Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker Alpinia petiolata Baker Camptandra ovata Ridl. Camptandra parvula (King ex Baker) Ridl. Globba curtisii Holttum Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. Geostachys elegans Ridl.. C.K.Lim Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 101
Globba leucantha var. Globba patens Miq. Globba curtisii. Globba variabilis Ridl. peninsularis Meistera lappacea (Ridl.) Hedychium malayanum Skornick. & M.F.Newman Ridl. ex Burkill & Holttum Hornstedtia scyphifera (J.Koenig) Steud. Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum 102 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 103
Biodiversity Threats The major threat to biodiversity is habitat destruction and populations have declined in abundance and increasingly followed by over collections. Deforestation for agriculture being listed as endangered or threatened. A case study plantation, logging activities and urbanization are among on orchids, it was observed that the road construction the major threats to Mother Nature. Deforestation and is one of the major threats to the orchid habitats in forest degradation continue to take place at alarming highlands area such as Cameron Highlands, Genting rates, which contributes significantly to the ongoing loss Highlands, Fraser’s Hill, Maxwell Hill and Gunung Jerai. of biodiversity. FAO and UNDP (2020) reported that since Most of the montane forest orchids especially terrestrial 1990, it is estimated that 420 million hectares of forest species were observed favouring the steep slopes along have been converted to other land uses, although the the roadsides. They prefer exposed and partly shady rate of deforestation has decreased over the past three area as compared to the dark forest floor. Unfortunately, decades. Since 2015 to date, the rate of deforestation these steep slopes are prone to disturbances such as road was estimated at 10 million hectares per year, down construction and minor landslides especially during heavy from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s. The area rainfalls, which may lead to habitat destruction. Current of primary forest worldwide has decreased by over 80 global warming is also a serious threat that was seen million hectares since 1990. For any species, regardless to reduce the biodiversity and population. The drying threatened or common; they are facing high risk of of topsoil and mosses; bleached grasses, rising of daily extinction once their habitats were disturbed. Even a temperature, prolonged dry spell, cumulative rainfall slight change to the habitat might wipe off the whole deficit and a smaller number of rainy days were among population of one particular species. Additional pressures the signs of climate change noticed in highlands area. on the biodiversity and habitats were caused by human The rising of temperature and prolonged dry spell can be population growth, road construction, subsequent the reasons why many of montane species disappeared. development of rural area, pollination problems, genetic Taking the upper montane forest as an example, it’s a erosion, weed and animal introductions, losses or water reservoir and receives water directly from the changes of keystone species, and prolonged drought in precipitations. That’s why the upper montane forest case of Fraser’s Hills and surrounding area. is the wettest habitat and abundance of bryophytes. However, upper montane forest exists on crests and The logging activities and habitat loss significantly knolls; the area of free draining site which loses their threatened the biodiversity in a broad range especially water by the lateral movement in the soil. The drought terrestrial plant. Even small changes to the habitat may dry up the water supply and caused the vegetation such as application of fertilizers and modification to above ground affected. Many miniature forest herbs are grazing regime may give severe effects to them. Many greatly affected as their assistance are depending on 104 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
high water availability, an example of a terrestrial orchid local species extinction. Current trending of big groups Corybas spp., which remained dormant throughout dry of mountain climbing has been detrimental to many season and may extinct locally if the drought prolonged. of the jungle tracks and at the same time trampled on Besides that, over collecting due to the huge demands ground herbaceous species as seen along the jungle trails in wild ornamental plants trade has caused a significant of Gunung Ulu Semangkok, Gunung Semangkok, Twin population reduction and at the rate of current easy Peak via Pine Tree Trail and other popular mountains trail. internet trading, the decline would definitely greater. The hunting for supplies has started since 1700’s century Infrastructure and building development has caused and by the late 1970’s at one time about 