Abutilon species are herbs, undershrubs or shrubs. Erect or procument, Branches with simple prickly or stellate hairs. Leaves simple or sometimes lobed, alternate, usually base cordate, margins crenate-dentate, apex acute to acuminate, palminerved without nectaries, petiolate, stipules persistent or caducous. Inflorescence usually axillary or terminal, solitary or aggregated lax panicles or corymbose racemes. Flowers bisexual, pedicel slender, jointed in the upper half, epicalyx absent, calyx 5 lobed, campanulate, base connate, valvate, corolla large, 5, yellow, white, orange, sometimes with dark colored in the centre. Stamens usually shorter than petals, base wide, filaments short, anthers basifixed, usually clustered. Ovary superior, 5-20 locular, ovules 2-9 per carpel, style branched 5-40, filiform to clavate, stigma capitate. Fruit schizocarp, ovoid-subglobular, campanulate, apex biaristate or acuminate, usually black when mature, with 5-40 mericarps, dehiscent, with a slender truncate columella scar when fallen. Seed many, reniform or subreniform, smooth, glabrous or shortly pubescent.
Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Abutilon elaeocarpoides Webb |
synonym | Abutilon harmsianum Ulbr. |
synonym | Abutilon sidoides Dalz. & Gibs. |
synonym | Abutilon sparmannioides Guill. & Perr. |
synonym | Sida ramosa Cav. |
synonym | Sida sparmannioides (Guill. & Perr.) Steud. |
🗒 Common Names
Gujarati |
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Irula |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Erect shrubs, sparsely tomentose. Leaves distant, alternate, 10 cm across, broadly ovate, cordate at base, acuminate at apex, crenate, densely softly tomentose below. Flowers in subterminal and terminal panicles; pedicels 5-6 cm long, jointed towards the end; sepals ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, connate at base into a short campanulate tube, pubescent outside; petals 2 x 0.9 cm, yellow, obovate, obtuse; stamens many; filaments combined into a tube. Ovary 7-celled, ovules many in each; styles as many as the carpels; stigma terminal. Fruit a capsule, 15 x15 mm, truncate at apex; mericarps beaked, seeds many, reniform, 2.5 mm across, glabrous, grey.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habit: Erect Shrub
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habit: A tall, perennial shrub, upto 2m.
Keystone Foundation
Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1: 68. 1831
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Abutilon species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: August—October/September—March.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Growth Form
Shrub
Perennial herbs or undershrubs, about 1-3 m tall. Stems and branches densely grayish pubescent with simple stellate hairs, becoming glabrescent later. Leaves simple, alternate, broadly ovate, about 2.5-13 x 2-11.5 cm across, base cordate, margins irregularly crenate-dentate, apex acute to shallow narrow acuminate, 5-7 veined, glabrescent or minutely pubescent with simple hairs above and lower surface stellate pubescent beneath, petiole stellate hairy, about 2-12 cm long, stipules linear, pubescent, about 5-10 mm long. Inflorescence usually axillary or terminal, solitary or dichotomously branched cymes, tomentose, about 1.5-4.5 cm long. Flowers bisexual, pedicel slender, jointed in the upper half, stellate pubescent, about 1-6 cm long, epicalyx absent, calyx 5 lobed, campanulate or cup shaped, base connate, valvate, divided from middle, lobes ovate, apex acute, densely pubescent with simple and stellate hairs outside, simple hairs inside, about 4-6 x 2-3 mm across, corolla large, 5, yellow, white, petals obovate, glabrous, about 5-8 x 3-4 mm across. Stamens usually shorter than petals, base wide, stellate hairy, about 2-3 mm long, anthers basifixed. Ovary superior, stigma capitate. Fruit schizocarp, ovoid-subglobular, about 1 cm across, campanulate, villous, with 8-10 mericarps, margins dense with stellate hairs, apex bidentate, dehiscent. Seeds 2-3 per locule, reniform or subreniform, about 2 mm across, smooth, minutely stellate pubescent, ultimately glabrescent, brownish black.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Flower
Solitary or rarely racemose paniculate or umbellate; yellow coloured. Flowering from December-April.
Fruit
A globose schizocarp, mericarps upto 8, densely stellate hairy; seeds reniform. Fruiting throughout the year.
Field tips
Leaves cordate, white hairy throughout.
Leaf Arrangement
Alternate-spiral
Leaf Type
Simple
Leaf Shape
Cordate
Leaf Apex
Acute-acuminate
Leaf Base
Cordate
Leaf Margin
Crenate-serrate
Keystone Foundation
Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Diseases
Abutilon species are susceptible to various insect pests, virus and fungi, affecting leaves, fruits and roots.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Western Ghats, Dry Deciduous Forests
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Dry tropical places.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Disturbed forest areas
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Asia: India, Pakistan, Yemen; Africa: Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
Local Distribution
Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Global Distribution
Paleotropics
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: Idukki
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Karnataka: Mysore
Kerala: Idukki
Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Found as an understory plant of deciduous forests from plains to 500m. Common. India and Tropical Africa.
Keystone Foundation
Attributions | Keystone Foundation |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
Root powder used in folk medicine, bark used to make fibre.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India. Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://tropicos.org/Name/19602239 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=558475-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DAbutilon%2Bramosum%26output_format%3Dnormal #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2610882 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/6b23d1bd9cdf79b91ec38814a1691e53 #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of Pakistan, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250071366 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 328. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 271. PROTA4U URL: http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Abutilon+ramosum #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 December 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Abutilon sidoides Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl. 18. 1861.
- Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1: 68. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 328. 1874; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 91(65). 1915; T.K. Paul in B.D. Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 271. 1993; Sivar. & Pradeep, Malvac. Southern Peninsular India 200. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 30. 1998; M. Mohanan & A.V.N. Rao in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 382. 2005.
- Sida ramosa Cav., Diss. 1:28. t. 6. f. 1. 1785.
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004
Information Listing > References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://tropicos.org/Name/19602239 #The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=558475-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3DAbutilon%2Bramosum%26output_format%3Dnormal #The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2610882 #Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/6b23d1bd9cdf79b91ec38814a1691e53 #Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of Pakistan, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & #Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250071366 #Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. #Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. #Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 224-228.#Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 328. #Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 3: 271. PROTA4U URL: http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?p=Abutilon+ramosum #Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.#IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 December 2016. #Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400#Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Abutilon sidoides Dalz. & Gibs., Bombay Fl. 18. 1861.
- Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr., Fl. Seneg. Tent. 1: 68. 1830; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 328. 1874; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 91(65). 1915; T.K. Paul in B.D. Sharma & Sanjappa, Fl. India 3: 271. 1993; Sivar. & Pradeep, Malvac. Southern Peninsular India 200. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 30. 1998; M. Mohanan & A.V.N. Rao in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 382. 2005.
- Sida ramosa Cav., Diss. 1:28. t. 6. f. 1. 1785.
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983, Flora of Karnataka, Sharma B. D, 1984, Biodiversity Documentation for Kerala Part 6: Flowering Plants, N. Sasidharan, 2004
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Malvales Juss. |
Family | Malvaceae Juss. |
Genus | Abutilon Mill. |
Species | Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations