities = 831/836 (99 %), no gaps).

HIS. Closest hits using the HIS sequence had highest similarity to Diaporthe infecunda (GenBank KC343613; Identities = 359/369 (97 %), Gaps = 1/369 (0 %)), Diaporthe terebinthifolii (GenBank KC343702; Identities = 353/371 (95 %), Gaps = 6/371 (1 %)) and Diaporthe melonis (GenBank KC343626; Identities = 351/373 (94 %), Gaps = 5/373 (1 %)).

TUB. Closest hits using the TUB sequence had highest similarity to Diaporthe infecunda (GenBank KF939619; Identities = 753/783 (96 %), Gaps = 4/783 (0 %)), Diaporthe beilharziae (GenBank KF170921; Identities = 743/777 (96 %), Gaps = 1/777 (0 %)) and Diaporthe terebinthifolii (GenBank KC344186; Identities = 662/708 (94 %), Gaps = 1/708 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Leopard in Acacia tortilis tree in the Serengeti, Tanzania; conidiomata on PNA, conidiogenous cells, alpha and beta conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Hedera, from which this species was isolated.

Conidiomata pycnidial single or in densely crowded groups under loosened bark, superficial on a black stromatic layer which continues as a black stromatic line deep in the wood, ± pyroid with flattened base, black, rough, soft, distinctly thick, ostiolum central and indistinct; periphyses not seen, with a few setae on the outer site of the peridium. Setae 1-celled, stiff, pointed, basally enlarged and flattened, brown, thick-walled, smooth, eguttulate, up to 26 μm long. Peridium multi-layered, consisting of a red-brown textura epidermoidea (outer layer) and hyaline textura angularis-prismatica (inner layer), cells thick-walled, smooth and eguttulate. Sporulating on PNA. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, up to 600 μm diam, black, immersed, exuding creamy conidial droplets from central ostioles, or developing 1–4 black necks on OA (not on PNA); walls consisting of 3–6 layers of medium brown textura angularis. Conidiophores hyaline, smooth, 1–2-septate, branched below, densely aggregated, cylindrical, straight to sinuous, 20–40 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells 10–17 × 2–3 μm, phialidic, cylindrical, terminal and intercalary, with slight apical taper, 2 μm diam, with visible periclinal thickening; collarette flared, up to 5 μm long. Paraphyses not observed. Alpha conidia (6–)7(–8) × (3.5–)4(–4.5) μm, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid with large central guttule, becoming brown with age. Beta conidia spindle-shaped, aseptate, smooth, hyaline, guttulate, apex bluntly rounded, base truncate, tapering from the middle towards the base, (17–)18–20(–25) × 2.5(–3) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, spreading, covering the dish after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark, with sparse aerial mycelium. On MEA, PDA and OA surface umber with patches of dirty white and iron-grey; reverse umber with patches of dirty white and iron-grey.

Typus. SPAIN, Sarasibar (Navarra), on branch of Hedera helix (Araliaceae), 26 Jan. 2014, S. Garcia (holotype CBS H-21995, culture ex-type CPC 24278 = CBS 138863; ITS sequence GenBank KP004461, LSU sequence GenBank KP004489, HIS sequence GenBank KP004505, TUB sequence GenBank KP004510, MycoBank MB810607).

Notes — Although Melanconium hedericola clusters within the genus Diaporthe, the LSU region lacks resolution within the Diaporthales. We have thus chosen to describe it in Menanconium based on the ellipsoid alpha conidia that turn brown with age, and their characteristic large, central guttules (Sutton 1980). However, Melanconium is known to not have species with beta conidia, which suggests that M. hedericola might represent an unknown genus within this complex. Further studies and collections are required before this question can be resolved. Previously published taxa on Hedera include Coniothyrium hederae and its possible synonym, Melanconium hederae, which have similar alpha conidia (6–8 × 4.5–6 μm), but that lack beta conidia.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Phomopsis columnaris (GenBank FN394688; Identities = 528/541 (98 %), Gaps = 2/541 (0 %)), Diaporthe endophytica (GenBank AB899789; Identities = 566/583 (97 %), Gaps = 7/583 (1 %)) and Diaporthe phaseolorum (GenBank JQ936148; Identities = 565/583 (97 %), Gaps = 7/583 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Phomopsis columnaris (GenBank AF439627; Identities = 834/840 (99 %), no gaps), Diaporthe ambigua (GenBank JQ862833; Identities = 821/828 (99 %), no gaps) and Phomopsis sclerotioides (GenBank AF439628; Identities = 831/840 (99 %), no gaps).