125,000 strong environmental degradation in popular montane areas plants from Peninsular Malaysia and India were ready like in Cameron Highlands and Genting Highlands. for shipment and illegal exports worsen the problem. The Fraser’s Hill Resort and Spa project at Jalan High As for Fraser’s Hill, illegal and over - collection of wild Pines (3°42’46.1”N 101°44’00.3”E) is mere 50m from orchid species especially the most favoured jewel orchids Selangor/Pahang boarder and 30m to entrance of Mager such as Anoectochilus albolineatus, Ludisia discolor Trail, Selangor State Park. The project is also detrimental and Macodes petola is much regretted. Poachers, with to Selangor State Park as it is mere 50m from the two the intention of selling off the orchids in black market states border and furthermore it is on higher grounds. have led to population decline which later may cause The construction of project with heavy machineries that was schedule for 6 years definitely will weaken the slope and soil stability possibility of massive landslide. This project is definitely a potential environmental disaster not only for Pahang State but also to Selangor State considering the massive construction that spread over 6 years, the known unstable soil and slopes in Fraser’s Hill and the potential influx of human traffic too great for Fraser’s Hill to contain. Environmental Impact Assessment is crucial and mandatory by law in all highland development, which is lacking for this project. Above: Mager Trail (Selangor State Park) Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 105
Above: Her Royal Highness Selangor Queen, Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin mesmerised by the rich and unique plants along Mager Trail, one of the most tracked jungle trails in Fraser’s Hill Selangor State Park. 106 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Proposed Conservation Plans upwards for protection, the montane species has nowhere for Semangko FR, Selangor to migrate thus fated to fade. For any species, regardless State Park rare or common; they are all facing high risk of extinction once their habitats were disturbed. Thus, immediate Fraser’s Hill (including Semangko FR, Selangor) was conservation plan should be implemented to ensure the flora established in 1922 as a protected area during the Colonial of Fraser’s Hill both on the Pahang State and Selangor state period (1903 – 1957) due to its location that overlaps partly could be conserved together with their natural habitats. in a small adjoining with forest reserve area. However, during the National period (1957–current), no legal protection Two types of conservation approaches were suggested has been established for Fraser’s Hill; apart from an area to protect the plant species and their habitats in Fraser’s of 1943 ha (19.43 km2) that was established as a Wildlife/ Hill; in-situ and ex–situ conservation. Both methods are Bird Reserve. The entire area of Fraser’s Hill including the complementing each other. In–situ conservation main forests within its jurisdiction is extremely vulnerable to target is to preserve the ecosystem as a whole; regardless threats; mainly from developments as it is not legally with or without the conservation of certain species of designated as a permanent protected area. In Semangko interest as the major aim. Ex–situ conservation prime aim FR Selangor State Park, 3 areas of critical conservation is to preserve certain species of interest through cultivation, importance were identified, i) Gunung Semangko, ii) propagation and storage. In–situ conservation is the best Gunung Ulu Semangko and iii) path to Pine Tree Hill. approach to preserve the flora as the whole ecosystem would be remained untouched and the genetic diversity will In Semangko FR, 14 extremely rare species were proposed flow naturally. However, in–situ conservation is impossible to be extinct locally. They were known only from a single when there are no more habitats worth preserving collection, pre-dated 1932 such as Geostachys primulina due to the habitat destruction and developments. (Zingiberaceae), Syzygium alyxifolia (Myrtaceae), Chassalia bracteata (Rubiaceae), Corybas fornicatus and Kuhlhasseltia Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin carrii (Orchidaceae). Meanwhile, 53 endemic species found Orchid Conservatory, Fraser’s were assigned as critically endangered due to their small Hill population size or area of occurrence; such as Sonerila fraseri (Melastomataceae), Ardisia nurii (Primulaceae), The in–situ and ex–situ conservation plans that have been Magnolia pahangensis (Magnoliaceae), Klossia montana proposed many times in the past and one successful one is (Rubiaceae), Paphiopedilum lowii and Corybas selangorensis UKM Montane Flora Research Center. There are several other (Orchidaceae). The main threat facing by plant species conservation approaches which can be carried out in order here is the habitat destruction. Habitat destruction might to preserve the plant species and their habitats in Fraser’s Hill. be caused by many reasons; building and residential Among those are collaborations with local authorities, eco– development, road construction, human activities, natural friendly lifestyle, orchid warden scheme, wildflowers and disaster and climate change. Increasing of daily temperature ferns garden, and book publications for knowledge sharing. caused most of the montane species trapped inside their own territory. Unlike the lowland species that can move Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 107
