PENAMAAN TUMBUHAN
2.1 Tujuan
1. Mengetahui penamaan lokal tumbuhan (vernacular name)
2. Mengetahui penamaan tumbuhan berdasarkan scientific name
3. Mengetahui penamaan tumbuhan berdasarkan International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (basioname, correct name, sinonim, rejectname,
validname)
4. Mengetahui azas penamaan tumbuhan
2.4 Tugas
Carilah link penamaan tumbuhan yang sudah dipilih
LEMBAR PENGAMATAN
Nama Tumbuhan : Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Family : Zingiberceae
Tuliskan Link Publikasi/Artikel Penamaan Tumbuhan
3. — Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz, U. S. D. A. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 261 (1912) 21.
SINONIM:
Homotypic synonyms:
Maranta galanga L.;
Heterotypic synonyms:
Alpinia alba (Retz.) Roscoe; Alpinia bifida Warb.; Alpinia carnea Griff.;
Alpinia pyramidata Blume; Alpinia rheedei Wight; Alpinia viridiflora Griff.;
Amomum galanga (L.) Lour.; Amomum medium Lour.; Hellenia alba
(Retz.) Willd.; Heritiera alba Retz.; Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz; Languas
pyramidata (Blume) Merr.; Languas vulgare Koenig; Zingiber galanga (L.)
Stokes; Zingiber medium Stokes; Zingiber sylvestre Gaertner;
Alpinia galanga var. galanga; Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume)
K.Schum.; Languas galanga; Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw 1 , 2 Amomum
galanga (L.) Lour2-3-4 Alpinia viridiflora Griff1 Maranta galanga (L.)1 , 2
Languas galanga (L.)Stuntz '•2'3 Languas vulgare J.Koenig2-3
VALID NAME: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4
[Willdenow] 1(1): 12 (1797); Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 1: 12 (1797);
Rev. Hand. Fl. Ceylon 4: 516 (1983); Larsen et al., Gingers Malay. Pen. and
Singapore: 66 (1999);Wu and Larsen, Fl. China 24: 343 (2000); Larsen and Larsen,
Gingers Thailand: 107 (2006); Leti et al., Fl. Photo. Cambodge: 536 (2013).
Lakshmi Arambewela
Aravinda Wijesinghe
SRI LANKAN MEDICINAL PLANT
VOL - 1 0
ALPINIA GALANGA
Published by
National Science Foundation
2006
i
©Industrial Technology Institute & National Science Foundation, 2006.
First published in 2006.
ISBN 955-590-042-6
Published by National Science Foundation.
Arambewela, Lakshmi
Sri Lankan Medicinal plant Monograph and Analysis:
Alpinia galanga/ Lakshmi Arambewela and Aravinda Wijesinghe.-
Colombo: National Science Foundation, 2006.
Vol. 10, iii, 36p. ill.; 30 cm. -(Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants, Vol. 10)
II
Preface
Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka have been carried out in the Herbal Technology Division of Industrial
Technology Institute (former Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research) for almost two decades. This
monograph which is the tenth in this series incorporates information collected from literature surveys, researches
and also experiences of the Herbal Technology Division staff. This monograph is intended for a varied reading
public, herbal drug manufacturers who need to identify their herbal raw materials, Ayurvedic physicians who
need some scientific information on medicinal plants, research workers requiring some quick background
information on a plant, industrialists or entrepreneurs pondering on commercial ventures and the inquiring lay
readers. We hope this monograph fulfils some requirements of each of them.
The authors wish to thank the members of the Herbal Technology Division for their contribution, the Information
Service Center for providing information, Department of Plant Sciences and Department of Zoology of the
University of Colombo for assisting in anatomical studies, Food Technology Division of the Industrial Technology
Institute for helping in the analysis of powdered plant materials and the Microbiology Laboratory for photographing
the slides. They also gratefully acknowledge the sponsor National Science Foundation for the research grant (RG
/2004/TM/OT).
Ill
Alpinia galanga (L.) W i l l d
Family
Zingiberaceae
Synonyms
1,2
Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw
2 3 4
Amomum galanga (L.) Lour - -
1
Alpinia viridiflora Griff
1,2
Maranta galanga (L.)
2 3
Languas galanga (L.)Stuntz '• '
2 3
Languas vulgare J.Koenig -
Distribution
It is found in Indonesia, India, China, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Egypt and Sri Lanka. It grows in open
sunny places, forests and brushwood. It is commonly cultivated in the mid and low-country in Sri
13 46
Lanka. -
1
Morphology
A perennial tuberous herb with elongate leafy stems and slightly aromatic rootstock; leaves cauline,
22.5-45 cm long, 3.7-11.2 cm broad, oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, green above, paler beneath
with slightly callous white margins, sheaths long, glabrous, ligule about 1 cm long and rounded; flowers
irregular, bisexual, greenish white in dense-flowered panicles 15-30 cm long, branches short, rachis
pubescent, pedicels 0.3-0.4 cm long, bracts 1 cm long, ovate-lanceolate; calyx 1 cm long, tubular,
irregularly 3-toothed; corolla gamopetalous, 3cm long, tube 1.2 cm long, lobes oblong, obtuse,subequal,
0.6 cm broad, lip 2.1 cm long, claw green, 6 mm long, 2.5 mm broad, blade white striated with red,
about 1.2 cm long, broadly elliptic, shortly 2-lobed at apex with a pair of subulate glands at the base
of the claw; stamen 1, perfect, 1.8 cm long, filament flattened, anther cells diverging at the top
occasionally with an orbicular crest, lateral staminodes minute or obsolete; ovary inferior, 3-locular,
ovules few on an axile placenta, stylefiliform,stigma subglobose; fruit orange red, indehiscent.
Fig-1. Alpinia galanga plant
(Source - Indian Medicinal Plants. A Compendium of 500 species I, Orient Longman, p. 107)
Official Drug
,3 4 5
Dried rhizomes, rhizome oil, powder and seeds. ' ' '
Pharmacognostic Features*
Anatomy
<•
It 1 ^ :
J^^^ •• • 'kit
Fig- 2 . Cross section oi Alpinia galanga rhizome (st..::ud with sai'raninc ( 1 0 \ 10) >
1 .Ground tissue (parenchyma) 2.Secretion cells 3 S e l e r e n !i>' ;acc , 4 Phloem 5.Xylem
1. E p i d e r m i s 2. Cortex 3. Endodermis 4. P e r i c y c l e 5. P h l o e m 6. X y l e m 7.
Powder analysis
Analyzed part - R h i z o m e
Organoleptic properties
Colour - B r o w n
Odour - Aromatic
Taste - Pungent
Microscopic characters
Parenchyma cells with oil secretion cell 6. Oil secretion cells 7. Parenchyma cells with starch
* These analysis were carried out by the authors at Industrial Technology Institute and the Dept. of Plant
Sciences and Dept. of Zoology of University of Colombo.
Physico-chemical Analysis'
Extractable matter
Crushed, dried plant material (about 4 g) was weighed to a glass-stoppered conical flask. Solvent
(100 mL) was added, weighed, shaken well and allowed to stand for lh. It was then boiled for lh and
cooled. The weight was readjusted with specified solvent andfiltered.Filtrate (25 mL) was taken,
solvent was evaporated and oven dried at 105 °C for 6 h, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
Total ash
Crushed, air dried plant material (about 4 g) was weighed to a previously ignited crucible. The material
was ignited by gradually increasing the temperature to 550 °C until free from carbon. The crucible was
cooled and weighed.
Hydrochloric acid (25 mL, cone. -70 g/L) was added to the crucible containing total ash, covered
with a watch glass and boiled gently for 5min. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter
paper and washed with hot water until thefiltratewas neutral. Thefilterpaper containing the insoluble
matter was transferred to the original crucible and ignited to a constant weight.
Water (25 mL) was added to the crucible containing total ash, covered with a watch glass and boiled
gently for 5min. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashlessfilterpaper and washed with hot
water. The filter paper containing the insoluble matter was transferred to the original crucible and
ignited for 15 min. at a temperature not exceeding 450°C. Water soluble ash is the calculated difference
in weight between the total ash and the residue remaining after treatment of the total ash with water.
Moisture content of the samples was estimated andlTf the ca&titetions-Were done on dry weight
basis.
Tablel. Physico-Chemical parameters of Alpinia galanga rhizome**
spotted on T L C plate.
Adsorbent :Silicagel-GF 2 5 4
Detection
Direct e v a l u a t i o n : U V
2 5 w R
r v a l u e s
- 0.13,0.22, 0.33, 0.56,0.65, 7 5 , 0 . 8 6
U V R v a |
. 3 6 w r u e s - 0.13,0.56
spraying)
0.100
h f\ 2
3
24.03
31.88
7.97
27.65
4 45.21 5.05
5 50.74 8.30
0.000
U 6 56.91 5.82
7 63.89 8.11
-0.100 !
0.000
-0.100
10.0 20.0 300 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Stage Y(mm)
and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness. Ten micro
on T L C plate.
Detection
Spraying)
Spray reagent
Vanillin sulphate
•0.100
0.400
Table 5. Description of densitogram (Fig-12)
1 Peak no.
A Y(mm) Relative area %
0.300
4I 1 9.99 38.72
A 2 17.64 5.17
0.200 I 3
4
20.41 6.55
27.84 23.93
5 37.32
0.100 V 6 51.67
3.48
4.92
0.000
7 '
-0.100
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizomes (4 g) were boiled with water (100 mL) for
lh and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The diluted extract (8.5 mg in 5mL) was purified using Sep-pak
CI 8 cartridge.
Injection volume : 20 fih
Apparatus : Shimadzu LC - 1 0 ADvp pumps and Shimadzu SPD - M10 Avp
uv / vis photodiode array detector.
Column : Inertsil 5U ODS - 2 reverse phase column, (250 mm x 2.6 mm)
Solvent system : Acetonitrile: Water (50:50)
Flow rate : 1 mL/min
Detection : 254 nm
0
Alpinia galanga ethanol extract of rhizome
Sample preparation : A. galanga rhizomes (4 g) were boiled with 95% ethanol (100
mL) for lh and the extract was filtered and evaporated to dryness.
The diluted extract (8.1 mg in 5mL) was purified using Sep-pak
CI8 cartridge.
Injection volume :20 uL
Apparatus : Shimadzu LC - 1 0 ADvp pumps and Shimadzu SPD - M 10 Avp
uv / vis photodiode array detector.
Column : Inertsil 5U ODS - 2 reverse phase column, (250 mm x 2.6 mm)
Solvent system : Methanol: Water (75 :25)
Flow rate : 0.7 mL/min
Detection :254nm
I 234
V\AA 5
I) _....—_—
0 5 10 15 20
Mniuets
** These analysis were carried out by the authors at Industrial Technology Institute.
Phytochemistry
The rhizomecontains essential oils, the constituents of which are methyl cinnamate, p-methane-1,8-
epoxy-acethoxychavicol acetate, alpinin, kaempferide, 3-dioxy 4-methoxy flavone, pinene, camphor,
pineol, galangin, (rS)-l'-acetoxychavicol acetate, (rS)-l'-acetoxyeugenol acetate, 1'-
acetoxychavicol acetate (7), 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8), D-camphor, chavicol, chavicol acetate,
l,8-cineole(13),3-hyciroxy-l,8-cineoleglucopyran^
1,8-cineole-D-glucopyranosides, (lR,3S,4S)-u^ns-3-hydroxy-l,8-cineole-D-glucopyranoside,
trans coniferyl diacetate, trans -p-coumaryl diacetate, di-(p-hydroxy-cis-styryl) methane, eugenol
acetate, trans pVfaranesene, 7-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy flavone, 4-hydoxybenzyldehyde, 1'-
hydroxychavicol acetate, p-hydroxycinammaldehyde, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-4'-
methylether, kaempferol-7'-methylether, methylcinnamate, methyleugenol, 3-carene, cc-thujene
a-pinene (6) , (5-pinene (5), camphene(l 1), myrcene, p-cymene (2), borneol (15) , a-
terpineol (1), 4-terpineol (17), fenchyl acetate, bomyl acetate, a-humulene(16),zerumbone.
Two skeletal diterpenes, named galanga A (9) and B (10), and 2 labdane type diterpenes, named
galanolactone and (E) -(3 (17), 12-labdiene-15,16-dial, were isolated from A. galanga together
with (E)-(17) - |3epoxylabd-12-enel5,16-dial. One of the pungent principle of A. galanga rhizome
7 8 910 12 ,3 ,4 ,5 16 17 lg
was isolated and identified as 1' -acetoxychavicol diacetate. - - - "• - - - - - - - " M ^ * - * -
Leaf oil contains mainly myrcene, (3-ocimene, a-pinene (6), borneol (15), P-caryophyllene(12),
24
P-bisabolene.
Flower oil contains a-pinene (6), sabinene, limonene (3), a-phyllandrene(14), l,8-cineole(13),
linalool (4), terpinen-4-ol (17), a-terpineol(l), methyl eugenol, a-patchoulene, caratol, a -
caryophyllene(12), a-bergamotene,(E,E), a-famesene, nerolidol, a - bisabolol and benzyl
25
benzoate.
26
.. galanga contain 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8) and 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate (7).
Seed contains 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate (8), 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate (7), caryophyllene oxide,
caryophyllenol I, caryophyllenol II, pentadecane, 7-heptadecane, fatty acid methyl esters, galanga A
20
(9), B (10), (E) and 8,17-epoxy labd-12-ene-15,16-diol .
OH
OH
CH2
Dried crushed rhizomes of A. galanga were hydrodi stilled for 4 hrs using a Clevenger arm to obtain
the rhizome oil (0.56%). The oil was subjected to GC analysis. The peaks were identified by peak
enhancement experiments and mass spectral data. NMR data of the major compound was obtained.
17
Quantitative data of the peaks were obtained from the GC. The oil contents are expressed on dry
weight basis.
The concentration of the compounds was determined by comparing the peak area of the compound
with the total area of the peaks in the chromatogram.
9
i i
4
8.
5 6T
17
Fig-18. Gas chromatogram of Alpinia galanga rhizome oil
The roots of A galanga are used to rub on spots caused by "panu" a common skin fungus causing
white blotches and for eczema, bronchitis, coryza, morbili, pityriasis versicolor, otitis interna, gastritis,
6
ulcers, cholera, and the seed of A. galanga is used for emaciation.
5
The drug is used as follows according to Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia.
Nervous system- Used for nervous debility and nervous diseases and it stimulates and strengthens the
5
nerves.
In gastrointestinal system- The drug helps to clean the mouth, stimulates the digestive power, appetite
and acts as a purgative. 'Teekshana' property helps to increase the mixing of food in the stomach,
5
salivary secretion and digestive secretions. It also prevents anorexia and abdominal pain.
In blood circulatory system - The drug increases the blood supply to the gastrointestinal system and as
a result it reduces the cardiac contractions, cardiac output and blood supply to the vital organs. It is
5
also used for 'Vitaja' heart diseases.
In respiratory system-The drug reduces the sputum (Kapha) and dilates the bronchioles and reduces
asthma. It strengthens the laryngeal folds. It can also be used for speech defects such as dysarthria,
5
stammering and aphasia.
In urinary system-It slightly reduces the ability of urine production and used for polyuria and other
5
urine disorder formulations.
In genital system-It is used for impotency. By keeping a piece of rhizome in the mouth, it is said to
5
promote sexual desire.
5
It also helps to protect from cold.
External application of Rasana powder reduces hyperespiration and coldness due to circulatory failure.
Uses in folk medicine
• In Java the fresh grated rhizomes with a little salt is given on an empty stomach for an enlarged
3
spleen.
• In Philippines the rhizomes are considered carminative and stimulative. A decoction of the
3
leaves is used as an anti rheumatic and for stimulant baths.
3
• In Arabian countries the rhizomes are used as aphrodisiac and as a veterinary medicine.
• In South-East Asian countries the rhizomes of A. galanga are used in the treatment of
hyperlipidemia, obesity, haemorrhoid, menstrual disorder and acne. It is also used as a
30
laxative, uric acid suppressant, and given during pregnancy and after child birth.
• The seeds are considered stomachic and sternutatory; they are prescribed in China for colic,
1,4
diarrhoea and vomiting.
• In tropical Asian countries the drug is widely used in rheumatism and bronchial catarrh. It is
considered a tonic and used as a fragrant adjunct to complex preparations and also in cough
and digestive mixtures. Its chief use is for clearing the voice. The drug has expectorant action
and is useful in many respiratory ailments, especially for children suffering from whooping
cough. It has an antispasmodic effect that alleviates asthma and also exhibits anti-amphetamine
and diuretic properties. In affections of the gastro-intestinal tract, the drug may be useful like
31
other volatile oils. *•
39
• A. galanga has been used in traditional medicine for antifungal purposes in Thailand.
• In India the hot water extract is used for pain in the chest and a decoction used for Tuberculous
42,43
glands and sore throat.
Other Uses
• The rhizome is generally used as a spice or source of essential oil throughout its distribution
2 3
area. -
3 4
• T h e flowers and y o u n g shoots are used as a vegetable or as a s p i c e .
4
• In Kerala, rhizomes are used for seasoning fish in p i c k l i n g .
4
• Galanga root oil is also used for perfumes and as a r e s i n o i d .
2 4
• Dried rhizomes are used as a f o o d in T h a i l a n d .
Rasandi gugluva, Ashvaganda oil, Karpasadi oil, Maha naraya oil, Mahabala oil, Vishagana neela oil,
• Antifungal activity- A. galanga extract has shown inhibition against the growth of three
groups of fungi: yeast (Saccharomyces species, Candida albican), mold {Aspergillus flavus,
A. fumigatus, A. niger) and dermatophytes {Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes). The crude extract of A. galanga showed effective fungal inhibition (60%)
of Trichophyton longifusus while moderate inhibitory activity against Aspergillus flavus,
Microsporum canis and Fusarium solani (30%, 50%and 40%, respectively) and low
inhibitory action against Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and
38 45 47 4849 50 51 53 54 56
Cryptococcus neoformuns. ' -*»• ' ' - • ' '**•
Antibacterial activity- Ethereal extract of A galanga rhizomes has shown significant inhibition
against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Gram A, Streptococcus Gram B,
Staphylococcus lutea, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatics, Bacillus cereus,
Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia
coli, Shigella senteriae, Hemophilus pertussis, Vibrio cholera, Diplococcus pneumoniae,
Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella schottmuelleri, Staphylococcus albus and
antimycobacterial acti vity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Bovis,
42 46 57,58 59 60 61,62,63 64
Mycobacterium avium was also observed. ' ' ' ' ' '
Cancer chemopreventive- Root oil contains ethyl trans cinnamate and ethyl 4-methoxy-
trans-cinnamate. Ethyl trans cinnamate and ethyl 4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate exhibited significant
chemopreventive activity in the mouse liver and intestines. Evaluation for inhibitory activities of
the methanol extracts of A. galanga toward 12-O-hexadecanophenoylphorbol 13-acetate
induced Epstein-Barr vims activation suggested that this plant has high potentiality for cancer
chemoprevention. 1 '-Acetoxychavicol acetate showed powerful inhibitory effects on 4-
nitroquinoline 1 -oxide induced rat tongue carcinogenesis in the initiation or post initiation phase
as well as on 12-O-tetradeconoylphorbol 13-acetate induced skin tumor promotion in ICR
mice initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene. r-Acetoxychavicol acetate may be
recognized as an intrinsic antioxidant, which specifically blocks the xanthine oxidase and NADPH
7 0 8 2
oxidase systems generating 0 2
Irritant activity- The extract causes irritation to soft tissue of male rabbits. 79
Smooth muscle stimulating activity- An alcohol water (1:1) extract of rhizome was shown
to have smooth muscle stimulating effects on the isolated guinea pig ileum. In moderate doses
the rhizome oil has an antispasmodic action on involuntary muscle tissue, inhibiting excessive
83
peristaltic movement of the intestines.
Antioxidant activity- A. galanga extract may be a possible natural antioxidant source for
meat and meat products. (In raw beef, addition of A. galanga extract was as effective as oc-
tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene in inhibiting / minimizing lipid oxidation). Ethanol
extracts of A. galanga showed higher antioxidative stability at neutral pH than that at acidic
2 +
pH. The extracts also exhibited strong superoxide anion scavenging activity, F e chelating
activity and reducing p o w e r in a concentration dependant manner and acted as a radical
85
scavenger and a lipoxygenase inhibitor. **•
Antiulcer activity- Antiulcer agents were isolated from A .galanga seeds and they were
identified as 1 '-acetoxychavicol acetate and 1 '-acetoxyeugenol acetate. Ethanol extracts
showed antiulcer activity against hyperthermia induced ulcers ethanol induced ulcers, HC1
induced ulcers, indomethacin induced ulcers, reserpine induced ulcers and pyloric ligation
86,87,88
induced u l c e r s .
• Acaricides activity- Acaricides are present in A. galanga seed extracts showed mortality
89
against Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Dermatopnagoid.es pteronyssinus.
62
aspirin (ED = 0.69 mg/kg). The 80% acetone extract of the A. galanga was found to
50
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Pharmacognosy 32(2): 171-177.
Mark Newman
Amélie Lhuillier
Axel Dalberg Poulsen
BLUMEA Supplement 16
2004
ISSN 0006-5196
ISBN 90-71236-XX-X
BLUMEA Supplement 16
No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations in critical reviews,
may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form, including print, photocopy, microform,
electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission.
CHECKLIST OF THE ZINGIBERACEAE OF MALESIA
SUMMARY
A checklist of Malesian Zingiberaceae is provided, giving generic names, specific and infraspecific
binomials and trinomials, basionyms, synonyms, protologues, type specimens and their locations and
limited information on distributions. The revision status of accepted genera and some nomenclatural
notes are included. In total 1,661 names are listed.
INTRODUCTION
1) Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK. Author for cor-
respondence.
2) Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (2 bis, place Tronville, 55600 Montmédy,
France).
3) Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
2 Blumea Supplement 16
try to give a revision status for each genus, as they did. Revision status A = recently
revised or currently under active revision at an advanced stage, B = partially revised
recently, C = not revised for 40 years or more.
METHODS
The checklist is drawn from a taxonomic database held at the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh (E) in which the boundaries of Malesia are defined. We subdivide Malesia
in the same way that Govaerts & Frodin (2002) divide the world, using the third level
areas in the TDWG standard world geographical scheme for recording plant distribu-
tions (http://www.tdwg.org/standrds.html#floristic). In Malesia these are Sumatra,
Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Bali,
the Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor Leste, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas,
West Papua, Papua New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago. In a small number
of cases, we have not been able to find out where in Borneo a specimen was collected
and so we simply cite the locality as Borneo. The north-west boundary of Malesia is
a line between Alor Setar and Pattani which includes all or part of the Thai provinces
of Narathiwat, Pattani, Satun, Songkhla and Yala. We have created an area in our
database consisting of these provinces and, where Thailand is cited in distributions,
it should be understood that we mean these provinces alone. The third level areas of
the TDWG scheme are not always countries. For example, the Bismarck Archipelago
and the North Solomons are part of Papua New Guinea but they are both third level
areas in the TDWG scheme. The Bismarck Archipelago is in Malesia but the North
Solomons are not.
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) and other publications on Zingiber-
aceae were searched for names which have been used in Malesia. For each name
found, at least one specimen was entered into the database. This was usually a type
specimen, which may have been seen. Those types which have been seen by one
of the authors, or a correspondent, are indicated with an exclamation mark. When a
type is cited without an exclamation mark, we have only seen a reference to it in the
literature but have not seen the specimen itself. The herbaria given for unseen type
specimens are those where the respective authors are known to have worked. For ex-
ample, most types of names published by Schumann are cited as being at B, and those
of Valeton at BO. Many specimens at B and PNH no longer exist, since both herbaria
were damaged by fire during the Second World War. Species which are based on types
from outside Malesia are represented by any Malesian specimens in the database.
An attempt was made to record all determinations of type specimens. In many
cases these determinations are taken from literature, not from determinavit slips. For
example, Elmer 10534a (L) was recorded with two determinations, Adelmeria alpina
Elmer (by Elmer in 1915, the year of publication of the name) and Alpinia alpina
(Elmer) R.M. Sm. (by Smith in 1990, the year of publication of the combination). The
program which created the checklist from the database then listed Adelmeria alpina in
its place under the genus Adelmeria in the alphabetical order, and again in synonymy
under Alpinia alpina.
Introduction 3
It has not been possible in the time available to enter full determination histories
for each and every specimen. The result is that there are some synonyms which appear
under an accepted name but do not appear in the alphabetical order. We hope that this
will not seriously weaken the usefulness of the checklist.
At the end of this process, all specimens within Malesia were searched for names
attached to them. The kind of name appears in brackets after the author. Names can
be of four kinds, A = accepted, P = provisionally accepted, S = synonymous, and K
= unknown. Accepted names are listed with all their known synonyms, even those
based on specimens from outside Malesia. Basionyms are made explicit and names
listed in homotypic groups in date order. Abbreviations of the names of authors, and
places of publication of names conform to TDWG standards (http://www.tdwg.org/
standrds.html), that is, Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt & Powell, 1992) for ab-
breviations of names of authors, Taxonomic Literature, ed. 2 and its Supplements
(Stafleu & Cowan, 1976 et seq.) for book titles, and Botanico-periodicum-huntianum
for periodical titles (Lawrence et al., 1968, Bridson & Smith, 1991).
Provisionally accepted names are those which have not been revised for a long time.
It is not possible in the underlying database to record synonyms under a provisional
name so we have grouped provisional names in homotypic groups with the basionym
appearing first. Entries for provisional names which are based on an earlier name refer
the reader to the basionym. Names listed under the heading, “Combination(s)” are not
synonyms and should not be treated as such.
In some cases provisional names will be found in genera which are known to be
synonyms or in the wrong genus, according to current thinking. New combinations
may be required but we hold strongly to the opinion that combinations should not be
made routinely, without further study, since this merely clutters the literature with
names. These provisional names may just as likely turn out to be synonyms of better
known and more widespread species but this will only come to light when genera are
revised throughout Malesia.
Entries for synonyms refer the reader to the accepted name where full details are
given.
Our chief aim is to provide a complete list of names, correctly cited, which taxono-
mists must consider when they revise genera. Where possible we have identified type
material though we have not been able to visit all necessary herbaria. In addition, it
must be remembered that types known to have been at herbaria badly damaged in the
Second World War are probably lost forever.
Distributions of species are not all complete. This work is based substantially on
specimen data and we have not been able to record all specimens of Zingiberaceae
from Malesia. Many of the distributions will be complete because most species occur
in only one or two of our divisions of Malesia but caution should be exercised when
using our distribution data. This checklist is not suitable for drawing up checklists of
areas within Malesia.
Much of the information in this checklist can be consulted through the internet at
the Zingiberaceae Resource Centre (http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/ZRC/home.html).
One year after publication, all the information in the checklist, plus any more gathered
in that year, will be published at the ZRC.
4 Blumea Supplement 16
We hope that this checklist will be a significant advance in studies of the Zingiber-
aceae. However, it is certain that there will be omissions and perhaps even mistakes
in it. We shall be very grateful if readers communicate errors or omissions to the first
author.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many curators have helped us by supplying information about specimens we have not
been able to see. In particular we thank Ulricke Starck and Robert Vogt (B), Chiara
Nepi, Giorgio Padovani and Laura Vivona (FI), Laurent Gautier (G), Jana Škorničková
(PR, PRC), and Ruth Kiew and Denise Ullrich (SING). Jan Frits Veldkamp (L) kindly
helped us to interpret the types of Blumeʼs names at L. We are grateful for the work
that Khaw Siok Hooi and Januarius Gobilik did on the genus Plagiostachys and to
Marco Roos (L) for facilitating a study grant to ADP from The Netherlands Organisa-
tion for Scientific Research.
CHECKLIST
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 85 (1982) 69. — Basionym:
Cenolophon argenteum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 310.
— Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin 5166 (holo E!), Gunung Murud.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Alpinia cannifolia Ridl. = Alpinia vitellina var. cannifolia (Ridl.) I.M. Turner
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Notes — Schumann (1904) also published Alpinia celebica, based on the same
type. The duplicate at BO is recorded there as the holotype.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Notes — Amomum chrysogynium K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 322,
nom. nud. The specimens above are cited but there is no description.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 11
Alpinia coccinea (Blume) D. Dietr. = Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S. Sakai & Nagam.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
12 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 15
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 17
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Singapore.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Alpinia melanocarpa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Ridl. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 23
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Alpinia stapfiana K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 347. — Type: Guppy 103 (iso E!).
Alpinia rechingeri Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55 (1908) 432. — Type: K. & L. Rechinger 3859
(iso E!).
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Borneo.
Distribution — Philippines.
Cenolophon rubrum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 61. — Neotype: A.H.G. Alston 15666 (BM,
designated by Burtt & Smith, 1975), North Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
34 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Amomum ciliatum Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 49. — Cardamomum ciliatum (Blume) Kuntze,
Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 686. — Type: Anon. s.n. (L).
Amomum flavum Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 133. — Lectotype: C. Curtis 2275
(SING!, designated by Holttum, 1950), Penang.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
38 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 39
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 45
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
46 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 47
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Amomum roseum K. Schum., nom. illeg. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.,
nom. nov.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Amomum surculosum K. Schum. = Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt &
R.M. Sm.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 51
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Amomum trilobum Ridl., nom. illeg. = Amomum hedyosmum I.M. Turner, nom. nov.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — O. Beccari 267 (K, designated by Turner, 2000), is the lectotype of Horn-
stedtia beccarii Ridl., J. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc 1 (1923) 99. A.D. Poulsen
has seen Beccariʼs material at FI which consists of four sheets, three of them clearly
Hornstedtia but the fourth with an inflorescence of Etlingera on it. If the Hornstedtia
is a good species, then the earliest epithet is vestita and a new combination will be
required.
Distribution — Philippines.
Amomum stenoglossum Baker, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1892) 234. — Type: H.H. Kunstler 1954 (holo K,
iso SING!), Perak.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — Larsen (1997), in making the combination Boesenbergia loerzingii, cited
the type, as above, though it seems that he had not seen it because he did not say in
which herbarium it was located. He then lectotypified Boesenbergia loerzingii on
Bünnemeyer 532, which is the type of Gastrochilus loerzingii var. bencoolensis. If
Lörzingʼs material is found at BO, then lectotypification is not required. No combina-
tions in Boesenbergia exist for varieties bandarensis and bencoolensis.
Distribution — Philippines.
Boesenbergia lurida (Ridl.) Loes. = Boesenbergia plicata var. lurida (Ridl.) Holttum
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., Asiat. Res. 11 (1810) 328. — Gastrochilus pandurata (Roxb.) Ridl., J.
Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 114. — Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schltr., Rep-
ert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Type: Icones Roxburghianae 1759 (CAL, K).
Kaempferia cochinchinensis Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54 (1907) 165. — Boesenbergia
cochinchinensis (Gagnep.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 571. — Type: C. Thorel
s.n. (holo P!, iso P!), Vietnam, Thu Dau Mot.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Camptandra tahanensis Ridl. = Camptandra ovata Ridl.
Cardamomum Kuntze = Alpinia Roxb., p.p., Amomum Roxb., p.p., Etlingera Giseke,
p.p., Hornstedtia Retz., p.p., Plagiostachys Ridl., p.p.
Cardamomum aculeatum (Roxb.) Kuntze = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Cardamomum biflorum (Jack) Kuntze = Amomum biflorum Jack
Cardamomum ciliatum (Blume) Kuntze = Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
Cardamomum foetens (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera foetens (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum glaberrimum (Zoll. & Moritzi) Kuntze = Etlingera walang (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum hemisphaericum (Blume) Kuntze = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume)
R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum leonurus (J. König) Kuntze = Hornstedtia leonurus (J. König) Retz.
Cardamomum littorale (J. König) Kuntze = Etlingera littoralis (J. König) Giseke
Cardamomum magnificum (Roscoe) Kuntze = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Cardamomum maximum (Roxb.) Kuntze = Amomum maximum Roxb.
Cardamomum minus (Blume) Kuntze = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
62 Blumea Supplement 16
Catimbium speciosum (J.C. Wendl.) Holttum = Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt
& R.M. Sm.
Cenolophon Blume = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Cenolophon argenteum B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Alpinia argentea (B.L. Burtt & R.M.
Sm.) R.M. Sm.
Curcuma L. — (A)
Curcuma L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type species: Curcuma longa L.
Erndlia Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 202, 209. — Type species: Erndlia subpersonata Giseke.
Hitcheniopsis (Baker) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 252. — Type species: Not designated.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
66 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Donacodes roseus Teijsm. & Binn., nom. nud. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M.
Sm., nom. nov.
Distribution — Java.
Elettaria anthodioides Teijsm. & Binn. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Elettaria atropurpurea Teijsm. & Binn. = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31
(1972) 312. — Basionym: Amomum surculosum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 323.
— Cyphostigma surculosum (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 273. — Elettariop-
sis surculosa (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 603. — Type: O. Beccari
1586 (holo FI!), Gunung Matang.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Elettariopsis stenosiphon (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Elettariopsis stenosiphon (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 312. — Basionym: Amomum stenosiphon K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 320.
72 Blumea Supplement 16
— Languas stenosiphon (K. Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 35. — Type: O.
Beccari 3311 (holo FI!, iso E!), Batang Lupar, near Marop.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Elettariopsis surculosa (K. Schum.) Loes. = Elettaria surculosa (K. Schum.) B.L.
Burtt & R.M. Sm.
Elmeria Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Elmeria bifida Ridl., nom. illeg. = Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes.
Elmeria pinetorum Ridl. = Alpinia pinetorum (Ridl.) Loes.
Eriolopha Ridl. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Geanthus Reinw., Syll. Pl. Nov. 2 (1826) 5. — Type species: Elettaria coccinea Blume.
Diracodes Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Type species: Diracodes javanica Blume
Achasma Griff., Not. pl. asiat. 3 (1851) 411. — Type species: Achasma megalocheilos Griff.
Nicolaia Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Type species: Nicolaia imperialis Horan.
Cardamomum Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 685. — Type species: Not designated.
Hornstedtia Sect. Phaeomeria Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 139. — Phaeomeria
(Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 259. — Type species: Hornstedtia imperialis (Horan.)
Ridl.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Brunei.
Distribution — Sarawak.
74 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Borneo.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — The number 10 was added to the sheet in red ink later.
Elettaria speciosa Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 51. — Alpinia speciosa (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl.
1 (1839) 13. — Nicolaia speciosa (Blume) Horan., Prodr. Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Phaeo-
meria speciosa (Blume) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332. — Lectotype: H. Kuhl & J.C. van
Hasselt s.n. (L!, designated by Sakai & Nagamasu, 2003), Java.
Alpinia magnifica Roscoe, Monandr. pl. Scitam. (1828) t. 75. — Nicolaia imperialis Horan., Prodr.
Monogr. Scitam. (1862) 32. — Amomum magnificum (Roscoe) Benth., nom. invalid., Gen. pl. 3
(1883) 644. — Cardamomum magnificum (Roscoe) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Horn-
stedtia imperialis (Horan.) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 148. — Nicolaia
magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum. ex Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 35. — Phaeomeria
magnifica (Roscoe) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 262. — Type: C. Telfair s.n. (1825).
Nicolaia intermedia Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 133. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB
XI B IV 101) (holo BO!), Java.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 128. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann s.n (iso
P!), Java.
Elettaria atropurpurea Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 24 (1862) 327. — Phaeo-
meria atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 266. — Nicolaia
atropurpurea (Teijsm. & Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 128. — Type:
J.E. Teijsmann s.n.
Nicolaia sanguinea Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 36. — Phaeomeria sanguinea
(Valeton) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332. — Type: Anon. s.n. (BO).
Nicolaia rostrata Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 134. — Phaeomeria rostrata
(Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 594. — Type: H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 809
(holo BO!), Gunung Talaman (“Ophir”.)
Nicolaia rostrata var. talangensis Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. 3, 3 (1921) 135. — Type:
H.A.B. Bünnemeyer 5298, 5299, 5431 (syn BO!), West Sumatra, Gunung Talang.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43
(1986) 247. — Basionym: Geanthus longipetiolatus B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 313. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5343 (holo E!).
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Etlingera moluccana (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera moluccana (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248.
— Basionym: Phaeomeria moluccana K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 266. — Type: W.H. de
Vriese & J.E. Teijsmann s.n. (BO).
Distribution — Moluccas.
Etlingera muluensis R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera muluensis R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 455. — Type: G.C.G.
Argent, B. Coppins & A.C. Jermy 1066 (holo E!), Gunung Mulu National Park.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Etlingera nasuta var. reticulata R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera nasuta var. reticulata R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 446. — Type:
P.W. Richards 1819 (holo K!), Dulit Range.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Etlingera newmanii S. Sakai & Nagam. — (A)
Etlingera newmanii S. Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 195. — Type: S. Sakai 83 (holo
KYO, iso SAR), Lambir Hills National Park.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen — (A)
Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D. Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525. — Basionym: Amomum
pandanicarpum Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2899. — Hornstedtia pandanicarpa (Elmer)
Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1919) 2979. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10508 (iso BO!, FI!, G!, GH!,
L!, U!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
Distribution — Philippines.
82 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Etlingera pubescens (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera pubescens (B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986)
248. — Basionym: Geanthus pubescens B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 314. — Type: B.L. Burtt & A.M. Martin B 5366 (holo E!, iso SAR, U!).
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. — (A)
Etlingera pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249.
— Basionym: Amomum pyramidosphaera K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 306. — Phaeo-
meria pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 263. — Nicolaia pyra-
midosphaera (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972)
315. — Type: O. Beccari 3452 (syn FI!), Kalimantan, O. Beccari 4042 (syn FI!, K!), Sarawak, O.
Beccari s.n. (July 1874) (syn FI!), Southeast Sulawesi.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Etlingera rubrolutea (Baker) C.K. Lim = Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M. Sm.
84 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Etlingera sphaerocephala (Baker) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metriocheilos (Griff.) R.M. Sm.
Etlingera sphaerocephala var. grandiflora (Holttum) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metrio-
cheilos var. grandiflora (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Etlingera sphaerocephala var. petiolata (Holttum) C.K. Lim = Etlingera metriochei-
los var. petiolata (Holttum) I.M. Turner
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
venusta (Ridl.) K. Schum., Pflanzenr. IV, 46 (1904) 264. — Nicolaia venusta (Ridl.) K. Larsen,
Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 23 (1970) 575. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 7810 (K!, designated by
Holttum, 1950, isolecto SING!), Selangor.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — See Boesenbergia loerzingii.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — See Boesenbergia loerzingii.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — The type is too fragmentary to allow certain placement, either in Boesen-
bergia or Scaphochlamys (Turner, 2000).
Geanthus longipetiolatus B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera longipetiolata (B.L.
Burtt & R.M. Sm.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus macroglossa (K. Schum.) Loes. = Amomum macroglossum K. Schum.
Geanthus minor Reinw., nom. nud. = Hornstedtia minor (Blume) K. Schum.
Geanthus parvus Valeton = Etlingera parva (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus roseus Loes., nom. illeg. = Etlingera rosea B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., nom. nov.
Geanthus sanguineus (Ridl.) R.M. Sm. = Etlingera sanguinea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus speciosus Reinw., nom. nud. = Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus validus (K. Schum.) Loes. = Etlingera valida (K. Schum.) A.D. Poulsen
Geanthus versteegii Valeton = Etlingera versteegii (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Geanthus vestitus Valeton = Etlingera vestita (Valeton) R.M. Sm.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Thailand.
Geostachys leucantha B.C. Stone — (P)
Geostachys leucantha B.C. Stone, Malaysian J. Sci. 6 (1980) 77. — Type: B.C. Stone 13780 (holo
KLU, iso E!), Pahang.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Globba L. — (A)
Globba L., Mant. pl. (1771) 170. — Type species: Globba marantina L..
Ceratanthera Hornem., Hortus Reg. Bot. Hafn. 1 (1813) 2, 5. — Type species: Ceratanthera amo-
moides Hornem.
Hura J. König, Observ. bot. 3 (1783) 49. — Type species: Hura siamensium J. König.
Sphaerocarpos J.F. Gmel., Syst. nat. 2(1) (1791) 9. — Type species: Sphaerocarpos hura J.F. Gmel.
Manitia Giseke, Prael. ord. nat. pl. (1792) 202, 209. — Type species: Manitia aurea Giseke, nom.
illeg.
Colebrookia Donn ex T. Lestib., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 15 (1841) 339, 341. — Type species: Not des-
ignated.
Achilus Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. (1895) 39. — Type species: Achilus siamensis Hemsl.
Revision status — B: Lim (1972), Smith (1988), Takano & Okada (2003).
Distribution — Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak, Bru-
nei, Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Philippines, Moluccas, Papua New Guinea.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — Schumann (1904) also described Globba albobracteata, based on the
same type as Brownʼs name. This appears to be a coincidence.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Globba burbidgei Ridl., J. Bot. 63 (1925) 204. — Lectotype: E.P. Mjöberg 233 (BM, designated by
Smith, 1988), Lundu.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Philippines.
Globba elegans Ridl. = Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.)
Holttum
Globba fasciata Ridl. = Globba pendula Roxb.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Globba gibbsiae Ridl. = Globba tricolor var. gibbsiae (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Widespread.
Distribution — Philippines.
Globba montana Ridl. = Globba pendula subsp. montana (Ridl.) S.N. Lim
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.) Holttum — (A)
Globba pendula subsp. pendula Roxb. var. elegans (Ridl.) Holttum, Gard. Bull. Singapore 13 (1950)
31. — Basionym: Globba elegans Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 96. —
Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 8392 (K, designated by Lim, 1972, isolecto SING!), Perak.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 103
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Globba unifolia var. sessiliflora Holttum = Globba corneri A. Weber, nom. nov.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
110 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Hellenia Willd. 1797, non Retz. 1791 = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Hellenia allughas (Retz.) Willd. = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Hellenia bracteata Blume = Alpinia ludwigiana R.M. Sm.
Hellenia caerulea R. Br. = Alpinia caerulea (R. Br.) Benth.
Hellenia melanocarpa Teijsm. & Binn. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Hellenia pubiflora Benth. = Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K. Schum.
Hellenia rufa C. Presl = Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Hellenia scabra Blume = Alpinia scabra (Blume) Náves
Hellwigia Warb. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Hellwigia pulchra Warb. = Alpinia pulchra (Warb.) K. Schum.
Heritiera Retz. = Alpinia Roxb., nom. cons.
Heritiera alba Retz. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Heritiera allughas Retz. = Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) B.L. Burtt
Heritiera aquatica Retz. = Alpinia aquatica (Retz.) Roscoe
Hitcheniopsis (Baker) Ridl. = Curcuma L., p.p., Kaempferia L., p.p., Scaphochlamys
Baker, p.p.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 111
Hitcheniopsis kunstleri var. rubra (Ridl.) Ridl. = Scaphochlamys kunstleri var. rubra
(Ridl.) Holttum
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Hornstedtia pandanicarpa (Elmer) Elmer = Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D.
Poulsen
Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl. = Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loes.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sulawesi.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f. — (A)
Hornstedtia tomentosa (Blume) Bakh. f., Bekn. fl. Java 18 (1958) 41. — Basionym: Donacodes
tomentosa Blume, Enum. pl. Javae (1827) 55. — Alpinia tomentosa (Blume) D. Dietr., Syn. pl. 1
(1839) 12. — Cardamomum tomentosum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 2 (1891) 687. — Type:
C.L. von Blume s.n. (holo L!), Java.
Donacodes villosa Teijsm. & Binn., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 3 (1855) 392. — Hornstedtia villosa (Teijsm.
& Binn.) Valeton, Bull. Inst. Bot. Buitenzorg 20 (1904) 58. — Amomum platyandrum Gagnep.,
Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51 (1905) 451. — Type: Anon. s.n. (HB XI B 27) (holo BO), Bogor.
118 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Kaempferia L. — (A)
Kaempferia L., Sp. pl. 1 (1753) 2. — Type species: Kaempferia galanga L.
Monolophus Wall. ex Endl., Gen. pl. (1837) 225. — Type species: Monolophus elegans (Wall.)
Horan.
Hitcheniopsis (Baker) Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 4 (1924) 252. — Type species: Not designated.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Languas polycarpa (K. Schum.) Merr. = Amomum dimorphum M.F. Newman, nom.
nov.
Languas pulchella (K. Schum.) Merr. = Alpinia pulchella (K. Schum.) K. Schum.
Languas rufa (C. Presl) Merr. = Alpinia rufa (C. Presl) K. Schum.
Distribution — Philippines.
Revision status — C.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Revision status — C.
Distribution — Sumatra, Moluccas.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Nicolaia pyramidosphaera (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. = Etlingera pyrami-
dosphaera (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia rostrata Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia rostrata var. talangensis Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.
Sm.
Nicolaia sanguinea Valeton = Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia sericea Ridl. = Etlingera sericea (Ridl.) R.M. Sm.
Nicolaia solaris (Blume) Horan. = Etlingera solaris (Blume) R.M. Sm.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Philippines.
Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Plagiostachys crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 315. — Basionym: Alpinia crocydocalyx K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 281.
— Languas crocydocalyx (K. Schum.) Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Type:
O. Beccari 718 (syn FI!), 1st Division, Siul, near Kuching, 3477 (syn FI!, K), Batang Lupar,
Marop.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Plagiostachys elegans Ridl. — (P)
Plagiostachys elegans Ridl., Philipp. J. Sci., C 4 (1909) 178. — Type: M.S. Clemens s.n. (July 1907)
(holo K), Mindanao.
Distribution — Philippines.
Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer — (P)
Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8 (1915) 2910. — Type: A.D.E. Elmer 10516 (syn
G!, GH!, L!), Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya, 10544 (syn FI!, G!, GH!, L!, P!, U!), Davao del
Sur, Mt. Apo, Todaya.
128 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl. — (A)
Plagiostachys strobilifera (Baker) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 32 (1899) 151. — Basio-
nym: Alpinia strobilifera Baker, Bull. Misc. Inform. (1898) 225. — Type: C.V. Creagh s.n. (holo
K), Sabah.
Alpinia brachypoda K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 298. — Languas brachypoda (K. Schum.)
Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 34. — Plagiostachys brachypoda (K. Schum.) Loes., Nat.
Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 628. — Type: O. Beccari 3636 (holo FI!), Gunung Matang.
Plagiostachys borneensis Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46 (1906) 242. — Lectotype: H.N.
Ridley 11800 (SING!, designated by Turner, 2000, isolecto K), Gunung Matang.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type: L.S.A.M. von Römer 643 (syn BO!), G.M. Versteeg
1411 (syn BO!, L!).
— Psychanthus piundaundensis (P. Royen) R.M. Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 81. — Type:
M. van Balgooy 584 (holo L!), Piundaunde.
Psychanthus (K. Schum.) Ridl., nom. illeg. = Pleuranthodium Sect. Psychanthus (K.
Schum.) R.M. Sm.
Psychanthus comptus (K. Schum.) R.M. Sm. = Pleuranthodium comptum (K. Schum.)
R.M. Sm.
Renealmia L. f. — (A)
Renealmia L. f., Suppl. pl. (1782) 7, 79. — Type species: Renealmia exaltata L.f.
Notes — The accepted species of Renealmia occur in Africa and the New World.
Notes — The accepted species of Rhynchanthus occur in the Himalaya and China.
Thylacophora Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9 (1916) 209. — Type species: Thylacophora
pogonocheila Ridl.
Revision status — C.
Distribution — Moluccas, West Papua, Papua New Guinea.
Distribution — Moluccas.
Alpinia plectophylla K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 273. — Type: O. Beccari 618 (holo FI!),
West Papua, near Andai.
Notes — The accepted species of Roscoea occur in the Himalaya, Burma, China.
Roscoea lutea (Blanco) Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe
Roscoea nigrociliata Hassk. = Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Thailand.
(Ridl.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12 (1913) 316. — Lectotype: H.N. Ridley 8484 (K,
designated by Holttum, 1950), Selangor.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. — (A)
Scaphochlamys polyphylla (K. Schum.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
31 (1972) 315. — Basionym: Haplochorema polyphyllum K. Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899)
332. — Type: O. Beccari 2324 (holo FI!), Lundu.
Gastrochilus bractescens Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 54 (1910) 57. — Boesenbergia
bractescens (Ridl.) Merr., Bibl. enum. Born. pl. (1921) 122. — Type: F.W. Foxworthy 42 (holo
SING), Lundu.
Gastrochilus laxiflorum Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, ser. 2, 27 (1918) 100. — Boesenbergia
laxiflora (Valeton) Loes., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15,A (1930) 572. — Type: J.E. Teijsmann
10916 (holo BO), Monterado.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Thailand.
150 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
152 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 155
Distribution — Sumatra.
Notes — None of Jackʼs material survives so Theilade (1998, 231) cites Curtis s.n.
as a lectotype. However, as Curtisʼs specimen is not part of Jackʼs material, it can only
be a neotype, not a lectotype.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Zingiber littorale (Valeton) Valeton — (P), see Zingiber zerumbet var. littoralis
Valeton
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sumatra.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Philippines.
4886 (syn), Benguet, Baguio, F.W. Foxworthy 1985 (syn), Pampanga, Mt. Abu, E.D. Merrill 4843
(syn SING!), Benguet, Mt. Tonglon.
Distribution — Philippines.
Notes — Elmer 9843 is also the type of Zingiber sylvaticum Elmer.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sabah.
160 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Thailand.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sarawak.
Distribution — Singapore.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 161
Distribution — Philippines.
Distribution — Kalimantan.
Distribution — Philippines.
Notes — Elmer 9843 is also a syntype of Zingiber molle Ridl.
Distribution — Java.
162 Blumea Supplement 16
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Sabah.
Distribution — Java.
Distribution — Java.
Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia 163
Distribution — Philippines.
As we went to proof, Sakai & Nagamasu (2003) published the fourth in their series of
papers on gingers at Lambir Hills, Sarawak. Whilst we have included their new names
and combinations, we failed to spot some changes in synonymy under Etlingera.
Corrected entries for three species follow but note that entries for synonyms in the
main body of the checklist will now be wrong. Nostra maxima culpa!
Distribution — Sumatra.
REFERENCES
Smith, R.M. (1988). A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae: IV (Globbeae). Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 45: 1–19.