HIS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the HIS sequence are Diaporthe longispora (GenBank KC343619; Identities = 360/378 (95 %), Gaps = 5/378 (1 %)), Diaporthe sclerotioides (GenBank KC343678; Identities = 359/381 (94 %), Gaps = 4/381 (1 %)) and Diaporthe ‘sp. 4’ (GenBank KC343690; Identities = 356/378 (94 %), Gaps = 5/378 (1 %)).

TUB. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the TUB sequence are Diaporthe longispora (GenBank KC344103; Identities = 398/420 (95 %), Gaps = 2/420 (0 %)), Diaporthe sclerotioides (GenBank KC344161; Identities = 391/416 (94 %), Gaps = 2/416 (0 %)) and Diaporthe scabra (GenBank HQ450372; Identities = 418/450 (93 %), Gaps = 2/450 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Hedera helix growing along a tree trunk; conidiomata on PNA and OA, conidiogenous cells, alpha and beta conidia. Scale bars =10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the fact that the genus is morphologically similar to the genus Physalospora.

Endophytic and plant pathogenic. Ascomata globose, solitary, brown, immersed, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci cylindrical, hyaline, stipitate, unitunicate with apical mechanism staining in Melzer’s reagent, ascospores uniseriate but overlapping, with 8 ascospores per ascus. Paraphyses intermingled among asci, hyaline, septate, branched. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, with acutely rounded ends. Conidiomata globose, solitary to aggregated, brown, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner conidiomatal wall, subcylindrical, straight to curved, branched, septate, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline to pale brown, smooth or finely verruculose. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, terminal or intercalary, phialidic with flared collarette at the apex. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, curved, with obtuse apex and truncate base, thick-walled.

Type species. Neophysalospora eucalypti.

MycoBank MB810608.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Eucalyptus, from which this species was isolated.

Associated with brown leaf spots in plantations, and cutting rot in nurseries. Ascomata globose, solitary, brown, up to 250 μm diam, with central ostiole, up to 80 μm diam; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Asci cylindrical, hyaline, stipitate, unitunicate with apical mechanism staining in Melzer’s reagent, ascospores uniseriate but overlapping, with 8 ascospores per ascus, 70–100 × 6–8 μm. Paraphyses intermingled among asci, hyaline, septate, branched, 2–3 μm diam. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, guttulate, fusoid-ellipsoid, widest in middle, tapering to acutely rounded ends, (13–)15–17(–19) × (4–)4.5(–5) μm. Ascospores germinate from one end, remain hyaline, fusoid-ellipsoid, 15–17 × 7 μm. Conidiomata globose, solitary to aggregated, brown, up to 200 μm diam, with central ostiole; wall of 2–3 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores lining the inner conidiomatal wall, subcylindrical, straight to curved, branched, 1–3-septate, or reduced to conidiogenous cells, hyaline to pale brown, smooth or finely verruculose, 10–30 × 2.5–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells ampulliform to subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, terminal or intercalary, 7–12 × 1.5–3 μm, phialidic with flared collarette at the apex, 1.5–2 μm diam. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, curved, with obtuse apex and truncate base, thick-walled, (13–)14–15(–16) × 1.5 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies spreading with sparse, appressed aerial mycelium, reaching 6 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark; surface folded with feathery, lobate margin. On MEA surface flesh with patches of saffron, reverse red with patches of coral. On OA surface red with patches of peach and saffron. On PDA surface white, reverse saffron.

