Kelompok 2A Phanerogamae - Faris Verliansyah - 140410190049

PRAKTIKUM II
PENAMAAN TUMBUHAN
2.1 Tujuan
1. Mengetahui penamaan lokal tumbuhan (vernacular name)
2. Mengetahui penamaan tumbuhan berdasarkan scientific name
3. Mengetahui penamaan tumbuhan berdasarkan International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (basioname, correct name, sinonim, rejectname,
validname)
4. Mengetahui azas penamaan tumbuhan
2.2 Alat dan Bahan

1. Link ICBN 2. Link Penelusuran nama tumbuhan
3. Link IPNI 4. Link Plant List
Specimen Tumbuhan
1. Araceae (Talas-talasan) 16.Bignoniaceae (Berenuk)
2 Poaceae (Rumput-rumputan) 17.Lamiaceae (Kumis Kucing)
3 Cyperaceae (Teki-tekian) 18. Moraceae (Beringin)
4 Amarylidaceae (bawang-bawangan) 19. Rubiaceae (kopi-kopian)
5 Arecaceae (Palem-paleman) 20.Solanaceae (terong-terongan)
6 Liliaceae (bunga lili) 21. Verbenaceae (jati-jatian)
7 Orchidaceae (anggrek) 22. Amaranthaceae (bayam-bayaman)
8 Cannaceae (bunga tasbih) 23. Brassicaceaea (sawi-sawian)
9 Musaceae (pisang) 24. Caesalpinoidea (johar-joharan)
10 Zingeberaceae (jahe-jahean) 25. Mimosoidea (petai-petaian)
11 Acanthaceae (Jeruju) 26. Papilioidea (kacang-kacangan)
12 Anacardiaceae (manga) 27. Cucurbitaceae (mentimun)
13 Apocynaceae (kamboja) 28. Euphorbiaceae (jarak-jarakan)
14 Asteraceae (Sembung) 29. Malvaceae (kapas-kapasan)
15 Convolvulaceae (Kangkung) 30. Myrtaceae (jambu-jambuan)
2.3 Prosedur
1. Berdasarkan tumbuhan yang sudah dipilih sesuai dengan praktikum 1. Carilah
deskripsi tumbuhan dari artikel/publikasi taksonomi
2. Susunlan nomenclator berdasarkan publikasi/artikel yang diperoleh
3. Tentukanlah basionim, sinonim dan valid name
2.4 Tugas
Carilah link penamaan tumbuhan yang sudah dipilih
LEMBAR PENGAMATAN
Nama Tumbuhan : Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Family : Zingiberceae
Tuliskan Link Publikasi/Artikel Penamaan Tumbuhan
Arambewela, L., & Wijesinghe, A. (2006). Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant

Monographs and Analysis Vol. 10. In Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal
Plants.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility.https://www.gbif.org/species/2759458
Newman, M., Lhuillier, A., & Poulsen, A. D. (2004). Checklist of the
Zingiberaceae of Malesia. Blumea. Supplement, 16(January), 1–166.
NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=94327
Plant Illustration. http://plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=45883
Plant List. 2012. http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Alpinia+galanga
Tungmunnithum, D., Tanaka, N., Uehara, A., & Iwashina, T. (2020). Flavonoids
profile, taxonomic data, history of cosmetic uses, anti-oxidant and anti-aging
potential of alpinia galanga (L.) willd. Cosmetics, 7(4), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7040089
Uniprot. https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/94327
PENAMAAN TUMBUHAN (NOMENCLATUR)

Tentukanlah, Basionim, Sinonim dan Valid name
BASIONIM: Maranta galanga L., 1762; Maranta galanga L., Sp. pl., ed. 2, 1 (1762)
3. — Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, U. S. D. A. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 261 (1912) 21.
— Type: Herb. amboin. 5: 143, t. 63 (1747).
SINONIM:
 Homotypic synonyms:
Maranta galanga L.;
 Heterotypic synonyms:
Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe; Alpinia bifida Warb.; Alpinia carnea Griff.;
Alpinia pyramidata Blume; Alpinia rheedei Wight; Alpinia viridiflora Griff.;
Amomum galanga (L.) Lour.; Amomum medium Lour.; Hellenia alba
(Retz.) Willd.; Heritiera alba Retz.; Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz; Languas
pyramidata (Blume) Merr.; Languas vulgare Koenig; Zingiber galanga (L.)
Stokes; Zingiber medium Stokes; Zingiber sylvestre Gaertner;
Alpinia galanga var. galanga; Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume)
K.Schum.; Languas galanga; Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw 1 , 2 Amomum
galanga (L.) Lour2-3-4 Alpinia viridiflora Griff1 Maranta galanga (L.)1 , 2
Languas galanga (L.)Stuntz '•2'3 Languas vulgare J.Koenig2-3
VALID NAME: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4
[Willdenow] 1(1): 12 (1797); Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 1: 12 (1797);
Rev. Hand. Fl. Ceylon 4: 516 (1983); Larsen et al., Gingers Malay. Pen. and
Singapore: 66 (1999);Wu and Larsen, Fl. China 24: 343 (2000); Larsen and Larsen,
Gingers Thailand: 107 (2006); Leti et al., Fl. Photo. Cambodge: 536 (2013).
Tanggal Praktikum :16 Maret 2021

Nilai :
Paraf Assiten :
SRI LANKAN MEDICINAL PLANT
MONOGRAPHS AND ANALYSIS
VOL-10
ALPINIA GALANGA
Lakshmi Arambewela
Aravinda Wijesinghe
SRI LANKAN MEDICINAL PLANT
MONOGRAPHS AND ANALYSIS
VOL - 1 0
ALPINIA GALANGA
Lakshmi Arambewela and Aravinda Wijesinghe

Edited by
Dilmani Warnasuriya
Industrial Technology Institute

(Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)
363, Bauddhaloka Mawatha
Colombo 07
Sri Lanka '
Published by
National Science Foundation
2006
i
©Industrial Technology Institute & National Science Foundation, 2006.
First published in 2006.
ISBN 955-590-042-6
Published by National Science Foundation.
Arambewela, Lakshmi
Sri Lankan Medicinal plant Monograph and Analysis:
Alpinia galanga/ Lakshmi Arambewela and Aravinda Wijesinghe.-
Colombo: National Science Foundation, 2006.
Vol. 10, iii, 36p. ill.; 30 cm. -(Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants, Vol. 10)
ISBN 955-590-042-6 Price: Rs. 200.00
i. 615.321 DDC 21 ii. Title

iii. Series
iv. Arambewela, Lakshmi jt.au.
v. Wijesinghe, Aravindajt.au.
1. Medicinal plants 2. Botany, Chemistry, Traditional medicine
The information found in this monograph is taken from available scientific

literature. The authors accept no liability for any damages arising from any
claims contained in this text except the work carried out by the authors.
II
Preface
Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka have been carried out in the Herbal Technology Division of Industrial
Technology Institute (former Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research) for almost two decades. This
monograph which is the tenth in this series incorporates information collected from literature surveys, researches
and also experiences of the Herbal Technology Division staff. This monograph is intended for a varied reading
public, herbal drug manufacturers who need to identify their herbal raw materials, Ayurvedic physicians who
need some scientific information on medicinal plants, research workers requiring some quick background
information on a plant, industrialists or entrepreneurs pondering on commercial ventures and the inquiring lay
readers. We hope this monograph fulfils some requirements of each of them.
The authors wish to thank the members of the Herbal Technology Division for their contribution, the Information
Service Center for providing information, Department of Plant Sciences and Department of Zoology of the
University of Colombo for assisting in anatomical studies, Food Technology Division of the Industrial Technology
Institute for helping in the analysis of powdered plant materials and the Microbiology Laboratory for photographing
the slides. They also gratefully acknowledge the sponsor National Science Foundation for the research grant (RG
/2004/TM/OT).
Herbal Technology Division

Industrial Technology Institute
P.O.Box 787
Colombo 07
Sri Lanka.
Ill
Alpinia galanga (L.) W i l l d
Family
Zingiberaceae
Synonyms
1,2
Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw
2 3 4
Amomum galanga (L.) Lour - -
1
Alpinia viridiflora Griff
1,2
Maranta galanga (L.)
2 3
Languas galanga (L.)Stuntz '• '
2 3
Languas vulgare J.Koenig -
Selected Vernacular Names

1
Sinhala - Aratta, Mahaaratta, Kaluwala
3
Indonesia - Langkuas (general)
3
Malaysia - Lengkuas, Puar
3
Philippines - Languas (general), Pal-la (Mandaya)
3
Burma (Myanmar) - Padagogi
3
Cambodia - Rumdeng, Pras
3
Thailand - Kha, kha yuak(northern)
3
Vietnam - Ri(eeF)ng
14
Tamil -Perarattai
4
Telugu - Peddadumparashtram
4
Marathi - Koshtkulayan
4
Malayalam - Arratta,peraratta,kol-inji
4
Gujarati - Kulinjan
4
Kanarese / Kannada -Dumparrasaai
Bengali, Hindi,
1,4
Sanskrit &Urdu - Barakulanjar, Kulanjan
13
French -Galanga
1,4
English - Greater galangal
Pharmacopoeia
Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia
Chinese Pharmacopoeia
European Pharmacopoeia
Distribution
It is found in Indonesia, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Egypt and Sri Lanka. It grows in open
sunny places, forests and brushwood. It is commonly cultivated in the mid and low-country in Sri
13 46
Lanka. -
1
Morphology
A perennial tuberous herb with elongate leafy stems and slightly aromatic rootstock; leaves cauline,
22.5-45 cm long, 3.7-11.2 cm broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, green above, paler beneath
with slightly callous white margins, sheaths long, glabrous, ligule about 1 cm long and rounded; flowers
irregular, bisexual, greenish white in dense-flowered panicles 15-30 cm long, branches short, rachis
pubescent, pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long, bracts 1 cm long, ovate-lanceolate; calyx 1 cm long, tubular,
irregularly 3-toothed; corolla gamopetalous, 3cm long, tube 1.2 cm long, lobes oblong, obtuse,subequal,
0.6 cm broad, lip 2.1 cm long, claw green, 6 mm long, 2.5 mm broad, blade white striated with red,
about 1.2 cm long, broadly elliptic, shortly 2-lobed at apex with a pair of subulate glands at the base
of the claw; stamen 1, perfect, 1.8 cm long, filament flattened, anther cells diverging at the top
occasionally with an orbicular crest, lateral staminodes minute or obsolete; ovary inferior, 3-locular,
ovules few on an axile placenta, stylefiliform,stigma subglobose; fruit orange red, indehiscent.
Fig-1. Alpinia galanga plant
1. Leaf 2. Inflorescence 3. Flower 4. Rhizome 5. Roots.
(Source - Indian Medicinal Plants. A Compendium of 500 species I, Orient Longman, p. 107)
Plant Material of Interest

1 3,4
Mainly rhizome but seeds and fruits are also used. -
Official Drug
,3 4 5
Dried rhizomes, rhizome oil, powder and seeds. ' ' '
Pharmacognostic Features*
Anatomy
'. s. IP** . :jH

4 ^ '
<•
It 1 ^ :
J^^^ •• • 'kit
Fig- 2 . Cross section oi Alpinia galanga rhizome (st..::ud with sai'raninc ( 1 0 \ 10) >
1 .Ground tissue (parenchyma) 2.Secretion cells 3 S e l e r e n !i>' ;acc , 4 Phloem 5.Xylem
Fig- 3 . Cross section Alpinia galanga leaf (stained with safranine ( 1 0 x 1 0 ) )

1. L o w e r epidermis 2. S c l e r e n c h y m a cells 3. Phloem 4.Xylem 5. Parenchyma cells 6. Upper
epidermis
F i g - 4. Cross section of Alpinia galanga root (stained with safranine ( l O x 10))
1. E p i d e r m i s 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis 4. P e r i c y c l e 5. P h l o e m 6. X y l e m 7.
Sclerenchyma cells 8. Pith
Powder analysis
Analyzed part - R h i z o m e
Organoleptic properties
Colour - B r o w n
Odour - Aromatic
Taste - Pungent
Microscopic characters
F i g - 6. Schematic diagram of powder microscopy
1. Parenchyma eel Is 2. X y l e m vessel segments with different thickenings 3. Fibers 4.Tracheid 5.
Parenchyma cells with oil secretion cell 6. Oil secretion cells 7. Parenchyma cells with starch
granules 8. Starch granules
* These analysis were carried out by the authors at Industrial Technology Institute and the Dept. of Plant
Sciences and Dept. of Zoology of University of Colombo.
Physico-chemical Analysis'
Extractable matter
Crushed, dried plant material (about 4 g) was weighed to a glass-stoppered conical flask. Solvent
(100 mL) was added, weighed, shaken well and allowed to stand for lh. It was then boiled for lh and
cooled. The weight was readjusted with specified solvent andfiltered.Filtrate (25 mL) was taken,
solvent was evaporated and oven dried at 105 °C for 6 h, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
Total ash
Crushed, air dried plant material (about 4 g) was weighed to a previously ignited crucible. The material
was ignited by gradually increasing the temperature to 550 °C until free from carbon. The crucible was
cooled and weighed.
Acid insoluble ash
Hydrochloric acid (25 mL, cone. -70 g/L) was added to the crucible containing total ash, covered
with a watch glass and boiled gently for 5min. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter
paper and washed with hot water until thefiltratewas neutral. Thefilterpaper containing the insoluble
matter was transferred to the original crucible and ignited to a constant weight.
Water soluble ash
Water (25 mL) was added to the crucible containing total ash, covered with a watch glass and boiled
gently for 5min. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashlessfilterpaper and washed with hot
water. The filter paper containing the insoluble matter was transferred to the original crucible and
ignited for 15 min. at a temperature not exceeding 450°C. Water soluble ash is the calculated difference
in weight between the total ash and the residue remaining after treatment of the total ash with water.
Moisture content of the samples was estimated andlTf the ca&titetions-Were done on dry weight
basis.
Tablel. Physico-Chemical parameters of Alpinia galanga rhizome**
Physico-chemical parameter Amount (%)

Ethanol extractive of rhizome 9.8-10.5
Watei extractive of rhizome 11.3-13.6

Acid insoluble ash 3.8-5.8
Water soluble ash 4.3-5.9
Total ash 8.3-11.9
(Results are expressed as percentages on dry weight basis)

Thin Layer Chromatographic Profile**
Alpinia galanga ethanol extract of rhizome
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizome ( 4 g ) w a s b o i l e d with 9 5 % ethanol ( 1 0 0 m L )
for l h and the extract w a s filtered and e v a p o r a t e d to d r y n e s s . Ten
microliters ( 1 0 p L ) of the diluted extract (0.1 g in 5 m L ) w a s
spotted on T L C plate.
Adsorbent :Silicagel-GF 2 5 4
Solvent s y s t e m : C y c l o h e x a n e : Chloroform : Ethyl acetate ( 2 . 8 : 2 . 0 : 0 . 2 )
Detection
Direct e v a l u a t i o n : U V
2 5 w R
r v a l u e s
- 0.13,0.22, 0.33, 0.56,0.65, 7 5 , 0 . 8 6
U V R v a |
. 3 6 w r u e s - 0.13,0.56
Sinning : D e n s i t o m e t e r at 2 5 4 n m (before spraying) and 4 5 0 n m (after
spraying)
Spray reagent : Vanillin sulphif
Fig- 7. T L C finger print profile of ethanol extract o f Alpinia galanga rhizome

0.400
Table 2. Description of densitogram (Fig-8)

0.300
Peak no. Y(mm) Relative area %

0.200 1 15.46 19.99
:
0.100
h f\ 2
3
24.03
31.88
7.97
27.65
4 45.21 5.05
5 50.74 8.30
0.000
U 6 56.91 5.82
7 63.89 8.11
-0.100 !
10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Stage Y(mm)
Fig- 8. Densitogram of T L C finger print profile of
ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 254 nm

0.400
Peak no. Y(mm) Relative area %
1 14.77 25.15
0.300
2 23.70 14.47
3 32.17 9.51
0.200
4 37.48 8.87
5 50.72 15.69
0.100 6 63.92 14.16
0.000
-0.100
10.0 20.0 300 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Stage Y(mm)
Fig- 9. Densitogram of T L C fingerprint profile of
ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 450 nm

Alpinia galanga water extract of rhizome
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizome (4 g) was boiled with water (100 mL) for lh
and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness. Ten micro
liters (10 p L ) of the diluted extract (0.09 g in 5 m L ) was spotted
on T L C plate.
Absorbent : Silica g e l - G F 254
Solvent system : B u t a n o l : Water: Ammonia ( 4 . 6 : 0 . 3 : OA)
Detection
Direct evaluation : ITV R values - 0.14,0.39, 0.80

f
254 nm, f ' '

Scanning
: Densitometer at 254 nm (before spraying) and 450 nm (after
Spraying)
Spray reagent
Vanillin sulphate
Fig-10. T L C fingerprint profile of water extract ofAlpinia galanga rhizome

0.400

Peak no. Y(mm) Relative are %
0.300
1 14.82 27.68
2 25.80 2.82
0.200
3 32.82 23.73
4 54.41 2.62
0.100 5 64.06 3.02
6 73.87 3.45
0.000
•0.100
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.

Stage Y(mm)
Fig-11 Densitogram of TLCfingerprint profile of

water extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 254 nm
0.400
1 Peak no.
A Y(mm) Relative area %
0.300
4I 1 9.99 38.72
A 2 17.64 5.17
0.200 I 3
4
20.41 6.55
27.84 23.93
5 37.32
0.100 V 6 51.67
3.48
4.92
0.000
7 '
-0.100
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Stage Y(mm)
Fig-12. Densitogram of TLC finger print profile

of water extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 450 nm
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Profile
Alpinia galanga water extract of rhizome
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizomes (4 g) were boiled with water (100 mL) for
lh and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The diluted extract (8.5 mg in 5mL) was purified using Sep-pak
CI 8 cartridge.
Injection volume : 20 fih
Apparatus : Shimadzu LC - 1 0 ADvp pumps and Shimadzu SPD - M10 Avp
uv / vis photodiode array detector.
Column : Inertsil 5U ODS - 2 reverse phase column, (250 mm x 2.6 mm)
Solvent system : Acetonitrile: Water (50:50)
Flow rate : 1 mL/min
Detection : 254 nm
Table 6. Retention times of main peaks

Peak no. Retention time(min) Relative area %
1 2.52 52.95
2 3.47 11.56
3 9.60 6.03
4 11.74 6.74
5 17.95 3.46
Fig-13. HPLC finger print profile of

water extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome
0
Alpinia galanga ethanol extract of rhizome
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizomes (4 g) were boiled with 95% ethanol (100
mL) for lh and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The diluted extract (8.1 mg in 5mL) was purified using Sep-pak
CI8 cartridge.
Injection volume :20 uL
Apparatus : Shimadzu LC - 1 0 ADvp pumps and Shimadzu SPD - M 10 Avp
uv / vis photodiode array detector.
Column : Inertsil 5U ODS - 2 reverse phase column, (250 mm x 2.6 mm)
Solvent system : Methanol: Water (75 :25)
Flow rate : 0.7 mL/min
Detection :254nm
Table 7. Retention times of main peaks

Peak no. Retention time(min) Relative area %
IM-
1 4.21 56.56
2 6.35 4.85
3 8.63 1.12
3
< a 4 9.38 5.83
E SD-
5 11.70 0.82
I 234
V\AA 5
I) _....—_—
0 5 10 15 20
Mniuets
Fig-14. HPLGfinger print profile of

ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome
** These analysis were carried out by the authors at Industrial Technology Institute.
Phytochemistry
The rhizomecontains essential oils, the constituents of which are methyl cinnamate, p-methane-1,8-
epoxy-acethoxychavicol acetate, alpinin, kaempferide, 3-dioxy 4-methoxy flavone, pinene, camphor,
pineol, galangin, (rS)-l'-acetoxychavicol acetate, (rS)-l'-acetoxyeugenol acetate, 1'-
acetoxychavicol acetate (7), 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8), D-camphor, chavicol, chavicol acetate,
l,8-cineole(13),3-hyciroxy-l,8-cineoleglucopyran^
1,8-cineole-D-glucopyranosides, (lR,3S,4S)-u^ns-3-hydroxy-l,8-cineole-D-glucopyranoside,
trans coniferyl diacetate, trans -p-coumaryl diacetate, di-(p-hydroxy-cis-styryl) methane, eugenol
acetate, trans pVfaranesene, 7-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy flavone, 4-hydoxybenzyldehyde, 1'-
hydroxychavicol acetate, p-hydroxycinammaldehyde, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-4'-
methylether, kaempferol-7'-methylether, methylcinnamate, methyleugenol, 3-carene, cc-thujene
a-pinene (6) , (5-pinene (5), camphene(l 1), myrcene, p-cymene (2), borneol (15) , a-
terpineol (1), 4-terpineol (17), fenchyl acetate, bomyl acetate, a-humulene(16),zerumbone.
Two skeletal diterpenes, named galanga A (9) and B (10), and 2 labdane type diterpenes, named
galanolactone and (E) -(3 (17), 12-labdiene-15,16-dial, were isolated from A. galanga together
with (E)-(17) - |3epoxylabd-12-enel5,16-dial. One of the pungent principle of A. galanga rhizome
7 8 910 12 ,3 ,4 ,5 16 17 lg
was isolated and identified as 1' -acetoxychavicol diacetate. - - - "• - - - - - - - " M ^ * - * -
Leaf oil contains mainly myrcene, (3-ocimene, a-pinene (6), borneol (15), P-caryophyllene(12),
24
P-bisabolene.
Flower oil contains a-pinene (6), sabinene, limonene (3), a-phyllandrene(14), l,8-cineole(13),
linalool (4), terpinen-4-ol (17), a-terpineol(l), methyl eugenol, a-patchoulene, caratol, a -
caryophyllene(12), a-bergamotene,(E,E), a-famesene, nerolidol, a - bisabolol and benzyl
25
benzoate.
26
.. galanga contain 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8) and 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate (7).
Seed contains 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8), 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate (7), caryophyllene oxide,
caryophyllenol I, caryophyllenol II, pentadecane, 7-heptadecane, fatty acid methyl esters, galanga A
20
(9), B (10), (E) and 8,17-epoxy labd-12-ene-15,16-diol .
OH
(1) a-Terpineol (2) p-Cymene (3) Limonene
OH
(4) Linalool (5) P-Pinene (6) a-Pinene
CH2
(7) 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate, R=H

(8) 1'-Acetoxyeugenol acetate, R=OMe
Fig-15. Compounds in Alpinia galanga

(9) Galanal A, R=OH, R =H (11) Camphene
(10) Galanal B, R=H, R =OH
(14) P-Phyllandrene (15) Borneol

OH
(16)a-Humulene (17) 4-Terpineol
Gas Chromatographic Profile of Essential Oil of Alpinia galanga
Method of distillation of oil
Dried crushed rhizomes of A. galanga were hydrodi stilled for 4 hrs using a Clevenger arm to obtain
the rhizome oil (0.56%). The oil was subjected to GC analysis. The peaks were identified by peak
enhancement experiments and mass spectral data. NMR data of the major compound was obtained.
17
Quantitative data of the peaks were obtained from the GC. The oil contents are expressed on dry
weight basis.
Details of the gas chromatograph operating conditions

The GC Instrument - H.P 5890-2 model, using a Restek RTX-5 column (30 m long and
0.25 mm id, with a coating thickness of 1 micron).
Initial oven temperature - 40 °C
Final oven temperature - 280 °C
Programmed rate -10°C/min
The concentration of the compounds was determined by comparing the peak area of the compound
with the total area of the peaks in the chromatogram.
9
i i
4
8.
5 6T
17
Fig-18. Gas chromatogram of Alpinia galanga rhizome oil
Table 8. Description of the gas chromatogram of Alpinia galanga rhizome oill7
Peak no. Compound Relative area %

1 a-Pinene 1.9
2 Camphene 6.4
3 P-Pinene 0.8
4 p-Cymene 6.5
5 Camphor 4.9
6 Fenchyl acetate fe
4.47
7 Bornyl acetate 0.6
8 a-Humulene 5.97
9 Zerumbone 44.84
Medicinal Uses
Uses described in pharmacopoeia and other traditional systems of medicine
The roots of A galanga are used to rub on spots caused by "panu" a common skin fungus causing
white blotches and for eczema, bronchitis, coryza, morbili, pityriasis versicolor, otitis interna, gastritis,
6
ulcers, cholera, and the seed of A. galanga is used for emaciation.
5
The drug is used as follows according to Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
Nervous system- Used for nervous debility and nervous diseases and it stimulates and strengthens the
5
nerves.
In gastrointestinal system- The drug helps to clean the mouth, stimulates the digestive power, appetite
and acts as a purgative. 'Teekshana' property helps to increase the mixing of food in the stomach,
5
salivary secretion and digestive secretions. It also prevents anorexia and abdominal pain.
In blood circulatory system - The drug increases the blood supply to the gastrointestinal system and as
a result it reduces the cardiac contractions, cardiac output and blood supply to the vital organs. It is
5
also used for 'Vitaja' heart diseases.
In respiratory system-The drug reduces the sputum (Kapha) and dilates the bronchioles and reduces
asthma. It strengthens the laryngeal folds. It can also be used for speech defects such as dysarthria,
5
stammering and aphasia.
In urinary system-It slightly reduces the ability of urine production and used for polyuria and other
5
urine disorder formulations.
In genital system-It is used for impotency. By keeping a piece of rhizome in the mouth, it is said to
5
promote sexual desire.
5
It also helps to protect from cold.
External application of Rasana powder reduces hyperespiration and coldness due to circulatory failure.
Uses in folk medicine
• In Java the fresh grated rhizomes with a little salt is given on an empty stomach for an enlarged
3
spleen.
• In Philippines the rhizomes are considered carminative and stimulative. A decoction of the
3
leaves is used as an anti rheumatic and for stimulant baths.
• In Indonesian traditional medicine, A. galanga is used as an ingredient in treatment of ear

27 28 29
pain, cholera, skin disease, eczema and sprains.
3
• In Arabian countries the rhizomes are used as aphrodisiac and as a veterinary medicine.
• In South-East Asian countries the rhizomes of A. galanga are used in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia, obesity, haemorrhoid, menstrual disorder and acne. It is also used as a
30
laxative, uric acid suppressant, and given during pregnancy and after child birth.
• The seeds are considered stomachic and sternutatory; they are prescribed in China for colic,
1,4
diarrhoea and vomiting.
• In tropical Asian countries the drug is widely used in rheumatism and bronchial catarrh. It is
considered a tonic and used as a fragrant adjunct to complex preparations and also in cough
and digestive mixtures. Its chief use is for clearing the voice. The drug has expectorant action
and is useful in many respiratory ailments, especially for children suffering from whooping
cough. It has an antispasmodic effect that alleviates asthma and also exhibits anti-amphetamine
and diuretic properties. In affections of the gastro-intestinal tract, the drug may be useful like
31
other volatile oils. *•
• • It is reported to be used as emmenagogueby rural people in Thailand and in Chile, abortifacient

in Indonesia, anti pyretic, anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of heart diseases, chronic
enteritis, dyspersia, gastralgia, antinauseant and uterine stimulant in Saudi Arabia, kidney
32,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,41
diseases, diabetes and rheumatism etc in India.
39
• A. galanga has been used in traditional medicine for antifungal purposes in Thailand.
• In India the hot water extract is used for pain in the chest and a decoction used for Tuberculous
42,43
glands and sore throat.
Other Uses
• The rhizome is generally used as a spice or source of essential oil throughout its distribution
2 3
area. -
3 4
• T h e flowers and y o u n g shoots are used as a vegetable or as a s p i c e .
4
• In Kerala, rhizomes are used for seasoning fish in p i c k l i n g .
• T h e r h i z o m e s are u s e d for insecticidal purposes as the essential oil has a high k n o c k d o w n

4
effect against houseflies and Anopheles minimus.
4
• Galanga root oil is also used for perfumes and as a r e s i n o i d .
2 4
• Dried rhizomes are used as a f o o d in T h a i l a n d .
Ayurvedic / Traditional Medicinal Preparations

It is used as a constituent of the f o l l o w i n g Ayurvedic preparations.
Rasandi gugluva, Ashvaganda oil, Karpasadi oil, Maha naraya oil, Mahabala oil, Vishagana neela oil,
Chyathya ghathya,Vruhathjagaladighathaya, Kakubdhadi powder, Ashvagandadi powder, Ranagigru
kvathaya, Ranavishvadiya (Rasna dashamula), Rasna sapthayakaya, Bilvorasnadi kvathaya, Dashamul

5 4 4
Iguruadi kvathaya, Dashamuladi kvathaya, Kumara g u l i y a .
Activity Studies
• Antifungal activity- A. galanga extract has shown inhibition against the growth of three
groups of fungi: yeast (Saccharomyces species, Candida albican), mold {Aspergillus flavus,
A. fumigatus, A. niger) and dermatophytes {Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes). The crude extract of A. galanga showed effective fungal inhibition (60%)
of Trichophyton longifusus while moderate inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus,
Microsporum canis and Fusarium solani (30%, 50%and 40%, respectively) and low
inhibitory action against Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and
38 45 47 4849 50 51 53 54 56
Cryptococcus neoformuns. ' -*»• ' ' - • ' '**•
Antibacterial activity- Ethereal extract of A galanga rhizomes has shown significant inhibition
against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Gram A, Streptococcus Gram B,
Staphylococcus lutea, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatics, Bacillus cereus,
Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia
coli, Shigella senteriae, Hemophilus pertussis, Vibrio cholera, Diplococcus pneumoniae,
Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella schottmuelleri, Staphylococcus albus and
antimycobacterial acti vity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Bovis,
42 46 57,58 59 60 61,62,63 64
Mycobacterium avium was also observed. ' ' ' ' ' '
• Antiprotozoan activity- Antiprotozoan activity against Paramecium caudatum and

42
Paramecium caudatum have been observed.
• Antitumor activity- DL-1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate and acetoxyeugenol acetate isolated

from A. galanga, have shown antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 (ascites) in mice.
Investigation using rat showed that 1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate from A. galanga could inhibit
the development of azoxymethane induced colonic aberrant crypt foci through its suppression
of cell proliferation in the colonic mucosa and 1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate might be a possible
chemopreventive agent against colon tumor ingenesis. 1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate was also
proven to be a highly active anti-tumor promoter by an in vivo test on mouse skin. 1'-
Acetoxychavicol acetate also acts as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, indicating that it may
exhibit antitumor activity by inhibiting the generation of anions during the tumor promotion.
The effect of A. galanga extracts on hepatocarcinogenisis was investigated in a medium term
bioassay using male rats. A galanga may contain agents augmenting the hepatocarcinogenicity
of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo (4,5-f) quinoxaline. Hexane extract (dose 10 mg/kg) and
14,18,
methanol extract showed antitumor promoting activity against mouse. 65,66.67.68.69.70.71,72
• Antitrypanosomal activity- Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi has been

73
reported.
Antiinflammatory activity- The water soluble fraction of the alcoholic extract of the air
dried plant is reported to exhibit a significant antiinflammatory activity in albino rats similar to
that of P-methasone. Fruits of A. galanga contain l ' - a c e t o x y c h a v i c o l acetate and
426
acetoxyeugenol acetate which have antiinflammatory activity.
Insect antifeedant activity- Methanol extracts of A. galanga have strong effects on

81
Callosobruchus chinensis adults and also on PlutellaxyloStella l a r v a e .
Cancer chemopreventive- Root oil contains ethyl trans cinnamate and ethyl 4-methoxy-
trans-cinnamate. Ethyl trans cinnamate and ethyl 4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate exhibited significant
chemopreventive activity in the mouse liver and intestines. Evaluation for inhibitory activities of
the methanol extracts of A. galanga toward 12-O-hexadecanophenoylphorbol 13-acetate
induced Epstein-Barr vims activation suggested that this plant has high potentiality for cancer
chemoprevention. 1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate showed powerful inhibitory effects on 4-
nitroquinoline 1 -oxide induced rat tongue carcinogenesis in the initiation or post initiation phase
as well as on 12-O-tetradeconoylphorbol 13-acetate induced skin tumor promotion in ICR
mice initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene. r-Acetoxychavicol acetate may be
recognized as an intrinsic antioxidant, which specifically blocks the xanthine oxidase and NADPH
7 0 8 2
oxidase systems generating 0 2
Irritant activity- The extract causes irritation to soft tissue of male rabbits. 79
Smooth muscle stimulating activity- An alcohol water (1:1) extract of rhizome was shown
to have smooth muscle stimulating effects on the isolated guinea pig ileum. In moderate doses
the rhizome oil has an antispasmodic action on involuntary muscle tissue, inhibiting excessive
83
peristaltic movement of the intestines.
Antioxidant activity- A. galanga extract may be a possible natural antioxidant source for
meat and meat products. (In raw beef, addition of A. galanga extract was as effective as oc-
tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene in inhibiting / minimizing lipid oxidation). Ethanol
extracts of A. galanga showed higher antioxidative stability at neutral pH than that at acidic
2 +
pH. The extracts also exhibited strong superoxide anion scavenging activity, F e chelating
activity and reducing p o w e r in a concentration dependant manner and acted as a radical
85
scavenger and a lipoxygenase inhibitor. **•
Antiulcer activity- Antiulcer agents were isolated from A .galanga seeds and they were
identified as 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate. Ethanol extracts
showed antiulcer activity against hyperthermia induced ulcers ethanol induced ulcers, HC1
induced ulcers, indomethacin induced ulcers, reserpine induced ulcers and pyloric ligation
86,87,88
induced u l c e r s .
• Acaricides activity- Acaricides are present in A. galanga seed extracts showed mortality
89
against Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Dermatopnagoid.es pteronyssinus.
• Immunostimuiating activity- Hot water extract of A. galanga showed a marked stimulating

effect on the reticulo-endoethelial system (RES) and increased the number of peritoneal exudate
9
cells (PEC), and spleen cells of mice.
• Inhibitory effects- Methanol extracts of A. galanga showed significant inhibitory effects of

more than 60% on platelet-activating factor (PAF) binding to rabbit platelets. l'S-l'-
acetoxychavicol acetate from the rhizomes of A. galanga showed inhibitory activity against
production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse peritoneal
macrophages and IFN- pmRNA expression as well as NF-KB activation. l'S-l'-
acetoxychavicol acetate inhibited the lesions induced by 0.6 M HC1 (ED =0.73 mg/kg) and
J0
62
aspirin (ED = 0.69 mg/kg). The 80% acetone extract of the A. galanga was found to
50
inhibit release of hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-IgE-mediated degranulation in RBL-

2H3 cells. 1 'S-l'-acetoxychavicol acetate andl 'S-l '-acetoxyeugenol acetate inhibited ear
passive cutaneous anaphylaxis actions in mice and the antigen-IgE-mediated TNF-a and JL-
4 production in RBL-2H3 cells. Gastric secretary inhibition, prostroglandin synthesis inhibition,
intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition and
angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibition were also observed. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors were
isolated from the rhizomes of A. galanga and were identified as trans p-coumaryl diacetate,
trans coniferyl diacetate, l'S-l'-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1'S-l'-acetoxyeugenol acetate
and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.The type of inhibition by ether trans p-coumaryl diacetate or
21,
1 'S-1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate with respect to xanthine as substrate was uncompetitive.
23, 91,92,93.94.95,96
• Gastroprotective effects- 1'S-l'-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1'S-l'-acetoxyeugenol

acetate markedly inhibited the ethanol- induced gastric mucosal lesions (ED50=0.61 mg/kg
21
andca. 0.90 mg/kg).
Antihepatotoxic activity, Antiamphetamine activity, Antiascariasis activity, Aphrodisiac activity,

Diuretic activity, Hypertensive activity, Insect repellent activity on Anopheles minimus, Insecticidal
activity, Larvicidal activity, Antilithtic activity, Cytotoxic activity, Urine stimulant and relaxation
effect, Spermicidal effect on ox male, Anticlastogenic activity, Membrane stabilization effect and
74 75,76,77,78,79,80
Mutogenic activity were also reported. -
Safety Evaluation
Toxicity- H e m a t o l o g i c a l studies revealed a significant rise in the R B C level of A. galanga

treated animals as c o m p a r e d to the controls. T h e gain in w e i g h t o f sexual organs and increased
97
sperm motility and sperm counts were highly significant in treated male m i c e .
Cytotoxicity activity- 1 ' - A c e t o x y c h a v i c o l acetate w a s isolated as the major c y t o t o x i c

component of A. galanga against human cancer cell lines and non cancer cell lines by sulforodamine
22
B assay.
Propagation
A. galanga requires fertile soil a n d c o o l shady p l a c e s . T h e y are p r o p a g a t e d b y the d i v i s i o n s o f

rootstocks w h i c h are planted a meter apart at a permanent site in the garden or in pots. Liberal
watering and application of foliage spray are beneficial during the growing period. The plants require
thinning and clipping to keep them shapely and low. The rhizomes are washed, trimmed and carefully
4
dried after harvesting.
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Geneva.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia
Mark Newman
Amélie Lhuillier
Axel Dalberg Poulsen
BLUMEA Supplement 16
NATIONAAL HERBARIUM NEDERLAND, Universiteit Leiden branch
2004
ISSN 0006-5196
ISBN 90-71236-XX-X
BLUMEA Supplement 16
© 2004 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch
No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations in critical reviews,
may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form, including print, photocopy, microform,
electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission.
CHECKLIST OF THE ZINGIBERACEAE OF MALESIA
MARK NEWMAN 1, AMÉLIE LHUILLIER 2 & AXEL DALBERG POULSEN 3
SUMMARY
A checklist of Malesian Zingiberaceae is provided, giving generic names, specific and infraspecific
binomials and trinomials, basionyms, synonyms, protologues, type specimens and their locations and
limited information on distributions. The revision status of accepted genera and some nomenclatural
notes are included. In total 1,661 names are listed.
INTRODUCTION
This checklist is a precursor to a revision of the Zingiberaceae for Flora Malesiana

(FM). It appears very nearly a century after the last monograph of the family (Schu-
mann, 1904). During this time generic limits in the family have changed greatly and
many new species have been described, while the forests in Malesia have declined
catastrophically.
There have been revisions of the Zingiberaceae for certain areas within Malesia,
notably Holttumʼs Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula (Holttum, 1950) and
Smithʼs Review of Bornean Zingiberaceae (Smith, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989).
However, for large areas of Malesia, including Sumatra, the Philippines and all of
eastern Malesia, there is still only a scattering of old papers in a number of European
languages.
While traditional taxonomic work has made slow progress in recent years, phylo-
genetics has made great strides. The latest phylogenetic study of the family (Kress
et al., 2002) gives a new infrafamilial classification and clear indications that further
changes are to come in genera such as Alpinia and Amomum. This checklist, then,
should be seen as a compilation of current knowledge, not a finished work.
Our models in writing this checklist are the Checklist and Botanical Bibliography
of the Aroids of Malesia, Australia, and the Tropical Western Pacific (Hay et al., 1995)
and the World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae) (Govaerts &
Frodin, 2002). Though the Zingiberaceae are not as well known as the Araceae are to
those authors, and all genera, except some of the very small ones, require revision, we
1) Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK. Author for cor-
respondence.
2) Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (2 bis, place Tronville, 55600 Montmédy,
France).
3) Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
2 Blumea Supplement 16
try to give a revision status for each genus, as they did. Revision status A = recently
revised or currently under active revision at an advanced stage, B = partially revised
recently, C = not revised for 40 years or more.
METHODS
The checklist is drawn from a taxonomic database held at the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh (E) in which the boundaries of Malesia are defined. We subdivide Malesia
in the same way that Govaerts & Frodin (2002) divide the world, using the third level
areas in the TDWG standard world geographical scheme for recording plant distribu-
tions (http://www.tdwg.org/standrds.html#floristic). In Malesia these are Sumatra,
Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Bali,
the Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor Leste, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas,
West Papua, Papua New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago. In a small number
of cases, we have not been able to find out where in Borneo a specimen was collected
and so we simply cite the locality as Borneo. The north-west boundary of Malesia is
a line between Alor Setar and Pattani which includes all or part of the Thai provinces
of Narathiwat, Pattani, Satun, Songkhla and Yala. We have created an area in our
database consisting of these provinces and, where Thailand is cited in distributions,
it should be understood that we mean these provinces alone. The third level areas of
the TDWG scheme are not always countries. For example, the Bismarck Archipelago
and the North Solomons are part of Papua New Guinea but they are both third level
areas in the TDWG scheme. The Bismarck Archipelago is in Malesia but the North
Solomons are not.
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and other publications on Zingiber-
aceae were searched for names which have been used in Malesia. For each name
found, at least one specimen was entered into the database. This was usually a type
specimen, which may have been seen. Those types which have been seen by one
of the authors, or a correspondent, are indicated with an exclamation mark. When a
type is cited without an exclamation mark, we have only seen a reference to it in the
literature but have not seen the specimen itself. The herbaria given for unseen type
specimens are those where the respective authors are known to have worked. For ex-
ample, most types of names published by Schumann are cited as being at B, and those
of Valeton at BO. Many specimens at B and PNH no longer exist, since both herbaria
were damaged by fire during the Second World War. Species which are based on types
from outside Malesia are represented by any Malesian specimens in the database.
An attempt was made to record all determinations of type specimens. In many
cases these determinations are taken from literature, not from determinavit slips. For
example, Elmer 10534a (L) was recorded with two determinations, Adelmeria alpina
Elmer (by Elmer in 1915, the year of publication of the name) and Alpinia alpina
(Elmer) R.M. Sm. (by Smith in 1990, the year of publication of the combination). The
program which created the checklist from the database then listed Adelmeria alpina in
its place under the genus Adelmeria in the alphabetical order, and again in synonymy
under Alpinia alpina.
Introduction 3
It has not been possible in the time available to enter full determination histories
for each and every specimen. The result is that there are some synonyms which appear
under an accepted name but do not appear in the alphabetical order. We hope that this
will not seriously weaken the usefulness of the checklist.
At the end of this process, all specimens within Malesia were searched for names
attached to them. The kind of name appears in brackets after the author. Names can
be of four kinds, A = accepted, P = provisionally accepted, S = synonymous, and K
= unknown. Accepted names are listed with all their known synonyms, even those
based on specimens from outside Malesia. Basionyms are made explicit and names
listed in homotypic groups in date order. Abbreviations of the names of authors, and
places of publication of names conform to TDWG standards (http://www.tdwg.org/
standrds.html), that is, Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt & Powell, 1992) for ab-
breviations of names of authors, Taxonomic Literature, ed. 2 and its Supplements
(Stafleu & Cowan, 1976 et seq.) for book titles, and Botanico-periodicum-huntianum
for periodical titles (Lawrence et al., 1968, Bridson & Smith, 1991).
Provisionally accepted names are those which have not been revised for a long time.
It is not possible in the underlying database to record synonyms under a provisional
name so we have grouped provisional names in homotypic groups with the basionym
appearing first. Entries for provisional names which are based on an earlier name refer
the reader to the basionym. Names listed under the heading, “Combination(s)” are not
synonyms and should not be treated as such.
In some cases provisional names will be found in genera which are known to be
synonyms or in the wrong genus, according to current thinking. New combinations
may be required but we hold strongly to the opinion that combinations should not be
made routinely, without further study, since this merely clutters the literature with
names. These provisional names may just as likely turn out to be synonyms of better
known and more widespread species but this will only come to light when genera are
revised throughout Malesia.
Entries for synonyms refer the reader to the accepted name where full details are
given.
Our chief aim is to provide a complete list of names, correctly cited, which taxono-
mists must consider when they revise genera. Where possible we have identified type
material though we have not been able to visit all necessary herbaria. In addition, it
must be remembered that types known to have been at herbaria badly damaged in the
Second World War are probably lost forever.
Distributions of species are not all complete. This work is based substantially on
specimen data and we have not been able to record all specimens of Zingiberaceae
from Malesia. Many of the distributions will be complete because most species occur
in only one or two of our divisions of Malesia but caution should be exercised when
using our distribution data. This checklist is not suitable for drawing up checklists of
areas within Malesia.
Much of the information in this checklist can be consulted through the internet at
the Zingiberaceae Resource Centre (http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/ZRC/home.html).
One year after publication, all the information in the checklist, plus any more gathered
in that year, will be published at the ZRC.
We hope that this checklist will be a significant advance in studies of the Zingiber-
aceae. However, it is certain that there will be omissions and perhaps even mistakes
in it. We shall be very grateful if readers communicate errors or omissions to the first
author.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many curators have helped us by supplying information about specimens we have not
been able to see. In particular we thank Ulricke Starck and Robert Vogt (B), Chiara
Nepi, Giorgio Padovani and Laura Vivona (FI), Laurent Gautier (G), Jana Škorničková
(PR, PRC), and Ruth Kiew and Denise Ullrich (SING). Jan Frits Veldkamp (L) kindly
helped us to interpret the types of Blumeʼs names at L. We are grateful for the work
that Khaw Siok Hooi and Januarius Gobilik did on the genus Plagiostachys and to
Marco Roos (L) for facilitating a study grant to ADP from The Netherlands Organisa-
tion for Scientific Research.
CHECKLIST
Achasma Griff. = Etlingera Giseke

Achasma brevilabrum Valeton = Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Achasma coccineum (Blume) Valeton = Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai &
Nagam.
Achasma foetens (Blume) Valeton = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Achasma labellosum (K. Schum.) Valeton = Etlingera labellosa (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma macrocheilos Griff. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma megalocheilos Griff. = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Achasma metriocheilos Griff. = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma nasutum (K. Schum.) Loes. = Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma pauciflorum (Ridl.) Holttum = Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma philippinensis (Ridl.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera philippinensis
(Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma puniceum (Roxb.) Loes. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Achasma sphaerocephalum (Baker) Holttum = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M.
Sm.
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. grandiflorum Holttum = Etlingera metriocheilos var.

grandiflora (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. majus Holttum = Etlingera metriocheilos var. major
(Holttum) I.M. Turner
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. petiolatum Holttum = Etlingera metriocheilos var.
petiolata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. rubrostriatum Holttum = Etlingera metriocheilos var.
rubrostriata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Achasma subterraneum Holttum = Etlingera subterranea (Holttum) R.M. Sm.
Achasma triorgyale (Baker) Holttum = Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Achasma walang (Blume) Valeton = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Achasma xanthoparyphe (K. Schum.) Valeton = Etlingera xanthoparyphe
(K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Adelmeria Ridl. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Adelmeria albidum Elmer = Alpinia oblonga (Merr.) Loes.

Adelmeria alpina Elmer = Alpinia alpina (Elmer) R.M. Sm.
Adelmeria bifida Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes.
Adelmeria gigantifolia (Elmer) Elmer = Alpinia gigantifolia (Elmer) R.M. Sm.
Adelmeria oblonga Merr. = Alpinia oblonga (Merr.) Loes.
Alpinia Roxb. — (A)

Alpinia Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 350, nom. cons. — Type species: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Maranta L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2, quoad Maranta galanga L.
Catimbium Juss., Gen. pl. (1789) 62. — Type species: Catimbium nutans (L.) T. Lestib.
Heritiera Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 17. — Type species: Heritiera allughas Retz.
Hellenia Willd., Willd. Sp. pl. 1 (1797) 4, nom. illeg., non Retz., 1791. — Type species: Hellenia
allughas (Retz.) Willd.
Zerumbet J.C. Wendl., Sert. hannov. 4 (1798) 3. — Type species: Zerumbet speciosum J.C. Wendl.
Kolowratia C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. (1827) 113. — Type species: Kolowratia elegans C. Presl.
Cenolophon Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 60. — Type species: Cenolophon rubrum Blume.
Strobidia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 614. — Type species: Strobidia sumatrana Miq.
Guillainia Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10 (1866) 92. — Type species: Guillainia purpurata
Vieill.
Hellwigia Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 279. — Type species: Hellwigia pulchra Warb.
Cardamomum Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685, p.p. — Type species: Not designated.
Adelmeria Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 603. — Type species: Adelmeria bifida Ridl.
Elmeria Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 569, nom. illeg., non Elmera Rydb., 1905.
Languas Small, Fl. s. e. U. S. 2 (1913) 307. — Type species: Languas speciosa (J.C. Wendl.) Small.
Eriolopha Ridl., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. (1916) t. 3067. — Type species: Eriolopha flagellaris Ridl.
Revision status — A: M.F. Newman (in prep.).

Distribution — Throughout Malesia.
Alpinia acrostachya Steud. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia acuminata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia acuminata R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 63, nom. nov. — Basionym: Rhynchan-
thus papuanus Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 46. — Type: A. Gilli 440
(holo W), Western Highlands.
Distribution — Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia aenea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia aenea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32 (1972) 42. — Type:
M.J.S. Sands 595 (holo K, iso E!), South Sulawesi, Latimojong Mountains.
Distribution — Lesser Sunda Isl., Sulawesi.
Alpinia affinis Ridl. = Riedelia affinis (Ridl.) K. Schum.

Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Alpinia albertisii K. Schum. = Riedelia albertisii (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 7
Alpinia albipurpurea (P. Royen) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia albipurpurea (P. Royen) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 64. — Basionym: Kolow-
ratia albipurpurea P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 890. — Type: M. van
Balgooy 583 (holo L!), Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia allughas (Retz.) Roscoe = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Alpinia alpina (Elmer) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia alpina (Elmer) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 37. — Basionym: Adelmeria alpina
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2885. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10642 (syn GH!, K!), 10534
(syn U!), 10534a (syn G!, GH!, L!, MICH, P!).
Distribution — Philippines.
Alpinia amentacea R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia amentacea R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 351. — Type: B. Lee S 45518 (holo E!,
iso SAR!), Belaga.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Alpinia angustifolia K. Schum. = Alpinia glabra Ridl.

Alpinia annabellae Ridl. = Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes.
Alpinia apoensis Elmer — (A)

Alpinia apoensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2888. — Languas apoensis (Elmer) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 230. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 11889 (iso BM, FI!, G!, GH!, K!, L!,
U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe — (A)

Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 346. — Basionym: Heritiera
aquatica Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 18. — Type: J.G. König s.n., specimen lost.
Hellenia melanocarpa Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 24 (1862) 328. — Alpinia
melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 163. — Lan-
guas melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Burkill, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6 (1930) 260. — Type:
J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (BO).
Alpinia fraseriana Oliv., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. 16 (1887) t. 1567. — Languas fraseriana (Oliv.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 33. — Type: F.W. Burbidge s.n. (syn FI!), M. Fraser s.n. (syn K).
Alpinia rosella Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 164. — Lectotype: G.F. Hose 16
(K, designated by Turner, 2000), Brunei.
Alpinia exostylis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 314. — Languas exostylis (K. Schum.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: P.W. Korthals s.n.
Alpinia cornucervi Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 243. — Languas cornucervi
(Ridl.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: J. Hewitt s.n. (holo K), Sarawak.
Alpinia rubella Ridl. in Winkler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44 (1910) 529. — Languas rubella (Ridl.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: H.J.P. Winkler 3095 (holo WRSL), Kalimantan.
Alpinia quadriloba Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 90. — Type: C.B. Kloss 14527 (holo K, iso
SING!), Pulau Siberut.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kaliman-

tan, Java.
Alpinia arfakensis K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia arfakensis K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 296. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (July 1875)
(holo FI!), Arfak Mountains.
Distribution — West Papua.
Alpinia arfakensis var. subsessilis Valeton — (P)

Alpinia arfakensis var. subsessilis Valeton, in Gibbs, Fl. Arfak mts. (1917) 102. — Type: L.S. Gibbs
5524 (syn BM), 5983 (syn BO!), 5983 bis (syn BM).
Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 69. — Basionym:
Cenolophon argenteum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 310.
— Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin 5166 (holo E!), Gunung Murud.
Distribution — Sarawak, Sabah.
Alpinia assimilis Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia assimilis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 166. — Catimbium assimile
(Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 152. — Lectotype: C. Curtis 2766 (SING!,
designated by Turner, 2000), Penang.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia.
Alpinia athroantha Valeton — (A)

Alpinia athroantha Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 952. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 409 (syn L!),
G.M. Versteeg 1438 (syn BO!, L!).
Alpinia aurantiaca Ridl. = Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker

Alpinia aurantiaca Wall. ex Baker, nom. nud. = Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker
Alpinia aurantiaca var. hirtior Ridl. = Alpinia rafflesiana var. hirtior (Ridl.) Holttum
Alpinia beamanii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia beamanii R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1989) 341. — Type: J.H. Beaman
8308 (holo E!, iso L!), Crocker Range.
Distribution — Sabah.
Alpinia biakensis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia biakensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35 (1977) 205. — Type: A.J.G.H.
Kostermans & Soegang 882 (holo L!), Bismarck Archipelago.
Distribution — Sulawesi, Bismarck Archipelago.
Alpinia bifida Warb. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.

Alpinia biligulata Valeton = Pleuranthodium biligulatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia blumei D. Dietr. = Alpinia javanica Blume
Alpinia blumei K. Schum. = Alpinia ludwigiana R.M. Sm.
Alpinia bodenii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia bodenii R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 64, nom. nov. — Basionym: Eriolopha
sericea Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 221. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (17 January
1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia borneensis Valeton ex Gagnep. = Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton
Alpinia brachyantha Merr. — (A)

Alpinia brachyantha Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 10 (1915) 296. — Languas brachyantha (Merr.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 230. — Type: C.M. Weber 1571 (iso E!, K!, P!), Abulug River.
Alpinia brachypoda K. Schum. = Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl.

Alpinia branderhorstii Valeton = Pleuranthodium branderhorstii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia brevilabris C. Presl — (A)

Alpinia brevilabris C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1 (1827) 110. — Languas brevilabris (C. Presl) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 230. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (PR!).
Alpinia brevituba Valeton = Alpinia odontonema K. Schum.

Alpinia burkillii M.R. Hend. = Alpinia pahangensis Ridl.
Alpinia caerulea (R. Br.) Benth. — (A)

Alpinia caerulea (R. Br.) Benth., Fl. austral. 6 (1873) 265. — Basionym: Hellenia caerulea R. Br.,
Prodr. (1810) 308. — Type: R. Brown s.n. (1802) (syn BM).
Alpinia calycodes K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia calycodes K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 295. — Type: O. Beccari 589 (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Distribution — West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia campanaria Ridl. = Alpinia javanica Blume

Alpinia cannifolia Ridl. = Alpinia vitellina var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M. Turner
Alpinia capitellata Jack — (A)

Alpinia capitellata Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 2 (1822) 4. — Languas capitellata (Jack)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 33. — Type: W. Jack s.n. specimen lost.
Alpinia grandiceps Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 148. — Languas grandiceps
(Ridl.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: J. Hewitt s.n. (November 1907) (holo
K, iso SAR!), Kuching.
Distribution — Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah.
Alpinia carinata Valeton — (A)

Alpinia carinata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 945. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1271 (holo BO!), near
Sabang and Alkmaar, Mundung River.
Alpinia carnea Griff. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.

Alpinia caudata Gagnep. = Alpinia romburghiana Valeton
Alpinia celebica Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia celebica Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 98. — Lectotype: J.G.F. Riedel
s.n. (K, designated by Smith, 1990, isolecto BO!), Gorontalo.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Notes — Schumann (1904) also published Alpinia celebica, based on the same
type. The duplicate at BO is recorded there as the holotype.
Alpinia chaunocolea K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia chaunocolea K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 292. — Type: O. Beccari 916 (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Alpinia chinensis S. Vidal = Alpinia cumingii K. Schum.
Alpinia chrysogynia K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia chrysogynia K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 365. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 674 (syn
B), 414 (syn B), O. Warburg 15732 (syn B).
Notes — Amomum chrysogynium K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 322,
nom. nud. The specimens above are cited but there is no description.
Alpinia chrysorrachis K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia chrysorrachis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 337. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 829
(holo B), Sulawesi.
Alpinia coccinea (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam.
Alpinia coeruleoviridis K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia coeruleoviridis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 361. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin s.n.
(holo B), Sulawesi.
Alpinia colossea K. Schum. = Alpinia papuana Scheff.

Alpinia comosa Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum.
Alpinia compta K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium comptum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia conchigera Griff. — (A)

Alpinia conchigera Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 424. — Languas conchigera (Griff.) Burkill, Bull.
Misc. Inform. (1930) 37. — Type: W. Griffith 5700 (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia.
Alpinia laosensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53 (1906) 133. — Type: Pavie s.n. (holo P!), Laos.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia.
Alpinia condensata Valeton — (A)

Alpinia condensata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 953. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1110 (syn
BO!), L.S.A.M. von Römer 1118 (syn BO!).
Alpinia conferta B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia conferta B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh (1972) 40. — Type: E.J.H.
Corner 107 (holo K, iso E!), South Solomons, Guadalcanal, Mt. Popomanaseu.
Alpinia congesta Elmer — (A)

Alpinia congesta Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2968. — Kolowratia congesta (Elmer) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 235. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16144 (iso BM, BO!, FI!, G!, GH!, K!,
L!, U!), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan.
Alpinia conglomerata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia conglomerata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 277. — Type: P. van
Royen NGF 18154 (holo LAE, iso E!), Eastern Highlands.
Alpinia copelandii Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia copelandii Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 184. — Languas copelandii (Ridl.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: E.B. Copeland s.n. (February 1905) (holo MICH),
Zamboanga.
Alpinia corallina K. Schum. = Riedelia corallina (K. Schum.) Valeton
Alpinia cordylinoides Ridl. = Riedelia cordylinoides (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia corneri (Holttum) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia corneri (Holttum) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65. — Basionym: Cenolophon
corneri Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 139. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN 30506 (holo
SING!, iso BO!, E!, L!), Kemaman.
Alpinia cornucervi Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia cristata Griff. — (P)

Alpinia cristata Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 421. — Type: W. Griffith s.n. (holo K), Peninsular
Malaysia.

Notes — perhaps conspecific with Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.,
according to Smith (1990).
Alpinia crocydocalyx K. Schum. = Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) B.L.

Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Alpinia cumingii K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia cumingii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 315. — Languas cumingii (K. Schum.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: H. Cuming 859 (iso BM, FI!, K!).
Alpinia chinensis S. Vidal, Phan. Cuming. philipp. (1885) 152, non (Retz.) Roscoe, 1807.
Alpinia cylindrocephala K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia cylindrocephala K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 356. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 1243
(holo B), Sulawesi.
Alpinia cylindrostachys K. Schum. = Amomum coriaceum R.M. Sm., nom. nov.
Alpinia dasystachys Valeton — (A)

Alpinia dasystachys Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 946. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1016 (syn
BO!), 1114 (syn BO!), 1157 (syn BO!).
Alpinia decurva Ridl. = Riedelia decurva (Ridl.) Valeton
Alpinia decurvata Baker = Geostachys decurvata (Baker) Ridl.

Alpinia dekockii Valeton — (A)

Alpinia dekockii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 949. — Type: A.C. de Kock 1911 (holo BO), West
Papua.
Alpinia densiflora K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia densiflora K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 292. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Alpinia denticulata (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Alpinia denticulata (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 143. — Basionym: Hedychium
denticulatum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 102. — Odontychium denticu-
latum (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 60. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 9455 (SING!,
designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Alpinia diracodes Loes. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia divaricata Valeton — (A)

Alpinia divaricata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 950. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 835 (syn
BO!), Sg. Lorentz, 978 (syn BO), Hellwig Mts., G.M. Versteeg 1657 (syn BO!, E!, K, U!), Sg.
Lorentz.
Alpinia kermesina Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 214. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (holo
K, iso E!), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer — (A)

Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2991. — Basionym: Vanoverberghia
diversifolia Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2913. — Languas diversifolia (Elmer) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 8853 (iso G!, K, SING!), Luzon,
Benguet, Baguio.
Alpinia domatifera Valeton — (A)

Alpinia domatifera Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 955. — Type: K. Gjellerup 1022 (holo BO!, iso
L!), Arfak Mountains.
Eriolopha meyeri Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 218. — Type: A.B. Meyer 10 (holo
K), West Papua.
Alpinia edanoi R.M. Sm. = Alpinia musaefolia Ridl.
Alpinia elatior Jack = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 288. — Basionym: Kolowratia
elegans C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1 (1827) 113. — Languas elegans (C. Presl) Burkill, Bull. Misc.
Inform. (1935) 318. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (syn PR!, PRC!).
Alpinia gigantea Náves, in Fernández-Villar & Náves, Nov. app. (1880) 225. — Type: Material not
located.
Alpinia elmeri R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia elmeri R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 64, nom. nov. — Basionym: Alpinia longipetio-
lata Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2969, non Alpinia longepetiola Gagnep., 1906. — Lan-
guas longipetiolata (Elmer) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer
16167 (syn GH!, US), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan, 16954 (syn BM, C!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, P!,
U!), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan.
Alpinia engleriana K. Schum. = Alpinia oceanica Burkill, nom. nov.
Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 362. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 412
(syn B), A.B. Meyer s.n. (syn B).
Alpinia pectinata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 97. — Lectotype: S.H. Koorders
19650ß (BO!, designated by Turner & Cheek, 1998), Gunung Klabat.
Alpinia euastra K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia euastra K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 296. — Type: O. Beccari 348 (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Alpinia eubractea K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia eubractea K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 353. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 846 (holo
B), Sulawesi.
Alpinia eustales K. Schum. = Alpinia papuana Scheff.

Alpinia exostylis K. Schum. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia fimbriata Gagnep. = Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Alpinia flabellata Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia flabellata Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 188. — Languas flabellata (Ridl.) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: E.D. Merrill 1878 (syn K!), 2226 (syn K!).
Alpinia koidzumiana Kitam., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 59 (1946) 36. — Type: G. Koidzumi s.n. (KYO).
Alpinia flabellata var. major Ridl. — (P)

Alpinia flabellata var. major Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 188. — Combination: Languas fla-
bellata var. major (Ridl.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: E.A Mearns & J.
Hutchinson 4574 (syn), E.D. Merrill 4458 (syn), E. Fénix 4086 (syn).
Alpinia flagellaris (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia flagellaris (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Basionym: Eriolopha
flagellaris Ridl., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. (1916) t. 3067. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (28 January 1913)
(holo BM, iso K!), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia flava Ridl. = Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton

Alpinia flexistamen K. Schum. = Alpinia glabra Ridl.
Alpinia floccosa Valeton = Pleuranthodium floccosum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia floribunda K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium floribundum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia foetens (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia foxworthyi Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia foxworthyi Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 189. — Languas foxworthyi (Ridl.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: F.W. Foxworthy 772 (holo SING!, iso BO!, E!, K),
Palawan.
Alpinia fraseriana Oliv. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia fusiformis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia fusiformis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 34 (1975) 156. — Type: J.S. Womer-
sley NGF 17732 (holo LAE, iso E!), Western.
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. — (A)

Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Willd. Sp. pl. 1 (1797) 12. — Basionym: Maranta galanga L., Sp. pl.,
ed. 2, 1 (1762) 3. — Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, U. S. D. A. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 261 (1912)
21. — Type: Herb. amboin. 5: 143, t. 63 (1747).
Heritiera alba Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 18. — Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc.
London 8 (1807) 346. — Type: J.G. König s.n., specimen lost.
Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 58. — Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 233. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Alpinia carnea Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 420. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia viridiflora Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 423. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia rheedii Wight, Icon. pl. Ind. orient. 6 (1853) 19, t. 2026. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia zingiberina Hook. f., Bot. Mag. (1887) t. 6944. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia bifida Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 275. — Type: Material not located.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sabah, Kalimantan, Philippines.
Alpinia gigantea Blume — (A)

Alpinia gigantea Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 59. — Type: C.G.C. Reinwardt s.n. (syn E!).
Distribution — Moluccas.
Alpinia gigantea Náves = Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Alpinia gigantifolia (Elmer) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia gigantifolia (Elmer) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65. — Basionym: Zingiber
gigantifolium Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2916. — Adelmeria gigantifolia (Elmer) Elmer,
Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2963. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 9282 (iso G!, K!).
Alpinia gjellerupii Valeton = Pleuranthodium gjellerupii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia glabra Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia glabra Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 168. — Languas glabra (Ridl.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Lectotype: G.D. Haviland 444 (K, designated by
Burtt & Smith, 1972, isolecto SAR!), Santubong.
Alpinia angustifolia K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 279. — Languas angustifolia (K.
Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 33. — Type: O. Beccari 3602 (holo FI!), Gunung
Matang.
Alpinia flexistamen K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 281. — Languas flexistamen (K. Schum.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: O. Beccari 1491 (holo FI!), Gunung
Matang.
Distribution — Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Alpinia glabra var. reticulata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia glabra var. reticulata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 287. — Type:
J.W. Purseglove 5277 (holo K, iso SING!), Sarawak.
Alpinia glabrescens Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia glabrescens Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 185. — Languas glabrescens (Ridl.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 231. — Type: E.A Mearns 3141 (syn US), E. Fénix 3679 (syn K).
Alpinia glacicaerulea R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia glacicaerulea R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 349. — Type: M. van Balgooy 3194
(holo L!, iso BO!, E!), Roroka Timbu.
Alpinia gracillima Valeton — (A)

Alpinia gracillima Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 948. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 763 (syn BO!),
L.S.A.M. von Römer 1108 (syn BO!).
Alpinia graminea Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia graminea Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 189. — Languas graminea (Ridl.) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: H.D. Everett 7267, Negros Occidental, Mt. Silay.
Alpinia grandiceps Ridl. = Alpinia capitellata Jack

Alpinia grandis K. Schum. = Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.
Alpinia haenkei C. Presl — (A)

Alpinia haenkei C. Presl, Symb. bot. (1832) 66, t. 43. — Languas haenkei (C. Presl) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Catimbium haenkei (C. Presl) M.L. Steiner, Philippine ornamental
plants and their care (1960) 206. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (PR!).
Alpinia philippinensis Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 86. — Type: P.T. Barnes 144 (syn K!),
T.E. Borden 1203 (syn US), A.D.E. Elmer 6089 (syn K!, P!, SING!).
Distribution — Java, Philippines.
Alpinia hagena R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia hagena R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 284. — Type: P.F. Stevens
LAE 50267 (holo E!), Western Highlands.
Alpinia hansenii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia hansenii R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 70. — Type: C. Hansen 439 (holo C!),
Gunung Mulu National Park.
Alpinia havilandii K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia havilandii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 329. — Languas havilandii (K. Schum.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: G.D. Haviland 1233 (iso K!, iso SAR!).
Alpinia hellwigii K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium hellwigii (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia hemisphaerica (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia himantoglossa Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia himantoglossa Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 212. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(February 1913) (syn BM), C.B. Kloss s.n. (27 January 1913) (syn K).
Alpinia hookeriana Valeton = Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
Alpinia hulstijnii Valeton — (A)

Alpinia hulstijnii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 5 (1923) 343. — Type: P. van Hulstijn
205 (iso L).
Alpinia humilis Teijsm. & Binn. = Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum.

Alpinia iboensis Valeton = Pleuranthodium iboense (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia illustris Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia illustris Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 185. — Languas illustris (Ridl.) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: F.W. Foxworthy 514 (holo K), Philippines.
Alpinia inaequalis (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia inaequalis (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 614. — Basionym: Psychan-
thus inaequalis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 215. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(January 1913) (holo BM, iso E!, K), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia involucrata Griff. = Alpinia javanica Blume

Alpinia iriomotensis Masam. = Alpinia flabellata Ridl.
Alpinia janowskii Valeton — (A)

Alpinia janowskii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 956. — Type: R.Fr. Janowski 176 (holo BO!),
West Papua.
Alpinia javanica (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia javanica Blume — (A)

Alpinia javanica Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 59. — Languas javanica (Blume) Burkill, Bull.
Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Alpinia blumei D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 13. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia involucrata Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 422. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia campanaria Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86 (1922) 308. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(20 December 1920) (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Moluccas.
Alpinia javanica var. colorata Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia javanica var. colorata Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 283. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 9697
(K, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Alpinia juliformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia juliformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65. — Basionym: Eriolopha juli-
formis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 219. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (1912) (syn
E!), s.n. (09 January 1913) (syn BM, K).
Alpinia kermesina Ridl. = Alpinia divaricata Valeton
Alpinia kiungensis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia kiungensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 34(2) (1975) 163. — Type: H. Strei-
mann & Y. Lelean NGF 34126 (holo E!), Kiunga.
Alpinia klossii (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia klossii (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65. — Basionym: Eriolopha klossii
Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 220. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (January 1913) (syn
BM), s.n. (22 November 1912) (syn BM).
Alpinia koidzumiana Kitam. = Alpinia flabellata Ridl.

Alpinia korthalsii K. Schum. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Alpinia laosensis Gagnep. = Alpinia conchigera Griff.
Alpinia latilabris Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia latilabris Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 168. — Catimbium latilabre
(Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 153. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (August
1891) (SING, designated by Turner, 2000), Pahang.
Alpinia hookeriana Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 81. — Languas hookeriana (Vale-
ton) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: T. Valeton s.n. (holo BO, iso P!), Bogor
(cultivated in Hortus Bogoriensis).
Alpinia sericea Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 163. — Languas sericea (Ridl.) Merr., Univ. Calif.
Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: L.S. Gibbs 3025 (holo BM), Sabah.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sabah.
Alpinia lauterbachii Valeton — (A)

Alpinia lauterbachii Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 65. — Type: G. Peekel 127 (holo BO!),
New Ireland.
Distribution — Bismarck Archipelago.
Alpinia laxiflora Gagnep. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.

Alpinia leptosolena K. Schum. = Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl
Alpinia leptostachya Valeton — (A)

Alpinia leptostachya Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 947. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1642 (holo BO!,
iso L!), Gunung Resi.
Alpinia ligulata K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia ligulata K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 275. — Languas ligulata (K. Schum.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 33. — Lectotype: O. Beccari 987 (FI!, designated by Sakai &
Nagamasu, 2003), Sarawak.
Alpinia reticosa Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 243. — Languas reticosa (Ridl.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n. (July 1905) (holo K),
Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Alpinia longilora Ridl. = Burbidgea longilora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia longipetiolata Elmer = Alpinia elmeri R.M. Sm., nom. nov.
Alpinia ludwigiana R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia ludwigiana R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 64.— Hellenia bracteata Blume, Enum.
pl. Javae (1827) 60. — Alpinia blumei K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 282. — Type: C.L.
von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Distribution — Java.
Alpinia luteocarpa Elmer — (A)

Alpinia luteocarpa Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10 (1939) 3803. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 17926 (iso
BM, BO!, C!, FI!, G!, L!, P!, U!), Laguna, Mt. Makiling.
Alpinia macrantha Scheff. = Riedelia macrantha (Scheff.) K. Schum.

Alpinia macrocarpa Gagnep. = Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum.
Alpinia macrocarpa Valeton = Alpinia valetoniana Loes.
Alpinia macropycnantha Valeton = Pleuranthodium macropycnanthum (Valeton)
R.M. Sm.
Alpinia macroscaphis K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia macroscaphis K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 284. — Languas macroscaphis (K.
Schum.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: O. Warburg 1888 (holo B), Philip-
pines.
Alpinia macrostemon K. Schum. = Geocharis macrostemon (K. Schum.) Holttum

Alpinia macrostephana (Baker) Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia macrostephana (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 175. — Basionym:
Amomum macrostephanum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 243. — Cenolophon macrostepha-
num (Baker) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 135. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1905 (iso
SING).
Alpinia magnifica Roscoe = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe — (A)

Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 345. — Basionym:
Maranta malaccensis Burm. f., Fl. indica (1768) 2. — Languas malaccensis (Burm. f.) Merr.,
Philipp. J. Sci. 19 (1921) 343. — Catimbium malaccense (Burm. f.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singa-
pore 13 (1950) 155. — Type: Herb. amboin. 5: 176, t, 71, f. 1 (1747).
Alpinia malaccensis var. nobilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner — (A)

Alpinia malaccensis var. nobilis (Ridl.) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym: Alpinia
nobilis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 169. — Catimbium malaccense var.
nobilis (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 155. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 4617 (K,
designated by Smith, 1990), Singapore.
Distribution — Singapore.
Alpinia manostachys Valeton — (A)

Alpinia manostachys Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 949. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1152 (holo
BO!), Hellwig Mts.
Alpinia martinii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia martinii R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 281. — Type: B.L. Burtt &
A.M. Martin 4989 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Hose Mountains.
Alpinia maxii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia maxii R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 350. — Type: M. van Balgooy 3271 (holo L!,
iso BO!, E!), Roroka Timbu.
Alpinia melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia melichroa (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (P), see Amomum melichroum K.

Schum.
Alpinia microlophon Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia microlophon Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 58. — Languas microlophon
(Ridl.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: C.J. Brooks s.n. (September 1908)
(holo K!, iso SAR!), Sarawak.
Alpinia minor (Blume) D. Dietr. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Alpinia mollis C. Presl — (A)

Alpinia mollis C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 110. — Languas mollis (C. Presl) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (syn PR!, PRC!).
Alpinia mollissima Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia mollissima Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 339. — Cenolophon mollissimum (Ridl.) Holt-
tum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 138. — Type: R.E. Holttum 10838 (holo K), Johore.
Alpinia molucana Gagnep. = Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe
Alpinia monopleura K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia monopleura K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 361. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 219 (holo
B), Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sulawesi, Moluccas.
Alpinia multispica (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia multispica (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Basionym: Eriolopha
multispica Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 220. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (January
1913) (syn BM), s.n. (syn BM).
Alpinia murdochii Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia murdochii Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 196. — Lectotype: A.M. Burn-
Murdoch s.n. (February 1904) (K, designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Alpinia musaefolia Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia musaefolia Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 604. — Languas musaefolia (Ridl.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 232. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 9539 (holo K, iso BO!, E!, FI!, G!,
GH!, SING!), Philippines, Negros Oriental, Dumaguete.
Alpinia edanoi R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35 (1977) 200. — Type: G. Edaño PNH
7132 (holo L!), Negros, Mt. Malbug.
Alpinia mutica Roxb. — (A)

Alpinia mutica Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 354. — Renealmia mutica (Roxb.) Salisb., Trans. Hort.
Soc. London 1 (1812) 280. — Languas mutica (Roxb.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929)
35. — Catimbium muticum (Roxb.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 150. — Type:
Icones Roxburghianae 1929 (CAL).
Alpinia laxiflora Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) LXXXVIII. — Languas laxiflora (Gag-
nep.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: Talmy 233 (syn P), E. Lefèvre 209 (syn
P), C. Thorel 121 (syn P).
Alpinia korthalsii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 327. — Languas korthalsii (K. Schum.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: O. Beccari 3557 (syn FI!), P.W. Korthals s.n. (syn
L!), J. Motley 234 (syn K).
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Kalimantan, Java,

Sulawesi.
Alpinia myriocratera K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia myriocratera K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 290. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (Novem-
ber 1874) (holo FI!), Pulau Ternate.
Alpinia neragaimae Gilli = Pleuranthodium neragaimae (Gilli) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton — (A)

Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 86. — Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis
1362 (holo BO!), Kalimantan.
Alpinia borneensis Valeton ex Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1905) 448. — Languas borneensis
(Valeton ex Gagnep.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB XI B
129) (holo BO!), Kalimantan.
Alpinia flava Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 163. — Languas flava (Ridl.) Merr., Univ. Calif.
Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: L.S. Gibbs 4011 (holo BM), Sabah.
Distribution — Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt — (A)

Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35 (1977) 213. — Basio-
nym: Zingiber nigrum Gaertn., Fruct. sem. pl. 1 (1788) 35. — Type: Fruct. sem. pl. 1: 35, t. 12
(1788).
Heritiera allughas Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 17. — Hellenia allughas (Retz.) Willd., Willd., Sp.
pl. 1(1) (1797) 4. — Alpinia allughas (Retz.) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 346.
— Languas allughas (Retz.) Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 317. — Type: J.G. König s.n.
(holo C!, iso C!).
Distribution — Thailand.
Alpinia novae-hiberniae B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia novae-hiberniae B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 32(1) (1972) 38.
— Type: M.J.S. Sands 857 (holo K, iso E!), New Ireland.

Alpinia novae-pommeraniae K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia novae-pommeraniae K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 285. — Type: F.O. Dahl 131
(syn B), O. Warburg 16158 (syn B).
Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe — (A)

Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe, Exot. Bot. 2 (1805) 93. — Basionym: Globba nutans L., Mant. pl. (1771)
170. — Type: Herb. amboin. 6: 140, t. 62, 63 (1750).
Alpinia molucana Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) XC. — Type: C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré
101 (holo P!), Pulau Lawak.
Alpinia nutans K. Schum. = Alpinia oceanica Burkill, nom. nov.
Alpinia oblonga (Merr.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia oblonga (Merr.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 620. — Basionym: Adelmeria
oblonga Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 9 (1915) 443. — Type: M. Vanoverbergh 3108 (holo PNH, P!),
Philippines.
Adelmeria albidum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2964. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 15912 (iso G!,
GH!, K!, L!, P!, U!).
Alpinia oceanica Burkill — (A)

Alpinia oceanica Burkill, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 9 (1898) 92., nom. nov. — Basionym:
Alpinia nutans K. Schum., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 28. — Type: U.M. Hollrung 844 (iso BO!,
K, E!).
Alpinia engleriana K. Schum., Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2(13) (1898) 102. — Type: F.O.
Dahl s.n. (syn B), 7 (syn B), F.C. Naumann s.n. (20 July 1875) (syn B).
Guillainia rechingeri Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55 (1908) 433. — Lectotype: K. & L.
Rechinger 4840 (P, designated by Smith, 1975, isolecto E!, W), Bougainville.
Alpinia odontonema K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia odontonema K. Schum., Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1905) 65. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter
1395 (holo B), Bismarck Archipelago.
Alpinia brevituba Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 953. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1109 (holo
BO!), West Papua, Hellwig Mts.
Distribution — West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago.
Alpinia oligantha Valeton — (A)

Alpinia oligantha Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 957. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1656 (holo BO!), Sg.
Lorentz.
Alpinia orchioides K. Schum. = Riedelia orchioides (K. Schum.) Valeton

Alpinia orthostachys K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia orthostachys K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 330. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 687
(holo B).
Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum., Bot. Tidsskr. 24(3) (1902) 268. — Cenolophon oxymitrum (K. Schum.)
Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 134. — Type: J. Schmidt 798 (holo C, iso K!), Ko
Chang.
Alpinia comosa Ridl., nom. illeg., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 170, non Jacq., 1791.
— Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 4443 (K, designated by Holttum, 1950, isolecto SING!), Kedah.
Alpinia macrocarpa Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53 (1906) 136. — Type: Anon. s.n. (May 1866)
(syn P), Anon. s.n. (8 January 1864) (syn P), Anon. s.n. (1 April 1874) (syn P), Anon. s.n. (May
1870) (syn P), J.B.L. Pierre s.n. (April 1870) (syn P), P. Hahn s.n. (29 February 1896) (syn P), A.
Godefroy-Lebeuf 769 (syn P).
Alpinia padacanca Valeton ex K. Heyne — (A)

Alpinia padacanca Valeton ex K. Heyne, De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië 1 (1922) 530.
— Languas padacanca (Valeton ex K. Heyne) Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Type:
V.M.A. Beguin 988 (holo BO), Sulawesi.
Alpinia pahangensis Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia pahangensis Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10 (1920) 154. — Languas pahangensis (Ridl.)
M.R. Hend., Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 7 (1933) 125. — Type: I.H.N. Evans s.n. (July 1917)
(holo K, iso E!), Pahang.
Alpinia burkillii M.R. Hend., Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 4 (1927) 55. — Type: I.H. Burkill 4980
(syn SING!), I.H. Burkill & M. Haniff 17310 (syn SING!), I.H. Burkill & M. Haniff 17461 (syn
SING!).
Alpinia pallida (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia paludosa (Blume) D. Dietr. = Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum.
Alpinia papilionacea K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium papilionaceum (K. Schum.) R.M.
Sm.
Alpinia papuana Scheff. — (A)

Alpinia papuana Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1 (1876) 56. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (Sep-
tember 1871) (holo BO), Sorong.
Alpinia colossea K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 289. — Type: O. Beccari 192 (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Alpinia eustales K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 288. — Type: O. Beccari 251 (holo FI!),
West Papua.

Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 620. — Basionym: Hornsted-
tia paradoxa Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 85. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 6629 (holo K),
Philippines.
Adelmeria bifida Ridl., nom. illeg., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 603.
Elmeria bifida Ridl., nom. illeg., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 569.
Alpinia pectinata Ridl. = Alpinia eremochlamys K. Schum.

Alpinia pedicellata Valeton = Pleuranthodium pedicellatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia peekelii Valeton = Pleuranthodium peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia pelecystyla K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium pelecystylum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia penduliflora Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia penduliflora Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 571. — Languas penduliflora (Ridl.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 233. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 7288 (holo K!, iso BO!, E!, G!,
SING!), Leyte.
Alpinia petiolata Baker — (A)

Alpinia petiolata Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 255. — Cenolophon petiolatum (Baker) Holttum,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 136. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 6357 (iso L!, P!, SING).
Alpinia philippinensis Ridl. = Alpinia haenkei C. Presl
Alpinia pinetorum (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia pinetorum (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 620. — Basionym: Elmeria
pinetorum Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 570. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 8548 (holo K), Philip-
pines.
Alpinia pininga (Blume) D. Dietr. = Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton
Alpinia platylopha (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia platylopha (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Basionym: Eriolopha
platylopha Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 220. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (17 Feb-
ruary 1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia platynema K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium platynema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia plectophylla K. Schum. = Riedelia macrantha (Scheff.) K. Schum.
Alpinia polycarpa K. Schum. = Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman, nom. nov.
Alpinia porphyrea R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia porphyrea R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 287. — Type: C. Kalkman
6262 (holo L, iso E!), West Papua.
Alpinia porphyrocarpa Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia porphyrocarpa Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 213. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(holo K, iso BM), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia pterocalyx K. Schum. = Riedelia pterocalyx (K. Schum.) Valeton

Alpinia pterocarpa K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium pterocarpum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia ptychanthera K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia ptychanthera K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 280. — Languas ptychanthera (K.
Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: O. Beccari 2450 (holo FI!),
Sarawak.
Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 313. — Basionym: Hellenia pubiflora
Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 235. — Languas pubiflora (Benth.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl.
1 (1923) 233. — Type: G.W. Barclay s.n. (August 1840)(syn K), Pulau Yapen, R.B. Hinds s.n.
(syn K).
Distribution — Philippines, West Papua.
Alpinia pulchella (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia pulchella (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 276. — Basionym: Globba
pulchella K. Schum., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 26. — Languas pulchella (K. Schum.) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 233. — Type: U.M. Hollrung 368 (holo B), Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia pulcherrima Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia pulcherrima Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4(1) (1909) 79. — Cenolophon pulcherrimum
(Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 136. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 13850 (K, des-
ignated by Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 348. — Basionym: Hellwigia pulchra
Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 279. — Type: O. Warburg s.n. (holo B), Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia stapfiana K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 347. — Type: Guppy 103 (iso E!).
Alpinia rechingeri Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55 (1908) 432. — Type: K. & L. Rechinger 3859
(iso E!).
Alpinia punicea Roxb. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 323. — Basionym: Guillainia purpu-
rata Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10 (1866) 93. — Languas purpurata (Vieill.) Kaneh., Fl.
micrones. (1933) 412. — Type: E. Vieillard 1360 (holo P), New Caledonia.
Alpinia grandis K. Schum., Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2(13) (1898) 103. — Alpinia purpu-
rata var. grandis (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 324. — Type: C.A.G. Lauter-
bach 160 (syn B), F.C. Naumann s.n. (24 July 1875) (syn B).
Alpinia purpurata var. albobracteata K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 324. — Type: Guppy 119
(holo K), South Solomon, Shortland Island.
Alpinia purpurata var. albobracteata K. Schum. = Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.)

K. Schum.
Alpinia purpurata var. grandis (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.)
K. Schum.
Alpinia pyramidata Blume = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Alpinia quadriloba Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker — (A)

Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker, Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. 20 (1891) t. 1963. — Languas rafflesiana
(Wall. ex Baker) Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Type: N. Wallich 6575 (holo K).
Alpinia aurantiaca Wall. ex Baker, nom. nud., Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 255.
Alpinia aurantiaca Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4(1) (1909) 78. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 13896
(K, designated by Turner, 2000), Pahang.
Alpinia rafflesiana var. hirtior (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Alpinia rafflesiana var. hirtior (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 145. — Basionym:
Alpinia aurantiaca var. hirtior Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 282. — Lectotype: H.C. Robin-
son s.n. (20 March 1913) (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Gunung Kerbau.
Alpinia rechingeri Gagnep. = Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum.
Alpinia regia K. Heyne ex R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia regia K. Heyne ex R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35 (1977) 203. — Type:
V.M.A. Beguin 1234 (holo L!, iso BO!, E!), Pulau Ternate.
Alpinia reticosa Ridl. = Alpinia ligulata K. Schum.

Alpinia rheedii Wight = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Alpinia rigida Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia rigida Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 214. — Eriolopha rigida (Ridl.) Ridl.,
Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 217. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (17 January 1913) (holo
BM), West Papua.
Alpinia roemeri Valeton = Pleuranthodium roemeri (Valeton) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia rolfei K. Schum. = Plagiostachys rolfei (K. Schum.) Ridl.
Alpinia romblonensis Elmer — (A)

Alpinia romblonensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2889. — Languas romblonensis (Elmer)
Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 233. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 12050 (iso L!, E!).
Alpinia romburghiana Valeton — (A)

Alpinia romburghiana Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 83. — Type: Anon. s.n. (Culti-
vated Hortus Bogoriensis), (holo BO).
Alpinia caudata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1905) 446. — Type: Anon. s.n. (BO).
Distribution — Borneo.
Alpinia rosacea Valeton — (A)

Alpinia rosacea Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 945. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1227 (syn BO! E!, L!,
U!), 1655 (syn BO!, E!), B. Branderhorst 333 (syn BO!), Sg. Lorentz, Gunung Resi.
Alpinia rosea Elmer — (A)

Alpinia rosea Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2890. — Languas rosea (Elmer) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 233. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 12509 (iso E!, L!).
Alpinia rosella Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe

Alpinia rubella Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Alpinia rubra (Blume) D. Dietr. = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton
Alpinia rubricaulis K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia rubricaulis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 330. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 202 (holo
B), Sulawesi.
Cenolophon rubrum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 61. — Neotype: A.H.G. Alston 15666 (BM,
designated by Burtt & Smith, 1975), North Sulawesi.
Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 293. — Basionym: Hellenia rufa C.
Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 114. — Languas rufa (C. Presl) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1
(1923) 234. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (PR!).
Alpinia sanderae Sander = Alpinia vittata W. Bull
Alpinia sandsii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia sandsii R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 347. — Type: M.J.S. Sands 459 (holo K, iso
E!), Latimojong Mountains.
Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves — (A)

Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves, Nov. app. (1880) 226. — Basionym: Hellenia scabra Blume, Enum.
pl. Javae (1827) 60. — Languas scabra (Blume) Burkill, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 6 (1930)
260. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (September) (holo L!), Hariang.
Alpinia schlechteri K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium schlechteri (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia schultzei Lauterb. ex Valeton — (A)

Alpinia schultzei Lauterb. ex Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 69. — Type: L. Schultze 270 (holo
B), West Sepik.
Alpinia scyphonema K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium scyphonema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia secunda Baker = Geostachys secunda (Baker) Ridl.
Alpinia secundiflora Ridl. = Geocharis secundiflora (Ridl.) Holttum
Alpinia seimundii Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia seimundii Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86 (1922) 309. — Type: E. Seimund s.n.
(20 December 1920) (holo K), Pahang.
Alpinia sericea Ridl. = Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
Alpinia sericiflora K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia sericiflora K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 294. — Type: O. Beccari 7 (holo FI!),
Bismarck Archipelago.
Alpinia sessilis J. König = Kaempferia galanga L.

Alpinia seticalyx (Ridl.) Loes. = Alpinia strobilacea K. Schum.
Alpinia sibuyanensis Elmer — (A)

Alpinia sibuyanensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2891. — Languas sibuyanensis (Elmer)
Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 234. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 12316 (iso BO!, E!, FI!, G!),
Sibuyan, Mt. Guiting-guiting, Magallanes.
Alpinia singuliflora R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia singuliflora R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 279. — Type: J.R. Croft
LAE 60850 (holo E!), Southern Highlands.
Alpinia solaris (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia speciosa (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia squarrosa Gilli = Alpinia stenobracteolata R.M. Sm.
Alpinia stapfiana K. Schum. = Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum.
Alpinia stenobracteolata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia stenobracteolata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 291. — Type: A.N.
Millar NGF 37800 (holo LAE, iso E!) Chimbu.
Alpinia squarrosa Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 44. — Type: A. Gilli 543
(holo W), Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia stenostachys K. Schum. — (P)

Alpinia stenostachys K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 289. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 516
(holo B), Sattelburg.
Alpinia strobilacea K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia strobilacea K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 295. — Type: O. Beccari 522 (holo FI!),
West Papua.
Eriolopha seticalyx Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 221. — Alpinia seticalyx (Ridl.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 620. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (November 1912) (holo
K), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia strobilifera Baker = Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl.

Alpinia subfusicarpa Elmer — (A)

Alpinia subfusicarpa Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2892. — Languas subfusicarpa (Elmer)
Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 234. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10506 (iso BM, BO!, G!, GH!,
U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Alpinia submutica K. Schum. — (P)

Alpinia submutica K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 280. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann 2040 (holo
BO!).
Alpinia subspicata Valeton — (A)

Alpinia subspicata Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 65. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 16990 (holo
BO), Papua New Guinea.
Alpinia subverticillata Valeton — (A)

Alpinia subverticillata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 950. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1416 (syn BO!,
L), 1606 (syn BO!, K).
Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 291. — Basionym: Strobidia
sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 614. — Languas sumatrana (Miq.) Merr.,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann 4436 (holo U!, iso BO!, K),
Sumatra.
Alpinia humilis Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 24 (1862) 327. — Type: Material not
located.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Alpinia superba (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia superba (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Basionym: Guillainia
superba Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 216. — Lectotype: C.B. Kloss s.n. (24
January 1913) (BM, designated by Turner, 2000), Mount Carstensz.
Alpinia tamacuensis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia tamacuensis R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 71. — Type: G.C.G. Argent & B. Cop-
pins 1171 (holo E!, iso L!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Alpinia tephrochlamys Lauterb. & K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium tephrochlamys (Lau-

terb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia tephrochlamys var. aspericaulis Lauterb. & K. Schum. = Pleuranthodium

tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia tomentosa (Blume) D. Dietr. = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f.
Alpinia trachyascus K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia trachyascus K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 336. — Languas trachyascus (K. Schum.)
Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 234. — Type: O. Warburg 14584 (holo B).
Alpinia trichocalyx Valeton = Pleuranthodium trichocalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm.

Alpinia tricolor Sander = Alpinia vittata W. Bull
Alpinia tristachya (Ridl.) Loes. — (A)

Alpinia tristachya (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Basionym: Eriolopha
tristachya Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 218. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (1912)
(syn E!), C.B. Kloss s.n. (17 January 1913) (syn BM, K, SING).
Alpinia uviformis (L.) Horan. = Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes.
Alpinia valetoniana Loes. — (A)

Alpinia valetoniana Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 622. — Alpinia macrocarpa Valeton,
Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 944, non Gagnep., 1906. — Type: B. Branderhorst 365 (syn BO!, L!),
L.S.A.M. von Römer 538 (syn BO), G.M. Versteeg 1270 (syn BO!, L!, U!), 1284 (syn BO), near
Sabang and Alkmaar.
Alpinia vanoverberghii Merr. — (A)

Alpinia vanoverberghii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7 (1912) 75. — Languas vanoverberghii (Merr.)
Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 234. — Type: M. Vanoverbergh 573 (iso E!, K).
Alpinia velveta R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia velveta R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 63., nom. nov. — Basionym: Kolowratia
velutina P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 887. — Type: L.J. Brass 30553 (holo
L!, iso E!), Eastern Highlands.
Alpinia versicolor K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia versicolor K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 332. — Cenolophon versicolor (K. Schum.)
B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 311. — Type: O. Warburg
15735 (syn B), K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 229 (syn B).
Alpinia viridiflora Griff. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl. — (A)

Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 173. — Basionym: Amo-
mum vitellinum Lindl., J. Hort. Soc. London 2 (1847) 245. — Cenolophon vitellinum (Lindl.)
Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 36. — Cardamomum vitellinum (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis.
gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Languas vitellina (Lindl.) Alston, Handb. fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) 282.
— Type: J. Lindley s.n. (holo K), Penang.
Alpinia wrayi King ex Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 254. — Type: H.H. Kunstler s.n. (K).
Alpinia vitellina var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M. Turner — (A)

Alpinia vitellina var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym: Alpinia
cannifolia Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 174. — Languas cannifolia (Ridl.)
Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (K, designated by Smith,
1990, isolecto SING!), Selangor.
Alpinia vittata W. Bull — (A)

Alpinia vittata W. Bull, A retail list of new, beautiful and rare plants 83 (1873) 4. — Guillainia vittata
(W. Bull) Ridl., J. Bot. 75 (1937) 203. — Type: Micholitz s.n. (holo K), New Ireland.
Alpinia sanderae Sander, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 33 (1903) 245. — Type: Anon. s.n. (K).
Alpinia tricolor Sander, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 33 (1903) 245. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia vulcanica Elmer — (A)

Alpinia vulcanica Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2971. — Languas vulcanica (Elmer) Merr.,
Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 234. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16168 (holo PNH, iso BO!, GH!),
Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan.
Alpinia walang (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Alpinia warburgii K. Schum. — (A)

Alpinia warburgii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 330. — Type: O. Warburg 15763 (holo B),
Sulawesi.
Alpinia wenzelii Merr. — (A)

Alpinia wenzelii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 9 (1914) 353. — Languas wenzelii (Merr.) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 235. — Type: C.A. Wenzel 623 (iso BM, E!), Leyte.
Alpinia werneri Lauterb. ex Valeton — (A)

Alpinia werneri Lauterb. ex Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 69. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter
17654 (syn E!), E. Werner 170 (syn BO).
Alpinia womersleyi R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia womersleyi R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 36 (1978) 285. — Type: J.S. Wom-
ersley, J. Vandenburg & M. Galore NGF 37268 (holo LAE, iso E!), Western Highlands.
Alpinia wrayi King ex Baker = Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 204.
— Basionym: Zerumbet speciosum J.C. Wendl., Sert. hannov. 1 (1798) 3, t. 19. — Costus zerum-
bet Pers., nom. nov., Syn. pl. 1 (1805) 3. — Alpinia speciosa (J.C. Wendl.) K. Schum., nom.
illeg., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 29. — Languas speciosa (J.C. Wendl.) Small, Fl. s. e. U. S.
2 (1913) 307. — Catimbium speciosum (J.C. Wendl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950)
152. — Type: J.C. Wendland s.n. (GOET).
Alpinia schumanniana Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 84. — Languas schumanniana
(Valeton) Sasaki, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 14 (1924) 23. — Type: T. Valeton s.n. (holo BO),
Taiwan.
Alpinia fimbriata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1905) 447. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB XI B 4)
(BO).
Alpinia fluvitialis Hayata, Ic. pl. formos. 5 (1915) 227. — Type: Material not located.
Alpinia zingiberina Hook. f. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Amomum Roxb. — (A)

Amomum Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1820) 75., nom. cons. — Type species: Amomum subulatum
Roxb.
Paramomum S.Q. Tong, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 7 (1985) 309. — Type species: Paramomum petaloideum
S.Q. Tong.
Revision status — B: Smith (1985).

tan, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archi-
pelago.
Amomum acre Valeton — (P)

Amomum acre Valeton in Merr., Interpr. Herb. amboin. (1917) 158. — Type: Herb. amboin. 6: 140
(1750).
Amomum aculeatum Roxb. — (A)

Amomum aculeatum Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 344. — Cardamomum aculeatum (Roxb.) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1763 (CAL).
Amomum ciliatum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 49. — Cardamomum ciliatum (Blume) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: Anon. s.n. (L).
Amomum flavum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 133. — Lectotype: C. Curtis 2275
(SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Penang.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Java, West Papua.
Amomum aculeatum var. gymnocarpa Valeton — (P)

Amomum aculeatum var. gymnocarpa Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 926. — Type: G.M. Versteeg
1074 (holo BO!), Sg. Lorentz.
Amomum aculeatum var. macrocarpa Valeton — (P)

Amomum aculeatum var. macrocarpa Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 927. — Type: G.M. Versteeg
1955 (holo BO!), Merauke.
Amomum alborubellum K. Schum. & Lauterb. — (P)

Amomum alborubellum K. Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 230. — Type: C.A.G.
Lauterbach 2545 (holo B), East Sepik/Madang, Ramu River.
Amomum angustipetalum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Amomum angustipetalum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 49. — Type: S. Sakai 192
(holo KYO), Lambir Hills National Park.
Amomum anomalum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum anomalum R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 61. — Type: C. Hansen 368 (holo C!),
Amomum anthodioides (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)

R.M. Sm.
Amomum apiculatum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum apiculatum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 315. — Type: O. Beccari 513 (holo
FI!), Ayer Mancior.
Amomum aurantiacum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum aurantiacum Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10 (1920) 153. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(holo K), Peninsular Malaysia.

Amomum bicorniculatum K. Schum. — (A)

Amomum bicorniculatum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 229. — Geanthus bicorniculatus (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: P.W. Korthals s.n. (L).
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Amomum bicornutum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum bicornutum Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 210. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(13 January 1913) (holo BM), West Papua.
Amomum biflorum Jack — (A)

Amomum biflorum Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 1(1) (1820) 2. — Cardamomum biflorum
(Jack) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: W. Jack s.n., specimen lost.
Elettariopsis pubescens Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 155. — Lectotype: C.
Curtis 2276 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Penang.
Elettariopsis schmidtii K. Schum., Bot. Tidsskr. 24 (1902) 269. — Cyphostigma schmidtii (K.
Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 274. — Type: J. Schmidt s.n. (holo C), Ko
Chang.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.
Amomum bilabiatum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Amomum bilabiatum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 57. — Type: B.L. Burtt 11590
(holo E!), Lambir Hills National Park.
Amomum blumeanum Valeton — (P)

Amomum blumeanum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 2 (1920) 354. — Type: C.A. Backer
10148 (syn BO!), J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (syn L), R.H.C.C. Scheffer s.n. (syn BO).
Amomum borealiborneense I.M. Turner — (A)

Amomum borealiborneense I.M. Turner, Sandakania 12 (1998) 25., nom. nov. — Basionym: Amo-
mum sylvestre Ridl., nom. illeg., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 236, non Lam. 1783.
— Amomum ridleyi R.M. Sm., nom. illeg., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 311, non
Baker 1892. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (1903) (SING!, designated by Turner, 1998b), Kuch-
ing.
Amomum borneense (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum borneense (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1989) 337.
— Basionym: Zingiber borneense K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 178. — Lectotype: G.D.
Haviland 1855 (K, designated by Smith, 1989b, isolecto SAR!), Kuching.
Amomum botryoideum Cowley — (A)

Amomum botryoideum Cowley, Kew Bull. 55 (2000) 674. — Type: M.J.E. Coode 7878 (holo
K, iso BRUN).
Distribution — Brunei.
Amomum brachychilus K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum brachychilus K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 228. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 880
(holo B).
Amomum brachypodanthum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum brachypodanthum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 233. — Combination: Geanthus
brachypodanthus (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: K.F. &
P.B. Sarasin 414a (holo B), North Sulawesi.
Amomum bulusanense Elmer — (P)

Amomum bulusanense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2973. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16395 (iso
BO!, C!, G!, GH!, L!, MICH, U!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Amomum burttii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum burttii R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 301. — Type: B.L. Burtt
12881 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Hose Mountains.
Amomum calophrys K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum calophrys K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 228. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 419 (holo
B), North Sulawesi.
Amomum calyptratum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Amomum calyptratum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 52. — Type: S. Sakai 156
Amomum cassumunar (Roxb.) Donn = Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr.
Amomum centrocephalum A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Amomum centrocephalum A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 524, nom. nov. — Basionym: Geanthus
echinatus Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 143. — Type: H.A.B. Bünnemeyer
666 (holo BO!), Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”.)
Amomum cephalotes Ridl. — (A)

Amomum cephalotes Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10 (1920) 154. — Type: I.H.N. Evans 13117
(holo K, iso SING!), Pahang.
Amomum cerasinum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum cerasinum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 237. — Type: H.N. Ridley
12421 (holo K), Gunung Matang.
Amomum chaunocephalum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum chaunocephalum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 237. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach
s.n. (holo B), Kaiser Wilhelmsland.
Amomum chrysocalyx K. Schum. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Amomum ciliatum Blume = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Amomum citrinum (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Amomum citrinum (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 207. — Basionym: Conamo-
mum citrinum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 121. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
2959 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Amomum cylindrostachys Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 61 (1912) 42. — Type: H.N. Ridley
15614 (holo SING!), Selangor.
Amomum coccineum (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai &

Nagam.
Amomum conoideum (Ridl.) Elmer — (P), see Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl.

Amomum coriaceum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum coriaceum R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 61., nom. nov. — Basionym: Alpinia
cylindrostachys K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 299. — Languas cylindrostachys (K.
Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type: O. Beccari 2162, 2947 (syn
FI!).
Amomum curcuma Jacq. = Curcuma longa L.
Amomum cylindraceum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum cylindraceum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 136. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (January 1897) (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Amomum cylindrostachys Ridl. = Amomum citrinum (Ridl.) Holttum

Amomum dalican (Elmer) Merr. = Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen
Amomum deuteramomum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum deuteramomum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 313. — Type: O. Warburg 15737
(holo B), Mindanao.
Amomum dictyocoleum K. Schum. — (A)

Amomum dictyocoleum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 312. — Geanthus dictyocoleus (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 592. — Type: O. Beccari 799 (holo FI!, iso
K), Kuching.
Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman — (A)

Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman, Edinburgh J. Bot. 58 (2001) 173., nom. nov. — Basionym:
Alpinia polycarpa K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 298. — Languas polycarpa (K.
Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Plagiostachys polycarpa (K. Schum.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 627. — Amomum polycarpum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.,
nom. illeg., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 300. — Type: O. Beccari 3729 (holo FI!,
iso K), 4th Division, Tuboa Bintulu.
Amomum durum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Amomum durum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 55. — Type: S. Sakai 191 (holo
KYO), Lambir Hills National Park.
Amomum elatterioides Baker — (P)

Amomum elatterioides Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 240. — Type: W. Griffith s.n. (holo K),
Malacca.
Amomum elegans Ridl. — (P)

Amomum elegans Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 84. — Type: H.N. Whitford 207 (syn
SING!), 300 (syn PNH).
Amomum elongatum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum elongatum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 303. — Combination: Hornstedtia elon-
gata (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 192. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (L).
Amomum epiphyticum R.M. Sm. — (P)

Amomum epiphyticum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1989) 338. — Type: P.S.
Ashton S 19067 (holo K, iso SAR!), Hose Mountains.
Amomum filiforme W. Hunter = Hedychium chrysoleucum Hook.
Amomum fimbriobracteatum K. Schum. = Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K. Schum.)

R.M. Sm.
Amomum flavidulum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum flavidulum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 236. — Type: H.N. Ridley
11802 (holo SING!, iso K), Gunung Matang.
Amomum flavoalbum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum flavoalbum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 310. — Type:
B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5283 (holo E!), 4th/5th Division boundary, Bakelalan to Gunung
Murud.
Amomum flavorubellum Lauterb. & K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum flavorubellum Lauterb. & K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 229. — Type: C.A.G.
Lauterbach 2735 (holo B), East Sepik/Madang, Ramu River.
Amomum flavum Ridl. = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Amomum fusiforme Ridl. = Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum gomphocheilos Baker = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum gracile Blume — (P)

Amomum gracile Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 49. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!).
Amomum gracilipes K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum gracilipes K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 252. — Type: P.W. Korthals s.n. (L).
Amomum grandiligulatum K. Schum. = Etlingera grandiligulata (K. Schum.) R.M.

Sm.
Amomum gymnopodum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum gymnopodum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 244. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 837
(holo B), South Sulawesi.
Amomum gyrolophos R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum gyrolophos R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 305. — Type: B.L. Burtt
& A.M. Martin B 4756 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Semengoh Forest Reserve.
Amomum hansenii R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum hansenii R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 303. — Type: C. Hansen
656 (holo C!, iso SAR!), Ulu Sungai Belaga.
Amomum harmsii K. Schum. = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton
Amomum hastilabium Ridl. — (A)

Amomum hastilabium Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 137. — Lectotype: L. Wray
3476 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.

Amomum havilandii K. Schum. = Hornstedtia havilandii (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Amomum hedyosmum I.M. Turner — (A)

Amomum hedyosmum I.M. Turner, Asian Journal of Tropical Biology 4 (2000) 18., nom. nov.
— Basionym: Amomum trilobum Ridl., nom. illeg., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 85. — Type:
F.H. Bolster 67 (holo K, iso US), Province of Pampanga, Mt. Arayat.
Amomum heliconiifolium K. Schum. = Etlingera heliconiifolia (K. Schum.) A.D.

Poulsen
Amomum hemisphaericum (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Amomum hewittii Ridl. — (P)

Amomum hewittii Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 238. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(syn), Gunung Matang, J. Hewitt s.n. (syn), Santubong.
Amomum heynianum (Valeton) Bakh. f. = Etlingera heyniana (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Amomum hochreutineri Valeton — (P)

Amomum hochreutineri Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 2 (1906) t. 195. — Type: B.P.G. Hochreutiner s.n.
(holo BO), West Java, Gunung Salak, Gunung Gede & Gunung Malabar.
Amomum holttumii Ridl. — (P)

Amomum holttumii Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 264. — Type: R.E. Holttum SFN 9559 (holo
K), Negeri Sembilan.
Amomum irosinense (Elmer) Merr. — (P), see Hornstedtia irosinensis Elmer

Amomum kandariense K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum kandariense K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 323. — Combinations:
Cyphostigma kandariense (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 273. — Elettariopsis
kandariensis (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: O. Beccari
s.n. (July 1874) (holo FI!), Southeast Sulawesi.
Amomum kinabaluense R.M. Sm. — (P)

Amomum kinabaluense R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 233. — Type: R.M.
Smith 16/86 (holo E!), Mount Kinabalu National Park.
Amomum labellosum K. Schum. = Etlingera labellosa (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum lambirense R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum lambirense R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 298. — Type: B.L. Burtt
11525 (holo E!), Lambir Hills National Park.
Amomum lappaceum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum lappaceum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 134. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 7802 (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Amomum laterale Ridl. = Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl.
Amomum laxisquamosum K. Schum. — (A)

Amomum laxisquamosum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 315. — Type: O. Beccari 386 (holo
FI!), Kuching.
Amomum leonurus J. König = Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.

Amomum lepicarpum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum lepicarpum Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 604. — Hornstedtia lepicarpa (Ridl.)
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2979. — Geanthus lepicarpus (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzen-
fam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10044 (holo K, iso FI!, G!, GH!, L!), Negros
Oriental, Dumaguete.
Amomum lepicarpum var. pubescens Ridl. = Amomum pubescens (Ridl.) Merr.
Amomum ligulatum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum ligulatum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 298. — Type: G.C.G.
Argent 1320 (holo E!), Sabah, Crocker Range.
Amomum linearifolium Elmer — (P)

Amomum linearifolium Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2975. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16926 (iso
BO!, C!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, U!), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan.
Amomum littorale J. König = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Amomum loheri K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum loheri K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 247. — Type: A. Loher 675 (holo B), Luzon.
Amomum longibractea K. Schum. = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton

Amomum longifolium K. Schum. = Etlingera longifolia (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen
Amomum longipedunculatum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum longipedunculatum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 309. — Type:
G.C.G. Argent 1360 (holo E!), Mount Kinabalu National Park.
Amomum longipes Valeton — (P)

Amomum longipes Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 73. — Type: Anon. 83 (holo BO,
iso B).
Amomum luteum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum luteum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 310. — Type: B.L. Burtt &
A.M. Martin B 5372 (holo E!), Sarawak.
Amomum luzonense Elmer — (P)

Amomum luzonense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2976. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 15645 (holo
PNH), Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt. Bulusan.
Amomum lycostomum Lauterb. & K. Schum. ex K. Schum., nom. nud. = Hornstedtia

scottiana (F. Muell.) K. Schum.
Amomum macrocheilos (Griff.) Baker = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum macrodons Scort. — (A)

Amomum macrodons Scort., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18 (1886) 309. — Hornstedtia macrodons
(Scort.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 191. (“macrodus”). — Type: B. Scortechini 2027
(CAL), Perak, Kinta.

Notes — The epithet is sometimes seen in literature as “macrodus” but Scortechini
did not spell it this way.
Amomum macrodus Scort. = Amomum macrodons Scort.
Amomum macroglossum K. Schum. — (A)

Amomum macroglossum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 314. — Geanthus macroglossa (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: O. Beccari 2077 (holo FI!),
Gunung Matang.
Amomum macrostephanum Baker = Alpinia macrostephana (Baker) Ridl.

Amomum magnificum (Roscoe) Benth., nom. invalid. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.
Sm.
Amomum maingayi Baker = Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Amomum maximum Roxb. — (A)

Amomum maximum Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 344. — Cardamomum maximum (Roxb.) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1009 (CAL).
Amomum megalocheilos (Griff.) Baker = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Amomum melichroum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum melichroum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 322. — Combination: Alpinia meli-
chroa (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 364. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 871
(syn B), O. Beccari s.n. (July 1874) (syn FI).
Amomum metriocheilos (Griff.) Baker = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum micranthum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum micranthum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 138. — Lectotype: C. Curtis
2884 (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Penang.
Amomum microcheilum (Ridl.) Merr. — (P), see Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl.

Amomum mindanaense Elmer — (P)

Amomum mindanaense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2894. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10822 (iso
BO!, C!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Amomum minus (Blume) K. Schum. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Amomum montanum J. König = Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr.
Amomum muricarpum Elmer — (P)

Amomum muricarpum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2896. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10947 (iso
BO!, C!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, MICH, U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Amomum nasutum K. Schum. = Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum ochreum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum ochreum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 135. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (May 1895) (K, designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Amomum oliganthum K. Schum. — (A)

Amomum oliganthum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 321. — Type: O. Beccari 2946 (holo
FI!), Gunung Matang.
Amomum ophiuchus Ridl. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Amomum padangense K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum padangense K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 318. — Type: O. Beccari 188 (holo
FI!), West Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang.
Amomum palawanense Elmer — (P)

Amomum palawanense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2897. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 12795 (iso
BO!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, U!), Palawan, Puerto Princessa, Mt. Pulgar (= Thumb Peak).
Amomum paludosum (Blume) K. Schum. = Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum.

Amomum pandanicarpum Elmer = Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen
Amomum parviflorum C. Presl = Plagiostachys parviflora (C. Presl) Ridl.
Amomum parvum (Valeton) Bakh. f. = Etlingera parva (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Amomum paucifolium R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum paucifolium R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 307. — Type: B.L.
Burtt 11341 (holo E!), Belaga.
Amomum pausodipsus K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum pausodipsus K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 226. — Combination: Geanthus pau-
sodipsus (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 592. — Type: K.F. & P.B.
Sarasin 415 (holo B), North Sulawesi, Tomohon.
Amomum pellitum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum pellitum Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 211. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(3 December 1913) (holo BM), Mt. Carstensz.
Amomum penicillatum K. Schum., nom. nud. = Hornstedtia penicellata K. Schum.
Amomum perakense Ridl. — (P)

Amomum perakense Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 135. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(June 1893) (holo K), Perak.
Amomum phaeochoanum K. Schum. = Hornstedtia affinis Ridl.

Amomum philippinense (Ridl.) Merr. = Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum platyandrum Gagnep. = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f.
Amomum polycarpum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., nom. illeg. = Amomum dimorphum
M.F. Newman, nom. nov.
Amomum polycarpum K. Schum. = Etlingera polycarpa (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen
Amomum procurrens Gagnep. — (P)

Amomum procurrens Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49 (1903) 254. — Combination: Elettariopsis
procurrens (Gagnep.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: E.J.F Le Guillou
s.n. (1838) (holo P), Triton Bay.
Amomum propinquum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum propinquum Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 84. — Combination: Hornstedtia
propinqua (Ridl.) Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2979. — Type: E.B. Copeland 843 (syn
SING!), Davao, A.D.E. Elmer 6284 (syn K), Baguio.
Amomum pseudofoetens Valeton — (P)

Amomum pseudofoetens Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 23. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo
BO), West Java.
Amomum pubescens (Ridl.) Merr. — (A)

Amomum pubescens (Ridl.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 240. — Basionym: Amomum lepi-
carpum var. pubescens Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 605. — Hornstedtia pubescens (Ridl.)
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2979. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10384 (holo K, iso BO!, G!,
L!), Negros Oriental, Dumaguete.
Amomum pubimarginatum Elmer — (P)

Amomum pubimarginatum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2900. — Combination: Geanthus
pubimarginatus (Elmer) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer
10546 (iso BM, BO!, G!, L!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Amomum pungens R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum pungens R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 301. — Type: B.L. Burtt
12944 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Kapit.
Amomum purpureum (Elmer) Merr. = Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen

Amomum pyramidosphaera K. Schum. = Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm.
Amomum reticulatum K. Schum. = Hornstedtia reticulata (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Amomum ridleyi Baker = Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.
Amomum ridleyi R.M. Sm., nom. illeg. = Amomum borealiborneense I.M. Turner,
nom. nov.
Amomum rivale Ridl. — (A)

Amomum rivale Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 338. — Type: I.H. Burkill & M. Haniff SFN 16945a
(holo K, iso SING!), Pahang.
Amomum robustum K. Schum. = Amomum uliginosum J. König
Amomum roseisquamosum Nagam. & S. Sakai — (A)

Amomum roseisquamosum Nagam. & S. Sakai, Edinburgh J. Bot. 53 (1996) 39. — Type: S. Sakai
188 (holo KYO), Lambir Hills National Park.
Amomum roseum K. Schum., nom. illeg. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.,
nom. nov.
Amomum rubroluteum Baker = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum rubrum (Blume) K. Schum. = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton
Amomum sarasinorum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum sarasinorum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 316. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin
632a (holo B).
Amomum sarawacense K. Schum. = Hornstedtia conica Ridl.
Amomum sceletescens R.M. Sm. — (A)

Amomum sceletescens R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 367. — Type: W.L. Chew, E.J.H. Cor-
ner & J.D.A. Stainton RSNB 2649 (holo K), Mount Kinabalu National Park.
Distribution — Brunei, Sabah.
Amomum schlechteri K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum schlechteri K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 437. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 13932
(holo B), Bismarck Range.
Amomum scyphiferum J. König = Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud.
Amomum solare (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Amomum somniculosum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Amomum somniculosum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 53. — Type: S. Sakai 178

Amomum sphaerocephalum Baker = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Amomum spiceum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum spiceum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86 (1922) 309. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(20 December 1920) (holo K), Negeri Sembilan.
Amomum squarrosum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum squarrosum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 57 (1910) 104. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 14026 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Amomum stenocarpum Valeton — (P)

Amomum stenocarpum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 2 (1920) 354. — Type: Achmad
370 (holo BO!, iso L!), Pulau Simeulue.
Amomum stenoglossum Baker = Amomum xanthophlebium Baker
Amomum stenophyllum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum stenophyllum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 224. — Combination: Geanthus steno-
phyllus (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 591. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sara-
sin 646 (holo B), North Sulawesi.
Amomum stenosiphon K. Schum. = Elettariopsis stenosiphon (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt

& R.M. Sm.
Amomum stoloniflorum K. Schum. = Elettaria stoloniflora (K. Schum.) S. Sakai &
Nagam.
Amomum sumatrense Ridl. — (P)

Amomum sumatrense Ridl., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 99. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Sumatra.
Amomum surculosum K. Schum. = Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt &
R.M. Sm.
Amomum tephrodelphys K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum tephrodelphys K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 248. — Type: B. Hagen s.n. (1891)
(BO), North Sumatra, Percut.
Amomum terminale Ridl. — (P)

Amomum terminale Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 34 (1900) 98. — Type: Micholitz s.n.
Amomum testaceum Ridl. — (A)

Amomum testaceum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 135. — Lectotype: H.N. Rid-
ley 8173 (K, designated by Smith, 1985, isolecto SING!), Selangor.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah.
Amomum trachycarpum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum trachycarpum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 316. — Combination: Geanthus
trachycarpus (K. Schum.) Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 936. — Type: O. Beccari 229 (holo
FI!), Sorong.
Amomum trianthemum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum trianthemum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 244. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 697
(holo B), Central Sulawesi, Buol.
Amomum trichanthera Warb. — (P)

Amomum trichanthera Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 276. — Combination: Geanthus
trichanthera (Warb.) Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 58. — Type: O. Warburg s.n. (holo B),
Sattelburg.
Amomum trilobum Ridl., nom. illeg. = Amomum hedyosmum I.M. Turner, nom. nov.
Amomum triorgyale Baker = Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Amomum truncatum Gagnep. — (P)

Amomum truncatum Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50 (1903) 164. — Type: Ed. de la Savinierre
137 (holo P), North Sulawesi, Likupang.
Amomum uliginosum J. König — (A)

Amomum uliginosum J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 56. — Cardamomum uliginosum (J. König)
Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type: Material not located.
Amomum robustum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 253. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1839 (iso
SING), Perak, Larut.

Amomum utriculosum (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Amomum utriculosum (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 208. — Basionym: Conamo-
mum utriculosum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 122. — Lectotype: C. Curtis
2714 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Amomum validum K. Schum. = Etlingera valida (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen
Amomum vestitum K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum vestitum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 319. — Type: O. Beccari 267 (FI!), West
Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang.
Notes — O. Beccari 267 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), is the lectotype of Horn-
stedtia beccarii Ridl., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 99. A.D. Poulsen
has seen Beccariʼs material at FI which consists of four sheets, three of them clearly
Hornstedtia but the fourth with an inflorescence of Etlingera on it. If the Hornstedtia
is a good species, then the earliest epithet is vestita and a new combination will be
required.
Amomum vitellinum Lindl. = Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.

Amomum walang (Blume) Valeton = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Amomum warburgianum Lauterb. & K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum warburgianum Lauterb. & K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 230. — Type: E. Tap-
penbeck 75 (holo B), East Sepik/Madang, Ramu River.
Amomum warburgii K. Schum. — (P)

Amomum warburgii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 257. — Type: O. Warburg s.n. (1888) (holo
B), Mindanao.
Amomum xanthoglossum Ridl. — (P)

Amomum xanthoglossum Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 10 (1920) 153. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(holo K), Kelantan.
Amomum xanthoparyphe K. Schum. = Etlingera xanthoparyphe (K. Schum.) R.M.

Sm.
Amomum xanthophlebium Baker — (A)

Amomum xanthophlebium Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 241. — Type: A.C. Maingay s.n. (holo K),
Malacca.
Amomum stenoglossum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 234. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1954 (holo K,
iso SING!), Perak.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak.
Amomum zedoaria Christm. = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe

Amomum zingiber L. = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Boesenbergia Kuntze — (A)

Boesenbergia Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Type species: Boesenbergia pulcherrima
(Wall.) Kuntze.
Gastrochilus Wall., Pl. asiat. rar. 1 (1829) 22, non Gastrochilus D. Don, 1825.
Curcumorpha A.S. Rao & D.M. Verma, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13 (1974) 339. — Type species: Cur-
cumorpha longiflora (Wall.) A.S. Rao & D.M. Verma.

Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah,
Kalimantan, Philippines.
Boesenbergia albosanguinea (Ridl.) Loes. = Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr.
Boesenbergia apiculata (Valeton) Loes. — (A)

Boesenbergia apiculata (Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 571. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus apiculatus Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 95. — Type: J.G.
Hallier 3176B (holo BO), Kalimantan.
Boesenbergia armeniaca Cowley — (A)

Boesenbergia armeniaca Cowley, Kew Bull. 55 (2000) 669. — Type: E.J. Cowley 13 (holo K, iso
BRUN), Brunei.
Boesenbergia aurantiaca R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia aurantiaca R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 226. — Type:
G.C.G. Argent & J.A. Ratter SAN 108235 (holo E!), Danum Valley.
Boesenbergia belalongensis A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Boesenbergia belalongensis A.D. Poulsen, Nordic J. Bot. 13 (1993) 289. — Type: A.D. Poulsen 182
(holo AAU), Temburong.
Boesenbergia biloba (Ridl.) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum

Boesenbergia bractescens (Ridl.) Merr. = Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.)
B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Boesenbergia bruneiana Cowley — (A)

Boesenbergia bruneiana Cowley, Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 626. — Type: E.J. Cowley 185 (holo K),
Belait, Labi.
Boesenbergia burttiana R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia burttiana R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 43. — Type: B.L. Burtt 8325 (holo E!,
iso SAR!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Boesenbergia calophylla (Ridl.) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum
Boesenbergia clivalis (Ridl.) Schltr. — (A)

Boesenbergia clivalis (Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus clivalis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 114. — Type: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (1897) (holo K), Selangor.
Gastrochilus puberula Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 57 (1910) 102. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 14423 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Boesenbergia concinna (Baker) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys concinna (Baker) Holttum
Boesenbergia cordata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia cordata R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 46. — Type: B.L. Burtt 8258 (holo E!,
iso SAR!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr. — (A)

Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus curtisii Baker, Bot. Mag. 120 (1894) t. 7363. — Type: Anon. s.n. (1893) (holo K),
Peninsular Malaysia.
Gastrochilus javanus K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 95. — Boesenbergia javanum (K. Schum.)
Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Type: H. Zollinger 116 (P), Java.
Gastrochilus acutus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 59 (1911) 203. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(July 1910) (holo K), Perlis.
Boesenbergia flava Holttum — (A)

Boesenbergia flava Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 113., nom. nov. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus flavus Ridl. 1899, non (Hook. f.) Kuntze 1887, Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 248. — Lecto-
type: C. Curtis s.n. (K, designated by Turner, 1998), Perak.
Boesenbergia flavoalba R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia flavoalba R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 218. — Type: B.L.
Burtt & P.J.B. Woods B 2072 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Distribution — Sarawak, Brunei.
Boesenbergia flavorubra R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia flavorubra R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 48. — Type: B.L. Burtt 8245 (holo
E!, iso SAR!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Boesenbergia gracilipes (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia gracilipes (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 43. — Basionym: Hap-
lochorema gracilipes K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 332. — Type: O. Beccari 2839 (holo
FI!, iso K), 1st Division, Gunung Wah.
Boesenbergia grandifolia (Valeton) Merr. — (A)

Boesenbergia grandifolia (Valeton) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus grandifolius Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 4 (1914) t. 377. — Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis s.n. (holo
BO).
Boesenbergia grandis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia grandis R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 49. — Type: G.C.G. Argent & J.A.R.
Kerby 794 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Boesenbergia hirta (Ridl.) Merr. — (A)

Boesenbergia hirta (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Basionym: Gastrochilus
hirtus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 57. — Type: J. Hewitt 20 (holo SING!),
2nd Division, Bukit Tiang Laju.
Boesenbergia hosensis Cowley — (A)

Boesenbergia hosensis Cowley, Kew Bull. 55 (2000) 672. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 4900
(holo E!), Hose Mountains.
Boesenbergia hutchinsonii B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia hutchinsonii B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 39 (1964)
510. — Type: B.L. Burtt & P.J.B. Woods B 2235 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Boesenbergia jangarunii Cowley — (A)

Boesenbergia jangarunii Cowley, Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 623. — Type: E.J. Cowley 60 (holo K),
Temburong.
Boesenbergia javanum (K. Schum.) Schltr. = Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr.
Boesenbergia kerbyi R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia kerbyi R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 53. — Type: J.A.R. Kerby 214 (holo E!),
Boesenbergia klossii (Ridl.) Loes. = Scaphochlamys klossii (Ridl.) Holttum

Boesenbergia lancifolia (Ridl.) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Boesenbergia laxiflora (Valeton) Loes. = Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L.
Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Boesenbergia loerzingii (Valeton) K. Larsen — (A)

Boesenbergia loerzingii (Valeton) K. Larsen, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 365. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus loerzingii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 94. — Type: J.A. Lörzing
s.n. (holo, BO), North Sumatra, Sibaulangit.
Notes — Larsen (1997), in making the combination Boesenbergia loerzingii, cited
the type, as above, though it seems that he had not seen it because he did not say in
which herbarium it was located. He then lectotypified Boesenbergia loerzingii on
Bünnemeyer 532, which is the type of Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bencoolensis. If
Lörzingʼs material is found at BO, then lectotypification is not required. No combina-
tions in Boesenbergia exist for varieties bandarensis and bencoolensis.
Boesenbergia longipes (Ridl.) Schltr. — (A)

Boesenbergia longipes (Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus longipes Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 113. Kaempferia
longipes (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 79. — Type: L. Wray 4220 (holo K),
Malacca.
Boesenbergia longipetiolata (Ridl.) Merr. — (A)

Boesenbergia longipetiolata (Ridl.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1924) 243. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus longipetiolata Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 166. — Type: H.N. Whitford & J. Hutch-
inson 9110 (UNCLASSIFIED).
Boesenbergia lurida (Ridl.) Loes. = Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida (Ridl.) Holttum
Boesenbergia macropoda Merr. — (P)

Boesenbergia macropoda Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 30 (1926) 391. — Type: M. Ramos & G. Edaño
44394 (holo PNH), Philippines.
Boesenbergia malaccana (Baker) Govaerts = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Boesenbergia minor (Baker) Kuntze — (P), see Gastrochilus minor Baker
Boesenbergia oculata (Ridl.) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys oculata (Ridl.) Holttum
Boesenbergia oligosperma (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia oligosperma (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38 (1980) 19.
— Basionym: Kaempferia oligosperma K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 337. — Haplo-
chorema oligospermum (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 337. — Type: O.
Beccari 3307 (holo FI!, iso K), 2nd Division, Batang, Lupar, Marop.
Boesenbergia orbiculata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia orbiculata R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 54. — Type: B.L. Burtt 8275 (holo
E!, iso SAR!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Distribution — Sarawak, Brunei.
Boesenbergia ornata (N.E. Br.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia ornata (N.E. Br.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38 (1980) 19. — Basio-
nym: Kaempferia ornata N.E. Br., Ill. hort. 31 (1884) 159, t. 537. — Gastrochilus ornatus (N.E.
Br.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 89. — Type: Teuscher s.n. (holo K),
West Kalimantan.
Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr. = Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf.
Boesenbergia parva (Ridl.) Merr. — (A)

Boesenbergia parva (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Basionym: Gastrochilus
parvus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 195. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n. (1904)
(holo SING!), 1st Division, Bidi.
Boesenbergia plicata (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Boesenbergia plicata (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 109. — Basionym: Gas-
trochilus plicata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 196. — Type: Gimlette s.n.
(1904) (holo K), Kelantan.
Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 110. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus lurida Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 17. —Boesenbergia lurida (Ridl.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 570. — Lectotype: Illustration 00761 (SING!, desig-
nated by Turner, 2000), Pulau Langkawi.
Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr. — (A)

Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Basionym:
Kaempferia prainiana Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 220. —Gastrochilus prainianus (Baker)
Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 115. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 726 (iso SING!),
Perak, Gopeng.
Gastrochilus albosanguinea Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 111. —Boesenbergia
albosanguinea (Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 568. — Type: T.A. Wooldridge
s.n. (September 1894) (holo K), Perak.
Boesenbergia pulchella (Ridl.) Merr. — (A)

Boesenbergia pulchella (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Basionym: Gastrochilus
pulchellus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 234. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(September 1905) (K, designated by Smith, 1987), 1st Division, Bidi.
Boesenbergia pulchella var. attenuata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia pulchella var. attenuata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 225.
— Type: B.C. Stone 6743 (holo KLU), Sepilok Forest Reserve.
Boesenbergia pulcherrima (Wall.) Kuntze — (A)

Boesenbergia pulcherrima (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Basionym: Gastrochilus
pulcherrima Wall., Pl. asiat. rar. 1 (1829) 22, t. 24. — Type: Material not located.
Boesenbergia regalis Kharuk. & Todam — (A)

Boesenbergia regalis Kharuk. & Todam, Folia Malaysiana 4 (2003) 20. — Type: C.K. Lim & S.
Todam L 4620 (holo BKF), Narathiwat, Halabala.
Boesenbergia reticosa (Ridl.) Merr. = Scaphochlamys reticosa (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Boesenbergia roseopunctata (Ridl.) I.M. Turner — (A)

Boesenbergia roseopunctata (Ridl.) I.M. Turner, Asian Journal of Tropical Biology 4 (2000) 27.
— Basionym: Gastrochilus roseopunctatus Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 88. — Type: C.B.
Kloss SFN 14693 (holo K, iso SING!), West Sumatra, Pulau Sipora.
Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. — (A)

Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., Kulturpflanze 6 (1958) 239. — Basionym: Curcuma rotunda L.,
Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Gastrochilus rotundus (L.) Alston, Handb. fl. Ceylon 6 (1931) 281. — Type:
Hort. malab. 11: tab. 10 (1692).
Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 328. — Gastrochilus pandurata (Roxb.) Ridl., J.
Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 114. — Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Rep-
ert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1759 (CAL, K).
Kaempferia cochinchinensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54 (1907) 165. — Boesenbergia
cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 571. — Type: C. Thorel
s.n. (holo P!, iso P!), Vietnam, Thu Dau Mot.
Distribution — Widely cultivated, perhaps not native to Malesia.
Boesenbergia scaphochlamys (Ridl.) Schltr. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Boesenbergia stenophylla R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia stenophylla R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 230. — Type:
G.C.G. Argent 85/18 (holo E), Sabah, Long Pa Sia.
Boesenbergia striata (Valeton) Loes. — (A)

Boesenbergia striata (Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 571. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus striatum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 97. — Type: J.E.
Teijsmann 10992 (L), West Kalimantan, Sintang.
Boesenbergia tillandsioides (Baker) Kuntze — (P), see Gastrochilus tillandsioides

Baker
Boesenbergia urceoligena A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Boesenbergia urceoligena A.D. Poulsen, Nordic J. Bot. 13 (1993) 293. — Type: A.D. Poulsen 251
(holo E!), Temburong.
Boesenbergia variegata R.M. Sm. — (A)

Boesenbergia variegata R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 55. — Type: C. Hansen 113 (holo
C!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Brachychilum Petersen = Hedychium J. König

Brachychilum horsfieldii (Wall.) Petersen = Hedychium horsfieldii Wall.
Brachychilum tenellum K. Schum. = Hedychium tenellum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Burbidgea Hook. f. — (A)

Burbidgea Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 105 (1879) t. 6403. — Type species: Burbidgea nitida Hook. f.
Revision status — A: Smith (1985).

Distribution — Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Burbidgea longilora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Burbidgea longilora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 300. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia longilora Ridl., J. Bot. 51 (1913) 247. — Languas longilora (Ridl.) Merr., Univ.
Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Lectotype: C.J. Brooks 1077 (BM, designated by Smith, 1972),
Sarawak.
Burbidgea nitida Hook. f. — (A)

Burbidgea nitida Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 105 (1879) t. 6403. — Type: F.W. Burbidge s.n. (1879) (holo
K), Gunung Murud.
Burbidgea pauciflora Valeton — (A)

Burbidgea pauciflora Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 3 (1906) t. 203. — Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis s.n. (holo BO).
Burbidgea pubescens Ridl. = Burbidgea schizocheila Hackett
Burbidgea schizocheila Hackett — (A)

Burbidgea schizocheila Hackett, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 36(931) (1904) 301. — Type: Anon. s.n. (1903)
(holo K), Borneo.
Burbidgea pubescens Ridl., J. Bot. 75 (1937) 203. — Type: M.S. Clemens 9939 (holo K), Sabah,
Mount Kinabalu.
Distribution — Borneo, Sarawak, Sabah.
Burbidgea stenantha Ridl. — (A)

Burbidgea stenantha Ridl., J. Bot. 75 (1937) 202. — Type: Anon. SFN 6699 (holo K), Upper
Baram.
Camptandra Ridl. — (A)

Camptandra Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 103. — Type species: Camptandra
latifolia Ridl.

Camptandra angustifolia (Ridl.) Ridl. = Camptandra parvula var. angustifolia Ridl.

Camptandra gracillima (K. Schum.) Valeton = Camptandra parvula var. angustifolia
Ridl.
Camptandra latifolia Ridl. — (A)

Camptandra latifolia Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 105. — Lectotype: H.H.
Kunstler 7219 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000, isolecto K), Perak.
Camptandra ovata Ridl. — (A)

Camptandra ovata Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 12. — Lectotype: A.M. Burn-Murdoch s.n.
(February 1904) (K, designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor, Hulu Semangkok.
Camptandra tahanensis Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 6 (1915) 184. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
15944 (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Camptandra parvula (King ex Baker) Ridl. — (A)

Camptandra parvula (King ex Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 104.
— Basionym: Kaempferia parvula King ex Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 223. — Type: H.H.
Kunstler s.n. (holo K), Gopeng.
Camptandra parvula var. angustifolia Ridl. — (A)

Camptandra parvula var. angustifolia Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 105. —
Camptandra angustifolia (Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 194. — Type:
G.D. Haviland cm.m.l. (holo K), Gunung Matang.
Camptandra gracillima (K. Schum.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 115.
— Type: G.D. Haviland 448 (K).
Camptandra tahanensis Ridl. = Camptandra ovata Ridl.
Cardamomum Kuntze = Alpinia Roxb., p.p., Amomum Roxb., p.p., Etlingera Giseke,
p.p., Hornstedtia Retz., p.p., Plagiostachys Ridl., p.p.
Cardamomum aculeatum (Roxb.) Kuntze = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Cardamomum biflorum (Jack) Kuntze = Amomum biflorum Jack
Cardamomum ciliatum (Blume) Kuntze = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Cardamomum foetens (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum glaberrimum (Zoll. & Moritzi) Kuntze = Etlingera walang (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum hemisphaericum (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum leonurus (J. König) Kuntze = Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.
Cardamomum littorale (J. König) Kuntze = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Cardamomum magnificum (Roscoe) Kuntze = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum maximum (Roxb.) Kuntze = Amomum maximum Roxb.
Cardamomum minus (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Cardamomum pallidum (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Cardamomum paludosum (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K.
Schum.
Cardamomum parviflorum (C. Presl) Kuntze = Plagiostachys parviflora (C. Presl)
Ridl.
Cardamomum pininga (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton
Cardamomum roseum Kuntze, nom. illeg. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.,
nom. nov.
Cardamomum rubrum (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton
Cardamomum solare (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum tomentosum (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f.
Cardamomum vitellinum (Lindl.) Kuntze = Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.
Cardamomum walang (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Carenophila Ridl. = Geostachys (Baker) Ridl.
Carenophila montana Ridl. = Geostachys montana (Ridl.) Holttum
Catimbium Juss. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Catimbium assimile (Ridl.) Holttum = Alpinia assimilis Ridl.
Catimbium haenkei (C. Presl) M.L. Steiner = Alpinia haenkei C. Presl
Catimbium latilabre (Ridl.) Holttum = Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
Catimbium malaccense (Burm. f.) Holttum = Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.)
Roscoe
Catimbium malaccense var. nobilis (Ridl.) Holttum = Alpinia malaccensis var. nobilis
(Ridl.) I.M. Turner
Catimbium muticum (Roxb.) Holttum = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Catimbium speciosum (J.C. Wendl.) Holttum = Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt
& R.M. Sm.
Cenolophon Blume = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Cenolophon argenteum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M.
Sm.) R.M. Sm.
Cenolophon corneri Holttum = Alpinia corneri (Holttum) R.M. Sm.

Cenolophon macrostephanum (Baker) Holttum = Alpinia macrostephana (Baker)
Ridl.
Cenolophon mollissimum (Ridl.) Holttum = Alpinia mollissima Ridl.

Cenolophon oxymitrum (K. Schum.) Holttum = Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum.
Cenolophon petiolatum (Baker) Holttum = Alpinia petiolata Baker
Cenolophon pulcherrimum (Ridl.) Holttum = Alpinia pulcherrima Ridl.
Cenolophon rubrum Blume = Alpinia rubricaulis K. Schum.
Cenolophon versicolor (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Alpinia versicolor
K. Schum.
Cenolophon vitellinum (Lindl.) Horan. = Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.
Ceratanthera Hornem. = Globba L.
Ceratanthera amomoides Hornem. = Globba marantina L.
Conamomum Ridl. = Geostachys (Baker) Ridl.
Conamomum citrinum Ridl. = Amomum citrinum (Ridl.) Holttum
Conamomum sericeum Ridl. = Geostachys sericea (Ridl.) Holttum
Conamomum utriculosum Ridl. = Amomum utriculosum (Ridl.) Holttum
Curcuma L. — (A)
Curcuma L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type species: Curcuma longa L.
Erndlia Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 202, 209. — Type species: Erndlia subpersonata Giseke.
Hitcheniopsis (Baker) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 252. — Type species: Not designated.
Revision status — A: Marlina Ardiyani (in prep.).

Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak,
Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New
Guinea.
Notes — Probably not native in Borneo or east of Wallaceʼs Line.
Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. — (A)

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 335. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1924 (CAL).
Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp — (A)

Curcuma aurantiaca Zijp, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 12 (1915) 345. — Type: C. van Zijp s.n. (1911)
(holo BO), Java.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Java.
Curcuma australasica Hook. f. — (P)

Curcuma australasica Hook. f., Bot. Mag. (1867) t. 5620. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo K), Queens-
land.
Distribution — Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Curcuma bakeriana Hemsl. — (P)

Curcuma bakeriana Hemsl., Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 11 (1892) 682. — Type: H.F.C. Sander s.n. (holo K).
Curcuma brog Valeton — (P)

Curcuma brog Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 48. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo
BO), Randublatung.
Curcuma ceratotheca K. Schum. — (P)

Curcuma ceratotheca K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 113. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 786
(holo B), North Sulawesi, near Tomohon.
Curcuma colorata Valeton — (A)

Curcuma colorata Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 40. — Type: L.G.E.
Kalshoven 1645 (syn BO!), K. Heyne 35 (syn BO), C.A. Backer 11348 (syn BO).
Curcuma domestica Valeton = Curcuma longa L.
Curcuma elata Roxb. — (P)

Curcuma elata Roxb., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 25. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 2002 (CAL).
Curcuma euchroma Valeton — (P)

Curcuma euchroma Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 42. — Type: K. Heyne 52,
East Java, Kediri, 449, East Java, Mojokerto, s.n., Pulau Madura, Sumenep (syn BO).
Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp — (A)

Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 14 (1917) 132, 136. — Type: Anon.
s.n. (holo BO).
Curcuma kunstleri Baker = Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum

Curcuma kunstleri var. rubra Ridl. = Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Holt-
tum
Curcuma lanceolata Ridl. = Scaphochlamys perakensis Holttum, nom. nov.
Curcuma latiflora Valeton — (P)

Curcuma latiflora Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 923. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1740 (syn BO),
L.S.A.M. von Römer 631 (syn BO).
Curcuma loerzingii Valeton — (P)

Curcuma loerzingii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 71. — Type: J.A. Lörzing
1248 (holo BO), Sibaulangit.
Curcuma longa L. — (A)

Curcuma longa L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type: Lectotype specimen probably to be conserved (C.
Jarvis, pers. comm.).
Amomum curcuma Jacq., Hort. bot. vindob. 3 (1776) 5, t. 4. — Type: Material not located.
Curcuma domestica Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 31. — Type: C.W.F.
Grashoff 482 (holo BO), South Sumatra, Muaradua.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Java, Philip-

pines, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Notes — Widely cultivated but perhaps not native to Malesia.
Curcuma longispica Valeton — (P)

Curcuma longispica Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 81. — Type: B. Brander-
horst 234 (holo BO).
Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp — (P)

Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 14 (1917) 138, 141. — Type: K. Heyne
s.n. (syn BO), S.H. Koorders s.n. (syn BO), de Clerq s.n. (syn BO).
Curcuma meraukensis Valeton — (P)

Curcuma meraukensis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 924. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1953 (holo BO),
Merauke.
Curcuma ochrorhiza Valeton — (P)

Curcuma ochrorhiza Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 45. — Type: K. Heyne
705 (holo BO), Randublatung.
Curcuma petiolata Roxb. — (P)

Curcuma petiolata Roxb., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 36. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 2156 (CAL).
Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton — (P)

Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 69. — Type: J. Jeswiet
& C.A. Backer s.n. (syn BO).
Curcuma purpurascens Blume — (A)

Curcuma purpurascens Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 46. — Type: Anon. s.n. (L).
Distribution — Java, Bali.
Curcuma soloensis Valeton — (P)

Curcuma soloensis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 46. — Type: K. Heyne 50
(BO), Central Java, Solo.
Distribution — Java, Papua New Guinea.
Curcuma sylvatica Valeton — (P)

Curcuma sylvatica Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 149. — Type: K. Heyne 89
(holo BO), Pulau Madura, Sumenep.
Curcuma sylvestris Ridl. = Scaphochlamys sylvestris (Ridl.) Holttum
Curcuma viridiflora Roxb. — (P)

Curcuma viridiflora Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 341. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 2005 (CAL).
Distribution — Sumatra, Java, Bali.
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. = Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb.
Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. — (A)

Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 25. — Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Syn. pl. 1 (1839)
19, orth. var. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 2003 (CAL).
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Java.
Curcuma zedoaria (Bergius) Roscoe = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe — (A)

Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 354. — Basionym: Amo-
mum zedoaria Christm., Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 5 (1779) 12. — Type: Material not located.
Costus luteus Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 4. — Roscoea lutea (Blanco) Hassk., Flora 22 (1864) 21.
— Type: Material not located.
Roscoea nigrociliata Hassk., Flora 22 (1864) 21. — Type: Material not located.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Java, Philippines.

Notes — Often cited as Curcuma zedoaria (Bergius) Roscoe but the basionym was
published by Christmann, not by Bergius.
Cyphostigma Benth. — (A)

Cyphostigma Benth., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. 14 (1882) t. 1380. — Type species: Cyphostigma pulchellum
(Thwaites) Benth.
Notes — The only accepted species of this genus is Cyphostigma pulchellum

(Thwaites) Benth. of Sri Lanka. Cyphostigma kandariense will probably be trans-
ferred to Elettaria or Elettariopsis.
Cyphostigma curtisii (Baker) K. Schum. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker

Cyphostigma diphyllum K. Schum. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker
Cyphostigma exertum Scort. = Elettariopsis exerta (Scort.) Baker
Cyphostigma kandariense (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (P), see Amomum kanda-

riense K. Schum.
Cyphostigma latiflorum (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker
Cyphostigma longitubum (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum

Cyphostigma multiflora (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Elettaria multiflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Cyphostigma schmidtii (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Amomum biflorum Jack
Cyphostigma serpentinum (Baker) K. Schum. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker
Cyphostigma stoloniflorum (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Elettaria stoloniflora (K.

Schum.) S. Sakai & Nagam.
Cyphostigma surculosum (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.)
Diracodes Blume = Etlingera Giseke
Diracodes javanica Blume = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.

Donacodes Blume = Hornstedtia Retz.
Donacodes paludosa Blume = Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum.
Donacodes pininga Blume = Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton
Donacodes roseus Teijsm. & Binn., nom. nud. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M.
Sm., nom. nov.
Donacodes rubra Blume = Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton

Donacodes tomentosa Blume = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f.
Donacodes villosa Teijsm. & Binn. = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f.
Donacodes walang Blume = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria Maton — (A)

Elettaria Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10 (1811) 250. — Type species: Elettaria cardamomum
(L.) Maton.
Revision status — B: Smith (1986), Sakai & Nagamasu (2000).

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Java.
Elettaria alba Blume — (P)

Elettaria alba Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 53. — Combinations: Alpinia alba (Blume) D. Dietr.,
Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Cardamomum album (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type:
C.G.C. Reinwardt s.n. (holo L!, iso L!).
Elettaria anthodioides Teijsm. & Binn. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria atropurpurea Teijsm. & Binn. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Elettaria brachycalyx S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Elettaria brachycalyx S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 240. — Type: G.C.G. Argent
705 (holo SAR), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Elettaria coccinea Blume = Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam.

Elettaria diepenhorstii Teijsm. & Binn. = Etlingera diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.)
R.M. Sm.
Elettaria foetens Blume = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria glaberrima Zoll. & Moritzi = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria hemisphaerica Blume = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria kapitensis S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Elettaria kapitensis S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 233. — Type: P.C. Yii & Abu
Talib S 52286 (holo SAR), Kapit.
Elettaria linearicrista S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Elettaria linearicrista S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 236. — Type: S. Sakai 189
Elettaria longipilosa S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Elettaria longipilosa S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 238. — Type: S. Sakai 413
Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 238. — Basionym: Elettari-
opsis longituba Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 382. — Cyphostigma longitubum
(Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 274. — Type: H.N. Ridley 2403 (holo SING!, iso K),
Pahang.
Elettariopsis aquatilis Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1925) 92. — Type: C.J. Brooks 7923 (holo K),
Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lebongtandai.
Elettaria minor Blume = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Elettaria minuta Blume — (P)

Elettaria minuta Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 52. — Combinations: Alpinia minuta (Blume) D.
Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Cardamomum minutum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891)
687. — Hornstedtia minuta (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 197. — Type: Anon.
s.n. (holo L!).
Elettaria mollis Blume — (P)

Elettaria mollis Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 52. — Combinations: Cardamomum molle (Blume)
Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Hornstedtia mollis (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot.
Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 59. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (L).
Elettaria multiflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Elettaria multiflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 462. — Basionym:
Elettariopsis multiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 157. — Cyphostigma
multiflora (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 273. — Type: H.N. Ridley 8972 (holo K),
Riau, Kelantan, near Siak.
Distribution — Sumatra, Sarawak.
Elettaria pallida Blume = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Elettaria paludosa (Blume) Miq. = Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum.
Elettaria punicea (Roxb.) Schult. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria rubida R.M. Sm. — (A)

Elettaria rubida R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 66. — Type: C. Hansen 328 (holo C!, iso
E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Elettaria solaris Blume = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Elettaria speciosa Blume = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria stoloniflora (K. Schum.) S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Elettaria stoloniflora (K. Schum.) S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 231. — Basio-
nym: Amomum stoloniflorum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 322. — Cyphostigma stoloni-
florum (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 273. — Elettariopsis stoloniflorum (K.
Schum.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 242. — Type: O. Beccari 365 (holo
FI!), Kuching.
Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31
(1972) 312. — Basionym: Amomum surculosum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 323.
— Cyphostigma surculosum (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 273. — Elettariop-
sis surculosa (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: O. Beccari
1586 (holo FI!), Gunung Matang.
Elettaria walang (Blume) Miq. = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettariopsis Baker — (A)

Elettariopsis Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 251. — Type species: Elettariopsis curtisii Baker.
Revision status — B: Kam Yee Kiew (1982), Smith (1986).

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Kalimantan, Sulawesi.
Elettariopsis aquatilis Ridl. = Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum
Elettariopsis burttiana Y.K. Kam — (A)

Elettariopsis burttiana Y.K. Kam, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40 (1982) 144. — Type: Kam
Yee Kiew 353 (holo KLU), Penang.
Elettariopsis curtisii Baker — (A)

Elettariopsis curtisii Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 252. — Cyphostigma curtisii (Baker) K. Schum.,
Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 272. — Type: C. Curtis 1578 (holo K), Penang.
Elettariopsis serpentina Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 252. — Cyphostigma serpentinum (Baker) K.
Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 272. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1706 (SING).
Elettariopsis latiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 154. — Cyphostigma lati-
florum (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 274. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (1894) (K,
designated by Turner, 2000), Peninsular Malaysia.
Cyphostigma diphyllum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 272. — Elettariopsis diphylla (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: J. Motley 789 (syn K), P.W.
Korthals s.n. (syn L).
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan.
Elettariopsis cyanescens Ridl. = Haniffia cyanescens (Ridl.) Holttum

Elettariopsis diphylla (K. Schum.) Loes. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker
Elettariopsis exerta (Scort.) Baker — (A)

Elettariopsis exerta (Scort.) Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 251. — Basionym: Cyphostigma exertum
Scort., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18 (1886) 310. — Type: B. Scortechini 1947 (CAL).
Elettariopsis fusiformis (Ridl.) Loes. = Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Elettariopsis kandariensis (K. Schum.) Loes. — (P), see Amomum kandariense K.

Schum.
Elettariopsis kerbyi R.M. Sm. — (A)

Elettariopsis kerbyi R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 371. — Type: J.A.R. Kerby 140 (holo E!),
Elettariopsis latiflora Ridl. = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker

Elettariopsis longituba Ridl. = Elettaria longituba (Ridl.) Holttum
Elettariopsis multiflora Ridl. = Elettaria multiflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Elettariopsis puberula Ridl. — (P)

Elettariopsis puberula Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 88. — Type: C.B. Kloss SFN 14742 (holo
SING!), West Sumatra, Pulau Sipora.
Elettariopsis pubescens Ridl. = Amomum biflorum Jack

Elettariopsis schmidtii K. Schum. = Amomum biflorum Jack
Elettariopsis serpentina Baker = Elettariopsis curtisii Baker
Elettariopsis smithiae Y.K. Kam — (A)

Elettariopsis smithiae Y.K. Kam, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40 (1982) 148. — Type: I.C.
Beltran 110 (holo KLU), Selangor.
Elettariopsis smithiae var. rugosa Y.K. Kam — (A)

Elettariopsis smithiae var. rugosa Y.K. Kam, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40 (1982) 150.
— Type: Kam Yee Kiew 228 (holo KLU), Penang.
Elettariopsis stenosiphon (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Elettariopsis stenosiphon (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 312. — Basionym: Amomum stenosiphon K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 320.
— Languas stenosiphon (K. Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: O.
Beccari 3311 (holo FI!, iso E!), Batang Lupar, near Marop.
Elettariopsis stoloniflorum (K. Schum.) Ridl. = Elettaria stoloniflora (K. Schum.) S.

Sakai & Nagam.
Elettariopsis sumatrana Valeton — (P)

Elettariopsis sumatrana Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 148. — Type: K. Heyne
1631 (holo BO), Palembang.
Elettariopsis surculosa (K. Schum.) Loes. = Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L.
Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Elmeria Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Elmeria bifida Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes.
Elmeria pinetorum Ridl. = Alpinia pinetorum (Ridl.) Loes.
Eriolopha Ridl. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Eriolopha flagellaris Ridl. = Alpinia flagellaris (Ridl.) Loes.

Eriolopha juliformis Ridl. = Alpinia juliformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Eriolopha klossii Ridl. = Alpinia klossii (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Eriolopha meyeri Ridl. = Alpinia domatifera Valeton
Eriolopha multispica Ridl. = Alpinia multispica (Ridl.) Loes.
Eriolopha ovalifolia Ridl. — (P)

Eriolopha ovalifolia Ridl., Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 34 (1923) 20. — Type: C.T. White 656.
Eriolopha platylopha Ridl. = Alpinia platylopha (Ridl.) Loes.

Eriolopha rigida (Ridl.) Ridl. = Alpinia rigida Ridl.
Eriolopha sericea Ridl. = Alpinia bodenii R.M. Sm., nom. nov.

Eriolopha seticalyx Ridl. = Alpinia strobilacea K. Schum.
Eriolopha tristachya Ridl. = Alpinia tristachya (Ridl.) Loes.
Etlingera Giseke — (A)

Etlingera Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 209. — Type species: Etlingera littoralis (J. König)
Giseke.
Geanthus Reinw., Syll. Pl. Nov. 2 (1826) 5. — Type species: Elettaria coccinea Blume.
Diracodes Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Type species: Diracodes javanica Blume
Achasma Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 411. — Type species: Achasma megalocheilos Griff.
Nicolaia Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Type species: Nicolaia imperialis Horan.
Cardamomum Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Type species: Not designated.
Hornstedtia Sect. Phaeomeria Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 139. — Phaeomeria
(Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 259. — Type species: Hornstedtia imperialis (Horan.)
Ridl.
Revision status — A: A.D. Poulsen (in prep.).

Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah,
Kalimantan, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Notes — Etlingera has been studied much more thoroughly in Peninsular Malay-
sia and Singapore than in any other part of its range. Conflicting views exist among
experts which will only be resolved by a revision across the range of the genus. Some
new combinations have been made in preparation for this checklist (Poulsen, 2003)
but others, from Amomum, Elettaria, Geanthus, Nicolaia and Phaeomeria, await bet-
ter material.
Etlingera angustifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera angustifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 243. —
Basionym: Geanthus angustifolius Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 933. — Type: G.M. Versteeg
1443 (syn BO!, L!), 1549 (syn BO!, L).
Etlingera apus-hang C.K. Lim — (P)

Etlingera apus-hang C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 161. — Type: C.K. Lim & A. Busu
L4201 (holo KEP!), Perak.
Etlingera baramensis S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Etlingera baramensis S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 186. — Type: S. Sakai 404
(holo KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Etlingera belalongensis A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera belalongensis A.D. Poulsen, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 141. — Type: A.D. Poulsen 130
(holo AAU!, iso BRUN!, K!), Batu Apoi Forest Reserve.
Etlingera brachychila (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera brachychila (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 243. — Basio-
nym: Hornstedtia brachychila Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 239. — Lecto-
type: H.N. Ridley s.n. (July 1903) (K!, designated by Turner, 2000), Bau.
Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 243.
— Basionym: Achasma brevilabrum Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 3 (1906) t. 202. — Hornstedtia
brevilabris (Valeton) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 125. — Geanthus brevilabris (Valeton)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 591. — Lectotype: Anon. s.n. (HB XI B (V) 144) (L,
designated by Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003, isolecto BO!).
Distribution — Borneo.
Etlingera bromeliopsis (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera bromeliopsis (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43(2) (1986) 243.
— Basionym: Geanthus bromeliopsis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 935. — Type: G.M. Vers-
teeg 1717 (holo BO!, iso L!).
Etlingera calycina (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera calycina (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244. — Basio-
nym: Geanthus calycinus Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 931. — Type: K. Gjellerup 257 (syn
BO!), L.S.A.M. von Römer 420, 918 (syn BO!), G.M. Versteeg 1188 (syn BO!, L!).
Etlingera caudiculata (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera caudiculata (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244. — Basio-
nym: Phaeomeria caudiculata Ridl., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 100. — Type:
H.N. Ridley s.n. (07 February 1921) (holo K!), North Sumatra, Berastagi forest.
Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A) [see p. 163]

Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 190. — Basionym:
Elettaria coccinea Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 53. — Geanthus coccineus Reinw., nom. nud.,
Catalogus (1823) 29. — Alpinia coccinea (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Cardamo-
mum coccineum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Amomum coccineum (Blume)
K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 305. — Achasma coccineum (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Inst.
Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 93. — Lectotype: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (L!, designated by
Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003).
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Java.
Etlingera corneri Mood & H. Ibrahim — (A)

Etlingera corneri Mood & H. Ibrahim, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 282. — Type: Vitoon L91.443 (holo
KLU, iso E!), Narathiwat.
Etlingera terengganuensis C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 1(1) (2000) 9. — Type: L.G. Saw FRI 39880
(holo KEP, iso K!, L!, SAR!), Terengganu.
Etlingera corrugata A.D. Poulsen & Mood — (A)

Etlingera corrugata A.D. Poulsen & Mood, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 143. — Type: Magintan, A.D.
Poulsen & Albaek 535 (holo AAU), Danum Valley.
Etlingera crispata C.K. Lim — (P)

Etlingera crispata C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 165. — Type: C.K. Lim L4841 (holo
KEP!), Negeri Sembilan.
Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 524. — Basionym: Hornstedtia dalican
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2906. — Amomum dalican (Elmer) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl.
pl. 1 (1923) 238. — Lectotype: A.D.E. Elmer 11626 (UC!, designated by Poulsen 2003, isolecto
BO!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Etlingera dekockii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera dekockii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244. — Basio-
nym: Geanthus dekockii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 932. — Type: A.C. de Kock 2 (holo
BO).
Etlingera densiuscula (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera densiuscula (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244.
— Basionym: Geanthus densiusculus Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 56. — Type: F.R.R.
Schlechter 16789.
Etlingera diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986)
244. — Basionym: Elettaria diepenhorstii Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 24
(1862) 326. — Phaeomeria diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904)
265. — Nicolaia diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3
(1921) 129. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (holo BO!).
Notes — The number 10 was added to the sheet in red ink later.
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244. — Basionym:
Alpinia elatior Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 2(7) (1822) 2. —Nicolaia elatior (Jack)
Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Type: W. Jack s.n. (1818), specimen lost.
Geanthus speciosus Reinw., nom. nud., Catalogus (1823) 29.
Diracodes javanica Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Alpinia javanica (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn.
pl. 1 (1839) 13. — Alpinia acrostachya Steud., Nomencl. bot. 2 (1840) 62. — Alpinia diracodes
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 614. — Type: C.G.C. Reinwardt s.n. (holo L!), Har-
iang.
Elettaria speciosa Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 51. — Alpinia speciosa (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl.
1 (1839) 13. — Nicolaia speciosa (Blume) Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Phaeo-
meria speciosa (Blume) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332. — Lectotype: H. Kuhl & J.C. van
Hasselt s.n. (L!, designated by Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003), Java.
Alpinia magnifica Roscoe, Monandr. pl. Scitam. (1828) t. 75. — Nicolaia imperialis Horan., Prodr.
Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Amomum magnificum (Roscoe) Benth., nom. invalid., Gen. pl. 3
(1883) 644. — Cardamomum magnificum (Roscoe) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Horn-
stedtia imperialis (Horan.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 148. — Nicolaia
magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum. ex Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 35. — Phaeomeria
magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 262. — Type: C. Telfair s.n. (1825).
Nicolaia intermedia Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 133. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB
XI B IV 101) (holo BO!), Java.
Distribution — Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Philippines.
Etlingera elatior var. alba Todam & C.K. Lim — (P)

Etlingera elatior var. alba Todam & C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 170. — Type: S. Todam
& B. Kharukanant KT1990 (holo BKF), Betong.
Etlingera elatior var. pileng Ongsakul & C.K. Lim — (P)

Etlingera elatior var. pileng Ongsakul & C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 169. — Type:
Ongsakul & C.K. Lim L5078 (holo BKF), Narathiwat.
Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245.
— Basionym: Amomum fimbriobracteatum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 317. — Gean-
thus fimbriobracteatus (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31
(1972) 312. — Type: O. Beccari 3735 (holo FI!).
Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245. — Basio-
nym: Elettaria foetens Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 52. — Alpinia foetens (Blume) D. Dietr.,
Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Cardamomum foetens (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686.
— Achasma foetens (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 93. — Hornstedtia
foetens (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 200. — Geanthus foetens (Blume) Valeton
ex A.W.K. de Jong, Jaarb. Dep. Landb. Nijverh. Handel Ned.-Indië 1917 (1919) 78. — Type: C.L.
von Blume s.n. (holo L!).
Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim — (A)

Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 1(1) (2000) 6. — Basionym: Hornstedtia
fulgens Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 149. —Phaeomeria fulgens (Ridl.) K.
Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 262. — Nicolaia fulgens (Ridl.) K. Larsen, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam
Soc. 23 (1970) 575. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 6887 (K!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Perak,
Larut Hills.
Etlingera goliathensis (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera goliathensis (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245.
— Basionym: Geanthus goliathensis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 935. — Type: A.C. de Kock
155 (holo BO).
Etlingera gracilis (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera gracilis (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245. — Basio-
nym: Nicolaia gracilis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 130. — Type: K.
Heyne 179 (holo BO), Lampung.
Etlingera grandiflora (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera grandiflora (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245.
— Basionym: Geanthus grandiflorus Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 56. — Type: F.R.R.
Schlechter s.n. (BO).
Etlingera grandiligulata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera grandiligulata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245. —
Basionym: Amomum grandiligulatum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 308. — Phaeomeria
grandiligulata (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 263. — Nicolaia grandiligulata
(K. Schum.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 131. — Type: O. Beccari 303
(holo FI!), West Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang.
Etlingera heliconiifolia (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera heliconiifolia (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Amomum
heliconiifolium K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 227. —Geanthus heliconiifolius (K. Schum.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 620 (syn), North
Sulawesi, O. Warburg 15139 (syn), North Sulawesi.
Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245. —
Basionym: Elettaria hemisphaerica Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 51. — Alpinia hemisphaerica
(Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 13. — Nicolaia hemisphaerica (Blume) Horan., Prodr.
Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Cardamomum hemisphaericum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2
(1891) 686. — Amomum hemisphaericum (Blume) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 307.
— Phaeomeria hemisphaerica (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 263. — Type: C.L.
von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Elettaria anthodioides Teijsm. & Binn., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3 (1855) 392. — Amomum anthodioides
(Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord., Meded. Lands Plantentuin 19 (1898) 318. — Phaeomeria anthodioides
(Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332. — Nicolaia anthodioides (Teijsm. &
Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 128. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n (iso
P!), Java.
Elettaria atropurpurea Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 24 (1862) 327. — Phaeo-
meria atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 266. — Nicolaia
atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 128. — Type:
J.E. Teijsmann s.n.
Nicolaia sanguinea Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 36. — Phaeomeria sanguinea
(Valeton) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332. — Type: Anon. s.n. (BO).
Nicolaia rostrata Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 134. — Phaeomeria rostrata
(Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 594. — Type: H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 809
(holo BO!), Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”.)
Nicolaia rostrata var. talangensis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 135. — Type:
H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 5298, 5299, 5431 (syn BO!), West Sumatra, Gunung Talang.
Distribution — Sumatra, Java.
Etlingera heyniana (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera heyniana (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 246. — Basio-
nym: Nicolaia heyniana Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 132. — Phaeomeria
heyniana (Valeton) Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Amomum heynianum (Valeton)
Bakh. f., Bekn. fl. Java 18 (1958) 31. — Type: K. Heyne s.n. (holo BO!).
Etlingera inundata S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Etlingera inundata S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 193. — Type: S. Sakai 412 (holo
KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Etlingera labellosa (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera labellosa (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 246.
— Basionym: Amomum labellosum K. Schum., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 27. — Achasma
labellosum (K. Schum.) Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 55. — Type: U.M. Hollrung 266
(holo B), Kaiserin Augusta (Sepik) River.
Etlingera latifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera latifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 246. — Basio-
nym: Geanthus latifolius Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 934. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1273 (holo
BO!, iso L!), West Papua.
Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke — (A) [see p. 163]

Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 209, 229, 251. — Basionym: Amo-
mum littorale J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 52. — Cardamomum littorale (J. König) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: J.G. König s.n., specimen lost.
Achasma megalocheilos Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 426. — Amomum megalocheilos (Griff.)
Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Hornstedtia megalocheilos (Griff.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 146. — Type: W. Griffith s.n. (holo K), Malacca.
Etlingera loerzingii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera loerzingii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 247. — Basio-
nym: Nicolaia loerzingii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 136. — Type: J.A.
Lörzing 4299 (holo BO!), Deli.
Etlingera longifolia (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera longifolia (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Amomum
longifolium K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 318. — Geanthus longifolius (K. Schum.)
Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 936. — Lectotype: O. Beccari 952 (FI!, designated by Poulsen,
2003), Arfak Mts, near Putat.
Etlingera longipetala (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera longipetala (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 247. —
Basionym: Geanthus longipetalus Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 931. — Type: M. Moszkowski
131 (holo BO!).
Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43
(1986) 247. — Basionym: Geanthus longipetiolatus B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 313. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5343 (holo E!).
Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 247. — Basio-
nym: Amomum maingayi Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 235. — Hornstedtia maingayi (Baker)
Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 150. — Phaeomeria maingayi (Baker) K.
Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 266. — Nicolaia maingayi (Baker) K. Larsen, Nat. Hist. Bull.
Siam Soc. 23 (1970) 575. — Type: A.C. Maingay 1586 (holo K!), Malacca.
Etlingera maingayi var. longibracteata (Holttum) I.M. Turner — (A)

Etlingera maingayi var. longibracteata (Holttum) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basio-
nym: Phaeomeria maingayi var. longibracteata Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 180.
— Type: M.R. Henderson SFN 24522 (holo SING!, iso BO!, K!), Pahang.
Etlingera maingayi var. ovata C.K. Lim — (P)

Etlingera maingayi var. ovata C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 1(1) (2000) 6. — Type: C.K. Lim L4342
(holo KEP!), Pahang.

Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 247. —
Basionym: Achasma metriocheilos Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 427. — Amomum metriocheilos
(Griff.) Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 234. — Hornstedtia metriocheilos (Griff.) Ridl., J. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 147. — Type: W. Griffith 5758 (holo K!), Malacca.
Amomum sphaerocephalum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 234. — Hornstedtia sphaerocephala
(Baker) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 192. — Achasma sphaerocephalum (Baker) Holt-
tum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 189. — Etlingera sphaerocephala (Baker) C.K. Lim, Folia
Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 150. — Type: A.C. Maingay 1581 (holo K!), Penang.
Hornstedtia albomarginata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 145. — Lectotype:
H.N. Ridley 7233 (K!, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Hornstedtia spathulata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 240. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (K!, designated by Turner, 2000, isolecto E!), Gunung Matang.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah.
Etlingera metriocheilos var. grandiflora (Holttum) I.M. Turner — (A)

Etlingera metriocheilos var. grandiflora (Holttum) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym:
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. grandiflorum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 191.
— Etlingera sphaerocephala var. grandiflora (Holttum) C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001)
154. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN 30234 (holo SING!, iso K!), Terengganu.
Etlingera metriocheilos var. major (Holttum) I.M. Turner — (A)

Etlingera metriocheilos var. major (Holttum) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym: Ach-
asma sphaerocephalum var. majus Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 190. — Etlingera
sphaerocephala var. major (Holttum) C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 154. — Type:
E.J.H. Corner SFN 30205 (holo SING!, iso BO!), Kemaman.
Etlingera metriocheilos var. petiolata (Holttum) I.M. Turner — (A)

Etlingera metriocheilos var. petiolata (Holttum) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym:
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. petiolatum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 191.
— Etlingera sphaerocephala var. petiolata (Holttum) C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001)
156. — Lectotype: E.J.H. Corner SFN 30745 (SING!, designated by Turner, 1996, isolecto K!),
Johore.
Etlingera metriocheilos var. rubrostriata (Holttum) I.M. Turner — (A)

Etlingera metriocheilos var. rubrostriata (Holttum) I.M. Turner, Novon 6 (1996) 223. — Basionym:
Achasma sphaerocephalum var. rubrostriatum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 190.
— Etlingera rubrostriata (Holttum) C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 157. — Type: E.J.H.
Corner SFN 30776 (holo SING!), Selangor.

Etlingera minor (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera minor (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 247. — Basionym:
Phaeomeria minor Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 89. — Type: C.B. Kloss 14560 (holo K!),
West Sumatra, Pulau Siberut.
Etlingera moluccana (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera moluccana (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248.
— Basionym: Phaeomeria moluccana K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 266. — Type: W.H. de
Vriese & J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (BO).
Etlingera muluensis R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera muluensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 455. — Type: G.C.G.
Argent, B. Coppins & A.C. Jermy 1066 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.

Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248. — Basio-
nym: Amomum nasutum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 320. — Achasma nasutum (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 596. — Type: O. Beccari 315 (holo FI!, iso
G!), Kuching.
Hornstedtia hewittii Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 241. — Lectotype: J. Hewitt
38 (K!, designated by Turner, 2000), Santubong.
Hornstedtia licmeres Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 49 (1907) 44. — Type: J. Hewitt s.n.
(16.09.1905) (holo SAR!), Kuching.
Etlingera nasuta var. reticulata R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera nasuta var. reticulata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 446. — Type:
P.W. Richards 1819 (holo K!), Dulit Range.
Etlingera newmanii S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)
Etlingera newmanii S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 195. — Type: S. Sakai 83 (holo
KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen — (A)
Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Amomum
pandanicarpum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2899. — Hornstedtia pandanicarpa (Elmer)
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2979. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10508 (iso BO!, FI!, G!, GH!,
L!, U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Etlingera parva (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera parva (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248. — Basionym:
Geanthus parvus Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 145. — Amomum parvum
(Valeton) Bakh. f., Bekn. fl. Java 18 (1958) 30. — Type: C.A. Backer 8887 (holo BO!).
Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248. — Basio-
nym: Hornstedtia pauciflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 144. — Achasma
pauciflorum (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 187. — Type: H.N. Ridley 8174
(holo K!), Selangor.
Etlingera peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248. — Basio-
nym: Nicolaia peekelii Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 54. — Phaeomeria peekelii (Valeton)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 594. — Type: G. Peekel 715 (holo BO!), New Ire-
land.
Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248.
— Basionym: Hornstedtia philippinensis Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 86. — Amomum
philippinense (Ridl.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 240. — Achasma philippinensis (Ridl.)
B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 307. — Type: W.W. Clark
1704 (syn), Masbate, E.B. Copeland 416 (syn K!, SING!), Mindanao, Davao.
Etlingera pieei S.H. Khaw — (A)

Etlingera pieei S.H. Khaw, Gard. Bull. Singapore 53 (2001) 221. — Type: S.H. Khaw KSH 420 (holo
KEP!, iso KLU), Perak.
Etlingera polyantha (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera polyantha (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248. — Basio-
nym: Geanthus polyanthus Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 932. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer
959 (holo BO!), West Papua.
Etlingera polycarpa (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera polycarpa (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Amomum
polycarpum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 226. — Geanthus polycarpus (K. Schum.) Loes.,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 592. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 410 (holo B), North
Sulawesi, Tomohon.
Etlingera pubescens (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera pubescens (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986)
248. — Basionym: Geanthus pubescens B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 314. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5366 (holo E!, iso SAR, U!).
Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm. — (A) [see p. 163]

Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia punicea Roxb., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 71. — Elettaria punicea (Roxb.) Schult., Mant. I
(1822) 24. — Hornstedtia punicea (Roxb.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 197. — Achasma
puniceum (Roxb.) Loes., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10 (1927) 62. — Lectotype: Icones
Roxburghianae 2007 (K, designated by Smith, 1986), Sumatra.
Achasma macrocheilos Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 429. — Amomum macrocheilos (Griff.) Baker,
Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 235. — Hornstedtia macrocheilos (Griff.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 147. — Type: W. Griffith s.n.
Amomum gomphocheilos Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1897 (holo
K!), Perak.
Amomum rubroluteum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Etlingera rubrolutea (Baker) C.K. Lim,
Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 157. — Type: A.C. Maingay 1588 (holo K!), Malacca.
Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Hornstedtia pur-
purea Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2984. — Amomum purpureum (Elmer) Merr., Enum.
Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 240. — Lectotype: A.D.E. Elmer 16819 (L!, designated by Poulsen 2003,
isolecto BO!, C!, FI!, G!, GH!, U!, UC!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249.
— Basionym: Amomum pyramidosphaera K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 306. — Phaeo-
meria pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 263. — Nicolaia pyra-
midosphaera (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972)
315. — Type: O. Beccari 3452 (syn FI!), Kalimantan, O. Beccari 4042 (syn FI!, K!), Sarawak, O.
Beccari s.n. (July 1874) (syn FI!), Southeast Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sarawak, Kalimantan, Sulawesi.

Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 240., nom.
nov. — Donacodes roseus Teijsm. & Binn., nom. nud., Catalogus van ʻs Lands Plantentuin te
Buitenzorg (1854) 58. — Cardamomum roseum Kuntze, nom. illeg., Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687.
— Amomum roseum K. Schum., nom. illeg., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 256. — Geanthus roseus
Loes., nom. illeg., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (BO).
Etlingera rubrolutea (Baker) C.K. Lim = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Etlingera rubromarginata A.D. Poulsen & Mood — (A)

Etlingera rubromarginata A.D. Poulsen & Mood, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 139. — Type: A.D.
Poulsen 35 (holo AAU!, iso BRUN!, K!), Batu Apoi Forest Reserve.
Etlingera rubrostriata (Holttum) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metriocheilos var. rubro-

striata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249. — Basio-
nym: Hornstedtia sanguinea Ridl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44 (1910) 531. — Geanthus sanguineus
(Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38 (1980) 19. — Type: H.J.P. Winkler 2147
(holo WRSL!, iso BM, BO!, G!, K!, L!).
Etlingera sericea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera sericea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249. — Basionym:
Nicolaia sericea Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 8 (1917) 115. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
Etlingera sessilanthera R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera sessilanthera R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 240. — Type: C.
Hansen 201 (holo C!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249. — Basionym:
Elettaria solaris Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 52. — Alpinia solaris (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn.
pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Nicolaia solaris (Blume) Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Car-
damomum solare (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Amomum solare (Blume) K.
Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 308. — Phaeomeria solaris (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr.
IV, 46 (1904) 264. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (L!).
Elettaria pallida Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 52. — Alpinia pallida (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1
(1839) 12. — Nicolaia pallida (Blume) Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Cardamo-
mum pallidum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Phaeomeria pallida (Blume) K.
Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 264. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L), Java.
Amomum chrysocalyx K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 308. — Phaeomeria chrysocalyx (K.
Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 265. — Type: O. Beccari 247 (syn FI!, K!), West
Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang, 645 (syn FI!, K!), Sumatra, Ayer Mancior.
Etlingera sorsogonensis (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera sorsogonensis (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 526. — Basionym: Hornstedtia
sorsogonensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2985. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16925 (iso BO!,
C!, FI!, G!, GH!, U!, UC!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Etlingera sphaerocephala (Baker) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Etlingera sphaerocephala var. grandiflora (Holttum) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metrio-
cheilos var. grandiflora (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Etlingera sphaerocephala var. petiolata (Holttum) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metriochei-
los var. petiolata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Etlingera subterranea (Holttum) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera subterranea (Holttum) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250.
— Basionym: Achasma subterraneum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 187. — Type:
R.E. Holttum 31212 (holo SING!, iso BO!, E!, L!), Pahang.
Etlingera subulicalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera subulicalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250.
— Basionym: Nicolaia subulicalyx Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 139.
— Type: J.A. Lörzing 4342 (holo BO!).
Etlingera terengganuensis C.K. Lim = Etlingera corneri Mood & H. Ibrahim
Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250. — Basio-
nym: Amomum triorgyale Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 237. — Hornstedtia triorgyalis (Baker)
Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 144. — Achasma triorgyale (Baker) Holttum,
Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 186. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 2105 (holo K!, iso SING!), Perak.
Etlingera valida (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen — (A)

Etlingera valida (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 526. — Basionym: Amomum validum
K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 314. — Geanthus validus (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflan-
zenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 593. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (holo FI!), Ayer Mancior.
Etlingera velutina (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera velutina (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250. — Basionym:
Hornstedtia velutina Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 146. — Type: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (December 1897) (holo K!), Sarawak.
Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250. — Basionym:
Hornstedtia venusta Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 149. — Phaeomeria
venusta (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 264. — Nicolaia venusta (Ridl.) K. Larsen,
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 23 (1970) 575. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 7810 (K!, designated by
Holttum, 1950, isolecto SING!), Selangor.
Etlingera versteegii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera versteegii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250. — Basio-
nym: Geanthus versteegii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 930. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1395 (holo
BO!, iso L!).
Etlingera vestita (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera vestita (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 250. — Basionym:
Geanthus vestitus Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 55. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 16850 (B).
Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 251. — Basionym:
Donacodes walang Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Alpinia walang (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn.
pl. 1 (1839) 13. Elettaria walang (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1859) 603. — Cardamomum
walang (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Achasma walang (Blume) Valeton,
Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 93. — Amomum walang (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot.
Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 44. — Hornstedtia walang (Blume) Koord.-Schum., Syst. Verz. 1 (1911)
21. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Elettaria glaberrima Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (1845–1846) 84. — Cardamomum glaberrimum
(Zoll. & Moritzi) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: H. Zollinger 670 (iso L!).
Etlingera xanthoparyphe (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera xanthoparyphe (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 251.
— Basionym: Amomum xanthoparyphe K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 224. — Achasma
xanthoparyphe (K. Schum.) Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 55. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach
s.n. (holo B), East Sepik/Madang, Ramu River.
Gastrochilus Wall. 1829, non D. Don 1825 = Boesenbergia Kuntze
Gastrochilus acutus Ridl. = Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr.

Gastrochilus albosanguinea Ridl. = Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr.
Gastrochilus apiculatus Valeton = Boesenbergia apiculata (Valeton) Loes.
Gastrochilus biloba Ridl. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus biloba var. lanceolatus Ridl. = Scaphochlamys biloba var. lanceolatus
(Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus bractescens Ridl. = Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt

& R.M. Sm.
Gastrochilus calophylla Ridl. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus curtisii Baker = Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr.

Gastrochilus flavus Ridl. 1899, non (Hook. f.) Kuntze 1887 (Orchidaceae) = Boesen-
bergia flava Holttum, nom. nov.
Gastrochilus gracile Valeton — (P)

Gastrochilus gracile Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 103. — Type: H.A.B. Bün-
nemeyer 545 (holo BO), Bengkulu.
Gastrochilus grandifolius Valeton = Boesenbergia grandifolia (Valeton) Merr.

Gastrochilus hirtus Ridl. = Boesenbergia hirta (Ridl.) Merr.
Gastrochilus javanus K. Schum. = Boesenbergia curtisii (Baker) Schltr.

Gastrochilus klossii Ridl. = Scaphochlamys klossii (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus kunstleri (Baker) Valeton = Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum
Gastrochilus lanceolatus Ridl. = Scaphochlamys lanceolata (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus lancifolius Ridl. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Gastrochilus latilabrum Valeton — (P)

Gastrochilus latilabrum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 99. — Type: A.W.
Nieuwenhuis 872 (holo BO).
Gastrochilus laxiflorum Valeton = Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt

& R.M. Sm.
Gastrochilus loerzingii Valeton = Boesenbergia loerzingii (Valeton) K. Larsen
Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bandarensis Valeton — (P)

Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bandarensis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 95.
— Type: J.A. Lörzing 1728 (holo BO), North Sumatra, Sibaulangit.
Notes — See Boesenbergia loerzingii.
Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bencoolensis Valeton — (P)

Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bencoolensis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 94.
— Type: H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 532 (iso L), West Sumatra, Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”.)
Notes — See Boesenbergia loerzingii.
Gastrochilus longifolius Ridl., nom. illeg. = Scaphochlamys longifolia Holttum

Gastrochilus longipetiolata Ridl. = Boesenbergia longipetiolata (Ridl.) Merr.
Gastrochilus lurida Ridl. = Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus minor Baker — (P)

Gastrochilus minor Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 217. — Combinations: Boesenbergia minor (Bak-
er) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Kaempferia minor (Baker) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV
46 (1904) 86. — Type: H.H. Kunstler s.n., Perak.

Notes — The type of these names is not cited by Holttum (1950) who seems not to
have seen it. Holttum does cite specimens which Ridley misidentified as Gastrochilus
minor Baker, namely Ridley 14422 (= Scaphochlamys biloba var. lanceolata) and
Curtis s.n. (= Boesenbergia flava).
Gastrochilus oculatus Ridl. = Scaphochlamys oculata (Ridl.) Holttum

Gastrochilus ornatus (N.E. Br.) Valeton = Boesenbergia ornata (N.E. Br.) R.M. Sm.
Gastrochilus parvus Ridl. = Boesenbergia parva (Ridl.) Merr.
Gastrochilus plicata Ridl. = Boesenbergia plicata (Ridl.) Holttum
Gastrochilus prainianus (Baker) Ridl. = Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr.
Gastrochilus puberula Ridl. = Boesenbergia clivalis (Ridl.) Schltr.
Gastrochilus pulchellus Ridl. = Boesenbergia pulchella (Ridl.) Merr.
Gastrochilus pulcherrima Wall. = Boesenbergia pulcherrima (Wall.) Kuntze
Gastrochilus reticosa Ridl. = Scaphochlamys reticosa (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Gastrochilus roseopunctatus Ridl. = Boesenbergia roseopunctata (Ridl.) I.M. Turner
Gastrochilus scaphochlamys Ridl. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Gastrochilus striatum Valeton = Boesenbergia striata (Valeton) Loes.
Gastrochilus subbiloba Burkill ex Ridl. = Scaphochlamys subbiloba (Burkill ex Ridl.)

Holttum
Gastrochilus tillandsioides Baker — (P)

Gastrochilus tillandsioides Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 218. — Combination: Boesenbergia
tillandsioides (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Type: H.H. Kunstler s.n. (holo
CAL), Perak.

Gastrochilus violaceus Ridl. — (P)

Gastrochilus violaceus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 56. — Type: T.D. Pereira
s.n. (1908) (holo SING!), Sumatra.
Notes — The type is too fragmentary to allow certain placement, either in Boesen-
bergia or Scaphochlamys (Turner, 2000).
Geanthus Reinw. = Etlingera Giseke

Geanthus angustifolius Valeton = Etlingera angustifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus bicorniculatus (K. Schum.) Loes. = Amomum bicorniculatum K. Schum.
Geanthus brachypodanthus (K. Schum.) Loes. — (P), see Amomum brachypodan-

thum K. Schum.
Geanthus brevilabris (Valeton) Loes. = Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.

Geanthus bromeliopsis Valeton = Etlingera bromeliopsis (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus calycinus Valeton = Etlingera calycina (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus coccineus Reinw., nom. nud. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus dekockii Valeton = Etlingera dekockii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus densiusculus Valeton = Etlingera densiuscula (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus dictyocoleus (K. Schum.) Loes. = Amomum dictyocoleum K. Schum.
Geanthus echinatus Valeton = Amomum centrocephalum A.D. Poulsen, nom. nov.
Geanthus fimbriobracteatus (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera fimbrio-
bracteata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus foetens (Blume) Valeton ex A.W.K. de Jong = Etlingera foetens (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Geanthus goliathensis Valeton = Etlingera goliathensis (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus grandiflorus Valeton = Etlingera grandiflora (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus heliconiifolius (K. Schum.) Loes. = Etlingera heliconiifolia (K. Schum.)
A.D. Poulsen
Geanthus latifolius Valeton = Etlingera latifolia (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus lepicarpus (Ridl.) Loes. = Amomum lepicarpum Ridl.
Geanthus longifolius (K. Schum.) Valeton = Etlingera longifolia (K. Schum.) A.D.
Poulsen
Geanthus longipetalus Valeton = Etlingera longipetala (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus longipetiolatus B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L.
Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus macroglossa (K. Schum.) Loes. = Amomum macroglossum K. Schum.
Geanthus minor Reinw., nom. nud. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Geanthus parvus Valeton = Etlingera parva (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus pausodipsus (K. Schum.) Loes. — (P), see Amomum pausodipsus K.

Schum.
Geanthus piningi Reinw., nom. nud. = Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton

Geanthus polyanthus Valeton = Etlingera polyantha (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus polycarpus (K. Schum.) Loes. = Etlingera polycarpa (K. Schum.) A.D.
Poulsen
Geanthus pubescens B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera pubescens (B.L. Burtt &
R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus pubimarginatus (Elmer) Loes. — (P), see Amomum pubimarginatum

Elmer.
Geanthus roseus Loes., nom. illeg. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., nom. nov.
Geanthus sanguineus (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. = Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus speciosus Reinw., nom. nud. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus stenophyllus (K. Schum.) Loes. — (P), see Amomum stenophyllum K.

Schum.
Geanthus trachycarpus (K. Schum.) Valeton — (P), see Amomum trachycarpum K.

Schum.
Geanthus trichanthera (Warb.) Valeton — (P), see Amomum trichanthera Warb.
Geanthus validus (K. Schum.) Loes. = Etlingera valida (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen
Geanthus versteegii Valeton = Etlingera versteegii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus vestitus Valeton = Etlingera vestita (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geocharis (K. Schum.) Ridl. — (A)

Geocharis (K. Schum.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 143. — Basionym: Alpinia
Sect. Geocharis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 363. — Type species: Not designated.

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah, Philippines.
Geocharis aurantiaca Ridl. — (A)

Geocharis aurantiaca Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 144. — Riedelia aurantiaca
(Ridl.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 627. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 13271 (K,
designated by Holttum, 1950), Johore.
Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 458. — Basio-
nym: Amomum fusiforme Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 171. — Elettariopsis fusiformis (Ridl.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: F.H. Bolster 224 (syn), Mindanao,
Surigao, 331 (syn K), Mindanao, Surigao, A.D.E. Elmer 9509 (syn E!, FI!, G!, GH!), Negros
Oriental, Cuernos Mts., Dumaguete.
Geocharis fusiformis var. borneensis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Geocharis fusiformis var. borneensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 458.
— Type: A.D.E. Elmer 20218 (holo UC, iso BR!, HBG!, L!, SING!, U!), Sandakan.
Geocharis macrostemon (K. Schum.) Holttum — (A)

Geocharis macrostemon (K. Schum.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 221. — Basionym:
Alpinia macrostemon K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 297. — Riedelia macrostemon (K.
Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 627. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (August 1878)
(holo FI!), West Sumatra, Ayer Mancior.
Geocharis radicalis (Valeton) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)

Geocharis radicalis (Valeton) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972)
315. — Basionym: Rhynchanthus radicalis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921)
141. — Type: J.A. Lörzing 5912 (BO), North Sumatra, Deli.
Geocharis rubra Ridl. — (A)

Geocharis rubra Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 146. — Riedelia rubra (Ridl.)
Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 627. — Type: J. Hewitt s.n. (24 March 1908) (holo
K!), Quop.
Geocharis secundiflora (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Geocharis secundiflora (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 223. — Basionym: Alpinia
secundiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 165. — Type: Kelsall s.n. (January
1891) (holo K), Selangor.

Geostachys (Baker) Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 157. — Basionym: Alpinia
Subgen. Geostachys Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 257. — Type species: Not designated.
Conamomum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 121. — Type species: Conamomum
utriculosum Ridl.
Carenophila Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4(1) (1909) 78. — Type species: Carenophila montana
Ridl.

Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan.
Geostachys decurvata (Baker) Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys decurvata (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 158. — Basionym:
Alpinia decurvata Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 257. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 6310 (holo K, iso
FI!, P!, SING!), Perak.

Geostachys densiflora Ridl. — (A)
Geostachys densiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 82 (1920) 201. — Type: H.C. Robin-
son s.n. (20 March 1913) (holo K), Gunung Kerbau.

Geostachys elegans Ridl. — (A)
Geostachys elegans Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 160. — Lectotype: H.N. Rid-
ley 3137 (K, designated by Holttum, 1950, isolecto SING!), Malacca.

Geostachys holttumii K. Larsen — (A)
Geostachys holttumii K. Larsen, Bot. Tidsskr. 58 (1962) 47. — Type: A.F.G. Kerr 7538 (holo K),
Betong.
Geostachys leucantha B.C. Stone — (P)
Geostachys leucantha B.C. Stone, Malaysian J. Sci. 6 (1980) 77. — Type: B.C. Stone 13780 (holo
KLU, iso E!), Pahang.

Geostachys megaphylla Holttum — (A)
Geostachys megaphylla Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 228. — Type: R.E. Holttum SFN
31276 (holo SING), Pahang.

Geostachys montana (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)
Geostachys montana (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 229. — Basionym: Caren-
ophila montana Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4(1) (1909) 78. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(November 1908) (holo SING!), Pahang.
Geostachys penangensis Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys penangensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 159. — Type: C. Curtis
327 (holo SING!), Penang.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan.
Geostachys primulina Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys primulina Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 82 (1920) 201. — Type: H.N. Ridley
12029 (holo K, iso SING!), Selangor.
Geostachys rupestris Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys rupestris Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 159. — Type: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (1893) (holo SING!), Kedah.
Geostachys secunda (Baker) Ridl. — (A)

Geostachys secunda (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 158. — Basionym:
Alpinia secunda Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 257. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 8047.
Geostachys sericea (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Geostachys sericea (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 229. — Basionym: Conamo-
mum sericeum Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 6 (1915) 185. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 15943
(SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Geostachys sumatrana Valeton — (P)

Geostachys sumatrana Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 146. — Type: J.A. Lör-
zing 5984 (BO), North Sumatra, Deli.
Geostachys tahanensis Holttum — (A)

Geostachys tahanensis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 232. — Type: R.E. Holttum SFN
20582 (holo SING!), Pahang.
Geostachys taipingensis Holttum — (A)

Geostachys taipingensis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 230. — Type: J.W. Anderson 139
(holo SING!), Perak.

Globba L. — (A)
Globba L., Mant. pl. (1771) 170. — Type species: Globba marantina L..
Ceratanthera Hornem., Hortus Reg. Bot. Hafn. 1 (1813) 2, 5. — Type species: Ceratanthera amo-
moides Hornem.
Hura J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 49. — Type species: Hura siamensium J. König.
Sphaerocarpos J.F. Gmel., Syst. nat. 2(1) (1791) 9. — Type species: Sphaerocarpos hura J.F. Gmel.
Manitia Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 202, 209. — Type species: Manitia aurea Giseke, nom.
illeg.
Colebrookia Donn ex T. Lestib., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 15 (1841) 339, 341. — Type species: Not des-
ignated.
Achilus Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1895) 39. — Type species: Achilus siamensis Hemsl.
Revision status — B: Lim (1972), Smith (1988), Takano & Okada (2003).
Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Bru-
nei, Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Philippines, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea.
Globba acehensis A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba acehensis A. Takano & H. Okada, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 65. — Type: M. Kato 8618 (holo
BO, iso K, KYO), Aceh Tenggara.
Globba affinis Rendle = Globba brachyanthera K. Schum.

Globba alba E. Morren = Globba albobracteata N.E. Br.
Globba albiflora Ridl. — (A)

Globba albiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 96. — Type: C. Curtis 2851 (holo
K, iso SING!), Penang.
Globba albiflora var. aurea Holttum — (A)

Globba albiflora var. aurea Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 32. — Type: M.R. Henderson
SFN 29715 (holo SING), Kelantan.
Globba albobracteata K. Schum. = Globba albobracteata N.E. Br.
Globba albobracteata N.E. Br. — (A)

Globba albobracteata N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. new series 18 (1882) 71. — Lectotype: O. Beccari 208
(K, designated by Takano & Okada, 2003, isolecto FI!, L!), West Sumatra, Gunung Singgalang.
Globba alba E. Morren, Belgique Hort. 35 (1885) 286, t. 20. — Type: Material not located.
Notes — Schumann (1904) also described Globba albobracteata, based on the
same type as Brownʼs name. This appears to be a coincidence.
Globba aphylla Miq. = Globba pendula Roxb.

Globba argentiana R.M. Sm. = Globba francisci Ridl.
Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn. — (A)

Globba atrosanguinea Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 22. — Type: C. de
Groot s.n.
Distribution — Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Globba atrosanguinea var. sumatrana A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba atrosanguinea var. sumatrana A. Takano & H. Okada, Nordic J. Bot. 21 (2001) 163. — Type:
Y. Mori & A. Takano 8839 (holo BO, iso KYO), West Sumatra, Malampah Nature Reserve.
Globba aurantiaca Miq. — (A)

Globba aurantiaca Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 613. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann HB 2036
(holo U!), Lubukalung.
Globba deliana Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 31 (1921) 21. — Type: H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 1190
(holo BO), Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”.)
Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra.

Notes — It is not clear why Takano & Okada (2003) have designated Teijsmann
HB 2036 as the lectotype of Globba aurantiaca Miq. since Miquelʼs types are at
U. Thai and Malaysian specimens determined to G. aurantiaca should probably be
referred to G. patens Miq.
Globba aurea Elmer — (P)

Globba aurea Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2902. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 13243, Palawan, Mt.
Pulgar (= Thumb Peak).
Globba barthei Gagnep. = Globba marantina L.
Globba brachyanthera K. Schum. — (A)

Globba brachyanthera K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 329. — Type: O. Beccari 38 (holo
FI!), Kuching.
Globba affinis Rendle, J. Bot. 39 (1901) 176. — Type: C. Hose 109 (syn L!, P), Baram, 456 (syn),
Baram, Sg. Entoyut.
Globba brachyanthera var. angustifolia Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 232. — Lec-
totype: E.J. Bartlett s.n. (15 June 1893) (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Gunung Matang.
Distribution — Sarawak, Kalimantan.
Globba brachyanthera var. angustifolia Ridl. = Globba brachyanthera K. Schum.
Globba brachyanthera var. hirsuta R.M. Sm. — (A)

Globba brachyanthera var. hirsuta R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1988) 18. —
Type: B.L. Burtt & P.J.B. Woods B 2711 (holo E!), 1st Division, Sg. Lundu below Gunung Perigi.
Globba burbidgei Ridl., J. Bot. 63 (1925) 204. — Lectotype: E.P. Mjöberg 233 (BM, designated by
Smith, 1988), Lundu.
Globba brachyanthera var. rubra R.M. Sm. — (A)

Globba brachyanthera var. rubra R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1988) 17. — Type:
B.L. Burtt & P.J.B. Woods B 2363 (holo E!, iso L!), Lambir Hills National Park.
Globba brachycarpa Baker = Globba cernua Baker
Globba brevifolia K. Schum. — (P)

Globba brevifolia K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 145. — Type: O. Warburg 14066 (B).
Globba bulbifera Roxb. — (A)

Globba bulbifera Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 358. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae s.n. (CAL).
Distribution — Not native to Malesia.

Notes — This species occurs from the Himalaya to Yunnan. All Malesian speci-
mens determined to this name should probably be referred to Globba marantina L.
Globba burbidgei Ridl. = Globba brachyanthera var. hirsuta R.M. Sm.
Globba calophylla Ridl. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba campsophylla K. Schum. — (P)

Globba campsophylla K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 145. — Type: H. Cuming 1390 (iso FI!,
L!), Luzon, Nueva Ecija.
Globba candida Ridl., nom. illeg. = Globba paniculata Valeton
Globba cernua Baker — (A)

Globba cernua Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 205. — Lectotype: H.H. Kunstler 757 (K, designated
by Lim, 1972), Gopeng.
Globba brachycarpa Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 205 (“Globba trachycarpa”). — Type: H.H.
Kunstler 2414 (holo K), Perak.
Globba macranthera Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4 (1909) 76. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 14003
(K, designated by Lim, 1972, isolecto SING!), Pahang.
Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia.
Globba cernua subsp. crocea S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba cernua subsp. crocea S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 250. — Type:
M.E.D. Poore 4791 (holo KLU), Pahang.
Globba cernua subsp. porphyria S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba cernua subsp. porphyria S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 251. — Type:
K. Jong 8240 (holo KLU), Perak.
Globba ciliata Jack = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba corneri A. Weber — (A)

Globba corneri A. Weber, Pl. Syst. Evol. 174 (1991) 1, nom. nov. — Basionym: Globba unifolia
var. sessiliflora Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 34. — Lectotype: E.J.H. Corner 30013
(SING, designated by Lim, 1972, isolecto E!, L!, P!), Terengganu.
Globba curtisii Holttum — (A)

Globba curtisii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 35. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN 33193
(holo SING!, iso E!), Pahang.
Globba debilis Ridl. = Globba pendula Roxb.

Globba deliana Valeton = Globba aurantiaca Miq.
Globba dubia Horan. — (P)

Globba dubia Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 20. — Type: Material not located.
Globba ectobolos K. Schum. — (P)

Globba ectobolos K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 156. — Type: F.J.F. Meyen s.n. (B).
Globba elegans Ridl. = Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.)
Holttum
Globba fasciata Ridl. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba fecunda A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba fecunda A. Takano & H. Okada, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 61. — Type: M. Kato 8603 (holo
BO, iso K, KYO, TI), West Sumatra, Lembah Anai Natural Reserve.
Globba flavibracteata A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba flavibracteata A. Takano & H. Okada, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 64. — Type: M. Kato 8482
(holo BO), West Sumatra, Ladang Padi.
Globba flavidula Ridl. = Globba leucantha var. flavidula (Ridl.) Holttum

Globba floribunda Baker = Globba leucantha Miq.
Globba fragilis S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba fragilis S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 252. — Type: K.C. Cheang
4847 (holo KLU, iso K), Pulau Langkawi.
Globba francisci Ridl. — (A)

Globba francisci Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 162. — Lectotype: L.S. Gibbs 2932 (BM, des-
ignated by Smith, 1988), Tenom.
Globba argentiana R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 38. — Type: G.C.G. Argent & J.A.R.
Kerby 802 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Globba gibbsiae Ridl. = Globba tricolor var. gibbsiae (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Globba glandulosa Ridl. — (P)

Globba glandulosa Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 49 (1907) 43. — Type: J. Hewitt 37 (holo
K), Mount Lingga.
Globba gracilis K. Schum. — (P)

Globba gracilis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 145. — Type: O. Warburg 14580, Mindanao,
Davao, Mt. Gagapan.
Globba hasseltii Boerl. & A. Hasselt — (A)

Globba hasseltii Boerl. & A. Hasselt, Bijdr. Fl. Midd. Sumatra (1884) 34. — Lectotype: A.L. van
Hasselt s.n. (L, designated by Takano & Okada, 2003).
Globba heterobractea K. Schum. = Globba marantina L.
Globba holttumii S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba holttumii S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 255. — Type: S.N. Lim 4822
(holo KLU), Pahang.
Globba holttumii subsp. aurea S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba holttumii subsp. aurea S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 257. — Type:
P.C. Lee 8206 (holo KLU), Johore.
Globba hura (J.F. Gmel.) Roxb. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba kingii Baker = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba latifolia Ridl. — (P)

Globba latifolia Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 161. — Type: E.B. Copeland s.n. (syn MICH),
Zamboanga, San Ramon, R.S. Williams 2324 (syn US), Mindanao, Sax River, E.D. Merrill 4064
(syn SING!), Mindoro Oriental, Baco River.
Globba leucantha Miq. — (A)

Globba leucantha Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1860) 612. — Lectotype: 2035 HB (U, designated
by Lim, 1972), Lubukalung.
Globba floribunda Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 203. — Type: G. King 714 (holo CAL), Johore.
Globba pallidiflora Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 204. — Lectotype: G. King 716 (CAL, designated
by Lim, 1972), Johore.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore.
Globba leucantha var. bicolor Holttum — (A)

Globba leucantha var. bicolor Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 27. — Type: Gimlette s.n.
(1905) (holo SING), Kelantan.
Globba regalis Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4 (1909) 75. — Type: H.N. Ridley 13905 (holo
SING!), Pahang.
Globba leucantha var. flavidula (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Globba leucantha var. flavidula (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 28. — Basionym:
Globba flavidula Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 5 (1925) 338. — Type: F.W. Foxworthy & Hj. M. Nur
bin Mohamed Ghose 11940 (holo SING!, iso K, SING!), Pahang.
Globba leucantha var. peninsularis Holttum ex S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba leucantha var. peninsularis Holttum ex S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31
(1972) 268. — Type: J. Sinclair 8200 (holo KLU), Johore.
Globba leucantha var. violacea (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Globba leucantha var. violacea (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 27. — Basionym:
Globba violacea Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 97. — Lectotype: Mat s.n.
(1892) (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Johore.

Globba leucocarpa Ridl. — (P)

Globba leucocarpa Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 161. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 6465 (syn K, US!),
Benguet, Twin Peaks, 7298 (syn), Leyte, Palo, R.C. McGregor 201 (syn), Mindoro Oriental, Baco
River, E.D. Merrill 1789, 4064a (syn), Mindoro Oriental, Baco River.
Globba macranthera Ridl. = Globba cernua Baker
Globba maculata Blume — (P)

Globba maculata Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 63. — Type: C.G.C. Reinwardt s.n. (holo L!, iso L!).
Globba maculata var. minor Blume — (P)

Globba maculata var. minor Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 63. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt
Globba no. 2 (holo L!), Hariang.
Globba malaccensis Ridl. = Globba variabilis Ridl.
Globba marantina L. — (A)

Globba marantina L., Mant. pl. (1771) 170. — Type: Cat.Linn.herb. 45/1 (holo LINN).
Ceratanthera amomoides Hornem., Enum. pl. hort. hafn., Supplementum (1809) 4. — Type: Mat-
erial not located.
Globba barthei Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 208. — Type: Barthe s.n. (1857) (holo
P!), Manila.
Globba zollingeri Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 209. — Type: H. Zollinger 2372 (syn
FI!, P!), 2692 (syn P).
Globba heterobractea K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 159. — Type: H. Cuming 1383 (syn L!,
P!), Luzon, O. Warburg 14067 (syn B), Pampanga, Mt. Arayat, F.J.F. Meyen s.n. (October 1831)
(syn B), Manila, near Halo-Halo.
Globba timorensis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 160. — Type: R. Brown s.n. (April 1803)
(holo L), Timor Leste.
Distribution — Widespread.
Globba merrilli Ridl. — (P)

Globba merrilli Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 83. — Type: T.E. Borden 1598 (syn SING!),
Bataan, Mt. Mariveles, E.B. Copeland s.n. (syn MICH), Zamboanga, E.D. Merrill 3869 (syn),
H.N. Whitford 481 (syn K, SING!), Bataan, Mt. Mariveles.
Globba montana Ridl. = Globba pendula subsp. montana (Ridl.) S.N. Lim
Globba multifolia A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba multifolia A. Takano & H. Okada, Syst. Bot. 28 (2003) 541. — Type: M. Kato 8481 (holo
BO, iso KYO), West Sumatra.
Globba muluensis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Globba muluensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1988) 14. — Type: G.C.G. Argent
& B. Coppins 1139 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Globba nawawii H. Ibrahim & K. Larsen — (A)

Globba nawawii H. Ibrahim & K. Larsen, Nordic J. Bot. 15 (1995) 157. — Type: Mustapha Moha-
mad RI89025 (holo KLU, iso AAU), Terengganu.
Globba nutans L. = Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe

Globba oligantha Miq. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba pallidiflora Baker = Globba leucantha Miq.
Globba panicoides Miq. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba paniculata Valeton — (A)

Globba paniculata Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 31 (1921) 18. — Lectotype: J.A. Lörzing
4479 (BO, designated by Takano & Okada, 2003), Sibaulangit.
Globba candida Ridl., nom. illeg., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 98. — Globba
virginea I.M. Turner, nom. nov., Asian Journal of Tropical Biology 4 (2000) 29. — Type: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (11 February 1921) (holo K), North Sumatra, Berastagi.
Globba parviflora C. Presl — (P)

Globba parviflora C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 115. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (syn PR!, PRC!).
Globba patens Miq. — (A)

Globba patens Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 613. — Type: 2038 HB (holo U!), Lubuka-
lung.
Globba patens var. costulata S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba patens var. costulata S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 260. — Type:
A.R. Lethbridge 8209 (holo KLU), Pahang.
Globba paucibractea Valeton — (P)

Globba paucibractea Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 31 (1921) 23. — Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis
1233 (syn BO), Anon s.n., (HB XI B 145) (syn BO).
Distribution — Sumatra, Kalimantan.
Globba pendula Roxb. — (A)

Globba pendula Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 359. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1014 (K).
Hura siamensium J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 49. — Sphaerocarpos hura J.F. Gmel., Syst. nat.
2(1) (1791) 9. — Manitia aurea Giseke, nom. illeg., Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 251. — Globba
hura (J.F. Gmel.) Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 359. — Globba siamensium (J. König) A.S. Rao &
D.M. Verma, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14 (1975) 118. — Type: J.G. König s.n. (holo C!), Thailand.
Globba versicolor Sm., Exot. Bot. 2 (1808) 116. — Type: Material not located.
Globba ciliata Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 2(7) (1822) 5. — Type: W. Jack s.n., specimen
lost.
Globba uliginosa Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 613. — Lectotype: J. Amann s.n. (July
1858) (U, designated by Lim, 1972), Bangka.
Globba panicoides Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 614. — Lectotype: J.E. Teijsmann HB
2039 (U, designated by Lim, 1972), West Sumatra.
Globba oligantha Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 613. — Lectotype: HB 4277 (U!, designated
by Takano & Okada, 2003, isolecto BO!, L!), Lampung.
Globba aphylla Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste bijv. (1861) 614. — Lectotype: J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (U,
designated by Lim, 1972), Lubukalung.
Globba wallichii Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 202. — Lectotype: N. Wallich 6533 (K, designated
by Lim, 1972), Penang.
Globba elongata Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 203, nom. nud.
Globba kingii Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 204. — Lectotype: G. King 715 (CAL, designated by
Lim, 1972), Singapore.
Globba calophylla Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 93. — Type: C. Curtis 3286
(holo SING!, iso K), Phangnga.
Globba polyphylla K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 140. — Type: P.W. Korthals s.n. (L).
Globba valida Ridl., J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 4 (1909) 76. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 13908 (K,
designated by Lim, 1972), Pahang.
Globba fasciata Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 57 (1910) 101. — Type: H.N. Ridley 14415
(holo K, iso SING!), Perak.
Globba debilis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 56. — Type: C.J. Brooks s.n. (holo
K), Kalimantan.

Sabah, Kalimantan.
Notes — The synonymy of this species is complex, particularly in regard to Hura
siamensium J. König. A forthcoming paper will explain this in detail (K.J. Williams,
in prep.).
Globba pendula subsp. montana (Ridl.) S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba pendula subsp. montana (Ridl.) S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 266.
— Basionym: Globba montana Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 92. — Lecto-
type: H.N. Ridley s.n. (June 1893) (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Kedah.
Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)
Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950)
31. — Basionym: Globba elegans Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 96. —
Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 8392 (K, designated by Lim, 1972, isolecto SING!), Perak.
Globba perakensis Ridl. = Globba variabilis Ridl.

Globba polyphylla K. Schum. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba propinqua Ridl. — (A)

Globba propinqua Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 230. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (September 1904) (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Sarawak.
Globba pulchella K. Schum. = Alpinia pulchella (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Globba pumila Ridl. — (A)

Globba pumila Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 231. — Type: H.N. Ridley 12357
(holo K), Puak.
Globba pyramidata Gagnep. — (P)

Globba pyramidata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 204. — Type: J. Montano 203 (P!),
Mindanao.
Globba regalis Ridl. = Globba leucantha var. bicolor Holttum

Globba siamensium (J. König) A.S. Rao & D.M. Verma = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba talangensis A. Takano & H. Okada — (A)

Globba talangensis A. Takano & H. Okada, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 62. — Type: Y. Mori & A.
Takano 8894 (holo BO, iso AAU, E, K, KYO, TI), Gunung Talang.
Globba timorensis K. Schum. = Globba marantina L.

Globba trachycarpa Baker = Globba cernua Baker
Globba tricolor Ridl. — (A)

Globba tricolor Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 231. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
11806 (K, designated by Smith, 1988), Gunung Matang.
Globba tricolor var. gibbsiae (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Globba tricolor var. gibbsiae (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1988) 11.
— Basionym: Globba gibbsiae Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 162. — Type: L.S. Gibbs 2872
(holo BM), Tenom.
Distribution — Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah.
Globba uliginosa Miq. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba unifolia Ridl. — (A)

Globba unifolia Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 193. — Type: A. Rostado s.n.
(01 July 1902) (holo SING!), Terengganu.
Globba unifolia var. sessiliflora Holttum = Globba corneri A. Weber, nom. nov.
Globba urophylla K. Schum. — (P)

Globba urophylla K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 140. — Type: W.H. de Vriese & J.E. Teijsmann
s.n.
Globba ustulata Gagnep. — (P)

Globba ustulata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 208. — Type: A. Marche B 227 (P!).
Globba uviformis L. = Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes.
Globba valida Ridl. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba variabilis Ridl. — (A)

Globba variabilis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 378. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
2405 (K, designated by Lim, 1972), Pahang.
Globba perakensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 98. — Lectotype: C. Curtis
3141 (SING!, designated by Lim, 1972), Perak.
Globba malaccensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 93. — Lectotype: J.S. Good-
enough 1426 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Peninsular Malaysia.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore.
Globba variabilis subsp. pusilla S.N. Lim — (A)

Globba variabilis subsp. pusilla S.N. Lim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 261. — Type:
W.L. Chew 8246 (holo KLU), Johore.
Globba versicolor Sm. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Globba violacea Ridl. = Globba leucantha var. violacea (Ridl.) Holttum
Globba virginea I.M. Turner, nom. nov. = Globba paniculata Valeton
Globba wallichii Baker = Globba pendula Roxb.

Globba zollingeri Gagnep. = Globba marantina L.

Greenwaya Giseke = Hornstedtia Retz.
Greenwaya scyphifera (J. König) Giseke = Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud.
Guillainia Vieill. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Guillainia minor Ridl. — (P)

Guillainia minor Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 216. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (1912)
(syn E!).
Guillainia purpurata Vieill. = Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.

Guillainia rechingeri Gagnep. = Alpinia oceanica Burkill, nom. nov.
Guillainia superba Ridl. = Alpinia superba (Ridl.) Loes.
Guillainia vittata (W. Bull) Ridl. = Alpinia vittata W. Bull
Haniffia Holttum — (A)

Haniffia Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 123. — Type species: Haniffia cyanescens (Ridl.)
Holttum.
Revision status — A: Larsen & Mood (2000).

Haniffia albiflora K. Larsen & Mood — (A)

Haniffia albiflora K. Larsen & Mood, Nordic J. Bot. 20 (2000) 287. — Type: K. Larsen 45605 (holo
AAU), Narathiwat.
Haniffia cyanescens (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Haniffia cyanescens (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 124. — Basionym: Elettariop-
sis cyanescens Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41 (1904) 31. — Kaempferia cyanescens
(Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 86 (1922) 308. — Type: W.J. Napier s.n. (1903)
(holo SING, iso K), Negeri Sembilan.
Haniffia cyanescens var. penangiana C.K. Lim — (A)

Haniffia cyanescens var. penangiana C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2 (2000) 36. — Type: C.K. Lim
L4292 (holo KEP, iso SING!), Penang.
Haplochorema K. Schum. — (A)

Haplochorema K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 331. — Type species: Not designated.

Haplochorema decus-sylvae (Hallier f.) Valeton — (A)

Haplochorema decus-sylvae (Hallier f.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 116.
— Basionym: Kaempferia decus-sylvae Hallier f., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 13 (1896) 321.
— Type: J.G. Hallier B 2636 (syn BO), West Kalimantan, Gunung Liang Gagang, s.n. (7 May
1894) (syn BO), West Kalimantan, between Mandai and Kapuas.
Haplochorema uniflorum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 332. — Type: O. Beccari 3219
(holo FI!), Batang Lupar, Gunung Tieng.
Haplochorema extensum K. Schum. — (P)

Haplochorema extensum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 333. — Type: O. Beccari 3218 (holo
FI!, iso E!).
Haplochorema gracilipes K. Schum. = Boesenbergia gracilipes (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Haplochorema magnum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Haplochorema magnum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 214. — Type: B.L.
Burtt 11345 (holo E!, iso E!, SAR!).
Haplochorema oligospermum (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Boesenbergia oligosperma

Haplochorema pauciflorum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Haplochorema pauciflorum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 213. — Type:
B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin C6737 (holo E!).
Haplochorema pauciflorum var. bullatum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Haplochorema pauciflorum var. bullatum R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987)
213. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin 4927 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Hose Mountains.
Haplochorema petiolatum K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys petiolata (K. Schum.) R.M.

Sm.
Haplochorema polyphyllum K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.)
Haplochorema sumatranum Burkill — (P)

Haplochorema sumatranum Burkill, Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 3 (1923) 18. — Type: Hj. M. Nur bin
Mohamed Ghose 7258 (holo SING), Sibaulangit.
Haplochorema uniflorum K. Schum. = Haplochorema decus-sylvae (Hallier f.) Valeton
Hedychium J. König — (A)

Hedychium J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 61. — Type species: Hedychium coronarium J. König.
Brachychilum Petersen, Bot. Tidsskr. 18 (1893) 263. — Type species: Brachychilum horsfieldii
(Wall.) Petersen.
Revision status — A: T.H. Wood (in prep.).

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah, Java, Philippines,
Sulawesi, Moluccas.
Hedychium aureum K. Schum., nom. illeg. = Hedychium erythrostemon K. Schum.
Hedychium borneense R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hedychium borneense R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47(3) (1990) 372. — Type: G.C.G. Argent s.n.
(October 1989) (holo E!), Tambunan District.
Hedychium chrysoleucum Hook. — (A)

Hedychium chrysoleucum Hook., Bot. Mag. (1850) t. 4516. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo K).
Amomum filiforme W. Hunter, J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 53 (1909) 60. — Type: The plants
of Prince of Wales Island. From a MS. in the British Museum by Sir William Hunter. J. Straits
Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 53: 60 (1909).
Hedychium collinum Ridl. — (P)

Hedychium collinum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 103. — Type: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (June 1893) (holo K), Kedah.
Hedychium crassifolium Baker = Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker
Hedychium cylindricum Ridl. — (A)

Hedychium cylindricum Ridl., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 98. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (8 February 1921) (K, designated by Smith, 1987), Sumatra.
Hedychium mjoebergii Merr., Sarawak Mus. J. 3 (1928) 519. — Type: E.P. Mjöberg 121 (UC).
Distribution — Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah.
Hedychium denticulatum Ridl. = Alpinia denticulata (Ridl.) Holttum
Hedychium erythrostemon K. Schum. — (A)

Hedychium erythrostemon K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 47. — Hedychium aureum
K. Schum., nom. illeg., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 340. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 794 (holo
B), North Sulawesi.
Hedychium hasseltii Blume — (A)

Hedychium hasseltii Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 56. — Type: Anon. s.n. (syn L!), J.C. van Has-
selt s.n. (syn L!).
Hedychium hirsutissimum Holttum — (A)

Hedychium hirsutissimum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 76. — Type: E.J.H. Berwick
215 (holo SING!), Perak.
Hedychium horsfieldii Wall. — (A)

Hedychium horsfieldii Wall., Hookerʼs J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5 (1853) 376. — Brachychilum hors-
fieldii (Wall.) Petersen, Bot. Tidsskr. 18 (1893) 262, t. 17. — Type: T. Horsfield s.n.
Hedychium microchilum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 101. — Type: Anon. s.n.
(cultivated Hortus Singapore).
Hedychium intermedium Blume — (P)

Hedychium intermedium Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 57. — Type: Anon. s.n. (L).
Hedychium lanatum Scheff. = Riedelia lanata (Scheff.) Valeton
Hedychium lineare R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hedychium lineare R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 373. — Type: P.W. Richards 1311 (holo
K), 4th Division, Dulit Range, near Long Kapa.
Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker — (A)

Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 228. — Type: W. Griffith s.n.
Hedychium crassifolium Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 228. — Type: H.H. Kunstler s.n. (K).
Hedychium longicornutum var. minor Ridl. — (P)

Hedychium longicornutum var. minor Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 88. — Type: C.B. Kloss
14599 (holo K, iso SING!), Pulau Siberut.
Hedychium macrorrhizum Ridl. — (P)

Hedychium macrorrhizum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 102. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 8477 (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Hedychium malayanum Ridl. — (A)

Hedychium malayanum Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 241. — Lectotype: C.E.H Ferguson-Davie
s.n. (October 1921) (K!, designated by Holttum, 1950, isolecto SING!), Pahang.
Hedychium microchilum Ridl. = Hedychium horsfieldii Wall.
Hedychium mindanaense Elmer — (P)

Hedychium mindanaense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2904. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10673
(iso MICH), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Hedychium mjoebergii Merr. = Hedychium cylindricum Ridl.
Hedychium muluense R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hedychium muluense R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 57. — Type: Anon. C12762 (cultivated
Hortus Edinburgh) (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Hedychium oblongum K. Schum. — (P)

Hedychium oblongum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 48. — Type: F.W. Junghuhn s.n. (L!).
Hedychium palembanicum Miq. = Nanochilus palembanicus (Miq.) K. Schum.
Hedychium paludosum M.R. Hend. — (P)

Hedychium paludosum M.R. Hend., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 5 (1927) 273. — Type: M.R.
Henderson SFN 17844 (holo SING), Pahang.
Hedychium philippinense K. Schum. — (P)

Hedychium philippinense K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 47. — Type: S. Vidal y Soler 3924 (iso
K), Sulu, Jolo Group.
Hedychium simile Blume — (P)

Hedychium simile Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 57. — Type: Anon. s.n. (L!).
Hedychium spanogheanum Wall. — (P)

Hedychium spanogheanum Wall., Hookerʼs J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5 (1853) 375. — Type: J.B.
Spanoghe s.n.
Hedychium sumatranum Jack — (P)

Hedychium sumatranum Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 2(7) (1822) 1. — Type: W. Jack s.n.,
specimen lost.
Hedychium tenellum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hedychium tenellum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38 (1980) 19. —
Basionym: Brachychilum tenellum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 61. — Type: C. Curtis?
s.n. (cultivated Hortus Veitch 1897) (holo K, iso E!), Ternate or Tidore.
Hedychium villosum Wall. — (P)

Hedychium villosum Wall., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 12. — Type: Material not located.
Hellenia Willd. 1797, non Retz. 1791 = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Hellenia allughas (Retz.) Willd. = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Hellenia bracteata Blume = Alpinia ludwigiana R.M. Sm.
Hellenia caerulea R. Br. = Alpinia caerulea (R. Br.) Benth.
Hellenia melanocarpa Teijsm. & Binn. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Hellenia pubiflora Benth. = Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum.
Hellenia rufa C. Presl = Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Hellenia scabra Blume = Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves
Hellwigia Warb. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Hellwigia pulchra Warb. = Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum.
Heritiera Retz. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Heritiera alba Retz. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Heritiera allughas Retz. = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Heritiera aquatica Retz. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Hitcheniopsis (Baker) Ridl. = Curcuma L., p.p., Kaempferia L., p.p., Scaphochlamys
Baker, p.p.
Hitcheniopsis kunstleri (Baker) Ridl. = Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum
Hitcheniopsis kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Ridl. = Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra
(Ridl.) Holttum
Hitcheniopsis lanceolata (Ridl.) Ridl. = Scaphochlamys perakensis Holttum, nom.

nov.
Hornstedtia Retz. — (A)

Hornstedtia Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 18. — Type species: Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König)
Steud.
Greenwaya Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 245, nom. illeg.
Donacodes Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 54. — Type species: Donacodes paludosa Blume.
Stenochasma Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 431. — Type species: Not designated.

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah, Kali-
mantan, Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Notes — It cannot be established which of Stenochasma Griff. and Stenochasma
Miq. (March 1851) was published first.
Hornstedtia affinis Ridl. — (A)

Hornstedtia affinis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 143. — Type: G.D. Haviland
1764 (holo K, iso SAR!), Kuching.
Amomum phaeochoanum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 304. — Hornstedtia phaeochoana (K.
Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 191. — Type: O. Beccari 615 (holo FI!), Kuching.
Hornstedtia albomarginata Ridl. = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.

Hornstedtia alliacea Valeton = Hornstedtia conica Ridl.
Hornstedtia beccarii Ridl. — (P), see Amomum vestitum K. Schum.
Hornstedtia brachychila Ridl. = Etlingera brachychila (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia brevilabris (Valeton) Merr. = Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia conica Ridl. — (A)

Hornstedtia conica Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 142. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
7803 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Selangor.
Amomum sarawacense K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 304. — Hornstedtia sarawacensis (K.
Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 191. — Type: O. Beccari 1435 (holo FI!), Gunung
Matang.
Hornstedtia alliacea Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 4 (1912) t. 350. — Lectotype: Anon. s.n. (BO, designated
by Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003), Bogor.

Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 605. — Combination: Amomum conoideum
(Ridl.) Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2972. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10246 (holo K, iso FI!,
G!), Negros Oriental, Dumaguete.
Hornstedtia cyathifera Valeton — (A)

Hornstedtia cyathifera Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 929. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1523 (L!).
Hornstedtia dalican Elmer = Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen
Hornstedtia deliana Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia deliana Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 175. — Type: J.A. Lörzing
5513 (holo BO), Sibaulangit.
Hornstedtia elongata (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (P), see Amomum elongatum K.

Schum.
Hornstedtia foetens (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Hornstedtia fulgens Ridl. = Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim
Hornstedtia gracilis R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hornstedtia gracilis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 233. — Type: R.M.
Smith, A. Phillipps & Tan S36/86 (holo E!), Poring Hot Springs.
Hornstedtia grandis Ridl. = Hornstedtia scyphifera var. grandis (Ridl.) Holttum
Hornstedtia havilandii (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia havilandii (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 193. — Basionym: Amo-
mum havilandii K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 303. — Lectotype: O. Beccari 1148 (K,
designated by Smith, 1985, isolecto FI!).
Hornstedtia hewittii Ridl. = Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.

Hornstedtia imperialis (Horan.) Ridl. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia incana R.M. Sm. — (P)

Hornstedtia incana R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 290. — Type: C. Hansen
512 (holo C), Gunung Mulu National Park.

Hornstedtia irosinensis Elmer — (P)

Hornstedtia irosinensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2981. — Combination: Amomum irosin-
ense (Elmer) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 239. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16263 (syn FI!,
MICH), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin, 16832 (syn C!, FI!), Sorsogon.
Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz. — (A)

Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 18. — Basionym: Amomum leonurus J.
König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 69. — Cardamomum leonurus (J. König) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2
(1891) 686. — Type: J.G. König s.n. (C!).
Stenochasma convoluta Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 433. — Type: Material not located.
Amomum ridleyi Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1892) 128. — Type: H.N. Ridley 96 (holo K), Singapore.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore.
Hornstedtia lepicarpa (Ridl.) Elmer = Amomum lepicarpum Ridl.

Hornstedtia licmeres Ridl. = Etlingera nasuta (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia longipes Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia longipes Ridl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44 (1910) 530. — Type: H.J.P. Winkler 2227 (holo
WRSL!).
Hornstedtia lophophora Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia lophophora Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 607. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10365 (holo
K, iso G!, L!), Negros Oriental, Dumaguete.
Hornstedtia lycostoma Lauterb. & K. Schum. = Hornstedtia scottiana (F. Muell.) K.

Schum.
Hornstedtia lycostoma var. scabra Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia lycostoma var. scabra Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 929. — Type: K. Gjellerup 257a
(holo BO).
Hornstedtia macrocheilos (Griff.) Ridl. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.

Hornstedtia macrodons (Scort.) K. Schum. = Amomum macrodons Scort.
Hornstedtia macrodus (Scort.) K. Schum. = Amomum macrodons Scort.
Hornstedtia maingayi (Baker) Ridl. = Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia megalocheilos (Griff.) Ridl. = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Hornstedtia metriocheilos (Griff.) Ridl. = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 606. — Combination: Amomum micro-
cheilum (Ridl.) Merr., Enum. Philipp. fl. pl. 1 (1923) 239. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10279 (holo K,
iso G!), Negros Oriental, Dumaguete.
Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 199. — Basionym: Elettaria minor
Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 53. — Alpinia minor (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12.
— Cardamomum minus (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Amomum minus
(Blume) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 305. — Type: C.L. von Blume 2266 (holo L!,
iso L!), Java.
Geanthus minor Reinw., nom. nud., Catalogus (1823) 29.
Amomum ophiuchus Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 381. — Hornstedtia ophiuchus
(Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 141. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (July
1891) (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Pahang.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, Java.
Hornstedtia minuta (Blume) K. Schum. — (P), see Elettaria minuta Blume
Hornstedtia mollis (Blume) Valeton — (P), see Elettaria mollis Blume
Hornstedtia ophiuchus (Ridl.) Ridl. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia paludosa (Blume) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 200. — Basionym: Donacodes
paludosa Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 54. — Alpinia paludosa (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl.
1 (1839) 12. Elettaria paludosa (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1859) 603. — Cardamomum
paludosum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Amomum paludosum (Blume) K.
Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 305. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!).
Hornstedtia pandanicarpa (Elmer) Elmer = Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D.
Poulsen
Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl. = Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes.
Hornstedtia parviflora Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia parviflora Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 89. — Type: C.B. Kloss SFN 14739 (holo K,
iso BO!), West Sumatra, Pulau Sipora.
Hornstedtia pauciflora Ridl. = Etlingera pauciflora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia penicellata K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia penicellata K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 193. — Amomum penicillatum K.
Schum., nom. nud., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 304. — Type: K.F. & P.B. Sarasin 862 (holo B),
South Sulawesi, Kalaena River.
Hornstedtia peninsularis Elmer — (P)

Hornstedtia peninsularis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2983. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16455
(iso C!, FI!, G!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Hornstedtia phaeochoana (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Hornstedtia affinis Ridl.

Hornstedtia philippinensis Ridl. = Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton — (A)

Hornstedtia pininga (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 93. — Basionym: Dona-
codes pininga Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 54. — Alpinia pininga (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl.
1 (1839) 12. — Cardamomum pininga (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type:
C.L. von Blume 201 (L!).
Geanthus piningi Reinw., nom. nud., Catalogus (1823) 29.
Hornstedtia pininga var. aurantiaca Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia pininga var. aurantiaca Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 164.
— Type: W.M. van Leeuwen s.n. (5 December 1918) (syn BO), West Java, Gunung Galunggung,
J.A. Lörzing 1252, 1257 (syn BO), West Java, Gunung Sembung.
Hornstedtia pininga var. borneense R.M. Sm. — (A)

Hornstedtia pininga var. borneense R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 293.
— Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5152 (holo E!, iso SAR!), Gunung Matang.
Hornstedtia pininga var. rubriflora Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia pininga var. rubriflora Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 164. — Type:
Anon. s.n. (holo BO), West Java.
Hornstedtia propinqua (Ridl.) Elmer — (P), see Amomum propinquum Ridl.
Hornstedtia pubescens (Ridl.) Elmer = Amomum pubescens (Ridl.) Merr.

Hornstedtia punicea (Roxb.) K. Schum. = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia purpurea Elmer = Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen
Hornstedtia pusilla Ridl. — (A)

Hornstedtia pusilla Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 143. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(1891) (holo SING!), Pahang.
Hornstedtia reticosa Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia reticosa Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 166. — Type: H.A.B. Bün-
nemeyer 694, 953, 1093 (syn BO), West Sumatra, Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”), J.A. Lörzing 5985
(syn BO), North Sumatra, Sibayak.
Hornstedtia reticulata (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia reticulata (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 193. — Basionym: Amomum
reticulatum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 303. — Type: O. Beccari 32 (holo FI!), Kuch-
ing.
Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton — (A)

Hornstedtia rubra (Blume) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 177. — Basionym:
Donacodes rubra Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 54. — Alpinia rubra (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl.
1 (1839) 12. — Cardamomum rubrum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Amomum
rubrum (Blume) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 317. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt
s.n. (holo L!), Hariang.
Amomum harmsii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 256. — Type: O. Beccari 785 (holo FI!), West
Sumatra, Ayer Mancior.
Amomum longibractea K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 248. — Type: O. Beccari 658 (holo FI!),
West Sumatra, Ayer Mancior.
Hornstedtia rumphii Valeton — (P)

Hornstedtia rumphii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 170. — Type: C.B. Robin-
son 144 (syn BO), Ambon, J.E. Teijsmann 10944 (syn BO), Kalimantan, Bt. Limpai.
Distribution — Kalimantan, Moluccas.
Hornstedtia sanguinea Ridl. = Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia sarawacensis (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Hornstedtia conica Ridl.
Hornstedtia scottiana (F. Muell.) K. Schum. — (A)

Hornstedtia scottiana (F. Muell.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 194. — Basionym: Elettaria
scottiana F. Muell. — Lectotype: J. Dallachy s.n. (MEL, designated by Smith, 1987b), Queens-
land.
Amomum lycostomum Lauterb. & K. Schum. ex K. Schum., nom. nud., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899)
305. — Hornstedtia lycostoma Lauterb. & K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 228.
— Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 2495, 2542 (syn B), Papua New Guinea.
Distribution — Moluccas, Papua New Guinea.

Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud. — (A)

Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud., Nomencl. bot. 2 (1840) 776. — Basionym: Amomum
scyphiferum J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 68. — Greenwaya scyphifera (J. König) Giseke,
Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 245. — Type: J.G. König s.n. (holo C!), Peninsular Malaysia.
Hornstedtia scyphus Retz., Observ. bot. 6 (1791) 18, nom. illeg. (= Amomum scyphiferum J. König)
Stenochasma urceolare Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 431. — Type: Material not located.
Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak.
Hornstedtia scyphifera var. fusiformis Holttum — (A)

Hornstedtia scyphifera var. fusiformis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 171. — Type:
E.J.H. Corner SFN 30236 (holo SING!), Kemaman.
Hornstedtia scyphifera var. grandis (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Hornstedtia scyphifera var. grandis (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 172. — Basio-
nym: Hornstedtia grandis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 141. — Type: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (June 1893) (holo K), Peninsular Malaysia.
Hornstedtia scyphus Retz. = Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud.

Hornstedtia sorsogonensis Elmer = Etlingera sorsogonensis (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen
Hornstedtia spathulata Ridl. = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia sphaerocephala (Baker) K. Schum. = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.)
R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia striolata Ridl. — (A)

Hornstedtia striolata Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 36. — Type: H.N. Ridley 12105 (holo
K, iso SING!), Selangor.
Hornstedtia subviridis Elmer — (P)

Hornstedtia subviridis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2987. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 16437 (iso
C!, FI!, G!, GH!, L!, MICH, U!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f. — (A)
Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f., Bekn. fl. Java 18 (1958) 41. — Basionym: Donacodes
tomentosa Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Alpinia tomentosa (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1
(1839) 12. — Cardamomum tomentosum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type:
C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Donacodes villosa Teijsm. & Binn., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3 (1855) 392. — Hornstedtia villosa (Teijsm.
& Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 58. — Amomum platyandrum Gagnep.,
Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1905) 451. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB XI B 27) (holo BO), Bogor.
Distribution — Sarawak, Java.
Hornstedtia triloba Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia triloba Ridl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44 (1910) 531. — Type: H.J.P. Winkler 3183 (holo
WRSL).
Hornstedtia triorgyalis (Baker) Ridl. = Etlingera triorgyalis (Baker) R.M. Sm.

Hornstedtia velutina Ridl. = Etlingera velutina (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia venusta Ridl. = Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia villosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton = Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume)
Bakh. f.
Hornstedtia walang (Blume) Koord.-Schum. = Etlingera walang (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Hornstedtia winkleri Ridl. — (P)

Hornstedtia winkleri Ridl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44 (1910) 530. — Type: H.J.P. Winkler 3175 (holo
WRSL!).
Hura J. König = Globba L.

Hura siamensium J. König = Globba pendula Roxb.
Kaempferia L. — (A)
Kaempferia L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type species: Kaempferia galanga L.
Monolophus Wall. ex Endl., Gen. pl. (1837) 225. — Type species: Monolophus elegans (Wall.)
Horan.
Revision status — B: Kam (1980), Smith (1987).

Distribution — Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines.
Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe — (P)

Kaempferia angustifolia Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 351. — Type: Material not located.
Kaempferia atrovirens N.E. Br. = Kaempferia elegans Wall.

Kaempferia biloba (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum
Kaempferia calophylla (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum
Kaempferia concinna Baker = Scaphochlamys concinna (Baker) Holttum
Kaempferia cumingii K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Kaempferia cyanescens (Ridl.) Ridl. = Haniffia cyanescens (Ridl.) Holttum

Kaempferia decus-sylvae Hallier f. = Haplochorema decus-sylvae (Hallier f.) Vale-
ton
Kaempferia elegans Wall. — (A)

Kaempferia elegans Wall., Pl. asiat. rar. 1 (1829) 24, t. 27. — Monolophus elegans (Wall.) Horan.,
Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 22. — Type: N. Wallich 6593 (holo K), Burma, Tenasserim Divi-
sion.
Kaempferia atrovirens N.E. Br., Ill. hort. 33 (1886) 143, pl.610. — Type: N.E. Brown s.n. (28 June
1886) (holo K), Borneo.
Kaempferia pulchra Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 107. — Lectotype: C. Curtis
2605 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Pulau Langkawi.
Distribution — Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.
Kaempferia galanga L. — (A)

Kaempferia galanga L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type: Cat.Linn.herb. 8/1 (holo LINN).
Alpinia sessilis J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 64. — Type: Material not located.
Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines.
Kaempferia lancifolia (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker

Kaempferia longipes (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Boesenbergia longipes (Ridl.) Schltr.
Kaempferia lutea C.H. Wright — (P)

Kaempferia lutea C.H. Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1907) 60. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
Kaempferia malaccana (Baker) K. Schum. = Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker
Kaempferia minor (Baker) K. Schum. — (P), see Gastrochilus minor Baker
Kaempferia oligosperma K. Schum. = Boesenbergia oligosperma (K. Schum.) R.M.

Sm.
Kaempferia ornata N.E. Br. = Boesenbergia ornata (N.E. Br.) R.M. Sm.
Kaempferia parvula King ex Baker = Camptandra parvula (King ex Baker) Ridl.
Kaempferia philippinensis Merr. — (P)

Kaempferia philippinensis Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 10(5) (1915) 296. — Type: M. Ramos 14952,
Laguna.
Kaempferia prainiana Baker = Boesenbergia prainiana (Baker) Schltr.

Kaempferia pulchra Ridl. = Kaempferia elegans Wall.
Kaempferia vittata N.E. Br. — (P)

Kaempferia vittata N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. new series 18 (1882) 264. — Type: C. Curtis s.n.
Kolowratia C. Presl = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.

Kolowratia albipurpurea P. Royen = Alpinia albipurpurea (P. Royen) R.M. Sm.
Kolowratia congesta (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia congesta Elmer
Kolowratia elegans C. Presl = Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Kolowratia erucaeformis Ridl. — (P)

Kolowratia erucaeformis Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 182. — Type: E.D. Merrill 5258 (holo
US, iso E!), Bucas Island.
Kolowratia velutina P. Royen = Alpinia velveta R.M. Sm., nom. nov.

Languas Small = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Languas allughas (Retz.) Burkill = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Languas angustifolia (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia glabra Ridl.
Languas apoensis (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia apoensis Elmer
Languas borneensis (Valeton ex Gagnep.) Merr. = Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton
Languas brachyantha (Merr.) Merr. = Alpinia brachyantha Merr.
Languas brachypoda (K. Schum.) Merr. = Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl.
Languas brevilabris (C. Presl) Merr. = Alpinia brevilabris C. Presl
Languas cannifolia (Ridl.) Burkill = Alpinia vitellina var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M.
Turner
Languas capitellata (Jack) Merr. = Alpinia capitellata Jack
Languas conchigera (Griff.) Burkill = Alpinia conchigera Griff.
Languas copelandii (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia copelandii Ridl.
Languas cornucervi (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Languas crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) Merr. = Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.)
Languas cumingii (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia cumingii K. Schum.
Languas cylindrostachys (K. Schum.) Merr. = Amomum coriaceum R.M. Sm., nom.
nov.
Languas diversifolia (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer

Languas elegans (C. Presl) Burkill = Alpinia elegans (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Languas exostylis (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Languas flabellata (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia flabellata Ridl.
Languas flava (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia nieuwenhuizii Valeton
Languas flexistamen (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia glabra Ridl.
Languas foxworthyi (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia foxworthyi Ridl.
Languas fraseriana (Oliv.) Merr. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Languas glabra (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia glabra Ridl.
Languas glabrescens (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia glabrescens Ridl.
Languas graminea (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia graminea Ridl.
Languas grandiceps (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia capitellata Jack
Languas haenkei (C. Presl) Merr. = Alpinia haenkei C. Presl
Languas havilandii (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia havilandii K. Schum.
Languas hookeriana (Valeton) Merr. = Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
Languas illustris (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia illustris Ridl.
Languas javanica (Blume) Burkill = Alpinia javanica Blume
Languas korthalsii (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Languas laxiflora (Gagnep.) Merr. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Languas ligulata (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia ligulata K. Schum.
Languas longilora (Ridl.) Merr. = Burbidgea longilora (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Languas longipetiolata (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia elmeri R.M. Sm., nom. nov.
Languas macroscaphis (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia macroscaphis K. Schum.
Languas malaccensis (Burm. f.) Merr. = Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe
Languas melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Burkill = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Languas microlophon (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia microlophon Ridl.
Languas mollis (C. Presl) Merr. = Alpinia mollis C. Presl
Languas musaefolia (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia musaefolia Ridl.
Languas mutica (Roxb.) Merr. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Languas padacanca (Valeton ex K. Heyne) Burkill = Alpinia padacanca Valeton ex

K. Heyne
Languas pahangensis (Ridl.) M.R. Hend. = Alpinia pahangensis Ridl.
Languas penduliflora (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia penduliflora Ridl.
Languas pinatubensis Elmer — (K)

Languas pinatubensis Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 9 (1934) 3225. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 22058 (iso
BO!, C!, GH!, MICH), Pampanga, Mt. Pinatubo.
Languas polycarpa (K. Schum.) Merr. = Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman, nom.
nov.
Languas ptychanthera (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia ptychanthera K. Schum.
Languas pubiflora (Benth.) Merr. = Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum.
Languas pulchella (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia pulchella (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Languas purpurata (Vieill.) Kaneh. = Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.
Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Languas rafflesiana (Wall. ex Baker) Burkill = Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex Baker
Languas reticosa (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia ligulata K. Schum.
Languas romblonensis (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia romblonensis Elmer
Languas rosea (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia rosea Elmer
Languas rubella (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Languas rufa (C. Presl) Merr. = Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Languas scabra (Blume) Burkill = Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves
Languas scorpoidea Quisumb. & Merr. — (K)

Languas scorpoidea Quisumb. & Merr., Philipp. J. Sci. 37 (1928) 139. — Type: M. Ramos & G.
Edaño 48947, Mindanao, Davao, Mati.
Languas sericea (Ridl.) Merr. = Alpinia latilabris Ridl.
Languas sibuyanensis (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia sibuyanensis Elmer
Languas subfusicarpa (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia subfusicarpa Elmer

Languas sumatrana (Miq.) Merr. = Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum.
Languas trachyascus (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia trachyascus K. Schum.
Languas uviformis (L.) Burkill = Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes.
Languas vanoverberghii (Merr.) Merr. = Alpinia vanoverberghii Merr.
Languas vitellina (Lindl.) Alston = Alpinia vitellina (Lindl.) Ridl.

Languas vulcanica (Elmer) Merr. = Alpinia vulcanica Elmer
Languas wenzelii (Merr.) Merr. = Alpinia wenzelii Merr.
Leptosolena C. Presl — (A)

Leptosolena C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 111. — Type species: Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl.
Revision status — C.
Leptosolena auriculata Elmer, nom. nud. = Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl
Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl — (A)

Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 111. — Alpinia leptosolena K. Schum.,
Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 312. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (syn PR!, PRC!).
Leptosolena auriculata Elmer, nom. nud., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10 (1939) 3808.
Leptosolena insignis Ridl. — (P)

Leptosolena insignis Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. (1905) 84. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 6428 (holo
K, iso P!, SING!), Benguet.
Manitia Giseke = Globba L.
Manitia aurea Giseke, nom. illeg. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Maranta L. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons., quoad Maranta galanga L.
Maranta galanga L. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Maranta malaccensis Burm. f. = Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe
Monolophus Wall. ex Endl. = Kaempferia L.
Monolophus elegans (Wall.) Horan. = Kaempferia elegans Wall.
Nanochilus K. Schum. — (A)

Nanochilus K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 341. — Type species: Nanochilus palembanicus
(Miq.) K. Schum.
Distribution — Sumatra, Moluccas.
Nanochilus arrovicus Gagnep. — (P)

Nanochilus arrovicus Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) LXXXI. — Type: E.J.F Le Guillou
s.n. (1841).
Nanochilus palembanicus (Miq.) K. Schum. — (A)

Nanochilus palembanicus (Miq.) K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 341. — Basionym: Hedy-
chium palembanicum Miq., Ann. mus. lugd.-bat. 4 (1869) 101. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n.,
South Sumatra, near Muaradua.
Nicolaia Horan. = Etlingera Giseke

Nicolaia anthodioides (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton = Etlingera diepenhorstii (Teijsm.
& Binn.) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia elatior (Jack) Horan. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia fulgens (Ridl.) K. Larsen = Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim
Nicolaia gracilis Valeton = Etlingera gracilis (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia grandiligulata (K. Schum.) Valeton = Etlingera grandiligulata (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia hemisphaerica (Blume) Horan. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia heyniana Valeton = Etlingera heyniana (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia imperialis Horan. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia intermedia Valeton = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia loerzingii Valeton = Etlingera loerzingii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum. ex Valeton = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.
Sm.
Nicolaia maingayi (Baker) K. Larsen = Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia novo-guineensis (K. Schum.) Valeton — (P), see Phaeomeria novo-

guineensis K. Schum.
Nicolaia pallida (Blume) Horan. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia peekelii Valeton = Etlingera peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera pyrami-
dosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia rostrata Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia rostrata var. talangensis Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Nicolaia sanguinea Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia sericea Ridl. = Etlingera sericea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia solaris (Blume) Horan. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia solaris var. aurantiaca Valeton — (P)

Nicolaia solaris var. aurantiaca Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 137. — Type: K.
Heyne s.n. (HB XI B V 82) (syn BO), C.A. Backer 9350 (syn BO!).
Nicolaia speciosa (Blume) Horan. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.

Nicolaia subulicalyx Valeton = Etlingera subulicalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia venusta (Ridl.) K. Larsen = Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Odontychium K. Schum. = Alpinia Subgen. Alpinia Roxb. Sect. Allughas K. Schum.
Subsect. Odontychium (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Odontychium denticulatum (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Alpinia denticulata (Ridl.) Holttum
Phaeomeria (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Etlingera Giseke
Phaeomeria anthodioides (Teijsm. & Binn.) Koord. = Etlingera hemisphaerica
(Blume) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria anthokophinos Gilli — (P)

Phaeomeria anthokophinos Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 44. — Type: A.
Gilli 519 (holo W), Western Highlands, forest near Par.
Phaeomeria atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) K. Schum. = Etlingera hemisphaerica

(Blume) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria caudiculata Ridl. = Etlingera caudiculata (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria chrysocalyx (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Phaeomeria diepenhorstii (Teijsm. & Binn.) K. Schum. = Etlingera diepenhorstii

(Teijsm. & Binn.) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria fulgens (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Etlingera fulgens (Ridl.) C.K. Lim
Phaeomeria grandiligulata (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Etlingera grandiligulata (K.

Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria hemisphaerica (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria heyniana (Valeton) Burkill = Etlingera heyniana (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria maingayi (Baker) K. Schum. = Etlingera maingayi (Baker) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria maingayi var. longibracteata Holttum = Etlingera maingayi var. longi-
bracteata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Phaeomeria minor Ridl. = Etlingera minor (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria moluccana K. Schum. = Etlingera moluccana (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria novo-guineensis K. Schum. — (P)

Phaeomeria novo-guineensis K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 265. — Combination: Nicolaia
novo-guineensis (K. Schum.) Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 936. — Type: A. Zippelius 224B
(L!).
Phaeomeria pallida (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.

Phaeomeria peekelii (Valeton) Loes. = Etlingera peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) K. Schum. = Etlingera pyramidosphaera
Phaeomeria rostrata (Valeton) Loes. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria sanguinea (Valeton) Koord. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Phaeomeria solaris (Blume) K. Schum. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria speciosa (Blume) Koord. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Phaeomeria venusta (Ridl.) K. Schum. = Etlingera venusta (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Plagiostachys Ridl. — (A)

Plagiostachys Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 151. — Type species: Plagiostachys
lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl.

tan, Philippines, Moluccas.
Plagiostachys albiflora Ridl. — (A)

Plagiostachys albiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 150. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 13336 (SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950, isolecto K), Johore.

Plagiostachys borneensis Ridl. = Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl.
Plagiostachys brachypoda (K. Schum.) Loes. = Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker)
Ridl.
Plagiostachys bracteolata R.M. Sm. — (A)
Plagiostachys bracteolata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (1985) 270. — Type:
G.C.G. Argent & A. Lamb 1529 (holo E!), Gunung Lumarku.
Plagiostachys breviramosa Cowley — (A)

Plagiostachys breviramosa Cowley, Kew Bull. 54(1) (1999) 142. — Type: E.J. Cowley 42 (holo K,
iso BRUN), Batu Apoi Forest Reserve.
Distribution — Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan.
Plagiostachys corrugata Elmer — (P)

Plagiostachys corrugata Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2908. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 11130 (iso
G!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 315. — Basionym: Alpinia crocydocalyx K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 281.
— Languas crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type:
O. Beccari 718 (syn FI!), 1st Division, Siul, near Kuching, 3477 (syn FI!, K), Batang Lupar,
Marop.
Plagiostachys elegans Ridl. — (P)
Plagiostachys elegans Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 178. — Type: M.S. Clemens s.n. (July 1907)
(holo K), Mindanao.
Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer — (P)
Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2910. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10516 (syn
G!, GH!, L!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya, 10544 (syn FI!, G!, GH!, L!, P!, U!), Davao del
Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Plagiostachys glandulosum S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Plagiostachys glandulosum S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 204. — Type: S. Sakai
703 (holo KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Plagiostachys lata Elmer — (P)

Plagiostachys lata Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 10 (1939) 3805. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 17618 (syn FI!,
G!, GH!, L!, P!, U!), Luzon, Laguna, Mt. Makiling, 18234 (syn FI!, G!, GH!, L!, P!, U!), Luzon,
Laguna, Mt. Makiling.
Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl. — (A)

Plagiostachys lateralis (Ridl.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 152. — Basionym:
Amomum laterale Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 381. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (August 1891) (K, designated by Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Plagiostachys mucida Holttum — (A)

Plagiostachys mucida Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 162. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN
30271 (holo SING!, iso L!, SAR!), Terengganu.
Plagiostachys parva Cowley — (A)

Plagiostachys parva Cowley, Kew Bull. 54 (1999) 140. — Type: J.H. Beaman 7830 (holo MSC, iso
UKMS), Bukit Kipungit.
Plagiostachys parviflora (C. Presl) Ridl. — (A)

Plagiostachys parviflora (C. Presl) Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 178. — Basionym: Amomum
parviflorum C. Presl, Reliq. haenk. 1(2) (1827) 112. — Cardamomum parviflorum (C. Presl)
Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type: T. Haenke s.n. (PR!).
Plagiostachys philippinensis Ridl. — (P)

Plagiostachys philippinensis Ridl., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2 (1909) 572. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 7915
(holo K, iso E!, FI!, G!, US), Luzon, Quezon, Lucban.
Plagiostachys polycarpa (K. Schum.) Loes. = Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman,

nom. nov.
Plagiostachys ridleyi Elmer — (P)

Plagiostachys ridleyi Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2911. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 12209 (iso
FI!, G!, GH!, L!, P!, U!), Romblon, Mt. Guiting-guiting, Magallanes.
Plagiostachys rolfei (K. Schum.) Ridl. — (A)

Plagiostachys rolfei (K. Schum.) Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 179. — Basionym: Alpinia rolfei
K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 368. — Type: H. Cuming 1327 (iso K, FI!, PNH), Luzon,
Albay.
Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl. — (A)
Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 151. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia strobilifera Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1898) 225. — Type: C.V. Creagh s.n. (holo
K), Sabah.
Alpinia brachypoda K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 298. — Languas brachypoda (K. Schum.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Plagiostachys brachypoda (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 628. — Type: O. Beccari 3636 (holo FI!), Gunung Matang.
Plagiostachys borneensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 242. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 11800 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000, isolecto K), Gunung Matang.
Plagiostachys sumatrensis Ridl. — (P)

Plagiostachys sumatrensis Ridl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1926) 89. — Type: C.B. Kloss 10584 (holo K,
iso SING!), Pulau Siberut.
Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes. — (A)

Plagiostachys uviformis (L.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 628. — Basionym: Globba
uviformis L., Mant. pl. (1771) 171. — Alpinia uviformis (L.) Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam.
(1862) 35. — Languas uviformis (L.) Burkill, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1935) 318. — Type: Herb.
amboin. 6: 138, t. 59, f. 2 (1750).
Alpinia annabellae Ridl., J. Bot. 63, suppl. (1925) 121. — Type: H.O. Forbes 3314 (holo BM),
Ambon.
Pleuranthodium (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 63. — Basionym: Alpinia Sect.
Pleuranthodium K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 322. — Type species: Pleuranthodium teph-
rochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.

Distribution — West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago.
Pleuranthodium biligulatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium biligulatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 64. — Basionym:
Alpinia biligulata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 939. — Psychanthus biligulatus (Valeton) R.M.
Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 643 (syn BO!), G.M. Versteeg
1411 (syn BO!, L!).

Pleuranthodium branderhorstii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium branderhorstii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 64. — Basionym:
Alpinia branderhorstii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 941. — Psychanthus branderhorstii
(Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: B. Branderhorst 412 (holo BO!,
iso L!).

Pleuranthodium comptum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium comptum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym:
Alpinia compta K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 277. — Psychanthus comptus (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 79. — Type: U.M. Hollrung 195a.

Pleuranthodium floccosum (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium floccosum (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 64. — Basionym:
Alpinia floccosa Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 940. — Psychanthus floccosus (Valeton) R.M.
Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 690 (syn BO), F.R.R. Sch-
lechter 17326 (syn BO).
Pleuranthodium floribundum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium floribundum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym:
Alpinia floribunda K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 439. — Psychanthus floribundus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 14291.
Pleuranthodium gjellerupii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium gjellerupii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym:
Alpinia gjellerupii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 938. — Psychanthus gjellerupii (Valeton)
R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: K. Gjellerup 115 (iso L!).

Pleuranthodium hellwigii (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium hellwigii (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym:
Alpinia hellwigii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 320. — Psychanthus hellwigii (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.C Hellwig 416.

Pleuranthodium iboense (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Pleuranthodium iboense (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym: Alpinia
iboensis Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 60. — Psychanthus iboense (Valeton) R.M. Sm.,
Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 17081 (iso P!), Madang, Mt. Ibo.
Pleuranthodium macropycnanthum (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium macropycnanthum (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 64. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia macropycnantha Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 940. — Psychanthus macropyc-
nanthus (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 705
(syn BO), F.R.R. Schlechter 17839 (syn BO).
Pleuranthodium neragaimae (Gilli) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium neragaimae (Gilli) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 64. — Basionym:
Alpinia neragaimae Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 43. — Psychanthus
neragaimae (Gilli) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: A. Gilli 285 (holo W),
Chimbu, Nera Gaima.
Pleuranthodium papilionaceum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium papilionaceum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 68. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia papilionacea K. Schum., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 29. — Psychanthus papil-
ionaceus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: U.M. Hollrung 195.
Pleuranthodium pedicellatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium pedicellatum (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 68. — Basionym:
Alpinia pedicellata Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 60. — Psychanthus pedicellatus (Vale-
ton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 16057 (BO), Madang,
Bulu.
Pleuranthodium peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 68. — Basionym: Alpinia
peekelii Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 62. — Psychanthus peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.,
Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: G. Peekel 765 (BO).
Pleuranthodium pelecystylum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium pelecystylum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65. — Basionym:
Alpinia pelecystyla K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 277. — Psychanthus pelecystyla (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: O. Beccari 784 (holo FI!), Andai.
Pleuranthodium piundaundensis (P. Royen) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium piundaundensis (P. Royen) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65. —
Basionym: Riedelia piundaundensis P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 875.
— Psychanthus piundaundensis (P. Royen) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type:
M. van Balgooy 584 (holo L!), Piundaunde.
Pleuranthodium platynema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium platynema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65. — Basionym:
Alpinia platynema K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 438. — Psychanthus platynemus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 82. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 14327 (iso BO!),
West Sepik, Torricelli Mts.
Pleuranthodium pterocarpum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium pterocarpum (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65. — Basionym:
Alpinia pterocarpa K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 322. — Psychanthus pterocarpus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 82. — Type: A. Zippelius s.n., West Papua.
Pleuranthodium roemeri (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium roemeri (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65. — Basionym: Alpinia
roemeri Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 941. — Psychanthus roemeri (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edin-
burgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 82. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 696 (holo BO!), Sg. Lorentz.
Pleuranthodium schlechteri (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium schlechteri (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 68. — Basionym:
Alpinia schlechteri K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 438. — Psychanthus schlechteri (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 14519, West
Sepik, Torricelli Mts..
Pleuranthodium scyphonema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium scyphonema (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 68. — Basionym:
Alpinia scyphonema K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 438. — Psychanthus scyphonemus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 14352, West
Sepik, Torricelli Mts.
Pleuranthodium tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 65.
— Basionym: Alpinia tephrochlamys Lauterb. & K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 226.
— Psychanthus tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990)
82. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 1211 (syn B), Madang, Melanua Harbour, 2550 (syn K), Madang,
Ramu River.
Alpinia tephrochlamys var. aspericaulis Lauterb. & K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 226.
— Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 589 (holo B), Morobe, Sattelburg.
Pleuranthodium trichocalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Pleuranthodium trichocalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 48 (1991) 66. — Basionym:
Alpinia trichocalyx Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 63. — Psychanthus trichocalyx (Valeton)
R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 82. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 16084 (syn BO), Madang,
near Bulu, 16218 (syn P!), Madang, Male.
Psychanthus (K. Schum.) Ridl., nom. illeg. = Pleuranthodium Sect. Psychanthus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus biligulatus (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium biligulatum (Valeton)

R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus branderhorstii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium branderhorstii

(Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus comptus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium comptum (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus floccosus (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium floccosum (Valeton)

R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus floribundus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium floribundum (K.

Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus gjellerupii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium gjellerupii (Valeton)

R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus hellwigii (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium hellwigii (K.

Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus iboense (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium iboense (Valeton) R.M.

Sm.
Psychanthus inaequalis Ridl. = Alpinia inaequalis (Ridl.) Loes.
Psychanthus macropycnanthus (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium macropycnan-

thum (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus neragaimae (Gilli) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium neragaimae (Gilli)

R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus papilionaceus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium papilionaceum

Psychanthus pedicellatus (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium pedicellatum (Vale-

ton) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus peekelii (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium peekelii (Valeton) R.M.

Sm.
Psychanthus pelecystyla (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium pelecystylum (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus piundaundensis (P. Royen) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium piundaundensis
(P. Royen) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus platynemus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium platynema (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus pterocarpus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium pterocarpum (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus roemeri (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium roemeri (Valeton) R.M.
Sm.
Psychanthus schlechteri (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium schlechteri (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus scyphonemus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium scyphonema (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium
tephrochlamys (Lauterb. & K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus trichocalyx (Valeton) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium trichocalyx (Valeton)
R.M. Sm.
Renealmia L. f. — (A)
Renealmia L. f., Suppl. pl. (1782) 7, 79. — Type species: Renealmia exaltata L.f.
Notes — The accepted species of Renealmia occur in Africa and the New World.
Renealmia mutica (Roxb.) Salisb. = Alpinia mutica Roxb.
Rhynchanthus Hook. f. — (A)

Rhynchanthus Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 112 (1886) t. 6861. — Type species: Rhynchanthus longiflorus
Hook. f.
Notes — The accepted species of Rhynchanthus occur in the Himalaya and China.
Rhynchanthus papuanus Gilli = Alpinia acuminata R.M. Sm., nom. nov.

Rhynchanthus radicalis Valeton = Geocharis radicalis (Valeton) B.L. Burtt & R.M.
Sm.
Riedelia Oliv. — (A)

Riedelia Oliv., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. 15 (1883) 15. — Type species: Riedelia curviflora Oliv.
Nyctophylax Zipp., Alg. Konst- Lett.-Bode (1829) 298. — Type species: Nyctophylax alba Zipp.
Thylacophora Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 209. — Type species: Thylacophora
pogonocheila Ridl.
Distribution — Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Riedelia affinis (Ridl.) K. Schum. — (A)

Riedelia affinis (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 373. — Basionym: Alpinia affinis Ridl.,
J. Bot. 24 (1886) 357. — Type: H.O. Forbes 2, 58 (syn BM), Central, Sogeri.
Riedelia alata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia alata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 975. — Type: R.Fr. Janowski 33 (iso L!).
Riedelia albertisii (K. Schum.) K. Schum. — (A)

Riedelia albertisii (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 373. — Basionym: Alpinia alber-
tisii K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 279. — Type: C.L.M.dʼ Albertis 20 (FI!), Western,
Fly River.
Riedelia angustifolia Valeton — (P)

Riedelia angustifolia Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 967. — Type: R.Fr. Janowski 185 (BO).
Riedelia areolata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia areolata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 966. — Type: M. Moszkowski 387 (B), Sg. Mam-
beramo, Naumoni.
Riedelia arfakensis Valeton — (P)

Riedelia arfakensis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 977. — Type: K. Gjellerup 1021 (iso L!), Arfak
Mts.
Riedelia aurantiaca (Ridl.) Loes. = Geocharis aurantiaca Ridl.
Riedelia aurantiaca Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia aurantiaca Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 224. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(1912) (syn K), Mt. Carstensz, s.n. (syn), Mt. Carstensz.

Riedelia bicuspis Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia bicuspis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 224. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(28 January 1913) (holo BM, iso SING!), Mount Carstensz.
Riedelia bidentata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia bidentata Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 92. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 20240 (BO),
Riedelia bismarckii-montium K. Schum. — (P)

Riedelia bismarckii-montium K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 440. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter
14022, Bismarck Range.
Riedelia brachybotrys Valeton — (P)

Riedelia brachybotrys Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 980. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 765 (BO).
Riedelia branderhorstii Valeton — (P)

Riedelia branderhorstii Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 970. — Type: B. Branderhorst 213 (BO).
Riedelia brevicornu Valeton — (P)

Riedelia brevicornu Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 970. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1341 (iso L!), Sg.
Lorentz.
Riedelia capillidens Gilli — (P)

Riedelia capillidens Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 46. — Type: A. Gilli 494
(holo W), Western Highlands, Kasap.
Riedelia corallina (K. Schum.) Valeton — (A)

Riedelia corallina (K. Schum.) Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 4(3) (1913) t. 375. — Basionym: Alpinia
corallina K. Schum., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 225. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 904, 2109,
2190 (syn B), Papua New Guinea.
Riedelia cordylinoides (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Riedelia cordylinoides (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65. — Basionym: Alpinia
cordylinoides Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 211. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(19 February 1912) (syn BM), Mt. Carstensz, s.n. (30 January 1913) (syn BM), Mt. Carstensz.
Riedelia curcumoidea P. Royen — (P)

Riedelia curcumoidea P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 860. — Type: C. Kalkman
4493 (holo L!), Mount Antares.
Riedelia curviflora Oliv. — (P)

Riedelia curviflora Oliv., Hookerʼs Icon. Pl. 15 (1883) 15. — Type: J.G.F. Riedel s.n. (holo K), Pulau
Buru.
Riedelia decurva (Ridl.) Valeton — (A)

Riedelia decurva (Ridl.) Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 77. — Basionym: Alpinia decurva
Ridl., J. Bot. 24 (1886) 357. — Type: H.O. Forbes 41, 53, 57, 229, 231, 253 (syn BM), Central,
Sogeri.
Riedelia dolichopteron Valeton — (P)

Riedelia dolichopteron Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 93. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 17317
(BO).
Riedelia epiphytica Valeton — (P)

Riedelia epiphytica Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 969. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 756 (syn BO),
Hellwig Mts., G.M. Versteeg 1412 (syn L!), Sg. Lorentz.
Riedelia erecta Valeton — (P)

Riedelia erecta Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 4 (1913) t. 374. — Type: M. Moszkowski 63 (B).
Riedelia eupteron Valeton — (P)

Riedelia eupteron Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 975. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1375 (BO), Sg.
Lorentz, near Sabang.
Riedelia exalata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia exalata Valeton, Fl. Arfak mts. (1917) 102. — Type: L.S. Gibbs 5637 (BM), Arfak Mts.

Riedelia ferruginea Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia ferruginea Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 225. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(14 January 1912) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Riedelia ferruginea Valeton — (P)

Riedelia ferruginea Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 79. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 19224 (BO),
Morobe, near Siu.
Riedelia flava Lauterb. ex Valeton — (P)

Riedelia flava Lauterb. ex Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 86. — Type: L. Schultze 309, West
Sepik, Sepik River.
Riedelia fulgens Valeton — (P)

Riedelia fulgens Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 964. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 423 (syn L!), Sg.
Lorentz, G.M. Versteeg 1648 (syn BO), Sg. Lorentz.
Riedelia geanthus Valeton — (P)

Riedelia geanthus Valeton, Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes Néerl. 10 (1907) 2. — Type: C.E.A Wichmann
s.n. (BO).
Riedelia geluensis Valeton — (P)

Riedelia geluensis Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 91. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 16721 (syn
BO), 18170 (syn BO), Madang, Finisterre Range, E. Werner 152 (syn BO), Madang, Finisterre
Range.
Riedelia geluensis var. microflora Gilli — (P)

Riedelia geluensis var. microflora Gilli, Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84 (“1980”) (1983) 47.
— Type: A. Gilli 173 (syn W), Chimbu, Mingende, A. Gilli 497 (syn W), Western Highlands,
Kasap.
Riedelia geminiflora Valeton — (P)

Riedelia geminiflora Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 95. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 17050
(BO).

Riedelia graminea Valeton — (P)

Riedelia graminea Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 972. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1223 (iso L!), Sg.
Lorentz, near Sabang, Mt. Hugel.
Riedelia graminea var. diversifolia Valeton — (P)

Riedelia graminea var. diversifolia Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 973. — Type: Exploratie-
Detachement 8, 22, 23 (1912) (syn BO), Northwest River.
Riedelia graminea var. elata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia graminea var. elata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 974. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1165 (iso
L!), Sg. Lorentz.
Riedelia graminea var. nana Valeton — (P)

Riedelia graminea var. nana Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 974. — Type: A.C. de Kock 182 (BO),
foot of Mt. Goliath.
Riedelia grandiligula Valeton — (P)

Riedelia grandiligula Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 20257
(BO), West Sepik, Torricelli Mts.
Riedelia hirtella Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia hirtella Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 222. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (27
January 1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Riedelia hollandiae Valeton — (P)

Riedelia hollandiae Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 965. — Type: K. Gjellerup 297 (BO), Teluk Yos
Sudarso.
Riedelia klossii Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia klossii Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 223. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (January
1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.

Riedelia lanata (Scheff.) Valeton — (A)

Riedelia lanata (Scheff.) Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 4 (1913) 227, t. 373. — Basionym: Hedychium lana-
tum Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1 (1876) 57. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann 6741 (BO, L!), s.n.
(August 1871) (BO).

Riedelia lanata forma ligulata Valeton — (P)
Riedelia lanata forma ligulata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 961. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 69,
281 (syn BO), Sg. Lorentz, G.M. Versteeg 1645 (syn L!), Sg. Lorentz.

Riedelia lanatiligulata Ridl. — (P)
Riedelia lanatiligulata Ridl., Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 34 (1923) 19. — Type: C.T. White 615
(holo BM), Central, near Fofo Fofo.

Riedelia latiligula Valeton — (P)
Riedelia latiligula Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 80. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 20067 (BO),

Riedelia ligulata Ridl. — (P)
Riedelia ligulata Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 223. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (syn
BM, K), Mt. Carstensz.

Riedelia longifolia Valeton — (P)
Riedelia longifolia Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 82. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 17360 (BO).

Riedelia longirostra Valeton — (P)
Riedelia longirostra Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 84. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 17032,
17127 (syn BO).

Riedelia longisepala Ridl. — (P)
Riedelia longisepala Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 226. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.,
Mt. Carstensz.

Riedelia macrantha (Scheff.) K. Schum. — (A)
Riedelia macrantha (Scheff.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 373. — Basionym: Alpinia mac-
rantha Scheff., Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 1 (1876) 56. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann 6742 (iso L!),
West Papua, near Andai.
Alpinia plectophylla K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 273. — Type: O. Beccari 618 (holo FI!),
West Papua, near Andai.
Riedelia macrantha var. grandiflora Valeton — (P)

Riedelia macrantha var. grandiflora Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 78. — Type: F.R.R. Schlech-
ter 16525, 18124 (syn BO).
Riedelia macranthoides Valeton — (P)

Riedelia macranthoides Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 965. — Type: M. Moszkowski 333 (holo
B).
Riedelia macrostemon (K. Schum.) Loes. = Geocharis macrostemon (K. Schum.)

Holttum
Riedelia macrothyrsa Valeton — (P)

Riedelia macrothyrsa Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 90. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 18766
(BO), Bismarck Range.
Riedelia maculata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia maculata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 966. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1594, 1624 (syn L!),
Alkmaar.
Riedelia marafungensis P. Royen — (P)

Riedelia marafungensis P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 872. — Type: A.N. Mil-
lar & P. van Royen NGF 15799 (holo L!).
Riedelia maxima Valeton — (P)

Riedelia maxima Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 962. — Type: B. Branderhorst 354 (syn L!), near
Alkmaar, L.S.A.M. von Römer 422 (syn BO), Alkmaar, G.M. Versteeg 1334 (syn L!), near Sabang,
G.M. Versteeg 1518 (syn L!), Alkmaar.
Riedelia microbotrya Valeton — (P)

Riedelia microbotrya Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 93. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 18606
(BO), Bismarck Range.

Riedelia minor Valeton — (P)

Riedelia minor Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 70. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 20260 (syn BO),
West Sepik, Torricelli Mts., L. Schultze (33) 69 (syn BO), near mouth of Sg. Tami.
Riedelia monophylla K. Schum. — (P)

Riedelia monophylla K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 439. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 14326,
Riedelia montana Valeton — (P)

Riedelia montana Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 971. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1200 (holo
BO), Hellwig Mts.
Riedelia montana var. arfakensis Valeton — (P)

Riedelia montana var. arfakensis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 972. — Type: K. Gjellerup 1154
(holo BO!, iso L!), Arfak Mountains.
Riedelia montana var. goliathensis Valeton — (P)

Riedelia montana var. goliathensis Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 972. — Type: A.C. de Kock 70
(syn BO), Mt. Goliath, 156 (syn BO!, L!), Mt. Goliath.
Riedelia montana var. puberula Valeton — (P)

Riedelia montana var. puberula Valeton, Fl. Arfak mts. (1917) 102. — Type: L.S. Gibbs 5515 (BM),
Arfak Mts.
Riedelia monticola Valeton — (P)

Riedelia monticola Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 87. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 18765 (BO),
Bismarck Range.
Riedelia nymanii K. Schum. — (P)

Riedelia nymanii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 374. — Type: E.O.A Nyman 553, Morobe,
Sattelburg.

Riedelia orchioides (K. Schum.) Valeton — (A)

Riedelia orchioides (K. Schum.) Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 976. — Basionym: Alpinia orchio-
ides K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 278. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (July 1875) (holo FI!),
Arfak Mountains.
Riedelia paniculata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia paniculata Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 977. — Type: K. Gjellerup 1147 (syn L!), Arfak
Mts., L.S.A.M. von Römer 1013 (syn BO), Hellwig Mts.

Riedelia piundaundensis P. Royen = Pleuranthodium piundaundensis (P. Royen)
R.M. Sm.
Riedelia pterocalyx (K. Schum.) Valeton — (A)

Riedelia pterocalyx (K. Schum.) Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 974. — Basionym: Alpinia ptero-
calyx K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 332. — Type: A. Zippelius s.n. (iso L!).
Riedelia pulcherrima Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia pulcherrima Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 225. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Riedelia purpurata Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia purpurata Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 222. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(16 January 1913) (syn K!), s.n. (12 February 1913) (syn BM), Mt. Carstensz.
Riedelia rigidocalyx Lauterb. ex Valeton — (P)

Riedelia rigidocalyx Lauterb. ex Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 87. — Type: L. Schultze 296,
Sepik River.
Riedelia robusta Valeton — (P)

Riedelia robusta Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 968. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1199 (BO), Sg.
Lorentz.
Riedelia rosacea P. Royen — (P)

Riedelia rosacea P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 866. — Type: A.N. Millar NGF
15798 (holo L!).
Riedelia rubra (Ridl.) Loes. = Geocharis rubra Ridl.
Riedelia schlechteri Valeton — (P)

Riedelia schlechteri Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 88. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 19715 (BO),
Morobe.
Riedelia sessilanthera Valeton — (P)

Riedelia sessilanthera Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 979. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1119 (BO),
Hellwig Mts.
Riedelia sessilanthera var. euodon Valeton — (P)

Riedelia sessilanthera var. euodon Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 980. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer
1039 (BO), Hellwig Mts.
Riedelia stricta K. Schum. — (P)

Riedelia stricta K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 439. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter s.n., West Sepik,
Torricelli Mts.
Riedelia subalpina P. Royen — (P)

Riedelia subalpina P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 881. — Type: W. Vink 16015
(holo BISH, iso L!), Kubor Range.
Riedelia suborbicularis P. Royen — (P)

Riedelia suborbicularis P. Royen, The Alpine Flora of New Guinea 2 (1979) 863. — Type: L.J. Brass
30954 (holo L!), Eastern Highlands, Mt. Otto.
Riedelia subulocalyx Valeton — (P)

Riedelia subulocalyx Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 978. — Type: G.M. Versteeg 1225 (iso L!), Sg.
Lorentz, near Sabang.
Riedelia tenuifolia Valeton — (P)

Riedelia tenuifolia Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1913) 964. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 1120 (BO),
Hellwig Mts.

Riedelia triciliata Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia triciliata Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 224. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(February 1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Riedelia umbellata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia umbellata Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 96. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter 18546 (BO),
Bismarck Range.
Riedelia urceolata Valeton — (P)

Riedelia urceolata Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 83. — Type: L. Schultze 26 (BO).
Riedelia urceolata var. sessilifolia Valeton — (P)

Riedelia urceolata var. sessilifolia Valeton, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52 (1914) 84. — Type: F.R.R. Schlechter
20274 (BO), West Sepik, Torricelli Mts.
Riedelia whitei Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia whitei Ridl., Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 34 (1923) 19. — Type: C.T. White 613, 655 (syn
BRI), Central, Deva Deva.
Riedelia wollastonii Ridl. — (P)

Riedelia wollastonii Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 226. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n.
(February 1913) (holo BM), Mount Carstensz.
Roscoea Sm. — (A)

Roscoea Sm., Exot. Bot. 2 (1805) 97. — Type species: Roscoea purpurea Sm.
Notes — The accepted species of Roscoea occur in the Himalaya, Burma, China.
Roscoea lutea (Blanco) Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe
Roscoea nigrociliata Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe
Scaphochlamys Baker — (A)

Scaphochlamys Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 252. — Type species: Scaphochlamys malaccana
Baker.

Distribution — Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Kalimantan.
Scaphochlamys argentea R.M. Sm. — (A)

Scaphochlamys argentea R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 209. — Type: B.L.
Burtt & P.J.B. Woods B 2700 (holo E!), Sarawak.
Scaphochlamys atroviridis Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys atroviridis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 93. — Type: E.J.H. Corner
SFN 30240 (holo SING!, iso E!, P!), Kemaman.
Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 89. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus biloba Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 379. — Kaempferia biloba (Ridl.)
K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 81. — Boesenbergia biloba (Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec.
Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 315. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley s.n. (26 July 1891) (K, designated by
Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Gastrochilus calophylla Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 115. — Kaempferia calo-
phylla (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 80. — Boesenbergia calophylla (Ridl.) Schltr.,
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 315. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n., Selangor.
Scaphochlamys biloba var. lanceolata (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys biloba var. lanceolatus (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 90.
— Basionym: Gastrochilus biloba var. lanceolatus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 57
(1910) 102 — Type: H.N. Ridley 14422 (lecto K, I.M. Turner, Asian Journal of Tropical Biology,
2000), Pahang.
Scaphochlamys breviscapa Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys breviscapa Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 95. — Type: E.J.H. Corner
SFN 30021 (holo SING!, iso BO!, E!, P!), Kemaman.
Scaphochlamys burkillii Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys burkillii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 102. — Type: A.M. Burn-
Murdoch SFN 210 (holo SING), Pahang.
Scaphochlamys concinna (Baker) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys concinna (Baker) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 94. — Basionym:
Kaempferia concinna Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 221. — Boesenbergia concinna (Baker)
Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 10135 (iso
SING!).

Scaphochlamys erecta Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys erecta Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 99. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN
31941 (holo SING!, iso BO!, E!), Johore.
Scaphochlamys grandis Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys grandis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 101. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN
30030 (holo SING, iso BO!, E!, P!), Kemaman.
Scaphochlamys klossii (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys klossii (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 100. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus klossii Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 16. — Boesenbergia klossii (Ridl.) Loes.,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 571. — Type: C.B. Kloss s.n. (1905) (holo K), Johore.
Scaphochlamys klossii var. glomerata Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys klossii var. glomerata Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 101. — Type: E.J.H.
Corner SFN 30952 (holo SING!, iso E!), Johore.
Scaphochlamys klossii var. minor Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys klossii var. minor Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 101. — Type: E.J.H.
Corner SFN 30743 (holo SING!), Johore.
Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys kunstleri (Baker) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 96. — Basionym: Cur-
cuma kunstleri Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1890) 214. — Gastrochilus kunstleri (Baker) Valeton,
Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 104. — Hitcheniopsis kunstleri (Baker) Ridl., Fl.
Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 252. — Type: H.H. Kunstler s.n. (1882) (iso C).

Notes — Baker, in Fl. Frit. India cites the type as “Pegu, Kunstler (Hort. Calcutt.
1882)” which indicates a specimen made from a plant in cultivation at Calcutta. If
the collector was H.H. Kunstler, then the origin of the plant is likely to be Peninsular
Malaysia. Scaphochlamys kunstleri is not listed in the flora of Burma (Kress et al., 2003).
Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 97. — Basio-
nym: Curcuma kunstleri var. rubra Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 120.
— Hitcheniopsis kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 253. — Type: C.
Curtis s.n. (SING).

Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa C.K. Lim — (A)

Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. speciosa C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2(2) (2001) 123. — Type: C.K.
Lim L4791 (holo KEP), Perak.
Scaphochlamys lanceolata (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys lanceolata (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 99. — Basionym:
Gastrochilus lanceolatus Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 16. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n.
(December 1892) (holo K), Johore.
Scaphochlamys longifolia Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys longifolia Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 91. — Gastrochilus longifolius
Ridl., nom. illeg., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 252. — Type: H.N. Ridley s.n., Selangor.
Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker — (A)

Scaphochlamys malaccana Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 252. — Kaempferia malaccana (Baker)
K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 81. — Boesenbergia malaccana (Baker) Govaerts, World
Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1) (1999) 9. — Type: H. Cuming s.n. (syn K), W. Griffith 5761 (syn
P!), R.W. Hullett s.n. (syn K), A.C. Maingay 1579 (syn K), Malacca.
Gastrochilus lancifolius Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 112. — Kaempferia lanci-
folia (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 80. — Boesenbergia lancifolia (Ridl.) Schltr.,
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Type: H.W. Lake & Kelsall s.n. (1892) (holo
K), Johore.
Gastrochilus scaphochlamys Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 112. — Boesenbergia
scaphochlamys (Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 317. — Type: H.N. Rid-
ley 3141 (syn), Malacca, J.B. Fielding s.n. (October 1892) (syn), Johor.
Kaempferia cumingii K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 80. — Type: H. Cuming 2356 (syn E!, P!),
Malacca.
Scaphochlamys minutiflora Jenjitt. & K. Larsen — (A)

Scaphochlamys minutiflora Jenjitt. & K. Larsen, Nordic J. Bot. 22 (2002) 35. — Type: T. Tiptabi-
arnkarn 4407 (holo AAU, iso BKF), Narathiwat.
Scaphochlamys obcordata Sirirugsa & K. Larsen — (P)

Scaphochlamys obcordata Sirirugsa & K. Larsen, Nordic J. Bot. 11 (1991) 93. — Type: P. Sirirugsa
1173 (holo PSU), Narathiwat.
Scaphochlamys oculata (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys oculata (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 92. — Basionym: Gastro-
chilus oculatus Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 117. — Boesenbergia oculata
(Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 8484 (K,
designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Scaphochlamys pennipicta Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys pennipicta Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 93. — Type: Hj. M. Nur bin
Mohamed Ghose SFN 11181 (holo SING), Pahang.
Scaphochlamys perakensis Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys perakensis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 97., nom. nov. — Basionym:
Curcuma lanceolata Ridl., Mat. fl. Malay. Penins. 2 (1907) 22. — Hitcheniopsis lanceolata
(Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 253. — Type: C. Curtis 2522 (holo SING!), Perak.
Scaphochlamys petiolata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Scaphochlamys petiolata (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 210.
— Basionym: Haplochorema petiolatum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 90. — Type: G.D.
Haviland 2026 (K), 1st Division, Gunung Senggi.
Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 315. — Basionym: Haplochorema polyphyllum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899)
332. — Type: O. Beccari 2324 (holo FI!), Lundu.
Gastrochilus bractescens Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 57. — Boesenbergia
bractescens (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Type: F.W. Foxworthy 42 (holo
SING), Lundu.
Gastrochilus laxiflorum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 100. — Boesenbergia
laxiflora (Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 572. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann
10916 (holo BO), Monterado.
Scaphochlamys reticosa (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Scaphochlamys reticosa (Ridl.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 44 (1987) 209.
— Basionym: Gastrochilus reticosa Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 44 (1905) 195.
— Boesenbergia reticosa (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Type: H.N. Ridley
s.n. (22 November 1904) (holo SING!), 1st Division, Bidi.
Scaphochlamys rubescens Jenjitt. & K. Larsen — (A)

Scaphochlamys rubescens Jenjitt. & K. Larsen, Nordic J. Bot. 22 (2002) 37. — Type: T. Tiptabi-
arnkarn 5080 (holo AAU, iso BKF), Narathiwat.
Scaphochlamys rubromaculata Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys rubromaculata Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 103. — Type: E.J.H. Cor-
ner SFN 30031 (holo SING, iso BO!, E!), Kemaman.
Scaphochlamys subbiloba (Burkill ex Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys subbiloba (Burkill ex Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 105. — Basio-
nym: Gastrochilus subbiloba Burkill ex Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 250. — Lectotype: I.H.
Burkill SFN 1002 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), Pahang.
Scaphochlamys sylvestris (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys sylvestris (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 91. — Basionym: Cur-
cuma sylvestris Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 3 (1893) 378. — Hitcheniopsis sylvestris
(Ridl.) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 253. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 2400 (K, designated by
Holttum, 1950), Pahang.
Scaphochlamys tenuis Holttum — (A)

Scaphochlamys tenuis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 98. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN
30543 (holo SING!, iso BO!, E!), Kemaman.
Siamanthus K. Larsen & Mood — (A)

Siamanthus K. Larsen & Mood, Nordic J. Bot. 18 (1998) 393. — Type species: Siamanthus siliquo-
sus K. Larsen & Mood.
Revision status — A: Larsen & Mood (1998).

Siamanthus siliquosus K. Larsen & Mood — (A)

Siamanthus siliquosus K. Larsen & Mood, Nordic J. Bot. 18 (1998) 393. — Type: J.D. Mood 93P13
(holo AAU), Narathiwat.
Sphaerocarpos J.F. Gmel. = Globba L.

Sphaerocarpos hura J.F. Gmel. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Stenochasma Griff. = Hornstedtia Retz.
Stenochasma convoluta Griff. = Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.
Stenochasma urceolare Griff. = Hornstedtia scyphifera (J. König) Steud.
Strobidia Miq. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Strobidia sumatrana Miq. = Alpinia sumatrana (Miq.) K. Schum.
Tamijia S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Tamijia S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 245. — Type species: Tamijia flagellaris
S. Sakai & Nagam.
Revision status — A: Sakai & Nagamasu (2000b).

Tamijia flagellaris S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Tamijia flagellaris S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 57 (2000) 245. — Type: H. Nagamasu 6719
(holo KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Thylacophora Ridl. = Riedelia Oliv.
Thylacophora pogonocheila Ridl. — (P)

Thylacophora pogonocheila Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 210. — Type: C.B. Kloss
s.n. (November 1912) (holo K), Mount Carstensz.
Vanoverberghia Merr. — (A)

Vanoverberghia Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7 (1912) 76. — Type species: Vanoverberghia sepulchrei
Merr.
Revision status — A: H. Funakoshi (in prep.).

Vanoverberghia diversifolia Elmer = Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer
Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr. — (P)

Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7 (1912) 76. — Type: M. Vanoverbergh 956
(holo PNH, iso P!), Mountain Province, Bontoc.
Zingiber Mill. — (A)

Zingiber Mill., Gard. Dict. abr. ed. 4 (1754). — Type species: Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
Revision status — B: Smith (1989), Theilade (1998).

Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isl., Philippines, Moluccas, Papua New
Guinea.
Zingiber acuminatum Valeton — (P)

Zingiber acuminatum Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 13. — Type: Anon. s.n. (BO!),
West Java, Gunung Salak.
Zingiber acuminatum var. acutibracteatum Valeton — (P)

Zingiber acuminatum var. acutibracteatum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918)
142. — Type: C.A. Backer 11493 (syn BO!), East Java, Gunung Wilis, 11515 (syn BO!), Central
Java, Wonosegoro, 16228 (syn BO!), Central Java, Pekalongan.
Zingiber acuminatum var. borneense Valeton — (A)

Zingiber acuminatum var. borneense Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 141.
— Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis s.n. (L).
Zingiber albiflorum R.M. Sm. — (A)

Zingiber albiflorum R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 41. — Type: J.A.R. Kerby 191 (holo E!),
Zingiber alliaceum K. Schum. — (P)

Zingiber alliaceum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 179. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n.
Distribution — Lesser Sunda Isl.
Zingiber amaricans Blume = Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.
Zingiber apoense Elmer — (P)

Zingiber apoense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2914. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 11750, Davao
del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Zingiber aquosum Blume = Zingiber odoriferum Blume

Zingiber aquosum Noroña, nomen nudum = Zingiber odoriferum Blume
Zingiber argenteum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber argenteum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 341. — Type: J.D. Mood 630 (holo
SAN), Sarawak.
Zingiber aromaticum Valeton = Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm.
Zingiber aurantiacum (Holttum) Theilade — (A)

Zingiber aurantiacum (Holttum) Theilade, Gard. Bull. Singapore 48 (1998) 232. — Basionym: Zin-
giber gracile var. aurantiacum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 63. — Lectotype: H.M.
Burkill & R.E. Holttum SFN 8806 (SING, designated by Theilade, 1998), Pahang.

Zingiber banahaoense Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber banahaoense Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 21 (2001) 129. — Type: J.D. Mood 506
(holo AAU, iso K), Mount Banahao.
Zingiber blancoi Hassk. = Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Zingiber borneense K. Schum. = Amomum borneense (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Zingiber brevifolium K. Schum. — (P)

Zingiber brevifolium K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 268. — Type: C.A.G. Lauterbach 1596
(B).
Zingiber brevifolium N.E. Br. — (P)

Zingiber brevifolium N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. new series 26 (1886) 390. — Type: W. Bull s.n. (K).
Zingiber bulusanense Elmer — (P)

Zingiber bulusanense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2993. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 15178 (syn
BO!, FI!, G!, L!, U!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin, 16914 (syn BO!, FI!, G!, U!), Sorsogon,
Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. = Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr.
Zingiber chlorobracteatum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber chlorobracteatum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 515. — Type: J.D. Mood 799
(holo AAU), Trus Madi.
Zingiber chryseum Ridl. = Zingiber puberulum var. chryseum (Ridl.) Holttum
Zingiber chrysostachys Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber chrysostachys Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 129. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 5199 (SING, designated by Theilade, 1999), Perak.
Zingiber citrinum Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber citrinum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 129. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
7797a (K!, designated by Theilade, 1998, isolecto SING!), Selangor.

