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From the
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Prelinger
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JJibrary t
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San Francisco, California 2007
THE MUSHROOM BOOK
Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk. See page
55.
THE MUSHROOM BOOK.
A POPULAR GUIDE TO
THE IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF OUR COMMONER FUNGI, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE EDIBLE VARIETIES BY
NINA
L.
MARSHALL
WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR AND BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOGRAPHED FROM NATURE BY J. A. & H. C. ANDERSON
NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY GARDEN CITY
1923
COPYRIGHT, 1901, 1904, 1922, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES AT PRESS, GARDEN CITY,
THE COUNTRY LIFE
N. Y.
THE
MUSH-
ROOM
BOOK
COHRINUS COMATUS Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, Corne> See page 90
PREFACE THE author of this book makes no claim to the discovery The maof the facts presented. terial has all been drawn from written
monographs
who the
A
by
men
made
have
specialties of different divisions of fungi.
works
of
list
consulted
is
given at the close of this book. The plates are reproductions of
photographs made by Mr. J. A. Anderson, and coloured by Miss H. C. Anderson. They are as true to nature as
is possible to the best meth-
it
make them with
ods of reproduction now known, and by them alone an acquaintance with many species may be acquired.
Many
of the cuts have been
redrawn by the author from various reliable sources, and many have been drawn directly from
With
nature.
the
a
few exceptions,
drawings of sections were made from the specimens It has been the photographed. aim of the author to write a book line
simple enough to serve as a source of knowledge for the
many who, though busy with other pursuits, yet take an inin science and wish to
terest
obtain fungi,
information either
using them
for
about the
as food,
sake
the
of
or for the vii
Coprinus comatus Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, University.
See page 90
Preface
pleasure
which an acquaintance with
may give. in this
A
great effort has
their habits
been made not to
and home
sacrifice
life
accuracy
attempt.
The number of species of the fungi is so great that to dethem all would necessitate a book of huge dimensions, so that it has seemed best simply to give a general idea of the characteristics upon which the larger groups, the classes, orders, and genera, are based, by describing some of the species in each. scribe
Seven genera of the Spore-sac Fungi are illustrated with ten the Basidiomycetes with species, and thirty-five genera of seventy-three
species,
making
a total
in colour
of eighty-three
species
and
half-tone. represented by photographs In addition a number of species are given in rough pen
drawings, with sufficient accuracy for identification, and species have been described without illustration.
An
effort
has been
made
many
to describe the species in terms without constant reference to
intelligible to the average reader
an unabridged dictionary, and, whenever possible, the terms have been illustrated by line cuts.
Although the technical names necessarily used are a serious hindrance to the popularization of the study of fungi,
it
has
seemed best, in most cases, to give only the Latin form of the names of species, since, by so doing, there will be less danger of confusing harmless species with those which are harmful and, also, if their Latin names are adhered to, one will find it much simpler to consult the scattered literature on this subject, as this nomenclature is used by all naturalists of whatever nationality. That the pronunciation of names may be rendered as simple as possible, each vowel has been marked long or short. These vowel-marks are not necessarily indicative of the true syllabic ;
quantity, but are rather diacritical points denoting the popular Each word has been pronunciation by the English system.
divided into syllables according to the accepted rules, and an accent has been placed on the syllables to be accented. The author is under deep obligations to Professor Lucien M, Underwood, of Columbia University, for aid and encouragement in the work of this book, and for his cheerful willingness at all times to assist in the search for material and in the work of
revising proof.
Preface
Thanks are also due York State Botanist, for of the
to Professor Charles H. Peck, the his
kind assistance
in identifying
New many
specimens illustrated. A list of books consulted has been placed at the end of the book, for the benefit of those who may wish to pursue the study further.
Coprinus comatus. Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University'
Sae pape 90
CONTENTS PAGE
CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER
I
THE HOMES AND HABITS OF FUNGI
:
II
III
.
THE RELATION OF FUNGI TO OTHER PLANTS
:
:
FROM SPORE TO MUSHROOM
IV: THE KEY a key is, and
What
How
.
a
for
key
15
why
a
is
fungi
name
is
desirable
and
made,
.
why
it
CHAPTER V
:
15
is
desirable
The Key
5
.11
.
.
i
i^ .
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
FUNGI WITH GILLS I.
46
WHITE-SPORED SERIES
.46
Genus Amanita Death Cup; Poison Amanita.
.'
.
Amanita Orange Amanita
50
Comparison of Three Yellow Amanitas
.
.
Genus Cantharellus
52
53
Cantharellus floccosus
53
Genus Amanitopsis The Sheathed Amanitopsis Amanitopsis parcivolvata
....-55
53
54
.
.
.
Genus Mycena Mycena haematopoda Genus Lentinus
55
55
56
.56 .57
Scaly Lentinus Genus Pleurotus
Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus sapidus Elm Pleurotus
48 49
Fly
......
.
.
Jenus Hygrophorus Chanterelle Hygrophorus
.
.
.
....
57 ^8 58 59
59
Contents
Vermilion Hygrophorus Ivory Hygrophorus Genus r milI aria
A
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
60
.61 .61 .61
.
.
....... ... ...... ...... .....
Honey-coloured Armillaria
Genus Lepiota Parasol Mushroom; Smooth Lepiota
.
.
.
Tall Lepiota
Lepiota Friesii
Genus Marasmius Fairy-ring Mushroom Genus Collybia Collybia familia
Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus
Panus
.
.
Omphalia
.
.
....... .
.
.
.
.
.
Genus
Clitocybe virens
.
69
.
.
.
.
.
.
70 .
.
.
.
Craterellus cantharellus
.
.
.
.
72
.
.
.
.
SERIES
Genus Agaricus Comparison of Eight Agarici
Common Mushroom
....
Rodman's Mushroom
..... .....
Genus Hypholoma Perplexing Hypholoma Comparison of Six Hypholomas Uncertain Hypholoma Hypholoma sublateritium Genus Stropharia
.... .......
xii
7'
72
BROWN-SPORED
Agaricus abruptus
70
...... .....-73
.
Genus Tricholoma Masked Tricholoma
2.
67
67 68
68
Clitocybe
Clitocybe laccata
67
.... .....68 -70
Russula Emetic Russula Green Russula; Verdette Variable Russula
66
-67
....
.
Schi^ophylluin
6s 6s
66 .
.
Trogia
63 63 64
.
Contents PACK
...
Genus Psathyra Genus Psilocybe Genus Pilosace Genus Deconica Genus Chitonia
82 82 82 82
83
RUSTY-SPORED SERIES
).
Genus Pholiola
83 83 84
Fat Pholiota Early Pholiota Pholiota aggericola
....
Genus Cortinarius Cortinarius alboviolaceus 4.
87 87
Fawn-coloured Pluteus Genus Entoloma
88 88 88
Genus Eccilia Genus Volvaria Genus Clitopilus BLACK-SPORED SERIES
5.
....
Genus Coprinus Ink Caps
.
Shaggy-mane;
Horsetail;
Maned Agaric
.
Inky Coprinus Glistening Coprinus
FUNGI
WITH MILKY
JUICE
92
92 93
Peppery Lactarius Lactarius ligniotus :
FUNGI WITH TEETH
Genus Hydnum Spreading
90 91 91
9a
Genus Lactarius
VI
89 89
92 92
Genus Gomphidius Genus Psathyrella Genus Pan&olus
CHAPTER
86
PINK-SPORED SERIES
Genus Pluteus
6.
84 85
Hydnum
White Hydnum
HYDNACE^
.
.
94 95 95
95 xiii
Content* PAC
Hydnum
imbricatum
Bear's-head
9
Hydnum
.....
Medusa's Head
Hedgehog Hydnum Coral
CHAPTER
VII
:
Hydnum AND
FAIRY CLUBS
CORAL FUNGI
9
Physalacria
9 9 9 9
Pistillaria
Typhula Sparassis Pterula
9 9 9 9
Lachnocladium Clavaria
Yellow Clavaria Golden Clavaria Pale
10
Red-tipped Clavaria Crested Clavaria Pistil
Clavaria
;
10
10
Large Club
Clavaria fellea
.
.
.
.
.
.
101
.
.
.
101
Clavaria formosa
CHAPTER
VIII
:
9 9
CLA-
VARIACE>
Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus Genus
9 9
101
FUNGI WITH PORES PORACE/
.
Boletacece
.
BOLETACE/E .
.
POLY-
;
.
.IO2 102
Genus Fistulina Genus Boletinus
102 105
Painted Boletinus
Genus Boletus
103 104
Boletus glabellus Boletus bicolor
104 105
Boletus cyanescens Boletus pallidus
105
Boletus mutabilis
105
Boletus speciosus Golden-flesh Boletus
106
Boletus radicans
106
105
105
Boletus Peckii
106
Boletus calopus
106 xiv
Contents PACK
Purple Boletus Boletus Satanus
107 107
Bitter Boletus
107
Boletus scaber
.
.
.108
.
.
.
Orange-cap Boletus Chestnut Boletus Boletus eximius
108
Edible Boletus
109
Boletus subtomentosus
109
Boletus Americanus
109
108
108
109
Polyporacece
no no
Genus Merulius Genus Polyporus Polyporus applanatus Polyporus fomentarius Polyporus conchatus
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
Polyporus sulphureus Polyporus squamosus
10
in 1 1 1
.
.
.
.
.ill
.
.
.
.
.
in 112
Polyporus lucidus Polyporus arcularius
112
Polyporus versicolor Polyporus circinatus
112
112
113
Genus Trametes Genus Lenities
113 113
Lenzites betulina
113
Lenzites separia
114
Genus Dcedalea
114
Daedalea unicolor
.
.
.
.114
.
Daedalea confragosa Daedalea quercina
Genus Favolus
CHAPTER
10
.in
Polyporus velutinus Polyporus pergamenus Polyporus perennis
1
1
.
.
114
114 .
.
,
IX: GELATINOUS AND OTHER PUNCH
.
.
.115 .116
Jew's Ear, or Judas's Ear
116
Tremellodon
116
Guepina
.
116
.
xv
Contents PACK
CHAPTER X:
OFFENSIVE FUNGI
ORDER PHALLALES
.
Genus Phallus
117 117
Stinkhorns
117
Phallus impudicus
1
Genus Dictyophora
19
120
Dictyophora Ravenelii Dictyophora duplicata Mutinus caninus
120
120 120
Family Clathracece
CHAPTER
.
121
Latticed Clathrus
121
Clathrus columnatus
121
Anthurus borealis
121
Simblum rubescens
122
XI
:
PUFFBALLS
123
Order Ly coperdales Genus Ly coperdon
123
124
Pear-shaped Puffball Pinkish Puffball
125
125
Genus Calvalia
126
Brain-shaped Calvatia Giant Puffball
Cup-shaped
126 127 128
Puffball
Genus Bovista Genus Bovistella
128 129
Bovistella Ohiensis
129
Genus Geaster
129
Earth-stars
The Smallest
129 Earth-star
Water-measuring Earth-star
.
.
.
.
.
.
Genus Calostoma
.130 .130 131
Calostoma lutescens Calostoma Ravenelii Calostoma cinnabarinum
Order Nidulariales Genus Sphcerobolus
132
132 .
.
.
.132 133 133
Genus Nidularia Genus Cyathus Genus Crucibulum
133
133
133 xvi
Contents PAGE
Order Sclerodermatales Genus Scleroderma
133 133
Scleroderma vulgare
CHAPTER
XII
SPORE-SAC FUNGI
:
134
ASCOMYCETES
.
Order Tuber ales TruJJles Order Hypocreales Genus Xylaria Order Sphceriales Order Females Cup-fungi
135 135
136 136 136 137
Peziza odorata
137
Golden Peziza
138
Order Helvellales Family Geoglossacece
.
138
Earth Tongues
.
.
Genus Spathularia
.138 138
Velvety Spathularia
138
Spathularia clavata
139
Genus Geoglossum Geoglossum hirsutum Geoglossum glabrum Genus Vibrissea
139 139
139 139
Vibrissea truncorum
139
Vibrissea circinans
140
Genus Mitrula
140
Irregular Mitrula
140
Family Helvellacea Morels Genus Gyromitra
140 141
Gyromitra esculenta
141
Genus Morchella Genus Helvella
141
142
Helvella elastica
142
Helvella lacunosa
CHAPTER CHAPTER XIV XIII
:
:
SLIME FUNGI
143
MYXOMYCETES
FUNGI FOR THE HERBARIUM
.
.
.
.
.144 .145
Collector's notes
145
Collector's outfit
147
Care of specimens
147
Collecting spores The search for a name
149
147
xvii
Contents PAGE
The preparation Mounting Sections
of rough-dried plants for the herbarium
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.150
.
.151
Poisoning herbarium specimens
CHAPTER XV:
.
.
Cautions for the inexperienced
To prepare the edible To cook agarics
151
152 .
agarics for cooking
.
.
.
.
.153 .153 153
Mushrooms stewed
To
153
prepare russulas prepare fungi with milky juice Lactarius deliciosus
1
.
.
To prepare amanitas To prepare chanterelles To fry chanterelles To prepare cop rini ink caps To prepare boleti To prepare Hydnum repandum To prepare morels To prepare beefsteak fungus .
54
.154
.
154
Lactarius volemus .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-154 .154 1
54
1
54
154
.
.
.
1
54
1
54
1
54
155
For salad
Minced
50
1
FUNGI FOR THE TABLE
The food value of fungi To keep mushrooms temporarily
To
149
149
-155 .
155
To prepare gyromitras 155 To prepare woody pore-bearing fungi Polyporae. 155 To prepare clavarias and branched hydnums .155 To cook clavarias .155 To prepare and cook puffballs 155 SOME USEFUL BOOKS ON MUSHROOMS .157 LIST OF POISONOUS OR SUSPECTED MUSHROOMS .159 LIST OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS 161 ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF BOTANISTS WITH EXPLANATIONS 165 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...... .
INDEX AND GLOSSARY
167
xvm
LIST OF PLATES I.
Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk. (seep. 55)
Frontispiece FACING PACE
II.
III.
Death Cup; Poison Amanita (Amanita phalloides, Fr.) Orange Amanita (Amanita Qesarea, Scop.), edible
IV. Fly
Amanita (Amanita muscaria,
L.),
poisonous
46
.
47
.
50
V. Sheathed Amanitopsis (Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze), edible
51
.
VI. Strangled Amanitopsis (Amanitopsis strangulata, Fr. Roze), edible VII. Helmet
Mycena (Mycena
galericulata, Scop.), edible
VIII. Scaly Lentinus (Lentinus lepideus, Fr.), edible
IX. Grainy Lepiota (Lepiota granosa, Morg.),
X. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus,
.
55
.
58
.
59
Fr.), edible
62
(see p. 57)
XI. Golden-flesh
54
Boletus
(Boletus
chrysenteron,
Fr.)
63
(see p. 106)
Vermilion Hygrophorus (Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr.), edible
63
Chantarelle Hygrophorus (Hygrophorus cantharellus, . . Schw.), edible (see p. 59) XII. Smooth Lepiota (Lepiota naucinoides, Pk.), edible .
Parasol
Mushroom
.
66
(Lepiota procera, Scop.), edible
.66
(see p. 63)
XIII. Spotted Collybia (Collybia maculata, A. and S.) Broad-gilled Collybia (Collybia platyphylla, Fr.)
XIV. Collybia
63
.
.
XV. Deceiving Clitocybe
(Clitocybe illudens, Schw.) xix
66
66
familia, Pk. (edible)
Clitocybe laccata, Scop., edible (see p. 70)
66
.66 .
67
List of Plates PIATE
FACING PAGE
XVI. Fat Pholiota (Pholiota adiposa,
Fr.), edible (see
9-83)
70 Armillaria
Honey-coloured
(Armillaria
mellea,
Vahl.), edible
XVII. Lepiota
Friesii,
70
Lasch
.
.
.
Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr. (see p. 86)
XVIII. Emetic
Russula
(Russula
emetica,
(dangerous)
XIX.
Pholiota aggericola, Peck (see p. 84)
.
Schaeff.),
...
Craterellus cantharellus, Schw. (edible)
XX. XXI.
....
Clitocybe virens, Scop, (edible) Field
Mushroom
.71 .71
.
.
.
(uncultivated)
74 75
75
young Rodman's Mushroom (mature)
78
bulbosum, Pk.), edible
Agaricus campestris,
Pk.),
.
.
.
XXIII. Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible) XXIV. Masked Tricholoma (Tricholoma
XXV.
74
(Agaricus campestris, L.), edible
XXII. Rodman's Mushroom (Agaricus Rodmani,
Fr.; var.
74
78 79
... ...
personatum,
L., edible (see p. 76)
Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible)
.
.
.
82 82 82
'XXVI. Perplexing Hypholoma (Hypholoma perplexum, Pk.), harmless
XXVII. Uncertain
82
Hypholoma
(Hypholoma
incertum,
Pk.), edible
83
XXVIII. Brick Top (Hypholoma
sublateritium, Schaeff.),
86
edible
XXIX.
Ivory Hygrophorus (Hygrophorus eburneus,
Fr.),
edible (see p. 61)
87
Early Pholiota (Pholiota praecox, Pers.), edible
XXX. Dog
Cortinarius (Cortinarius caninus, Fr.)
XXXI. Mycena
haematopoda, Pers. (see
Lactarius ligniotus, Fr.
xx
.
.
.
.
p. 55) ,
.
.
87
.
90
.90 .90
List of Plates FACING PAGE
PLATE
XXXII. Zoned
Cortinarius (Cortinarius armillatus, A.
and
91
S., Fr.)
XXXIII. Golden Clavaria
aurea,
(Clavaria
Schaeff.),
edible
91
XXXIV. Fawn-coloured
.....
Pluteus
Schaeff.)* edible
XXXV.
(Pluteus
cervinus,
Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius, var. silvestris, Pk.), edible (see p. 91)
XXXVI.
.
Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius,
102
Lactarius (Lactarius piperatus, Scop.),
edible
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
103
Bear's-head
(Hydnum
caput-ursi, Fr.), edible
.
Little
106
Tongue Clavaria (Clavaria ligula, Fr.)
XLI. Bitter Boletus (Boletus
felleus, Bull.
;
.
107
XLI I. Clavaria formosa, XLI 1. Painted Boletinus 1
Spreading
Pers., edible
.
.no
.
(Boletinus pictus, Pk.), edible
Hydnum (Hydnum repandum,
1 1 1
XLIV. Scabrous-stemmed Boletus var. niveus, Gill.)
(Boletus scaber, Fr.;
.
XLV. Tinder-wood Polyporus
.
.
.114
.
(Elfmgia fomentaria,
Fomes fomentarius,
L.,
Polyporus fomen-
Gill.,
115
tarius, Fr.)
1
XLIX.
versicolor, Fr.
.
.
.
Polyporus circinatus, Fr. (see p. 113)
.
Lenzites betulina, Fr.
.
Daedalea quercina,
L.,
Phallus impudicus,
L
L. Jew's
1 1 1
L.),
edible (see p. 95)
XLVI. Polyporus
107
var. obesus,
Pk.)
XLVI I. XLVI 1.
106
Cone-like Boletus (Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Berk.)
XL.
95
Fr.),
edible
XXXVII. Peppery
94
Fr.;
.
.
.
112
Pers
Ear (Hirneola auricula-Judae), xxi
.118 .118 .119 122
L.,
Berk.
.
123
List of Plates PIATE
FACING PAGE
LI. Xylaria (see p. 136)
123
LI I. Calostoma Ravenelli, Berk., Mass.
Calostoma lutescens, Schw., Burnap
.
.
.
.
.123 .123
Calostoma cinnabarinum, Desv
123
Spathularia velutipes, C. and F. (see p. 138) Puffball
LI II. Pear-shaped
(Lycoperdon
.
.
pyriforme,
Schaeff.), edible
LIV. Brain
Puffball
123
126
(Calvatia
craniformis,
Schw.),
edible
127
LV. Bovistella Ohiensis
(Ellis
and Morgan), edible
....
P- 129)
(see
134
Cup-shaped Calvatia (Calvatia cyathiformis, Bosc.), edible
LV I.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Least Earth-star (Geaster minimus, Schw.)
Water-measuring
.
.134
.
.
.135
cus, Pers.)
Nest (Cyathus vernicosus, D. C.)
Bird's
LVII. Cordyceps capitala
(Holmsk.,
Lk.),
(see p.
133)
parasitic
138
Lycogola epidendron (see Chanterelle
p. 144)
Mutinus caninus, Huds.
LX. Flesh
coloured
natum,
Young
.
(see p. 120)
LVII I. Golden Peziza (Peziza aurantia,
-
.
Puffball
floccosus, .
.
.
.
.138 .138 .139
.
(Lycoperdon
.
Jelly-like
.
.
.
Tremellodon (Tremellodon gelatinosum) xxii
142
pyri-
Hard-skinned Puffball (Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.)
LXI. Slippery Leotia (Leotia lubrica), edible
139
subincar-
.
forme, Schaeff.), edible (see p. 125).
.
.
.
(Lycoperdon
Pk.), edible (see p. 125)
Puffball
.138
.
Pers.), edible.
Pk., edible (see p. 137)
Pear-shaped
.
(Cantharellus
Schw.), edible (see p. 53)
LIX. Peziza odorata,
135
on
Elaphomyces
Floccose
135
Earth-star (Geaster hygrometri-
.
142
.
142
.
143
.
143
List of Plates FACING PACK
PLATE
LXII.
Helvella elastica, Bull. (seep. 142)
.
.
Helvella lacunosa, Holm, (see p. 143)
.
.
Mitrula vitellina, Sacc., var. irregularis, Pk.
LXII I.
.
Delicious Morel (Morchella deliciosa, Fr.), edible
Polyporus arcularius, Batsch, Fr. (seep. 112)
LXIV.
.146 .146 .146
Bristly
Panus (Panus
strigosus,
p. 67)
B.
and C.)
.
.
150 150
(see
151
XXlll
LIST
OF ILLUSTRATIONS
IN
TEXT PAO
Coprinus comatus,
Fr. (old)
Coprinus comatus,
Fr.
(mature)
Coprinus comatus,
Fr.
(young)
i .
.
.
.
.
v
.
viii
Puffball
Corollas and honey, attractive to insects
....
4,
25 5
Ingenious stamens
5
of violet
6 6 6 6
Pistil
Seed-box of
iris
Pistil of St. Johns wort Seed-box of sacred bean
Winged seed
of the silver
....... ....... fir
Fern with spores (Polypodium vulgare) Grass spikelet
6
....
6
..... ...... .7 7
Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) Bean seed to show embryo Indian pipe
fly
7
(natural size)
Spores borne in delicate membranous sacs Bread mould Spores borne on
little
spicules
.
. . Spores as simple cells Spores divided into several cells
Mycelial threads
.
.
.
.
8
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.11 ...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
v
xxv
8
.
.
9, 17
9
$
.
17
1 1
.
........... ....
Mushroom buttons Young mushroom Puffball
.
...
.......
Moss (Dicranum scoparium)
White mould on dead
7
.
n n
n If
Text
List of Illustrations in
PACK
Mushroom Mushroom Mushroom
to to to
Section across
A
show show show gill
.12 .12 .12
veil
cap, ring,
gills,
and stem
on stem and cap
veil
.
.
.
.
12
(magnified)
small portion of section of
gill
(highly magnified)
.
.
Corn smut Leaf rust on Hepatica triloba
Pouch-fungus, section to Section to
13
22
13,
show
13,22
show
spores in hollow rind
14
.
14
gills
Section of a Boletus, to
show
pores
.
.
.
.
14,
102
Clavaria with spores on spines
Section of
Hydnum,
to
show
14
teeth
14
Section of stroma with perithecia (magnified)
.
.18
.
18
Perithecium (highly magnified)
Outer surface of
truffle
1
8
Section of truffle
18
Fleshy cup-like fungi
20
19,
Club-shaped fungus Conic, convex, and pitted fungus Fungus with gyrose furrows
Saddle-shaped fungus Fungus with spore surface
....
....... ....... ......... flat,
running
down
Geaster
19-21
the sides
Fungus with gills Fungus with pores Fungus with spines Calostoma
19,21
Nidularia
19,
20
19,
20 21
.
22,
30
23,
42 23
29 23, 28 23,
24
23,
Clathrus cancellatus
.
Simblum rubescens
.
. .
Anthurus borealis
.
.
.
24, 26, 121
.
.
24, 26, 122
24, 26, 121
Mutinus
27
Phallus impudicus
24, 27,
xxvi
1
19
List of Illustrations in
Text PAGE
Embryo
plant of Mutinus caninus
.
.
.
.24,
Scleroderma vulgare
120
25
Section of Scleroderma vulgare
25, 134
Mutinus caninus, young plant; embryo plant
.
.
.
.
.120 28, 128
Bovista Section of Bovista (diagrammatic)
.
.
28, 128
Calvatia
28, 126
Section of Calvatia
28, 126
28
Geaster
29
Lycoperdon Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic)
.
.
.
29,124
Bovistella
29
Section of Bovistella
29, 129
Clavaria
30
Section of
30
Hydnum of Hydnum imbricatum Cap
.
Cap with striations on the margin
.
.
.
30,
.
.
.
.30,
40, 50
..'.
Bracket fungus
.
Resupinate fungus Boletus Satanus
31
stem central
Pleurotus, stem eccentric Pleurotus, stem
.31
.31
Polyporus quercina Pleurotus,
96
.
....... .......
wanting
31
32 32 32
Gills toothed, Lentinus
32
Lamellae entire
33
Stem eccentric
33
Lamellae simple
33
Fungus with volva and annulus Volva, but no annulus
34
Annulus, but no volva Lamellae free from stem
Annulus movable
.
34
...... .
,
xxvii
34 34, 39
34
List of Illustrations in
Text PACK
Lamellae united with stem
34
Lamellae decurrent
35, 37, 39,
Lamellae adnate
.35.
40
37. 39
Lamellae sinuate
35
Volva wanting; annulus wanting
35
Lamellae in shallow folds
36
Volva present; annulus wanting Volva none; annulus none
37
Annulus arachnoid
38
Lamellae adnate
38
Veil remaining on stem as annulus
39
Volva none
39
37
Veil attached to margin of pileus
39
Lamellae deliquescent
40
Spores fusiform
40
. . Spores globose with central stem Hydnum .
Branched
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hydnum
.40 .41 .41
Lamellae labyrinthine,
43
Lamellae radial,
43
woody woody
Pores long-hexagonal
43
Pores in the form of tubes, stem lateral
.... .... .... ...... .
.
.
.
Pores in the form of tubes, stem central Section of
young Amanita
Young Amanita Young Amanita
in
in
wrapper
wrapper
in
ruptured wrapper Section of Amanita muscaria
Cap
striate,
and
free
from warts
44 47 47 47 47 50
Section of Amanita Caesarea
Young
44
50
plant of Amanita Caesarea
Section of Cantharellus floccosus
Section of Amanitopsis vaginata
Section of Amanitopsis parci volvata xxviii
50
.....
53
54 55
List of Illustrations in
Text PACK
Section of Lentinus lepideus
56
...... ..... ...... ..... .......
Section of Pleurotus ostreatus
57
Section of Pleurotus sapidus
58
Section of Pleurotus ulmarius
Section of Hygrophorus miniatus
.
59
60
Section of Hygrophorus eburneus
61
Section of Armillaria mellea
62
Section of Lepiota procera
Section of Lepiota naucinoides Section of Collybia familia
,
63
64
Section of Russula emetica
67 68
Section of Russula virescens
69
Section of Clitocybe laccata
71
Section of Tricholoma personatum (var. bulbosum)
.
.
Section of Craterellus cantharellus
72 73
Rodmani
76
Section of Agaricus abruptus
77
Section of
Hypholoma perplexum
Section of
Hypholoma incertum
79 80
Section of
Hypholoma
Section of Agaricus
sublateritium
Section of Pholiota adiposa
Section of Pholiota praecox Section of Cortinarius violaceus
.
.
.
.
.81
...... ......
83
84 86
Section of Pluteus cervinus
87
Section of Lactarius piperatus
93
Section of
95
Section
Hydnum repandum of Hydnum caput-ursi
96
Boletus Satanus
107
Under surface of Lenzites betulina
.
.
.
.
.
113
Favolus areolarius
115
Section of
119
young
phallus
Mutinus bambusinus
120 124
)Lycoperdon xxix
List of Illustrations in
Text
few Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic)
.
.
124
.
.
135
Asci and paraphyses Section of truffle to Truffle,
135
show
position of asci
.
.
ascoma
135
Fungus growing on
135
caterpillar
Section of Peziza odorata to
show two
layers
.
.
.
137
Gyromitra esculenta
141
Morchella esculenta
141
Section of Morchella deliciosa
141
Helvella
*
142
Helvetia lacunosa (diagrammatic)
143
XXX
THE MUSHROOM BOOK CHAPTER
I
:
THE HOMES AND HABITS OF FUNGI
FOR centuries epicures have used The Greeks and Romans esteemed them
fungi for food.
certain
highly, and gave a great deal of consideration to favourable times and places for gathering them, and to choice methods of preparing them for the table. Juvenal tells us of one old Roman enthusiast who was so carried away by his love for them as to exclaim, "Keep your corn, O Libya, unyoke your oxen, provided only you send us mush" rooms Horace says that mushrooms which grow in the fields are the best, and that one can have but little faith in other kinds. !
Mushroom
of the present day would perhaps not agree with him, for they find edible species in every imaginable place eaters
where fungi grow, and are constantly adding varieties which they esteem delicious.
to their
list
new
Although for centuries it has been known that some fungi contain most virulent poisons, still, through ignorance of those points which distinguish the poisonous from the edible, frequent cases of poisoning occur in resulting in death have been
classes of society. The mistakes frequent enough to inspire the timid
all
all fungi, while the damp and which many fungi flourish have caused them
with an overpowering dread of
grewsome
places in
The following lines from Shelley very to be despised by others. : sentiment the general aptly express " And
plants, at
Fill'd
Prickly Livid,
whose names the
verse feels loath,
the place with a monstrous undergrowth,
and pulpous, and
and
starr'd
with a I
blistering lurid
dew.
and blue,
The Homes and Habits " And
of Fungi
agarics
and
fungi,
with mildew and mould,
Started like mist from the
wet ground cold
Pale, fleshy, as if the decaying
With a
spirit
of growth had been animated."
SHELLEY:
To many Itools
people the only growths They give the
and mushrooms.
species
growths
known
to
them
And
" The
Sensitive Plant."
known as fungi are toadname mushrooms to the
and regard all other similar uncanny or poisonous.
as edible,
as toadstools, things
" The
;
dead
grisly todestool
grown
there
mought
I
see,
loathed paddocks [toads] lording on the same." SPENSER'S "Faerie Queene."
This distinction has no
scientific basis,
and
in fact
most of
the species called toadstools are edible. Fungi are not always the grewsome things of Shelley and Spenser. In their ranks are
many which delight the eye with their colouring and the symmetry of their forms. They are the grotesques of nature; nests, hoofs, cups, umbrellas, shells, and clubs are represented, together with spheres, hemispheres, cones, and many other geometrical figures. The mildew on the linen, the mould on food, the rusts and smuts which blight our fields of grain, and the dry rot which crumbles our lumber to dust and which causes old wood in dark places to glow with a weird, pale, flickering light, are all forms of one group or another of these plants which prey upon living or dead organic matter. In ordinary observation, only the simpler and more noticeable fungi are taken into account, but they are in reality met with in almost every situation imaginable. They are found in damp cellars and in rooms shut off from the light in fact, some form of fungus will be found in every place and on everything which is not exposed to a circula;
tion of fresh
air.
woods and open fields the attractive forms are found. In " shady woods the beautiful white "bear's head hangs on stately In
tree trunks,
and the "destroying angels" gleam white
shadows on the ground.
in the
Shelving brackets, green or red or brown, encircle old stumps, or stand out stiff and white from the crumbling trunks of fallen moss-grown monarchs of the forest, while wood-brown toadstools huddle in groups among
The Homes and Habits
of Fungi
On the outskirts of the wood, green and red Russulas vie with the flowers in the brilliancy of their colouring. Pink or violet Clavarias, dainty corals, border the wood path, and
the fallen leaves.
golden Clavarias lighten up the sombre wood tints with their yellow branches. In dry pastures and along wood roads, puff-
and small, send up
balls, large
their puffs of
brown smoke,
to the
delight of every passing child who strikes them with a wand. On lawns and hillsides the Oreades cause fairy rings to grow. The fairy rings are circles, or parts of circles, of impoverished grass
of a lighter colour and less luxuriant immediately surrounding the circle. folk
growth than
that of the grass Before the existence of fairy
came to be doubted, it was firmly believed were the dancing grounds of the fairies.
that these fairy
rings
" The nimble
elves
That do by moonshine green sour ringlets make Whereof the ewe bites not ; whose pastime 'tis
To make
these midnight
mushrooms." Rev. GERARD SMITH.
The rings on the commons increase in size until sometimes or more rings intersect to form a labyrinth of green network. Rings appear year after year in the same place, and then disapAs long as pear, to reappear after an interval of a few seasons. the fairies existed in the imaginations of the people, it was easy to
two
account for these strange happenings the fairies danced in the moonshine, and the grass was worn down under their feet. If they were displeased and
peared too.
As
left
the neighbourhood, the rings disap-
was given up, other solutions of the Some believed that the ring was caused
this fancy
mystery were sought.
by a thunder-bolt entering the ground at this spot, and still others were confident that it was caused by moles. The true solution is not hard to find, to one familiar with the habit of growth of the fungus plant. One fungus plant growing alone upon the lawn soon exhaust the
directly beneath
it of all true fungus from the parent plant only those will grow which fall without this impoverished spot, and so a ring of toadstools is formed. Again, only those spores which fall outside the ring will find good fungus food, and so the ring widens always outward, forming a perfect circle, unless something on one side or other interferes with its travels. The
will
food.
Of
all
soil
the spores which
fall
3
The Homes and
Habits of Fungi
decaying ring of fungi temporarily stimulates the grass around so that
its
it,
rich colour stands out in circles or arcs of circles against
the less highly nourished grass. Such rings are conspicuous on the lawns of the White House at Washington, and are often to
be seen well defined on distant hillsides. Brackets and mushrooms and puffballs grow in warm, moist places where they find decaying wood and leaves to feed upon. Old tree trunks and fallen logs, rich leaf mould, and cattle pastures are their favourite haunts.
The reason for their choice of place is invariably connected with the question of food, for fungi can thrive only where they can obtain organic matter, as they have lost the power which all All green plants have of feeding on inorganic or mineral matter. have must food with which to form flesh. Green plants plant the only agent in the world plants by means of their leaf green which has the power
to turn lifeless mineral matter into living
air, and hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from water, and with their green granules, by some mysterious process, make of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, compounds of wood and starch and sugar. Fungus plants have none of this leaf green and must therefore feed on material which has been manufactured by green plants.
matter
take the element carbon from the
To define fungi be a
simply, so as to include
but in general
all
the varieties,
would
may be said that they are which have no leaf and which do not grow from true plants green but from dustlike bodies seeds, resembling in appearance the yeldifficult
task
low
;
it
pollen of roses or
lilies.
The
fungi have no flowers and produce no seeds. They produce spores instead, fine dust-like particles, which are borne in special places on the mature plant, whether a mould or mildew, a toadstool, puffball,
room placed
or bracket.
The cap
of a
mush-
up on a piece of paper under an inverted glass will print with its spores a picp
* ure ffb
^
^e
1
right side
ra diating leaves or gills beneath.
blow on
A
a puffball in the pasture will cause slight a puff of smoke-like dust to rise from it really millions of spores that have ripened inside the puffball and are now ready to grow into
new
puffball plants
when
they
fall
on favourable
soil.
CHAPTER
THE RELATION OF FUNGI TO OTHER PLANTS
II
:
A
for
CLASSIFICATION or orderly arrangement of material collected study is indispensable to true pleasure and profit. The nature
student must classify both his specimens and the knowledge he may obtain about them for, as Spen;
cer has said,
"When
a
man's knowl-
not in order, the more of it edge he has the greater will be his confuAs he compares his sion of thought." is
specimens he sees interesting gradations of resemblance, and becomes fascinated
with the
pleasure of tracing
and the gradual evolution of higher forms from lower. Every lover of nature who haunts the fields and woods acquires a rich Corollas and honey, atstore of facts about plant life, and withtractive to insects out, perhaps, recognising that he does those which have so, distinguishes two great groups of plants His attractive flowers, and those which have no flowers at all. flowerless plants bear no seeds, but quantities of fine, dust-like particles which rise in the air as he brushes his stick over their their relationships
green leaves.
As the powers of observa-
develop, he distinguishes the ferns and Christmas greens among flowerless plants, and perhaps soon recognises that
tion
Ingenious stamens
the soft green moss bank, too, is composed of small plants, and that the green mats, the liverworts, on stones and moist
banks and calling
logs, are plants also.
them
plants
is
that they
His only reason, perhaps, for
grow and
are green.
He may
The
Relation of Fungi to Other Plants
learn with the microscope that the pond scums which he had thought disgusting frog-spittle are in truth tangles of exquisite plants, made up of chains of slender, transparent cells finer than silken threads, each cell
TV
uifl
fi)
III
W
containing many tiny green partides ^ lea ^ reen> or cnlor -
P n yN
violet
of
the
colour of
Pistil of
ous plants attract the attention, and afterwards, in succession,
At Pistil of
cause
the
till
St.
Johns-
^
.,
all
green plants.
first
the most conspicu-
,
,
,
those less and less conspicuous.
They,
in
reality,
present them-
selves in great natural groups, readily distinguished
by well-marked
characteristics. It will be seen, as these pass in review, that they are
Seed-box of
conspicuous according as The gorgeous flowthey are complex. ering plants have complicated of reproduction corollas
and
attrac-
honey, Seed-box of sacred bean
methods
tive to insects
;
ingenious stamens, pistils, seed-boxes, and seeds. The humble grasses, with their close relatives,
dispense
with
gay colours and the assistance of insects, and trust to the breezes to carry their pollen to its goal.
The pines and
their
allies
are a step nearer simplicity,
Winged of the
ver
fir
nation,
seed Sll ~
and
do not enclose a seed-box
their seeds in
all, but provide them with wings for dissemi-
at
and leave them exposed to the
wind.
Fern
with
spores
vulgare)
(6]
(Polypo-
The
Relation of Fungi to Other Plants
ferns and Christmas greens (Lycopodiums) have no and therefore no true seeds. flowers, They have a distinct stem, which grows from the apex and is strengthened by woody fibres, which may readily be The seen by breaking the stem across.
The
woody fibres so strengthen the tissues of these plants that they are able to stand erect and make a conspicuous appearance not possible to the
small mosses
and
liv-
erworts
Liverwort (Marchantia ,
polymorphd)
which
are
spore-bearing plants
woody
The uPs
with no
fibre.
plants
of
all
these
re ~
g semble each
Grass spikelet
other in descending degrees, so that they may be classed in groups under groups. Similar specimens may form groups of species.
may form larger groups, or genera. Genera with common characteristics may form families and groups of families, orders while classes unite to and orders, classes form branches, or phylae. Species
;
;
;
A
botanist relies for the classification of
his
specimens
mainly upon the similarity of those
parts of the plant
Bean seed open
to show
embryo
which produce the seeds or spores rather than
upon those parts the roots and leaves and stems which have the work of the plant household to do.
He
finds that the seed
Indian pipe and spore producing parts are more constant in their forms and habits than the leaves and stems and roots, which are more exposed, and which are constantly
7
The
Relation of Fungi to Other Plants
being forced to a change of form which will better suit their changed surroundings. The novice sees nothing in the brown, or even in the highly coloured, fungi to warrant his calling them plants. They are to him
"just toadstools ;" for matter
green colouring his
first
criterion
for
not there, and, moreover, there is nothis
plants
ing in their shape which to him the
suggests
plants with familiar.
which he is The snow-
white Indian pipe lacks the green of most plants, but that does not rule it
him out of the plant world for although it
for
Moss (Dicranum scoparium)
(natural size)
;
and depends upon other plants for food, still it has a flower form and produces a seed-box with well-develFungi, however, to any but the close student oped seeds. must seem quite unrelated to all normal plant forms. But the is
colourless,
botanist,
by a study of
their structure, finds
grow from microscopic, dustlike particles, which differ from true seeds in consisting of but one or a few cells, and in having no embryo plant in them as true
that they
all
seeds have. the
He
recognises their position in of living things, and classes
kingdom them as spore-bearing
lower than
plants,
the group of mosses, those dainty
plants
White mould
on dead which delight every one with their gracefulfly ness, and which bear their spores in tiny capsules or boxes set up on slender stems. By studying their life history he decides that they are degenerate members of the lowthe algae and that they have fostered the habit of est group
feeding on material constructed by green plants, instead of constructing food material for themselves, and have, in consequence, 8
The
Relation of Fungi to Other Plants
power of constructing such food, and also their green granules by which this work of construction may be carried on. The life history and structure of fungi lost their
has been studied so minutely that one is able to arrange them in three well-
marked classes: The first class, the
algal-like
fungi
(Phy corny cetes), includes bread moulds and several of those fungi which cause animals the diseases of plants and downy mildew on the grape, the potato common white mould which rot, the fastens dead flies to the walls or window panes
in
Spore cases
Threads
the autumn, and the fungus
Bread mould (mag-
nified) which grows on salmon and causes them to die in great numbers. The plant of these fungi is cobwebby, sometimes growing within the cells of the plant substance on which it lives, and sometimes growing both A freshly moulded within and on the surface. piece of moist bread shows the bread covered with exquisitely fine transparent threads, which con-
stitute the plant. Spores borne in delicate
Later, spore cases containing
tiny black spores will be seen, which give a delicate gray tint to the plant at first, but later form
membran- a black, repulsive mass as their numbers increase. These plants are regarded as descendants of de-
ous (magm\sacs fied)
generate
algae,
which
pendent existence through stealing
lost their
power
of inde-
their food
making it for themselves. The second class, the spore-sac fungi, produce their spores in delicate membranous sacs. The spore-sac fungi vary greatly in Most of them size, habit, and structure. are inconspicuous members of the plant world, as the yeast plant, by which our
instead of
bread
is
raised
;
the fungus
which causes borne on
little
the peach leaves to curl and the black knots Spores spicules (magnified) to appear on cherry and plum trees. The third class is made up of all fungi which bear their
The
Relation of Fungi to Other Plants
This conlittle spicules standing up on large cells. most of the conspicuous fungi one will care about knowing. To understand the group one must understand the method by which a spore grows to be a fungus plant, and to be able to distinguish the different members of the group one must know on just what portions of the spore receptacle the spores are spores on tains
borne.
10
CHAPTER THE way simple
FROM SPORE TO MUSHROOM
:
which
in
a spore
grows
a single
cell,
into a fungus plant
is
very
:
The spore
(1)
moist place
it
The
(2) its
III
is
absorbs
cell
food
wall and divides into
cell
Each
(3)
and when
it
is
in a
warm,
swells.
new
through
two
cells.
o
O
absorbs food and
cell
divides until long chains of cells are formed, looking to the unaided eye like Each thread is a hypha, and a threads.
tangle of threads In the soil the
(4)
is
a
mycelium.
mycelium nour-
on decaying vegetable and matter, grows then, at certain the mat together to threads points, form little balls the size of pinishes
itself
;
heads
(a).
(b)
The pinheads grow
to the size
of bird-shot. (c)
The
bird-shot increase to the size
of shoe-buttons. (5) is
stemmed
toadstool,
lifted
button.
above the
soil
If
the ball
become a
a minute stem ap-
pears on button increase in size.
the
to
The stem and The button is
and expands into a
mushroom. to become a puffon the button but no stem appears
(6) ball,
If
the button
is
;
ii
From Spore
to
Mushroom
grows, and comes out of the ground a round puffball. (See Plate opposite p. 124.) If one wishes to learn to distinguish the members of the mushroom or toadstool family, either for the pleasure he may derive from
it
or from
knowing them,
a
desire
to
distinguish the edible from the poison-
must
he
ous,
be
fa
m
i 1 i
ar
with the typical parts of the
fungus
Puffball
know
the
The
names of these
edible
plant,
m ust
and mushroom
Gills
parts.
of the market
(Agaricus campestris) serves well for study, l-f^*XBffil as it shows some of
Veil
Stem
the characteristics which all the toadstools, mushrooms, brackets, and have
in (i)
thing
common. This mushroom
is
in
puffballs
shape some-
like a parasol.
(2)
(3)
The handle is the stem, or stipe. The open top is the cap, or pileus. (4) Under the cap, radi-
from ating the stalk to Spores on slender processes
Club-shaped bodies
CUgC cap,
thin
P^tes-the
are
When
the button visible,
a
thin
gills,
the
stage,
or lamellae.
mushroom the
gills
are
is
in
not
they are covered with sheet of mycelial threads,
for
the veil. (See coloured plate of Agaricus campestris.) As the button grows the veil stretches, and finally breaks,
Section across
(6)
OI
the
(5) .short ceiis
Ri ng ..
,
,
trie
gill
(magnified)
called
13
Prom Spore
to
Mushroom
feaving a ragged edge to the cap, and a ring or annulus of veil around the stem. The gills of the Agaricus are not fastened to the stem, but are rounded off at the end near the stem, while others, between the long ones, extend from the edge of the cap only far enough toward the stem to fill up the angles formed by
the long
The
gills.
surface of the
gills is
the
fruiting portion of the mushroom. here that the spores are It is
formed.
The
structure of the fungus
A
plant up to this point has been similar throughout. A loose tangle
small portion of section of gill (highly magnified)
of threads underground formed the mycelium the food provider. A more closely
matted tangle above ground formed the stem and cap and veil, and even the central part of the
gill
the fruiting parts of the
plant.
On
the surface of the
gill
which
a difference
be clearly understood from a picture of a thin section in structure is found,
cut across a (i)
The
made by (tr)
Just
central portion
loosely tangled
of the
gill
(c),
is
mycelium threads
draping themselves in thin plates from
the cap. outside of this loose
mycelium, on either of short cells
gill.
the surface of
Corn smut
(2)
will
side, are layers
which bear club-
shaped bodies standing out over both surfaces of the gills (b). (3) Each club bears two slender processes (sf) at the free end, each process bears a spore
and
Leaf rust on Hepatica 13
triloba
From Spore
to
Mushroom
corn smuts, wheat smuts, leaf rusts, toadstools, puffand brackets bear their spores on club-like cells, and for this reason are put in one group, called
All balls,
Basidiomycetes.
The
fact that corn
rusts feed
smuts and
leaf
on
living plants, while toad-
brackets,
stools,
Pouch-fungus section, to show
and puffballs feed on dead plants,
spores in hollow rind
to
two groups
;
Section to
the smuts and rusts forming the lower group, and the others the higher group.
Section of a Boletus, to
show pores
show It
gills
is
the
higher Basidiomycetes which we wish to consider, as this group includes most of the conspicuous fungi, most of the edible, and those fungi which are
dangerous because of
their re-
semblance to edible species. Remembering that toadstools, puffballs, and brackets all start from spores that all have the ;
thread
- like
seeking
the
tangled plants,
dark
;
that
they
all
have the spore receptacle in the light,
and
Clavaria
with
spores on spines
bear their spores on club-like cells, one can readily understand their be-
ing put in one group.
With
few exceptions not necessary for us to consider, all the higher fungi naturally divide into two groups pouch-fungi (Gasteromycetes), which conceal their spores in a definite rind, or peridium, as the puffballs do Section of
Hydnum,
to
show
a
teeth
;
(Hymenomycetes), now called Agaricales, which bear their spores exposed on the surface of gills, pores, spines, or teeth, as the garden mushrooms, the Boleti, the Clavarias, and the Hydnums.
and
membrane
fungi
CHAPTER WHAT
A may
KEY
A KEY
in the
trace a
IS,
AND
IV:
THE KEY
WHY
A NAME
DESIRABLE
IS
study of botany is a guide by which a student until he finds a name for it. Having found
specimen
a name, he may learn from books or from friends what is known of its habits of growth, of its value as a food or drug, whether it
harmful or harmless, whether it is to be waged against it.
is
is
it
has figured in history or the myths, and
artists
viewed
eyes.
He may watch
it,
and may similar
to
be protected or
He may
whether war
learn
whether
how
the poets and learn to see it with their perhaps
specimens as they grow, and
may
add the about
results of his observations to the facts already recorded his specimen.
HOW
A KEY FOR FUNGI
IS
WHY
MADE, AND
IT IS
DESIRABLE
In the first place, only such plants are considered as grow from spores and have no leaf-green. (The spore characteristic is one the amateur must decide upon either by seeing the spores or by inferring their existence from the fact that seeds do not There are some thirty-five thousand species of fungi appear.) known to botanists, so that it would be impossible to find a name for a specimen if one had to read at random until the right description for his specimen was found but since all of these plants may be put in one or another of three groups, on account of certain points of resemblance which they have in common, and since these three groups may each in turn be divided and subdivided, one may, by selecting groups rather than individual ;
specimens, find a short path to the
name
desired.
The
three
primary groups, called classes, are made as follows The first contains many mould-like fungi which resemble one another in microscopic characters. :
The second contains other mould-like fungi and many coi* 15
The Key spicuous fungi which bear their spores in transparent sacs (see first
page of Key). The third contains
all fungi which bear their spores on enlarged cells called basidia (see first page of Key). To even partially understand the inconspicuous fungi is a task impossible to one who is not familiar with the use of a com-
pound microscope.
To
acquire a
knowledge
sufficiently accu-
conspicuous fungi is within the power of any intelligent person, for the two groups or classes containing the conspicuous species may be divided, on account of easily distinguished characters, into groups called orders. The orders may be divided into groups called families, and the families into groups called genera (singular genus), and the genera into individual specimens called species; and all these groups may be arranged in such a way that the series of selections may be quickly made. Such an arrangement of groups is rate to identify nearly all of the
called a key.
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CHAPTER V: FUNGI WITH GILLS GENUS AMANITA (Also called Venenarius.)
THE fungi with gills all have this characteristic in common Their that they bear their spores on radiating plates or lamellae. family name, Agaricacece, is derived from a typical member of the Agaricus campestris. The family is the largest and most widely distributed of all the families, and contains some five thousand described species, which are placed in groups or genera, more or less large, based on such characters as the colour of the spores; the position and shape of the lamellae; the colour and
family,
texture, as well as the shape, odour, taste,
and appendages of the
cap and stem.
The colour
one of the most important charwhether the plant is wholesome The colour may be determined by or not often rests upon it. placing the cap, with spore surface down, on a sheet of white or black paper, and leaving it for a time under an inverted glass, so of the spores
is
acteristics, as the decision as to
as to cut off
all
of the radiating
drafts
which may blow the spores away.
gills will
then be
made
A print
in the colour of the spores
white, pink, rusty brown, or black. For external characters of the stem, one must be careful to
get the entire stem from the ground for a most important charThe acteristic, the volva, if present, will be found at the base. ;
volva
may be membranous and
attached to the base, excepting
membranous and
loose, or present only in the form of rings of scales at the base, with perhaps traces on the surface at the rim, or
qf the cap. The surface of the stem
white.
It
may be smooth or rusty or mealy not have near the cap a ring of the which covered the gills of the young plant. may
or
may
membrane The character of
the lamellae and the internal characters of
by cutting the cap and stem may from top to base with a sharp knife, for then it may be seen whether the gills are free from the stem or attached to it, or the stem
best be determined
46
DEATH CUP.
DESTROYING ANGEL
(Atttaniia phalloides^ Fries)
Reduced.
Nat. size: Cap,
3^
inches: stem. 7!^ inch'
z
g
White-spored Series
whether they grow down on the stem and whether the stem is hollow, solid, or filled with web-like mycelium, and whether it is The lamellae may be of fleshy or has a tough and hard rind. different or of equal lengths, and their edges may be entire or ;
toothed or thin or blunt.
To know the cap,
gills,
a genus of the gill-bearing fungi, one must know stem, and habit of growth which characterise that
genus.
A very young plant of the genus Amanita is enveloped in a membranous wrapper. The relation of the young plant to the wrapper a
will
readily be understood
young plant through its length. As the plant grows, the wrapper a part
by cutting is
ruptured,
at the
is left
base
to form a Veil
cup or sheath, or a part maybe carried up on the cap, to appear in small patches.
The cap
Wrapper.
as
is,
broadly convex. flat when mature. collar
conspicuous from the stem.
wrapper
plant in
Young
wrapper
and
rule, regular
Section of young plant in
a
may be
It
almost
The stem has and the
gills
a
are
free
No
less than twelve species of Some are the most poisonsuspected. ous of fungi, while others are most
highly esteemed for the table. the most Cap
gerous
Stem
belong genus,
..Volra
Since
Amanita are dangerous or Patches
Free
danspecies this
to it
would
be better for the amateur not to eat of specimens
Wrapper raptured
like or scaly envelope, especially
ering
all
A. muscaria
(See Plate III.)
which have stalks with a swollen base surrounded by a cup-
white-gilled
species,
if
the
care
X-man'-l-t*
47
gills
are white.
should
be
In gath-
taken to get
Fungi with
Gills
below the base of the stalk for it often happens that the bulb is broken off and left behind, and thus the principal characteristic lost which would mark it as a specimen not to be ;
eaten.
Death Cup; Poison Amanita (Poisonous) Amanita
phalloides (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 46)
Cap or Pileus White or greenish or greyish brown; smooth, no striations; width, 3-5 inches. Stem or Stipe Ring present. Abruptly bulbous at the base bulb margined by the wrapper remains. White in whitecap forms, tinged with a paler shade than the cap in browncap forms. Pithy when young, hollow when old. 3-6 ;
inches long.
White in white-cap forms, tinged with brown in browncap forms. Gills or Lamella White, free from the stem, rounded at the Veil
stem end, rather broad. Spores Globose and white. Flesh White. Ti'me July to October. Habitat Woods, groves, open places,
and pastures.
cup is known as phallin, one of the tox-albumins, the poisons found in rattlesnakes and other venomous animals, and the poisons which produce death in cholera and diphtheria.
The poisonous
The
principle of the death
phallin acts directly
upon the blood
corpuscles, dissolv-
ing these, so that the serum of the blood escapes from the bloodvessels into the alimentary canal and drains the whole system of
no known antidote by which the effects of If one has eaten of the Amanita phalloides, the only chance of saving life is to remove the undigested parts from the alimentary canal by stomach-pump and its vitality.
phallin
There
may be
is
counteracted.
oil purgatives then, if the amount of phallin absorbed into the system is not too great, the remainder may wear itself out on the blood and the patient may recover. The amount of the fungus which is necessary to produce death is small; some think that even the handling of poisonous specimens and the breathing in of their spores may be somewhat ;
injurious.
48
White-spored Series
Fly Amanita (Poisonous) Amanita muscaria
'
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 50)
Orange red to pale yellow or almost white. The plants are brighter, and fade from the margin inward as the plant matures. Floccose scales, the wrapper remains, The margin is often striate. 3-6 are scattered on the cap.
Cap or
Pileus
young
inches broad. Stem or Stipe White or slightly tinged with yellow. Pithy or hollow. Base not broad and abrupt, but ovate, covered with the scaly margins of the wrapper. 4-6 inches long. Veil and Ring or Annulus The veil covers the gills of the young plant, and later is seen as a collar-like ring on the stem. Gills or Lamellae White or slightly tinged with yellow. Various in length short ones terminating in length with almost ;
vertical abruptness.
Spores White, broadly elliptical. Flesh White, tinged with yellow under the epidermis. Habitat Along roadsides, on borders of fields, in groves of conifIt erous trees. It prefers poor soil, gravelly or scanty.
grows singly, not in groups. Time June until freezing weather. Young Plant
This is at first egg-like, then dumb-bell shaped. parts within expand, the wrapper breaks up into scales, so that the convex, unexpanded cap is densely covered with more or less concentric fragments of the wrapper, and As the bulbous stem is covered with rings of f ringy scales. the stem expands, these scales are left on the bulbous base, while the fragments on the cap are more widely separated
As the
by the growth of the
cap.
The fly amanita is a very conspicuous and handsome species. There are conflicting statements concerning the properties of this fungus; some claim that it is edible, and yet it is known It caused to have caused much sickness and many deaths. the death of the Czar Alexis of Russia, and of the Count de Vecchi in Washington. It is said that it is cooked and eaten by the Russians, and still it is on record that several French soldiers ate of it in Russia and became very ill. The Siberians steep dried specimens of the fly amanita in whortleberry juice, and thus make a drink which produces an intoxication similar to that produced by the "haschisch" and
"majoon"
of the East. Mtis-ca'-rf-&
3
49
Fungi with
Gills
There is something about it particularly attractive to flies, and yet for them to sip its juices means death, as may be seen by the circle of dead flies lying on the ground under the shadow of
its
cap. chief poison of this fungus
The
is an alkaloid called muscawhich paralyzes the nerves controlling the action of the
rine,
heart. Injections of atropine in doses of from one one-hundredth to one-fiftieth of a grain are employed as an antidote for this In addition, the most powerful emetics are used. poison.
Orange Amanita Amanita Ccesarea
(Edible)
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 47)
Smooth, glabrous, and free from warts or scales. or orange, fading to yellow on the margin or all over the cap. Margin distinctly striate. When fully expanded, nearly flat. When moist, sticky; 2^ to 5 inches. Stem Yellow. When young, fibrous or cottony within, later hollow;
Cap or Pikus
Red
3-5 inches. Cap
striate,
and
free
Wrapper or Volva
from
warts
Covers the
Veil
gills
of the
young
on the stem only, where like a Gills
white
White and mem-
branous, loosely base of the stem. it
plant.
hangs
sheathing the
Remains
are seen
down
ruffle.
or Lamella Rounded at the stem end and not attached to the stem. Yellow, an exception to the rule that the colpur of the gills in
mature plants
resembles the colour of the spores. Section of A. Caesarea
() Smooth cap (*)
Free
gills
(c)
Hollow stem
(r) Ruffle-like
ring
Young Plant When Young plant young, the cap and stem are contained in a wrapper not unlike a hen's egg in shape, size, and colour.
As the
cap and stem within develop, the wrapper ruptures in its upper part, the stem elongates, and the cap is carried up, C'-si-re-a
Sheathed Amanitopsis (edible). (Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze), Cap, 2-4 inches; stem, 3-5 inches
White-spored Series
while the remains of the wrapper are left at the base of the stem, an open sac. Spores White, elliptical. Flesh White stained with yellow under the separable epidermis and next the line of attachment of the gills. Taste
Mild and pleasant.
Thin woods, preferably pine woods and sandy soil. Abundant in southern Europe, common in the Southern States, and occasionally found in New York and Massa-
Habitat
chusetts.
Ztme]u\y, August, September.
The Amanita Ccesarea is one of the handsomest species. The Greeks and Romans esteemed it as an article of food. The " names, "Food of the gods," "Cibus Deorum," Imperial mush" and "Caesar's room," mushroom," Kaiserling," suggest the esteem in which it was held.
Fungi with
Gills
White-spored Series
GENUS CANTHARELLUS The members of the genus Cantharellus
differ from all other form of shallow folds The folds are generally narrow and
gill-bearing fungi in that the gills are in the
growing down the stem.
forked or branching. The name Cantharellus, meaning little refers or to the shape of the fungus, some of the cup goblet, species being so deeply depressed that a cup not unlike a
goblet
tall
results.
Cantharellus floccosus (Edible) (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 138)
Cap or
Pileus
Funnel form or trumpet depressed even into the
shaped, stem. The surface of the depression is woolly or scaly. The scales sometimes persist and sometimes dis-
Reddish yellow, fading to appear. yellow. GUIs or Lamella Blunt, narrow, close; forked branched so as to appear as a network. Yellow to yellow brown. Stem or Stipe Short, smooth, or hairy. Sometimes extending like a root
among
fallen leaves.
Spores White. Flesh White, thin. Time July to September. In The groups in woods. specimen pictured was found growing in moss by a stream among laurels and rhododendrons.
Habitat
Section of c. floccosus
GENUS AMANITOPSIS The genus Amanitopsis has white spores, the gills free from the stem, and at the base of the stem a volva, the remains of the There is no annulus wrapper which enclosed the young plant. or ring on the stem, a feature which separates the genus AmaniThis ring is easily lost, however. topsis from the genus Amanita.
Amanitopsis
is
dangerous to beginners, because an Amanita
so easily be mistaken for
it.
53
may
Fungi with
Gills
The Sheathed Amanitopsis Amanitopsis vaginata
(Edible)
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 51)
Cap or Pileus Variable in colour, ranging from white to reddish brown. Thin, fragile, smooth or, when young, with a few fragments of the wrapper adhering to its surface. Margin ;
distinctly and striated. deeply 2-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe Hol-
low or
stuffed
smooth, sprinkled
;
or with
minute mealy
particles or woolly scales. Not bul-
bous
at the base.
3-5 inches long. Spores White. Ring or Annulus
None. Wrapper or Volvo. Soft, flabby, white, adhering slightly to the base. Gills or Lamella
Free the stem. White or whitish,
from
close, irregular.
Flesh s
White,
or
ometimes
stained under the easily skin.
Time
Section of A. vaginata
separating
June
to
Oc-
tober. In woods or open places, in damp vegetable mould, widely distributed. Specimen pictured was found growing in mountains of New Jersey.
Habitat
A. vaginata, A. vaginata, A. vaginata,
var. alba, has the
whole plant white.
var. fulva, has the cap tawny yellow. var. livida, has the cap leaden brown,
and stem tinged with smoky brown. Vag-fa-a'-ta
Ffilv'-i
54
LXv'-l-da
and
gills
STRANGLED AMANITOPSIS (EDIBLE) (Jmanitopsis strangulata,
(Fr.).
Roze)
Cap greyish brown; wrapper fragments dark brown.
See Genus,
o. 53
HELMET MYCENA
(EDIBLE)
(Mycena galericulata, Scop.)
Cap greyish;
gills
white; stems firm, hollow, hairy at the base.