Typus. MOZAMBIQUE, on leaves of Corymbia henryi (Myrtaceae), 1 Feb. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21996, culture ex-type CPC 24209 = CBS 138864; ITS sequence GenBank KP004462, LSU sequence GenBank KP004490, MycoBank MB810609). – SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga province, Piet Retief, forestry nursery, cutting rot of Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis, 9 Jan. 1989, P.W. Crous, CPC 123 = CBS 110740 (ITS, LSU sequence GenBank KP031106, KP031108), CPC 124 = CBS 111123 (ITS, LSU sequence GenBank KP031107, KP031109) (specimen also deposited in IMI, now Kew).

Notes — The genus Physalospora (Hyponectriaceae) is polyphyletic, and in need of taxonomic revision. Neophysalospora eucalypti is reminiscent of Clypeophysalospora latitans and to some extent also Plectosphaera eucalypti (= Phyllachora eucalypti). Clypeophysalospora latitans is a saprobe or weak pathogen that is commonly encountered on living eucalypt leaves and leaf litter (Crous et al. 1990). It has a melanised clypeus, and unitunicate asci that strain in Melzer’s reagent, and does not produce an asexual morph in culture. Plectosphaera eucalypti has black ascomata embedded in the leaf tissue, with a melanised pseudoclypeus, forming circular to irregular colonies on the leaf surface. It has bitunicate asci and ascospores wit a prominent mucoid sheath. Infections are usually visible on only one side of the leaf surface (Pascoe 1990, Park et al. 2000).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Bagadiella lunata (GenBank GQ303269; Identities = 586/625 (94 %), Gaps = 15/625 (2 %)), Bagadiella koalae (GenBank JF951142; Identities = 586/627 (93 %), Gaps = 14/627 (2 %)) and Bagadiella victoriae (GenBank JF951141; Identities = 584/627 (93 %), Gaps = 12/627 (1 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Plectosphaera eucalypti (GenBank DQ923538; Identities = 821/840 (98 %), Gaps = 2/840 (0 %)), Bagadiella victoriae (GenBank JF951161; Identities = 815/839 (97 %), no gaps) and Bagadiella lunata (GenBank GQ303300; Identities = 815/839 (97 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Corymbia henryi leaves in Mozambique; conidiomata on SNA, asci and ascospores, conidiogenous cells, germinating ascospores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Pistacia, from which this species was isolated.

Foliicolous. Conidiomata pycnidioid, separate to gregarious, becoming erumpent, oval to elongate, up to 150 μm diam. Conidiophores arising from a central stroma, hyaline, 3–4-septate, branched, subcylindrical, 20–45 × 3–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary, hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical, straight to somewhat curved, 10–15 × 2–2.5 μm, proliferating inconspicuously percurrently at apex. Conidia ellipsoid to fusoid, 3-septate, smooth, not constricted at septa, two median cells medium brown, basal and apical cell hyaline, granular, (15–)17–20(–22) × (4–)4.5(–5) μm, apical cell obtusely rounded with apical appendage single, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, 10–14 μm; basal appendage single, unbranched, filiform, flexuous, excentric, 12–20 μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies spreading, appressed with moderate aerial mycelium and smooth margin, reaching 7 cm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On MEA surface peach with patches of olivaceous-grey due to sporulation, and diffuse red pigment, reverse similar. On PDA surface dirty white with patches of luteous and olivaceous-grey, reverse salmon with patches of olivaceous-grey. On OA surface salmon with patches of grey-olivaceous.

Typus. IRAN, Saveh, on buds of Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), 29 Apr. 2014, M. Mirabolfathy (holotype CBS H-21997, culture ex-type CPC 24455 = CBS 138865; CPC 24455 ITS sequence GenBank KP004463, CPC 24455 LSU sequence GenBank KP004491, CPC 24457 ITS sequence GenBank KP004464, CPC 24457 LSU sequence GenBank KP004492, MycoBank MB810610).

