PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN NOMOR 93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011TENTANG JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA MENTERI PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,Menimbang : a. bahwa dengan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011 telah ditetapkan Jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina; b. bahwa berdasarkan hasil analisis risiko dan pemantauan organisme pengganggu tumbuhan terdapat perubahan status jenis organisme pengganggu tumbuhan karantina; c. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a dan huruf b, perlu menetapkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 93/Permentan/ OT.140/12/2011 tentang Jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina;Mengingat : 1. Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 1992 tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan, dan Tumbuhan (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1992 Nomor 56, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3482); 2. Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia) (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1994 Nomor 57, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3564); 3. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 14 Tahun 2002 tentang Karantina Tumbuhan (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2002 Nomor 35, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4196); 4. Keputusan Presiden Nomor 2 Tahun 1977 tentang Pengesahan International Plant Protection Convention (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1977 Nomor 8) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Keputusan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 1990 tentang Pengesahan Revised Text of the International Plant Protection Convention (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1990 Nomor 69);

5. Keputusan Presiden Nomor 121/P Tahun 2014 tentang Pembentukan Kementerian dan Pengangkatan Menteri Kabinet Kerja Periode Tahun 2014-2019; 6. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 7 Tahun 2015 tentang Organisasi Kementerian Negara (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2015 Nomor 8); 7. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 45 Tahun 2015 tentang Kementerian Pertanian (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2015 Nomor 85); 8. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 22/Permentan/ OT.140/4/2008 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Unit Pelaksana Teknis Karantina Pertanian; 9. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 94/Permentan/ OT.140/12/2011 tentang Tempat Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Media Pembawa Penyakit Hewan Karantina dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (Berita Negara Tahun 2011 Nomor 7) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 44/ Permentan/OT.140/3/2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 94/Permentan/ OT.140/12/2011 tentang Tempat Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Media Pembawa Penyakit Hewan Karantina dan Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (Berita Negara Tahun 2014 Nomor 618); 10. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 43/Permentan/ OT.010/8/2015 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Pertanian (Berita Negara Tahun 2015 Nomor 1243); MEMUTUSKAN:Menetapkan : PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN NOMOR 93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011 TENTANG JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA. Pasal IBeberapa ketentuan dalam Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011 (Berita Negara Nomor 6 Tahun 2012)tentang Jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina diubah sebagaiberikut:1. Diantara Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 disisipkan 1 (satu) pasal, yakni Pasal 2A sehingga berbunyi sebagai berikut: Pasal 2AMedia pembawa yang terinfestasi Organisme Pengganggu TumbuhanKarantina golongan II berupa kelompok virus, bakteri, cendawan,nematoda, dan/atau molusca tidak dapat diberikan perlakuan, jika:a. berdasarkan pertimbangan teknis tidak dapat dilakukan; dan/ataub. membahayakan kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan lingkungan. 2

2. Ketentuan Lampiran Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011 tentang Jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina diubah sebagaimana tercantum dalam Lampiran yang merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari Peraturan Menteri ini.3. Ketentuan lain dalam Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 93/Permentan/OT.140/12/2011 tentang Jenis Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina dinyatakan masih tetap berlaku. Pasal IIPeraturan Menteri ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan PeraturanMenteri ini dengan penempatannya dalam Berita Negara RepublikIndonesia. Ditetapkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 23 September 2015 MENTERI PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA, ttd. AMRAN SULAIMANDiundangkan di Jakartapada tanggal 28 September 2015MENTERI HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIAREPUBLIK INDONESIA,ttd.YASONNA H. LAOLYBERITA NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 2015 NOMOR 1432 3

LAMPIRAN PERATURAN MENTERI PERTANIAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA Nomor : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 Tanggal : 23 September 2015 JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINAA. JENIS-JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA (KATEGORI A1)I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIANo UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ PEMBAWA/ DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ / GROUP HOST PATHWAY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea daun, batang Africa:Angola, Benin, Botswana, Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, DR sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, sweet potato) Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia2. Acrocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus batang, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, cabang, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus ranting Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica3. Aetherastis circulataMeyrick; II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, batang, daun, Asia: India Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae; rubber tree) bibit bark feeding caterpillar4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) tunas, batang, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North bibit, rhizome Korea), Republic of Korea (South Coleoptera: Buprestidae; apple borer, apple buprestid Korea)

Europe: Russia5. Agrilus II Fraxinus americana, F. batang, kayu America: USA, CanadaplanipennisFairmaire;Coleopt mandshurica, F. nigra, Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPRera: Buprestidae;Emerald F. chinensis, F. pensylvania, (North Korea), Republic of KoreaAsh Borer Juglans mandshurica F. (South Korea), Taiwan japonica, F. Europe: Russia, Russian far east) lanuginosa,Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Ulmus davidiana,Ulmus propinqua6. Alcidodes dentipes(Olivier); II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, bibit Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana,(=Alcides dentipes Olivier); sweet potato) Burundi, Cameroon, Central AfricaColeoptera: Curculionidae; Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, Gambia,striped sweet potato weevil cotton), Arachys hypogaea Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, (kacang tanah, peanut), Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, common bean)Vigna spp. Malawi, Nigeria, Sahara, Senegal, (buncis, cowpea) Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, DR Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe.7. Alsophila pometaria(Harris) II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, America: Canada, USA(=Anisopterix pometaria Pelargonium, Ulmus sp. (elm), bunga, buah=Anisopteryx pometaria); Pyrus communis (pir, pear),Lepidoptera: Geometridae; other stone fruit, Oak, Rose,fall cankerworm Walnut8. Amblypelta cocophaga China; II Carica papaya (pepaya, tunas, batang, Asia: Singapore, India, Philippines,(=Amblypelta cocophaga pawpaw, papaya), Ceiba daun, bunga, Malaysiacocophaga petandra (kapuk randu, buah Oceania: Fiji, Papua New Guinea,=A.cocophagamalaitensis kapok), Cocos nucifera Solomon Islands=Dasynus sp.); Hemiptera: (kelapa, coconut), EucalyptusCoreidae; coconut bug deglupta, Mangifera indica 5

(mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon), Citrus sinensis (navel orange) Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (kecipir, winged bean), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Macaranga spp.9. Anastrepha II Annona cherimola buah, media America: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia,fraterculus(Wiedemann); (cherimoya), Psidium guajava tanam, tanah Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,(=Acrotoxa fraterculus (jambu biji, guava) Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,=Anastrepha braziliensis Annona spp, Actinidia Guyana, Honduras, Mexico,=Anastrepha costarukmanii chinensis (Chinese Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,=Anastrepha fraterculus var. gooseberry), Actinidia Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,soluta =Anastrepha deliciosa (kiwi, kiwifruit), USA, Uruguay, Venezuela.lambayecae =Anastrepha Ampelocera hottlei,Annonapseudofraterculus muricata (soursop), Annona=Anastrepha scholae squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop),=Anthomyia frutalis =Dacus Averrhoa carambolafraterculus =Tephritis mellea (belimbing, carambola, star-=Trypeta fraterculus =Trypeta fruit), Campomanesiaunicolor =Anastrepha xanthocarpa, Chrysophyllumperuviana=A.soluta); Diptera: gonocarpum, CitrusTephritidae; South American spp.(jeruk, orange), Eriobotryafruitfly japonica (loquat), Eugina 6

dombeyi (brazil cherry),Euginia uniflora (Surinamcherry), Eugenia spp., Feijoasellowiana (horn of plenty),Fortunella japonica (roundkumquat) Prunus spp.,Prunus persica (persik,peach), Psidium cattleianum(strawberry guava), Spondiastuberosa, Syzygium jambos(rose apple), Syzygium spp.,Ziziphus joazeiro, Caricapapaya, (pepaya, papaya,papaw), Citrus aurantium(sour orange), Citrus limetta(sweet lemon), Citrus maxima(pummelo), Citrus reticulata(mandarin), Citrus sinensis(navel orange),Coffea Arabica(kopi arabika, Arabica coffee),Coffea liberica (Liberian coffeetree),Cydonia oblonga(quince), Diospyros kaki(kesemek, persimmon),Diospyros malabarica, Euginiastipitata, Ficus carica (ara, fig),Fortunella japonica (kumquat),Fragaria vesca (arbei,strawberry), Inga edulis, Ingamarginata, Juglans australis,Juglans neotropica (Andeanwalnut), Juglans regia 7

(walnut), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Malus sp., Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus americana (apricot), Prunus dulcis (almond), Psidium longipes, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pouteria obovata, Rubus glaucus, Solanum quitoense, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mobin (hog plum), Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Zuelania Guidonia10. Anastrepha ludens(Loew); II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media America: Belize, Costa Rica, El (=Acrotoxa ludens Loew =Anastrepha lathana Stone Citrus aurantium (sour tanam, tanah Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, =Trypeta ludens Loew); Diptera: Tephritidae; orange), Citrus maxima Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama (pummelo), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x 8

Mexican fruit fly paradisi (grapefruit), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Prunus persica (persik, peach) Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona liebmanniana, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Annona reticulata (buah nona, srikaya, Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), bullock’s heart, custard apple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus spp, Citrus aurantifolia (lime), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus reticulata x paradisi (tangelo), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, arabicacoffee), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa sellowiana, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mammea americana, Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, 9

passion-fruit, granadilla), Psidium longipes, Spondias purpurea, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir,pear), Sargentia greggii, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Talisia olivaeformis11. Anastrepha obliqua Macq; II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media America: Antigua and Barbuda, (=Acrotoxa obliqua =Anastrepha fraterculus var. mango), Anacardium tanam, tanah Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, ligata =A.fraterculus var. mombinpraeoptans SeÃn occidentale (jambu mete, Belize, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, =A. mombinpraeoptans SeÃn cashew-nut), Spondias Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, =Tephritis obliqua =A. acudisa =A. trinidadensis cytherea, Spondiasmombin, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, =Trypeta obliqua); Diptera: Tephritidae; West Indian Spondias purpurea, Spondias Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, fruit fly, Antillean fruit fly spp. Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Anacardium occidentale, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Annona hayesii, Brosimum Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, alicastrum, Citrus limetta, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Lucia, St. Vincent and the Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Euginia jambos (jambos), Tobago, United States Virgin Islands, Euginia malaccensis Venezuela. (pomerack), Euginia nesiotica, Malpighia glabra, Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), 10

Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus amygdalus (bitter almond), Prunus domesticum (plum), Psidium longipes, Pyrus communis (pear), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, carambola, star-fruit), Pouteria viridis, Citrus spp, Diospyros digyna (black sapote), Dovyalis hebecarpa (kitambilla), Pouteria sapota, Pouteria mammosa, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple).12. Anastrepha II Capparis angulata, Citrus buah, media America: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, serpentinaWiedemann; spp.(jeruk, orange), tanam (tanah) Costa Rica, Ecuador, French (=Dacus serpentinus Chrysophyllum cainito, Achras Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Wiedemann =Leptoxys (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, Honduras, Mexico, Antilles serpentina Wiedemann sapodilla), Pouteria caimito, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, =Acrotoxa serpentinus Pouteria campechiana Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Wiedemann =Trypeta (canistel), Pouteria sapota USA, Venezuela serpentina Wiedemann (mammey sapote) =Urophora vittithorax Alchornea latifolia, Annona Wiedemann); Diptera: cherimola, Annona glabra, Tephritidae; sapote fruit fly, Annona spp, Bumelia sapodilla fruit fly, black fruit sebolana, Brysonima fly, dark fruit fly crassifolia, Chrysophyllum argenteum, Chrysophyllum 11

mexicanum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros ebenaster, Dovyalis hebecarpa, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Ficus spp.(ara, fig), Lacmellea panamensis, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Manilkara spp., Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria viridis, Mammea americana,Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria obovata, Pouteria sapota, Sideroxylon capiri, Sideroxylon palmeri, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Malus domesticaPrunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias spp.13. Anastrepha suspensaLoew; II Eriobotrya japonica, (loquat), buah, media America: Bahamas, British Virgin (=Anastrepha unipuncta Sein Euginia dombeyi (brazil tanam (tanah) Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, =Anastrepha longimacula Greene =Trypeta suspensa cherry), Euginia uniflora French Guiana, Haiti, Jamaica, Loew); Diptera: Tephritidae; (surinam cherry), Eugenia Puerto Rico, USA, Virgin Islands spp., Psidium guajava (jambu 12

Carribean fruit fly biji, guava), Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium spp., Annona spp., Fortunella margarita, Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond) Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Annona glabra, Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Blighia sapida (akee apple), Canella winterana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrofortunella mitis, Citrus spp, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell- pepper), Casimiroa edulis, Chrysophyllum cainito, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros virginiana,Dovyalis caffra, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Flacourtia indica, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat), 13

Fortunella x crassifolia,Garcinia aristata, Garciniamangostana (manggis,mangosteen), Garcinialivingstonei,Solanumlycopersicum(tomat,tomato), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Malpighia glabra,Momordica balsamina, Prunuscerrasus (ceri, cherry),Mangifera indica (mangga,mango), Momordica charantia(paria, bitter gourd), Murrayaspp. (kemuning, mockorange), Persea americana(avokad, avocado), Phoenixdactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Pimenta dioica, Prunuspersica (persik, peach),Psidium longipes, Punicagranatum (delima,pomegranate), Pyruscommunis (pear), Pouteriacampechiana, Psidiumguineense, Spondias spp.,Spondias mombin,Synsepalum dulcificum.Spondias cytherea, Syzygiumcumini (jamblang, java plum)),Syzygium samarangense(jambu Semarang, java apple),Terminalia catappa, 14

Terminalia muelleri, Triphasia sp.,14. Ancistrotermes latinotus II Eucalyptus tereticomis batang, kayu Africa: Malawi, Tanzania, Zimbabwe,Holmgren; Isoptera: CongoTermitidae; Termit15. Ancita crocogaster II Acacia spp. batang, kayu Oceania: AustraliaBoisduval;Coleoptera: Cerambycidae;Grey longicorne beetle16. Ancita II Acacia spp. batang, kayu Oceania: AustraliamarginicollisBoisduval;Coleoptera: Cerambycidae;Hitechiked longicorn17. Anobium punctatum DeGeer; II Dacrycarpus batang, Africa: allColeoptera: dacrydioides (kahikatea), Dacr ranting, kayu, America: USAAnobiidae;Common furniture ydium cupressinum (rimu), furniture Asia: Chinabeetle, woodworm Pinus radiata (radiata Europe: all pine), Pseudotsuga Oceania:Australia, New Zealand menziesii (Douglas fir), Thuja plicata (western red cedar)18. Anoplophora glabripennis II Acer negundo, Aesculus batang, kayu America: USA, CanadaMotschulsky; Coleptera: hippocastanum, Populus spp., Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPRCerambycidae; Asian Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix (North Korea), Korea Republic (SouthLonghorn beetle, starry sky spp., Salix babylonica, Salix Korea)beetle matsunada, Ulmus pumila, Europe: France, Germany, Italy, Ulmus laeuig, Poland, England, Switzerland, UK Eucalyptus diversicolor, Acer Oceania: Australia buergerianum, Acer davidii, Acer grosseri, Acer palmatum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer 15

rubrum, Acer robustrum, Acer saccharum, Acer saccharinum, Acer truncatum, Alnus sp., Betula platyphylla, Elaegnus angustifolia, Fraxinus sp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Liriodendron tulifera, Malus sylvestris, Morus alba, Platanus orientalis, Sophora sp.,Tilia tuan,19. Antestiopsis facetoides Le II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tunas, batang, Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Tunisia. Pelley; Hemiptera: daun, bunga,Pentatomidae; cherry and buahflower feeder20. Antestiopsis intricataGhesq & II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tunas, batang, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Central Carayon; Hemiptera: daun, bunga, Africa, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana,Pentatomidae; antestia bug buah Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo, Uganda21. Antestiopsis orbitalis II Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, tunas, batang, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Congo, Westwood; (=Antestia arabica coffee) daun, bunga, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,lineaticolli =A.orbitalis facetus Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) buah Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda,=Antestiopsis lineaticollis =A. South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda,orbitalis bechuana =A. Zambia, Zimbabweorbitalis ghesquieri =A.orbitalis orbItalys);Hemiptera: Pentatomidae;antestia22. Anthonomus II Gossypium barbadens bibit, bunga, Africa: Benin, South AfricagrandisBoheman; (kapas, cotton), Gossypium buah America: Argentina, Belize, Brazil,(=Anthonomus thurberiae hirsutum Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,Pierce (1913); Coleoptera: Hibiscus syriacus, Hampea Dominica, El Salvador, Guatemala,Curculionidae; Mexican nutricia, Opuntia lindheimeri, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico,cotton boll weevil, boll Prosopis, glandulosa, Nicaragua, Paraguay, St. Kitts & 16

weevil, cotton boll weevil, Thespesia populnea Nevis, USA, Venezuela Thurberia weevil II Fragaria ananassa buah, bunga, America: Canada, USA23. Anthonomus signatusSay; (=Anthonomus bisignatus (strawberry), Rubus idaeus media tanam =Anthonomus pallidus =Anthonomus scutellatus); Potentilla, Rubus sp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae; (blackberry), Rubus caesius, strawberry bud weevil, strawberry clipper Rubus fruticosus,Morus spp. (murbei, mulberry),24. Anthonomus vestitus Boheman; Coleoptera: (raspberry) Curculionidae; Peruvian boll weevil, Peruvian cotton II Gossypium barbadens bibit, buah, America: Ecuador, Peru weevil, Peruvian boll weevil, Peruvian square weevil, (kapas, cotton) bunga, stek Peruvian cotton square weevil Abutilon (Indian mallow),25. Aonidomytilus albus Alcea rosea, Althaea CockereII; (=Coccomytilus (hollyhocks), Hibiscus dispar=Lepidosaphes alba =L.dispar, Mytilaspis albus, (rosemallows), Hibiscus rosa- M.dispar); Hemiptera: Diaspididae; cassava scale, sinensis, Thespesia white mussel scale, cassava stem mussel scale, tapioca II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), tunas, batang, Africa: Angola, Cape Verde, Congo scale Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, daun Democratic Republic, Gambia, cassava) Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia. America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana France, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Peru, St. 17

Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands Asia: Bahrain, China, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand26. Apate monachus Fabricius; II Azadirachta indica (nimba, batang, kayu Africa: Algeria, Brazil, Cameroon, (=Apate monacha neem tree), Cajanus cajan Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, =A.carmelita =A.francisca (kacang gude, pigeon Dominican Republic, Egypt, =A.gibba =A.mendica =A.monachus var. rufiventris pea),Casuarina equisetifolia, Erythrea, Ethiopia, Guadeloupe, =A.semicostata =A.senii); Coleoptera: Bostrichidae; Citrus sinensis, Coffea arabica Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, black borer, twig borer, date (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Jamaica, Martinique, Morocco, palm bostrichid Coffea liberica, Elaeis Niger, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Sao Tome guineensis (kelapa sawit, & Principe, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, oilpalm), Mangifera indica Uganda, Zambia (mangga, mango), Psidium Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Syria. guajava (jambu biji, guava), Europe: France, Italy, Spain Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Swietenia mahogany (mahoni, mahogany), Tamarindus indica (asam, tamarind),Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Calicotome spinosa, Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Gleditsia triacanthos, Morrus alba (murbei, mulberry), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), 18

Robinia pseudoacacia, Styphnolobium japonicum, Syringa pekinensis, Annona cherimola,Malus domestica (apel, apple), Melia azedarach, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Tamarix gallica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)27. Apate terebrans Pallas; II Acacia spp., Albizia lelbeck, batang, kayu Africa: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Natal, Coleoptera: Bostricidae; shot-hole borer, trunk borer, A.procera, Anacadium Sahara, Tanzania, Uganda girdler occidentale, Azadirachta America: Brazil28. Apriona germmari (Hope); Coleoptera: indica, Cedrela odorata, Citrus Asia: India Cerambycidae;Mulberry longhorn beetle Spp., Coffea arabica, Coffea robusta, Eucalyptus29. Argyrotaenia velutinanaWalker; (=Eulia polycarpa, Dalbergia sissoo, velutinana =Tortrix Delonix regia, Khaya senegalensis, Melia azedorach, Melia composita, Psidium guajava, Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, Theobroma cacao, Triplochiton scleroxylon II Artocarpus integra, Morus batang, kayu Asia: Cambodia, China, India, alba, Salix tetrasperma Japan, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, Vietnam II Acer sp. (maple), Apocynum batang, daun, America: Canada, Mexico, USA sp. (dogbane), Ilex decidua, buah Ambrosia trifida, Betula 19

velutinana); Lepidoptera: papyrifera, Chrysanthemum, Tortricidae; redbanded leafroller Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Malus domestica30. Arhopalus ferus Fabricius; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; (apel, apple), Psidium guajava Burnt pine longicorn (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple),31. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché; (=Aspidiotus aloes Mangifera indica (mangga, =Aspidiotus hederae mango), Pyrus communis (pir, =Aspidiotus limonii =Aspidiotus genistae pear), Zinia violacea, Lobelia =Chermes aloes =Chermes sp., Lonicera sp., Vaccinium ericae =Chermes cycadicola =Diaspis bouchei =Aspidiotus sp., Quercus sp., Geranium sp., Alcea rosea, Myrica gale, Platanthera cristata, Abies balsamea, Larix spp., Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Picea rubens, Pinus sylvestris, Tsuga Canadensis, Malus spp., Prunus domestica, Prunus pensylvania, Prunus persica, Prunus serotina, Rosa spp., Populus tremuloides, II Burned or windthrown pine batang, kayu Europe: England, Russia and spruce Oceania: New Zealand II Actinidia chinensis (Chinese bibit tanaman, Africa: Algeria, Cape Verde, Congo, gooseberry), Albizia julibrissin bunga, buah, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, (silk tree), Citrus, Olea (olive), daun, batang Kenya,Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Oleaceae, Ananas comosus Morocco, Nigeria, Portugal, South (nanas, pineapple), Asparagus Africa, Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, setaceus (Asparagus fern), Uganda, Zimbabwe Asplenium nidus (bird's nest America: Argentina, Bermuda, fern), Ceratonia, Cocos Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, 20

bouchei =Chermes nerii nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Chile,Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico,=Aspidiotus affinis Dianthus caryophyllus North America, USA,Peru, Uruguay=Aspidiotus caldesii (carnation), Diospyros Asia: China,Iran, Israel,=Aspidiotus denticulatus (malabar ebony), Hedera helix Japan,Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi=Aspidiotus villosus (ivy), Ilex aquifolium (holly), Arabia, Syria, Turkey=Aspidiotus budleiae Juniperus (junipers), Laurus Europe: Bulgaria, Bosnia and=Aspidiotus ceratoniae = nobilis (sweet bay), Magnolia, Herzegovina, Cyprus, Croatia,Aspidiotus cycadicola Mangifera indica (mangga, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy,=Aspidiotus epidendri Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro,=Aspidiotus ericae mango), Melia azedarach Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain,=Aspidiotus gnidii (Chinaberry), Morus Serbia, Slovenia, UK, Yugoslavia=Aspidiotus ilicis =Aspidiotus Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia,myricinae =Aspidiotus ulicis (mulberry tree), Musa New Zealand, Norfolk Island=Aspidiotus uriesciae paradisiaca (pisang kepok,=Aspidiotus lentisci plantain), Nerium (oleander), 21=Aspidiotus capparis Orchidaceae (orchids),=Aspidiotus myrsinae Pandanus (screw-pine),=Aspidiotus budlaei=Aspidiotus atherospermae Phoenix (date palm), Plumeria=Aspidiotus oleae rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican=Aspidiotus corynocarpi frangipani), Prunus persica=Aspidiotus oleastin (persik, peach), Pyrus=Aspidiotus offinis communis (European pear),=Aspidiotus sophorae Rosa (mawar, roses),=Aspidiotus carpodeti=Aspidiotus transpareus var. Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba),simillimus =Aspidiotus Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)vagabundus =Aspidiotussimillimus =Aspidiotustransvaalensis =Aspidiotusconfusus =Aspidiotustasmaniae =Aspidiotus

viresciae =Octaspidiotusatherospermae =Chermeshederae =Chermes genistae=Chermes osmanthi=Aspidiotus transpareus var.rectangulatus =Aspidiotusrectangulatus =Aspidiosusunipectinatus =Aspidiotushederae var. urenae=Aspidiotus urenae=Octaspidiotus anthospermae=Aspidiotus hederae=Aspidiotus hederae ssp.unisexualis); Hemiptera:Diaspididae; aucuba scale;ivy scale; white scale;oleander scale32. Augosoma II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, media Africa: Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana,centaurusFabricius; tanam, sisa Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Niger, sawit, Oilpalm), palmaColeoptera: Scarabaeidae; lainnya (other palmae) tanaman Nigeria, Senegal.stem tissues borer33. Bactrocera caryeaeKapoor; II Aegle marmelos (maja, bael buah, media Asia: India, Sri Lanka.(=Dacus caryeae Kapoor); fruit, golden apple), Citrus tanam (tanah)Diptera: Tephritidae; Indian spp, Citrus maxima, Citrusfruit fly reticulata, Malpighia glabra,Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava)34. Bactrocera II Anacardium occidentale, buah, media Oceania: New Caledonia, Vanuatucurvipennis(Froggatt); Annona reticulata, Averrhoa tanam (tanah)(=Bactrocera carambola(belimbing, star- 22

curvipennis=Chaetodacus fruit), Calophyllum inophyllum, Capsicumcurvipennis =Dacus annuum(cabai besar, paprika,curvipennis bell pepper), Couthovia neo-=Strumetacurvipennis); caledonica, Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw),Diptera: Tephritidae; bananafruit fly Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Casimiroa eludis, Citrus latifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Coffea arabica, Diospyros macrocarpa, Euginia uniflora, Eriobotrya japonica, Fragaria ananassa, Guettarda speciosa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Meremia tuberosa, Malphigia glabra, Morus alba, Ochrosia elleptica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium friedrichstalianum, Psidium guajava(jambu biji, guava), Passiflora foetida, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Prunus var. nectaria, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Syzygium malaccense, Thevetia peruviana, Terminalia catappa, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), Zizyphus mauritania, 23

35. Bactrocera depressa(Shiraki); II Cucurbita moschata (waluh, buah, media Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea(=Bactrocera labu, pumpkin),Cucurbita tanam (tanah)(Paradacus)depressa maxima(waluh, labu parang,=B.depressus =Dacus pumpkin)depressus =Paradacusdepressus =Zeugodacusdepressus); Diptera:Tephritidae; pumpkin fruitfly36. Bactrocera dorsalis II Aegle marmelos, Anacardium buah, media America: USA(Hendel);Diptera: tanam (tanah) Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, occidentale (kacang mete,Tephritidae; oriental fruitfly cashew nut), Annona Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, reticulata (buah nona, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri srikaya, bullock's heart), Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Annona squamosa (srikaya, Arab Emirates, Vietnam. sweetsop), Areca catechu Oceania: Belau, French Polynesia, (pinang, betelnut palm), Mariana Islands, Nauru, New Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus Caledonia, Palau heterophyllus (nangka, jackfruit), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, star fruit), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bellpepper), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Chrysophyllum cainito, Citrus, Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Coffea arabica (arabicacoffee), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, 24

cucumber), Dimocarpuslongan (longan), Diospyroskaki (kesemek, persimmon),Ficus racemosa, Flacourtiaindica (governor's plum),Malpighia glabra, Malusdomestica (apel, apple),Mangifera foetida, Mangiferaindica (mangga, mango),Manilkara zapota (sawo,sapodilla), Mimusops elengi(spanish cherry),Momordicacharantia (paria, bitter gourd),Muntingia calabura (Jamaicacherry), Musa (pisang,banana), Nepheliumlappaceum (rambutan),Persea americana (avokad,avocado), Prunus armeniaca(aprikot, apricot), Prunusavium (sweet cherry), Prunuscerasus (sour cherry), Prunusdomestica (plum), Prunusmume (Japanese apricot),Prunus persica (persik,peach), Psidium guajava(jambu, guava), Punicagranatum (delima,pomegranate), Pyruscommunis (pir, Europeanpear), Spondias purpurea(redmombin), Syzygium aqueum 25

(watery rose-apple), Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium cumini, Syzygiumjambos (rose apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Syzygium samarangense, Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Ziziphus jujuba, Ziziphus mauritiana37. Bactrocera invadensDrew, II Maerua duchesnei, Mangifera buah, media Afrika: Angola, Benin, Botswana, indica (mangga, mango), tanam (tanah) Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Tsuruta & white; Diptera: Tephritidae Psidium guajava (jambu, Cape Verde, Central African guava) Republik, Chad, Congo, DR Cogo, Anacardium occidentale Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, (cashew nut), Ananas Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, comosus (nanas, pineapple), Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Annona cherimola Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, (cherimoya), Annona muricata Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, (sirsak, soursop), Annona Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, squamosa (markisa, sugar Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, apple), Averrhoa carambola Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, (belimbing, star fruit), Blighia Zambia, Zimbabwe sapida (akee apple), Capsicum Asia: Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka annuum (paprika, bell pepper), Capsicum frustescens (cabai rawit, chilli), Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya), Chrysophyllum albidum, Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), 26

Citrus aurantium (sourorange), Citrus limon (jeruklemon, lemon), Citrusreticulata (jeruk mandarin,mandarin), Citrus sinensis(navel orange), Citrus xparadisi (grapefruit), Cordiasinensis, Cucumis ficifolius,Cucumis melo (melon, melon),Cucumis sativus (mentimun,cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(labu parang, giant pumpkin),Cucurbita pepo (labu parang,ornamental gourd), Diospyroskaki (perismmon), Diospyrosmontana, Dracaena steudneri,Durio zibethinus (durian,durian), Eriobotrya japonica(loquat), Ficus sycomorus,Flacourtia indica, Fortunellajaponica, Garcinia mannii,Irvingia gabonensis,Landolphia, Malus domestica(apel, apple), Momordicacharantia (paria, bitter gourd),Musa, Musa x paradisiaca(pisang, banana),Nauclealatifolia (pin cushiontree), Persea americana(avokad, avocado), Prunuspersica (persik, peach), Sabasenegalensis, Sclerocarya 27

birrea (marula), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Sorindeia madagascariensis, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mombin (hog plum), Strychnos mellodora, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium semarangense, Terminalia catappa, Vitellaria paradoxa, Ziziphus mauritania38. Bactrocera jarvisi(Tryon); II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Oceania: Australia (=Afrodacus jarvisi =Dacus mango), Psidium guajava tanam (tanah) jarvisi=D.australis =Chaetodacus jarvisi); (jambu biji, guava), Terminalia catappa(ketapang, Indian Diptera: Tephritidae; Fiji fruitfly, Jarvis’s fruitfly almond) Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona glabra, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw,papaya), Citrus spp (jeruk, orange), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Malus domestica 28

(apel, apple), Malpighia emarginata, Musa paradisiaca (pisang, kepok, plantain), Opuntia sp., Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Planchonia careya, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), Syzygium samarangense (jambu Semarang, Java apple), Terminalia arenicola39. Bactrocera kandiensisDrew II Anacardium occidentale buah, media Asia: Sri Lanka &Hancock; (=Bactrocera sp. near dorsalis); Diptera: (jambu mete, cashew-nut), tanam (tanah) Tephritidae; Sri Lankan fruit Annona glabra, Areca catechu fly (pinang, betelnut palm), Artocarpus integrifolius (nangka, jackfuit), Artocarpus heterophyllus (nangka, jackfruit), Averrhoa 29

carambola(belimbing, carambola, star-fruit), Citrus maxima, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango) Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya)40. Bactrocera kinabaluDrew & II Persea americana (avokad, buah, media Asia: Malaysia Hancock; Diptera: Tephritidae; Kinabalu fruit avocado) tanam (tanah) fly II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Oceania: Australia, Papua New41. Bactrocera neohumeralis tanam (tanah) Guinea. Hardy; (=Chaetodacus guava) humeralis=C.tryoni var. sarcocephali =Dacus Anacardium occidentale neohumeralis =Dacus tryoni (jambu mete, cashew), var. neohumeralis); Diptera: Tephritidae; lesser Annona spp. (buah nona, Queensland fruit fly sirsak, srikaya, annona, soursop, sweetsop), Annona glabra, Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(sugar apple),Avverhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, star fruit), Cananga odorata 30

(kenanga, cadmia), Caricapapaya (pepaya, pawpaw,papaya), Citrus spp. (jeruk,orange), Clausena lansium,Calophyllum inophyllum(nyamplung, Alexandrianlaurel), Coffea spp. (kopi,coffee), Capsicum annuum(cabai besar, paprika, bellpepper), Crateva religiosa,Chrysophyllum cainito (kenitu,sawo duren, cainito),Casimiroa edulis,Cyphomandra betacea,Diospyros blancoi, Diospyroskaki (kesemek, persimmon),Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat,loquat), Eugenia dombeyi,Eugenia uniflora,Feijoasellowiana, Fortunellajaponica (kumkwat,kumquat),Solanumlycopersicum(tomat,tomato), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Malpighiaemarginata, Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Achras (=Manilkara) zapota (sawo,sapodilla), Morus nigra(murbei, mulberry), Musa xparadisiaca (pisang kepok,plantain), Muntingia calabura 31

(kersen, talok, Jamaica cherry), Myrciaria cauliflora, Passiflora spp, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rubus rosaefolius, Solanum laciniatum, Solanum seaforthianum, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Synsepa lum dulcificum, Syzygium spp, Terminalia catappa, Vitis labrusca, Ziziphus jujuba.42. Bactrocera II Anacardium occidentale, buah, media Oceania: Fiji, Niue, Tonga, Tuvalu, passiflorae(Froggatt); (=Bactrocera passiflorae Artocarpus altilis, Carica tanam (tanah) Wallis-Futuna. =Chaetodacus passiflorae =Dacus passiflorae papaya (pepaya, =Strumeta passiflorae); Diptera: Tephritidae; Fijian pawpaw,papaya), Citrus fruit fly spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Passiflora edulis, Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava) Theobroma cacao (kakao, 32

cocoa)43. Bactrocera philippinensis II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Asia: PhilippinesDrew & Hancock; Diptera: mango), Artocarpus communis tanam (tanah)Tephritidae; Phillippines fruit (sukun, breadfruit), Achras (=fly Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Ananas comosus (nanas, pineapple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Pouteria duklitan, Spondias purpurea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple)44. Bactrocera psidii(Frogg.); II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Oceania:New Caledonia(=Dacus psidii =D. guava), Prunus persica tanam (tanah)ornatissimus =D. (persik, peach)virgatus=Strumeta psidii Aleurites moluccana (kemiri,=Tephritis psidii); Diptera: candle nut), AnacardiumTephritidae; South Sea occidentale (jambu mete,guava fruit fly cashew-nut), Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(srikaya, sweetsop), Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Cerbera manghas, Caryophyllus sp., Citrus maxima (jeruk Bali, pummelo), Diospyros bicolor, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros 33

macrocarpa, Eugenia uniflora, Diospyros sp., Ficus spp., Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Malphigia glabra, Morus alba,Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava(jambu biji, guava), Prunus granatum, Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, indian almond),Thevetia peruviana, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape)45. Bactrocera pyrifoliaeDrew & II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Asia: Thailand, Vietnam Hancock; Diptera: Tephritidae; pyrifolia fruit fly guava), Prunus persica tanam (tanah)46. Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt); (persik, peach), Pyrus pyrifolia (=Bactrocera tryoni =Chaetodacus sarcocephali (Pear) =Chaetodacus tryoni =Dacus tryoni =D. ferrugineus tryoni II Anacardium occidentale buah, media Oceania: Australia, Polynesia =Strumeta melas =Strumeta tryoni =Tephritis tryoni); (jambu mete, cashew-nut), tanam (tanah) France, New Caledonia. Diptera: Tephritidae; Queensland fruit fly Anona spp, Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, star- fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Chrysophyllum cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Eriobotrya 34

japonica (lokwat, loquat),Eugenia uniflora, Fortunellajaponica (kumkwat,kumquat),Solanumlycopersicum(tomat,tomato), Malus sylvestris(crab-apple), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Achras (=Manilkara) zapota (sawo,sapodilla), Morus nigra,Passifloraquadrangularis(markisa,passion-fruit, granadilla),Passiflora suberosa,Prunuspersica (persik, peach),Psidium cattleianum, Psidiumguajava (jambu biji, guava),Syzygium spp, Terminaliacatappa (ketapang, indianalmond).Aegle marmelos (maja, baelfruit), Annona squamosa(srikaya, sweetsop), Averrhoabilimbi (belimbing sayur,bilimbi), Blighia sapida,Cananga odorata (kenanga,cadmia), Citrus spp.,Clausena lansium,Calophyllum inophyllum(nyamplung, alexanderlaurel), Cucurbitamaxima(waluh, labu parang, 35

pumpkin), Cydonia oblonga(kwinsi, quince),Cyphomandra betacea,Dimocarpus longan(kelengkeng, longan),Diospyros blancoi, Diospyroskaki (kesemek, persimmon),Dovyalis caffra, Eremocitrusglauca, Eugenia dombeyi,Feijoa sellowiana, Ficusracemosa, Flacourtiajangomas, Flacourtia rukam(rukem, rukam), Fortunellaxcrassifolia, Grewia asiatica,Juglans regia (walnut,walnut), Dimocarpus litchii(leci,litchii), Malpighiaemarginata, Mimusops elengi(tanjung, asian bulletwood),Momordica charantia (paria,bitter gourd), Morus alba(murbei, mulberry), Musaparadisiaca (pisang kepok,plantain), Myrciaria cauliflora,Nephelium lappaceum(rambutan, rambutan),Nerium oleander, Oleaeuropea subsp. europea(zaitum, olive), Opuntia ficus-indica, Passiflora foetida,Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion fruit, 36

granadilla), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Physalis peruviana (gooseberry), Pometia pinnata, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria sapota, Prunus spp., Psidium guineense, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Phyllanthus acidus, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rollinia pulchrinervis, Rubus fruticosa, Rubus ursinus, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum spp., Spondias spp., Synsepalum dulcificum, Syzygium spp., Thevetia peruviana, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Vitis labrusca, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ziziphus mauritiana47. Bactrocera II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam tsuneonis(Miyake); (=Dacus Citrus aurantium, Citrus tanam (tanah) chenia =D. tsuneonis =Tetradacus tsuneonis); reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Diptera: Tephritidae; Fortunella margarita (oval Japanese orange fly, Citrus kumquat), Fortunella x fruit fly crassifolia, Musa spp. (pisang, banana) 37

48. Bothynus gibbosus De Geer; II Apium graveolens (seledri, batang, umbi, America: Canada, Mexico, USA (=Ligyrus gibbosus =L.californicus); Coleoptera: celery), Daucus carota (wortel, akar, tanah Scarabaeidae; carrot beetle, carrot), Helianthus anuus carrot head beetle, muck beetle (bunga matahari, sunflower),49. Busseola fusca Fuller; Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, (=Calamistis fusca =Busseola sweet potato), Solanum sorghicida =Sesamia fusca); Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tuberosum (kentang, potato), African maize stalk borer, Zea mays (jagung, corn) maize stalk borer, maize stem borer, sorghum II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, stalk, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, stalk/stem borer daun, bunga, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, DR Sorghum bicolor (sorgum,50. Caliothrips masculinus Hood; sorghum) akar Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Thysanoptera: Thripidae Eleusine coracana, Oryza Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya,51. Carposina sasakii Matsumura; (=Carposina sativa (padi, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, niponensis (Wals.) =C. persicana =Cydia persicana); paddy),Pennisetum glaucum Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Lepidoptera: Carposinidae; peach fruit moth, peach fruit (bajra, pearl-millet), Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, borer Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, sugarcane), Hyparrhenis rufa, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hyparrhenis tamba, Megathyrsus maximus, Pennisetum purpureum, Rotboellia cochinchinensis II Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, daun America: Trinidad and Tobago cassava) II Malus domestica (apel, apple), buah Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Pyrus communis (pir, pear), (North Korea), Republic of Korea Prunus persica (persik, peach) (South Korea). Aronia arbutifolia, Europe: Russia Chaenomeles japonica, Cornus mas, Cratageus cuneata, Cydonia oblonga (quince), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Malus spp., Phoenix 38

dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domesticum (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Sorbus aucuparia, Ziziphus jujube52. Caulophilus II Cicer arietinum (chickpea), biji, umbi, America: Cuba, Guatemala, oryzae(Gyllenhal); Panicum miliaceum (millet), akar, rhizome Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto (=Caulophilus Pennisetum spp., Zea mays Rico, USA latinasus=Rhyncolus oryzae); (jagung, corn) Europe: Portugal Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, broad nosed grain weevil, sweet potato), Persea broad nosed granary weevil americana (avokad, avocado), Zingiber officinale (jahe,53. Cephus cinctusNorton; ginger) (=Cephusoccidentalis); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang America: Canada, USA. Hymenoptera: Cephidae; wheat), serealea (cerealia) Asia: Kazakhstan wheat stem sawfly western Agropyron, Elymus, Hordeum Europe: Russia wheat-stem fly vulgare (barli, barley), Phleum54. Ceratitis II Gossypium barbadens buah, media Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, capitata(Wiedemann); (=Ceratitis citriperda (kapas, cotton), Coffea spp. tanam (tanah) Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, =Ceratitis hispanica =Tephritis capitata); Diptera: (kopi, coffee), Vitis vinifera Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Tephritidae; Mediterranean fruit fly, medfly (anggur, grapevine), Persea DR Congo, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, americana (avokad, avocado), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Annona spp., Malus domestica Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, (apel, apple), Capsicum Malawi, Mali, Morocco, Mauritius, annuum (cabai besar, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, paprika, bell-pepper), Citrus Réunion, St. Helena, Sao Tome & spp.(jeruk, orange), Mangifera Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra indica (mangga, mango), Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, 39

tomato), Theobroma cacao Zambia, Zimbabwe.(kakao, cocoa), Psidium America: Antilles Netherlands,guajava (jambu biji, guava) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,Anacardium occidentale Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El(jambu mete, cashew-nut), Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,Annona reticulata, Citrus spp, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama,Carissa spp., Chrysophyllum Paraguay, Peru, USA, Uruguay,cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Venezuela.Cyphomandra betacea, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, Jordan,Dovyalis caffra, Eugenia spp., Lebanon, Saudi Arabia,Garcinia mangostana Syria,Turkey, Yemen(manggis, mangosteen), Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece,Juglans regia, Dimocarpus Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia,litchii (leci,litchii), Malpighia Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Serbia,glabra, Achras (= Manilkara) Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Montenegro, Macedonia.Morus, Mespilus germanica, Oceania: Australia.Muntingia calabura (kersen,talok, jamaica cherry), 40Opuntia spp., Passifloracoerulea, Phoenix dactylifera(kurma, dates-palm), Physalisperuviana, Psidium longipes,Punica granatum (delima,pomegranate), Rubusloganobaccus, Santalumalbum, Solanum spp.,Spondias cytherea, Syzygiumspp., Thevetiaperuviana,Pouteria viridis,Carica papaya (pepaya,pawpaw, papaya),

Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros spp., Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia dombeyi, Eugenia uniflora, Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Garcinia livingstonei, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Prunus americana(aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa(ketapang, indian almond), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)55. Ceratitis cosyra(Walker); II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, (=Ceratitis giffardi mango) tanam (tanah) Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central =Pardalaspis cosyra =P.giffardi =P.giffardi var. Anisophyllea laurina, Annona Africa, DR Congo, Guinea, Ivory sarcocephali spp, Annona cherimola, Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, =P.parinarii=P.sarcocephali =Trypeta cosyra); Diptera: Annona muricata, Annona Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tephritidae; mango fruit fly, reticulata, Annona Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, marula fruit fly senegalensis, Canopharyngia Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. penduliflora, Landolphia sp., Saba senegalensis, Citrus aurantium (jeruk nipis, lime), 41

Chrysobalanus sp., Parinari mobola, Diospyros mespiliformis, Dovyalis caffra, Nauclea latifolia, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Sclerocarya birrea, Sarcocephalus esculentus, Uapaca kirkiana, Warburgia ugandensis56. Ceratitis punctataWied.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), buah, media Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo, (=Pardalaspis punctata=P. senegalensis =Tephritis Psidium guajava (jambu biji, tanam (tanah) Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Senegal, senegalensis); Diptera: guava), Passiflora Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tephritidae; cacao fruit fly quadrangularis (markisah, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,57. Ceratitis quinaria(Bezzi); (=Pardalaspis quinaria); granadilla, passion fruit), Zimbabwe. Diptera: Tephritidae; Rhodesian fruit fly Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon,58. Ceratitis rosa Karsch.; (=Pterandrus rosa ); Diptera: melon), Chrysophyllum Tephritidae; Natal fruit fly albidum Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) II Psidium guajava (jambu biji, buah, media Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, guava), Citrus spp.(jeruk, tanam (tanah) Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Ivory Coast, orange), Prunus americana South Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe (aprikot, apricot), Prunus Asia: Yemen persica (persik, peach) II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buah, media Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) tanam (tanah) Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Averrhoa carambola Réunion, Seychelles, South Africa, (belimbing, star-fruit), Carica Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, 42

papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, Zimbabwe.papaya), Citrus spp, Capsicumannuum (cabai besar,paprika, bell-pepper), Cydoniaoblonga (kwinsi, quince),Eugenia uniflora, Ficus carica(ara, fig), Garciniamangostana (manggis,mangosteen), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato),Malus domestica (apel, apple),Prunus americana (aprikot,apricot), Achras (= Manilkara)zapota (sawo, sapodilla),Prunus domesticum (plam,plum), Psidium longipes,Pyrus communis (pir, pear),Syzygium spp., Terminaliacatappa(ketapang, indianalmond), Theobroma cacao(kakao, cocoa), Ziziphusjujuba, Annona reticulate (fruitnona, custard apple), Carissamacrocarpa, Eriobotryajaponica (lokwat, loquat),Dimocarpus litchii (leci, litchii),Mangifera indica (mangga,mango), Persea americana(avokad, avocado), Prunuspersica (persik, peach),Psidium guajava (jambu biji,guava), Vitis vinifera (anggur, 43

grapevine)59. Chaetocnema confinis II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), daun, tunas, Africa: Comoros, Gambia, Ghana, Crotch.; (=Chaetocnema Calystegia sepium (great bibit tanaman Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, flavicornis =Chaetocnema etiennei =Chaetocnema bindweed), Ipomoea aquatica Réunion, Senegal, Seychelles, South perplexa); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; flea beetle; (swamp morning-glory), Africa sweet potato flea beetle; flea Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, America: Brazil, Canada, beetle. sweet potato), Ipomoea USA,Ecuador, El Salvador pandurata (bigroot Asia: Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, morningglory (USA)), Solanum Vietnam lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Europe: Guernsey Pharbitis purpurea (Tall Oceania: French Polynesia, Guam, morning glory), Zea mays Marshall Islands, Palau (jagung, corn) Abutilon hybridum (Indian mallow), Acer negundo (box elder), Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common burdock), Avena sativa (oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera (turnip rape), Catalpa bignonioides (Southern catalpa), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Helianthus tuberosus 44

(Jerusalem artichoke), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mucuna (velvetbeans), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus na (common chokecherrytree), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Secale cereale (rye), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Tilia americana (basswood), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)60. Chaetosiphon fragaefolii II Fragaria ananassa bibit tanaman, America: Argentina, Canada, USA,Cockerell; (=Capitophorus (strawberry) daun, tunas Boliviafragaefoli i=Capitophorus Fragaria chiloensis (Chilean Asia: Israel, Japan, Philippinesfragariae =Chaetosiphon strawberry), Fragaria vesca Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, France,fragariae =Myzus fragaefolii (wild strawberry), Fragaria Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Portugal,=Myzus fragariae =Passerinia vesca var. semperflorens Serbia and Montenegro, Spain,fragaefolii =Pentatrichopus (Perpetual strawberry), Rosa Switzerland, United Kingdomfragaefolii =Pentatrichopus rugosa Oceania; Australia, New Zealandfragariae; Hemiptera: 45

Aphididae; strawberry aphid61. Chilo II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun, Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Burundi,orichalcociliellus(Strand); sugarcane), Zea mays (jagung, tangkai Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya,(=Chilotraea argyrolepia corn), Sorghum bicolor tongkol (stalk) Madagascar=Diatraea argyrolepia (sorgum, sorghum), Poaceae,=Proceras argyrolepia =P. Panicum miliaceumargyrolepidus=P.orichalcociliella =Chiloargyrolepia =Diatraeaorichalcociliella); Lepidoptera:Crambidae; coastal stalkborer62. Cholus cattleyaeChampion; II anggrek (Orchidaceae) tanaman, America: USAColeoptera: Curculionidae; batang, daun,cattleya weevil bunga63. Chrysobothris II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, America: Canada, Mexico, USAfemorataOlivier; Coleoptera: Prunus persica (persik, tunasBuprestidae; flatheaded peach), Pyrus communis (pir,apple tree borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya)64. Chrysobothris maliHorn.; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, America: Canada, USAColeoptera: Buprestidae; Prunus persica (persik, tunasPacific flatheaded apple tree peach), Pyrus communis (pir,borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya)65. Cicadulina II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun Africa: Egypt, Ethiopiabipunctata(Melichar); wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Asia:Japan, Syria, Turkey(=Cicadulina bipunctata corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Europe: Italybipunctella=C.bipunctella=C.b paddy), Sorghum bicolor 46

ipunctella zeae=C.zeae (sorgum, sorghum), =Gnathodus bipunctata); Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; sugarcane) maize leaf hopper, sorghum jassid II Zea mays (jagung, corn) batang, daun Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana,66. Cicadulina latensFennah.; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Maize leaf hopper67. Cicadulina mbila(Naude); Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, (=Balclutha mbila); Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda. maize leafhopper II Zea mays (jagung, corn) batang, daun Africa: Angola, Botswana, Burkina68. Cicadulina storeyi China; (=Cicadulina nicholsi =C. S): Avena sativa (oat, oat), Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, triangula); Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; maize Cynodon spp., Digitaria Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Mauritius, leafhopper sanguinalis, Eleusine Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria,69. Coccus alpinusde Lotto; coracana, Oryza glaberrima, Reunion, South Africa, Swaziland, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Pennisetum glaucum, Zimbabwe Hordeum vulgare (barli, Asia: India, Tajikistan, Yemen barley), Panicum spp., Paspalum conjugatum, Pennisetum spp., Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), serealea (cerealia), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea perennis II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, daun Africa: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Togo, Poaceae, Pennisetum glaucum, Northwest Africa, Zimbabwe Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) II Syzygium aquea (jambu air, batang, Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, 47

Hemiptera: Coccidae ; soft star apple), Psidium guajava ranting, daun, Tanzania, Uganda. green scale (jambu biji, guava), Citrus buah70. Coccus elongates Signoret; Hemiptera: Coccidae;Scale spp.(jeruk, orange), Coffea insect spp. (kopi, coffee)71. Coelaenomenodera elaeidisMaulik, Coleoptera: II Albizia falcataria (L.), Albazia batang, Africa: Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda Chrysomelidae; hispid leafminer, oilpalm leafminer spp., Acacia catechu, Acecia, ranting, daun America: Barbados elenoxylon, Coffee spp. (Kopi, Asia: India72. Conotrachelus nenuphar(Herbst); (=Curculio coffee), Europe: Seychelles, England nenuphar); Coleoptera: Curculionidae; plum II Elaeis batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, curculio, American, plum weevil, peach curculio Borassus flabelifer (lontar, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, palmyra palm), Cocos nucifera Ghana, Ivory Coast, Namibia, (kelapa, coconut), Pennisetum Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, purpureum (rumput gajah, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe elephant grass), Roystonea regia (palem raja, royal palm). II Prunus persica (persik, buah, tanah America: Canada, USA peach), Prunus avium, Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus cerasus (ceri, cherry), other stone fruit Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus japonica, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica(apel, apple),Vaccinium spp., Ribes spp., Vitis vinifera (anggur, 48

grapevine), Vitis rotundifolia73. Coptotermes acinaciformis II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, kayu, Oceania: widespreadFroggatt;Isoptera: sugarcane), Pinus radiata akarRhinotermitidae;subterranean termite74. Coptotermes formosanus II Acer rubrum, Chamaecyparis batang, kayu, Africa: South AfricaShiraki; Isoptera: thyoides, Cinnamomum akar, furniture America: USARhinotermitidae;Formosan camphora, Eucalyptus, Asia: China, Taiwansubterranean termite, Fraxinus berlanderiana,Formosan termite Liquidambar styracifua, Picea engelmannii, Pinus (pines), Quercus (oak), Saccharum officinarum, Taxodium distichum75. Coptotermes heimi II Acacia nilotica (gum arabic batang, kayu, Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan(Wasmann);Isoptera: tree), Eucalyptus tereticornis akarRhinotermitidae (forest red gum), Morus (mulberry tree), Populus (poplars), Prunus domestica (plum)76. Corythucha marmorataUhler; II Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, batang, daun, America: USAHemiptera: Tingidae; chrysant ) bunga Asia: JapanChrysanthemum lace bug77. Crioceris asparagi(Linnaeus); II Asparagus officinalis batang, daun, America: Canada, USA.Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; (asparagus, asparagus) bunga Europe: allAsparagus beetle78. Crioceris II Asparagus officinalis batang, daun, America: Canada, North America,duodecimpunctata(Linnaeus); (asparagus, asparagus) bunga USA(=Chrysomela Europe: France, Italy, Netherlandduodecimpunctata=Lema 49

duodecimpunctata);Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae;spotted Asparagus beetle,twelve-spotted Asparagusbeetle79. Cryptophlebia leucotreta II Abutilon hybridum, Ananas buah, bunga Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso,Meyrick; (=Argyroploce comosus (nanas, pineapple), Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,leucotreta=Cryptophlebia Annona muricata (sirsak, Central Africa, Chad, DR Congo,roerigii=Thaumatotibia soursop), Averrhoa Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia,roerigii=Olethreutes leucotreta carambola(belimbing, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar,=Thaumatotibia leucotreta); carambola, star-fruit), Malawi, Mali, Mauritius,Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria,false codling moth, Citrus Capsicum annuum (cabai Reunion, Rwanda, St. Helena,codling moth, orange codling besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,moth Ceiba pentandra (kapuk South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, randu, kapok), Citrus spp. Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, (jeruk, orange),Coffea spp. Zimbabwe (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica America: USA (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Asia: Israel Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Litchi chinensis (leci, lichi), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava(jambu biji, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 50

Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Macadamia ternifolia80. Cryptotermes domesticus II Any hardwood and softwood batang, kayu America: Panama, Trinidad and Haviland; Isoptera: Kalotermitidae; drywood Tobago termite Asia: China,Japan, Malaysia,81. Cydia pomonella Linnaeus; (=Laspeyresia pomonella Singapore, Thailand =Carpocapsa pomonella =C. pomonana Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, =Enarmoniapomonella =Phalaena pomonella); French Polynesia, Guam, Papua New Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; codling moth, walnut worm Guinea, Salomon Islands, Samoa, Vanuatu II Malus domestica (apel, apple), buah Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Mauritius, Morocco, Portugal, South Prunus americana (aprikot, Africa, Spain, Tunisia apricot), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, (persik, peach), Prunus Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, domesticum (plam, plum), Peru, Uruguay, USA Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Prunus dulcis (almon, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, India, almond), Zea mays (jagung, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, corn) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, 51

Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand82. Cylas puncticollis Boheman; II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, daun, Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Cape (=Cylas compressus); Coleoptera: Apionidae; sweet potato) umbi Verde, Central Africa, Chad, DR African sweet potato weevil, sweet potato weevil Abelmoschus, Astripomoea Congo, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea,83. Dacus ciliatusLoew; (=Dacus lachnosperma, Boerhavia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, brevistylus, =D. appoxanthus var. decolor =D. coccinae =D. Celosia, Coffea spp. (kopi, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, insistens =D. sigmoides =Didacus ciliatus =Leptoxyda coffee), Commelina, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra ciliata =Tridacus mallyi); Diptera: Tephritidae; lesser Corchorus, Hibiscus, Ipomoea Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, melon fly, lesser pumpkin fly eriocarpa, Sesamum indicum Uganda, Zambia (wijen, sesame), Vigna cylindricaI (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays (jagung, corn) II Coccinia trilobata, buah, media Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Egypt, Corallocarpus ellipticus, tanam (tanah) Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Cucumis aculeatus, Cucumis Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, africanus, Cucumis dipsaceus, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Cucumis melo, Cucumis Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, metuliferus, Cucumis Saint Helena, Senegal, Somalia, myriocarpus, Cucurbita South Africa, Northwest Africa, maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, DR Cucurbitaceae, Kedrostis Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe foetidissima, Kedrostis leloja, Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Israel, Lagenaria siceraria, Jordan, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Momordica balsamina, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Momordica charantia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. Momordica rostrata, Peponium mackenii, Trichosanthes 52

cucumerina var. anguinea Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus sinensis, Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato)84. Delia antiquaMeigen; II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, batang, daun, Africa: Crozet Islands, Egypt(=Anthomyia antique =A. onion), Allium umbi, media America: Antigua and Barbuda,ceparum =Chortophila ascalonicum(bawang merah, tanam, tanah, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costaantiqua =Delia cepetorum shallot), Allium porrum akar Rica, Mexico, USA=Hylemya antiqua =H. (bawang prei, leek) Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, India,ceparum =Leptohylemyia Allium cepa var. aggregatum, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan,antique =Pegomyia ceparum Allium fistulosum, Allium Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North=P. cepetorum =Phorbia sativum (bawang putih, Korea), Republic of Korea (Southceparum =P. cepetorum =P. garlic), Allium schoenoprasum, Korea), Mongolia, Philippines,antiqua); Diptera: Allium spp. TurkeyAnthomyiidae; onion maggot, Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium,onion fly Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia85. Delia arambourgi(Seguy); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun, Africa: Ethiopia akar, media(=Delia dispar =Hylemya wheat), Zea mays (jagung,dispar =Hylemya corn), Saccharum officinarum tanam, tanaharambourgi); Diptera: (tebu, sugarcane), serealiaAnthomyiidae; barley fly lainnya (other cerealia) 53

86. Delia platura(Meigen); II Gossypium hirsutum, biji, akar, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia,(=Anthomyia cana =A.corelia Hordeum vulgare (barli, media tanam, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco,=A.deceptiva =A.diversa barley), Juniperus na, Larix tanah Rwanda, St. Helena, South Africa,=A.funesta =A.lanicrus laricina, Phaseolus lunatus, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda,=A.perrima =A.platura Raphanus sativus (lobak, Zimbabwe=A.platygaster =A.radicum radish), Trifolium repens, Vicia America: Argentina, Bermuda,var. calopteni =A.raphani faba, Allium ascalonicum Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,=A.rubifrons =A.sergia (bawang merah, shallot), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,=A.tinia =A.trifilis =A.tyana Asparagus officinalis Greenland, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay,=A.viana =A.zeas =Aricia (asparagus, asparagus), USA, Uruguay, Venezuelafusciceps =Chortophila Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Georgia,cana=C.deceptiva =C.prisca (bunga kol, cauliflower), India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan,=C.rubifrons =C.spinipes Brassica oleracea capitata Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North=C.trifilis =Delia cilicrura (kubis, cabbage), Citrullus Korea), Republic of Korea (South=D.prisca =Dialyta lanatus, Citrullus Korea), Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan,cupreifrons =Eriphia vulgaris(semangka, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria,marginata =Homalomyia rava watermelon), Cucumis sativus Taiwan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Yemen=Hylemya cana =H.deceptiva (mentimun, cucumber), Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus,=H.fusciceps =H.platura Glycine max (kedelai, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,=H.prisca =H.spinipes soyabean), Pinus merkusii Czech, Denmark, Faroes Islands,=H.trifilis =Pegomyia (tusam, pinetree) albus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,fusciceps =Phorbia cilicrura Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands,=P.fusciceps tobacco), Phaseolus coccineus, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,=P.novazealandica =P.prisca Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain,=P.spinipes =H.cilicrura Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK,=Chortophila cilicrura pea), Solanum tuberosum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and=Phorbiaplatura); Diptera: (kentang, potato), Spinacia Herzegovina, Montenegro, MacedoniaAnthomyiidae; corn seed oleracea (bayam, spinach), Oceania: Australia, New Zealandmaggot, bean seed fly, seed Triticum aestivum (gandum,potato maggot wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn)87. Delia radicumLinnaeus; II Brassica oleracea capitata batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Morocco 54

(=Anthomyia brassicae =A. (kubis, cabbage), Brassica akar, media America: Canada, USA radicum =Aricia villipes =Chortophila appendiculata oleracea, Brassica oleracea tanam, tanah Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, =C. floccosa =C. frontalis var. gemmifera, Brassica Israel, Kazakhstan, Turkey, =Delia brassicae =Eustalomyia brassicae oleracea subsp. italica, Uzbekistan =Hylemya brassicae =H. brassicae =Musca radicum Cruciferae Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, =Pegomya brassicae =Erioischia brassicae Brassica napus var. Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, =Chortophila brassicae =Phorbia brassicae); Diptera: napobrassica, Brassica rapa Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Anthomyiidae; cabbage maggot, cabbage root fly, subsp. pekinensis, Matthiola Bosnia and Herzegovina, radish fly spp., Raphanus sativus Montenegro, Macedonia, France,88. Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins;Coleoptera: (lobak, radish), Armoracia Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Scolytidae; pinus beetle, rusticana Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, mountain pine beetles Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,89. Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim; (=Chrysomela Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, duodecimpunctata =Crioceris sexpunctata =Diabrotica Switzerland, Ukraine, United duodecimpunctata =D.soror =D.undecimpunctata subsp. Kingdom Howardi Barber); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; 12-spotted II Pinus spp batang, America: USA, Canada cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworm, spotted ranting, kayu cucumber beetle, western spotted cucumber beetle II Cucumis melo (melon, melon), batang, akar, America: Canada, El Salvador, Cucumis sativus (mentimun, daun, bunga, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA cucumber), Citrullus vulgaris media tanam (semangka, watermelon), Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita pepo (labu kuning, zucchini) Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Chenopodium quinoa, 55

Phaseolus vulgaris(buncis, common bean)90. Diaprepes II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Zea akar, batang, America: Antigua and Barbuda, abbreviatus(Linnaeus); (=Curculio abbreviatus mays (jagung, corn), daun Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, =Diaprepes festivus =D. irregularis =D. quadrilineatus Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Dominica, Guyana France, Grenada, =Exophthalmusabbreviatus); sugarcane), Manihot esculenta Guadeloupe, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Citrus weevil, sugarcane (ubi kayu, cassava), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, rootstalk borer weevil, Citrus weevil, sugarcane rootstalk Nephelium lappaceum Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & borer weevil, West Indian (rambutan, rambutan) Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the weevil, West Indian sugarcane root borer, West S): Aeschynomene americana, Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Indian weevil Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, USA Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Ardisia crispa, Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Canavalia gladiata, Cedrela odorata, Ceiba pentandra (kapuk, kapok), Centrosema pubescens, Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum cainito, Canocarpus erectus, Crotalaria, Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea, Diospyros virginiana, Dizygotheca elegantissima, Eriobitrya japonica, erythrina barteroana, Erythrina poeppigiana, Euginia uniflora, Faramea occidentalis, Gladiolus hybrids, Gliricidia sepium, Guaiacum officinale, Hoya carnosa, Jatropha 56

curcas, Juniperus conferta,Juniperus virginiana, Lablabpurpureus, Lagerstromiaspeciosa, Manihot esculenta,Maranta leuconeura, Mucunapruriens, Nepheliumlappaceum (rambutan),Psidium guajava (jambu biji,guava), kacang, Coffe aspp.(kopi, coffee), Ipomoea batatas(ubi jalar, sweet potato),Mangifera indica (mangga,mango), Achras (=Manilkara)zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Musaspp. (pisang, banana), Perseaamericana (avokad, avocado),Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis,common bean), Phoenixdactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Capsicum annuum(cabai besar, bell-pepper),Rhizophora mangle, Ricinuscommunis, Saccharumofficinarum, Schinusterebinthifolius, Solanummelongena(terung, eggplant),Solanum tuberosum (kentang,potato), Sorghum bicolor(sorgum, sorghum), Spondiasmombin, Spondias purpurea,Swietenia macrophylla, 57

Swietenia mahagoni, Syzygium jambos, Terminalia catappa, Urena lobata, Ximenia americana, Zanthoxylum, Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Dioscorea spp.91. Diaspidiotus perniciosus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Angola, DR (Comstock) Cockerell, Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah, stalk Congo,Congo, Morocco, South Africa, Danzig; (=Aonidia fusca =Aonidiella fusca =A. grapevine), Prunus cerrasus Tunisia, Zimbabwe perniciosa =Aspidiotus (Comstockaspis) perniciosus (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, =A. (Diaspidiotus) andromelas =A. (persik, peach), Pyrus Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus =A. (Hemiberlesiana) perniciosus communis (pir, pear), Prunus Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, USA, =A. perniciosus =A. persica nectarina (nektarin, Uruguay, Venezuela albopunctatus =A. fuscus =A. perniciosus =Comstockaspis nectarine) Citrus spp.(jeruk, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, perniciosa =Diaspidiotus perniciosus =Hemiberlesia orange), buah batu (stone Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, perniciosa =Quadraspidiotus perniciosus =Q.perniciosus); fruit) Brunei, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Hemiptera: Coccidae; California scale, Chinese Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR scale, perniciosus scale, San (North Korea), Republic of Korea José scale (South Korea), Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 58

92. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret; II Ananas comosus (nanas, batang, daun, America: Antigua and Barbuda,(=Aulacaspis boisduvalii = pineapple), Cocos nucifera stalk (khusus Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil,Diaspos palmarum); (kelapa, coconut), Musa spp. A. comosus) Dominica, Guyana France, Guadelope, Guyana, Jamaica,Hemiptera: Diaspididae; (pisang, banana)boisduval scale, coconut Martinique, Mexico, Puerto Rico, St.snow scale, orchid, scale, Kitts & Nevispinapple scale93. Diatraea saccharalis II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun America: Antigua and Barbuda,Fabricius; (=Chilo sugarcane) Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia,obliteratellus =Crambus Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Brazil, British Virgin Islands,leucaniellus =C. lineosellus Panicum dichotomiflorum, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,=C. sacchari =Diatraea Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador,continens =D. crambidoides sorghum), Sorghum France Guiana, Grenada,=D. pedidocta =D. saccharalis halepense, Zea mays (jagung, Guadeloupe,Guatemala, Guyana,va grenadensis=D. sacchari corn) Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,=D. sacchari f. Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat,brasiliensis=Phalaena Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,saccharalis=D. obliteratella Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis,St.=D. Lucia, St. Vincent and theobliteratellus=D.incomparella) Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and; Lepidoptera: Crambidae; Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuelasugarcane stalk borer,sugarcane borer, sugarcanemoth borer, Americansugarcane borer, small mothborer, small sugarcane mothborer94. Diopsis longicornisMacquart; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Africa: Cameroon, Ivory Coast,(=Diasemopsis Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi,macrophthalma =Diopsis Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Westmacrophtalma =Diopsis Africa, Zimbabwethoracica); Diptera: Asia: India, Philippines 59

Diopsidae; stalk-eyed fly II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) batang, daun, America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,95. Diorymerellus bunga Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, laevimargoChampion; Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Dominican Republic, Ecuador, orchid weevil Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French96. Diparopsis castanea Hmps.; (= Diparopsis watersi. Guiana Rothschild) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; red bollworm, red II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun, Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Sudan bollworm, red Sudan cotton worm, red cotton (kapas, cotton) buah, biji Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, bollworm Cefenfuegosia heldebrandii; Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia,97. Distantiella theobromae(Distant); Gossypioides kirkii; Thespesia Zimbabwe. Hemiptera: Miridae; cocoa capsid, brown capsid, cocoa spp. capsid stem sapper II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, daun, Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ivory98. Eldana saccharina Walker; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; cocoa), Ceiba pentandra buah Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra sugarcane stalk borer, African sugarcane borer (kapuk randu, kapok) Leonne, Togo Adansonia digitata, Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, sugarcane) Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cyperus (flatsedge), Cyperus Chad, DR Congo, Congo, Equatorial alternifolius, Cyperus Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, digitatus, Megathyrsus Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, maximus, Oryza sativa (padi, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, paddy), Phragmites australis, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, sorghum), Typha latifolia, Zea Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra mays (jagung, corn) Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia 60

99. Empoasca facialis Jacobi; II Solanum melongena (terung, batang, daun, Africa: Congo, Gambia, Ghana,(=Jacobiella facialis eggplant aubergine) buah Kenya, Mauritania, Mozambique,=Chloritafacialis =Chlorita Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Southfascialis); Hemiptera, Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,Cicadellidae; green Togo, Uganda, DR Congo, Zimbabweleafhopper Asia: Cambodia, India Oceania: Australia, Fiji100.Empoasca lybica De II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Central Africa, DRBergevin; (=Jacobiasca lybica (kapas, cotton), Solanum buah Congo, Egypt, Erythrea, Kenya,=Austroascalybica =Chlorita lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Libya, Mauritius, Morocco,lybica =C.signata =Empoasca Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal,benedettoi =E.signata potato), Cajanus cajan Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,=Jacobiasca signata); (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Tanzania, Tunisia, UgandaHemiptera: Cicadellidae; Vitis vinifera (anggur, America: Argentinacotton jassid, green grapevine) Asia: India, Iran, Israel, Lebanon,leafhopper (GLH) Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen Europe: Albania, Italy, Portugal, Spain101.Empoasca onukii Matsuda; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) batang, daun Asia: Japan, ThailandHemiptera: Cicadellidae; teagreen leafhopper102.Epicauta albovittataGestro; II Capsicum annuum (cabai batang, daun, Africa: Kenya besar, paprika, bell-pepper, buahColeoptera: Meloidae;stripped blister beetle hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), solanaceae103.Epicauta vittata(Fabricius); II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, batang, daun, Africa: DR CongoColeoptera: Meloidae; potato), Medicago sativa buah America: Canada, USAstripped blister beetle (alfalfa, lucerne). 61

104.Epilachna similis(Thunberg); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya,(=Chnootriba wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa,similis);Coleoptera: corn), Sorghum bicolor Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda,Coccinellidae; maize ladybird (sorghum), Pennisetum spp. Zimbabwebeetle, cereal ladybird Oryza sativa (padi, paddy)105.Epilachna varivestis Mulsant; II Citrus aurantifolia, Glycine batang, daun Asia: Japan(=Epilachna max (kedelai, soyabean), America: Canada, Colombia, Costacorrupta=E.maculiventris); Phaseolus acutifolius, Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,Coleoptera: Coccinellidae; Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus Honduras, Mexico, USAMexican bean beetle, bean vulgaris (buncis, commonladybeetle, bean ladybird bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), leguminosae lainnya (other legume)106.Ernobius mollis II Picea abies, Pinus batang, kayu, America: USA(Linnaeus);Coleoptera: kulit kayu Europe: Italy, SpainAnobiidae; pine bark Oceania: Australia107.Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus); II Acer campestre (field maple), buah, bibit Africa: Spain (Canary Islands) tanaman America: Canada, USA(=Eulecanium coryli = Aesculus hippocastanumEulecanium mali =Lecanium (buckeye), Crataegus Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,coryli =Physokermes coryli = monogyna (hawthorn), India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan,Coccus coryli =Coccus tiliae Cydonia oblonga (quince), Turkey=Coccus mali Ficus, Fraxinus (ashes), Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech,=Parthenolecanium coryli Malus domestica (apple), Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia,=Eulecanium ibericum Prunus domestica (plum), Bosnia and Herzegovina,=Coccus capreae =Coccus Prunus persica (persik, peach), Montenegro, Macedonia, France,alni =Coccus salicum =Coccus Prunus salicina (Japanese Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,fuscus =Coccus aceri =Coccus plum),Pyrus communis Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova,aceris campestris =Coccus (European pear), Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,pyri =Coccus rubi =Coccus Acer circinatum, Acer Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain,xylostei =Calypticus fasciatus macrophyllum, Acer negundo, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK=Lecanium juglandis =Coccus Acer platanoides, Acer (Scotland) 62

aesculi =Lecanium fasciatum pseudoplatanus, Aesculus=Lecanium rubi =Lecanium pavia, Alnus rubra, Betulagenevense =Lecanium alni papyrifera, Betula pubescens,=Lecanium pyri =Lecanium Carpinus betulus, Cornusaesculi =Lecanium berberidis sanguinea, Corylus avellana,=Lecanium cerasi =Lecanium Fragaria vesca (wildvariegatum =Lecanium strawberry), Holodiscusfuscum =Lecanium discolor, Juglans regia, Malus(Eulecanium) aesculi sylvestris, Myrica gale,=Lecanium (Eulecanium) Parrotia persica, Pistaciacapreae =Lecanium palestina, Populus alba,(Eulecanium) cerasi Populus Canadensis, Prunus=Lecanium (Eulecanium) armeniaca (apricot, apricot),genevense =Lecanium Prunus cerasifera, Prunus(Eulecanium) juglandis, cerasus, Prunus laurocerasus,Lecanium (Eulecanium) rubi Prunus spinosa, Quercus=Lecanium (Eulecanium) iberica, Quercus ilex, Quercusvariegatum =Eulecanium robur, Quercus suber, Salixfuscum Lecanium (Saissetia) caprea, Salix viminalis,capreae =Lecanium Sorbus, Tilia cordata, Ulmus(Eulecanium) hoferi glabra, Ulmus minor,=Lecanium websteri mirabilis Vaccinium myrtillus=Eulecanium aceris (blueberry), Vitis vinifera=Eulecanium aesculi (anggur, grapevine)=Eulecanium alni=Eulecanium capreae=Eulecanium cerasi=Eulecanium fasciatum=Eulecanium pyri (Schrank)=Eulecanium rubi=Eulecanium variegatum=Eulecanium websteri 63

mirabile =Eulecanium curtisi II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, akar, batang, America: USA =Lecanium (Globulicoccus) onion), Narcissus spp. daun, umbi, Europe fuscum =Eulecanium emerici =Globulicoccus fuscus (narsisus, narcissus), Crinum tanah =Lecanium mali =Eulecanium asiaticum (bakung, lily). coryli cimbricus =Eulecanium gyrcanicum); Hemiptera: Allium ascalonicum (bawang Coccidae; nut scale; thorn merah, shallot), Allium scale108.Eumerus sativum (bawang putih, tuberculatusRondani; garlic), Irish spp., Lilia spp., Diptera: Syrphidae; lesser bulb fly Pastinaca sativa (parsnip, parsnip), Solanum tuberosum109.Eupalamides cyparissiasFabricius; (kentang, potato), (=Castnia daedalus =Castnia dedalus =Lapaeumides Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, dedalus =L.daedalus =Eupalamides dedalus amaryllis), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calla elliottiana, Eurycies spp., Galtonia spp., Gladiolus spp., Scilla spp., Sprekelia II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun America: Guyana Franch Guyana, coconut), Elaeis guineensis Panama, Peru, Suriname (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) 64

=Papilio cyparissias=P.dedalus); Lepidoptera:Castniidae; oilpalm borer,coconut moth borer, stemborer and bunch stalk110.Euscepes II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, batang, akar, America: Antigua and Barbuda,postfasciatus(Fairmaire); sweet potato), Pharbitis nil umbi Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, Virgin(=Batatarhynchus destructor Ipomoeaaquatica (kangkung, Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Guyana=Cryptorhynchus batatae water spinach) France, Grenada, Guadeloupe,=C.postfasciatus =Euscepes Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique,batatae Montserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto=Hyperomorphasquamosa); Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St.Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Vincent and the Grenadines,West Indian sweet potato Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,weevil, scarabee weevil, USA, Venezuelasmall sweet potato weevil Asia: Japan Oceania: Palau, Cook Island, Micronesia, Fiji, France Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Island, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis-Futuna111.Eutinobothrus II Gossypium barbadens batang, akar America: Argentina, Brazil,brasiliensis(Hambleton); (kapas, cotton) Paraguay(=Gasterocercodes Abelmoschus esculentus (okra,brasiliensis =G.gossypii); okra),Hibiscus spp.Coleoptera: Curculionidae;Brazilian cotton borer, cottonroot borer112.Frankliniella fusca II Arachis hypogaea (kacang daun, bunga, America: Canada, Cuba, Martinique,(Hinds);(=Euthrips fuscus =E. tanah, peanut), Capsicum tunas Mexico, Puerto Rico, USANicotiane =Frankliniella annuum (paprika, bell Europe: Netherlands 65

nicotiane =Physopus fuscus pepper), Citrullus lanatus =P. Nicotianae =Scirtothrips owreyi);Thysanoptera: (semangka, watermelon), Thripidae; tobacco thrips Glycine max (kedelai,113.Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande); soyabean), Gossypium (=Euthrips helianthi=Euthrips occidentalis =E.tritici var. (cotton), Hippeastrum, californicus =Frankliniella californica Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, =F.canadensis=F.chrysanthe mi =F.claripennis tomato), Nicotiana tabacum =F.conspicua =F.dahliae (tembakau, tobacco), Vigna =F.dianthi =F.nubila =F.occidentalis f. unguiculata (kacang panjang, brunnescens =F.occidentalis cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, f. dubia=F.syringae =F.triticimaculata =F.tritici corn) var. moultoni =F.umbRosa =F.venusta=F.helianthi II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Morocco, =F.moultoni=F.trehernei); Thysanoptera, Thripidae; (kapas, cotton), Allium bunga, buah South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia, western flower thrips, alfalfa thrips, flower thrips, western ascalonicum (bawang merah, Uganda, Zimbabwe (USA) grass thrips shallot), Brassica oleracea America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, capitata (kubis, cabbage), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Fragaria vesca Dominica, Ecuador, Guatemala, (wildstrawberry), Guyana, Martinique, Mexico, Peru, Cucurbitaceae, Orchidaceae Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, (anggrek, orchid), Amaranthus Venezuela palmeri (palmer amaranth), Asia:Cina, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Arachys hypogaea (kacang South Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Sri tanah, peanut), Beta vulgaris Lanka, Turkey (bit, beetroot), Begonia spp., Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus x Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, paradise (grapefruit), Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Capsicum annuum (cabai Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Italy, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Cyclamen spp., Dahlia spp., Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Dianthus caryophyllus Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, (anyelir, carnation), Euphorbia Switzerland, UK 66

pulcherrima, Ficus carica (ara, Oceania: Australia, New Zealandfig), Fuchsia sp., Gerbera 67jamesonii, Geranium spp.,Gladiolus hybrids,Gypsophila, Hibiscus,Impatiens, Kalanchoe, Lactucasativa (selada, lettuce),Limonium sinuatum,Lisianthus spp., Lathyrusodoratus, Leucaenaleucocephala (lamtoro, wildtamarind),Solanumlycopersicum (tomat,tomato), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Medicagosativa(alfalfa, lucerne),Petroselinum crispum (parslei,parsley), Vigna spp. (cowpea),Pisum sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Prunus americana(aprikot, apricot), Prunusdomesticum (plam, plum),Prunus persica var.nucipersica (nektarin,nectarine), Prunus persica(persik, peach), Purshiatridentata, Raphanusraphanistrum, Rhododendronspp. (azalea), Rosa spp.(mawar, rose), Salvia spp.,Secale cereale (rye), Sinapisarvensis, Sinningia speciosa,

St.paulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Sonchus spp., Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia spp.114.Globitermes sp;Isoptera: II Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, batang, kayu Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam Termitidae Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus115.Grapholita prunivora(Walsh); camaldulensis, Hevea (=Cydia prunivora brasiliensis, Pinus =Laspeyresia prunivora =Semasia prunivora II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, America: Canada, USA =Enarmonia prunivora); Prunus domesticum (plum), bunga, buah, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; lesser apple worm, plum other stone fruit) media tanam, moth Amelanchier, Prunus serasah, tanah116.Grapholitha molesta(Busck); (=Cydia molesta americana (aprikot, apricot), =Laspeyresia molesta Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), =Carpocapsa molesta); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; Prunus persica (persik, oriental fruit moth peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) II Prunus persica (persik, batang, buah, Africa: Mauritius, Morocco, South peach), Prunus daun, bunga, Africa americana(aprikot, apricot), media tanam, America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Prunus persica var. serasah, tanah Chile, Mexico, USA, Uruguay nucipersica (nektarin, Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, nectarine). Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Taiwan, quince), Malus domestica Turkey,Uzbekistan (apel, apple), Prunus Europe:Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, domesticum (plum), Prunus Czech Republic, France, Germany, 68

dulcis (almon, almond), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Pyrus communis (pear), Buah Russian Federation, Serbia, batu lain (other stone fruits), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Malus sp., Eriobotrya japonica Switzerland, Ukraine (lokwat, loquat) Oceania: Australia, New Zealand117.Grapholitha packardiZeller; II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) batang, buah, America: Canada, Mexico, USA daun, bunga,(=Cydia packardi Cydonia oblonga, Malus=Enarmonia packardi domestica (apel, apple), media tanam,=Enarmonia pyricolana Prunus domesticum (plum), serasah, tanah=Laspeyresia Prunus persica (persik,packardi=L.pyricolana peach), Pyracantha, Pyrus=Steganoptycha pyricolana); communis (pir, pear), RosaLepidoptera: Tortricidae; spp., Vaccinium corymbosumcherry fruitworm118.Harmolita grandisRiley; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun, America: USALepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare tanahwheat strand worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean)119.Harmolita triticiFitch.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun, America: USALepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare tanah Asia: West Asiawheat joint worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa Europe: Russia (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean)120.Helopeltis anacardii Miller; II Anacardium occidentale batang, daun, Africa: TanzaniaHeteroptera: Miridae; cashew (jambu mete, cashew-nut) bungahelopeltis121.Helopeltis bergrothi Reuter; II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burundi, (=Helopeltis bergrothi cocoa) bunga Cameroon, Republic of Central 69

=H.bergrothi flavescens Anacardium occidentale Africa, DR Congo., Ivory Coast,=H.bergrothi nigripes (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Guinea Equator, Gabon, Guinea,=H.bergrothi rubrinervis); Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria,Heteroptera: Miridae; kina, Gossypium barbadens Rwanda, Spain (Canary Island), Togohelopeltis bug, cacao- (kapas, cotton), Manihot Europe: Spainmosquito, tea-bug, tea- esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava),mosquito, cacao mosquito Ricinus communis (jarak, castor-oil)122.Helopeltis schoutedeni II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon,Reuter; (=Helopeltis (kapas, cotton), Anacardium buah Central Africa, Chad, DR Congo,sanguineus =H.schoutedeni occidentale (jambu mete, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon,rubra =H.schoutedeni cashew-nut), Ricinus Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia,vanderysti); Heteroptera: communis Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria,Miridae; tea mosquito, cotton Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe,bug, cacao-mosquito, tea- Mangifera indica (mangga, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania,bug, cotton helopeltis, cotton mango) Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwehelopeltis123.Hercinothrips II Musa spp. (pisang, banana) batang, daun, Africa: Equatorial Guinea, Guinea,bicinctus(Bagnall); bunga, buah Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania(=Caliothrips bicinctus America: Bermuda, Brazil, Peru=Heliothrips bicinctus); Asia: IndiaThysanoptera: Thripidae; Europe: Belgium, Portugal, Spain,banana thrips, banana- UKsilvering thrips, smilax Oceania: Australia, New Zealandthrips124.Heteroligus appiusBurm.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) batang, daun, Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon,Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; umbi Dahomey, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,lesser yam beetle Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo125.Heteroligus melesBillb.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) batang, daun, Africa: Bourkina Faso, Cameroon,Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; umbi Dahomey, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,greater yam beetle Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, 70

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo126.Hilda patruelis(Stål); II Arachys hypogaea (kacang batang, daun, Africa: Tanzania Hemiptera: Tettigometridae; tanah, peanut) akar, bunga groundnut hopper Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut);127.Homona magnanima Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange); Diakonoff; Lepidoptera: Abelmoschus moschatus Tortricidae; leaf roller, tea (okra, lady’s finger); tortrix, Oriental tea tortrix Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower); Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean); Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), tunas, batang, Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan Lithocarpus edulis, Rosa spp. daun (mawar, rose), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Chrysant hemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Paulownia tomentosa, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), buah batu (stone fruit), Eurya spp., Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), 71

Rhododendron Ispp. (azalea), Nandina domestica, Podocarpus spp.128.Homorocoryphus nitidulus II Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, batang, daun, Africa: Kenya, Zimbabwe Scopoli; (=Ruspolia differens tobacco) tanah =R.vicina); Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; edible II Gossypium barbadens batang, daun America: Argentina, Bahama, grasshopper (kapas, cotton) Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Abelmoschus moschatus Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela129.Horcias nobilellus Berg.; (okra, lady’s finger), Bidens (=Capsus (Deraeocoris) pilosa nobilitatus=Horcias (Horciasoides) nobilellus II Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, batang, kayu Africa:Algeria, Ivory Coast, Egypt, =H.plagosus =Poecilocopsus Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, South nobilellus); Hemiptera: Africa, Spain, Tunisia, Zimbabwe Miridae; cotton plant bug, America: USA, Canada, Brazil, cotton bug Argentina Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China,130.Hylotrupes bajulus Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, (Linnaeus); Coleoptera: Turkey Cerambycidae; house Europe: Uruguay longhorne beetle/Europen Ocenia: Australia, New Zealend house borer II Morus alba, Prunus cerrasus batang, daun America: Canada, Mexico, USA (ceri, cherry), Juglans nigra Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Turkey131.Hyphantria cuneaDrury; (walnut, walnut), Pyrus Europe: Austria, Bosnia and (=Hyphantria textor); communis (pir, pear), Malus Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae; domestica (apel, apple), Czech, France, Hungary, Italy, blackheaded webworm, Prunus domesticum (plam, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, mulberry moth, redheaded plum), Carya illinoinensis, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, webworm, fall webworm, American white moth 72

Carya ovata, Diospyros Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, na,Liquidambar styraciflua, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prunus avium Montenegro, Macedonia Carya spp., Humulus lupulus Oceania: Micronesia, Northern (hops), Ulmus americana, Mariana Island Ailanthus altissima, Juglans regia (walnut, walnut), Pinus densiflora, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)132.Incisitermes minor(Hagen); II Dry wood batang, kayu America: USA, Mexico, canadaIsoptera: Kalotermitidae;western drywood termite133.Ips typographus Linnaeus; II Eucalyptus, Oak, pines batang, kayu Asia: China, Japan, KoreaColeoptera: Curculionidae; Europe: RussiaEuropean spruce bark beetle134.Keiferia II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, batang, daun, America: Bermuda, Bolivia,lycopercicellaWalsingham;(= tomato) buah Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Haiti,Gnorimoschema elmorei Solanum melongena (terung, Jamaica, Mexico, USA, Venezuela,=G.lycopersicella =Keiferia eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Canada, Dominican Republic,elmorei =Phthorimaea elmorei tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trinidad and Tobago, Peru=P.lycopersicella); Gossypium barbadensLepidoptera: Gelechiidae; (kapas, cotton), Nicotianatomato pinworm tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum nigrum (leunca, black nightshade)135.Lepidosaphes II Fagus grandifolia (American daun, tanah Africa: Algeria, Egypt, South Africa,ulmi(Linnaeus); (=Aspidiotus beech), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Tunisiaconchiformis =A. falciformis Fraxinus americana (white America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada,=A.juglandis =A.pomorum ash),Juglans regia (walnut, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, USA,=A.pyrus-malus =A.saliceti walnut), Malus domestica Uruguay=Coccus conchiformis =C.ulmi (apel, apple), Olea europaea Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, China,=Diaspis subsp. europaea (zaitun, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel,linearis=Lepidosaphes olive), Populus canadensis Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of 73

(Mytilaspis) ulmi=L.ceratoniae (hybrid black poplar), Populus Korea (South Korea), Saudi Arabia,=L. conchiformis =L.juglandis deltoides (poplar), Populus Syria, Taiwan, Turkey=L.pomorum =L.ulmi =L.vulva nigra (black poplar), Prunus Europe: Austria, Belgium,=Mytilaspis (Lepidosaphes) (buah batu,stone fruit), Pyrus Bulgaria,Bosnia and Herzegovina,pomorum =M.ceratoniae communis (pir, pear), Salix Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark,=M.juglandis =M.pomicorticis alba (white willow), Tilia France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,=M.pomorum =M.ulicis cordata (small-leaf lime), Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia,=M.ulmi =M.vitis Vaccinium myrtillus Netherlands, Norway, Poland,=Mytilococcus saliceti (blueberry) Romania, Russia,Spain, Sweden,=M.ulmi); Hemiptera: Prunus salicina (Japanese Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia,Diaspididae; oystershell plum), Rosa damascena Montenegro, Slovenia, Slovakia,scale, apple mussel scale, (Damask rose) Oceania: Australiamussel scale136.Leptinotarsa decemlineata II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, umbi, Africa: GabonSay; (=Chrysomela potato) rimpang, America: Canada,Cuba, Guatemala,decemlineata =Doryphora Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, batang, daun, Mexico, USAdecemlineata =Leptinotarsa tomato), Solanum melongena tanah Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China,multitaeniata =Polygramma (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan,decemlineata); Coleoptera: Hyoscyamus niger (black Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey,Chrysomelidae; Colorado henbane), Nicotiana Turkmenistan, Uzbekistanpotato beetle, Colorado tabacum(tembakau, tobacco) Europe: Albania, Andorra, Austria,beetle Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine,Montenegro137.Leptopharsa heveae Drake & II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, tunas, batang, America: BrazilPoor; Hemiptera: Tingidae; rubber tree) daun, bibit,lace bug, rubber tingid bug tanaman hasil 74

mikropropagas i138.Leucoptera caffeina II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa: Angola, Burundi, Congo,Washburn; (=Leucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda,Rwanda,daricella); Lepidoptera: arabica coffee) Tanzania, MadagascarLyonetiidae; coffee leafminer Coffea eugenioides America: Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Asia: Yemen139.Leucoptera coffeella Guer & II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa:MadagascarMenev; (=Perileucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, America: Antigua and Barbuda,coffeella, Cemiostoma arabica coffee) Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia,coffeella, Elachista coffeella) Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Elcoffee leaf miner, white coffee Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada,leafminer Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela140.Leucoptera coma Ghesq; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), daun Africa: Congo, UgandaLepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Coffea canephora (kopicoffee leafminer robusta, robusta coffee) 75

141.Leucoptera meyrickGhesq.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) daun Africa: Burundi, Central Africa,Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Kenya, Rwanda,South Africa,coffee leafminer Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe America: Brazil, Peru142.Liriomyza II Brassica juncea var. juncea tunas, daun, Africa: Egypt, MaroccobryoniaeKaltenbach; (Indian mustard), Brassica tanah, bibit Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan,(=Agromyza oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Republic of Korea (South Korea),bryoniaeKaltenbach= cabbage), Brassica rapa Nepal, Taiwan, Turkey,Liriomyza citrulla Rohdendorf cultivar group Mizuna, Turkmenistan, Vietnam=Liriomyza mercurialis Citrullus, Citrullus lanatus Europe: Albania, Belarus, Belgium,Hering, (semangka, watermelon), Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria,Liriomyza solani Hering); Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Estonia,Diptera: Agromyzidae; Cucumis sativus (mentimun, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,tomato leafminer cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, (labu kuning, zucchini), Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Lactuca sativa (selada, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, lettuce), Solanumlycopersicum Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, (tomat, tomato), Polyphagous Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK (polyphagous), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato),Solanaceae, Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Atropa (Deadly nightshade), Callistephus, Capsicum (peppers), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chenopodium (Goosefoot), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Datura (thorn-apple), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), 76

Hyoscamus, Lamium (deadnettle), Levisticum, Linaria (Toadflax), Lupinus (lupins), Lycium (boxthorn), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru), Petroselinum (parsley), Petunia, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Ricinus, Saponaria (soapwort),Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena(terung, eggplant, aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Verbena (vervain), Withania143.Listronotus II Hordeum vulgare (barli, batang, daun, America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, bonariensis(Kuschel); (=Hyperodes bonariensis barley), Lolium multiflorum akar, bunga, Chile, Uruguay Kuschel =Hyperodes griseus Marshall =Neobagous (italian ryegrass), Lolium biji Oceania: Australia, New Zealand setosus Hustache); Coleoptera: Curculionidae; perenne (perennial ryegrass), argentine stem weevil, Poaceae (grasses), Triticum ryegrass stem weevil, shoot aestivum (gandum, wheat), weevil, weevil, argentine Zea mays (jagung, corn), stem, weevil, ryegrass stem, cerealia, rerumputan wheat stem weevil (Poaceae). Agrostis capillaris (brown bentgrass), Anthoxanthum puelii (Annual vernalgrass), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Bromus spp(bromegrasses), Cynodon spp. (quickgrass), Dactylis (Orchardgrass), 77

Digitaria (crabgrass), Echinochloa spp., Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca pratensis (english bluegrass),Festuca rubra (red fescue), Paspalum, Phleum pretense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass)144.Listronotus oregonensis II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), akar, batang, America: Canada, USALeconte; Coleoptera: Apium graveolens (seledri, daun, umbi,Curculionidae; carrot weevil celery), Anethum graveolens tanah (dill), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli, parsley).145.Listronotus texanus II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) akar, batang, America: USAStockton; Petroselinum crispum daun, umbi(= Hyperodes texanus); (peterseli, parsley)Coleoptera:Curculionidae;carrot weevil146.Lobesia botrana Denis & II Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah, bunga Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea,Schiffermuller; (=Coccyx grapevine) Kenya, Libya, Moroccobotrana Praun =Cochylis Actinidia chinensis (Chinese America: USA, Chilebotrana Herrich-Schaffer gooseberry), Actinidia Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,=Cochylis vitisana Audouin deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan,=Eudemis botrana Frey Arbutus unedo (arbutus), Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria,=Eudemis rosmarinana Berberis vulgaris (European Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,Millière =Grapholita botrana barberry), Clematis vitalba UzbekistanHeinemann =Lobesia (old man's beard), Cornus mas Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,rosmariana =Noctua romani (cornelian cherry), Cornus Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,O. Costa =Paralobesia sanguinea (dogwood), Daphne Cyprus, Czech, Finland, France,botrana =Penthina vitivorana gnidium, Daphne laureola, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,Packard =Polychrosis botrana Dianthus spp. (carnation), Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta,Ragonot =Tinea premixtana Diospyros kaki (kesemek, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, 78

Hübner =Tinea reliquana persimmon), Hedera helix Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Serbia,Hübner =Tortrix botrana (ivy), Ligustrum vulgare Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Denis & Schiffermüller (privet), Lonicera tatarica Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (Tatarian honeysuckle),=Tortrix reliquana Treitschke Menispermum canadense 79=Tortrix romaniana O. Costa (common moonseed), Olea=Tortrix vitisana Jacquin=); europea subsp. europeaLepidoptera: Tortricidae; (zaitun, olive), Prunusgrape berry moth, european cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunusgrape vine moth, grape fruit spp., Punica granatummoth, grape leaves-roller, (delima, pomegranate), Ribesgrape moth, grape vine moth, spp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper),vine moth Prunus amygdalus, Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Ribes (currants), Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum (red currant), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rubus caesius (dewberry), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Viburnum lantana (Wayfaring tree), Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube)

147.Longitarsus II Piper nigrum (lada, daun, buah Asia: India.nigripennis(Motschulsky); blackpepper)Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae;flea beetle, pepper, pollu148.Lygus lineolarisPalisot de II Amaranthus cruentus batang, daun, America: Bermuda, Canada, ElBeauvois; (=Capsus (redshank), Apium graveolens bunga Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,flavonotatus Provancher (seledri, celery), Brassica Mexico, USA=Capsus lineolaris Palisot de napus var. napus(rapa, rape), Asia: GeorgiaBeauvois =Capsus oblineatus Brassica oleracea var. botrytisSay =Capsus strigulatus (bunga kol, cauliflower),Walker =Lygus pratensis var. Gossypium hirsutum (kapas,rubidus Knight); Hemiptera: bourboncotton),FragariaMiridae; plant bug, tarnished ananassa(strawberry, strawberry), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Polyphagous (Polyphagous), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Zea mays subsp. mays (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Anethum graveolens (dill), Apium graveolens var dulce (seledri, celery), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Aster spp., Aster pilosus (white heath aster), 80

Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Bellis perennis (common daisy), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), Cosmos spp., Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Dahlia hybrids, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dendranthema spp., Erigeron (fleabane), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Helianthus spp., Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza), Malus (ornamental species apple), Papaver nudicaule (iceland poppy), Pinus echinata(shortleaves pine), Populus (poplars), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Tragopogon porrifolius (oysterplant), Verbena spp. (vervain), Zinnia elegans (zinnia)149.Lymantria dispar Linnaeus; II Acer saccharum (sugar kulit kayu Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (=Bombyx dispar Linnaeus maple), Betula papyrifera muda America: Canada, USA. =Hypogymna dispar (paper birch), Quercus alba Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Linnaeus =Liparis dispar (white oak), Quercus coccinea Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, 81

Linnaeus =Ocneria dispar (scarlet oak), Quercus Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, KoreaLinnaeus =Phalaena dispar ellipsoidalis (Northern pin DPR (North Korea), Republic of KoreaLinnaeus =Porthesia dispar oak), Quercus garryana (Garry (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,Linnaeus =Porthetria dispar oak), Quercus ilex (holm oak), Mongolia, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan,Linnaeus); Lepidoptera: Quercus lobata (California Turkey, Turkmenistan, UzbekistanLymantriidae; gypsy moth white oak), Quercus montana Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, (basket oak), Quercus Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, muehlenbergii (Chinquapin Denmark, Finland, France, oak), Quercus palustris (pin Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, oak), Quercus petraea Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, (durmast oak), Quercus robur Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, (common oak), Quercus rubra Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Serbia, (northern red oak), Quercus Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, suber (cork oak), Quercus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK velutina (black oak), Salix fragilis (crack willows), Ulmus 82 (elms) Acer (maples), Acer negundo (box elder), Acer platanoides (norway maple), Acer rubrum (red maple), Acer saccharinum (soft maple), Alnus (alders), Alnus rhombifolia (white alder), Betula (birches), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula lenta (sweet birch), Betula populifolia (gray birch), Carpinus (hornbeams), Carya (hickories), Castanea sativa (chesnut), Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon), Corylus, Corylus avellana (hazel), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red

gum), Fagus (beeches), Fagusgrandifolia (american beech),Fagus sylvatica (commonbeech), Fraxinus americana(white ash), Fraxinuspennsylvanica (downy ash),Glycine max (kedelai,soyabean), Hamamelisvirginiana (virginian witch-hazel), Larix (larches), Larixkaempferi (Japanese larch),Larix occidentalis (westernlarch), Liquidambar styraciflua(sweet gum), Litchi chinensis(lichi), Lithocarpus edulis,Malus (ornamental speciesapple), Malus domestica (apel,apple), Ostrya virgianiana(american hophornbeam),Picea abies (common spruce),Picea jezoensis (yeddospruce), Pinus (pines), Pinusbrutia (brutian pine), Pinuscontorta (lodgepole pine),Pinus echinata (shortleavespine), Pinus resinosa (redpine), Pinus rigida (pitchpine), Pinus strobus (easternwhite pine), Pinus sylvestris(scots pine), Pinus taeda(loblolly pine), Pistacia vera(pistachio), Platanus acerifolia(London planetree), Populus 83

(stone fruit), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domestica (plam, plum), Prunus salicina (japanese flowering cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus serrulata (japanese flowering cherry), Pseudotsuga menziesii (douglas-fir), Pyrus (pear, pears), Quercus ilicifolia (bear oak), Robinia (locust), Robiniapseudoacacia (black locust), Salix (willows), Salix babylonica (weeping willows), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), Tilia americana (basswood), Tilia cordata (small-leaves lime), Vaccinium (blueberries), Zea mays(jagung, corn)150.Macrodactylus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), akar, daun, America: Mexico, USA subspinosus(Fabricius); Rosa (mawar, roses) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Vitis vinifera (anggur, bunga, tanah rose chafer grapevine), Beta spp., cucurbitae, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), legumes, 84

Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), buah batulainnya (other stone fruit), Rubus spp., Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry)151.Macroplectra nararia Moore; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), batang, daun, Asia: India, Sri Lanka (=Darna nararia= Natada Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), tanah, kayu, nararia Moore= Parasa nararia); Lepidoptera: Elaeis guineensis (kelapa media Limacodidae; nettle grub, fringed nettle grub, slug sawit, oilpalm), Cocos nucifera pertumbuhan caterpillar (kelapa, coconut), Erythrina tanaman, bibit spp.(dadap, december tree),152.Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas; (=Illinoia Musa spp. (pisang, banana), solanifolii=Macrosiphon Canna spp. (bunga tasbih, euphorbiae Thomas=Macrosiphon canna), Citrus spp., Crotalaria solanifolii spp., Eucalyptus robusta Ashmead=Macrosiphum amygdaloides =Macrosiphum (swamp mahogany), Gliricidia cyprissiae var. cucurbitae del maculata, Lonicera spp., Guercio=Macrosiphum (honeysuckles), Psidium guineense (guinea guava), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Tephrosia spp. (hoary-pea) II Beta vulgarisvar. Saccharifera batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Burundi, DR (bit gula, sugarbeet), Ipomoea bunga, buah Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Lactuca sativa Mozambique, Rwanda, Reunion, (selada, lettuce), Rosa spp. Saint Helena, South Africa, (mawar, rose), Solanum Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, lycopersicum (tomat, Zimbabwe tomato),Solanum melongena America: Argentina, Bermuda, (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Falkland 85

euphorbiellum potato), Zea mays (jagung, Island, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, TheobaldMacrosiphum corn) koehleri Apium graveolens (seledri, Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay, Börner=Macrosiphum celery), Artemisia Venezuela rosaeollae (wormwoods), Capsicum Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, TheobaldMacrosiphum (peppers), Chenopodium solanifolii album (fat hen), Chenopodium Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR (Ashmead)=Macrosiphum quinoa (quinoa), Citrus, Citrus (North Korea), Republic of Korea tabaci PergandeNectarophora (South Korea), Lebanon, Malaysia, ascepiadis Cowen ex Gillette deliciosa (mediterranean & BakerNectarophora mandarin), Citrus reticulata Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, heleniella (mandarin), Citrus sinensis Syria, Turkey CockerellNectarophora (navel orange), Cucumis lycopersici sativus (mentimun, Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, ClarkeNectarophora cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, tabaci=Nectarophora tabaci (ornamental gourd), Epilobium Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, PergandeSiphonophora angustifolium (rosebay asclepiadifolii willowherb), Fragaria Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Thomas=Siphonophora (strawberry), Freesia, Estonia, Finland, France, Latvia, cucurbitae Middleton ex Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Thomas=Siphonophora Gossypium (cotton), Hordeum Lithuania, Georgia, Germany, euphorbiae vulgare (barley), Linum Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Thomas=Siphonophora usitatissimum (flax), Lupinus Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, solanifolii (lupins), Lupinus albus (white Ashmead=Siphonophora lupine), Phaseolus vulgaris Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, tulipae Mondell); Hemiptera: (buncis, common bean), Moldova,Montenegro, Netherlands, Aphididae; potato aphid, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, pink and green potato aphid, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vicia faba (faba bean), Rusia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, pink and green potato aphis, Sweden, Switzerland, pink potato aphid, potato Vigna unguiculata (kacang aphid, tomato aphid panjang, cowpea), Vitis Slovenia,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Uzbekistan, Ukraine, UK153.Macrotermes natalensis Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand II Eucalyptus macarthurii, E. batang, kayu Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, 86

Haviland; Isoptera: smithii, E. camaldulensis, E. Uganda, Zimbabwe Termitidae grandis, E.viminalis154.Malacosoma americanumFabricius; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, kulit America: Canada, USA Lepidoptera: Lasyocampidae; batang daun, eastern tent caterpillar, Prunus domesticum (plam, American tent caterpillar, plum), Prunus persica (persik, buah apple tent caterpillar, orchard tent caterpillar peach) Acer rubrum (red maple), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Alnus (alders), Amelanchier (serviceberries), Berberis vulgaris (European barberry), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Carya illinoinensis (pecan), Corylus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hamamelis (witchhazel), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Malus coronaria (sweet crab-apple), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Nyssa sylvatica (tupelo), Populus (poplars), Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus pennsylvanica, Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), 87

Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Quercus alba (white oak), Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Rosa (roses), Salix (willows), Sorbus (rowan), Tilia americana (basswood), Ulmus thomasii (rock elm)155.Maladera castanea(Arrow); II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), tanaman, America: USA Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Asiatic garden beetle Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), tanah Asia: China, Japan, Korea156.Manduca Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), quinquemaculata(Haworth); (=Phlegethontius celeus Capsicum annuum (cabe Hübner =Phlegethontius besar, paprika, bell-pepper, quinquemaculata Haworth =Protoparce quinquemaculata hot pepper, chilies, red ab. wirti Schaus =Protoparce quinquemaculatus (Haworth) pepper), Brassica rapa =Sphinx quinquemaculatus Haworth); Lepidoptera: subspec. rapa (turnip) Sphingidae; tomato hornworm, five-spotted II Capsicum annuum (paprika, batang, daun, America: Canada, USA hawkmoth, tobacco fly bell pepper), Solanum tanah lycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Cestrum floribundum, Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Kallstroemia parviflora, Nicotiana sylvestris, Physalis viscosa (sticky 88

physalis),Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum grandiflorum157.Manduca sextaLinnaeus; II Capsicum annuum (paprika, batang, daun, America: Antigua and Barbuda,(=Macrosila carolina bell-pepper), Sesamum tanah Argentina, Bahama, Barbados,(Linnaeus) Clemens indicum (wijen, sesame), Belize, British Virgin Bolivia, Brazil,=Manduca carolina Solanum melongena (terung, Canada, Caribbean Islands, Cayman(Linnaeus) Hübner eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Island, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,=Phlegethontius carolina lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Cuba, Dominica, Dominican(Linnaeus) Hübner Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana,=Phlegethontius sexta tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala,(Linnaeus) Kirby =Protoparce Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,carolina (Linnaeus) Butler potato) Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat,=Protoparce griseata Butler Atropa belladonna (deadly Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,=Protoparce jamaicensis nightshade), Cestrum Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, St.Butler =Protoparce leucoptera floribundum, Datura Lucia, St. Vincent and theRothschild and Jordan stramonium (kecubung, Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and=Protoparce sexta (Linnaeus) jimsonweed), Datura wrightii, Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela,Rothschild & Jordan Kallstroemia parviflora, Oceania:Papua New Guinea=Protoparce sexta luciae Verbena spp., NicotianaGehlen =Protoparce sexta sylvestris, Physalis viscosaperuviana Bryk=Protoparce (sticky physalis), Solanumsexta saliensis Kernbach elaeagnifolium (silverleaves=Sphinx caestri Blanchard nightshade), Solanum=Sphinx carolina Linnaeus grandiflorum=Sphinx eurylochus Philippi=Sphinx lycopersiciBoisduval=Sphinx nicotianaeBoisduval =Sphinx paphusCramer =Sphinx sextaLinnaeus =Sphinx tabaci 89

Boisduval =; Lepidoptera:Sphingidae; tomatohornworm, tobaccohornworm, Carolina sphinx(USA), tomato sphinx158.Mayetiola destructor(Say); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia(=Cecidomyia wheat) biji America: Canada, USAdestructor=Cecidomyia Agropyron spp., Hordeum Asia: Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Syria,frumentaria vulgare (barli, barley), Secale TurkeyRondani=Chortomyia cereale (rye) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bosniasecalina Loew=Mayetiola and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,mimeuri Mesnil=Mayetiola Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland,secalis Bollow=Phytophaga France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,cerealis Italy, Latvia, Montenegro,Rondani=Phytophaga Macedonia,destructor); Diptera: Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Cecidomyiidae; hessian fly Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania: New Zealand159.Myopardalis pardalina II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, buah, media Asia: Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel,Biggot; Diptera: Tephritidae; cucumber), Cucumis melo tanam, tanah Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, India,Baluchistan fruit fly (melon, melon), Cucurbita Pakistan, Afghanistan maxima (waluh, labu parang, Europe: Russia pumpkin), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucurbitaceae160.Mythimna unipuncta II Avena sativa (oat, oats), batang, daun, Africa: Mali, Morocco, Niger, Senegal,Haworth; (=Cirphis unipuncta Brassica oleracea var. italica tanah Somalia,TogoHaworth=Heliophila (brokoli, broccoli), Hordeum America: Argentina, Bahamas,Butl.=Heliophila unipuncta vulgare (barley), Saccharum Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,Haworth=Leucania antica officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, 90

Walker=Leucania extranea Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico,Guenée=Leucania tobacco), Zea mays (jagung, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico,saccharivora Butl.=Leucania corn), Oryza sativa (padi, USA, Uruguay, Venezuelaunipuncta Haworth=Leucania paddy), Sorghum bicolor Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel,unipuncta tseki (sorgum, sorghum), rumput Turkey, UzbekistanKoutsaftikis=Noctua dan serealea lainnya (Poaceae Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark,unipuncta and other cerealia), Panicum France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,Haworth=Pseudaletia miliaceum (millet), Secale Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,adultera=Pseudaletia cereale (rye), Triticum (wheat), Malta, Netherlands, Poland,unipuncta Zea mays subsp. mays Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Slovakia,(Haworth)=Pseudaletia (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UKunipuncta quecha Brassica oleracea var. botrytisFranclemont=Sideridis (cauliflower), Brassicaunipuncta Haworth); oleracea var. gemmiferaLepidoptera: Noctuidae; rice (Brussels sprouts),armyworm, American army Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa),worm, American wainscot, Turfgrasses, Medicago sativaarmyworm, armyworm, (alfalfa, lucerne), TrifoliumAmerican, armyworm, true, spp. (clovers), Allium spp.rice cutworm, true (onions, garlic, leek,armyworm, white-speck etc.), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Phaseolus spp. (beans), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Trifolium (clovers), turfgrasses161.Myzaphis II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, daun, Africa: South AfricarosarumKaltenbach; bungaHemiptera: Aphididae; lesserrose aphid 91

162.Naupactus leucoloma II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, batang, daun, Africa: South Africa Boheman; (=Graphognathus leucolomaBuchanan; = potato), Trifolium repens, umbi, tanah, America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Pantomorus leucoloma); Coleoptera: Curculionidae; pastures, Medicago sativa akar Peru, USA, Uruguay white fringed weevil, white fringed beetle (alfalfa, lucerne), Arachys Oceania: Australia, New Zealand163.Nematocerus spp.; hypogaea (kacang tanah, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; shiny cereal weevil peanut)164.Oberea bimaculatusLeconte; Allium ascalonicum (bawang Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; merah, shallot), Ipomoea raspberry cane borer batatas (ubi jalar, sweet165.Olenecamtus potato) bilobusFabricius; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ; Longhorn II Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, daun, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, beetle. wheat), Zea mays (jagung, biji Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda166.Ophiomyia simplex(Loew); corn), cerealia, legumes, (=Agromyza simplex (Loew)= Melanagromyza simplex Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), (Loew) ); Diptera: Agromyzidae; asparagus Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) miner II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, daun, America: America.167.Opogona sacchariBojer;(=Alucita bunga sacchari Bojer=Gelechia II Artocarpus integra, A. hissuta, batang, kayu, Asia: India, Pakistan Mangifera indica(mangga, kulit kayu mango), Morusa alba II Asparagus officinalis batang, daun, America: USA (asparagus, asparagus) akar Europe: France II Ananas comosus (nenas, batang, daun, Africa: Cape Verde, Madagascar, pineapple), Bambusa bunga, bibit, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, (bamboo), Dracaena, umbi Réunion, Saint Helena, Seychelles, 92

ligniferalla Walker=Gelechia Hippeastrum, Musa (pisang, South Africasanctaehelenae banana), Polyphagous America: Barbados, Bermuda,Walker=Hieroxestis (polyphagous), Saccharum Honduras, USA, Brazil, Peru,ligniferella=Hieroxestis officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Venezuelaplumipes Butler=Hieroxestis Strelitzia, Yucca, Zea mays Asia: China, Israel, Japansanctaehelenae (jagung, corn) Europe: Germany, Italy,Walker=Hieroxestis Alpinia, Begonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,subcervinella Bougainvillea spectabilis Spain, SwitzerlandWalker=Laverna plumipes (Bougainvilla), Bromeliaceae, Europe: Germany,Italy, Netherlands,Butler=Opogona Cactaceae (cacti),Capsicum Poland, Portugal, Russian, Spain,sanctaehelenae (peppers), Chamaedorea, SwitzerlandWalker=Opogona Chamaedorea elegans (parlour palm), Cordyline,subcervinella (Walker) =Tineasubcervinella Walker ); Dieffenbachia (dumbcanes),Lepidoptera; Tineidae; Dioscorea (gembili, yam),banana moth, sugarcane Euphorbia pulcherrimamoth (poinsettia), Ficus, Heliconia, Hippeastrum, Maranta (arrowroot), Philodendron, Saintpaulia (african violet), Sansevieria (snake plant), Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine)168.Oryctes boasFabricius; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso,Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; coconut), Elaeis guineensis media tanam, Burundi, Chad, DR Congo, Congo,rhinoceros beetle, scarabeid (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), tanah Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,oryctes boas Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, dates-palm) Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Washingtonia (wshington- Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, palm) Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, 93

Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen169.Oryctes elegansPrell; II Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, batang, daun, Africa: Mauritius Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; rhinoceros beetle dates-palm) media tanam, Asia: Iran170.Oryctes monoceros(Olivier); tanah (=Oryctes blucheaui Fairmaire=Oryctes insularis II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Coquerel=Scarabaeus monoceros Olivier); coconut), Elaeis guineensis media tanam, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, DR Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; rhinoceros beetle; coconut (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), tanah Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, beetle Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Guinea, Guyana, Kenya, Liberia,171.Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner; (=Botys nubilalis Robin & dates-palm) Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Laboulbène=Botys silacealisHübner=Micracris Agave sisalana (sisal hemp), Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, nubilalis=Micractis nubilalis Hübner=Pyralis nubilalis Areca spp., Dracaena spp., Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Senegal, Hübner=Pyrausta nubilalis Meyrick=Pyrausta silacealis); Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Lepidoptera: Crambidae; European maize borer, Raphia spp., Saccharum South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, European corn borer, corn moth, stalk borer officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) Togo, Uganda Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen II Avena sativa (oat, oats), batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Echinochloa crus-galli buah, biji Morocco, Tunisia (barnyard grass), Hordeum America: Canada, USA vulgare (barley), Humulus Asia: China, Georgia, Iran, Israel, lupulus (hops), Pennisetum Lebanon, Syria, Turkey glaucum (pearl), rerumputan Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, (Poaceae), Sorghum bicolor Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, halepense (Johnson grass), France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, serealia lainnya (cerealia), Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, mays subsp. mays Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, (sweetcorn) Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, 94

spinach), Amaranthus spp. (grain amaranth), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common burdock), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Chrysanthemum spp., Capsicum spp. (peppers), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cynara scolymus var. Scolymus (artisyok, globeartichoke), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Humulus lupulus (hop), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Populus (poplars), Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), Xanthium (Cocklebur)172.Otiorhyncus sulcatus II Pinus batang, kulit Africa: Egypt 95

Fabricius; Coleoptera: kayu, kayu America: USA, Colombia, Chile,Curculionidae; black pine Canadaweevil Asia: Japan Europe: Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand173.Oulema oryzaeKuw.; (Lema II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Asia: China, Japan, Koreaoryzae); Coleoptera: Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan,Chrysomelidae; rice leaves Belarus, Estonia,beetle Georgia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine174.Pachydissus sericusNewman; II Acacia spp. batang, kayu, Oceania: AustraliaColeoptera: Cerambycidae; kulit kayulonghorn beetle175.Pachymerus lacerdaeChevr.; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa buah, biji Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,(=Pachymerus olearius); sawit, oilpalm) Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast,Coleoptera: Bruchidae; palm Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau,kernel borer Liberia, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Northwest Africa America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela176.Pachymerus nucleorum II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, biji America: Brazil, Guyana France,Fabricius; (=Bruchus coconut), Elaeis guineensis Guyana, Paraguaynucleorum=Caryoborus (kelapa sawit, oilpalm)nucleorum); Coleoptera:Bruchidae; coconut borer, 96

kernel borer177.Paleacrita vernataPeck.; II Ulmus spp., kayu hutan batang, daun, America: Canada, USA(=Alsophila vernata); lainnya (other forest tree) buahLepidoptera: Geometridae;spring cankerworm178.Papaipema nebrisGuenee; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, daun, America: USA(=Papaipema nitela); cerealia bungaLepidoptera: Noctuidae; stalkborer179.Parallelodiplosis II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) batang, daun, America: USAcattleyaeMolliard; Diptera: bungaCecydomiidae; cattleyamidge180.Parthenolecanium corni II Crataegus (hawthorns), Malus bunga, buah, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, LibyaBouché;(= Coccus rosarum (ornamental species apple), daun, batang, America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada,Snellen van Volenhoven in Mespilus germanica (medlar), bibit tanaman Chile, Mexico, USA, PeruDe Graaf et al.=Coccus tiliae Morus alba (mora), Prunus Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia,Fitch=Eulecanium corni corni (stone fruit), Prunus domestica Azerbaijan, China, Georgia,(Bouché); (plum), Prunus persica (persik. India,Iran, Israel,Schmutterer=Eulecanium peach), Populus (poplars), Japan,Kazakhstan, Korea DPR(Northfraxini King=Eulecanium Prunus salicina (Japanese Korea), Republic of Korea (Southguignardi King=Eulecanium plum), Prunus serotina (black Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,kansasense (Hunter) cherry), Pyracantha coccinea Mongolia,Pakistan, Syria,King=Eulecanium rosae (Scarlet firethorn), Ribes Tajikistan,Turkey, Turkmenistan,King=Eulecanium vini (currants), Ribes nigrum Uzbekistan(Bouché) Cockerell=Lecanium (blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum Europe: Albania, Austria,Belarus,(Eulecanium) armeniacum (red currant), Rosa (mawar, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia andCraw; Cockerell & roses), Vitis vinifera (anggur, Herzegovina, Czech, Croatia, Cyprus,Parrott=Lecanium grapevineAcer (maples), Denmark, Finland, France,(Eulecanium) assimile Aesculus Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,Newstead; Reh= hippocastanum(horse Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, 97

Lecanium (Eulecanium) chestnut), Aphelandra Malta, Moldova, Netherlands,aurantiacum squarrosa (Zebra plant), Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Hunter=Lecanium Buxus sempervirens (common Russia, Serbia,Montenegro,(Eulecanium) canadense boxwood), Carpinus betulus Macedonia,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Cockerell; Cockerell & (hornbeam), Celtis occidentalis Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UKParrott=Lecanium (hackberry), Citrus Oceania: Australia, New Zealand(Eulecanium) caryarum aurantiifolia (lime), ClematisCockerell=Lecanium vitalba (old man's beard), 98 Cornus (Dogwood), Cornus(Eulecanium) corylifex Fitch; sanguinea (dogwood),Cockerell=Lecanium Corylus, Corylus avellana(Eulecanium) crawii (hazel), Cotoneaster, CydoniaEhrhorn; Cockerell & oblonga (quince), Euonymus europaeus, Fraxinus (ashes),Parrott=Lecanium Jasminum (jasmine), Juglans(Eulecanium) cynosbati regia (walnut), LoniceraFitch; Cockerell & (honeysuckles), MagnoliaParrott=Lecanium grandiflora (Southern(Eulecanium) fitchii Signoret;Cockerell & magnolia), Malus domesticaParrott=Lecanium (apel, apple), Mespilus(Eulecanium) kingii germanica (medlar), MorusCockerell=Lecanium alba (mora), Populus(Eulecanium) lintneri (poplars), Prunus salicinaCockerell & Bennett; (Japanese plum),Cockerell=Lecanium Prunus serotina (black cherry),(Eulecanium) maclurarum Pyracantha coccinea (ScarletCockerell=Lecanium firethorn), Pyrus (pir, pears),(Eulecanium) ribis Fitch; Pyrus communis (European pear), Ribes uva-crispaCockerell & (gooseberry), RobiniaParrott=Lecanium pseudoacacia(black locust),(Eulecanium) rugosum Rosmarinus officinalisSignoret;Cockerell=Lecanium

(Eulecanium) tarsale (rosemary), RubusSignoret; Cockerell &Parrott=Lecanium (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus(Eulecanium) vini Bouché; idaeus (raspberry), SalixKing & Reh=Lecanium (willows), Sorbus (rowan),adenostomae Spiraea, Taxus baccataKuwana=Lecanium (English yew), Tilia (limes),armeniacum Craw=Lecanium Ulmus (elms), Vacciniumassimile Newstead=Lecanium myrtillus (blueberry),canadense Cockerell; Viburnum), Wisteria sinensisCockerell=Lecanium (purple wisteria)caryaecanadenseCockerell=Lecanium corniBouché=Lecanium cornirobiniarumMarchal=Lecanium coryli(Linnaeus); Sulc(misidentification)=Lecaniumcorylifex Fitch =Lecaniumcrawii Ehrhorn=Lecaniumcynosbati Fitch=Lecaniumfitchii Signoret=Lecaniumfolsomi King=Lecaniumjuglandifex Fitch=LecaniumkansasenseHunter=Lecanium lintneriCockerell & Bennett inCockerell=Lecaniummaclurae Hunter=Lecaniumobtusum Thro=Lecaniumpersicae crudumGreen=Lecanium 99

pruinosumarmeniacum Craw;Tyrell=Lecanium rehi King inKing & Reh=Lecanium ribisFitch=Lecanium robiniarumDouglas=Lecanium rugosumSignoret=Lecanium tarsalisSignoret=Lecanium viniBouché=Lecanium websteriKing=Lecanium wistariaeSignoret=Parthenolecaniumcorni (Bouché);Borchsenius=Parthenolecanium coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc(misidentification));Hemiptera: Coccidae;European fruit lecaniumbrown scale; European fruitscale; peach scale; yew scale;fruit scale181.Pemphigus betaeDoane; II Beta spp. batang, daun, America: Canada, Mexico, USAHemiptera: Aphididae; umbisugarbit root aphid182.Peridroma sauciaHubner; II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), batang, daun, Africa: Morocco, Tunisia(=Agrotis angulifera Brassica oleracea (cabbages, bunga America: Argentina, Bermuda,=A.impacta =A.inermis cauliflowers), Brassica Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia,=A.intecta =A.ortonii oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala,=A.saucia =Lycophotia cabbage), B. oleracea var. Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico,margaritosa =L.ochronota botrytis (bunga kol, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela=L.saucia =Noctua aequa cauliflower), Capsicum Asia: Armenia, China, Israel, Japan,=N.majuscula =N.margaritosa annuum (paprika, bell- Republic of Korea (South Korea), Sri=N.saucia =Rhyacia pepper), Cynara scolymus Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkeymargaritosa =R.saucia (artisyok, artichoke), Lactuca Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, 100

=Peridroma margaritosa); sativa (selada, lettuce), Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, Canary Island, Croatia, Czech,Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tomato), Solanum tuberosum Denmark, Faroes Island, Finland,variegated cutworm, pearly (kentang, potato), Medicago France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,underwing moth sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, tobacco) Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Abies grandis (grand fir), Acer Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (maples),Acer negundo (box elder), Acer saccharum (sugar 101 maple), Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Alnus rubra (red alder), Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern), Aster, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Amelanchier canadensis (thicket serviceberry), Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica spp, Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet),

Brassica napus var. napus(rape), Brassica nigra (blackmustard), Brassica rapasubsp. oleifera (turnip rape),Capsella bursa-pastoris(shepherd's purse),Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cicerarietinum (chickpea),Cichorium (chicory), Cirsium(thistle), Citrus lemon (lemon),Chamaecyparis thyoides(atlantic whitecedar),Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa),Citrullus lanatus (semangka,watermelon), Cicer arietinum(chickpea), Citrus spp. (jeruk,orange), Conyza canadensis,Cucumis melo (melon, melon),Cucumis sativus (mentimun,cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(waluh, labu parang,pumpkin), Daucus carota(wortel, carrot), Dahlia,Datura stramonium(jimsonweed), Dianthus(carnation), Epilobiumangustifolium (rosebaywillowherb), Erigeron(Fleabane), Fragaria vesca(arbei, wild strawberry),Fragaria ananassa(strawberry), Geranium 102

(cranesbill), Gladiolus hybrids(sword lily), Gleditsiatriacanthos (honey locust),Gossypium (cotton),Gossypium barbadens(kapas, cotton), Gleditsiatriacanthos, Helianthusannuus (bunga matahari,sunflower), Hordeum vulgare(barley), Humulus lupulus(hop), Inula helenium(Elecampane), Ipomoeabatatas (ubi jalar,sweetpotato), Lathyrusodoratus (sweet pea), Linumusitatissimum (flax), Loliumspp. (ryegrasses), Maclurapomifera (osage orange),Malus domestica(apel, apple),Mentha piperita, Meliaazedarach (Chinaberry),Melilotus albus (honey clover),Mentha piperita (Peppermint),Mentha spicata (Spear mint),Morus alba (mora),Parthenium argentatum(Guayule), Petunia, Phaseoluslunatus (lima bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis,common bean), Phleumpratense (timothy), Perseaamericana (avokad, avocado), 103

Pimenta dioica (allspice),Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea),Pisum sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Pimenta dioica, Prunusamericana (aprikot, apricot),Prunus domesticum (plum),Pyrus communis (pir,pear),Portulaca oleracea, Prunuscerasus, Prunus persica(persik, peach), Pteridiumaquilinum, Picea glauca (whitespruce), Pisum sativum (pea),Plantago (Plantain),Polygonum (knotweed),Populus (poplars), Portulacaoleracea (purslane), Prunus(stone fruit), Prunus salicina(Japanese plum), Pseudotsugamenziesii (Douglas-fir),Pteridium aquilinum (bracken),Pyrus communis (Europeanpear), Raphanus sativus(lobak, radish), Rheumhybridum (rhubarb), Rhus(Sumach), Ribes uva-crispa(gooseberry), Rosa (roses),Rubus idaeus, Rubusfruticosus (blackberry), Rubusidaeus(raspberry), Rubusoccidentalis (black raspberry),Raphanus sativus (lobak,radish), Rumex (Dock), Salix 104

(willows), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Secale cereale (rye), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media,Solidago (Goldenrod), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Trifolium (clovers), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vicia (vetch), Vicia faba (faba bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Viola (violet), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea mays subsp. mays (sweetcorn), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Zinnia183.Phenacoccus II Avena sativa (oats), Capsicum batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, gossypiiTownsend & Cockerell; (=Phenacoccus annuum (bell pepper), Citrus, bunga Cape Verde, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, madeirensis=Phenacoccus grenadensis=Phenacoccus Coleus, Gossypium barbadens Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, harbisoni);Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; Mexican (kapas, cotton), Hibiscus Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, mealybug, cassava mealybug (rosemallows), Lantana Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, camara (lantana), Manihot Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Togo, Zimbabwe Solanum melongena (terung, America:Antigua and Barbuda, 105

eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Bermuda, Bahama, Barbados,tuberosum (kentang, potato) British Virgin Islands, Brazil, Bolivia,Acacia (wattles), Acalypha Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Colombia, Dominica Republic,(Copperleaf), Ageratina Ecuador, Guyana, Grenada,adenophora (Croftonweed), Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti,Ambrosia (Ragweed), Ananas Jamaica, Montserrat,comosus (pineapple), Mexico,Paraguay,Peru, Panama,Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Aster, Cajanus cajan Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago,(pigeon pea), Cassia (sennas), USA, Venezuela Asia: India, Philippines, Taiwan,Cestrum (jessamine), Cestrum Thailand, Yemennocturnum (night scented Europe: France, Greece, Italy,cestrum), Codiaeum Portugal, Spain(ornamental Oceania: Guam, Federated State of Micronesiacroton),Codiaeum variegatum(croton),Desmodium (tick 106clovers), Erigeron (Fleabane),Fabaceae (leguminous plants),Geranium (cranesbill),Gesneriaceae, Hibiscusmutabilis (cottonrose),Lantana, Malvaceae, Mentha(mints),Mikania micrantha(mile-a-minute), Mimosa(sensitive plants), Ocimumbasilicum(basil),Pachystachys,Partheniumhysterophorus(partheniumweed), Pelargonium(pelargoniums), Ricinuscommunis (castor bean),

Sophora184.Phorachanta semipunctata II Eucalyptus diverisicolor,E. batang, kayu, Africa: South Africa Fabricius; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Eucalyptus globules,E. maidenii kulit kayu America: USA longhorned borer Europe: France, Italy, Netherlands,185.Phylloxera vitifoliaeFitch.; (=Dactylosphaera vastatrix Spain, Portugal (Planchon=Dactylosphaera vitifoliae II Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, South (Shimer)=Daktulosphaira vitifoliae grapevine), Vitis aestivalis buah, bunga, Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe Fitch=Daktylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch=Pemphigus (Summer grape), Vitis akar America: Argentina, Bermuda, vitifoliae Fitch=Peritymbia vastatrix Fitch=Peritymbia labrusca (fox grape), Vitis Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, vitifoliae (Planchon)=Peritymbia riparia (riverbank grape) Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA, vitisana Westwood=Phylloxera Uruguay, Venezuela pervastatrix Börner=Phylloxera vastatrix Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, (Planchon)=Phylloxera vitifolii (Fitch)=Rhizaphis vastatrix Georgia, India, Israel, Japan, (Planchon)=Viteus vastatrix (Planchon)=Viteus vitifoliae); Jordan, Korea DPR (North Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae; phylloxera, grape phylloxera, Korea),Republic of Korea (South vine louse, grape leaf louse Korea), Lebanon, Syria, Turkey186.Pieris rapae.; (=Artogeia rapae =Ascia rapae Europe: Austria, Bosnia and =Mancipium rapae =Papilio rapae =Pontia rapae); Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand II Brassica spp., Brassica batang, daun Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, oleracea (cabbage, Morocco cauliflowers), Brassica America: Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, oleracea var. botrytis (bunga USA 107

Lepidoptera: Pieridae; kol, cauliflower), Brassica Asia: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, cabbage butterfly, cabbage white butterfly, common oleracea var. capitata (kubis, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, cabbage worm, imported cabbage worm, rape white cabbage), Brassica oleracea Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR butterfly, small white butterfly var. gemmifera (Brussels (North Korea),Republic of Korea187.Piesarthrus sprouts), Brassica oleracea (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, marginellusNewman; Coleoptera: var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Cerambycidae;acacia longhorn beetle Brassica oleracea var. italica Philippines, Singapore, Syria,188.Pimelephila (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam ghesquiereiTams.; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; oleracea var. viridis(collards), Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, African spir borer Brassica rapa cultivar group Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Caixin, Brassica rapa subsp. Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, oleifera (turnip rape), Brassica Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, rapa subsp. pekinensis, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Brassicaceae (cruciferous Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, crops), Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Alliaria petiolata(garlic Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, mustard), Cakile maritima, Slovenia, Spain, Erysimum cheiranthoides Sweden,Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, (Treacle mustard), Rorippa Serbia indica (indian marshcress), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Spinacia oleracea (Spinach), Tropaeolum majus(common nasturtium) II Acacia spp. batang, kayu, Oceania: Australia kulit kayu II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, daun Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Central sawit, oilpalm), Raphia African Republic, Congo,DR Congo, Cocos nucifera (kelapa, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- coconut) Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, 108

Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo189.Pissodes strobi Peck; II Picea abies (common spruce), batang, kayu America: Canada, Mexico, USA(=Pissodes engelmanni Picea engelmannii (EngelmannHopkins =Pissodes sitchensis spruce), Picea glauca (whiteHopkins); Coleoptera: spruce), Picea sitchensisCurculionidae;sitka spruce (Sitka spruce), Pinusweevil banksiana (jack pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus balfourina, P. densifola, P. flexilis, P. griffithii, P. montocola, P. mugo, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. syvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii Picea mariana (black spruce), Picea omorika (Pancic spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Picea rubens (red spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine),Pinus flexilis (limber pine),Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus monticola (western white pine), Pinus mugo (mountain pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus parviflora (Japanese white pine), Pinus peuce(macedonian pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Pinus strobiformis (southwestern 109

white pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pinus tecunumanii (tecun uman pine), Pinus wallichiana (blue pine)190.Planococcoides II Theobroma cacao (kakao, tunas, batang, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR Congo, njalensisLaing; cocoa), Persea americana daun, buah Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, (=Pseudococcus njalensis =P.exitiabilis); Hemiptera: (avokad, avocado) Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Pseudococcidae; Northwest African cocoa mealybug Ananas comosus (nenas, Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo191.Planococcus kenyae Le pineapple), Bombax Pelley;(=Planococcus subukiaensis=Pseudococcus buonopozense (silk-cotton kenyae=P.kenyaensis); tree), Ceiba pentandra Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; (kapok), Clerodendrum (Fragrant clerodendron), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Coffea canephora (kopi robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree), Cola acuminata(cola), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Gliricidia sepium (mother of cocoa), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, tunas, batang, Africa:Burundi, DR Congo, Congo, pigeon pea), Citrus spp.(jeruk, daun, bunga, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, buah Nigeria, Rwanda, Siera Leone, coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, arabika, arabica coffee), Zimbabwe 110

coffee mealybug, Kenya Coffea canephora (kopimealybug robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea eugenioides, Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas(ubi jalar, sweet potato), Passiflora spp. (passion flower), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Acacia spp. (wattles), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Carissa edulis (egyptian carissa), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), Erythrina abyssinica (red hot poker tree), Gardenia, Gliricidia, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Indigofera spp., (indigo), Impatiens (balsam), Inga, Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rose wood), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Phaseolus (beans), Psidium guajava (jambu batu, guava), Pueraria lobata, Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Sesbania grandiflora 111

(turi, agati), Sesbania sesban (sesban), Solanum (nightshade), Solanum seaforthianum (star potato- vine), Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle)192.Platyomopsis egena Pascoe; II Acacia spp. batang, kayu, Oceania: Australia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae kulit jayu II Acacia spp. batang, kayu, Oceania: Australia193.Platyomopsis nigrovireus kulit kayu Donovan; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae;green striped II Acer spp., Asparagus batang, daun, America: Canada, USA longhorn beetle officinalis(asparagus, bunga, akar, Asia: China, India, Japan, Korea194.Popilia japonicaNewman; (=Aserica japonica=A. asparagus), Glycine max tanah Europe: Portugal, Russia japonica=Maladera japonica=Serica japonica); (kedelai, soyabean), Malus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Japanese beetle, velvety domesticum (apel, apple), chafer buah batu (stone fruit),195.Prionoryctes canniculusArr.; Rheum hybridum, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus spp.(raspberry), Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Aesculus spp., Althaea spp., Castanea spp., Hibiscus spp., Juglans nigra, Platanus spp., Populus spp., Salix spp., Sorbus americana, Sassafras albidum, Betula spp., turfgrasses. II Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), batang, daun, Africa: all 112

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Dioscorea esculenta umbi yam beetle196.Prostephanus truncatus II Dried cassava (gaplek), Zea umbi kering, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Horn.; (=Dinoderus mays (jagung, corn), Manihot biji Burundi, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, truncates); Coleoptera: Bostrichidae; larger grain esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, borer, greater grain borer, scania beetle stored products (dried stored Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal,197.Protomelittoma insulare products) South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Lymexylidae; stem borer S): Arachis hypogaea (kacang Zambia198.Pseudococcus aurilanatus tanah, peanut), Dioscorea sp. America:Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Maskell; Hemiptera: Psudococcidae; Golden (gembili, yam), Phaseolus Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, mealybug, yellow banded mealybug vulgaris (buncis, common Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,199.Pseudococcus calceolariae bean), Sorghum bicolor Panama, Peru, USA Maskell;(=Dactylopius calceolariae (Maskell), Erium (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Asia:Cambodia calceolariae ((Maskell) Lindinger), Pseudococcus spp., Triticum aestivum Europe:France,Italy citrophilus (Clausen), P. fragilis Brain; P. gahani (gandum, wheat) Green, P. II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang Africa: Madagascar, Seychelles. coconut), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) II A. Excelsia, Araucaria spp. batang, kayu Africa: Kenya, Uganda America: Canada, Mexico, USA Oceania: Australia, New Zealand II Abutilon (Indian Mallow), bibit tanaman, Africa: Ghana, Madagascar, Arachis hypogaea (kacang bagian Morocco, Namibia, South Africa tanah, peanut), Brachychyton, tanaman America: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Brassica, Ceanothus (white- Central America, Colombia, Chile, thorne), Chenopodium Dominican Republic, Ecuador, (Goosefoot), Citrus medica French Guiana, Mexico, USA, (citron), Conium maculatum Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, (Poison hemlock), Crataegus, Asia: China, Georgia 113

similans);Hemiptera: (hawthorns), Cynodiaoblonga Europe: Czech, France, Italy, (quince), Daucus carota Netherlands, Portugal, Russia,Pseudococcidae; scarlet (wortel, carrot), Dodonaea Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, UKmealybug, Citrophilus viscosa (switsch sorrel), Oceania: Australia, New Zealandmealybug, currant mealybug Eugenia, Ficus, Fragaria (stroberi, strawberry), 114 Geranium (cranesbill), Hedera helix (ivy), Helianthusspp. (sunflower), Heliotropium arborescens (cherry pie), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Juglans regia (walnut), Laburnum anargyroides (laburnum), Ligustrum (privet), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Malva (mallow), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum tobira (japanese pittosporum), Pittosporum undulatum (pittosporum), Polyscias, Prunus, (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rheum hybridum, (rhubarb), Rhododendron (Azalea), Ribes

sanguineum (Flowerring currant), Rosa (mawar, roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) Schinus molle (false pepper tree), Sechium edulle (chayotte), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane)200.Pseudotheraptus wayi II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Brown; (=Theraptus sp. (Way)); Hemiptera: Coreidae; coconut), Anacardium bunga, buah Tanzania coconut bug occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Macadamia spp., Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut), Cinnamomum myanmarnii (bark of kayu manis, cassia vera), Cinnamomum verum (kayu manis, cinnamon), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, starfruit),Carya illinoinensis(pecan), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) 115

201.Psila rosaeFab.; II Petroselinum crispum (parseli, umbi, media America: Canada, USA (=Chamaepsila rosae = Musca rosae =Chamaepsila parsley), Pastinaca sativa ( tanam, tanah Asia: Georgia, Japan, Mongolia, hennigi); Diptera: Psilidae; parsnip), Apium graveolens Turkey carrot root fly, carrot rust fly (seledri, celery), Apium Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium,202.Psorosina hammondiRiley.; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; apple graveolens var. rapaceum Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Finland, leaves skeletonizer (celeriac), Daucus carota France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland,203.Pyrrhia umbraHufnagel; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; rose (wortel, carrot), Carum carvi Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, budworm, tobacco striped caterpillar (jinten, caraway), Levisticum Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, officinale (lovage), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Anethum graveolens (dill), Ukraine, UK Anthriscus cerefolium, Oceania: New Zealand Brassica, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Coriandrum sativum (ketumbar, corriander), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Foeniculum vulgare (adas pedas, fennel), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish) II Malus domestica (apel, apple), batang, daun, America: Canada, USA Prunus persica (persik, buah peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), nektarin, other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) II Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, batang, daun, Asia:Republic of Korea (South Korea) tomato) bunga Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Russia 116

204.Recilia micaKramer; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa tunas, batang, Africa:West Africa, Ivory CoastHemiptera: Cicadellidae; sawit, oilpalm) dauncicadellid leaveshopper205.Rhagoletis cerasiL; (= Musca II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), buah, media Asia: Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan,cerasi = Rhagoletis cerasi Prunus avium (sweet cherry), tanam, tanah Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey,fasciata=R. cerasi nigripes Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb=R. cerasi obsoleta =R. cherry), Prunus serotina (black Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,obsoleta =Spilographa cerasi cherry) Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,=Tephritis cerasi =Trypeta Malus domestica (apel, apple), Czech, Denmark, Estonia, France,signata =Urophora cerasorum Prunus americana (aprikot, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,=Urophora liturata=Zonosema apricot), Prunus persica Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,cerasi); Diptera: Tephritidae; (persik, peach), Pyrus Montenegro, Macedonia,Europeancherryfruit fly, communis (pir, pear), Prunus Netherlands, Norway, Poland,cherry fruit fly domesticum (plum), Lonicera Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, xylosteum (Fly honeysuckle) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine206.Rhagoletis cingulataLoew.; II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), buah, media America: Canada, Mexico, USA(=Trypeta (Rhagoletis) Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), tanam, tanah Europe: Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands,cingulata=Trypeta cingulata); Prunus serotina (black cherry),Diptera: Tephritidae; Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Slovenia, Switzerlandcherryfruit fly Prunus domesticum (plum) Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus virginiana (commonchokecherrytree)207.Rhagoletis faustaOsten II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), buah, media America: Canada, USASacken; (=Acidia fausta = Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) tanam, tanahRhagoletisintrudens =Trypeta Malus domesticum (apel, 117

(Acidia) fausta=T.fausta); apple), Prunus americana Diptera: Tephritidae; black (aprikot, apricot), Prunus (dark) cherry fruit fly emarginata (bitter cherry tree), Prunus persica (persik,208.Rhagoletis pomonellaWalsh.; peach), Pyrus communis (pir, (= Rhagoletis symphoricarpi pear), Prunus domesticum =Spilographa pomonella (plum), Prunus mahaleb =Trypetapomonella (mahaleb cherry), Prunus =Zonosema pomonella); pensylvanica (pin cherry), Diptera: Tephritidae; apple Prunus serotina (black cherry), maggot fly, railroad worm Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree) II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buah, media America: Canada, Mexico, USA. Amelanchier (serviceberries), tanam, tanah Aronia (chockeberry), Cornus florida (Flowering dogwood), Cotoneaster, Cotoneaster apiculatus, Cotoneaster coriaceus, Cotoneaster integerrimus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Crataegus crus- galli (Cockspur hawthorn), Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn), Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus suksdorfii, Malus (ornamental species apple), Malus baccata (siberian crab apple), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus angustifolia 118

(Mountain cherry tree), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domestica (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry tree), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree), Rosa (roses), Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose), Rosa virginiana (Virginia rose), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Sorbus scopulina209.Rhynchophorus palmarumL.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun America: Argentina, Barbados, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; coconut), Elaeis guineensis Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, boring weevil (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana dates-palm), Saccharum France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Phoenix canariensis Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Artocarpus communis (sukun, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto breadfruit), Ananas comosus Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the 119

(nenas, pineapple), Annona Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and reticulata, Carica papaya Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa)210.Rhynchophorus phoenicis II Phoenix spp, Cocos nucifera batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, DRL.;Coleoptera: Curculionidae; (kelapa, coconut), Elaeis titik tumbuh Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana,boring weevil guineensis (kelapa sawit, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, oilpalm) Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda211.Sacadodes pyralisDyar.; II Gossypium barbadens buah, batang, America:Colombia, Costa Rica, ElLepidoptera: Noctuidae; (kapas, cotton) daun, bunga, Salvador, Guyana, Nicaragua,Colombian pink bollworm, Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, tanah Panama,Paraguay,Trinidad andpink cotton boll worm, lady’s finger), Cienfuegosia Tobago, VenezuelaThurberia bollworm, affinis, Hibiscus sabdariffaTrinidad bollworm, SouthAmerican red bollworm,sugarcane stalk borer, SouthAmerican bollworm212.Saccharosydne II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, daun, America: Antigua and Barbuda,saccharivoraWestwood; sugarcane) bunga Bahama, Barbados, Caribbean(=Delphax saccharivora Island, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada,=Stenocranus saccharivorus); Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana,Hemiptera: Delphacidae; Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, PuertoWest indian cane fly, West Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent &Indian sugarcane Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, 120

leaveshopper USA, Venezuela213.Sahlbergella singularisHagl.; II Theobroma cacao (kakao, batang, daun, Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, (=Sahlbergella theobroma); Heteroptera: Miridae; mirids, cocoa), Cola nitida(bitter cola) buah Central Africa, DR Congo, Congo, brown capsid, cocoa capsid, cocoa capsidstem sapper Bombax buonopozense(silk- Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea,214.Scolytus rugulosusMuller; cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra Ghana, Madagascar, Nigeria, Sao (=Eccoptogaster mediterraneus =E. rugulosus (kapuk randu, kapok), Cola Tome & Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo, =Scolytus mediterraneus =Ruguloscolytus spp., Gossypium barbadens Uganda mediterraneus =R. rugulosus); Coleoptera: (kapas, cotton), Theobroma Scolytidae;shoot hole borer, apple tree beetle, fruit tree spp., Theobroma bicolor bark beetle, shot-hole borer (nicaraguan cocoa), Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu) II Malus domesticum (apel, batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, apple), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, buah Morocco,Tunisia cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, (persik, peach), Pyrus Chile, Peru, USA, Uruguay communis (pir, pear), Prunus Asia: Afghanistan, Georgia, Iran, domesticum (plam, plum), Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, other stone fruit (buah batu Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, lainnya) Turkmenistan Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Russia, Serbia, 121

Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK215.Sesamia calamistis Hamps.; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), batang, daun Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, DR(=Sesamia mediastriga, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum,Sesamia vuteria); sorghum), Pennisetum Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea,Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; glaucum(pearl millet), Triticum Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana,African pink stem borer, aestivum (gandum, wheat), Kenya,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,African pink borer of Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger,sugarcane, Mauritius pink Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Senegal,borer of sugarcane, pink sugarcane), cerealia. Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan,stalk borer of sugarcane, Carex (sedges), Cyperus Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia,southern pink borer of papyrus, Poaceae (grasses) Zimbabwesugarcane216.Sesamia creticaLederer; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), batang, daun Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, Chad,(=Sesamia cretica Pennisetum glaucum(pearl Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,rufescens=S.cyrnaea millet), Saccharum officinarum Lesotho, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Niger,=S.griselda =S.pecki (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Togo,=S.uniformis =S.vuteria bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Tunisiavuterioides); Lepidoptera: Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel,Noctuidae;corn stem borer, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,greater sugarcane borer, corn) Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka,Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Panicum miliaceum (millet), Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey,sorghum) stem borer, stem Poaceae (grasses) Uzbekistan, Yemencorn borer, durra stem borer, Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosniacorn pink borer, large corn and Herzegovina, Croatia, France,borer, pink sugarcane borer, Greece, Italy, Macedonia,sugarcane pink borer, Montenegro, Portugal, Russia,sorghum borer Slovenia, Spain, Serbia217.Sirex noctilio Fabricius; II Pinus banksiana (jack pine), batang, kayu Africa: South Africa America: Canada, USA, Argentina,Hymenoptera: Siricidae; Pinus canariensis (Canarywoodwasp, steel blue, pine), Pinus contorta Brazil, Chile, Uruguayhorntail, european (lodgepole pine), Pinus Asia: Georgia (Republic), Mongolia 122

woodwasp, sirex wasp, densiflora (Japanese umbrella Europe: Austria, Belgium, Canary Islands, Cyprus, Czech Republic andwood wasp, steel-blue pine), Pinus echinata Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, (shortleaves pine), Pinus Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Siberia, elliottii (slash pine), Pinus Serbia and Montenegro, Serbia, halepensis (Aleppo pine), Spain, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Swaziland palustris (longleaves pine), America: Argentina, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA Pinus patula (Mexican Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Iraq, weeping pine), Pinuspinaster Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, (maritime pine), Pinuspinea Thailand, Turkey, Yemen (stone pine), Pinus ponderosa Europe:Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,Czech, (ponderosa pine), Pinus Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, radiata (radiata pine), Pinus 123 taeda (loblolly pine), Abies (firs), Abies alba (silver fir), Larix (larches), Picea (spruces), Picea abies (common spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pseudotsuga(douglas-fir)218.Sitophilus granariusL.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji(=Calandra granaria wheat), Hordeum vulgare=Calendra granaria =Curculio (barli, barley), stored productsgranarius); Coleoptera: (dried stored products)Dryophthoridae; grain Arachys hypogaea (kacangweevil, maize weevil, granary tanah, peanut), Avenaweevil sativa(oat, oats), Cicer arietinum(chickpea), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Panicum

spp. (milets), Pennisetum spp. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, (feather grass), Secale cereale Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, (rye), Sorghum bicolor Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Oceania: Australia spp., Vicia faba (faba or broad bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn)219.Sophronica ventralis Auriv.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) batang, daun, Africa Coleoptera: Scolytidae; berry borer biji, buah America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,220.Stenoma decora Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Zeller;(=Cryptolechia decora Zeller); Lepidoptera: Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Oecophoridae; cacao fruit and shoot borer, shoot and Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French pod borer Guiana221.Stromatium barbatum Fabricius;Coleoptera: II Theobroma cacao (kakao, daun, buah America: Brazil Cerambycidae; Drywood longicorn beetle cocoa)222.Tagosodes cubanus Ceiba pentandra (kapuk D.L.Crawford; randu, kapok) (=Chloriona cubana=Dicranotropis II Citrus, Eucalyptus, Oak, batang, kayu Africa: Tanzania, Madagascar, cubanus =Sogatella cubana =Sogatodes cubanus=Sogata pines Mauritius cubana); Hemiptera: Delphacidae; paddy plant Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Pakistan, Nepal II Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), batang, daun, Africa: Ivory Coast Glycine max (kedelai, America: Colombia, Cuba, Guyana, soyabean), Oryza sativa (padi, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Suriname, paddy) Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, Venezuela mungbean), Cicer aeritinum, Lens esculenta (lentils) 124

hopper II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun America:Argentina, Belize, Brazil,223.Tagosodes orizicolusMuir.; Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, (=Chloriona orizicola =Sogata brazilensis=Sogata orizicola Dominica, El Salvador, Guatemala, =Tagosodes brazilensis =Sogatodes brazilensis =S. Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, orizicolus =S.oryzicola =S. orizicola =S. orizicolus); Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Hemiptera: Delphacidae; rice delphacid, rice leaveshopper Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,224.Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker; (=Mikimyia USA, Venezuela furcifera =Toxotrypana fairbatesi); Diptera: II Carica papaya (papaya, buah, media America: Bahama, Belize, Colombia, Tephritidae, papaya fruit fly pawpaw, papaya) tanam, tanah Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican225.Trichispa sericea Guerin- Meneville; Coleoptera: Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Chrysomelidae; rice hispids Haiti, Honduras, Mexico,226.Trogoderma granarium Everts; (=Trogoderma Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, affrum=Trogoderma khapra); Coleoptera: Dermestidae; Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & kumbang kaphra/khapra beetle Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands, Venezuela. II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) batang, daun Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda Europe: Spain II Arachys hypogaea (kacang biji, karung Africa: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Egypt, tanah, peanut), Gossypium goni/alat Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, hirsutum (kapas, cotton), pembungkus Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Hordeum vulgare(barley), bekas Sudan, Tunisia, Zambia, Zanzibar, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), komoditi, Zimbabwe. Panicum miliaceum (millet), makanan Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, 125

Sesamum indicum (wijen, ternak India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Republic of sesame), Sorghum bicolor Korea (South Korea), Lebanon, (sorgum, sorghum), stored Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, products (dried stored Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, products), Triticum aestivum Yemen. (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Europe: Cyprus, Spain, Switzerland, (jagung, corn) dan serealia Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, lainnya Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Helianthus annuus (bunga Georgia, Armenia, Tajikistan, matahari, sunflower), Kyrgyzstan, Moldova Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), Vicia faba (faba bean), Vigna unguiculata(cowpea)227.Tryphocaria mastersi Pascoe; II Acacia spp. batang, kayu, Oceania: Australia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae ; Eucalypt ring barber kulit kayu228.Undulambia polystichalis; II Leather Leaves Fern, Rumohra rimpang America: USA Lepidoptera: adiantiformis, Polypodium Crambidae;Leatherleaves scouleri, Pyrrosia eleagnifolia fern borer moth II Quercus (oak), Castanea batang, kayu America: NorthAmerica229.Xestobiumrufovillosum De (chestnut), other hardwood Europe: England, France, Geer;Coleoptera: Anobiidae; deathwatch beetle wholeEurope230.Xyleborus affinis Eichoff; Oceania: Australia (=Xyleborus mascarensis Eichhoff=Xyleborus sacchari II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, kayu, America: Brazil, Cuba, USA, Mexico, Hopkins); Coleoptera: Scolytidae;shot-hole borer of sugarcane) kulit kayu Jamaica sugarcane, ambrosia beetle Juglans nigra (black walnut), Europe: Italy Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut), Pinus (pines) 126

of oak II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam), batang, kayu, Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana,231.Xyleborus ferrugineusFab.; Euterpe edulis(assai palm), kulit kayu Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, DR (=Xyleborus confusus=X.fuscatus); Persea americana (avokad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Coleoptera: Scolytidae; black twig borer, bark beetle avocado), Pinus elliottii(slash Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, pine) Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leon, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela. Asia:Republic of Korea (South Korea), Malaysia Oceania: American Samoa, Fiji, France Polynesian, Kiribati, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Island, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands 127

232.Xyloborinus saxesenii II Eucalyptus spp. bibit tanaman, Asia: China, India, Armenia,Batzeburg; Coleoptera: batang, kayu, AzerbeijanScolytidae; Fruit tree pinhole kulit kayu Europe: allborer233.Zonocerus elegans (Thunb.); II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Botswana, DR Congo,(=Acrydium sanguinolentum merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar,=Gryllus elegans (bawang bombay, onion), tanaman, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,=Poekilocerus roseipennis); Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, tanah Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland,Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae; spinach), Amaranthus (grain Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,elegants grasshopper amaranth), Ananas comosus Zimbabwe (nenas, pineapple), Anacardium occidentale(jambu mete, cashew-nut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Plumeria spp. (frangipani), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, 128

cassava), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanaceae, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Persea americana (avokad, avocado)234.Zonocerus variegatus L.; II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso,(=Acrydium merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian Cameroon, Central Africa, Chad, DRsanguinolentum=Gryllus (bawang bombay, onion), tanaman, Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon,(Locusta) variegatus=G. laevis Amaranthus (grain tanah Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau,=G. opacus); Orthoptera: amaranth), Amaranthus Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi,Acrididae; variegated hybridus (bayam, spinach), Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda,grasshopper Ananas comosus (nenas, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo pineapple), Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashewnut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Gossypium barbadens 129

(kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Poaceae, Solanaceae, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Piper, Plumeria (frangipani) Cannabis sativa (hemp), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Tectona grandis (jati, teakwood)235.Zygogramma II Helianthus annuus (bunga batang, daun, America: Canada, USA exclamationisFab.; (=Calligrapha exclamationis matahari, sunflower) tanah, bunga =Zygospila exclamationis =Chrysomela exclamationis); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; sunflower beetleII. TUNGAU (MITES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIANo UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG / PEMBAWA/ DAERAH SEBAR / SCIENTIFIC NAME/ / GROUP HOSTS PATHWAYS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 130

1. Aceria cajani II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, bagian Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, Channabasavanna; Prostigmata: Eriophydae; pigeon pea), Cajanus tanaman di Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand pigeonpea mite cajanifolius, Cajanus atas tanah2. Aceria ficus Cotte; (=Aceria fici =Eriophyes fici =E.ficus); platycarpus, Cajanus Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; fig scarabaeoides (kacang gude, blister mite, fig mite, fig rust peanut grass), Cajanus mite sericeus3. Aculops lycopersici Tryon.; (=Aculops destructor =Aculus II Ficus carica (ara, fig) bagian Asia: Japan, India destructor =A.lycopersici =Phyllocoptes destructor tanaman di Africa: all =P.lycopersici =Vasates destructor =V.lycopersici); atas tanah America: North America Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; tomato russet mite, tomato Eropa: all mite II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, bagian Africa: Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, tomato), Ipomoea batatas (ubi tanaman di Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Morocco,, jalar, sweet potato), Nicotiana atas tanah Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Solanum melongena (terung, America: Antigua and Barbuda, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum Argentina, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, (kentang, potato) Cuba, Curaçao, Guyana France, Capsicum annuum(cabai Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Browallia americana, Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Convolvulus, Datura spp., Uruguay, Venezuela Petunia hybrida, Physalis Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, peruviana, Solanum spp., Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Convolvulus arvensis, Physalis Korea, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Sri minima Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Swedia, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New 131

Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu4. Aculops pelekassi Keifer; II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) bagian America: USA, Brazil(=Aculus pelekassi); tanaman di Asia: Republic of Korea (SouthProstigmata: Eriophyidae; atas tanah Korea), Taiwan, Thailandpink citrus rust mite Europe: Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia5. Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) bagian Africa: Egypt, South Africa(=Aculus Pyrus communis (pir, pear), tanaman di America:Canada, USA, Chilemalivagrans=Phyllocoptes Malus sylvestris (crab-apple atas tanah Asia: China, India, Japan, Lebanon,schlechtendali =Vasates tree) Pakistan, Turkeymalivagrans =Vasates Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,schlechten-dali); Prostigmata: Denmark, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia,Eriophyidae; apple rust mite, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,apple bud mite, apple leaf Montenegro, Macedonia, France,mite, rusty leaf mite Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: New Zealand, Australia6. Brevipalpus californicus II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), bagian Africa: Algeria, Angola, Congo, Egypt,Bank.; (=Brevipalpus Citrus spp. tanaman di Libya, Mauritania, Mozambique,australis =B.browningi Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, atas tanah Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe=B.confusis =B. woglumi lady’s finger), Citharexylum America: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba,=Hystripalpus californicus quadrangulare, Cymbidium, Guyana France, Guyana, Honduras,=Tenuipalpus australis Cucurbita, Dendrobium, Mexico, USA=T.californicus =T.vitis); Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, Japan,Prostigmata: sweetpotato), Musa spp. Malaysia, Mauritania, Nepal,Tenuipalpidae;citrus flat (pisang, banana), Vigna Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,mite, red flat mite, scarlet sinensis (buncis, common Thailandmite of tea, bunch mite bean), Phalaenopsis, Psidium Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, guajava (jambu biji, guava), Italy, Portugal, Russia 132

Pittosporum, Rhododendron, Oceania: Australia, Guam, New Robinia, Schinus Zealand, Papua New Guinea terebinthifolius, Sesbania sesban, Tetragonia tetragonioides, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum burmanii (kayu manis, cassiavera), Lablab purpureus, Solanum spp.7. Bryobia rubrioculusScheuten; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), bagian Africa: Mozambique, South Africa,(=Bryobia arborea, Prunus avium, Prunus tanaman di ZimbabweB.redikorzevi); Prostigmata: domestica, Prunus dulcis, atas tanah America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada,Tetranychidae; brown apple Prunus persica (persik, Chile, Mexico, USA, Uruguaymite, brown mite; brown, peach), Prunus spp., Pyrus Asia:Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,China,bryobia mite, pear bryobia communis (pir, pear), Pyrus Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq,mites javonica (Japonica), Ulmus sp. Japan,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, (elm) Lebanon, Turkey, Uzbekistan Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, tanah, groundnut, peanut), France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, cotton), Prunus salicina Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.8. Eotetranychus willamettei II Vitis vinifera (anggur, bagian America: USAMcGregor; (=Tetranychus grapevine), Acernegundo, tanaman diwillamettei =Tetranychus Quercusgarryana, atas tanahwillametti); Prostigmata: Quercuslobata,Tetranychidae; willamette Eriogonumjamesi,mite Amelanchiersp., Malusdomestica (apel, apple), 133

Purshiatridentata, Pyruscommunis (pir, pear), Sorbusdomestica, Ulmussp. (elm)9. Mononychellus tanajoa II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, bagian Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,Bondar: (=Mononychellus tomato), Manihot esculenta tanaman di Burundi, Cameroon, Central Africa,caribbeanae =Mononychus (ubi kayu, cassava) atas tanah Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorialtanajoa =Eotetranychus Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,caribbeanae =E.caribbeanus common bean), Vigna sinensis Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali,= Tetranychus tanajoa); (kacang panjang, cowpea), Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda,Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; Zea mays (jagung, corn, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania,cassava mite, cassava green maize) Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwemite America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Ekuador, Falklands, Guyana France, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: China Oceania: Australia, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands10. Oligonychus peruvianus II Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, bagian America:Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador,McGregor: (=Homonychus cassava) tanaman di Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Trinidadperuvianus = Ceratonia siliqua, atas tanah and Tobago, VenezuelaParatetranychus peruvianus Citrusaurantium, Coffea=Paratetranychus trinitatis arabica (kopi, coffee), Daucus=Tetranychus peruvianus(Mc carota (wortel, carrot),Gregor) =Tetranychus Gossypium, Persea americanaperuvensis =Tetranychus (avokad, avocado), Trifoliumtrinitatis); Prostigmata: repens, Vitis, Oxalis sp.Tetranychidae;cassava white 134

spot spider mite11. Oligonychus yothersi II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), tanaman dan America: Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, McGregor; Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; avocado red Mangifera indica (mangga, bagian USA mite mango), tanaman di Asia: Iran12. Panonychus ulmi Koch; (=Paratetranychus ulmi Koch Persea americana (Avokad, atas tanah = Metatetranychus ulmi avocado) Koch=Tetranychus pilosus Canestrini et Fanzago = II Malus domestica (apel, apple), daun, bagian Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tetranychus mytilaspidis Pyrus communis (pir, pear), tanaman Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Ewing); Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; european red Prunus persica(persik, peach), America: Argentina, Bermuda, spider mite Prunus domesticum (plum), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Prunus cerasus (sour ceri). USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Arachis hypogaea (kacang Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, tanah, groundnut), Cedrus Azerbaijan, China, Georgia (cedars), Citrus, Citrus (Republic), India, Iran, Israel, Japan, deliciosa (jeruk mediterranean Republic of Korea (South Korea), mandarin), Citrus reticulata Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, (jeruk mandarin), Coffea Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. (kopi, coffee), Corylus, Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Morus alba (murbei, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, mulberry), Prunus avium Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, (sweet cherry), Prunus dulcis Lithuania, Denmark, Finland, (almond), Vitis vinifera Montenegro, Macedonia, France, (anggur, grapevine) Germany, Greece, Moldova, 135

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand13. Penthaleus major Duges; II Avena sativa (oats), Hordeum biji, daun, Africa: South Africa. (=Tetranychus major Dugès); Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; vulgare (barli, barley), Triticum bagian America: Argentina, Canada, blue oat mite, winter grain mite aestivum (gandum, wheat), tanaman, Mexico, USA14. Petrobia latens (Muller); Bouteloua gracilis (blue tanah Asia: China, Japan (=Acarus latens = Acarus petarum =Acarus praegnans grama), Bromus secalinus Europe: France, Germany, Iceland, =Paratetranychus longipes =Petrobia cepae =Petrobia (Rye brome),Lathyrus, Lolium, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, lapidum =Petrobia tritici = Tetranobia decepta Lolium multiforum (italian Russia, Spain, UK. =Tetranychia tritici =Tetranychopsis paupera ryegrass), Poaceae (grassess), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand =Tetranychopsis simplex =Tetranychus anauniensis Secale cereale (rye). =Tetranychus longipes= Trombidium II Triticum aestivum (gandum, daun, tanah, Africa: Egypt, South Africa lapidum);Prostigmata: wheat), (barli, barley), Allium bagian America: Canada, USA Tetranychidae; brown wheat mite sativum (bawang putih, tanaman di Asia: China, India, Republic of Korea garlic), Allium cepa (bawang atas tanah (South Korea) bombay, onion), Cuminum Europe: Austria, Denmark, France, cyminum (jintan, cumin), Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Coriandrum sativum Spain, United Kingdom (ketumbar, corriander), Oryza Oceania: Australia sativa (padi, paddy), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Sorghumbicolor(sorgum, sorghum), Gladiol, Iris, Malusdomestica (apel,apple), Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas,c otton), 136

Medicagosativa(alfalfa,lucerne ), Clover15. Phyllocoptes vitis Nalepa; (= II Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun Africa: South Africa Phyllocoptes viticolus); grapevine) Asia: India. Prostigmata: Eriophydae; grapevine rust mite, Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, acarinosis of vine, vine rust Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, mite Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,16. Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) Oceania: Australia, New Zealand (=Steneotarsonemus fragariae =Steneotarsonemus II Begonia, Begonia cucullata tanaman, Africa: South Africa pallidus =Tarsonemus var. hookeri (Perpetual bagian America: Brazil, Canada, Colombia, destructor =Tarsonemus fragariae =Tarsonemus begonia), Capsicum annuum tanaman di Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, USA, pallidus); (cabaibesar, paprika, bell atas tanah Venezuela Prostigmata:Tarsonemidae; strawberry mite, cyclamen pepper), Chrysanthemum Asia: Japan, Republic of Korea mite (daisy), Chrysanthemum (South Korea), Philippines, Taiwan,17. Retracus elaeis Keifer; Prostigmata: Phytoptidae; oil frutescens, Consolida Turkey palm mite ambigua, Cyclamen persicum Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,18. Rhizoglyphus echinopus Fumouze & Robin (cyclamens), Fragaria Denmark, Finland, France, (=Coepophagus echinopus =Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi (strawberry), Rhododendron Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, simsii Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa daun, biji America: Costa Rica, Colombia sawit, oilpalm) II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, tanaman, America: USA onion), Allium sativum bagian Asia: Taiwan, Japan, Korea, (bawang putih, garlic),Panax tanaman Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, ginseng (asiatic ginseng) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 137

=Rhizoglyphus spinitarsus Europe: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, =Tyroglyphus echincopus); Astigmata: Acaridae; bulb Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, mite Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraina,19. Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Halbert);(=Tarsonemus Russia, Hungary, Spain approximatus =Tarsonemus approximatus narcissi Oceania: New Zealand =Tarsonemus hydrocephalus =Tarsonemus laticeps); II Narcissus (daffodil), umbi, bagian Europe: UK, Netherlands, Poland, Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae; bulb scale mite Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, tanaman di Slovakia amaryllis),Cyrtanthus spp. atas tanah20. Tarsonemus myceliophagus Hussey; Prostigmata: (fire lily),Eucharis spp. Tarsonemidae (Amazon lily, eucharist21. Tetranychus pacificus lily),Sprekelia spp. (Jacobean McGregor;Prostigmata:Tetra nychidae; Pacific mite, lily) Pacific spider mite II Mushroom batang jamur America: USA Europe:UK, New Zealand, Netherlands, Germany. Oceania: Australia II Vitis vinifera (anggur, tanaman, America: Canada, Mexico, USA grapevine), Prunus, bagian Gossypium hirsutum, tanaman di Gossypium barbadens (kapas, atas tanah cotton), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Phaseolus vulgaris(common bean), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean). Zea mays (jagung, maize, corn), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, flax), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, 138

sunflower), Salvia sp., Morning glory, Fragaria (strawberry), Rosa (roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Vicia (vetch.Begonia, Begonia cucullata var. hookeri (Perpetual begonia), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Consolida ambigua (rocket larkspur), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Rhododendron simsii (Sim's azalea)22. Tetranychus schoenei II Malus domestica (apel, apple), tanaman, America: USA McGregor; (=Septanychus schoenei Pyrus communis (pir, pear), bagian Europe: All McGregor); Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; schoene mite Prunus domesticum (plum), tanaman di atas tanah23. Tyrophagus putrescentiae Vitis vinifera (anggur, Schrank(=Acarus grapevine), Gossypium putrescentiae =Tyroglyphus americanus = Tyroglyphus barbadens (kapas, cotton) castellanii= Tyroglyphus lintneri =Tyroglyphus muscae II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, daun, bunga, Africa:Angola, Egypt, Kenya, =Tyroglyphus nadinus =Tyroglyphus putrescentiae cucumber), komoditas Zimbabwe. =Tyrophagus brauni =Tyrophagus bulleri simpan, America:Barbados, Brazil, Canada, =Tyrophagus castellanii jamur, debu, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, polen, tanah, Guatemala, Peru, Panama, Mexico, moss, kotoran USA,Venezuela dan sarang Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, Iraq, berbagai Israel, Japan, Republic of Korea, hewan Kuwait, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey Europe:Belgium, CzechRepublic and 139

=Tyrophagus lintneri Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, =Tyrophagus longior var. castellanii =Tyrophagus Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, noxius);Astigmata: Acaridae; Netherlands, Poland, Scandinavia, cereal mite, cheese mite, Slovakia, Spain, Spain, Sweden, copra itch mite, forage mite, Switzerland, United Kingdom, mill mite, mold mite, mould Yugoslavia miteIII. KEONG (SNAIL) DAN SIPUT (SLUG) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA PEMBAWA/No KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG / HOSTS DAERAH SEBAR / SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP PATHWAYS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME1. AchatinacraveniSmith; II Coffeaspp.(kopi, coffee), bibit Africa: Zanzibar, Lake Achatinidae; Giant African Sesamumindicum(wijen, Tanganyika,Mozambique snail sesame), tanamanhias(perdu)2. AchatinazanzibaricaBourg; II Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas, bibit Africa: all Giant African snail, Giant land cotton), Agave sisalana snail (sisal), tanamanhias(perdu)3. Ariolimax columbianus Gould; II Musaspp.(pisang, banana), daun, sisa America: USA, North America Pacific banana slug garden plant and flowers tanaman, bibit, tanaman4. ArioncircumscriptusJohnston; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau bibit, umbi America: North America, USA (=Arion bourguignati); Arionidae; , tobacco), Europe: Czech Republic, Great Brownbanded arion, white Daucuscarota(wortel, Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia soled slug carrot), Fragariavesca(arbei, strawberry), Solanum tuberosum(kentang, potato), 140

tanamanjagung(plantofcorn) , Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rape, poppy,rye5. ArionintermediusNormand; II Daucuscarota(wortel, bibit, umbi America: USA, Canada, Hawaii Arionidae; Hedgehog arion, Hedgehog slug carrot), Asia: Sri Lanka6. ArionrufusL.; (=Limax rufus Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Europe: Western and Central Europe =Arion ater =Arion empiricorum); Arionidae; potato), Oceania: New Zealand Chocolate arion, European red slug Apiumgraveolens(seledri,7. ArionsubfuscusDrap; (=Limax celery), tulip, Zea mays L subfuscus =Arion krynickii (Jagung, corn), Triticum spp. =Arion brunneus =Arion (gandum, wheat), Ornamental plants II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau biji, bibit, America: USA, Canada , tobacco), tanaman Europe: Western and Sothern Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Europe potato), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), medicinalherbs, poppy, rape, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rye, Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Brassica oleracea (kubis, cabbage), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli, parsley) II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi, America:USA, Canada potato), daun, batang, Europe: UK (Britain, East Anglia) Daucuscarota(wortel, bunga, buah 141

esthonicus); Arionidae; carrot),Dusky arion Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Fragaria ananassa(stroberi, strawberry), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato)8. BradybaenafructicumMuller; II Vitisvinifera(anggur, bibit Africa: allBradybaenidae; brush snail, grapevine), polong-polongan Asia: allbush snail (legumes), tanamanhias Europe: all (anggrek, tanaman berdaun/puring), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery)9. CecilioidesaciculaMuller; II Asparagusoffinalis bibit Africa: South AfricaFerussaciidae; blind snail, (asparagus, asparagus), America: Argentina, Bermuda,blind awlsnail Apiumgraveolens (seledri, Barbadaos, Hawaii, USA celery) Europe: Canary Island, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine Oceania: New Zealand, Australia10. DerocerasagresteL;(=Limaxagre II Fragariavesca(arbei, bibit, umbi, America: allstis =Agriolimax agrestis strawberry), sayuran akar, tanaman Asia:all=Agrolimax fedschenkoi (vegetables), Solanum Europe:North Europe, Central=Agrolimax transcaucasicus tuberosum(kentang, potato), Europe (Scandinavia, Russiacoeciger); Agriolimacidae; Field Daucuscarota(wortel, Oceania: Australiaslug, grey field slug, milky slug carrot), Brassicaceae, Trifoliumsp, Cynarascolymus(Artichoke), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce)11. DiscusrotundatusMuller;(=Helix II Orchidaceae tanaman, America:USA, Canada 142

rotundatus); Discidae;Rotund bagian Europe:Southern Scandinavia, disc tanaman Northern Scotland to Algeria, Spain, Ireland, Ukraine, Turkey, Denmark,12. DrymaeusdormaniBinney:Buli II Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange) bibit Norway mulidae; Manatee Treesnail America: all13. GeomalacusmaculosusAllman; Arionidae; II Betavulgarisvar.saccharifera bibit Europe, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Kerry slug, Kerry spotted slug (Bitgula, sugarbeet) France14. HelixaspersaMuller; (=Cornu II Actinidiachinensis(kiwi, bibit, daun, Africa:Algeria, Egypt, Gambia, aspersum =Cantareus asperses =Cryptomphalus aspersus); Chinesegooseberry), Beta akar, batang, Lesotho, Lybia, Mauritius, Morocco, Helicidae; vulgaris(bit, beetroot), biji, kayu, Portugal, Reunion, SaintHelena, Brown garden snail, common snail, garden snail Brassicasp, Citrus, kulit kayu, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunisia, Capsicum, umbi, bunga, Zimbabwe, Spain Fragariaananassa buah America:Argentina, Brazil, Canada, (strawberry), Lactuca Chile, Ecuador, FrenchGuiana, sativa(selada, lettuce), Haiti, Mexico, Peru, USAUruguay, Lycopersicumesculentum Guadeloupe, Martinique, Colombia, (tomat, tomato), Persea Guyana, Venezuela. americana(avokad, avocado), Asia:China, Israel, Lebanon, Phaseolusvulgaris, (common Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, bean), Pyrus communis(pir, Turkey, Thailand, Uzbekistan pear), Ribes nigrum Europe:Albania, Andorra, Austria, (blackcurrant), Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia- Zeamays(jagung, corn, Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, maize), Cyprus, Canary Island, Denmark, Alliumcepa(bawangbombai, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, onion), Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Brassicaoleraceaevar. Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, capitata(kubis, cabbage), Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Polyphagous, Prunus Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian armeniaca (aprikot, apricot) Federation, Romania, Serbia, 143

Alcea sp., Allium spp. Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,(onion, garlic, leek, etc), Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, YugoslaviaAlnus sp. (alders), Alyssum Oceania: Fiji, French Polynesia, Newsp. (alison), Avena sativa Caledonia, Australia, NewZealand,(oat), Calibrachoa sp., Nonfolk Is Heliland, Pitcairn Island,Consolida sp., Coriandrum Samoasativum (coriander), Dahliasp, Delphiniumsp. 144(larkspur), Dianthus sp(carnation), Hedera helix(ivy), Hordeum vulgare(barley), Poaceae,Coriandrumsativum(ketumbar, cor-riander)Humuluslupulus(hop), Iberissp. (candytuft), Laburnumanagyroides (commonlaburnum), Lathyrusodoratus (sweet pea),Liliumsp. (lily), Malusdomestica (apple), Medicagolupulina (black medick),Nasturtium (watercress),Opuntia ficus-indica (prickypear), Penstemon sp.,Petunia sp., Pisum sativum(pea), Primula sieboldii,Ranunculus repens (creepingbuttercarp), Raphanussativus (radish), Rubusfruticosus (blackberry),

15. HelixpomatiaL.; Helicidae; Yucca sp., Zinnia sp., America:Canada Roman snail, edible snail, Nasturtium Europe: Denmark, Belarus, Latvia, vineyard snail, burgundy snail officinale(seladaair, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, watercress), Rosmarinus Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,16. HelixrufescensPennant; officinalis(rosemary), Rosa Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Helicidae; reddish snail sp., Thymus vulgaris(thyme), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Helianthus annuus(bunga Ukraina, Russia, Germany, Italy,17. LanistesovumTrosch; matahari, sunflower), Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Trifolium alexandrium Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, (egyptian clover), Vitis Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, vinifera(anggur, grapevine), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & strawberry, Citrusspp.(jeruk, Herzegovina, Serbia, Republic of orange), Triticum Macedonia, Great Britain, Belgium, aestivum(gandum, wheat) Netherlands, France, Norway, Finland, Ukraine, Portugal, Greece II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau bibit America: all , tobacco), Vitisvinifera(anggur, Africa: Botswana, Congo, Chad, grapevine), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), 145 dansayuran (vegetables) II Fragariavesca bibit (arbei, strawberry) II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy) tanaman

(=Lanistes connollyi =Lanistes Ghana, Cameroon, Gambia, Angola,elator =Lanistes innesi Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania,=Lanistes procerus); Mozambique, Zimbabwe, SouthAmpullariidae; freshwater Africasnail18. LehmaniavalentianaFerussac; II Orchidaceae(anggrek, bibit, umbi, Africa: South AfricaLimacidae; terrestrial orchid), akar America: USA, Canada, Chile, Peru,pulmonate gastropod mollusk Solanumtuberosum(kentang, Colombia. potato), sayuran (vegetables) Asia: China, Japan Europe: Andora, Austria, Azores, Balearis Island, Belgium, Britain Island, Canary Island, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish Mainland, French Mainland, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italian Island, Lithuania, Madeira, Malta, Poland, Portuguese, Romania, Russia, Spanish Mainland, Sweden, The Netherland. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand19. LimaxcinereonigerWolf; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: allantiquorum); Limacidae; Ash- potato),grey slug, black keel-slug Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), tanaman hias (anggrek, anthurium, tanaman berdaunlainnya)20. LimaxmaximusL; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi America:USA, Hawaiimaculatus =Limax cellarius potato), Europe:Italy, Norway=Limax cinereus =Limacella Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Oceania: New Zealandparma =Limax antiquorum); celery), CucumisLimacidae; sativus(ketimun, cucumber),Giant garden slug, Great slug, Lycopersicumesculentum(to 146

Tiger slug, Spotted leopard mat, tomato), slug Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), Brassica21. MarisacornuarietisL.; oleraceavar.capitata(kubis, Ampullariidae; Giant cabbage), ramshorn snail, apple snail Cucurbitamoschata(labu, pumpkin), tanamanhias22. MilaxbudapestensisHazay; (anggrek, anthurium, Milacidae; budapest slug, tanaman berdaunlainnya), keeled slug, subterranean slug jamur (mushroom)23. MilaxgagatesDraparnaud; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy). tanaman. Africa: all (=Limax gagtes =Limax America: USA, Hawaii, Karibia fulginosus =Milax antipodarum =Limax pectinatus =Milax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: all hewstoni =Milax emarginata potato), =Milax tasmanicus =Milax nigricolus =Amalia Daucuscarota(wortel, antipodarum var. pallida carrot), sayuran, akarsayuran, Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), rape, poppy, rye, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery), Helianthusannuus(bunga matahari, sunflower) II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi, Africa:all potato), bibit, akar, America: USA Daucuscarota(wortel, batang Asia: Japan, Sri Lanka carrot), Brassicaoleraceavar. Europe: Britain, Mediterranean capitata(kubis, cabbage), region Fragariavesca(arbei, Oceania: New Zealand, Australia strawberry), Cynara scolimus(Artichoke), Glycine 147

=Amalia parryi =Amalia max (kedelai, soyabean), babori); Milacidae; Greenhouse slug, Keeled slug Helianthusannuus(bunga24. MilaxsowerbyiTandonia matahari, sunflower), sowerbyi; sowerby’s slug, bulb- eating slug (oilseed rape)25. OtalalacteaMuller; Helicidae; Milk snail, Milky snail II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, biji, umbi Europe: all26. OxychiluscellariusMuller; potato), Zonitidae; Cellar glass snail Apiumgraveolens(seledri,27. OxychilusdraparnaudiBeck; celery), Daucus carota(wortel, carrot) II Alliumsativum(bawangputih, biji, umbi Africa: NorthAfrica garlic), America:Bermuda,Argentina, Bolivia, Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, celery), DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Brassicaoleraceavar.botrytis( Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, kembang kol, FrenchGuiana, USA, Cuba, Jamaica cauliflower),Brassicaolerace Europe:Netherlands, Spain a capitata(kubis,cabbage), Oceania: Australia Brassicaoleraceavar.italica(b rokoli, broccoli), Brassicaceae, Citrus, Caricapapaya(pepaya,papay a), Lactuca sativa(selada, lettuce), Pimpinella anisum (anise), lily, yucca, II Orchidaceae (Anggrek, batang, akar, Africa: North Africa orchid), legumes, buah America: USA, Canada Cucumissativus(ketimun, Asia:all cucumber), Cucurbita Europe: all moschata(labu, pumpkin), Oceania: New Zealand Citrulluslanatus(semangka, watermelon), Cucumismelo(melon, melon) II Orchidaceae(Anggrek, batang, akar, Europe: all 148

Zonitidae; Dark bodied glass orchid), legumes, buah snail Cucumissativus(ketimun,28. Pilaglobosa(Swainson); cucumber), Cucurbita common freshwater gastropod moschata(labu, pumpkin)29. ThebapisanaMuller; (=Helix pisana); Helicidae; White II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy), bibit, sisa Asia:Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, garden snail, mediteranean sandsnail, sandhill snail, white tanamanair tanaman Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, snail DominicanRepublic, Ecuador,30. VaginulahedleyiSimroth; Veronicellidae; Vaginula slugs Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, FrenchGuiana II Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), biji, bibit Africa: South Africa, Somaliland Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange), America: USA, Atlantic Island, Brassicaoleraceacapitata Bermuda, Canary Island (kubis, cabbage), Asia: Iran Lycopersicumesculentum(to Europe: Western France, England, mat, tomato), legumes Wales, Ireland (kacang-kacangan), Oceania:Australia Medicago sativa (alfalfa), ornamental plant, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat),Hordeumvulgare(barli ,barley),Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau biji America: all , tobacco), Ipomoeabatatas(ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne) 149

IV. NEMATODA (NEMATODES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/N KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/O SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION PEMBAWA/ SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON I: jika MP PATHWAYS Africa: South Africa tidak America: Canada, USA NAME diproses. Asia: China, Kyrgyzstan Europe: Czech, Estonia, Finland,1. Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch) II: jika MP Agrostis canina(velvet tunas, daun, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Filipjev; (=Anguillula agrostidis diproses bentgrass), Agrostis biji, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, exarata(spike bentgrass), Sweden, Ukraine, UK =A.agrostis =A.phalaridis Agrostis stolonifera var. batang/ranti Oceania:Australia, New Zealand. =Anguillulina agrostis Palustris(creeping ng, akar, bentgrass), Agrostis bunga, =A.phalaridis =Anguina capillaris(colonial funesta =A.lolii =A.phalaridis bentgrass), Bromus stolon, tanah erectus(erect brome), =A.poophila =Tylenchus Dactylis glomerata(orchardgrass), agrostidis =T.agrostis Festuca ovina(sheep fescue), =T.phalaridis =T.phlei =Vibrio Festuca nigrescens(red fescue), Lolium agrostis =Vibrio phalaridis); rigidum(wimmera ryegrass), Anguinidae; rye grass Phleum pratense(timothy), Phleum boehmeri, Phleum nematode, bentgrass phleoides(boehmer's cat's- tail), Poa alpina(alpine nematode, grass seed eelworm bluegrass), Poa annua(annual bluegrass), Poa pratensis(kentucky bluegrass), Trisetum 150

flavescens(yellow oatgrass)2. Anguina tritici (Steinbuch) I: jika MP Secale cereale (rye), Triticum tunas, Africa: Egypt, EthiopiaChitwood; (=Anguillula tritici tidak aestivum (gandum, wheat), bunga, daun, America:USA, Brazil, Canada=Anguillulina tritici =Rhabditis diproses. Triticum dicoccum, Triticum batang, Asia: China, Iran, India, Syria, Iraq,tritici =Tylenchus scandens II: jika MP spelta ranting, biji, Israel, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,=T.tritici =Vibrio tritici); diproses Avena sativa (oat, oats ), tanah South Korea, Pakistan, SaudiAnguinidae; wheat nematode, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Arabia, Turkeywheatgall nematode, eelworm barley), Triticum turgidum Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia,disease, earcockles, bunted Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece,wheat, hard smut, cockle Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania,wheat, purples Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.3. Aphasmatylenchus straturatus I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang akar, polong, Africa: Burkina FasoGermani; Hoplolaimidae; tidak tanah, peanut). tanahground nut chlorosis diproses. Cajanus cajan (kacangnematode II: jika MP gude, pigeon pea), Glycine diproses max (kedelai, soyabean), Vigna cylindrical (kacang tunggak, long bean), Voandzeia subterranea(bambara groundnut)4. Aphelenchoides arachidis I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang tunas, Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, Egypt Bos.; Aphelenchoididae; tidak tanah, peanut) polong, akar, 151

groundnut testa nematode, diproses. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy, biji, tanahpeanut testa nematode II: jika MP rice), Pennisetum diproses glaucum(pearl millet), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn)5. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi I: jika MP Chrysanthemum morifolium biji, daun, Africa: South Africa, Mauritius(Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer; tidak (krisan, chrysanthemum batang, akar, America: Brazil, Chile, Canada,(=Aphelenchoides ribes diproses. (florists), Dahlia, Fragaria bunga, umbi, Cuba, Mexico, USA, Venezuela.=Aphelenchus phyllophagus II: jika MP vesca (stroberi, kormus, Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan,=A.ribes =A.ritzemabosi diproses wildstrawberry), Fragaria stolon, media Kazakhtans, South Korea,=Pathoaphelenchus ananassa (stroberi, tanam, tanah Uzbekistanritzemabosi strawberry) Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina,=Pseudaphelenchoides Asplenium nidus(bird's nest Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany,ritzemabosi =Tylenchus ribes); fern), Bergenia Hungary,Ireland, Italy, Latvia,Aphelenchoididae; bud and spp.(elephant-leaved Montenegro, Macedonia,leaf nematode, Chrysant foliar saxifrage), Calceolaria Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,eelworm, leaf wilt nematode of spp.(pouch flower), Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Serbia,Chrysant, Chrysant foliar Campanula Slovenia, UK, Ukraine,nematode, Blackcurrant spp.(campanulas), Oceania: New Zealand, Fijinematode Campanula pyramidalis(chimney bellflower), Consolida ambigua(rocket larkspur), Crassula coccinea, Callistephus chinensis(China aster), Geranium spp.(cranesbill), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus rosa – sinensis 152

(kembang sepatu, china-rose), Helleborusniger(christmas rose),Lavandulaangustifolia(lavender), Lotuscorniculatus, Lupinus spp.(lupine), Lycopersicumesculentum (tomat, tomato),Limonium sinuatum (seapink), Lotus corniculatus(bird's-foot trefoil), Lupinus(lupins), Medicago sativa(lucerne), Mimulusspp.(monkey-flower),Nicotiana tabacum(tembakau, tobacco),Ocimum basilicum (kemangi,basil), Passifloraquadrangularis(markisa,passionfruit, granadilla),Peperomia sp., Phaseolusvulgaris (buncis, commonbean), Philadelphuscoronarius (mock orange),Ranunculus (buttercup),Rheum hybridum(rhubarb),Rhododendron spp. (azalea),Rudbeckia spp.(coneflower), Salviasplendens(scarlet sage),Sinningia speciosa(gloxinia),St.paulia spp.(african 153

6. Belonolaimus longicaudatus I: jika MP violet), St.paulia tanah America: Bahama, Bermuda, Costa Rau; Belonolaimidae; sting tidak ionantha(african violet), berpasir, Rica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA. nematode Solanum lycopersicum diproses. (tomat, tomato), Solanum kerikil, akar, Asia: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, II: jika MP nigrum(black nightshade), bibit Turkey Verbena spp.(vervain), diproses Viburnum spp., Viola spp. (violet), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Veronica (speedwell), Limonium sinuatum, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zinnia elegans(zinnia), Buddleia spp., Eleusine coracana(finger millet),Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rumex (Dock), Ranunculus spp., Sambucus spp.(elderberry), Senecio spp.(groundsel), Sonchus spp., Veronica spp., Echium spp., Rumex spp., Stellaria media Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Brassica spp., Cynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Cucumis melo (melon, 154

melon), Daucus carota(wortel, carrot), Fragariaspp., (stroberi, strawberry),Gossypium hirsutum(kapas,bourbon cotton), Glycinemax (kedelai, soyabean),Zea mays (jagung, corn),Poaceae, Abelmoschusesculentus (okra, lady’sfinger), Acer spp.(maples),Acerpseudoplatanus(sycamore),Agrostis stolonifera var.palustris(bent grass), Alliumcepa (bawang bombay,onion), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery), Baccharishalimifolia (groundsel-bush), Beta vulgaris (bit,beetroot),Brassica oleracea(cabbages, cauliflowers),Brassica oleracea var.botrytis (bunga kol,cauliflower), Brassicaoleracea var. capitata(kubis, cabbage), Brassicarapa subsp. oleifera (turniprape)Capsicum annuum(cabai, hot pepper, chillies,red pepper), Casuarinaequisetifolia(casuarina),Chrysanthemum spp.(daisy), 155

Citrullus lanatus(semangka,watermelon), Cucumissativus (mentimun,cucumber), Desmodiumtortuosum(floridabeggarweed), Digitariadecumbens(pangolagrass),Digitaria sanguinalis(largecrabgrass), Diospyros kaki(kesemek,persimmon),Eremochloaophiuroides(centipedegrass),Festuca arundinacea(reedfescue), Helianthus annuus(bunga matahari,sunflower), Hordeumvulgare (sorgum, sorghum),Ilex (holly), Ipomoea batatas(ubi jalar, sweet potato),Ipomoea purpurea (Tallmorning glory), Lactucasativa (selada, lettuce),Liquidambarstyraciflua(sweet gum),Lolium multiflorum(italianryegrass), Lycopersiconesculentum (tomat,tomato),Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Ocimumbasilicum (kemangi, basil),Oxalis (wood sorrels),Paspalum 156

notatum(bahiagrass),Pennisetum glaucum(pearlmillet), Pisum sativum(kapri, sweet pea),Pennisetum purpureum(elephant grass), Phaseolusvulgaris (buncis, commonbean), Pinuspalustris(longleaf pine),Pinus taeda(loblolly pine),Pisum sativum (pea),Pittosporum tobira(japanesepittosporum), Poaceae(grasses), Pharbitispurpurea, Rumexcrispus(curled dock),Saccharum officinarum(tebu, sugarcane), Schinusterebinthifolius(Brazilianpepper tree), Secale cereale(rye), Sesbaniaexaltata(coffeebean (USA)),Solanum lycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Solanummelongena (terung,eggplant), Solanumtuberosum (kentang,potato), SorghumSudanense(Sudan grass),Stenotaphrumsecundatum(buffalograss),Trifolium spp.(clovers), 157

Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Ulmus parvifolia(lacebark elm), Vaccinium corymbosum(blueberry), Vigna unguiculata(cowpea), Baccharis halimifolia, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vitis rotundifolia(Muscadine grape)7. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus I: jika MP Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tunas, kulit America: Belize, Brazil, Colombia,(Cobb) Baujard; tidak coconut), Elaeis guineensis kayu, planlet, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El(=Aphelenchoides cocophilus diproses. (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) batang, Salvador,Guatemala, Guyana,=Aphelenchus cocophilus II: jika MP Phoenix canariensis, daun, akar, Grenada, Honduras, Mexico,=Rhadinaphelenchus diproses Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, kayu, tanah, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St.cocophilus dates-palm), Sabal palmetto bibit Vincent and the Grenadines,=Chitinoaphelenchus Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,cocophilus); Aphelenchoididae; Vektor: Venezuela, French Guianared ring nematode Coleoptera, Curculionida e: Rhynchophor us palmarum, R. cruentatus8. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus I: jika MP Pinus spp. kulit kayu, Africa: South Africa(Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle; tidak Abies spp., (fir), Cedrus batang, kayu, America: Canada, Mexico, USA.(=Aphelenchoides xylophilus diproses. deodara (deodar cedar), kemasan Asia: China, Japan, South Korea,=Bursaphelenchus lignicolus); II: jika MP Cedrus atlantica, kayu Vietnam, TaiwanParasitaphelenchidae; pine diproses Chamaecyparis Europe: Portugalwood nematode, pine wilt nootkatensis (alaska cedar), Vektor:Coleonematode Picea spp. (spruce), ptera, Pseudotsuga menziesii Cerambycida 158

9. Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & I: jika MP (douglas-fir), Larix spp. e: Africa: Algeria (larch) Monochamus America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada,Schuumans Stekhoven) Krall tidak alternatus, M. Schlumbergera truncata nitens Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, USA,& Krall; (=Heterodera cacti); diproses. (christmas cactus), akar, batang, Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Epiphyllum spp., tanah South Korea, Uzbekistan, Vietnam,Heteroderidae; cactus cyst II: jika MP Epiphyllum ackermannii, Echinopsis spp., Erysimum biji, polong, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan,nematode, cactus cyst diproses allionii, Ferocactus spp., akar, umbi, Turkmenistan Opuntia microdasys(angel's buaheelworm, cactus root eelworm wings), Opuntiastricta(erect Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech, prickly pear), Saccharum Denmark, Hungary, France,10. Ditylenchus africanusWendt I: jika MP officinarum (tebu, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, et. al.;Anguinidae; thepeanut sugarcane), famili cactaceae pod nematode, groundnut pod tidak Poland, Rumania, Belarus, Latvia, diproses. Arachis hypogaea (kacang Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, nematode II: jika MP tanah, peanut) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Chenopodium album (fat diproses hen), Datura stramonium Ukraina, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, (jimsonweed), Eleusine Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, indica (goose grass), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Gossypium hirsutum Herzegovina, Montenegro, (Bourbon cotton), Macedonia Oceania: Australia. Africa:Mozambieque, South Africa Asia: China 159

11. Ditylenchus destructor Thorne; I: jika MP Helianthus annuus (bunga polong, umbi, Africa: South Africa Anguinidae; potato rot tidak matahari, sunflower), rimpang, America: Canada, Ecuador, Haiti, diproses. Lupinus albus (white batang, Mexico, Peru, USA nematode, potato tuber lupine), Medicago sativa nematode, potato eelworm II: jika MP (alfalfa, lucerne), Nicotiana stolon, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, diproses tabacum (tembakau, kormus, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), akar, planlet, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, tanah Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarusia, pea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum Belgium, Netherlands, Bulgaria, bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Czech, Estonia, Finland, France, Tagetes minuta (stinking Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Roger), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, chrysant), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), 160

12. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Khun.) I: jika MP Cucumis sativus umbi, buah, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Filipjev; (=Aguillulina dipsaci (mentimun, cucumber), Poland, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, =A. Dipsaci var. tobaensis tidak Cucurbita maxima (waluh, bunga, daun, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, =Tylenchus dipsaci =T. diproses. labu parang, pumpkin), bibit, batang, Ukraine, UK devastator =T. devastatrix = II: jika MP biji, stolon, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Anguillula dipsaci =A. secalis = Daucus carota (wortel, A. devastatrix= Ditylenchus diproses carrot),Dahlia hybrids, tanah Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Morocco, allocotus =D. amsinckiae = D. Fragaria ananassa Nigeria, Réunion, South Africa, (stroberi, strawberry), Tunisia. America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Gladiolus hybrids(sword Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa lily), Glycine max (kedelai, Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, soyabean), Humulus lupulus Haiti, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, USA (hops), Irish spp., Ipomoea (Hawaii), Uruguay, Venezuela. batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mentha spp. (mentol, mint), Panax schinseng (ginseng), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Allium fistulosum (bawang daun, welch onion), Allium porrum (bawang daun, leek), Avena 161

fragariae = D. sochophila = D. sativa (oat, oats), Begonia, Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China,trifolii =D. dipsaci var. Beta vulgaris var. Georgia (Republic), Iran, Iraq, Israel,Communis =Tylenchus saccharifera (bit gula, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Southputrefaciens =T. havensteinii = sugarbeet), Cannabis Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan,T. hyacinthi =T. Allii; sativa(hemp), Fragaria Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan, YemenAnguinidae; nematoda ananassa (stroberi, Europe: Europe (as a whole),umbi/brown ring disease of strawberry), Gladiolus Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, hybrids (sword lily), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,hyacinth, stem and bulb Hyacinthus orientalis Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,nematode, onion bloat, bulb (hyacinth), Medicago sativa Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, (alfalfa, lucerne), Narcissus Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,eelworm, ring disease of bulbs (daffodil), Narcissus Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, pseudonarcissus, Nicotiana Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, tabacum (tembakau, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, tobacco), Phlox drummondii Portugal, Romania, Russia (Central (phlox), Phlox paniculata Russia, Russian Far East, Siberia, (garden phlox), Pisum Southern Russia, Western Siberia), sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Secale cereale (gandum, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England rye), Trifolium pratense and Wales, Scotland), Serbia, (purple clover), Trifolium Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, repens (white clover), Macedonia. Solanum tuberosum Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. (kentang, potato), Tulipa spp., Vicia faba (broad 162 bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn). Allium cepa var. aggregatum (bawang merah, shallot), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Abrosia spp., Avena spp., Agropiron spp.,

Brassica napus var. napus(rape), Bergenia, Brassicarapa subsp. rapa (turnip),Carduus acanthoides(welted thistle), Crocussativus (kuma-kuma,safron, saffron), Cucurbitae,Chenopodium murale(nettleleaf goosefoot),Cirsium arvense (creepingthistle), Convolvulusarvensis (bindweed),Chrysanthemun spp.,Cirsium arvense (creepingthistle), Dianthuscaryophyllus (anyelir,carnation),Erigeron spp.,Irisspp., Ipomoea batatas (ubijalar, sweetpotato),Helianthus annuus (bungamatahari, sunflower),Daucus carota (wortel,carrot), Delpinium spp.,Hydrangea (hydrangeas),Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris(lentil, lentil), Onobrychisvicifolia (sainfoin),Petroselinum crispum(parsley), Phaseoluscoccineus (runner bean),Triticum (gandum, wheat),Orchidaceae (anggrek, 163

13. Globodera tabacum(Lownsbery I: jika MP orchids), Raphanus sativus akar, umbi, Africa: Madagascar, Morocco & Lownsbery) Skarbilovich; tidak (lobak, radish), tanah America: Argentina, Canada, (=Globodera tabacum diproses. Lactucasativa (selada, Colombia, Mexico, USA. =Heterodera tabacum); lettuce), Lepidium spp., Heteroderidae; tobaco cyst II: jika MP Tagetes spp., Trifolium spp., Asia: China, Japan, South Korea, diproses Plantago spp., Hyacinthes Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, nematode spp., Hieracium pilosella Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, (mouse-ear hawkweed), Lamium album (white Uzbekistan deadnettle), Lamium Europe:Bulgaria, Spain, Armenia, amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Lamium purpureum (purple deadnettel), Myriophyllum verticillatum (whorled watermilfoil), Nerine sarniensis (guernsey lily), Ranunculus arvensis (Corn buttercup), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion) Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato) Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), 164

14. Hemicycliophora arenaria I: jika MP Solanum gilo(gilo), Solanum akar, bibit, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonis, indicum, Solanum tanah Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,Raski; Criconematidae; sheath tidak mauritianum(tree tobacco), Ukraine, France, Greece, Italy, Solanum Rusia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, quitoense(Narangillo), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Solanum tuberosum Montenegro, Macedonia (kentang, potato) America: Argentina, Brazil, USA. Citrus limonia (mandarin Oceania: Australian lime), Citrus aurantiifolianematode diproses. (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus reticulate (jeruk mandarin, II: jika MP mandarin), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), diproses Cucurbita maxima (waluh, labu parang, pumpkin) Apium graveolens (selederi, celery), Citrus limettioides (palestine sweet lime), Citrus macrophylla(alemow), Citrus taiwanica(nanshodaidai), Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Capsicum frustecens (chili), Libocedrus Chilensis(Chilean cedar), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea),Vigna cylindrical (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera 165

15. Heterodera avenae I: jika MP (anggur, grapevine) bibit, akar, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Wollenweber; (=Bidera avenae tidak tanah South Africa, Tunisia =B.ustinovi =Heterodera major diproses. Avena sativa (oat, oats), America: Canada, Peru, USA =H. schachtii maior Hordeum vulgare (barli, Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, =H.schachtii var. avenae =H. II: jika MP barley), Secale cereale (rye), Japan, Kazakstan, Pakistan, Saudi ustinovi); Heteroderidae; oat diproses Triticale spp., Triticum Arabia, Turkey cyst nematode, cereal cyst aestivum (gandum, wheat) Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Poaceae(grasses), Zea mays Herzegovina, Bulgaria, nematode, cereal cyst (jagung, corn) Croatia,Czech, Denmark, Estonia, eelworm, oat root eelworm France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Montenegro,16. Heterodera carotae Jones; I: jika MP Daucus carota (wortel, umbi, akar, Macedonia, Malta, Netherlands, Heteroderidae; carrot cyst carrot), Olea europaea tanah Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, nematode, carrot cyst tidak subsp. europaea (olive) Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, diproses. Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, eelworm, carrot root eelworm Ukraine, UK II: jika MP Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. diproses America: USA Europe:Armenia, Azerbaijan,17. Heterodera cruciferae I: jika MP Brassica napus var. akar, tanah Belarus, Estonia, France, Germany, napobrassica (swede), Georgia, Poland, Portugal, Italy, Franklin; Heteroderidae; tidak Brassica napus var. napus Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, crucifer cyst nematode diproses. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, UK, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Switzerland Asia: Pakistan. Europe: All Oceania: Australia 166

II: jika MP (rape), Cruciferae, diproses Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish) Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage)18. Heterodera goettingiana I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet bibit, akar, Africa: Algeria Liebscher; (= Heterodera tidak pea), Vicia faba(kacang tanah America: USA. göttingiana); Heteroderidae; diproses. babi, broadbean) Asia: China, Israel, Iran, Jordan, pea cyst nematode, pea cyst Cicer arietinum(kacang akar, Japan, Turkey, Kazakhstan, eelworm, pea root eelworm II: jika MP arab, chickpea), Glycine Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, diproses max (kedelai, soyabean), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan19. Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Lathyrus cicera (flat-podded Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, I: jika MP vetchling), Lathyrus Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, odoratus (sweet Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, pea),Lathyrus sativus Ukraine, Russia, France, Germany, (grasspea), Lens esculentum Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal, (lentil, lentil), Lens culinaris Spain, UK subsp. culinaris (lentil), Lupinus albus (white Africa: Ivory Coast lupine), Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vicia (vetch), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia calcarata, Vicia cracca (Tufted vetch), Vicia ervilia (Bitter vetch) Oryza sativa (padi, rice, 167

Jayaprakash; Heteroderidae; tidak paddy) bonggol, Asia: India. bibit, tanahrice cyst nematoda, paddy diproses. Brachiara decumbens(signalcyst nematode II: jika MP grass), Urochloa decumbens (signal grass), Musa diproses paradisiaca(pisang, plantain), Cynodon dactylon(bermuda grass)20. Heterodera sacchariLuc.& I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, akar, tanah Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Merny.; Heteroderidae; tidak Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, sugarcane cyst nematode diproses. paddy), Zea mays (jagung, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal. corn), Saccharum Asia: India, Pakistan, Thailand21. Heterodera schachtii Schmidt; II: jika MP (=Heterobolbus schachtii diproses officinarum (tebu, Africa: Algeria, Cape Verde, Gambia, =Heterodera schachtii sugarcane), Nicotiana Libya, Morocco, Senegal, South minor=Tylenchus schachtii); I: jika MP Africa, Tunisia, Heteroderidae; sugarbeet tidak tabacum (tembakau, America: Chile, Canada, Mexico, nematode, beet cyst eelworm diproses. tobacco) Peru, USA, Uruguay Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Iraq, II: jika MP Axonopus compressus diproses (carpet grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Psapalum conjugatum (sour paspalum), Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane), Urochloa brizantha (palisadegrass) Alliaria petiolata(garlic akar, bibit, mustard), Alyssum batang, argentium, Amaranthus umbi, tanah spp., Apium dulce, Arabis spp., Armoracia rusticana(horseradish), 168

Atriplex spp., Aubrieta Israel, Jordan, Kazakstan,spp.(rainbow rock-cress), Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Syria, TurkeyAubrieta columnae, Alyssum Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium,argentium, Beta spp., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,Brassica spp., Dianthus Denmark, Estonia, Hungary,spp., Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ireland, Italy,Gypsophila acutifolia, Latvia, Moldova Montenegro,Gypsophila elegans(baby's Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Poland,breath), Phaseolus vulgaris Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Spain,(buncis, common bean), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UKPhytolacca acinosa, Pisum Oceania: Australia, New Zealandsativum (kapri, sweet pea),Polygonum spp., Polygonum 169convolvulus(blackbindweed), Portulacaoleracea (purslane), Oryzasativa (padi, rice, paddy),Thlaspi arvense, Raphanusmaritimus, Raphanusraphanistrum(wild radish),Raphanus sativus (lobak,radish), Rheumhybridum(rhubarb), Rorippaamphibia(great yellowcress),Rorippa islandica(yellowmarshcress), Rumex spp.,Saponaria ocymoides(rocksoapwort), Saponariaofficinalis(soapwort),Sesbania macrocarpa,Sesbaniaexaltata(coffeebean (USA)),

22. Heterodera trifolii Goffart; I: jika MP Silene armeria(garden akar, umbi, Africa: Tunisia Heteroderidae; clover cyst tidak catchfly), Silene maritima, tanah America: Canada, USA, Argentina, nematode, clover cyst eelworm diproses. Silene nutans(nottingham Chile, Colombia catchfly (UK)), Silene II: jika MP quadrifida, Silene saxifraga, Asia: India, Iran, Israel, Japan, diproses Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, eruca, Sisymbrium austriacum, Sisymbrium Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan spp., Solanum Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, sarrachoides(green nightshade (UK)), Spinacia glabra, Spinacia oleracea(spinach),Tetragoni a tetragonioides(New Zealand spinach), Thlaspi arvense (field pennycress), Tropaeolum perigrinum, Vaccaria hispanica(bladder soapwort), Vicia benghalensis(purple vetch), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vigna catjang Chenopodium (goosefoot), Stellaria media (common chickweed) Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir, carnation) Poaceae (grasses), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, sugar beet), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium 170

spp. (clovers), Trifolium Denmark, Armenia, Azerbaijan, pratense(purple clover), Belarus, Estonis, Georgia, Latvia, Trifolium repens(white Lithuania, Moldova, France, clover), Leguminosae Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain,23. Heterodera vigni Edward & I: jika MP Vigna sinensis (kacang akar, tanah Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Mura; (=Heterodera cajani); tidak panjang, cowpea), Cajanus Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Heteroderidae; pigeonpea cyst diproses. cajan (kacang gude, pigeon akar, bibit, Africa: Egypt. nematode, cowpea cyst pea), Cyamopsis tanah Asia: India, Pakistan nematode II: jika MP tetragonoloba(guar bean), diproses Lablab purpureus(banner Africa: Egypt24. Heterodera zeae Koshy, bean), Vigna aconitifolia(mat America: USA Swarup & Sethi; I: jika MP Bean), Vigna radiata Asia:Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Heteroderidae; corn/maize tidak (kacang hijau, mungbean), Nepal, Thailand cyst nematode diproses. Vigna mungo, Vigna spp. Europe: Greece, Portugal (buncis, cowpea), Pisum II: jika MP sativum (kapri, sweet pea), diproses Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean) Crotalaria juncea(cascavelle), Sesbania cannabina(sesbania) Zea mays (jagung, corn) Avena sativa (oat, oats), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Oryza sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Setaria 171

25. Hirschmanniella miticausa I: jika MP italyca(foxtail millet), umbi, bibit, Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Sorghum Sudanense(Sudan akar, tanah Solomon IslandsBridge Mortimer & Jackson; tidak grass), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Poaceae Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro)Pratylenchidae; miti miti diproses.disease II: jika MP diproses26. Hirschmanniella spinicaudata I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, rice, umbi, bibit, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,(Schuurmans Steekhoven) Luc tidak paddy), Saccharum planlet, akar, Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, officinarum (tebu, tanah Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal,& Goodey; (=Hirschmannia diproses. sugarcane) South Africa, Togo, Zambiaspinicaudata =Radopholus II: jika MP Fimbristylis dichotoma(tall America: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, fringe rush), Cyperaceaelavabri =Tylenchorhynchus diproses (sedges), Oryza USA, Venezuela longistaminata (perennial Asia: China, Pakistanspinicaudatus); wild rice), Poaceae (grasses),Pratylenchidae; rice root tip Juncus(rushes),nematode, root lesion Typha(reedmace)nematode27. Hoplolaimus columbus Sher.; I: jika MP Cyperus esculentus(yellow akar, tanah. Africa: Egypt (=Hoplolaimus colombuson tidak nutsedge), Glycine max America: USA, Trinidad and Tobago. =Basirolaimus colombus); Hoplolaimidae; diproses. (kedelai, soyabean), Asia: India, Pakistan Coltuber/Columbia lance II: jika MP Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Saccharum nematode diproses officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor 172

28. Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb) I: jika MP (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum akar, tanah America: USA, Canada Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekh; tidak aestivum (gandum, wheat), Asia: Pakistan Hoplolaimidae: lance diproses. Zea mays (jagung, corn) akar, umbi, nematode tanah Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, II: jika MP Diospyros kaki (kesemek, Iran, Pakistan.29. Hoplolaimus indicus Sher.; diproses persimmon) (=Basirolaimus arachidis Arachis hypogea (kacang =Basirolaimus indicus I: jika MP tanah, peanut), =Hoplolaimus arachidis); tidak Brassica oleraceae var. Hoplolaimidae; lance diproses. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Bambusa (bambu, bamboo), II: jika MP Borrichia frutescens (sea- diproses oxeye), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Poaceae (grasses), Musa (pisang, banana), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss), Trifolium spp. (clovers), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Oryza sativa (padi, rice, paddy) Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger), Arachys hypogaea (kacang 173

nematode tanah, peanut), Basella spp., Brassica oleracea botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Citrus jambhiri(rough lemon), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar bean), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Capsicum annuum (cabai rawit, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo(black gram), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), 174

30. Hoplolaimus pararobustus I: jika MP Poncirus trifoliata(hardy akar, Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, (Schuurmans stekhoven & orange), Prunus persica Cameroon, Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Teunissen) Sher. In Coomans; tidak (persik, peach), Psidium bonggol, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, (=Gottholdsteineria diproses. spp., (guava)Raphanus tanah. Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, pararobusta =Hoplolaimus II: jika MP sativus (lobak, radish), Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Sao Tome angustulatus =H.capensis Solanum melongena (terung, & Principe, Senegal, South Africa, diproses eggplant), Solanum Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe =H.casparus =H. kittenbergeri tuberosum (kentang, America: Dominica, Grenada, St. =H.pararobustus =Rotylenchus potato), Sorghum bicolor Lucia, St. Vincent and the pararobustus (sorgum, sorghum), Grenadines. =Tylenchorhynchus Asia: China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka pararobustus); Hoplolaimidae; Trifolium alexandrinum(egyptian 175 clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Senna siamea(siamese cassia), Pinus roxburghii, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane) Musa spp. (pisang, banana) Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Gossypium hirsutum, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Carica

lance nematode papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Oryza sativa31. Longidorus attenuatus Hooper; I: jika MP (padi, rice, paddy), akar, umbi, Africa: Nigeria Dioscorea spp., Ananas stolon, tanah Europe:Russia, Bulgaria, France, Longidoridae; needle tidak comosus (nenas, pineapple), sebagai Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, UK nematode diproses. Triticum aestivum (gandum, vektor:Tomat wheat), Vigna cylindrica o black ring Europe: Western Europe II: jika MP (kacang tunggak, long virus diproses bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Citrus, Sorghum akar, stolon,32. Longidorus caespiticola I: jika MP bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), tanah Hooper; Longidoridae; needle tidak Eleusine coracana, kakao, nematode Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) diproses. Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Brassica sp. (kubis, cabbage), Trifolium sp. (cengkeh, clover), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Fragaria vesca (stroberi, wildstrawberry), Beta vulgaris var saccharifera (bit gula, sugar beetroot), Triticum sp. (gandum, wheat), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Cucurbita sp. (labu, pumpkin), Vitis sp. (anggur, grape) Fragaria vesca (stroberi, wildstrawberry), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) 176

II: jika MP sebagai diproses vektor:Raspb erry ringspot33. Longidorus elongatus (de Man) I: jika MP Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), virus, Cherry Africa: South Africa Thorne & Swanger; Daucus carota (wortel, leaf roll virus (=Dorylaimus elongatus tidak carrot), Fragaria ananassa akar, stolon, America: Canada, USA diproses. umbi, polong, Asia: Georgia, India, Kazakhtan, =Dorylaimus tenuis II: jika MP (stroberi, strawberry), tanah Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, =Longidorus menthasolanus Fragaria vesca (stroberi, =Longidorus monohystera diproses wildstrawberry), Lolium sebagai Vietnam =Trichodorus elongatus); perenne(perennial ryegrass), vektor: Europe:Austria, Belgium, Longidoridae; needle Mentha piperita Raspberry (peppermint) ringspot Netherlands, Bulgaria, Czech, nematode, tomato black ring Allium spp., Apium virus, Tomato Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, eelworm graveolens (seledri, celery), black ring Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Avena sativa (oat, oats), virus Brassica oleracea var. Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Norway, Gemmifera(Brussels Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, sprouts), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ficus carica(fig), Hordeum Switzerland, Ukraine, UK vulgare (barli, barley), Oceania:New Zealand. Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum(red currant), Trifolium pratense(purple clover), Urtica 177

34. Longidorus leptocephalus I: jika MP dioica(stinging nettle), Vitis akar, umbi, Europe:Denmark, Germany, vinifera(anggur, grapevine), tanah Hooper; Longidoridae; needle tidak Arachys hypogaea (kacang Ireland, Norway, Sweden, nematode diproses. tanah, peanut), Brassica sebagai Netherlands, UK, Slovenia, II: jika MP rapa subspec. rapa (turnip, vektor: Slovakia, Scotland, England, turnip), Polygonum Raspberry diproses convolvulus(black ringspot Russia, Poland bindweed), Malus domestica virus, Cherry (apel, apple), Pyrus leaf roll virus communis (pir, pear), Ranunculus acris, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Capsella burs-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Lolium multiforum (Italian ryegrass), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Stellaria media(common chickweed) Cerealia, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), grass, Tagetes spp. (marigold), Rosa sp. (mawar, rose), Beta vulgaris (bit gula, sugarbeet), Tulipa sp. (Tulip), Brassica rapa (turnip), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus avium (ceri, cherry), Prunus 178

35. Longidorus macrosomaHooper; I: jika MP domestica (prem, plum) akar, stolon, Europe: all Longidoridae; needle tidak Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), tanah Africa: Malawi, South Africa. nematode Fragaria vesca (stroberi, diproses. wildstrawberry), Vitis sebagai II: jika MP vinifera (anggur, grapevine), vektor: Prunus avium (ceri, cherry) Rasberry diproses ringspot virus Gossypium barbadens36. Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee; I: jika MP (kapas, cotton), Gossypium akar, polong, (=Hypsoperine (Hypsoperine) hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) acronea =Hypsoperine tidak Arachys hypogaea (kacang umbi, bibit, acronea); Meloidogynidae; diproses. tanah, peanut), Cajanus tanah African cotton root nematode II: jika MP cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Cassia spp., Chloris diproses gayana(rhodes grass), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar), Croton tiglium(purging croton), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Eragrostis spp.(lovegrasses), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica sorrel), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) 179

37. Meloidogyne brevicauda Loos; I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), akar, umbi, Asia: Azerbaijan, India, Srilanka. Meloidogynidae; Indian tidak rootknot nematode, tea diproses. Crocus sativus(kuma-kuma, planlet, bibit, rootknot nematode safron, saffron) tanah II: jika MP38. Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden diproses Daucus carota (wortel, akar, umbi, Africa: South Africa O’ Bannon, Santo & Finley; carrot), Lycopersicum bibit, tanah America: Argentina, Mexico, USA. Meloidogynidae; Columbia II esculentum (tomat, tomato), Asia: Turkey root-knot nematode Medicago sativa (alfalfa, akar, tanah Europe: Belgium, Germany, lucene), Solanum tuberosum Netherland, France, Italy, Portugal39. Meloidogyne coffeicola Lordello I: jika MP (kentang, potato) & Zamith; Meloidogynidae; tidak Vigna spp. (buncis, America: Brazil cowpea), Pisum sativum coffeerootknot nematode diproses. (kapri, sweet pea), II: jika MP Scorzonera hispanica(oyster plant), Zea mays (jagung, diproses corn), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, sugarbeet), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Poaceae, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat) Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) Eupatorium (Asteraceae) 180

40. Meloidogyne decalineata I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) akar, tanah Africa: Tanzania, Sao Tome & Whitehead; Meloidogynidae; tidak Principe. African coffee rootknot diproses. Allium ascalonicum (bawang umbi, nematode merah, shallot), Allium cepa America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, II: jika MP (bawang bombay, onion), bonggol, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, El41. Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi; diproses akar, tanah Salvador, French Guiana, (=Heterodera exigua); Bidens pilosa(blackjack), Guatemala, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Meloidogynidae; coffee II Citrus aurantium (jeruk Honduras, Martini, Nicaragua, rootknot nematode, Brazilian nipis, lime), Citrullus Puerto Rico, Peru, Suriname, pyroid coffee nematode, root- vulgaris (semangka, Trinidad, Venezuela. knot nematode watermelon), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell- pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea(tree tomato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Pilea spp., Poncirus trifoliata(trifoliate orange), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Stachys arvensis(staggerweed), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Ipomoea acuminata. 181

42. Meloidogyne fallaxKarssen; I: jika MP Daucus carota subsp. bibit, akar, America: USA sativus (wortel, carrot), tanah (=Meloidogyne chitwoodi tidak Scorzonera hispanica (oyster Eropa: Belgium, France, Germany, (Baexem) B Type (van diproses. plant), Solanum Switzerland, Netherlands II: jika MP tuberosum(Kentang, potato) Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Maggelen et al 1994); Arachis hypogea (peanut) Meloidogynidae; false diproses Asparagus officinalis Colombia root-knot nematode (asparagus), Beta vulgaris(beetroot), Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (bit gula, beet, sugarbeet), Chenopodium album (lambsquarters), Cynara scolynus, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (globeartichoke), Dahlia spp. (dahlia), Fragaria sp., Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Hemerocallis sp. (daylily), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce),Lamprocapnos spectabilis (bleeding heart), Lolium sp., Lolium perenne subsp. multiforum (ryegrass, Italian ryegrass), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Oenothera biennis, O. glazioviana (primrose), Phacelia tenacetifolia (lacy phacelia), Sinapsis alba (mustard), Solanum 182

43. Meloidogyne minor Karssen et I: jika MP lycopersicum (tomat, akar, umbi, America: USA al.; tidak tomato), Triticum sp., T. tanah Europe: Belgium, Ireland, Meloidogynidae diproses. aestivum, T. durum akar, umbi, Netherlands, UK (gandum, wheat), Zea mays tanah44. Meloidogyne naasi Franklinl; II: jika MP (jagung, corn), America: USA Meloidogynidae; rootknot diproses akar, tanah Europe: France, Hungary, UK nematode II Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Solanum Africa: Angola, DR Congo45. Meloidogyne oteifae Elm iligy; I: jika MP tuberosum (kentang, potato) Meloidogynidae; rootknot tidak Agrostis stolonifer (creeping Africa: Egypt nematode diproses. bentgrass) America: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, USA46. Nacobbus aberrans (Thome) II: jika MP Hordeum vulgare (barli, Europe: Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Thorne & Allen; (=Nacobbus diproses barley), Trifolium UK batatiformis =N.serendipiticus repens(white clover), bolivianus =Pratylenchus I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, aberrans =Nacobbus tidak wheat), Beta vulgaris var. serendipiticus =Anguillulina diproses. sacchraifera (bit gula, sugar beetroot), cerealea, II: jika MP Glycine max (kedelai, diproses soyabean) Turfgrasses Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Peuraria spp. Solanum tuberosum umbi, akar, (kentang, potato), bibit, tanah Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Beta vulgaris var. sacchraifera (bit gula, sugar beetroot), 183

aberrans); Pratylenchidae; Brassica napus var. napobrassica (swede),false rootknot nematode, Brassica nigra (blackpotato rosery nematode mustard), Brassica oleracea (kubis, bunga kol, cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (petsai), Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Atriplex confertifolia(shadscale saltbush), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Chenopodium album(fat hen), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labu kuning, zucchini), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Gaillardia spp., 184

47. Paratrichodorus porosus(Allen) I: jika MP Kochia spp., Lactuca sativa bibit, umbi, Africa: South Africa Siddiqi; tidak (selada, lettuce), Opuntia bonggol, America: USA, Brazil, Chile, Costa (=Trichodorus porosus=T. diproses. spp.(pricklypear), Pisum akar, tanah Rica sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Bucrius =Paratrichodorus II: jika MP Sisymbrium irio(london sebagai Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, (Atlantadorus) diproses rocket), Solanum melongena vektor: South Korea, Srilanka, Uzbekistan, porosus=Atlantadorus (terung, eggplant), Spergula Tobravirus Vietnam porosus); Trichodoridae arvensis(corn spurry), Spinacia oleracea(spinach), Europe: Italy,Portugal, Russia Tribulus terrestris(puncture Oceania: Australia, Papua New vine), Tragopogon porrifolius(oysterplant), Guinea Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Ullucus tuberosus(ulluco) Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (kubis, Chinese cabbage), Camellia, Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), Citrus limon (jeruk lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (jeruk mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Dioscorea (yam), Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam), Juglans 185

regia (walnut), Lycopersiconperuvianum, Musa (pisang,banana), Musa xparadisiaca (pisang kepok,plantain), Prunus armeniaca(apricot), Prunus persica(peach), Pyrus communis(European pear), Rubusloganobaccus (loganberry),Saccharum officinarum(tebu, sugarcane), Sorghumbicolor (sorgum, sorghum),Tagetes erecta (Africanmarigold), Tagetes patula(French marigold), Vitisvinifera (anggur, grapevine),Zea mays (jagung, corn)Abelmoschus esculentus(okra, okra), Allium sativum(bawang putih, garlic),Bambusa vulgaris (bambu,common bamboo),Cucurbita maxima (giantpumpkin), Eucalyptus(Eucalyptus tree), Ficuscarica (fig), Gardenia,Glycine max (kedelai,soyabean), Gossypium(kapas, cotton),Lagerstroemia indica (indiancrape myrtle), Lupinus(lupins), Malus domestica 186

(apel, apple), Morus alba(mora), Olea europaeasubsp. europaea (zaitun,olive), Persea americana(avokad, avocado), Poncirustrifoliata (Trifoliate orange),Prunus domestica (plum),Prunus mahaleb (mahalebcherry), Prunus salicina(Japanese plum),Rhododendron (Azalea),Rosa (mawar, roses), Acerpalmatum (Japanesemaple), Aphananthe aspera(muku), Aucuba japonica(Japanese aucuba),Bambusa tuldoides(punting-pole bamboo),Butia(jelly palm), Callicarpajaponica(Japanesecallicarpa), Carpinustschonoskii, Castaneacrenata (Japanesechestnut), Castanopsiscuspidata (chinkapin),Casuarina (beefwood),Casuarina equisetifolia(casuarina), Celtis sinensis(Chinese elm),Cercidiphyllum japonicum(katsura), Cinnamomumcamphora (camphor laurel), 187

Cleyera japonica,Cryptomeria japonica(Japanese cedar),Daphniphyllummacropodum, Fatsiajaponica (Japanese aralia),Ginkgo biloba (kew tree),Idesia polycarpa (idesia),Ilex crenata (Japaneseholly), Ilex integra (mochi),Ilex rotunda (kuroganeholly), Juniperus (junipers),Magnolia hypoleuca(japanese big-leavedmagnolia), Musa acuminata(wild banana), Neolitseasericea, Pinopsida (conifers),Pinus densiflora (Japaneseumbrella pine), Pinuspseudostrobus var.pseudostrobus, Pinusthunbergii (Japanese blackpine), Pittosporum tobira(Japanese pittosporum),Pyrus amygdaliformis,Quercus acutissima(sawtooth oak), Quercusglandulifera (Glandbearingoak), Quercus salicina,Rhododendron indicum(Satsuki azalea), Taxuscuspidata (Japanese yew), 188

48. Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & I: jika MP Ternstroemia gymnanthera, umbi, Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Canary tidak Viburnum odoratissimum bonggol, Island, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Allen; (=Anguillulina musicola bibit, akar, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda. =Tylenchus musicola); diproses. Musa spp. (pisang, banana), tanah Europe: Greece, Portugal, Spain II: jika MP Musa xparadisiaca (pisang Oceania: Australia Pratylenchidae; banana lesion kepok, plantain) akar, stolon, nematode diproses Zea mays (jagung, corn), umbi, tanah Africa: Morocco, South Africa Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, America: Canada, Mexico, USA49. Pratylenchus neglectus I: jika MP common bean), Vigna spp. akar, umbi, Asia: Japan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, (Rensch)Fili&Schuur.Steekh.; tidak (kacang panjang, cowpea), Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Commelina Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Pratylenchidae; California root diproses. benghalensis(wandering Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Italy, lesion nematode, California II: jika MP jew), Sesbania grandiflora Poland, Armenia, Azerbaijan, (turi, agati), Lycopersicum Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, meadow nematode diproses esculentum (tomat, tomato), Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, Spain Solanum tuberosum Oceania: Australia50. Pratylenchus scribneri I: jika MP (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) Africa: Cameroon Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Agropyron cristatum(crested wheatgrass), Brassica oleracea var.capitata (kubis, cabbage), Fragaria (stroberi, strawberry), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Pistacia vera (pistachio) Gossypium barbadens 189

Steiner;Pratylenchidae; lesion tidak (kapas, cotton), Malus stolon, tanah America:South America, USA, nematode diproses. domestica (apel, apple), Mexico. II: jika MP Mentha spicata(Spear mint), akar, umbi, Asia: Pakistan, Japan, India, Israel,51. Pratylenchus thornei Sher. & diproses Parthenium polong, Turkey Allen; Pratylenchidae; argentatum(Guayule), stolon, bibit, Europe: Bulgaria, Sweden, Italy Thorne's root lesion nematode I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum batang, tidak (kentang, potato), Sorghum tanah Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, diproses. halepense(Johnson grass), Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Zea mays (jagung, corn), Tunisia II: jika MP Fragaria vesca (stroberi, America:Canada, Argentina, Mexico, diproses strawberry), Hippeastrum USA, Chile, Venezuela spp. (amarilis, amaryllis). Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Pakistan, Cicer arietinum(chickpea), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey Pinus merkusii (tusam, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, pinetree), Triticum aestivum Netherlands, Croatia, Cyprus, (gandum, wheat), Quercus Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, spp., Zea mays (jagung, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia and corn), Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Portugal, Russia, Spain, UK Fabaceae, Agrostis Oceania: Australia. spp.(bentgrasses), Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Citrullus vulgaris (semangka, watermelon), Cupressus spp.(cypresses), Cynara scolymus 190

52. Pratylenchus vulnus (Allen & I: jika MP (artichoke), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Iberis spp.(candytuft), Juglans regia (walnut), Lens esculenta (lentil), Lathyrus odoratus(sweet pea), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mentha piperita(Peppermint), Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Vigna spp. (kacang panjang, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus spp.(stone fruit), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba(faba bean), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) Actinidia arguta (tara vine), akar, stolon, Africa: Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya, 191

Jensen); Pratylenchidae; tidak Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, bibit, umbi, Rѐunion kiwifruit), Araucariawalnut root lesion nematode; diproses. araucana (monkey puzzle), tanah, America: Argentina, Brazil, Cuba,root lesion nematode; meadow II: jika MP Bambusa sp. (bambu, batang, kulit Canada, USA, Uruguaynematode bamboo), Berberis kayu Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, diproses thunbergii (Japanese barberry), Brassica oleracea Japan, Philippines, South Korea, var. capitata (kubis, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, cabbage), Buxus Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, sempervirens (common boxwood), Carya Turkmenistan, uzbekistan, illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Pakistan, Sri Lanka aurantium (sour orange), Citrus sinensis (jeruk Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, manis, navel orange), Citrus Denmark, Finland, France, x paradisi (grapefruit), Germany, Greece, Italy, Corylus avellana (hazel), Crotalaria juncea (sunn Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, hemp), Crotalaria spectabilis (Showy Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, rattlepod), Cydonia oblonga Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine (quince), Cytisus scoparius Oceania: Australia, New Zealand (broom), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus carica (ara), Forsythia intermedia (Golden bells), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Bourbon cotton), Hamamelis (witchhazel), 192

Impatiens balsamina(garden balsam), Juglanshindsii (californian blackwalnut), Juglans major(arizona walnut), Juglansmicrocarpa (River walnuttree), Juglans nigra (blackwalnut), Juglans regia(walnut), Juniperuschinensis (Chinese juniper),Lathyrus odoratus (sweetpea), Ligustrum ovalifolium(california privet), Liliumlongiflorum (Easter lily),Lilium speciosum (Showylily), Lotus corniculatus(bird's-foot trefoil), Mahonia(holly grape), Malussylvestris (crab-apple tree),Medicago sativa (alfalfa,lucerne), Melilotus alba(honey clover), Nicotianatabacum (tembakau,tobacco), Olea europaeasubsp. europaea (zaitun,olive), Papaver somniferum(Opium poppy), Perseaamericana (avokad,avocado), Phaseolus lunatus(lima bean), Phaseolusvulgaris (buncis, commonbean), Pistacia vera 193

(pistachio), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus amygdalus, Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus besseyi (bessey cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pterocarya stenoptera (chinese wing nut), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rosa (roses), Rosa canina (Dog rose), Rosa chinensis (China rose), Rosa multiflora (Multiflora rose), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Taxus baccata (English yew), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia faba (kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna catjang, Vitis rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn)53. Punctodera punctata (Thorne) I: jika MP Agrostis stolonifera var. akar, bibit, Africa: Morocco 194

Mulvey & Stone; (=Heterodera tidak Palustris(bent grass), tanah America: Argentina, Canada, Chile, punctata); Heteroderidae; diproses. Agrostis stolonifera(creeping biji, tanah Mexico, USA. grass cyst nematode, grass II: jika MP bentgrass), Agrostis Asia: Israel, Japan cyst eelworm diproses capillaris(brown bentgrass), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Festuca rubra(red fescue), Republic, Croatia,Denmark,54. Radopholus citrophilus I: jika MP Lolium perenne(perennial Estonia, Finland, France,Serbia, Huettel, et al.; (=Radopholus tidak ryegrass), Poa Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, similis citrus race); diproses. annua(annual Montenegro, Macedonia, Germany, Pratylenchidae; burrowing meadowgrass), Poa Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, nematode, spreading decline II: jika MP pratensis(smooth-stalked Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, of citrus diproses meadowgrass), Turfgrasses Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Avena sativa (oat, oats), Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,55. Scutellonema bradys (Steiner I: jika MP Hordeum vulgare (barli, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK & Le Hew) Andrassy; tidak barley), Triticum aestivum (=Anguillulina bradys diproses. (gandum, wheat) America: USA =Hoplolaimus bradys =Rotylenchus blaberus II: jika MP Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) Africa:Benin, Burkina Faso, =R.bradys =Scutellonema diproses Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, blaberum =S.dioscorea); Dioscorea spp. (yam), Vigna umbi, bibit, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Hoplolaimidae; yam dry rot cylindrica (kacang tunggak, akar, tanah Senegal, Sudan, Togo nematode, yam nematode long bean), Zea mays America: Barbados, Brazil, Costari (jagung, corn), Manihot Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican esculenta (ubi kayu, republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, cassava), Quercus spp. Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Abelmoschus moschatus Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, (okra, lady’s finger), Ananas Venezuela comosus (nenas, pineapple), Asia: India, Pakistan Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Cocos 195

56. Trichodorus similisSeinhorst; I: jika MP nucifera (kelapa, coconut), akar, umbi, America: USA. Trichodoridae; stubby root tidak Celosia argentea(celosia tanah Asia: Turkey nematode diproses. argentea), Corchorus sebagai Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech olitorius(jute), Hibiscus vektor: Republic, Netherlands, France, II: jika MP cannabinus (kenaf), Tobacco rattle Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, diproses Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica virus Sweden, UK sorrel), Luffa acutangula57. Trichodorus viruliferus Hooper; I: jika MP (gambas, angled loofa), akar, umbi, America: USATrichodoridae; stubby root tidak Lycopersicum esculentum tanah Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech (tomat, tomato), Republic, France, Germany,nematode diproses. Pachyrhizus erosus (bangkuang, yam-bean), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Pueraria phaseoloides(tropical kudzu), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Urena lobata(caesar weed), Synedrella nodiflora(synedrella) Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum),Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, sugarbeetroot), Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, sugarbeetroot), Hordeum 196

58. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni II: jika MP vulgare (barli, barley), sebagai Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Steiner; (=Tesselus claytoni) diproses Malus domestica (apel, vektor:Pea Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Dolichodoridae; stunt apple), Pisum sativum early Switzerland, UK I: jika MP (kapri, sweet pea), Secale browning nematode; tobacco stunt tidak cereale (rye), Solanum virus, Africa: South Africa nematode diproses. tuberosum (kentang, Tobacco rattle America: Honduras, Canada, USA, potato), Vitis vinifera virus Asia: Bangladesh, China, Japan, II: jika MP (anggur, grapevine), India, Turkey, Korea diproses Triticum aestivum (gandum, akar, bibit, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, umbi, polong, Denmark, Germany, Italy, corn) tanah Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Poland Arachniodes adiantiformis Oceania: Australia (Leatherleaf fern), Avena sativa (oats), Azaleas, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium sp. (kapas, cotton), Lolium (ryegrasses), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Nandina, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (zaitun, olive), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy, rice), Peony, Photinia glabra, Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poaceae (grasses), Prunus persica (peach), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), 197

Rhododendron japonicum(Japanese azalea),Rhododendron obtusum(Kirishima azalea),Saccharum officinarum(tebu, sugarcane), Secalecereale (rye), Solanumtuberosum (kentang,potato), Trifolium spp., Zeamays (jagung, corn)Arachis hypogaea (kacangtanah, groundnut), Aucubajaponica (Japanese aucuba),Cajanus cajan (kacanggude, pigeon pea), Citrusaurantium (sour orange),Citrus limon (lemon, lemon),Citrus x paradisi(grapefruit), Eleusinecoracana (finger millet),Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar,sweet potato), Litchichinensis (leci, lichi),Lycopersicon esculentum(tomat, tomato), Picea abies(common spruce), Pinusechinata (shortleaf pine),Pinus elliottii (slash pine),Pinus palustris (longleafpine), Pinus taeda (loblollypine), Rubus (blackberry,raspberry), Rubus fruticosus 198

59. Xiphinema americanum Cobb.; I: jika MP (blackberry), Solanum akar, bibit, Africa: Nigeria, Senegal (=Tylencholaimus americanus tidak melongena (terong, stolon, umbi, America: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, eggplant), Vaccinium tanah. =Xiphinema taylori diproses. myrtillus (blueberry), Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, =Xiphinema californicum); II: jika MP Agrostis stolonifera var. sebagai Panama, Peru, USA, Uruguay, palustris (bent grass), vektor:Tobacc Venezuella, Argentina, Xiphinematidae; American diproses Arctium lappa (burdock), dagger nematode, tobacco ring Bouteloua curtipendula Asia: China, India, Japan, (Side-oats grama), Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama), Camellia japonica (camellia), Chamaecyparis pisifera (sawara false cypress), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Enkianthus perulatus (white enkianthus), Erica (heaths), Festuca (fescues), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Osmanthus fragrans, Pieris japonica (Lily-of-the-valley shrub), Poa pratensis (smooth-stalked meadowgrass) Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), 199

spot nematode Vitis vinifera (anggur, o ring spot Kazakhtan, North Korea, Oman, grapevine), Zea mays virus, Tomato (jagung, corn), ring spot Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, virus, Peach Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan Lycopersicum esculentum yellow bud Europe: Hungary, Poland, Russia, (tomat, tomato), Avena virus, Cherry sativa (oat, oats), Cocos rasp leaf Spain, UK nucifera (kelapa, coconut), virus Oceania: Australia. Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Ficus carica (ara), Fragaria vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Juglans regia (walnut), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Linum usitatissimum(flax), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Prunus spp. (stone fruit), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Rubus spp.(blackberry, raspberry), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), 200

Vitis vinifera (anggur,grapevine), Coffeacanephora (kopi robusta,robusta coffee), Cucurbitapepo (ornamental gourd),Fragaria ananassa(stroberi, strawberry),Glycine max (kedelai,soyabean), Gossypiumhirsutum (bourbon cotton),Lycopersicon esculentum(tomat, tomato), Malusdomestica (apel, apple),Malus sylvestris (crab-appletree), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Medicagosativa (alfalfa, lucerne),Pistacia vera (pistachio),Polyphagous, Prunus (stonefruit), Prunus armeniaca(aprikot, apricot), Prunusavium (sweet cherry),Prunus domestica (plum),Prunus dulcis (almond),Prunus persica (persik,peach), Prunus salicina(Japanese plum), Rubus(blackberry, raspberry),Rubus idaeus (raspberry),Zea mays (jagung, corn)Mentha spp. (mints), Pinusspp. (pines), Achras (= 201

Manilkara) zapota (sawo,sapodilla), Onobrychisviciifolia(sainfoin), Petuniahybrida, Picea spp.,Plantago spp. (plantain),Poncirus trifoliata(Trifoliateorange), Potentillaspp.(Cinquefoil), Rosa spp.(mawar, rose), Shorearobusta(sal), Tectonagrandis (jati, teakwood),Trifolium spp. (clovers),Zoysiajaponica(zoysiagrass),Agropyron spp., Codiaeumvariegatum(croton),Callicarpaamericana(Americanbeautyberry), Neriumoleander(oleander), Acerplatanoides(Norway maple),Agropyron cristatum(crestedwheatgrass), Agropyrondesertorum(crestedwheatgrass (USA)), Anethumgraveolens(dill), Bambusa(bamboo), Bambusatuldoides(punting-polebamboo), Callicarpaamericana (Americanbeautyberry), Cichoriumintybus (chicory), Codiaeum 202

60. Xiphinema diversicaudatum I: jika MP variegatum (croton), akar, umbi, Africa: Algeria, South Africa Cydonia oblonga(quince), stolon, bibit, (Micoletzky) Thorne; tidak Manilkara zapota tanah America: USA (=Dorylaimus (Longidorus) diproses. (sapodilla), Nerium Asia: Turkey oleander(oleander), sebagai diversicaudatus =D.elongatus II: jika MP Onobrychis viciifolia vektor:Arabic Australia: New Zealand =Longidorus diversicaudatus diproses (sainfoin), Petunia hybrida, mosaic virus Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, =Xiphinema (Diversiphinema) Picea glauca(white spruce), Strawberry Netherlands, Bulgaria, Croatia, Picea pungens(blue spruce), latent diversicaudatum Plantago (Plantain), ringspot virus Czech Republic, Denmark, Serbia, =X.amarantum =X.basiri Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Poncirus trifoliate(Trifoliate =X.israeliae =X. orange), Herzegovina, Montenegro, paraelongatum =X.sahelense Macedonia, France, Germany, =X.seredouense); Potentilla(Cinquefoil), Rosa Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Norway, (mawar, roses), Shorea Xiphinematidae; dagger robusta (sal), Tectona Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, grandis (teak), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass) Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Prunus spp., Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus fruticosa(blackberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore), Allium porrum (bawang daun, leek), 203

nematode Brassica olercea (kubis, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, bunga kol, cabbage, Ukraine, UK cauliflower), Chamaecyparislawsoniana 204 (Port Orford cedar), Chamomilla suaveolens (Rounded chamomile), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Crataegus laevigata, Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mentha arvenis (corn mint), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus communis (European pear), Sambucus nigra (elder), Senecio vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Veronica(Speedwell)

61. Xiphinema index Thorne & I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, akar, umbi, Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Allen;(=Diversiphinema index); grapevine), Ficus carica bibit, tanah Xiphinematidae; dagger tidak (ara, Tunisia diproses. sebagai America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, nematode, fan-leaf virus II: jika MP fig),Muscadiniarotundifolia( vektor: Peru, USA nematode monkhood-vine), Vitis spp. Grapevine diproses Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), fanleaf virus Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ampelopsis India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, aconitifolia(monkhood-vine), Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Citrus aurantium (jeruk nipis, ime), Cydonia oblonga Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Serbia, (kwinsi, quince), Juglans Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and regia (walnut), Jasminum Herzegovina, Montenegro, officinale, Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Macedonia, France, Germany, Malus domestica (apel, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Morus Moldova, Poland, Portugal, alba(mora), Olea europea Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, subsp. europea (zaitun, Switzerland, Ukraine olive), Opuntia sp.(pricklypear), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Parthenicissus tricuspidata, Petunia hybrida, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pistacia mutica, Pistacia vera(pistachio), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus spp., 205

62. Xiphinema italiae Meyl.; I: jika MP Pyrus communis (pir, pear), akar, tanah Africa: Egypt, Cameroon, Libya, Xiphinematidae; dagger tidak Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia. nematode Solanum tuberosum sebagai diproses. (kentang, potato), Betula vektor:Grape Europe: Greece, Italy, Spain II: jika MP (birches), Chenopodium vine fanleaf giganteum (large virus diproses lambsquarters), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Cupressus pyramidalis, Fagus silvaticus, Gomphrena globosa (Globe amaranth), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine), Pinus sp. (pine), Populus sp. (poplar), Quercus lucombeana, Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Thuja, Urtica urens (annual nettle), Vitis rupestris (sand-grape) Citrus spp., Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitun, olive)V. GULMA (WEEDS)No NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGAN/ MEDIA PEMBAWA/ DAERAH ASAL/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GROUP PATHWAY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 206

SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/TAXON/ COMMON NAME1. Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Egypt, Nigeria(Elymus repens = Elytrigia Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta vulgaris America: Argentina, Canada,repens =Triticum repens); var saccharifera (bit gula, sugar beet), Ecuador, USAPoaceae; quack grass, couch Brassica spp., Daucus carota (wortel, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia,grass, quick grass, rope twich, carrot), Helianthus annuus (bunga Bangladesh, Georgia, India, Iran,scotch quelch, dog grass, matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan,twich grass, wikens, wicks (barli, barley), Linum usitatissimum, Mongolia, Pakistan, Turkey Medicago sativa, Pastures, Phaseolus Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, pea),Poaceae(grasses), Secale cereale France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, (rye), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, potato), Trifolium (clover),Zea mays Netherland, Norway, Poland, (jagung, corn, maize), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea2. Alectra fulminensis (Vell.) II Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) America: VenezuelaStearn; Scrophulariaceae:sugarcane weed3. Alectra orobanchoides (Benth); II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: Kenya(= A. kirkii Benth. Kick);Schropulariaceae; tobaccowitch weed4. Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: allKuntze; Schropulariaceae; Asia: India, Myanmar, China,tobacco witch weed, yellow Philippineswitch weed 207

5. Alectra vogelli (Benth); II Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, Africa: South Africa, Central Africa, Schropulariaceae; cowpeawitch weed cowpea) Mali, Kenya6. Alopecurus myosuroides Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Switzerland Hudson (=A. agrestis L); Poaceae; blackgrass, slender tanah,groundnut,peanut), Glycine max meadow foxtail, twitch grass, (kedelai, soybean), Lablab purpureus black twitch (hyacinth bean), Mucuna pruriens7. Asphodelus fistulosus (L.); (Buffalobean), Phaseolus acutifolius (=Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.) (tepary bean), Phaseolus coccineus Asphodelaceae; onion weed, (runner bean), Phaseolus radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Voandzeia subterranea (bambara groundnut) II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Northern Africa Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Brassica America: Argentina, Bolivia, napus var. napus, Secale cereale (rye) Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA, Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Allium Uruguay cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Solanum Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, tuberosum (kentang, potato), Zea mays Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordania, Lebanon, Pakistan,Turkey (jagung, corn, maize), Malus spp., Prunus (stone fruits), Pyrus communis Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, (pir, pear) Denmark, France, Corsica, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Netherland, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand II Cicer arietinum, Linum Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Mauritius, usitatissimum,Nicotiana tabacum Morocco, Sudan (tembakau, tobacco), Pisum sativum America: Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, USA 208

asphodelus,wild onion, onion- (kapri, sweet pea), Solanum tuberosum Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, leafed, pink asphodel, asphodel (kentang, potato), Triticum aestivum India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Malaysia,8. Buchnera hispida (Bunch.- (gandum, wheat) Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Ham. ex D. Don); (=Buchnera longifolia Klotzsch. =B. Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Arabia, Turkey, Yemen browniana Schinz. =B. macrocarpa Hochst.) Brassica juncea var. juncea (Indian Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Orobanchaceae; karanji, marathi mustard), Citrus, Gossypium hirsutum Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France,9. Cirsium arvense(L.) (bourbon cotton), Hordeum vulgare Scop.;(=Cirsium incanum = C. (barli, barley), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, lanatum =C. setosum =C. arvensis); Asteraceae; lucerne), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Balearic Islands california thistle, canada thistle, creeping thistle, field date-palm), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand thistle sugarcane), Zea mays(jagung,corn,maize) II Sorghum bicolor (cantel, sorghum), Africa: Southeast Africa Setaria italic (jewawut, millet) Asia: India, Madagascar II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Angola, South Africa, Sudan, Aeschynomene falcata, Avena sativa Swaziland, Tunisia, Zimbabwe (oat, oats), Bromus, Brassica napus var. America: North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, napus,Carthamus tinctorius, Coronilla varia, Dactylis glomerata, Fagopyron Manitoba, New Brunswick, esculentum,Glycine max (kedelai, Newfoundland, Northwest soybean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory, (barli, barley), Linum usitatissimum, Mexico, USA, Alaska, Arizona, Lotus corniculatus, Pinus merkusii Arkansas, California, Colorado, (tusam, pinetree), Medicago sativa, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Onobrychis viciifolia, Panicum miliaceum, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 209

Phleum, Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Kansas, Kentucky, Maine,pea), Poa, Polyphagous, Secale cereale(rye), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Maryland, Massachusetts,sorghum), Trifolium, Triticum aestivum Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,(gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Newcorn, maize)Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Hampshire, New Jersey, NewAllium porrum (bawangdaun,leek), Allium Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Apiumgraveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhodehypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut, Island, South Dakota, Tennessee,peanut), Asparagus officinalis(asparagus, asparagus), Beta vulgaris Utah, Vermont, Virginia,var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica Washington, West Virginia,juncea var. juncea (Indian mustard), Wisconsin, Wyoming), SouthBrassica nigra (black mustard), Brassicaoleracea (kubis (cabbages),bunga America (Chile), Brazilkol(cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, China,botrytis (bunga kol,cauliflower), Brassica Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, Korea,oleracea var. italica (brokoli,broccoli), Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey,Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), TurkmenistanBrassica rapa subsp. rapa (turnip),Capsicum annuum (paprika,bell- Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechpepper,red pepper), Chamomilla recutita Republic, Denmark, Finland,(common chamomile), Cicer arietinum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia(chickpea), Citrullus lanatus (semangka,watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon, and Herzegovina, Montenegro,melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, Macedonia, France, Germany,cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(waluh,labuparang, pumpkin), Cucurbita Greece, Iceland, Italy, Netherland,pepo (labukuning,zucchini), Daucus Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Ireland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 210

ananassa (strawberry), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel,apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau,tobacco), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli,parsley), Phaseolus (beans), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Solanum melongena (terong, eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine)10. Cuscutaepilinum(Weike);Convo II Flax, Linseed Africa:Ethiopia,Egypt,Morocco,Soutlvulaceae; flax dodder hAfrica America: Canada,USA Asia: Cyprus Europe:all11. Cuscutaepithymum(L II Herbaceous,Legume Africa:South Africa.) Murr.(=C.trifoli); America:Convolvulaceae; NorthAmerica,Argentina,Bolivia,Braalfalfa dodder zil,Colombia, Chile,Venezuela,DominicanRepublic ,Ecuador,Paraguay, Peru,Uruguay,FrenchGuiana Asia: Japan,WestAsia 211

Europe:all Oceania:Australia12. Cuscutagronovii(Willd.);Co II Herbaceous,Solanumtuberosum(kentang, America: NorthAmerica potato),Pipernigrum(lada,pepper), Apium Europe:allnvolvulaceae;swampdodder graveolens(seledri,celery)13. Cuscutaindecora(Choisy.);Co II Leguminoceae Africa:Morocconvolvulaceae;thin-vine America:dodder NorthdanArgentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Co lombia,Chile, Venezuela,DominicanRepublic,Ecua dor,Paraguay,Peru, Uruguay,FrenchGuiana Europe: Greece14. Cuscutajaponica(Choisy);Conv II Solanumtuberosum(kentang,potato),Sola Asia: Japanolvulaceae; dodder seed num melongena (terong, eggplant,aubergine), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato)15. 3Cuscutamonogyna(Vahl.);Conv II Leguminoceae,Citrus spp. Asia: CentralEast,Afghanistan0olvulaceae; eastern dodder (jeruk,orange),Tamarix,Salix Europe:France,SouthEurope. Oceania:Mediteranean16. Cuscutapedicellata(Ledeb); II Leguminoceae Asia: CentralAsia,CentralEast AsiaConvolvulaceae Oceania:EasternMediteranean17. Cuscutaplaniflora(Ten.);(=C.Ap II Leguminoceae America:NorthAmericaproximate); Convolvulaceae; Asia:CentralAsiaespaguete Oceania:Mediteranean18. Digitaria scalarum(Schweinf.) II Agave part oflana, Ananas comosus Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi,Chiov.; (=Digitaria abyssinica (nenas, pineapple), Coffea spp. (kopi, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan,=D. abyssinicavar. scalarum coffee), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Swaziland, Nigeria, South Africa,=D. eichingeri =D. hackelii =D. cotton), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda,merkeri =D. mutica =D. sugarcane), Zea mays (jagung, corn, Tanzania, Madagascar, Zambia,scalarum =D. somaliensis =D. maize) Zimbabwe 212

tangaensis =D. vestita Acacia (wattles), Camellia sinensis (teh, Asia: Saudi Arabia, India, Sri =Panicum abyssinicum =P. hackelii =P. kafuroense =P. tea), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Musa Lanka muticum =P. scalarum); Poaceae; cough grass sp. (pisang, banana), Phaseolus vulgaris19. Emex australis (common bean), Tanacetum (Steinh.);Polygonaceae;Spiny cinerariifolium (Pyrethrum), Triticum Emex, doublegee, three- cornered jack aestivum (gandum, wheat) II Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica napus Africa: Bostwana, Kenya, Lesotho, var. napus (rape), Cicer arietinum Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, (chickpea), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Namibia, Ascension, South Africa, barley), Lupinus spp., Medicago sativa Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (lucerne), Medicago spp., Pisum sativum America: North America (USA, California, Hawaii), Central America (kapri,sweetpea), Secale cereale (rye), Triticale, Triticum aestivum (gandum, & Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) wheat), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vitis Asia: Taiwan, India, Pakistan vinifera (grapevine) Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut, peanut), Brassica oleracea (kubis (cabbages), bunga kol (cauliflowers), Citrus, Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Gossypium (cotton), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Prunus (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum 213

(kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize)20. 3Melampyrum arvense (L.); II Cereal, Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: West Asia . Orobanchaceae; field cow- wheat), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Europe: West Europe, France, wheat, purple cow-wheat, Belgium, Germany, Netherland horse flower II Poaceae(grasses), Lucerne, Triticum America: North America21. 3Odontites verna (Bell) Dum; (= aestivum (gandum, wheat) Asia: Turkey . Bastsia odontites = O. Europe: Southeast Europe, serotinus = O. rubra gilib); Germany Orobanchaceae; red bartsia, Eyebright, red rattle, Perlina II Tanaman Compositae, Solanaceae Africa: Tanzania, Uganda, Algeria, di Primavera Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia22. 3Orobanche cernua (Loefl.);(= O. Asia: India, Afghanistan, China, 9cernua, O. bicolor, O. Bahrain, Geogia, Irak, Israel, . curviflora, O. hispanica, O. Jordania, Kuwait, Kazaktans, gallica, O. pogonanthera, O. Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, nicotiana, O. glaucantha, O. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, cumana); Orobanchaceae Turkey, Yemen Europe:Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czech23. 4Orobanche foetida (Poir.), Republic, Slovakia, France, Greece, . Orobanchaceae; Broomrapes Hongary, Italy, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK24. 4Orobanche gracilis (SM.); Oceania: Australia . Orobanchaceae; Broomrapes II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Morocco, Tunisia, Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands Europe: Spain II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania Europe: Sout East Europe 214

25. 3Orobanche ramosa (L.); (= O. II Brassica spp., Lycopersicon esculentum Africa: North Africa, South Africa7Interrupta, O. Micrantha, (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana tabacum America: USA, Central America. Kopsia interrupta, O. cannabis, (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum (Cuba), South America, ChilePhilipaea ramosa, Phelipanche melongena (terong, eggplant, aubergine) Asia: Armenia, Afghanistan, China,ramosa, Kopsia ramosa); Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), India, Iran, Irak, Israel, Jordan,Orobanchaceae; Broomrapes Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Lebanon, Nepal, Oman, Saudi Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, Arabia, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, groundnut, peanut), Cannabis sativa Turkey, Yemen (hemp), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, pepper, red pepper), Carthamus Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech tinctorius (safflower), Cicer arietinum Republic, Slovakia, France, Corsica, (chickpea), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, Germany, Greece, Hongary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Netherland, Poland, watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Portugal, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK, Switzerland Cucurbita (pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Foeniculum vulgare Oceania: Australia (fennel), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba (broad bean)26. Partheniumhysterophorus L.; II Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya,(= rgyrochaeta bipinnatifida lady’sfinger), Allium cepa (bawang Madagascar, Mauritius,Cav. = Villanova binnatifida bombay, onion), Anacardium occidentale Mozambique, Réunion, Cornoros,Ortega) (cashew nut), Arachis hypogaea (kacang Seychelles, South Africa, Somalia,Asteraceae;parthenium weeds, tanah,groundnut, peanut), Carica Mayotte, Swaziland, Tanzania,congress grass, whiteheads, papaya (pepaya,papaw, papaya), Cicer Uganda, Zimbabwebarley flower arietinum (chickpea), Citrus, Cocos America: Bermuda, North America nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Coffea (kopi, (Mexico, USA)Tropical America, 215

coffee), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Caribean Island, Central America Eleusine coracana (finger millet), (Barbados, Belize, Bahama, Cuba, Eragrostis tef (teff), Gossypium (kapas, Dominican Republik, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Poerto Rico, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lycopersicon Costa Rica), South America esculentum (tomat,tomato), Mangifera (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, indica (mangga,mango), Musa Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, (pisang,banana), Pastures, Phaseolus Venezuela, Uruguay) (beans), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, guava), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Taiwan,India, Israel, Jepang, sugarcane), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Vietnam, Nepal, Pakistan Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, Europe: Belgium Oceania: Eastern Queensland, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor Australia, Frenche Polinesia, New (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (Jagung, Caledonia, Vanuatu corn, maize), Radish27. Praxelis clematidea R.M. King II Pasture, Saccharum officinarum (tebu, America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, & H. Robinson; (=Eupatorium Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, catarium Veldk.); Asteraceae sugarcane)28. 4Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Dominican Republic, Ecuador, 6(Hochst)Benth; (= R. . Longiflora); Schropulariaceae Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French29. 4Rhinanthus angustifolius (C. Guiana, Guyana 4Gmelin); (=Alecterolophus . major = A. glaber= A. Asia: Hongkong, China montanus = R. apterus = R. glaberR. major = R. serotinus); Oceania: Australia Orobanchaceae; greater II Oryza sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Zea Africa: Africa Tropic, South Africa, mays (jagung, corn, maize), Rumput- Tanzania, Kayela, Mbunga rumputan II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Asia: Turkey, Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Europe: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, 216

yellow-rattle Hungary, Netherland, Poland, Switzerland, France, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Balkans, Russia30. 4Rhinanthus minor (L.); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America, Canada,5Orobanchaceae; yellow rattle, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) USA. cockscomb Asia: West Asia, Siberia Europe: Russia31. 4Striga aspera (Willd.), (= II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), millet, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,. Euphrasia aspera Willd); Oryza sativa(padi, rice, paddy) Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia,Orobanchaceae; parasitic Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) Tanzania, Gambia, Malawi, Niger,weed, witchweed Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, Togo32. 5Striga forbesii II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), Sorghum Africa:Madagascar, South Africa. (Benth);Orobanchaceae; bicolor (sorgum, sorghum)parasitic weed, Bucheraforbesii (Benth) D. Dietr.; giantmaize witchweed, giant mealiewitchweed33. 5Striga gesnerioides(Willd) II Nicotianatabacum Africa: Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia,3Vatke; (=S. Orobanchoides = (tembakau,tobacco), Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique,. Buchnera Ipomoeabatatas(ubijalar,sweet potato), Sudan, Zimbabwegesnerioides);Orobanchaceae; Vignaspp.(cowpea) America: USA, Florida, Guyanacowpea witchweed Asia: Morocco, Sri Langka, India, Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Yemen Oceania: Australia34. 4Striga hermonthica II Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Oryza Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina. (Delile)Benth.; (= S. Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, sativa(padi, rice, paddy), Panicumsenegalensis);Scrophulariacec (millets), Saccharum officinarum Egypt, Gambia, Malawi, Mali, 217

a; parasitic weed, purple (tebu,sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, witchweed (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, Niger, Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia,35. 5Striga latericea (Vatke); (= S. corn,maize) Guinea, Kenya, Namibia, . somaliensis);Orobanchaceae; parasitic weed, cowpea Eragrostis tef (teff), Hordeum vulgare Madagascar, Sudan, Ethiopia, witchweed (barli, barley) Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan,36. 5Striga . passargei(Engl.);Orobanchace Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, ae; parasitic weed Zambia, Zimbabwe37. 5Thesium australe (R. Br.); . Santalaceae; Austral toadflax, Asia: Cambodia, Saudi Arabia, Austral Toad-flax, Australian Toadflax Yemen, Peninsula38. 5Thesium humile (Vahl.); II Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, . Santalaceae; lesser bastardtoadflax cane) Somalia, Mali, Central Africa39. . Thesium Republic resdoides;Santalaceae II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize) Africa: Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Nigeria Asia: Saudi Arabia II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), grasses, Oceania: Australia Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar cane) II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), grasses, Africa: North Africa Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar Asia: Israel cane) Europe: Spain II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), grasses, Africa: South Africa Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugar cane)VI. CENDAWAN (FUNGAL/FUNGAL LIKE ORGANISM/PSEUDOFUNGY)No NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGA INANG/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ 218

KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ N/ GROUP HOST PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONSCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ PATHWAYTAXON/ COMMON NAME1. [a]: - I Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, media Africa: Angola, Botswana,[s]: Claviceps africana (Fr.) ; sorghum) tanam Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana,=Sphacelia sorghi; Sorghum halepense (Johnson Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, grass) Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda,Sordariomycetes Senegal. Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: India, Japan, Thailand, Yemen. Oceania: Australia.2. [a]: - I Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize) biji, media America: Mexico[s]: Claviceps gigantea tanam(Fuentes), de la Ista,Ullstrup & Rodrigues(1964);( =Sphacelia gigantea);Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; ergot ofmaize, horse's tooth3. [a]: - I: jika MP Agrostis (bentgrasses), Avena biji, media Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, Guinea,[s]: Sphacelia segetum Lév., tidak sativa (oat, oats), Cynodon tanam Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania,1827 diproses. (quickgrass), Festuca (fescues), Mauritius, Morocco, South Africa( =Claviceps purpurea (Mantle); II: jika MP Hordeum (barleys), Hordeum (Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe).=Sphacelia sorghi diproses vulgare (barley), Lolium (rye America: Canada, Mexico, USA,=Claviceps microcephala grasses), Lolium perenne Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,(Wallr.) Tul., 1853; (perennial rye grass), Phleum Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, 219

Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, (timothies), Poa (meadow Dominican Republic, Ecuador, grass), Poa pratensis (smooth- Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, FrenchSordariomycetes; sugary stalked meadowgrass), Poaceae Guianadisease (grasses), Secale (rye), Secale Asia: Armenia, China, India, Iran, cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, South (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, (wheat), Triticum aestivum Philippines, Turkey. (gandum, wheat) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bromus (bromegrasses), Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Faroe Echinochloa spp., Panicum Islands, Finland, France, (millets), Pennisetum (feather Germany, Greece, Hungary, grass) Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,4. [a]: - I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, bagian Portugal, Romania, Russia, tanaman Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,[s]:Moniliophthora perniciosa tidak cocoa), Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, daun, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,(Stahel) Aime & Phillips- diproses. Bixa orellana batang Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.Mora (2006) =Marasmius II: jika MP America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador,perniciosus (Stahel, 1915) diproses Grenada, Guyana, Panama, Peru,St. Vincent and the=Crinipellis perniciosa Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad(Stahel) (Singer, 1943) and Tobago, VenezuelaBasidiomycota, Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, MalaysiaAgaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes; cocoa witches’broom disease5. [a]: - I: jika MP Camellia sinensis (teh, tea)[s]: Exobasidium reticulatum tidak 220

Ito & Sawada; diproses. mudaBasidiomycota, II: jika MPUstilaginomycotina, diprosesExobasidiomycetes; net blisterblight of tea6. [a]: - I: jika MP Albizia falcataria (L.), Albizia batang, Africa: Jamaica Asia: India, Ceylon, Pakistan[s]: Fomes robiniae (Murr) Sacc tidak lelbeck, Robinia pseudo acacia, akar Oceania: Australia, Samonand D. Sacc (1905) =F. diproses. Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia Africa: Egypt, Moroccorimosus =Phellinus robiniae II: jika MP serrata, Casuarina strieta, America: Guatemala, Canada,(Murrill) A. Ames 1913 diproses Dalberbia sissoo, Eucalyptus Mexico, USA, Brazil Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China,=Pyropolyporus robiniae spp, Querus sp., Shrea robusta, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan,Murrill 1903 =Fulvifomes Terminalia bellarica, Terminalia Philippines, Thailand, Turkeyrobiniae (Murrill) Murrill tomentosa, Morus alba, Pistacia Europe: Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic,1914; lentiscus Denmark, Estonia, Finland,Basidiomycota, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro,Agaricomycotina, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia,Agaricomycetes; Yellow spongy 221rot7. [a]: - I: jika MP Abies alba (silver fir), Abies batang,[s]:Fomitopsis pinicola(Sw.: Fr.) tidak amabilis (Pacific silver fir), akarP. Karst. 1881; ( =Boletus diproses. Abies concolor (Rocky Mountainpinicola Sw.: Fr. 1810; II: jika MP white fir), Abies holophyllaFomes pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Fr. diproses (Manchurian fir), Abies1849; Placodes pinicola magnifica (red fir), Abies(Sw.: Fr.) Pat. 1887; nephrolepis (Khingan fir),Polyporus pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Abiesprocera (noble fir), AbiesFr. 1821; Pseudofomes religiosa (sacred fir), Acerpinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Lázaro macrophyllum (broadleafIbiza 1916; Trametes maple), Agathis, Betulapinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. papyrifera (paper birch), Larix1882 gmelinii (Dahurian larch), PiceaBasidiomycota, abies (common spruce), Picea

Agaricomycotina, glauca (white spruce), Picea Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, jezoensis (Yeddo spruce), Picea Poland, Romania, Russia,Agaricomycetes; brown koraiensis (Korean spruce), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,crumbly rot, pinicola conk, red Picea mariana (black spruce), Switzerland, Ukraine, UKbelt fungus, root rot conifers, Picea obovata (Siberian spruce), Oceania: Australia, Picea rubens (red spruce), Piceabrown rot of conifers, brown sitchensis (Sitka spruce), Pinus 222cubical heart rot of fir contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinusedulis (pinyon), Pinus flexilis (limber pine), Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus sargentii (sargent's cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), Tsuga mertensiana (Patton's hemlock), Vitis (grape) Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Abies grandis (grand fir), Abies lasiocarpa (rocky mountain fir), Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), Acer pictum (painted maple), Alnus glutinosa (European alder), Alnus incana (grey alder), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula pendula (common silver birch), Betula platyphylla (Manchurian birch),

Betula populifolia (gray birch),Calocedrus decurrens (bastardcedar), Carpinus betulus(hornbeam), Carpinus cordata(heart-leaved hornbeam), Carya(hickories), Castanea(chestnuts), Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (Alaska cedar),Corylusavellana (hazel), Fagusgrandifolia (American beech),Fagus sylvatica (commonbeech), Larix kaempferi(Japanese larch), Larixkomarovii, Larix laricina(American larch), Magnolia,Malus domestica (apple), Piceaengelmannii (Engelmannspruce), Picea pungens (bluespruce), Pinus lambertiana (bigpine), Pinus monophylla (single-leaf pinyon pine), Pinusponderosa (ponderosa pine),Pinus sibirica (Siberian stonepine), Pinus strobus (easternwhite pine), Pinus tabuliformis(chinese pine), Platanusoccidentalis (sycamore),Platanus orientalis (plane),Populus grandidentata(Bigtooth aspen), Populusmaximowiczii (Japanesepoplar), Populus nigra (black 223

poplar), Populus tremula (aspen (European)), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunusavium (sweet cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Salix alba (white willow), Salix caprea (pussy willow), Salix fragilis (crack willow), Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Thuja plicata (western redcedar), Tilia cordata (small- leaf lime), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock)8. [a]: - I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), akar, Africa: Egypt, South Africa America: Peru, USA[s]:Gaeumannomyces graminis tidak Triticum aestivum (gandum, batang, Asia: India, Philippinesvar. graminis (Sacc.) Arx & diproses. wheat), Zea mays (jagung, daun, biji,D.L. Olivier (1952); ( II: jika MP corn, maize), Zizania spp., media=Rhaphidophora graminis diproses Avena spp., secale, Poaceae, tanamSacc. (1875); Cynodon spp., EremochloaGaeumannomyces graminis ophiuroides, Pennisetum(Sacc.) Arx & D. Olivier clandestinum, Stenotaphrum(1952); Ophiobolus graminis secundatum, Zoysia japonica(Sacc.) Sacc. (1881);Ophiobolus oryzinus Sacc.(1916); Linocarpon oryzinum(Sacc.) Petr. (1952);Gaeumannomyces oryzinus(Sacc.) Schrantz (1961)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, 224

Sordariomycetes; crownsheath rot, crown sheath rot ofrice, patch disease of turf,white-heads of grasses9. [a]: - I: jika MP Saccharum officinarum (tebu, daun Asia: Taiwan sugarcane)[s]: Leptosphaeria taiwanensis tidakW.Y. Yen & C.C. Chi: 213 diproses(1952); ( =Didymella II. jika MPtaiwanensis (J.M. Yen & diprosesC.C. Chi) Shoemaker & C.E.Babc., (1989); Saccharicolataiwanensis (J.M. Yen &C.C. Chi) O.E. Erikss. & D.Hawksw., (2003)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; sugar caneleaf blight10. [a]: - I: jika MP Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, Africa: Kenya,Tanzania Oceania: Solomon Islands[s]:Marasmiellus cocophilus tidak coconut) daun, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa batang,Pegler; diproses colona, Eleusine indica mediaBasidiomycota, II. jika MP tanamAgaricomycotina, diprosesAgaricomycetes; basal stembreak, lethal bole rot ofcoconut11. [a]: - I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) akar, daun, Africa: Egypt Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize), batang, Oceania: Samoa America, Samoa[s]:Marasmiellus inoderma tidak Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchids) tanaman,(Berk.) Singer (1955); (= diproses tanah.Marasmius inoderma Berk. II. jika MP diprosesBasidiomycota,Agaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes; crown rot of 225

rice, pre-emergence shoot rot,root rot of maize, sheath rot ofmaize12. [a]: - I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah America: USA grapevine), Malus domesticum Asia: China, India, Japan[s]:Microthyriella tidak (apel, apple), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange)rubiPetr.;(=Schizothyrina diproses Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa)rubiSchizothyrina rubi (Petr.)) II. jika MPAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, diproses Manihot esculenta (singkong, cassava),Dothideomycetes; fly speck13. [a]: - I: jika MP buah, biji America: Brazil, Colombia,Costa[s]:Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) tidak Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama,H.C. Evans, Stalpers, diproses Peru, VenezuelaSamson & Benny (1978); (= II. jika MPMonilia roreri Cif. (1933) diprosesBasidiomycota,Agaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes; frosty pod rot,monilia pod rot, pod rot ofcocoa, quevedo disease, waterypod rot of cocoa14. [a]: - I: jika MP umbi, akar, Africa: Madagascar batang[s]:Laetiporus baudonii (Pat.) tidakRyvarden (1991); ( diproses=Polyporus baudonii Pat. II. jika MP(1914) =Polyporus baudoni diproses=Cladoporus baudonii (Pat.)Teixeira (1994)=Pseudophaeolus baudonii(Pat.) Ryvarden (1975)=Phaeolus manihotis R.Heim (1931)Basidiomycota, 226

Agaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes; root rot15. [a]: - I: jika MP Crataegus monogyna daun, Africa: Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, (hawthorn), Cydonia oblonga buah, Zimbabwe[s]: Podosphaera clandestina tidak (quince), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet batang America: Canada, USAvar. clandestina, (1851); diproses cherry), Prunus domestica muda Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, (plum), Prunus salicina(=Alphitomorpha clandestina II. jika MP (Japanese plum) India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic ofWallr., (1819) =Erysiphe diproses (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan,clandestina (Wallr.) Link, Lebanon, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan(1824) =Erysipheoxyacanthae DC., (1815) Europe: Austria, Belgium,=Podosphaera kunzei Lév., Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,(1851) =Microsphaerafulvofulcra Cooke (1851) Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,=Podosphaera minor Howe, Montenegro, Macedonia, France,(1874)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,Leotiomycetes; powdery Netherlands, Norway, Poland,mildew of cherry; powdery Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,mildew of hawthorn; mildew of Ukraine, UKquince Oceania: Australia, New Zealand16. [a]: Sclerotium cepivorum I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi, akar, Africa: Egypt, Libya, South Africa, batang [s]:Stromatinia cepivorum tidak etc.), Alliumcepa (onion), Allium Uganda, Zimbabwe (Berk.) Whetzel ; diproses cepa var. aggregatum (shallot), America: Canada, Mexico, USA, ≡Stromatinia cepivora Allium fistulosum (Welsh (Berk.,1945) =Stromatinia II. jika MP onion), Allium porrum (leek), Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, diproses Allium sativum (garlic), Allium Colombia, Guyana, Uruguay, cepivorum (Berk., 1945) Venezuela 227

Basidiomycota, schoenoprasum (chives) Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, PhilippinesAgaricomycotina, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria,Agaricomycetes; white rot of Cyprus, Czech Republic andonion and garlic, onion white Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,root rot, bulb rot of onion, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands,Allium white rot, onion white Norway, Portugal, Romania,rot Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK17. [a]: - I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji Oceania: Australia, New Zealand sorghum) Africa: Botswana, Burundi,[s]:Sporisorium cruentum(J.G. tidak Saccharum officinarum (tebu, Cameroon, Central Africa, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia,Kühn) Vanky (1985); ( diproses sugarcane) Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,=Sphacelotheca cruenta(J.G. II. jika MP Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal,Kühn) Potter(1912) =S.holci diproses Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda,=Ustilago cruentaJ.G. Kühn Zambia, Zimbabwe(1872) =Endothlaspis sorghi America: Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador,Sorokin (1890) =Cintractia Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,sorghi (Sorokin) De Toni Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, USA,Venezuela(1888) =Sphacelotheca Asia: Afghanistan, China, Taiwan,sorokiniana Cif. (1928) India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, Myanmar,=Ustilago sorghi Pass. (1873) Pakistan, Turkey, YemenBasidiomycota, Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, Germany, Greece,Ustilaginomycotina, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Rusia,Ustilaginomycetes; loose 228kernel smut, loose smut,sorghum loose kernel smut

18. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia wheat) and Herzegovina, Montenegro, [s]:Tilletia indica Mitra(1931)( tidak Macedonia =Neovossia indica(Mitra) diproses Mundk (1940); biji Africa: South Africa, Mexico, USA II. jika MP Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, Basidiomycota, diproses Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan Ustilaginomycotina, I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, batang, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Exobasidiomycetes; Karnal tidak wheat) bunga Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, bunt of wheat, Indian bunt of diproses . Morocco, Somalia, South Africa, wheat, partial bunt of wheat, II. jika Tunisia, Zimbabwe new bunt MP America: Argentina, Canada,19. [a]: - diproses Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, [s]:Tilletia laevis J. G. USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, Kühn(1873); ( =Tilletia Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, foetens (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) J. Schröt (1877) Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =Tilletia foetida =Ustilago foetensBerk. & M.A. Curtis Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, (1874); Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Basidiomycota, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ustilaginomycotina, Uzbekistan Exobasidiomycetes; common Europe: Austria, Belgium, bunt, complete bunt, covered Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, smut, hill bunt, smooth- Denmark, Finland, Serbia, spored wheat bunt, stinking Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and bunt, stinking wheat smut Herzegovina, Montenegro, 229

20. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum spp. (gandum, wheat) biji, bunga, Macedonia,France, Germany, Agropyron spp., Bromusspp., batang [s]:Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) G. tidak Elymusspp., Festucaspp., Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Winter (1884); ( =Tilletia diproses Hordeumspp., Poaspp., Secale Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. sereale, Lolium spp. Norway, Poland, Portugal, (1847) =Uredo caries DC. II. jika MP (1815) =Uredo Sitophila diproses Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Ditmar (1816) =Caeoma Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, sitophilum (Ditmar) Link Ukraine (1825) =Tilletia sitophila (Ditmar) J. Schröt. (1877) Oceania : Australia, New Zealand Basidiomycota, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ustilaginomycotina, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, South Exobasidiomycetes; complete Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, bunt, covered smut, hill bunt, Zimbabwe rough-spored wheat bunt, America: Argentina, Canada, stinking smut, wheat bunt, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, common bunt Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan Europe: Austria, Belgium,Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece,Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, 230

21. [a]: - I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, bunga, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, wheat) daun,tangk Bosnia and Herzegovina,[s]:Urocystis agropyri(Preuss) tidak Montenegro, Macedonia Agropyron, Elymus repens, ai malai, Oceania: Australia, New ZealandA.A. Fisch. Waldh. (1867); ( diproses Agropyron smithii, Agrostis biji Africa: Algeria, Egypt,Morocco, stolonifera var. palustris, South Africa, Tunisia=Uredo agropyri Preuss II. jika MP Agrostis capillaris, Alopecurus, America: Argentina, Canada, Avena sativa (oat, oats ), Chile, Falkland Islands,(1848) =Polycystis agrropyri diproses Bromus carinatus, Bromus Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico,(Preuss) J. Schröt. (1877) marginatus, Carex, Dactylis USA, Uruguay, Venezuela glomerata, Elymus, Festuca Asia: Afghanistan, China,Taiwan,=Tuburcinia agropyri rubra, Lolium, Phleum pratense, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Poa spp., Trisetum Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia,(Preuss) Liro (1922) Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan=Tubircinia agropyri-juncei Europe: Baltic area, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia,Vienn.-Bourg. (1954) Denmark, Estonia, Finlania, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,=Urocystis agropyri-juncei Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,(Vienn.-Bourg.) H. Zogg. Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,(1986) =Tuburcinia elymi Cif. UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand(1931) =Urocystis elymi (Cif.)Schwarzman (1960) Africa: Egypt, Gabon, Morocco America: Canada,Chile, Cuba,=Urocystis preussii J.G. Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, USAKühn (1874) Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea,Basidiomycota,Ustilaginomycotina,Ustilaginomycetes; flag smut,flag smut of wheat, stem smut,stripe smut22. [a]: - I: jika MP Allium spp. umbi, Anthirinum sp.[s]:Urocystis cepulaeFrost. tidak daun, batang(1877)( =Tuburcinia cepulae diproses II. jika MPFrost (1877) =Urocystismagica Pass. (1875) diproses=Tuburcinia magica (Pass.) 231

Liro (1922) =Urocystis allii Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Schellenb. (1911) Tajikistan, Thailand =Tuburcinia allii (Schellenb.) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Malta, Liro (1922) =Tuburcinia oblonga Massenot (1953) Denmark, Finlania, France, =Urocystis oblonga Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, (Massenot) H. Zogg (1986)Basidiomycota, Rusia, Slovakia,Sweden, Switzerland, UK,Serbia, Slovenia,Ustilaginomycotina,Ustilaginomycetes; leek smut, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,onion smut Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand23. [a]: - I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. umbi, daun [s]:Urocystis gladiolicolaAinsw. tidak Asia: Iran (1950); ( =Tuburcinia diproses Triticum aestivum (gandum, gladiolicola (Ainsw.) Cif. wheat), Secale sereale (barley) bunga, Africa: Egypt (1963) II. jika MP Basidiomycota, diproses Silene pratensis, Cerastium, daun, America: Canada, USA Ustilaginomycotina, Dyanthus,Caryophyllaceae tangkai Asia: China, India, Pakistan Ustilaginomycetes; smut I: jika MP tidak malai, biji Europe: Ireland, Rusia,24. [a]: - diproses Switzerland, UK [s]: Ustilago nuda f.sptritici Oceania: Australia (Schaffnit); ( =Ustilago nuda II. jika MP f.sp. hordei); diproses bunga, America: North America, USA Basidiomycota, daun, Europe: Sweden, Ustilaginomycotina, I: jika MP Ustilaginomycetes; barley tidak tangkai loose smut diproses malai, biji25. [a]: - II. jika MP [s]:Ustilago violacea(Pers.) Roussel; ( =( =Microbotryum violaceum (Pers.) G. Deml & 232

Oberw. =Uredo violacea diproses Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum biji, bunga, Africa: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Pers. =Caeoma violaceum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea (Pers.) Nees =Uredo I: jika MP mays (jagung, corn, maize), Zea daun, akar, Cameroon, Chad, DR Congo, antherarum DC. =Ustilago tidak mays subsp. mays (sweet corn) batang, Egypt, Erythrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, antherarum (DC.) Fr. diproses Andropogon, Zea mexicana (Zea media Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, =Caeoma antherarum (DC.) mays subsp. mexicana) Schltdl. =Microbotryum II. jika MP tanam Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, antherarum (DC.) Lév. diproses Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Wallr. =Ustilago silenes- nutantis Liro) Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Basidiomycota, Zimbabwe Ustilaginomycotina, America: Argentina, Barbados, Ustilaginomycetes; Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Caryophyllaceae anther smut Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica,26. [a]: - Mexico, Panama, USA, Uruguay [s]: Sphacelotheca reiliana (J. Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, G. Kühn) G.P Clinton;( Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =Cintractia reiliana (J. G. Korea Republic of, Malaysia, Kühn) Clinton =Sorosporium holci-sorghi (Rivolta) Moesz =Sorosporium reilianum(J.G. Kühn) McAlpine =Sphacelotheca holci-sorghi (Rivolta) Cif. =Sporisorium holci-sorghi (Rivolta) Vánky =Sporisorium reilianum(J. G. Kühn) Langdon & Full. =Ustilago holci-sorghi Rivolta =Ustilago reiliana J. 233

G. Kühn) Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,Basidiomycota; Philippines, Taiwan, YemenMicrobotryales;Microbotryacea Europe: Austria, Bulgaria,e; Head smut of maize, loose Cyprus, Czech Republic andsmut Slovakia, Estonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and27. [a]:Alternaria citriEllis & N. I: jika MP Citrus sp., Citrus jambhiri buah, dan Herzegovina, Serbia and (rough lemon), Citrus junos daun.Pierce(1992); tidak (yuzu), Citrus limon (lemon), Montenegro,Moldova, Macedonia, Citrus medica (citron), Citrus France, Germany, Greece,[s]: - diproses reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange) Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UkraineDothideomycetes; stalk end diproses Oceania: Australia, New Zealand,rot, stem end rot, navel end Papua New Guinearot, core rot of citrus, black rot Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique,of citrus fruit, brown spot of Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan,citrus, black rot of Citrus, fruit Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,rot of Citrus, core rot of Citrus. Zimbabwe America: Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, North America, Mexico, USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam 234

28. [a]:Aposphaeria ulei Henn. I: jika MP Hevea brasiliensis (karet, tanaman, Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, (1904); ( = Fusicladium tidak rubber tree) batang France, Greece, Italy, Malta, heveae K. Schub. & U. diproses Portugal, Russia, Spain Braun (2003) =Fusicladium muda, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand macrosporum Kuyper (1911) II. jika MP daun, =Passalora heveae Massee diproses buah, alat America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, 1913 Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,El I: jika MP angkut, alat Salvador, Guyana France, [s]:Microcyclus ulei (Henn.) Arx tidak pertanian, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, (1962); ( =Dothidella ulei diproses Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Henn. (1904) media Panama, Peru, Suriname, =Melanopsammopsis ulei II. jika MP pembawa Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Henn.) Stahel (1917) diproses lainnya Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Anacardium occidentalis (jambu akar, Africa: Angola, Cameroon, DR mede, cashew nut), Camellia batang, Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, Dothideomycetes; American cinensis (teh, tea), Coffea tanah Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, leaf blight of rubber arabica (kopi, arabica coffe), Coffea canephora (kopi, Madagascar, Mozambique,29. [a]:Armillaria heimii Pegler robusta coffea), Hevea Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa, (1977); (=Clitocybe elegans brasiliensis (karet, rubber), R. Heim (1963); Armillariella Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, elegans (R. Heim, 1974) cassava), Pinus ellioti (slash Zimbabwe pine), Pinus radiate (radiate [s]: - pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly Basidiomycota, pine), Prunus domestica (plum), Agaricomycotina, Prunus persica (Japanese Agaricomycetes; armillaria root rot; honey root rot 235

30. [a]:Ascochyta boltshauseri I: jika MP plum), Tectona grandis (teak), biji, polong, America: Colombia Sacc. =Stagonosporopsis Theobromoa cacao (coklat, hortensis =Stagonospora tidak cocoa) daun, hortensis =Ascochyta diproses batang, hortensis = II. jika MP Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), tanah Stagonosporopsis Acacia melanoxylon (Australian boltshauseri =Phoma diproses blackwood), Araucaria boltshauseri =Hendersonia cunninghamii (colonial pine), Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarinas), Cinnamamum camphora (camphor laurel), Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Delonix regia (gold mohar), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented gum), Grevillea robusta (silky oak), Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rosewood), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Pinus strobes (eastern white pine), Prunus (buah batu, stone fruit), Schinus molle (false pepper tree), swietenia (mahogany). Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) Fabaceae, Poaceae 236

hortensis =Phomasubboltshauseri);[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; bean blotch,bean leaf spot31. [a]: Ascochyta I: jika MP Gossypium barbadens (kapas, biji, buah, Africa: Benin, DR Congo, cotton) daun, Ethiopia, Kenya,gossypii(Woronichin) Syd.; tidak Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot batang Mauritius,Nigeria, South Africa, pepper, chilies, red pepper),[s]: - diproses Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, buah, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, lady’s finger), Solanum bunga, biji, Zambia, ZimbabweAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP melongena (terung, eggplant, batang, aubergine),Nicotiana tabacum akar, America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile,Dothideomycetes; ascochyta diproses (tembakau, tobacco), Glycine Colombia, Guatemala, Jamaica, max (kedelai, soybean), Vigna Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico,blight of cotton, ascochyta leaf unguiculata, Hibiscus spp., Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) USA,Venezuelaspot, ascochyta seedling Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Linum ussitatissimum (flax)blight, ashen spot, wet Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) Taiwan, Georgia, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Philippinesweather blight of cotton. Europe: Greece32. [a]:Boeremia exigua var. I: jika MP Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinealinicola (Naumov & tidak America: CanadaVassiljevsky) Aveskamp, diproses Europe: Belgium, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, France,Gruyter & Verkley (2010); ( II. jika MP Germany, Italy, Latvia,= Ascochyta linicola Naumov diproses Netherlands, Russia, Spain,& Vassiljevsky (1926) Slovakia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand[s]: Phoma exigua f. sp. linicola(Naumov & Vassiljevsky)Malc. & E.G. Gray (1968)=Phoma exigua var. linicola(Naumov & Vassiljevsky) 237

P.W.T. Maas (1965) =Phomabelgica Cash (1972) =Phomalinicola É.J. Marchal &Verpl. (1926) =Diplodina liniMoesz & Smarods (1930)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; foot rot offlax33. [a]: Botrytis aclada Fresen. I: jika MP Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,daun, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia=Botrytis allii Munn tidak Allium cepa var. aggregatum bunga, biji (shallot) America: Costa Rica, Guatemala,=Botrytis septospora El- diproses umbi, Jamaica, Panama, Canada, USA, Allium porrum (leek), Allium tanaman Brazil, Chile, Colombia,Helaly et al.; II. jika MP sativum (garlic) Venezuela[s]: - diproses Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Leotiomycetes; grey mould of Israel, Japan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Nepal, Pakistan,onion, neck rot of onion, leaf Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Vietnamrot of onion, small sclerotial Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republicneck rot fungus, neck rot and Slovakia, Finland, Serbia,fungus, grey mould neck rot of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia andonion, small sclerotial onion Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany,neck rot Italy, Netherlands, Norway,34. [a]:Botrytis gladiolorum I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. Poland, UK Timmerm(1941)( tidak Oceania: Australia, New Zealand =Sclerotinia draytonii) diproses Asia: Pakistan [s]:Botryotinia II. jika MP 238

draytonii(Buddin & diproses Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi America: Canada, USA, Chile Wakefield) Seaver; etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,daun, Europe: Finland, Germany, Ascomycetes; corm rot I: jika MP Allium porrum (leek) bunga, biji Hungary, Norway, UK tidak Oceania: Australia, New Zealand35. [a]:Botrytis porri N.F. Buchw. diproses Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi (1949); (=Sclerotinia porri etc.), Allium cepa (onion) lapis,daun, Africa: Mauritius J.F.H. Beyma (1927) II. jika MP Allium chinense (spring onion), bunga, biji America: Canada, USA, Brazil diproses Allium fistulosum (Welsh Asia: China, Japan, Korea, DPR, [s]: Botryotinia porri(H.J.F. onion), Allium schoenoprasum umbi Korea Republic of (South Korea) Beyma) Whetzel (1945); I: jika MP (chives), Allium tuberosum lapis,daun, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech tidak (Oriental garlic) bunga, biji Republic, France, Germany, Ascomycetes; Botrytis rot of diproses Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, garlic, Botrytis rot of leek, Tulipa (tulip) Poland, UK, Scotland seedling damping-off of onion, II. jika MP Allium cepa (onion), Lilium (lily) Oceania: New Caledonia, New neck rot of onion, mycelia diproses Zealand onion neck rot I: jika MP America: Canada, USA,36. [a]:Botrytis squamosaJ.C. tidak Argentina, Chile Walker, (1925) diproses Asia: Iraq, Japan, Korea, DPR, Korea Republic of (South Korea), [s]:Botryotinia II. jika MP Philippines squamosaVienn.-Bourg. diproses Europe: Austria, Belgium, (1953); (=Sclerotinia Bulgaria, Czech Republic and squamosa (Vienn.-Bourg. 1956) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Leotiomycetes; leaf blight of onion, neck rot of onion, small sclerotial neck rot, onion leaf blight, onion neck rot37. [a]: Botrytis tulipae Lind. (1913) =Sclerotium tulipae Lib. =Botrytis parasitica Cavara (1888); [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Leotiomycetes; tulip fire 239

38. [a]:Catacauma huberi (Henn.) I: jika MP Hevea brasiliensis (karet, daun, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland,Theiss. & Syd. 1915; ( = tidak rubber tree) batang Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Glycine max (kedelai, soybean) muda Estonia, Moldova, Armenia,Phyllachora huberi Henn. diproses Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, biji Kyrgystan, Tajikistan,(1900) II. jika MP Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia,[s]: - diproses Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Italy, Jersey,Sordariomycetes; black spot, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, UKtar spot Oceania: Australia, New Zealand America: Brazil, Guyana39. [a]: Cephalosporiumgregatum I: jika MP Africa: EgyptAlling & Chamb; tidak America: Canada, Mexico, USA Asia:Japan=Acremoniumgregatum diproses Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,=Phialophora gregata II. jika MP Montenegro, Macedonia(Allington & D.W. Chamb.) diproses 240W. Gams, (1971);[s]:Cadophora gregata(Allington & D.W. Chamb.)T.C. Harr. & McNew, (2003);Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,

Sordariomycetes;brown batangrot40. [a]: Cercospora duddiaeWelles I: jika MP Allium ascalonicum (bawang tanaman, America: Barbados, Jamaica tidak merah, shallot), Allium daun Asia: India(1923); schoenoprasum (bawang daun/leeks, chives) buah, biji, Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon,[s]: - diproses daun, DR Congo, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Elaeis guineensis (kelapa Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, IvoryAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP sawit, oilpalm) daun, Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome batang, & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone,Dothideomycetes; leaf spot of diproses Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchids) tangkai Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, bunga Zimbabwe, Antilles Netherlands,onion and garlic, withertip Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) Suriname buah, Oceania: Australiaonion of and garlic, leaf spot: bunga, Europe: Italy, Germany, Rusia. batang,garlic, leaf spot: onion Africa: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central Africa, DR41. [a]: Cercospora I: jika MP Congo,Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,elaeidisSteyaert (1948); tidak Rwanda,Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe[s]:Pseudospiropes elaeidis diproses(Steyaert) Deighton, (1985); II. jika MPAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, diprosesDothideomycetes; cercosporaleaf spot, freckle of oil palm,leaf spot of oil palm, oil palmleaf spot42. [a]: Cercospora epipactidis; I: jika MP=Cercospora missal ex. Sacc. tidak(1911); diproses[s]: - II. jika MPAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, diprosesDothideomycetes; leaf spot43. [a]: Colletotrichum I: jika MPkahawaeJ.M Waller & tidakBridge (1993); diproses(=Colletotrichum coffeanum II. jika MP=C.coffeanum 'var. diprosesvirulans'); 241

[s]: - I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, bunga, America: Cuba tidak sorghum) daun, Africa: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, diproses Poaceae (grasses), Zizania batang, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Sordariomycetes; anthracnose aquatica (annual wildrice) Central Africa, Chad, DR Congo, of coffee, brown blight of II. jika MP Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, diproses Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, coffee, coffee berry disease Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra44. [a]: Colletotrichum Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, sublineolum(Henn.) ex Sacc. Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. & Trotter (1913) America: Argentina, Brazil, =Colletotrichum sublineolum Barbados, Canada, Colombia, Henn. ex Sacc. & Trotter Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, (1913); Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, [s]: - Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Sordariomycetes; sorghum USA, Guyana, Venezuela anthracnose, stalk red rot of Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, sorghum, red leaf spot of Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, sorghum, head blight of Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, sorghum Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka,45. [a]:Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc. I: jika MP Rubus spp., Rosa spp. (mawar, tanaman, Thailand. (1878); ( =Microsphaeropsis tidak rose). batang, Europe: Romania, UK. fuckelii (Sacc.) Boerema diproses Ribes, Vaccinium, Fragaria, media Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe 242

[s]:Sphaeria coniothyrium II. jika MP Bambusa, Juniperus, Malus tanam America: Argentina, Brazil, Fuckel, (1870); ( diproses domesticum (apel, apple), Pinus Colombia, Cuba, Canada, USA =Leptosphaeria coniothyrium sylvestris, buah batu (stone Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, (Fuckel) Sacc., (1875); fruit), Taxus, Thuja India, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Diapleella coniothyrium Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, (Fuckel) M.E. Barr, (1986); Turkmenistan Kalmusia coniothyrium Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, (Fuckel) Huhndorf, (1992); Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Melanomma coniothyrium Estonia, Finland, France, (Fuckel) L. Holm, (1957); Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sphaeria coniothyrium Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Fuckel, (1870) Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Rusia, Slovakia, Spain,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia,Dothideomycetes; cane blight, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,rose blight, apple canker, pine Montenegro, Macedonia,needle blight, rose stem Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Newcanker Zealand, Papua New Guinea America: Canada, USA46. [a]: Coniothyrium I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) tanaman, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, wernsdorffiaeLaubert tidak batang Denmark, France, Germany, (91905); =Coniothyrium diproses Greece, Italy, Lithuania, batang, Netherlands, Poland, Rusia, cystotricha; II. jika MP buah, Sweden, Ukraine, UK [s]: - diproses polong Oceania: Australia Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, I: jika MP Albizia lebbeck, Acer Africa: South Africa, Madagascar Dothideomycetes; rose brand tidak pseudoplatanus, Aesculus America: North America canker hippocastanum, Ainus Asia: Japan diproses glutinosa, Batula pubescens, Europe: England47. [a]:Cylindrocarpon II. jika MP Juglans sp, Fraxinus excelsior, heteronemum (Berk. & Fogus silvatica, Platanus Broome) Wollenw. (1928); ( diproses = Fusarium willkommii J. Lindau (1909) =Cylindrocarpon willkommii 243

(Lindau) Wollenw. (1928) orientalis, Pupulus spp, Quercus robus, Salix alba, S. vitallina, =Cylindrocarpon willkommii Tillia spp, Ulmus glabra var. minus Wollenw. (1928) =Cylindrocarpon willkommii var. pluriseptatum Wollenw. (1928)[s]:Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006); (=Nectria ditissima Tul. & C. Tul. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. ditissima Wollenw. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. arctica Wollenw. (1926) =Nectria galligena Bres.(1901) =Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (1999) =Fusarium heteronemum Berk. & Broome (1865) =Cylindrocarpon heteronema (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1928) =Nectria magnoliae M.L. Lohman & Hepting (1943) =Fusarium mali Allesch. (1892) =Cylindrocarpon mali (Allesch.) Wollenw. (1928)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; Hardwoodsperennial canker, nectriacancer 244

48. [a]:Dematophora necatrix R. I: jika MP Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi tanaman, Africa: Central Africa, DR Congo, fruit), Begonia, BoehmeriaHartig (1883) =Graphium tidak nivea (rami, ramie), Camellia umbi, akar, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, sinensis (teh, tea), Citrus spp., batang, Mozambique, Nigeria, Southdesmazierii Sacc. diproses Cydonia oblonga, Cynara media Africa, Réunion scolymus (artisyok, artichoke),(1878)[1879] =Hypoxylon II. jika MP Cyclamen, Dianthus, Eriobotrya tanam America: Argentina, Brazil, japonica, Ficus carica, Fragaria Colombia, Dominica, Mexico, USAnecatrix (R. Hartig) P.M.D. diproses vesca (arbei, strawberry), Asia: China,Taiwan, Georgia, Jasminum sambac (melati,Martin (1976) =Rhizomorpha jasmine), Malus domesticum India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan,necatrix R. Hartig (1883) (apel, apple), Morus, Narcissus, South Korea, Lebanon, Olea europea sub sp. europea[s]:Rosellinia (zaitum, olive), Paeonia, Philippines, Turkey Populus, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria,necatrixPrill.(1902); cherry), Pyrus communis (pir, Cyprus, France, Germany,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Viola, Vitis vinifera (anggur, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania,Sordariomycetes; Southern Russia, Spain, grapevine)dematophora root rot, white cerealia, Abies alba, Acacia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Acer, Aesculus, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia androot rot of trees Annona,Asparagus officinalis Herzegovina, Montenegro, (asparagus, asparagus), Beta vulgaris var saccharifera (bit Macedonia, gula, sugar beet), Berberis, Oceania: New Zealand Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Ceanothus megacarpus, Cedrus atlantica, Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Castanea sativa, Cotoneaster, Carya, Corylus avellana, Cyperus esculentus, Daucus 245

carota (wortel, carrot),Diospyros, Eucalyptus,Fagus,Feijoa sellowiana,Fragaria, Gladiolus hybrids,Helianthus annuus (bungamatahari, sunflower), Humuluslupulus, Hyacinthus, Ilexaquifolium, Iris, Juglans,Juglans regia, Ixia, Lavandula,Larix decidua, Ligustrumvulgare, Laurus nobilis, Malus,Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu,cassava), Macadamia, Medicagosativa, Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Passifloraquadrangularis (markisa,passion- fruit, granadilla),Persea americana (alpokat,avocado), Pelargonium,Phaseolus, Pistacia vera, Piceaabies, Piper nigrum (lada,pepper), Pinus merkusii (tusam,pinetree), Platanus, buah batu(stone fruit), Protea, Punicagranatum (delima,pomegranate), Pyracantha,Pyrus communis (pir, pear),azalea, Ribes, Rubus spp.,Rumex, Salix, Solanumtuberosum (kentang, potato),Sorbus aucuparia, Theobromacacao (kakao, cocoa), 246

49. [a]:Denticularia mangiferae I: jika MP Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, daun, buah Africa: Kenya Tulipa, Ulmus, Viburnum, Vicia, America: Brazil, Canada, Cuba,(Bitanc. & Jenkins) Alcorn, tidak Vitis, Zea mays (jagung, corn, Dominica, Haiti, Jamaica, maize), Ziziphus jujuba, Zantedeschia Panama, Puerto Rico, USA Asia: Taiwan, India, Nepal, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango) Philippines Oceania: AustraliaGrice & R.A. Peterson 1999 diproses=Sphaceloma mangiferae II. jika MPBitanc. & Jenkins 1956 diproses[s]:Elsinoe mangiferae Bitanc.& Jenkins 1946Ascomycetes; mango scab50. [a]: Diplodia laelio- I: jika MP Cattleya sp. (anggrek cattleya, tanaman, America: allcattleyaeSibilia (1927); tidak cattleya) daun[s]: - diprosesAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MPDothideomycetes; leaf spot diproses51. [a]: Fusarium avenaceum(Fr.: I: jika MP Albizia julibrissin (silk tree) biji,akar Africa: Kenya, Nigeria Clausena lansium (wampi),Fr.) Sacc. (1886) =Fusarium tidak Cucurbita (pumpkin), Fraxinus buah, America: Brazil, Chile, Mexico,roseum var. avenaceum Fr.: diproses excelsior (ash), Gossypium batang, Puerto Rico, Peru, USA (cotton), Ipomea batatas, (sweetFr.) Wollenw. (1930 II. jika MP potato), Morus (melberrytree), media Asia: China, India, Iran Oryza sativa (rice), Piper betle tanam Europe: Hungary, Poland,=Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. diproses (betel pepper), Pseudotsuga Slovenia, UK menziesii (Douglas-fir), Pyrusfabae =Fusarium avenaceum Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.subsp. aywerte) communis (European pear), Solanum tuberosum (potato),[s]: Gibberella avenaceae R.J. Theobroma cacao (cocoa)Cook (1967);Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; Fusariumblight; head blight; stem basedisease; scab 247

52. [a]:Fusarium I: jika MP Morus (mulberrytree), biji, akar, Africa: widespread, Nigeria Pennisetum glaucum (pearlchlamydosporumWollenw. & tidak millet), Sorghum bicolor batang, America: USA.Reinking 1925; (=Fusarium diproses (sorgum, sorghum) media Asia: China, India (Haryana),fusarioides (Gonz. Frag. & II. jika MP tanam Saudi Arabia. Alopecurus pratensis (MeadowCif. ) C. Booth 1971; diproses foxtail), Avena sativa (oats), Oceania: Australia Glycine max (kedelai,Fusarium sporotrichioides soyabean), Hordeum vulgarevar. chlamydosporum (barley), Linum usitassimum(Wollenw. & Reinking) Joffe (flax), Lupinus (lupins), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau,1974 =Dactylium fusarioides tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi,Gonz. Frag. & Cif. 1928 rice), Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), Secale cereale[s]: - (rye), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum aestivumAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, (wheat), Zea mays (jagung, maize)Sordariomycetes; wilt cotton Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Azadirachta indica (neem tree),53. [a]:Fusarium graminearum I: jika MP Brassica, Dianthus (carnation), biji, buah, Africa: widespread, Egypt, Gardenia jasminoides (cape bunga, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria,Schwabe (1838) ( =Fusarium tidak jasmine), Gossypium (cotton), daun, akar, South Africa, Tunisia, Zambia,roseum Link emend Snyder diproses batang, Zimbabwe.& Hansen (1945) II. jika MP media America: Costa Rica, Dominica,[s]:Gibberella zeae (Schwein.: diproses tanam Grenada, Honduras, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,Fr.) Petch (1936); ( Windward Island, Canada,=Sphaeria zeae Schwein.: Mexico, USA., Argentina, Bolivia,Fr. (1822) =; Gibberella Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru,roseum (Link) W.C. Snyder Uruguay.& E.M. Hans. (1945) =; Asia: China, Iran, Japan,Gibberella roseum f. cerealis Kazakhstan, South Korea,(Cooke) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey.Hansen; = Gibberella Europe: Austria, Bulgaria,saubinetii; =Gibberella Croatia, Czech, Finland, France,cyanogena; Dothidea zeae Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania,Schwein. (1832)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; headblight ofmaize, scab of maize, root rot 248

of maize, stalk rot of maize, Lycopersicon, Mangifera indica Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, (mangga, mango), Medicago Poland, Portugal, Romania,ear rot of maize, gibberella (medic), Medicago littoralis Russia, Russia, Serbia-stalk rot, gibberella ear rot, (strand medick), Musa x Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia,red ear rot, pink ear rot, paradisiaca (plantain), Panicum Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, miliaceum (millet), Phaseolus Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia,fusarium root and stalk rot, vulgaris (common bean), Pinus Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,cobweb disease sylvestris (Scots pine), Pisum Montenegro, Macedonia, (pea), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New54. [a]: Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. I: jika MP Solanum (nightshade), Trifolium biji, buah, Zealand. Papua New Guinea, (clovers), Triticale, Vicia faba ( Solomon Islands Islands.elaeidisSchltdl.: Fr. (1824) ( tidak Broad bean), Zingiber officinale bunga, (jahe, ginger) batang, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, daun, akar, Ghana, Nigeria oilpalm) media America: Brazil, Colombia, tanam Ecuador, Suriname, Costa Rica=Fusarium angustum Sherb. diproses(1915); II. jika MP[s]: - diprosesAscomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; fusariumwilt of oil palm, vascular oilpalm wilt55. [a]:Fusarium I: jika MP Avena sativa (oats), Hordeum biji, batang, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Sierra vulgare (barley), Lolium perennesporotrichioidesSherb. tidak (perennial ryegrass), Triticum media Leone, South Africa, Tanzania aestivum (wheat), Zea mays tanam America: Barbados, Canada, USA,(1915); ( =Fusarium diproses (maize) Brazilsporotrichiella var. II. jika MP Glycine max (soyabean), Asia: China, India, Japan, Medicago sativa (lucerne), Pakistan, Thailand, Turkeysporotrichioides (Sherb.) diproses Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Europe: Austria, Cyprus, CzechBilai (1953); Fusarium turfgrasses, Zizania palustris Republic, Denmark, Germany,sporotrichioides var. Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal,sporotrichioides Sherb. Russia, UK(1915)[s]: - 249

Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, (northern wild rice (USA) Oceania: Australia, New ZealandSordariomycetes; kernel rot of Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Cameroon, Central Africa, Congo,maize, blight of grasses, foot cotton), Solanum lycopersicum DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, (tomat, tomato), Musa Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-rot of carnation paradisiaca (pisang kepok, Bissau, Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, plantain) Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa,56. [a]:Fusarium xylarioides I: jika MP akar, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Malus domesticum (apel, apple) batang, Togo,Uganda, ZimbabweSteyaert (1948); = Fusarium tidak Crataegus laevigata, media America: El Salvador Cotoneaster, Malus, tanamlateritium f. sp. xylarioides diproses Pyracantha, Pyrus communis Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, (pir, pear), Sorbus, Viburnum buah, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, SouthW.L. Gordon (1965); II. jika MP bunga, Africa, Zimbabwe daun, America: Argentina, Bolivia,=Fusarium oxysporum f. diproses batang Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, USA,xylarioides (Steyaert) Uruguay Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan,Delassus (1954) China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Lebanon,[s]:Gibberella xylarioides R. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, TurkeyHeim & Saccas (1950) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, 250Sordariomycetes; coffee wilt,sudden death of coffee,tracheomycosis of coffee,vascular wilt of coffee57. [a]:Fusicladium porni (Fr.: Fr.) I: jika MPLind;( =Spilicaea porni Fr.: tidakFr. =Spilocaea amelanchieris diprosesI.C. Harv. =Actinonema II. jika MPcrataegi Pers. =Capillaria diprosescrataegi (Pers.) Link=Phlyctidium crataegi (Pers.)Wallr. =Spilocaea crataegi(Pers.) S. Hughes =Asteromacrataegi (Pers.) Rabenh.=Asteroma crataegi var.porni Desm. =Asteromacrataegi var. sorbi Desm.=Cladosporium dendriticum

Wallr. =Fusicladium Slovakia, Denmark, Finland,dendriticum f. microsperma France, Germany, Greece,Roum. =Fusicladium Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta,dendriticum var. eriobotyrae Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Scalia =Fusicladium Portugal, Romania, Rusia,dendriticum var. Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia,pyracanthae Thüm. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and=Fusicladium dendriticum Herzegovina, Montenegro,var. sorbi-torminalis Savul. Macedonia& Sandu =Fusicladium Oceania: Australia, New Zealanddendriticum var. sorbinumSacc. =Basiascum 251eriobotryae Cavara=Fusicladium eriobotryae(Cavara) Cavara=Fusicladiummelanconioides Ferraris=Spilocaea eriobotryae(Cavara) S. Hughes=Fusicladium lalandi É.J.Marchal & Verpl. =Asteromamali Desm. =Coniosporiummali Dearn. & W.R. Foster=Fumago mali Pers.=Cladosporium orbiculatumDesm. =Fusicladiumorbiculatum (Desm.) Thüm.=Passalora dendritica var.orbiculata (Desm.) Berk.=Fusicladium dendriticumvar. orbiculatum (Desm.)Sacc. =Fusicladium

photinicola McClain =Spilocaea photinicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Spilocaea photiniicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Fusicladium pirinum var. amelanchieris Sacc. =Fusicladium pirinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Fusicladium pyrinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Actinonema pomi Lév. =Passalora pyracanthae G.H. Otth =Spilocaea pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Arx =Fusicladium pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Vienn.-ourg. =Napicladium soraueri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraueri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Napicladium saraureri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Scolecotrichum venosum Bonord. =Scolicotrichum venosum Bonord.)[s]:Venturia inaequalis(Cooke) G.Winter; ( =Sphaerella inaequalis Cooke 252

=Endostigme cinerascens(Aderh.) Jorst. =Spilostictacinerascens (Aderh.) Petr.=Didymosphaeria inaequalis(Cooke) Niessl =Endostigmeinaequalis (Cooke) Syd.=Spilosticta inaequalis(Cooke) Petr. =Venturiainaequalis var. cinerascensAderh. =Phaeosphaerellaberolinensis Kirschst.=Venturia chlorospora f. sp.mali Aderh. =Sphaerellacinerascens Fleischh.=Sphaeria cinerascensFuckel =Venturia inaequalisf. sp. mali R. Menon)Ascomycota; Pleosporales;Venturiaceae; apple scab,apple black spot, apple scab,black spot58. [a]:Gloeocercospora sorghi D.C. I: jika MP Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, daun, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, tidak sorghum) tanaman Central African Republic, Chad,Bain & Edgerton ex Agrostis capillaris (brown bentgrass), Agrostis stolonifera Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia,Deighton, (1971); ( diproses var. palustris (bent grass), Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda=Microdochium sorghi (D.C. II. jika MP Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, grass), Pennisetum glaucum Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo,Bain & Edgerton ex diproses (pearl millet), Pennisetum Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. purpureum (elephant grass),Deighton) U. Braun, (1995); Saccharum officinarum (tebu, America: Belize, El Salvador, sugarcane), Sorghum halepense Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua,[s]: - Panama, Mexico, USA, Argentina,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Brazil, Venezuela.Sordariomycetes; zonate leafspot 253

(Johnson grass), Sorghum Asia: China, Taiwan, India, sudanense (Sudan grass), Zea Japan, North Korea, Malaysia, mays (jagung, maize) Philippines, Thailand. Europe: Russia59. [a]:Gloeodes pomigena I: jika MP Malus domesticum (apel, apple) daun, Oceania: American, Samoa, (Schwein.) Colby (1920) tidak Citrus spp., Magnolia spp., Vitis cabang, Australia, Samoa, Tonga. diproses [s]:Dothidea pomigena vinifera (anggur, grapevine), buah America: Brazil,USA Schwein. (1832); ( II. jika MP Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid), Asia: India, Japan =Phyllachora pomigena diproses Querqus spp. Europe: Germany (Schwein.) Sacc. (1883) I: jika MP Allium cepa (onion), Allium daun, umbi America:Brazil Ascomycota, Gloeodes; sooty tidak porum (leek), Allium fistulosum blotch on twig & fruit diproses (welsh onoin) Asia: South Korea Europe: Germany, Switzerland,60. [a]:Heterosporium allii-cepae II. jika MP UK Ranoj., (1910); ( diproses =Cladosporium allii-cepae Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), tanaman, Africa: Kenya, South Africa (Ranoj.) M.B. Ellis, (1976) I: jika MP Malus domesticum (apel, apple), akar, Asia: Japan tidak Pyrus communis (pir, pear) [s]:Davidiella allii-cepae (M.M. diproses Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang, Europe: UK Jord., Maude & Burchill) grapevine) media Crous & U. Braun, (2003) II. jika MP diproses tanam Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leafspot61. [a]:Hypoxylon nummularium Bull., (1791); ( =Biscogniauxia nummularia (Bull.) Kuntze, (1891); Hypoxylon nummularium var. nummularium; Nemania decorticata (Sowerby) Gray, (1821); Nummularia nummularia (Bull.) J. 254

Schröt., (1897); Numulariolanummularia (Bull.) House,(1925);[s]:Sphaeria decorticataSowerby, (1799) (=Sphaeriadecorticans Sowerby;Sphaeria nummularia(Bull.) DC., (1805)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; tea wood rot,tea root rot, rot root, tarry rootrot62. [a]:Micronectriella nivalis I: jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), biji, bunga, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Senegal, Hordeum vulgare (barley),(Schaffnit) C. Booth (1971) tidak Secale cereale (rye), Triticum daun, Zambia. aestivum (gandum, wheat). batang, America: Canada, Mexico, USA,=Fusarium nivale diproses Agrostis canina (velvet bentgrass), Agrostis stolonifera akar Bolivia, Brazil.=.Gerlachia nivalis II. jika MP (creeping bentgrass), Festuca Asia: Bahrain, China, India, rubra (red fescue), Oryza sativa Japan, Pakistan.=Fusarium nivale f.sp. diproses (padi, rice), turfgrasses. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech,graminicola =Fusarium Denmark, Estonia, Finland,nivale var.nivale =Fusarium Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania,nivale var. majus Estonia, Moldova, Armenia,=Microdochium nivale Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan,=Calonectria graminicola Kyrgystan, Tajikistan,F.Stevens); Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,[s]: Monographella nivalis Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia,(Schaffnit) E. Müll. (1977); ( Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,= Calonectria nivalis Montenegro, Macedonia, France,Schaffnit (1913) Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,=Griphosphaeria nivalis Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands,(Schaffnit) E. Müll. & Arx Norway, Poland, Romania,(1955) Russia, Serbia-Montenegro,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; foot rot of 255

cereals, snow blight of cereals, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK.head blight of cereals, pink Oceania: Australia, New Zealandsnow mould of cereals,seedling blight of cereals, snow Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwemould of cereals, Fusarium America: Canada, Mexico, USA,patch of turf, Microdochium Guatemala, Panama, Argentina,patch of turf, pink snow Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay,mould of turf Venezuela Asia: China, India, Korea63. [a]: Monilia fructicolaL.R. Batra I: jika MP Prunus avium (sweet cherry), bunga, Republic of, Taiwan, Yemen Prunus domestica (plum), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech[s]: Monilinia fructicola(G. tidak Prunus persica (peach), Prunus buah, Republic and Slovakia, France, salicina (Japanese plum) daun, Germany, Hungary, Italy,Winter) Honey ( =Sclerotinia diproses Carica papaya (papaw), Malus tangkai Netherland, Serbia,Spain,fructicola (G. Winter) Rehm) II. jika MP domestica (apple), Prunus Switzerland, UKAscomycota; Helotiales; diproses armeniaca (apricot), Prunus buah, Oceania: Australia, New cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus media Caledonia, New ZealandSclerotiniaceae; Brown rot, dulcis (almond), Rubus tanam Africa: Morocco, South Africa fruticosus (blackberry) America: Guatemala, Canada,American brown rot of stone USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay,fruit, brown rot of apple, Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Iraq, Israel, Japan,brown rot of cherry, twig 256canker of stone fruit64. [a]:Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) Sacc. I: jika MP Prunus armeniaca (apricot), buah,& Voglino (1886); ( = Oidium tidak Prunusavium (sweet cherry), bunga,laxum Ehrenb. (1818) diproses Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), daun, Prunus domestica (plum),=Oospora laxa (Ehrenb.) II. jika MP Prunusdulcis (almond), Prunus batang persica (peach)Wallr. (1833) =Acrosporium diproseslaxum (Ehrenb.) Pers. (1822)

=Sclerotinia cerasi Woronin Cydonia oblonga (quince), Lebanon, Turkey, (1895) =Stromatinia cerasi Malus domestica (apple), (Woronin) Boud. (1907) Prunus triloba (Rose tree of Europe: Austria, Belgium, China), Pyrus communis Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Czech =Monilia cinerea Bonord. (European pear) Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, (1851) =Sclerotinia cinerea (Bonord.) J. Schröt. (1893) Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Finland, Belarus, Latvia, sweet potato) Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, =Monilia oregonensis Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,[s]:Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut) Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Ruhland (1905) Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, (=Stromatinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) (Chifflot,1921) Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, BosniaLeotiomycetes; blossom blight, and Herzegovina, Montenegro,mummufying fruit, blossom Macedonia, France, Germany,wilt, brown rot of stone fruits, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,spur blight, twig canker, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway,wither tip Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,65. [a]:Monilochaetes infuscans I: jika MP umbi, Ellis & Halst. (1890); ( = tidak batang, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Dischloridium diproses media Oceania: Australia, New Zealand cylindrospermum S.K. tanam Srivast. (1987)[1986] II. jika MP Africa: Sierra Leone, South Africa, diproses tanaman, Zimbabwe [s]: - daun, buah America: Argentina, Brazil, USA Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, I: jika MP Sordariomycetes; scurf of tidak Asia: China, Taiwan, Israel, diproses Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka sweet potato, manure stain, soils stain Europe: Italy, Portugal Oceania: Australia, Palau, Cook66. [a]:Oidium anacardii F. Noack Islands, Micronesia, New Zealand, (1898); ( = Acrosporium anacardii (F. Noack) J.A. Northern Mariana Island, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu Africa: Malawi, Tanzania 257

Stev. (1975) =Oidium II. jika MP Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus buah Africa: Agypt. Libya, Morocco, erysiphoidesf. citri J.M. Yen diproses armeniaca (apricot), Prunus South Africa, Spain (1967) =Oidium citri (J.M. avium (sweet cherry), Prunus America: Canada, USA, Yen) U. Braun (1982) I: jika MP dulcis (almond) Argentina, Chile, Acuador, Peru =Oidium heveae B.A. tidak Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Steinm. (1925) diproses Azerbaijan, Georgia Republic of, =Acrosporium heveae (B.A. India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Steinm.) Subram. (1971) II. jika MP Jordan, Korea Republic of, diproses Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Saudi =Oidium mangiferae Berthet Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, (1914) =Acrosporium Turkey, Turkmenistan, mangiferae (Berthet) Uzbekistan, Yemen Subram. (1971) Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Republic [s]:Erysiphe quercicola S. and Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Takam. & U. Braun (2007) Finland, France, Germany, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Leotiomycetes; powdery 258 mildew67. [a]:Oidium passeriniiBertol. [s]: Podosphaera tridactyla(Wallr.) de Bary( =Podosphaera oxyacanthae var. tridactyla (Wallr.)Salmon =Podosphaera clandestina var. tridactyla (Wallr.) W.B. Cooke =Alphitomorpha tridactyla Wallr. =Erysiphe tridactyla (Wallr.) Rabenh. =Erysiphe bertolinii Roum.) Ascomycota; Erysiphales; Erysiphaceae

68. [a]: Penicillium expansumLink. I: jika MP Malus domestica (apple) buah Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Brassica oleracea var. tanaman, Lithuania, Netherland, Norway,( =Penicillium crustaceum tidak gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Cydonia oblonga (quince), Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,Link. =Penicillium glaucum diproses Fragaria ananassa Switzerland, Ukaraine, UK, Serbia (strawberry), Gossypium and Monteneggro (Yugoslavia)Stoll.) II. jika MP hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Oceania: Australia, Ne Zealand Hordeum vulgare (barley), Africa: Agypt, Ghana, Kenya,[s]: - diproses Lilium (lily), Phoenix dactylifera Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, (date-palm), Prunus armeniaca South Africa, ZimbabweAscomycota; Eurotiales; (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet America: Canada, USA, cherry), Prunus domestica Honduras, Nicaragua, Argentina,Trichocomaceae; Blue mould (plum), Prunus persica (peach), Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela Punica granatum Asia: Armenia, Bruneiof stored apple, soft rot of (pomegranate), Pyrus communis Darussalam, China, Georgia (European pear), Rheum Republic of, India, Iran, Israel,apple, soft rot of grape, storage hybridum (rhubarb), Solanum Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR lycopersicum (tomato), Triticum (North Korea), Korea Republic ofrot of fruit aestivum (wheat), Vaccinium (South Korea), Philippines, Sri (blueberries), Vitis vinifera Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Turkey69. [a]:Periconia manihoticola I: jika MP (grapevine), Zea mays (maize), Aurope: Belgium, Bulgaria, Allium cepa (onion), Allium Cyprus, Czech Republic and sativum (garlic), Beta vulgaris Slovakia, Denmark, France, var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hevea brasiliensis (karet, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Serbia and Montenegro Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Asia: India 259

(Vincens) Viegas, Bragantia tidak rubber tree), Acasia spp., daun, Oceania: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Pisum spp., Manihot esculenta batang Solomon Islands, Vanuatu14:63 (1955); ( diproses (ubi kayu, cassava) Africa: Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya,=Haplographium II. jika MP Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda,manihoticola Vincens: 24, diproses Zambia, Zimbabwe America: Argentina, Barbados,(1916) Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba,[s]: - Dominica, El Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, PuertoAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei,Dothideomycetes; Periconia China,Taiwan, India, Iraq, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Laos,blight Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand70. [a]: Phoma cucurbitacearum I: jika MP Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus biji, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria,Czech, vulgaris (semangka, batang,dau Denmark, Rusia, Germany,(Fr. ex Fr.) Sacc.; Ascochyta tidak watermelon), Cucumis melo Greece, Ireland, Italy, (melon, melon), Cucumis n, buah, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,cucumis Fautrey & Roum. diproses sativus (mentimun, cucumber), media Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Cucurbita spp., Momordica Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine,=Phyllosticta citrullina II. jika MP charantia (paria, bitter gourd), tanam UK Sechium edule (labu siam), Oceania: Samoa America,Chester =Ascochyta melonis diproses Solanum tuberosum (kentang,Potebnja =Ascochyta potato)citrullina (CHESTER) SMITH=Cercospora citrullina Cooke=Cercospora cucurbitae Ell.& Ev.[s]: Didymella bryoniae(Auersw.) Rehm=Mycosphaerella melonis(Pass.) Chiu & Walker=DidymosphaeriamelonisPidoplichko =Didymosphaeria effusaSacc. =Mycosphaerellacitrullina =Didymella melonisPass. =Sphaeria bryoniaeFUCKEL =Sphaerellabryoniae AUERSW.;Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, 260

Dothideomycetes; gummy Australia, Fiji, France Polynesia, stem blight, leaf spot of cucurbits, cercospora leafspot New Caledonia, New Zealand, of squash, cucumber black Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon rot, cucurbits stem blight, Islands,Tonga cucurbits leaf spot, cucurbits stem-end rot I: jika MP Citrusspp. buah, akar, Africa: Algeria,Tunisia71. [a]:Phoma tracheiphila (Petri) tidak Fortunella, Poncirus batang,biji, Asia: Georgia, Iraq, Israel, diproses L.A. Kantsch. & Gikaschvili Persea americana (alpokat, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Yemen (1948); ( = Deuterophoma II. jika MP avocado) Europe: Albania, Cyprus, France, tracheiphila Petri (1929) diproses =Bakerophoma tracheiphila Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Greece, Italy, Russia (Petri) Cif. (1946) I: jika MP Parthenocissus quinquefolia [s]: - tidak (creeper), Vitis labrusca (fox buah America: USA. Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, diproses grape), Vitis rupestris (sand- Dothideomycetes; mal secco grape) buah, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South disease of citrus, wilt of citrus, II. jika MP bunga, Africa, Zimbabwe citrus wilt, citrus mal secco diproses72. [a]:Phomopsis perceae Serova daun, America: Canada, Mexico, USA, [s]: - I: jika MP batang. Brazil, Chile, Venezuela Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, tidak Dothideomycetes; fruit rot diproses Asia: Brunei Darussalam, China, Taiwan, India, Japan, Turkey73. [a]:Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) II. jika MP Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Sacc. (1915); ( = Phomopsis diproses viticola var. viticola (Sacc.) and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Sacc. (1919) =Phomopsis Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, ampelopsidis Petr. (1916) [s]:Cryptosporella viticola Shear (1911) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; Phomopsis 261

cane and leaf spot; Phomopsis Bosnia and Herzegovina,cane and leaf blight; black Montenegro, Macedonia, France,knot: grapevine; black rot: Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy,grapevine; dead-arm: Jersey, Macedonia, Moldova,grapevine; necrosis of Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,grapevine Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain,74. [a]: Phyllosticta ampelicida I: jika MP Vitis vinifera (anggur, buah, grapevine) bunga, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK(Engelm.) Aa, (1973) tidak Ampelopsis, Cissus, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Parthenocissus, Citrus spp. daun,batan[s]:Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) diproses g,tangkai Africa: Morocco, Mozambique, Malus domesticum (apel, apple) buah SudanViala & Ravaz, (1892); ( II. jika MP Crataegus sp.,Pyrus coronaria America: Argentina, Barbados,=Botryosphaeria bidwellii diproses Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti,(Ellis) Petr., (1958); sin: Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico,Carlia bidwellii (Ellis) Panama, USA Asia: China,Taiwan, India, Iran,Magnus (1892); Carliabidwellii (Ellis) Prunet Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey(1989); Laestadia bidwellii(Ellis) Viala & Ravaz (1888); Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy,Phyllachorella bidwellii Romania, Rusia, Slovakia,(Ellis) Theiss., (1919); Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia,Physalospora bidwellii (Ellis) Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia andSacc., (1882); Sphaerella Herzegovina, Montenegro,bidwellii (Ellis) Ellis (1890); Macedonia Oceania: Christmas IslandSphaeria bidwellii Ellis(1880)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; black rot75. [a]: Phyllosticta arbutifolia Ellis I: jika MP buah, daun America: Canada, USA& G. Martin (1886); ( = tidakPhyllosticta arbutifoliae Ellis diproses 262

& G. Martin (1886) II. jika MP diproses =Phyllosticta solitaria Ellis & Everh. (1895) =Phyllostictina solitaria (Ellis & Everh.)[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; apple blotch76. [a]: Phyllosticta capitalensis I: jika MP Orcidaceae (anggrek, orchids) tanaman, America: Hawaii daun,Henn. (1908); ( = tidak tangkai,Phyllosticta cymbidii Sawada diproses bunga(1943) =Phyllostictina II. jika MPmangiferae Bat. & A.F. Vital diproses1952 =Phyllostictaanacardiacearum=Phyllosticta ophiopogonisWulandari, Wikee & Hyde(2012) =Phyllostictaphalenopsidis Marchal &Verpl. (1927)[1926] =Variantspelling Phyllostictaphalaenopsidis Marchal &Verpl. (1927)[1936]=Phyllosticta phalenopsidisvar. vanillae Verpl. &Claess. (1934)=Phyllostictina pyriformisE.K. Cash & A.M.J. Watson(1955) =Phyllostictinatheicola Petr. (1927)=Phyllosticta theacearum Aa 263

(1973) =Macrophomatheicola Siemaszko (1923 -illegitimate later homonym,not included in search]Note: Illegitimate laterhomonym of Macrophomatheicola Petch 1917).[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; leaf spot Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), America: Barbados, Jamaica77. [a]:Phyllosticta I: jika MP Phaseolus spp. tanaman, America: Mexico, USA, Venezuela phaseolinaSacc.(1878) tidak Vanilla sp. daun,[s]:- diproses buah,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP batang,Dothideomycetes; leaf spot, diproses polongfruit blotch, twig canker78. [a]:Phymatotrichopsis omnivora I: jika MP Fabaceae, Juglandaceae, akar, (Shear) Hennebert (1973); ( tidak Malvaceae, Rosa ceae, batang,= Ozonium omnivorum Shear diproses Umbelliferae, Abelmoschus media(1907) =Phymatotrichum II. jika MP moschatus (okra, lady’s finger), tanamomnivorum (Shear) Duggar diproses Arachys hypogaea (kacang(1916) =Ozonium auricomum tanah, groundnut, peanut),[s]:Hydnum omnivorum Beta vulgaris var sacchariferaAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, (bit gula, sugar beet) CaryaPezizomycetes; cotton root rot, illinoinensis, Ficus carica (ara),root rot of cotton, soft rot of Glycine max (kedelai, soybean),cotton, cotton soft rot, Gossypium barbadens (kapas,grapevine root rot cotton), Juglans regia, Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Medicago sativa, Phaseolus, Populus,Prunus spp., Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Salix, Ulmus, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 264

79. [a]:Plenodomus destruens I: jika MP Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, biji, umbi America: Brazil, Caribbean, USA sweet potato) umbiHarter (1913) tidak daun Africa: South Africa Solanum tuberosum (kentang, America: Canada,USA[s]: - diproses potato) daun Europe: Estonia, Germany, Solanum spp. Ireland, Lithuania, Norway,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP Romania, Russia, UK Aleurites moluccana (kemiri, Oceania: Australia, New ZealandDothideomycetes; foot rot of diproses candle-nut) Asia: Chinasweet potato Musa spp. (pisang, banana) Oceania: Tonga, Cook Islands, New Zealand80. [a]:Polyscytalum pustulans I: jika MP Africa: Benin, Burundi,(M.N. Owen & Wakef.) M.B. tidak Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, DR Congo,Ellis (1976); ( = Oospora diproses Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,pustulans M.N. Owen & II. jika MPWakef. (1919) diproses[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Polyscytalum; potato skin spot81. [a]:Pseudocercospora aleuritis I: jika MP(I. Miyake) Deighton (1976); tidak( = Cercospora aleuritidis I. diprosesMiyake (1912) II. jika MP=Cercosporina aleuritis diproses(Miyake) Sacc. (1931)[s]:Mycosphaerella aleuritisS.H. Ou (1940); (=Mycosphaerella aleuritidisS.H. Ou (1940)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; angular leafspot82. [a]:Pseudocercospora fijiensis I: jika MP(M. Morelet) Deighton tidak(1976); ( = Cercospora diprosesfijiensis M. Morelet (1969) II. jika MP=Paracercospora fijiensis (M. diproses 265

Morelet) Deighton (1979) Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, =Cercospora fijiensis var. Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and difformis J.L. Mulder & R.H. Principe, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Stover (1976) Zambia. =Paracercospora fijiensis var. difformis (J.L. Mulder & America: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, R.H. Stover) Deighton Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, (1979) Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El[s]:Mycosphaerella fijiensis M. Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Morelet (1969); ( Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, =Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis J.L. Mulder & Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, R.H. Stover (1976) Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA, Hawaii, Venezuela.Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Dothideomycetes; Black Asia: Bhutan, China (Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan), Malaysia,sigatoka Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated states of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis, Futuna.83. [a]:Pyricularia setariae Y. I: jika MP Eleusine coracana (finger biji, batang, Africa: Tanzania, Uganda Nisik. (1927); ( = Pyricularia millet), Setaria italica (foxtail grisea f. sp. eleusines S. tidak millet) daun, Asia: China, India, Japan, Yamanaka=Pyricularia diproses tangkai Malaysia, Sri Lanka oryzae Cavara,(1891) II. jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), malai Hordeum vulgare (barley), [s]: Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. diproses Pennisetum glaucum (pearl 266

Couch, (2002) millet), Zea mays (jagung, maize)Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Zea mays (jagung, maize) Arachis hypogaea (kacangSordariomycetes; blast of tanah, peanut), Avena sativa (gandum, oats), Glycine soja,millet, leaf spot of millet Sorghum bicolor, (sorghum),84. [a]: Sarocladium strictum (W. I: jika MP Gladiolus spp. biji,batang, Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon,Gams) Summerbell (2011); ( tidak daun Egypt, Libya, Nigeria, South=Sarocladium zeae W. Gams diproses Africa, Uganda.& D.R. Sumner, (2011) II. jika MP America: Mexico, USA, Argentina,=Acremonium strictum diproses Brazil, Chile.W.Gams (1971) Asia: China, India, Iran, Pakistan,=Tilachlidium medietatis Syria, Turkey.Novobr, (1972) Europe: Czech Republic and=Acremonium stricta Slovakia, Italy, Netherlands,=Hyalopus acremonium Poland, Russia, Spain.(Corda) M.A.J. Barbosa Oceania: Australia=Cephalosporiumacremonium Corda[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; acremoniumwilt, black bundle disease ofmaize, kernel rot of maize;85. [a]:Sclerotium gladioli Massee I: jika MP umbi, akar, Africa: South Africa(1928) tidak batang Europe: UK[s]:Stromatinia diprosesgladioli(Drayton) Whetzel II. jika MP(1945)( =Sclerotinia gladioli diprosesDrayton (1934)Basidiomycota,Agaricomycotina,Agaricomycetes; gladiolus dryrot 267

86. [a]: Septoria pisiWestend I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet biji, daun, America: Canada, USA pea), Vicia faba polong(1857); tidak Europe: Denmark, Finland, Orchidaceae Ireland, Norway, Sweden[s]: - diproses Oceania: New Zealand Allium spp.Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MP Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus),Dothideomycetes; septoria diproses Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung,blight/blotch corn, maize)87. [a]: Septoria I: jika MP Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanaman, America tanah, groundnut, peanut) daun,selenophomoidesCash & tidak tangkai Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu,Watson (1955); diproses cassava) bunga[s]: - II. jika MPAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, diprosesDothideomycetes; leaf spot88. [a]: Setophoma terrestris (H.N. I: jika MP tanaman, Africa: Senegal umbi, akarHansen) Gruyter, Aveskamp tidak America: Argentina,USA, Venezuela Oceania: Australia& Verkley (2010); ( = Phoma diproses Europe: Netherlands, Greece,terrestris H.N. Hansen II. jika Poland, Israel(1929) =Pyrenochaeta MPterrestris (H.N. Hansen) diprosesGorenz, J.C. Walker &Larson (1948)[s]: -Setophoma; onion pink root89. [a]: Sphaceloma arachidis I: jika MP batang, Africa: Swaziland daun, America: Argentina, Brazil,bitanc & Jenkins (1940); tidak Colombia[s]: - diproses Asia: China, JapanAscomycota, Pezizomycotina, II. jika MPDothideomycetes; groundnut diprosesscab, peanut scab, scab ofgroundnut, scab: groundnut90. [a]:Sphaceloma manihoticola I: jika MP batang America: Barbados, Brazil,Bitanc. & Jenkins tidak muda, daun Colombia, Mexico, Panama, 268

[s]:Elsinoe brasiliensis Bitanc. diproses Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, Venezuela & Jenkins 1942(= Elsinoë II. jika MP daun, Oceania: Cook Islands jatrophae); tangkai diproses America: USA. Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, bunga Dothideomycetes; I: jika MP Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, superelongation disease of tidak Malawi, Morocco, South Africa, diproses Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, cassava, cassava root Zimbabwe enlargement II. jika MP America: Argentina, Bolivia, diproses Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,91. [a]: Sphaceloma rosarum Mexico, USA (Pass.) Jenk. 1932 Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, =Phyllosticta rosarum Pass. China,Taiwan, India, Israel, 1881 Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi [s]: Elsinoe rosa rumJenk. & Arabia bitanc; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Ascomycetes; kudis, scab Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,92. [a]:Stagonospora nodorum I: jika MP Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, daun wheat), Secale cereale (rye),(Berk.) Castell. & E.G. tidak Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Agropyron, Bromus inermis,Germano (1977); ( = diproses Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne, TriticaleDepazea nodorum Berk. II. jika MP(1845) =Hendersonia diprosesnodorum (Berk.) Petr. (1947)=Septoria nodorum (Berk.)Berk. (1845) =Septoriaglumarum Pass. (1879)=Phoma hennebergii J.G.Kühn (1877) =Macrophomahennebergii (J.G. Kühn)Berl. & Voglino (1886)=Rhabdospora hennebergii(J.G. Kühn) Sacc. & D.Sacc. (1906) =Stagonospora 269

hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Petr. & Syd. (1925) =Septoria holci Pass. (1879) Portugal, Romania, Rusia,[s]:Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Müll.) Hedjaroude (1968); ( Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, =Leptosphaeria nodorum E. Müll. (1952) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Oceania: Australia, New ZealandDothideomycetes; glum blotch93. [a]:Stenocarpella maydis (Berk) I: jika MP Zea diploperennis, Zea mays biji, daun, Africa: Congo, DR Congo,B. Sutton (1980); ( tidak (jagung, maize), Zea mays batang, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, subsp. mays (sweetcorn)=Sphaeria maydis Berk. diproses bunga Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe(1847) =Diplodia zeae Lév. II. jika MP America: Belize, Honduras, diproses(1848) =Diplodia Canada, Mexico, USA, Argentina,maydis(Berk.) Sacc. (1884) Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador.=Diplodia maydicola Speg. Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan,(1910) =Macrodiplodia zeae South Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand.(Lév.) Petr. & syd. (1923) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech,=Sphaeria zeae Schwein. Italy, Serbia-Montenegro, UK.(1832) =Hendersonia zeae Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.(Lév.) Hazsl. (1872)=Phaeostagonosporopsiszeae (Lév.) Woron. (1925)=Diplodia zeae-maydisMekht. (1962)[s]: -Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; ear rot ofmaize, leaf spot of maize, stalkrot of maize, seedling blight of 270

maize, leaf blight of maize, leafblight of Sorghum spp., leafspot of grasses, Diplodia earand stalk rot, white ear rot ofmaize94. [a]:Stilbella flavidum (Cooke) I: jika MP Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), buah, America: Bolivia, Brazil, Citrus, Cinchona offiChinalisHenn. (1904) tidak (kina, quinine tree) Theobroma daun, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, cacao (kakao, cocoa) batang, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador,[s]:Mycena citricolor (Berk. & diproses bibit, Guyana France, Guadeloupe,M.A. Curtis) Sacc.; ( II. jika MP tanaman Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, hasil Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique,=Omphalopsis citricolor diproses mikropropa Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) gasi Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USAMurrill =Omphalia flavidaMaubl. & Rangel (1914)=Agaricuscitricolor =StilbumflavidumAscomycota, Pezizomycotina,Sordariomycetes; Americanleaf spot of coffee, American:coffee leaf spot, cock's eyespot, iron spot of coffee95. [a]:Synchytrium endobioticum I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum (kentang, umbi, akar, Africa: Algeria, South Africa,(Schilb.) Percival (1909); tidak potato) media Tunisia Solanum nigrum, Solanum tanam America: Bolivia, Canada, Chile,=Chrysophlyctis diproses dulcamara, Hyoscyamus niger, Nicandra physalcides, Solanum Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Peru,endobioticum Schilb. (1896) II. jika MP lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) USA,=Chrysophlyctis endobiotica diproses Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, India,Schilb (1896) =Synchytrium NepalsolanMassee (1910); Europe: Austria, Belarus,[s]: - Belgium,Czech, Denmark, Estonia,Faroe Islands, Finland,Chytridiomycota, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,Chytridiomycetes; black wart Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,of potato, potato black scab,potato wart disease, wart 271

disease of potato Netherlands, Norway, Poland,96. [a]:Thanatophytum crocorum I: jika MP Beta vulgaris var saccharifera umbi, akar, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, (bit gula, sugar beetroot) Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden,(Pers.: Fr.) Nees (1816); ( tidak Araucaria cuninghamii, Daucus bibit, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, carota (wortel, carrot), Ipomoea batang=Rhizoctonia crocorum diproses batatas (ubi jalar, sweet Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and potato), Solanum tuberosum Herzegovina, Montenegro,(Pers.) DC., (1815); II. jika MP (kentang, potato), Morus spp. Macedonia (murbei, mulberry)Helminthosporium diproses Oceania: New Zealandrhizoctonon Rabenh. (1855); Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, Kenya,Helminthosporiumrhizoctonum Rabenh. (1855); Malawi, Morocco, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Trinidad,Hypochnus violaceus Erikss.(1912); Rhizoctonia asparagi Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe America: Argentina, Barbados,Fuckel ex Erikss. (1915); Canada, Colombia, Dominica,Rhizoctonia asparagi Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, UruguayFuckel, (1870); Rhizoctonia Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan,medicaginis DC., (1815); Philippines, Turkey, VietnamRhizoctonia rubiae M.J. Europe: Austria, Belgium,Decne., (1837); Rhizoctoniaviolacea f. dauci J.G. Kühn Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, England, France, Germany,(1875); Tuber croci Dubois, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,(1803); Tuber parasiticum Latvia, Netherlands, Norway,Bull., (1790) Poland, Romania, Rusia,[s]:Helicobasidium brebissonii Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand(Desm.) Donk, (1958); (=Helicobasidium purpureum(Tul.) Pat., (1885) 272

Basidiomycota,Pucciniomycotina,Pucciniomycetes; Asparagusofficinalis root rot, apple violetroot rot, sweet potato, violetroot rot97. [a]:Thecaphora solani(Thirum I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum (kentang, umbi, America: Bolivia,Chile, Colombia,& M.J. O'Brien) Mordue tidak potato) daun, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru,(1988); ( =Angiosorus solani diproses batang VenezuelaThirum. & M.J. O'Brien II. jika MP(1974) =Thecaphora solani diprosesBarrus (1944);[s]: -Basidiomycota,Ustilaginomycotina,Ustilaginomycetes; potatosmut, thecaphora smut98. [a]:Verticillium cinerescens I: jika MP Dianthus spp. tanaman, America: Canada, Colombia, USA Helianthus annuus (bunga akar,batangWollenw. (1930) tidak matahari, sunflower), Fragaria , media Asia: China spp. tanam Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria,[s]: Phialophora cinerescens diproses Croatia, Finland, France, Citrus, Diospyros, Malus buah(Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma II. jika MP domesticum (apel, apple), Pyrus Germany, Greece, Hungary, communis (pir, pear), Diospyros Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,(1940); diproses Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia,Eurotiomycetes; phialophora Bosnia and Herzegovina,wilt, vascular wilt of carnation, Montenegro, Macedoniawilt of carnation Oceania: New Zealand99. [a]:Zygophiala jamaicensis I: jika MP America: USA E.W.Mason ( =Microbotryum tidak Asia: China, India,Japan violaceum (Pers.) G. Deml & diproses 273

Oberw. =Uredo violacea II. jika MP sp. (Malabar ebony) bibit,akar, America: Canada, USA Pers. =Caeoma violaceum diproses batang, Asia: China, India,Japan (Pers.) Nees =Uredo Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), media Europe: Czech, Denmark, antherarum DC. =Ustilago I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet tanam Finland, Rusia, France, Italy, antherarum (DC.) Fr. tidak pea), polong-polongan lain Netherlands, Norway, Poland, =Caeoma antherarum (DC.) diproses (legumes) tanaman, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine Schltdl. =Microbotryum Saccharum officinarum (tebu, akar, media Oceania: Australia, New Zealand antherarum (DC.) Lév. II. jika MP sugarcane), Zea mays (jagung, tanam =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) diproses corn, maize), Sorghum bicolor Oceania: Australia Wallr. =Ustilago silenes- (sorgum, sorghum) nutantis Liro) [s]:Schizothyrium pomi(Mont.) v. Arx ( =Leptothyrium porni (Mont.) Arx =Labrella porni Mont. =Asterina gaultheriae M.A. Curtis =Microthyriella paludosa C. Booth) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; greasy blotch, flyspeck, sooty blotch100. [c]: Aphanomyces euteichesDrechsler (1925); Chromista,Oomycetes; phanomyces root rot, common root rot, root rot101. [c]:Pachymetra chaunorhiza I B.J. Croft & M.W. Dick (1989) Oomycetes; pachymetra root rot 274

102. [c]:Peronospora I: jika MP Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, daun, biji America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, hyoscyamif.sp.tabacina(D.B. tidak tobacco) Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Adam) Skalicky; ( = diproses daun, Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Peronospora tabacina Capsicum annuum (paprika, buah, =Peronospora hyoscyami II. jika MP bell-pepper), Solanum bunga, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, =Peronospora nicotianae diproses lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), tanaman Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, USA, Solanum melongena (terung, hasilmikrop Oomycetes; angular tobacco eggplant, aubergine) ropagasi, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, leaf spot, blue mould of Taiwan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, tobacco, downy mildew, tobacco black fire, tobacco Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Syria, Turkey, Uni blue mould, tobacco wildfire Arab Emirat, Yemen, Algeria,103. [c]:Peronospora sparsa Berk. I: jika MP Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia Punus laurocerasus, Rubus Europe: Albania, Austria, (1862); ( = tidak spp. Peronoplasmopara sparsa diproses Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, (Berk.) Uljan. (1967) II. jika MP Czech, France, Germany, Greece, =Pseudoperonospora sparsa diproses (Berk.) Jacz. (1928) Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia Africa: Egypt America: USA, Canada, Brazil, Colombia Asia: Israel Europe: Finland, Ireland, France, Scandinavia, UK, Russia, Russia 275

=Peronospora rosae-gallicae akar, Oceania: Australia. Savul. & Rayss (1934) batang =Peronospora sanguisorbae Asia: India Gäum. (1923) I: jika MP Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet biji, buah, Europe: Scandinavia Oomycetes; downy mildew tidak pea), Vicia faba104. [c]:Peronospora diproses bunga, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, viciaef.sppisi(Sydow) daun, Zimbabwe Boerema & Verhoeven II. jika America: Canada, USA, Oomycetes; pea downy mildew MP batang Argentina, Brazil, Chile diproses Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Jordan,105. [c]:Phytophthora cryptogea Actinidia chinensis (Chinese akar, Korea Pethybr. & Laff. (1919) I: jika MP gooseberry), Actinidia deliciosa batang, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, tidak (kiwifruit), Allium cepa (bawang Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Oomycetes; tomato foot rot, diproses bombay, onion), Antirrhinum bibit Finland, France, Germany, damping off, gerbera foot rot, majus (snapdragon), Apium tanaman, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, black neck of chrysanthemum, II. jika MP graveolens (seledri, celery), media Netherlands, Poland, Russia, tulip shanking, corm, stem diproses Asparagus officinalis Serbia-Montenegro, Slovakia, and leaf rot of gloxinia, pink (asparagus), Aster, Brassica tanam Spain, Sweden, UK rot of potato, stem rot, root oleracea var. botrytis (bunga Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, rot, damping-off kol, cauliflower), Cajanus cajan Papua New Guinea (pigeon pea), Calathea, Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Callistephus chinensis (China aster), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Castanea (chestnuts), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Chrysanthemum vestitum, Cichorium (chicory), 276

Cichorium intybus (chicory),Citrullus lanatus (semangka,watermelon), Citrus, Clarkia(satin flowers), Consolidaambigua (rocket larkspur),Cotoneaster, Cucumis melo(melon), Cucumis sativus(ketimun, cucumber),Cucurbita (pumpkin),Cucurbita maxima (giantpumpkin), Cucurbita moschata(labu, pumpkin), Cucurbitapepo (ornamental gourd),Cupressus (cypresses),Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar), Cyphomandra betacea(tree tomato), Dahlia, Daucuscarota (wortel, carrot), Dianthusbarbatus (sweet williams),Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir,carnation), Erica (heaths),Erysimum cheiri (wallflower),Eucalyptus spp., Euphorbiapulcherrima (poinsettia),Fragaria (strawberry), Gerbera(Barbeton daisy), Gerberajamesonii (African daisy),Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily),Glycine max (kedelai,soyabean), Gynura bicolor,Gypsophila paniculata(babysbreath), Hebe, 277

Helianthus annuus (sunflower),Humulus lupulus (hop), Juglansregia (walnut), Juniperuschinensis (Chinese juniper),Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Liatrisspicata (spike gayfeather),Limonium sinuatum (sea pink),Lupinus spp.,Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato),Malus domestica (apel, apple),Maranta (arrowroot), Matthiolaincana (stock), Medicago sativa(lucerne), Nasturtium officinale(watercress), Nicotiana tabacum(tembakau, tobacco),Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin),Papaver nudicaule (Icelandpoppy), Parthenium argentatum(Guayule), Pericallis cruenta(common cineraria), Perseaamericana (avocado),Petroselinum crispum (parsley),Petunia hybrida, Phaseolusvulgaris (common bean), Picea(spruces), Pinus (pines), Pinuslambertiana (big pine), Pinusmugo (mountain pine), Pinusnigra (black pine), Pinusradiata (radiata pine), Pisumspp., Populus simonii (Simonpoplar), Prunus armeniaca(aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium 278

106. [c]:Phytophthora I: jika MP (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus buah, Africa: Cameroon, Equatorial megakaryaBrasier & M.J. tidak (sour cherry), Prunus dulcis batang Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Griffin (1979) diproses (almond), Prunus mahaleb Nigeria, Togo (mahaleb cherry), Prunus Oomycetes; black pod of II. jika MP persica (peach), Prunus salicina America: Canada, USA, cocoa, seedling blight of cocoa, diproses (Japanese plum), Rubus idaeus Argentina, Chile trunk canker of cocoa (raspberry), St.paulia ionantha Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, I: jika MP (African violet), Salvia officinalis107. [c]:Phytophthora megasperma tidak (common sage), Simmondsia Drechsler 1931; ( = diproses chinensis (jojoba), Solanum Phytophthora megasperma melongena (terung, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Pyrethrum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa (tulip), Vicia villosa, Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), tanaman, Asparagus officinalis umbi, (asparagus), Brassica oleracea buah, 279

var. megasperma Drechsler II. jika MP (cabbages, cauliflowers), polong, Korea Republic of (South Korea), 1931 =Pythiomorpha diproses Brassica oleracea var. botrytis miyabeana S. Ito & Nagai (cauliflower), Brassica oleracea daun, akar, Philippines 1931 var. capitata (cabbage), batang, Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia,Oomycetes; root rot, crown Brassica oleracea var. bibit, bahan Bosnia and Herzegovina,rot, trunk canker, collar rot, gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Brassica rapa subsp. perbanyaka Montenegro, Macedonia, France,apoplexy, sudden wilt, fruit pekinensis (Pe-tsai), Daucus n tanaman Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, UK,rot, stem blight, seed-piece (hasil Scotland carota (carrot), Juglans regiarot, tuber rot, pod rot, black (walnut), Solanum lycopersicum mikropropa Oceania: Australia, New Zealandrot, blight, spear rot (tomato), Malus domestica gasi) (apple), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Solanum tuberosum (potato) Aesculus hippocastanum (buckeye), Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), Banksia, Buddleia (Butterflybush), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Castanea sativa (chestnut), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cytisus (Broom), Dahlia, Dianthus 280

