Sphenodesme species large scandent shrubs. Leaves simple, opposite, petiolate, exstipulate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal paniculate thyrses, cyme 3-7 flowered, bracts foliaceous, caducous. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous, pedicellate, calyx campanulate, 5 toothed rarely 4 or 6, corolla infundibular, 5 lobed, rarely 6-7 lobed, white, yellow or purple, corolla tube, short, cylindric, hairy, annulate near stamen insertions, stamens 5 rarely 6-7, exserted, filaments glabrous, filiform, anthers ovate, ovary bicarpellary, 2 celled, 2 ovules in each locule, hairy or glabrous, apex grandular, style filiform, stigma bi-lobed, Fruit indehiscent, carcerulus, obovoid, seeds nonendospermous.
Sphenodesme involucrata paniculata (C.B.Clarke) Munir
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Sphenodesme paniculata C.B.Clarke |
🗒 Common Names
Malayalam |
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Sanskrit |
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Tamil |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Gard. Bull. Singapore 21(3): 338, pl. 3. 1966
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Sphenodesme species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects. Flowering/Fruiting: December-May.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds dispersed by anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
A large scandent shrub or woody climber. Branches and branchlets subterete or obtusely quadrangular, young parts rusty tomentose or stellate pubescent, glabrous when mature. Leaves simple, opposite, elliptic or ovate, 7-18 × 4-8 cm, base rounded or obtuse, margin entire or very faintly serrate, apex obtuse, coriaceous, chartaceous, dark green, glabrous above and pubescent beneath, lateral veins 4-6 on either side of the midrib, ascending obscure, impressed above, slightly prominent beneath, reticulate veinlets, petiole slender, glabrous, canaliculated, about 0.8-1.5 cm long. Inflorescence terminal panicles composed of 6–12 opposite dichotomously branched cymes, about 15-30 x 5-15 cm across, peduncle, slender, obtusely quadrangular, about 3-6 cm long, involucral bracts 6, leaflike or foliaceous, spathulate, emarginate in fruit, membranous and veined. Flowers bisexual, fragrant, many, cream colored sessile in involucrate heads. Calyx cupular or subcampanulate, 5 toothed, teeth ovate, acute, densely stellate-tomentose, about 6 mm long, corolla infundibular, 5-6 lobed, white, tomentose, obovate to oblong, apex obtuse, lower lip 3 lobed, lobes subequal, obovate, apex obtuse, corolla tube narrow, about 2 x 1.3 mm across, densely pubescent at throat, glabrous outside. Stamens 5-6, included, filaments filiform, glabrous, anthers globose, imperfectly 2-celled, Ovary bicarpellary, 4 lobed, obovoid, hairy, style slender, stigma bilobed. Fruit carcerulus, obovoid, glabrous, enclosed by a persistant calyx, 12 seeded.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Susceptible to insect pests.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Evergreen forests.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Local Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
Global Distribution: Asia: India.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Endemic Distribution
Local Endemicity: Western Ghats.
Global Endemicity: India.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
Used in traditional medicine, root decoction used against worm infestations, ear troubles and abdominal disorders.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100260851 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=D8DEE19C08DF055DAC5B55A94EB27AB2?find_family=&find_genus=Sphenodesme&find_species=pani%25&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-194061 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 600. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 513. ;ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4764&parname=0 ;List of Fact Sheets. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL: http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%20key%20to%20the%20genera%20of%20Lamiaceae/Media/Html/Sphenodesme_Jack.htm ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 12 August 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100260851 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=D8DEE19C08DF055DAC5B55A94EB27AB2?find_family=&find_genus=Sphenodesme&find_species=pani%25&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-194061 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 600. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 513. ;ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4764&parname=0 ;List of Fact Sheets. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL: http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%20key%20to%20the%20genera%20of%20Lamiaceae/Media/Html/Sphenodesme_Jack.htm ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 12 August 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
Information Listing > References
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100260851 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=D8DEE19C08DF055DAC5B55A94EB27AB2?find_family=&find_genus=Sphenodesme&find_species=pani%25&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-194061 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 600. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 513. ;ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4764&parname=0 ;List of Fact Sheets. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL: http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%20key%20to%20the%20genera%20of%20Lamiaceae/Media/Html/Sphenodesme_Jack.htm ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 12 August 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/100260851 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=D8DEE19C08DF055DAC5B55A94EB27AB2?find_family=&find_genus=Sphenodesme&find_species=pani%25&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-194061 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 600. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 513. ;ENVIS Centre for Medicinal Plants. URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4764&parname=0 ;List of Fact Sheets. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL: http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/lamiales/key/Interactive%20key%20to%20the%20genera%20of%20Lamiaceae/Media/Html/Sphenodesme_Jack.htm ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 12 August 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Lamiales |
Family | Lamiaceae |
Genus | Sphenodesme |
Species | Sphenodesme involucrata (C.Presl) B.L.Rob. |
Infraspecies | Sphenodesme involucrata paniculata (C.B.Clarke) Munir |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations