Manihot esculenta Crantz

Accepted

/b8d7eba3-a318-43d7-a2c2-23eb632daab5/Tapioca1.png

/b8d7eba3-a318-43d7-a2c2-23eb632daab5/Tapioca.png

/f15aaab0-2f46-42ff-87e4-f9cb1edb3a18/700.JPG

/fecdcd2d-122f-4daa-a14c-02944f59fa75/680.JPG

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl
synonym	Janipha manihot (L.) Kunth
synonym	Jatropha aipi (Pohl) A.Moller
synonym	Jatropha diffusa (Pohl) Steud.
synonym	Jatropha digitiformis (Pohl) Steud.
synonym	Jatropha dulcis J.F.Gmel.
synonym	Jatropha flabellifolia (Pohl) Steud.
synonym	Jatropha glauca A.Rich., nom. illeg.
synonym	Jatropha janipha Lour., nom. illeg.
synonym	Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg.
synonym	Jatropha loureiroi (Pohl) Steud.
synonym	Jatropha manihot L.
synonym	Jatropha mitis Rottb.
synonym	Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax
synonym	Jatropha silvestris Vell.
synonym	Jatropha stipulata Vell.
synonym	Mandioca aipi (Pohl) Link
synonym	Mandioca dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi
synonym	Mandioca utilissima (Pohl) Link
synonym	Manihot aipi Pohl
synonym	Manihot aipi var. lanceolata Pohl
synonym	Manihot aipi var. latifolia Pohl
synonym	Manihot aipi var. lutescens Pohl
synonym	Manihot aypi Spruce
synonym	Manihot cannabina Sweet
synonym	Manihot cassava Cook & Collins, nom. nud.
synonym	Manihot diffusa Pohl
synonym	Manihot digitiformis Pohl
synonym	Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Baill.
synonym	Manihot dulcis var. aipi (Pohl) Pax
synonym	Manihot dulcis var. diffusa (Pohl) Pax
synonym	Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Pax
synonym	Manihot edule A.Rich.
synonym	Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. argentea Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. coalescens Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. communis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. debilis Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. domingensis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. fertilis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. luteola Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. nodosa Cif.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. pohlii Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. rufescens Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. sprucei Lanj.
synonym	Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii Cif., nom. illeg.
synonym	Manihot flabellifolia Pohl
synonym	Manihot flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm.
synonym	Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax, nom. nud.
synonym	Manihot loureiroi Pohl
synonym	Manihot manihot (L.) H.Karst., nom. inval.
synonym	Manihot melanobasis Müll.Arg.
synonym	Manihot palmata var. aipi (Pohl) Müll.Arg.
synonym	Manihot palmata var. diffusa (Pohl) Müll.Arg.
synonym	Manihot palmata var. digitiformis (Pohl) Müll.Arg.
synonym	Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Müll.Arg.
synonym	Manihot sprucei Pax
synonym	Manihot utilissima Pohl
synonym	Manihot utilissima var. castellana Pohl
synonym	Manihot utilissima var. sutinga Pohl

🗒 Common Names

Assamese	Simolu-aloo
English	Cassava Manioc Topioca plant
Malayalam	Kappa Kollikizhangu Maracheeni Marakizhangu Poolakizhangu
Other	Kappa Maravalli kizhangu Poola Tapioca
bodo	Ta sumli

📚 Overview

Overview

Summary

Brief

Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Shrub Distribution notes: Exotic

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Leaf base sub-cordate or cordate, disk without glands

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Description

Shrubs; bark smooth, yellowish grey. Leaf-lobes 7-18 x 2.6-5.5 cm, oblanceolate, base cuneate, apex shortly acuminate, dark green above, pale greenish below; petiole 12-23 cm long, light greenish to red. Inflorescence lax, with 3-5 together in fascicles. Male flowers: perianth divided to halfway or more, greenish-white with reddish-white bands inside; anthers yellow; disc yellow to light orange. Female flowers: perianth green with red margin and midrib; disc pink; ovary with 6 longitudinal ridges. Capsule c. 2.5 cm across, subglobose, 3-winged when young, smooth later. Seeds up to 12 mm long.

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Habit: Shrub

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Nomenclature and Classification

Nomenclature and Classification

Taxon Record Name

References

Type Information

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Cyclicity

Flowering & Fruiting: January to March

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Flowering and fruiting: December-March

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Reproduction

Seeds

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Migration

Dispersal

Seeds

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Life Expectancy

1 Years

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Size

Upto 4 m tall

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Growth

Shrub

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Morphology

Small erect shrub, attaining upto 4 m tall, often with milky latex; stem branched strictly dicotomous or tricotomous where inflorescence developed from the middle point, core of stem is spongy, matured stem grey or ash colour, rough with deminished bases of leaf petiole, young upper part of stem is green with scattered reddish colours, glaucous; leaves alternate, 3-5 deeply lobed, adaxially deep green, abaxially, light green, lamina 12-16 x 14-19 cm, apex acute, brown, long petioled, red, 14-24 cm long, 0.2-0.3 cm diameter, swollen base, ca. 0.4 cm diameter, deep red; stipule 2, ca. 0.2 cm long, deep red; inflorescence terminal, 11-23.2 cm long, peduncle 0.25 cm diameter, reddish with light green, branched horizontal where from flower developed, male flower: ca. 1.6 cm long, 0.9 cm diameter, pedicel 0.6 cm long, 0.1 cm diameter, reddish; calyx 5 lobed, 0.9 cm long, purplish, apical portion pink colouration; stamens 10, didynamous, 5 long, 0.7 cm, anther horizontal, yellow, 5 short, 0.5-0.6 cm, anther vertical, yellow, filament white, disc orange colour, ca. 0.3 cm diameter; female flower: ca. 1.6 cm long, pedicel 0.6 nm long, 0.15 cm diameter, reddish; calyx 5 lobed, 0.9 cm long, apical portion with pink colouration, matured calyx brown, 0.8 cm long; ovary 0.5 cm long, enclosed by calyx on immatured stage, distinct 6 pink vertical line; style 3, fused, flat, white, shiny, disc orange colour, circular, 0.5 cm diameter; capsule deep green, ca. 1.6 cm long, 1.4 cm diameter, 6 pink vertical line, little wavy, pedicel deep red, 1.4 cm long, 0.2 cm diameter.

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Look Alikes

Physiology

Ecology

Domesticated land area

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

n=18

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Molecular Biology

Diseases

Miscellaneous Details

Notes: Plains to Mid Altitude, Cultivated, Native of Tropical America

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Sunny and shady places

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Forested areas, hilly areas

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Cultivated

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Distribution

Description

Global Distribution

MEXICO

Local Distribution

N.E. India

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Global Distribution

India: Assam, Meghalaya; Mexico

Local Distribution

Bongaigaon, Barak Valley

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Maharashtra: Pune Karnataka: Hassan, Mysore Kerala: All districts Tamil Nadu: All districts

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu Sanjana Julias Thilakar D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Global Distribution

Native of Brazil; now common throughout the tropics

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: All Districts

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Endemic Distribution

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Population Biology

Trends

Risk Statement

Not at risk

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Conservation Status

Threats

No threats record yet

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Legislation

Protection Legal Status

Domesticated land area

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

System of Medicines Used In

Homoeopathy

Ayurveda

Siddha

The tubers are edible which are eaten as a source of carbohydrate

Sanjib Barua

Attributions	Sanjib Barua
Contributors	Sanjib Baruah
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

System Of Medicines Used In

Ayurveda, Homoeopathy, Siddha

FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1381

Attributions	FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1381
Contributors	FRLHT-ENVIS
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Folklore

Management

No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

References

Manihot utilissima Phol., Pl. Bras. Ic. 1: 32. 1827; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 239. 1887; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1346(942). 1925.
Jatropha manihot L., Sp. Pl. 1007. 1753.
Manihot esculenta Crantz., Inst. Rei. Herb. 1: 167. 1766; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 259. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 375. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 343. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 428. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 724. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 440. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 422. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 331. 1995; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 630. 1997; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 459. 2005; N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab., Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 230. 2007; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 642. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 756. 2009.

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1381

Information Listing > References

Manihot utilissima Phol., Pl. Bras. Ic. 1: 32. 1827; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 239. 1887; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1346(942). 1925.
Jatropha manihot L., Sp. Pl. 1007. 1753.
Manihot esculenta Crantz., Inst. Rei. Herb. 1: 167. 1766; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 259. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 375. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 343. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 428. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 724. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 440. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 422. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 331. 1995; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 630. 1997; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 459. 2005; N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab., Fam. Euphorbiaceae India 230. 2007; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 642. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 756. 2009.
Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1381

Tree species diversity in tropical forests of Barak valley in Assam, India

Dr. Nepolion Borah

Tree Species Composition, Diversity, and Regeneration Patterns in Undisturbed and Disturbed Forests of Barak Valley, South Assam, India

Dr. Nepolion Borah

Tree s pecies d iversity in t ropical f orests of Barak v alley in Assam, India

Mayur Bawri

DOCUMENTATION OF WILD PLANT TUBERS AS FOOD RESOURCES IN HASSAN DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

Dr. G. M. Prashanth Kumar

Images

No Data

📚 Meta data

Meta data

No Data

🐾 Taxonomy

Root	Root
Kingdom	Plantae
Phylum	Tracheophyta
Class	Equisetopsida C. Agardh
Order	Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
Family	Euphorbiaceae
Genus	Manihot
Species	Manihot esculenta Crantz

📊 Temporal Distribution

📷 Related Observations

👥 Groups

India Biodiversity Portal

The Western Ghats

PlantsIndia

Medicinal Plants

Assam Biodiversity Portal