growth ROBOTICALLY GUIDED BAMBOO STRUCTURES
TECH
rchitectural Design Research
.Sc. Programme, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
of. AA Dipl.(Hons.) Arch. Achim Menges
sign Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers
ITECH Architectural Design Research M.Sc. Programme, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
Prof. AA Dipl.(Hons.) Arch. Achim Menges Design Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers
growth ROBOTICALLY GUIDED BAMBOO STRUCTURES
MASTER THESIS David Andrés León Cobo M.Arch. B.Arch THESIS ADVISORS M.Arch. B.Arch Sci David Correa Z. Dipl. -Ing. Oliver David Krieg ITECH M.Sc. Programme University of Stuttgart ICD Institute for Computational Design Prof. Achim Menges ITKE Institut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen Prof. Jan Knippers
dedicado a la ingeniera de control
CONTENTS
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
AIM CONTEXT STATE OF THE ART METHODS RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROPOSAL DISCUSSION OUTLOOK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES
13 21 33 41 67 131 145 149 153 157
10 | FOREWORD
‘As it keeps interacting with its environment, a living organism
a sequence of structural changes, and over time it will form individual pathway of structural coupling. At any point on th structure of the organism is a record of previous structural c thus of previous interactions. In other words, all living beings Living structure is always a record of prior development. - Fritjof Capra, The
’
FOREWORD | 11
m will undergo its own his pathway, the changes and s have a history. Hidden Connections
Fig. 1 Twisted trees shaped by wind. Slope Point, New Zealand. (source: kuriositas.com)
12 | FOREWORD
FOREWORD | 13
FOREWORD Over the centuries to the present day, Bamboo has been used in construction due to its relatively high compressive strength and its outstanding tensile strength, where its properties match the ones from steel. It also provides a constant supply for a natural economic material due to its extremely fast growth rate, with almost no special care required in the growth process.
Fig. 2 Geographical growth of bamboo vs. population growth rate worldwide (source: Dunkelberg, CIA World Factbook)
The demand for housing in many fast growing regions of the world increment at enormous rate. Coincidently, many of this regions is where bamboo, a fast growing timber material, is readily available. This represents a huge opportunity for bamboo to arise as a construction material which is strong, highly accessible and sustainable.
01 AIM
16 | AIM
ADAPTATION Bamboo, like most individuals in the biological realm, grow in a process of adaptation against its environment. Although Bamboo plants share many characteristics with trees that produce timber wood, its differences are of extreme importance to understand the factors that motivate the adaptation process of these unique plants. It is particularly relevant to this investigation the understanding of the biological and physiological principles that promote such phenomenae, both generally and particular to the plant, in order to fully understand the process of adaptation and furthermore the stimuli that triggers such process on the plant morphology..
AIM | 17
Fig. 3 Naturally bent bamboo on Bambux bamboo Nursery (source: D.Leon)
18 | AIM
SUSTAINABILITY Naturally, bamboo plants possess outstanding mechanical properties, which allows the plant to withstand harsh conditions and loads, and grow tall for several years. Many architectural projects show the versatile use of this material can be found, particularly in certain geographical zones where it proliferates vastly. In its natural form, as bamboo poles, it is most commonly used in construction as disposable structural elements such scaffolding, while various possibilities are showcased in its processed form, both in architecture and industrial design, where its ecological appearance its highly appreciated. .
Fig. 4 Naturally bent bamboo in harsh climatic conditions, Japan (source: Heidelberg)
AIM | 19
Fig. 5 bamboo used as scaffoling in high rise building, China (source: M.Tao)
20 | AIM
AIM This master’s thesis investigates the possibilities of shaping a strong yet sustainable, readily available material such as bamboo, by controlling and manipulating its growing conditions with the aim of casting light to the possibilities of living structures as an alternate form of construction. The research involves a deep understanding of the biological and physiological principles that govern the adaptive properties of the plant, as well as a especulation of how this principles could be applied towards architectural means by the use of novel swarm robotic techniques and computational principles of organization.
AIM | 21
Fig. 6 Samples taken from bent bamboo culms from outdoor experiments (source: D.Leon)
02 CONTEXT
CONTEXT | 25
LIVING STRUCTURES This research places its investigation within the context of living structures. Many of such structures can be found around the world, both naturally or artificially conceived.
Fig. 7 Living bridge from rubber tree roots in Nongsohphan Village, Meghalaya, India (source: http://photo.sf.co.ua/)
These often ephemeral and spontaneous organizations of nature represent the delicate balance between natural adaptation and the requirements of human civilization.
26 | CONTEXT
AUERWORLD PALACE Created in 1998 by architect Marcel Kalberer and the Sanfte Strukturen group, this natural structure consist of several willow trees interwoven into above an enclosed space. Based on the building techniques of ancient Sumerian reed houses of Mesopotamia, the project took over 300 volunteers to built and now contemplates the yearly growing of the structure and foliage, which in turn helps enclose this dome like structure. Ten years after its conception, the building is still on growing.
CONTEXT | 27
1999
2002
2005
2009
2012
Fig. 8 Auerworld Palace in Weimar, Germany. Living structure from weaving willow trees. (source: Alessandro Rocca) Fig. 9 Drawings by architect Marcel Kalberer anticipating the growth of the structure (source: Alessandro Rocca)
28 | CONTEXT
ESPALIER Espalier, which literally translates to ‘back support’, consist of an ancient technique which utilizes a framework usually made of wire vertically separated from each other, on which trunks and branches of fruit trees and vines are trained to grow with specific forms in one plane. The system consist on aligning the branches on the wire and generating different arrangements in order to produces better lighting for the whole plant. This technique, usually for the benefit of agriculture, was later introduced for creating furniture or covering with living plants.
CONTEXT | 29
Fig. 10 Structure built with espalier techniques (source: http:// www.kinggardendesigns.com/espalier/) Fig. 11 Structure built with espalier techniques (source: http:// www.kinggardendesigns.com/espalier/)
30 | CONTEXT
BAUBOTANIK In recent years, the Baubotanik group from the IGMA institute in Universitat Stuttgart, lead by Dipl. -Ing Ferndinand Ludwig, have focus their efforts en building structure with living plants. Several avant-garde techniques, such as the inosculation (grafting) of branches and the incorporation of technical components into the plant, had paved the way for the construction of a 9-meter high tower as a proof of concept. The tower consist of a framework structure which support hundreds of Salix plants, only 2 meter high, on all of its levels. Given the rapid grow and optimal structural characteristic of the of the Salix, after several growth cycles estimated in between 8 to 10 years from its conception, the framework will be removed.
CONTEXT | 31
Fig. 12 Inosculation (grafting) experiments (source: Baubotanik) Fig. 13 Incorporation of technical components by adaptive growth (source: Baubotanik) Fig. 14 Baubotanikal tower experiment final design (source:Baubotanik)
32 | CONTEXT
FULLGROWN FullGrown is a an English enterprise led by British designer Gavin Munro, whose goal is to create furniture from living plants. In his growing fields, every year around fifty new willow trees are planted, while the already grown specimens take their shape around hundreds of blue formwork moulds aligned as crops on the field. As the branches from the willow randomly emerge, the are constantly ‘encouraged’ to follow the form until the tree has lignified and adopted the desired shape. The for each chair takes in between 4 to 8 eight years.
CONTEXT | 33
Fig. 15 Growing chairs in the fields of Fullgrown enterprise (source: http://fullgrown.co.uk/) Fig. 16 Process of growing chairs from a Willow Plants by Fullgrown (source: Baubotanik)
03 STATE OF THE ART
36 | STATE OF THE ART
THE RISE The Rise is a research based installation by CITA at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. The installation is led by a concept of grown architecture which is able to sense and adapt to its environment as it grows while continuously reacting to its own material constrains. The research installation takes as morphological motivator the plant’s tropisms, which are reactions of vegetal organisms to its environment, essentially governed by the Auxin hormone as a growth regulator. The research investigates how this diagram of growth exhibited by vegetative systems can inform computational models in the creation of self-propagating structure.
Fig. 17 Topological diagram of The Rise by CITA (source: www. complexmodelling.dk)
STATE OF THE ART | 37
Fig. 18 The Rise research instalation by CITA
(source: thisisalive.com)
38 | STATE OF THE ART
SENDERO DE GUADUA Sendero de Guadua is the work of Colombian artist and furniture maker JosĂŠ Diego Serna Figueroa, who has devoted his life to the growth spectacular configuration of plants within his private forest. Guadua plants is a gigantic variety of bamboo plants which grow abundantly in high humidity zones of the equatorial region, such as Colombia and Ecuador. In order to shape them Serna utilizes tension from the ground or within two plants for pulling the canes into shape. The generated outcome, although seemingly very irregular, can be controlled by gradually increasing or decreasing the amount of tension along the growth process. The variety of shapes generated in this forest are a living testimony of the great adaptation capabilities of the plants, and hint the potential of such capabilities in the generation of architecture. .
STATE OF THE ART | 39
Fig. 19 Sendero de Guadua. Tensile method for shaping guadua, (source: guaduabamboo.com) Fig. 20 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
40 | STATE OF THE ART
Fig. 21 José Diego Serna Figuero Magical Guadua Forest (source: http://www.guaduabamboo.com/)
STATE OF THE ART | 41
04 METHODS
44 | METHODS
Fig. 22 Phototropism of Tulip plants searching for light. (source: espores.org/)
METHODS | 45
TROPISMS
PHOTOTROPISM
LIGHT
GRAVITROPISM
GRAVITY
GROWTH HORMONES AUXINS
TIGHMOTROPISM
TOUCH
METHODS The purpose of the this investigation is to test various stimuli of growth on Bamboo plants in order to produce differential growth and thus morphological differentiation. If a response is obtained, the parameters that generated such response could be fine tuned in order to achieve certain control over the growth process. Therefore, the first step involves an extensive research on the biological and physiological aspects of the bamboo plant in order to fully understand its anatomy and particular properties. Based on this, a number of physical experiments will test the researched premises by exposing the plants to different stimuli and evaluating the result based on morphological change and control.
46 | METHODS
AUXIN
ROOT
PHOTOTROPISM
SEED
COLEOPTILE
LIGHT
Fig. 23 Tropisms of plants (source: http://www.abc.net.au/ Fig. 24 Anatomy of plant growth (source: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/
1.
2.
METHODS | 47
GRAVITY
OBSTACLE
ROOT
THIGMOTROPISM
COTYLEDON
COLEOPTILE
COTYLEDON
COLEOPTILE
GRAVITROPISM
TROPISMS
3.
A tropism is a biological phenomenon that indicates movement of a biological organism in response to an environmental stimulus. This response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus. Tropisms are usually named for the stimulus involved and may be either positive (towards the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus). Tropisms are governed by hormones called Auxins, which have a huge influence from the germination stage in coleoptiles to the vegetative stages in the plant meristems.
48 | METHODS
tip
PHOTOTROPISM Phototropism is a vegetal response to a light stimuli. Positive phototropism refers to the growth of a plant towards a light source, as in the case of the stem, while negative phototropism refers to the growth away from the source, such as in the case of roots. Light stimuli provokes a hormonal reaction in the plant which result as a consequence in differential growth. Auxin is the hormone in charge of this phenomena. The discovery of Auxin depended greatly on the work of Theophil Ciesielski and the Darwin brothers. They discovered that coleoptiles of the plant did not bent if they where covered or severed. This and many other experiments led to the discovery of the Auxin hormones as the main responsible for this occurrence.
METHODS | 49
A. LIGHT
B. LIGHT
C. LIGHT
D. LIGHT
Fig. 25 Sendero de Guadua. Tensile method for shaping Guadua, (source: guaduabamboo.com) Fig. 26 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
50 | METHODS
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
PHYSIOLOGY Bamboo plants are part of the Poaceae family (grasses) and, unlike most woody trees (dicots), do not produce any change on girth along its growth process. This is due to the fact that monocots do not posess a lateral meristematic system, which allow dicots to produce the stem cells necessary for morphological change and the stem. Instead, growth cells and growth hormones in grasses and other monocts are produced by a series of meristems called the intercalary meristematic system, which are responsible for the rapid, telescopic type of elongation that the bamboo plants describe during growth of th plant. These organs are responsible for the production of Auxin and other hormones which are responsible for the growth of the plant and cause differentiated elongation in the growth process.
MONOCOT
METHODS | 51
APICAL MERISTEM
LATERAL MERISTEM
DICOT Fig. 27 Bamboo cross section (source: unknown) Fig. 28 Bamboo cross section (source: unknown)
52 | METHODS BRANCH
SEGMENT
NODE
ANATOMY Although generally believed to be part of the wood family, Bamboo is a grass (graminae) of the family of the monocotyledons (plants with single seeds). Nevertheless, “its lignifying cell structure tissue and its technological properties are very similar to the wood tissue. Bamboomaythereforealsobetermed‘wood’”(Dunkelberg). A full grown bamboo consist of a base, many segments separated by nodes, which are highly silicified intersections where the branches will emerge.
BASE
METHODS | 53
MONOPODIAL RHIZOME
SYMPODIAL RHIZOME
RHIZOME Fig. 29 Anatomy of a bamboo cane. (source: Dunkelberg) Fig. 30 Sympodial (clumping) rhizome Darwin (source: http:// www.bambooaustralia.com.au/) Fig. 31 Monopodial (running) rhizome drawing (source: http:// www.bambooaustralia.com.au/)
Bamboos consist of a rhizome (root) which proliferates underneaththeearth,fromwherebudswillemergetothesurface. Fundamentally, there are mainly two types of bamboos: Monopodial bamboos, with a rhizome that form thin and long extensions, and Sympodial bamboos, which have short thick rootstocks which produce the canes.
54 | RESEARCH PROPOSAL
06
05
04 03
02
01
GENERATION
SEED
PROLIFERATION Proliferation of the two different types of rhizome result in different spatial configurations which later relfect on the plant’s morphology. Whle sypodial type of bamboo spread radially, mainly due to its concentrical root configuration, monopodial bamboo spreads fast and scatteredly, producing a random pattern of shoots above the ground.
Fig. 32 Sympodial (clumping) rhizome drawin (source: http:// www.bambooaustralia.com.au/)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 55
GENERATION
01
02
Fig. 33 Monopodial (running) rhizome drawing (source: http:// www.bambooaustralia.com.au/)
03
04
05
06
56 | METHODS
t
CULM GROWTH Culms emerge from the roots as sprouts which already contain the definite number of nodes the stem will have throughout its life. The bamboo culm lengthens ‘telescopically’, extending its internodal segments until it reaches its maximum height. Therefore, once the shoot is out of the ground, it is already possible to know the final diameter of the culm which, since it does not produce secondary growth, doesn’t change along the life-span of the plant. The shoot reaches its final length within one growing season, which according to geographical location, averages six months in the humid season. It takes from 5 to six years since the culm has arose for it to become fully lignified and therefore structural.
METHODS | 57 10 09 08 07 06 05
04
03
02
01
GROWING SEASON
Fig. 34 Growing sequence of a bamboo shoot along a growing season. (source: D.Leon)
58 | METHODS
t
GROWING SEASON 1 1 YEAR
GROWING SEASON 2
METHODS | 59
GROWING SEASON 3
PLANT GROWTH Each plant develops new shoots each growing season. The first years, as the rhizome establishes, the plant will develop thin small shoots. As the plant grows older, the frequency, diameter and height of the culms increase until the plant reaches its adulthood, where this factors remain more or less constant until the dead of the plant.
05 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
62 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
TAXONOMY
TROPISMS
EXP-01
EXP-02 EXPERIMENTS
PHOTOTROPISM
EXP-03
EXP-04
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT Several esperiments where performed in order to determined the correct stimuli that would result in a larger plant response. At first, an experiment seeked to determine whether the plant would be equally responsible to phototropism and gravitropism effects in its growth. Later experiments focus on phototropism solely, in an attempt to determine which of various parameters such as light source, intensity, and colour, have a larger, more consistent and consisten and reliable response from the plant evaluated in every case in the amount of shape change that the produce.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 63
NATURALLY INDUCED TROPISM
ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED PHOTOTROPISM
LIGHT WAVELENGHT TEST
SENSING ISOLATION TEST
64 | METHODS
40 METERS
30 METERS
20 METERS
Phyllostachys bissetii
10 METERS
Bambusa intermedia Fargesia communis Chusquea coronalis
Phyllostachys decora Phyllostachys bissetii Chusquea circinata Phyllostachys angusta Bambusa chungii var. barbelatta Brachystachyum densiflorum
Chusquea foliosa Borinda perlonga Brachystachyum densiflorum var. villosum Chimonobambusa pachystachys Borinda fungosa Bashania fargesii
Chusquea galeottiana Bashania fargesii Borinda albocerea Borinda nujiangensis Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda Chusquea culeou
Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Phyllostachys heteroclada Phyllostachys humilis Bambusa mutabilis Otatea acuminata
Ochlandra strulata Phyllostachys densiflorum Thamnocalamus aristatus Arundinaria gigantea Macon Bambusa multiplex Fernleaf
Arundinaria gigantea Pleioblastus simonii Sinobambusa tootsik Himalayacalamus porcatus Himalayacalamus cupreus Himalayacalamus hookerianus
Himalayacalamus asper Chusquea subtilis Chimonobambusa szechuanensis Pseudosasa japonica Chusquea culeou Fargesia adpressa
Pleioblastus hindsii Pseudosasa japonica Bambusa textilis Dwarf Borinda angustissima Fargesia murielae Fargesia apircirubens
Thamnocalamus tessellatus Bambusa vulgaris Wamin Fargesia denudata Bambusa vulgaris Wamin Striata Borinda contracta Bambusa multiplex Midori Green
Borinda macclureana Bambusa boniopsis Bambusa burmanica Sasa palmata Chusquea macrostachya Semiarundinaria makinoi
Chusquea mimosa subsp. australis Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia murieliae Pseudosasa usawai Chusquea sulcata Yushania maling
Chusquea uliginosa Drepanostachyum sengteeanum Fargesia murieliae Unnamed Seedling Fargesia murieliae SABE 939 Semiarundinaria yashadake
Semiarundinaria sp Semiarundinaria yashadake Semiarundinaria yamadori Pleioblastus linearis Indosasa crassifolia Chusquea culeou
Semiarundinaria yoshi Chusquea culeou Argentina Chusquea culeou Caña Prieta Fargesia robusta Hibanobambusa tranquillans Bambusa glaucophylla
Himalayacalamus hookerianus Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia nitida Indocalamus longiauritus Fargesia nitida Fargesia murieliae Vampire
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Bambusoideae
Bambusoideae is the name given to a subfamily of plants that belong to the Graminae or Poaceae, one of the most extense and important for mankind. Its common name is Bamboo. Bamboos are plants that can be as small as less than a meter and have 5mm stems (culms), and as giant as 25 meter tall and 30cm diameter. Its also important to note, that although most bamboos have woody stems, there are a few exceptions.
Pleioblastus chino Borinda frigidorum Semiarundinaria fortis Chusquea delicatula Chusquea andina Blue Andes Yushania anceps
Yushania anceps Chusquea andina Drepanostachyum khasianum Pleioblastus gramineus Yushania chungii Fargesia denudata Xian 1
Bambusa multiplex Fernleaf Stripestem Bambusa multiplex Willowy Pleioblastus virens Bambusa multiplex Golden Goddess Pseudosasa japonica var. tsutsumiana Chimonobambusa macrophylla var. macrophylla
Chusquea cumingii Bashania qingchengshanensis Bambusa sinospinosa Richard Waldron Fargesia dracocephala Chimonobambusa macrophylla
Chusquea glauca Chusquea sp. Chimonobambusa macrophylla var. leiboensis Chusquea simpliciflora Chiconquiaco Gelidocalamus fangianus Chusquea culeou Hillier's Form
Bambusa eutuldoides Viridivittata Chimonobambusa marmorea Fargesia apircirubens White Dragon Chusquea simpliciflora Las Vigas Shibatea lancifolia Shibataea kumasaca
Indocalamus tessellatus Fargesia murieliae Simba Sasa oshidensis Sasa kurilensis Sasa nagimontana Sasaella masamuneana
Sasa tsuboiana Sasaella ramosa Pleioblastus chino Sasaella albostriata Chimonobambusa marmorea Variegata Arundinaria tecta
Borinda sinospinosa Muliensis (sinospinosa often abbreviated sp.) Sasaella masamuneana Indocalamus latifolius Pleioblastus chino Chusquea montana Chimonobambusa marmorea
Bambusa multiplex Riviereorum Chusquea muelleri Sasa borealis Arundinaria appalachiana Pleioblastus fortunei Pleioblastus viridistriatus
Pleioblastus viridistriatus Pleioblastus humilis Pleioblastus humilis Bambusa multiplex Tiny Fern Pleioblastus argenteostriatus
Bambusa multiplex Tiny Fern Striped Sasa veitchii Sasaella glabra Bambusa multiplex Pleioblastus distichus Sasa veitchii Pleioblastus distichus Pleioblastus distichus
TAXONOMY
METHODS | 65
Guadua angustifolia Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis Dendrocalamus asper Betung Hitam
Dendrocalamus sinicus Bambusa bambos Dendrocalamus asper Dendrocalamus brandisii Dendrocalamus giganteus Quail Clone Dendrocalamus brandisii variegated
Dendrocalamus giganteus Guadua angustifolia Phyllostachys edulis Dendrocalamus yunnanicus Dendrocalamus sp. Parker's Giant Bambusa sinospinosa Clone X
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Phyllostachys bambusoides Bambusa dolichoclada Stripe Phyllostachys vivax Phyllostachys glauca Bambusa stenostachya
Phyllostachys vivax Bambusa sinospinosa Bambusa membranacea Dendrocalamus calostachyus Bambusa tulda Bambusa odashimae
Bambusa tulda Striata Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Rhipidocladum harmonicum Dendrocalamus latiflorus Mei-nung Bambusa dolichoclada
Bambusa sinospinosa Polymorpha Phyllostachys nigra Yushania alpina Dendrocalamus latiflorus Dendrocalamus strictus Bambusa balcooa
Bambusa blumeana Bambusa lako Dendrocalamus jianshuiensis variegated Bambusa ventricosa Kimmei Bambusa ventricosa Phyllostachys rubromarginata
Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa sinospinosa Hirose Dendrocalamus jianshuiensis Bambusa tuldoides Bambusa oldhamii Phyllostachys violascens
Phyllostachys nigra Bambusa vulgaris Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys bambusoides Bambusa textilis Kanapaha
Bambusa vulgaris Vittata Gigantochloa atroviolacea Chusquea simpliciflora Phyllostachys bambusoides Bambusa eutuldoides Schizostachyum brachycladum
Pseudosasa amabilis Bambusa dissimulator Bambusa dissimulator Albinodia Cephalostachyum virgatum Bambusa beecheyana var. pubescens Bambusa beecheyana
Aulonemia queko Phyllostachys aureosulcata Bambusa oliveriana Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys viridis
Bambusa multiplex Dendrocalamus validus Bambusa emeiensis Flavidovirens Bambusa emeiensis Viridiflavus Dendrocalamus brandisii Black Dendrocalamus minor var. minor
Bambusa basihirsuta Bambusa nutans Bambusa rigida Bambusa textilis var. albostriata Bambusa textilis Mutabilis Bambusa emeiensis Chrysotrichus
Bambusa textilis Bambusa rutila Phyllostachys viridis Phyllostachys dulcis Bambusa longispiculata Bambusa variostriata
Phyllostachys bambusoides Bambusa cornigera Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens Bambusa malingensis Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys iridescens
Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Bambusa lapidea Bambusa pachinensis Dendrocalamus latiflorus Subconvex Phyllostachys meyeri
Dendrocalamus maroochy Bambusa pervariabilis Viridistriatus Phyllostachys heteroclada Bambusa pervariabilis Guadua paniculata Phyllostachys nuda
Phyllostachys nidularia Chusquea liebmannii Chimonobambusa yunnanensis Phyllostachys flexuosa Dinochloa malayana
Dinochloa scandens Cephalostachyum pergracile Phyllostachys aurea Bambusa luteostriata Bambusa textilis var. glabra Drepanostachyum falcatum
Bambusa textilis var. gracilis Drepanostachyum falcatum var. sengteeanum Arundinaria funghomii Phyllostachys nigra Himalayacalamus falconeri Bambusa chungii
Semiarundinaria fastuosa Bambusa textilis Scranton Himalayacalamus falconeri Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys nigra
Bambusa distegia Phyllostachys arcana Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aureosulcata Borinda grossa Phyllostachys acuta
Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys atrovaginata Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Suow Dendrocalamus minor
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus Bambusa multiplex Goldstripe Chusquea virgata Semiarundinaria yashadake Chusquea valdiviensis
Bambusa arnhemica Semiarundinaria okuboi Borinda papyrifera Bambusa multiplex Silverstripe Bambusa multiplex
Chimonobambusa quadrangularisJoseph de Jussieu Bambusa textilis Maculata Borinda lushuiensis Chusquea pittieri Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
Chusquea tomentosa Chusquea gigantea Bambusa gibba Bambusa flexuosa
Fig. 35 Graphic chart of bamboo species correlating its height, girth and rhizome type (source: guaduabamboo.com)
66 | METHODS
METHODS | 67
HARDINESS ZONES A hardiness zone is defined as ”a geographically defined area in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing, as defined by climatic conditions, including its ability to withstand the minimum temperatures of the zone (see the scale on the right or the table below). For example, a plant that is described as “hardy to zone 10” means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of −1 °C (30 °F). A more resilient plant that is “hardy to zone 9” can tolerate a minimum temperature of −7 °C (19 °F). First developed for the United States by the Department of Agriculture (USDA), the use of the zones has been adopted by other nations.” (Wikipedia, 2015)
Fig. 36 Europe hardiness graph (source: http://www.sequimrareplants.com/ )
68 | METHODS 1200+ SPECIES OF BAMBOO Arundinaria Arundinaria appalachiana Arundinaria funghomii Arundinaria gigantea Arundinaria gigantea Macon Arundinaria tecta Athroostachys capitata Atractantha Aulonemia Aulonemia queko Bambusa Bambusa arnhemica Bambusa balcooa Bambusa bambos Bambusa basihirsuta Bambusa beecheyana Bambusa beecheyana var. pubescens Bambusa blumeana Bambusa boniopsis Bambusa burmanica Bambusa chungii Bambusa chungii var. barbelatta Bambusa cornigera Bambusa dissimulator Bambusa dissimulator Albinodia Bambusa distegia Bambusa dolichoclada Bambusa dolichoclada Stripe Bambusa dolichomerithalla Bambusa emeiensis Chrysotrichus Bambusa emeiensis Flavidovirens Bambusa emeiensis Viridiflavus Bambusa eutuldoides Bambusa eutuldoides Viridivittata Bambusa flexuosa Bambusa fulda Bambusa gibba Bambusa glaucophylla Bambusa intermedia Bambusa lako Bambusa lapidea Bambusa longispiculata Bambusa luteostriata Bambusa maculata Bambusa malingensis Bambusa membranacea Bambusa multiplex Bambusa multiplex Bambusa multiplex Bambusa multiplex Alphonse Karr Bambusa multiplex Fernleaf Bambusa multiplex Fernleaf Stripestem Bambusa multiplex Golden Goddess Bambusa multiplex Goldstripe Bambusa multiplex Midori Green Bambusa multiplex Riviereorum Bambusa multiplex Silverstripe Bambusa multiplex Tiny Fern Bambusa multiplex Tiny Fern Striped Bambusa multiplex Willowy Bambusa mutabilis Bambusa nutans Bambusa odashimae Bambusa odashime× B. tuldoides
Bambusa oldhamii Bambusa oliveriana Bambusa pachinensis Bambusa pervariabilis Bambusa pervariabilis Viridistriatus Bambusa rigida Bambusa rutila Bambusa sinospinosa Bambusa sinospinosa Clone X Bambusa sinospinosa Hirose Bambusa sinospinosa Nana Bambusa sinospinosa Polymorpha Bambusa sinospinosa Richard Waldron Bambusa stenostachya Bambusa textilis Bambusa textilis var. albostriata Bambusa textilis var. glabra Bambusa textilis var. gracilis Bambusa textilis Dwarf Bambusa textilis Kanapaha Bambusa textilis Maculata Bambusa textilis Mutabilis Bambusa textilis Scranton Bambusa tulda Bambusa tulda Striata Bambusa tuldoides Bambusa variostriata Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa ventricosa Golden Buddha Bambusa ventricosa Kimmei Bambusa vulgaris Bambusa vulgaris Vittata Bambusa vulgaris Wamin Bambusa vulgaris Wamin Striata Bashania Bashania fargesii Bashania fargesii Bashania qingchengshanensis Bonia Borinda Borinda albocerea Borinda angustissima Borinda contracta Borinda frigidorum Borinda fungosa Borinda fungosa White cloud Borinda grossa Borinda lushuiensis Borinda macclureana Borinda nujiangensis Borinda papyrifera Borinda perlonga Borinda sinospinosa Muliensis (sinospinosa often abbreviated sp.) Borinda yulongshanensis Borinda KR 5288 Brachystachyum Brachystachyum densiflorum Brachystachyum densiflorum var. villosum Cephalostachyum Cephalostachyum pergracile Cephalostachyum virgatum Chimonobambusa Chimonobambusa macrophylla Chimonobambusa macrophylla var. leiboensis Chimonobambusa macrophylla var. macrophylla Chimonobambusa marmorea Chimonobambusa marmorea Chimonobambusa marmorea Variegata Chimonobambusa pachystachys Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Suow Chimonobambusa quadrangularisJoseph de Jussieu Chimonobambusa quadrangularisYellow Groove Chimonobambusa szechuanensis Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda Chimonobambusa yunnanensis Chimonocalamus Chusquea Chusquea andina Chusquea andina Blue Andes Chusquea circinata Chusquea circinata Chiapas Chusquea coronalis Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Chusquea culeou Argentina Chusquea culeou Caña Prieta Chusquea culeou Hillier's Form Chusquea cumingii Chusquea delicatula Chusquea foliosa Chusquea galeottiana Chusquea gigantea Chusquea glauca Chusquea liebmannii Chusquea macrostachya Chusquea mimosa subsp. australis Chusquea montana Chusquea muelleri Chusquea pittieri Chusquea simpliciflora Chusquea simpliciflora Chiconquiaco Chusquea simpliciflora Las Vigas Chusquea sp. Chusquea subtilis Chusquea sulcata Chusquea tomentosa Chusquea uliginosa Chusquea valdiviensis Chusquea virgata Colanthelia Davidsea attenuata Decaryochloa diadelpha Dendrocalamus Dendrocalamus asper Dendrocalamus asper Betung Hitam Dendrocalamus brandisii Dendrocalamus brandisii Black Dendrocalamus brandisii variegated Dendrocalamus calostachyus Dendrocalamus giganteus Dendrocalamus giganteus Quail Clone Dendrocalamus giganteus variegated Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Dendrocalamus jianshuiensis Dendrocalamus jianshuiensis variegated Dendrocalamus latiflorus Dendrocalamus latiflorus Mei‐nung Dendrocalamus latiflorus Subconvex Dendrocalamus maroochy Dendrocalamus minor Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus Dendrocalamus minor var. minor Dendrocalamus sikkimensis Dendrocalamus sinicus Dendrocalamus strictus Dendrocalamus validus Dendrocalamus xishuangbannaensis Dendrocalamus yunnanicus Dendrocalamus sp. Parker's Giant Dinochloa Dinochloa malayana Dinochloa scandens Drepanostachyum Drepanostachyum falcatum Drepanostachyum falcatum var. sengteeanum Drepanostachyum khasianum Drepanostachyum microphyllum Drepanostachyum sengteeanum Elytrostachys Eremitis Eremitis monothalamia Eremitis parviflora Eremitis sp. Eremocaulon Fargesia Fargesia adpressa Fargesia apircirubens Fargesia apircirubens White Dragon Fargesia communis Fargesia denudata Fargesia denudata Xian 1 Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia murielae Fargesia murielae Bimbo Fargesia murieliae Fargesia murieliae Harewood Fargesia murieliae Jonny's Giant Fargesia murieliae Jumbo Jet Fargesia murieliae SABE 939 Fargesia murieliae Simba Fargesia murieliae Unnamed Seedling Fargesia murieliae Vampire Fargesia nitida Fargesia nitida Fargesia robusta Ferrocalamus strictus Gaoligongshania megalothyrsa Gelidocalamus fangianus Gigantochloa Gigantochloa achmadii Gigantochloa albociliata Gigantochloa albopilosa Gigantochloa albovestita Gigantochloa andamanica Gigantochloa apus Gigantochloa aspera Gigantochloa ater Gigantochloa atroviolacea Gigantochloa auriculata Gigantochloa aya Gigantochloa baliana Gigantochloa balui Gigantochloa calcicola Gigantochloa cochinchinensis Gigantochloa compressa Gigantochloa densa Gigantochloa dinhensis Gigantochloa felix Gigantochloa hasskarliana Gigantochloa hayatae Gigantochloa heteroclada Gigantochloa heterostachya Gigantochloa hirtinoda Gigantochloa holttumiana Gigantochloa hosseusii Gigantochloa kachinensis Gigantochloa kathaensis Gigantochloa kuring Gigantochloa kurzii Gigantochloa latifolia Gigantochloa latispiculata Gigantochloa levis Gigantochloa ligulata Gigantochloa longiprophylla Gigantochloa luteostriata Gigantochloa macrostachya Gigantochloa magentea &nbsp Gigantochloa maxima Gigantochloa membranoidea Gigantochloa merrilliana Gigantochloa mogaungensis Gigantochloa multiculmis Gigantochloa nigrociliata Gigantochloa novoguineensis Gigantochloa papyracea Gigantochloa parviflora Gigantochloa parvifolia Gigantochloa poilanei Gigantochloa pruriens Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea Gigantochloa pubinervis Gigantochloa pubipetiolata Gigantochloa ridleyi Gigantochloa robusta Gigantochloa rostrata Gigantochloa scortechinii Gigantochloa scribneriana Gigantochloa serik Gigantochloa sinuata Gigantochloa stocksii Gigantochloa tekserah Gigantochloa tenuispiculata Gigantochloa thoi Gigantochloa tomentosa Gigantochloa toungooensis Gigantochloa velutina Gigantochloa verticillata Gigantochloa vietnamica Gigantochloa vinhphuica Gigantochloa wallichiana Gigantochloa wanet Gigantochloa wrayi Gigantochloa wunthoensis Gigantochloa yunzalinensis Glaziophyton mirabile Greslania Guadua Guadua paniculata Guaduella Hibanobambusa tranquillans Hickelia madagascariensis Himalayacalamus Himalayacalamus asper Himalayacalamus cupreus Himalayacalamus falconeri Himalayacalamus falconeri Himalayacalamus hookerianus Himalayacalamus hookerianus Himalayacalamus porcatus Hitchcockella baronii Holttumochloa Indocalamus latifolius Indocalamus longiauritus Indocalamus tessellatus Indosasa crassifolia Kinabaluchloa Leptocanna chinensis Melocalamus Melocanna Menstruocalamus Monocladus Myriocladus Nastus Neurolepis Ochlandra strulata Oligostachyum Olmeca Otatea acuminata Perrierbambus Phyllostachys acuta Phyllostachys angusta Phyllostachys arcana Phyllostachys atrovaginata Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aurea Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bambusoides Phyllostachys bissetii Phyllostachys decora Phyllostachys densiflorum Phyllostachys dulcis Phyllostachys edulis Phyllostachys flexuosa Phyllostachys glauca Phyllostachys heteroclada Phyllostachys heteroclada Phyllostachys humilis Phyllostachys iridescens Phyllostachys meyeri Phyllostachys nidularia Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nuda Phyllostachys rubromarginata Phyllostachys violascens Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens Phyllostachys viridis Phyllostachys viridis Phyllostachys vivax Phyllostachys vivax Pleioblastus argenteostriatus Pleioblastus chino Pleioblastus chino Pleioblastus chino Pleioblastus distichus Pleioblastus distichus Pleioblastus distichus Pleioblastus fortunei Pleioblastus gramineus Pleioblastus hindsii Pleioblastus humilis Pleioblastus humilis Pleioblastus linearis Pleioblastus simonii Pleioblastus virens Pleioblastus viridistriatus Pleioblastus viridistriatus Pseudosasa amabilis Pseudosasa japonica Pseudosasa japonica Pseudosasa japonica var. tsutsumiana Pseudosasa usawai Pseudostachyum polymorphum Puelia Qiongzhuea Racemobambos Rhipidocladum Rhipidocladum harmonicum Sasa borealis Sasa kurilensis Sasa nagimontana Sasa oshidensis Sasa palmata Sasa tsuboiana Sasa veitchii Sasa veitchii Sasaella masamuneana Sasaella masamuneana Sasaella ramosa Sasaella albostriata Sasaella glabra Schizostachyum Schizostachyum brachycladum Semiarundinaria fastuosa Semiarundinaria fortis Semiarundinaria makinoi Semiarundinaria okuboi Semiarundinaria sp Semiarundinaria yamador Semiarundinaria yashadake Semiarundinaria yashadake Semiarundinaria yashadake Semiarundinaria yoshi Shibataea kumasaca Shibatea lancifolia Sinobambusa tootsik Sphaerobambos Teinostachyum Temburongia Thamnocalamus aristatus Thamnocalamus tessellatus Thyrsostachys Yushania Yushania alpina
BAMBOO GROW IN ZONES 5 - 6 Arundinaria gigantea Fargesia denudata Fargesia denudata Xian II Fargesia dracocephala Fargesia murielae Fargesia nitida Fargesia sp. 'Jiuzhaigou Genf' Fargesia sp. 'Jiuzhaigou' I Fargesia sp. 'Jiuzhaigou' II Fargesia sp. 'Jiuzhaigou IV' Fargesia sp. 'Jiuzhaigou X' Fargesia sp. 'Rufa' Fargesia sp. 'Rufa' Fargesia sp. 'Scabrida' (clumping) Indocalamus tessellatus Phyllostachys atrovaginata "Incense Bamboo" Phyllostachys aureosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Yellow Groove" Phyllostachys aureosulcata 'Harbin Inversa' Phyllostachys aureosulcata 'Spectabilis' Phyllostachys aureosulcata'Aureocaulis' Phyllostachys bissetii Phyllostachys decora "Beautiful Bamboo" Phyllostachys heteroclada 'Solid Stem' Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nuda Phyllostachys parvifolia Phyllostachys rubromarginata Phyllostachys stimulosa Phyllostachys vivax Phyllostachys vivax 'Huangwenzhu' Phyllostachys vivax 'Huangwenzhu Inversa' Phyllostachys vivax 'Aureocaulis' Sasa oshidensis Sasa veitchii Sasamorpha borealis Shibataea chinensis Shibataea kumasaca 8 GROW IN GERMANY
Fig. 37 Species selection chart based on hardiness, location and availability (source: D.Leon) Fig. 38 Bamboo samples available at bamboo Nursery in Winterbach, Germany (source: guaduabamboo.com)
METHODS | 69 BAMBOO AVAILABLE IN GERMANY Fargesia denudata Fargesia robusta Campbell Phyllostachys arcana luteosulcata Phyllostachys aureosulcata aureocaulis Phyllostachys aureosulcata spectabilis Phyllostachys bissetii Phyllostachys bissetii Phyllostachys humilis Phyllostachys nigra Phyllostachys nigra boryana Phyllostachys nuda Phyllostachys vivax aureocaulis Phyllostachys vivax
BAMBOO MOST SUITABLE FOR INDOOR GROWING Bambusa multiplex 'Riviereorum' Bambusa ventricosa Bambusa ventricosa 'Kimmei' Chimonobambusa marmorea 'Variegata' Chimonobambusa quadrangularis 'Suow' Chimonobambusa quadrangularis'Yellow Groove' Hibanobambusa tranquillans‘Shiroshima’ Phyllostachys aureosulcata (all forms) Pleioblastus fortunei Pleioblastus pygmaeus Pleioblastus viridistriatus Phyllostachys bissetii
2 MOST SUITED FOR INDOORS 3
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETII
PHYLLOSTACHYS AUREOSULCATA
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SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
SUNLIGHT
NATURALLY INDUCED PHOTOTROPISM
EXPERIMENT 01A-B Experiment 01A seeks to test the phototropic response of sunlight on bamboo shoots. For this, various rhizomes where planted and grown in pots and placed on a black box, blocking all exterior light but the one produced by a 3cm apperture along only one of its faces, thus ensuring light direction. Documentation took place on a daily basis, making sure the plant growth process wouldn’t be disturbed by the documentation scenario. Plants where photographed in such an angle that they would show growth differentiation along the process.
Fig. 39 Squetch of phototropic response setup (source: D.Leon)
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GRAVITY GRAVITY GRAVITY
NATURALLY INDUCED GRAVITROPISM
EXPERIMENT 01C
Fig. 40 Squetch of gravitropic response setup (source: D.Leon)
Experiment 01C seeks to test the gravitropic response of sunlight on bamboo shoots. For this, various rhizomes where planted and grown in pots and then placed tilted, on a 45 degree angle throughout the growth process, thus testing the response of the plant to gravity. Documentation took place on a daily basis, making sure the plant growth process wouldn’t be disturbed by the documentation scenario. Plants where photographed in such an angle that they would show growth differentiation along the process.
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SPECIES NAME: NUMBER OF SPECIMENS: SPECIES AGE: MAX HEIGHT: ENVIRONMENT: LIGHT: REQUIREMENT:
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETII 20 3 YEAR OLD ~1M INDOORS SUNLIGHT TEST THE RESPONSE TO LIGHT AND GRAVITY CHANGE IN THE GROWTH OF BAMBOO PLANTS
PLANTED RHIZOMES S-01
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GROWN SHOOTS S-01
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PHOTOTROPISM
GRAVITROPISM
CONTROL
EXP-01: SETUP Twenty rhizomes specimens of the type Phyllostachys Bissetii from a 3 year old plant where planted on pots with earth and expected to take along the next days. From these, within the next 5 days only six plant took and the shoots started to appear from the soil. These specimens where divided among the experiments, two for phototropism, two for gravitropism and two for control.
Fig. 41 Bamboo rhizome, as acquired before planted on pots for growth (source: D.Leon)
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Fig. 42 Six from twenty plants took for initial experiments (source: D.Leon)
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EXP-01A: PHOTOTROPISM Experiment 01A seeks to test the phototropic response of sunlight on bamboo shoots. For this, various rhizomes where planted and grown in pots and placed on a black box, blocking all exterior light but the one produced by a 3cm aperture along only one of its faces, thus ensuring light directionality. Documentation took place on a daily basis, making sure the plant growth process wouldn’t be disturbed by the documentation scenario. Plants where photographed in such an angle that they would show growth differentiation along the process. The graph shows the expected outcome from the experiment: Plant stem growing towards the light source.
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Fig. 43 Expected outcome of expeirment 01A (source: D.Leon) Fig. 44 Setup of EXP01-A: Black box with slight apperture in one of its faces(source: D.Leon) Fig. 45 Superimposed timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP01-A(source: D.Leon)
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EXP-01B: PHOTOTROPISM Experiment 01B seeks to test the phototropic response of sunlight on bamboo shoots. For this experiment, various rhizomes where planted and grown in pots and placed on a black box, blocking all exterior light but the one produced by a 3cm aperture along only one of its faces, thus ensuring light directionality. Along the growth process, the plant was turned on its own axis changing the light directionality, in order to intentionally provoke double curvature on its stem. . The graph above shows the expected outcome from the experiment: Plant stem growing towards the light source as it turns on its own axis..
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Fig. 46 Expected outcome of expeirment 01B (source: D.Leon) Fig. 47 Setup of EXP01-B: Black box with slight apperture in one of its faces(source: D.Leon) Fig. 48 Superimposed timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP01-B (source: D.Leon)
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EXP-01C: GRAVITROPISM Experiment 01C seeks to test the gravitropic response of sunlight on bamboo shoots. For this, various rhizomes where planted and grown in pots and then placed tilted, on a 45 degree angle throughout the growth process, thus testing the response of the plant to gravity. Documentation took place on a daily basis, making sure the plant growth process wouldn’t be disturbed by the documentation scenario. Plants where photographed in such an angle that they would show growth differentiation along the process.
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Fig. 49 Expected outcome of expeirment 01C (source: D.Leon) Fig. 50 Setup of EXP01-C: Tilted pot 45 degress (source: D.Leon) Fig. 51 Superimposed timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP01-B (source: D.Leon)
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Fig. 52 Timelapse photo of specimen 1.1.2 i EXP01-B (source: D.Leon)
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EXP-01B EXP-01C EXP-01A
10
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EXP-01: CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 53 Chart of results Experiment-01 (source: D.Leon)
A higher ratio of subjects was expected to take when rhizomes where planted. Shoots must be transferred when already grown from rhizomes. Although not enough plants took to create a statistically consistent result, the subjects that could be tested showed a much larger response to light stimuli than the response induced to counter gravity. Therefore, light to induce phototropism is the chosen stimuli for further experimentation.
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ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED PHOTOTROPISM
EXPERIMENT 02 Experiment 02 proposed to expose plants to artificial light by introducing a lighting device at the tip of the plant where the apical meristem is located. The apical meristem is one of the plant “light sensors�, responsible for the production of Auxin which is the hormone that regulates plant growth. Hypothetically, if this organ of the plan is stimulated by light, it will produce Auxin to achieve differentiated growth in order to turn the plant towards the light source.
Fig. 54 Squematic setup for aritificial light device (source: D.Leon)
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LIGHT HOOD
Fig. 55 Light emiting device or “Light Hood” installed at the tip of the plants. (source: D.Leon)
86 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
SPECIES NAME: NUMBER OF SPECIMENS: SPECIES AGE: MAX HEIGHT: ENVIRONMENT: LIGHT: REQUIREMENT:
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETII 10 5 YEAR OLD ~2.5M INDOORS ARTIFICIAL WHITE LED LIGHT TEST THE INFLUENCE OF LOCALLY DIRECTED ARTIFICIAL LIGHT IN THE GROWTH OF BAMBOO PLANTS
PLANTED RHIZOMES S-01
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GROWN SHOOTS S-01
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S-03
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
EXP-02: SETUP Eleven rhizomes specimens of the type Phyllostachys Bissetii from a 5 year old plant where planted on pots with earth and expected to take along the next days. From these, within the next 3 days only two plant took and the shoots started to appear from the soil. These specimens where destined to test the artificial light device.
Fig. 56 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
S-11
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LED
LED SUPPORT
LIGHT HOOD
BELT RIM
EXP-02: LIGHT HOOD The light hood was designed considering the plants anatomy. It consist of a 3D-printed PLA light hood with a unilateral window, which allows for light to enter from one side and for the leafs of the plant to come out. A belt rim also 3D printed with PLA embraces the light hood to secure the device, but its also meant to adapt to the plant unpredictable growth. The belt holds a white 5mm LE that is controlled and powered by an arduino board automatically.
Fig. 57 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
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Fig. 58 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
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EXP-02: TIMELAPSE Plant growth was documented taking one hourly photograph along 14 days. The first 3 days the plants where settled, watered and hoped to adjust to the environment. Once the growing subjects where identified, the hood was placed in order to track their response. Although the plants continued growing with the device installed, the device had no effect on the plants growing direction. Eventually the plants fell, not being able to width stand their own weight, before their expected full size was obtained.
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Fig. 59 Summarized timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP02 (source: D.Leon)
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EXP-02: CONCLUSIONS A higher ratio of subjects rhizomes where planted. when already grown from must be provided for
Fig. 60 Chart of results Experiment-02 (source: D.Leon) Fig. 61 Frame from EXP-02 timelapse(source: D.Leon)
was expected to take when Shoots must be transferred rhizomes. Better conditions plants to grow indoors.
Artificial white light seemed to have no effect on plant response. Plants where also receiving natural light when experiment was taking place. Additional experiments must be performed isolating the undesired factors in order to determined the real effect of light on plants.
12H EXPOSURE
10H EXPOSURE
8H EXPOSURE
12H EXPOSURE
10H EXPOSURE
8H EXPOSURE
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LIGHT WAVELENGHT TEST
EXPERIMENT 03 Experiment 3 bases in premise in the search for the correct wavelength of light to which Bamboo plants react phototropically. It is well known in indoor agriculture, as shown in fig. 68, and based on the research of Johnston, that plant certain wavelength range of red an blue colours stimulates plant growth. However, there is no research that specifies which wavelength stimulates the phototropic response in order to generate differential elongation. For this reason, and based on these premise, the experiment attempts to test the effect of both light wavelengths in order to achieve a better understanding of its effects on bamboo plants.
Fig. 62 Squematic setup for light wavelength test (source: D.Leon)
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750 700 RED LIGHT
620nm - 680nm
650 600 550 500 BLUE LIGHT 450 400 350
[nm]
450nm - 495nm
‘The 450nm spectrum enables cryptochromes and phototropins to mediate plant responses such as phototropic curvature, inhibition of elongation growth, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening and seedling growth regulation. It affects chlorophyll formation, photosynthesis processes, and through the cryptochrome and phytochrome system, raises the photomorphogenetic response. These wavelengths encourage vegetative growth through strong root growth and intense photosynthesis and are often used as supplemental light for seedlings and young plants during the vegetative stage of their growth cycle, especially when “stretching” must be reduced or eliminated.’ (source: Ilumitex, 2015)
Fig. 63 Wavelength spectrum of light in measure in lambda [nm] (source: illumitech.com)
‘Red light affects phytochrome reversibility and is the most important for photosynthesis, flowering and fruiting regulation. These wavelengths encourage stem growth, flowering and fruit production, and chlorophyll production. A study titled “Influence of Light Wavelengths on Growth of Tomato” by Hery Suyanto et.al., for example, demonstrated that tomato plants showed the most growth in the vegetative phase under 650nm light. In the germination phase, irradiation of 680nm spurred the greatest growth rate. The 624nm region has the highest photosynthetic relative quantum yield for a range of plants. At the same time, its action on red-absorbing phytochrome is considerably weaker compared to that of 660 nm red light and can be used to balance the phytochrome equilibrium towards lower values (closer to those of daylight) than those achievable with 660 nm red light, especially when used together with 730 nm red light. The 660nm wavelength has a very strong photosynthetic action and also exhibits the highest action on red-absorbing phytochrome regulated germination, flowering and other processes. Most effective for light cycle extension or night interruption to induce flowering of long-day plants or to prevent flowering of short-day plants. Most energy-efficient source for photosynthesis among all available supplemental LEDs.’ (source: Ilumitex, 2015)
96 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 97
660nm RED LIGHT 460nm BLUE LIGHT
Fig. 64 Vertical Pink Farms in Illinois (source: illuminatech.)
98 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
SPECIES NAME: NUMBER OF SPECIMENS: SPECIES AGE: MAX HEIGHT: ENVIRONMENT: LIGHT: REQUIREMENT:
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETII 7 4 YEAR OLD ~2.0M INDOORS ARTIFICIAL PROJECTED LIGHT OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGHTS TEST THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGHTS INT THE SPECTRUM OF LIGHT IN THE GROWTH OF BAMBOO PLANTS
GROWING SHOOTS S-01
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-02
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
S-03
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
S-04
RED LIGHT 660nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-05
RED LIGHT 660nm 10H EXPOSURE
S-06
RED LIGHT 660nm 12H EXPOSURE
S-07
CONTROL
EXP-03: SETUP The setup for this experiment starts with seven plants, which in this case where transferred to pots while already growing (unlike previous experiments where rhizomes where planted), in order to guarantee better take ratio of the plants. As expected, seven out of seven where growing by the third day. The plants are set in a black background in a dark room, where light could be projected on them under control without any disruption.
Fig. 65 Setup of plants for Experiment 03 (source:D.Leon)
S-07
S-05
S-05
S-04
S-03
S-02
S-01
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 99
PROJECTOR
PC
NO EXPOSURE
Once the plants where set and growing, an ACER X1161 projector was installed directly in front of them. Such device is able to project light at 2500 ANSI lumens in absolute darkness, sufficient for the plants to receive enough light if exposed to it enough time in a daily basis (Garner). Therefore, three subjects would be exposed to a 460nm blue light for 8a period of 8, 10 and 12 hours respectively, and three other to a 660nm red light for the same period (Johnston), in order to test reactions to different time exposure.
12 HOURS EXP.
10 HOURS EXP.
8 HOURS EXP.
12 HOURS EXP.
10 HOURS EXP.
8 HOURS EXP.
EXP-03: SETUP
660nm
660nm
660nm
460nm
460nm
460nm
PROJECTOR
100 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 101
Fig. 66 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
102 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
EXP-03: TIMELAPSE The results where recorded by an automated camera in a time-lapse of daily photographs along 21 days of growth, in which plants achieve most of its expected length of growth. This document was useful to show the growth variation among different subjects after the experiment was finished.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT| DEVELOPMENT 103
Fig. 67 Summarized timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP03 (source: D.Leon)
104 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
S-01
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
EXP-03: RESULTS
S-02
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
After 18 days of exposure, all stems where cutted down and stripped of their branches for documentation. The specimens where photographed from a side from their exposure in a grid background,inordertoproperlyplotthefindingsoftheexperiment . Although the plants have yet long to undergo their lignification process (Suzuki), the specimens showed at first glance a clear differentiation according to the color of their exposure.