Smith, R.M. (1989). A review of Bornean Zingiberaceae: V (Zingiber). Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
burgh 45: 409–423.
Smith, R.M. (1989b). Two additional species of Amomum from Borneo. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edin-
burgh 45: 337–339.
Smith, R.M. (1990). Alpinia (Zingiberaceae): A proposed new infrageneric classification. Edinburgh
J. Bot. 47: 1–75.
Smith, R.M. (1991). Pleuranthodium replaces the illegitimate Psychanthus (Zingiberaceae). Edin-
burgh J. Bot. 48: 63 –68.
Stafleu, F.A. & R.S. Cowan (1976 et seq.). Taxonomic literature, ed. 2 and its Supplements. Reg.
Veg. 125 et al.
Takano, A. & H. Okada (2003). Taxonomy of Globba (Zingiberaceae) in Sumatra, Indonesia. Syst.
Bot. 28: 524–546.
Theilade, I. (1998). Revision of the genus Zingiber in Peninsular Malaysia. Gard. Bull. Singapore
48: 207–236.
Theilade, I. (1999). A synopsis of the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand. Nordic J. Bot. 19:
389 – 410.
Turner, I.M. (1996). Some nomenclatural adjustments in the Commelinaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lau-
raceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, and Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Novon 6: 221– 224.
Turner, I.M. (1998). Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae),
Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae), and Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae). Gard.
Bull. Singapore 50: 39– 41.
Turner, I.M. (1998b). Another new name for a ginger from Borneo. Sandakania 12: 25.
Turner, I.M. (2000). The Plant Taxa of H.N. Ridley, 3. The Zingiberales. Asian Journal of Tropical
Biology 4(1): 1–47.
Turner, I.M. & M.R. Cheek (1998). “Some New Eastern Gingers” – a paper by H.N. Ridley contain-
ing descriptions of four species overlooked since their publication in 1900. Gard. Bull. Singapore
50: 115 –119.
cosmetics
Review
Flavonoids Profile, Taxonomic Data, History of
Cosmetic Uses, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Aging
Potential of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
Duangjai Tungmunnithum 1, * , Nobuyuki Tanaka 2 , Ayumi Uehara 3 and Tsukasa Iwashina 4
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS), Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan; nobuyuki_tanaka@kahaku.go.jp
3 College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 1948610, Japan; uehara@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp
4 Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan; iwashina@kahaku.go.jp
* Correspondence: duangjai.tun@mahidol.ac.th; Tel.: +66-264-486-96
Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 6 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020
Abstract: Alpinia galanga is a well-known medicinal plant in Southeast Asia and has been used for
a long time as food and medicine. A large number of flavonoid phytochemical compounds have
been identified in various parts of this medicinal herb. Flavonoids are commonly known as attractive
compounds that can be applied to cosmetic or cosmeceutical product development because of their
antioxidant, anti-aging and many other potential biological activities. This recent review aims to
illustrate and update the taxonomic status as well as the species description that will be helpful
for a rigorous identification and authenticate the raw material or living specimen from A. galanga.
The flavonoid phytochemical compounds and the bioactivity of this medicinal plant are also provided.
The future perspectives and research directions of A. galanga and its flavonoids are pointed out in this
study as well.
Keywords: Alpinia galanga; flavonoids; taxonomy; traditional use; cosmetic uses; antioxidant activity;
anti-aging activity
1. Introduction
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. is a terrestrial flowering medicinal plant species belonging to the family
Zingiberaceae. Alpinia galanga is native to the Southeast Asian region and has been used as an active
ingredient for many formulas in traditional medicines to relieve indigestion, vomiting, stomach pains,
ringworm and to treat skin diseases. In addition, a large number of Southeast Asian foods consist of
this medicinal plant [1]. A large number of phytochemical compounds, e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids
and volatile compounds, from several parts, such as leaves, rhizome and seeds, of A. galanga have been
analyzed and many potential phytochemicals have been reported [2–6]. Flavonoids of A. galanga are
continuously discovered from various parts of this medicinal herb [2–9]. The flavonoid phytochemical
compounds from A. galanga may possibly be an interesting alternative choice of bioactive molecules
for cosmetic or cosmeceutical sectors—e.g., antioxidant skin care, anti-inflammatory cream/lotion and
other botanicals. This recent study aims to exhibit the potential of A. galanga and its flavonoids for
further cosmetic application. The taxonomic description and essential taxonomic data of A. galanga,
its flavonoids, the uses of this plant in cosmetics, antioxidant and anti-aging activities of flavonoids
from A. galanga as well as future perspectives and research directions on this species are provided.
Species Description (Figure 1): Robust rhizomatous herb, forming large clumps, up to 3 m tall.
Rhizomes whitish externally, pale yellow internally, 2–4 cm in diameter with strong odor. Ligule
suborbicular, ca. 5 mm; petiole ca. 5 mm; lamina oblong or lanceolate, 20–35 cm long, 5–10 cm wide,
glabrous or abaxially pubescent, base attenuate, apex acute or acuminate. Inflorescence terminal,
panicle, 12–20 cm long; rachis glabrous or pubescent; richly branched, many-flowered; bracts and
bracteoles persistent; bracteoles lanceolate, 5–8 mm long. Flowers greenish white, fragrant. Calyx
tubular, 0.6–1 cm long, persistent. Corolla tube about the same length as calyx tube, light greenish;
lobes oblong, 1.6–1.8 cm long; lateral staminodes red, subulate or linear, 2–5 mm long; labellum white
with reddish stripes, obovate to spatulate, ca. 2 cm long, apex 2-cleft. Stamen 1.5–1.7 cm long; filament,
1 cm long, light yellow; anther 5–7 mm long, creamy white. Capsule oblong, slightly contracted at
middle, dark red, 1–1.5 cm long, 5–7 mm wide. Seeds black.
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 3 of 8
Cosmetics 2020, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 8
Figure
Figure 1.
1. Alpinia
Alpinia galanga
galanga (L.)
(L.) Willd.
Willd. (A)
(A) Inflorescence.
Inflorescence. (B)
(B) Leafy
Leafy shoot.
shoot. (C)
(C)Close-up
Close-upof
ofaasingle
singleflower.
flower.
(D) Rhizomes. Scale bars: 5 cm for (A). 1 cm for (C). Pictures by Nobuyuki Tanaka.
(D) Rhizomes. Scale bars: 5 cm for (A). 1 cm for (C). Pictures by Nobuyuki Tanaka.
Habitat
Habitat and
and Ecology:
Ecology: It
It grows
grows in
in the
the understory
understory of
of tropical
tropical and
and subtropical
subtropical forests
forests with
with low-
low- to
to
mid-elevations. Flowering May to August. Fruiting September to November.
mid-elevations. Flowering May to August. Fruiting September to November.
Distribution:
Distribution: Bangladesh,
Bangladesh, Cambodia,
Cambodia, China,
China, Indonesia,
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Malaysia, Myanmar,
Myanmar, Philippines,
Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Introduced to India and Sri Lanka.
Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Introduced to India and Sri Lanka.
four moieties of glucose and arabinose to the 7-position and 40 -position, respectively, and octadecenoate
Cosmetics 2020, 7, x FOR
to the 6-position of PEER REVIEW
flavonol molecule, it may be a misidentification. 4 of 8
Four dihydroflavonols and a flavanone were isolated from the seeds of this species. Of their
cinnamate
compounds, (Figure
three 2L) [6]. Another dihydroflavonol,
dihydroflavonols were identified and flavanone were
as pinobanksin identified
3-acetate as alpinone
(Figure 2K) and
(Figure 2M) and
3-cinnamate pinocembrin
(Figure 2L) [6]. (Figure
Another2N). A common flavan
dihydroflavonol, and3-ol, catechin
flavanone (Figure
were 2O) was
identified as found
alpinonein
the rhizomes of this species [2]. Their flavonoids were isolated from the underground
(Figure 2M) and pinocembrin (Figure 2N). A common flavan 3-ol, catechin (Figure 2O) was found in parts (roots
and rhizomes)ofand
the rhizomes this seeds.
speciesHowever, they are not
[2]. Their flavonoids reported
were isolatedfrom
fromthetheaerial parts—e.g.,
underground partsleaves
(rootsand
and
flowers. These flavonoids—which have been reported for A. galanga since two flavonols,
rhizomes) and seeds. However, they are not reported from the aerial parts—e.g., leaves and flowers. galangin
and galangin
These 3-methyl ether,
flavonoids—which havehave not
been attached
reported forthe
A.hydroxyl group
galanga since two inflavonols,
B ring—are comparatively
galangin and galanginrare
in plants [20]. Similarly, pinobanksin 3-acetate and two 3-cinnamates are also rare in
3-methyl ether, have not attached the hydroxyl group in B ring—are comparatively rare in plants [20]. plants [20].
