Section descriptions

Major morphological characters have been chosen for each new section. Lamellar colour always pertains to immature specimens. Odour, taste, and marginal lamellar elements are mentioned only when significant. The alkaline reaction was made with a 30 % NaOH (or KOH) solution. Unless otherwise specified, stipes are dry, and the hyphae are provided with clamp connections.

Unsupported group Icterinula

Notes — The group has low support and is intermixed with several of the smaller sections treated above, and all the species in the list are singletons in the present study. Basidiomata are often brightly yellow and red, but C. xenosmatoides deviates by its drab telamonioid habit and lack of alkaline reaction. The Australian C. austrocinnabarinus is shown by our analysis to be a late synonym of C. papaver from New Zealand.

The type of Dermocybe sect. Icterinula, D. amoena, has been sequenced, but is poorly supported as a member of the group in our analysis. ITS sequences of the types of C. amoenus and C. icterinus are 99.8 % similar. Moreover, under a different interpretation, Garnica et al. (2003) place these two species in a separate clade, which was also recovered in our analysis (marked ‘II’ in the list). Due to these partial contradictions, Icterinula cannot be used as a section name in the present study.

3. Leprocyboid sections

In 1969 Moser described subg. Leprocybe, whose taxa are mainly characterised by yellow/brownish/greenish basidiomata whose context fluoresces in UV light. Many of the taxa have been shown to contain anthraquinonic pigments of the nonaketide pathway (Stensrud et al. 2014). Earlier studies (Peintner et al. 2004, Garnica et al. 2005, 2016) have shown that the subgenus is polyphyletic, while some of its sections are here recovered as clades. The South Pacific taxon C. canarius is basal to the leprocyboid clades, despite its original placement in the genus Dermocybe (cf. Stefani et al. 2013). Under the present heading we consider taxa that are approximately consistent with the concept of Leprocybe s. Moser. Only a few were sampled in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016).

Section Leprocybe (M.M. Moser) Melot (100 %)

Typus. C. cotoneus Fr.

Notes — The boreal section is characterised by predominantly yellow and greenish olive basidiomata with a strong fluorescence, due to xanthone pigments. Section Persplendidi often forms a sister clade. See also Ammirati et al. (2007).

Cortinarius sect.Persplendidi Soop & Dima, sect. nov. (90 %)

Typus. C. persplendidus Gasparini, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822929.

Non subsect. Splendidi Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux.

Basidiomata agaricoid or sequestrate, dry, small to medium-sized, typically presenting a dark, tomentose pileus, a clavate stipe, and a yellow and strongly fluorescent context, recalling taxa in sect. Leprocybe. A few species dermocyboid (e.g., the blood-red C. kula). Anthraquinonic pigments based on the non-aketide pathway (Gill 1995). Pileus 10–60 mm diam, yellow, dark red-brown, dark orange-brown to umber or blackish, fibrillose/tomentose to granulose. Lamellae yellow, orange, or red. Stipe cylindrical to clavate or rudimentary, citrinous to saffron yellow or red. Veil red-brown to dark yellow, darkening, sparse to fairly copious. Context red to yellow. Alkaline reaction red to blackish brown, ± trivial in some species. Spores ovoid to subglobose, 8–11 × 5.5–8 μm, coarsely verrucose. In Nothofagaceae and Myrtaceae forest, New Zealand, Australia.

Notes — The section appears to be endemic for the South Pacific, but has so far not been recorded in Patagonia. The clade was named Splendidi in Garnica et al. (2005) and Stefani et al. (2013); however, to avoid connotation with Cortinarius splendidus Peck 1873, or with C. splendidus (E. Horak) K. Griffiths 1985, nom. illeg., we propose a new name here.

One of the members, C. cf. persplendidus II, has traditionally been named Dermocybe splendida in Australia, but forms a sister clade to the latter. Dermocybe splendida was described from New Zealand and later recombined as Cortinarius persplendidus (Gasparini 2006).

Cortinarius sect.Veronicae Soop, sect. nov. (99 %)

Typus. C. veronicae Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822930.

Basidiomata dermocyboid, dry, with cinnabar red to scarlet coloration, recalling the boreal C. cinnabarinus, fluorescence yellow. Pileus 20–50 mm diam, cinnabar red, tomentose to finely fibrillose. Lamellae red-orange to brick. Stipe cylindrical, pink to yellowish pink. Veil cinnabar-red or pink, fairly sparse to copious. Context pale yellow. Alkaline reaction blood red on pileus, bluish lilac on stipital veil. Spores subglobose, 5.5–7 × 4.5–5.5 μm, moderately verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forest, New Zealand, Australia.

Notes — The section is sister to sect. Leprocybe and might be considered part of the latter despite morphological differences (cf. Stefani et al. 2013).

Section Limonii Kühner & Romagn. ex Nezdojm. (99 %)

Typus. C. limonius (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

Notes — This section, and the morphologically similar sect. Callistei, are recovered as well separated but closely related clades in our analyses. The taxa of both sections are characterised by vividly yellow and orange pigments, often with a positive alkaline reaction, but fluorescence is weak. Limonii has its core population in New Zealand with at least eight species, and no member has so far been reported from Australia. Two of them, Cortinarius rubrocastaneus and C. rubrimarginatus, possess remarkable chrysobasidia, a rare feature in Cortinarius. See further Soop et al. (2018).

Cortinarius sect.Callistei (Liimat., Niskanen & Ammirati) Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, stat. nov. (100 %)

Basionym. Cortinarius subg. Callistei Liimat., Niskanen & Ammirati, Index Fungorum 256: 2. 2015. IF551473.

Typus. C. callisteus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB823024.

Notes — Cortinarius austrolimonius was described in the South American subg. Cystogenes, characterised by the presence of remarkable cheilocystidia. But the type (C. formosus) of the subgenus has not been sequenced, and remaining species in the subgenus do not exhibit this character state. Garnica et al. (2003) grouped C. austrolimonius var. ochrovelatus with C. pugionipes and C. cervinus, also from South America, but this affinity is not recovered in our analysis. See further Niskanen et al. (2016).

Section Orellani M.M. Moser (100 %)

Typus. C. orellanus Fr.

Notes — This bihemispherical section was placed by Moser (1969) in subg. Leprocybe, and later promoted to subgeneric rank by Gasparini (2004). It is characterised by yellow and orange pigments and is unique in Cortinarius by containing appreciable quantities of the lethal toxin orellanine.

Cortinarius sect.Sinapicolores (Gasparini) Soop, stat. nov. (100 %)

Basionym. Cortinarius subser. Sinapicolores Gasparini, New Zealand J. Bot. 45: 228. 2007.

Typus. C. sinapicolor Cleland.

MycoBank MB822989.

Notes — This small southern clade consists of medium-sized, glutinous cortinars of a golden-yellow colour that react strongly with alkaline solutions. The type of the section is also part of sect. Pyromyxa M.M. Moser, a name we cannot use, since no sequence of its type, C. pyromyxa, is available.

Cortinarius sect.Rubicunduli Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, sect. nov. (100 %)

C. stirps rubicundulus M.M. Moser in Singer (1986).

Typus. C. rubicundulus (Rea) A. Pearson.

MycoBank MB822931

Basidiomata agaricoid, medium-sized, dry to viscid, coloration yellowish with a tendency to darken on bruising, fluorescence weak. Pileus 15–70 mm diam, pale yellow to yellow-brown with orange-red to dark brown spots and zones, matt, mottled with reddish to pale ochraceous fibrils, blushing to dark orange. Lamellae greyish yellow to pale tan. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, white to greyish yellow, blushing or flavescent. Veil, pale grey to pale ochraceous, blushing and darkening to red or orange, rather copious to sparse. Context pale yellow to tan, ± flavescent when cut and bruised. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to subfusoid, 6–9 × 3.8–5 μm, weakly verrucose. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia prominent, cylindrical or capitate. In Picea, Nothofagaceae, and Quercus leucotrichophora forests, Europe, New Zealand, Asia, respectively.

Notes — These species are recovered on very long branches in a basal position of the phylogeny. The section is a strongly supported sister to Crassi, indicating an affinity consistent with some shared morphological characters, such as the cheilocystidia and a soft context.

Cortinarius sect.Incensi Soop, sect. nov. (79 %)

Typus. C. incensus Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822932.

Basidiomata agaricoid, medium-sized, yellowish. Pileus 15–80 mm diam, slightly viscid, saturated to pale yellowish, disk often more orange with brownish stains or squamules. Lamellae whitish to grey-yellow. Stipe cylindrical, often slightly bulbous/clavate, pale yellow to orange, staining brownish. Veil yellow to orange-brown, fairly copious. Context white, often flushing yellow with age or on manipulation. Odour ± spicy. Alkaline reaction yellow to red-brown or red, fluorescence greenish yellow. Spores ellipsoid to subcitriform, 9–12 × 5–6.5 μm, moderately verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forest, South Pacific.

Notes — Moser in Singer (1986) assigned the Patagonian member to stirps Flammuloides in subg. Phlegmacium.

4. Phlegmacioid sections

4.1. Euphlegmacia

Under this provisional name we regroup most of the taxa that were included in Phlegmacioid lineages I and II in Garnica et al. (2016: Fig. S2). They are traditionally and morphologically assigned to subg. Phlegmacium, characterised by a viscid pileus, a dry stipe, relatively crowded lamellae, and a more or less robust habit, even though a fair number of exceptions do occur. The Calochroi complex is discussed in the next subchapter.

Section Phlegmacium (Fr.) Gillot & Lucand (99 %)

Typus. C. saginus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

Notes — The section is boreal and includes the type of the traditional subg. Phlegmacium. Basidiomata are stipitocarpic and present a yellow to brownish veil. But C. triumphans, often assigned here, occupies an isolated position.

Section Scauri (Fr.) Henn. (100 %)

Typus. C. scaurus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — This section is bihemispherical and sister to sect. Purpurascentes. The morphological and chemical plasticity within the section is remarkably low. The species are characterised by a pileocarpic development, a viscid pileus, often with an olive or greenish tint, and a positive iodine-based reaction (Garnica et al. 2005).

Section Purpurascentes M.M. Moser (100 %)

Typus. C. purpurascens Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — This section is bihemispherical. Like in Scauri (above) the basidiomata present a positive iodine-based reaction, though most deviate by a stipitocarpic habit, and four of the Australian species are sequestrate. In addition, parts of the basi-diomata typically darken with a violet tinge on bruising (Saar et al. 2014). Cortinarius cf. fragilis appears to be a sequestrate form of a morphospecies that includes the agaricoid C. submagellanicus. The morphologically deviating South Pacific singleton C. persicanus is a sister.

Section Multiformes (Rob. Henry) Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (100 %)

Typus. C. multiformis Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — The section appears to be endemic to the Northern Hemisphere. See further Liimatainen et al. (2014) and Brandrud et al. (2014).

Section Cremeolinae Soop (93 %)

Typus. C. cremeolina Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

Notes — This is an austral section morphologically similar to the sister sect. Multiformes. The Australian taxon, however, is sequestrate. See further Soop (2016).

Section Claricolores Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (95 %)

Typus. C. claricolor Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — See further Brandrud et al. (2013).

Clade /Rhizophori (100 %)

Notes — Taxa in this boreal clade possess a slightly bulbous stipe and yellowish tints.

Section Elastici (Fr.) Henn. (100 %)

Typus. C. papulosus Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — Taxa in this bihemispherical section possess clavate stipes and often have a characteristic grassy odour. The section is strongly supported as sister to the following one, but is kept segregated from it due to morphological differences.

Section Percomes (Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux) Melot (77 %)

Typus. C. percomis Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — This boreal section consists of yellowish taxa, often with a citrinous or olive tint, and mostly a stipitocarpic habit. Many have characteristic odours.

Section Caesiocortinati Frøslev & T.S. Jeppesen (100 %)

Paronym. C. subsect. Caesiocortinati Brandrud & Melot.

Typus. C. caesiocortinatus Jul. Schäff.

Notes — Basidiomata are large with an irregularly bulbous stipe. The spores are subglobose and strongly verrucose. The North American C. ponderosus is closely related to the section, but not morphologically similar.

Section Phlegmacioides (Fr.: Fr.) Brandrud, H. Lindstr. & Melot (80 %)

Typus. C. variecolor (Pers.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — Apart from one Australian species, the section is boreal. It consists of stipitocarpic taxa of Phlegmacium habit, though the pileus is sometimes almost dry. The core of the section consists of subsect. Variecolores and Balteati (Brandrud 1998).

Clade /Varii (86 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are stipitocarpic with an ochraceous pileus, violaceous lamellae, and a white to yellow veil. In coniferous and broad-leaf forests.

Cortinarius decolorans (Pers.) Fr.

Neotypus. Sweden, Gotland, Tjaukle Änge, with Picea, K. Soop CO745, herb. S F304386, GenBank KJ421062 (ITS+LSU), hic designatus.

MycoBank MBT378826.

Notes — This species was labelled ‘C. varius II’ in Garnica et al. (2016). Basidiomata resemble C. varius, but (almost) lack violet hues. They match Fries’ taxon well (Fries 1821, 1851); we hence propose to neotypify his epithet for the present taxon, even though the name has not often been used in modern literature.

Clade /Obsoleti (100 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are stipitocarpic with an ochraceous pileus, violaceous lamellae, and a white veil. In broad-leaf forests.

Section Amoenolentes Brandrud & Melot (99 %)

Typus. C. amoenolens Rob. Henry.

Notes — A boreal section of pileocarpic and odorous fungi with violaceous lamellae. Clade /Dionysae may be considered part of the section, despite deviating in several characters. See further Fernández-Brime et al. (2014) and Liimatainen et al. (2014).

Clade /Dionysae (96 %)

Notes — Taxa are pileocarpic with a greyish or olivaceous pileus, violaceous lamellae, and often a farinaceous odour.

Clade /Camptori (100 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are pileocarpic, medium-sized, with a typically viscid and hygrophanous cutis. In broad-leaf forests.

Cortinarius sect.Turmales Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. C. turmalis Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822933.

Basidiomata stipitocarpic, medium-sized, often caespitose. Pileus 30–100 mm diam, yellow-brown to dark brown, viscid, finely fibrillose. Lamellae greyish white, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to tapering and radicant, white, silky fibrillose, often staining brownish or violaceous. Veil white, rather sparse. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores fusoid to amygdaloid, 6.5–9 × 3.3–4.5 μm, weakly verrucose. In Picea and Nothofagaceae forests, Europe, North America, South Pacific.

Cortinarius sect.Aureocistophili Fern.-Brime ex Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, sect. nov. (87 %)

Typus. C. aureocistophilus Vila, Contu & Llimona, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822934.

Basidiomata pileocarpic or stipitocarpic, medium-sized to large, evoking species of both sect. Multiformes and sect. Glaucopodes. Pileus 30–120 mm diam, viscid, yellow to orange or ochraceous, rarely violaceous when young, finely to coarsely white fibrillose, often with veil remnants near margin. Lamellae greyish white, rarely with a pink tinge. Stipe cylindrical with a rounded or marginate bulb, white, often flushing yellow with age. Veil white to yellowish, rarely with a blue tinge, sparse to rather copious. Context white, often flushing yellow with age or manipulation. Alkaline reaction reddish to brownish, or insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to amygdaloid, 7.5–11 × 4.5–6 μm, moderately verrucose. Mainly in Picea, Abies and Quercus forests, Europe.

Notes — See further Fernández-Brime et al. (2014).

Section Riederi (Brandrud & Melot) Brandrud, Dima, Niskanen & Liimat. (100 %)

Typus. C. riederi (Weinm.) Fr., neotypus Melot (1986) (ITS in Brandrud et al. 2018).

Notes — A boreal section of robust taxa evoking members of sect. Glaucopodes. See Brandrud et al. (2018).

Section Glaucopodes (Konrad & Maubl.) Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (99 %)

Typus. C. glaucopus Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — A boreal section of pileocarpic fungi, often with violet lamellae and a fibrillose cutis.

Clade /Arcifolii (94 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are pileocarpic, medium-sized, with a pale to dark ochraceous coloration, often with an olivaceous tint, veil yellowish. In Fagaceae forests.

Clade /Glaucocephali (99 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are pileocarpic, medium-sized, dark greenish, lamellae blue. In coniferous forests.

Section Arguti (Brandrud & Melot) Liimat., Ammirati, Niskanen, Dima & C. Cripps (82 %)

Typus. C. argutus Fr.

Notes — A boreal section of stipitocarpic fungi, whose stipe often tapers towards the base coupled with a caespitose growth. Colours are mostly pale, the lamellae conspicuously crowded, and the pileus is only slightly viscid or even dry. The European Cortinarius pseudovulpinus is morphologically similar but not closely related.

Clade /Caligati (67 %)

Notes — Closely related to the morphologically similar sect. Arguti. Basidiomata are stipitocarpic, with the stipe tapering towards the base and a copious veil. Growth caespitose, in Fagaceae forests.

Section Caerulescentes Rob. Henry ex Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (90 %)

Typus. C. caerulescens (Schaeff.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — A boreal section of pileocarpic fungi, most of which display violaceous colours.

Clade /Eucaerulei (96 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are medium-sized, pileocarpic with violaceous hues, resembling species in the sister sect. Caerulescentes. In broad-leaf forests.

Clade /Subolivascentes (89 %)

Notes — Basidiomata medium-sized, pileocarpic, coloration brown to violaceous. In coniferous and broad-leaf forests.

Cortinarius sect.Vinaceolamellati Soop & Gasparini, sect. nov. (86 %)

Typus. C. vinaceolamellatus Cleland.

MycoBank MB822935.

Basidiomata medium-sized, stipitocarpic. Pileus 30–60 mm diam, viscid, pale violaceous, brunnescent, finely fibrillose. Lamellae lilac-violet. Stipe clavate, white to pale violet. Veil white to pale violet, sparse to rather copious. Context white to pale brownish, marbled violet. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to ovoid, 7.5–10.5 × 4.5–6.5 μm, moderately verrucose. Cheilocystidia prominent in one species. In Myrtaceae forests, Australia.

Cortinarius sect.Alboaggregati Soop, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. C. alboaggregatus Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822936.

Basidiomata medium-sized to large, stipitocarpic. Pileus 35–75 mm diam, viscid, white to yellow-brown, somewhat brunnescent on disk, finely fibrillose, margin involute. Lamellae white, crowded. Stipe tapering downwards or fusoid, rooted, white with rather thick, white girdles, often peronate. Veil white, copious. Context white. Alkaline reaction orange-brown or insignificant. Spores fusoid-amygdaloid, 10.5–13.5 × 5.5–7.5 μm, moderately verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand and South America.

Cortinarius sect.Cretaces Soop & Dima, sect. nov. (57 %, 90 % in PhyML tree)

Typus. C. cretax Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822937.

Basidiomata medium-sized to large, stipitocarpic, often caespitose. Pileus 25–120 mm diam, viscid, white to yellow-brown, occasionally flavescent or brunnescent on disk, glabrous to finely fibrillose. Lamellae white to pale grey-brown, crowded. Stipe tapering downwards, rooted, white, ± glabrous. Veil white, sparse. Context white. Odour weak or like bitter almonds. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores fusoid-amygdaloid, 6–10 × 3–5.5 μm, weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South Pacific.

Notes — This predominantly Patagonian section is part of stirps Xiphidipus (see Moser & Horak 1975), but as no sequence of the paronymous species C. xiphidipus is available, we cannot use the name as the base of a new combination. The fungi resemble those of sections Arguti and Alboaggregati, which are genetically remote.

Clade /Turcopedes (99 %)

Notes — A small austral clade of stipitocarpic fungi with a blue to blue-green coloration. In Nothofagaceae forests.

4.2. Calochroi s.lat.

This large monophyletic group of over 80 species appears to be endemic for the Northern Hemisphere. Basidiomata generally present a pileocarpic habit with a wide stipital bulb. Many of the species are rare and most grow exclusively on calcareous soil. Their hosts belong to a range of broad-leaf and coniferous genera, but Quercus is a dominant partner, especially in the southern parts of the region.

The phylogeny reveals a number of closely related clades, many of which are recovered as traditional sections. These are not further discussed in this study, having been extensively documented in several dedicated efforts (Frøslev et al. 2006a, b, Ortega et al. 2008, Garnica et al. 2009, 2011). They are represented in Garnica et al. (2016: Fig. S2) by Phlegmacioid clade III.

4.3 Pseudophlegmacia

Under this provisional name we consider taxa that in various respects (habit, viscidity, hygrophanity, etc.) deviate from typical Phlegmacium, and/or have sometimes been assigned to other genera or subgenera. Only a few were sampled in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016).

Cortinarius sect.Lustrati Ammirati ex Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. C. lustratus Fr.

MycoBank MB822938

Basidiomata medium-sized to small, stipitocarpic, pale. Pileus 25–70 mm diam, viscid, ivory to creamy-yellow or pale violet, disk yellowish, glabrous to silky. Lamellae greyish, sometimes with a rosy or violet tinge, crowded. Stipe clavate to cylindrical with a small bulb, silky white, often ± violaceous at apex. Veil white to pale violet, sparse to fairly copious. Context white, occasionally marbled violet. Odour none or farinaceous, sometimes fruity. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores 5.5–8 × 3.5–4.5 μm, ellipsoid, weakly verrucose. In Pinus, Fagaceae, and Comarostaphylis forests, Europe, North/Central America.

Notes — The boreal section forms a well-supported clade with two sister sections in the South Pacific, Laquelli and Austrocyanites. See further Ammirati et al. (2007).

Cortinarius sect.Laquelli Soop, sect. nov. (80 %)

Typus. C. laquellus Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822939.

Basidiomata small, stipitocarpic, coloration pale, recalling those of sect. Lustrati. Pileus 7–35 mm diam, dry to viscid, matt with a white, velvety or pruinose coating, finely fibrillose. Lamellae pale violet to greyish violet, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, silvery white with a faint violaceous tint. Veil white, fairly copious. Context white, young marbled violet or entirely bright violet-lilac, odour faint, ± like wax candles, taste ± bitter. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to subamygdaloid, 6.5–8.5 × 3.8–5 μm, weakly to moderately verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Cortinarius sect.Thaumasti Soop, sect. nov. (93 %)

Typus. C. thaumastus Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822965.

Basidiomata small, with a peronate or volvate stipe. Pileus 15–50 mm diam, dry to slightly viscid, hygrophanous, olive-green, yellow, or apricot-brown to red-orange, finely granulose to fibrillose, with white to ochraceous tufts. Lamellae pale greyish to ochraceous, fairly crowded. Stipe with a ± marginate bulb, white to pale yellow, orange, or olivaceous. Veil white to ochraceous, fairly copious, on stipe fibrillose to peronate with thick tufts near base, sometimes forming a membranous volva or collar. Context greyish ochraceous to olivaceous. Alkaline reaction orange to red-brown in context, red to red-brown on cutis. Spores citriform to amygdaloid, 8–11 × 3.5–5 μm, up to 7 μm wide in one species, weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand and Patagonia.

Notes — Several taxa in this austral section are members of Cortinarius subsect. Coleopodes (see Moser & Horak 1975). However, since no sequence of the type C. coleopus is available, we cannot use Coleopodes as a basionym.

Clade /Rufoaurantii (79 %)

Notes — A small austral clade of phlegmacioid/telamonioid taxa. Basidiomata are small to medium-sized, stipitocarpic; the coloration is yellow-brown to orange-brown. In Nothofagaceae forests.

Cortinarius rufoaurantius Soop, nom. nov.

Basionym: Cortinarius aurantiorufus Garnica, in Garnica et al., Mycologia 94 (1):136. 2002, nom. illeg.

MycoBank MB823022.

Notes — The name C. aurantiorufus Bidaud is in use (Bidaud et al. 2001).

Cortinarius sect.Dulciolentes Soop, sect. nov. (95 %)

Typus. Cuphocybe melliolens Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822940.

Basidiomata medium-sized to large, cuphocyboid or sequestrate. Pileus 25–100 mm diam, viscid to glutinous, pale greyish brown to ochraceous, dark orange, or copper red, coarsely fibrillose to granulose, margin sometimes striate or sulcate. Lamellae/gleba pale cinnamon to argillaceous, sometimes with a violet tinge, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate or rudimentary, often with a small rounded bulb, fibrillose, white, later darkening with red-brown tufts and squamules. Veil pale ochraceous, darkening to red-brown, fairly copious. Context white, slightly canescent or flavescent, sometimes marbled violet. Odour often aromatic or melleous. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to subglobose, 9.5–17 × 7–11 μm, coarsely verrucose. In Fagaceae, Nothofagaceae, and Myrtaceae forests, South Pacific and Central America.

Notes — The bihemispherical section consists of taxa of vary-ing morphology with the type originally described in the genus Cuphocybe and four members sequestrate (formerly in genera Thaxterogaster and Protoglossum).

Cortinarius sect.Cuphocybe (R. Heim) Soop, comb. & stat. nov. (100 %)

Basionym. Cuphocybe R. Heim, Rev. Mycol. 16: 8. 1951.

Typus. Cuphocybe olivacea R. Heim.

MycoBank MB822941.

Notes — The former genus Cuphocybe is characterised by phlegmacioid taxa with a lacking cortina, which causes the veil to distribute as scales, tufts, and girdles along the full length of the stipe. Basidiomata are medium-sized to large, glutinous, coloration olive-brown to chocolate brown. Spores ellipsoid, large, 11–16 × 7–9 μm, moderately verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South Pacific.

Cortinarius sect.Rapacea (E. Horak) Soop, comb. & stat. nov. (97 %)

Basionym. Rapacea E. Horak, Kew Bulletin 54: 789. 1999.

Paronym. C. series Rapacea Gasparini.

Typus. R. mariae E. Horak.

MycoBank MB822987.

Notes — Basidiomata are medium-sized to large, robust, dry, sericeocyboid, with large spores (–18 μm). The section type, originally published in the genus Rapacea (named after C. rapaceus of similar colours), is unique in Cortinarius from its almost smooth spores, leaving an olive-yellow deposit. The boreal C. pinophilus appears as a sister with high support, but is morphologically not similar.

Section Crassi Melot (100 %)

Typus. C. crassus Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — Taxa in this small bihemispherical section evoke Phlegmacium, but were traditionally difficult to place in the taxonomy of the genus. Basidiomata are robust with a clavate stipe, dry, coloured pale to dark brown, with narrow, weakly verrucose spores and prominent cheilocystidia (cf. sect. Rubicunduli).

Cortinarius sect.Majestatici Soop, sect. nov. (89 %)

Typus. Descolea majestatica E. Horak, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822942.

Basidiomata rozitoid or sequestrate, medium-sized, viscid, cutis structure partly cellular. Pileus 30–60 mm diam, glutinous, dark yellow-brown, young with an olivaceous tinge, later darkening to umber, glabrous, margin striate to sulcate. Lamellae/gleba cinnamon, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical or rudimentary, yellow-brown to pale yellowish grey, with thick yellow-brown fibrils and girdles, collar grey-brown, membranous. Veil yellow-brown, sparse to fairly copious. Context dirty white to yellowish white with an olivaceous tinge. Alkaline reaction red on cutis. Hypodermal cells in pileipellis with vesiculose ends. Spores amygdaloid, 12–14 × 7–8.5 μm, coarsely verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South Pacific.

Notes — The type of this small austral section was originally described in the genus Descolea, but shares major characters with sect. Subcastanelli (Anderson & Orlovich 2016). The South American taxon is sequestrate.

Cortinarius sect.Rozites (P. Karst.) Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, comb. & stat. nov. (100 %)

Basionym. Rozites P. Karst., Bidrag Kannedom Finlands Natur Folk 32: 290. 1879.

Typus. C. caperatus Fr.

MycoBank MB822988.

Notes — Taxa published in the former genus Rozites are distributed over several clades, of which the above forms the bihemispherical type section. Basidiomata are characterised by a membranous inner veil, homologous with the cortina, amyloidal tissues, and strongly dextrinoid spores. One may also note that Rozites sect. Rozites (autonym) was described by Moser & Horak (1975).

Clade /Achroi (100 % in 2-loci tree)

Notes — Basidiomata are medium-sized to large, rozitoid, glutinous, hygrophanous, with a pale coloration and large spores. In Nothofagaceae forests.

Cortinarius sect.Subcastanelli Soop, sect. nov. (77 %)

Typus. Rozites castanellus E. Horak & G.M. Taylor.

MycoBank MB822943.