See
p. 55
White-spored Series
Amanitopsis parciVOlvata
(SEE FRONTWPBCI)
Convex, then expanded smooth, free from warts. Colour brilliant orange red over the whole cap; not yellow on the margin, not fading with Uniform in colour in age. young and old specimens. Margin with striations deep and long. Gills or Lamella Lemon yellow, free from
Cap or Fileus
;
stem, and rounded at the outer extremity. Slightly tapering toward the cap hollow. Clear lemon yellow, covered with meal-like particles. Ring or VeilNone'm old or young specimens. Volva Present; not large and loose. White; clinging closely to the stem in the form of scales.
Stem
;
Spores White. Flesh Unpleasant raw odour. White, stained with orange red immediately under the skin.
Mixed woods.
Habitat
New
Jersey,
North
Carolina.
Time
(J
July.
The caps of
Section of A.
the specimens found in colour from varied in North Carolina
parciroivata (reduced)
almost white to white with a red centre, and from orange or shades of orange to brilliant red.
GENUS MYCENA The members annulus
;
of this genus have white spores ; no volva nor with acute edges gills with a little bay
lamellae thin,
;
cut out near the stem, sinuate, and the stem with a cartilaginous rind. Cap membranous and striate on the margin that is, with
depressed parallel
lines.
Mycena haematopoda
(SEE PLATE FACING PACE 90)
reddish brown, deeper shade on Bell-shaped margin. adnate. Paler tint of colour of cap Gills or Lamella
Cap or PiUus
;
;
Pir'-c^-vSl-va'-tS
My-ce'-na 55
Hem'-a-top'-8-dI
Fungi with
Gills
Stem or Stipe
a mere tube, with thin hollow cut quickly, it changes to a deep red brown exudes a purple juice. Flexible, fragile.
and
Colour of cap
;
;
When
walls.
White. Ring or Annulus None. Time September. Habitat Decayed wood Spores
in forest.
GENUS LENTINUS The genus Lentinus has white spores, no annulus, and no The stem is central or lateral, and the lamellae are nortoothed on their margins. The species are leathery, fleshy, mally volva.
and tough
;
railroad ties,
and revive when moist. one cause of the decay of telegraph
will stand drying,
Lentinus lepideus
is
poles,
and bridges.
Scaly Lentinus (Edible
r,?)
Lentinus lepideus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
58)
Cap or Pileus Fleshy, firm, convex or expanded. Creamy white, spotted with dark brown appressed scales. 3-5 inches. Lamella
Gills or
Section of L. lepideus
Rather
broad,
not
crowded; growing down the stem. White edges, irregularly toothed. Stem or Stipe Whitish. Sometimes ecLen-tl'-nus
Lp-M'-*--
White-spored Scries centric, straight, or
curved; firm, solid, equal, or tapering at
the base. 2-4 inches long. Ring or Annulus None.
White.
Spores
j%ol White. Time
June to August.
Habitat
On wood common on
railroad ties.
;
GENUS PLEUROTUS In the
genus Pleurotus the stem
is
attached to the cap at
some
The stem may be on the point to one side of the centre. very margin of the cap, or may be wanting altogether. The three species to be mentioned all grow on dead wood either on dead trees or on dead branches of living trees. The name Pleurotus comes from a Greek word meaning side, and has reference to the position of the stem.
Oyster
Mushroom
(Edible)
Pleurotus ostreatus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 62) or Pileus White, Fleshy, convex, smooth, and moist. or tinted with ash colour or brown. Three to five inches. Gills or Lamella White, or tinted with ash ; broad growing down the stem, and
Cap
;
branching again
and again
at the
base. Stem or Stipe
Short or wanting. White, obSpores long. Flesh White, tough.
Section of P. ostreatus
Time
September. The specimens pictured were found Habitat On dead wood. growing on a dead forest tree at Lake Placid. The largest shells
measured four inches
across. Os-tre-a'-ttis
Plu-r5'-tfis
57
Fungi with
Gills
Pleurotus sapidus (Edible) (Lilac-tinged spores, only, distinguish
from P.
ostreatus.)
Cap or Pileus Convex or depressed, smooth, often irregular. White, yellowish, ashy grey, dull lilac, or even brownish overlapping each other. 2-5 inches broad. Gills or Lamella Whitish, rather distant, growing down the stem, branching and connecting again at stem end. ;
Section of P. sapidus
Stem or
Stipe
lateral,
Spores
Time
Stems more or
smooth, whitish.
less united at the base, eccentric or
1-2 inches long.
Lilac, oblong. June to November.
Flesh White, tough. Habitat -In clusters, often from a
common
stem, growing on
decayed wood.
Elm Pleurotus
(Edible)
Pleurotus ulmarius Pileus Convex or nearly flat, firm, smooth. White, tinted at the centre with reddish yellow or brownish yellow.
Cap or
2-5 inches broad. or Lamella Broad, not crowded, notched at the stem end, growing down the stem. White, turning yellow with age. Stem or Stipe United to the cap one side of the centre. Usually curved ; solid, smooth, or downy. White or whitish. 2-4 inches long. Gills
Ul-ma'-rf-iis
SSp'-l-dtts
58
White-pored Serits
Section of P. ulmarius
White, not tender, agreeable flavour. White, globose. Time September to November. Habitat Conspicuous on dead parts of standing elms. Large and white. Sometimes found on other than elm trees. Flesh
Spores
GENUS HYGROPHORUS The members of this genus may be recognized by their moist caps and by the waxy nature of their gills, which usually grow
downward on placed side
the stem (decurrent), and are not very closely No species is known to be dangerous. by side.
Chantarelle hygrophorus (Edible) Hygrophorusjcantbarellus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 63)
Cap or Pileus Thin, convex at first, but later depressed. Covered with minute scales. Moist, bright red, becoming orange or yellow.
Y*-\ inch broad. Hf-roph'-d-rtis
59
Fungi with
Gills
Lamella Distant, somewhat arched, growing downward on the stem (decurrent). Yellow, sometimes tinged with vermilion. Unequal. Stem or Stipe Smooth, not truly solid, sometimes hollow. Coloured like the cap, whitish within. 2-4 inches long. Ring or Annulus None. Spores White. Gills or
Flesh Disagreeable in flavour. Habitat Swamps and damp, shaded places
;
in fields or
woods.
The specimen photographed was found
Common.
in
dense mixed woods, Lake Placid. Var. H. rosea has the cap expanded and the margin wavy. Var. H. flaw has the cap and stem pale yellow, the gills arched and strongly decurrent.
Var. H. flampes has the cap and stem red or reddish. Var. H. flamceps has the cap yellow and the stem reddish.
Vermilion Hygrophorus (Edible) Hygroploms miniatus Cap or
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 63)
Pileus
Thin, fragile at first, convex, becoming nearly or minutely scaly. Often depressed. Red, 1-2 inches broad. fading to yellow or orange. Gills or Lamella Distant. Usually yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Notched at the stem enc*> or growing down t ^le stem or fastened to the stem by the entire width of the inner extremity of the gill. Stem or Stipe Slender, smooth. Coloured like the cap. Solid flat.
Smooth
>
when young, hollow when old.
1-2 inches long.
Ring or Annulus None. Spores White, elliptical. Flesh Tender, and of agreeable flavour.
Time Section of
H. miniatus
June to September. Adapts itself to varying
Habitat
conditions. Singly, in groups, or in clusters, in bogs or on
<*ry
hillocks.
woods, among Fliv'-I-pes
The specimen photographed was found in and decayed wood, Lake Placid.
fallen leaves
Flav'-i-cSps
60
White-spored Series
Ivory Hygrophorus (Edible) Hygrophorus eburneus
Cap or Pileus
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 87)
White;
inches,
thin, fleshy, viscid. 1-3
Stem or Stipe White, unequal, long, slender,
stuffed,
or hollow; viscid.
Lamella
or
Gills
White,
waxy,
unequal, distant,
growing
down
the stem (decurrent), firm.
and
thick
Volva and Annulus
Wanting. White.
Spores Flesh
Odour and
taste grateful.
Time Habitat
Section of
September.
The
H. eburneus
speci-
men photographed was found growing among moss and leaves in dense wood,
Lake
fallen
Placid.
GENUS ARMILLARIA The members of this genus have white spores, and the gills attached by the inner extremity to the stem. The stem has a The name is derived from the collar, but no wrapper at the base. Latin armilla, a bracelet, referring to the ring upon the stem.
Honey-coloured Armillaria (Edible) Armillaria mellea (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
Cap
70)
Colour from almost white to dark reddish brown. plants have numerous minute tufts or scales of brownish or blackish hairs. Margins sometimes striated. 1-6 inches broad. or Pileus
Young
Eb-tir'-ne'-fis
Xr'-mH-la'-rM "
61
MCNS4
Fungi with Gills
Stem or Stipe
Uniform base.
Usually reddish brown, paler above than below. narrowed or slightly thickened at the Firm externally; soft and spongy, or hollow within. i-6 inches long. Ring or Annulus Cottony to in thickness,
membranous, sometimes lacking in old plants. Gills or Lamella Simply joined to the stem or running down it. White or whitish ; sometimes variegated with reddish-
brown Spores Flesh
spots.
White,
White
elliptical.
or
whitish.
Taste unpleasant or acrid. Quality inferior.
Section of A. meilea
Common in woods or in cleared land, on the ground or on decayed wood. Solitary or clustered. Time Abundant in September. Found in June.
Habitat
Var. obscura has cap covered with numerous small, blackish scales.
Van flaw
has cap yellow or reddish yellow. Var. glabra has cap smooth. Var. radicata has tapering stem
which penetrates the earth
deeply. Var. bulbosa has bulbous base.
Var. exannulata has cap smooth, margin even, stem tapering, annulus slight and evanescent, or wholly wanting. The Armillaria meilea has a disagreeable taste when raw, but
when cooked it is thought by some to be very good. Dr. Peck says he does not know of any unwholesome species for which it may be mistaken. for a
The Armillaria meilea has
member of the group of Agaracales,
the habit, very unusual
of producing from
its
my-
threads tuber-like masses of fungal substances from which The fungal masses of the Armillaria, the fruiting caps arise. the so-called sclerotia, are ribbon or string like, and may be celial
found between the wood and bark of cone-bearing trees. These sclerotia send out cylindrical branches, called rhizomorphs,
which may penetrate the soil and attack the roots of other and so continue their work of destruction in the forest. 6b-scu'-ra
Gla'-bra
Bfil-bo'-sa
Flav'-i
Rad-l-ca'-ta
Ex-an'-nfi-la'-ti
62
trees,
Oyster Mushroom (edible). (Large
shells,
(Pleurotus ostreatus, Fn) 4 inches or more across.) Reduced.
See page
57.
Golden-flesh Boletus.
(Boletus chrysenteron,
Vermilion Hygrophorus (edible).
(1
1-r.).
Reduced.
lygrophorus miniatus,
Chanterelle Ih'grophorus (edible.) Slightly reduced.
Fr.).
See page
See pa-r
(Hygrophorus cantharellus, Schw.) See rase 59.
fii-
White-spored Series It is to the luminosity of these mycelial threads, which permeate the decaying wood, that the weird phosphorescent light in dense woods is due.
GENUS LEPIOTA
(SEE PLATE FAC.NG PAGE 64)
The members of this genus have the gills free from the stem, and have no wrapper remains at the base of the stem. In some species the cap or pileus has the surface scaly, owing to the rupIt is this feature which has ture of the fibres which compose it. the name Latin word lepis a scale. from the suggested Lepiota, There are about thirty represented species in the United States, of which
a few are
commonly eaten. Some
are dangerous.
Parasol Mushroom; Tall Lepiota (Edible
but danger-
ous to beginners) Lepiota procera (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 66)
Cap or Pileus Convex, like an open umbrella. Thin, umbonate, cov-
ered
with
closely
pressed scales. 3-5 inches broad.
Stem or Stipe Long, hollow, or with cottony pith; bulbous at the base; usually covered closely pressed scales. 5-10 inches
with
Veil
long. or Ring
firm; often
Thick and movable on
the stem.
Section of L. procera L*p-l-c?-tt
Pr6$'-*-ri
Fungi with Gills
Gills
or Lamella Closely placed, side by side. Whitish, or tinged with yellow. The inner extremity remote from the stem.
White, elliptical. White, soft, and dry. Time July to September. Habitat Thin woods, pastures, and by roadsides. Dangerous to beginners because of its resemblance to Amanita.
Spores Flesh
The
specific
name, Procera, from the Latin procera
(tall),
refers to the length of the stem.
There is no poisonous species for which it can be mistaken one bears in mind that it has a long stem with bulbous base, a brownish, spotted cap with dark apex, and a broad basin about if
the insertion of the stem.
Smooth Lepiota Lepiota naucinoides (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 66) or
Cap
Pileus
rarely
Smooth,
the
central
white; part of
tinged with a 2-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe Coloured like the cap; thickened at the base. Hollow or webby. 2-3 inches
the
cap
is
smoky hue.
long.
Veil or Annulus White. External edge generally thicker than the inner; often movable on the stem. Gills
or Lamella White when young; when old, pinkish or smoky brown. Rounded at
the inner extremity and not attached to the stem. Narrower toward the stem than in the middle. Spores White, sub-elliptical. Flesh Thick, white, and tender.
Time
August
November.
to beginners because of its resemblance to Amanita.
Dangerous
The smooth eretaceous),
Section of L. naucinoides
lepiota resembles the chalk agaric
(Agaricus
which has brown spores, and the meadow mush64
White-spored Series
room (Agaricus collar,
campestris),
and a stem tapering
which has darker gills, a persistent No harm can come from
at the base.
Great care should be taken be a smooth lepiota has no specimen thought volva or wrapper at the base, for the absence of a volva is the confusing these for edible purposes.
to be sure that a
to
most marked difference between it and the poisonous vernal The gills of the smooth lepiota turn a dingy brown or pink, and those of the vernal amanita remain white and the cap of the smooth lepiota has not the moist smoothness and the brilliant whiteness of the vernal amanita. amanita (Amanita verna).
;
Lepiota Friesii
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 71)
Rather thin, convex, or nearly plain, with soft, forming small patches over the surface. 1-4 tawny inches wide. Stem or Stipe Tapering toward the cap, slightly bulbous at the The lower part of the stem coloured like the cap, and base. Hollow. Powdery white above the with similar fibrils.
Cap or Pileus
fibres
2-5 inches long. ring. Ring or Annulus Present and pendulous. Gills or Lamella Narrow, crowded, free from stem
;
white
;
some
forked. white, with a slight odour when bruised. Well developed, drooping. White above, and or scaly below. tawny Habitat Soft, loose soil in bushy places. Flesh
Soft,
Ring or Annulus
Time
July to September.
GENUS MARASMIUS The genus Marasmius belongs
to the white-spored series.
plants are small, and wither and shrivel in dry weather, to The gills are thin, and have acute, revive a^ain when wet.
The
M. peronatus and M. urens are poisonous or suspected. The generic name comes from the same Greek word as the word marasmus, the name applied to a disease from which the The signifipatient wastes away without any apparent cause. edges.
cance of the fleshy
little
name
will
plant shrink Fre'-sM
be apparent to one who watches the the sun shines.
away when
Mi.r
Fungi with Gills
Fairy-ring
Mushroom
(Edible)
Marasmius oreades Cap or Pt'kus Fleshy, tough, smooth, convex, or nearly plane, often with the centre higher than the space between it and the rim. Reddish fading, as it ages or dries, to pale yellow ;
1-2 inches broad. or buff. Gills or Lamella Broad and wide apart, creamy or yellowish, rounded at the stem end, unequal.
Stem or Stipe Whitish, slender, tough, 1-2% inches long. woolly hairs. Ring or Annulus None. White. Spores Flesh Thin, white, tough. Time May to October. Habitat In circles or groups.
solid,
coated with dense
Dangerous fungi somewhat resembling the M. oreades, and found in company with it, may be distinguished by their darkcoloured spores.
GENUS COLLYBIA The members
of this genus have white spores, and the with thin edges attached to the stem by their inner exThe stem has a cartilaginous rind that is, it is hard and tremity. The genus contains fifty-four American of a tough texture. lamellae
;
species,
some of which
regarded as deleterious.
are regarded as edible, while others are The velvet-stemmed collybia, or Col-
lybia veltttipas, is edible, and remarkable for its habit of growing long after the frosts of winter have come. It is easily recognised by its yellowish and viscid cap, and its habit of growing in tufts,
and developing on the stem a dense coat of velvety
hairs.
The
rooted collybia, Collybia radicata, may be recognised by the character of its stem, as the lower part is like a slender tap root, generally penetrating the earth to a depth equal to the length of the
stem above the
surface. O-re'-S-des
CM-l^b'-l-*
66
SMOOTH LEPIOTA
(EDIBLE)
(Lep:ota nancintiiries. Peck)
Nat. size
:
Cap diam.,
1
z /?
inches; stem length, 4^2 inches.
PARASOL MUSHROOM.
TALL LEPIOTA (EDIBLE)
(Lepiota procera^ Scop.) Nat. Size
:
Cap Diam., 3^
inches; stem length,
See page 63
4%
inches
SPOTTED COLLYBIA
(EDIBLE, Mel.)
&
(Cottybia maculata, A.
Cap and stem white with
rusty spots
;
gills
S.)
white.
BSOAD-GILLED COLLYBIA (EDIBLE, (Collybia, platyphylla,
Surface of cap brownish,
fibrillose
;
gills
See Genus,
p. 66
Mel.)
Fr.)
white.
See Genus,
p. 66
Collybia fantilia, Peck.
WAXY CLITOCYBE
Reduced (Edible)
(EDIBLE)
(.Clifocyte laccata. Scop.)
Cap, J-2 inches; stem,
1-3 inches.
See page 70
DECEIVING CLITOCYBE (POISONOUS) (Clitocybf illudent. Schw.)
Dull orange; phosphorescent.
See Genus,
p.
70
White-spored Series
Collybia familia (Edible) (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 66)
Cap or
Pileus Greyish, with centre darker. often cracked. Slightly striate. Gills or Lamella Slightly greyish, soft, unequal, free, not crowded. Stem or Stipe Greyish, hollow. Lower part covered with white woolly substance.
Smooth margin,
Sports White. Flesh Greenish grey.
Time
September.
Habitat
Section of C. familia
The specimen photographed was
found growing upon
a prostrate evergreen tree near
Lake
Placid.
GENUS PANUS (SEE
PLATE FACING PAGE
151)
The members
of this genus are leathery plants, with the The gills are simple, not forked, and the spores are white. Panus stypticus is common on rotten wood, and gives out a weird, phosphorescent light. The species of the genus Panus so much resemble species
stems
lateral or
wanting.
of the genus Lcntinus, which do not have toothed margins, that are considered by some as one genus, with
Panus zndLentinus the
name
Some
Lentinus.
species of
Panus are dangerous.
i
GENUS TROGIA But one American species is reported; this is small and leathery, brownish in colour, with the spore-bearing surface white. The lamellae are obtuse on their edges, and are not hairy. The spores are white. This plant is common on fallen branches of the alder.
GENUS SCH1ZOPHYLLUM this genus have white spores and a leathery with the lamellae hairy and grooved, or split. Schiqophyllum commune is common on twigs or branches. It varies to 2 inches across, appearing as fluted shells on the from
The members of
pileus,
%
bark. Fa-mll'-T-i
Pi'-ntts
Trdg'-f-i
67
SkKz-S-phyl'-ltim
CQm-mu'-ne
Fungi with
Gills
GENUS OMPHALIA The members
of this genus have white spores, and the gills stem. They have a hard, tough rind to the
growing down on the
stem, which distinguishes them from the genus Cltiocybe, which has fleshy stems. Omphalia umbellifera is a small species, with It is the common mushroom on the a cap about an inch broad.
top of Mount Marcy, the highest mountain in the State of York.
New
GENUS RUSSULE The genus Russula may
usually be recognised by its brittle stem and the fact that the lamellae fleshy are usually joined to the stem. Bright clear reds and purplish hues prevail, but several species exhibit a green colour, or an approach to green. The spores are white or yellowish, and the flesh never exudes a milky or coloured juice. Six species are dancharacter, added to
its
gerous.
Emetic Russula (Dangerous) Russula emeiica (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
Cap or PtfeusR.osy
tint to rich red.
74)
The margin furrowed with parallel lines. Skin separable,
Flesh thin.
somewhat
viscid.
Cap
diameter of specimen
photographed,
3%
inches. Gills
or Lamella White. Usually uniform, occa-
sionally unequal broad and
;
brittle.
Stem or Stipe Rosy. Swollen near the base.
Specimen photographed,
2>
inches
Section of R. emetica
Spores White. White, unless just under the skin, where it may be pink. Very fragile. Peppery to the taste.
Flesh
6m-pha'-H-5
Um-bgl-ll'-fg-rS
68
Rfis'-sfi-li
fi-mft'-I-cS
White-spored Series
Acrid and biting.
Taste
July to November. Habitat In damp meadows, in woods, in grassy places, under pine trees and firs.
Time
Green Russula; Verdette (Edible) Russula virescens
Cap or Pileus Greyish green. At first globose, then expanded convex or depressed at the centre. Firm and dry. Not with flaky greenish or yellowish viscid, but adorned the 2-4 inches patches, produced by cracking of the skin. broad. Margin marked with impressed lines. ;
Section of R. virescens
Lamella White. free, or nearly so Moderately close narrow as they approach the stem. Some forked, others
Gills or
;
;
not.
Stem or Stipe
Shorter than the diameter of the cap. Smooth, 1-2 inches white, and solid, or somewhat softer within. long. White, rough, nearly globose. Spores Flesh
White
mild in
taste.
69
Fungi with
Gills
Time July and August. Habitat Grassy grounds, groves, and open woods.
No
milky nor coloured
juice,
no coloured
circular zones.
Variable Russula (Edible) Russula heterophylla
Cap or Pileus
Variable in colour.
fleshy, firm
Greenish or pinkish grey, but smooth, and
slightly convex, then depressed
;
;
the very thin skin Margin thin, disappearing. smooth, or with slightly depressed lines closely placed. Stem or Stipe Solid, firm, smooth, shining white, the apex occasionally dilated in the form of a cup. Annulus or Volva None. Gills or Lamella Narrow, crowded, forked white ; of different polished,
;
lengths. Spores White. Flesh White ; mild in taste.
Woods. Common. Time]u\y to October. The specific name refers
Habitat
the
to the difference in the lengths of
gills.
GENUS CLITOCYBE The members of the genus Clitocybe have the spores white, no volva or annulus, the gills with thin edges not notched on the edge near the stem, and generally decurrent.
ClitOCybe laCCata (Edible) Must
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 66)
not be confused with the poisonous C. illudens.
When moist, pale red, buff red, or flesh red; Surface covdry, greyish to pale yellowish brown. ered with tiny tufts of hair. Convex when young, flattened with wavy margin when old often depressed. %-2 inches
Cap or Pileus
when
;
broad. Gills or Lamella decurrent.
Broad, distant, unequal.
Flesh colour.
Veil and Annulus None. Stem or Stipe Slender, stiff, fibrous, stuffed, or hollow. like Often twisted. 1-3 inches long. cap. Spores White, rough, globose.
Flesh
Slightly
Colour
Thin, pale flesh colour, leathery, tasteless. H*t'r-6-ph?l'-la.
Cll-tS^y'-be
70
LSc-ca'-t*
Fat Pholiota, (edible). Pholiota adiposa, Fr.)
Cap, 2-4 inches broad.
See page 83
Honey-coloured Armillaria (edible). (Armillaria mellea, Vahl). See page 61.
Cap, 1-6 inches; stem, 1-6 inches.
Lepiota
Friesii,
Lasch. (edible).
Cap, 1-4 inches; stem, 2-5 inches. See page 65.
Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr. Cap, 2J4 inches; stem, 3 inches. See page
86.
White-spored Series
Sections of C. laccata
Spring to autumn.
Time
Habitat Wood, swamps, or open or grassy places.
Var.
amethystina
has
fields,
cap darker,
naked ground, mossy
gills
amethyst,
quite
decurrent.
Var. pallidifolia, gills paler than laccata. Var. striatula, plants small, gills showing as lines through the thin cap.
ClitOCybe virens Cap or Pileus
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 75)
Fleshy, convex, expanded, obtuse.
Pale greenish
blue. Gills or Lamella White, crowded, thin, slightly decurrent. Stem or Stipe White, with occasional rusty spots stiff, solid. Sometimes two stems are found growing together at the base. Spores White. /%^ White. Time Autumn. Habitat The specimen photographed was found growing in ;
mixed woods Am-*-th?s'-tf-na
in Pennsylvania.
PU-H-dMo'-lM 71
StrUt'-t-l*
W-rens
Fungi with
Gills
GENUS TRICHOLOMA The members of genus Tricholoma have white spores, and on the stem. The gills are attached to the stem, and no collar
are notched on the edge at or near the stem.
Masked Tricholoma Tricholoma personatum
(var.
(Edible)
bulbosum) (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
82)
Variable in colour; pale lilac, with yellowish tint; sometimes whitish or pale brighter in young specimens Thick, fleshy, convex when young, with margin greyish.
Cap or Pileus
;
in, and bloom or mealiness on
rolled slight
the
When
surface. mature,
smooth
mar-
;
or turned upward. Gills or Lamella
gin
wavy
Faint our,
lilac
with
tint
Nar-
of violet.
row,
col-
unequal,
free, close,
and
rounded at the stem end.
Faint
Stem
tint.
lilac
Surface
rather fibrous
;
short, stout, solid, bulbous.
Spores
Section of T. personatum (var. lulbosunf)
white cal.
Flesh Firm. Habitat Thin woods, open grassy places. Time September to freezing weather. Pr-son-a'-ttim
So
r
d
i
d
ellinti-i
Brown-spored Series
Craterellus cantharellus (Edible) (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 74)
or Pileus Margin wavy. Yellow or pinkish yellow. Fleshy, firm, convex, then centrally depressed. Gills or Lamella Blunt, running down the stem,
forking
Stem
many
times.
and smooth.
Solid, yellow,
Spores Yellowish. Flesh White, slightly stained in places.
Taste
peppery no odour. Time Summer and autumn. Habitat Specimen photographed was found growing in moss and earth on an old wood road in mixed woods, New Jersey. slightly
;
Craterellus
"
Fungi with
present classified as one of the family
at
is
For
Thelephoracece.
Gills."
l) Section of c. cantharellus
convenience It
is
we
interesting, as
have placed it under it forms a connecting
between fam. Thelephoracex and fam. Agaricacece.
link
GENUS AGARICUS The genus Agaricus
includes all brown-spored species which and a stem with a collar. The distinctive features of several edible species may be quite satisfactorily seen by reference to the table with parallel columns.
have
free gills
is becoming quite an important industry both professional horticulturists and amateurs country It is not a difficult matter to raise the successfully engage in it. common mushroom, as the conditions necessary are easily ob-
Mushroom-growing
in this
tained.
and
;
Mushrooms
will
also in cellars, caves,
grow almost anywhere out of doors, and tunnels where a uniform and mod-
erate temperature of from 50 to 60 Fahr. can be maintained. The part of a cellar devoted to mushrooms must be darkened some-
what, must have a dry floor, and must be protected from wet overhead and from winds. These conditions are common in cellars
which
be musty.
are rather dark, but sufficiently well ventilated not to The bed for the mushrooms is prepared in a manner
Cra'-ter-el'-ltis
Thel-e-pho-ra'-je-ae
73
X-g&r'-I-ciis
Fungi with
Gills
similar to that
employed
in
making
a hot-bed, care being taken
that the conditions are such that too great heat is not generated. Any one desiring to experiment will find it helpful to have the to Grow Mushrooms," "Farmers' Bulletin," No. 53,
"How
which may be obtained from the United Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
?4
States
Department of
Pholiota agger icola^ Peck
Reduced
slightly
See page 84
Craterellus cantharellus, Schw. (Edible.)
Reduced
slightly
a
.1 a
Brown-spored Series
Fungi with
Gills'
Common Mushroom
(Edible)
Agaricus campestris (SEE PLATES FACING PAGE 82)
Cap or Pileus Silky, or with fine fibres. The young plants are hemispherical or almost globose. The "buttons" mature plants are convex or nearly flat. White, or tinged with dingy browns. Skin separable. Margin extending beyond the gills. Gills or Lamella Delicate pink, then dark brown, covered by a veil in young plants. Crowded, rounded at the inner exNot attached to stem tremity. Stem or Stipe White, smooth stuffed that is, softer within than ;
;
Shorter than the diameter of the cap. Ring or Annulus Delicate, often disappearing with age. Flesh White. Much esteemed.
without.
Spores
Brownish,
elliptical.
Late summer and autumn. Habitat In pastures, lawns, and open places.
Time
Agaricus campestris is the mushroom ordinarily seen in the markets, either fresh from the growers or preserved in cans.
Rodman's Mushroom
(Edible)
Agaricus Rodmani (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
Sections of A.
Rodmani R6d-m*n'-I
Cfcn-ps'-trfs
76
78)
Brown-spored Series
Cap or Pileus Creamy, with brownish spots. Firm, surface dry. Mature specimens frequently have the surface or the cap broken into large, brownish scales. 3^ inches broad. Gills or Lamella Whitish, then pink, becoming dark brown. Narrow, close, unequal. Stem or Stipe Fleshy, solid, short, thick. Ring or Annulus Double. Spores Brown. Flesh Firm, whito, cut, agreeable
Time
2 inches long.
assuming a pinkish or salmon
tint.
to July.
May
Grassy grounds, crevices of unused pavements. specimen photo-
Habitat
graphed was found growing
in
a cluster between broken stone in the gutter of a in
street
village
New Jersey. Agaricus abruptus (Edible) (SEE PLATE FACING P. 79)
Cap orPileus
Creamy
white, dry,
and
Irregular silky. in shape when
Yellow
young.
when
bruised.
Gills or Lamellae
pinkish
Slightly
when
the veil
first
breaks;
deeper
mature
pink in speci-
mens, becoming brownish. Soft, free from the stem, crowded, unequal. Stem or Stipe Creamy
white, deeper cream, or brownish near the base.
Hollow,
When
nutty flavour.
stiff,
Section of A.
brittle, sometimes
Xb-rtip'-tSs
77
abmptut
The
Fungi with
Gills
splitting lengthwise. Abruptly bulbous tapering toward cap. 3 inches long.
at
the
base,
Brown. and Annulus
Spores
Frail, part adhering to the margin of the cap, part forming a ring on the stem. Flesh White, solid. Decided taste of pistachio-nut
Veil
Time
September. The specimen photographed grew by the
Habitat
Lake
trail
along
Placid.
GENUS HYPHOLOMA This genus has
The
the stem.
veil
of the pileus, but
is
brown
spores, and no volva at the base of remains as a fringe attached to the margin not always apparent in old specimens no ;
portion remains as a ring on the stem.
The
gills are attached or
In this respect, fast to the stem at their inner extremity. and also in having the stem destitute of a collar, the genus differs from the genus Agaricus.
grown
Perplexing
Hypholoma
lexum
Cap
or
Pileus
slightly
Convex
umbonate.
(Edible)
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 82)
or nearly plane, smooth, sometimes Reddish or brownish-red, fading to yel-
low on the margins. One to three inches broad. Stem or Stipe Firm and hollow, slightly covered with fine Whitish or yellowish to rusty red or red brown. threads. 2-3 inches long. Veil remains attached to the margin.
No ring on the stem. Gills or Lamella Thin, crowded, slightly rounded at the stem end. At first pale yellow, then tinged with green or purplish Veil or Ring
brown. Spores Purplish brown, elliptical. Flesh Mild, not clearly bitter, white. Time Autumn to freezing weather. Habitat Grows in clusters, sometimes singly, on stumps, in the woods or in the open.
by
Six allied species of Hypholoma reference to the table.
78
may be
readily distinguished
RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, YOUNG (EDIBLE) (Agaricus Rodmani^ Peck.
Reduced)
RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, MATURE (EDIBLE) (Agaricus Rodmani, Peck) Nat. size
:
Cap diam., 3^ inches
;
stem length,
2
inches
Brown-spored Series
Section of
I
H. perplexum
TASTE MILD OR NOT CLEARLY BITTER
H. epixanthus Cray-gllled Mush-
room
Fungi with
Gills
II
H. eleeodes
TASTE BITTER
Brown-spored Series
Stem or
Stipe
Hollow, white, and slender.
Spores Purplish Flesh Tender.
brown,
Time Throughout a moist season. HabitatIn clusters, in lawns, gardens,
Brick Hypholoma
1-3 inches long.
elliptical.
Top
thin
woods, and pastures.
(Edible)
sublateritium (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 86)
Brick red, with pale yellowish border. Surface covered with fine silky fibres. 2^-4 Fleshy, firm, moist.
Cap or Pileus
inches broad. Stem or Stipe Creamy
when young, lower
part slightly tinged
with red. Hollow or stuffed. Silky fibres on the
surface.
2>-
4 inches long. Gills or Lamella
Creamy when young,
olive old.
when
Attached
to stem at inner extrem-
Rather n arrow, crowded, unity.
equal.
Ring or Annulus None. Remnants of veil often seen on edge of cap. Spores
Brown.
Flesh
Creamy,
firm, bitter.
Time
Septem-
ber.
Habitat s
p eci
The me n
photo-
graphed
grew in clusters on a mossy stump Section of
H.
sublateritium
Si
in the Open.
Fungi with
Gills
GENUS STROPHARIA There are about seven species of this genus in America. The spores are brown, there is no volva, the stem has a collar, and the lamellae are united with the stem. They have no special economic importance. Two species are dangerous.
GENUS PSATHYRA Two
American species are reported
for this genus.
The
spores are dark brown, there is no volva, the veil is inconspicuous or wanting, and the lamellae attached to the stem or notched
The margin
at the inner extremity.
plant and mature plant
is
of the cap in the
young
always sh aight.
GENUS PSILOCYBE Eleven American species are reported for this genus. The spores are dark brown. There is no volva, the veil is inconspicuous or wanting, and the lamellae are attached to the stem or notched at the inner extremity. curves in at the margin.
In the
young
plant the cap
GENUS PILOSACE This genus has but one American species recorded. The There is no volva, and the veil is inconspores are dark brown. spicuous or wanting.
The
lamellae are free
from the stem.
GENUS DECONICA But one American species is reported. This has dark brown and the lamellae growing down on the stem. The veil inconspicuous or wanting, and there is no volva.
spores, is
Str6ph-i'-rf-i
Psa-thy'-rit
e
PsM5-#'-be De-cfin'-l-ci
82
Agancus campestri, Reduced.
L. (edible). See page 76.
Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible). Reduced.
Stem, 3 inches.
See page
77.
Hypholoma (edible). (Hypholoma perplexum, Pk.)-
Perplexing
Cap, 1-3 inches; ^tem, 2-3 inches.
Rusty-spored Series
GENUS CH1TONIA One American
species is reported in this genus, Clarheinde The spores are brown, and the stem has Nebraska. from plana, a volva at the base, but no ring. .
GENUS PHOLIOTA of this genus have rusty spores, and an annulus There are about twenty known species, and
The members on
the stem.
some
of these are edible.
Fat Pholiota (Edible) Pholiota adipOSa($EE PLATE FACING PAGE
70)
Cap orPileus Showy, deep yellow, with little scales of reddish brown. Fleshy, firm. At first convex. hemispherical, then Sticky when moist, shiny when 2-4 inches broad. dry. Stem or Stipe Stem yellow, generin ally rusty at the base. Equal diameter, or slightly thickened Sectin Stuffed or solid. at the base. Tough. Two to four inches. Gills or Lamella Yellowish, becoming rusty tached to the stem. King or Annulus Slightly radiating, woolly.
of P. adiposa
;
close,
and
at-
Rusty brown. September to November. Habitat In tufts, on stumps or dead trunks of trees. Spores
Time
limonella, lemon-yellow pholiota, has a smaller, and more expanded cap, of a lighter yellow, with white
Pholiota thinner, gills.
CM-to'-nl-a
Pho-H-o'-ta
Ad-t-p6'-sl
Fungi with
Gills
Early Pholiota Edible (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 87)
Pholiota prcecox
Cap or PileusCre&my white, smooth, not shining. Very Stem
thin skin. 1-2 inches. or Stipe Creamy white, rather scaly. Skin peels Stuffed or hollow. readily.
1-5 inches long. Gills or
Lamella
Creamy white
when young, brown when
mature. unSoft, close, equal, notched at the inner extremity, and attached to the stem. Veil and Ring Stretched like a
drumhead from stem to margin
of
cap.
Variable
manner of parting. times
separates
in
somefrom cap It
margin, and forms a distinct ring about the stem again, but little remains on the stem, and much on the rim of the cap. ;
Spores Rusty brown. Flesh White, solid though soft, moist. Taste slightly bitter.
Time
May
to July.
Habitat
The Grassy ground. specimen pictured grew about the roots of a poplar
Section of P. praecox
tree in
New Jersey.
Pholiota aggericola (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 74)
Cap or Pileus Brown, shining when moist. Margin in older specimens finely and closely impressed with parallel lines. Cap diameter of specimen photographed, 2 inches. Gills or Lamella Pale brownish when young, darker brown Pre'.cox
Ag-ggr-fc'-o-li
Rusty-spore d Series
when
mature.
Attached to stem
when young,
free
when
older. Veil
Stem
Pale brown, colour of stem. or Stipe Pale orownish,
darker at
base. Softer texture within
than with-
Stem
out.
length of
specimen p h o t o graphed, 2 inches.
R u s ty
Spores
brown.
Flesh
Pale
brownish; No brittle. taste or
marked
odour. Section of P. aggericola October. Habitat Specimen photographed grew among grass and leaves in a New Jersey garden.
Time
GENUS CORTINARIUS This genus contains many species which are distinguished the by rusty yellow colour of their spores and by the webby It is of the utmost importance in identifycharacter of the veil. ing species of Cortinarius to know the colour of the gills of the young plant, as the gills of the old plants are almost uniform in to their being dusted with the rusty yellow spores. should carefully note the colour of the young one addition, the old; the surface, whether sticky or dry, with plant compared smooth or hairy the taste and the markings left on the stem by the retreating veil. All species have their gills attached to the have and some them notched at the stem end. They may stem, be looked for along the borders of woods and groves in hilly regions, during the latter part of the summer. colour,
owing
In
;
;
Cor-tf-na'-rf-fis
85
Fungi with
Gills
albOViolaCGUS
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 71)
Cap or Pileus
Surface with rusty Lavender, paler in the centre. 2j4 inches broad. Gills or Lamella Crowded, unequal, attached to the stem. spots.
B C. violaceus
Stem or Stipe
Pale lavender, assuming a deeper shade when cut or bruised. Spongy in the centre, swollen toward the base. 3 inches long. Veil Filmy, stretching from stem to the margin of the cap in
young Spores
plant.
Rusty brown. 86
s:
*
c
IVORY
HYGROPHORUS
(EDIBLE)
(tfygropkortts e&urneus. Fries) Reduced. Cap diam. I inch; stem length, 2% inches See page 6l
EARLY PHQLIQTA (EDIBLE) IPkoliota jrtrcox, Pers.)
Reduced.
Nat.
size:
Cap, 1-2 inches; stem, 1-5 Inches
Pink-spored Series Flesh
Tinged with violet
Time
Autumn.
Habitat
Thick,
damp woods.
C. violaceus differs from
c.
alboviolaceus in having the cap
dark violet and usually covered with
fibres.
GENUS PLUTEUS The members of the genus Pluteus are fleshy fungi with pink spores, and gills free from the stem. They have no volva or wrapper about the young plant, and no ring or annulus on the Eleven species are known from the United States, of stem. which Pluteus cervinus, the fawn-coloured mushroom, is the commonest.
The generic name Pluteus means all that is joined together make a cover for besiegers at their work, that they may be The arrangement of screened from the missiles of the enemy. to
the caps in the group pictured
is
suggestive of the meaning.
Fawn-coloured Pluteus (Edible) Pluteus cervinus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 94)
Cap or Pileus
brown
Light
or
fawn
coloured, streaked with lines
of darker
brown. face
dry
Surand
Skin shining. thin and papery.
inches
3>
broad. Gills or Lamella
Almost
when
white young,
flesh
colour
when
mature.
Broad, unequal in
length,
free
from the stem. Stem or Stipe
Creamy white,
P. cervinus
Fungi with
Gills
streaked with pale brown. Brittle, pithy in the centre when mature. 3-6 inches long. Spores Pink, with suggestions of yellow; salmon colour. Flesh White, tasteless. Time Early in the season, May. Habitat Mixed woods, on and around old stumps. New Jersey.
GENUS ENTOLOMA The members
have pink spores, and the with a notch near the junction The stem is fleshy, and not tough and hard as of gill and stem. in Leptonia and Nolanea, genera with pink spores and adnate or sinuate lamellae. There are some twelve species in this genus, none of which have any economic interest, while at least four are of this genus
lamellae attached to the stem, or
dangerous.
GENUS ECCILIA The members of the genus Eccilia have neither volva nor The gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are
annulus. pink,
and the stems have a hard, tough rind, not fleshy as in There are three species known in America.
Clitopilus.
GENUS YOLVARIA The members of the genus Volvaria are fleshy fungi, soon becoming putrescent. The spores are salmon colour. A volva is present, but no annulus. Distinguished from Amanitopsis by having salmon-coloured spores instead of white.
GENUS CLITOPILUS The members of this group have neither volva nor annuThe gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are lus. pink, and the stem is fleshy, without a hard and tough rind as in Eccilia. least
two
There are fourteen American species, of which species are edible. n-tS-16'-mi
Lp-to-nI-4
N6-li'-n-4
fec^Il'-l-i
V61-va'-!Ml
CH-t8-plMtts
88
at
Black-spored Series
GENUS COPRINUS Ink Caps (Edible) The genus Coprinus may be fact that the
readily recognised from the dissolve to an inky fluid soon spore-bearing plates
after the spores
mature.
An amateur mushroom
hunter
may feel
perfectly safe in col-
lecting ink caps for his table, as all the species large enough to tempt the collector are not only edible, but are generally conceded to be of the best.
Their general appearance is such that even the most untrained observer should not mistake them for species of other groups.
The oblong
or nearly cylindrical cap, which does not expand in inky drops, is too striking a characterto dissolve ready istic to permit of any one making a mistake in identifying it as until
a
specimen safe to eat. These plants literally grow up
day, as their period of
not until
all
growth
is
and perish in a spent underground, and it is in a night
the parts of the fruiting portions of the plants are
developed that they push themselves above ground. Then they push and crowd from the ground in such numbers, where but a few hours before no evidence of them was seen, that each one is compressed from its cylindrical form to that of a manysided prism, so that there would be no chance for the expansion
fully
of those within the group if it were not that those on the outer rim so rapidly expand and dissolve away. Specimens to be eaten should be gathered in the young stage and should be cooked promptly; for though not poisonous in the black stage, they are surely not attractive. Shelley must have had the ink caps in mind when he wrote of the fungi in the garden of "The Sensitive Plant":
1
Their mass rotted off them flake
by
flake,
the thick stalk stuck like a murderer's stake, Where rags of loose flesh yet tremble on high,
Till
Infecting th
winds that wander by." Co-pri'-ntis
89
Fungi with
Gills
Shaggy-mane;
Horsetail; (Edible)
Coprinus COmatuS
Maned Agaric
(SEE PAGES
iii,
v, viii)
Cap or Pileus Cylindrical or barrel-shaped becoming bell-shaped Colour of the or expanded, with split margins, when old. buttons or young plants dark but that of the older forms white, flecked with dark patches or scales. Surface shaggy. i YZ-J inches long before expansion. Stem or Stipe White, smooth, hollow. 3-4 inches long. Ring or Annulus Slightly adherent, or movable in the young plant ; later lying on the ground at the base of the stem, or wholly disappearing. Gills or Lamella Crowded. White, then tinged with pink ; ;
;
finally black, and dripping an inky fluid. Black, elliptical. Spores Flesh Fragile, tender, digestible, with nutty flavour.
Time
Autumn.
Habitat
Loose, rich earth.
By
roadsides, in pastures,
and
in
dumping grounds. one study the specimens of the shaggy-mane from the time it pushes its little brown head above the ground until, as a tall black umbrella, it melts away into inky blackness, he will find much that is beautiful and interesting. A little brown button may be cut with a sharp knife throughIf
out part
its
length to show the unexpanded gills lying close to the is afterwards to become the stem.
which
An
older button cut in the
same way
will
show
the
gills
separated from the stem and the outer cover of the cap at the lower end of the gills joined to the stem. A still older specimen will
show
the connection of the outer cover broken loose from
and the torn part
the base of the
gill
as a
collar.
temporary
still
remaining on the stem
outer layer of brown threads which covers the button be found to break as the threads within expand, and to remain in the older specimens on the surface as patches of brown threads. Underlying these are broken white threads which in a younger stage, unbroken, formed a white cover under the brown.
The
will
It is these loosely hanging threads which give the shaggy appearance to the cap of the mature plants and which have suggested the names of shaggy-mane, horsetails, and comatus
(comatus, in Latin, meaning hairy). Co-ma' -tus
Mycena haematopoda,
Pers.
See'
page
55.
fc
a
ZONED CORTINARIUS (Cortinarius armillalus, A.
Cap cinnamon-brown;
gills
paler than cap; stem light
&
S.,
brown with
Fr.)
fibrous zones of red.
See Genus, p. 85
Black-spored Series
Inky Coprinus (Edible) Coprinus atramentarius first, broadening by degrees until it or greyish brown, with sugColour greyish cone-shaped. Smooth or with a few obscure gestions of lead colour. Often suffused with bloom. The marscales on the disk. Deliquescing. 1-3 inches gin sometimes notched or lobed.
Cap or
Pileus
Cylindrical at
is
in diameter.
Stem or Stipe Slender, smooth, whitish, hollow; 2-4 inches. Ring or Annulus A slight vestige of one may be seen to extend around the stem near the base as an irregular zigzag eleGills
vated line of threads. or Lamella Crowded. At first whitish and flpcculose on the edges, then black, moist, dropping away in inky fluid.
Black, elliptical. Spores Flesh White, quickly deliquescing.
Autumn.
Time
Habitat
Rich
soil,
waste
The form growing is
known
places,
in the
woods.
woods
is
much more
as C. atramentarius, var. silvestris.
beautiful
and
See plate facing
page 95;
Glistening Coprinus (Edible) Coprinus micaceus Striations radiating Cap or Pileus Ovate, then bell-shaped. from near the centre of the disk to the margin. Glistening
1-2 mica-like scales cover undisturbed young specimens. Colour tan, light buff, or tawny yellow. inches broad. Stem or Stipe Slender, smooth, fragile, white, hollow. 1-3 inches long.
Ring or Annulus
Rarely seen except in very young specimens. as crowded as in the ink cap and shaggyColour white, then tinged with pinkish or purplish
or Lamellae
Gills
Not
mane. brown, finally black. Brown, elliptical. Spores Flesh
A
nutty flavour
an inky
fluid.
In
when
In wet weather it melts to raw. dry weather it may dry with all parts
well preserved. Common during spring and early autumn.
Time
small and beautiful, and clusters on decaying woods, stumps, or buried roots.
The
glistening coprinus
is
Xt'-riUmen-ta'-rf-fls
Ml-ca'-ye-iis
9
grows
in
Fungi with
Gills
GENUS GOMPHIDIUS This genus has black spores.
The
lamellae are
waxy, and
grow downward on the stem.
GENUS PSATHYRELLA The members of this genus are fleshy fungi, with black spores. They have no annulus, and the lamellae are not waxy or decurrent. The cap is striate, and the stem has a hard, tough
rind.
GENUS PAN&OLUS There are six or more species of this genus in America. They have black ovoid spores, a cap smooth and not striate, a
Some
fleshy stem.
species are very dangerous.
GENUS LACTARIUS A
milky or coloured juice exuding from the broken gills of a fungus marks it as a Ladarius. The species are mostly stout
and fleshy, the cap resembling an inverted cone; the gills are more or less decurrent, and the stem short and stout. Many of the species have a hot, acrid taste, and some have zones of colour on the surface of the cap. The spores are white or yellow. The juice
exuded
may
be white or orange or blue.
No
less
than eight
species are dangerous.
Peppery Lactarius (Dangerous) Ladarius piperatus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
Cap
Creamy white, fleshy, firm, depressed in the cenDry, never viscid, and uncommonly broad. 3-8 inches
or Pileus tre.
Gills
103)
in diameter. or Lamella
forked,
Creamy
decurrent.
white,
narrow,
Exuding a milky
crowded, juice
when
unequal, bruised.
Milk white. Stem or Stipe Creamy white, short, thick, solid, rounded at and One to two inches. slightly tapering toward the base. Gton-phld'-Ms
Sa-thy-rifl'-ia
LJtc-ta-rf-us
PJp^r-a'-ttis
92
Fungi with Milky Juice
L. pioeratu*
Veil
None.
and Annulus
Spores White. Flesh Slightly paler than the surface of the cap. Taste very pepOdour quite aromatic. pery.
Time
Summer.
Habitat Specimen pictured was found in mixed woods, dried leaves and sticks, in New Jersey.
among
Lactarius ligniotus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 90)
Cap or Pileus
Fleshy
;
brown
velvety surface
;
convex to plane;
brittle.
Lamella Attached to the stem, distant, unequal. Snow white to yellowish white. Milk mild and white. Stem and Stipe The upper part the same colour as the cap surface, base lighter hollow. Ring or Annulus None. Spores White. Flesh Taste pleasant. Broken flesh reddish white, then yellowGills or
;
ish.
Time
September.
Habitat
Common among
pictured
mosses under fir trees. in mixed woods
was found growing
Llg-nK-o'-ttis
93
The specimen at
Lake
Placid.
CHAPTER
VI:
FUNGI WITH TEETH
HYDNACE/E THE fungi with teeth are so called because, instead of bearing their spores on the surface of gills and pores, they bear them on the surface of awl-shaped teeth, which project downThe genera of the family Hydnacece are distinguished the Plants with size, shape, and attachment of the teeth. by teeth only, and no basal membrane, make the genus Mucronella. ward.
Plants with flattened, leaf-like teeth attached to a leathery memgrowing on wood, either in the form of a cap, or simply
brane,
spreading over the host,
make the genus Irpex. Plants with make the genus Radulum. Fleshy
thick, blunt, irregular spines
or
membranous plants with caps and flattened teeth, growing on make the genus Sistotrema. Plants which spread
the ground,
over their host, closely attached to
its surface, and have simple, the genus Pycnodon. Plants growing similar to those of the genus Pycnodon, but having
bristle-like teeth,
in a
manner
make
wrinkles instead of bristles, make the genus Phlebia ; while those with smooth hemispherical warts make the genus Grandinia, and those with crested papillose warts make the genus Odontium. The typical genus Hydnum has the low-crested
teeth cylindrical, so that a cross section would appear circular. is the only large genus, and in it are found several impor-
This
tant edible species. These may be put in two groups, one conthe with a cap and central stem, and one the species taining species growing in branched masses with no distinct cap. These are commonly known as Hedgehog Mushrooms.
MS-cro-nfl'-li
fr'-p&c RM'-fi-lfim S-dfint'-J-fim
Sfa-to-tre'-mS
Phlgb-l'-S
Pyc'-n8-dfin
Grita-di'-nlUi
H^d'-nfim
94
5
f
3
O
Genus Hydautn
GENUS HYDNUM Spreading
Hydnum
Hydnum repandum
(Edible)
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE in)
smooth or somewhat Cap or Pileus Fleshy, fragile, moist, in colour Variable light red, in mature specimens. scaly Convex, plane, or deeply conpale buff, or rusty yellow. cave by the stem becoming hollow. Margins often wavy. ;
1-4 inches broad. Pointed, whitish, little easily detached, leaving cavities in the fleshy cap. Stem or Stipe Stem solid in young older in specimens, hollow Teeth or Aculei
rough
;
rather
Surface
specimens. often
eccentric.
1-3
inches long.
./r/^Watery,
lighter colour than
cap. Spores Whitish. Time July to October.
Habitat
Woods and open
places.
The speciSingly or in clusters. men pictured was found in North Carolina in February.
Hydnum is
smaller and
rufescens (edible)
more
is
Section of
H. repandum
redder than the typical form,
regular.
White Hydnum
(Edible)
Hydnum albidum Cap or Pileus
White, fleshy.
1-2 inches broad.
Teeth or Aculei White, short. Stem or Stipe White, solid, short. Flesh White. Time]une to August.
Habitat
Thin,
1-2 inches long.
wet woods.
Re.pin'-dfim
Ru-feV-sns 95
Xl.bf.dfim
Fungi with Teeth
Hydnaceae
Hydnum imbricatum Cap or
Pileus
as if Brownish, Surface cracked in irregular scales. 6-7 inches
scorched.
wide. Teeth
Bluish grey.
Stem or Stipe H. imbricatum
...
Short and thick, with &
1$*** Whitish.
kS
'
Flesh
Time Late summer. ffabitatDry woods.
Bear's-head Hydnum caput-ursi
Hydnum
(Edible)
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 106)
Plant White, fleshy. Branches and Teeth Short branches covered with awl-shaped teeth of varying length, pointed toward the ground.
Section of
H.
caput-ursi
FUsk White when young, creamy when old. ffa&itatQn prostrate or standing tree trunks of decaying de-
ciduous trees. Erect, if on the upper side; ascending or pendulous or both, if on the side of the trunk.
The
bear's-head u
hydnum
is
Im-brf-ca'-ttim
very variable
in
Ci'-pttt-tir'-sl
96
form.
The
Genus Hydnum essential character
is
a solid, fleshy
body with short protecting
branches bearing numerous simple or branched teeth, which may vary in length from one-sixth of an inch to two inches,
Medusa's Head Hydnum Hydnum
(Edible)
caput-medusce
caput-medusce has knob-like branches, with short, and long, uniform ones below. At first it
distorted teeth above, is
white, but later changes to a
smoky
The change
or ash colour.
from white to an ashy tint distinguishes caput-ursi, which changes to creamy white. in colour
Hedgehog Hydnum Hydnum
it
from H.
(Edible)
echinaceus
The hedgehog hydnum is white at first, and then creamy. The branches are knob-like, and bear numerous straight, equal teeth about
two
inches long.
Coral
Hydnum
Hydnum
(Edible)
coralloides
Plant Pure white, becoming creamy with age. Branches and Teeth Numerous, spreading, angular or flattened. Terminal branches often curved upwards, terminating in a crowded mass of spines. Teeth, %-*/$ of an inch long. Stem Short, dividing into branches almost from the base. Flesh Tender, white, with agreeable taste. Time July to October. Habitat Qn. prostrate trees in mountainous or hilly country.
When
a
mere
child, Elias Fries
was so
attracted
by
this
beau-
coral-like fungus, which grew in his native forests in Sweden, that he was led to take up the study of fungi, and later became one of the most prominent students in that branch of botany,
tiful
and
laid
the foundation for the study of the Basidiomycetes.
Ca'-pfit-me-du'-sae
7
Ech-I-na'^g-tis
97
CSr-ai-loi'-des
CHAPTER
THE
AND CORAL FUNGI CLAVARIACE^ FAIRY CLUBS
VII:
fairy clubs
and
coral fungi
belong to the family Clava-
are fleshy fungi of upright growth, which hava their spore-bearing surface exposed on the apices of branching riacece.
They
or simple club-like forms. Many are extremely beautiful, resembling corals of exquisite shades of pink, violet, yellow, or white.
The seven genera are distinguished by the colour of the by their habit of growth whether simple or branched,
spores,
and,
if
branching, by the form of the branches
;
whether club-
like or thread-like, flat or round, cartilaginous or leathery. Many of the members of this family are edible, and none are known to
be unwholesome, so that of them.
it
will
be safe
for a beginner to try
any
GENUS PHYSALACRIA Plant small, simple, hollow, and enlarged at the apex.
GENUS PISTILLAR1A Plants conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with spicules to each spore-bearing
two
cell.
GENUS TYPHULA Plants
conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with four
spicules to each spore-bearing Cliv'-ar'-J-a'-9g-a
cell.
Phys-a-la'-crf-a
Pfe-tlUa'-rf-i
T^ph'-u-l*
Genus Clavaria
GENUS SPARASSIS Plants conspicuous, with the branches strongly flattened or leaf-like.
somewhat resembles
Sparassis crispa
and often forms masses as large an excellent fungus for the
a yellow cauliflower,
as one's hand.
It
is
considered
table.
GENUS PTERULA The members
of this genus are mostly slender, thread-like when moist, and horny when dry.
forms, cartilaginous
GENUS LACHNOCLADIUM The members
of this genus are leathery plants covered with
hairs.
GENUS CLAVARIA The genus Clavaria
is the largest genus in the family Cla-vaof the species are edible, and so easily recognised Many that the beginner may venture without hesitation to eat any of
riacece.
The club-like forms might be mistaken of the sac-fungi unless an examinaforms club-shaped The Clavarias would have the tion of the spores were made.
the branching forms. for certain
spores on little spicules, as in the garden mushroom, whereas the forms for which they might be mistaken would have them in
membranous
sacs.
In collecting species of Clavaria, notes
should be taken as
apices of the branches, the colour of the branches, the colour of the spores, the taste, and the place of growth. to the character of the
Pale Yellow Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria
Plant White and pale yellow. branches 2-5 inches wide. Spa-ras'-sls
Crfs'-p*
TSr'-ti-la
flaw 2-5 inches high
Lak-nS-cla'-df-um
99
;
the mass of
Clay-ar-l-a"
Flav'-i
Fairy Clubs and Coral Fungi
Clavariaceae
Round, not flattened; smooth, crowded, and nearly Whitish or yellowish, with pale pointing upward. Branchlets terminating in from one to three tips.
Branches
parallel,
yellow Stem
blunt, tooth-like points. Short, thick, white.
Spores Yellowish. Flesh White, tender.
Time
July to September.
JSfetfta*-
Thin woods and open
places.
Golden Clavaria (Dangerous) Clavaria aurea (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 91)
The 'plant is from three to four inches high, with the branches of a uniform deep golden yellow, and often longitudinally wrinkled. The stem is stout, but thinner than the Clavaria flaw, which
it
somewhat
resembles.
Red-tipped Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria botrytes
From 2-5 inches high, whitish or yellow or pinkish, with the tips of the branches red. Branches Sometimes wrinkled, longitudinally repeatedly branched. Stem Short, thick, fleshy, whitish. Plant
Time
July to September.
Habitat
Thin woods and open
places.
Crested Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria cristata
White or Small, not more than 2-2^ inches high. whitish, often faintly tinged with dull pink, or creamy yellow, or smoky tints. Branches Widened and flattened above, and deeply cut into several finger-like points, which may turn blackish brown
Plant
when
Stem
old.
Slender,
Spores
Habitat
spongy within.
White.
Woods and open
places, especially in cool, shady, moist
places. Au'-r*-*
B6-try'-tes
109
Crfs-ta'-t4
Genus Clavaria
Pistil
Clavaria; Large Club (Edible) Clavaria pistillaris
Of
the It is
largest.
with
soft
clavarias,
club-shaped
the
pistil
white
flesh.
In
shape
it
clavaria
is
the
brown
or red, and resembles an Indian club,
of a light yellow tinged with
being blunt and rounded at the summit, with a diameter of an It is found inch or less, and a height of five inches or less. during the
summer
in grassy
open places or
in thin
woods.
Clavaria fellea The
clubs of this species are about one inch high, light yellow with brown or red, somewhat divided by pairs from tinged bottom to top into two forked branches. The stem is round and solid, and the branches are crowded and nearly parallel, with blunt tips, and of a uniform colour. The taste is bitter.
Clavaria formOSa
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE no)
The Clavaria formosa has
a stout whitish stem, with erect and branches, dividing subdividing repeatedly, golden to pink, the branchlets obtuse. The specimen pictured grew on a fallen in tree dense mixed woods. Pls'-tn-la'-ris
Fl'-le-i
YOI
F6r-mo'-s4
CHAPTER VIII: FUNGI WITH PORES BOLETACE^; POLYPORACE>E THE
pores naturally divide into two groups. perishable fleshy fungi with pores easily separating from the cap and from each other make the family Boletacecz. The perishable fleshy fungi, and the leathery, corky, membranous fungi with
The
or
woody
fungi, with pores permanently united to the cap and to each other, make up the family PolyIn each the
spores are borne on of pores or tubes placed close to g e t her so that on the surface of the cap they
poracece.
the Section of a Boletus
linings >
much
look
like
large
pin
pricks
on a
stiff
but in a sectional view, obtained by cutting the cap cushion from the upper surface to the lower, they look like tubes placed ;
side
by
side.
the fleshy forms the genus Fistulina has the stem and the tubes close together, but distinct from each other. The genus Boletus has the tubes easily separable from the cap, and the genera Boletinus and Strobilomyces have the tubes quite
Among
lateral
A
firmly connected. given in the table. 1.
Stem
strictly lateral.
brief
comparison of essential points
Mouths of the tubes separated from
each other
3.
Stem Stem
4.
Stem
2.
is
Genus FISTULINA
Pores readily separating from the cap Genus BOLETUS central or eccentric ; fleshy. Pores in more or less
central.
radiating
rows
central, tough.
Pores uniform.
Cap woody
Genus BOLETINUS Genus STROBILOMYCES
GENUS FISTULINA The genus
Fistulina contains one notable species, Fistulina its resemblance to a liver. In its early
hepatica, so called from
stages
it
somewhat resembles
a strawberry, and later
it
tfo-le'-ta'-??-*
FIs-ta-ir-n5
B6-lg-ti'-nfis
P6'-ly-p6-ra'-9S-ae
B6-le'-tfis
Stro-bll-o'-my'-jes
102
may
PEPPERY LACTARIUS (Lactariu! piperatvs, Scop.
Nat.
size).
Cap, 3-12 inches
PEPPERY LACTARIUS (T.actarius fiperatus^ Scop.
Nat. size)
Genus Boletinus
have the appearance of a big red tongue protruding from a tree it langue de boeuf. It is often called vegetable beefsteak, from the flesh-like fibre and colour of
trunk, so that the French call
the fresh specimens. When young, the upper side is velvety and of a fine peach colour ; later it becomes liver red and loses
the velvety appearance ; the under surface is flesh coloured, and is rough, much like the surface of a tongue, owing to the fact that the tubes are free from
one another.
GENUS BOLETINUS The spore-bearing surface of the genus Boletinus is composed of broad, radiating lamellae connected by numerous narrow partitions so as to form large angular pores. The tubes are not easily separable from each other and from the portion on which they
are borne.
are yellowish in colour, and grow the stem. The genera may be distin-
They
downward somewhat on
guished by the following table: 1
.
2.
3. 4. 5.
Stem hollow Stem solid, lateral, or eccentric Stem solid, central. Cap pale yellow and Stem solid, central. Cap red Stem solid, central. Cap with red scales
BOLETINUS CAVIPES BOLETINUS POROSUS BOLETINUS DECIPIENS
silky
BOLETINUS PALUSTER BOLETINUS PICTUS
Painted Boletinus (Edible) Boletinus pictus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
Cap or
Pileus
matted
m)
Convex or nearly plane; at first covered with red which soon divide into small scales, so as to
fibres,
reveal the yellow colour of the cap beneath. 2-4 inches wide. Pale yellow, or pale yellow tinged with brown. Not easily separated from the cap.
Tubes
Veil Webby, concealing the tubes of the young plant. Stem or Stipe Solid, with scales and colour similar to those of the i %-"$ inches long. cap. Ring or Annulus. Webby; evident in some specimens. Spores Pale yellow tinged with brown. Flesh Yellowish, often assuming reddish tints when bruised. Habitat Woods and mossy swamps. Civ'-I-pes
Po-ro'-sfis
De-9lp'-l-ens
103
Pa-l&s'-teV
Pfc'-tfis
Fungi with Pores
Boletaceae
GENUS BOLETUS The species in the genus Boletus are numerous, and many are extremely beautiful. They are distinguished from the other pore-bearing fungi by the fact that their tubes are easily separable from each other and from the portion on which they are borne. They are to be looked for in the warmest part of the season, and with a few exceptions will be found on the ground. As it difficult to dry specimens so that they will retain their size, shape, and colour, careful notes should be taken of these points, together with the colour of the spores, the colour of the tubes,
is
the colour of the flesh before and after being bruised, the character of the stem, the presence or absence of hairs and fibres on
the several parts of the plant. The genus Boletus contains many edible species, and also many which are dangerous and as the ;
recognition of the different species is a difficult matter, even for In general experts, the beginner should be especially cautious. will be well to avoid for edible purposes all Boleti which change colour on exposure to the air or on being pressed; all those which have red-mouthed tubes, or mouths of a deeper colour than the rest of the tube and all those with a peppery or acrid taste. Experiment cautiously with the other species. it
;
A this
detailed description of the species is out of the question in " Boleti of the United for such the reader must refer to
book;
States,"* or to
" Fuhrer
fur Pilzfreunde."f
Boletus glabelius Smoky
Cap
yellow.
White, changing to blue when wounded. Brownish yellow tinged with green, changing to blue when wounded. Stem Reddish at the base, pallid above, with a narrow reddish circumscribing %one or line at the top. Habitat Grassy ground.
Flesh Tubes
Gla-beT-liis
* Bulletin, New York State Museum, No. 8, 1888. This can be obtained at a small price of the State Librarian at Albany, New York. In it are described
one hundred and ten species. f
By Edmund
Michael.
A
book
in
German, with
104
sixty-eight coloured plates.
Genus Boletus
Boletus bicolor Dark
Cap
red, fading
when
old; often
marked with yellow; 2-4
inches.
Yellow, slowly changing to blue when wounded. Bright yellow, changing to blue. Stem Solid, red, generally yellow at the top; 1-3 inches. Common in Va. and Habitat Woods and open places. One of the best edible species. Flesh
Tubes
Md.
Boletus cyanescens Cap
Covered with woolly
scales,
White, quickly changing to blue when wounded. White, becoming yellowish, changing to blue
when
Pale buff or greyish yellow. two-fifths of an inch wide.
Flesh
Tubes
bruised.
Stem
Coloured like the cap. Swollen, stuffed, not covered with a network. Habitat Woods and open places.
Boletus pallidus Pallid or
Cap Flesh
brownish white, sometimes tinged with
red.
White.
Tubes Pale whitish yellow, changing to blue when wounded. Stem Long and whitish, sometimes streaked with brown smooth.
;
Boletus mutabilis Brown, becoming blackish
Cap
;
somewhat woolly.
smooth and shining
;
or dry,
Bright yellow, promptly changing to blue when wounded. Yellow, changing to greenish yellow, and quickly becoming blue when wounded. Mouths large and angular.
Flesh
Tubes
Stem
Stout, bright yellow within, dotted scales. Habitat Dense woods.
covered with
brown and
Boletus speciosus Red.
Cap Flesh
3-7 inches broad. Pale or bright lemon yellow, changing to blue
when
wounded. BT-co-lSr
y-Sn-es'-sens
PM'-M-dtts
105
Mu-tS'-bUIs
Spe-tf-o'-stts
Fungi with Pores
Boletaceae
Bright lemon yellow, becoming dingy yellow with age; to green, then to blue, when wounded. Stem Bright lemon yellow -without and within, sometimes reddish at the base. 2-4 inches long. Habitat Thin woods.
Tubes
changing
Golden-flesh Boletus Boletus ckrysenteron (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 63)
Yellowish brown, reddish brown, brick red, or olive tinted with reddish chinks. One to three inches. Flesb Yellow, red just under tie skin, often changing to blue
Cap
when wounded. Greenish yellow, changing to blue when wounded. or pale yellow; 1-3 inches.
Tubes
Red
Stem
Woods
Habitat
or
mossy banks, common.
Boletus radicans Dry, somewhat woolly. Greenish grey, becoming pale yellow. Margin rolled under. Flesh Pale yellow, instantly changing to dark blue when wounded. Tubes Lemon yellow. Stem Tapering downward and rooting. Woolly, with a reddish bloom. Pale yellow, becoming dark with a touch. Habitat Woods, Ohio.
C*/
Boletus Peckii Red, fading to yellowish red or buff brown. Yellow, changing to blue when wounded. Stem Red; yellow at the top. Habitat Woods. Firm, dry.
Cap
Tubes
Boletus calopus Olive tinted,
Cap Flesh
Tubes
Stem
somewhat woolly.
Pallid, slightly
changing
to blue
2-3 inches wide.
when wounded.
Yellow.
Covered with a network. Wholly scarlet, or Longer than the diameter of the cap. only.
Habitat
at the
Woods.
Crfs-n'-tgr-da
P&k'-W
Ri'-dl-cXns 1
06
Cai-5'-pfis
apex
- 8 18 tu
CONE-LIKE BOLETUS (EDIBLE.
Mel.)
(Not a true Boletus) (Strobilomycrs strobilaceus. Berk.) Purplish black; flesh white, changing to red when bruised.
See
p.
IO2
BITTER BOLETUS (DANGEROUS) See p. 107 var. obesus, Pk.). (Boletus felleus, Bull.; inches Cap, 3-8 inches; stem 2-4
Genus Boletus
Purple Boletus Boletus purpureus
Cap
Dry, velvety.
Flesh
Changing
Purple red. and then to dark yellow
to blue,
m
the
young
plant.
Mouths minute, orange Yellow or greenish yellow. wounded. tinged -with purple, changing to blue where Stem Stout, with purple veins or dots. Apex sometimes covered with a network. Yellow, reddish within. Tubes
Woods.
Habitat
Boletus Satanus (Dangerous) Smooth, somewhat sticky. Pale brown or whitish. 3-8 inches broad. Flesh Whitish, becoming red-
Cap
dish or violet when wounded. f^ery poisonous.
Yellow. Mouths bright-
Tubes
becoming orange. Thick, swollen, marked above with a red network. 2-3 inches long. Habitat Woods. red,
Stem
B
Bitter Boletus (Suspected.
Satanus
Very Bitter)
Boletus felleus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 107)
Smooth, pale yellowish, greyish brown, yellowish brown, reddish brown, or chestnut. 3-8 inches broad. Flesh White, changing to flesh colour when bruised. Taste
Cap
bitter.
Tubes
White, becoming flesh colour.
Mouths angular.
Adnate
to the stem.
Stem
Covered with network.
Colour similar to the cap.
inches long. Habitat Woods and open places. Pfir-pu'-rg-us
Sa-ta'-nas
107
FeT-l-us
2-4
Fungi with Pores
Boletacese
BoletUS SCaber (Edible) Cap
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 114)
Smooth, -viscid when moist, or minutely woolly, velvety, or Colour ranges from nearly white 1-5 inches wide. scaly. to almost black.
Mouths minute. Free from the stem, white, long. White. Stem. Long, ground colour whitish, roughened with blackish brown or reddish dots or scales. 3-5 inches long. Tubes
Flesh
Common
Habitat
in
woods, swampy and open
places.
Orange-cap Boletus Boletus versipellis
Orange red. 2-6 inches wide. Dry, minutely woolly, then scaly or smooth. Margin edged with the remains of
Cap
the
veil.
Flesh
White
Tubes
Long.
Stem
Solid
;
or greyish.
Mouths minute. white
scaly
Greyish-white. Whitish wrinkles.
colour.
3-5
Cinnamon or reddish-brown.
1-3
inches long. Habitat Woods and open places.
Chestnut Boletus (Edible) Boletus castaneus
Cap
Dry, minutely velvety. inches broad.
Flesh
White.
Tubes White, becoming yellow. Short, and free from the stem. Stem Clothed and coloured like the cap. i-2> inches high. Habitat Sandy soil at edges of woods. Common.
Boletus eximius Purplish-brown or chocolate colour, fading to smoky red or pale chestnut. 3-10 inches broad. Flesh Greyish or reddish white. Tubes Resembling the cap in colour. Mouths minute. Stem Stout, covered with a meal-like powder. Colour resembling the cap, grey tinged with purple within. 2-4 inches long. Habitat Woods.
Cap
Sci'-Wr
Cis-ta'-ne-tis
Vr-sI-pl'-Hs 1
08
Ex-Im'-I-tis
Fungi with Pores
Poly poraceae
Edible Boletus Boletus edulis
Convex or
Cap
nearly plane; smooth, moist; compact, then Greyish red, brownish red, or tawny brown. 4-6
soft.
inches broad. White or yellowish; reddish beneath the skin. Tubes Convex, nearly free, long, minute, round. White, then yellow and greenish. Stem Short or long, straight or curving, sometimes bulbous, stout, covered with network. Just beneath the sterp whitish or brownish. 2-6 inches long. Habitat Thin woods. I
Flesh
Boletus subtomentosus Cap
Covered with soft -woolly hairs. Somewhat olive green, uniform in colour under the skin, yellow chinks on the surface.
Flesh Tubes
White. Yellow, with large angular mouths. Stout, rugged, with minute dots.
Stem Habitat
Common
in
woods.
Boletus Americanus Cap
viscid, slightly woolly on the margin when Yellow, becoming dingy with age; sometimes young. streaked with bright red. 1-3 inches broad.
Thin,
Flesh
soft,
Pale yellow.
Not free from the stem. Large, becoming tinged with brown.
Tubes
angular.
Pale yellow,
Slender. No annulus. Yellow, brownish towards the base, marked with numerous brown or reddish-brown glandular i^-2>^ inches long. dots; yellow within. Habitat Woods, swamps.
Stem
POLYPORACE/E The tissue
fungi with pores permanently united to the surrounding and to each other form a large and important group, the
Polyporacece.
With but few exceptions they
are leathery, corky,
membranous, or woody. Nearly six hundred species have been reported from America. fed'-u-lls
Stib'-t6-mn-t6'-stis
A-mgr'-l-ca'-ntis
P6'-l?-p8-ra'-9-*
Fungi with Pores
Polyporaceae
GENUS MERULIUS Merulius lacrymans The
simplest of these Polyporacece
the dry-rot fungus,
is
Merulius lacrymans. The food-seeking portion consists of fine white threads, mycelium, which penetrate the woodwork of The fruiting portion buildings, causing it to crumble to dust. consists of flat, irregular bodies whose under surface bears the spores in shallow pits separated by narrow ridges. Water is excreted from these flat disks, which, from the habit of dropping like tears, has suggested the specific name lacrymans, from the Latin lacrymare, to weep.
GENUS POLYPORUS The genus Polyporus and the genus Trametes have the pores packed and united to together. In Trametes the uniting substance is the same as the substance of the cap, but in Polyporus the uniting substance is different from the substance of the cap. The genus Polyporus in its widest sense is a large, closely
numbering some five hundred species, and containing every texture from fleshy or pulpy to woody. The fruiting portion is often seen in the form of brackets one,
The mycelium pene-
shelving out from standing or fallen trees.
and causing
trates the in the
wood, softening it, course of time the tree dies.
the tree has been attacked
which often
tion,
is
The
it
to crumble, so that
external evidence that
the appearance of the fruiting por-
attains a very great size.
Elfvingia (polyporus)
megaloma
is attractive to frequenters of the woods, when fresh is soft and white, and furnishes surface spore an attractive surface for stencil drawings.
Polyporus megaloma
as
its
Elfvingia (polyporus) fomentaria The brackets hoofs.
They
are
of Elfvingia fomentaria resemble horses' in the manufacture of amadou, or
employed
P6-lyp'-6-rfis Tra-me'-tes
no
Mg-i-l6'-mi F6-ra6n-ta
-rf-fis
Painted Boletinus (edib!e) (Boletinus pictus, Pk.). Cap, 2-4 inches; stem, 1^-3 inches.
Spreading Hydnum
(edible).
(Hydnum repandum,
L.).
Cap, 1-4 inches; stem, 1-3 inches. See page 95.
Genus Polyporus
German
tinder,
known
as
wind, or
The it is
which, in the form of sticks or fusees, commonly punk, is used for lighting cigars and pipes in the
for
touching
fusees are
flexible,
off fireworks.
made by beating
and then dipping
it
the fungus substance until
into saltpetre,
Polyporus conchatus Polyporus conchatus is a beautiful species found on the under side of fallen trees, growing in such a manner that from the spore-bearing surface the shells look like rosettes of shim-
mering golden-brown
velvet.
Polyporus velutinus Polyporus velutinus is common in the form of stiff ruffles with white or creamy spore surface, and grey or tan-coloured plush-like upper surface.
Polyporus pergamenus Polyporus pergamenus has a somewhat bristle-like, tancoloured spore surface, and a velvety drab upper surface, often tinged with green from a green alga which grows upon it.
Polyporus perennis Polyporus perennis resembles a slender-stemmed goblet.
Polyporus sulphureus Polyporus sulphureus is an edible fleshy form. It grows in clusters, the stemless caps often five or six inches broad and overlapping. The colour of the young cap is yellowish red or pale orange, with the margin wavy, and of a beautiful yellow. when cut exudes a yellow It is soft and juicy, and often juice.
may be found on the dead wood of trees weather from May to October. The mature during showery and become crumbling, and as they dry they lose dry plants The
plants
C6n-cha'-tfis
Vl-u'-tt-nGs
Pgr-gS-me'-nQs
III
Pr-n'-nls
Sfil-phu-r*-fis
Fungi with Pores
Polyporaceae
their attractive colours.
They exhibit phosphorescence in early The tubes are minute and short and of a
stages of decay.
Only the young plants should be used
bright sulphur colour. for food.
Polyporus squamosus found often on decayed ash trees and a thick lateral dark stem and is pale yellow tinged with brown, and covered with dark scales. It is reported to have been found seven feet in circumference, with a weight of forty-two pounds, and that it attained this Polyporus squamosus
sometimes on
growth
in the short
is
The cap has
others.
time of four weeks.
Polyporus lucidus Polyporus lucidus has a
margin of the cap, colour a rich
is
lateral
stem which, with
highly polished, as
if
all
but the
varnished, and
is
in
mahogany brown.
Polyporus arCUIarJUS
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 150)
Dark brown, minutely scaly, depressed in the centre; margin stiff, edge hairy, no flesh. Tubes Dingy cream colour. Openings oblong, almost diamondshape, resembling the meshes of a net, drawn from stem to the margin of the cap, the meshes smaller on the margin, and simply marked out at the top of the stem. Stem Dark brown, minutely scaly, mottled, with a ground Older stems are roughened at work of cream colour. Hollow. the base with whitish hairs. Cap
Spores
Habitat
Creamy white. The specimen
was found growing on decayed North Carolina.
pictured
branches of an oak tree
in
Polyporus Versicolor*
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 118)
Polyporus -versicolor has a leathery cap, thin and
rigid, plane,
depressed at the attached portion, velvety, shining with variegated two-coloured zones. The pores are minute, round, with acute and ragged edges. White, then yellowish. It is common
on decaying
tree trunks
and upon telegraph
Lu'-9*-dfis
Squa-m5'-stis
*
Known
poles.
Xr-cu-la'-rf-tis
also as Polystictus versicolor
112
VSr-s*c'-6-16T
Genus Lenzites
PolypOrUS CircinatUS
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 118)
quite often has one cap within are thick, round, without zones, velvety, and of a rusty-yellow colour. The lower surfaces of the caps, with the stems are woody and corky, but the upper surfaces of the
circinatus
Polyporus
The caps
another.
caps are soft and woolly. The stem is swollen and covered with yellow wool. The pores are decurrent, minute, and unbroken, and of a dusky grey colour. This is a handsome species,
The stem is an inch especially remarkable for its double cap. The thick. is three to four inches and almost cap equally long wide, and the flesh
is
uniform in colour.
GENUS TRAMETES Trametes pini is brown, and grows on pines and other conebearing trees. Trametes cinnabarina is bright red, and common Trametes suaveolens is white, and grows on birch and cherry. on willows.
GENUS LENZITES Lenzites betulina The
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 119)
Lenities betulina has a
somewhat
corky, leathery cap,
and without zones, woolly and pale; the margin of uniform colour; the firm,
lamellae
radial,
somewhat
branching, and coming together again. Sordid white.
This fungus, is
brackets,
in the
form of
found
espe-
on birch trees, but it is also found on various other kinds. It is a wide., spread species, and is quite cially
,
.
The
variable.
,
Under surface
.
lamellae
are
at
first
thick,
of L. betulina
corky,
and sordid
white; then thinner, with acute edges. s
8
Pl'-nl
Gfa'-nS-ba-ri'-nS
Su*a-ve'-8-lgns
113
Le"n-zl'-tes
Be't-u-lf-nS
Fungi with Pores
Polyporaceae
Lenzites separia Leathery shells, with the upper surface marked with rough zones of various shades of brown: the under surface with brown, radiating, papery gills.
GENUS D/EDALEA The genus Dcedalea has the spore-bearing surface in the form of winding and labyrinthine lamellae, so that instead of pores there are irregular branching slits on the under surface. These fungi are normally sessile, woody, and hard.
Daedalea unicolor Dcedalea unicolor
is in
form
like a full leather ruffle
with
that the scallops overlap. The branching slits are very minute, and the upper side is in zones of tan colour, with a plush-like surface. The zones are often tinged with blue
scalloped edge, so
or green from algae
full
which grow upon them.
Daedalea confragosa Dcedalea confragosa has a rough grey upper surface, and
grows from the centre in the form of depressed The texture is firm and leathery.
quercina
sessile
caps.
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 122)
Dcedalea quercina is a woody or corky species, rugged, and without zones on the surface. At first it is porous then, by the breaking down of the walls of the pores, slits are formed, with blunt partitions. It is common on oak trees. ;
Se-pl'-rf-I
Dae-da'-lc-i
C6n'-fri-gd'-s4
"4
SCABROUS-STEMMED BOLETUS (Boletus scaber, Fr.
Cap
white,
15
inches;
;
(EDIBLE)
var. niveus, Gill.)
stem, 3-5 inches.
See p.
108
TINDERWOOD POLYPORUS {Eljingia fomentaria, L.;
Fames fomentarius,
Upper surface grey to brown;
Gill.;
Polyporus foment arius, Fr.i
tube-surface concave.
See p.
11(1
Genus Favolus
GENUS FAVOLUS The genus Favolus has but few speone is very common on beech and hickory trees. Favolus alveolarius has a The cap is depressed, and lateral stem. cies
;
has a smooth, creamy-white upper surface,
with long hexagonal pores running
down
the short stem. F. alveolarius
115
CHAPTER
GELATINOUS AND OTHER FUNGI
IX:
Jew's Ear, or Judas's Ear (Edible) Hirneola auricula- Judce (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
THE Jew's
ear
is
a gelatinous fungus
folded as to resemble a
human
ear.
It is
123)
is so lobed and resemblance to an
which this
which has suggested the names, Jew's ear and Judas's ear. growing on elder has given rise to the belief that Iscariot Judas hanged himself on this tree. This fungus is prized by the Chinese as an article of food, and is imported by them from ear Its
habit of
the South Sea Islands.
manner of bearing the spores on basidia places it in Class III, Basidiomycetes, which contains fungi with gills, teeth, and pores. Its
Tremellodon Tremellodon is a clear fungus, which in colour resembles a piece of water-soaked snow, but in form resembles a Hydnum, as it has teeth-like projections on the under surface.
Guepinia Guepina form
is
a bright yellow fungus, about an inch high, in It is common in cracks of
like little spatules or goblets.
logs and stumps. mr-ne'-5-l*
Au-rfc'-fi-li
Tre-mSl'-16-d6n
Guip-Kn'-i-i
CHAPTER X:
OFFENSIVE FUNGI PHALLALES
THE Phallales
ORDER
are all terrestrial fungi that is, they are found on the ground, and not on logs and trees. They are ingrowing but too offensive to attract any but the most courateresting, students. geous They are more common in the South than in the North, ;
where they make themselves too conspicuous by
their intoler-
able odour.
They are structurally
different
from the other pouch-fungi, the
puffballs, in that they do not retain their spores in the skin (peridium) until they are fully mature, but send them into the light,
exposed on a quickly deliquescing jelly-like mass, the gleba. The order may conveniently be divided into two families: (
FAMILY
i.
]
(
face of the receptacle. Receptacle tubular or cylindric, with a
'
FAMILY
II.
sessile, or stalked.
Receptacle latticed,
Spore mass borne on the inner sur-
CLATHRACE/E
PHALLACE^ -j
'
Cap.
Spore mass on the surface of the cap.
GENUS PHALLUS Stinkhorns The genus Phallus may be
readily distinguished
by the
shape of the spore receptacles and the intolerable odour. No one with his sense of smell developed would think of The botanist and the artist, eating the members of this group. however, have braved this lion on his own territory, and have found much that is beautiful and interesting the artist having cylindrical
;
the advantage in his task of portraying the FWl-la'-les
ClSth-ra'- S e-ae
117
handsome specimen,
Phil-la' -5?-*
PhiU-liis
Offensive Fungi in
a sealed glass case and work in experience of the botanist must be realised to be
that he can inclose
The
comfort.
it
in
appreciated.
An overpowering fetid odour suddenly evident upon the many times filled with consternation the guests at summer resorts, causing among them much speculation, with premises has
suggestions of bad sewerage, and carelessness on the part of their host, together with other comments equally disastrous to the reputation of the place. The distracted householder searches in vain for a solution of
the difficulty, and the odour disappears as mysteriously as it came. If he is one of the initiated, however, he will search until he finds
the haunt of the offender, and will destroy all chance of a repetifor one summer, at least. tion of the nuisance
The mischief-maker is a handsome specimen, as its shows. The white stem, bearing at its summit a mass of
plate
gela-
tinous green substance capped with a yellow-white ring, and emitting its intolerable odour, has surely come into existence for a purpose a purpose soon suggested as hundreds of flies wing hither to sip the semi-fluid mass. tells us that the spores of this plant are mixed in the green fluid, and that they are carried away on the feet and their
way
The
botanist
in the bodies of the flies to other places, started.
where new colonies may
be
The plant has undoubtedly emerged from the ground for the purpose of disseminating its spores, and all its parts have been developed to accomplish this function in the most effectual manner. sole
The banquet
underground, and the pushed into the light, while the invitation to the guests is wafted swiftly on the breeze. One is curious to learn the mechanism by which so much is accomplished in apparently so short a time, and finds in this
table,
with
instance, as in
with
for the flies is prepared
viands
its
ease, that
all
all
ready,
others
many
is
where great things
forces have
been slowly
are accomplished work to insure
at
everything being in readiness for the success of a final flourish. A search underground shows the mycelial threads to have per-
meated the soil for many feet in every direction in search of building material, and a glance at a vertical section of one of the pink eggs which has pushed its way out of the soil will show tit
Polyporus versicolor,
Polypous
F
circinatus, Fr.
Cap, 3-4 inches; stem, See page
1
1
3.
i
inch.
Lenzites betulina, See page 13 1
Fr.
Genus Phallus
The pink "eggshell," or in outline the plan of what is to be. is lined with a jelly-like substance, which has unperidium,
doubtedly served Pink,egg6hell
mass of Cap
fiiture (jreen
as
a
within, del}/- like
substance
protection
against
Future stem
Compressed
a
safe packing to what is
cells
blows
and
insect
rav-
ages.
Within
this coat,
section,
in
ap-
two dark -colpears as
Section of young phallus
oured saddle-bags that which later is to form the green mass on Between these dark the cap of the fully developed spore table. masses lies in section the future stem it is hollow, and bears on The walls of this cap consist of its rim the spore-bearing cap. ;
which by extraordinary growth and expansion are stem through the eggshell and carry the banquet of
flattened cells,
to force the
spores several inches into the light, leaving the torn wrapper as a volva at its base, a natural "Jack-in-the-box."
Phallus impudicUS Cap or
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 122)
Outer
surface bearing the mass, gleba. Outer surface Conic-cam panulate. sculptured with reticulated ridges after the green spore mass has disappeared. Stem Hollow, tapering at each end upper end joined with the cap by a recurved border. Pilfus
spores
in
a
jelly-like
Reticulated ridge*
;
Veil
Wanting.
Volva
Habitat
Pinkish.
Low
ground.
P. irapudicu*
fm-pud'Jt-cus
Offensive Fung!
GENUS DICTYOPHORA The genus Dictyophora
differs
from the genus Phallus
in
having a veil suspended from the apex of the stem, underneath the pileus or cap.
Dictyophora Ravenelii Stem Veil
Tapering at both ends. Short, not reaching below the cap.
Dictyophora duplicata fW/
Voluminous, hanging
for several inches
below the
cap.
thought that this delicate white network, which hangs like a lace skirt below the cap, renders the fungus additionally It is
conspicuous
after dark,
thus attracting the night moths and other
night-flying insects.
MutinuS CaninUS
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 138)
Pileus Flesh coloured. The spore-bearing mass, oblong, ovoid, or conical, occupying one-third to one-sixth the total length of the stipe.
Cap or
..Spore
mass
Embryo plant
Sulk
Velva...
Volva
Volva
Young
plant
M. caninus
M. batnbusinus
Stem or Stipe Hollow, cylindrical, fusiform. Habitat About buildings, in gardens and thickets. R*'-Yn-T-H
Du-pll-ca'-t4
Ca-m'-ntts
Mu-G'-ntts
Bam-bu-si'-nfts
120
Family Clatbracei
FAMILY CLATHRACE/E The members of the family Clathracece have a volva similar The volva ruptures, and the to the volva of the Phallacece. receptacle issues in a similar
manner.
The members
of this
family have the spore receptacle latticed or branched instead of tubular or cylindrical, and bear the spores on the inner surface
of the receptacle rather than on the outer surface.
Latticed Clathrus Clathrus cancellatus Receptacle not stalked. The bars of the lattice-work are ob-
and transversely wrinkled.
lique
The outer bar red or
The
surface
white
may be
cinna-
or
Volra
yellowish. inner surface of the bars is C. cancellatus
red.
Clathrus columnatus (Dangerous) Receptacle not stalked, consisting of from 2-5 vertical colat the apex. Columns cinna-
umns, separate below, but jointed
bar red, enclosing the spore mass.
Odour very
fetid.
Lysurus borealis
I.... Arms
Receptacle stalked, hollow, divided above* which do not join at their apices, and
into arms,
which bear the spore masses on their inner surfaces, enclosing the spore mass when young, but Sulk
I
later diverging.
arms narrow Stem of receptacle white lance-shaped, with pale flesh-coloured backs, traversed their entire length by a shallow furrow. ;
/
A. borealis
Volva
Clath-ra'-c*-ae
Can-9*fl-la'-ttis
Clath'-rtis
C61-tim-na'-ttis
121
An-thu'-rfis
Offensive Fungi
Simblum rubescens Receptacle stalked and globular, bars of the forming meshes of about equal diameter either way. Red or flesh coloured, and lattice
transversely wrinkled. Slm'-blttm
&
rabescens
122
I
Dtedalea quercina, (L.) Pers.
Upper
side.
Reduced
Dtedalea guercina, (L.) Pers.
Lower
side.
Reduced
JEW'S EAR.
JUDAS'S EAR (EDIBLE)
(Hirneola Auricula-Judo:, (L.) Berk.)
See cage 36
cx
S
Pu
Calostoma Ravenelii (Berk.) Mas-.
Calostoma cinnabarinum, Desv.
ialostoma lutescens (Schw.), Burnap
Spathularla velutipes, C. Reduced. See pa^e l^
&
F
CHAPTER
XI,:
PUFFBALLS
ORDER LYCOPERDALES THE pouch fungi include all fungi which have their spores or seeds in closed chambers until maturity that is, until they are Colfully ripe and ready to be scattered by winds or animals. chambers are called the gleba, and this gleba surrounded by a definite rind (peridium), which, in different puffballs, has various and characteristic ways of opening to perlectively, the closed is
mit the spores to escape.
The
different
ways
which the rinds
in
(peridia)
open are
explained under the separate examples of the pouch fungi puffballs, earth-stars, stinkhorns, birds' nests, and calostomas.
The Lycoperdales, known in different parts of the country as smokeballs, devil's snuffboxes, puffballs, etc., have their spores enclosed until maturity in closed chambers, surrounded by a conThey spend most of their lifetime underground, getting their food from decaying vegetable matter, tinuous skin or peridium.
and are for
this reason called subterranean saprophytes.
they are about ready to scatter their spores, they ground, and are then to be seen in pastures, and
woods and along them
to see the
roadsides.
" smoke"
When
emerge from the on fallen logs in
Every country child has pinched knowing that he was doing which it had come into existence
rise, little
for the puffball just that for scattering its spores far and wide to
grow
into
new
plants.
The
plants of the puffballs, the mycelial threads, form an extensive network of white threads in the decaying vegetable matter in which they grow then little balls appear on the white ;
threads, as in the Agaricales, with the difference that they inThe balls have crease in size without forming gills and stem.
a fleshy interior, cheesy and white at first, but afterwards yellowish or pinkish, gradually darkening until the whole or a part Ly'-c6-pr-da'-les
123
Puffballs
of the fleshy interior becomes filled with dust-like spores, when the rind of the ball breaks to let the spores escape. Sometimes the wall breaks off in scales sometimes it is ;
punctured
summit with one
sometimes with several, and turns back to form a star on the
at the
hole,
and sometimes it splits ground. Sometimes the balls contain elastic threads (capillitium), which help to push out the spores, and sometimes they do not. Sometimes there are threads massed at the base without spores in them, so that they form a sterile base or sterile subgleba, and sometimes the threads are massed to form a central column These characters, with (columella) in the interior of the ball. others, form the basis on which the puffballs are separated into the genera Lycoperdon, Geaster, Cal-vatia, Bovtstella, Bovista,
and Calostoma.
GENUS LYCOPERDON vast
The Lycoperdons, or true puffballs, produce within the ball numbers of dust-like spores mingled with elastic threads.
When
the ball
is
compressed, the rind or peridium bursts at the summit to form a single mouth, and the elastic threads cause the spores to fly out in puffs like
smoke.
The spore-bearing
part of the plant
is
globe-shaped, obovoid, or top-shaped, and at the base of the gleba no spores are produced the cells here are coarse and empty. The rind or peridium of the ball con;
.
Lycoperdon
sists
of
two
,
parts, the outer
,
bark or outer
peridium being adorned with spines or scales or warts or granules. Sometimes the exterior coat may be peeled off, sometimes it
dries
and
falls
The
inner coat
sist
of a great
away
in fragments.
and papery, and with on the one opening. opens top At first the ball is fleshy within, the microscope showing the flesh to conis
thin
number of simple or
branched threads and enlarged
The enlarged
cells
cells.
bear usually four Ly'-co-peV-d8n
124
Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic)
Genus Lycoperdon
on the
spicules,
tips of
which
When
are the spores.
the plant
becomes so filled with moisture As the flesh that water may be squeezed out as from a sponge. becomes moist, the colour changes from white, through yellow, After the change in colour, the wet mass becomes dry to olive. and powdery, a mass of globose spores and elastic threads or is fully
developed, the fleshy part
capillitium.
The Lycoperdons are of small size, usually found in fields and A section made by cutting a ball from top to base will show that the threads form a more or less well developed sterile woods.
base or subgleba underneath the
fertile
gleba, or
mass of threads
sterile
threads from the base
rise
fertile
column, the columella.
the threads
mass and form a little which bear the
Sometimes the
containing spores. upward in the centre of the
Usually one set extending inward from the walls spores are in two sets of the rind, and another set extending outward from the central ;
columella.
Pear-shaped Puffball (Edible) Lycoperdon pyriforms
(SEE PLATE FACING
PAGE
126)
Peridium or Pouch Pear-shaped. Dingy white or brownish, with fibres. Diameter ^-i# of white, branching long, mycelium inches. Height 1-2 inches. Bark or Outer Coat Thin of minute, often persistent, scales or granules, or short, stout spinules. Whitish grey or brownish. Inner Coat Smooth, papery, whitish grey or brownish, opening ;
by apical mouth. Small, white, quite compact, the cells minute. Subgleba Columella Present. Spores Globose, even, greenish yellow to brownish olive. Threads Branched, long, forming a dense tuft in the centre. Time July to October. Habitat On old timber or on the ground, in groups sometimes The commonest of puffballs, several feet across in extent. and found throughout the world.
Pinkish Puffball (Edible) SUbtncarnatum
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 142)
Peridium or Pouch base.
Globe-shaped, sessile, without a stem-like Rarely over one inch in diameter. Sfib-In'-cir-na' -tfim
Py'-rt-f6r'-m
125
Poffballs
Bark or Outer Coat Pinkish brown, with minute short, stout spinules, which fall away at maturity. Inner Coat Ash coloured. Deeply pitted by the falling off of the spinules of the outer coat, the pits not surrounded with
dotted Columella
lines.
Present.
Subglcba Small but distinct. Greenish Spores and Capillitium Spores round, minutely warted. Threads long, simple, and yellow, then brownish olive. transparent. Time August to October.
Habitat
Old trunks
in
woods.
GENUS CALVATIA like
The Calvatias are puffballs of large size, mycelium rooting from the base. They through
all
with thick cord-
eject their spores irregular openings in the upper all
part of the peridium, and they a
all
have
dense
network of
branching
threads (capillitium)
traversing the
tissues :... Sterile base
of the sporeCalvatia
bearing port io n, the
Section of Calvatia
These threads are elastic, and project the spores from gleba. The sterile portion, the the rind or case as they twist and turn. subgleba,
is
definitely limited
and concave above.
Brain-shaped Calvatia (Edible) Calvatia craniformis (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 127)
Ptridium or Pouch Very large, obovoid or top-shaped, depressed above. Bark or Outer Coat Smooth, very thin and fragile, easily peelPallid or greyish, often with a reddish tinge ; often ing off. Cri-nlf-for'-mte
Cal-va'-shl-i
126
BRAIN PUFFBALL (EDIBLE) (Calvatia craniformis, Schw.)
Genus Calvatia
wrinkling to resemble somewhat the surface of the brain, its name craniformis. Thin, ochreous to bright brown, velvety, extremely The upper part breaks into fragments. fragile. Subgleba Occupies half the peridium cup-shaped above, per-
whence
Inner Coat
;
sistent.
Sports
Greenish yellow, then olivaceous.
minute pedicel. Threads Long. Habitat On ground
Globose, even, with
woods.
in
Giant Puffball (Edible) Calvatia
maxima
Peridium or Pouch V try large, 8-15 inches in diameter, or larger. Globose, depressed globose, or obovoid, with a thick cordlike root.
Bark or Outer Coat Flocculous or nearly smooth, thin, and fragile. White or greyish, becoming yellowish or brown; usually remaining closely adherent to the inner coat. Thin and fragile after maturity, breaking up into
Inner Coat
fragments. Subgleba Shallow or none. Spores and Threads Greenish yellow, then globose, threads long and branched. Time August to September.
Habitat
brownish
olive.
Spores
Grassy places.
Calvatia
maxima has been known
as Lycoperdon giganteum,
Lycoperdon maxima. It has been transferred from the genus Lycoperdon to the genus Calvatia because it ruptures
and
also as
the peridium irregularly to discharge its spores, instead of forming a small hole at the apex, as other Lycoperdons do. It is asserted on good authority that the giant puffball has
been found with a diameter of three feet and a weight of fortyseven pounds. The giant puffball is considered by many as a choice article of food if
when
the flesh
the flesh of a growing puffball
will
fill
up with
new
tissue.
It
to try this experiment. In the days before matches
is
will
is
white.
It
is
said that
cut or injured the
wounds
be interesting for some one
came
into use, the dry,
spongy
threads were used as tinder to catch the sparks which flew from the flint-stone when it was struck for fire, and the spore-dust
was used
to stanch the flow of blood. 127
Puffballs
Cup-shaped Puffball (Dangerous) Calvatia cyatbiformis (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
134)
Peridium Large, top-shaped. Bark or Outer Coat Thin, adherent, smooth, and continuous, easily peeling off. Inner Coat Pale to dark purple, loosely woven, fragile at matur-
breaking up into fragments from above downward. Short and thick, with cord-like root, persistent, cupl shaped, occupying A-Yz the peridium. and Threads to dark purple. Violet Spores Spores globose and warted, threads long. Time August to October. Habitat On the ground in meadows and pastures. ity,
Subgleba
The
old
name was Lycoperdon
meaning cup-shaped, remains
cyathiforme. Cyathiforme, suggested by the cup-like base which
is
after the dispersion of the spores
and threads
(capillitium).
GENUS BOyiSTA In the genus Bo-vista the rind or peridium opens by an apical mouth, as do the species of Lycoperdon, but the species of Bovista have no sterile base.
They
are
puff-
balls
of
small
growing and
size,
in
fields
The
woods. outer Bovista
thin
and
coat
and
is
Section of Bovista
fragile,
scales
(diagrammatic)
off
The inner coat is thin, becoming papery, and maturity. then opens by an apical mouth. Bovista plumbea is esteemed a delicacy. It is shaped like a flattened globe, with a smooth, white inner coat, and a leadcoloured outer coat opening by an apical mouth. at
(^'-ath-l-for'-mls
Bo-vKs'-ta
128
Genus Geaster
GENUS BOVISTELLA The genus
Bovistella contains but
one species.
Bovistella OhienSlS (Edible)(SEE
PLATE FACING PAGE
134)
Globose or broadly obovoid, sometimes much depressed, wrinkled underneath, with thick cord-like base. Bark or Outer Coat Dense, floccose, or with soft warts or spines. White or greyish, drying to buff colour, and falling Peridium or Pouch
away. Inner Coat
Smooth, shining, pale brown or yellowish surface.
Threads Cup-shaped base
Cup-shaped, broad, ample, occupying nearly one-half the peridium
Subgleba
;
long, persistent. Spores and Capittitium
Loose,
Section of Bovistella (diagrammatic)
friable, clay colour. Threads free, short, twice branching, originating within the spore mass, and having no connection with the tissue of the inner coat. Habitat On ground in pastures and open woods.
GENUS GEASTER Earth-stars The Geasters of the puffballs.
most picturesque forms sunk deep in the soil, and are by abundant thread-like mycelium, which
or Earth-stars are the
At
first
they are
connected with it issues from every part of the surface.
In
the earth-stars the
covering to the pouch is double, the outer cover is thick and leathery, and at first closely invests the inner coat, but is separate
At maturity the outer coat breaks its connection with the mycelium in the soil and bursts to form separate lobes, which become reflexed and lift the inner ball from the ground into the air, where it remains, seated at the centre of the expanded star-
from
it.
B6-vfa-teT-la
9
0-hi-eV-sfe
129
Ge-is'-te'r
'Puff balls
The
coat of this ball is thin and papery, and opens by The threads or capillitium, which bear the mouth. apical from the tissue of the inner wall and also from a spores, project like coat.
one
central columella.
The Geasters have no economic esting to the nature student
value, but are rather inter-
on account of
their
beauty and their
curious methods of discharging their spores.
The Smallest Earth-star >
Geaster
minimus
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 135)
Peridium or Pouch Globose, depressed, not pointed; vaulted underneath. Bark or Outer Coat Segments acute at the apex, many lobed ; the lobes, seven to nine, expanding j^-i inch. Inner Coat Ovoid, %-i inch in diameter, white to pale brown, with a distinct pedicel, seated in a plain circular disk. Mouth Lifted on a cone, lip bordered with hair-like fringe. Brown, globe-shaped, minutely waited. Spores Threads Transparent. Habitat Grassy grounds.
Water-measuring Earth-star (Dangerous) Geaster hygrometricus (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
135)
Peridium or Pouch Sub-globose, depressed, the bark or skin falling with the mycelium. Bark or Outer Coat Deeply parted the segments, acute at the apex, seven to twenty. Mrongly hygrometric, expanding to a breadth of 2-3 inches. Inner Coat Globose, depressed, sessile, covered with a network. Whitish or greyish. ;
Mouth
Rim
irregular.
Brown, globe-shaped, minutely warted. Threads Transparent, much branched and interwoven
Spores
;
continu-
ous with the hyphae or threads of the inner coat, Habitat Fields and woods, in sandy soil.
is
The Geaster hygrometricus, or Astrceus hygrometricus as it When the by some, is found all over the world.
called
Hf .gr6-mt'-rf-ctis
MXn'-I-mtts
130
Genus Calostoma
weather is wet, the lining of the points of the star become gelatinous and lie flat on the ground, anchoring the plant firmly but when the weather is dry, the soft, gelatinous part becomes hard and rigid, and curls the segments up around the inner ball; then the wind rolls it about, and it scatters its spores from the hole in ;
the apex of the ball as
always resting
at night
it
rolls.
It
is
a fair-weather traveller,
and on damp days.
GENUS CALOSTOMA This genus has but three known American species. The The spore plants are remarkable in structure and substance.
mass or gleba lies at the centre of a base, and is in its young The outermost coat is gelatistages surrounded by four layers. This is known as the volva or nous, and soon disappears. wrapper. The layer just within the wrapper also soon disap-
The layer just within it is known as the exoperidium. pears the exoperidium is known as the endoperidium, and is the layer ;
seen on the exterior of older specimens. Between the exoperidium and endoperidium is a layer of red threads, part of which is torn away when the exoperidium breaks, and a part of which
remains as a red star
at the
apex of the
The exoperidium is cartilaginous dry, but when wet it is flexible, endoperidium
is
hard and rigid
;
it
ball. is
thin
when
dry,
and
shows at its mouth. which contains the spores
the brilliant red which
peridium
is
a sac
and fragile when and soft. The
translucent,
is
conspicuous for
Within the endo;
when
the spores
are mature, this sac contracts, and forces the spores out into the air. The mycelium, or vegetative part of the Calostoma plant, is composed of numerous cord-like fibres, translucent, jelly-like,
and tough, which, branching and anastomosing into a dense network, form a rooting columnar base to the spore-bearing part of the plant. The name Calostoma means beautiful mouth, referring to the red star which surrounds the opening through which the spores escape. OU-5s'-t6-ma
Puffballs e.
Calostoma lutescens (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 123)
Ball or Peridium Globular, with a thick, entangled, rooting base. Outer Coat or Exoperidium Dingy yellow, rupturing so as to form a ragged collar at the base, a thin cap on the summit, and The cap is marked on the under small fragments between. side with a vermilion star outlined with yellow. Inner Coat or Endoperidtum Smooth, globular. Pale yellow. Mouth With several rays of a bright red colour. Footstalk Thick, of entangled strands finer than those of C. cin-
Stem long, yellowish green. Globular, with protuberances.
nabarinum. Spores
Calostoma Ravenelii (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 123)
Ball or Peridium Globular, with a thick, entangled, rooting base., Outer Coat or Exoperidium Cartilaginous, gelatinous. Fragments remain upon the inner coat in the form of irregular warts or scales.
Inner Coat or Endoperidium
when Mouth
Red
Footstalk
Yellowish.
Tough when wet,
rigid
dry. starred.
Short and rooting, composed of mycelial threads netted
to form cartilaginous cords. Spores
Elliptical,
oblong, smooth.
Calostoma cinnabarinum (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 123)
Outer Coat or Exoperidium Vermilion within, breaking at tfi base and sometimes at the apex. Inner Coat or Endoperidium Yellowish, often slightly vermilion. Smooth. Mouth Rays several. Vermilion. Footstalk
Spores
Reddish brown or brownish.
Elliptical
oblong,
spined
or
punctured,
pale
yellow. Lti-t&>'-5ns
Ri'-vgn-gl'-X-I
132
Cfa'-ni-bi-rl'-niim
ochre
Genus Sclcroderma
ORDER NIDULARIALES (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 135)
The members of this order, Nidulariales, or bird's-nest fungi, are curious fungi of small size. They resemble, when mature, tiny birds' nests containing eggs, as the pouch in which the spores are developed opens at the top to form a nest or bowl or trumpet, and the globular cases in which the spores are contained have strong walls, and remain in the open pouch like eggs in a nest.
One genus
of the order, Sphcerobolus, has two walls or layers This "egg" is nest and but one spore case or "egg." and is from the nest when the spores in thrown jelly-like, forcibly to
it
its
are mature.
While
a part of this action
is
due to the mechan-
working of the teeth, it is thought that underneath the spore case gases are formed which expand, and so help force out the ical
"egg."
The other genera have but one wall
to their nests.
genus Nidularia has ragged edges, the genus Cyathus shaped, and the genus Crucibulum is bowl-shaped.
is
The
trumpet-
ORDER SCLERODERMATALES The
puffballs of the order Sclerodermatales have the rind thick. The spores remain in the peridium until
or peridium maturity, rind.
The
when
they escape from an irregular opening in the species are not numerous, but some are abundant and
widely distributed.
GENUS SCLERODERMA The
species of the genus Scleroderma, or thick-skinned puffballs, represent a transition from the subterranean forms to those which emerge from the ground and have a definite opening from
there is one group eject their spores. To illustrate (Hymenogastrales) in which the species remain in the ground,
which they
:
Nld-u-la'-rf-a'-les
N*d-u-la'-rf-a
Sphe-r6b'-a-liis
gy'-a-thtis
Cru-9fb'-ii-ltim
SclSr'-S-dSr'-ma-ta'-les
133
Poffballs
when mature, unless washed out by rains or nosed out by animals, and which rely upon being crushed by accident or upon the disintegration of their rinds to free their spores. All true puffeven
push themselves out of the ground before the spores are mature, and then, by rupturing the skin in a definite manner when mature, disperse their spores. The thick-skinned puffball goes a step farther than the first mentioned and emerges
balls
from the ground
;
but
it
remains behind the true puffballs, which
disperse their spores from a definite opening, for skin irregularly. Scleroderma bovista is dangerous.
it
ruptures the
Scleroderma vulgare (Edible) (or S.
aurantium)
Peridium or Pouch
Rough and warty; Pinkish
depressed, globose.
to
remaining solid until the fungus is quite old. Sessile or with a rooting base. Ruptures buff,
irregularly to scatter the spores. Subgleba None. Spore Mass Lead colour marbled with Section of S. vulgare
white. JFfafa'tafOld stumps and buried roots.
This fungus has been eaten without harm, but very unattractive.
'.14
is
pronounced
Bovistella Ohiensis, Ellis and (Edible.)
Morgan
Reduced
CUP-SHAPED CALVATIA (EDIBLE) (Calvatia cyathiformis, Bosc)
Reduced.
Nat size: Ball diam..2 7 a inches
LEAST EARTH-STAR (Geaster minimus, Schw.
Nat. size-
WATER-MEASURING EARTH-STAR (Geasfer hygrometricus, Pers.
BIRD'S
Nat. size)
NEST
(Cyathus vernicosus, D. C. See page 133
Nat. size)
CHAPTER
XII:
SPORE-SAC FUNGI
ASCOMYCETES ALL the fungi which belong
in
the class Ascomycetes de-
velop their spores in little membranous sacs called asci. asci are, as a rule, collected, together
with slender empty physes,
known
These
asci, called
paravariously shaped bodies, in different orders by different in
Asci
names, such as perithecium, ascoma, apothecium, and receptacle. This class
numbers individuals from microscopic oneranging celled plants to conspicuous and often includes
in
in
beautiful
its
size
specimens.
We
shall
con-
Asci and paraphyses
with but a few of those conspicuous ones which are attractive either from an edible or an artistic standpoint. cern
ourselves
ORDER TUBERALES TRUFFLES The order Tuberales contains the truffles, which are subterranean fungi, ranging in size from an acorn to a good-sized potato. The asci or spore-sacs are formed on the inteof
rior
fungus,
warty itself
called
truffle
being an as-
coma, as Section to
show position of asci
the the
it
contains the
Truffles,
ascoma
asci.
Since the time of Pliny and Dioscorides, truffles have been known and esteemed as a table delicacy. Since they mature Tu'-Wr-a'-les
Xs'-cS-my-ce'-tes
135
Ascomycetes
Spore-sac Fungi
underground, they must be hunted
for
by dogs and pigs trained
A
for the purpose. pig will scent a truffle at a distance of twenty and will run feet, quickly to the spot to dig it out with her snout. An attendant must follow the pig to secure the truffle before the
pig eats
it.
Edible species have not been found growing in this
country.
ORDER HYPOCREALES (See PLATE FACING PAGE 138)
The order Hypocreales parasitic
on other
Cordyceps there
is
contains certain fungi which are also on insects. In the genus
and
fungi, a club-like
form about an inch long, and
of a rich red colour, which lives as a parasite on the In pupae of various moths buried beneath dead leaves.
New
Zealand a similar fungus lives on caterpillars. The mycelium in time replaces the body, but maintains out-
wardly the form and appearance of the caterpillar. These growths are much prized by the natives as food. The form which grows on the truffle-like Elaphomyces is shown in the species of Elaphomyces upon which the Cordyceps lives as a parasite grow two or three inches below the surface of the ground, and somewhat resembles a truffle in
appearance.
ORDER SPH/ERIALES (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 123)
The Xylaria pictured is a woody fungus which is common, growing on logs or at the bases of trees or The collections of asci (perithecia) are fully imstumps. bedded
in the fleshy part of the fungus (stroma), which is formed almost wholly of
Fungus growing on
Hy-p6-cr-a'-les
hardened mycelium.
caterpillar
CSr'-dy^ps
E'-laph-o-my-ces
136
Sphe-rf-a'-les
Zy-la'-rf-a
Order Pezizales
Cup Fungi
ORDER PEZIZALES CUP FUNGI or cup fungi, which are typically disk or cupan extensive group, and vary in size from forms comprise shape, scarcely visible to the naked eye to forms several inches in
The Females
One genus, Pe^a, has a smooth ascomata, regularly diameter. saucer-shaped or cup-shaped. The genus contains many species which are met with chiefly on decaying vegetable matter. The spore-sacs are situated on the upper surfaces of the cups, and the spores are ejected with such force and in such profusion that they form a cloud around the plant from which they are expelled. a stalked green form, and is interesting the wood of oaks and beeches with its permeates and a rich green colour to the wood, which gives mycelium, makes it valuable for the manufacture of the famous "Tunbridge
Pe^a
ceruginosa
because
it
ware."
One may
is
often find the
wood
affected
when
the
fruit
Willkommii produces on larch trees cups are not evident. a disease known as the "larch canker," which shows itself as a
Pe^a
sunken, blistered hole from which resin flows. This patch is formed because the mycelium of the fungus attacks and destroys
which lies under the brown bark, which builds up the wood of the The fruits the growth of wood in this part is prevented.
cambium
the
and since trees,
or green layer
this is the tissue
appear above the bark in the form of little cups, white outside When branches bearing golden-yellow and scarlet within. needles are seen among the fresh green shoots of a larch, prematurely giving to the tree an autumnal appearance, one may expect to find Peqiqa Willkommii at work.
Peziza odorata (Edible) Cup
Yellowish, dull is
translucent,
brown when
old.
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 139)
becoming The flesh
moist and watery, and separable
two layers; the outer rough, and the inner smooth. into
layer
The
frame is cup-shaped when young, but flattened and split on the margin
when
E'-ru-gln-o'-sa
old.
Wfl-kBm'-M
O'-dfir-a'-ti
137
Section to
show two
layers
Spore-sac Fungi
Ascomycetes
Stem None. Habitat The specimen pictured was found in December, the violets in a cold frame in New Jersey.
among
Golden Peziza (Edible) aurantia (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
139)
Orange red within, golden or whitish outside, with frosted appearance. Subsessile, irregular. Habitat In clusters on the ground, usually in the autumn. Cup
a
ORDER HELYELL ALES EAR TH- TONGUES The order
Helvellales contains the fleshy spore-sac fungi
which have the spore-bearing body, the ascoma, open from the earliest stage of its
development.
FAMILY GEOGLOSSACE/E The
family Geoglossacece, which belongs to this order, conwhich are club-like forms, green or black or yellow, and from one to three inches high, common on tains the earth-tongues,
In consistency they the ground, growing in rich wood mould. are fleshy, gelatinous, or waxy, and their asci open by means
of a terminal pore.
GENUS SPATHULARIA The genus Spathularia has the spore body growing down both sides of the stem.
flattened
and
Velvety Spathularia Spathularia velutipes (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
123}
Spore Body Flattened, tawny yellow, shaped like a spatula, with the spore surface wavy and growing down two sides of the stem.
Hollow, minutely velvety, dark brown tinged with yellow. Firm and tough, shrinking little in drying. Habitat Mossy trunks in damp woods.
Stem
Flesh
Au.rin'-shK-*
Ve-ia'-tf-pes
138
Cordyceps capitala (Holmsk.), Lk Parasitic on Elaphomyces. i
Floccose Chanterelle (ediblej.
Mutinus Caninus, Huds.
(Cantharellus floccosus, Schw.)
See page uo.
See page
53.
P"
Golden Peziza
(edible).
(Peziza aurantia, Pers.)
Peziza cdorata. Pk. (edible). Reduced. See page 137.
Genus Vibrissea
Spathularia clavata Clear yellow, shaped like a spatula, sometimes tinged with red. Obtuse or cleft at the apex, the surface wavy, the margin crisped, growing down the stem some distance on opposite sides hollow. Stem Thick, hollow. White, often becoming yellowish.
Spore Body
;
Flesh
Dry.
GENUS GEOGLOSSUM The genus Geoglossum has the spore body simple, and club-shaped, and entirely black. The spore surface
erect, is
ter-
minal.
Geoglossum hirsutum Geoglossum hirsutum is black, dry, and everywhere velvety. The Lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or almost round, often irregular. spore-bearing portion is one-quarter to one-half the length of the fungus.
Geoglossum glabrum Geoglossum glabrum
is
laterally
distinct
brownish black, someClub-shaped or sometimes
dry, black, or
times tinged with olive or purple.
compressed. The spore-bearing portion not sharply from the stem below.
GENUS VIBRISSEA The genus Wbrissea
contains fungi with vertical and simple their thick margins rolled in to-
stems, and horizontal caps with
ward
the stem.
The
spore-sacs are borne on the upper surface.
Vibrissea truncorum Wbrissea truncorum
is
a clear orange-red or
sometimes yel-
low or brownish-red fungus, about an inch high, found on decayed wood, branches, or leaves which are submerged in water. Clav-a'-ta Ge-6-gl6s'-stira
mr-su'-tflm Gla'-brum
139
Vl-brfs'-sg-* Trfin-co'-riim
Ascomycetes
Spore-sac Fungi
Vibrissea circinans Vibrisseacircinans'is a pale yellowish flesh colour, or simply yellowish fleshy fungus found growing in circles or clusters,
with convex caps and incurved, wavy margins, the concave under surface often minutely wrinkled. The stem is long, pallid, or reddish. The plant is found chiefly in pine woods.
GENUS MITRULA The genus Mitrula has the spore body coloured, erally.
erect, black or bright or often spatulate, cylindrical, compressed latsurface is distinct from the spore-bearing sharply
and dry,
The
scaly or mealy stem below.
Irregular Mitrula (Edible) (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 146)
Mitrula
* vitellina, var. irregularis
Club-shaped, somewhat lobed, apex narrow, obtuse, smooth. No two plants are quite alike. Length, 1-2 inches. Stem Short, white, rather distinct, covered with fibres. Spongy and white within. Habitat In mossy places in woods during the autumn. The specimen pictured was found growing among fallen birch leaves, hemlock needles, and moss, in the dense woods at Spore Body
Bright egg yellow.
cylindrical or
Lake
compressed
;
Placid.
FAMILY HELVELLACE/E MORELS era,
A second family Helvellacece contains three important genMorchella, Gyromitra, and Helvetia, in which are the largest
and most highly prized spore-sac fungi known. They are distinguished from the earth-tongues by the cap-like form of the spore body or ascoma, but especially by the character of the spore-sac, which opens by a little lid instead of by a simple pore. gir-cl'-nans
Vl'-tgl-ll'-nS
MKt'-rfi-ia
M6r-keT-lS
* This species
is
also described under the
Getghssum vittllinum. 140
Gy'-ro-ml'-trS
Hel-veT-li
names Gcoglossum irregulare and
Genus Morchella
GENUS GYROMITRA The genus Gyromitra contains seven species. These have the ascomata distinctly stalked, and the upper surface covered with gyrose folds.
The
largest spore-sac fungi belong in this genus.
Gyromitra esculenta (Dangerous) Bay red, round, lobed, irregular, gyrose-wrinkled, attached to the stem in several places. Hollow, white, and uneven within. Stem Whitish, hollow, scurfy. Two or more inches long. Flesh Edible only when young and
Cap
freshly gathered. In sandy soil, during the wet weather of May and June. This species is on Peck's List of Edible G. esculenta Mushrooms, but it is also on the U. S. Dep't. of Agriculture List of Poisonous or Suspected Mushrooms.
Habitat
GENUS MORCHELLA (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
1
50)
The genus Morchella has
the
cap covered with a network of blunt ridges enclosing irregular depressed The spore-sacs are devel-
spaces.
oped All
in
both ridges and depressions.
the species
when young
are
of a buff yellow tinged
with brown, but later they are darker. The stems are rather stout
and hollow, white or whitish in some speand attached to cap at the apex only; but in others, attached to the rim cies,
the
M.
deliciosa
Section to show margin of the cap united to the stem.
as well. 141
All the species
M.
esculenta
Spore-sac Fungi are edible
Ascomycetes
and highly esteemed.
They must be looked
for
wet weather,
during
early in the season. They may be classed in groups, according to the attachment of the stem.
I
MARGIN OF CAP UNITED TO THE STEM
Cap rounded or oval Cap oblong or cylindrical Cap conical or oblong conical Cap conical or oblong conical
II
Cap Cap
two
;
;
broader than stem scarcely broader than stem.
MORCHELLA ESCULENTA MORCHELLA DELICIOSA MORCHELLA CONICA
MORCHELLA ANGUSTICEPS
MARGIN OF CAP FREE FROM THE STEM
free
from the stem to the middle
free
from the stem to the top
MORCHELLA SEMILIBERA MORCHELLA BISPORA
GENUS HELVELLA The genus Helvetia contains twelve species. They have lobed, irregular, or saddle-shaped caps, which are fleshy, and attached to the stem at the apex. They are contorted in such a way that no two of the species
all
appear
alike.
Helvella
Helvella elastica (SEE PLATE FACING
Cap
Brownish grey.
when young,
PAGE 146)
Cup-shaped, flattening out when mature is covered with little spines ;
the under surface
Both surfaces are smooth when mature. Slender, of the same colour as the cap, tapering the cap. Solid and white within. or hairs.
Stem
toward
The specimen pictured was found growing beneath hemlocks and yellow birches, in Lake Placid forest, during September.
Habitat
Dg-Hsh-K-o'-si
An-giis'-rt-9eps
Bi'-sp6r-4
Con'J-c*
Se'm'-Mlb'-e'r-a
E-lHs'-tfc-i
142
FLESH-COLOURED PUFFBALL (EDIBLE) (Lycoptrdon sMncarnalum, Peck). Averages See page T2?
less
than one inch in diameter
YOUNQ PEAR-SHAPEP PUFFBALL (EDIBLE) %-l% inches; height,
(LycQperdon pyriforme, Schaeff). piarneter, See page 125
HARD-SKINNED PUFFBALU (Scleroderma vu/j?are. Fries)
V<i
inch
SLIPPERY LEOTIA (EDIBLE) (Leotta lubrica (Scop.), Pcrs.)
stem yellow spore-bearing body (ascoma), green or yellow Family, Geoglossaccce. Class, Ascomycetes. Order, Helrellales. See p. 138
Gelatinous, gristly
;
;
JELLY-LIKE TREMELLODON (EDIBLE,
Mel.)
(Tremellodon gelatinosum) Surface white to grey: teeth white.
Class, Basidiomycetes.
Order, Tremellales.
See Genus,
p.
n6
Genus Helvetia
Helvella laCUnOSa Of one
Cap
piece, thin
and
(SEE PLATE FACING PAGE
flexible like
saddle the apex of the stem. tached on their
146)
rubber cloth, folded to
The two
saddle-flaps are at-
margins at irregular intervals
when young, and like
out puffed balloon a
but
when
are
;
ma-
Attachment of stem
the
ture,
pieces Their separate. outer surface is
brownish grey, and their inner surf a ce light grey, creased and folded.
Stem
Irregularly
and
deeply furrowed. Flesh
Odour
offen-
Stem
sive.
Habitat
men
The specipictured was
H. lacunosa (diagrammatic)
found
growing imbedded in deep moss on old bark woods. LXc-ti-no'-si
in the
Lake Placid
CHAPTER
FUNGI-MYXO-
SLIME
XIII:
MYCETES (SEE PLATE FACING PAGE 138)
WHETHER
the slime fungi are plants or animals is a question yet decided. They are living organisms which have no chlorophyll, or leaf-green, and which in their vegetative state Tiot
resemble certain groups of the Protozoa, or unicellular animals, live in water. In their manner of reproduction they show resemblances to certain fungi, and the spore cases or sporangia of some resemble tiny puffballs in form and manner of ejecting
which
their spores. In the growing stage they consist of a
naked mass of yel-
lowish or whitish protoplasm, which creeps about in the dark, in accumulations of dead parts of plants, or under the bark of
When a spore germinates, the memrotting stumps or logs. brane about it bursts, and a bit of naked and slimy protoplasm This tiny mass creeps about, absorbing food from its escapes. surroundings, and increasing in size until it may perhaps cover an area of many inches. After a time spores begin to form, then either the whole mass is transformed into a single spore case or a number of spore cases are formed. The spore cases of Lycogala epidendron are pretty things, resembling pink coral beads. When with a thin pink paste; but when mature, with fine brown dust-like spores. When the spore case bursts,
fresh, a case is filled
these spores escape, and
if
they
fall
in
favourable places the
cycle begins anew. Mjrx'-o-my-je'-tes
Pro-to-zo'-i
144
Ly-c6g'-i-l&
life
CHAPTER XIV
FUNGI FOR THE HERBARIUM
:
THERE are no plants more difficult to preserve for an herbarium than the fleshy fungi, and yet my personal observation leads me to believe that there are many people who would be willing to undertake the task if they knew how to set about it; and there is no class of plants in which the assistance of the
amateur may help the botanist more than in this, provided that, at the time of gathering a specimen, full descriptive notes are
made of all the characteristics of the plant. To aid one in quickly taking notes, it is well to have with one in the field some printed or written blanks. A convenient form is suggested by the following outline, which used by the Boston Mycological Club
is
the one
all,
uninjured;
:
Species Collected by No. Locality
Date
COLLECTOR'S NOTES. When collecting,
N.B.
and to get young Note here >
be sure to get the whole plant, base and
mature specimens.
as well as
once the
at
i_ij.
/-.
Habitat.
(
On|
Tree (kind: dead or
living).
^ d(k ndofsoJ1) .'
Gro
Place (wood, field,
wet
Under and near what
Manner
Of
Growth. Character.
j (Solitary, 1
in
or dry, high land or low, etc.).
trees ?
clusters,
troops, or caespitose [growing from
one
root]).
(Viscid,
hygrophanous [transparent when moist], dry.)
Smell. Taste.
Colour.
Spores. NOTE. 10
-If
the plant
is
perishable, sketch
H5
anJ describe
it
fully at once,
and look
Fungi
for the
Herbarium
After the plant is described it may be dried in hot (over a stove for instance) and preserved or sent in for identification. Sketch the plant, indicating markings of cap and stem. Draw or trace a vertical
for indications of spore colour. air
section through the centre of cap
and stem, indicating thickness of
flesh; shape and Do this stem; position of ring, volva, etc. also for a young specimen (button), showing whether the margin of the pileus is
attachment of gills; nature of
interior of
straight or incurved.
N.B.
When
If
not
life size,
note dimensions.
the characters vary with age or with moisture, note the changes. (
Pileus.
(flat, convex, concave, umbonate [raised in the centre], umbilicate [depressed in the centre], etc.).
Shape
(
Is it viscid
when
moist and fresh; tough,
fragile, fleshy,
branaceous; smooth, floccose, scaly, silky, rough, wrinkled, furrowed ? etc. Is
the margin entire, wavy,
striate,
woolly, hairy, appendiculate
inrolled,
fibrillose;
memeven,
upturned, smooth,
? etc.
Colour and markings.
GUIS.
Shape.
Attachment (adnate, sinuate, decurrent, Are they distant or crowded, forked, connected by veins ?
all
etc., or free).
of one length, branching or
Surface (smooth, powdery, marked in any way).
Colour (young and
old).
Texture (thick, thin,
Margin
brittle, etc.).
wavy,
(entire,
scalloped, toothed, fringed).
With
Boleti note colour, length, and size of tubes, shape and size of mouths, relation of pore surface to stem, etc.
Flesh.
Consistency (firm, mealy, punky,
Colour
(in general; just
Juice (taste
Stem.
and
under skin; near
gills
or tubes).
colour).
Texture (tough, flexuous,
Shape
etc.).
(tapering either
fragile, fleshy).
way,
straight or bent, swollen, etc.).
Exterior (cartilaginous, fibrous or not, etc.).
Colour and markings fibrillose, or
(striate,
smooth,
dotted, pruinose [with a bloom],
etc.).
Interior (hollow, solid, stuffed, fistulose [tubular], etc.).
Base (shape, markings,
etc.).
146
Helvella elastica,
Bul'l.
Helvella lacunosa, Holm.
Mitruia viiemaa,
sacc., var. irregularis,
Reduced. See page
Reduced. See pacre
Pk. (edible).
I
42.
143-
Length, 1-2 inches.
Fungi Mycelium
(thread-like, cottony, compact,
for the
Herbarium
root-like,
sclerotioid
[hard], coloured).
Veil. _.
(Examine young specimens). j (Relative position, 1
Volva.
permanent or fugacious [quickly disappearing],
etc.).
(Examine young buttons, base of stem, surface of pileus).
Remarks. COLLECTOR'S OUTFIT. For collecting fungi there is nothing The size will better than a cheap splint basket with a cover. the In adthe and of collector. ambition strength depend upon a or a and chisel trowel broad-bladed for dition, woody fungi
found convenient also a few small boxes for fragile species, and a package of thin, tough, uncoloured paper Sheets of six inches in which other specimens may be put. are and also of convenient sizes. twelve square by twenty-four knife will be
;
Before the specimens are put in the basket, those of a kind should be compactly piled in the centre of a sheet, and the four corners of the sheet brought together and fastened by twisting them. The slip with the notes may either be put inside the package or fastened on the outside. CARE OF SPECIMENS. As soon as possible after reaching home, the packages should be taken from the basket and spread If the specimens are to be used immeout in convenient places. for identification, begin with the most perishable, or they diately If they are to be preserved for future use, will be lost by decay.
put them in the warmest place available where they will not This may be under .or over the kitchen stove, or in the burn.
furnace-room of the hotel or laundry or, if any of these places is not practicable, then a drier may be improvised by placing over a lamp a frame made of wire screening. COLLECTING SPORES. At least one specimen of each kind should be set for spores. This is readily done by thrusting the ;
stem of one plant through a hole in a disk of gummed paper so This disk may be that the paper fits closely against the gills. held in place by thrusting the stem of the fungus through a piece of thin paper and then bringing the paper above the cap and Use white disks for fungi suspected of twisting the corners. coloured and coloured paper for those suspected of having spores,
H7
for the
Fungi
Herbarium
having white spores. If there is any doubt, set two fungi one with a coloured disk and the other with a white one. It is an easy matter to fix spores for future use, but a more difficult matter to fix them so that they represent a picture of the In order to do this the stem must be cut from radiating gills. the cap, and the cap must be so arranged over the paper that no draughts shall disturb the spores as they fall, and also so that it may be removed from the paper without disturbing the spores The writer would suggest that two fine after they have fallen. wires should be thrust horizontally and at right angles to each other through the cap, and that the ends of the wires should be supported in a convenient manner, so that the cap may just
swing free from the paper which is to receive the spores. The whole must be covered to keep the spores from being disturbed by draughts. When the spores have fallen, the cover can be removed, the cap raised, and the spore-print fixed. Various methods of fixing spores for prints are recommended. The following are quoted from a bulletin of the Boston Mycological
Club
:
The following directions for fixing spore prints are taken from Herpel ("Das Prapariren der Hutpilze "). Paper which is somewhat absorbent must be used; unglazed blue or black paper which the colour must be unaffected by the fixative) for white-spored species. piece of paper bearing the spore print is to be laid, spores upward, in a flat plate The fixative is alor platter on which a thin layer of fixative has first been poured. lowed to soak up through from below, and should not overflow the edges of the (of
The
When it is certain that the spores as well as the paper are thoroughly soaked, paper. the preparation is removed and dried ; sometimes, to prevent sticking, being laid on moistened blotting-paper. The fixative to be used will vary with the species. For instance, the spores of Cantharellus cibarius and some others may be fixed by water alone. The following solution
is
recommended
for Boleti
and species with coloured spores: One partsan-
parts mastic, and two parts Canada balsam, dissolved in thirty parts of In the use of this it has been found that the time of ninety-five per cent, alcohol. soaking necessary to fix the spores is for Boleti,\.vto minutes; Dermini, Coprinarii, darac,
two
Gomphidius, Paxillus, Russula^ and Lactarius four to five minutes; pink-spored dark brown spored (as the meadow mushroom), and Cortinarii, six to It is important that the alcohol should be full strength. eight minutes. t
agarics, also
A warm.
This is prepared and used gelatine solution is useful for white-spored species. Its strength varies with the species. Lepiota procera, Collybia radicata, and
Clitocybe laccata
may be
fixed
by a
solution of
one part gelatine to
thirty of water.
For species of Tricholoma this is too strong, and one to sixty, or one to two hundred must be the formula. The difficulty arises here from the fact that an excess of
148
Fungi
for the
Herbariun
Their opacity may gelatine makes the spores transparent and even invisible. secured by previous treatment with a solution of one part mastic in thirty of ether.
be
For certain kinds (Tricholoma personatum, Lepiota granulosa, Amanitopsis vaginata, and others which experiment will discover), ten to twenty-five per cent, of alcohol must be added to the gelatine solution in order to make the spores adhere. Experience will doubtless
show
that other fixatives
may be
used.
Gum
arable,
This, however, if strong, is apt to cake the spores tofails, invention and repeated trials must find a successful
for instance, suggests itself.
gether.
If
one method
Reports are requested from all who engage in the amusement of making To these a suggestion not without value is that dry agarics (like spore prints. Marasmius and some Collybias) may be kept in a condition to shed spores by putting
means.
moistened blotting-paper under them.
Another method of making spore prints is to spray them from an atomizer with a solution of white shellac in alcohol. A saturated solution should be made, and then diluted fifty per cent, with alcohol. THE SEARCH FOR A NAME. When looking up a name for a plant, the best plan is to use fresh specimens, and, if a good supply can be had, make a careful comparison of all, so as to be sure that the characteristics are normal and not due to injury.
the attempt to find a satisfactory description is not successful, preserve the specimens dried, together with full notes, and send a part of them to the State botanist for determination. If
The name of a fungus is not the vital thing. In pursuit of a name do not neglect the plant. Observe it as it grows and in Make a friend of it, and you will find it its different stages. good company. THE PREPARATION OF ROUGH-DRIED PLANTS FOR THE HERBARIUM Put the dried plants in a place where they will absorb just Either put them in a box moisture enough to make them pliant. containing something damp, as a wet sponge, sand, or paper; or spread them where they can absorb the moisture of the atmosWhen pliant, bend the stem and phere without getting too wet. cap so that they lie in the same plane, and arrange them in as natural a form as possible then place them between driers of unglazed paper, with a weight just sufficient to keep them from ;
curling out of shape.
The specimens may be placed loose in envelopes folding paper as for mosses or lichens, or they may be glued directly to mounting sheets, or they may be kept in boxes of varying sizes. MOUNTING
made by
149
for the
Fungi
Herbarium
SECTIONS A section of a fungus Is a very thin slice cut from the plant by running a thin-bladed knife from the top of the cap down through the stem. When well made, sections of young
and mature plants are valuable in addition to the notes and dried specimens. A section to be of any value must show the form of the cap; the attachment of the gills to the stem; the thickness of and the interior, whether solid, hollow, or stuffed. the stem To preserve the section, it must be placed, while fresh, upon ;
paper, and then covered with a sheet of and placed between driers, under heavy pressure. paper, POISONING HERBARIUM SPECIMENS It will be found necessary to use every means possible to keep insects from the herbarium, as fungi are particularly subject to such pests. In order that no and larvse be with the dried plants, it eggs packed away may a sheet of
gummed
waxed
will after
be well to apply a poisonous solution to the specimens just Professor they have been moistened to be put into press.
dissolving strychnine in in sufficient quantities to
New
warm
York, uses a solution made by water, and then adding alcohol
make
the mixture spread easily with a
Peck, the State botanist of
brush. Sulphate of strychnia
Warm
water
4 or
^
ounce
5
ounces
About 2 ounces
Alcohol
In addition to this precaution, the specimens must be kept insects cannot get at them, or the havoc which they make
where
An ingenious person can improvise all the will be disastrous. apparatus necessary for a successful collection of moderate size; and then, if his enthusiasm continues, he can provide himself with everything of the most improved style from dealers who make
a specialty of botanical supplies.
ISO
DELICIOUS MOREL (EDIBLE) (Morchelia. deliciosa^ Fr.)
Polyforus arcularius, (Batsch) Fries See page 112
BRISTLY PANUS (Panusstrigosus, B.
Cap,
gills,
&
C.;
Lentinus strigosus) See Genus, p. 67
and stem creamy.
CHAPTER XV
FUNGI FOR THE TABLE
:
BEFORE you attempt to use fungi for the table be sure that they are edible the consequences which follow a mistake are Unless you are experienced in too serious to warrant any risks. ;
making careful observations and comparisons, eat only those which have been shown to you by some one who has tried them and knows them to be wholesome. If you are experienced in making careful observations and comparisons, and wish to make experiments, make them cautiously, using a small quantity fungi
of the fungus for the crease the
amount
first
until
trial,
you
and,
if
no
ill
effects are
are satisfied as to
felt,
in-
its edibility.
There is no general rule by which one may know an edible One must learn to know each species from a poisonous species. kind by its appearance, and the edibility of each kind by experiment.
Some
edible
edible ones
do
mushrooms change colour when
bruised,
some
not.
Some poisonous mushrooms change colour when bruised, and some poisonous ones do not. Some mushrooms with bright colours, or viscid caps, or pleasant taste, or agreeable odour are edible, and some are poisonous.
Some
edible
mushrooms
will turn a silver
spoon black, and
so will some poisonous ones.
Cautions for the Inexperienced Never use specimens which are decomposed
in the slightest
degree.
Never use those which are at all burrowed by insects. Never collect, for food, mushrooms in the button stage, as novice to distinguish the buttons of poisonous from the of harmless species. buttons species Never use fungi with swollen bases surrounded by sac-like it is
difficult for a
or scaly envelopes.
Fungi
for the
Table
Never use fungi with milky
juice unless the juice
is
red-
dish.
Never use fungi with caps thin of the if
when
the
gills are
nearly the caps are bright coloured. gills
Never use
in all
proportion to the width of equal length, especially
for food tube-bearing fungi in
which the
flesh
changes colour when cut or broken, nor those with the tubes Be very cautious with all fleshy tube-bearing fungi. reddish. Never use for food fungi with a web-like ring around the
upper part of the stem.
The novice may
safely experiment with Clavarias, coral and puffballs. THE FOOD VALUE OF FUNGI. Many people thoughtful for the welfare of those with limited opportunities for varying their bill of fare have hoped to solve the problem by introducing into more general use the varied and abundant fungi which grow
fungi, morels,
everywhere throughout our country. In order to accomplish have been published by the several agricultural departments, and have been distributed freely to those wishing to have them. The result has been that a wide-spread interest has been created in this branch of botany, and fungi have become a common dish on tables where they were never this object, bulletins
before seen.
As
accessories, for relish or variety, edible fungi are undoubtbut that they can never take the place of meat, as
edly valuable
;
fondly hoped, nor rank very high as an essential food, has been shown by the experiments of Mr. L. B. Mendel in the Sheffield Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Yale University.
many
Mr. Mendel has demonstrated by chemical analysis and by experiments in artificial digestion that the proportion of proteid matter the material which meat supplies is smaller than it was
formerly supposed to be, and also that a large proportion of that Since, also, present is not acted upon by the digestive juices. the proportion of water to solid matter is very great, being from
seventy to ninety per cent, in the most desirable edible species, a man should eat a great many it would be necessary that
pounds of even the requisite
of
proteid
richest fungi in order to obtain the daily matter necessary to maintain a healthy
constitution.
The specimens marked
edible in this 152
book have been
repeat-
Fungi
for the
Table
edly tried by many people, and without ill effects. Some marked edible are harmless, but poor, while others are extremely de-
and appetizing. few directions for preparing different species for cooking are given below, that those who wish to experiment may have licious
A
the benefit of the experience of others.
Receipts for cooking the
common mushroom, Agaricus
campestris, may be found in all and these receipts as they are given or complete cook-books,
modified
be used for other kinds
may
also,
provided that the
directions for the preparation of the different
species are fol-
lowed.
To KEEP MUSHROOMS
TEMPORARILY.
Cleanse,
remove the
parts to be rejected, rinse in cold water the parts to be used, dry with a cloth, then put in boiling water and keep boiling for five or ten minutes. Drain, and wipe dry.
To
PREPARE THE EDIBLE AGARICS FOR COOKING. Cleanse, throw them away. Rinse the caps in cold water, drain, and leave in cold water acidulated with lemon cut off the stems and
or vinegar until just before using. To TOAST AGARICS. Dry with a cloth, dust with flour, put a little butter, pepper, and salt on the gills. Lay the caps, gills a a on wire-net over moderate fire, and cook toaster, upward,
from
five to ten minutes.
To BAKE
AGARICS. Dry with a cloth. Line a porcelain piedish with toast, spread the peeled caps on the toast, sprinkle with pepper and salt, and pour over them a few spoonfuls of thick cream.
Cover with a
for fifteen minutes.
plate,
and place
in a
moderate oven
Serve hot.
Or, Line the dish with toast dipped in hot water and buttered. Spread the caps on the toast, with half a teaspoonful of butter on
Cover, and cook in a warm oven for ten minutes. BROIL AGARICS Broil lightly on both sides over a bright Arrange on buttered toast, sprinkle with pepper and salt.
each one.
To fire.
Put bits of butter or bits of toasted bacon on each, and set in the oven a moment. Serve hot. Caps, peeled, one quart; butter, two one teaspoonful; pepper, one-third of a
MUSHROOMS STEWED tablespoonfuls
;
salt,
teaspoonful; water or stock, one-half cupful. a covered stewpan for five minutes. Or,
Boil
gently in
Caps, peeled and cut in pieces, one pint; butter, one table-
Fungi
for the
Table
Simmer
spoonful; salt, one-half teaspoonful; pepper, one pinch. in a stewpan for ten minutes.
To PREPARE the peel.
moment
RUSSULAS
Reject the stems and
gills,
but not
Cleanse the caps, rinse in cold water, then put for a in boiling water, and dry with a cloth. Cook by the
receipts given for agarics.
To
PREPARE
cleanse, rinse,
FUNGI WITH MILKY JUICE Remove the stems, scald. Steep for six hours in a liquid pre-
and
pared by mixing one wineglass of strong vinegar, one tableBoil for ten minutes in spoonful of salt, and one pint of water. Cook by the receipts given for agarics. salt and water.
LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS Known by its greyish-orange cap marked with brighter zones, and by its orange milk. Also LACTARIUS VOLEMUS Known by its reddish-brown cap, two to five inches across, with stems of the same colour, and white milk. May be prepared by simply removing the bases of the stems and then rinsing in water. To PREPARE AMANITAS Reject the stems and peel, and cook but a short time. To PREPARE CHANTERELLES Cut off the base of the stems, Stew a rinse in cold water, soak in warm milk for six hours. of butter time with or stock. Use with meat hashes plenty long and stews, or in omelet. To FRY CHANTERELLES Wash, slice, put in melted butter,
ten minutes, simply keeping them warm. Add more butter, pepper, salt, crumbs of bread, and minced parsley, and fry over a hot fire.
and
stir for
To PREPARE COPRINI INK CAPS Use only young specimens. Remove the base of the stems, wipe with a damp cloth. Throw for
an instant into boiling water. Fry in boiling butter or lard. the pan as soon as they break or sink. Serve on
Remove from toast.
To
PREPARE BOLETI
Remove
the
tubes
with
a
spoon.
Reject the stems.
To PREPARE HYDNUM REPANDUM
Remove
the bases of the
stems, and scrape off the spines. They require little cooking. To PREPARE MORELS Cleanse; rinse by shaking them in several waters, or run the cold water from the faucet over them until the pits are thoroughly cleansed. They require to be cooked for a long time.
Fungi
for
the Table
To PREPARE BEEFSTEAK FUNGUS Gather when of a Remove the hard base, cleanse in cold water.
light-
red colour.
and serve with dressed lettuce. put stewpan with butter, three ounces to the pound. Season with salt, pepper, minced parsley, and onion juice. Stew gently for twenty minutes. Bind with egg-yolk beaten in cream, and serve with toast. This mince may be used with veal or chicken hash. To PREPARE GYROMITRAS. Cleanse, cut in slices, boil in water
For salad Cut Minced Mince
fifteen
minutes, then
Dry on
boiling hot.
in thin slices
in a
fine,
wash by shaking
in
two
successive waters
and cook as directed for morels.
cloths,
To PREPARE WOODY
PORE-BEARING FUNGI POLYPOR^E. Take young specimens. Put in boiling water for a few moments, rinse in cold water, and dry on cloths. Spread with butter, lay in a stewpan, and cover; then keep them for ten the soft parts of
minutes just fifteen
warm enough
to melt the butter.
minutes, or stew half an hour or
Strain, broil for
more with gravy.
To PREPARE CLAVARIAS AND BRANCHED HYDNUMS. Cleanse, throw into scalding water for a moment, and then put into cold water made acid with lemon or vinegar until they are to be cooked. Divide the large ones, and tie the small ones into bundles. Place in a stewpan with bits of butter laid on them. Cover the pan, and expose to heat enough to melt the butter. Leave for ten minutes, and drain. To COOK CLAVARIAS. Put into a hot stewpan with bits of butter; season with salt, pepper, and lemon juice. Cover closely, and stew for half an hour. Thicken with cream and flour, season to taste, and cook until tender. Clavarias may also be cooked as directed for agarics. To Cut
in
PREPARE PUFFBALLS.
two
pieces,
and
reject
Cleanse, peel, trim off the base. those which are not pure white
all
within.
To COOK PUFFBALLS. Fry in lard five or six minutes, with bacon, parsley, onion juice, salt, and pepper; or cook as directed for agarics.
To COOK THE GIANT
PUFFBALL.
Cut
in slices half
an inch
and
Fry
thick, dip in the beaten yolk of egg, pepper, boiling fat for five or six minutes.
PUFFBALL SALAD. dressed with mustard,
Cut oil,
salt.
in
in strips, and serve with green salad and vinegar.
SOME OTHER USEFUL BOOKS ON MUSHROOMS* ATKINSON, G.
"Studies of American Fungi."
F.
1911.
Holt
&
Co.,
N. Y.
BANKER, H.
"Revision of the Hydnaceae," Memoir Torrey Club,
J.
Vol. 12, 1906.
BURLINGTON, GERTRUDE. North American
Monographs of Lactaria and Russula,
Flora, Vol. 9, part 3, 1910; part 4, 1915.
BURT, E. A.
Papers on the Thelephoraceae. Annals Mo. Botanical'Garden,
St. Louis, 1914.
COKER, W. Society,
Chapel
Papers on North Carolina Fungi, Journal Elisha Mitchell
C.
Hill,
N. C.
GIBSON, W. H. "Our per
&
Brothers,
HARD, M.
HARPER,
Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms,"
1903.
Har-
N. Y. E.
"Mushrooms, Edible and Otherwise."
E. T.
Papers on
Gill-fungi,
1908.
Transactions Wise.
Academy
of
Sciences, 1912-.
KAUFFMAN, C.
H.
"The
Mich. Biological Survey, Vols.
LLOYD,
C. G.
McILVANE,
i
Agaricaceae of Michigan."
and
"Mycological Notes."
1898-.
"One Thousand American
C.
Publication 26,
2, 1918.
Cincinnati, O.
Fungi."
1912.
The Bowen-
Merrill Co., Indianapolis.
MOFFATT, W.
S.
tory Survey of Chicago
"Higher Fungi of the Chicago Region."
Academy
Natural His-
of Sciences, Bulletin VII, 1909.
MURRILL, W.
A. Monographs in North American Flora, published by the Botanical Garden, at $2.00 per part: Polyporaceae, Vol. 9, parts i and 2; Boletaceae, Vol. 9, part 3; Agaricaceae, Vol. 9, parts 3 to 6, and Vol. 10, parts i to 3. Books published by W. A. Murrill, Bronxwood Park, N. Y. City: "Edible and
New York
Compiled by Dr. W. A. Murrill, of the
New York
logical Club.
157
Botanical Garden, for the
Yama Farms Myco-
Some Other
Useful Books on
Mushrooms
Poisonous Mushrooms," $2.00; "American Boletes," $1.00; "Northern Polypores," $1.00; "Southern Polypores," $1.00; "Western Polypores," $1.00; "Tropical Polypores," $1.50; "Murrill's and Saccardo's Names of Polypores Compared," $.35
New York Botanical Garden, Volumes i to 1 1909-. bi-monthly containing a series of colored plates, technical artinotes, and an index to current mycological literature.
MYCOLOGIA. cles,
1 .
A
$4.00 a volume.
NEUMAN,
J. J.
"
Polyporaceae of Wisconsin," Wise. Survey, Bulletin 33,
1914.
OVERHOLTS, L. O. Papers on the Polyporaceae, Annals Mo. Botanical Garden, 1914, and Washington University Studies, Vol. 3, 1915, St. Louis. PATTERSON, FLORA W. and CHARLES, VERA K. and Other
Common
Fungi," Bulletin 1915, Washington, D. C.
PECK,
C. H.
175,
U.
S.
"Mushrooms
Department of Agriculture,
Annual Reports of the State Botanist, 1872-1912, Albany,
N. Y.
RIDGWAY,
R.
"Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," 1912, Wash-
ington, D. C.
SACCARDO, in Latin,
P. A. "Sylloge Fungorum," 1882-. containing descriptions of all known fungi.
SEAVER,
F. J.
UNDERWOOD, & Co.,
"
Iowa Discomycetes,"
L.
M.
New York
Twenty-two volumes
Botanical Garden.
"Moulds, Mildews and Mushrooms," 1899, Holt
N. Y.
WHITE, vey, Bulletin
E. A.
3,
"Hymeniales of Connecticut," Conn. Natural History SurNew Haven, Conn.
1905; Bulletin 15, 1910,
158
LIST
OF POISONOUS OR SUSPECTED
MUSHROOMS (From Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita Amanita
Bulletin 175 [1915], U. S.
Department of Agriculture)
chlorinosma
Hygrophorus conicus
cothurnata
Hypoloma
junquillea
Inocybe
muscaria
Inocybe infida
pantherina
I thy phallus impudicus Lactarius fuliginosus
phalloides
fasciculare
infelix
Lactarius piperatus Lactarius pyrogalus Lactarius rufus
porphyria radicata solitaria
Lactarius theiogalus Lactarius torminosus
spreta strobiliformis
Lactarius villereus
virosa
Amanitopsis volvata
Lactarius zonarius
Boletus erythropus
Lepiota dolichaula
Boletus felleus
Lepiota morgani
Boletus luridus
Marasmius peronatus Marasmius urens
Boletus miniato-olivaceus
Mitrula paludosa
ear. sensibilis
Boletus satanus
Panseolus campanulatus
Calvatia cyathiformis Cantharellus aurantiacus
Panus papilionaceus Panus stypticus
Clathrus columnatus
Pholiota automnalis
Clavaria aurea
Pleurotus olearius
Clitocybe geotropa
Psilocybe foenisecii
Clitocybe illudens Cortinarius purpurescens
Russula emetica Russula foetens Russula
Elaphomyces granulatus Entoloma grande Entoloma lividum Entoloma sinuatum
fragilis
*
Russula nigricans Russula nitida
Russula queletii
Entoloma speculum
Scleroderma bovista
Geaster hygrometricus *Gyromitra esculenta
Stropharia aeruginosa
Hebeloma crustuliniforme Hebeloma fastibile
Tricholoma sulphureum Tricholoma tigrinum Tricholoma venenatum
Stropharia semiglobata
Helvella esculenta
Volvaria gloiocephala Also on Peck's "List of Edible Mushrooms."
159
LIST
OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
BY DR.
CHARLES
(Formerly State Botanist of
H.
PECK
New
York)
Agaricus abruptus Pk.
Boletus scaber Fr.
Agaricus arvensis Schaeff.
Boletus spectabilis Pk. Boletus subaureus Pk.
Agaricus campester L. Agaricus diminutivus Pk.
Boletus subglabripes Pk. Boletus subluteus Pk.
Agaricus hsmorrhoidarius Schulz. Agaricus micromegethus Pk.
Boletus versipellis Fr. Bovista pila V. C.
&
Agaricus Placomyces Pk. Agaricus rodmani Pk.
Bovista plumbea Pers. Cantharellus cibarius Fr.
Agaricus silvicola Pk. Agaricus subrufescens Pk.
Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schw.
Amanita caesarea Scop. Amanita rubescens Fr.
Cantharellus dichotomus Pk.
Amanitopsis strangulata (Fr.) Roze
Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scop.)
Cantharellus floccosus Schw.
Amanitopsis vaginata Roze
Fr.
Armillaria mellea Vahl
Cantharellus lutescens Fr.
Boletinus grisellus Pk.
Cantharellus minor Pk.
Boletinus pictus Pk. Boletus affinis Pk.
Clavaria botrytes Pers. Clavaria botrytoides Pk. Clavaria conjuncta Pk.
Boletus albidipes Pk.
Boletus albus Pk.
Clavaria cristata Pers.
Boletus bicolor Pk. Boletus brevipes Pk.
Clavaria flava Schaeff. Clavaria
Boletus castaneus Bull.
Clitocybe adirondackensis Pk.
Boletus chrysenteron albocarneus Pk. Boletus clintonianus Pk.
Clitocybe amethystina (Bolt.) Pk. Clitocybe clavipes (Pers.) Fr. Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schaeff.
Boletus edulis Bull. Boletus edulis clavipes Pk. Boletus eximius Pk.
Boletus
frostii
Clitocybe laccata Scop. Clitocybe maculosa Pk. Clitocybe media Pk.
Russell
Boletus granulatus L. Boletus laricinus Berk. Boletus luteus L. Boletus niveus Fr. Boletus nobilis Pk.
pistillaris L.
Clitocybe monadelpha Morg. Clitocybe multiformis Pk. Clitocybe nebularis Batsch. Clitocybe ochropurpurea Berk. Clitocybe subcyathiformis Pk. Clitopilus abort ivus B.
Boletus ornatipes Pk. Boletus pallidus Frost
& C.
Clitopilus micropus Pk. Clitopilus orcella Bull.
Boletus rubropunctus Pk. Boletus rugosiceps Pk.
Clitopilus prunulus Scop. 161
List of Edible
Mushrooms
Collybia acervata Fr. Collybia droyophila (Bull.) Fr. Collybia familia Pk.
Lactarius distans Pk.
Collybia platyphylla Fr. Collybia radicata (Relh.) Fr.
Lactarius luteolus Pk.
Collybia velutipes (Curt.) Fr. Coprinus atramentarius Fr.
Lactarius serifluus
Lactarius gerardii Pk. Lactarius lignyotus Fr. Lactarius rimosellus Pk.
Coprinus comatus Fr. Coprinus micacaus Fr.
Fr.
Lactarius volemus Fr.
Lepiota americana Pk.
Cortinarius albidipes Pk. Cortinarius cinnamomeus Fr.,
Lepiota cepzstipes Sow.
Cortinarius collinitus Fr. Cortinarius corrugatus Pk. Cortinarius evernius Fr.
Lepiota clypeolaria (Bull.) Fr. Lepiota naucinoides Pk.
/
Lepiota procera Scop.
Cortinarius violaceus Fr.
Lycoperdonjatropurpureum Vitt. Lycoperdon cyathiforme Bosc.
Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. Craterellus cornucopioides Pers. C. Crepidotus malachius B.
Lycoperdon gemmatum Batsch. Lycoperdon giganteum Batsch. Lycoperdon subincarnatutn Pk. Marasmius oreades Fr.
&
Entoloma grayanum Pk. Fistulina hepatica Fr.
Mitrula vitellina irregularis Pk. Morchella angusticeps Pk.
*Gyromitra esculenta Fr. Helvella crispa Fr.
Hydnum albidum Pk. Hydnum caput-ursi Fr. Hydnum coralloides Scop. Hydnum repandum L. Hygrophorus Hygrophorus Hygrophorus Hygrophorus
(DC )
Lactarius subdulcis (Bull.) Fr. Lactarius subpurpureus Pk.
Morchella bispora Sor. Morchella conica Pers.
Morchella deliciosa Fr. Morchella esculenta Pers.
cantharellus Schw.
Morchella semilibera DC.-
chlorophanus Fr.
Paxillus involutus Fr.
flavodiscus Frost.
Pholiota adiposa Fr. Pholiota caperata Pers.. Pholiota discolor Pk.
fuliginosus Frost. laricinus Pk.
Hygrophorus Hygrophorus laurae Morg. Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. Hygrophorus nitidus B. & C. Hygrophorus pratensis Fr. Hygrophorus pudorinus Fr. Hygrophorus puniceus'Fr. Hygrophorus speciosus Pk. Hygrophorus virgineus (Wulf.) Fr. Hypholoma aggregatum sericeum Pk.
Hypholoma incertum Pk. Hypholoma perplexum Pk. Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.)
Pholiota duroides Pk. Pholiota praecox (Pers.) Fr. Pholiota squarrosa Muell.
Pholiota squarrosoides Pk. Pholiota vermiflua Pk.
Phylloporus rhodoxanthus (Schw.) Bres. Pleurotus ostreatus Fr. Pleurotus sapidus Kalchb. Pleurotus ulmarius Bull.
Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr.
Polyporus sulphureus Fr. Tul.
Psilocybe foenisecii (Pers.) Fr.
Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. Lactarius chelidonium Pk.
Psilocybe polycephala (Paul.) Pk, Russula abietina Pk.
Lactarius deceptivus Pk. Lactarius deliciosus Fr.
Russula albida Pk. Russula brevipes Pk.
Also on U. S. Department of Agriculture's 'List of Poisonous or Suspected Mushrooms." '
162
List of Edible
Mushrooms
Russula compacta Frost.
Russula viridella Pk.
Russula crustosa Pk.
Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Brek. Stropharia bilamellata Pk.
Russula earlei Pk. Russula flavida Frost. Russula furcata (Pers.) Fr. Russula mariae Pk.
*Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr. Russula ochrophylla Pk. Russula pectinatoides Pk. Russula pusilla Pk. Russula roseipes (Seer.) Bres. Russula rugulosa Pk. Russula sordida Pk. Russula subsordida Pk.
Russula uncialis Pk.
Tricholoma hirtellum Pk. Tricholoma imbricatum Fr. Tricholoma nudum (Bull.) Fr. Tricholoma personatum Fr. Tricholoma portentosum centrale Pk. Tricholoma radicatum Pk. Tricholoma russula (Schaeff.) Fr. Tricholoma sil vaticum Pk. Tricholoma sordidum (Schum.) Fr. Tricholoma subacutum Pk. Tricholoma subsejunctum Pk. Tricholoma terreum fragrans Pk. Tricholoma transmutans Pk.
Russula variata Banning. Tricholoma unifactum Pk. Russula virescens Fr. Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr.
NOTE is
It
when
customary,
scientific purposes, to
writing the name of a fungus for append the name of the author who first
published the appellation. The author's name, for convenience, may be abbreviated. A list of such abbreviations as are used
book
in this
A.
&
S.
BATSCH. BERK. B.
&
C.
Bosc BULL.
BURNAP. BUXB. D. C.
given below.
is
Albertini
and Schweinitz.
Augustus Batsch (1761-1802), German botanist Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley. Berkeley and Curtis. Louis Bosc (1759-1828), one of the of fungi in the United States.
first
collectors
Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793. Charles E. Burnap, an American student. Johann Christian Buxbaum, 1693-1730.
DESV.
Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (1778-1841), a prominent Swiss botanist. Nicaise Augustin Desvaux, French botanist, 1784-
ELLIS.
J.
1856. B. Ellis. States.
largest
Mr.
can fungi
museum FR.
Elias
in
is
a mycologist in the United
existence.
of the
Magnus
who
Ellis
The Ellis collection of fungi contains the number of types of any collection of Ameri-
laid
It
is
deposited in the
New
Fries
York Botanical Garden. (1794-1878), a Swedish botanist,
the foundations for the study
of
the
Basidiomycetes.
HOLMSK. HUDS. LASCH. LK.
Theodor Holmskiold (1732-1794), a Danish botanist. William Hudson (1730-1793), an English botanist. Wilhelm Lasch (1786-1863), a German botanist. Heinrich
Friedrich
Link
a
German
Swedish
botanist,
(1767-1851),
botanist. L. or LINN.
Carl
von Linnaeus (1707-1778),
a
who revised the principles of classification and introduced what is known as the binomial nomenclature. According to his method, the name of a plant is reduced to two words : the first, or 165
Note generic,
name
is
a substantive or a
word used
as a
while the second, or specific, name is an adjective. Lactarius is the generic name of those fungi dripping milk, and deliciosus (delicious) substantive
the specific
;
name
for
one edible species.
PK.
George Massee, an English botanist. A. P. Morgan, an American botanist. Charles H. Peck (1833the State botanist of )
PERS.
Christian
MASS.
MORG.
New
York. Hendrik
Persoon (1755-1837), a German
botanist.
ROZE.
Ernest Roze, a French botanist.
SCHW.
Lewis David de Schweinitz (1780-1834), an American botanist one of the first to make mycology a ;
serious study.
SCOP.
Giovanni
Antonio Scopoli
(1723-1788),
an
Italian
botanist.
Christiani
Jacobi
Schaeffer
(1718-1790), a
German
botanist.
SACC.
P. A.
Saccardo (1845-
),
an
Italian botanist.
Sac-
the compiler of Sylloge Fungorum, a work in Latin, containing descriptions of over forty thou-
cardo
is
sand species.
made
It is
accessible to
most valuable work, as it has workers throughout the world
a
the greater part of the technical descriptive literature upon the subject of fungi.
VAHL.
The names
Martin Vahl (1749-1804), a Norwegian botanist.
diacritical
marks used in the pronunciation of the Latin sounds of the same letters in the following
indicate the
list:
* as in
fat
fi
as in cut
fate
cute
met meet
rn^th
fin
gem
my
fine
get
not
cat
cent
note
166
INDEX AND GLOSSARY Adnate,
35
when
united
;
by Arachnoid, 38
said of gills they are grown
growth
;
to the stem.
Agaricaceae,
web-like.
;
Armillaria, 34.
40,
32,
Agaricus, 39, 73.
var. obscura, 62.
Asci, 18, 19
campestris, 12, 75, 76. cretaceus. 64.
hemorrhoidarius, 75. to grow, 73.
;
United States,
104.
104.
Boletinus, 45, 102, 103.
var. radicata, 62.
arvensis, 75.
spores,
which change colour,
var. glabra, 62.
how
of the
var. exannulata, 62.
Agaricales, 14, 30.
abruptus, 77.
of
to prepare, 154.
mellea, 6l.
var. flava, 62.
46, 73-
care
148.
var. bulbosa, 62.
30,
Boleti,
pictus, 103.
the sacs in
painted, 103.
which the spores of Boletus, 44, 104. the cup fungi are deAmericanus, 109, bicolor, 105.
veloped.
Ascoma,
19,
21
20,
;
the
body bear-
calopus, 106. castaneus, 108.
maritimus, 75.
disk-like
placomyces, 75.
ing the spore-sacs of the cup fungi and
chrysenteron, 106.
their allies.
edulis, 109.
Rodmani,
75, 76.
subrufescens, 75.
Ascomata, 20, 21
sylvaticus, 75.
;
plural
of ascoma.
Algae, 9. Algal-like fungi, 9, 17.
Amanita, 34, 46. Csesarea, 50, 52.
Frostiana, 52.
eximius, 108. felleus, 107.
Ascomycetes, 17, 18, 135. Ascus, 17; singular of asci.
glabellus, 104.
Astraeus
pallidus, 105.
hygrometricus,
mutabilis, 105.
Peckii, 106.
130.
muscaria, 52.
purpureus, 107.
phalloides, 48. to prepare, for cooking, 154.
Basidia, 16, 17 cells
;
enlarged
bearing spores.
Basidiomycetes,
14,
17,
97, "6. Bean seed to show embryo,
verna, 65.
young
cyanescens, 105.
plant, 47.
Amanitopsis, 34, 53, 88.
radicans, 106.
Satanus, 107. sea be r, 108. speciosus, 105.
subtomentosus, 109. versipellis, 108.
7-
parcivolvata, 55.
Bear's head, 2, 96.
vaginata, 54.
Beefsteak fungus, 103.
Boston Mycological Club, 145.
var. alva, 54.
for salad, 155.
var. fulva, 54.
minced, 155.
plumbea, 128.
var. livida, 54.
to prepare, 155.
section of, 128.
Anthurus, 26.
Bird's-nest, 24, 133.
Antidote,
anything that wilt counteract
Bitter Boletus, 107.
the
Boletaceae, 31, 44, 102.
48;
effects
son.
of
poi-
Black knot,
9.
Boleti, 14.
XX
167
Bovista, 128.
Bovistella, 29, 124, 129.
Ohiensis, 129.
Brackets,
2, 4.
Brain-shaped Calvatia, 126. Branches, 7.
Index and Glossary Brick top.
opposite
(PI.
p. 81.)
Capitila.
(PI.
opposite p.
Brick-red mushroom, 80. Button, ii, 12 the name ;
a
to
given
young
mushroom.
Caput-ursi, 96.
pistil, 101.
Carbon, 4 an elementary substance found in
pistillaris, 101.
;
and
plant
animal
tissue.
Caesarea, 50. Caesar's
Ceespitose, 145;
clumps,
36, 146 Cartilaginous, similar to the elastic ;
mushroom,
51.
growing
many
from one
in
plants
root.
124,
131-
cinnabarinuwi, 132.
ends of fresh bones.
fungus grow-
ing on, 136.
Ravenelii, 132. Calvatia, 28, 124, 126.
;
fragile coat, 126.
Chanterelle
var. pallidifolia, 71. var. striatula, 71.
outfit of, 147.
64.
hygrophorus,
59-
the deli-
var. amythystina, 71.
Clitopilus, 37, 88.
Cervinus, 87.
;
laccata, 70.
care of spores, 148.
Collector, notes of, 145.
Chalk agaric,
section of, 126.
club-shaped,
;
club-like, 13, 14.
cyathiformis, 128.
Cambium, 137 cate young
Clavate, 21
spore, ii.
craniformis, 126.
maxima, 127.
Clavariacese, 30, 98, 99.
Clitocybe virens, 71.
Cautions, 151. a living vegetaCell, I r ble unit.
lutescens, 132.
red-tipped, 100. to cook, 155. to prepare, 155.
found at the Clitocybe, 35, 68, 70.
tissue
Caterpillar,
Calostoma, 29, 123,
Clavaria, golden, 100.
pale yellow, 99.
136.)
to fry, 154. to prepare, 154.
Collybia, 35, 66. care of specimens, 150. care of spores, 148. familia, 67.
radicata, 66.
Chemical analysis, 152. tween the wood and Chestnut Boletus, 108.
radicata, care of spores,
The inner become new wood the outer, new bark.
velutipes, 66.
cells be-
bark.
;
Chitonia, 83. the 6, 144 green coloring mat-
Chlorophyll,
;
ter of plants.
Campestris, 76.
Caninus, 120.
Christmas greens,
Cantharellus, 36, 53.
Chrysenteron, 106.
148.
Columella, 125.
Common mushroom, Context,
5, 7.
42
;
the
76. tissue
immediately in
con-
tact with * specified
cibarius, 148.
Cibus Deorum,
floccosus, 53.
Cinnabarinum, 132.
Coprinarii.
Circinatus, 113.
Coprini .careof spores, 148 to prepare, 154.
Cap, defined,
12.
51.
membranous,
35.
Class, 7, 15, 17.
ragged edge,
13.
Classification, 5, 7.
scaly, 34.
Clathraceae, 26, 117, 121.
smooth, 34.
Clathrus, 26, 121. cancellatus, 121.
striate, 50.
umbonate, 63. Capillitium, 25, 126 simor branched ple ;
threads
mixed with
spores. elastic, 126.
Capitate, 21; having a distinct head.
columnatus, 121. Clavaria, 3, 14, 99. aurea, 100.
part.
See Coprini.
Coprinus, 40, 89. atramentarius, 91.
comatus,
iii,
v, viii,
,
'
90
micaceus, 91. Coral fungi, 98.
Coral
Hydnum,
97.
Cordyceps, 136.
botrytes, 100.
Corollas, 6.
cristata, 100.
Cortinarii, care of spores^
fellea, 101. flava, 99.
formosa, 101.
168
148.
Cortinarius, 38, 85.
alboviolaceus, 87.
Index and Glossary Cortinarius violaceus, 87.
Count de Vecchi,
49.
Fawn-coloured Pluteus, 87. Fern with spore capsules, 8.
C rani for mis,
126.
Fertile gleba, 125.
Craterellus
cantharellus,
Fibrillose, 146
with
73-
Crested Clavaria, 100.
fibres.
with
94-
teeth,
97-
Fungus
furnished
;
Fungi
plant, 9.
Fusiform, 40
cylindrical,
;
tapering gradually to each end.
Fistulina, 44, 102.
Crucibulum, 133.
cavipes, 103.
Cup
decipiens, 103. hepatica, 102.
Gasteromycetes,
Cyathiformis, 128.
paluster, 103.
Geaster, 28, 124, 129.
Cyathus, 133.
porosus, 103.
fungi, 19, 137.
Cup-shaped
puffball,
128.
Czar Alexis, 49. Daedalea, 43.
Death Cup,
hollow
minimus, 130. whole Gelatinous fungi, 116.
;
the
through Flexuous, 146
Deconica, 39, 82. Decurrent, 35 growing down the stem said ;
;
Gills, 12.
of spores, 4, 118, 126, 131, 133, 137-
Early Pholiota, 84. Earth-stars, 123, 129.
locks
of
soft
hair or wool.
Flocculent, 52
notched, 58. toothed, 56. waxy, 61.
5.
Glabrous, 50; not hairy. Gleba, 26, 117 the spore mass of the pouch
Fly Amanita, 49. of the gods, 51.
;
Frog-spittle, 6.
Fruiting portion, 12, 13. Ftihrer fur Pilzfreunde, 104.
Fungi, defined,
forked, 53.
structure, 13.
woolly.
;
Flowerless plants,
Food
hirsutum, 139.
taining sparks. clothed 45 ;
with
tering.
a stone
Geoglossum, 139. glabrum, 139. Giant puffball, 127.
See
Death Cup.
;
Geoglossaceae, 21, 138.
formerly used for obFloccose,
;
Dictyophorus, 27. Dissemination, of seeds, 6 the act of scat-
opposite
Flint-stone, 127
Deliquescent, 26 dissolving or melting away. 2.
in
nately
of gills.
Destroying Angels,
bent alter-
;
directions.
;
7, 16.
Genera,
length.
48.
3, 14,
hygrometricus, 130.
146
Fistulose,
a,
24.
fungi.
Glistening Coprinus, 91. Globose, 40 ; having or
approaching a spher-
4.
form.
Earth-tongues, 138.
for food, i, 151.
Eccilia, 87, 88.
for the herbarium, 145.
Golden Clavaria,
Edible Boletus, 109.
for the table, 151.
Golden-flesh Boletus, 106.
Golden Peziza, 138. Gomphidius, 4, 92.
Elaphomyces, 136.
not grewsome,
Elias Fries, 97.
habitat, 2.
Elm
how
Pleurotus, 58.
Emetic Russula, 68. Entoloma, 37, 88.
to
number
ical
2.
grow them,
73.
of, 15.
poisonous,
i,
48, 151.
typical parts, 12.
Fairy clubs,
9.
Fairy-ring mushroom, 66.
Fairy rings,
3.
Families, 7, 16.
Fat Pholiota, 83. Favolus, 115. alveolarius, 115.
with
gills,
30,
fixing spores of, 148.
Grandinia, 94. Grass spikelet,
7.
Gray-gilled mushroom, 79.
32-40,
46-92. with milky juice, 92, 93. with pores, 42, 44, 102, 155-
with
100.
Green Russula, Greeks,
69.
I.
Guepinia, 116.
Gyromitra,
20,
141.
spines,
94-97-
169
23,
41,
esculenta, 141. to prepare, 155.
140,
Index and Glossary Habitat, 145; the locality where a plant natu-
;
flava,
60. var. flaviceps, 60.
rally lives.
Haschisch, 49
var.
Hygrophorus,
an
intoxi-
cating preparation of the Indian hemp.
Hedgehog Hydnum,
97.
mushroom, 94.
var. flavipes, 60.
acute
var. rosea, 60.
Hymenogastrales, 133.
Hymenomycetes, 2, 14. Hypha, II a thread-like strand of the vegetative part of a fungus.
elastica, 142.
Hypholoma,
lacunosa, 143.
diagrammatic draw-
volemus, 154. Lamellae, 12.
;
Helvetia, 20, 140.
Lactarius, to cook, 154. to prepare, 152.
39, 78.
35
the
;
edges
thin, not blunt.
adnate, 35 the stem.
grown
;
brittle, 35.
decurrent, 35 ; growing down the stem.
appendiculatum, 80.
entire, 47.
capnoides, 79.
free
elaeodes, 80.
obtuse, 36.
Helvellaceae, 20, 140.
epixanthus, 79.
shallow folds, 36.
Helvellales, 19, 138. Hirneola auricula-Judae,
fasciculare, 80.
simple, 33.
incertum, 80, 81.
sinuate, 35.
perplexum, 78, 79.
splitting deeply, 33.
sublateritium, 81.
toothed, 32.
ing, 143-
section of stem, 143.
116.
Armilla-
Honey-coloured ria, 61.
Hypocreales,
18. 136.
to
from the stem,
villous,
33
34.
with soft
;
Host, 22 ; the plant or Imperial mushroom, 51. animal which sup- Incertum, 80, 81. Indian pipe, 7. ports a parasite.
waxy, 35. Larch canker, 137.
Hydnaceae, 32, 04.
Ingenious stamens,
Large club,
Hydnum,
Ink-caps, 89.
Latticed Clathrus, 121.
Inky Coprinus, 91.
Leaf-green, 4, 6, 15, 144.
Irpex, 94.
Lentinus, 32.
14, 32, 41, 94,
116.
albidum, 95. branched, to prepare,
6.
Ivory Hygrophorus, 61.
101.
lepideus, 56.
Lenzites, 43.
155-
caput-ursi, 96.
Jew's Ear, 116. Judas's Ear, n6.
coralloides, 97.
Juice, milky, 32.
caput-medusae, 97.
echinaceus, 97.
watery, 32. I ; a Roman poet, first century A.D.
imbricatum, 96.
Juvenal,
repandum, 95.
one of Kaiserling, 51. the elements found Key, 15-45in plant and animal gas,
4
betulina, 113. separia, 114.
Lepiota, 34, 63. Friesii, 65.
care
granulosa,
;
tissue.
Hygrophanous, 145; opaque when dry, and transparent when moist.
procera, 63. care of spores, 148.
Leptonia, 88.
Lachnocladium, 99.
Light from dry
Lactarius, 32, 92. care of spores, 148.
Liverworts,
rot, 2.
5, 7.
Lycogala epidendron, 144.
channeled, 33.
Lycoperdales, 25, 28, 123.
crisped, 33.
Lycoperdon, 29, 124.
deliciosus, 154.
cyathiforme, 128.
cantharellus, 59. eburneus, 61.
entire, I.
giganteum, 127.
ligniotus, 93.
maxima, 127.
miniatus, 60.
piperatus, 92.
pyriforme, 125.
Hygrophorus, 35,
of
spores, 149.
naucinoides, 64.
rufescens, 95.
Hydrogen
hairs.
59.
170
Index and Glossary Lycoperdon/ section
of,
;
confection
ing
of
India.
ii,
Coma-
v, viii, go.
care of spores, 149.
148.
Mendel, 152.
Membrane
Mycelium, n, no, 136.
Name, not a
Merulius, no.
Perithecium, 58
144.
vital
thing,
Perplexum,
aeruginosa, 137.
94.
Offensive fungi, 117.
to prepare, 154.
Morchella, 21, 140,
odorata, 137.
Willkommii, 137.
umbellifera, 68.
Orange Amanita,
142.
aurantia, 138.
35, 68.
Omphalia, 141,
78.
Peziza, 22, 137.
Odontium,
140.
Hypholoma,
78, 79-
irregula-
Morels, 140, 154.
a round-
are developed.
Perplexing
Nolanea, 88.
vitellina, var.
;
ed, oval, pear-shaped, or beaked body in
which the spore-sacs
the search for, 150.
Nidulariales, 24, 133.
Mitrula, 21.
puff-
ball.
Nidularia, 133.
lacrymans, no.
to a
covering
150.
fungi, 14, 22.
9.
Peridium, 14, 63, 24, 25, 123 ; the thickened
35, 55.
Myxomycetes,
Peach cure,
Pear-shaped puffball, 125.
of, 63.
haematopoda, 55.
Marchantia polymorpha.y. Masked Tricholoma, 72. Medusa's head, 97.
ris,
embryo plant, 120. young plant, 120.
Mycena,
oreades, 66.
on
Parasol mushroom, 63. Paxillus, care of spores,
caninus, 120.
luminosity
Cordyceps,
Elaphomyces, 136.
food provider, 13.
Marasmius, 33, 65.
food from living plants or animals. Parasite,
bambusinus, 120.
Mycelial threads, 117, 123.
agaric (see
tus),
to keep, 15.
Mutinus, 27.
subincarnatum, 125.
Lycopodiums, 7. Lysurus borealis, 121. Majoon, 49 an intoxicat-
Maned
Mushrooms,
to prepare, 153.
124.
Pezizales, 19, 20, 137.
50.
angusticeps, 142.
Orange-cap Boletus, 108.
bispora, 142.
Orders,
deliciosa, 142.
Oreades,
esculenta, 141, 142.
poison found in cerOxygen, 4 one of the eletain fungi. mentary substances which, chemically Phalloides, Amanita, 48.
section of, 141. semilibera, 142.
Phallin,
3.
with
carbon
impudicus, 117. section of
Painted Boletinus, 103.
Mucronella, 94.
Panus, 33, 67.
Muscaria, 49. Muscarine, 50 a poison found in A. muscaria.
Paraphyses, 135 thread - like
stewed, 153. toasted, 153.
Pholiota, 38.
adiposa, 83.
Panseolus, 92.
153.
young impu-
dicus, 119.
Phlebia, 94.
Mounting, 149. Mount Marcy, 68.
broiled, 153.
deadly
Phallus, 27.
plant tissues.
Mould-like fungi, 15, 77.
Mushrooms, baked,
a
;
and hydrogen, forms Oyster mushroom, 57.
;
48
;
united
Mould, 2. on bread, 9. on food, 2. on dead fly, 9.
Phallacese, 27, 117. Phallales, 24, 117, 121.
7, 16.
limonella, 83. ;
jointed
praecox, 84.
bodies
Phycomycetes,
found accompanying the spore-sacs of certain fungi.
Parasite, lives
22
;
that
Physalacria, 98. the cap of a
Pileus, 146
;
which
mushroom.
its
Pilosace, 39, 82.
by taking 171
9, 17.
Phylae, 7.
Index and Glossary Pinkish puffball, 125. Pistachio nuts, 78. Pistil of St. Johnswort, 6.
Pores, permanently united to adjoining tissue, 42, 102.
Seed-boxes,
with
separating
of violet, 6.
Pistillaria, 98.
Pouch fungi,
Pleurotus, 32.
Pruinose, 146
14, 23, 123.
as
;
if frost-
ed with a bloom or
ostreatus, 57.
Pliny, 135.
Psathyrella, 40, 92.
Pluteus, 37.
Psilocybe, 39, 82.
Protoplasm, 144
cervinus, 87.
of, 49.
herbarium
of
sheets,
the vis-
substance
6.
unicellular
no.
to prepare, 155.
Sparassis crispa, 99. Spathularia, 21, 138.
Species,
7, 16.
Specimens,
salad, 155.
7.
care of, 147.
to cook, 155.
109.
64.
2, 14, 22.
velutipes, 138.
Puffballs, 3, 4, 123.
Polyporacese, 31, 42, 102,
Slime fungi, 144. Smallest Earth-star, 130. Smith, Rev. Gerard, 3.
Smuts,
Pterula, 99.
Polypodium vulgare,
said of gills
;
Smooth Lepiota,
microscopic animals.
Pollen, 4, 6.
26.
Smokeballs, 123.
;
v, viii, 90.
rubescens, 122.
of
Protozoa, 144
recipes for, 150.
Poisonous, 48, 49, 151.
Polypori,
;
table cell.
150.
Simblum,
animal or vege-
fluid
an
ii,
Shelley, I, 2, 89. Silver fir, 6.
recess near the stem.
cid, contractile, semi-
Poison Amanita, 48.
Shaggy -mane,
which have a notch or
Psathyra, 39, 82.
ulmarius, 58.
6, 8.
Sensitive plant, 89.
Sinuate, 35
powder.
sapidus, 58.
Poisoning, cases
diffi-
culty, 45. to prepare woody, 155.
Pistil Clavaria, 101.
Scleroderma vulgare, 134. Sclerodermatales, 25, 133.
Purple Boletus, 107.
Spencer,
Pycnodon,
Sphaeriales, 136.
94.
2, 5.
Sphaerobolus, 133.
Polyporus, 42.
Radulum,
arcularius, 112.
Spines, 14, 41.
94.
circinatus, 113.
Resupinate, 31.
Spore-dust to stanch blood,
conchatus, ill.
Ring, 12. movable, 63.
Spore print,
HO. megaloma, no. perennis, in. fomentarius,
127.
Rodman's mushroom, Romans, I.
76.
pergamenus, ill.
Rough-dried plants, 149.
squamosus, 112.
Russia, 49.
sulphureus, in.
Russula, 3, 35. care of spores, 148.
velutinus,
in.
the openings 14 of the spore-bearing
Pores,
;
tubes. easily separating
from
the adjoining tissue,
heterophylla, 70. to prepare for cooking,
9, 17, 18,
135ii
;
single
cells
which serve the same purpose for fungi as seeds do for flowering plants.
black, 32, 46, 89-92.
brown, 38, 73-83.
154-
colour, 4.
virescens, 69.
44, 102.
collecting of, 147.
in radiating rows, 102. in the form of tubes
whose
Spore-sac fungi,
Spores,
emetica, 68.
4.
receptacle, 10.
mouths
are
separated, 44, 102.
long-hexagonal, 43.
Salmon fungus,
9.
Saprophytes, 123. Scaly Lentinus, 56.
Schizophyllum, 33, 67. Scleroderma. 133-
r/2
dark brown, 32, 73-83. dissemination of, 4, 118, 126,131,133,137. elliptical, 72.
fusiform, 40.
Index and Glossary
how formed,
Spores, in a
12.
definite rind, 14,
Stipe,
Striate,
23, 123.
12
stem of
;
fun-
Tricholoma rar.
gus.
50
35,
;
said
of
personatum, bulbosum, 72.
Trogia, 33.
the cap
when marked
Truffles, 18.
pink, 36, 46, 87, 88.
with
radiating
Tuberales, 18, 30, 135.
purplish-brown, 32.
straight lines
rough, 69.
margin.
on
spicules, 9.
brown,
80.
Strobilomyces, 102.
rosy, 32, 87, 88.
rusty
32,
46,
83-87.
salmon, 32, 87, 88.
Tunbridge ware, 137. a compact Typhula, 98. Stroma, 136 mass of mycelium which unites the Umbilicate, 146 provided ;
;
violet, 32, 58.
pear-shaped
white, 32, 46-73.
in
-
yellowish
on the Tufted yellow mushroom,
brown,
32,
which spore-sacs are contained.
Spreading Hydnum, 195.
Sulphury polyporus, III.
State botanist, 150.
Sistotrema, 94.
13.
Thelephoraceae, 73. Tinder, 127 dry material
characters of, 46.
;
at base, 47, 49, 50,
which
will
without
54, 88.
when
eccentric, 56.
ignite
explosion
in contact with
a spark.
fleshy, 5.
Toadstool,
lateral, 58.
Tox-albumins, 48 ; poisonous proteids pro-
mem-
the spore surface of a fungus in the young stage.
Velvety Spathularia, 138. Venenarius, see Amanita.
Vermilion
Hygrophorus,
60.
Vernal
;
solid, 56.
swollen base, 48.
ers of spore-bearing
wanting, 113.
tissue.
Sterigmata, 9, 17 ; slender stalks
the
or
spicules upon which the spores of the
Basidiomycetes borne. ;
113; the
brane which covers
Amanita, 65. duced by bacteria. Trama, 42 a middle tis- Vibrissea, 139. circinans, 140. sue between two lay-
rusty, 46.
smooth, 46.
29
12,
8.
Verdette, 69.
2, 8.
hollow, 50.
mealy, 46.
;
nence.
Veil,
Tall Lepiota, 63.
central, 60.
Sterile,
provided with a central promi-
Uncertain Hypholoma, Variable Russula, 70.
cartilaginous, 35.
cup
sion.
Umbonate, 63
Stropharia, 39, 82.
83-87.
Stem, 12,
with a central depres-
bodies
are
not containing
spores. base, 125.
Stinkhorns, 24, 26, 117, 123.
truncorum, 139. Volva, 34, 46, 52. of mutinus, 120.
Trametes, 42, no, 113.
Volvaria, 36, 88.
cinnabarina, 113. pini, 113.
star, 130.
Tremellines, 22.
White Hydnum, Wrapper, 47, 49,
Tremellodon, 116. Tricholoma, 35. care of spores, 148. care
personatum,
sporse, 149.
'73
Earth-
Water-measuring
suaveolens, 113.
Xylaria, 136. of
Yeast plant,
9.
95. 50, 51, 54.