108. [c]:Phytophthora phaseoli I: jika MP caryophyllus (carnation), biji, Africa: DR Congo Thaxt. (1889); ( = tidak Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tree), daun,batan America: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Phytophthora infestans var. diproses Matthiola incana (stock), phaseoli (Thaxt.) Leonian Narcissus (daffodil), Parthenium g, akar, USA (1925) II. jika MP argentatum (Guayule), Pinus media Asia: Sri Lanka, Philippines diproses (pines), Ribes uva-crispa Oomycetes; Phaseolus leaf (gooseberry), Rubus idaeus tanam Europe: Italy,Rusia I: jika MP (raspberry), Saccharum blight, collar rot of lima bean tidak officinarum (sugarcane), Sorbus diproses aria (whitebeam), Sorbus109. [c]: Phytophthora sojaeKaufm aucuparia (mountain ash), Vicia & Gerd.;( =P.megasperma II. jika MP faba (broad bean) var. sojaeHildebr. diproses =Phytophthora megasperma Phaseolus lunatus f.sp. glycinea T.L. Kuan & Erwin; =Phytophthora.sojae Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) polong, biji, America: Argentina, Brazil, f.sp. glycines); Lupinus sp. media Canada, Chile, USA Chromista; Oomycota; tanam Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Korea Pythiales; Pythiaceae; (tanah), Republic of (South Korea), Phytophthora root and stem daun, akar, Mongolia, Pakistan rot, root and stem rot of batang, Europe:Bulgaria, France, Italy, soybean, root and stem rot of Poland, Russia, Slovenia, soyabean Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania:Australia 281

110. [c]: Sclerophthora I: jika MP Avena sativa (oat, oats), media Africa: Ethiopia, Mauritius,South macrospora(Sacc.) Thirum., tidak Eleusine coracana (finger C.G. Shaw & Naras; ( diproses millet), Hordeum vulgare tanam, Africa, Uganda. =Sclerospora oryzae = (barley), Oryza sativa (padi, bunga, American: Cuba, Canada, Mexico, Phytophthora macrospora II. jika MP paddy, rice), Pennisetum daun, akar, USA, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela. =Sclerospora kriegeriana diproses glaucum (pearl millet), =Nozemia macrospora Saccharum officinarum (tebu, batang, biji Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, =Sclerospora macrospora); I: jika MP sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, tidak (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Pakistan, Syria, Thailand, Turkey. Oomycetes; downy mildew; diproses (wheat), Tritcum aestivum crazy top of maize, yellow wilt (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, of rice, witches' broom on II. jika MP (jagung, maize). Germany, Italy, Poland, Serbia- maize diproses Bromus inermis (Awnless Montenegro, Slovenia,111. [c]: Sclerospora graminicola brome), Digitaria sanguinalis Switzerland. (Sacc.) J. Schrot (1886); ( (large crabgrass), Echinochloa Oceania: Australia, New Zealand =Sclerospora graminicola crus-galli (barnyard grass), var. setariae-italicae Eleusine indica (goose grass) bunga, Africa: Burkina Faso, Chad, Ivory =Protomyces graminicola Elymus repens (quackgrass) batang, biji, Coast, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, =Peronospora graminicola Eragrostis (lovegrasses), Lolium =Peronospora setariae temulentum (darnel), Panicum daun Malawi, Mauritania, Mozambique, capillare (tumble panicgrass), Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Poa (meadow grass), Setaria viridis (green foxtail), Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Stenotaphrum secundatum Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, (buffalograss) Zimbabwe Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), Zea mexicana (teosinte) Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Zea mays (maize) 282

=Ustilago urbani); America: Puerto Rico, Canada,Oomycetes; downy mildew of Mexico, USA, Hawaii, Argentinapearl millet, green ear Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, South112. [c]:Trachysphaera I: jika MP Theobroma cacao (kakao, buah, fructigenaTabor & Bunting tidak cocoa), Musaspp. bunga Korea, Pakistan, Yemen (1923); diproses Pyrus, Prunus, Malus and Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Citrus, Coffea spp. (kopi, Slovakia, France, Germany, Oomycetes; cigar end rot of II. jika MP coffee), Persea americana banana, berry rot of coffee, diproses (alpokat, avocado) Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, fungus rot of banana, mealy Poland, Romania, Russia, Russia pod of cacao, fruit rot of coffee, I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum (kentang, pod rot of cacao tidak potato), Solanum lycopersicum (Europe), Spain, Switzerland, diproses (tomat, tomato), Ullucus Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia113. [r]:Aecidium cantense Arthur tuberosus and Herzegovina, Montenegro, (1929); II. jika MP diproses Acacia dealbata (acacia Macedonia, Basidiomycota, bernier), Acacia melanoxylon Oceania: Fiji Pucciniomycotina; I: jika MP Pucciniomycetes; Aecidium tidak Africa: Cameroon,Central Africa, potato rust, deforming potato Chad, DR Congo, Congo, Ivory rust, deforming rust, Peruvian Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, rust Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar,114. [r]: Armillaria luteobubalina Nigeria, Sierra Leone Watling & Kile (1978); tanaman,bu America: Peru nga, buah, batang, daun akar, Oceania: Australia, Papua New batang, Guinea 283

Basidiomycota, diproses (Australian blackwood), bibit, umbiAgaricomycotina, daunAgaricomycetes; armillaria root II. jika MP Actinidia chinensis (Chineserot; honey root rot diproses gooseberry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Citrus115. [r]: Hemileia coffeicolaMaubl & I: jika MP Africa: Cameroon, Central Africa, Roger, (1934); ( =Uredo tidak reticulata (jeruk mandarin, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, coffeicola); diproses mandarin orange), Citrus Sao Tome & Principe, Togo, sinensis (jeruk, navel orange), Uganda Basidiomycetes, II. jika MP Pucciniomycotina, diproses Cotoneaster, Cycas revoluta Africa: Egypt Pucciniomycetes; grey rust of (sago cycas), Hibiscus America: Chile coffee powdery rust of coffee, I: jika MP Asia: Japan coffee rust tidak (rosemallows), Malus Europe: Bulgaria, Germany, Italy diproses (ornamental species apple),116. [r]:Phragmidium Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), mucronatum(Pers.) Schlect; ( II. jika MP = Phragmidium disciflorum Nerium oleander (oleander), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Basidiomycetes; rust Prunus (buah batu, stone fruit), Prunus dulcis (almond), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Salix (willows), Taxus (yew), Viburnum, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) daun, batang 284

117. [r]:Puccinia asparagi DC. diproses Asparagus officinalis daun, Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, (1805); (=Uredo asparagi (asparagus, asparagus) batang, biji, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, I: jika MP bibit Uganda, Zambia Lasch (1848) =Aecidium tidak Agrostis capillaris (brown asparagi Lasch (1848) diproses bentgrass), Agrostis gigantea bunga, America: Canada, Cuba, (black bent), Agrostis daun, Dominica, Mexico, USA =Dicaeoma asparagi (DC.) II. jika MP stolonifera (creeping bentgrass), batang Kuntze (1898) =Persooniella diproses Alopecurus aequalis (Dent Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Taiwan, foxtail), Arrhenatherum elatius Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, asparagi (DC.) Syd.(1922) (false oatgrass), Avena sativa Japan, Kazakhstan, Philippines, =Puccinia discoidearum var. (oats), Bromus erectus (upright brome(grass)), Bromus tectorum Turkey, Turkmenistan, asparagi (DC.) Wallr. (1833) (downy brome), Calamagrostis Uzbekistan Urediniomycetes; asparagus epigejos, Festuca arundinacea rust (reed fescue), Festuca ovina Europe: Austria, Belgium, (sheeps fescue), Festuca Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech,118. [r]:Puccinia coronata Corda I: jika MP pratensis (English bluegrass), Denmark, Finland, France, (1837); ( = Puccinia coronata var. bromi W.P. Fraser & tidak Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Ledingham (1933) =Puccinia diproses Lithuania, Netherlands, coronata var. calamagrostis Norwagia, Poland, Portugal, W.P. Fraser & Ledingham II. jika MP (1933) =Puccinia coronata diproses Romania, Russia var. elaeagni W.P. Fraser & Ledingham (1933) =Puccinia Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, lolii =Puccinia sertata Kenya, Morocco, Tanzania =Puccinia coronata var. lolii America: Canada, Mexico, USA, =Puccinia coronata var. sertata =Puccinia alpiniae- Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay coronata =Puccinia Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Uzbekistan Europe: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Corsica, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, 285

mediterranea =Puccinia Festuca rubra (red fescue), Romania, Russia, Serbia- coronata f. holci =Puccinia Lolium rigidum (rigid ryegrass), Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, coronata var. Phalaris canariensis Canary Islands, Sweden, calamagrosteos =Aecidium (Canarygrass), Phleum pratense Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, alaterni =Aecidium cathartici (timothy), Secale cereale (rye), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and =Aecidium frangulae Trisetum flavescens (yellow Herzegovina, Montenegro, =Aecidium rhamni oatgrass) Macedonia, =Aecidium rhamni-alipnae Rhamnus caroliniana (Carolina Oceania: Australia, New Zealand =Aecidium rhamni- infectoriae =Puccinia buckthorn), Rhamnus America: USA coronata var. intermedia cathartica (buckthorn), =Puccinia pumilae-coronata Rhamnus frangula (alder America: Argentina, USA, =Puccinia alpinae-coronata buckthorn), turfgrasses Nicaragua, Bahama, Brazil, =Puccinia coronata var. Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba. avenae);Urediniomycetes; crown rust,crown rust of oat, oat crownrust, leaf rust of oats119. [r]: Sphenospora I: jika MP Oncydium orchids daun, saphenaCummins; tidak Orchidaceae, Cattleya sp, tangkai diproses Epidendrum sp. Basidiomycetes; rust daun, II. jika MP tangkai120. [r]:Uredo nigropunctaHenn. diproses (1896); ( =Uredo guacae Mayor (1913) =Uredo I: jika MP behnickiana Henn. (1896) tidak =Uredo epidendri Henn diproses =Uredo nigropuncta Henn) II. jika MP Basidiomycetes; rust diproses 286

VII.BAKTERI (BACTERIA) DAN FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA PEMBAWA/No KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ PATHWAY DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ N/ GROUP HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME America: USA1. Acetobacter aceti (Pasteur, I Ananas comosus (nanas, buah Asia: Philippines 1864) Beijerinck 1989 pineapple), Malus Oceania: Australia (= Bacterium aceti Beij, domestica (apel, apple), America: USA, Brazil, Costarica Asia: Turkey, China, Japan, Mycoderma aceti Pasteur) Pyrus communis (European Taiwan, Thailand pear) Oceania: Australia, Guam, pink disease of pineapple Northern Mariana Island2. Acidovorax citrulli(Manns) I Cucumis melo (melon, biji, daun, buah, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, Willems et al melon), Citrullus vulgaris batang, bibit South Africa, Sudan, Togo, (=Acidovorax avenae subsp. (semangka, watermelon), Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Brazil, citrulli(Manns) Willems et Cucurbita maxima (waluh, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, al.=Pseudomonas avenae labu parang, pumpkin), Honduras, Mexico, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela subsp. citrulli = Cucumis sativus Asia: China, Hongkong, Iraq, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, P.pseudoalcaligenes subsp. (mentimun, cucumber) citrulli); Burkholderiales, Comamonadaceae; busuk buah, fruit blotch, fruit rot3. Burkholderia andropogonis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, bunga, tunas, (Smith) Gilliset al.; maize), Triticum aestivum jaringan (=Aplanobacter stizolobii (gandum, wheat), Sorghum meristem, =Bacterium andropogonis bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), tanaman hasil mikropropagasi, =B.stizolobii =B.woodsii Dianthus spp. (anyelir, =Phytobacterium andropogonis carnation), Bougainvillea bibit =P.Stizolobii =P.woodsii spp. (bogenvil, bougenville), =Phytomonas andropogonis Trifolium repens (white =P.stizolobii =P.woodsii clover), Vicia sativa =Pseudomonas andropogonis (common vetch), Ceratonia =P.andropogonis pv. Stizolobii siliqua (locust bean), Cicer 287

=P.stizolobii =P.woodsii); arietinum (chick paea), Thailand, TaiwanBurkhoderiales: Gypsophila paniculata Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy,Burkholderiacea; (baby’s breath), Limonium Polandia, Portugal, Russia, Unitedbacterialstripe, striping sinuatum (sea pink), Kingdom Ruscus, Trifolium pratense Oceania: Australia, Federasi (purple clover), Trifolium Micronesia, New Zealand. subterraneum (subterraneum clover), Tulipa (tulip), Vaccinium (blueberries), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Dypsis lutescens (golden cane palm)4. Burkholderia gladioliYabuuchi I Gladiolus spp., Asplenium umbi, akar, Africa: Algeria.et al.; (=Pseudomonas gladioli); nidus (bird's nest fern), batang, daun, America: USABurkholderiales: Crocus sativus (saffron), bunga, buahdan Asia: China, Japan.Burkholderiacea;spot of Eustoma grandiflorum media tanamorchids; soft rot of orchids; (Lisianthus (cut flowerbacterial crown rot of crop), Orchidaceaelisianthus; busuk umbi (orchids), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass).5. Clavibacter michiganensis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, biji, akar, batang, America: USA, Canadasubsp. nebraskensis(Vidaver & maize), Saccharum daun, bunga,Mandel) Davis et al.; officinarum (tebu, buah, bibit,(=Corynebacterium sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor tanaman hasil mikropropagasimichiganense pv. nebraskensis (sorgum, sorghum),=C.michiganense subsp. Sorghum sudanense (Sudannebraskense grass), Zea mexicana=C.nebraskense);Actynomyceta (teosinte)les: Microbacteriaceae;bacterial Triticum aestivum (gandum,stripe, freckles and wilt wheat), Echinochloa crus- galli (barnyard grass) 288

6. Clavibacter michiganensis I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji, media Africa: Algeriasubsp.sepedonicus(Spieckerma (kentang, potato) tanam, akar, America: Canada, USA, Venezuela,nn & Kotthoff) Davis et al.; Solanum lycopersicum batang, daun, Mexico, Costa Rica, Haiti,(=Aplanobacter sepedonicus (tomat, tomato), Solanum bunga, buah, Panama, Peru=Bacterium sepedonicum melongena (terung, tanah, bibit, Asia: Afganistan, Cambodia,=Corynebacterium eggplant), Lycopersicon tanaman hasil China, Israel, Taiwan, Japan,michiganense pv. sepedonicum pimpinellifolium (currant mikropropagasi Kazakhstan, Korea, Lebanon,=C. michiganense subsp. tomato) Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey,sepedonicum =C.sepedonicum Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Asia=Mycobacterium sepedonicum Tenggara=Phytomonas sepedonica Europe: Austria, Belarus, Croatia,=Pseudobacterium Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Estonia,sepedonicum); Finland, France, Germany,Actynomycetales: Greece, Crete, Latvia, Lithuania,Microbacteriaceae; bacterial Netherlands, Norway, Poland,ring rot Russia, Siberia, Sweden, Ukraine, Belgia, Bulgaria, Hungaria, Irlandia, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom7. Curtobacterium I Glycine max (kedelai, biji, buah, Africa: Mauritius, Tunisia, Kenyaflaccumfacienspv.flaccumfacien soybean), Zea mays batang, bibit, America: Brazil, Colombia, USA,s (Hedges) Collins & Jones; (jagung, corn, maize), Vigna tanaman hasil Venezuela, Canada, Mexico(=Bacterium flaccumfaciens = radiata (kacang hijau, mikropropagasi Asia: TurkeyCorynebacterium mungbean), Vigna spp. (planlet) Europe: Romania, Russia,flaccumfaciens pv. (kacang panjang, cowpea), Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria,flaccumfaciens Phaseolus coccineus France, Germany, Greece,=C.flaccumfaciens (runner bean), Phaseolus Hungary, Italy, Netherland,=C.flaccumfaciens ssp. lunatus (lima bean), Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, 289

flaccumfaciens =Phytomonas Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, flaccumfaciens =Pseudomonas common bean), Zornia.spp., flaccumfaciens); Ipomoea (morning glory), Yugoslavia Actynomycetales: Lablab purpureus (hyacinth Oceania: Australia bean) Microbacteriaceae; bacterial wilt I Chrysanthemum spp., umbi, batang, Africa: Algeria, Comoros, Congo,8. Dickeya chrysanthemi. Araceae, Aglaonema, Aloe daun, media Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Morocco, (= Erwinia chrysanthemi vera (lidah buaya), Allium tanam (tanah) Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, (Bulkholder, Mc. Fadden & spp. (bawang-bawangan), Zimbabwe, Dimock); =Erwinia carotovora Begonia, Brachiaria, America: Aruba, Bolivia, Brazil, f.sp. parthenii =E.carotovora Brassica oleraceae var. Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, f.sp. zeae =E.carotovora var. botrytis (kol bunga, Ecuador, French Guiana, chrysanthemi cauliflower), Dieffenbachia, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, =E.dieffenbachiae =E.maydis Dianthus, Dracaena Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, =E.paradisiaca=Pectobacterium marginata, Elettaria Martinique, Panama, Peru, Puerto carotovorum f. sp. cardamomum, Pelargonium Rico, Saint Lucia, United States of chrysanthemi =P.carotovorum zonale hybrids, Petunia America, Venezuela var. chrysanthemi hybridaPhilodendron, Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, =P.carotovorum var. Anggrek Vanda, Iran, Japan, Korea Dem. People's graminarum Phalaenopsis. Republic, Korea Republic, =P.chrysanthemi=P.chrysanthe Aglaonema commutatum, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, mi pv. zeae =P.parthenii- Ananas comosus (nenas, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, dianthicola); Enterobacteriales: pineapple), Apium Taiwan Enterobacteriaceae; busuk graveolens (seladeri, celery), Europe: Austria, Belarus, kaki, bacterial wilt, bacterial Brachiaria mutica, Brassica Belgium, Denmark, Finland, soft rot oleracea var. capitata France, Germany, Greece, (kubis, cabbage), Capsicum Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, annuum (paprika, bell- Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, pepper), Sweden, Switzerland, United Dieffenbachiamaculata, Kingdom (England, Scotland). Dianthus spp., Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Lycopersicum esculentum New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, 290

(tomat, tomato), Panicum Solomon Islandsmaximum, Pennisetum 291purpureum, Philodendronspp., Aechmea fasciata,Anemone, Celosia argentea,Cichorium endivia (andewi,endevi), Cichorium intybus,Canna, Consolida ambigua,Cucumis melo (melun,melon), Colocasia esculenta(taleus, taro), Cynarascolimus (artichoke),Cyclamen, Dahlia pinnata,Daucus carota (wortel,carrot), Euphorbiapulcherrima, Helianthusannuus (bunga matahari,sunflower), Hyacinthus,Imperata cylindrica (alang-alang, bedding grass),Ipomoea batatas (ubirambat, sweet potato),Kalanchoe blossfeldiana,Lactuca sativa (selada,lettuce) Medicago sativa,Musa paradisiaca (pisangkepok, plantain), Musatextilis, Nicotiana tabacum(tembakau, tobacco), Oryzasativa (padi, paddy ),Paspalum, Partheniumargentatum, Phalaenopsissp.Pyrus communis,

Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sedum spectabile, Saintpaulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant) Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sweet potato, Syngonium podophyllum, Tagetes patula (French marigold)Tulip spp., Xanthosoma caracu, Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize)9. Dickeya I Pelargonium sp., Solanum umbi, batang, Asia: China,dadantii;Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, daun, media America: USA, Honduras, PuertoEnterobacteriaceae;bacterial potato), Ananas comosus tanam (tanah) Rico,wilt and soft rot of ornamentals (nanas, pineapple), Europe: Belgium, France,and potato Dianthus spp., Euphorbia Germany, Italy, United Kingdom sp., Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa sp. (pisang, banana), Zea mays (jagung, maize), Philodendron sp., Sintpaulia sp.10. Dickeya I Dianthus spp, Solanum umbi, batang, Asia: Japan,dianthicola;Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, daun, media America: USA,Enterobacteriaceae; slow wilt potato), Solanum tanam (tanah) Europe: Belgium, Denmark, 292

of Dianthus and potato lycopersicum (tomat, Finland, France, Germany, tomato), Cichorium sp. Greece, Italy, Jersey, Netherlands, (Chicory), Cynara sp. Poland, Romania, Sweden, (Artichoke), Dahlia sp., Switzerland, United Kingdom, Hyacinthus sp., Iris sp., Oceania: New Zealand Kalanchoe sp.11. Dickeya I Dieffenbachiae sp., umbi, batang, Asia: China,dieffenbachiae;Enterobacteriale Solanum lycopersicum daun, media America: USA, Honduras, Puertos: Enterobacteriaceae (tomat, tomato) tanam (tanah) Rico, Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom12. Dickeya I Musa sp. (pisang, banana) umbi, batang, America: Cuba, Guatemala,paradisiacal;Enterobacteriales: daun, media Honduras, Jamaica, Panama,Enterobacteriaceae tanam (tanah) Colombia, Venezuela Oceania: Papua New Guinea13. Dickeya I Solanum tuberosum umbi, batang, Europe: Belgium, Finland, France,solani;Enterobacteriales: (kentang, potato) daun, media Poland, Netherlands, Spain)Enterobacteriaceae tanam (tanah) Africa: Israel14. Dickeya I Zea mays (jagung, Maize), umbi, batang, Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan,zeae;Enterobacteriales: Solanum tuberosum daun, media Korea Dpr, Korea Republic Of,Enterobacteriaceae (kentang, potato), Ananas tanam (tanah) Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, comosus (nanas, Africa: Comoros, Egypt, Mauritius, pineapple), Musa sp. Réunion, South Africa, Sudan, (pisang, banana), Nicotiana Zimbabwe, tabacum (tembakau, America: Usa, Costa Rica, Cuba, tobacco), Oryza sativa Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, (padi, rice), Brachiaria sp, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Colombia, Chrysanthemum sp. Guyana, Europe: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, 293

Switzerland, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand15. Erwinia amylovora (Burrill); I Malus domesticum (apel, tunas, tanaman Africa: Egypt, Algeria, Morocco(=Bacillus amylovorus apple), Prunus dulcis hasil America: Bermuda, Guatemala,=Bacterium amylovorum (almon, almond), Prunus mikropropagasi(pl Mexico, USA, Canada=Erwinia amylovora f.sp. rubi americana (aprikot, anlet), buah, Asia: Armenia, Iran, Israel,=Micrococcus amylovorus); apricot), Prunus cerrasus bunga, daun, Jordan, Libanon, Turkey,Enterobacteriales: (ceri, cherry), Pyrus batang Bibit, Azerbajian, China, India, Iran,Enterobacteriaceae, fire blight communis (pir, pear), kayu Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Prunus persica (persik, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, peach), Amelanchier spp., Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, Asia Cydonia oblonga, Tenggara (South-east Asia) Rubusspp., Sorbusspp. Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia. Oceania: New Zealand16. Erwinia rhapontici I Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), biji, umbi lapis, America: North America (Canada),(=Pectobacterium rhapontici Triticum (wheat), Triticum buah, bibit, Mexico, USA(Millard 1924) Patel & Kulkarni aestivum (gandum, wheat) batang, akar, Asia: Iran, Israel, Jepan, Korea,1951 =Erwinia carotovora var. Allium cepa (bawang planlet, media Malaysiarhapontici =Aplanobacter bombay, onion), Allium tanam, tuber, Europe: Belgium, Czech Republicrhapontici = Bacillus rhapontici sativum (bawang putih, corms, rhizome and Slovakia, France, Italy=Bacterium rhapontici garlic), Beta vulgaris var. (Sardinia), Lithuania, Netherlands, 294

=Phytomonas rhapontici saccharifera (sugarbeet), Norway, Poland, Ukraine, UK =Pseudobacterium rhapontici = Xanthomonas rhapontici); Cichorium (chicory), (England, Wales) Enterobacteriales; Enterobacteriaceae; rhubarb Cyclamen persicum Oceania: Australia crown rot; wheat pink seed; cereal pink grain (cyclamens), Dianthus (carnation), Hippeastrum,17. Erwinia tracheiphila (Holland) Smith; (=Bacillus tracheiphilus Hyacinthus orientalis Smith =Bacillus tracheiphilus f.sp. cucumis =Bacterium (hyacinth), Solanum tracheiphilum =Erwinia amylovora var. tracheiphila); lycopersicum (tomat, Enterobacteriales: Entero bacteriaceae; bacterial wilt tomato), Morus18. Herbaspirillum (mulberrytree), Morus alba rubrisubalbicans(=Pseudomona (mora), Pisum sativum s rubrisubalbicansNorth. & Smith; (=Bacterium (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus rubrisubalbicans = =Phytomonas (pir, pears), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed) I Cucumis sativus bunga, daun, Africa: DR Congo, South Africa, (mentimun, cucumber), akar, batang, America: Canada, Honduras, Peru, Cucumis melo (melon, bibit, tanaman USA, New Mexico melon), labu, Cucurbita hasil Asia: China, Iraq, Japan, Korea, maxima (waluh, labu mikropropagasis Thailand, Iran, Taiwan parang, pumpkin), Citrullus Europe: Czech, Slovakia, vulgaris (semangka, Vektor: Lithuania, Russia. watermelon), Cucurbitaceae Coleoptera, Oceania: Australia. lainnya Chrysomelidae: Acalymma vittata I Saccharum officinarum daun, batang Africa: Angola, Benin, Central (tebu, sugarcane), Zea Africa, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, mays (jagung, corn, maize), Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sorghum halepense Réunion, South Africa, Tanzania, (Johnson grass), Burundi, Cote d’Ivore, Togo Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, America: Barbados, Brazil, 295

rubrisubalbicans=Xanthomonas sorghum), Oryza sativa Colombia, Guadeloupe, Jamaica,rubrisubalbicans); (padi, paddy) Martinique, Nicaragua, Peru,Pseudomonadales: Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela,Pseudomonadaceae; mottled Cuba, Panamastripe, bacterialstripe Asia: Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand19. Pantoea I Ananas comosus (nenas, buah, polong, Africa: Egypt, Burkina Faso,agglomerans(=Bacterium pineapple), Medicago sativa akar, batang, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagaskar,herbicola =B.typhiflavum (alfalfa, lucerne), Allium daun, bunga, Mali, Niger, Senegal, South Africa,=Corynebacterium beticola spp. (bawang-bawangan), buah Togo, Tunisia=Enterobacter agglomerans Vitis vinifera (anggur, America: Barbados, Cuba, USA,=E.agglomeranspv. millettiae grapevine), Malus sylvestris Costarica, El Salvador, Honduras,=Erwinia herbicola =E.herbicola (apel, apple), Pyrus Nicaragua, Panama, Mexico,pv. millettiae=E.lathyri communis (pir, pear) Colombia, Bolivia, Equador,=E.mangiferae =E.millettiae =E. Abelmoschus moschatus Venezuelavitivora =Flavobacterium (okra, lady’s finger), Citrus Asia: Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia.,herbicola =F.rhenanum spp. (jeruk, orange), Bangladesh, Kambodia, China,=F.trifolii =Kurthia baccarinii Impatiens balsamina, India, Korea DPR (North Korea),=Pantoea agglomerans pv. Lathyrus odoratus, Republic of Korea (South Korea),millettiae =Phytomonas itoana Solanum lycopersicum Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,=Pseudomonas herbicola (tomat, tomato), Manihot Pakistan, Philipine, Sri Lanka,=P.itoana esculenta (ubi kayu, Thailand, Vietnam=P.trifolii=Xanthomonas cassava), Mangifera indica Europe: France, Germany, Poland,cosmosicola =X.indica =X.itoana (mangga, mango), Oryza Spain, UK., Italy, Moldova, Poland=X.maydis =X.penniseti =X. sativa (padi, paddy ), Oceania: New Zealand., Australiarubrisorghi Setaria italica, Vitis vinifera=X.tagetis=X.translucens f.sp. (anggur, grapevine), Zeaoryzae =X.trifolii); mays (jagung, corn, maize),Enterobacteriales: Allium sativum (bawangEnterobacteriaceae; bacterial putih, garlic), Carthamus 296

grapevine blight, bacterial tinctorius, Daucus carotariceblight, pink disease of (wortel, carrot), Glycine maxpineapple (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Hordeum vulgare, Morus, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Saccharum officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato)20. Pantoea ananatis (Serrano, I Ananas comosus (nenas, tunas, buah, biji, Africa: Nigeria, South Africa,1928), Mergaert, 1931 pineapple), Saccharum batang, daun, Zimbabwe(= Pectobacterium ananas officinarum (tebu, tanaman hasil America: Brazil, Guatemala,(Serrano) Patel & Kulkarni sugarcane), Cucumis melo mikropropagasi Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Puerto=Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis (melon, melon), Allium cepa (planlet) Rico, USA, Venezuela, New York,(Serrano) Mergaert et al.= (bawang bombay, Onion), ArgentinaErwinia uredovora Pon et Eucalyptus grandis (saligna Asia: China, Taiwan, Malaysia,al.=Pantoea ananatis pv. gum), Eucalyptus nitens Philippines, India, Japan.uredovora (Pon et al.) Mergaert (shining gum) Eropa: Polandiaetal. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Oceania: Australia= Bacillus ananas Serrano Zea mays (jagung, corn),=Bacterium ananas (Serrano) Solanum lycopersicumBurgvits =Chromobacterium (tomat, tomato), sorghumananas (Serrano) Krasil'nikov bicolor (sorgum, sorghum)=Erwinia herbicola var. ananas(Serrano) Dye= Pectobacteriumananas (Serrano) Patel &Kulkarni =Erwinia ananas pv.uredovora (Pon et al.) Dye =Erwinia urediniolytica Borders=Xanthomonas uredovora 297

=Pantoea ananas pv. ananas(Serrano) Mergaert et al.=Pantoea ananas pv. uredovora(Pon et al.) comb. Nov;Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae21. Pectobacterium I Zantedeschia aethiopica umbi, daun, akar, Africa: South Africaaroidearum;Enterobacteriales: (lilium, calla lily, arum lily) batang, tanahEnterobacteriaceae22. Pectobacterium atrosepticum I Solanum tuberosum umbi, daun, akar, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus,(Van Hall) Jennison; (=Erwinia (kentang, potato), batang, tanah. Czech, Slovakia, Denmark,caricae =Bacillus atrosepticus = Euphorbia pulcherrima Estonia, Finland, France,Bacillus melanogenes (poinsettia) Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,=B.phytophthorus =Bacterium Saccharum officinarum Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,atrosepticum =B.carotovorum (tebu, sugarcane), Netherlands, Norway, Poland,=B.carotovorum pv Brassicaceae, Allium Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain,atrosepticum =B.melanogenum ascalonicum (bawang Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia,=B.phytophthorum =Erwinia merah, shallot), Asparagus Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia andcarotovora =E.carotovora pv. officinalis (asparagus, Herzegovina, Montenegro,atroseptica =E.dahliae asparagus), Carica papaya Macedonia., Yugoslavia=E.melonis =E.papayae (pepaya, pawpaw), Coffea Asia: Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China,=E.phytophthora spp. (kopi, coffee), Cucumis India, Iran, Israel, Japan,=E.phytophthorus sativus (mentimun, Kazakhstan, Libanon, Philippines,=Pectobacterium atrosepticum cucumber), Daucus carota Turkey, Vietnam.=P.carotovorum =P.carotovorum (wortel, carrot), Glycine max Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Mauritius,pv atrosepticum =P.carotovorum (kedelai, soybean), Morocco, Mozambique, Southpv carotovorum Helianthus annuus (bunga Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia,=P.phytophthorum =Erwinia matahari, sunflower), Iris Zimbabwe.atroseptica =E.carotovora var. spp., Lycopersicum America: Argentina, Belize,atroseptica); Enterobacteriales: esculentum (tomat, tomato), Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,Enterobacteriaceae;blackleg Musa spp. (pisang, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, banana), Nicotiana tabacum Cuba, Dominica, French West 298

(tembakau, tobacco), Vigna Indies, Guadeloupe, Honduras, spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize) Martinique, Mexico, Peru, St. Allium cepa (bawang Lucia, Grenadines, Suriname, bombay, onion), Consolida Trinidad, Tobago, USA., Saint ambigua (rocket larkspur), Vincent and the Grenadines, Cyphomandra betacea (tree Venezuela tomato), Datura Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. stramonium (jimson weed), Phaseouls vulgaris (common bean), Saccarum offiicinarum (sugarcane), Saintpaulia (African violet), Solanaceae, Iris (Irises), Lupinus (Lupin), Nicotiana glauca ( Tree tobacco), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru)23. Pectobacterium betavasculorum I Beta vulgaris var. akar, batang, America: USA (= Erwinia carotovora subsp. Sacharifera (Sugarbeet), daun, bunga, Betavasculorum; =Erwinia Solanum tuberosum buah betavasculorum); Enterobacteriace; (kentang, Potato) sugarbeet rot I Opuntia spp. (Kaktus, umbi, daun, akar, America: USA, Columbia,24. Pectobacterium cactus, cacti) cacticida;Enterobacteriales: batang, tanah Guatemala Enterobacteriaceae 299

25. Pectobacterium I Eutrema wasabi (Wasabi), umbi, daun, akar, Asia: Japan, Malaysia wasabiae;Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae Brassica oleracea var. batang, tanah America: Canada26. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. capitata (kubis, cabbage), phaseolicola (Burkholder)Gardan et al.(= Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola =Pseudomonas sweet potato), Solanum phaseolicola = Pseudomonas lycopersicum (tomat, medicaginis = Pseudomonas medicaginis var. phaseolicola tomato), Solanum =Bacterium medicaginis var. melongena (terung, phaseolicola = Phytomonas medicaginis var. phaseolicola eggplant, aubergine), =Phytomonas puerariae = Pseudomonas medicaginis f.sp. Solanum tuberosum phaseolicola = Xanthomonas medicaginis var. phaseolicola = (kentang, potato) Pseudomonas vignae = Phytomonas vignae = I Phaseolus acutifolius Buah, polong, Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, Egypt, Bacterium puerariae = Xanthomonas phaseolicola = (tepary bean), Phaseolus titik tumbuh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Pseudomonas cerasi (=cerasus) = Pseudomonas holci) ; coccineus (runner bean), daun, biji, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius Phaseolus lunatus (lima batang, bibit, (Rodriguez Island), Morocco, bean), Phaseolus vulgaris bunga Mozambique, South Africa, (buncis, common bean) Rwanda, Swaziland, Tanzania, Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Centrosema, Desmodium America: Central America & (tick clovers), Glycine max Caribbiean (Barbados, Costa Rica, (kedelai, soyabean), Lablab Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint purpureus (hyacinth bean), Vincent and the Grenadines), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet North America (Canada), Mexico, pea), Pueraria var. lobata USA, Hawaii, Argentina, Bolivia, (kudzu), Vigna angularis Brazil, Colombia, Chile, (adzuki bean), Vigna Venezuela, Dominican Republic, radiata (kacang hijau, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, mung bean), Vigna Uruguay, French Guiana, unguiculata (kacang Suriname, panjang, cowpea) Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turki, Yaman 300

Pseudomonadales; Europe: Austria, Belgium,Pseudomonadaceae; halo blight Bulgaria, Czech Republic and(of beans); grease spot (of Slovakia, Denmark, Frence,beans) Germany, Greece, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jersey, Lithuaina, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe), Spain, Sweeden, Switzerland, UK (Channel Islands) Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand27. Pseudomonas syringaepv. I Prunus avium (sweet buah, bunga, Africa: South Africamorsprunorum(Wormald) Young cherry), Prunus domestica daun, batang, America: North America (Canada),et al. (=Pseudomonas mors- (plum), Prunus salicina kayu, dan kulit USAprunorum = Agrobacterium (Japanese plum) kayu Asia: India, Japan, Libanonmors-prunorum = Bacterium Prunus cerasus (sour Eroupe: Czech Republic, Czechmors-prunorum = Phytomonas cherry) Republic and Slovakia, Denmark,mors-prunorum; Finland, Belarus, Latvia,Pseudomonadales; Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova,Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,canker of stone fruits;spot of Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan,stone fruits; shoot wilt of stone Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,fruits; gummosis; blossom Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia,blast French, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine, UK, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 301

28. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Passiflora (passionflower), daun, buah, Africa: South Africapassiflorae (= Passiflora edulis (markisa, batang America: DominicaPseudomonas passiflora passionfruit) Oceania: Australia dan New(Reid) Young et al.); ZelandPhytobacterium passiflorae(Reid) Magrou & Prévot;Phytomonas passiflorae Reid;Pseudomonas passiflorae (Reid)Burkholder);grease spot of passion fruit;necrotic spots29. Pseudomonas I Coriandrum sativum biji, bibit,, America: Ohiosyringaepv.coriandricolaToben (ketumbar, coriander), batang, daun. Asia: India& Rudolph; Pseudomonadales: Petroselinum crispum Europe: Germany, SpainPseudomonadaceae;blight, (Parsley ) Oceania: Australiabacterial blight30. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee). Tanaman hasil Africa: Kenyagarcae Teix. & Pinh.; Solanum lycopersicum mikropropagasi America: Brazil(=P. garcae); Pseudomonadales: (tomat, tomato), Solanum (planlet), bibitPseudomonadaceae;bacterialsp tuberosum (kentang,ot, bacterial blight of coffee potato), Vigna spp. (kacang panjang, cowpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Citrus sp.(jeruk, orange)31. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Brassica oleracea capitata batang, daun, Africa: Algeria, Algeria, Mauritius,maculicola(McCulloch) Young (kubis, cabbage), Brassica akar, batang, Mozambique, South Africa,et al.; (=Bacterium rapa gongylodes (kohlrabi), daun, bunga, Zimbabwemaccullochianum = Brassica rapa sub sp. rapa buah America: Argentina, Bermuda,B.maculicola =B.maculicola var. (turnip, turnip), Brassica Brazil, Karibia, Cuba, El Salvador,japonicum =Phytomonas juncea var. juncea, Brassica North America, Puerto Rico,maculicola =Pseudomonas nigra, Brassica oleracea Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,maculicola); Pseudomonadales: var. viridis, Brassica Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, 302

Pseudomonadaceae; pepper oleracea var. gemmifera, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, spot, spot Brassica rapa sub sp. Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French pekinensis, Raphanus Guiana, USA, Canada32. Pseudomonas syringaepv.pisi sativus (lobak,radish), Asia: China, Georgia (Republic), (=Bacterium pisi= Chlorobacter Brassica oleracea Japan, Korea DPR (North Korea), pisi =Phytomonas pisi var.botrytis (bunga kol, Republic of Korea (South Korea), =Pseudomonas pisi); cauliflower), Brassica Turkey, Taiwan Pseudomonadales: oleracea var. italica Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial (broccoli) Denmark, Finland, Serbia, pea blight Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Rusia, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia Oceania: Australia, Palau, Micronesia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea I Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet planlet, buah, Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, pea), Lathyrus, Pisum bunga, daun, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe sativum var. arvense tanaman, batang, America: Argentina, Bermuda, Vicia benghalensis, Lablab biji. Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa purpureus, Lathyrus Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, USA, latifolius, Lathyrus Uruguay odoratus, Vicia spp., Asia: Armenia, Georgia, India, Cynodon dactylon, Galium Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, aparine, Reseda lutea, Kyrgyzstan, Libanon, Nepal, Digitaria sanguinalis, Pakistan, Syria Lepidium campestre, Vicia Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, (vetch) Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Caldarera, 303

Sicily, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Southern Rusia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Wales), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, Spain Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand33. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Cucurbita maxima (waluh, biji, akar, batang, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia,syringae( van Hall) Young et labu parang, pumpkin), daun, bunga, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Morocco,al.; (=Bacillus cerasi =B.gummis Cyphomandra betacea (tree buah, media South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia,=B.matthiolae =B.spongiosus tomato), Lactuca sativa tanam Uganda, Zimbabwe,=Bacterium cerasi =B.cerasi (lettuce), Prunus avium America: Argentina, Barbados,var. prunicola =B.citrarefaciens (Sweet Cherry), Pyrus (pir, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador,=B.citriputeale =B.gummis pear), Passiflora edulis Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,=B.hibisci =B.holci = (passionfruit) Panama, Puerto Rico, USA,B.nectalaphilum =B.prunicola Malus domesticum (apel, Uruguay=B.rimaefaciens =B.spongiosum apple), Prunus spp., Vigna Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Georgia,=B.syringae =B.trifoliorum spp. (kacang panjang, India, Iran, Israel, Japan,=B.utiformica =B.vignae cowpea), Syringa vulgaris, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan,=B.vignae var. leguminophilum Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Libanon, Sri Lanka, Thailand,=B.viridifaciens =Chlorobacter sorghum), Aconitum spp., Turkey, Uzbekistan,syringae =Phytomonas cerasi Abelmoschus moschatus Europe: Belarus, Belgium,=P.cerasi var. prunicola (okra, lady’s finger), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia,=P.citrarefaciens =P.citriputealis Vernicia fordii, Allium spp., Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia,=P.hibisci =P.holci =P.matthiolae Alnus glutinosa, Arbutus Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,=P.nectalaphila =P.prunicola spp., Aralia spp., Actinidia Montenegro, Macedonia, France,=P.rimaefaciens =P.spongiosa deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Germany, Greece, Hungary,=P.syringae=P.trifoliorum Atriplex hortensis, Beta Ireland, Italy, Moldova,=P.utiformica =P.vignae vulgaris var saccharifera Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, 304

=P.vignae var. leguminophila (bit gula, sugar beet), Romania, Spain, Sweden,=P.viridifaciens =Pseudomonas Switzerland, Ukraine, UKcerasi=Pseudomonas cerasi Betula pendula, Brassica Oceania: Australia, New Zealandf.sp. pyri =P.cerasi var. rapa subsp. pekinensis (pe-prunicola =P.cerasi var. pyri tsai), Carthamus tinctorius, 305=P.citrarefaciens =P. Centaurea maculosa,citriputealis =P.hibisci Erysimum cheiri,=P.oryzicola Chrysanthemum indicum, Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange),=P.prunicola=P.spongiosa=P.syringae =P.syringae f.sp. Cinnamomum camphora,prunicola (Wormald) Calystegia sepium,=P.trifoliorum =P.utiformica Cyamopsis tetragonoloba,=P.vignae =P.vignae var. Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee),leguminophila =P.viridifaciens Capsicum annuum=P.syringae pv. (paprika, bell-pepper),japonica);Pseudomonadales: Cucumis sativusPseudomonadaceae; bacterial (mentimun, cucumber),canker or blast (stone and Cucurbita, Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandrapome fruits), bacterial brownspot (beans), apoplexy of betacea, Dahlia pinnata, Daphne odora, Desmodiumapricots, bacterial black spot, spp., Diospyros kakibacterial eye spot, (kesemek, persimmon),bacterialspot, bacterial sheath Echinochloa crusgalli,rot, blast of Citrus, blister spot Fortunella spp., Forsythiaof apple, peach-tree short-life, intermedia, Fragaria vesca, Glycine max (kedelai,pear blossom blight soybean), Hibiscus spp., Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Impatiens balsamina, Juglans regia, Lactuca sativa, Lablab purpureus, Ligustrum

ovalifolium, Solanumlycopersicum (tomat,tomato), Magnolia spp.,Medicago sativa, Mangiferaindica (mangga, mango),Matthiola incana, Musaparadisiaca (pisang kepok,plantain), Mucunadeeringiana, Neriumoleander, Nicotianatabacum (tembakau,tobacco), Oryza sativa(padi, paddy), Panicumspp., Passifloraquadrangularis (markisa,passion- fruit, granadilla),Persea americana (alpokat,avocado), Pennisetum spp.,Philadelphus, Vignaangularis, Phaseolus spp.,Pisum sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Piper nigrum (lada,blackpepper), Pinusradiata, Populus spp.,Quercus spp.,Rhododendron, Rosa spp.(mawar, rose), Rubusursinus, Salix spp.,Sorghum bicolor (sorgum,sorghum), Sorghum spp.,Trifolium spp., Trigonellafoenum-graecum, Triticum 306

aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vaccinium sp., Vicia faba, Vicia villosa, Vigna cylindrica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize). Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng)34. Pseudomonas syringaepv.theae I Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) daun, batang Asia: Japan(Hori) Young et al. ; (=Bacillus yang muda akar,theae =Erwinia theae batang, daun,=Innominatus theae bunga, buah=Pseudomonastheae);Pseudomonadales:Pseudomonadaceae; shootblight, bacterial stem blight,bacterial tea blight, red blight,tea bacterialspot35. Pseudomonas viridiflava I Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, biji, akar, batang, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco,(Burkholder); (= Bacterium kiwifruit), Allium cepa daun, bunga, Tanzania, Uganda, Algeriaviridiflavum = Chlorobacter (bawang bombay, onion), buah, media America: USA, Argentina, Brazil,viridiflavus = Phytomonas Anethum graveolens (dill), tanam, bibit, Venezuela, Uruguayviridiflava);Pseudomonadales; Apium graveolens (seledri, tanaman hasil Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Jordan,Pseudomonadaceae;bacterialbli celery), Apium graveolens mikropropagasi South Korea, Nepal, Turkey, Saudight of tomato; Hydrangea bud var. dulce (celery), Brassica Arabiablight; bacterialnecrosis of spp., Capsicum annuum Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech,basil; bacterial rot of lettuce; (paprika, bell pepper), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosniabacterial rot of Chinese Cucumis melo (melon, and Herzegovina, Montenegro,cabbage; bacterial soft rot of melon), Cucumis sativus Macedonia, France, Germany,tomato; bacterial blossom (mentimun, cucumber), Greece, Hungary, Italy,blight of kiwi Cucurbita maxima (waluh, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, 307

labu parang, pumpkin), Portugal, Serbia-Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, UK,Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Yugoslavia, RussiaSolanum lycopersicon Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.(tomat, tomato) 308Actinidia chinensis (Chinesegooseberry), Alliumfistulosum (Welsh onion),Brassica oleracea var.botrytis (bunga kol,cauliflower), Brassicaoleracea var. capitata(kubis, cabbage), Brassicaoleracea var. gemmifera(Brussels sprouts),Calendulaofficinalis (Potmarigold), Capsicumfrutescens (cabai rawit,chilli), Carthamus tinctorius(safflower), Chrysanthemumindicum (krisan,chrysanthemum),Cichorium endivia (endives),Citrus aurantium (sourorange), Citrus macrophylla(alemow), Citrus sinensis(navel orange), Cyclamenpersicum (cyclamens),Eschscholzia californica(california poppy),Euphorbia pulcherrima(poinsettia), Eutremawasabi (Wasabi), Forsythia

suspensa, Glycine max(kedelai, soyabean), Lablabpurpureus (hyacinth bean),Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Lupinusangustifolius (lupin),Medicago sativa (lucerne),Nicotiana rustica (wildtobacco), Papaver (poppies),Papaver nudicaule (Icelandpoppy), Passiflora edulis(passionfruit), Pastinacasativa (parsnip),Petroselinum crispum(parsley), Petunia hybrida,Phaseolus coccineus(runner bean), Phaseoluslunatus (lima bean),Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis,common bean), Pisumsativum (kapri, sweet pea),Prunus armeniaca (aprikot,apricot), Prunus avium(sweet cherry),Pseudopanax,Pyruscommunis (Europeanpear), Rosa (mawar, roses),Sorghum bicolor (sorgum,sorghum), Sorghumsudanense (Sudan grass),Tanacetum coccineum(common pyrethrum), 309

Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vacciniumcorymbosum (blueberry), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, maize,corn), Zinnia elegans (zinnia)36. Rathayibacter I Triticum aestivum (gandum, biji, akar, batang, Africa: Egypt:, Ethiopia, Zambia,tritici(Hutchinson) Zgurskaya et wheat), Triticum dicoccum, daun, bunga, Marocco.al.; (=Clavibacter tritici Triticum turgidum (durum buah, tanah, Asia: Afghanistan, China, India,=Corynebacterium wheat) media tanam Iran, Iraq, Pakistanmichiganense pv. tritici =C.tritici Alopecurus (foxtails), Europe: Cyprus=Agrobacterium tritici Hordeum vulgare (barley), Vektor: Oceania: Australia=Bacterium tritici =Phytomonas Lolium temulentum (darnel) Tylenchida,tritici =P.tritici =Pseudomonas Anguinidae:tritici); Actynomycetales: Anguina triticiMicrobacteriaceae; spikeblight, tundu disease, yellowear rot, yellow slime disease,yellow spike37. Rhizobium vitis(Ophel & Kerr) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, daun, planlet, Africa: TunisiaYoung et al. ; (=Agrobacterium grapevine) akar, batang, biji, America: Brazil, Canada, USAbiovar 3 =A.tumefaciens biovar tanah, media Asia: Afghanistan, China, Japan,3 = A. vitis); tanam. Jordan, KoreaRhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae; Europe: France, Greece, Hungary,crown gall Spain 310

Oceania: Australia38. Rhodococcus fascians (Zopt.) I Asparagus densiflorus, daun, planlet, Africa: Egypt: Tsunukura; (=Bacterium Begonia tuberhybrida, akar, batang, biji, America: Canada, Colombia, fascians =Phytomonas fascians =Pseudobacterium fascians Erysimum cheiri, tanah, umbi Mexico, USA, Guatemala =Rhodococcus rubropertinctus Chrysanthemum spp., lapis, umbi Asia: India, Iran, Israel =Corynebacterium fascians;Actinomycetales: Cucumis melo (melon), (tuber), corms, Europe: Belgium, Czech, Nocardiaceae; witches' broom Dahlia pinnata, Dianthus rhizomes, bibit Denmark, Estonia, France, syndrome, ornamental caryophyllus, Fragaria Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, cauliflower disease, strawberry vesca (arbei, wild Vektor: Netherlands, Norway, Russia, cauliflower disease, strawberry fasciation, tobacco leafy gall, strawberry), Fragaria Hemiptera, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, leafy gall, fasciation ananassa (strawberry), Aphididae: Myzus Poland Freesia spp., Gloriosa spp., persicae, M. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Lilium spp., Lathyrus ascalonicus odoratus, Pelargonium zonale, Triteleia spp., Brassica oleracea var botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brodiaea, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Hebe, Kalanchoe, Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Erysimum cheiri (wallflower), Chamaemelum nobile, Antirrhinum majus, Beta vulgaris (bit, beet root), Beloperone, Brassica spp., Buddleia davidii, Cichorium intybus, Cicer arietinum, 311

Consolida ambigua, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Crysanthemum vestitum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dactura inosia, Dianthus barbatus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Erysimum allionii, Forsythia suspensa, Gladiolus hybrids, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gypsophila paniculata, Hebe andersonii hybrids, Hyasinthus, Impatiens walleriana, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pelargonium, Rhododendron (Azela), Mesembryanthemum, Muscari botryoides, Nicotiana, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus spp., Physalis spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Phlox spp., azalea, Spinacia oleracea, Tagetes spp., Tropaeolum majus, Triteleia laxa, Tulip, Viburnum opulus, Vicia faba, Sorbaria sorbifolia39. Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et. al).; I Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), bibit Europe: Cyprus, France, Greece,Entomoplasmatales: Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Italy, Spain. 312

Spiroplasmataceae; stubborn pea), Trifolium pratense, Vektor: Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan,disease Trifolium repens, Vicia faba, Hemiptera, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Vinca rosea Cicadellidae: Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Armoracia rusticana Circulifer tenellus, Emirates, Yemen. (horseradish), Citrus Scaphytopius Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, aurantium (sour orange), nitrides, S. acutus Madagascar, Morocco, Somalia, Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus delongi, Sudan, Tunisia. reticulata (mandarin), Citrus Neoaliturus America: Argentina, Brazil, reticulata x paradisi haematoceps. Mexico, Peru, Suriname, USA, (tangelo), Citrus sinensis Venezuela. (navel orange), Citrus Oceania: New Zealand. paradisi (grapefruit) Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops), Capsella bursa- pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodiaceae, Citroncirus webberi (citrange), Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), Citruslimettioides (palestine sweet lime), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Citrus madurensis (calamondin), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus unshiu (satsuma), Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), Fortunella (kumquats), Plantaginaceae, Plantago ovata (spogel plantain), Raphanus raphanistrum 313

(wild radish), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass)40. Spiroplasma kunkelii I Zea mays (jagung, corn, daun, batang, America: Bolivia, Brazil, El (Whitcomb) Chen et al.; Entomoplasmatales: maize), Zea mays subsp. akar Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, spiroplasmataceae; corn stunt disease, corn stunt mays (jagung manis, USA, Venezuela, Belize, spiroplasma, maize stunt spiroplasma, Rio Grande corn sweetcorn). Vektor: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, stunt Zea mexicana (teosinte), Hemiptera, Panama, Argentina41. Streptomyces ipomoeae(Person & Martin) Waksman & Henrici; Zea perennis Cicadellidae: (=Actinomyces ipomoeae); Actinomycetales: Dalbulus maydis, Streptomycetaceae; D. eliminatus, Streptomycetes soil rot (pox), soil rot, ground rot, sweet Exitianus potato soft rot, sweet potato exitiosus, soil rot, sweet potato pox Graminella42. Tatumella citrea (= nigrifons, Stirellus Pantoea citrea bicolor = Erwinia citreus Sonoyama et al., 1988 I Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, umbi (tuber/ America: USA pink fruit, pink disease of pineapple. sweet potato) corm/ rhizome), Asia: Japan, Vietnam43. Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Ipomoea spp. planlet, akar, tanah, media tanam, bibit I Ananas comosus (nanas, buah, polong Africa:Tanzania pineapple) America: Mexico, USA Citrus reticulata (jeruk Asia: Japan, Philippines, Taiwan mandarin, mandarin Europe: Albania, Czech Republic orange) Oceania: Australia I Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, buah, daun, Africa: South Africa, Zimbabwe 314

pruni(Smith) Vauterin, Hoste, apricot), Prunus domestica batang America: Central America &Kersters & Swings (plum), Prunus dulcis Caribbean (Bermuda), North(=Xanthomonas pruni = Bacillus (almond), Prunus persica America, Canada, Mexico, USA,pruni = Bacterium cerasi wraggi (peach), Prunus salicina Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,= Bacterium pruni = (Japanese plum) Colombia, Chile, Venezuela,Phytomonas cerasi wraggi = Prunus avium (sweet Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Phytomonas pruni = cherry), Prunus cerasus Uruguay, French GuianaPseudomonas cerasi wraggi = (sour cherry), Prunus Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran,Pseudomonas pruni = japonica (Japanese bush Japan, Korea DPR (North Korea),Xanthomonas campestris pv. cherry tree), Prunus mume Republic of Korea (South Korea),pruni; Xanthomonadales; (Japanese apricot tree), Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia,Xanthomonadaceae; bacterial Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus Tajikistancanker of stone fruit; bacterial laurocerasus (cherry laurel) Europe: Bulgaria, France (Franceshot-hole of stone fruit; [mainland]), Italy, Moldova,bacterial spot of stone fruit; Romania, Russia (Russian Farbacterialspot of stone fruit; East, Southern Russia), Slovenia,black spot of stone fruit Ukraine, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Netherland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand44. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. I Glycine max (kedelai, daun, batang, Africa: Sudanalfalfae soyabean), Lablab tanaman hasil America: Elsalvador, Nicaragua,Common name: bacterial purpureus (hyacinth bean), mikropropagasi USAalfalfa spot Medicago sativa (lucerne), Asia: Georgia (Republic), India dan Medicago scutellata (snail Syria medic), Phaseolus vulgaris Europe: Rumania (common bean), Pisum Oceania: Australia sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vicia benghalensis (purple 315

vetch), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Vigna mungo (black gram)45. Xanthomonas axonopodispv. I Allium (onions, garlic, leek, akar, batang, Africa: Mauritius, Réunion, South allii Roumagnac et al.(=Xanthomonas campestris etc.), Allium cepa (bawang daun, bunga, Africa pv. allii);Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae; blight bombay, onion), Allium buah, media America: Central America &46. Xanthomonas cepa var. aggregatum tanam Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba, Saint axonopodispv.dieffenbachiae (McCulloch & Pirone (bawang merah, shallot), Kitts and Nevis), USA, Brazil, Vauterin)et al. ; (=Phytomonas dieffenbachiae =Bacterium Allium fistulosum (Welsh Venezuela dieffenbachiae =Xanthomonas dieffenbachiae =X.campestris onion), Allium porrum (leek), Asia: Japan pv. dieffenbachiae =X.campestris pv. Allium sativum (bawang Europa: Netherland syngonii);Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae; putih, garlic), Allium anthurium blight, bacterial schoenoprasum (chives) blight of aroids I Anthurium andreanum, umbi, rhizome, Africa: Réunion, South Africa47. Xanthomonas axonopodispv.poinsettiicola(Pat Philodendron hederaceum, daun, batang, America: Barbados, Bermuda, el, Bhatt & Kulkarni) Vauterinet al. ; (=Xanthomonas Philodendron hederaceum media tanam Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, campestris pv. poinsettiicola var. oxycardium Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Aglaonema commutatum, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Anthurium spp., Caladium Vincent and the Grenadines, bicolor hybrids, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Dieffenbachia maculata, Venezuela, Epipremnum pinnatum, Asia: China, Philippines, Taiwan, Araceae, Philodendron Turkey selloum, Syngonium Europe: Italy, Netherland, podophyllum, Xanthosoma Germany, Poland, Romania, UK caracu, X. sagittifolium Oceania: Australia, France Polynesia, New Caledonia I Codiaeum variegatum, tunas, batang, America: USA, Venezulea Manihot esculenta (ubi daun Asia: Cocos Islands, Philippines, kayu, cassava), Euphorbia India, China, Taiwan heterophylla (wild Europe: Germany, Italy poinsettia), Euphorbia milii Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 316

=X.poinsetticola (Crown-of-thorns),=X.poinsettiicola Euphorbia pulcherrima=X.pulcherrimae =X.ricini f.sp. (poinsettia),poinsettiicola =X.rinici f.sp.poinsetticola);Xanthomonadales:Xanthomonadaceae48. Xanthomonas I Saccharum officinarum daun, biji, Africa: Ghana, Madagascar,axonopodispv.vasculorum(Cobb (tebu, sugarcane), planlet, batang, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique,) Vauterin et al.; Saccharum sp. umbi (tuber/ Réunion, South Africa, Swaziland,(=Xanthomonas campestris pv. Zea mays (jagung, corn, corm/ rhizome), Zimbabwevasculorum =Bacillus maize), Roystonea regia, akar, bibit, kayu America: Antigua and Barbuda,vasculorum =Bacterium Dictyosperma album, Areca Argentina, Barbados, Belize,vasculorum =Phytomonas catechu (pinang, betelnut Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica,vasculara =P.vasculorum palm), bambu, Cocos Dominican, Guyana France,=Pseudomonas vasculorum nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique,=Xanthomonas vasculorum) ; Coix lacryma-jobi, Panicum Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, St.Xanthomonadales: spp., Pennisetum Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St.Xanthomonadaceae; sugarcane purpureum, Sorghum bicolor Vincent and the Grenadines,gumming disease, Gummosis (sorgum, sorghum), Trinidad and Tobago Sorghum halepense Europe: Portugal (Johnson grass), Sorghum Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Papua sudanense (Sudan grass), New Guinea Thysanolaena latifolia (Asian broom grass), Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo), Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Sorghum sp.(sorgum, sorghum) 317

49. Xanthomonas I Lactuca sativa (lettuce), daun, batang, biji Africa: South Africa, Zimbabweaxonopodispv.vitians(Brown) Syngonium, Syngonium America: Brazil, France WestVauterin et al. ; (=Bacterium podophyllum (Arrowhead Indies, USA, Hawaii, Venezuelalactuca =B.vitians = vine), beberapa species Asia: Japan, Republic of KoreaPhytomonas lactucae gulma yang termasuk (South Korea)=P.lactucae-scariolae =P.vitians kedalam family Asteraceae, Europe: Germany, Italy, Belarus,=Pseudomonas lactucae Chenopodiaceae, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,=P.lactucae-scariolae =P.vitians Malvaceae, Polygonaceae Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan,=Xanthomonas campestris pv. and Portulacaceae Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan,vitians =X.lactucae =X.lactucae- Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,scariolae Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia=X.vitians);Xanthomonadales: Oceania: AustraliaXanthomonadaceae; leafspot,lettuce bacterial spot50. Xanthomonas campestrispv. I Armoracia rusticana daun, batang, biji Africa: Zimbabwearmoraciae (McCulloch) Dye; (horseradish), Brassica America: USA, Brazil, Oklahoma(=Bacterium campestre var. oleracea var. botrytis Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkeyarmoraciae = Phytomonas (bunga kol, cauliflower), Europe: Ukrainecampestris var. armoraciae = Brassica oleracea var. Oceania: AustraliaPseudomonas campestris var. gemmifera (Brusselsarmoraciae = Xanthomonas sprouts), Brassica oleraceaarmoraciae); Xanthomonadales: var. italica (broccoli), IberisXanthomonadaceae; (candytuft)Xanthomonasspot51. Xanthomonas cassavae (ex I Manihot esculenta (ubi daun, batang Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, Kenya,Wiehe & Dows.) Vauterin et al.; kayu, cassava) Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania,(=Xanthomonas campestris pv. Ugandacassavae =X.ricini f.sp. America: Colombiacassavae); Xanthomonadales:Xanthomonadaceae;cassavaspot, cassava bacterialnecrosis 318

52. Xanthomonas hortorumpv. I Geranium sanguineum tunas, batang, Africa: Egypt, Morocco, South pelargonii (Brown) Vauterin et al. ; (=Bacterium geranii (bloody cranesbill), daun, bunga Africa =B.pelargonii =Phytomonas geranii =P.pelargonii Pelargonium America: Argentina, Brazil, =Pseudomonas geranii =P.pelargonii =Xanthomonas (pelargoniums), Vektor: Canada, USA campestris pv. pelargonii =X.geranii Pelargonium graveolens Hemiptera: Asia: India, Iran, Japan =X.pelargonii);Xanthomonadale s: Xanthomonadaceae; (Rose geranium) Cicadellidae, Europe: Austria, Belgium, bacterialspot Cercopidae Denmark, France, Germany,53. Xanthomonas vasicola pv.holcicola (Elliot); Greece, Hungary, Italy, (=Xanthomonas holcicola =Bacterium holcicola Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, =Phytomonas holcicola =Pseudomonas holcicola = Russia, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola); Xanthomonadales: Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Xanthomonadaceae; streaky spot of sorghum and Sudan Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, grass; melanosis of Panicum Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia I Panicum miliaceum (millet), batang, daun, biji Africa: Ivory Coast, Gambia, Setaria italica (foxtail Madagascar, Niger, South Africa, millet), Sorghum bicolor Togo. (sorghum), Sorghum America: Mexico, USA, Argentina, halepense (Johnson grass), Venezuela. Sorghum sudanense (Sudan Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, grass) Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Sorghum almum Philippines, Thailand. (Columbusgrass), Zea mays Europe: France, Romania, Russia, (jagung, maize, corn) Ukraine. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, 319

millet; bacterial streak of millet Solomon Islands.54. Xylella fastidiosaWellset al.; I Acer saccharum, umbi lapis, akar, America: Argentina, Brazil, Xanthomonadales: Liquidambar styraciflua, buah, bunga, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Xanthomonadaceae; Pierce's disease of grapevines, alfalfa Medicago sativa, Morus batang, daun, Paraguay, USA, Venezuela dwarf, almondscorch, citrus alba, Platanus occidentalis, biji, bibit. Asia: China, India, Taiwan, Turki. variegated chlorosis, dwarf lucerne, scorch, phony disease Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Vektor: Ulmus (elms), of peach, plumscald Acer (maples), Carya Hemiptera, illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Cicadellidae: latifolia (tahiti lime), Citrus Cicadella viridis, reticulata (mandarin), Carneocephala Citrus reticulata x paradisi fulgida, (tangelo), Citrus sinensis Draeculacephala (navel orange), Liquidambar minerva, styraciflua (Sweet gum), Graphocephala Medicago sativa (lucerne), atropunctata, Nerium oleander (oleander), Hemiptera, Prunus angustifolia Cercopidae: (Mountain cherry tree), Philaenus Prunus dulcis (almond), spumarius Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Ulmus (elms), Vitis labrusca (fox grape), Vitis rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Acer rubrum (red maple), Brachiaria spp. (signalgrass), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Conium maculatum (Poison 320

hemlock), Cynodon spp Cyperus (flatsedge), Digitaria spp., Echinochloa frumentacea(Japanese millet), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Medicago (medic), Paspalum spp., Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass), Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower), Poaceae (grasses), Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Sambucus spp. (Elderberry), Salix spp., Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion), Trifolium spp., Trifolium (clovers), Ulmus americana (American elm), Vinca minor55. Xylophilus ampelinus (Panag.) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang Africa: South Africa Asia: TurkeyWillems et al. ; (= Xanthomonas grapevine) Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Moldova, Portugal, Spain,ampelina);Pseudomonadales: Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Pseudomonadaceae; canker of Montenegro, Macedoniagrapevine, bacterial blight of 321grapevine, black arm

FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA PEMBAWA/No KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ PATHWAY DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME1. Apple chat fruit phytoplasma; I Malus domesticum (apel, mata tunas, Africa: South Africa (= Apple chat fruit MLO) apple), Malus spp. batang, tanaman, America: USA akar, bibit Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England and Wales, Scotland) Ocean: New Zealand2. Apple rubbery wood I Malus domestica (apel, bahan Africa:South Africa phytoplasma; apple) perbanyakan America: Canada, Mexico, USA, Acholeplasmatales, Cydonia oblonga (quince), vegetative, bibit, Brazil Acholeplasmatacea; apple Malus baccata (siberian akar, tanaman Asia:India rubbery wood; quince chlorotic crab apple), Prunus avium hasil Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, blotch; pear rubbery wood (sweet cherry), Prunus mikropropagasi, Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, disease cerasus (sour cherry), Pyrus batang Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, communis (European pear) Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy (Italy [mainland]), Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Yugoslavia Oceania: New Zealand, Australia3. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Allium cepa (bawang buah, bunga, Africa: South Africa asteri;(=Aster yellows bombay, onion), daun, akar, America: Canada, Mexico, USA, phytoplasma group); Alstroemeria (Inca lily), batang, akar, Brazil, Peru 322

Acholeplasmatales; Anemone coronaria (Poppy batang, daun, Asia: China (Taiwan), India, Israel,Acholeplasmatacea; tomato big anemone), Apium bunga, buah Japan, Lebanon, Malaysia,bud; western aster yellows; Thailandperiwinkle little leaf; eastern graveolens (seledri, celery), Europe: Europe (as a whole),aster yellows; purple Brassica napus var. napus Belgium, Czech Republic, France,coneflower yellows; multiplier (rape), Brassica oleracea Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal,disease var. capitata (kubis, Russia, Spain, UK, Poland, cabbage), Brassica Finland oleracea var. italica Oceania: Australia (broccoli), Brassica rapa subsp. rapa (turnip), Callistephus chinensis (China aster), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Hydrangea macrophylla (French hydrangea), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia), Primula sp. (primrose), Ranunculus asiaticus (garden crowfoot), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Trifolium repens (white 323

clover), Zea mays (jagung,maize,corn)Catharanthus roseus (Pinkperiwinkle), Celtis australis(European nettle wood),Cornus racemosa (graydogwood), Cryptotaeniacanadensis (honewort),Cucurbita pepo(ornamental gourd),Cyclamen persicum(cyclamens), Delphiniumhybrids (florist's larkspur),Echinacea purpurea(purple coneflower),Eupatorium capillifolium(Dog fennel), Euphorbiapulcherrima (poinsettia),Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Solanumlycopersicon(tomat,tomato), Morusbombycis (Japanesemulberry), Myrtuscommunis (myrtle), Oleaeuropaea subsp. europaea(olive), Opuntia sp.(pricklypear), Petroselinumcrispum (parsley), Populus(poplars), Populus nigra(black poplar), Prunusarmeniaca (apricot), 324

Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nectarine), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Santalum album (Indian sandalwood), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solidago (Goldenrod), Spiraea tomentosa (Hardhack), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Conyza canadensis (Canadian fleabane), Lepidium draba (hoary cress), Malva (mallow), Papaver rhoeas (common poppy), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Stellaria media (common chickweed)4. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali; I Malus domesticum (apel, tunas, suluran Africa: South Africa Acholeplasmatales:Acholeplas matacea; Apple proliferation apple), Prunussalicina (stolon), bagian Asia: Turkey, India (Japanese plum), vegetatif lainnya Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, 325

Vitis vinifera (anggur, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, France, grapevine), Catharanthus Vektor: Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, roseus, Corylus avellana, Hemiptera, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Cercopidae: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Convolvulus arvensis Philaenus Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, (bindweed), Cynodon spumarius; Ukraine, Serbia, Bosnia and dactylon (Bermuda grass), Hemiptera, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dahlia sp., Lilium sp., Aphrophoridae: Macedonia., Albania, Balkans, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus Aphrophora alni, Belgium, Bulgaria, Russia, UK, avium (sweet cherry), Lepyronia Finland Prunus domestica (plum) coleoptrata; Hemiptera, Psyllidae: Cacopsylla costalis, C. Mali, C. picta5. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, bibit Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Palmae; (=Coconut lethal yellowing phytoplasma; coconut), Elaeis guineensis Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, coconut lethal yellowing mycoplasma-like organism); (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Vektor: Tanzania, Togo Acholeplasmatales: Acholeplasmatacea; Lethal and other Palmae (Arenga Hemiptera, America: Belize, Cayman Islands, yellowing of palm;Cape St Paul disease;Cape Three Point engleri, Borassus flabellifer, Cixiidae: Myndus Cuba, Dominica, Haiti, Honduras, disease; Keincope; Kribi crudus; Jamaica, Mexico, USA, Bahamas, Caryota mitis, Howea forsteriana, Hyophorbe Cicadellidae, Guatemala, Saint Kitts and Nevis, verschaffeltii, Phoenix Fulgoridae Guyana canariensis, P. dactylifera, Asia: India P. reclinata, P. sylvestris, Eropa: Netherland Chrysalidocarpus cabadae, Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Corypha utan, Australia Dictyosperma album, Latania spp., Livistona chinensis, L. rotundifolia, Trachycarpus fortunei, 326

Veitchia macandielsii, Veitchia merrillii, Panandus utilis6. Grapevine flavescence doree I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, suluran America: USA, Uruguayphytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale grapevine) (stolon), bagian Europe: Croatia, France, Corsica,s:Acholeplasmataceae; Chrysanthemum spp., Xleia vegetatif lainnya Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, faba, Vince rosea. Serbia, Switzerland and Vektor: Montenegro, Belgium, Netherland, Hemiptera, Portugal Cicadellidae: Scaphoideus titanus7. Potato witches broom I Dicentra spectabilis akar, batang, America: Canada dan USAphytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (bleeding heart), Medicago daun, bunga, Asia: Taiwan, India dan Japan,: Acholeplasmatacea; yellows- sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana buah Iran, Chinatype disease; witches’ broom tabacum (tembakau, Europe: Poland, Ukraine, Formerphytiplasma tobacco), Solanum USSR tuberosum (kentang, Oceania: Tonga potato), Trifolium hybridum (Alsike clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover) S:Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Salix (willows)8. Strawberry lethal decline I Fragaria sp.(strawberry), daun, batang, America: Canada, USAphytoplasma(SLD); Fragaria ananassa akar, bibitAcholeplasmatales: (strawberry), Fragaria tanaman, bunga.Acholeplasmataceae;northwest chiloensis (Chileandisease strawberry), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry) 327

9. Sugarcane Grassy Stunt I Saccharum officinarum stek, mata tunas, Africa: SudanDisease (tebu, sugarcane), batang Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, India,(SCGSD);Acholeplasmatales: Saccharum spontaneum Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar,Acholeplasmataceae;grassy (wild sugarcane) Vektor: Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,shoot disease;sugarcane Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Hemiptera, Thailandgrassy;stunt sorghum), Pennisetum Aphididae:phytoplasma;grassy purpureum, Brachiaria Melanaphisshoot;gassy stunt mutica, Cynodon dactylon, sacchari f.spphytoplasma; Sugarcane Imperata arundinacea indosaccharigrassy shoot; whitephytoplasmas10. Sugarcane Ramu Stunt Disease I Saccharum officinarum stek, mata tunas, Oceania: Papua New Guinea:Phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (tebu, sugarcane) batang, bibits: Acholeplasmataceae; ramu Poaceae (grasses),stunt Saccharum robustum, Vektor: Saccharum spontaneum Hemiptera, (wild sugarcane), Delphacidae: Saccharum sp. Eumetopina flavipes11. Sugarcane White Phytoplasma I Saccharum officinarum stek, tunas, akar, Africa: Sudan(SCWLD); (tebu, sugarcane). batang, daun, Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, India,Acholeplasmatales: Saccharum spontaneum, bunga Iran, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal,Acholeplasmataceae; Cynodon dactylon, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand,whitedisease;India albino Brachiaria subquadripara, Vektor: China Dactyloctenium egyptium, Hemiptera, Chloris barbata, Sporobolus Cicadellidae: fertilis, Saccharum edule, Matsumuratettix Saccharum robustum hiroglyphicus, Yamatotettix flavovittatus 328

VIII. VIRUS (VIRUSES) No 1. NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGAN/ INANG/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 2. SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM GROUP PEMBAWA/ PATHWAY African cassava mosaic I Manihot esculenta (ubi tanaman, batang, Africa:Angola, Benin, Burkina begomovirus (ACMV);(= African kayu, cassava), Ricinus umbi akar, tunas, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape cassava mosaic virus, Cassava spp. suluran (stolon) Verde, Central African Republic, latent virus, Cassava latent Hewittia sublobata, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic geminivirus, Cassava mosaic Laportea (=Fluerya) republic of the, Cote d'Ivoire, virus, Cassava African mosaic aestuans, Manihot Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, begomovirus, Indian cassava glaziovii, Jatropha sp. Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- mosaic disease) Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: India, Sri Lanka Agropyron mosaic I Bromus secalinus, tanaman, daun America: Canada, USA rymovirus(AgMV);(=Agropyron Elymus repens Europe: Finland mosaic virus, Agropyron green (quackgrass), Elytrigia Vektor: mosaic virus, Agropyron yellow intermedia, Elytrigia Prostigmata, mosaic virus, Agropyron streak repens, Hordeum vulgare, Eriophyidae: mosaic virus, Couch grass Lolium multiflorum, Abacarus hystrix streak mosaic virus, Wheat Lophopyrum elongatum, virus 2, Marmor agropyri, Poa pratensis, Secale Agropyron mosaic PV75 severe cereal, Setaria viridis, isolate, Agropyron mosaic Triticum aestivum PV101 isolate, Agropyron (wheat), Triticum turgidum 329

mosaic mild isolate) (durum wheat), Triticum durum3. Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV);(= Alfalfa virus 1 & 2, I Medicago sativa, Solanum akar, batang, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico lycopersicum (tomat, daun, bunga, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, South virus) tomato), Nicotiana buah, biji Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, tabacum (tembakau, Zambia tobacco), Solanum Vektor: America: Argentina, Brazil, tuberosum (kentang, Hemiptera, Panama, Canada, Chile, Colombia, potato), Cucurbitaceae, Aphididae: Mexico, Peru, USA, Venezuela Apium graveolens var. Acyrthosiphon Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, rapaceum, Apium pisum, Myzus Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, graveolens (seladeri, persicae South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, celery), Cicer arietinum, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Capsicum annuum (cabai, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, hot pepper, chili, red Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, pepper), Glycine max Yemen (kedelai, soybean), Europe: Austria, Belarus, Lactuca sativa, Vigna Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, unguiculata (kacang Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, tunggak, cowpea), Vigna France, Germany, Greece, radiata, Trifolium Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, incarnatum, Trifolium Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, pratense, Trifolium Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, repens, Viburnum opulus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Pisum sativum, Cajanus Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and cajan (kacang gude), Herzegovina, Montenegro, Cercis siliquastrum, Macedonia Coriandum sativum Oceania: Australia, New Zealand (tumbar, coriander), Cyphomandra betacea, 330

Eutrema wasabi, Euonymus japonicus, Hibiscus cannabinus, Lavandula latifolia, Pelargonium, Vigna angularis, Solanum melongena, Trifolium subterraneum, Vicia faba, Vinca minor, Vitis vinifera4. Andean potato latent tymovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, tanaman America: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile,(APLV);(= Eggplant mosaic (kentang, potato), Ullucus Colombia, Ecuador, Perutymovirus, Andean potato tuberosus (ulluco) Vektor:latent str., Eggplant mosaic Coleoptera:virus (Andean potato latent Chrysomelidae:str.), Potato (Andean) latent Epitrix sp.virus, Potato Andean latenttymovirus, Potato Andeanlatent virus)5. Andean potato mottle I Capsicum annuum (cabai, umbi, tanaman America: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,comovirus (APMoV);(= Potato hot pepper, chili, red Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras,Andean mottle comovirus, pepper), Solanum Nicaragua, PeruPotato Andean mottle virus) tuberosum (kentang, potato) Gomphrena globosa, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Physalis peruviana, Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) 331

6. Apple chlorotic leaf spot I Cydonia oblonga (quince), tunas daun, Africa: South Africa, Tunisiatrichovirus (ACLSV); Malus (ornamental batang, tanaman. America: Canada, USA, Argentina,(=Apple chlorotic leaf spot species apple), Malus Brazil, Uruguayvirus; Bark split virus; Plum domestica (apple), Malus Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran,bark split virus; Peach green platycarpa, Prunus Israel, Japan, Jordan,mottle virus; Pear ring pattern armeniaca (apricot), Kazakhstan, Korea Republic ofmosaic virus; Quince stunt Prunus avium (sweet (South Korea), Lebanon, Syria,virus; Apple latent virus type 1; cherry), Prunus cerasifera TurkeyApple latent 1 virus; Plum (myrobalan plum), Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus,pseudopox virus; Pear ring Prunus cerasus (sour Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechmosaic virus) cherry), Prunus domestica Republic, Denmark, Finland, (plum), Prunus persica France, Germany, Greece, (peach), Prunus salicina Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, (Japanese plum), Prunus Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, spinosa (blackthorn), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Prunus tomentosa Russia, Central Russia, Serbia (Nanking cherry tree), and Montenegro, Slovakia, Pyrus communis Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, (European pear), Pyrus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK pyrifolia (Oriental pear Oceania: Australia, New Zealand tree) Amelanchier canadensis (thicket serviceberry), Chaenomeles (flowering quinces), Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus rhipidophylla (Midland hawthorn), Mespilus germanica (medlar), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash) 332

7. Apple fruit crinkle viroid I (P) Malus domesticum tanaman America: USA(AFCVd);(= Apple green crinkle (apel, apple)disease, Apple green crinkle,Apple fruit crinkle apscaviroid8. Apple mosaic ilarvirus I Betula, Corylus avellana, buah, bunga, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Maroco,(ApMV);(= Apple mosaic Fragaria, Humulus akar, batang South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabweilarvirus, European plumline lupulus, Malus America: Argentina, Brazil,pattern virus, Mountain ash domesticum (apel, apple), Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA,variegation virus, Birch line Prunus, Prunus Uruguaypattern virus, Birch ringspot americana (aprikot, Asia: Azerbaijan, China,virus, Dutch plum line pattern apricot), Prunus avium, Bangladesh, India, Japan, Jordan,virus, Hop A virus, Horse Prunus dulcis (almon, Lebanon, Syria, Turkeychestnut yellow mosaic virus, almond), Ribes rubrum, Europe: Austria, Belgium, BosniaRose mosaic virus, Hop virus A, Rubus spp. (raspberry, and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,Hop virus C, Mild apple mosaic blackberry, black Belarus, Czech, Slovakia,virus, Severe apple mosaic raspberry) Denmark, Finland, France,virus) Prunus domesticum Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, (plam, plum), Prunus Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, persica (persik, peach), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Mawar (Rosa sp), Russia, Spain, Sweden, Cucumber, Vigna Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, sinensis, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand9. Apple stem grooving I Citrus, Lilium, Malus tanaman Africa: South Africa, Swazilandcapillovirus (ASGV);(= Apple pumila, Malus sylvestris, America: Brazil, Canada, Antillestopworking disease, Citrange Malus toringo, Prunus Netherlands, USA,stunt virus, Citrus tatter leaf mume, Prunus armeniaca, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Israel,virus, Crab apple decline, Pyrus communis, Pyrus Japan, North Korea, South Korea,Apple latent virus type 2, pyrifolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, VietnamBrown line virus disease, Aronia melanocarpa, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia,Cheno-podium dark green epi- Cotoneaster bullatus, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, 333

nasty virus, Apple dark green Cydonia oblonga, Prunus Georgia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia epinasty virus, Apple E36 virus, Crab stem grooving avium, Pyronia veitchii, and Herzegovina, Montenegro, virus, Apple brown line virus)10. Apple stem pitting foveavirus Sorbus aucuparia, Malus Macedonia, France, Germany, (ASPV);(= Apple Spy 227 epinasty & decline, Pear stony sp, Malus micromalus Greece, Hungary, Italy, pit, Quince sooty ringspot, Pear vein yellows, Pear red mottle) Netherlands, Norway, Poland,11. Apricot ring-pox like disease Portugal, Romania, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand I Malus pumila, Pyrus tanaman Africa: South Africa communis America: Brazil, Canada, USA Crataegus monogyna, Asia: China, Japan, South Korea Cydonia oblonga, Malus Europe: Austria, Belgium, sylvestris, Malus toringo, Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Pyronia veitchii, Sorbus Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, discolor. Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand I Prunus armeniaca buah, daun, akar, America: Canada dan USA (Apricot), Prunus avium batang (Sweet Cherry), Prunus salicina (Javanese plum), Prunus virginiana (Common Chokecherry tree) 334

12. Arabis mosaic nepovirus I Anagallis arvensis, Apium tanaman, biji Africa: South Africa (ArMV);(= Arabis mosaic virus, graveolens var. dulce, America: Canada, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Hop nettlehead virus, Armoracia rusticana, Vektor: Asia: Japan, Kazakstan, Turkey Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Asparagus officinalis Dorylaimida, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Rhubarb mosaic virus, (asparagus, asparagus), Longidoridae:Xiph Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Forsythia yellow net virus, Astilbe sp., Bellis inema Denmark, Finland, France, Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Rhabarber-Mosaik-Virus, perennis, Beta vulgaris diversicaudatum, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, (bit), Buxus sempervirens, X. madierense, X. Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, rhubarb mosaic virus) Capsella bursa-pastoris, coxi Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Carum segetum, Poland, Romania, Russia, Chamaecyparis Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, lawsoniana, Cucumis Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Cyphomandra betacea, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Daphne mezereum, Macedonia Daucus carota, Dianthus Oceania: Australia, Caroline caryophyllus, Forsythia Islands, New Zealand intermedia, Fragaria vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Humulus lupulus, Jasminum officinale, Lactuca sativa, Lamium amplexicaule, Ligustrum vulgare, Melilotus officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Narsisus sp., Phaseolus coccineus, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare, P. persicaria, Prunus avium, P.domestica, P.persica, Ranunculus repens, 335

Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum hybridum, Ribessp., Rosa spp., Rubus idaeus, R. procerus, Sambucus nigra, Senecio vulgaris, Solanum nigrum, Stellaria media, Syringa vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens, Tulipa spp., Urtica dioica, U. urens, Vitis vinifera, Trifolium repens, Vitis vinifera. Alstroemeria, Fragaria, Fraxinus, Hordeum vulgare, Narsisus, Ribes nigrum, Rubus13. Arracacha virus B (AVB);(= I Arracacia xanthorrhiza, umbi, daun, America: Bolivia, Peru. Arracacha B 'nepovirus', Arracacha B nepovirus (oca Oxalis tuberosa (oca), suluran (stolon), strain) Arracacha virus B (oca biji strain) Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato)14. Artichoke Italian latent nepovirus (AILV);(=Artichoke Brassica campestris Italian latent virus) ssp.rapa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Capsicum annuum, Hyoscyamus niger I Cynara scolymus daun, suluran Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, Italy Cichorium intybus, (stolon), batang Gladiolus hybrids, Vektor: Pelargonium zonale Dorylaimida, 336

hybrids, Vitis vinifera Longidoridae: (anggur, grapevine) Longidorus apulus15. Asparagus 2 ilarvirus (AV- I (P) Asparagus officinalis pollen, biji, America: Canada, Mexico, USA2);(=Asparagus virus 2, (asparagus, asparagus) suluran (stolon) Europe: Denmark, Germany, Italy,Asparagus ilarvirus 2, UK, JapanAsparagus virus C, Asparagus Vektor:latent virus) Dorylaimida, Longidoridae: Longidorus apulus16. Avocado sunblotch avsunviroid I Persea americana kulit, buah, Africa: South Africa(ASBVd);(= Avocado sunblotch (alpokat, avocado) bunga, daun, America: Peru, USA, Venezuela,viroid, Sunblotch viroid Cinnamomum camphora, suluran (stolon), Europe: Spain, Israel(avocado)) Cinnamomum batang, biji Oceania: Australia zeylanicum, Ocelea bullata,17. Banana bract mosaic potyvirus I Musa paradisiaca tanaman, bibit America: Ecuador(BBrMV);(= Banana bract Asia: India, Philippines, Sri Lanka,mosaic virus) Thailand, Vietnam Oceania: Samoa18. Barley stripe mosaic I Hordeum vulgare (barli, polen, biji, Africa: Egypt, South Africa,hordeivirus (BSMV);(= Barley barley), Triticum aestivum tanaman Tunisiastripe mosaic virus, Barley (gandum, wheat) America: Argentina, Brazil,false stripe virus, Barley Poaceae, Secale cereale Canada, Mexico, Peru, USAmosaic virus, Oat stripe mosaic (rye), Zea mays (jagung, Asia: China, Israel, Japan, Jordan,virus, Barley mild stripe virus, corn), Oryza sativa (padi, South Korea, Lebanon, Pakistan,Barley yellow stripe (possibly)) paddy), Sorghum bicolor Syria, Turkey (sorgum, sorghum), Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Panicum spp. (millet) Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, 337

Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia,19. Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus Oceonia: Australia, New Zealand (BYDV);(=Barley yellow dwarf I Avena sativa (oats), tanaman, akar, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, virus; Maize leaf fleck virus; Hordeum vulgare (barley), batang, daun, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Wheat cereal yellow dwarf Lolium multiflorum bunga Mozambique, South Africa: virus; (Italian ryegrass), Lolium Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe.. Rice giallume virus; Hordeum perenne (perennial Vektor: America: Canada, Mexico, USA, virus nanescens; Red leaf ryegrass), Oryza sativa Hemiptera, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, disease of barley) (rice), Poaceae (grasses), Aphididae:Aulocor Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Secale cereale (rye), thum Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Triticum aestivum circumflexum (= Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French (wheat), Triticum Amphorophora Guiana turgidum (durum wheat), circumflexa, Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Zea mays (corn) Macrosiphum Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Agrostis stolonifera circumflexa, Pakistan, Syria, Thailand, Turkey. (creeping bentgrass), Myzus Europe: Belgium, Czech, Slovakia, Arrhenatherum elatius circumflexus, Denmark, Finland, Former, (false oatgrass), Bromus Aulacorthum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia (bromegrasses), Bromus circumflexum, and Herzegovina, Montenegro, catharticus (prairiegrass), Siphonophora Macedonia, France, Germany, Elymus repens circumflexa); Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, (quackgrass), Eragrostis Ceruraphis Netherlands, Norway, Poland, curvula (weeping eriophori; Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, lovegrass), Festuca Metopolophium Switzerland, Ukraine, UK. (fescues), Leersia dirhodum(=Acyrth Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. oryzoides (Rice cutgrass), osiphon Miscanthus sinensis dirhodum,); (Eulalia), Pennisetum Myzus persicae; clandestinum (kikuyu Rhopalosiphum grass), Phleum pratense insertum 338

(timothy), Phragmites (=Rhopalosiphum (reed), Saccharum annuae, officinarum (sugarcane), Rhopalosiphum Setaria italica (foxtail fitchii); millet), Sorghum bicolor Rhopalosiphum (sorghum), Trifolium maidis(=Aphis repens (white clover) maydis); Rhopalosiphum padi (=Anuraphis padi, Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae); Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis; Schizaphis graminum(=Toxop tera graminum); Sipha agropyrella; Macrosiphum avenae (=Macrosiphum granarium, Sitobion avenae); Macrosiphum fragariae (=Sitobion fragariae);20. Bean golden mosaic I Vigna unguiculata tanaman Africa: Nigeria begomovirus (BGMV)(=Bean (kacang tunggak, America: Argentina, Colombia, golden mosaic geminivirus, cowpea), Phaseolus sp., Vektor: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Bean golden mosaic virus (type Phaseolus lathyroides, Hemiptera: Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, 1) Brazil, Bean golden yellow Phaseolus acutifolius, Aleyrodidae: Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, USA, mosaic virus (type 2), Glycine max (kedelai, Bemisia Venezuela 339

Caribbean mosaico dorado, soybean) argentifolii, B. Bean calico mosaic Cajanus cajan (kacang tabaci begomovirus (possible strain)) gude), Calopogonium mucunoides, Pachyrhizus21. Bean pod mottle comovirus erosus, Vigna angularis, (BPMV);(=Bean Pod mottle Phaseolus coccineus, virus, Desmodium virus) Vigna mungo, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau,22. Beet curly top curtovirus tobacco) (BCTV);(= Beet curly top virus, Beet curly top geminivirus, I Glycine max (kedelai, biji, tanaman America: Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, Beet curly top soybean), Fabaceae lain Peru, USA Vektor: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Cerotoma trifurcate, Diabrotica balteata, D. undecimpunctata, Colaspis flavida, C. lata), Coleoptera, Coccinelidae: Epilachna varivestis, E. vittata I Beta vulgaris (bit gula, daun Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt sugar beet), Capsicum America: Argentina, Bolivia, annuum (cabai, hot Vektor: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA, pepper, chilies, red Hemiptera, Uruguay 340

hybrigeminivirus, Sugarbeet pepper), Vigna Cicadellidae: Asia: India, Iran, Israel, Japan,curly top virus,Tomato yellow unguiculata (kacang Neoaliturus South Korea, Turkeyvirus, Sugar beet curly-leaf tunggak, cowpea), tenellus, N. Europe: Cyprus, Italyvirus, Sugarbeet virus 1, Cucurbitaceae, Beta opacipennisTomato yellows virus, Western vulgaris (bit, beetroot),yellow blight virus, Potatogreen dwarf virus) Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean). Linum usitatissimum (flax), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato)23. Beet leaf curl rhabdovirus I Beta spp. daun, akar, Europe:Germany, Poland, Turkey(BLCV);(= Beet leaf curl virus, Atriplex, Spinacia, batang, tanamanBeta virus 3, RubenkrSusel- Tetragonia tetragonioidesVirus, Rübenkräusel sugar beet Vektor:leaf crinkle virus, Sugar beet Hemiptera,leaf curl rhabdo virus, Sugar Piesmidae:beet virus 3, Beet leaf crinkle Piesmavirus, Sugar beet leaf curl quadratumvirus)24. Broad bean wilt fabavirus I Apium graveolens (celery), polong biji, akar, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco,(BBWV);(=Broad bean wilt Beta vulgaris var. batang, daun, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania,virus, Nasturtium ringspot saccharifera (sugarbeet), bunga, buah. Tunisia,virus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot Brassica napus var. America: USA, Argentinavirus, Tropaeolum ringspot napus (rape), Brassica Asia: Bangladesh, China, Taiwan,virus, Nasturtium white spot rapa subsp. chinensis India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan,virus, Patchouli mild mottle (Chinese cabbage), North Korea, South Korea, 341

virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Capsicum annuum (bell Philippines, Singapore, Syria, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild pepper), Capsicum Turkey, mosaic virus) frutescens (chilli), Cynara Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, cardunculus L. var. Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia,25. Brome mosaic bromovirus scolymus (globe Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, (BMV);(=Brome mosaic virus, artichoke), Daucus carota Bosnia, France, Germany, Greece, Weidel gras mosaik virus, (carrot), Glycine max Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, (soyabean), Lactuca Spain, United Kingdom, sativa (lettuce), Oceania: Australia Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Nicotiana Africa: South Africa, tabacum (tobacco), America: North America Petroselinum crispum Europe: Hungary, Russian (parsley), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), 342 Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna radiata (mung bean), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Cicer arietinum (chickpea) I Bromus inermis (Awnless tanaman brome) Avena sativa (oats),

Ryegrass streak virus, Trespen Bromus (bromegrasses), Federation, Sweden,gras mosaik virus, Marmor Chenopodium quinoa Oceania: Australiagraminis) (quinoa), Commelina communis (common dayflower), Commelina diffusa (spreading dayflower), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Oryza sativa (rice), Poaceae (grasses), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Zea mays (corn)26. Cacao yellow mosaic tymovirus I Theobroma cacao (kakao, akar, batang, Africa: Sierra Leone(CYMV);(=Cacao yellow mosaic cocoa) daun, bunga,virus) Cola nitida, Culcasia buah scandens27. Carnation necrotic fleck I Dianthus caryophyllus bunga, akar, America: Colombia, USA,closterovirus (CNFV);(= Dianthus barbatus, daun, batang VenezuelaCarnation necrotic fleck virus, D.chinensis, Saponaria Asia: Israel, JapanCarnation streak virus, vaccaria, Silene armeria Vektor: Europe: Belgium, Czech, Slovakia,Carnation yellow fleck virus) Hemiptera, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Aphididae: Myzus and Herzegovina, Montenegro, persicae Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand28. Cassava brown streak virus I Manihot esculenta (ubi tunas, tanaman Africa: Angola, Guinea Ekuator,(CBSaV);(= Cassava brown kayu, cassava) Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique,streak carlavirus, Cassava Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda,brown streak potyvirus, ZimbabweCassava brown streak-associated (?) carlavirus) 343

29. Cereal yellow dwarf I Avena sativa (oats), tanaman, akar, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, polerovirus-RPV (CYDRV);(=Cereal yellow dwarf Hordeum vulgare (barley), batang, daun, America: Canada, Ecuador, virus) Secale cereale (rye), bunga Mexico, USA30. Cherry leafroll nepovirus (CLRV);(= Cherry leafroll virus, Triticum aestivum Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Golden elderberry virus) (wheat), Triticum Jordan, Pakistan turgidum (durum wheat) Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand I Betula (birches), Betula biji, daun, America: Canada, USA, Chile pendula (common silver tanaman. Asia: China, Turkey birch), Cornus (Flowering Europe: Albania, Belgium, dogwood), Fagus Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, sylvatica (common Finland, France, Germany, beech), Fraxinus excelsior Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, (ash), Juglans (walnuts), Norway, Poland, Portugal, Juglans regia (walnut), Romania, Russia, Serbia and Ligustrum (privet), Prunus Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, avium (sweet cherry), Spain, Switzerland, UK, Scotland Ptelea trifoliata (Hoptree), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Rubus procerus, Sambucus canadensis (American elder), Sambucus racemosa (red- berried elder), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Ulmus (elms), Ulmus americana (American elm) 344

Delphinium hybrids (florist's larkspur), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Rubus idaeus (raspberry) (Wild hosts): Plantago (Plantain), Rumex (Dock)31. Cherry rasp leaf nepovirus I Prunus avium, Prunus tanaman America: Canada, USA (CRLV);(= Apple flat apple virus, Cherry rasp leaf virus, cerasus, Prunus persica, Flat apple virus) Prunus mahaleb, Malus32. Citrus impietratura virus;(= domesticum (apel, apple) Citrus impietratura disease) Rubus spp. (raspberry)33. Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) akar, batang, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, (CiLRV);(= Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus, Citrusvariegation daun, bunga, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe virus, Citrus crinkly leaf ilarvirusm,Citrusvariegation buah America: Venezuela ilarvirus) Asia: India, Israel, Lebanon,34. Clover yellow vein potyvirus (ClYVV);(=Clover yellow vein Turkey virus, Pea necrosis virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus-S (severe Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Italy, strain), Bean yellow mosaic virus-N (necrotic strain) Spain I Citrus aurantifolia, C. tunas, biji America: USA limon, C. paradisi Europe: Turkey Vigna unguiculata Oceania: Australia (kacang tunggak, cowpea) I Lathyrus odoratus (sweet umbi (bulbs/ America: Canada, USA, Colombia, pea), Phaseolus vulgaris tubers/ Asia: Japan, South Korea, Yemen, (common bean), Trifolium corms/rhizomes), Europe: Czech, Slovakia, France, hybridum (Alsike clover), daun, bibit, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Trifolium repens (white batang Netherlands, Poland, Spain, clover), Trifolium Sweden, United Kingdom 345

Statice virus Y) vesiculosum (Arrowleaf Oceania: Australia, New Zealand clover) 346 Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce clover), Borago officinalis (Borage), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Gentiana (gentians), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Impatiens walleriana (Busy-lizzy), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lupinus (lupins), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Lupinus angustifolius (lupin), Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Melilotus officinalis (Field melilot), Pisum sativum (pea), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover), Vicia faba (broad bean), Viola odorata (English

violet), Daucus carota (carrot), Iris (irises), Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Plantago major (broad- leaved plantain), Veronica persica (creeping35. Cocoa swollen shoot I speedwell) Africa:Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Theobroma cacao (kakao, akar, batang,badnavirus (CSSV); (=Cocoa cocoa) daun, bunga, Sierra Leone, Togo, Northwestswollen shoot virus(CoNV), Ceiba pentandra (kapuk buah AfricaCocoa necrosis nepovirus, randu, kapok) America: Colombia, VenezuelaCocoa red mottle virus, Cocoa Vektor:Hemiptera Asia: Sri Lankavein clearing virus, Cacao virus , Pseudococcidae:I, Theobroma virus I) Delococcus tafoensis, Ferrisia virgata, Paraputo anomalus, Phenacoccus hargreavesi, Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus concavocerrari, Pseudococcus longis Dorylaimida: Longidoridae Longidorus spp.36. Coconut cadang-cadang I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, buah, Asia: Philippines, Malaysiacocadviroid (CCCVd);(=Coconut coconut), Elaeis tanaman Oceania: Solomon Islands Islandcadang-cadang viroid, Palm guineensis (kelapa sawit, 347

cadang-cadang viroid) oilpalm), Arenga pinnata, Vektor:Prostigmat37. Coconut tinangaja cocadviroid Borassus flabelifer a, Tenuipalpidae: (CTiVd);(=Coconut tinangaja viroid) (lontar, palmyra palm), Brevipalpus Chloris, Phoenix phoenicis38. Coffee blister spot virus;(=Coffee blister spot dactylifera agent) Corypha elata, Livistona39. Coffee ringspot rhabdovirus rotundifolia, Arecaceae, (CoRSV);(= Coffee ringspot Panandaceae, virus, Coffee ringspot nucleorhabdovirus) Zingiberaceae,40. Cotton anthocyanosis Marantaceae (Maranta virus(CAV);(=Cotton sp.), Commelinaceae anthocyanosis (?) luteovirus; Cotton small leaf virus) I Cocos nucifera (kelapa, biji, buah, Oceania: Guam41. Cotton leaf curl begomovirus coconut) tanaman (CLCuV);(= Cotton leaf curl I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) biji, buah, America:, Costa Rica tanaman I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) biji, tanaman America: Brazil, Costa Rica Asia: Philippines I Gossypium barbadens tunas, tanaman America: Brazil (kapas, Gallinicotton), Asia: India, Pakistan Gossypium hirsutum Vektor: (kapas, Bourbon cotton) Hemiptera, Abelmoschus esculentus, Aphididae: Aphis Hibiscus cannabinus, gossypii Sida rhombifolia, S. micrantha I Gossypium barbadens tanaman Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, (kapas, cotton), Cameroon, Central Africa, Chad, 348

geminivirus, Cotton leaf Abelmoschus esculentus, Vektor: Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ghana, Niger, crumple begomovirus) Hibiscus cannabinus, Hemiptera, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo42. Cotton leaf mottle disease;(=Cotton mosaic agent) Phaseolus vulgaris Aleyrodidae: America: Mexico, USA, Guatemala43. Cowpea chlorotic mottle (buncis, common bean), Bemisia tabaci Asia: India, Pakistan, Philippines bromovirus (CCMV);(= Bean yellow stipple virus, Cowpea Vigna unguiculata chlorotic mottle virus, Virus del (kacang tunggak, cowpea) moteado amarillo, Marmor Abelmoschus esculentus, Althea rosae, Corchorus fasicularis, Castanospermum australe, Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Hibiscus cannabius, H. escu lentus, H. sabdarifa, Malvaviscus arboreus, Malva parviflora, Phaseolus acutifolius, Vigna angularis, Sida alba I Gossypium barbadens akar, batang, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Central (kapas, cotton), daun, bunga, Africa, Chad, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Gossypium hirsutum buah Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo Vektor: Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci I Vigna unguiculata tanaman Africa: Nigeria (kacang tunggak, America: Costa Rica, Cuba, USA cowpea), Glycine max Vektor: Asia: India (kedelai, soybean) Coleoptera, Arachys hypogaea Chrysomelidae: 349

flavopunctum) (kacang tanah, peanut), Ceratoma44. Cucumber green mottle mosaic Nicotiana tabacum ruficornis, tobamovirus (CGMMV);(= (tembakau, tobacco), C.trifurcata, Bottlegourd indian mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle Beta vulgaris(bit), Diabrotica mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic watermelon Cajanus cajan(kacang balteata, D. strain (W), Cucumber virus 2, gude), Cassia undecimpunctata, Cucumber virus 3, Cucumber virus 4, Cucumis virus 2, occidentalis, C.tora Tobacco mosaic virus watermelon strain-W) I Cucumis sativus biji, akar, America: Brazil45. Dasheen mosaic potyvirus (mentimun, cucumber), tanaman, tanah, Asia: Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, (DsMV);(=Dasheen mosaic virus) Citrullus vulgaris air, pupuk, media Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, (semangka, watermelon), tanam Saudi Arabia Cucumis melo (melon, Europe: Austria, Czech, Slovakia, melon), Lagenaria Vektor:Coleoptera Denmark, Finland, Serbia, siceraria, Momordica : Chrysomelidae: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and charantia Raphidopalpa Herzegovina, Montenegro, Prunus Americana fevicollis; Macedonia, Germany, Greece, (apricot) Solanales, Hungary, Latvia, Netherlands, Convolvulaceae: Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Cuscuta spp. Ukraine, UK, Georgia, I Aglaonema, Alocasia, daun, tanaman Africa: Africa, Cameroon, Egypt, Amorphophallus, Nigeria, South Africa, Anthurium, Araceae, America: Costa Rica, Cuba, Caladium, Colocasia, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad Dieffenbachia and Tobago, USA, Brazil, (dumbcanes), Venezuela Philodendron, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Japan Spathiphyllum, Europe: Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Xanthosoma (cocoyam), Netherlands, United Kingdom, Zantedeschia (calla-lilies) Oceania: American Samoa, Cyrtosperma merkusii Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, 350

46. Dendrobium vein necrosis (?) (giant swamp taro) tanaman, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, closterovirus (DVNV) I Orchidaceae New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands,47. Grapevine Bulgarian latent Tonga, Vanuatu nepovirus (GBLV);(=Grapevine Bulgarian latent virus, Virus Europe: Germany CM112) I Vitis spp. (anggur, batang Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary,48. Grapevine chrome mosaic nepovirus (GCMV);(= grapevine). tanaman, biji Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Grapevine chrome mosaic virus, Grapevine Hungarian and Herzegovina, Montenegro, chrome mosaic virus) Macedonia, Portugal49. Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus (GFLV);(= Grapevine fan leaf I Vitis vinifera (anggur, kulit, batang, Europe: Austria, Croatia, Czech, virus, Grapevine veinbanding virus, Grapevine yellow mosaic grapevine) daun, tunas, Slovakia, Hungary virus, Grapevine arricciamento virus, Grape vine infectious Apium graveolens akar, biji degeneration virus, Grapevine roncet virus, Grapevine I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, suluran Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Madagascar, urticado virus) grapevine) (stolon), Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Cucumis sativus, tanaman, biji Tunisia Phaseolus vulgaris America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, (buncis, common bean), Vektor: Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, Vigna unguiculata Dorylaimida, Venezuela (kacang tunggak, cowpea) Longidoridae: Asia: China, Iran, Israel, Japan, Xiphinema index, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, X. Italye Philippines, Syria, Turkey, Europe: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain: Canary 351

Island, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Armenia, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand50. Grapevine fleck maculavirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, batang, tanaman Africa: South Africa (GFkV);(= Grapevine fleck virus, Grapevine marbrure grapevine) America: Brazil, USA virus, Grapevine phloem- limited isometric virus) Asia: Jordan, Syria51. Grapevine leafroll-associated Europe: Albania, France, Italy, closterovirus (GLRaV);(= Grapevine leafroll-associated I Vitis vinifera (anggur, kulit, akar, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, virus, Grapevine B virus, Grapevine leafroll disease, grapevine) batang, daun, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Grapevine C virus) kutur jaringan USA Asia: China, Taiwan, Gaza, Israel, Vektor: Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Hemiptera, Lebanon, Turkey, Yemen, Pseudococcidae: Europe: Albania, Austria, Pseudococcus Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, longis, P. Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, calceolariae, P. Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, maritimus, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, P.affinis, P. Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, viburni, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Planococcus ficus, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, P.citri, Heliococcus Ukraine, Armenia bohemicus, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Phenacoccus sp.; Hemiptera, Coccidae: Pulvinaria vitis, Parthenolecanium 352

corni, Neopulvinaria inummerabilis52. Grapevine stem pitting I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tunas, suluran Africa: South Africa, Tunisia,associated closterovirus grapevine) (stolon), kulit, South Africa(GVA);(=Grapevine corky bark batang, daun, America: Brazil, Mexico, USAclosterovirus, Grapevine tunas, akar. Asia: Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen,batang pitting disease, Central EastGrapevine stem pitting virus, Vektor: Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Italy,Grapevine virus A, Legno Riccio Hemiptera, Portugal(possibly), Rugose wood Pseudococcidae(possibly), Grapevine corkybark disease)53. Grapevine vein necrosis agent I Vitis vinifera (anggur, tanaman, batang Europe: Hungary, Turkey(GVVN);(=Grapevine vein grapevine)necrosis virus, Grapevine veinnecrosis disease)54. Hop stunt viroid (HSVd);(= I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) tanaman, batang America: Cuba, USACitrus cachexia viroid, Citrusxyloporosis viroid, Citrusxyloporosis 'virus', Cucumberpale fruit viroid, Hop stunthostuviroid)55. Impatiens necrotic spot I Chrysanthemum sp. Daun, tanaman. America: Canada, Chile, Costatospovirus (INSV);(= Impatiens (daisy), Impatiens sp. Rica, Mexico, USAnecrotic spot virus) (balsam) Vektor: Asia: China, Iran, Japan Cichorium sp., Cyclamen Thysanoptera, Europe: Austria, Belgium, persicum, Gentiana sp., Thripidae: Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, Isotoma axillaris, Frankliniella France, Germany, Guernsey, Kalanchoe sp, Ocimum occidentalis Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, basilicum, Phalaenopsis Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, 353

hybrids, Rubus, Spinacia United Kingdom oleracea, Valerianella, Oceania: New Zealand Cardamine scutata, Cerastium glomeratum, Stellaria media, Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell pepper), Capsicum spp., Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)56. Johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus I Pennisetum glaucum biji, akar, batang, America: Colombia, Venezuela(JGMV);(=Maize dwarf mosaic (pearl millet), Saccharum daun, bunga, Europe: Hungaryvirus - strain O, Johnsongrass officinarum (tebu, buah Oceania: Australiamosaic virus, Sugarcane sugarcane), Sorghummosaic virus - Australian bicolor (sorghum),Johnson grass virus, Maize Sorghum halepensedwarf mosaic virus - Kansas I (Johnson grass), Urochloastrain) brizantha (palisadegrass), Zea mays (jagung, corn)57. Lettuce mosaic virus I Cichorium intybus daun, tanaman. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Malawi,(LMV);(=Lettuce mosaic (chicory), Lactuca sativa Mauritius, Morocco, Sierra Leone,potyvirus, Lettuce virus 1) (lettuce) South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Carthamus tinctorius Zambia, Zimbabwe. (safflower), Cicer America: Argentina, Brazil, arietinum (chickpea), Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Jamaica, Cichorium endivia Mexico, USA, Uruguay. (endives), Eustoma Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, grandiflorum (Lisianthus Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, (cut flower crop)), Pisum Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Yemen. 354

sativum (pea), Spinacia Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, oleracea (spinach), Denmark, Finland, France, Sonchus (Sowthistle), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Stellaria media (common Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, chickweed, Sinapis Norway, Poland, Portugal, arvensis (wild mustard) Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.58. Little cherry virus 1 (LChV I Prunus avium (Cherry) kulit kayu, America: Canada, USA 1);(=Cherry little cherry closteovirus, Cherry little cherry Prunus cerasus, Prunus bunga, daun, Asia: Japan virus, Little cherry closteovirus) emarginata, Prunus akar, batang di Europe : Belgium, Czechia,59. Lucerne enation rhabdovirus (LEV);(=Alfalva enation virus, incise, Prunus mahaleb, atas permukaan Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Lucerne enation virus) Prunus sargentii, Prunus tanah Romania, Switzerland, Turkey, serrula, Prunus serrulata, United Kingdom Prunus subhirtella, Oceania: New Zealand Prunus tomentosa, Prunus x sieboldii, Prunus x yedoensis, Prunus pensylvanica I Alfalfa sp, Fabaceae, tanaman Africa: South Africa, Sudan Medicago sativa, America: Argentina, Canada, Nicotiana tabacum, Colombia, Peru, USA Solanum lycopersicum, Asia: Iran, Japan Solanum tuberosum Europe : Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 355

60. Maize chlorotic dwarf I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: USA waikavirus (MCDV);(= Maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Maize chlorotic dwarf MCDV sorghum), Setaria spp. Vektor: group, Maize chlorotic dwarf Hemiptera, ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf virus, Corn stunt agent) Cicadellidae:61. Maize chlorotic mottle Amblysellus grex, machlomovirus (MCMV);(= Dalbulus maidis, Maize chlorotic mottle virus, Maize mottle virus, Peru corn Endria inimica, virus) Exitianus exitiosus, Graminella nigrifrons, Graminella sonora, Macrosteles severini, Planicephalus flavo costatus, Stirellus bicolor I Triticum aestivum biji, tanaman America: Argentina, Mexico, Peru, (gandum, wheat), Zea USA mays (jagung, corn), Vektor: Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Coleoptera, sorghum) Chrysomelidae: Bromus arvensis, Chaetocnema pulicaria, Diabrotica spp., Panicum vurgatum, Setaria glauca, Zea Oulema diploperennis melanopus, Systena frontalis Thysanoptera, Thripidae: 356

Frankliniella williamsii62. Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus I Sorghum halepense bibit, biji Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt,(MDMV);(=Sorghum red stripe (Johnson grass), Sorghum Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius,virus; European maize mosaic bicolor (sorgum, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Southvirus; Indian maize mosaic sorghum), Zea mays Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe.virus; Maize dwarf mosaic (jagung, corn), Zea mays America: Argentina, Canada,virus, Maize stripe mosaic virus) subsp. mays (sweetcorn) Chile, Colombia, Haiti, Honduras, Avena sativa (oats), Mexico, Peru, USA, Hawaii, Panicum miliaceum Venezuela. (millet), Saccharum Asia: China (Taiwan), Georgia officinarum (tebu, (Republic), India (Uttar Pradesh), sugarcane) Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, Uzbekistan. Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe)), Spain, Ukraine,63. Maize mosaic I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman Africa: Kenya, Madagascar,nucleorhabdovirus (MMV);(= Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria,Maize mosaic virus, Maize sorghum) Vektor: Réunion, Tanzania, Zimbabwestripe Indian virus, Sorghum Axonopus, Hordeum Hemiptera, America: Brazil, Colombia, Cuba,chlorosis virus, Zea mays virus) vulgare, Rottboellia cochin Delphacidae: Guyana France, Guadeloupe, chinensis, Sorghum Peregrinus maidis Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, Venezuela halepense, Zea mexicana 357

Asia: India, Yemen64. Maize rayado fino marafivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: Argentina, Brazil,(MRFV);(=Maize rayado fino Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador,virus) Vektor: Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Hemiptera, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, USA, Cicadellidae:Dalb Uruguay, Venezuela ulus maidis, D.elimatus, Baldulus tripsaci, Graminella nigrifrons65. Maize rough dwarf fijivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman America: Argentina(MRDV);(= Cereal tillering Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, Southdisease fijivirus, Cereal tillering sorghum), Hordeum Vektor: Koreadisease reovirus, Cereal vulgare (barli, barley), Hemiptera, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, France,tillering disease virus, Maize Lolium perenne (perennial Delphacidae: Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain,rough dwarf virus) ryegrass), Zea mays Delphacodes Sweden, Switzerland, Slovenia, subsp. mays (jagung propinqua, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, manis, sweetcorn) Dicranotropis Montenegro, Macedonia Triticum aestivum hamata, (gandum, wheat), Avena Laodelphax striatellus, sativa (oat, oats ), Javasella Cynodon dactylon pellucida, (rumput bermuda, bermuda grass), Digitaria Ribauto-delphax notabilis, sanguinalis (large crabgrass), Echinochloa Sogatella vibix crus-galli (barnyard grass) 358

66. Maize streak mastrevirus I Triticum aestivum tanaman Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana,(MSV);(=Maize mottle virus, (gandum, wheat), Zea Burkina Faso, Burundi,Maize streak monogeminivirus, mays (jagung, corn), Vektor: Cameroon, Central Africa,Maize streak geminivirus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Hemiptera, RD.Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast,Maize streak virus, sorghum), Poaceae Cicadellidae: Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana,Sereal African streak virus, Oat, Hordeum vulgare Cicadulina mbila, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, C.arachidis, C. Malawi, Mali, Mauritius,Sugarcane streak virus) (barli, barley), Secale cereale (rye) bipunctella, C. Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, triangula, C. Rwanda, Réunion, Sao Tome & bimaculata, C. Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, similis, C.latens, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, C.ghaurii, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, C.parazeae. Zimbabwe Nesoclutha America: USA declivata Asia: India, Yemen,67. Maize stripe tenuivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), tanaman Africa: Benin, Botswana,(MSpV);(= Maize chlorotic stripe Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Cameroon, RD.Congo, Egypt,virus, Maize stripe virus, sorghum) Vektor: Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius,Sorghum chlorosis virus) Avena sativa (oat, oats Hemiptera, Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, ), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae: Sao Tome & Principe, South barley), Oryza sativa Peregrinus maidis Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe (padi, paddy), Triticum aestivum (gandum, America: Argentina, Brazil, Costa wheat), Saccharum Rica, Guadeloupe, Peru, Puerto officinarum (tebu, Rico, USA, Venezuela sugarcane), Secale Asia: China, Taiwan, India, cereale (rye) Philippines Oceania: Australia68. Maize white line mosaic virus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) tanaman America: USA(MWLMV);(= Maize dwarf Europe: France, Italyringspot virus, Maize white linevirus) 359

69. Orchid fleck rhabdovirus I Orchidaceae tanaman America: Brazil, USA(OFV);(=Dendrobium leaf Asia: Japanstreak virus, Dendrobium virus, Europe: GermanyLaelia red leafspot, Short Oceania: Australia, New Zealandorchid rhabdovirus, Orchidrhabdovirus, Orchid fleck virus,Phalaenopsis chlorotic spotvirus, Phalaenopsis hybridvirus, Phalaenopsis virus)70. Papaya mosaic potexvirus I Carica papaya (papaya, daun, bibit Africa: Tanzania(PapMV);(= Argentine plantago papaw) tanaman, akar, America: Dominica, Trinidad andpotexvirus, Argentine plantago batang, daun, Tobago, USA, Brazil, Venezuelavirus, Australian alternanthera bunga, buah Oceania: Guampotexvirus, Babaco yellowmosaic virus, Boussingaultiamosaic virus, Olive vein yellowvirus, Papaya mild mosaicvirus, Papaya mosaic virus,Pawpaw mild mosaic virus,Pawpaw mosaic virus,Portulaca virus, Salviapotexvirus, Trichosanthesvirus, Ullucus potexvirus)71. Papaya necrosis I Caricapapaya (papaya, tanaman America: USAvirus;(=Papaya droopy necrosis papaw)virus (PDNV), Papaya apicalnecrosis virus (PANV))72. Passion fruit woodiness virus I Arachis hypogaea tanaman Africa: South Africa,(PWV);(=Passionfruit woodiness (peanut), Glycine max America: Martinique, Brazil,potyvirus) (soyabean), Passiflora Ceara, Goias, edulis (markisa, Asia: Japan, passionfruit), Passiflora Oceania: Australia, Queensland, 360

suberosa (Corky New Zealand, Samoa passionflower), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)73. Pea enation mosaic 1 I Vicia faba biji, tanaman America: USA, Canada enamovirus (PEMV-1);(= Pea enation mosaic virus-1, Pea Cicer arietinum, Lathyrus Asia: China, Iran enation mosaic virus, Pea enation mosaic virus 'group', odoratus, Lens culinaris, Vektor: Europe: Austria, Czech, Slovakia, Pea virus 1) Medicago arabica, Pisum Hemiptera, Germany, UK74. Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV);(=Pea leaf-roll virus, sativum, Trifolium Aphididae: Pea seed-borne mosaic virus) incarnatum, Vicia sativa Acyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus75. Pea streak carlavirus(PeSV); (= Alfalfa latent virus, Pea streak persicae virus, Steinklee virus, Pea streak virus) I Lens culinaris ssp. daun, tanaman Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, culinaris (lentil), Pisum Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia sativum (green pea, pea) America: Brazil, Canada, Peru, Vicia faba (broad bean) USA Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Taiwan, Yemen Europe : Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand I Pisum sativum (kapri, tanaman America: Canada, USA sweet pea), Europe: widespread Leguminosae, Medicago sativa, Cicer arietinum 361

76. Peach latent mosaic I Prunus persica (peach) buah, polong, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco,pelamoviroid(PLMVd); (=Peach Prunus armeniaca bunga, daun, South Africa, Tunisialatent mosaic viroid; Prunus (apricot), Prunus avium batang, tanaman. America: Canada, Mexico, USA,virus 5; Peach yellow mosaic (sweet cherry), Prunus Uruguayviroid; Peach yellow mosaic; domestica (plum) Asia: China, Japan, Lebanon,Peach blotch; Peach virus 6; SyriaPeach American mosaic Europe: Austria, Bosnia anddisease; Peach American Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia,mosaic pathogen; Peach Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,mosaic; Peach calico) Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Montenegro, Spain Oceania: Australia77. Peach rosette mosaic nepovirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, biji, batang, Africa: Egypt(PRMV);(=Grape decline virus, grapevine), Prunus daun, buah, America: Canada, USAGrapevine degeneration virus, persica suluran (stolon), Asia: India, TurkeyPeach rosette mosaic virus, Vaccinium corymbosum, tanah, mediaRosette mosaic virus) Rumex crispus, Solanum tanam carolinense, Taraxacum officinale Vektor: Dorylaimidae, Longidoridae: Xiphinema americanum, Longidorus diadecturus78. Peanut chlorotic streak I Arachys hypogaea tanaman Asia: Indiacaulimovirus (PCSV);(=Peanut (kacang tanah, peanut)chlorotic streak virus, Peanut Canavalia ensiformis,chlorotic streak soymovirus) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), 362

Spinacia oleracea, Vicia faba(kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna radiata,79. Peanut clump pecluvirus I Arachys hypogaea biji, tanaman Africa: Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, (PCV);(= Peanut clump furovirus, Peanut clump virus, (kacang tanah, peanut), Senegal Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV)) Saccharum officinarum Vektor: Asia: India, Pakistan80. Peanut stunt cucumovirus (tebu, sugarcane), Protozoa, (PSV);(= Black locust true mosaic virus, Clover blotch Triticum aestivum Plasmodiophorace virus, Groundnut stunt virus, Peanut common mosaic virus, (gandum, wheat), Setaria ae: Polymyxa Peanut stunt virus, Robinia Italyca (foxtail millet) graminis mosaic virus) I Arachys hypogaea biji, tanaman Africa: Morocco, Sudan81. Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV);(=Pepino mosaic (kacang tanah, peanut), America: USA potexvirus) Glycine max (kedelai, Vektor: Asia: China, Japan, Korea soybean), Solanum Hemiptera, Europe: France, Hungary, Italy, lycopersicum (tomat, Aphididae: Aphis Poland, Spain, Georgia tomato), Nicotiana craccivora, A. tabacum (tembakau, spiraecola, Myzus tobacco), pea, Phaseolus persicae vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea) I Solanum lycopersicum buah, polong, Africa: South Africa, (tomat), Solanum daun. America: Canada, Chile, Ecuador, muricatum, Mexico, Peru, USA Ocimum basilicum, Asia: Syria Amaranthus graecizans, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Amaranthus viridis, Finland, France, Germany, Calendula arvensis, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Chenopodium murale, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Chrysanthemum segetum, Switzerland, Turkey, United Convolvulus arvensis, Kingdom 363

Convolvulus humilis, Malva neglecta, Malva nicaeensis, Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Plantago lagopus, Plantago major, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus tenerrimus, Lens culinaris (lentil)82. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV); I Prunus armeniaca buah, polong, Africa: Egypt(=Plum pox virus; Prunus virus (apricot), Prunus daun, batang, America: Canada, USA, Argentina,7; Annulus pruni; Sharka virus) domestica (plum), Prunus akar, biji, bibit. Chile Asia: India, Iran, Jordan, dulcis (almond), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus Kazakhstan, Syria, Turkey salicina (Japanese plum) Europe: Albania, Austria, Bosnia Juglans regia (walnut), and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Prunus avium (sweet Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, cherry), Prunus besseyi France, Germany, Greece, (bessey cherry), Prunus Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, cerasifera (myrobalan Luxembourg, Moldova, plum), Prunus spinosa Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (blackthorn), Prunus Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia tomentosa (Nanking and Montenegro, Slovakia, cherry tree) Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine, UK (Wild hosts): Prunus glandulosa (flowering almond), Prunus japonica (Japanese bush cherry tree), Prunus serotina (black cherry) 364

83. Potato black ringspot nepovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, tanaman America: Peru(PBRSV);(=Andean potato (kentang, potato)calico strain of tobacco ringspot Arracacia xanthorrhiza,virus, Andean potato calico Oxalis tuberosestrains nepovirus, Potato blackringspot virus, Potato calicostrain of tobacco ringspot virus)84. Potato mop-top pomovirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, tanaman America: Bolivia, Canada, Chile,(PMTV); (= Potato mop-top (kentang, potato) Peru, USAfurovirus, Potato mop-top virus) Vektor:Protozoa, Asia: China: Taiwan, Israel, Plasmodiophorace Japan, Pakistan ae: Spongospora Europe: Czech, Slovakia, subterranea Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK85. Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid I Solanum tuberosum biji, umbi (tuber), Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Argentina(PSTVd);(= Potato spindle (kentang, potato), polen, tanaman America: Canada, Chile, Costaviroid, Spindle tuber viroid, Solanum lycopersicum Rica, Peru, USA, VenezuelaPotato gothic virus, Tomato (tomat, tomato), Persea Vektor:Hemiptera Asia: Afghanistan, China, Indiabunchy top viroid) americana (alpokat, , Aphididae: Europe: Belarus, Germany, avocado) Macrosiphum Poland, Russia (Southern Russia), Beta vulgaris var euphorbiae, Ukraine saccharifera (bit gula, Myzus persicae Oceania: Australia, New Zealand sugar beet)86. Potato T trichovirus (PVT);(= I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji, America: Bolivia, Peru, Uruguay Potato T capillovirus, Potato America: Peru virus T) (kentang, potato) tanaman87. Potato U S: Oxalis tuberosa, nepovirus(PVU);(=Potato virus Ullucus tuberosus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, biji (kentang, potato), 365

U) Nicotiana tabacum Vektor:orylaimida88. Potato yellow dwarf virus (tembakau, tobacco), e, Longidoridae: (PYDV);(=Potato yellow dwarf rhabdovirus, Potato yellow Beta vulgaris (bit, Longidorussp. dwarf nucleorhabdovirus) beetroot), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) I Solanum tuberosum umbi (bulbs/ America: Canada, USA (potato) tubers/ corms/ Mirabilis jalapa, Nicotiana rhizomes) alata, Tagetes erecta, Zinnia elegans, Solanaceae, Solanum, Apocynoideae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lamioideae, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Polygalaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Mirabilis jalapa (marvel of Peru), Nicotiana alata (sweet-scented tobacco), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia), Anthemis 366

cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod)89. Potato yellow dwarf virus I Solanum tuberosum umbi (tubers, America: Canada, USA (PYDV);Nucleorhabdovirus; (potato) bulbs), tunas, (=Potato yellow dwarf nucleorhabdovirus; Potato Catharanthus roseus daun, akar, yellow dwarf rhabdovirus, (Pink periwinkle), batang, organ Yellow dwarf of potato) Lycopersicon esculentum vegetatif, (tomato), Mirabilis jalapa tanaman (marvel of Peru), Nicotiana alata (sweet- scented tobacco), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) (Wild hosts): Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (n peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod) 367

90. Potato yellow vein crinivirus I Solanum tuberosum umbi, tanaman America: Colombia, Ecuador, (PYVV); (= Potato yellow vein virus, Potato vein-yellowing (kentang, potato) Peru, Venezuela disease, Potato yellow vein disease) Vektor:Hemiptera91. Prunus necrotic ringspot , Aleyrodidae: ilarvirus (PNRSV);(= Rose line pattern virus, European plum Trialeurodes line pattern virus, Hop B virus, vaporariorum Hop C virus, Peach ringspot virus, Plum line pattern virus, I Prunus persica, Prunus biji, polen, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Prunus ringspot virus, Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, Red cerasus, Prunus persica, batang, tanaman South Africa, Tunisia, currant necrotic ringspot virus, Rose chlorotic mottle virus, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), America: Argentina, Brazil, Rose vein banding virus, Rose yellow vein mosaic virus, Sour Prunus domesticum Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, cherry necrotic ringspot virus) (plam, plum), Prunus Uruguay,92. Radish enation mosaic virus (RaMV);(=Radish mosaic virus, dulcis (almon, almond), Asia: Afghanistan, China, China, Radish mosaic comovirus) Humulus, Cucumis India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, sativus (ketimun, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, cucumber) Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand I Brassica napus var. tanaman Africa: Morocco napus (rape), Brassica America: USA oleracea (cabbages, Asia: India, Japan, cauliflowers), Brassica Europe: Austria, Armenia, rapa. oleifera (turnip Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, rape), Raphanus sativus Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, 368

(lobak, radish) Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Brassica napus var. Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, napobrassica (swede), Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Slovenia, Eruca vesicaria (purple- Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, vein rocket) Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia, Germany, Hungary, Italy,93. Raspberry ringspot I Rubus spp. (raspberry), biji, pollen, Asia: Kazakhstan, Turkey, Siberia nepovirus(RpRSV);(= Raspberry ringspot virus, Fragaria vesca (arbei, tanaman Europe: Albania, Belarus, Raspberry Scottish leaf curl virus, Red currant ringspot strawberry), Prunus Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech virus, Red currant ringspot virus) cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Vektor: Republic, Finland, France,94. Red clover vein mosaic virus Vitis vinifera (anggur, orylaimidae, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, (RCVMV);(=Red clover vein mosaic carlavirus, Clover (red) grapevine), Prunus Longidoridae: Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, vein mosaic virus. Marmor trifolii, pea stunt virus) cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Longidorus Norway, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Prunus domesticum elongatus, L. Switzerland, Turkey, United (plam, plum), Prunus macrosoma Kingdom americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry)Ligustrum vulgare, Narsisus pseudonar cissus, Ribes, Weigela Daphne, Forsythia, Phlox, Cynara scolymus I Medicago sativa (alfalva, tanaman America: USA, lucerne), Trifolium Europe: Germany, Lithuania, pratense (purple clover) Netherlands, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), 369

Trifolium repens (white clover)95. Rice black-streaked dwarf I Avena sativa (oat, oats), biji, akar, batang, America: Argentina fijivirus (RBSDV);(=Rice black Hordeum vulgare (barley), daun, bunga, Asia: China, Japan, Korea streak virus; Rice streak dwarf virus; Black streaked dwarf Oryza sativa (padi, buah disease) paddy), Triticum aestivum96. Rice dwarf (gandum, wheat), Zea phytoreovirus(RDV); (= Rice mosaic virus, Rice dwarf virus, mays (jagung, corn) Rice stunt, Oryza virus 1) Beckmannia syzigachne (american sloughgrass), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Phleum pratense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Secale cereale (rye), Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum (wheat) I Oryza sativa (padi, tanaman Asia: China, India, Japan, Korea, paddy) Nepal, Philippines, Vietnam Vektor: Europe: Bulgaria Hemiptera, Cicadellidae: 370

Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus, Nephotettix spp., Recilia dorsalis97. Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus I Oryza sativa (padi, tanaman America: Argentina, Belize, Brazil, (RHBV); (= Echinochloa hoja blanca virus, Rice hoja blanca paddy), Triticum aestivum Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, virus) (gandum, wheat), Avena Vektor: Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador,98. Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV);(= Rice stripe virus) sativa (oat, oats ) Hemiptera, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras,99. Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae: Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto (RYMV);(= Rice yellow mottle virus) barley), Secale cereale Tagosodes Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and (rye) orizicolus Tobago, USA, Venezuela I Oryza sativa (padi, tanaman, biji Asia: Siberia, China, Japan, Korea paddy) (kontaminan) Europe: Russia Zea mays (jagung, corn), Vektor:Hempitera, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Avena Delphacidae: sativa (oat, oats), Laodelphax Hordeum vulgare (barli, striatellus, barley), Secale cereale Terthron (rye), Panicum miliaceum albovittatum, Unkanodes (rumput-rumputan) sapporona, U. albifascia I Oryza sativa (padi, tanaman Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, paddy) Chad, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Vektor: Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Coleoptera, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Chrysomelidae: Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sesselia pusilla, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania: Chaetocnema Zanzibar, Zimbabwe spp., Dactylispa 371

spp., Dicladisa viridicyanea, Trichispa sericea, Chrysomelidae lain Asia: China, Japan, Lao, Taiwan,100. Rice yellow stunt I Oryza sativa (padi, tanamannucleorhabdovirus paddy) Thailand, Vietnam,(RTYV);(=Rice yellow stunt Vektor:Hemipteravirus, Rice transitory yellowing , Cicadellidae:virus, Rice transitory yellowing Nephotettixrhabdovirus) cincticeps, N. nigropictus, N. virescens101. Rose wilt agent;(=Rose wilt I Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) batang, tanaman Africa: South Africadisease, Rose leaf curl, Rose America: USAstunt, Rose dieback, Rose little Oceania: Australia, New Zealandleaf, Rose spring dwarf)102. Satsuma dwarf I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) mata tunas, biji, Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Korea,nepovirus(SDV);(= Citrus tanaman Turkeymosaic virus, Natsudaidaidwarf virus, Navel orangeinfectious mottling virus, Citrussatsuma dwarf nepovirus,Citrus (navel orange) infectiousmottling virus, Satsuma dwarfvirus, Satsuma dwarfsadwavirus)103. Southern bean mosaic virus I Phaseolus vulgaris bibit, daun, biji. Africa: Benin, ivory coast, Ghana,(SBMV);(= Southern bean (common bean), Vigna Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo,mosaic sobemovirus, Bean mungo (black gram), America: Costa Rica, Nicaragua,southern mosaic virus, Southern Vigna unguiculata Mexico, USA, Brazil, Colombia,bean mosaic virus 1, Bean (cowpea) Venezuela,mosaic virus 4, Marmor Glycine max (soyabean) Asia: China, India, Pakistan,laesiofaciens, Phaseolusvirus Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, 372

laedens) Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, France,104. Strawberry crinkle rhabdovirus I Fragaria ananassa bunga, buah, Africa: South Africa(SCrV);(=Strawberry crinkle Fragaria sp. (strawberry) bibit tanaman America: Canada, Mexico, USA,virus, Strawberry latent virus Brazil, ChileA, Strawberry crinkle Asia: China, Israel, Japan,cytorhabdovirus, Kazakhstan, KoreaStrawberry latent virus B, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech,Strawberry latent A, (mild France, Germany, Italy,form), Strawberry latent A, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia-strawberry latent B, Montenegro, Slovakia, UK,Strawberry lesion A, ScotlandStrawberry lesion B, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, NewStrawberry vein chlorosis) Zealand105. Strawberry latent C I Fragaria ananassa, suluran (stolon) America: Canada, USArhabdovirus Fragaria vesca (arbei, Asia: Japan(STLCV);(=Strawberry latent C strawberry) Vektor:virus) Fragaria sp. Hemiptera, Aphididae: Chaetosiphon fragaefolii106. Strawberry latent ringspot I Apium graveolens, biji, tanaman America: USAnepovirus(SLRSV); (= Aesculus Asparagus officinalis Asia: Turkeyline pattern virus, Rhubarb (asparagus, asparagus), Vektor: Europe: Belgium, Czech, Finland,virus 5, Strawberry latent ring Fragaria vesca (arbei, Dorylaimida, France, Germany, Hungary,spot virus, Strawberry latent strawberry), Lilium, Longidoridae: Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,ringspot sadwavirus) Narsisus, Prunus Xiphinema Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, americana (aprikot, diversicaudatum, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, UK apricot), Prunus avium, X. coxi, (England, Wales), Northern 373

Prunus domesticum Paralongidorus Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, (plam, plum), Prunus maximus Bosnia and Herzegovina, persica (persik, peach), Montenegro, Macedonia Rheum hybridum, Ribes Oceania: Australia nigrum, R.rubrum, Rubus fruticosa, Trifolium repens, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine). Aesculus, Humulus lupulus, Pastinaca sativa107. Strawberry mild yellow edge I Fragaria (strawberry), bunga, buah, Africa: South Africa potexvirus (SMYEV);(=Strawberry mild Fragaria ananassa bibit tanaman America: Canada, USA, Brazil, yellow edge disease; Strawberry yellow edge; (strawberry), Fragaria Chile, Paraguay Strawberry mild yellow edge virus; Strawberry mild yellow chiloensis (Chilean Asia: China, Israel, Japan edge associated virus; Strawberry xanthosis; strawberry), Fragaria Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, strawberry virus 2) ovalis, Fragaria vesca France, Germany, Hungary,108. Strawberry vein banding caulimovirus (wild strawberry), Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, (SVBV);(=Strawberry vein banding virus; Strawberry Fragaria na (scarlet Serbia-Montenegro, Slovakia, virus 5) strawberry (UK)) Switzerland, UK109. Sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus (SCBV);(= Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Sugarcane bacilliform virus) I Fragaria vesca (wild daun, bibit America: Canada, USA, Brazil, strawberry), Fragaria tanaman Chile (strawberry), Fragaria Asia: China, Japan ananassa (strawberry) Europe: Czech, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, UK Oceania: Australia I Saccharum officinarum tunas, batang, America: Cuba, Morocco, USA (tebu, sugarcane) mata tunas 374

110. Sugarcane mild mosaic virus I Saccharum officinarum akar, batang, Africa: South Africa, Malawi, (SCMMV) (tebu, sugarcane) daun, bunga, Madagascar, Mauritius, Chad,111. Sugarcane yellow leaf luteovirus (ScYLV);(= buah Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Zambia Sugarcane yellow leaf virus) America: USA112. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV);(= Tobacco necrosis necorvirus, Vektor:  Bean stipple steak virus, Cucumber necrosis virus, Tulip Hemiptera, necrosis virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus Pseudococcidae: cucumber systemic necrosis virus Saccharicoccus Euonymus mosaic virus strawberry necrotic rosette sacchari virus tulip Augusta disease virus) I Saccharum officinarum batang, suluran Africa: Morocco, Uganda, Senegal, (tebu, sugarcane) (stolon), tanaman Kenya, Zambia, Malawi, S.robustum, S. sinensis, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Reunion, S.spontaneum Vektor:Hemiptera Mauritius , Aphididae: America: USA, Mexico, Cuba, Melanaphis Dominica, Peru, Brazil, Colombia, sacchari, Argentina, Hawai, Jamaica, Rhopalosiphum Barbados, Guatemala, El Salvador maidis Asia: Iran, India, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea I Cucumis sativus daun, akar, umbi, Africa: South Africa (cucumber), Daucus batang, tanaman. Amerika: Canada, USA, Brazil carota (carrot), Phaseolus Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey vulgaris (common bean), Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Solanum tuberosum Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, (kentang, potato), Tulipa France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, (tulip) Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Romania, Russian Federation, Cucurbita pepo Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, (ornamental gourd), United Kingdom, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Oceania: Australia (Queensland), (guar), Euonymus New Zealand 375

europaeus, Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pisum sativum (pea), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (European pear), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen)113. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV); I Beta vulgaris var. tunas, daun, Africa: Egypt, South Africa,(=Aster ringspot virus, saccharifera (sugarbeet), batang, bagian TunisiaBelladonna mosaic virus, Potato Capsicum annuum (bell vegetatif America: Cuba, Canada, USA,stem mottle virus, Peony mosaic pepper), Freesia, tanaman. Bolivia, Brazilvirus, Peony ringspot virus, Gladiolus hybrids (sword Asia: Bangladesh, China, India,Paeony mosaic virus, Paeony lily), Iris (irises), Lilium Israel, Japan, Korea Republic ofringspot virus, Potato corky candidum (madonna lily), (South Korea), Uzbekistanringspot virus, Ratel virus, Nicotiana tabacum Europe: Austria, Belarus,Tabakmauche virus, (tobacco), Secale cereale Belgium, Bulgaria, CzechTabakstreifenund Kra, Spinach (rye), Solanum tuberosum Republic, Czech Republic andyellow mottle virus, Tobacco (potato), Tulipa (tulip) Slovakia, Denmark, Finland,rattle tobravirus, Tobacco rattle Allium cepa (onion), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia 376

virus, Tulip white streak virus, Allium sativum (garlic), and Herzegovina, Montenegro,Oregon yellow virus, Spinach Macedonia, France, Germany,yellow mottle, Fraxinus virus) Alstroemeria (Inca lily), Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Anemone (windflower), Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Brassica sp., Cyclamen, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Cynara cardunculus L. Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand var. scolymus (globe artichoke), Fraxinus 377 (ashes), Hosta spp., Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lilium longiflorum (Easter lily), Narcissus (daffodil), Peperomia, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Phlox, Phlox paniculata (summer perennial phlox) (Wild hosts): Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Artemisia (wormwoods), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Galium mollugo (Hedge bedstraw), Malva (mallow), Physalis (Groundcherry), Plantago (Plantain), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Rumex (Dock), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Stellaria

media (common chickweed), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Viola arvensis (feld pansy)114. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV); I Vigna unguiculata buah, bunga, Africa: South Africa (=Asparagus stunt virus, Asparagusstunt virus, Black (kacang tunggak, daun, tunas, America: Argentina, Brazil, raspberry latent ilarvirus, Black raspberry latent virus, cowpea), Nicotiana akar, batang, biji Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA, Bean red node strain, Black raspberry latent strain, Datura tabacum (tembakau, Venezuela quercina virus, New logan virus, Nicotiana virus 8, tobacco), Solanum Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Nicotiana virus vulnerans, Strawberry necrotic shock lycopersicum (tomat, Japan, Singapore virus, Tractus orae, Tobacco streak virus) tomato), Capsicum Europe: Denmark, Serbia, annuum (cabai, hot Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and pepper, chilies, red Herzegovina, Montenegro, pepper), Glycine max Macedonia, France, Netherlands, (kedelai, soybean), Norway, Scotland Fragaria, Asparagus Oceania: Australia, New Zealand officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Cynara scolymus, Gossypium herbaceum, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (letus, lettuce), Medicago sativa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Vigna angularis, Pisum sativum, Rubus sp. (black raspberry), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense 378

Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw), Cichorium endivia, Cicer arietinum, Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea, Dahlia, Eustoma grandiflorum, Gladiolus hybrids, Melilotus alba, raspberry, Rubus ursinus, Trigonella foenumgraecum115. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus I Chrysanthemumspp. biji, tanaman America: Canada, USA(TAV);(= Chrysanthemum (krisan, chrysant), aster, Asia: China, India, Japan,aspermy virus, Capsicum annuum (cabai, Vektor: Europe: Estonia, Belarus, Latvia,Chrysanthemum mild mottle hot pepper, chilies, red Hemiptera, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova,virus, Tomato aspermy pepper), Solanum Aphididae: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,cucumovirus, Chrysanthemum lycopersicum (tomat, Myzus persicae Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan,mosaic virus, Cucumis virus tomato), Canna sp., Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,1, Lycopersicon virus 7) Lilium sp., Mentha Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, spicata, Petunia hybrida, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Zinnia elegans and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Romania Oceania: Australia, New Zealand116. Tomato black ring nepovirus I Allium cepa (onion), biji, polong, akar, America: Chile(TBRV); (Bean ringspot virus; Allium porrum (leek), batang, daun, Asia: India, Japan, TurkeyBeet ringspot virus; Lettuce Apium graveolens bunga, buah Europe: Albania, Belarus,ringspot virus; Potato bouquet (celery), Beta vulgaris var. Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechvirus; Potato pseudo-aucuba saccharifera (sugarbeet), Republic, Finland, France,virus, Tomato black ring virus) Brassica napus var. Germany, Greece, Hungary, napobrassica (swede), Ireland, Moldova, Netherlands, Brassica rapa subsp. Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, 379

rapa (turnip), Capsicum Serbia and Montenegro, Sweden,(peppers), Cucumis Switzerland, UK, Scotlandsativus (cucumber),Cynara cardunculus L. 380var. scolymus (globeartichoke), Fragaria(strawberry), Fragariaananassa (strawberry),Gladiolus hybrids (swordlily), Lactuca sativa(lettuce), Lycopersiconesculentum (tomato),Narcissus (daffodil),Phaseolus vulgaris(common bean), Prunuspersica (peach), Ribes(currants), Rubus(blackberry, raspberry),Solanum melongena(aubergine), Solanumtuberosum (potato), Vitisvinifera (grapevine)Forsythia intermedia(Golden bells), Syringavulgaris (lilac)(Wild hosts): Capsellabursa-pastoris(shepherd's purse),Herbaceous hosts,Lamium amplexicaule(henbit deadnettle),Sambucus nigra (elder)

117. Tomato ringspot nepovirus I Fragaria chiloensis biji, tanaman, Africa: Egypt, Togo, Tunisia (ToRSV);(=Tomato ringspot (Chilean strawberry), akar, batang, America: Puerto Rico, Canada, virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic Malus domestica (apple), daun, bunga, Mexico, USA, Argentina, Chile, virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, Nicotiana tabacum buah Peru, Venezuela Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Peach (tobacco), Pelargonium Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Jordan, stem pitting virus, Prune brown line virus, Gravelins yellow vein (pelargoniums), Prunus South Korea, Oman, Pakistan, virus, Red currant mosaic (stone fruit), Prunus Turkey vurus, Winter peach mosaic virus, Apple union necrotic armeniaca (apricot), Europe: Belarus, Belgium, nepovirus) Prunus avium (sweet Bulgarium, Croatia, Czech, cherry), Prunus cerasus Denmark, Finland, France, (sour cherry), Prunus Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, domestica (plum), Prunus Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, persica (peach), Prunus Portugal, Russia, Serbia, salicina (Japanese plum), Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ribes (currants), Rubbus Sweden, UK (blackberry, Raspberry), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Rubbus idaeus (raspberry), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), 381

B. JENIS-JENIS ORGANISME PENGGANGGU TUMBUHAN KARANTINA(KATEGORI A2)I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA PEMBAWA/No KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ PATHWAY DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME biji Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi1. Acanthoscelides obtectus II Cajanus cajan (kacang Afrika: Angola,Burundi, Congo DR, Say.;(=Acanthoscelides Egypt, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, gude, pigeon pea), Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Saint Helena, irresectus Fåhraeus Phaseolus (beans), Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, =Acanthoscelides tetricus Phaseolus lunatus(lima Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Gyllenhal =Bruchidius bean), Phaseolus vulgaris America:Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, obsoletus=Bruchidius obtectus (buncis, common bean) Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Say =Bruchus fabae Riley Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Republic, Ecuador, El Savador, =Bruchus irresectus=Bruchus Glycine max (kedelai, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, obsoletus (Say) =Bruchus soyabean), Lathyrus Panama, Paraguay, Peru, USA, obtectus Say =Bruchus tetricus sativus (grasspea), Venezuela Asia:Armenia, India,Iraq, Israel, Gyllenhal =Laria obtectus Say Phaseolus acutifolius Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, =Larra irresectus=Mylabris (tepary bean), Phaseolus Myanmar, Tajikistan, Thailand, coccineus (runner bean), Turkey, Vietnam obtectus Say); Coleoptera: Bruchidae; bean bruchid, Pisum sativum (pea), Vicia American seed beetle, bean faba (faba bean), Vigna beetle, bean weevil, common unguiculata(kacang bean weevil, dried bean beetle, panjang, cowpea), Zea dried bean weevil mays (jagung, corn) 382

Eropa: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea2. Aleurodicus dugesiiCockerell; II Acacia auriculiformis, buah, batang, Indonesia: Jawa Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; giant whitefly Acacia longifolia, Acacia daun, tanaman America: USA, Mexico, Costa Rica, saligna, Acalypa hispida, El Salvador,Guatemala Allamanda cathartica, Asia: Pakistan Aralia, Bambusa, Bauhinia galpinni, Begonia, Bishofia javanica, Bombax sp., Bougainvillea variegate, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Brachychiton spp., Buxus japonica,Calliandra sp., Canna sp., Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chillies), Cinnamomum, Citrus, Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Codiaeum variegatum, Colacasia (Elephant ear, taro), Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Dahlia pinnata, Erythrina sp.,Eucalyptus 383

spp., Eugenia uniflora, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Ficus spp., Heliconia sp., Hibiscus spp., Hoya sp., Jasmine sambac, Mandevilla, Morus alba (murbei, mulberry), Mucuna bennetti, Murraya paniculata (kemuning, mock orange), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Nandina domestica,Neomarica longifolia,Osteospermum sp., Passiflora sp., Pelargonium sp., Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus, Philodendron spp., Plumeria, Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Ricinus communis (jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Secium edule, Solanum sp.3. Altha alastorTams.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang,daun, Indonesia: SulawesiLepidoptera: Limacadidae; ulat coconut) dan Palmae bunga, buahsiput/slug caterpillar, the lainnya, Bombaxmoth of borneo (Bombacaceae)4. Amblypelta theobromaBrown; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, batang, daun, Indonesia: PapuaHemiptera: Coreidae; coconut coconut), Theobroma cacao buah Oceania: Papua New Guineabug (kakao, cocoa)5. Atherigona soccataRond.; II Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, batang Indonesia: Maluku(=Atherigona indica =A. indica sorghum) Africa: Burkina Faso, Congo 384

ssp. infuscata=A. varia var. Brachiaria reptans Democratic Republic, Egypt,soccata); Diptera: Muscidae; (sprawling panicum), Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar,Sorghum shoot (stem) fly, Cymbopogon citratus (serai Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, wangi, citronella grass), Nigeria, Réunion, South Africa,great fly, millet stem fly, millet Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda,stem maggot Cymbopogon ceasius, Zimbabwe. Cynodon dactylon Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, (bermuda grass), Iraq, Israel, Myanmar, Nepal, Desmostachya bipinnata Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi (halfa grass), Digitaria Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, sanguinalis (large Turkey, Vietnam. crabgrass), Echinochloa Europe: Italy. colona (junglerice), Echinochloa crus-galli 385 (barnyard grass), Eleusine coracana (jaba, finger’s millet), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Eragrostis japonica (delicate lovegrass), Eriochloa procera (tropical cupgrass), Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Panicum antidotale (elbow grass), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Panicum repens (torpedo grass), Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass paspalum), Pennisetum glaucum (bajra, pearl millet), Pennisetum (feather grass), Rottboellia cochinchinensis (itch

grass), Setaria intermedia, Setaria pumila (yellow foxtail), Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtai), Sorghum arundinaceum, Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass), Sorghum propinquum, Sorghum purpureosericeum, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Urochloa brizantha (palisadegrass), Urochloa distachya, Zea mays (jagung, corn), Brachiaria brizantha, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy )6. Bactrocera bryoniaeTryon; II Mangifera indica (mangga, buah, media Indonesia:Bali, Kalimantan, Papua, (=Chaetodacus bryoniae); Diptera: Tephritidae; fruit fly mango), Passiflora tanam, tanah Maluku Utara.7. Bactrocera musaeTryon.; quadrangularis (markisa, Oceania: Australia, French (=Chaetodacus musae =C. tryoni var. musae =Dacus granadilla, passion-fruit), Polynesia, New Caledonia. musae=Strumeta musae); Diptera: Tephritidae; banana Bryonopsis affinis, Musa fruit fly spp. (pisang, banana),8. Bactrocera occipitalis Bezzi; Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chilies) II Musa spp. (pisang, buah, media Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sulawesi, banana), Carica papaya tanam, tanah Maluku, Papua, Jawa (Barat) (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Asia: Philippines. Psidium guajava (jambu Oceania: Australia, Papua New biji (seed), guava) Guinea, Bismarck, Solomon Islands. II Averrhoa carambola buah Indonesia:Bali, Kepulauan Riau, 386

(=Dacus occipitalis = Dacus (belimbing, carambola, Kalimantan (Barat, Tengah, Timur,dorsalis var. occipitalis star fruit), Citrus reticulata Selatan), Maluku Utara, NTB,=Chaetodacus occipitalis Bezzi (jeruk mandarin, Sulawesi (Barat, Tenggara, Selatan)= Chaetodacus ferrugineus var. mandarin, tangerine, Asia: Brunei Darussalam,occipitalis Bezzi =Strumeta mandarin orange), Malaysia, Philippines.pedestris var. occipitalis); Mangifera indica (mangga,Diptera: Tephritidae mango), Achras (=Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Spondias purpurea (plum, red mombin)9. Bemisia argentifoliiGennadius; II Gossypium hirsutum batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa(=B.tabaci- biotype); (kapas, cotton), buah, bunga Africa:Egypt, Mauritius, SouthHemiptera: Aleyrodidae; Solanumlycopersicum(toma Africa, Tunisia.silverleaf white fly, sweet t, tomato), Fabaceae, America: Antigua and Barbuda,potato white fly B-biotype, Brassicaceae, Carica Belize, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican papaya), Capsicum Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, annuum (cabai besar, Guatemala,Honduras, Jamaica, paprika, bell-pepper, hot Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, pepper, chilies), Euphorbia Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts pulcherrima, Lactuca sativa and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, (salada, lettuce), Nicotiana USA, Hawaii, Venezuela. tabacum (tembakau, Asia: China, Taiwan, Iran, Israel, tobacco), Solanum Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic of melongena (terung, (South Korea), Turkey, Yemen. aubergine, eggplant) Europe: Austria, Cyprus, France, Brassicaceae, Fagaceae, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Geraniaceae, Lauraceae, Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, UK Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Oceania: American Samoa, 387

Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Acer, Amaranthus, Mentha, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Bombacaceae. Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands.10. Chaetanaphothrips II Anthurium andreanum, batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa orchidiiMoulton; (=Anaphothrips orchidii Alternanthera(joyweed), bunga, tanah Africa: Mauritius, Sao Tome and =Euthrips orchidii =Physothrips Bougainvillea, Principe. orchidii =Taeniothrips orchidii); Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Chrysanthemum(daisy), America:Argentina, Brazil, Costa anthurium thrips, orchid Musa spp. (pisang, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican thrips banana), Petroselinum Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, crispum(peterseli, parsley), Guadeloupe, Honduras, Jamaica, Zea mays (jagung, corn) Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Acer palmatum, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Adiantum(japanese maple), USA, Hawaii. Adiantum (maidenhair Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Japan, ferns), Allium (onions, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka. garlic, leek, etc), Europe: Italy, Poland Amaranthus(grain Oceania: Australia, Tonga. amaranth), Begonia, Citrus reticulataxparadisi (tangelo), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (jeruk bali, pommel, grapefruit), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Coix lacryma-jobi (jail, Job’s tears), Cryptotaenia canadensis, Euphorbia(spurges), Epiphyllum, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, 388

sweetpotato), Iresine(blood- leaf), Litchi sinensis (leci, lychee), Lycopersicon, Passiflora(passion flower), Paspalum conjugatum(sour paspalum), Piper(pepper), Pisonia, Orchid, ornamental plants11. Chrysomphalus aonidum L; II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi, (=Aonidiella ficorum Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), buah Sumatera. =Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) aonidum=A.(Chrysomphalus) Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus Africa: Algeria, Burundi, Comoros, ficus =A.aonidum =A. ficorum =Aspidiotus ficus =Coccus maxima (pummelo), Citrus Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, aonidum); Hemiptera: Diaspididae; red scale, sinensis (navel orange), Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sircular black scale Citrus x paradisi Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, (grapefruit) Réunion, Senegal, Seychelles, Asparagus officinalis South Africa, Sudan, (asparaga, asparagus), Tanzania,Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Carica papaya (pepaya, Zimbabwe. pawpaw, papaya), Camelia America: Argentina, Barbados, sinensis (teh, tea), Bermuda, Brazil, Cayman Islands, Cinnamomum Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, verum(cinnamon), Cocos Dominica, Dominican Republic, El nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Salvador, French Guiana, Dracaena, Dracaena Guadeloupe, Guatemala, reflexa, Gossypium Guyana,Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Lauraceae,Palmaceae, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Malus domestica (apel, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the apple), Mangifera indica Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad (mangga, mango), Musa and Tobago, USA, United States spp. (pisang, banana), Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Uruguay, Musa x paradisiaca Venezuela 389

(plantain), Phoenix Asia: Bhutan, British Indian Ocean dactylifera (kurma, date- Territory, China, India, Iran, Iraq, palm), Pinus merkusii Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR (North Korea), Korea Republic of (pinus, pinetree), Pinus (pines) (South Korea), Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan,Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Serbia, Slovenia Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu.12. Chrysomphalus II Albizia julibrissin (silk batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa, Papua, SumateradictyospermiMorgan; tree), Areca, Areca catechu buah US Minor Outlying Islands:(=Aspidiotus (Chrysom phalus) (pinang, betelnut-pam), Johnston Island.dictyospermi=A. agrumicula Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin,=A. arecae =A. dictyospermi Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros,=A. dictyospermi v. arecae =A. Citrus aurantium (sour Congo, DR Congo,Ivory Coast,dictyospermi v. jamaicensis =A. orange), Citus maxima Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, 390

jamaicensis (=Amangiferae (pummelo), Citrus sinensis Kenya, Libya, Madagascar,=Chrysomphalus arecae (navel orange), Citrus Mozambique, Mali, Mauritius,=C.castigatus =C. unshiu (satsuma), Citrus x Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion,dictyospermatis =C. paradisi (grapefruit), Cocos Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,jamaicensis =C. mangiferae =C. nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Somalia, South Africa, Sudan,minor); Hemiptera: Dracaena, Olea (olive), Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,Diaspididae; dictyospermum Olea europaea subsp. Zambia, Zimbabwe.scale europaea (zaitun, America: Argentina, Bahamas, olive),Howea, Palmaceae Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, lainnya, Solanaceae, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mangifera indica (mangga, El savador, Ecuador, Grenada, mango), Manihot, Musa Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, (pisang, banana), Musa x Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, paradisiaca (pisang kepok, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, plantain), Persea Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, americana (avokad, USA, Hawaii, South Carolina, avocado), Plumeria, Uruguay, United States Virgin Rosa(roses), Plumeria Islands, Venezuela. (frangipani), Solanum Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, melongena (terung, Cambodia, China, Georgia aubergine, eggplant), (Republic), India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syzygium malaccense Japan, Korea Republic of (South (jambu bol, malay-apple), Korea),Laos, Lebanon, Malaysia, Taxus baccata(english Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, yew), Zingiber officinale Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, (jahe, ginger) Turkey, Turkmenistan, Vietnam. Acacia (wattles), Acer Europe:Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech palmatum (Japanese Republic, maple), Agave, Aloe (grey Croatia,Estonia,France,Georgia, alder), Annona, Araucaria 391 angustifolia (Paraná pine), Artocarpus (breadfruit

trees), Asparagus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Poland,Bambusa vulgaris Malta,Moldova, Montenegro,(common bamboo), Buxus Macedonia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo,(box), Cactaceae (cacti), Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Russia, Romania, Serbia,Camellia, Carica papaya Slovenia, Spain, Slovakia Republic,(pepaya, papaw), Ceratonia UK,siliqua (locust bean), Oceania: American Samoa,Cinnamomum, Colocasia, Australia, Federated states of Micronesia, Cook Islands, Fiji,Crataegus (hawthorns), French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati,Cupressus macrocarpa Marshall Islands, New Caledonia,(monterey cypress), Cycas, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua NewCymbidium, Cypripedium, Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands,Dendrobium, Tonga, Tuvalu.Dictyosperma, Diospyros 392(malabar ebony), Elaeisguineensis (African oilpalm), Erythrina variegata(Indian coral tree),Eucalyptus (Eucalyptustree), Eugenia, Euphorbiaregis-jubae, Ficus,Fraxinus (ashes), Grevillea,Hedera (Ivy), Hibiscussyriacus (shrubby althaea),Howea forsteriana(paradise palm), Latania,Laurus (laurel), Ligustrum(rivet), Macadamiatetraphylla (rough-shellmacadamia nut), Malus(ornamental species apple),Monstera deliciosa

(ceriman), Morus (mulberrytree), Myristica (nutmeg), Nerium oleander (oleander), Phoenix (date palm), Phormium, Pinus (pines), Pistacia, Pittosporum, Platanus (planes), Populus (poplars), Prunus (stone fruit), Psidium guajava (guava), Punica, Pyrus (pears), Quercus (oaks), Rhamnus (Buckthorn), Roystonea, Ruscus, Rute (rue), Salix (willows), Sida, Sophora, Spondias (purple mombin), Strelitzia, Tamarindus, Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Vanilla planifolia (vanilla), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Xanthosoma (cocoyam), Yucca13. Contarinia sorghicolaCoquillet; II Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, biji, bunga Indonesia: Jawa Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,(=Contarinia sorghicola =C. sorghum) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, DR Congo,saltata =C. andropogonis =C. Sorghum arundinaceum, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Niger,palposa=Diplosis sorghicola Sorghum dochna, Sorghum Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra=Allocontarinia sorghicola); halepense (Johnson grass), Leone, Somalia, South Africa,Diptera: Cecidomyiidae; ganjur Sorghum sudanense 393(sorgum)/Sorghum midge (sudan grass), rerumputan (Triodia flava, Setaria

qlauce, Andropogon Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, gayanus) Zambia, Zimbabwe America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Trinidad and Tobago, USA, United States Virgin Islands, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yemen Europe: France, Italy, Russia. Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea.14. Coptotermes gestroiWasmann; II Pinus, Albizia, Hevea, batang, kayu Indonesia: Jawa Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae; Asian subterranean termite other wood Africa: Madagascar, Mauritius,15. Darna bradleyiHolloway; Reunion America: Antigua, Barbados, Brazil, CaymanIslands, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, USA, US Virgin Islands Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand Europe: Italy Oceania: French Polynesia II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa batang, daun Indonesia: Sumatera 394

(=Ploneta bradleyi); sawit, oilpalm)Lepidoptera: Limacodidae; ulatapi/fire worm16. Darna catenatus Snellen; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, daun Indonesia: Sulawesi, Papua(=Orthocraspeda catenata coconut), Elaeis guineensis(Snellen)=Orthocraspeda (kelapa sawit, oil palm),catenatus); Lepidoptera: Metroxylon sagu (palem sagu, sago palm)Limacodidae.17. Dihammus rusticatorF.; II Coffea arabica (kopi batang, daun, Indonesia: Sumatera(=Dihammus fistulator arabika, arabica coffee), akar=Monochamus fistulator = Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee),Acalolepta fistulator = Jatropha sp. (jarak iri,A.rusticator); Coleoptera: Barbados nut tree),Cerambycidae; penggerek Manihot esculenta (ubibatang / stem borer kayu, cassava), Ricinus communis (jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine, eggplant)18. Dorysthenes buquetiGuerin- II Saccharum officinarum batang, daun Indonesia: JawaMeneville; (=Lophosternus (tebu, sugarcane), Asia : India, Laos, Malaysia,buqueti); Coleoptera: Bambusa vulgaris Myanmar, Thailand.Cerambycidae; longhorn beetle (common bamboo), Spondias pinnata (kedondong, otaheitte apple), Leucaena glauca (lamtoro gung, horse tamarind) Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava) 395

19. Dysmicoccus brevipes II Ananas comusus (Nanas, buah, batang, Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera Cockerell; Hemiptera: pineapple), daun, tanaman Africa: Angola, Benin,Burkina Pseudococcidae; pineapple mealybug Anacardium occidentale Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,Chad, (kacang mete, cashew nut), Congo, Egypt, Ghana,Guinea,Ivory Annona muricata (sirsak, Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, soursop), Annona reticulata Mali,Mauritius, Mozambique, (bullock’s heart),Annona Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, squamosa (srikaya, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, sweetsop), Apium Seychelles, Sierra Leone, graveolens (seledri, celery), Somalia,South Africa, Sudan, Arachis hypogaea (kacang Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia tanah, peanut), Brassica America:Antigua and Barbuda, rapa subsp. chinensis Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, (Chinese cabbage), Canna Bahamas, Barbados, indica (canna lilly), Belize,Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Capsicum (peppers), Cayman Island, Central America & Casuarina equisetifolia Caribbean, Colombia, Chile, Costa (casuarina), Citrus, Cocos Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Republic, Ecuador,El Salvador, Coffea arabica (kopi, French Guiana,Guyana, Grenada, arabica coffee), Colocasia Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, esculenta (talas, taro), Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Cucumis sativus (ketimun, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Peru, cucumber), Cucurbita Mexico, Martinique, Montserrat, (labu, pumpkin), Daucus Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, carota (wortel, carrot), Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad Elaeis guineensis (kelapa and Tobago, Venezuela, Uruguay, sawit, oil palm), Ficus, USA, United States Virgin Islands Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei Hibiscus (rosemallows), Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Taiwan, India, Iran, Japan, sweet potato), Malus Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, 396

domestica (apel, apple), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Mangifera indica (mangga, Thailand, Vietnam mango), Manihot esculenta Europe: Italy, Portugal, Spain (ubi kayu, cassava), Oceania: American Samoa, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, lucerne), Musa (pisang, French Polynesia, Federated states banana), Persea americana of Micronesia, Guam, Kiribati, (avokad, avocado), Phoenix Marshall Island, New Caledonia, dactylifera (kurma, date- Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, palm), Piper betle (betel Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, pepper), Poaceae (grasses), Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Psidium guajava (jambu Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and biji, guava), Saccharum Futuna Islands officinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass), Theobroma cacao (coklat, cocoa), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) Hedychium coronarium (white butterfly ginger lily), Rhapis excelsa20. Dysmicoccus II Acacia (wattles), Achras(= buah, batang, Indonesia Jawa neobrevipesBeardsley; Manilkara) zapota (sawo, daun, tanaman America:Jamaica, Mexico, USA Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; sapodilla), Agave sisalana, Asia: Fiji, Malaysia, gray pineapple mealybug Aglaonema, Alpinia, Philippines,Taiwan, Thailand 397

Anagallis arvensis (scarlet Eropa: Italypimpernel), Ananas Oceania:Micronesiacomosus (naenas,pineapple), Annona, 398Arachis, Artocarpus(breadfruit), Barringtonia,Cajanus, Citrus,Clerodendrum (Fragrantclerodendron), Coccoloba(sea grape), Codiaeum(ornamental croton), Coffea(coffee), Cresentiaalata,Cucurbitamaxima(waluh, labuparang, pumpkin),Garcinia mangostana(manggis, mangosteen),Gossypium (cotton),Guettarda, Heliconia,Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Musa (pisang,banana), Opuntia(Pricklypear), Pandanus(screw-pine), Phaseolus(beans), Philodendron,Pipturus argentea,Piscidiapiscipula, Polianthes,Punica, Samanea, Solanummelongena (terung,aubergine, eggplant),Tectona, Theobroma,Thespesia, Vigna

unguiculata (cowpea), Wrightia arborea (lanete), Yucca21. Heterobostrychus aequalis II Camelia sinensis, Ceiba batang, kayu Indonesia: Jawa, Bali Waterhouse;Coleoptera; Bostrichidae pentandra, Forest trees Africa: South Africa, Madagascar powder post beetle Asia: India, Thailand, Philippines,22. Hexamitodera semivelutinaHeller.; Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; penggerek batang Europe: Germany (cengkeh)/stem borer Oceania: Papua New Guinea23. Icerya purchasiMaskell.; (=Pericerya purchasi); II Syzygium aromaticum batang Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi, Hemiptera: Margarodidae; cottony cushion scale (cengkeh, clove) Maluku, Sumatera Syzygium spp., Eugenia Asia: Brunei Darussalam. spp., Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava) dan Myrtaceae lainnya II Acacia(wattles), Acacia batang, daun Indonesia: Jawa, Kalimantan, confusa, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Papua. Acalypha(copperleaf), Africa: Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Albizia julibrissin (silk DR Congo, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, tree), Casuarina Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, equisetifolia Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, (casuarina),Citrus, Cytisus Saint Helena, Sao Tome and (broom), Glycine soja Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, (kedelai, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, soybean),Indigofera(indigo), Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Mangifera indica (mangga, Zambia, Zimbabwe. mango), Morus alba America: Antigua and Barbuda, (murbei, mulberry), Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Psophocarpus Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Cayman tetragonolobus (kecipir, Islands, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, winged bean), Psidium Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican guajava (jambu biji, Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, 399

guava), Pittosporum, Rosa, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana,Ulex Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico,europaeus(gorse)Acacia Montserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Puertodealbata (acacia bernier), Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, SaintAlbizia procera (white Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, USA,siris), Baccharis, Begonia, Uruguay, Venezuela.Buxus Asia: Bangladesh, China,sempervirens(common Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Cocos Islands, Georgia (Republic),boxwood), Caesalpinia(divi- India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan,divi), Cajanus cajan Jordan, Korea DPR (North Korea),(kacang gude, pigeon pea), Republic of Korea (South Korea),Camellia, Cassia(sennas), Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives,Casuarina, Choisya, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,Choisya ternata (mexican Sri Lanka, Syria, Thailand, Taiwan,orange blossom), Turkey, Vietnam, Yemen.Crotalaria, Desmodium(tick Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosniaclovers), Elaeagnus, and Herzegovina, Cyprus,Euphorbia(spurges), Croatia,France, Gibraltar, Greece,Fragaria(strawberry), Hungary, Italy, Malta, Montenegro,Fuchsia, Hebe, Hedera Macedonia, Portugal, Romania,helix (ivy), Hydrangea Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Serbia,(Hydrangeas), Impatiens Slovenia, United Kingdom.(balsam), Jasminum Oceania: Australia, Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline(jasmine), Juncus(rushes), Islands), Fiji, French Polynesia,Lantana camara (lantana), Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands,Laurus nobilis(Sweet bay), New Caledonia, New Zealand,Maranta bicolor, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea,Macadamia Solomon Islands, Tonga, US Minorintegrifolia(macadamia Outlying Islandsnut), Malpighiapunicifolia,Malpighia glabra 400(acerola),Medicago

sativa(alfalfa, lucerne), Mimosa(sensitive plants), Morus nigra (murbei, blackmulberry), Nandina domestica(heavenly bamboo), Pelargonium(pelargoniums) , Pittosporum, Pittosporum tobira (japanese pittosporum)Plumbago, Plumbago zeylanica, Prunus (stone fruit), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyracantha coccinea (scarletfirethorn), Quercus (oaks), Ricinus communis (jarak kepyar,castor oil bean), Rosa (roses), Schinus(pepper tree), Senecio (groundsel),Spartium junceum(spanish broom), Spirarea, Syringa (lilac), Ros marinus officinalis (rosemary),Virgilia capensis(snowdrop tree)24. Laodelphax striatella Fall.; II Avena sativa (oats), batang, daun Indonesia: Sumatera (=Laodelphax striatellus =Calligypona marginata =C. Hordeum vulgare (barli, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia striatella =Delphacodes striatella =Delphax notula =D. barley), Oryza sativa (padi, Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia paddy), Saccharum (Republic of), India, Iran, Israel, officinarum (tebu, Japan, Korea DPR (North Korea), 401

striata =D. striatella =Liburnia sugarcane), serealia Republic of Korea (South Korea), akashiensis =L. devastans =L. gifuensis =L. haupti =L. lainnya (other cerealia), Philippines, Taiwan,Tajikistan, maikoensis =L. marginata =L. minonensis =L. nipponica =L. Triticum (wheat), Triticum Thailand, Turkmenistan, Vietnam striatella); Hemiptera: Delphacidae; smaller brown aestivum (gandum, wheat), Europe: Austria, Belgium, planthopper Zea mays (jagung, corn), Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,25. Liriomyza chinensisKato; Diptera: Agromyzidae; Dactylis glomerata Czech, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, pengorok daun/onion leaves miner (orchardgrass), Digitaria France, Germany, Hungary,26. Liriomyza trifoliiBurgess; ciliaris (southern Ireland, Italy, Sardinia, Moldova, (=Agromyza phaseolunata =Liriomyza alliovora =L. crabgrass), Echinochloa Montenegro, Macedonia, phaseolunata =Oscinis trifolii); Diptera: Agromyzidae; (barnyardgrass), Lolium Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, penggorok daun (leaves), serpentine leaf miner, (ryegrasses), Poa annua Romania, Russia, Spain, Swedia, American serpentine leaf miner, chrysanthemum leaf (annual meadowgrass), Switzerland, Slovakia, Serbia, miner Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania:Federated states ofMicronesia,Northern Mariana Islands II Allium cepa (bawang batang, daun Indonesia: Jawa, Sulawesi bombai, onion) Asia: Japan, Malaysia, China, Singapore. Europe: France, Germany II Abelmoschus esculentus batang, daun Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera (okra, lady’s finger), Africa: Benin, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ageratum, Allium spp Ethiopia, Guinea, Kenya, (onions, garlic, leek,etc) Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Allium sativum (bawang Morocco, Nigeria, Réunion, putih, garlic), Arachys Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, hypogaea (kacang tanah, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, peanut), Aster, Beta Zimbabwe. vulgaris var. saccharifera America: Argentina, Bahamas, (bit gula, sugarbeet), Barbados, Bermuda, Brazil, British Bidens(burmarigold), Virgin Islands, Canada, Chile, Brassica rapa cultivar Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, 402

group Mizuna, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,Brassicarapa subsp. French Guiana, Guadeloupe,chinensis (pak-choi, Guatemala, Guyana, Martinique,Chinese cabbage), Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Peru,Chrysanthemum spp, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Chrysanthemum morifolium Trinidad and Tobago, USA, United(chrysanthemum (florists), State Virgin Island, Hawaii,Capsicum annuum (cabai Venezuela. Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan,besar, paprika, bell- Jordan, Republic of Korea (Southpepper, hot pepper, Korea), Lebanon, Oman,chilies), Callistephus, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan,Cucumis melo (melon, Turkey, United Arab Emirates,melon), Cucumis sativus Vietnam, Yemen.(mentimun, cucumber), Europe: Austria, Belgium, BosniaCucurbita pepo (labu and Herzegovina,Croatia, Cyprus,kuning, zucchini), Czech Republic, Finland, France,Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Portugal,Dahlia, Dendranthema, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,Dianthus, Gaillardia, Slovenia, Spain,Gerbera(barbeton daisy), Switzerland,Serbia.Glycine max (kedelai, Oceania: American Samoa,soyabean), Australia, Federated states of Micronesia, Guam, NorthernGossypium(cotton), Mariana Islands, Samoa, Tonga.Gossypium hirsutum(kapas, cotton), 403Gypsophila(baby’s breath),Helianthus(sunflower),Nasturtium officinale(selada air, watercress),Lactuca sativa (lettuce),Lathyrus (Vetchling),Solanumlycopersicum(toma

t, tomato), Medicagosativa(alfalfa, lucerne),Phaseolus spp. Phaseolus(beans),Phaseolus lunatus(lima bean), Phaseolusvulgaris (buncis, commonbean), Pisum sativum(pea),Polyphagous(polyphagous),Salvia(sage),Senecio(grounsel), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat,tomato), Solanummelongena (terung,aubergine, eggplant),Solanum tuberosum(kentang, potato), Spinaciaoleracea(spinach),Tagetes(marigold),Tropaeolum,Trifolium(cengkeh,clovers),Trifoliumrepens(white clover), Vicia(vetch), Vignaunguiculata(kacangpanjang, cowpea),ZinniaAllium cepa (bawangbombay, onion), Alliumschoenoprasum (chives),Alstroemeria (inca lily),Ambrosia (ragweed),Antirrhinum (snapdragon), 404

Apium graveolens var.dulce (bleached celery),Arachis, Artemisia(wormwoods), Avena sativa(oats), Baccharis, Basella,Bellis,Cassia (sennas),Centaurea(knapweed),Carthamus,Cestrum (jessamine),Chenopodium (goosefoot),Chrysanthemum indicum(chrysanthemum), Citrulluslanatus (semangka,watermelon), Crataegus(hawthorns), Crotalaria,Cucurbita maxima (labu,giant pumpkin), Cucurbitamoschata (pumpkin),Daucus carota (wortel,carrot), Erigeron(fleabane),Eupatorium, Gazania,Gladiolus hybrids(swordlily), Glycine,Hordeum(barleys), Ipomoea(morning glory), Lagenariasiceraria (bottle gourd),Linaria(toadflax),Luffaacutangula (angledluffa),Luffa aegyptiaca(loofah), Macrotyloma,Malva (mallow), Medicago,Macrotyloma, Melilotus 405

(melilots), Mollucella, Ocimum, Primula(primrose), Phlox, Physalis (groundcherry), Ricinus, Ricinuscommunis (castor bean), Sonchus (sowthistle), Taraxacum (dandelion), Tithonia, Tragopogon (goat’s-beard), Tribulus (caltrop), Trigonella, Typha (reedmace), Verbena (vervain), Xanthium (cocklebur)27. Paraeucosmetus II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), batang, jerami, Indonesia:Maluku (Buru), Maluku pallicornisDallas (=Gyndes bulir Utara, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, NTT pallicornis =Pachybrachius Graminae pallicornis); Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae (sumber: Asia: Malaysia, Philippines multidisplinary microbial ecology). II Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus bagian tanaman Indonesia: Jawa28. Paraleyrodes mineiLaccarino; aurantium, Citrus limon, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; nesting whitefly Citrus paradisi, Citrus Syria reticulata, Persea America:Belize, Bemuda, Colombia, americana, Cocos nucifera Dominican Republic, Guatemala, (kelapa) Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA Eropa: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey 406

29. Pectinophora gossypiella II Abelmoschus moschatus buah, biji, tanah Indonesia: Jawa, Nusa Tenggara (Saund).; (=Depressaria gossypiella =Ephestia (okra, lady’s finger), Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, gossypiella =Gelechiagossypiella Abutilon spp. (Indian Sulawesi =Gelechiella gossypiella =Platyedra gossypiella); mallow), Abutilon indicum Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae; pink bollworm, pink cotton (country mallow), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, bollworm Gossypium, Gossypium Central African Republic, Chad, DR hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Hibiscus spp. Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, (rosemallows), Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Hibiscuscannabinus Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, (kenaf), Hibiscussabdariffa Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, (jamaica sorrel), Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Malvaceae, Medicago Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, sativa(alfalfa, lucerne) Uganda, Zimbabwe. Althaea (hollyhocks), America: Antigua and Barbuda, Gossypium arboreum Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, (cotton, tree), Gossypium British Virgin Islands, Bolivia, herbaceum (short staple Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, cotton), Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, United State Virgin Island, Hawaii, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR (North Korea), Republic of Korea (South Korea), Laos, 407

Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Cyprus, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Malta,Montenegro,Romania, Russia, Spain, Serbia, Slovenia Oceania: Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Islands (US), Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Vanuatu.30. Phenacoccus manihotiMatile- II Manihot esculenta (ubi batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa Ferraro; Hemiptera: kayu, cassava) bunga Africa: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Pseudococcidae; cassava mealybug Boerhavia diffusa (red Central African, DR Congo,Congo, spiderling), Capsicum spp. Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Citrus, Cyperus (flatsedge), Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Euphorbia pulcheririma Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, (pointsettia), Glycine max Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, (kedelai, soyabean), Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Ipomoea batatas (sweet Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, potato), Manihot glaziovii South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, (ceara rubber), Sida acuta Togo, Uganda,Zanzibar, Zambia, (sida), Solanum Zimbabwe (nightshade), Solanum America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, lycopersicum (tomat, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay tomato) Asia: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam 408

31. Phenacoccus solenopsis; II Abelmoschus esculentus buah, batang, Indonesia Jawa Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae; (okra, lady’s finger), Carica daun, tanaman Afrika: Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, cotton mealybug papaya (pepaya, papaw) Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Reunion, Abutilon indicum (country Senegal mallow), Abutilon muticum, America:Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Acacia leucophloea (white- Canada, Caribbean, Cayman barked acacia), Acacia Island, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, modesta, Acalypha Dominican Republic, Ecuador, wilkesiana, Achillea Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, (milfoil), Achyranthes Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, aspera (devil’s horsewhip), Panama, USA Aerva javanica, Ageratum Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Iran, conyzoides (billy goat Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, weed), Albizia lebbeck Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam (indian siris), Althaea Europe:Cyprus, Netherlands (hollyhocks), Amaranthus Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia flavus, Amaranthus virisis (slender amaranth), Ambrosia (ragweed), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Ambrosia confertifolia, Ambrosia dumosa, Ambrosia psilostachya (parennial ragweed), Ambrosia tenuifolia, Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimpernel), Aphelandra squarrosa (zebra plant), Artemisia annua, Asclepias (silkweed), Asparagus densiflorus (asparagus 409

fern), Atriplex canescens(Fourwing saltbush),Azadirachta indica (neemtree), Bassia indica,Bauhinia purpurea (purplebauhinia), Bidens pilosa(blackjack), Blumea lacera,Boerhavia repens, Bombaxceiba (silk cotton tree),Bougainvillea glabra,Broussonetia papyrifera(paper mulberry),Calendula officinalis (Potmarigold), Calotropisprocera (apple of sodom),Capparis decidua,Capsicum frutescens (cabairawit, chilies), Cassiafistula (Indian laburnum),Celosia argentea (celosia),Centaurea cyanus(cornflower), Cestrumdiurnum, Cestrumnocturnum (night scentedcestrum), Cevallia sinuata,Chenopodium album (fathen), Chenopodium murale(nettleleaf goosefoot),Chrysanthemum morifolium(chrysanthemum (florists),Cirsium arvense (creepingthistle), Cichorium intybus 410

(chicory), Citrulluscolocynthis (colocynth),Citrullus lanatus(semangka, watermelon),Citrus aurantium (jeruknipis, lime), Citrus sinensis(navel orange), Cleomeviscosa (yellow mesambay),Clerodendrum inerme,Coleus blumei (commoncoleus), Convolvulusarvensis (bindweed),Convolvulus prostratus,Conyza bonariensis (hairyfleabane), Conyzacanadensis (Canadianfleabane), Corchorusantichorus, Corchorustrilocularis, Cressa cretica,Croton sparciflorum,Cucumis tetragona,Cucurbita (pumpkin),Cucurbita moschata(pumpkin), Cuscuta reflexa(dodder), Cyamopsistetragonoloba (guar),Cynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass), Cyperusrotundus (purplenutsedge), Dalbergiasissoo, Datura metel(Hindu datura), Daucus 411

carota (wortel, carrot),Digera muricata Durantaerecta (Pigeonberry),Echinochloa colona(junglerice), Elettariacardamomum (cardamom),Eleusine indica (goosegrass), Emilia sonchifolia(red tasselflower), Enceliafarinosa, Enceliopsis,Eragrostis minor,Eriophyllum, Eucalyptuscamaldulensis (red gum),Euphorbia (spurges),Euphorbia cotinifolia,Euphorbia hirta (gardenspurge), Euphorbiaprostrata, Euphorbiatrigona, Fagoniacretica,Ficus benghalensis(banyan), Ficus carica (fig),Ficus virens (grey fig),Franseria, Gardeniajasminoides (cape jasmine),Gossypium (cotton),Gossypium arboreum(cotton tree),Gossypiumhirsutum (kapas, cotton),Grewia asiatica (phalsa),Hamelia patens,Helianthus (sunflower),Helianthus annuus (bunga 412

matahari, sunflower),Hibiscus (rosemallows),Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,Heliotropium europaeum(common heliotrope),Heliotropiumstrigosum,Herissantiacrispa, Hibiscus mutabilis(cottonrose), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China-rose),Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar,sweet potato), Ipomoeacairica (five-fingeredmorningglory),Jacquemontia pentantha,Jasminum cuspidatum,Jasminum sambac(arabian jasmine),Jatrophaintegerrima, Kallstroemiabrachystylis, Lagenariasiceraria (bottlegourd),Lagerstroemiaindica (indian crapemyrtle), Lantana camara(lantana), Launianudicaulis, Lawsoniainermis (Egyptian privet),Lepidium didymum,Luffaaegyptiaca (loofah),Lupinus spp., Lyciumchinense (chinesewolfberry), Malva 413

parviflora, Malvastrumcoromandelianum,Malvaviscus arboreus (waxmallow), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Menthalongifolia, Mentha piperita(Peppermint), Morus alba(murbei,mullberry),Medicagopolymorpha (roughmedick), Melaleucaquinquenervia (paperbarktree),Melia azedarach(Chinaberry), Melilotusindica (Indiansweetclover), Momordicacharantia (bittergourd),Morus alba (mora),Nerium oleander (oleander),Nicotiana plumbaginifolia,Nicotiana tabacum(tembakau, tobacco),Ocimumbasilicum (basil),Orobanche (broomrape),Oxalis corniculata(creep ing woodsorrel(USA)), Panax,Parthenium,Partheniumhysterophorus(parthenium weed),Persicaria glabra, Phoenixdactylifera (kurma, date- 414

palm), Punica granatum(delima, pomegranate),Phyllanthus niruri (seed-under-the-leaf),Physalis(Groundcherry), Physalisalkekengi, Piper betle (betelpepper),Plumeria rubra var.acutifolia (Mexicanfrangipani), Polyalthealongifolia,Polygonumbarbatum (knotgrass),Portulacagrandiflora(rosemoss),Portulaca oleracea(purslane), Quisqualisindica, Ricinus communis(castor bean), Rosachinensis (China rose),Ruellia squarrosa,Rumexdentatus, Salsolabaryosma, Salvadoraoleoides, Salvia officinalis(commonsage), Sesamumindicum (wijen, sesame),Simmondsia chinensis(jojoba), Solanum spp.,Sesbania sesban (sesban),Setcreasea pallida, Sidarhombifolia, Sida urens,Simmondsia chinensis(jojoba),Solanumelaeagnifolium (silverleaf 415

nightshade), Solanumlycopersicum (tomato),Solanum melongena(terung, aubergine,eggplant), Solanummuricatum (melonpear),Solanum nigrum(leunca, black nightshade),Solanum spp., Solanumtuberosum (kentang,potato), Solanumvirginianum, Sonchusoleraceus (commonsowthistle),Spermacoce,Suaeda (sea blite), Suaedanigra, Synsepalumdulcificum,TabernaeMontanadivaricata, Tagetes erecta(African marigold),Taraxacum officinalecomplex (dandelion),Tecoma stans (yellowbells),Tinosporacordifolia,Trianthemaportulacastrum (horsepurslane), Trianthematriquetra, Tribulusterrestris (puncture vine),Trigonella polycerata,Urena lobata (caesar weed),Verbena officinalis, 416

Withania somnifera (poisonous gooseberry), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)32. Phragmataecia II Saccharum officinarum batang, daun Indonesia: SumateracastaneaeHubner;(=Phragmata (tebu, sugarcane), Asia: China, Malaysia.ecia castaneae); Saccharum spontaneum Europe: Bulgaria,Finland, Italy,Lepidoptera: Cossidae; giant (glagah, wild sugarcane) Russianstem borer Paspalum, Saccharum robustum, Sorghum propineum33. Phragmataecia gummata II Saccharum officinarum batang, daun Indonesia: SumateraSwinhoe.; (=Phragmataecia (tebu, sugarcane), Asia: Malaysiaparvipunctus); Lepidoptera: Saccharum spontaneum (glagah, wild sugarcane)Cossidae; giant stem borer34. Pineus boerneri (Annand; II Pinus canariensis (Canary batang, kayu Indonesia: Kalimantan, Sumatera,(=Pineus pini sensu lato= pine), Pinus caribaea JawaAnisophleba pini= (Caribbean pine),Pinus Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,Aphis pini =Kermaphis pini var. contorta (lodgepole pine), Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania,laevis =Kermes pini =Pineus Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwehavrylenkoi = Pinus halepensis (Aleppo America: Argentina, USA (Hawaii),Pineus laevis =Pineus pini = pine),Pinus hartwegii ChilePineus simmondsi =Pineus (Hartweg pine),Pinus Asia: China, Geogia (Republic of),sylvestris); Hemiptera; kesiya (khasya pine), Pinus Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan,Adelgidae; pine woolly aphid massoniana (masson pine), Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Pinus maximinoi (thin-leaf Taiwan, Turkey pine), Pinus montezumae Europe: Czech Republic, Finland, (montezuma pine), Pinus France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, mugo (mountain pine), Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, 417

Pinus muricata (bishop Spain, Slovakia Republic, Sweden,pine), Pinus oocarpa (ocote UKpine), Pinus patula Oceania: Australia, New Zealand(Mexican weeping pine),Pinus pinaster (maritime 418pine), Pinus pinea (stonepine), Pinus radiata(radiata pine),Pinusresinosa (red pine), Pinussylvestris (Scotspine),Pinus taiwanensis(Taiwan pine), Pinusteocote (twisted leafpine),Pinus thunbergii(Japanese black pine),Pinus densiflora,Pinusmerkusii, Pinus pungens,Pinus roxburghii.Pinus arizonica, Pinuscanariensis, Pinuscaribaea, Pinus clausa,Pinus cooperi, Pinusdouglasiana, Pinusdurangensis, Pinusechinata, Pinusengelmannii, Pinus glabra,Pinus greggii, Pinushartwegii, Pinuslawsonii,Pinus leiophylla,Pinus maximinoi, Pinusmichoacana, Pinusmontezumae, Pinus

occidentalis, Pinus palustris, Pinus patula, Pinus pinea, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus radiata, Pinus rigida, Pinus serotina, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus taiwanensis, Pinus teocote, Pinus virginiana (scrub pine)35. Planococcus deceptorBetn.; II Annona muricata (sirsak, batang, daun, Indonesia: Jawa, Kalimantan, (=Dactylopius coffeae soursop), Bauhinia(camel’s akar, buah Lampung =Dactylopius crotonis =Planococcus crotonis = P. foot), Coffea spp. (kopi, segar, tanaman Africa: Comoros, Kenya, lilacinus =P. tayabanus =Pseudococcus coffeae =P. coffee), Coffea arabica Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, crotonis =P. deceptor =P. lilacinus Cork =P. tayabanus (kopi arabika, arabica Seychelles. =Tylococcus mauritiensis ); Hemiptera: Pseudo coccidae; coffee), Coffea canephora America: Dominican Republic, El cacao mealybug, coffee (kopi robusta, robusta Salvador, Guyana, Haiti. mealybug coffee), Ceiba pentandra Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei (kapok randu, kapok), Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Cocos Islands, India, Japan, Laos, Psidium guajava (jambu Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, biji, guava), Theobroma Philippines, Sri Lanka, cacao (kakao, cocoa) Taiwan,Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen. Annona squamosa Oceania: Federated States of (srikaya, sweetsop), Micronesia, Guam, Northern Bambusa vulgaris Mariana Islands, Papua New (common Guinea. bamboo), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower), Cocos nucifera (kelapa, coconut), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Mangifera 419

indica (mangga, mango), Punica granatum(delima, pomegranate), Tamarindus indica (asam jawa, tamarind), Vitis (grape)36. Postelectrotermes militaris II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) batang, akar Indonesia: Jawa. Desneux; (=Calotermes militaris = Neotermes militaris Acacia decurrens(green Asia: Sri Lanka. =Termes militaris); Isoptera: Kalotermidae; dry wood wattle), Casuarina termite equisetifolia(casuarina),37. Rhabdoscelus obscurus Bolsd.; (=Calandra obscura Cedrus (cedars), =Rhabdocnemis fausti=R. interruptocostatus=R. Cinnamomum camphora maculata=R. nudicollis=R. (kamfer, camphor), obscura=R. promissus=R. maculatus=Rhabdoscelis Cryptomeria obscura =Sphenophorus japonica(japanese cedar), Erythrina subumbrans(december tree), Eucalyptus spp., Eucalyptus robusta(swamp mahogany), Grevillea robusta(silky oak), Stenocarpus salignus(beefwod), Tephrosia vogelii(vogel’s tephrosia), II Saccharum officinarum batang Indonesia: Maluku,Papua, (tebu, sugarcane) Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Areca catechu (pinang, America: USA (Hawaii). betelnut palm), Arecaceae Asia: China, Christmas Island (plants of the palm family), (Indian Ocean), Japan, Malaysia,Sri Cocos nucifera (kelapa, Lanka, Taiwan coconut), Carica papaya Oceania: American Samoa, (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Australia, Cook Islands, Federated 420

beccarii=S. insularis=S. Metroxylon sagu (sagu, States of Micronesia (Caroline interruptecostatus =S. nudicollis=S. promissus=S. sago palm), Musa spp. Islands), Fiji, French Polynesia, sulcipes=S. tincturatus=S. (pisang, banana), Musa x Palau, Guam, Marshall Islands, obscurus); Coleoptera: Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Dryophthoridae; beetle borer, paradisiaca (pisang kepok, cane weevil borer, New Guinea plantain), Poacecae Northern Mariana Islands, Papua cane weevil borer, sugarcane (grasses), Strelitzia reginae New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon weevil borer, New Guinea Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu. sugarcane weevil, Hawaiian (Queens bird-of-paradise), sugarcane borer, cane weevil Zea mays (jagung, corn) borer, New Guinea sugarcane weevil II Saccharum officinarum batang Indonesia: Papua, Maluku.38. Sesamia grisescensWarren.; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; (tebu, sugarcane), Oryza Oceania: Papua New Guinea. sesamia borer, pink sugarcane borer sativa (padi, paddy ), Zea39. Sexava coriaceaLinn.; mays (jagung, corn) Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Megathyrsus maximus belalang sexava, sexava grasshopper (Guinea grass), Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Saccharum edule, Saccharum robustum, Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane) II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, tanaman, Indonesia: Sulawesi, Kep. Sangihe, coconut) daun, rimpang, Talaud, Kep. Banggai, Maluku, Orchidaceae (anggrek, sabut, tanah. Maluku Utara, Papua orchids), Asplenium nidus (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), Salacca edulis (salak, snake-skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, 421

sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger)40. Sexava karnyi Lfs.; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tanaman, buah, Indonesia: Sulawesi (Tengah: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; belalang sexava,sexava coconut) daun, rimpang, Kepulauan Togean & Una-una), ) grasshopper Orchidaceae (anggrek, sabut, tanah41. Sexava nubila Stal.; Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; orchids), Asplenium nidus belalang sexava, sexava grass (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), hopper, coconut treehopper Salacca edulis (salak, snake-skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, tanaman, buah, Indonesia: Sulawesi (Utara), coconut) daun, rimpang, Kepulauan Sangihe dan Talaud, Orchidaceae (anggrek, sabut, tanah Maluku (Seram, Buru), Papua,, orchids), Asplenium nidus Biak, Papua (kadaka, bird’s nest fern), Oceania: Papua New Guinea. Salacca edulis (salak, snake-skin palm), Metroxylon sagu (sagu, sago palm), Arenga pinnata (aren, sugar palm), Areca 422

catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pandanus spp. (pandan), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger)42. Thosea monolancha Meyrick (= II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, bagian tanaman Indonesia: Sulawesi, Papua, Thosea moluccana); Lepidoptera: Limacodidae coconut), Elaeis guineensis Sumatera, Maluku, Maluku Utara (kelapa sawit, oil palm) Asia: Philippines Oceania: Papua New GuineaII. TUNGAU (MITES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIANo. KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ PEMBAWA/ DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP HOST PATHWAYS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME1. Aceria guerreronis Keifer; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa, buah, bagian Indonesia:Sulawesi, Kepulauan (=Eriophyes guerreronis); coconut), Sygarus tanaman di atas Riau, Kalimantan Timur, Ternate, Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; romanzoffiana (queen tanah Papua (Biak) Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Ivory coconut mite palm) Coast, Gambia, Mozambique, Borassus flabellifer (toddy Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, palm),Lytocaryum Tanzania, Togo weddellianum America: Anguilla, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela, Costa Rica Asia: India, Malaysia, Maldives, 423

Philippines, Sri Lanka, Oman Europe: Hungary, Poland Oceania: Australia2. Calacarus II Camellia japonica, tanaman dan Indonesia: Jawa, SumateracarinatusGreen;(=Calacarus Capsicum spp., Viburnum bagian tanaman Africa: Kenya, Mauritiusadornatus =Eriophyes carinatus spp. di atas tanah America: USA=Phyyocoptes carinatus Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) Asia: Cambodia, Georgia=Phytoptus carinatus (Republic), India, Indochina,=Typhlodromus Japan, Republic of Korea, Laos,carinatus)Eriophyidae, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam.Arachnida; purple mite, purple Europe: Spaintea mite, ribbed tea mite Oceania:Australia, New Zealand.3. Eutetranychus orientalis Klein.; II Citrus, Abelmoschus bagian tanaman Indonesia: Sumatera, Jawa Barat(=Anychus latus =A. orientalis esculentus (okra, lady’s di atas tanah Africa: Cape Verde, Egypt,=A.ricini =Eutetranychus finger), Codiaeum Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi,anneckei =E. latus =E.monodi variegatum, Carica papaya Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique,=E.sudanicus); (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa,Prostigmata:Tetranychidae; Ficus carica (ara, fig), Sudan, Swazilandcitrus brown mite, oriental Gossypium barbadens Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh,mite, oriental red mite, oriental (kapas, cotton), Morus alba China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel,spider mite (murbei, mulberry), Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Nephelium lappaceum Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, (rambutan, rambutan), Thailand, Turkey, Yemen Plumeria, Ricinus Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Spain communis, Solanum Oceania: Australia melongena (terung, eggplant), Phaleria macrocarpa (mahkota dewa) Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, 424

plantain), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitun, olive), Prunus amygdalus (almon, almond), Psidium guajava (jambu biji, guava), Caladium spp. (keladi)4. Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner); II Camellia sinensis, Coffea daun, tanaman Indonesia: Jawa, Sumatera (=Acarus coffeae =Matatetranychus bioculatus spp. (kopi, coffee), Coffea Africa:Congo, DR Congo, Egypt, =Oligonychus bioculatus =O. merwei =Paratetranychus arabica(kopi arabika, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, bioculatus =P. terminalis =Tetranychus arabica coffee) Mauritius, South Africa, Tanzania. bioculatus)Prostigmata: Tetranychidae; tea red spider Anacardium occidentale, America: Colombia, Costa Rica, mite, red coffee mite Citrus, Cinnamomum Ecuador, USA5. Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead; (=Ariphyes oleivorus camphora, Corchorus Asia: Bangladesh, China, Georgia capsularis, Elaeis (Republic), India, Japan, Myanmar, guineensis(kelapa sawit, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, oilpalm), Eucalyptus Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. globulus, Gossypium, Europe: Russia Hevea brasiliensis(karet, Oceania:Australia. rubber tree), Indigovera, Lagerstroemia, Manihot esculenta(ubi kayu, cassava), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Morus alba(murbei, mulberry), Vigna mungo, Ricinus communis(jarak kepyar, castor oil bean), Terminalia catappa, Vitis vinifera(anggur grapevine) II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) daun, buah, Indonesia: Jawa batang Africa: Angola, Congo, Kenya, 425

=Phyllocoptes oleivorus Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania,=Phyllocoptrata oleivorus Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria,=Typhidromus oleivorus); Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania,Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; Uganda, Zambiacitrus rust mite, buckskin, America:Argentina, Bermuda,mite lemons Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordania, Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam Europe: Cyprus, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand6. Raoiella indica Hirst; II Areca catechu (pinang, buah, daun, Indonesia: Jawa, KalimantanProstigmata: Tenuipalpidae; Betelnut palm), Cocos batang, bagian (Tarakan), Ternate Selatan,red palm mite,coconutmite, nucifera (Kelapa, tanaman di atas Lombokfrond crimson mite, leaflet false coconut),Dictyosperma tanah Africa:Benin, Egypt, Mauritius,spider mite, red date palm album,Heliconia sp. (flower Reunion, Sudan, Tanzaniamite, scarlet mite banana), Musa spp. America: Barbados, Brazil, (pisang, banana), Phoenix Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, dactylifera (date palm), Dominican Republic, Grenada, Acer (maple), guadaloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Acoelorrhaphe wrightii, Martinique, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Adonidia arecina, Aiphanes Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the minima, Aplinia purpurata Grenadines, United States Virgin 426

(red ginger), Alpinia vittata, Island, VenezuelaAlpinia zerumbet, Asia: India, Iran, Oman, Pakistan,Archontophoenix Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Srialexandrae, Arenga Lanka, Thailand, United Arabpinnata (sugar palm), EmiratesBactris plumeriana,Beccariophoenix 427madagascariensis,Bismarckia nobilis, Butiacapitata, Calatheaarundinacea (variegatedcalatea), Calathea lutea(calathea), Caryota mitis,Chamaedorea,Coccothrinax argentata,Coccothrinax mitaguama,Corypha umbtaculifera,Curcuma longa (turmeric),Cycas, Cyrtostahys renda,Dypsis decaryi, Dypsislutescens, Elaeisguineensis (kelapa sawit,African oil palm),Elaeondendrontransvaalense, Ettingeraelatior, Eucalyptusdeglupta, Eugenia uniflora,Heliconia, Heliconiacaribaea,Heliconia caribaeax bihai, Heliconiaepiscopalis, Heliconoalatispatha, Heliconiamarginata, Heliconia

psittacorum, Heliconiarostrata, Latanialontaroides, Licualagrandis, Licualaspinosa,Livistonis chinensis,Microcycascalocoma,Ocimumbasilicum, Pandanus utilis,Phaseolus, Phoenixcanariensis, Phoenixreclinata, Phoenixroebelenii, Phoenix rupicola,Pritchardia pacifica,Pritchardia vuylestekeana,Pseudophoenix vinifera,Ptychosperma elegans,Ptychosperma macarrthuri,Ravenalamadagascariensis,Renealmia alpinia,Renealmia aurantifera,Rhapis excelsa, Roystoneaborinquena, Sabal black\burniana, Sabalmauritiformis, Schippiaconcolor, Strelitzia reginae,Syagrus romanzoffianum,Syagrus schizophylla,Thrinax radiata, Veitchiaarecina, Veitchia merrillii,Washingtonia filifera,Washingtonia robusta,Wodyetia bifurcata,Zingiber 428

officinale (jahe, ginger), palmae7. Tenuipalpus orchidarum Parfitt; II Orchidaceae (anggrek, tanaman Indonesia: Jawa Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae; orchids) red mite of orchidIII. KEONG (SNAIL) DAN SIPUT (SLUG) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR /No SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP INANG/ HOSTS PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS Indonesia:Sumatera, Jawa(Timur) TAXON/ COMMON NAME II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy), tanaman Asia: Thailand, Kambodia, India,1. PilapolitaJeshayes; China (=Ampularia pagoda); berbagai tumbuhan air tanaman, Indonesia:Kalimantan Ampullariidae; Apple snail tawar bagian tanaman America: South America2. Pomaceainsularum; II Tumbuhanair (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Ampullariidae; (aquaticplants), berbagai Uruguay, Paraguay) Island apple snail tipe vegetasi tanaman Asia: ThailandIV. NEMATODA (NEMATODES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA PEMBAWA/No UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ PATHWAY DAERAH SEBAR/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ / GROUP HOST GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION biji, umbi, SYNONIM/ TAXON/ daun, stolon, Indonesia: Sumatera, Jawa, batang, tanah Kalimantan (Selatan). COMMON NAME Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso,1. Aphelenchoides besseyi I: jika MP Oryza sativa (padi, paddy ), Fragaria ananassa (Christie); (=Aphelenchoides tidak (stroberi, strawberry), oryzae diproses 429

=Asteroaphelenchoides II. jika MP Oryza glaberrima (African Burundi, Cameroon, Centralbesseyi); Aphelenchida: diprosesAphelenchoididae; pucuk rice) African Republic, Chad, Comoros,putih padi / rice leaf Allium cepa (bawang Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya,nematode, white tip bombay, onion),nematode of rice, summer Chrysanthemum Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, morifolium (krisan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Southcrimp nematode Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, chrysanthemum), Colocasia esculenta (talas, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Brazil, Cuba, Dominica, taro), Cyperus iria (rice flatsedge), Digitaria Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Mexico, sanguinalis (large Panama, USA, Hawaii crabgrass), Dioscorea (yam), Dioscorea trifida Asia: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, (cushcush yam), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Hibiscus (rosemallows), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, sweet potato), Polianthes Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, tuberosa (tuberose), Zea Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam. mays (jagung, corn), Oryza Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, breviligulata, Setaria Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine viridis(green foxtail) Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea.2. Aphelenchoides fragariae I: jika MP Fragaria ananassa biji, buah, (stroberi, strawberry), bunga, batang, Indonesia: Jawa (Barat/Bogor,(Ritzema Bos) (Chriestie); tidak Lilium spp., Anthurium stolon, daun, Banten, Sukabumi, DKI Jakarta) America: Canada, Cuba, Mexico,(=Aphelenchoides diproses andreanum, Rhododendron umbi, bagian spp. (azaleas), Barleria vegetatif, USAolesistus=A.olesistus var. II. jika MP cristata(philippine violet), pupuk Asia: China, India, Israel, South Begonia spp., Chloranthus Korea, Kirgyztan, Japan, Turkeylongicollis =A.pseudolesistus diproses spicatus, Hibiscus rosa – kandang, tanah Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria,=Aphelenchus fragariae Denmark, Estonia, France,=A.olesistus =A.olesistus var.longicollis =A.pseudolesistus); 430

Aphelenchoididae; bud and sinensis (kembang sepatu, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, china-rose), Hosta spp., Latvia, Moldovia, Netherlands,leaf nematode, fern Hydrangea Norway, Portugal, Poland, Russia,nematode, strawberry crimp macrophylla(French Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland,nematode, strawberry spring hydrangea), Maranta Sweden, Ukraine, UK leuconeura(Banded Oceania: Australia, New Zealand,dwarf nematode arrowroot), Peony, Papua New Guinea Pimpinella diversifolia, 431 Primula sp., Psychotria nervosa, Rhododendron simsii(Sim's azalea), Ruscus hypophyllum, Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet), Saxifraga spp.(saxifrage), Tolmiea menziesii(pick-a-back plant), Veronica arvensis(Corn speedwell), Viola odorata(English violet), Wulfenia carinthiaca, Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto, king of bitter plant) Cornus Canadensis(creeping dogwood), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Ficus macrophylla(moreton Bay fig), Lamium maculatum(Spotted deadnettle), Prunus persica (persik, peach),

3. Ditylenchus angustus (Bul)l.; I: jika MP Anigozanthos sp., Allium biji, bunga, Indonesia:Jawa, Kalimantan tidak ascalonicum (bawang daun, bibit, (Selatan).(=Anguillulina angusta merah, shallot), Allium=Tylenchus diproses sativum (bawang putih, batang, jerami, Asia: Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, garlic), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Asplenium nidus (bird’s- nest fern), Capsella bursa- pastoris(shepherd's purse), Chenopodium album(fat hen), Cobotium chamissoi, Erigeron annuus(annual fleabane), Ficus elastic(rubber plant), Western Sword-fern, Polygonum blumei(tufted knotweed (USA)), Pteris spp., Rorippa atrovirens, Senecio vulgaris, Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Stellaria media(common chickweed), Ageratum conyzoides (babadotan), Acalypha lanceolata (pulus hayam), Oxalys sepium (calincing), Borreria sp., Lindernia sp. (gulma daun sirih), Pleocnemia sp. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy, rice) Echinochloa colona 432

angustus);Anguinidae; rice II. jika MP (junglerice), Leersia tanah Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand,stem nematode, ufra disease diproses hexandra (southern cut umbi, alat Vietnam. grass), Sacciolepsis pertanian,4. Globodera pallida (Stone) I: jika MP interrupta pupuk organik, Indonesia: JawaTengah (Dieng, Mulvey & Stone; tidak Solanum tuberosum tanah Cilacap, Banjarnegara); Jawa Barat (=Heterodera pallida); diproses (kentang, potato), (Bandung), Jawa Timur (Batu, Heteroderidae; white cyst Lycopersicum esculentum Malang) nematode, pale potato cyst II. jika MP (tomat, tomato), Solanum Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, nematode, potato cyst diproses melongena (terung, America: Argentina, Bolivia, nematode, potato root eggplant) Canada, Chile, Columbia, Costa eelworm Datura (thorn-apple), Rica, Falkland Islands, Ecuador, Datura stramonium Panama, Peru, Venezuela, USA (kecubung, jimsonweed), Asia: India, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey Hyoscyamus niger (black Europe: Austria, Belgium, henbane), Lycopersicon Netherlands, Bosnia-Hercegovina, pimpinellifolium(currant Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, tomato), Oxalis tuberosa, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Faroe Solanum acaule, Solanum Islands, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, americanum, Solanum Italy, Iceland, Germany, Latvia, aviculare (kangaroo apple), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Solanum cardiophyllum, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Solanum ehrenbergii, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Slovenia, Solanum gilo(gilo), Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine Solanum indicum, Solanum Oceania: New Zealand. mauritianum(tree tobacco), Solanum marginatum(white-edged nightshade), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Solanum oplocense, Solanum quitoense(Narangillo), Solanum sarrachoides 433

(green nightshade (UK)), Solanum scabrum, Solanum spegazzinii, Solanum aviculare, Solanum sarrachoides.5. Globodera rostochiensis I: jika MP Solanum tuberosum biji, umbi, akar Indonesia: Jawa Barat (Bandung),(Wollenweber) Mulvey & tidak (kentang, potato), akar, tanah, Jawa Tengah (Banjarnegara), JawaStone; (=Heterodera scachtii diproses Lycopersicum esculentum umbi, batang Timur (Batu, Malang) Sulawesisolani = H. Scachtii II. jika MP (tomat, tomato), Solanum Selatan (Jeneponto, Gowa)rostochiensis =H. diproses melongena (terung, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, SierraRostochiensis = eggplant) Leone, South Africa, Tunisia.Heteroderidae; nematoda Datura America: Bolivia, Canada, Chile,sista (kentang) / golden cyst stramonium(jimsonweed), Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico,nematode, potato golden Lycopersicon Panama, Peru, USA, Venezuela.nematode pimpinellifolium (currant Asia: Armenia, India, Iran, Japan, tomato), Solanum Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, (nightshade), Solanum Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, aviculare (kangaroo apple), Turkey. Solanum gilo (gilo), Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Solanum indicum (Indian Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Nightshade), Solanum Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech marginatum (white-edged Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe nightshade), Solanum Islands, Finland, France, Germany, mauritianum (tree Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, tobacco), Solanum nigrum Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, (black nightshade), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Solanum quitoense Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (Narangillo), Solanum Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, sarrachoides(green Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, nightshade (UK)) Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Scotland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, 434

6. Hemicriconemoides I: jika MP Citrus spp. (jeruk, akar, bibit, Norfolk Island. mangiferaeSiddiqi; orange), Nephelium litchii bonggol, tanah (=Hemicriconemoides tidak (leci, lychee), Mangifera Indonesia: Jawa. birchfieldi) Criconematidae; diproses indica (mangga, mango), sheath nematode Musa spp. (pisang, Africa:Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ghana, II. jika MP banana), Zea mays Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan. diproses (jagung, corn), rumput- America: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, rumputan (Poaceae) Dominica, Ecuador, Alnus (alders), Ananas Grenada,Mexico, Peru, Saint Kitts comosus (nenas, pineapple), Artocarpus and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad heterophyllus (nangka, and Tobago, USA, Venezuela. jackfruit), Artocarpus Asia:Bangladesh, Brunei integer (cempedak, champedak), Anacardium Darussalam, China, India, Iran, occidentale (cashew nut), Israel, South Korea, Oman, Bambusa vulgaris (bambu, common bamboo), Carica Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi papaya (pepaya, papaya, Arabia, Thailand, Vietnam. papaw), Cocos nucifera Oceania:American Samoa, Fiji, New (kelapa, coconut), Dimocarpus longan (longan Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, tree), Eriobotrya japonica Samoa, Tonga. (loquat), Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Grewia asiatica (phalsa), Manihot esculenta (ubi kayu, cassava), Manilkara zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) Phoenix 435