S-03
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT| 105
S-04
RED LIGHT 660nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-05
RED LIGHT 660nm 10H EXPOSURE
Fig. 68 Side photograph of subjects as result of experiment 03 (source: D.Leon)
S-06
RED LIGHT 660nm 12H EXPOSURE
106 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-03
12H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-02
10H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-01
8H EXPOSURE
RED LIGHT 660nm
S-06
12H EXPOSURE
RED LIGHT 660nm
S-04
8H EXPOSURE
RED LIGHT 660nm
S-05
10H EXPOSURE
EXP-03: CONCLUSION The experiment shows a clear differentiation between wavelength of light. Plants exposed to blue wavelength in 460nm show a clear better phototropic response to light. Plants exposed to red light wavelength of 660nm do not show a clear phototropic response. The plants do not show a clear responses in what regards to time exposure. Further experiments must take place in order to gain control over the desired effect of phototropic stimuli and specific zones of stimuli within each subject.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fig. 69 Chart of results Experiment-03 (source: D.Leon)
cm
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT| 107
108 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
SENSING ISOLATION TEST
EXPERIMENT 04 The following experiment attempts to gain control over the phototropic response, based on the findings of the previous experiments. According to biological research and advice from botanists, the cell and hormone generation organ in plants are meristems. In Bamboo plants, meristematic cells are produced in an intercalary system divided among the nodes of the plant. Therefore, nodes are the responsible for hormone production including Auxin, the hormone responsible for phototropism. The experiment aim on isolating nodes and internodes in order to test phototropic response focal parts of the bamboo anatomy.
Fig. 70 Squematic setup for sensing isolation test (source: D.Leon)
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT| 109
NODE
INTERNODE
NODE
INTERNODE
NODE INTERNODE NODE INTERNODE NODE
Fig. 71 Photo of bamboo subject with reflective IR ink on inodes for tracking purposes(source: D.Leon)
110 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
SPECIES NAME: NUMBER OF SPECIMENS: SPECIES AGE: MAX HEIGHT: ENVIRONMENT: LIGHT: REQUIREMENT:
PHYLLOSTACHYS BISSETII 6 4 YEAR OLD ~2.0M GROWN OUTDOORS - PLANTED INDOORS ARTIFICIAL PROJECTED BLUE LIGHT TEST THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT WAVELENGHTS INT THE SPECTRUM OF LIGHT IN THE GROWTH OF BAMBOO PLANTS
GROWING SHOOTS S-01
NODE
8h. exposure S-02
NODE
10h. exposure S-03
NODE
12h. exposure S-04
SEGMENT
10h. exposure S-05
SEGMENT
8h. exposure S-06
SEGMENT
12h. exposure S-07
CONTROL
EXP-04: SETUP The setup for this experiment consist of seven bamboo shoots from a four year old plant, whose rhizomes where transferred to pots indoors while the shoots where already growing (unlike previous experiments where rhizomes where planted), in order to guarantee better take ratio of the plants. Six out of seven plants where growing by the fifth day. The plants are set in a black background in a dark room, where light could be projected on them under control without any disruption.
Fig. 72 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
S-07
S-05
S-05
S-04
S-03
S-02
S-01
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 111
IR TRACKING MARKERS
650nm
650nm
660nm
670nm
470nm
480nm
490nm
IR CAMERA
CONTROLLER
PROJECTOR
112 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
NO EXPUSURE
12 HOURS EXP.
10 HOURS EXP.
8 HOURS EXP.
12 HOURS EXP.
10 HOURS EXP.
8 HOURS EXP.
EXP-04: SETUP Once the plants where set and growing, an ACER X1161 projector was installed directly in front of them. Such device is able to project light at 2500 ANSI lumens in absolute darkness, sufficient for the plants to receive enough light if exposed to it enough time in a daily basis (Garner). Therefore, three subjects would be exposed to a 460nm blue light in the nodes for a period of 8, 10 and 12 hours respectively, and three other would receive 460nm blue light in the internodes for the same period (Johnston), in order to test reactions to different time exposure. Once developed enough, each plant was marked in their nodes with common infrared reflective ink in order to be tracked. For this purpose, an infrared webcam was placed and connected to a computer, which would interpret the nodes by contrast and translate the nodes position to generate the projected image in the correct height.
IR WEBCAM
PROJECTOR
PC
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 113
Fig. 73 Sendero de Guadua. Elements grown for furniture (source: guaduabamboo.com)
114 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
Fig. 74 Setup for recursively tracking and projecting light into the plant nodes and internodes (source: D.Leon)
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 115
116 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
1
2
3
4
6
X
6
EXP-04: TRACKING Tracking the nodes of the plants required extreme fine tunning of the devices and code. Different configuration where tested for tracking mnodes on the culms. The infrared light casted by the IR webcam was not strong enough for reflective paint on the nodes to be read by the webcam, so aditional 3mm IR LEDs needed to be installed. The noise generated by the webcam made depuration of the tracking code a priority for the feedback loop to complete. Some nodes seldomly where not identified, so the input had to be manually inputed.
Fig. 75 Screenshot taken from IR webcam feed highlighting the relfected IR paint in the nodes (source: D.Leon)
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 117
1
2
3
4
6
X
6
Fig. 76 Image from timelapse showing the projected pattern in nodes and internodes (source: D.Leon)
118 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
EXP-04 TIMELAPSE The results where recorded by an automated camera in a timelapse of daily photographs along 21 days of growth, in which plants achieve most of its expected length of growth. this document was useful to show the growth variation among different subjects after the experiment was finished.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 119
Fig. 77 Summarized timelapse of plant during its growth process of EXP03, from IR webcam and from timelapse parallely (source: D.Leon)
120 |RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
S-01
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-02
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
EXP-04: RESULTS After 15 days of exposure, all stems where trimmed down and stripped of their branches for documentation purposes. The specimens where photographed from a 90 degreed angle from their exposure vector in a background with a grid, in order to properly plot the findings of the experiment. Although the plants have yet long to undergo their lignification process (Suzuki), the specimens showed at first glance a clear differentiation according to the color of their exposure.
S-03
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 121
S-04
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-05
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
Fig. 78 Side photograph of subjects as result of experiment 03 (source: D.Leon)
S-06
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
122 | RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-03
12H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-02
10H EXPOSURE
Although a clear responses in what regards to time exposure was not obtained with so few subjects, valuable parameters where extracted fro the tracking of the nodes, allowing for parametrization of the growth of the plant in terms of the coordination of the extension of the nodes. By means of plotting the correlation of the nodes extension length to a constant percentage of the growth of the plants, an average ratio of growth could be obtained that explained the way the proportion in which the culm extends .
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-01
8H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-06
12H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm
S-04
10H EXPOSURE
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-05
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT | 123
S-03
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
S-02
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
S-01
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
S-06
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 12H EXPOSURE
S-04
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 10H EXPOSURE
S-05
BLUE LIGHT 460nm 8H EXPOSURE
EXP-04: CONCLUSION
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
cm
Fig. 79 Chart of results EXP-04 (source: D.Leon) Fig. 80 Graph correlating Node Grow Length and Time EXP-04 (source: D.Leon)
The experiment show a slight differentiation between projection on nodes and internodes of the bamboo plant. Plants exposed to blue wavelength in 460nm in the nodes show better phototropic response to light, but lower growth rate, achieving less than half their expected total growth length. On the other hand, plants exposed to blue wavelength in 460nm in the internodes do not show a clear phototropic response, but where almost fully grown into their expected total growth length. Further experments must take place in order to gain more control over the desired effect of phototropic estimnulation and especific zones of estimulation within each subject.
06 DESIGN PROPOSAL
126 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
EXPERIMENTS
1. PROPAGATION
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
2. GROWTH
3. INTERACTION
RESEARCH PROPOSAL This thesis research proposal takes the parameters acquired from biological research and physical experiments to create a realistic simulation of the plant growth in order to finally propose possible morphological configurations to generate structures that could be habitable. The proposal is divided in three stages: 1. Propagation, based on rhizomatous propagation of monopodia bamboo plants: 2. Growth, which considers the parameters that involve the development process of bamboo plants in order to simulate their growth; 3. Interaction, where an interface of elements develop into a system where plant correlate their growth in order to produce possible configurations of living structures.
OUTLOOK
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 127
RHIZOME GROWTH SIMULATION
PLANT GROWTH SIMULATION
PLANT INTERACTION
Fig. 81 Proposed methodology for simulation of living structure (source. D.Leon)
128 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
PROPAGATION A first strategy to simulate plant growth was to gain a full understanding on how rhizomatic growth works. Focus was placed in monopodial rhizomes, for their capacity to spread in vast amounts. The planted seed spreads seeking nutrients as it grows through time, spreading non-uniformely as is permitted by its boundaries. The growth sequence is represented by the gradient of colour from the seed out as the rhizome grows outwards. Above, various iteration are showcases to show the stochastic outcome in every sequence.
Fig. 82 Various iteration sof rhizomatic propagation
RESEARCH PROPOSAL| 129
r = 1 m.
NEW SPROUT
TIME SCALE RHIZOME INITIAL SEED
SPROUTS Fig. 83 Sprouts arising from soil as rhizome spreads
While the rhizome extends away from the seed, new sprouts begin to emerge randomly from the soil. These sprouts which will later become growing shoots, coming out from the ground looking for light at random initial angles.
130 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
9.32% 9.429% 9.554% 9.53% 9.61%
9.697%
9.7%
9.858%
9.716%
9.799%
9.768%
9.909%
10.039%
9.824%
9.873% 9.898% 9.925% 9.953% 9.981% 10.011% 10.042% 10.074% 10.108% 10.142%
9.885%
10.029%
10.239%
9.951%
10.161%
10.461%
10.021% 10.095%
10.303%
10.175%
10.457%
10.705%
10.259% 10.348%
10.623%
10.973%
STEM GROWTH Based on the findings of Experiment-04, a pattern of growth of the bamboo cane can be derived by analysed the node displacement for every parameter in the growth process. Here, tracking of the nodes served as base for establishing a growth rate at different points in time. This determines the elongation per segment at every point in time, establishing an algorithm for stem growth in the plant, which will serve as basis for plant growth simulation.
Fig. 84 Paramtric growth of a bamboo cane according to its nodes displacement. (source: D.Leon)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 131
8.013%
8.575%
8.298%
8.262%
8.52%
8.59%
8.769%
8.806%
9.013%
9.161%
8.84%
9.005%
9.006%
9.52%
9.089% 9.208%
9.31%
9.45%
9.666%
9.594%
9.226%
10.148% 9.389%
10.113% 9.58%
9.735%
9.8%
10.065%
10.086%
10.911% 10.731%
10.577% 10.05%
11.834% 10.445%
10.334%
11.464% 11.148%
10.88% 12.956%
10.652%
12.334% 11.812% 11.375%
11.009%
11.407%
11.938%
12.583%
13.368%
14.33%
132 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
t
GROWING SEASON 1
PLANT GROWTH Culms emerge grom the grown each season with different height and thickness, increasing each generation untill the plants reaches maturity.
GROWING SEASON 2
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 133
GROWING SEASON 3
134 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
PLANT GROWTH Culms emerge grom the grown each season with different height and thickness, increasing each generation untill the plants reaches maturity.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 135
136 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A-1
NATURALLY GROWN CULM
CULM WITH ATTRACTOR ONE DIRECTION
LIGHT ATTRACTION As according to Experiment04, a focal point casting light to the plant is set. Light becomes the attracting agent. If two or more focal points are set, different curvatures can be achieved.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 137
A-2
A-1
CULM WITH ATTRACTOR TWO DIRECTIONS
138 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A-2
RESEARCH PROPOSAL| 139
A-1
LIGHT ATTRACTION As according to Experiment04, a focal point casting light to the plant is set. Light becomes the attracting agent. If two or more focal points are set, different curvatures can be achieved.
140 |RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A-1
A-2
INTERACTION Taken the model for actual growth simulation as a base, parameters such as light source intensity and position variation where introduced with the goal to generate interactoin within the system.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL | 141
A-2
A-1
07 DISCUSSION
144 |DISCUSSION
B02
B01
B03
PLAN VIEW
B04
GLOBAL STIMULATION Further development could focus on the translation of global mapping of growth (via Infra-Red sensors) to local mapping using visual markers. By analizing real time position of each node, the growth path could be deviated with adaptive intesity lighting individually. The implication of this especulation is not only the control of the desired path of the specimens, but also conduction or adaptation of this growth for structural purposes taking in account the plants generous material properties.
DISCUSSION | 145
BEAM02
BEAM01
BEAM03
BEAM04
146 | DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION | 147
LIGHT RING
LOCAL DIRECTIONALITY DIRECTED NODE
LOCAL STIMULATION It is important to remark that the term ‘robot’ is not refered in this case to a single entity, rather than a swarm of micro-mechanisms strategically located and coordinated, consisting of low energy consumption LED’s whose charasteristic is to simply control light direction and intensity, This type of constant cheking of the status of the system allows for feedback loops in long term (seasonal) cycles which opens an exploration field of structures that are in continious growth and evaluation every growing season.
08 OUTLOOK
150 |OUTLOOK
SYSTEM POSIBILITES The provided reaserch sheds a light on the posilities of constructing a system that could realistically serve to manipulate bamboo plants in order to generate living environments for functional purposes. The proposed system requires minimun of resources in order to produce considerable level of shape change in biological subjects of fast growth such as bambo plants. Although further studies are required to improve the level of control, the result undoubtly raises the question to rethink the way we see arhictecture nowdays.
OUTLOOK | 151
“Nature is a totally efficient, self-regenerating system. If we discover the laws that govern this system and live synergistically within them, sustainability will follow and humankind will be a success.�
- Buckminster Fuller
09 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
154 |ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 155
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ICD Institute for Computational Design Prof. Achim Menges M.Arch. B.Arch Sci David Correa Z. Dipl.-Ing. Oliver David Krieg ITKE IInstitut für Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen Prof. Jan Knippers BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH GROUP University of Freiburg Prof. Thomas Speck Dr. Friederike Gallenmuller ILEK Institut für Leichtbau Entwerfen und Konstruieren Prof. Werner Sobek Dipl. Ing. Arch. Irina Auernhammer Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Gericke IGMA Institut Grundlagen Moderner Architektur und Entwerfen Dr.-Ing. Fedinand Ludwig FATLAB Prof. Andreas Fuchs Dipl. -Ing. Michael Pelzer Dipl. -Ing. Fred Ernts BAMBUX Bamboo nursery, Winterbach Herr un Frau Stadelmeier
SPECIAL THANKS TO: My supporting parents Belén and the Torres López family and all the ITECH family
09 REFERENCES
158 |REFERENCES [01]
Integrative Design Computation: integrating material behaviour and robotic manufacturing processes in computational design for performative wood constructions (2011). acadia 2011_proceedings: integration through computation, 2011
[02]
Menges, A.: Material Computation: Higher Integration in Morphogenetic Design, Architectural Design Volume 82, Issue 2, 2012
[03]
Xiaoqing Wang, Tobias Keplinger, Notburga Gierlingerand Ingo Burgert Plant material features responsible for bamboo’s excellent mechanical performance: a comparison of tensile properties of bamboo and spruce at the tissue fibre and cell wall levels. Anals of Botany. 2014
[04]
Eiichi Obataya Æ Peter Kitin Æ Hidefumi Yamauchi, Bending characteristics of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with respect to its fiber–foam composite structure. Springer-Verlag 2007
[05]
W. Liese . Anatomy and Properties of Bamboo.
[06]
Dunkelberg, Klaus. Il 31, Bambus. Il 31, Bamboo. Bambus Als Baustoff. Bauen Mit Pflanzlichen Stäben. Stuttgart: Institut für leichte Flächentragwerke. 1985. ISBN 3-7828-2031-2
[07]
Knippers, Jan, et al. Construction Manual for Polymers + Membranes. Munich : Institut für internationale. Architektur-Dokumentation GmbH & Co. KG DETAIL, 2011. ISBN 97832034607339.
[08]
Minke, Gernot. Building with Bamboo. Birkhauser, August 1, 2012. ISBN 9783034607483 Garner, Wightman Wells, and Harry Ardell Allard. “Effect of the relative length of day and night and other factors of the environment on growth and reproduction in plants.” (1920): 553-606.
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[10]
Whippo, Craig W., and Roger P. Hangarter. “Phototropism: bending towards enlightenment.” The Plant Cell 18.5 (2006): 1110-1119. Johnston, Earl S., F. S. Brackett, and W. H. Hoover. “Relation of phototropism to the wavelength of light.” Plant physiology 6.2 (1931): 307.
[11]
Garner, Wightman Wells, and Harry Ardell Allard. “Effect of the relative length of day and night and other factors of the environment on growth and reproduction in plants.” (1920): 553-606.
[12]
Eiichi Obataya Æ Peter Kitin Æ Hidefumi Yamauchi, Bending characteristics of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with respect to its fiber–foam composite structure. Springer-Verlag 2007
[13]
Suzuki, Kiyoshi, and Takao Itoh. “The changes in cell wall architecture during lignification of bamboo, Phyllostachys aurea Carr.” Trees 15.3 (2001):
[14]
Sachs, Roy M. “Stem elongation.” Annual Review of Plant Physiology 16.1 (1965):
[15]
TAMURA, SABURO, et al. “Growth promoting activities of bamboo gibberellin.” Plant and Cell Physiology 7.4 (1966): 677-681.
[16]
TAMURA, SABURO, et al. “Growth promoting activities of bamboo gibberellin.” Plant and Cell Physiology 7.4 (1966):
[17]
Hardiness Zones. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone
[18]
Wavelength Influence on Plants. (n.d.). In Illumitex. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.illumitex.com/impacts-coloredlight-plants/
TECH
rchitectural Design Research
.Sc. Programme, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
of. AA Dipl.(Hons.) Arch. Achim Menges
sign Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers
ITECH Architectural Design Research M.Sc. Programme, Faculty of Architecture and Urban
Prof. AA Dipl.(Hons.) Arch. Achim Menges Design Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Knippers