FLOWERING PLANTS OF SIKKIM- AN ANALYSIS Paramjit Singh and M. Sanjappa ABSTRACT Sikkim is one of the biodiversity rich states of our country. The present paper analyses the flowering plant diversity of the state with some indicative figures of dominant genera like Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Gentiana, Juncus, Pedicularis, Primula, Rhododendron and Swertia recorded from the region. Nearly 165 species have been named after the state, as they were first collected from the state or plants were known to occur in Sikkim. Some of the representative endemic species of the state have also been listed. One hundred ninety seven families, 1371 genera have been appended with indicative number of species of each genus known to occur in Sikkim. In all more than 4450 species of flowering plants recorded so far. KEYWORDS: Diversity, Dominant genera, Endemics, Families, Flowering Plants, Sikkim Waldheimia glabra in Lhonak, North Sikkim 65

Middle storey of Rhododendron in Conifer forests

INTRODUCTION Sikkim, the second smallest state of India having an area of around 7096 sq. km is known as the paradise of naturalists. It is a thumb shaped hilly region with Nepal in the west, Bhutan in the east and Tibet in the north and north-east. In the south it is bordered by Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The mountain chains which run southward from the main Himalayan ranges form the natural border of Sikkim; the Chola Range dividing it from Tibet in the north east and Bhutan in the south-east; the Singalila range likewise separating it from Nepal in the west. Mountain passes along these ranges over the years have sustained a two way traffic of traders, pilgrims, and adventurers from Tibet and Central Asia. The most well-known of these passes are Nathu La (4392m), Jelep La (4388m), Donkia La (5520m), and Kongra La (4809m). The topography of Sikkim is quite varied. The elevation ranges from ca 300 to 8598m. Mt. Khangchendzonga (8598m) - the third highest mountain of the world- lies on the border with Nepal. Teesta and Rangit are two main rivers which flow in a north to south direction through gorges and valleys. Sikkim provides a great variety of habitats, that support and sustains rich flora and fauna. The vegetation changes from tropical to subtropical upwards through middle hills with much coniferous and Oak forests of temperate character to the higher slopes with sub alpine scrub and alpine “meadows” generally related to higher alpine flora of the north temperate zone. Sikkim has been known to be the most humid region in the whole range of Himalaya, because of its proximity to the Bay of Bengal and direct exposure to the south-west monsoon. The annual rainfall ranges from 200 - 500 cm in most of its inner valleys except for its northern most region which receives scanty rainfall. Throughout the year, but particularly from June to September, monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the state. Lower hills and valleys enjoy a sub tropical climate, warm in winter, hot and extremely humid in summer. Towards interior the climate becomes gradually more temperate Oak forests with middle storey of dwarf bamboo 67

Subalpine conifer forest in North Sikkim with cool winters and hot summers and often heavy rainfall. In northern part of the state the summers are short and cool, and winters with considerable snowfall and frost. VEGETATION Sikkim has attracted the attention of many botanists from very early times. It was visited by eminent botanists like J. D. Hooker, C. B. Clarke, G. King, T. Anderson, W. W. Smith, G. H. Cave, J. M. Cowan, R. Pantling, G. A. Gammie, D. Prain, B. Osmaston, I. H. Burkill and others. Singh & Chauhan (1997) have given a brief sketch of the vegetation and salient features of this biodiversity hot spot of our country. FLORISTIC DIVERSITY The plant diversity of Sikkim is fascinating because of species richness and diverse community structure. The flowering plants are represented by about 4458 species in the state, belonging to 1371 genera of 197 families. The genera and species are arranged alphabetically within a family; the arrangement of families has been followed as in most of Indian Herbaria (Bentham & Hooker's system) with some of the split families recognized( Appendix-II). An analysis of 10 dominant families of plants clearly indicates the richness of the state (Table-1). The genera predominantly represented in Sikkim are also highlighted (Table- 2). 68

Table- 1: Ten Dominant Families of Flowering Plants Sl. No. Family India Sikkim Percentage 1 Orchidaceae 1229 527 43 2 Asteraceae 803 293 36 3 Poaceae 1291 291 23 4 Fabaceae (s.l.) 1141 221 19 5 Cyperaceae 545 143 26 6 Rosaceae 432 138 32 7 Scrophulariaceae 368 112 30 8 Rubiaceae 616 110 18 9 Lamiaceae 435 95 22 10 Euphorbiaceae 523 94 18 Table- 2: Genera Predominantly represented in Sikkim Names of Genus India No. of Species Percentage 90 Sikkim 51 Bulbophyllum 27 78 Calanthe 39 46 46 Coelogyne 22 21 59 Cymbidium 90 18 40 Dendrobium 54 13 59 Gentiana 53 36 75 Juncus 83 32 56 Pedicularis 102 40 57 Primula 90 47 42 Rhododendron 35 58 49 Swertia 38 17 The state also shelters several threatened taxa. Some examples are- Aconitum novoluridum, Calamus inermis, Magnolia globosa, Souliea vaginata, Cypripidium elegans, C. himalaica, Impatiens tuberculata, Begonia gemmipara, B. rubella, B. scutata, Codonopsis affinis, Hoya edeni, Primula glabra, Liparis distans and species of Saussurea. ENDEMISM Chatterjee(1939) made a detailed study on the endemism in the Indian flora. He observed the number of endemics in the Himalaya as 3165 out of a total of 6850 endemics in India, representing 46 percent of the total endemics. Several endemic species have been collected from Sikkim. It is estimated that about 3% of the plants known from Sikkim are endemic to the region. The genus like Brachycaulos is exclusively endemic to Sikkim. Other genera as Aucuba, Bryocarpum, Gamblea, Lepidostemon, Sphaerosacme , Treutlera are endemic to the eastern Himalaya and are represented in Sikkim also. Some of the representative endemic species are listed here (Table-3). Table 3: Endemic Plants A. Plants strictly Endemic to Sikkim Acronema pseudotenera Apiaceae Anaphalis cavei Asteraceae Anaphalis hookeri Asteraceae Anemone demissa var. monantha Ranunculaceae Angelica nubigena Apiaceae Arenaria thangoensis Caryophyllaceae Astragalus zemuensis Fabaceae Berberis sikkimensis Berberidaceae 69

Cacalia chola Asteraceae Calamus inermis Arecaceae Caragana spinifera Fabaceae Carex kingiana Cyperaceae Codonopsis affinis Campanulaceae Coelogyne treutleri Orchidaceae Cremanthodium palmatum subsp. benthamii Asteraceae Crepis atropappa Asteraceae Juncus sikkimensis Juncaceae Jurinea cooperi Asteraceae Ligularia kingiana Asteraceae Ligularia pachycarpa Asteraceae Ligularia yakla Asteraceae Mahonia sikkimensis Berberidaceae Podophyllum sikkimensis Podophyllaceae Ranunculus sikkimensis Ranunculaceae Uvaria lurida var. sikkimensis Annonaceae B. Eastern Himalayan Endemic in Sikkim Ericaceae Ericaceae Agapetes incurvata Dipsacaceae Agapetes sikkimensis Rosaceae Dipsacus atratus Rosaceae Eriobotrya hookeriana Lauraceae Geum macrosepalum Liliaceae Lindera heterophylla Rosaceae Lloydia flavonutans Papaveraceae Maddenia himalaica Papaveraceae Meconopsis grandis Papaveraceae Meconopsis superba Tamaricaceae Meconopsis villosa Primulaceae Myricaria albiflora Ericaceae Primula whitei Ericaceae Rhododendron baileyi Ericaceae Rhododendron camelliaeflorum Ericaceae Rhododendron ciliatum Ericaceae Rhododendron glaucophyllum Ericaceae Rhododendron grande Ericaceae Rhododendron lanatum Ericaceae Rhododendron lindleyi Ericaceae Rhododendron wallichii Asteraceae Rhododendron wightii Saussurea conica CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES The heterogeneous flora of Sikkim is manifest with high degree of richness and endemism. Various protected areas and sacred groves located in different districts of the state are part of the cultural heritage and are also playing an important role in conservation of biodiversity of the region. These traditional practices need to be supported. To conserve the rich diversity of flowering plants of this region, there is urgent need to further scientifically manage and monitor the protected area network of the state. Commercial extraction and transit of medicinal herbs and other economic plants has already been prohibited by the Government, and this ban needs to be sustained so as to conserve a viable gene pool of these economically important plants. Further scientific studies and cataloguing the diversity of life forms needs to be encouraged. The state has already taken up a number of conservation initiatives in this direction like ban on grazing in 70

forests, prohibiting green felling of trees, organic farming, participatory conservation with active involvement of the local community through State Green Mission which need to be pursued with missionary zeal so that the rich biodiversity of the state is conserved for the future generations. APPENDIX-I: SPECIES NAMED AFTER SIKKIM 44. Anchusa sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 45. Angelica sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) P.K.Mukh. 1. Acer sikkimense Miq. 46. Anoectochilus sikkimensis King & Pantl. 2. Agropyron sikkimense Melderis 47. Arcuatopterus sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) Pimenov 3. Allium sikkimense Baker 4. Anthoxanthum sikkimense (Maxim.)Ohwi & T.A.Ostroumova 5. Arisaema sikkimense Stapf 48. Arenaria sikkimensis Majumdar 6. Benzoin sikkimense Kuntze 49. Argyreia sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) Ooststr. 7. Bulbophyllum sikkimense J.J.Sm. 50. Arthraxon sikkimensis Bor 8. Canarium sikkimense King 51. Astragalus sikkimensis Benth. ex Bunge 9. Cinnamomum sikkimense Lukman. 52. Avena sikkimensis Hook.f. 10. Cirrhopetalum sikkimense King & Pantl. 53. Begonia sikkimensisA.DC. 11. Cleisostoma sikkimense Lucksom 54. Beilschmiedia sikkimensis King ex Hook.f. 12. Cymbidium sikkimense Hook.f. 55. Berberis sikkimensis (C.K.Schneid.) Ahrendt 13. Dendrobium sikkimense A.D.Hawkes & 56. Blumea sikkimensis Hook.f. 57. Bridelia sikkimensis Gehrm. A.H.Heller 58. Bupleurum sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. 14. Desmodium sikkimense Schindl. 59. Capparis sikkimensis Kurz 15. Elatostema sikkimense C.B.Clarke 60. Cardamine sikkimensis Hara Carex sikkimensis 16. Epilobium sikkimense Hausskn. 17. Erysimum sikkimense Polatschek C.B.Clarke 18. Galium sikkimense Gand. 61. Casearia sikkimensis N.Mukh. 19. Geum sikkimense Prain 62. Catabrosa sikkimensis Stapf 20. Hedysarum sikkimense Baker 63. Caulokaempferia sikkimensis (King) K.Larsen 21. Hymenidium sikkimense (C.B.Clarke) 64. Cicerbita sikkimensis (Hook.f.) C.Shih 65. Clematis sikkimensis J.R.Drumm. ex Burkill Pimenov & Kljuykov 66. Cobresia sikkimensis Kük. 22. Lomatogonium sikkimense (Burkill) Harry Sm. 67. Commelina sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 23. Pentapterygium sikkimense W.W.Sm. 68. Corydalis sikkimensis (Prain) Fedde 24. Peucedanum sikkimense C.B.Clarke 69. Cotoneaster sikkimensis Hort. ex Wien. 25. Piper sikkimense C.DC. 70. Cyathopus sikkimensis Stapf 26. Pleurospermum sikkimense C.B.Clarke 71. Cyperus sikkimensis Kük. 27. Podophyllum sikkimense R.Chatterjee & 72. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Gamble ex Oliv. 73. Diasperus sikkimensis Kuntze Mukerjee 74. Dioscorea sikkimensis Prain & Burkill 28. R h o d o d e n d ro n s i k k i m e n s e P r a d h a n & 75. Draba sikkimensis (Hook.f. & T.Anderson) Pohle 76. Elaeocarpus sikkimensis Mast. S.T.Lachungpa 77. Elymus sikkimensis (Melderis) Melderis 29. Saccharum sikkimense Nayaran. ex Bor 78. Erianthus sikkimensis Hook.f. 30. Sinocarum sikkimense (P.K.Mukh.) P.K.Mukh. & 79. Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss. 80. Festuca sikkimensis E.B.Alexeev Constance 81. Ficus sikkimensis Miq. 31. Taraxacum sikkimense Hand.-Mazz. 82. Fragaria sikkimensis Kurz 32. Trisetum sikkimense (Hook.f.) Chrtek 83. Fraxinus sikkimensis (Lingelsh.) Hand.-Mazz. 33. Vaccinium sikkimense C.B.Clarke 84. Gardenia sikkimensis Valeton 34. Acomastylis sikkimensis (Prain) F.Bolle 85. Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 35. Acronema sikkimensis P.K.Mukh. 86. Gymnosporia sikkimensis Prain 36. Actinodaphne sikkimensis Meisn. 87. Habenaria sikkimensis Hook.f. 37. Aeschynanthus sikkimensis Stapf 88. Heliocarya sikkimensis Oliv. ex Brand 38. Agapetes sikkimensisAiry Shaw 89. Hierochloe sikkimensis Maxim. 39. Agrostis sikkimensis Bor 40. Ajuga sikkimensis Miq. 41. Aletris sikkimensis Hook.f. 42. Aleuritia sikkimensis (Hook.) Soják 43. Ampelocissus sikkimensis Planch. 71

90. Hypolepis sikkimensisA.Biswas 142. Rhynchospora sikkimensis Clarke 91. Ilex sikkimensis King 143. Roscoea sikkimensis Hort. ex Gentil 92. Iris sikkimensis Dykes 144. Rubia sikkimensis Kurz 93. Isachne sikkimensis Bor 145. Rubus sikkimensis Hook.f. 94. Jozoste sikkimensis Kuntze 146. Salix sikkimensisAndersson 95. Juncus sikkimensis Hook.f. 147. Salvia sikkimensis E.Peter 96. Juncus sikkimensis Hook.f. 148. Saxifraga sikkimensis Engl. 97. Kaempferia sikkimensis King ex Baker 149. Scrophularia sikkimensis T.Yamaz. 98. Kobresia sikkimensis Kük. 150. Senecio sikkimensis Franch. 99. Lactuca sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Stebbins 151. Sibbaldia sikkimensis (Prain) Chatterjee 100. Lasianthus sikkimensis Hook.f. 152. Siraitia sikkimensis (Chakrav.) C.Jeffrey 101. Lecanorchis sikkimensis N.Pearce & P.J.Cribb 153. Sorbus sikkimensis Wenz. 102. Lettsomia sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 154. Stellaria sikkimensis Hook.f. 103. Lindera sikkimensis Meisn. 155. Swertia sikkimensis Burkill 104. Liparis sikkimensis Lucksom & S.Kumar 156. Tetranthera sikkimensis Meisn. 105. Litsea sikkimensis (Meisn.) Kosterm. ex D.G.Long 157. Thysanolaena sikkimensis Gand. 106. Mahonia sikkimensis Takeda 158. Tithymalus sikkimensis (Boiss.) Hurus. & 107. Malaxis sikkimensis Rchb.f. 108. Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex Y.Tanaka 159. Tragacantha sikkimensis Kuntze C.K.Schneid. 160. Tretocarya sikkimensis Oliv. 109. Marlea sikkimensis King exW.W.Sm.& Cave 161. Trollius sikkimensis (Bruhl) Doroszewsja 110. Maytenus sikkimensis (Prin)D.C.S.Raju & Babu 162. Viola sikkimensis W.Becker 111. Microula sikkimensis Hemsl. 163. Vitis sikkimensis M.A.Lawson 112. Mouroucoa sikkimensis Kuntze 164. Wendlandia sikkimensis Cowan 113. Musa sikkimensis Kurz 165. Wrightia sikkimensis Gamble 114. Neoluffa sikkimensis Chakrav. 115. Nephelaphyllum sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Karthik. Culm of giant bamboo - Dendrocalamus sikkimensis, 116. Nonatelia sikkimensis Kuntze locally known as Bhalu Bans 117. Oberonia sikkimensis Lindl. 118. Osbeckia sikkimensis Craib 119. Panax sikkimensis R.N.Banerjee 120. Pandanus sikkimensis St.John 121. Paroxygraphis sikkimensis W.W.Sm. 122. Pedicularis sikkimensis Bonati in W.W.Sm. 123. Persea sikkimensis M.Gangop. 124. Phyllanthus sikkimensis Müll.Arg. 125. Pimpinella sikkimensis C.B.Clarke 126. Pitardella sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Tirveng. 127. Placus sikkimensis Kuntze 128. Platanthera sikkimensis (Hook.f.) Pradhan 129. Platanthera sikkimensis Kraenzl. 130. Pleurogyne sikkimensis Burkill 131. Pleurospermopsis sikkimensis (C. B. Clarke) C.Norman 132. Poa sikkimensis (Stapf) Bor 133. Potentilla sikkimensis Prain 134. Pouzolzia sikkimensis Gand. 135. Prenanthes sikkimensis Hook.f. 136. Primula sikkimensis Hook. 137. Pueraria sikkimensis Prain 138. Pyrola sikkimensis Křísa 139. Pyrus sikkimensis Hook.f. 140. Randia sikkimensis Hook.f. 141. Ranunculus sikkimensis Hand.-Mazz. 72

Rosa macrophylla - alpine wild rose Euphorbia sikkimensis Primula sikkimensis 73

APPENDIX-II: Analysis of Flora of Sikkim Name of the FAMILY/Genus Number of Name of the FAMILY/Genus Number of species species DICOTYLEDONS 12 Parabaena Miers 1 RANUNCULACEAE 1 Pericampylus Miers 1 Aconitum L. 2 Stephania Lour. 3 Actaea L. 13 Tinospora Miers. 1 Adonis L. 1 BERBERIDACEAE Anemone L. 1 Berberis L. 19 Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson 2 Mahonia Nuttall 3 Callianthemum C.Meyer 1 Caltha L. 13 PODOPHYLLACEAE 2 Cimicifuga L. 7 Podophyllum L. Clematis L. 1 LARDIZABALACEAE 1 Delphinium L. 1 Decaisnea Hook.f. & Thomson 1 Dichrocarpum Wang & Hsiao 2 Holboellia Wall. Naravelia DC 1 NYMPHAEACEAE 1 Halerpestes Greene 1 Nymphaea L. Oxygraphis Bunge 15 PAPAVERACEAE 1 Paraoxygraphis W.Smith. 1 Argemone L. 12 Ranunculus L. 15 Meconopsis Viguier 1 Souliea Franchet 1 Papaver L. Thalictrum L. FUMARIACEAE 26 Trollius L. 1 Corydalis DC. nom.cons. 4 CIRCAEASTERACEAE Dicentra Benth. 3 Circaeaster Maxim. 1 Fumaria L. 1 DILLENIACEAE 1 Hypecoum L. Dillenia L. BRASSICACEAE 3 Tetracera L. 5 Arabidopsis Heynth. 1 MAGNOLIACEAE 6 Arabis L. 1 Magnolia L. Aphragmus Andrz. ex DC. 1 Michelia L. 1 Arcyosperma O.Schulz. 3 SCHISANDRACEAE 3 Barbaraea R.Br. 4 Kadsura Juss. Brassica L. 2 Schisandra Michx. 1 Braya Hook.f. & Thomson 1 TETRACENTRACEAE Capsella Medikus. 10 Tetracentron Oliv. 1 Cardamine L. 1 ANNONACEAE 1 Christolea Cambess. 1 Annona L. 3 Cochlearia L. 1 Artabotrys R.Br. 1 Coronopus Zinn. 1 Desmos Lour. 1 Descurainia Webb & Berth. 1 Fissistigma Griff. Dilophilla Thomson 1 Goniothalamus (Blume) Hook.f. 3 Hedina Ostenf. 1 & Thomson 1 Dontostemon Andrz. ex Ledeb. 15 Miliusa Leschen. ex DC 2 Draba L. 5 Mitrephora Hook.f. & Thomson 2 Erysimum L. 1 Polyalthia Blume Hymenolobus Nutt. ex Torrey & Uvaria L. 1 Gray 1 MENISPERMACEAE 1 Iberis L. 1 Aspidocarya Hook.f. & Thomson 2 Guillenia E.Greene 2 Cissampelos L. Lepidium L. Cyclea Arn.ex Wight 74

Lignariella Baehni 1 HYPERICACEAE 14 Laxostemon Hook.f. & Thomson 1 Hypericum L. Nasturtium R.Br.. 1 CLUSIACEAAE 1 Parrya R.Br. 1 Calophyllum L. 4 Pegaeophyton Hayek & Hand.- 2 Garcinia L. 2 Mazz. Mesua L. emend Kosterm. Raphanus L. 2 THEACEAE 2 Rorippa Scop. 6 Camellia L. 1 Thlaspi L. 4 Gordonia Ellis. 1 Torularia (Coss. ) O.Schulz 1 Schima Reinw. ex Blume 4 CAPPARIDACEAE Eurya Thunb. 1 Capparis L. 6 Ternstroemia L.f. Cleome L. 4 ACTINIDIACEAE 2 Crateva L. 2 Actinidia Lindl. 5 Stixis Lour. 1 Saurauia Willd. VIOLACEAE STACHYURACEAE 1 Rinorea Aublet 1 Stachyurus Sieb. & Zucc. Viola L. 19 DIPTEROCARPACEAE 1 BIXACEAE Shorea Roxb. ex Gaertn. Bixa L. 1 MALVACEAE 3 Abelmoschus Medikus 2 FLACOURTIACEAE 5 Abutilon Mill. 1 Casearia Jacq. 1 Alcea L. 2 Flacourtia L. ‘Herit 1 Gossypium L. 9 Gynocardia R.Br. 1 Hibiscus L. 1 Homalium Jacq. 1 Kydia Roxb. 2 Xylosma G.Forster Malva L. 1 PITTOSPORACEAE 1 Nayariophyton T.K.Paul 4 Pittosporum Sol. Sida L. 1 POLYGALACEAE 11 Thespesia Sol. ex Correa 1 Polygala L. 2 Urena L. Salomonia Lour. BOMBACACEAE 1 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 18 Bombax L. 1 Arenaria L. 1 Ceiba Mill. emend Gaertn. Brachystemma D.Don 2 STERCULIACEAE 1 Cerastium L. 1 Abroma Jacq. 2 Cucubalus L. 1 Byttneria Loefl. 2 Dianthus L. 2 Eriolaena DC. Drymaria Schultes 1 Helicteres L. 1 Gypsophila L. 1 Pterospermum Schreb. 1 Lychnis L. 1 Reevesia Lindl. 3 Pseudostellaria Pax 3 Sterculia L. Sagina L. 7 TILIACEAE 8 Silene L. 1 Grewia L. 3 Spergula L. 11 Triumfetta L. Stellaria L. 1 ELAEOCARPACEAE 9 Thylacospermum Frenzl. Elaeocarpus L. 3 PORTULACAC EAE 1 Sloanea L. Portulaca L. LINACEAE 1 TAMARICACEAE 3 Anisadenia Wall. ex Meisn. 1 Myricaria Desv. 1 Linum L. 1 Tamarix L. Reinwardtia Dumort. ELATINACEAE 1 MALPIGHIACEAE Bergia L. 1 Elatine L. 75

Aspidopterys Juss. 1 RHAMNACEAE Hiptage Gaertn. 1 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Berchemia DC. 2 Tribulus L. 1 GERANIACEAE Gouania Jacq. 2 7 Geranium L. 1 Hovenia Thunb. 1 Biophytum DC. OXALIADCEAE 1 Rhamnus L. 2 Averrhoa L. 4 Oxalis L. Ventilago Gaertn. 1 BALSAMINACEAE 30 Impatiens L. Ziziphus L. 4 RUTACEAE 1 Acronychia Forster 1 VITACEAE Aegle Correa 1 Boenninghausenia Reichenb. 5 Ampelocissus Planch. 4 Citrus L. 1 Clausena Burman 1 Cayratia Juss. 1 Melicope J.R. & G.Forster 2 Glycosmis Correa 1 Cissus L. 2 Micromelum Blume 2 Murraya L. 1 Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston 1 Paramignya Wight 2 Skimmia Thunb. 2 Parthenocissus Planch. 1 Tetradium Lour. 1 Toddalia Juss. 5 Tetrastigma (Miquel) Planch. 7 Zanthoxylum L. SIMAROUBIACEAE 1 Vitis L. 1 Brucea J.F.Mill 1 Ailanthus Desf. 1 LEEACEAE Picrasma Blume OCHNACEAE 1 Leea L. 7 Ochna L. BURSERACEAE 1 SAPINDACEAE Canarium L. 3 Garuga Roxb. Allophyllus L. 1 MELIACEAE 1 Aphanamixis Blume 1 Cardiospermum L. 1 Azadirachta A.Juss. 1 Chukrasia Jussieu 2 Lepisanthes Blume 2 Dysoxylum Blume 3 Melia L. 1 Litchi Sonner. 1 Munronia Wight 1 Sphaerosacme Royle 3 Sapindus L. 1 Toona (End.) Roem. 1 Trichilia P.Br. ACERACEAE OLACACEAE 1 Erythropalum Blume Acer L. 13 OPILIACEAE 1 Lepionurus Blume STAPHYLACEAE ICACINACEAE 1 Natsiatum Arn. Turpinia Vent. 3 AQUIFOLIACEAE 8 Ilex L. BISCHOFIACEAE CELASTRACEAE 1 Cassine L. 4 Bischofia Blume 1 Celastrus L. 6 Euonymus L. 1 SABIACEAE Maytenus Molina Meliosma Blume 2 Sabia Coleb. 5 ANACARDIACEAE Cheorospondias Burtt & Hill 1 Dobinea Don 1 Drimycarpus Hook.f. 1 Lannea A.Rich. 1 Mangifera L. 2 Pegia Colebr. 1 Rhus L. 4 Semecarpus L.f. 1 Spondias L. 1 CORIARIACEAE Coriaria L. 2 MORINGACEAE Moringa Adans. 1 FABACEAE sub family – CAESALPINIOIDEAE Acrocarpos Arn. 1 Bauhinia L. 5 Caesalpinia L. 5 Cassia L. 10 Delonix Rafin. 1 Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. 1 Tamarindus L. 1 sub-family MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia Miller 7 Albizia Durazz. 7 76

Archidendron F. V. Mueller 3 Stracheya Benth. 1 Entada Adans. 1 Tephrosia Pers. 1 Leucaena Benth. 1 Teramnus P. Browne 1 Mimosa L. 2 Thermopsis R.Br. 1 Neptunia Lour. 1 Trifolium L. 3 Pithecellobium Mart. 1 Trigonella L. 2 Samanea (DC.) Merr. 1 Uraria Desv. 3 Vicia L. 1 sub-family PAPILIONOIDEAE Vigna Savi 3 Zornia J. Gmelin 1 Abrus Adans. 2 ROSACEAE Agrimonia L. 1 Adenanthera L. 1 Aruncus L. 1 Brachycaulos Dixit & Panigr. 1 Aeschynomene L. 2 Chaenomeles Lindl. 1 Cotoneaster Medik. 7 Alysicarpus Desv. 2 Docynia Decne. 1 Duchesnea Sm. 1 Apios Fabr. 1 Eriobotrya Lindl. 4 Fragaria L. 3 Astragalus L. 13 Geum L. 3 Madennia Hook.f. & Thoms. 1 Butea Koenig ex Roxb. 3 Malus Miller 1 Neillia D. Don 1 Cajanus DC. 5 Photinia Lindl. 2 Potentilla L. 9 Campylotropis Bunge. 1 Prinsepia Royle 1 Prunus L. 14 Canavalia DC. 2 Pyrus L. 2 Rosa L. 4 Caragana Fabr. 3 Rubus L. 28 Sanguisorba L. 2 Cicer L. 1 Sibbaldia L. 10 Sorbus L. 14 Crotalaria L. 16 Spiraea L. 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE Dalbergia L.f. 9 Astilbe D.Don 1 Bergenia Moench. 2 Derris Lour. 6 Chrysosplenium L. 6 Rodgersia A. Gray 1 Desmodium Desv. 25 Saxifraga L. 51 Tiarella L. 1 Dolichos L. 1 PARNASSIACEAE Parnassia L. 6 Dumasia DC. 1 GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes Desf. 6 Dunbaria Wight & Arn. 3 ITEACEAE Itea L. 1 Dysolobium (Benth.) Prain 1 Deutzia Thunb. 2 HYDRANGEACEAE Eriosema (DC.) G.Don. 1 Dichroa Lour. 1 Hydrangea L. 6 Erythrina L. 4 Philadelphus L. 1 CRASSULACEAE Flemingia Roxb. ex Ait. 5 Kalanchoe Adans. 1 Rhodiola L. 15 Glircidia Kunth 1 Glycine Willd. 1 Gueldenstedia Fischer 1 Hedysarum L. 1 Indigofera L. 8 Lablab Adans. 1 Lathyrus L. 1 Lotus L. 1 Macrotyloma ( Wight & Arn. ) Verdc. 1 Melilotus Miller 1 Milletia Wight & Arn. 4 Mucuna Adans. 3 Oxytropis DC. 3 Pachyrhizus Rich. ex DC. 1 Parochetus D. Don 1 Phaseolus L. 3 Piptanthus Sweet 1 Pisum L. 1 Pueraria DC. 6 Rhynchosia Lour. 1 Shuteria Wight & Arn. 2 Sesbania Scop. 1 Smithia Aiton 3 Spongiocarpella Yakolev & Uiz. 1 77

Sedum L. 9 Edgaria C.B.Clarke 1 Sinocrassula Berger DROSERACEAE 1 Gomphogyne Griff. 1 Drosera L. HAMAMELIDACEAE Gymnopetalum Arn. 1 Exbucklandia R.W.Brown HALORAGACEAE 2 Gynostemma Blume 2 Haloragis Frost. HIPPURIDACEAE Herpetospermum Benth. & Hook. f. 1 Hippuris L. CALLITRICHACEAE 1 Hodgsonia Hook.f. & Thoms . 1 Callitriche L. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lagenaria Ser. 1 Carallia Roxb. COMBRETACEAE 1 Luffa Miller 1 Combretum L. Terminalia L. Melothria L. 5 MYRTACEAE Acmenosperma Kausel 1 Momordica L. 3 Callistemom R..Br. Eugenia L. Neoalsomitra Hutch. 1 Psidium L. Syzygium Gaertn. 2 Schizopepon Maxim. 1 LECYTHIDACEAE Careya Roxb. Sechium P.Browne 1 MELASTOMACEAE Medinilla Gaud. 1 Thiladiantha Bunge 1 Melastoma L. Osbeckia L. Trichosanthes L. 11 Oxyspora DC. Sarcopyramis Wall. 5 Zanonia L. 1 Sonerila Roxb. LYTHRACEAE 2 BEGONIACEAE Lagerstoremia L. Lawsonia L. Begonia L. 17 Rotala L. Woodfordia Salisb. 1 DATISCACEAE SONNERATIACEAE Duabanga Buch.Ham. 1 Tetrameles R.Br. 1 PUNICACEAE Punica L. 2 AIZOACEAE ONAGRACEAE Circaea L. 1 Trianthema L. 2 Epilobium L. Ludwigia L. 11 MOLLUGINACEAE Oenothera L. PASSIFLORACEAE Mollugo L. 1 Adenia L. Modecca Lam. 2 APIACEAE Passiflora L. CARICACEAE Acronema Edgew. 4 Carica L. CUCURBITACEAE 3 Angelica L. 3 Biswarea Cong. Cucumis L. 2 Bupleurum L. 4 Cyclanthera Schrad. 4 Carum L. 1 1 Centella L. 1 1 Chaerophyllum L. 1 2 Chamaesium H.Wolff 2 Coriandrum L. 1 1 Cortia DC. 1 1 Cortiella C.Norman 1 2 1 Eryngium L. 1 Foeniculum Mill. 1 1 Heracleum L. 6 Hydrocotyle L. 3 1 Oenanthe L. 1 Physospermopsis H. Wolff 2 2 Pimpinella L. 6 12 Pleurospermopsis C.Norman 1 1 Pleurospermum Hoffm. 5 1 Pternopetalum Franchet 2 Sanicula L. 1 1 Selinum L. 4 1 Sinocarum Shan & Pu. 6 3 Tordyliopsis DC. 1 Torilis Adans. 1 1 Trachyspermum Link. 1 Vicatia DC. 2 1 ARALIACEAE 2 Aralia L. 2 1 Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. 6 78

Eleutherococcus Maxim. 1 Mycetia Reinw. 3 Gamblea C.B.Clarke 1 Neanotis W.H.Lewis 5 Hedera L. 1 Neohymenopogon Bennett 1 Helwingia Willd. 1 Neolamarckia Boss. 1 Heteropanax Seem. 1 Ophiorrhiza L. 6 Macropanax Miq. 2 Paederia L. 2 Panax L. 3 Pavetta L. 3 Pentapanax Seem. 2 Psychotria L. 4 Schefflera J.R. & G.Frost. 3 Randia L. 4 Trevesia Vis 1 Rubia L. 4 CORNACEAE Spermadictyon Roxb. 1 Aucuba Thunb. 1 Uncaria Schreb. 2 Benthamidia Spach. 1 Wendlandia DC. 6 Nyssa L. 1 Xeromphis Rafin. 2 Swida Opiz 1 CARLEMANNIACEAE ALANGIACEAE Carlemannia Benth. 1 Alangium L. 3 MORINACEAE TORICELLIACEAE Morina L. 3 Toricellia DC. 1 SARCOSPERMACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sacrospermum Hook.f. 1 Leycesteria Wall. 4 STYLIDACEAE Lonicera L. 17 Stylidium Sw. 1 Sambucus L. 2 SAPOTACEAE Triosteum L. 1 Aesandra Pierre 1 Viburnum L. 7 Platea Blume 1 VALERIANACEAE Xantolis Raf. 1 Nardostachys DC. 1 ASTERACEAE Patrinia Juss. 1 Adenocaulon Hook. 1 Valeriana L. 2 Adenostemma J.R. & G.Forst. 2 DIPSACACEAE Ageratum L. 2 Dipsacus L. 2 Ainsliaea DC. 2 Pterocephalus Adans. 1 Anaphalis DC. 13 Triplostegia Wall. ex DC. 1 Artemisia L. 10 RUBIACEAE Aster L. 14 Argostemma Wall. 2 Bidens L. 4 Borreria G.F.W.Mey 4 Blainvillea Cass. 1 Cephalanthus L. 1 Blumea DC. 15 Coffea L. 1 Blumeopsis Gagnep. 1 Dentella J.R. & G.Forst. 1 Brachyactis Ledeb. 1 Galium L. 10 Cacalia L. 4 Gardenia Elth. 1 Caesulia Roxb. 1 Haldina Rids. 1 Carpesium L. 3 Hedyotis L. 9 Centipeda Lour 1 Hymenodictyon Wall. 2 Chrysanthemum L. 3 Cicerbita Wallroth 3 Hyptianthera Wight & Arn. 1 Cirsium Mill. 6 Ixora L. 1 Cissampelopsis (DC.) Miq. 3 Knoxia L. 2 Conyza Less. 4 Kohautia Cham. & Schlecht. 1 Cotula L. 2 Lasianthus Jack. 1 Crassocephalum Moench. 1 Leptodermis Wall. 1 Cremanthodium Benth. 11 Luculia Sweet 1 Crepis L. 2 Meyna Roxb. ex Link. 2 Cyathocline Cass. 2 Mitragyna Korth. 1 Dichrocephala L.’ Herit. ex DC. 2 Morinda L. 1 Doronicum L. 1 Mussaenda L. 6 Dubyaea DC. 1 79

Eclipta L. 1 Enkianthus Lour. 1 Elephantopus L. 1 Gaultheria L. 4 Emilia Cass. 2 Lyonia Nutt. 2 Erechtites Rafin. 1 Pieris D.Don 1 Erigeron L. 7 Rhododendron L. 38 Ethulia L.f. 1 Vaccinium L. 8 Eupatorium L. 3 CAMPANULACEAE Galinsoga Ruiz & Pavon 2 Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk. 1 Gerbera L. 2 Campanula L. 7 Gnaphalium L. 5 Codonopsis Wall. 11 Gynura Cass. 4 Cyananthus Wall. 7 Hemistepta Bunge ex Fischer & Mey. 1 Leptocodon Lemaire 1 Heteropappus Less. 1 Peracarpa Hook.f. & Thomson 1 Inula L. 7 Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth. 3 Ixeris Cass. 3 LOBELIACEAE Lactuca L. 6 Lobelia L. 9 Laggera Sch.-Bip. ex Koch 2 Pratia Gaud. 2 Launaea Cass. 2 MYRSINACEAE Leibnitzia Cass. 2 Ardisia O.Sw.. 5 Leontopodium (Pers.) R.Brown 7 Embelia Burm. f. 5 Ligularia Cass. 8 Maesa Forssk. 5 Microglossa DC. 1 Myrsine L. 1 Mikania Willd. 1 Rapanea Blume 1 Myriactis Less. 1 PYROLACEAE Nannoglottis Maxim. 1 Pyrola L. 1 Parthenium L. 1 DIAPENSIACEAE Pentanema Cass. 2 Diapensia L. 1 Petasites Mill. 1 PLUMBAGINACEAE Picris L. 1 Plumbago L. 1 Piloselloides (Less.) C.Jaffrey 1 MONOTROPACEAE Prenanthes L. 3 Monotropa L. 2 Pulicaria Gaertn. 1 Monotropastrum Andres 1 Rhynchospermum Peinw. 1 PRIMULACEAE Saussurea DC. 32 Androsace L. 13 Senecio L. 12 Bryocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson 1 Siegesbeckia L. 1 Glaux L. 1 Solidago L. 1 Lysimachia L. 11 Sonchus L. 4 Omphalogramma Franch. 1 Soroseris Stebbins 3 Primula L. 58 Sphaeranthus L. 1 EBENACEAE Spilanthes Jacq. 2 Diospyros L. 2 Synedrella Gaertn. 1 STYRACACEAE Synotis (C.B.Clarke) Jeffrey & Chen 8 Styrax L. 2 Tanace tum L. 3 SYMPLOCACEAE Taraxacum Webber 2 Symplocos Jacq. 9 Thespis DC. 1 OLEACEAE Tricholepis DC. 1 Chionanthus L. 1 Tridax L. 1 Fraxinus L. 1 Vernonia Schreb. 12 Jasminum L. 7 Waldheimia Kar. & Kir. 1 Ligustrum L. 3 Xanthium L. 1 Myxopyrum Blume 1 Youngia Cass. 7 Nyctanthes L. 1 ERICACEAE Olea L. 2 Agapetes L. 6 Osmanthus Lour. 2 Cassiope D. Don. 2 APOCYNACEAE Diplarche Hook.f. & Thomson 2 Aganosma G.Don. 2 80

Alstonia R.Br. 2 Lomatogonium A.Braun 5 Alyxia Banks ex R.Br. 1 Sebaea Soland. ex R.Br. 2 Beaumontia Wall. 1 Swertia L. 17 Chonemorpha G.Don 2 Tripterospermum Blume 3 Holarrhena R.Br. 1 Veratrilla ( Baill.) Franch. 1 Ichnocarpus R.Br. 3 HYDROPHYLLACEAE Melodinus J. R.& G.Frost. 1 Hydrolea L. 1 Microchites Miq. 1 MENYANTHACEAE Parabarium Pierre ex C.Spine & A.Spine 1 Nymphoides Hill. 2 Rauvolfia L. 1 BORAGINACEAE Rhynchodia Benth. 1 Bothriospermum Bunge 1 Trachelospermum Lem. 2 Chionocharis I.M.Johnston 1 Vallaris Burm.f. 1 Cynoglossum L. 4 Wrightia R.Br. 2 Eritrichium Schrad. 2 ASCLEPIADACEAE Hackelia Opiz. 1 Calotropis R.Br. 1 Heliotropium L. 2 Ceropegia L. 6 Lasiocaryum M. Johnston 1 Cynanchum L. 2 Maharanga A.DC. 2 Dischidia R.Br. 1 Microcaryum I.M.Johnston 1 Dittoceras Hook.f. 1 Microula Benth. 3 Genianthus Hook.f. 1 Myosotis l. 1 Gongronema Decne. 1 Onosma L. 1 Gymnema R.Br. 3 Tournefortia L. 2 Heterostemma Wight & Arn. 1 Trigonotis Stev. 5 Holostemma R.Br. 1 EHRETIACEAE Hoya R.Br. 10 Cordia L. 1 Leptadenia R.Br. 1 Ehretia P.Brown 4 Marsdenia R.Br. 5 CONVOLVULACEAE Raphistemma Wall. 1 Aniseia Choisy 1 Telosma Coville 1 Argyreia Lour. 9 Taxocarpus Wight & Arn. 1 Calystegia R.Br. 1 Treutlera Hook.f. 1 Erycibe Roxb. 2 Tylophora R.Br. 4 Evolvulus L. 2 Vincetoxicum N.M.Wolf. 1 Ipomoea L. 12 Wattakaka Hassk. 1 Lettsomia Roxb. 2 PERIPLOCACEAE Merremia Dennst. 3 Cryptolepis R.Br. 2 Operculina Mamso 1 Cryptostegia R.Br. 1 Porana Burm.f. 4 Hemidesmus R.Br. 1 Rivea Choisy 1 Periploca L. 1 CUSCUTACEAE Streptocaulon Wight & Arn. 1 Cuscuta L. 2 BUDDLEJACEAE SOLANACEAE Buddleja L. 5 Brugmansia Pers. 1 LOGANIACEAE Datura L. 2 Gardneria Wall. 1 Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassk. 2 Mitrasacme Labill. 1 Mandragora L. 1 GENTIANACEAE Nicandra Adans . 1 Canscora Lam. 2 Physalis L. 2 Cotylanthera Blume 1 Przewalskia Maxim 1 Crawfurdia Wall. 1 Scopolia jacq. 1 Exacum L. 2 Solanum L. 10 Gentiana L. 32 Withania Pauq. 1 Gentianella Moench 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE Gentianopsis Ma. 1 Andenosma R.Br. 1 Halenia Borckh. 1 Bacopa Blume 1 Jaeschkea Kurz. 2 Calorhabdos Benth. 1 81

Centranthera R.Br. 2 Barleria L. 2 Curanga Juss. 1 Dianthera L. 1 Dopatrium Buch. Ham. ex Benth. 1 Dicliptera Juss . 1 Ellisiophyllum Maxim. 1 Diflugossa Bremek. 2 Euphrasia L. 1 Hemiphragma Wall. 1 Echinacanthus Nees 4 Kickxia Dumort. 1 Elytraria Michx. 1 Lancea Hook.f. & Thomson 1 Eranthemum L. 2 Limnophila R.Br. 6 Goldfussia Nees. 6 Lindenbergia Lehm. 4 Hygrophila R.Br. 3 Lindernia All. 12 Hypoestes Soland . ex R.Br. 1 Mazus Lour. 3 Justicea L. 1 Melasma Berg. 1 Lepidagathis Willd. 2 Mimulus L. 1 Listrobanthes Bremek. 1 Oreosolen Hook.f. 1 Nelsonia R.Br. 1 Pedicularis L. 47 Peristrophe Nees 1 Picrorhiza Royle ex Benth. 1 Phaulopsis Willd. 1 Scoparia L. 1 Phlogacanthus Nees. ex Wall. 2 Scrophularia L. 4 Plectranthus L. Herit. 3 Sopubia Buch.- ham. 1 Pseuderanthemum Radlk. 2 Striga Lour. 1 Pteracanthus Bremek. 7 Torenia L. 4 Rungia Nees 2 Verbascum L. 1 Staurogyne Wall. 1 Veronica L. 9 Strobilanthes Blume 3 Wightia Wall. 1 Sympagis Bremek. 1 Wulfenia Jacq. 1 VERBENACEAE SELAGINACEAE Callicarpa L. 5 Lagotis Gaertn . 4 Caryopteris Bunge. 2 OROBANCHACEAE Clerodendrum L. 7 Aeginetia L. 2 Duranta L. 1 Boschniakia C.A.Meyer 1 Gmelina L. 1 Christisonia Gardner 1 Holmskioldia Retz. 1 LENTIBULARIACEAE Lantana L. 1 Pinguicula L. 1 Premna L. 8 Utricularia L. 8 Pygmaeopremna Merril 1 GESNERIACEAE Tectona L.f. 1 Aeschynanthus Jacq. 8 Verbena L. 1 Chirita Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don 8 Vitex L. 3 Corallodiscus Batalin 1 LAMIACEAE Didymocarpus Wall. 10 Achyrospermum Blume 1 Epithema Blume 1 Acrocephalus Benth. 1 Leptoboea Benth. 1 Ajuga L. 3 Loxostigma C.B.Clarke 2 Anisochilus (Wall.) Be nth. 2 Lysionotus D.Don 2 Anisomeles R.Br. 1 Platystemma Wall. 1 Clinopodium L. 1 Rhynchoglossum Blume 1 Colebrookea Sm. 1 Rhynchotechum Blume 2 Coleus Lour. 1 BIGNONIACEAE Colquhounia Wall. 1 Jacaranda Juss. 1 Craniotome Reichenb. 1 Oroxylum Vent. 1 Dracocephalum L. 3 THUNBERGIACEAE Elsholtzia Willd. 9 Thunbergia Retz. 4 Eriophyton Benth. 1 ACANTHACEAE Eusteralis Rafin. 3 Adhatoda Nees 1 Galeopsis L. 1 Aechmanthera Nees 1 Geniosporum Wall. e x Benth. 1 Asystasia Blume 1 Gomphostemma Benth. 4 Lamium L. 1 82

Leucas R.Br. 7 Asarum L. 1 Leucosceptrum Sm. 1 PIPERACEAE Melissa L. 1 Peperomia Ruiz. & Pavon 4 Micromeria Benth. 1 Piper L. 12 Nepeta L. 4 SAURURACEAE Nothochaete Benth. 1 Houttuynia Thunb. 1 Ocimum L. 3 CHLORANTHACEAE Origanum L. 1 Chloranthus Sw.. 1 Orthodon Benth. & Oliver. 1 MYRISTICACEAE Orthosiphon Benth. 1 Horsfieldia Willd. 1 Paraphlomis Prain 1 Knema Lour. 3 Perilla L. 1 PROTEACEAE Phlomis L. 6 Grevillea R.Br. 1 Plectranthus L.Herit. 1 Helicia Lour. 1 Pogostemon Desf. 6 LAURACEAE Prunella L. 1 Actinodaphne Nees 3 Rabdosia (Blume) Hassk. 7 Beilschmiedia Nees 5 Rubiteucris Kudo 1 Cinnadenia Kosterm. 1 Salvia L. 4 Cinnamomum Schaeffer 5 Scutellaria L. 4 Cryptocarya R.Br. 1 Stachys L. 2 Lindera Thunb. 5 Teucrium L. 2 Litsea Lam. 11 AMARANTHACEAE Neolitsea (Benth.) Merril 2 Achyranthes L 2 Neocinnamomum H. Liu 1 Aerva Forssk. 1 Persea Miller 7 Alternanthera Forssk. 1 Phoebe Nees 2 Amaranthus L. 7 THYMELAEACEAE Celosia L. 2 Daphne L. 4 Centrostachys Wall. 1 Edgeworthia Meisn. 1 Cyathula Blume 3 Stellera L. 1 Deeringia R.Br. 1 ELAEGNACEAE Gomphrena L. 2 Elaegnus L. 3 Stilbanthus Hook.f. 1 Hippophae L. 2 CHENOPODIACEAE LORANTHACEAE Axyris L. 1 Dendrophthoe Mart. 1 Chenopodium L. 3 Helixanthera Lour. 2 Microgynoecium Hook.f. 1 Hyphear Danser 1 Spinacea L. 1 Loranthus L. 2 BASELLACEAE Macrosolen Blume 2 Basella L. 1 Scurrula L. 2 PHYTOLACCACEAE Taxillus van Tiegh. 2 Phytolacca L. 1 Tolypanthus Blume 1 POLYGONACEAE Viscum L. 3 Aconogonon Reich. 6 SANTALACEAE Antenoron Raf. 1 Dufrenoya Chatin 2 Bistorta Scop. 8 Osyris L. 1 Fallopia Adans. 3 Pyrularia Michx. 1 Fagopyrum Mill. 3 Thesium L. 1 Koenigia L. 6 BALANOPHORACEAE Oxyria Hill 1 Balanophora J.R. & G.Forst. 4 Persicaria Mill. 22 Rhopalocnemis Jungh. 1 Polygonum L. 2 EUPHORBIACEAE Rheum L. 5 Acalypha L. 1 Rumex L. 7 Alchornea Sw.. 2 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Antidesma L. 6 Aristolochia L. 6 Aporusa Blume 1 83

Baccaurea Lour. 1 Gonostegia Turcz. 1 Baliospermum Blume 3 Laportea Gaud. 1 Bischofia Blume 1 Lecanthus Wedd. 1 Breynia J.R. & G. Forst. 2 Maoutia Wedd. 1 Bridelia Willd. 6 Oreocnide Miq. 3 Cleidion Blume 1 Parietaria L. 1 Croton L. 4 Pilea Lindl. 13 Drypetes Vahl 3 Poikilospermum Zipp. ex Miq. 1 Emblica Gaertn. 1 Pouzolzia Gaud. 2 Endospermum Benth. 1 Procris Comm ex Juss. 1 Euphorbia L. 10 Urtica L. 4 Glochidion J.R. Forst. 13 JUGLANDACEAE Homonoia Lour. 1 Engelherdia Leschen ex Blume 1 Jatropha L. 1 Juglans L. 1 Kirganelia Juss. 1 MYRICACEAE Lasiococca Hook.f. 1 Myrica L. 1 Macaranga Thouars 4 BETULACEAE Mallotus Lour. 6 Alnus Mill. 1 Manihot Mill. 1 Betula L. 2 Mercurialis L. 1 CORYLACEAE Ostodes Blume 1 Carpinus L. 1 Phyllanthus L. 8 Corylus L. 1 Pterococcus Hassk. 1 FAGACEAE Ricinus L. 1 Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach. 4 Sapium R.Br. 4 Lithocarpus Blume 3 Sauropus Blume 3 Quercus L. 8 Securinega Comm. ex Juss. 1 SALICACEAE Suregada Rottler 1 Populus L. 2 Tragia L. 1 Salix L. 21 Vernicia Lour. 1 MONOCOTYLEDONS BUXACEAE BURMANNIACEAE 3 Buxus L. 2 Burmannia L. Sarcococca Lindl. 4 ORCHIDACEAE 3 DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE Acampe Lindl. 2 Daphniphyllum Blume 1 Acanthephippium Blume 1 ULMACEAE Acriopsis Reinw. ex Blume 1 Celtis L. 2 Acrochaene Lindl. 3 Gironniera Guad. 1 Aerides Lour. 4 Trema Lour. 4 Agrostophyllum Blume 2 Ulmus L. 1 Androcorys Schltr. 2 CANNABACEAE Ania Lindl. 2 Cannabis L. 1 Anoectochilus Blume 1 MORACEAE Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl. 1 Artocarpus J.R. & G.Forst. 3 Aorchis Vermeulen 2 Broussonetia Vent. 2 Aphyllorchis Blume 1 Ficus L. 37 Apostasia Blume 1 Maclura Nutt. 1 Appendicula Blume 1 Morus L. 2 Arachnis Blume 1 Plecospermum Trecul. 1 Arundina Blume 1 URTICACEAE Ascocentrum Schltr. 1 Boehmeria Jacq. 7 Bhutanthera Renz Chambainia Wight. 1 1 Debregeasia Gaud. 2 Biermannia King & Pantl. 46 Dendrocnide Miq. 1 Bulbophyllum Du. Petit Thouars. 1 Elatostema J.R.& Forst. 20 Bulleyia Schltr. 21 Girardinia Gaud. 1 Calanthe R. Br. 84

Cephalanthera L.C. Rich. 1 Nephelaphyllum Blume 1 Cephalantheropsis Guill. 1 Neottianthe (Reichb.)Schltr. 2 Ceratostylis Blume 2 Neottia Guettard 3 Cheirostylis Blume 3 Nephelaphyllum 2 Chiloschista Lindl. 2 Nervilia Gaudich. 7 Chrysoglossum Blume 1 Chusua Nevski 3 Oberonia L. 25 Cirrhopetalum Lindl. 3 Odontochilus Blume 6 Cleisocentron Bruhl 1 Oreorchis Lindl. 3 Cleisostoma Blume 7 Ornithochilus (Lindl.)Wall. 1 Coelogyne Lindl. 18 Otochilus L. 3 Corybas Salisb. 1 Pachystoma Blume 1 Corymborkis Thou. 1 Panisea (Lindl. ) Lindl. 2 Cremastra Lindl. 1 Pantlingia Prain 1 Crepidium Blume 8 Paphiopedilum Pfitz 2 Cryptochilus Wall. 2 Papilionanthe Schltr. 3 Cymbidium Sw. 13 Pecteilis Raf. 1 Cypripedium L. 3 Peristylus Blume 12 Dendrobium O.Sw.. 36 Phaius Lour. 4 Didiciea King & Prain 1 Phalaenopsis Blume 2 Didymoplexis Griff. 1 Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook. f. 6 Dienia Lindl. 1 Phreatia Lindl. 1 Diglyphosa Blume 1 Platanthera L.C . Rich . 12 Diphylax Hook.f. 1 Pleione D.Don 4 Diplomeris D. Don. 1 Podochilus Blume 2 Diploprora Hook.f. 1 Pomatocalpa Breda 4 Drymoda Lindl. 1 Porpax Lindl. 2 Epigeneium Gagnep. 5 Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hassk . 1 Epipactis Zinn. 4 Rhomboda Lindl. 2 Epipogium Gmelin ex Borkhausen 2 Rhytionanthes Garay & al. 2 Eria Lindl. 21 Rhynchostylis Blume 1 Erythrodes Blume 1 Risleya King & Pantl. 1 Esmeralda Reichb.f. 1 Ritaia King & Pantl. 1 Eulophia R.Br. 9 Robiquetia Gaud. 2 Flickingeria A. D. Hawkes 1 Saccolabiopsis J.J.Sm. 1 Galeola Lour. 4 Satyrium Sw. 1 Gastrochilus D.Don 9 Schoenorchis Blume 1 Gastrodia R Br. 2 Smitinandia Holttum 1 Geodorum G. Jacks 1 Spathoglottis Blume 1 Goodyera R. Br. 11 Spiranthes L.C.Rich . 1 Gymnadenia R. Br. 2 Stereochilus Lindl. 2 Habenaria Willd. 9 Sunipia Lindl. 2 Herminium L. 10 Thrixspermum Lour. 3 Herpysma Lindl. 1 Tropidia Lindl. 1 Hetaeria Blume 1 Taeniophyllum Blume 2 Ione Lindl. 3 Tainia Blume 2 Kingidium P. F. Hunt. 2 Thelasis Blume 2 Lechenorchis Blume 1 Thunia Reichb.f. 2 Liparis L. C. Rich. 27 Tipularia Hutt. 1 Listera R. Br. 8 Trichotosia Blume 2 Luisia Gaud. 3 Tylostylis L. Blume 1 Malaxis Sw. 2 Uncifera Lindl. 2 Mastigion Garay & al. 1 Vanda W. Jones ex R. Brown 6 Micropera Lindl. 2 Vandopsis Pfitz . 1 Monomeria Lindl. 1 Yoania Maxim . 1 Myrmechis (Lindl.) Blume 2 Zeuxine Lindl. 9 85

ZINGIBERACEAE Lilium L. 3 Alpinia Roxb. Amomum Roxb. 3 Lloydia Salisb. 9 Caulokaempferia K. Larsen 5 Cautleya (Benth.)Hook.f. 1 Maianthemum G.H. Weber ex Wiggers 6 Costus L. 4 Curcuma Roxb. 2 Nomocharis Franch. 2 Curcumorpha Rao & Verma 5 Globba L. 1 Notholirion Wall. 3 Hedychium Koen. 9 Hemiorchis Kurz 12 Ophiopogon Ker – Gawler 4 Hornstedtia Retz. 1 Kaempferia L. 1 Paris L. 2 Roscoea J.E.Smith 3 Zingiber Boehm. 4 Peliosanthes Andrews 3 CANNACEAE 7 Canna L. Polygonatum Mill. 11 MUSACEAE 3 Musa L. Sansevieria Thumb. 1 IRIDACEAE 5 Belamcanda A.Adans. Streptopus Michaux. 2 Crocosmia Planch. 1 Gladiolus L. 1 Theropogon Maxim. 1 Iris L. 5 AMARYLLIDACEAE 5 Tofieldia Huds. 1 Crinum L. Hymenocallis Salisb. 1 Tricyrtis Wall. 1 Pancratium L. 1 Zephyranthes Herb. 1 Trillidium Kunth 1 HYPOXIDACEAE 2 Curculigo Gaertn. Trillium L. 1 AGAVACEAE 4 Agave L. Tupistra Ker – Gawl. 1 Dracaena Vandelli ex L. 2 Furcraea Vent. 1 Ypsilandra Franch. 1 Yucca L. 1 DIOSCOREACEAE 1 SMILACACEAE Dioscorea L. LILIACEAE 10 Smilax L. 18 Aletris L. Allium L. 3 PONTEDERIACAE Aloe L. 10 Asparagus L. 1 Eichhornia Kunth 1 Asphodelus L. 2 Campylandra Baker 1 Monochoria C.Presl. 2 Cardiocrinum Lindl. 1 Chlorophytum Ker-Gawler 1 XYRIDACEAE Clintonia Rafin. 5 Cordyline A.L. Juss. 1 Xyris L. 1 Dianella Lam. 1 Disporum D.Don 1 COMMELINACEAE Fritillaria L. 4 Gagea Salisb. 1 Amischophacelus Rolla Rao & Kammathy 1 Gloriosa L. 1 Hemerocallis L. 1 Amischotolype Hassk. 2 Iphigenia Kunth 1 1 Commelina L. 8 Cyanotis D. Don. 1 Floscopa Lour. 1 Murdannia Royle 5 Pollia Thunb. 3 Rhopalephora Hassk. 1 Streptolirion Edgew. 1 JUNCACEAE Juncus L. 40 Luzula DC. 6 ARECACEAE Areca L. 1 Calamus L. 5 Caryota L. 1 Cocos L. 1 Daemonorops Blume 1 Phoenix L. 4 Pinanga Blume 1 Plectocomia Mart. & Blume 1 Trachycarpus Wendl. 1 Wallichia Roxb. 2 PANDANACEAE Pandanus Parkinson 3 ACORACEAE Acorus L. 2 ARACEAE Alocasia (Schott) D. Don 4 Amorphophallus Decne. 2 86

Ariopsis Nimmo 1 Chrysopogon Trin. 3 Arisaema Mart. 13 Coix L. 1 Colocasia Schott 2 Cymbopogon Spreng. 5 Lasia Lour. 1 Cyrtococcum Stapf 4 Pothos L. 2 Dichanthium Willemet. 2 Remusatia Schott 2 Digitaria Haller 7 Rhaphidophora Hassk. 5 Dimeria R. Br. 1 Sauromatum Schott 1 Echinochloa P. Beauv. 3 Scindapsus Schott 1 Eremopogon (Hack.) Stapf 1 JUNCAGINACEAE Eulalia Kunth 5 Triglochin L. 2 Eulaliopsis Honda 1 POTAMOGETONACEAE Hemarthria R.Br. 1 Potamogeton L. 4 Ichnanthus P. Beauv. 1 SPARGANIACEAE Imperata Cirillo 1 Sparganium L. 1 Ischaemum L. 3 ERIOCAULACEAE Microstegium Nees 5 Eriocaulon L. 6 Miscanthus Anderson 2 CYPERACEAE Mnesithea Kunth 3 Blysmus Panz. ex J.A. Schultes 1 Ophiuros Gaertn.f. 1 Bulbostylis Kunth 2 Oplismenus P. Beauv. 3 Carex L. 64 Panicum L. 13 Cyperus L. 18 Paspalidium Stapf Eleocharis R. Br. 4 Paspalum L. 4 Eriophorum L. 1 Pennisetum Rich. ex Pers. 7 Fimbristylis Vah 9 Phacelurus Griseb. 1 Indocourtoisia Bennet & Raiz. 1 Pogonatherum P.Beauv. 1 Isolepis R. Br. 1 Polytoca R.Br. 2 Kobresia Willd. 18 Pseudechinolaena (Hook.f.) Stapf 1 Kyllinga Rottb. 3 Pseudopogonatherum A.Camus 2 Lipocarpha R.Br. 1 Pseudosorghum A.Camus 1 Mariscus Vahl 11 Rottboellia L. f. 1 Pycreus P. Beauv. 9 Saccharum L. Pl. 7 Rhynchospora Vahl 4 Sacciolepis Nash. 3 Schoenoplectus (Reichb.)Palla 4 Schizachyrium Nees 2 Scirpus L. 2 Setaria P.Beauv. 8 Scleria P. Berg. 5 Sorghum Moench 1 POACEAE Themeda Forssk. 4 Subfamily: BAMBUSOIDEAE 2 Vetiveria Lem. 1 Bambusa Schreb. 1 Zea L. 1 Chimonobambusa Makino 4 Sub fam. POOIDEAE Dendrocalamus Nees 5 Agrostis L. 12 Drepanostachyum Keng f. 1 Alopecurus L. 2 Himalayacalamus Keng .f. 1 Aniselytron Merril 1 Melocalamus Benth. 1 Anthoxanthum L. 3 Phyllostachys Sieb. & Zucc. 3 Arundinella Reddl. 4 Schizostachyum Nees 1 Arundo L. 1 Thamnocalamus Munro 4 Avena L. 2 Yushania P.C. Keng Brachypodium P.Beauv. 1 Subfam.:PANICOIDEAE 1 Briza L. 1 Alloteropsis C.B. Presl. 1 Bromus L. 4 Apluda L. 1 Calamagrostis Adans. 2 Apocopsis Nees 4 Catabrosa P. Beauv. 1 Arthraxon P. Beauv. 2 Centotheca Desr. 1 Bothriochloa O. Kuntze. 3 Coelachne R.Br. 1 Brachiaria Griseb. 2 Colpodium Trin. 1 Capillipedium Stapf Cyathopus Stapf 1 87

Cynodon L. 1 Hedychium gardnerianum - a plant native to the Himalaya Dactyloctenium Willd. 1 Danthonia DC. 1 Deschampsia L. 1 Deyeuxia P. Beauv. 6 Eleusine Gaertn. 1 Elymus L. 2 Eragrostis Wolf. 15 Festuca L. 8 Garnotia Brongn. 3 Glyceria R.Br. 1 Helictotrichon Roem. & Schult. 2 Holcus L. 1 Hordeum L. 2 Isachne R.Br. 5 Lolium L. 1 Muhlenbergia Schreb. 2 Neyraudia Hook.f. 2 Phaenospermum Benth. & Hook.f. 1 Phalaris L. 2 Phleum L. 1 Phragmites Adans. 2 Piptatherum P. Beauv. 1 Poa L. 14 Polypogon Desf. 2 Spodiopogon Trin. 1 Sporobolus R.Br. 4 Stipa L. 5 Thysanolaena Nees 1 Trikeraia Bor 1 Tripogon Roem. & Schult. 2 Trisetum Pers. 3 Triticum L. 1 TOTAL 4458 AUTHORS Paramjit Singh Scientist E Botanical Survey of India, C.G.O.Complex, D-F Block, F- wing, Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700064 Email: [email protected] Phone: +91 9432227944 (corresponding author) M. Sanjappa Director, Botanical Survey of India, C.G.O.Complex, D-F block, F- wing, Salt Lake City, Kolkata- 700064 88

REFERENCES Chatterjee, D. 1939. Studies on the endemic flora of India and Burma. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. Pt.II. Nat. Hist. 5: 19-67. Singh, P. &A. S. Chauhan. 1997. Plant Diversity in Sikkim Himalaya. in: Hajra, P.K. and V. Mudgal (ed.), Plant diversity Hotspots of India,An Overview. pp. 137-158. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.