Similarly, pinobanksin 3-acetate and two 3-cinnamates are also rare in plants [20].
Table 1. Reports of the flavonoids from Alpinia galanga.
Table 1. Reports of(sd)
(2R,3R)-Alpinone the [6],
flavonoids from Alpinia
Pinobanksin galanga.
3-acetate, (2R,3R)-Pinobanksin 3-
Dihydroflavonol
cinnamate, (2R,3S)-Pinobanksin 3-cinnamate
(2R,3R)-Alpinone (sd) [6], Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (2R,3R)-Pinobanksin (sd) [6]3-cinnamate,
Dihydroflavonol
Flavan 3-ol Catechin3-cinnamate
(2R,3S)-Pinobanksin (rz) [2] (sd) [6]
Flavanone
Flavan 3-ol Pinocembrin (sd)
Catechin (rz) [2] [6]
Flavanone Galangoflavonoside? [19], Galangin (rz, rt)
Pinocembrin [3–7,18],
(sd) [6] Galangin 3-methyl ether
(rt, Galangoflavonoside?
sd) [6,18], Kaempferide[19], Galangin (rz, rt) [3–7,18], GalanginKumatakenin
(rz) [4,5,7], Isokaempferide, (sd)
3-methyl ether (rt, sd)[6],
Flavonol
Flavonol Myricetin
[6,18], Kaempferide (rz) [4,5,7], Isokaempferide, Kumatakenin (sd) [6], Myricetin ether
[2], Kaempferol (rz) [3,4,7], Isorhamnetin, Quercetin 3-methyl [2],
Kaempferol (rz) [3,4,7], Isorhamnetin, Quercetin(rz)
(rz), Quercetin 3-methyl
[4,7] ether (rz), Quercetin (rz) [4,7]
rt rt= = rz==rhizomes,
roots,rz
roots, sd==seeds.
rhizomes, sd seeds.
Flavonoidphytochemical
Figure 2.2.Flavonoid
Figure phytochemical compounds
compounds from A. A.
from galanga:
galanga: (A) (A) Galangin,
Galangin, (B) Kaempferol,
(B) Kaempferol, (C)
(C) Quercetin, (D) Myricetin, (E) Galangin 3-methyl ether, (F) Kaempferide, (G) Isokaempferide,
Quercetin, (D) Myricetin, (E) Galangin 3-methyl ether, (F) Kaempferide, (G) Isokaempferide, (H) (H)
Kumatakenin, (I) Isorhamnetin, (J) Quercetin 3-methyl ether, (K) Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (L) Pinobanksin
Kumatakenin, (I) Isorhamnetin, (J) Quercetin 3-methyl ether, (K) Pinobanksin 3-acetate, (L)
3-cinnamate, (M) Alpinone, (N) Pinocembrin, (O) Catechin.
Pinobanksin 3-cinnamate, (M) Alpinone, (N) Pinocembrin, (O) Catechin.
4. Cosmetic Uses (Past to Present)
4. Cosmetic Uses (Past to Present)
From ancient times, local people in several Asian countries, particularly in Thailand, Vietnam
and manyancient
From times,
Southeast local
Asian people inhave
countries, several
usedAsian countries, particularly
this medicinal in Thailand,
plant as a cosmetic Vietnam
ingredient for
and many Southeast Asian countries, have used this medicinal plant as a cosmetic ingredient for
body care—e.g., body soap and some others topical skin care products. These traditional products
from A. galanga are usually developed to use among the family using easy extraction methods—for
example, by using hot water as the solvent. Nowadays, local communities in Thailand, China and
many other Asian nations also develop shampoo, conditioner and other cosmetic products containing
Cosmetics 2020, 7, 89 5 of 8
body care—e.g., body soap and some others topical skin care products. These traditional products
from A. galanga are usually developed to use among the family using easy extraction methods—for
example, by using hot water as the solvent. Nowadays, local communities in Thailand, China and
many other Asian nations also develop shampoo, conditioner and other cosmetic products containing
the extract from this medicinal plant species. The water as well as ethanol are commonly used as the
solvent for extraction. The uses of solvent vary depending on the preparation of each family, and the
leaves and rhizomes are the most popular parts to be used for this purpose. Most of the cosmetics
and/or cosmeceuticals from this medicinal species are locally made for sale or exchange within the
community and neighbors. The A. galanga extract is also sold as a cosmetic ingredient. Currently,
people can order the dried plant or the extract easily via online markets. However, it is very difficult
to identify and authenticate whether these samples are A. galanga or not. For the development of
A. galanga as a raw plant material for the cosmetic and cosmeceutical sectors, the authentication process
as well as the bioactive ingredient identification need to be carried out before starting the product
development processes [8,21]. In addition, the extracts from leaf, rhizome and the whole plant of
A. galanga are registered in the European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances
and ingredients (CosIng) (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/index.cfm?fuseaction=
search.results, accessed date 24/10/2020) and their skin conditioning functions, but there is still a lack
of “Identified INGREDIENTS or substances” information in CosIng. However, the research on the
potential of extracts and/or phytochemicals from this medicinal plant is insufficient; a greater number
of studies focusing on flavonoid identification of the potential extracts from this medicinal plant
should be conducted. Furthermore, its closely related species, e.g., A. officinarum, which is discussed in
the taxonomic part of this work, should be investigated and a comparison of the cosmetic potential
between flavonoid compounds should be made.
senescence-based assay. They found that the extract showed promising anti-aging potential to decrease
cell senescence [27]. A. galanga extract has the potential to reduce the number of senescence cells in
normal fibroblasts (NIH 3T3 cells) which are induced by stressors—e.g., doxorubicin and so forth.
In addition, the previous study reported on galangin from a species member of this genus which is able to
protect human dermal fibroblast cells from the senescence and reduced the expression of inflammatory
factors [27,28]. Consequently, this team also suggested galangin, a flavonoid compound present in
this plant, as an interesting candidate to develop natural anti-aging products for skin protection [27].
Moreover, galangin, a flavonol class of flavonoids, was also investigated in an animal model to examine
its anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress potential by Shu and his research group; the mice
models were randomly divided into four groups: control, vehicle, and galangin high- and low-dosage
groups. The result showed that galangin administration help to decrease the biochemical parameters
of oxidative stress and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner [29]. His team also illustrated that
anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress effects of galangin were associated with the inhibition of
nuclear factor (NF)-κB as well as the upregulation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. Kicuntod and a Thai
research team [30] conducted their research on pinostrobin which is an abundant flavonoid found in
A. galanga’s rhizomes with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, but a problem of pinostrobin is
its extremely low water solubility which limits its potential pharmaceutical applications including in
the development of cosmetic products. Aqueous solubility is an important physicochemical parameter
used to assess skin absorption, which allows the bioactive compound in the cosmetic product to fully
reach its efficacy. This research group discovered that the pinostrobin was able to form complexes with
β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and its derivatives (2,6-dimethyl-βCD, 2-HPβCD, 6-HPβCD and 2,6-DHPβCD),
which will help to improve water solubility and provide higher stability [30].
7. Conclusions
A. galanga is an attractive medicinal plant that can be promoted as a raw material in the cosmetic
and/or cosmeceutical sectors due to its low price, abundance and because it is easy to grow. Furthermore,
this plant species has long been used for cooking ingredients and traditional medicines, which will help
the cosmetic industry to decrease cost for research and study on the toxicity. In addition, many customers
are familiar with A. galanga, so they may take less time to decide to try the products made from
A. galanga or its flavonoid bioactive compounds. However, additional studies of this medicinal
species, especially concerning the biological activities of flavonoid-rich extracts/compounds, will help
to progress the uses of this attractive raw plant material for future cosmetic/cosmeceutical applications.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.T. and T.I.; methodology, D.T.; validation, D.T. and T.I.; formal
analysis, D.T., N.T., A.U. and T.I.; investigation, D.T.; resources, D.T.; writing—original draft preparation, D.T.,
N.T., A.U. and T.I.; writing—review and editing, D.T., N.T., A.U. and T.I.; visualization, D.T.; supervision, D.T.
and T.I.; project administration, D.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by Mahidol University.
Acknowledgments: D.T. would like to express her sincere thanks to the Development and the Promotion of Science
and Technology Talent Project (DPST) of the Royal Thai Government for financial support for her collaborative
research in Japan. This research project was supported by Mahidol University.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the
study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.
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