Zingiber coloratum N.E. Br. — (A)

Zingiber coloratum N.E. Br., Gard. Chron. new series 12(293) (1879) 166. — Type: F.W. Burbidge
s.n. (K), perhaps Sabah.
Zingiber curtisii Holttum — (A)

Zingiber curtisii Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 54. — Type: C. Curtis s.n. (August 1898)
Zingiber eborinum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber eborinum Mood & Theilade, Sandakania 9 (1997) 21. — Type: J.D. Mood 432 (holo SAN),
Paling Paling Hills.
Zingiber elatior (Ridl.) Theilade — (A)

Zingiber elatior (Ridl.) Theilade, Gard. Bull. Singapore 48 (1998) 227. — Basionym: Zingiber grac-
ile var. elatior Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 130. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley
9340 (SING!, designated by Theilade, 1998, isolecto K!), Penang Hill.
Zingiber flagelliforme Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber flagelliforme Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 517. — Type: J.D. Mood 530
(holo SAN), Danum Valley Field Studies Centre.
Zingiber flammeum Theilade & Mood — (A)

Zingiber flammeum Theilade & Mood, Sandakania 9 (1997) 24. — Type: J.D. Mood 178 (holo SAN,
iso AAU), Paling Paling Hills.
Zingiber flavidum Ridl. = Zingiber leptostachyum Valeton
Zingiber fraseri Theilade — (A)

Zingiber fraseri Theilade, Gard. Bull. Singapore 48 (1998) 214. — Type: I. Theilade 12 (holo AAU,
iso K), Pahang, Bt. Fraser.
Zingiber georgeae Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber georgeae Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 521. — Type: Lai Shak Teck 9100265
(holo SAR), Ulu Baleh, Kapit.
Zingiber gigantifolium Elmer = Alpinia gigantifolia (Elmer) R.M. Sm.
Zingiber gracile Jack — (A)

Zingiber gracile Jack, Descriptions of Malayan plants 1(1) (1820) 1. — Neotype: C. Curtis s.n.
(April 1890) (designated by Theilade, 1998), Penang: W. Jack s.n., (holo, specimen lost).
Notes — None of Jackʼs material survives so Theilade (1998, 231) cites Curtis s.n.
as a lectotype. However, as Curtisʼs specimen is not part of Jackʼs material, it can only
be a neotype, not a lectotype.
Zingiber gracile var. aurantiacum Holttum = Zingiber aurantiacum (Holttum) Theilade

Zingiber gracile var. elatior Ridl. = Zingiber elatior (Ridl.) Theilade
Zingiber gracile var. petiolatum Holttum = Zingiber petiolatum (Holttum) Theilade
Zingiber gramineum Noroña ex Blume — (P)

Zingiber gramineum Noroña ex Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 45. — Type: Anon. s.n. (U).
Zingiber gramineum var. validior K. Schum. — (P)

Zingiber gramineum var. validior K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 175. — Type: C.L. von Blume
s.n. (holo L), Banten.
Zingiber griffithii Baker — (A)

Zingiber griffithii Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 246. — Lectotype: W. Griffith 5731 (K, designated
by Theilade, 1998), Malacca.
Zingiber griffithii var. major Ridl. = Zingiber puberulum Ridl.
Zingiber incomptum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (P)

Zingiber incomptum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29 (1969) 152.
— Type: C4328 (holo E!, iso L!).
Zingiber inflexum Blume — (P)

Zingiber inflexum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 43. — Type: Anon. s.n.
Zingiber kelabitianum Theilade & H. Chr. — (A)

Zingiber kelabitianum Theilade & H. Chr., Edinburgh J. Bot. 55 (1998) 239. — Type: Apu & H.
Christensen 313 (holo AAU), 4th Division, Bareo, near Pa Dalih.
Zingiber kelantanense C.K. Lim — (A)

Zingiber kelantanense C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 4 (2003) 69. — Type: C.K. Lim L 6206 (holo
KEP, iso BKF), Kelantan, Stong F.R.
Zingiber kunstleri Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber kunstleri Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 127. — Type: Illustration 00828
Zingiber lambii Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber lambii Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 339. — Type: J.D. Mood 848 (holo
SAN), Danum Valley.
Zingiber latifolium Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber latifolium Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 343. — Type: J.D. Mood 163A (holo
SAN), Crocker Range.
Zingiber leptostachyum Valeton — (A)

Zingiber leptostachyum Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 3 (1908) t. 275. — Type: A.W. Nieuwenhuis s.n. (holo
BO), Kalimantan.
Zingiber flavidum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 58. — Type: J. Hewitt s.n.
(October 1907) (holo K!).
Zingiber littorale (Valeton) Valeton — (P), see Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis
Valeton
Zingiber loerzingii Valeton — (P)

Zingiber loerzingii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 146. — Type: J.A. Lörzing
s.n. (holo BO), Sibaulangit.
Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade — (A)

Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 408. — Type: J.F. Maxwell 75-878
(holo AAU, iso L), Khao Chong National Park.
Zingiber mythianum C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2 (2001) 37. — Type: Hamid & C.K. Lim L4455
(holo KEP, iso SING!), Perlis.
Zingiber longipedunculatum Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber longipedunculatum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 149. — Type: J.
Hewitt s.n. (1907) (holo K).
Zingiber macradenia K. Schum. — (P)

Zingiber macradenia K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 269. — Type: O. Beccari s.n. (Septem-
ber 1878) (holo FI!), West Sumatra.
Zingiber macrocephalum (Zoll.) K. Schum. — (P), see Donacodes macrocephala

Zoll.
Zingiber macroglossum Valeton — (P)

Zingiber macroglossum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 147. — Type: J.A.
Lörzing 5235 (holo BO!, iso L!), North Sumatra, Sibaulangit.
Zingiber macrorrhynchus K. Schum. — (A)

Zingiber macrorrhynchus K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 176. — Type: F.B. Forbes 1756 A.
Zingiber malaysianum C.K. Lim — (A)

Zingiber malaysianum C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 3 (2002) 27. — Type: C.K. Lim L2843 (holo
KEP), Johore.
Zingiber martinii R.M. Sm. — (P)

Zingiber martinii R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1989) 418. — Type: B.L. Burtt &
A.M. Martin B 5302 (holo E!), Sarawak.
Zingiber matutumense Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber matutumense Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 21 (2001) 130. — Type: T. Hepton W83P754
(holo AAU), Mount Matutum.
Zingiber molle Ridl. — (P)

Zingiber molle Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 168. — Type: H.McC. Curran 4914 (syn), A.D.E.
Elmer 9843 (syn BO!, FI!, G!, K), Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mts., Dumaguete, Forest Bureau
4886 (syn), Benguet, Baguio, F.W. Foxworthy 1985 (syn), Pampanga, Mt. Abu, E.D. Merrill 4843
(syn SING!), Benguet, Mt. Tonglon.
Notes — Elmer 9843 is also the type of Zingiber sylvaticum Elmer.
Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr. — (A)

Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr., Sp. pl. 6 1 (1831) 52. — Basionym: Amomum montanum J.
König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 51. — Type: J.G. König s.n. (holo C!), Phuket.
Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 348. — Type: Material not located.
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 347. Amomum cassumunar (Roxb.) Donn, Hort.
cantabrig. ed. 7 (1812) 1. — Type: Material not located.
Zingiber multibracteatum Holttum — (A)

Zingiber multibracteatum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 57. — Type: E.J.H. Corner SFN
33174 (holo SING!, iso BO!, L!), Pahang.
Zingiber multibracteatum var. viride Holttum — (A)

Zingiber multibracteatum var. viride Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 58. — Type: R.E.
Holttum s.n. (August 1946) (holo SING), Pahang.
Zingiber mythianum C.K. Lim = Zingiber longibracteatum Theilade
Zingiber neglectum Valeton — (P)

Zingiber neglectum Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 13. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo
BO!), West Java, Gunung Salak.
Zingiber negrosense Elmer — (P)

Zingiber negrosense Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2917. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10421 (iso
BO!, C!, FI!, G!, L!, U!), Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mts., Dumaguete.
Zingiber nigrum Gaertn. = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Zingiber odoriferum Blume — (A)

Zingiber odoriferum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 44. — Type: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n.
(holo L!), Java.
Zingiber aquosum Noroña, nomen nudum, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4) (1790) 28.
Zingiber aquosum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 43. — Type: J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (holo L), Java.
Zingiber pachystachys Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2 27 (1918) 147. — Type: S.H. Koorders
s.n. (BO).
Zingiber officinale Roscoe — (A)

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 348. — Amomum zingiber L., Sp. pl.
1 (1753) 1. Zingiber blancoi Hassk., Flora 22 (1864) 20. — Type: No specimen at LINN or in
Herb. Cliff. (BM).
Distribution — Widely cultivated.

Notes — IPNI lists Amomum zingiber Blanco. However, Blanco simply records the
occurrence of Amomum zingiber L. (= Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Philippines.
According to Merrill in Species Blancoanae, Zingiber blancoi Hassk. is typified on
the description of Amomum zingiber in Blancoʼs Fl. Filip. (1837) 2.
Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade — (A)

Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade, Gard. Bull. Singapore 48 (1998) 218. — Type: I. Theilade
66 (holo SAN), Kota Kinabalu.
Distribution — Sabah (cultivated).
Zingiber ottensii Valeton — (A)

Zingiber ottensii Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 136. — Lectotype: A. Ottens
676 (L, designated by Theilade, 1998, isolecto BO!, SING!).
Zingiber ovoideum Blume — (P)

Zingiber ovoideum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 43. — Type: Anon. s.n.
Zingiber pachysiphon B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (P)

Zingiber pachysiphon B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 29 (1969) 154.
— Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 4781 (holo E!), Hose Mountains.
Zingiber pachystachys Valeton = Zingiber odoriferum Blume
Zingiber papuanum Valeton — (P)

Zingiber papuanum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 135. — Type: Anon. s.n.
(HB XI B6 3) (syn BO), Anon. s.n. (HB XI B6 33) (syn BO), Anon. s.n. (HB XI B6 36) (syn BO).
Zingiber pendulum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber pendulum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 342. — Type: J.D. Mood 425 (holo
SAN), Gunung Alab.
Zingiber peninsulare Theilade — (A)

Zingiber peninsulare Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 401. — Type: R. Geesink & T. Santisuk 4964
(holo L), Ranong.
Zingiber petiolatum (Holttum) Theilade — (A)

Zingiber petiolatum (Holttum) Theilade, Gard. Bull. Singapore 48 (1998) 232. — Basionym: Zingi-
ber gracile var. petiolatum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 64. — Type: E.J.H. Corner
SFN 31570 (holo SING!, iso L!), Kedah.
Zingiber phillippsiae Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber phillippsiae Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 520. — Type: J.D. Mood 398 (holo
AAU), Crocker Range.
Zingiber porphyrosphaerum K. Schum. — (P)

Zingiber porphyrosphaerum K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 175. — Type: G.D. Haviland 442
(K), 2nd Division, Sibu.
Zingiber pseudopungens R.M. Sm. — (P)

Zingiber pseudopungens R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1989) 413. — Type: W.L.
Chew, E.J.H. Corner & J.D.A. Stainton 1710 (holo K), Mt. Kinabalu.
Zingiber puberulum Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber puberulum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 131. — Lectotype: H.N. Rid-
ley s.n. (June 1894) (K, designated by Theilade, 1998), Singapore.
Zingiber griffithii var. major Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 132. — Lectotype:
H.N. Ridley 9820 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000), Perak.
Zingiber puberulum var. borneense R.M. Sm. — (A)

Zingiber puberulum var. borneense R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 45 (1988) 419.
— Type: C8005 (holo E!), Hose Mountains.
Zingiber puberulum var. chryseum (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)

Zingiber puberulum var. chryseum (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 62. — Basio-
nym: Zingiber chryseum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 149. — Type: H.N.
Ridley 13330 (holo SING!), Singapore.
Distribution — Singapore.
Zingiber puberulum var. ovoideum Holttum — (A)

Zingiber puberulum var. ovoideum Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950) 63. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley s.n. (August 1891) (SING, designated by Theilade, 1998), Pahang.
Zingiber pubisquama Ridl. — (P)

Zingiber pubisquama Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 169. — Type: M.S. Clemens 1163a (holo K!),
Mindanao.
Zingiber purpureum Roscoe = Zingiber montanum (J. König) A. Dietr.
Zingiber raja C.K. Lim & Kharuk. — (A)

Zingiber raja C.K. Lim & Kharuk., Folia Malaysiana 4 (2003) 69. — Type: C.K. Lim L 6371 (holo
KEP, iso BKF), Perak, Belum F.R.
Zingiber spectabile Griff. — (A)

Zingiber spectabile Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 413. — Lectotype: W. Griffith 5762 (K, designated
by Theilade, 1998), Malacca.
Zingiber stenostachys K. Schum. — (A)

Zingiber stenostachys K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 175. — Type: P.W. Korthals s.n. (iso
L!).
Zingiber sulphureum Burkill ex Theilade — (A)

Zingiber sulphureum Burkill ex Theilade, Bot. Mag. 12 (1995) 75. — Type: M. Haniff & Hj. M. Nur
bin Mohamed Ghose SFN 8016 (holo K, iso BO!, SING!), Pahang.
Zingiber sylvaticum Elmer — (P)

Zingiber sylvaticum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2919. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 9843 (iso FI!,
G!, K), Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mts., Dumaguete.
Notes — Elmer 9843 is also a syntype of Zingiber molle Ridl.
Zingiber vanlithianum Koord. — (P)

Zingiber vanlithianum Koord., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 1 (1919) 188. — Type: S.H.
Koorders 42910.
Zingiber velutinum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber velutinum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 519. — Type: J.D. Mood 999 (holo
SAN. iso AAU), Ulu Senogang.
Zingiber vinosum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber vinosum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 17 (1997) 337. — Type: A. Gambating SAN
90413 (holo K), Sepilok Forest Reserve.
Zingiber viridiflavum Mood & Theilade — (A)

Zingiber viridiflavum Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 19 (1999) 514. — Type: J.D. Mood 342 (holo
AAU), Crocker Range.
Zingiber wrayi Ridl. — (A)

Zingiber wrayi Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 41 (1904) 31. — Type: L. Wray 3735 (holo
SING), Perak.
Zingiber wrayi var. halabala C.K. Lim — (P)

Zingiber wrayi var. halabala C.K. Lim, Folia Malaysiana 2 (2001) 50. — Type: Hj. M. Nur bin
Mohamed Ghose 18569 (holo SING), Pahang.
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. — (A)

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm., Exot. Bot. 2 (1807) 105, t. 112. — Basionym: Amomum zerumbet L., Sp.
pl. 1 (1753) 1. — Zerumbet zingiber T. Lestib., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 15 (1841) 329. — Type: No
specimen at LINN or in Herb. Cliff. (BM).
Amomum spurium (J. König) J.F. Gmel., Syst. nat. 1 (1791) 6. — Cardamomum spurium (J. König)
Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type: Material not located.
Zingiber truncatum Stokes, Bot. mat. med. 1 (1812) 68. — Type: Material not located.
Amomum silvestre Poir. (“sylvestre”), Encycl. suppl. 5 (1817) 548. — Type: Material not located.
Zingiber amaricans Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 43. — Type: C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!).
Zingiber aromaticum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 131. — Type: K. Heyne
38 (L!).
Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis Valeton — (P)

Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 3 (1907) t. 250. — Combination: Zingiber
littorale (Valeton) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 135. — Type: T. Valeton
s.n. (BO).
Zingiber zerumbet var. magnum Elmer — (P)

Zingiber zerumbet var. magnum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2992. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer
14317 (iso BO!, G!, L!, U!), Sorsogon, Mt. Bulusan, Irosin.
NOTE ADDED IN PROOF
As we went to proof, Sakai & Nagamasu (2003) published the fourth in their series of
papers on gingers at Lambir Hills, Sarawak. Whilst we have included their new names
and combinations, we failed to spot some changes in synonymy under Etlingera.
Corrected entries for three species follow but note that entries for synonyms in the
main body of the checklist will now be wrong. Nostra maxima culpa!
Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)

Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 190. — Basionym:
Elettaria coccinea Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 53. — Geanthus coccineus Reinw., nom. nud.,
Catalogus (1823) 29. — Alpinia coccinea (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1 (1839) 12. — Cardamo-
mum coccineum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Amomum coccineum (Blume)
K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27(3) (1899) 305. — Achasma coccineum (Blume) Valeton, Bull.
Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 93. — Lectotype: H. Kuhl & J.C. van Hasselt s.n. (L!, designated
by Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003), Java.
Achasma macrocheilos Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 429. — Amomum macrocheilos (Griff.) Baker,
Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 235. — Hornstedtia macrocheilos (Griff.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 147. — Type: W. Griffith s.n.
Amomum gomphocheilos Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1897 (holo
K!), Perak.
Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke — (A)

Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 209, 229, 251. — Basionym: Amo-
mum littorale J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 52. — Cardamomum littorale (J. König) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: J.G. König s.n., specimen lost.
Achasma megalocheilos Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 426. — Amomum megalocheilos (Griff.)
Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Hornstedtia megalocheilos (Griff.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 146. — Type: W. Griffith s.n. (holo K), Malacca.
Amomum rubroluteum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 236. — Etlingera rubrolutea (Baker) C.K. Lim,
Folia Malaysiana 2(3) (2001) 157. — Type: A.C. Maingay 1588 (holo K!), Malacca.
Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm. — (A)

Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43(2) (1986) 249. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia punicea Roxb., Fl. ind. 1 (1820) 71. — Elettaria punicea (Roxb.) Schult., Mant. I
(1822) 24. — Hornstedtia punicea (Roxb.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV 46 (1904) 197. — Achasma
puniceum (Roxb.) Loes., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10 (1927) 62. — Lectotype: Icones
Roxburghianae 2007 (K, designated by Smith, 1986), Sumatra.
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and climbers of Myanmar. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.
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gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data. American Journal of Botany 89: 1682–
1696.
Larsen, K. (1997). Further studies in the genus Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 17:
361–366.
Larsen, K. & J. Mood (1998). Siamanthus, a new genus of Zingiberaceae from Thailand. Nordic J.
Bot. 18: 393–397.
Larsen, K. & J. Mood (2000). Revision of the genus Haniffia (Zingiberaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 20:
285–289.
Lim Siew Ngo (1972). Cytogenetics and taxonomy of the genus Globba L. (Zingiberaceae) in
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Sakai, S. & H. Nagamasu (2000b). Systematic studies of Bornean Zingiberaceae: III. Tamijia, a new
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cosmetics
Review
Flavonoids Profile, Taxonomic Data, History of
Cosmetic Uses, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Aging
Potential of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
Duangjai Tungmunnithum 1, * , Nobuyuki Tanaka 2 , Ayumi Uehara 3 and Tsukasa Iwashina 4
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS), Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan; nobuyuki_tanaka@kahaku.go.jp
3 College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 1948610, Japan; uehara@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp
4 Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan; iwashina@kahaku.go.jp
* Correspondence: duangjai.tun@mahidol.ac.th; Tel.: +66-264-486-96

Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 6 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020
Abstract: Alpinia galanga is a well-known medicinal plant in Southeast Asia and has been used for
a long time as food and medicine. A large number of flavonoid phytochemical compounds have
been identified in various parts of this medicinal herb. Flavonoids are commonly known as attractive
compounds that can be applied to cosmetic or cosmeceutical product development because of their
antioxidant, anti-aging and many other potential biological activities. This recent review aims to
illustrate and update the taxonomic status as well as the species description that will be helpful
for a rigorous identification and authenticate the raw material or living specimen from A. galanga.
The flavonoid phytochemical compounds and the bioactivity of this medicinal plant are also provided.
The future perspectives and research directions of A. galanga and its flavonoids are pointed out in this
study as well.
Keywords: Alpinia galanga; flavonoids; taxonomy; traditional use; cosmetic uses; antioxidant activity;
anti-aging activity
1. Introduction
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. is a terrestrial flowering medicinal plant species belonging to the family
Zingiberaceae. Alpinia galanga is native to the Southeast Asian region and has been used as an active
ingredient for many formulas in traditional medicines to relieve indigestion, vomiting, stomach pains,
ringworm and to treat skin diseases. In addition, a large number of Southeast Asian foods consist of
this medicinal plant [1]. A large number of phytochemical compounds, e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids
and volatile compounds, from several parts, such as leaves, rhizome and seeds, of A. galanga have been
analyzed and many potential phytochemicals have been reported [2–6]. Flavonoids of A. galanga are
continuously discovered from various parts of this medicinal herb [2–9]. The flavonoid phytochemical
compounds from A. galanga may possibly be an interesting alternative choice of bioactive molecules
for cosmetic or cosmeceutical sectors—e.g., antioxidant skin care, anti-inflammatory cream/lotion and
other botanicals. This recent study aims to exhibit the potential of A. galanga and its flavonoids for
further cosmetic application. The taxonomic description and essential taxonomic data of A. galanga,
its flavonoids, the uses of this plant in cosmetics, antioxidant and anti-aging activities of flavonoids
from A. galanga as well as future perspectives and research directions on this species are provided.
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89; doi:10.3390/cosmetics7040089 www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics

Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 2 of 8
2. The Taxonomic Description of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd

Alpinia Roxb. is the largest genus in the family Zingiberaceae with 230 species mostly distributed
in the Malesian region, and with about 60 species in China and Indo-Chinese Region [10–13]. Alpinia is
the type genus of the tribe Alpinieae A. Rich. of the family Zingiberaceae, and Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
is the type species for the genus Alpinia.
Schumann [14] proposed an infrageneric classification of Alpinia in his account of the Zingiberaceae
dividing it into five subgenera and twenty-seven sections; however, eight of those sections have presently
been placed in different genera. After more than half a century, Smith [15] revised the classification and
recognized two subgenera in 1990 based on characters of the labellum. Alpinia galanga is assignable
to subgenus Alpinia section Alpinia subsection Alpinia. A recent phylogenetic study of Alpinia by
Kress et al. [11] revealed the genus is polyphyletic and noted that a new classification system should
be proposed based on the molecular data.
Alpinia galanga, so called “the greater galangal”, is characterized by many-branched inflorescence
with numerous small and green flowers [16,17]. Two infraspecific taxa, var. galanga and Var. pyramidata
(Blume) K. Schum., are occasionally recognized [10]. Var. pyramidata is distinguished by abaxially
pubescent lamina and pubescent panicle rachis.
Alpinia officinarum Hance, termed the lesser galangal, is sometimes confused with A. galanga, but
A. officinarum is easily distinguished from A. galanga by larger flowers and ovate white labellum with
red streaks.
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 1: 12 (1797); Rev. Hand. Fl. Ceylon 4: 516 (1983);
Larsen et al., Gingers Malay. Pen. and Singapore: 66 (1999); Wu and Larsen, Fl. China 24: 343 (2000);
Larsen and Larsen, Gingers Thailand: 107 (2006); Leti et al., Fl. Photo. Cambodge: 536 (2013).
− Maranta galanga L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2: 3 (1762).

− Galanga major Garsault in Figure Pl. Méd.: t. 16 a (1764).
− Heritiera alba Retz. in Observ. Bot. 6: 17 (1791).
− Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 346 (1807).
− Zingiber galangal (L.) Stokes in Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 72 (1812).
− Alpinia viridiflora Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 423 (1851).
− Alpinia rheedii Wight, Icon. pl. Ind. orient. 6: 19, t. 2026 (1853).
− Alpinia zingiberina Hook.f. in Bot. Mag.: t. 6944 (1887).
− Alpinia bifida Warb. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 275 (1891).
− Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz in Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U.S.D.A. 261: 21 (1912).
Species Description (Figure 1): Robust rhizomatous herb, forming large clumps, up to 3 m tall.
Rhizomes whitish externally, pale yellow internally, 2–4 cm in diameter with strong odor. Ligule
suborbicular, ca. 5 mm; petiole ca. 5 mm; lamina oblong or lanceolate, 20–35 cm long, 5–10 cm wide,
glabrous or abaxially pubescent, base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence terminal,
panicle, 12–20 cm long; rachis glabrous or pubescent; richly branched, many-flowered; bracts and
bracteoles persistent; bracteoles lanceolate, 5–8 mm long. Flowers greenish white, fragrant. Calyx
tubular, 0.6–1 cm long, persistent. Corolla tube about the same length as calyx tube, light greenish;
lobes oblong, 1.6–1.8 cm long; lateral staminodes red, subulate or linear, 2–5 mm long; labellum white
with reddish stripes, obovate to spatulate, ca. 2 cm long, apex 2-cleft. Stamen 1.5–1.7 cm long; filament,
1 cm long, light yellow; anther 5–7 mm long, creamy white. Capsule oblong, slightly contracted at
middle, dark red, 1–1.5 cm long, 5–7 mm wide. Seeds black.
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 3 of 8
Cosmetics 2020, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8
Figure
Figure 1.
1. Alpinia
Alpinia galanga
galanga (L.)
(L.) Willd.
Willd. (A)
(A) Inflorescence.
Inflorescence. (B)
(B) Leafy
Leafy shoot.
shoot. (C)
(C)Close-up
Close-upof
ofaasingle
singleflower.
flower.
(D) Rhizomes. Scale bars: 5 cm for (A). 1 cm for (C). Pictures by Nobuyuki Tanaka.
(D) Rhizomes. Scale bars: 5 cm for (A). 1 cm for (C). Pictures by Nobuyuki Tanaka.
Habitat
Habitat and
and Ecology:
Ecology: It
It grows
grows in
in the
the understory
understory of
of tropical
tropical and
and subtropical
subtropical forests
forests with
with low-
low- to
to
mid-elevations. Flowering May to August. Fruiting September to November.
mid-elevations. Flowering May to August. Fruiting September to November.
Distribution:
Distribution: Bangladesh,
Bangladesh, Cambodia,
Cambodia, China,
China, Indonesia,
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Malaysia, Myanmar,
Myanmar, Philippines,
Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Introduced to India and Sri Lanka.
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Introduced to India and Sri Lanka.
Flavonoids Profile of A. galanga

3. Flavonoids
dihydroflavonols, and one flavan 3-ol and flavanone were isolated and
Eleven flavonols, four dihydroflavonols,
identified from the rhizomes and seeds of A. A. galanga
galanga (Table
(Table 1).1). These flavonoids were found as
but not
aglycones but not glycosides.
glycosides. Of Ofeleven
elevenflavonols,
flavonols,galangin
galangin(3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone,
(3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone,Figure
Figure2A)
2A)is is
a
a major compound and was named from
major compound and was named from the scientific namethe scientific name of this species.
species. Although kaempferol
(Figure 2B), quercetin (Figure 2C) and myricetin (Figure 2D) are popular popular non-methylated
non-methylated flavonols
in the plant kingdom, galangin 3-methyl ether (Figure 2E), kaempferide (Figure 2F), isokaempferide
(Figure 2G),
(Figure 2G), kumatakenin
kumatakenin(Figure
(Figure2H), 2H),isorhamnetin
isorhamnetin(Figure
(Figure2I)2I) and
and quercetin
quercetin 3-methyl
3-methyl ether
ether (Figure
(Figure 2J)
2J)
are are methoxylated
methoxylated flavonols
flavonols [2–7,18].The
[2–7,18]. Theoccurrence
occurrenceofofsome
somemethoxylated
methoxylated flavonols
flavonols may
may be a
of A.
character of A. galanga.
galanga. Jaju
Jaju et
et al.
al. [19]
[19] isolated
isolatedpolyglycosylated
polyglycosylatedflavonol
flavonolfrom
fromthis
thisspecies
speciesand
and named
named it
it galangoflavonoside.
galangoflavonoside. Although
Although it was
it was characterized
characterized as 6-hydroxykaempferol
as 6-hydroxykaempferol whichwhich attached
attached each ofeach
the
of the four moieties of glucose and arabinose to the 7-position and 4′-position, respectively, and
octadecenoate to the 6-position of flavonol molecule, it may be a misidentification.
Four dihydroflavonols and a flavanone were isolated from the seeds of this species. Of their
compounds, three dihydroflavonols were identified as pinobanksin 3-acetate (Figure 2K) and 3-
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 4 of 8
four moieties of glucose and arabinose to the 7-position and 40 -position, respectively, and octadecenoate
Cosmetics 2020, 7, x FOR
to the 6-position of PEER REVIEW
flavonol molecule, it may be a misidentification. 4 of 8
Four dihydroflavonols and a flavanone were isolated from the seeds of this species. Of their
cinnamate
compounds, (Figure
three 2L) [6]. Another dihydroflavonol,
dihydroflavonols were identified and flavanone were
as pinobanksin identified
3-acetate as alpinone
(Figure 2K) and
(Figure 2M) and
3-cinnamate pinocembrin
(Figure 2L) [6]. (Figure
Another2N). A common flavan
dihydroflavonol, and3-ol, catechin
flavanone (Figure
were 2O) was
identified as found
alpinonein
the rhizomes of this species [2]. Their flavonoids were isolated from the underground
(Figure 2M) and pinocembrin (Figure 2N). A common flavan 3-ol, catechin (Figure 2O) was found in parts (roots
and rhizomes)ofand
the rhizomes this seeds.
speciesHowever, they are not
[2]. Their flavonoids reported
were isolatedfrom
fromthetheaerial parts—e.g.,
underground partsleaves
(rootsand
and
flowers. These flavonoids—which have been reported for A. galanga since two flavonols,
rhizomes) and seeds. However, they are not reported from the aerial parts—e.g., leaves and flowers. galangin
and galangin
These 3-methyl ether,
flavonoids—which havehave not
been attached
reported forthe
A.hydroxyl group
galanga since two inflavonols,
B ring—are comparatively
galangin and galanginrare
in plants [20]. Similarly, pinobanksin 3-acetate and two 3-cinnamates are also rare in
3-methyl ether, have not attached the hydroxyl group in B ring—are comparatively rare in plants [20]. plants [20].
Similarly, pinobanksin 3-acetate and two 3-cinnamates are also rare in plants [20].
Table 1. Reports of the flavonoids from Alpinia galanga.
Table 1. Reports of(sd)
(2R,3R)-Alpinone the [6],
flavonoids from Alpinia
Pinobanksin galanga.
3-acetate, (2R,3R)-Pinobanksin 3-
Dihydroflavonol
cinnamate, (2R,3S)-Pinobanksin 3-cinnamate
(2R,3R)-Alpinone (sd) [6], Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (2R,3R)-Pinobanksin (sd) [6]3-cinnamate,
Dihydroflavonol
Flavan 3-ol Catechin3-cinnamate
(2R,3S)-Pinobanksin (rz) [2] (sd) [6]
Flavanone
Flavan 3-ol Pinocembrin (sd)
Catechin (rz) [2] [6]
Flavanone Galangoflavonoside? [19], Galangin (rz, rt)
Pinocembrin [3–7,18],
(sd) [6] Galangin 3-methyl ether
(rt, Galangoflavonoside?
sd) [6,18], Kaempferide[19], Galangin (rz, rt) [3–7,18], GalanginKumatakenin
(rz) [4,5,7], Isokaempferide, (sd)
3-methyl ether (rt, sd)[6],
Flavonol
Flavonol Myricetin
[6,18], Kaempferide (rz) [4,5,7], Isokaempferide, Kumatakenin (sd) [6], Myricetin ether
[2], Kaempferol (rz) [3,4,7], Isorhamnetin, Quercetin 3-methyl [2],
Kaempferol (rz) [3,4,7], Isorhamnetin, Quercetin(rz)
(rz), Quercetin 3-methyl
[4,7] ether (rz), Quercetin (rz) [4,7]
rt rt= = rz==rhizomes,
roots,rz
roots, sd==seeds.
rhizomes, sd seeds.
Flavonoidphytochemical
Figure 2.2.Flavonoid
Figure phytochemical compounds
compounds from A. A.
from galanga:
galanga: (A) (A) Galangin,
Galangin, (B) Kaempferol,
(B) Kaempferol, (C)
(C) Quercetin, (D) Myricetin, (E) Galangin 3-methyl ether, (F) Kaempferide, (G) Isokaempferide,
Quercetin, (D) Myricetin, (E) Galangin 3-methyl ether, (F) Kaempferide, (G) Isokaempferide, (H) (H)
Kumatakenin, (I) Isorhamnetin, (J) Quercetin 3-methyl ether, (K) Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (L) Pinobanksin
Kumatakenin, (I) Isorhamnetin, (J) Quercetin 3-methyl ether, (K) Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (L)
3-cinnamate, (M) Alpinone, (N) Pinocembrin, (O) Catechin.
Pinobanksin 3-cinnamate, (M) Alpinone, (N) Pinocembrin, (O) Catechin.
4. Cosmetic Uses (Past to Present)
4. Cosmetic Uses (Past to Present)
From ancient times, local people in several Asian countries, particularly in Thailand, Vietnam
and manyancient
From times,
Southeast local
Asian people inhave
countries, several
usedAsian countries, particularly
this medicinal in Thailand,
plant as a cosmetic Vietnam
ingredient for
and many Southeast Asian countries, have used this medicinal plant as a cosmetic ingredient for
body care—e.g., body soap and some others topical skin care products. These traditional products
from A. galanga are usually developed to use among the family using easy extraction methods—for
example, by using hot water as the solvent. Nowadays, local communities in Thailand, China and
many other Asian nations also develop shampoo, conditioner and other cosmetic products containing
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 5 of 8
body care—e.g., body soap and some others topical skin care products. These traditional products
from A. galanga are usually developed to use among the family using easy extraction methods—for
example, by using hot water as the solvent. Nowadays, local communities in Thailand, China and
many other Asian nations also develop shampoo, conditioner and other cosmetic products containing
the extract from this medicinal plant species. The water as well as ethanol are commonly used as the
solvent for extraction. The uses of solvent vary depending on the preparation of each family, and the
leaves and rhizomes are the most popular parts to be used for this purpose. Most of the cosmetics
and/or cosmeceuticals from this medicinal species are locally made for sale or exchange within the
community and neighbors. The A. galanga extract is also sold as a cosmetic ingredient. Currently,
people can order the dried plant or the extract easily via online markets. However, it is very difficult
to identify and authenticate whether these samples are A. galanga or not. For the development of
A. galanga as a raw plant material for the cosmetic and cosmeceutical sectors, the authentication process
as well as the bioactive ingredient identification need to be carried out before starting the product
development processes [8,21]. In addition, the extracts from leaf, rhizome and the whole plant of
A. galanga are registered in the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances
and ingredients (CosIng) (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=
search.results, accessed date 24/10/2020) and their skin conditioning functions, but there is still a lack
of “Identified INGREDIENTS or substances” information in CosIng. However, the research on the
potential of extracts and/or phytochemicals from this medicinal plant is insufficient; a greater number
of studies focusing on flavonoid identification of the potential extracts from this medicinal plant
should be conducted. Furthermore, its closely related species, e.g., A. officinarum, which is discussed in
the taxonomic part of this work, should be investigated and a comparison of the cosmetic potential
between flavonoid compounds should be made.
5. Potential Biological Activities: Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Activities of Flavonoids from

A. galanga for Cosmetic Application
Flavonoids are one of the most common and popular bioactive compounds used for cosmetic
applications and their biological activities are widely tested and reported in a huge number of medicinal
plants—i.e., Ocimum basilicum L. [22], Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. [23], Eclipta alba L. [24], Nymphaea
lotus L. [25], Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [26] and so forth. The objective of this potential biological activity
section is to provide the research overview on the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of flavonoids
from A. galanga and/or A. galanga extracts. The literature searches were conducted using both the
present scientific name and various synonyms of A. galanga, flavonoid, and biological activity as the
search terms. In total, 93 publications in ScienceDirect’s database as well as 74 publications in PubMed’s
database in the present decade were found. Interestingly, after the intense review, less than 10% of
these publications met our objective. It was clear that research studies on the potential of flavonoids
from A. galanga for cosmetic application were not plenty, but the results from these previous studies
illustrated the potential of this medicinal plant for cosmetic as well as cosmeceutical applications.
However, the more detail should be obtained and the new biological activities should be investigated,
in order to support the used of A. galanga as the raw plant material for the cosmetic sector.
Mickymaray and Al [9] focused their study on the antioxidant and anti-bacterial effects
of 15 common species of medicinal plants in Saudi Arabia, and their results pointed out that
methanolic extract of A. galanga is one of the four most potent in-vitro antioxidants examined by
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS),
total reducing power (TRP) as well as the iron (III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays and
anti-bacterial agents (evaluated against Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis
using minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC)) with high total phenols and flavonoid contents
of the extract [9]. Ahlina and his research team studied the influence of the ethanolic extract of A. galanga
on normal fibroblast cells (NIH 3T3 cells) in order to investigate the anti-aging potential of A. galanga
ethanolic extract via a senescence inhibitory effect on NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells detected by a SA-βGal
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 6 of 8
senescence-based assay. They found that the extract showed promising anti-aging potential to decrease
cell senescence [27]. A. galanga extract has the potential to reduce the number of senescence cells in
normal fibroblasts (NIH 3T3 cells) which are induced by stressors—e.g., doxorubicin and so forth.
In addition, the previous study reported on galangin from a species member of this genus which is able to
protect human dermal fibroblast cells from the senescence and reduced the expression of inflammatory
factors [27,28]. Consequently, this team also suggested galangin, a flavonoid compound present in
this plant, as an interesting candidate to develop natural anti-aging products for skin protection [27].
Moreover, galangin, a flavonol class of flavonoids, was also investigated in an animal model to examine
its anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress potential by Shu and his research group; the mice
models were randomly divided into four groups: control, vehicle, and galangin high- and low-dosage
groups. The result showed that galangin administration help to decrease the biochemical parameters
of oxidative stress and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner [29]. His team also illustrated that
anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress effects of galangin were associated with the inhibition of
nuclear factor (NF)-κB as well as the upregulation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Kicuntod and a Thai
research team [30] conducted their research on pinostrobin which is an abundant flavonoid found in
A. galanga’s rhizomes with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, but a problem of pinostrobin is
its extremely low water solubility which limits its potential pharmaceutical applications including in
the development of cosmetic products. Aqueous solubility is an important physicochemical parameter
used to assess skin absorption, which allows the bioactive compound in the cosmetic product to fully
reach its efficacy. This research group discovered that the pinostrobin was able to form complexes with
β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and its derivatives (2,6-dimethyl-βCD, 2-HPβCD, 6-HPβCD and 2,6-DHPβCD),
which will help to improve water solubility and provide higher stability [30].
6. Future Perspectives and Research Directions

− To evaluate the type and amount of phytochemical compounds of A. galanga from various
populations that grow in different habitats that may be affected by different geographic and
environmental factors.
− To compare the flavonoid phytochemical profiles as well as the potential biological activities—for
example, antioxidant, anti-aging and anti-wrinkle activities for cosmetic application—of A. galanga
and its closely related species within the same genus such as A. officinarum Hance, A. zerumbet
(Pers.) B. L. Burtt and R. M. Sm. and A. chinensis (Retz.) Roscoe, in order to increase the potential
alternative choices of the flavonoid-rich bioactive compounds for various cosmetic proposals.
− To analyze the most promising part of A. galanga that contains high-quality and a large quantity
of the target flavonoid phytochemicals, so as to decrease the cost of cosmetic/cosmeceutical
product development.
− To apply the new innovative extraction techniques—for example, ultrasonic-assisted extraction
(UAE), UAE combined with the macroporous resin adsorption, or other green chemistry
techniques—to increase the yield of extraction of A. galanga’s flavonoids.
− To investigate the mechanism of interesting biological activities, especially the anti-aging and
antioxidant activities of the known and promising flavonoids from A. galanga using both in-vitro
and in-cellulo assays that will enhance the efficacy of cosmetic and/or cosmeceutical products.
− To examine the inhibition potential of flavonoid-rich extracts/compounds from A. galanga on
major aging factors—e.g., enzymes such as tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, etc. This may be
helpful to provide a new powerful anti-aging molecule for cosmeceutical products.
− To investigate the safety of the potential extract and/or pure flavonoid phytochemical compounds
from A. galanga in cosmetic/cosmeceutical products, in order to confirm its safety and to provide
the customer’s confidence.
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 7 of 8
7. Conclusions
A. galanga is an attractive medicinal plant that can be promoted as a raw material in the cosmetic
and/or cosmeceutical sectors due to its low price, abundance and because it is easy to grow. Furthermore,
this plant species has long been used for cooking ingredients and traditional medicines, which will help
the cosmetic industry to decrease cost for research and study on the toxicity. In addition, many customers
are familiar with A. galanga, so they may take less time to decide to try the products made from
A. galanga or its flavonoid bioactive compounds. However, additional studies of this medicinal
species, especially concerning the biological activities of flavonoid-rich extracts/compounds, will help
to progress the uses of this attractive raw plant material for future cosmetic/cosmeceutical applications.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.T. and T.I.; methodology, D.T.; validation, D.T. and T.I.; formal
analysis, D.T., N.T., A.U. and T.I.; investigation, D.T.; resources, D.T.; writing—original draft preparation, D.T.,
N.T., A.U. and T.I.; writing—review and editing, D.T., N.T., A.U. and T.I.; visualization, D.T.; supervision, D.T.
and T.I.; project administration, D.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Mahidol University.
Acknowledgments: D.T. would like to express her sincere thanks to the Development and the Promotion of Science
and Technology Talent Project (DPST) of the Royal Thai Government for financial support for her collaborative
research in Japan. This research project was supported by Mahidol University.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.
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PRAKTIKUM II

2.2 Alat dan Bahan

Arambewela, L., & Wijesinghe, A. (2006). Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant

PENAMAAN TUMBUHAN (NOMENCLATUR)

— Type: Herb. amboin. 5: 143, t. 63 (1747).

Tanggal Praktikum :16 Maret 2021

MONOGRAPHS AND ANALYSIS

Lakshmi Arambewela and Aravinda Wijesinghe

Industrial Technology Institute

ISBN 955-590-042-6 Price: Rs. 200.00

i. 615.321 DDC 21 ii. Title

1. Medicinal plants 2. Botany, Chemistry, Traditional medicine

The information found in this monograph is taken from available scientific

Herbal Technology Division

Selected Vernacular Names

1. Leaf 2. Inflorescence 3. Flower 4. Rhizome 5. Roots.

Plant Material of Interest

'. s. IP** . :jH

Fig- 3 . Cross section Alpinia galanga leaf (stained with safranine ( 1 0 x 1 0 ) )

Sclerenchyma cells 8. Pith

F i g - 6. Schematic diagram of powder microscopy

1. Parenchyma eel Is 2. X y l e m vessel segments with different thickenings 3. Fibers 4.Tracheid 5.

granules 8. Starch granules

Acid insoluble ash

Water soluble ash

Physico-chemical parameter Amount (%)

Watei extractive of rhizome 11.3-13.6

(Results are expressed as percentages on dry weight basis)

Alpinia galanga ethanol extract of rhizome

Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizome ( 4 g ) w a s b o i l e d with 9 5 % ethanol ( 1 0 0 m L )

for l h and the extract w a s filtered and e v a p o r a t e d to d r y n e s s . Ten

microliters ( 1 0 p L ) of the diluted extract (0.1 g in 5 m L ) w a s

Solvent s y s t e m : C y c l o h e x a n e : Chloroform : Ethyl acetate ( 2 . 8 : 2 . 0 : 0 . 2 )

Sinning : D e n s i t o m e t e r at 2 5 4 n m (before spraying) and 4 5 0 n m (after

Spray reagent : Vanillin sulphif

Fig- 7. T L C finger print profile of ethanol extract o f Alpinia galanga rhizome

Table 2. Description of densitogram (Fig-8)

Peak no. Y(mm) Relative area %

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

Fig- 8. Densitogram of T L C finger print profile of

ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 254 nm

Table 3. Description of densitogram (Fig-9)

Fig- 9. Densitogram of T L C fingerprint profile of

ethanol extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome at 450 nm

liters (10 p L ) of the diluted extract (0.09 g in 5 m L ) was spotted

Absorbent : Silica g e l - G F 254

Solvent system : B u t a n o l : Water: Ammonia ( 4 . 6 : 0 . 3 : OA)

Direct evaluation : ITV R values - 0.14,0.39, 0.80

254 nm, f ' '

Fig-10. T L C fingerprint profile of water extract ofAlpinia galanga rhizome

Table 4. Description of densitogram (Fig-11)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.

Fig-11 Densitogram of TLCfingerprint profile of

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Fig-12. Densitogram of TLC finger print profile

Alpinia galanga water extract of rhizome

Table 6. Retention times of main peaks

Fig-13. HPLC finger print profile of

Table 7. Retention times of main peaks

Fig-14. HPLGfinger print profile of

(1) a-Terpineol (2) p-Cymene (3) Limonene

(4) Linalool (5) P-Pinene (6) a-Pinene

(7) 1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate, R=H