Basidiomata medium-sized to large of various habits: rozitoid, cuphocyboid, myxacioid, or sequestrate. Pileus 25–90 mm diam, dry to glutinous, red-brown to dark yellow-brown or tan, rarely with a violet tinge, coarsely fibrillose, sometimes with thick, greyish white to reddish tufts, margin striate to rimose when old. Lamellae/gleba cinnamon to yellow-brown or brownish pink, rarely violaceous, crowded to rather distant. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, often with a small rounded bulb, violaceous to white, pale grey, or pale yellow, with thick grey to brownish pink girdles, often with a striate, membranous collar. Veil greyish white to greyish yellow or reddish brown, rather sparse to copious. Context grey to pale grey-brown, ± marbled darker grey, yellow, or violet. Alkaline reaction reddish on cutis or insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to subamygdaloid, 8–14 × 5–8.5 μm, moderately to weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Notes — This section is so far known only from New Zealand. Some of our C. epiphaeus samples were labelled C. napivelatus, a morphologically almost identical sequestrate fungus. Since the holotype of neither has been sequenced, it is too early to judge on their conspecificity, and we here use the dominant (and prioritary) epithet.

Cortinarius trichocarpus could be considered an agaricoid form of a morphospecies that includes the sequestrate C. ohauensis. Moreover, C. ohauensis is a late synonym of Austrogaster novaezelandiae, not yet combined into Cortinarius.

Cortinarius sect.Subhymenogaster Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. Hymenogaster sublilacinus A.H. Sm., GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822944.

Basidiomata sequestrate, globose to ovate or lobed. Peridium 10–55 mm diam, thin, dry, silky, whitish to lilac, flushing brown, purple, or bluish on manipulation. Gleba loculate, cinnamon to rusty brown. Columella white, tenous, dendrous to percurrent, or absent. Odour aromatic. Spores ellipsoid, 9–13 × 6.5–8 μm, weakly to moderately verrucose. In coniferous forests, North America.

Notes — The section is sister to sect. Caerulescentes. It has also been informally described as the genus Cortinogaster ined. See Smith (1966).

Cortinarius lilacinoides Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, nom. nov.

Basionym. Hymenogaster sublilacinus A.H. Sm., Mycologia 58(1): 108. 1966.

MycoBank MB823023.

Notes — The name C. sublilacinus is in use (Murrill 1944).

Cortinarius brunnescens (A.H. Sm.) Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, comb. nov.

Basionym: Hymenogaster brunnescens A.H. Sm., Mycologia 58(1): 111. 1966.

MycoBank MB822991.

Cortinarius subcaeruleus (A.H. Sm.) Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, comb. nov.

Basionym. Hymenogaster subcaeruleus A.H. Sm., Mycologia 58(1): 106. 1966.

MycoBank MB822992.

Section Cyanites Nespiak (100 %)

Typus. C. cyanites Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — A boreal section of similar species, characterised by dry and robust basidiomata, mainly of a greyish blue coloration and reddening context. The type has variously been placed in subg. Phlegmacium, Sericeocybe, and Telamonia.

Cortinarius sect.Austrocyanites Soop, sect. nov. (97 %)

Typus. C. austrocyanites Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822945.

Basidiomata medium-sized to large, stipitocarpic, phlegmacioid or myxacioid. Pileus 25–100 mm diam, dry to viscid, grey-brown to yellow-brown or olive grey, coarsely grey fibrillose to squamulose. Lamellae greyish blue to argillaceous, crowded. Stipe dry to viscid, clavate with a rounded or marginate bulb, white to bluish. Veil pale grey to pale yellow or white with a ± violet tinge, rather sparse to copious. Context white, often marbled greyish blue to turquoise. Alkaline reaction red-brown to black on cutis, reddish lilac on lamellae. Spores ellipsoid to amygdaloid, 8–12 × 5–7 μm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South Pacific.

Cortinarius sect.Austrovaginati Soop, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. C. austrovaginatus Gasparini, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822946.

Basidiomata medium-sized, pileocarpic or sequestrate. Pileus 25–60 mm diam, viscid, yellow-brown to vinaceous brown or violaceous, disk ± red-brown, fibrillose, margin with white to yellow-brown tufts. Lamellae greyish violet to vinaceous, fairly crowded, sometimes sinuate or poorly developed. Stipe with a marginate bulb, sometimes volvate, silvery violet to lilac, coated white to yellowish on bulb. Veil white to greyish yellow, fairly copious. Context white to pale violet, taste sometimes bitter. Alkaline reaction reddish or insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to amygdaloid or citriform, 9–13 × 5.5–8 μm, coarsely verrucose. In Myrtaceae and Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand, Australia.

Notes — The type species shows a tendency for sequestrate development, while C. conei is strictly sequestrate.

Cortinarius sect.Verniciori Soop, sect. nov. (99 %)

Typus. C. verniciorum Soop, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822947.

Basidiomata medium-sized to small, stipitocarpic, phlegmacioid or telamonioid. Pileus 15–50 mm diam, viscid, apricot to yellow-brown with a ± orange disk, glabrous to finely fibrillose. Lamellae white to pale grey-brown, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical to ± clavate, whitish to pale grey-brown, flavescent. Veil white, sparse. Context pale yellow, marbled yellow-brown. Odour melleous or insignificant, taste acerbic to bitter. Alkaline reaction red to red-brown. Spores fusoid to subamygdaloid, 5.5–8 × 3–4 μm, weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Section Infracti (Kühner & Romagn.) Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (100 %)

Typus. C. infractus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — A boreal section of phlegmacioid, stipitocarpic taxa, whose basidiomata present dark colours with a more or less pronounced olive component, growing with a wide range of coniferous and frondose hosts. It is further characterised by the presence of the alkaloid infractopicrin (Stensrud et al. 2014). The New Zealand species C. pholiotellus is closely related, but is not included due to morphological differences.

Section Subtorti Brandrud & Melot (100 % in 2-loci tree)

Typus. C. subtortus Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — A small boreal, phlegmacioid or myxacioid section, characterised by olivaceous-yellow tints and the presence of the alkaloid quinoline (Stensrud et al. 2014). It often appears as a sister to sect. Delibuti.

Cortinarius sect.Purpurelli Soop, sect. nov. (100 %)

Typus. Rozites violacea E. Horak, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 52: 516. 1975.

MycoBank MB822950.

Basidiomata stipitocarpic, rozitoid, or sequestrate. Pileus 30–80 mm diam, viscid, violet to greyish purple or yellow-brown, margin sometimes with violaceous tufts. Lamellae white to pale brown or rusty yellow, rather distant, sometimes sinuous/wrinkled and bifurcate. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, violet to whitish, brunnescent, silky, girdled or collared. Veil white to violet, brunnescent, fairly copious. Context white to pale yellowish, brunnescent. Odour rarely strong, sweetish. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ovoid to amygdaloid, 8–11 × 5.5–8 μm, weakly verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South America.

Notes — Several members were described in the former genera Thaxterogaster and Rozites (Horak & Moser 1965).

Cortinarius sect.Entheosi Soop, sect. nov. (87 % in PhyML tree)

Typus. C. entheosus Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB824054.

Basidiomata medium-sized, stipitocarpic, phlegmacioid or myxacioid, with a vivid coloration. Pileus 25–60 mm, viscid, tan to yellowish with a brownish orange disk, or greenish blue, glabrous to finely fibrillose. Lamellae blue to violet, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to ± fusoid, dry or viscid, white to pale blue, fibrillose. Veil white to pale violet, fairly copious. Context grey buff to yellowish, marbled violet. Alkaline reaction blue or insignificant. Spores ellipsoid to amygdaloid, 7.5–10 × 4.5–6 μm, moderately to coarsely verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Cortinarius sect.Salmaster Soop, sect. nov. (81 %)

Typus. C. salmaster Gasparini.

MycoBank MB822951.

Basidiomata medium-sized to small, stipitocarpic, phlegmacioid or telamonioid, greenish. Pileus 20–35 mm diam, viscid, dark olive brown to greyish green, glabrous to finely fibrillose. Lamellae grey to pale grey-brown, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical, often rooted, silky white or pale green-grey to pale green-blue. Veil yellowish white to brownish, sparse. Context white to green-grey or lilac. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid, 7–8 × 4–5.2 μm, moderately verrucose. In Myrtaceae forests, South Pacific.

Section Malvacei M.M. Moser (87 %)

Typus. C. malvaceus E. Horak.

Notes — Basidiomata are medium-sized to small, stipitocarpic, phlegmacioid or myxacioid, with a pale lilac coloration. In Nothofagaceae forests.

Clade /Ardesiaci (100 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are medium-sized, stipitocarpic, phleg-macioid, coloration grey-brown to brown. In Myrtaceae forests.

Clade /Cartilaginei (100 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are sequestrate or cuphocyboid, coloration ochraceous. In Nothofagaceae forests.

Clade /Australienses (100 %)

Notes — Basidiomata are large, whitish, viscid, with a peronate veil. Spores 9–12 × 5.5–6.5 μm, amygdaloid. The taxa have also been attributed to the genus Rozites. In Myrtaceae forests.

5. Anomaloid sections

Three sections are bihemispherical and the basidiomata are characterised by a yellowish or reddish veil, a relatively slender habit, and rounded spores. The sections are represented by two lineages in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016).

Section Anomali Konrad & Maubl. (100 %)

Typus. C. anomalus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — This section has sometimes been presumed close to the morphologically similar sect. Delibuti (below), a relation that is not borne out by our analysis. The New Zealand species C. eunomalus appears as basal to this and the following two sections. See further Dima et al. (2016).

Section Bolares Kühner & Romagn. (100 %)

Typus. C. bolaris (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — The section is bihemispherical and consists of anomaloid fungi with a brightly red veil.

Section Spilomei (Bidaud, Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux) Cons., D. Antonini & M. Antonini (96 %)

Typus. C. spilomeus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., neotypus GB (ITS).

Notes — The section is boreal and consists of anomaloid fungi with a reddish veil.

Section Delibuti (Fr.) Sacc. (96 %)

Typus. C. delibutus Fr.

Notes — The species are recognised by the same characters as in sect. Anomali, exhibiting in addition a viscid to glutinous veil. Basidiomata are coloured yellow, blue, or green, where the green pigment appears to occur mainly in the South Pacific. Unexpectedly, the European taxon C. emunctus is a singleton outside the section.

6. Cortinarius sect. Gigasperma (E. Horak) Soop & B. Oertel, comb. & stat. nov.

Basionym. Gigasperma E. Horak, New Zealand J. Bot. 9: 491. 1970.

Typus. G. crypticum E. Horak, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822990.

Cortinarius crypticus (E. Horak) Soop & B. Oertel, comb. nov.

Basionym. Gigasperma crypticum E. Horak, New Zealand J. Bot. 9: 491. 1970.

MycoBank MB822995.

Notes — A small sequestrate fungus with very large, thick-walled, smooth spores. Two other species have been described in Gigasperma, none of which, however, is part of Cortinarius (Index Fungorum).

7. Myxacioid sections

The subsequent four sections, along with Cortinarius bellus (New Zealand), form a robust clade, which contains the type section of subg. Myxacium. They are represented by the main Myxacium lineage in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016). Also the sequestrate C. porphyroideus from New Zealand may possibly be included.

Section Myxacium (Fr.) Gillot & Lucand (100 %)

Typus. C. collinitus (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.

Notes — A boreal section of glutinous taxa, presenting white, brown, and violet colours. Cortinarius pingue is sequestrate.

Section Defibulati M.M. Moser (75 %)

Typus. C. elatior Fr.

Notes — A widely distributed section of taxa, morphologically similar to sect. Myxacium and Cuphocybe. Two species are sequestrate. All taxa are characterised by hyphae without clamp connections.

Cortinarius sect.Marmorati Soop, sect. nov. (62 %)

Typus. C. marmoratus E. Horak, GB (ITS).

MycoBank MB822952.