Realising the importance of conserving the unique flora conservatory was named after Her Royal Highness Selangor of Fraser’s Hill Selangor State Park, the Selangor Forest Queen, Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin, whom personally Department partnering the Hulu Selangor Municipal Council took pride and passion, hoping to save as many as possible agreed gazette 4.3ha primary forest block along the Mager the unique montane flora in this conservatory for purpose Road for conservation of Montane Flora and founded a of further study of their utilization and propagation, apart conservatory for all herbaceous plants mainly orchids. The from being a showcase project for other states to emulate. Above: The initial orchids collections in Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin Orchid Conservatory, Fraser’s Hill 108 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
The Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin Orchid Conservatory is and survive better than those in the wild that could not the pioneer to many more of such effort for other flora adapt as fast as the environmental changes due to climate types in Selangor. Wild flowers, herbaceous plants and change. In Fraser’s Hill, the local climate change has been orchids in the montane region is currently racing for their observed and clearly evident by the prolonged draught, survival in a drastic local climate change predicament. Many higher day and night temperature and lower humidity that plant species that couldn’t adapt easily to these changes affected the growth of the forest floor herbaceous species might go extinct in their original habitat. The natural and the epiphytic species. Hence, the decision to develop phenomena we have no control upon, but plants that has this conservatory is noble and timely. We must keep in been kept in the conservatory initially has undergone stress mind that plants can’t move so we have to relocate them and adapt to the new environment within the conservatory to ensure their survival in this changing climate world. Above: The solemnizing ceremony of the Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin Orchid Conservatory, Fraser’s Hill on the 26th August, 2019 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 109
110 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
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Kiew, R.; Chung, R.C.K.; Saw, L.G. & Soepadmo, E. (eds.). of plant species in Malaysia. Forest Research Institute 2012. Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Series II: seed plants. Malaysia, Kepong. Pp. 203-219. [ Links ] Vol. 3. Malayan Forest Records No 49.. Forest Research Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J. 1992. The orchids of Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor 85p. Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen, [ Links ] Fredensborg. 779p. [ Links ] Kiew, R.; Chung, R.C.K.; Saw, L.G.& Soepadmo, E. (eds.). Soepadmo, E. 1999. Botanical study of Malaysian 2013. Flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Series II: seed plants. medicinal plants-an appraisal. : Manaf Ali, A. et al (eds.). Vol. 4. Malayan Forest Records No 49.. Forest Research Phytochemical and biopharmaceutins from the Malaysian Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor 405p. rain forest. FRIM & PSSM, Kuala Lumpur. Pp. 1-14. [ Links ] [ Links ] Ng, F.S.P. (ed.). 1978. Tree flora of Malaya. Malayan Forest Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L.G.& Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). 2007. Records 26. Vol. 3.. Forest Department, West Malaysia Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. Vol. 6.. Forest Research 339p. [ Links ] Institute Malaysia, Kepong 335p. [ Links ] Ng, F.S.P. & Jacobs, M. 1983. A guide to King’s “Materials Turner, I.M. 1997 (‘1995’). A catalogue of the vascular for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula”. The Gardens’ plants of Malaya. The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 47: Bulletin Singapore 36: 177-185. 1-757. [ Links ] [ Links ] Ng, F.S.P. (ed.). 1989. Tree flora of Malaya. Malayan Forest Turner, I.M. 2000. The taxonomy of Malaysian vascular Records 26. Vol. 4.. Forest Department, West Malaysia plants: new taxa (1996-2000) and endemic genera. Folia 549p. [ Links ] malaysiana2: 41-82. [ Links ] Ng, F.S.P.; Low, C.M. & Mat Asri, N.S. 1990. Endemic trees Whitmore, T.C. (ed.). 