Notes — The genus Seimatosporium (1833) is linked to sexual morphs in Discostroma (1909). Because the former genus is better established in literature, and represents the older name with many more species, it has preference over Discostroma. As far as we are aware, no species of Seimatosporium have been described from Pistacia. Of the species treated by Nag Raj (1993), S. pistaciae morphologically most closely matches S. lonicerae (conidia 9–16 × 3.5–5 μm) and S. rosae (conidia 12.5–16.5 × 3.5–4 μm), but can be distinguished based on its larger conidial dimensions.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Discostroma fuscellum (GenBank JF320818; Identities = 559/566 (99 %), Gaps = 2/566 (0 %)), Seimatosporium parasiticum (GenBank AB594808; Identities = 542/551 (98 %), no gaps) and Seimatosporium discosioides (GenBank AB594800; Identities = 544/555 (98 %), Gaps = 4/555 (0 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Discostroma botan (GenBank DQ368629; Identities = 826/830 (99 %), no gaps), Seimatosporium parasiticum (GenBank AB593741; Identities = 795/799 (99 %), no gaps) and Discostroma fuscellum (GenBank AB593726; Identities = 795/799 (99 %), no gaps).

Colour illustrations. Pistacia vera trees; conidiomata on PDA, conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Pinus, from which this species was isolated.

Conidiophores erect, brown, flexuous, finely verruculous, appearing somewhat granular, unbranched, arising from superficial mycelium, mononematous, macronematous, cylindrical, 1–3-septate, 30–100 × 2.5–4 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal, pale to medium brown, mono- to rarely polyphialidic, with one lateral aperture, 25–60 × 3–3.5 μm; collarette funnel-shaped, 3–4 μm diam, 2–3 μm deep, pale brown. Conidia (12–)13–15 × (2–)2.5(–3) μm, solitary, aggregating in a globose mucoid mass, hyaline, smooth, granular, fusoid, slightly curved or straight, widest in middle, tapering towards acute apices that give rise to setulae at each end, 8–9(–10) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies flat, appressed, spreading, with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, even, lobate margin, reaching 35 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On OA surface iron-grey in centre, crystalline in outer region. On MEA surface olivaceous-grey, pale olivaceous-grey in outer region, olivaceous-grey in reverse. On PDA surface olivaceous-grey in centre, pale olivaceous-grey in outer region; in reverse olivaceous-grey in centre, pale olivaceous-grey in outer region.

Typus. UGANDA, on dead needles of Pinus patula (Pinaceae), Jan. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21998, culture ex-type CPC 24400 = CBS 138866; ITS sequence GenBank KP004465, LSU sequence GenBank KP004493, MycoBank MB810611).

Notes — The species is described in the genus Codinaea because Réblová & Winka (2000) suggested separating Codinaea (setulate conidia) from Dictyochaeta (asetulate conidia). Based on the keys provided by Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991) and Whitton et al. (2000), C. pini appears to be distinct from presently known taxa. Phylogenetically, it is part of the C. simplex species complex (Hughes & Kendrick 1968).

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Dictyochaeta simplex (GenBank EF029193; Identities = 472/515 (92 %), Gaps = 21/515 (4 %)), Pseudolachnella guaviyunis (GenBank KJ834524; Identities = 493/548 (90 %), Gaps = 27/548 (4 %)) and Dictyochaeta fertilis (GenBank AF178540; Identities = 463/507 (91 %), Gaps = 23/507 (4 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Dictyochaeta simplex (GenBank AF178559; Identities = 827/832 (99 %), Gaps = 1/832 (0 %)), Rattania setulifera (GenBank HM171322; Identities = 811/838 (97 %), Gaps = 1/838 (0 %)) and Pseudolachnella guaviyunis (GenBank KJ834525; Identities = 803/831 (97 %), Gaps = 1/831 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Pinus patula plantation in Uganda; colonies sporulating on PNA and SNA, conidiophores and conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects a morphological similarity to Phaeosphaeria.

Caulicolous. Ascomata solitary to gregarious, immersed, opening via a central ostiole, somewhat papillate, globose, brown; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses intermingled among asci, hyaline, smooth, septate, hyphal-like, anastomosing. Asci clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, fasciculate, short-stipitate with apical chamber, bitunicate, ascospores uni- to biseriate, overlapping, 8-spored. Ascospores brown, guttulate, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, apex obtusely rounded, base subobtusely rounded, medianly euseptate, but each cell contains 2–4 distosepta.

Type species. Xenophaeosphaeria grewiae.

MycoBank MB810612.

Etymology. Name reflects the host genus Grewia, from which this species was isolated.

Caulicolous. Ascomata solitary to gregarious, immersed, opening via a central ostiole, up to 100 μm diam, somewhat papillate; ascomata up to 350 μm diam, globose, brown; wall of 3–4 layers of brown textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses intermingled among asci, hyaline, smooth, septate, hyphal-like, anastomosing, 3–5 μm diam, frequently constricted at septa. Asci clavate to fusoid-ellipsoid, fasciculate, short-stipitate with apical chamber, 3–4 μm diam, bitunicate, ascospores uni- to biseriate, overlapping, 8-spored, 80–120 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores brown, guttulate, smooth, fusoid-ellipsoid, straight, apex obtusely rounded, base subobtusely rounded, 1-euseptate, apical cell (12–15 μm) shorter than basal cell (15–20 μm), widest at top of basal cell, but each cell contains 2–4 distosepta, (28–)32–37(–40) × (6–)7(–8) μm.

Culture characteristics — Colonies appressed, spreading with sparse aerial mycelium and smooth, even, lobate margins, reaching 20 mm diam after 2 wk at 25 °C in the dark. On PDA surface greyish sepia with patches of mouse grey, reverse greyish sepia. On MEA surface greyish sepia with patches of dirty white, reverse greyish sepia. On OA surface mouse grey with patches of red in outer zone.

Typus. TANZANIA, Masek Lake, on twigs of Grewia sp. (Malvaceae), Feb. 2014, M.J. Wingfield (holotype CBS H-21999, culture ex-type CPC 24398 = CBS 138867; ITS sequence GenBank KP004466, LSU sequence GenBank KP004494, MycoBank MB810613).

Notes — Xenophaeosphaeria represents a novel genus in the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Zhang et al. 2009, 2012). This resembles genera such as Neomassariosphaeria and Neophaeosphaeria, but is distinct with regards to the development of its ascospore septation. Xenophaeosphaeria grewiae sporulates readily in culture, and is not associated with an asexual morph.

ITS. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the ITS sequence are Setophoma vernoniae (GenBank KJ869141; Identities = 423/481 (88 %), Gaps = 15/481 (3 %)), Ophiobolus disseminans (GenBank KM014664; Identities = 424/483 (88 %), Gaps = 15/483 (3 %)) and Chaetosphaeronema hispidulum (GenBank KF871469; Identities = 423/483 (88 %), Gaps = 16/483 (3 %)).

LSU. Based on a megablast search of NCBIs GenBank nucleotide database, the closest hits using the LSU sequence are Phaeosphaeria juncicola (GenBank KF251686; Identities = 786/810 (97 %), Gaps = 2/810 (0 %)), Coniothyrium concentricum (GenBank EU754152; Identities = 786/810 (97 %), Gaps = 2/810 (0 %)) and Leptospora rubella (GenBank DQ195792; Identities = 86/810 (97 %), Gaps = 2/810 (0 %)).

Colour illustrations. Grewia sp. in Tanzania; colony sporulating on OA, ostiolar region, asci and ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Etymology. Name reflects the morphological similarity with the genus Bambusicola.

Conidiomata separate or aggregated, erumpent, globose, dark brown, opening via central ostiole; wall of 3–6 layers of brown textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, subcylindrical to ampulliform, phialidic, proliferating percurrently at apex, or with prominent periclinal thickening. Conidia solitary, hyaline, smooth (becoming olivaceous with age), prominently guttulate, medianly 1-septate, constricted at septum, fusoid-ellipsoid, apex bluntly subobtusely rounded, tapering to a distinctly truncate base, mostly straight, but at times slightly curved. Microconidial state occurring in same conidioma. Microconidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, doliiform to subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently at apex. Microconidia solitary, hyaline, smooth, guttulate to granular, aseptate, subglobose to subcylindrical, apex obtusely rounded, base truncate.

Type species. Neobambusicola strelitziae.

MycoBank MB810614.