Basidiomata medium-sized, myxacioid or sequestrate. Pileus, 25–60 mm diam, glutinous, white to yellow-brown, purple-brown, chocolate-brown, or lilac, disk often paler grey to ochra-ceous, glabrous. Lamellae white, greyish or deeply violet, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, sometimes with a small rounded bulb, viscid, white to violaceous-grey. Veil pale violaceous, ± brunnescent, sparse. Context grey-white, sometimes marbled violet. Alkaline reaction insignificant or ± red-brown on cutis. Spores amygdaloid, 11–15 × 6.5–8 μm, moderately to strongly verrucose. Clamp connections present. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Notes — The section is so far endemic to New Zealand, but has some morphological similarity with sect. Myxacium.

Cortinarius sect.Cuphomorphi Soop, sect. nov. (97 %)

Typus. C. cuphomorphus Soop, GB (ITS, LSU).

MycoBank MB822953.

Basidiomata medium-sized to small, cuphocyboid, myxacioid, or sequestrate. Pileus 15–55 mm diam, viscid, pale grey-brown to dark brown or violet, ± provided with fibrils and squamules when young, glabrous when older. Lamellae grey-blue, medium crowded to rather distant. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a small rounded bulb, dry to viscid, white to grey-brown, young with a violet tinge, sometimes with grey or yellowish squamules over the whole length. Veil pale yellow to ochraceous, fairly copious. Context white to pale violet, marbled grey-blue, odour sweetish, sometimes strong. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores amygdaloid, 10–12.5 × 6–8 μm, rather strongly verrucose. Clamp connections sparse or absent. In Nothofagaceae forests, New Zealand.

Section Cycnei Soop (87 %)

Typus. C. cycneus E. Horak.

capitellinus SAm Salgado Salomón et al. (2018)

Notes — A section of myxacioid taxa, confined to the Southern Hemisphere (Soop 2016). Cortinarius magellanicus has been reported several times from New Zealand, but our analyses show that it is a violet form of C. lubricanescens. See further Salgado Salomón et al. (2018).

Section Vibratiles Melot (91 %)

Typus. C. vibratilis (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

Notes — This section is bihemispherical, consisting of glutinous fungi of a relatively modest size. Many of the taxa are further distinguished by a bitter context. We have only examined C. melleomitis samples from New Zealand, whereas the type is described from Patagonia.

Section Archeriani M.M. Moser & E. Horak (88 % in PhyML tree)

Typus. C. archeri Berk.

Notes — A small South Pacific section of glutinous agaricoid or sequestrate fungi with violaceus and whitish colours.

Clade /Lustrabiles (100 %)

Notes — A small bihemispherical clade of rare taxa that resemble those in sect. Vibratiles. Basidiomata are medium-sized to small, myxacioid, coloration red-brown to yellow-brown. In Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae forests.

8. Telamonioid sections

8.1. Subgenus Telamonia s.str.

This large monophyletic entity was recovered as the main Telamonia lineage in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016). It contains the vast majority of species described in the subgenus, and appears to be endemic for the Northern Hemisphere. Basidiomata are dry and generally present a stipitocarpic habit with a hygrophanous context. Colours are usually drab brownish or greyish, occasionally with a violet component. Many of the species are of a modest size. Recently many new species were described from the northern coniferous taiga belt, making this the most diversified region for Telamonia known to date.

The phylogeny reveals a number of clades, many of which are recovered as traditional sections. These are not further discussed in this study, having been extensively documented in several dedicated efforts (e.g., Kytövuori et al. 2005, Niskanen 2008, Niskanen et al. 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013), some of which are currently being pursued.

8.2. Other telamonioid sections

This is a polyphyletic assembly of sections, some bihemispherical. A number of the northern taxa have traditionally been included in subg. Telamonia (s.lat.), and their basidiomata look like what is known as ‘typical Telamonia’. One of these lineages (Obtusi) was recovered in Fig. S2 of Garnica et al. (2016). Southern taxa, on the other hand, often exhibit several deviating characters, such as bright colours and a positive alkaline reaction.

Section Renidentes Rob. Henry ex Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux (92 %)

Typus. C. renidens Fr.

Notes — The section is bihemispherical. Cortinarius renidens appears to be unique in the genus by lacking both universal veil and cortina. Garnica et al. (2005) and Stensrud et al. (2014), report a strong support for including sect. Austroduracini (below), but we prefer to keep them as separate entities since their affinity is inconsistent in our study.

Cortinarius sect.Austroduracini Soop & Dima, sect. nov. (87–90 % in 2-loci tree)

Typus. C. austroduracinus M.M. Moser.

MycoBank MB822958.

Basidiomata small, telamonioid, yellow-brown to red-brown. Pileus 10–40 mm diam, viscid, yellow-brown to dark red-brown, finely fibrillose. Lamellae greyish or pale cinnamon to dark yellow-brown, medium crowded. Stipe cylindrical, pale brown to greyish yellow with white to dark yellow-brown thin bands or girdles. Veil white to dark yellow-brown, sparse to copious. Context pale brown to yellowish, often marbled brownish. Alkaline reaction insignificant. Spores ellipsoid, 7–9.5 × 4.5–6, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. In Nothofagaceae forests, South America, New Zealand.

Cortinarius sect. Camphorati (Liimat., Niskanen & Ammirati) Soop, B. Oertel & Dima, stat. nov. (100 %)

Basionym. Cortinarius subg. Camphorati Liimat., Niskanen & Ammirati, Index Fungorum 256: 2. 2015. IF551459.

Synonym. Cortinarius sect. Camphorati Liimat. & Niskanen, in Niskanen (2008: 19), nom. inval.

Typus. C. camphoratus Fr.

MycoBank MB824052.

Notes — This taxon is bihemispherical. Basidiomata are dry with grey-brown and violet colours, but are mainly characterised by a strong, obnoxious odour reminding of acetylene, which appears to be synapomorphic. See further Niskanen (2008) and Niskanen et al. (2015).

Section Obtusi Melot (81 %)

Typus. C. obtusus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr.

Notes — A bihemispherical section of small brownish fungi, characterised by the frequent presence of vesiculose cheilocystidia. Two of the austral species are sequestrate.

Section Laeti Melot (97 %)

Typus. C. laetus M.M. Moser.