1972. Tree flora of Malaya. Malayan of the Malay Peninsula. Research Pamphlet 106. Forest Forest Records 26. Vol. 1.. Forest Department, West Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 118p. [ Links ] Malaysia 471p. [ Links ] Ridley, H.N. 1907. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Whitmore, T.C. (ed.). 1973. Tree flora of Malaya. Malayan Peninsula. 3 Parts. Methodist Publishing House, Singapore. Forest Records 26. Vol. 2.. Forest Department, West Part 1, 233p.; Part 2, 235p.; Part 3, 197p. [ Links ] Malaysia 444p. [ Links ] Ridley, H.N. 1922-1925. The flora of the Malay Peninsula. Wong, K.M. 1995b. The Bamboos of Peninsular Malaysia. Vol. 1-5. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd, London. 1: 918, 2: 672, 3: Malayan Forest Records No 41.. Forest Research Institute 405, 4: 383, 5: 470. [ Links ] Malaysia, Kepong 199p. [ Links ] Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K. 2007. Towards the flora of Wood, J.J. & Cribb, P.J. 1994. A checklist of orchids of Malaysia. : Chua, L.S.L.; Kirton, L.G. & Saw, L.G. (eds.). Borneo.. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 421p. [ Links ] Proceedings of seminar and workshop on the status Wyatt-Smith, J. 1952. Pocket check list of timber trees. of biological diversity in Malaysia & threat assessment Malayan Forest Records No 17. Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. 367p. [ Links ] 112 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Wyatt-Smith, J. 1953a. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Burseraceae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No 1. Forest Research Institute, Kepong. 33p. [ Links ] Wyatt-Smith, J. 1953b. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Leguminosae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No 2.. Forest Research Institute, Kepong 74p. [ Links ] Wyatt-Smith, J. 1953c. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Myristicaceae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No 3.. Forest Research Institute, Kepong 25p. [ Links ] Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954a. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Sapotaceae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No 4.. Forest Research Institute, Kepong 56p. [ Links ] Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954b. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Lauraceae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No. 5.. Forest Research Institute, Kepong 64p. [ Links ] Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954c. Manual of Malayan timber trees. Sapindaceae. F.R.I. Research Pamphlet No. 6.. Forest Research Institute, Kepong 23p. [ Links ] Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 113
Index of Scientific Names List of wild flowers in Frasers Hill Selangor State Park Dicotyledonous Wild Flowers Acanthaceae Araliaceae Achetaria azurea (Linden) V.C.Souza Schefflera elliptica (Blume) Harms Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. Filetia bracteosa C.B.Clarke Asteraceae Filetia hirta Ridl. Ageratum conyzoides L. Filetia paniculata C.B.Clarke Bellis perennis L. Justicia carnea Lindl. Centratherum punctatum Cass. Pachystachys lutea Nees Cosmos caudatus Kunth Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore Sanchezia speciosa Leonard. Elephantopus scaber L. Strobilanthes crispa Blume Elephantopus tomentosus L. Strobilanthes hamiltoniana (Steud.) Bosser & Heine Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Actinidiaceae Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. Saurauia fragrans Hoogland Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Saurauia mahmudii Hoogland Tridax procumbens L. Saurauia nudiflora DC. Balanophoraceae Saurauia roxburghii Wall. Balanophora fungosa ssp. indica J.R. Forst. & G. Forst Saurauia rubens Ridl. Balsaminaceae Saurauia vulcani Korth. Impatiens oncidioides Ridl. ex Hook.f. Amaranthaceae Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. Iresine diffusa f. herbstii (Hook.) Pedersen Begoniaceae Annonaceae Begonia cucullata Willd. Polyalthia chrysotricha Ridl. Begonia fraseri Kiew Apocynaceae Begonia venusta King Aeschynanthus pulcher (Blume) G.Don Begonia wrayi Hemsl. Aeschynanthus radicans Jack Boraginaceae Aeschynanthus rhododendron Ridl. Ehretia microphylla Lam. Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. Brassicaceae Allamanda schottii Pohl Sinapidendron rupestre Lowe Asclepias curassavica L. Cactaceae Hoya obscura Elmer ex C.M.Burton Leuenbergeria bleo (Kunth) Lodé Kopsia singapurensis Ridl Campanulaceae Pottsia laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze Lobelia nummularia Lam. Tabernaemontana dichotoma Roxb. ex Wall. Caryophyllaceae Urceola polyneura (Hook.f.) D.J.Middleton & Livsh. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. 114 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Chlorantaceae Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) H.S.Ir win & Barneby Sarcandra glabra subsp. Senna spectabilis (DC) H.S. Irwin & Barneby brachystachys (Blume) Verdc. Fagaceae Cleomaceae Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo Cleome houtteana Schltdl. Gentianaceae Convulvolaceae Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. Argyreia adpressa (Choisy) Boerl. Gesneraceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt copy Codonoboea curtisii (Ridl.) C.L.Lim Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. Codonoboea hispida (Ridl.) Kiew Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. Codonoboea malayana (Hook.f.) Kiew Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin & Staples Codonoboea platypus (C.B.Clarke) C.L.Lim Crypteroniaceae Codonoboea quinquevulnera (Ridl.) C.L.Lim Crypteronia paniculata Blume Codonoboea venusta (Ridl.) Kiew Cucurbitaceae Cyrtandra cupulata Ridl. Momordica charantia L. Didymocarpus citrinus Ridl. Cunoniaceae Didymocarpus sulphureus Ridl. Weinmannia blumei Planch. Paraboea paniculata (Ridl.) B.L.Burtt Ericaceae Ridleyandra morganii (Franch.) A.Weber Gaultheria malayana Airy Shaw Ridleyandra quercifolia (Ridl.) A.Weber Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Seemannia sylvatica (Kunth) Hanst. Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet Hamamelidaceae Rhododendron jasminiflorum Hook. Exbucklandia populnea (R.Br. ex Griff.) R.W.Br. Rhododendron javanicum sub sp. gracile (H.Low ex Icacinaceae Lindl.) Argent, A.L.Lamb & Phillipps Phytocrene bracteata Wall. Rhododendron javanicum subsp. teysmannii (Miq.) Juglandaceae Argent Engelhardia roxburghiana Lindl. Rhododendron lowii Hook.f. Lamiaceae Rhododendron malayanum Jack Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Rhododendron pauciflorum King & Gamble Callicarpa longifolia Lam. Rhododendron robinsonii Ridl. Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume Vaccinium viscifolium King & Gamble Clerodendrum nutans Wall. ex Jack Euphorbiaceae Clerodendrum paniculatum L. Homalanthus populifolius Graham Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. Jatropha integerrima Jacq. Gmelina elliptica Sm. Mallotus mollissimus (Geiseler) Airy Shaw Ocimum basilicum L. Fabaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Bauhinia × blakeana Dunn Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. Calliandra haematocephala Hassk. Sphenodesme ferruginea (Griff.) Briq. Crotalaria micans Link Linderniaceae Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) Alston Handroanthus chrysotrichus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Indigofera hirsuta L. Torenia polygonoides Benth. Saraca declinata (Jack) Miq. Loranthaceae Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Helixanthera parasitica Lour. Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 115
Lythraceae Ficus globosa Blume Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth Ficus grossularioides Burm.f. Cuphea ignea A.DC. Ficus malayana C.C.Berg & Magnoliaceae Chantaras. Magnolia grandiflora L. Ficus oleifolia subsp. intermedia (Corner) C.C.Berg Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy Myrtaceae Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar Leptospermum javanicum Blume Malvaceae Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Abroma augustum (L.) L.f. Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth. Melochia corchorifolia L Nepenthaceae Pavonia columella Cav. Nepenthes albomarginata W.Lobb ex Lindl. Pterospermum lanceifolium Roxb. Nepenthes ampullaria Jack Sida cordifolia L Nepenthes gracilis Korth. Sida rhombifolia L. Nepenthes gracillima Ridl. Melastomataceae Nepenthes macfarlanei Hemsl. Anerincleistus grandiflorus Ridl. Nepenthes mirabilis (Lour.) Druce Anerincleistus macranthus King Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack Blastus borneensis Cogn. ex Boerl. Nepenthes sanguinea Lindl. Diplectria viminalis (Jack) Kuntze Onagraceae Dissochaeta celebica Blume Fuchsia regia (Vand. ex Vell.) Munz Dissochaeta conica (Bakh.f.) Oxalidaceae Clausing Oxalis corniculata L. Dissochaeta pulchra (Korth.) J.F.Maxwell Oxalis violacea L. Dissochaeta spectabilis J.F.Maxwell Pentaphragmataceae Medinilla crassifolia Blume Pentaphragma begoniifolium (Roxb.) G.Don Medinilla magnifica Lindl. Pentaphragma ellipticum Poulsen Medinilla scortechinii King Pentaphragma horsfieldii (Miq.) Airy Shaw Medinilla selangorensis J.F.Maxwell Phyllantaceae Medinilla speciosa Blume Breynia coronata Hook.f. Miconia crenata (Vahl) Michelang. Piperaceae Oxyspora acutangula King Piper muricatum Blume Pachycentria varingaefolia Blume Piper porphyrophyllum (Lindl.) N.E.Br. Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Blume Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Pleroma urvilleanum (DC.) Piper sylvaticum Roxb. P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang. Plantaginaceae Pternandra crassicalyx Maxwell Plantago major L. Sonerila integrifolia Stapf Polygalaceae Sonerila nidularia Stapf & King Polygala oreotrephes B.L.Burtt Sonerila obliqua Korth. Polygala paniculata L. Sonerila rudis Stapf & King Polygala venenosa Juss. ex Poir. Sonerila succulenta Stapf & King Polygonaceae Moraceae Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Ficus aurata (Miq.) Miq. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross Ficus auriculata Lour. 116 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross Sapindaceae Primulaceae Weinmannia fraxinea (D. Don) Miq. Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Schisandraceae Ardisia rosea King & Gamble Kadsura lanceolata King Ardisia subverticillata Julius & Utteridge llicium stapfii Merr. Labisia longistyla King & Gamble Solanaceae Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern.-Vill. Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D.Don Rhizophoraceae Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Gynotroches axillaris Blume Sweet Rosaceae Cestrum nocturnum L. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf Solandra maxima (Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal) P.S.Green Rubus alceifolius Poir. Solanum torvum Sw. Rubus moluccanus L. Symplocaceae Rubus niveus Thunb. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.Moore Rubus rosifolius Sm. Theaceae Rubiaceae Polyspora maingayi (Dyer) Orel, Peter G.Wilson, Curry & Argostemma bifolium Ridl. Luu Argostemma hookeri King Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. Argostemma longifolium Benn. Torricelliaceae Argostemma parvifolium var. Aralidium pinnatifidum (Jungh. & involucratum (Hemsl.) Bakh.f. de Vriese) Miq. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites Urticaceae Ixora finlaysoniana Wall. ex G. Don Pilea nummulariifolia (Sw.) Wedd. Ixora grandifolia Zoll. & Moritzi Poikilospermum scortechinii (King) Merr. Lasianthus pendulus Ridl. Verbenaceae Lasianthus tennissarimensis Lantana camara L. Napiroon, Balslev & Chayam. Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl Mussaenda glabra Vahl Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl Mussaenda maingayi (Hook.f.) Hemsl. ex T.Durand & Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl B.D.Jacks. Vitaceae Nauclea officinalis (Pierre ex Pit.) Merr. & Chun Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf. Ophiorrhiza discolor R.Br. ex G.Don Cayratia mollissima (Wall.) Gagnep. Ophiorrhiza pumila Champ. ex Benth. Cissus nodosa Blume Ophiorrhiza singaporensis Ridl. Monocotyledonous Wild Flowers Paederia lanuginosa Wall Amaryllidaceae Scleromitrion diffusum (Willd.) R.J.Wang Agapanthus praecox Willd. Scleromitrion verticillatum (L.) R.J.Wang Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Verschaff. Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. Uncaria lanosa var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale Wendlandia burkillii Cowan Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 117
Araceae Cyperaceae Aglaonema commutatum Schott Gahnia baniensis Benl Aglaonema nitidum (Jack) Kunth Dioscoreaceae Aglaonema simplex (Blume) Blume Tacca chantrieri André Alocasia beccarii Engl. Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawl. Alocasia longiloba Miq. Haemodoraceae Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Hanguanaceae Amydrium medium (Z. & M.) Nicolson Hanguana malayana (Jack) Merr. Anadendrum microstachyum Hypoxidaceae (de Vriese & Miq.) Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) Kuntze Anadendrum montanum Schott Curculigo latifolia Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. Joinvilleaceae Arisaema roxburghii Kunth Joinvillea borneensis Becc. Arisaema scortechinii Hook.f. Marantaceae Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Goeppertia zebrina (Sims) Nees Homalomena rostrata Griff. Phrynium pubinerve Blume Pothos longipes Schott Musaceae Rhaphidophora korthalsii Schott Musa acuminata subsp. Arecaceae malaccensis (Ridl.) N.W.Simmonds Calamus geniculatus Griff. Musa violascens Ridl copy Caryota maxima Blume Orchidaceae Licuala glabra var. selangorensis Becc. Anoectochilus albolineatus C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f. Pinanga limosa Ridl. Bulbophyllum biflorum Teijsm. & Binn. Asparagaceae Calanthe angustifolia (Blume) Lindl. Dracaena conferta Ridl. Chelonistele sulphurea (Blume) Pfitzer Dracaena elliptica Thunb. & Dalm. Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb.f.) Garay Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey Cleisostoma duplicilobum (J.J.Sm.) Garay Peliosanthes teta Andrews Coelogyne asperata Lindl. Asphodelaceae Coelogyne hirtella J.J.Sm. Dianella ensifolia (L.) Redouté Corybas carinatus (J.J.Sm.) Schltr. Dianella javanica (Blume) Kunth Corybas comptus J.Dransf. & G.Sm. Burmanniaceae Macropodanthus alatus (Holttum) Seidenf. & Garay Burmannia disticha L. Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Blume Burmannia longifolia Becc. Paphiopedilum lowii (Lindl.) Stein Commelinaceae Phaius callosus (Blume) Lindl. Amischotolype irritans (Ridl.) I.M.Turner Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Pholidota imbricata Hook. Commelina obliqua Vahl Spathoglottis aurea Lindl. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Spathoglottis plicata Blume Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. Tainia speciosa Blume 118 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
Trichotosia aporina (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. Vanda helvola Blume Vanilla norashikiniana Go & Raffi Pandanceae Benstonea parva (Ridl.) Callm. & Buerki Benstonea unguiculata (Ridl.) Callm. & Buerki Pandanus bicornis Ridl Poaceae Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Smilaceae Smilax myosotiflora A.DC. Zingiberaceae Alpinia javanica Blume Alpinia murdochii Ridl. Alpinia petiolata Baker Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker Camptandra ovata Ridl. Camptandra parvula (King ex Baker) Ridl. Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K.Lim Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M.Sm. Geostachys densiflora Ridl. Geostachys elegans Ridl. Globba curtisii Holttum Globba leucantha var. peninsularis Globba patens Miq. Globba pendula Roxb. Globba variabilis Ridl. Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig Hedychium malayanum Ridl. ex Burkill & Holttum Hornstedtia scyphifera (J.Koenig) Steud. Meistera lappacea (Ridl.) Skornick. & M.F.Newman Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve) 119
About the Authors PROF. DR. Rusea Go born and raised in a village longhouse in Sarawak, rose from humble beginnings to become among the pioneer Iban woman to achieve a notable level of academic success, a CGPA 4.0 Doctor of Philosophy in Science (PhD) degree in 1998. After serving more than 22 years in UPM, currently she serves as Professor of Botany in Department of Biology, Faculty of Science. She is a world recognized authority on Malaysian wild orchid diversity and the sole representative to the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Orchid Specialist Group as well as an expert in Malesian Botany especially on ornamental and medicinal plants. In her IUCN-SSC Orchid Specialist Group role, she provides advice and technical support towards international efforts on conservation (in situ and ex situ) and plant diversity initiatives, including programmes to “study, document, save, restore and manage Orchids and its’ habitats effectively”. Currently with over twenty (20) years of field and research work, she has become a world-renowned expert on tropical orchids, her focus being primarily on orchid diversity and conservation and ethnobotany, medicinal plants (including among indigenous people), wetland conservation and habitat restoration. She has also secured multiple research grants, totalling more than MYR 3.5million, with many of these grants received from renowned international organizations, monies given in recognition of her work towards tropical botany knowledge advancement and biodiversity discoveries within Malaysia, particularly orchids, medicinal plants and ethnobotanical knowledge of the indigenous people of Malaysia. Prof. Dr. Rusea has authored 12 books and produced more than two hundred (250) cited journal papers, and this book is her thirteenth. This book is the ensued from her more than 20 years of field observation in Fraser’s Hill including Gunung Ulu Semangkok, Gunung Semangkok, Gunung Gap and their surrounding area. She continues to pursue excellence in botanical based research on orchids and ornamental plants, conservation of biodiversity and habitat, degraded forest restoration, medicinal plants, ethnobotany among indigenous people and ethnics groups, phytochemistry (anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-fungal), drug discovery and phytoremediation. She believes in lifelong learning anticipating well learned, equipped for teaching and sharing with both professionals and layman. Hence, she strengthen her networking with top scientists of those fields in top institutions around the globe in her bid to pursue excellence! Being an active member in IUCN Species Survival, she is among the invited reviewer for proposals for World Heritage Site. These among few channels she enriched her knowledge on diverse disciplines within nature domain and her lifelong learning platform of which she has been passionately shared with her students and communities around her. Her philosophy is simple: Wisdom, knowledge, passion and diligence are four key ingredients they must possess in order to achieve successfully all the goals they have set for their life! And of course having faith in God that we can do all things through Him who strengthen us, Phil.4:13. 120 Magnificent Wild Flowers of Selangor State Park (Semangko Forest Reserve)
